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Mr?'':HAK! • Aitrs AND :•• WW .\MM I'I'iN oF TI!K v'vi.\>;irrrH'N ; A ;; ;. •. i) M r S. 1 ^ i >• ^^ A";-.!Vi,s.-FTi.r .::ni: AM> i:M:.ti"i, A;nr, WJTH 4 ,■•••• ri' K 01; 5-1 \T!." V . t r- '■ u :: K i'. V I > L i; m ••, y. vol- I. tM'.'il F.niTON, UCVlStn AND iNLA'^OeO llliv \l)Kl.i'f(TA : K T> W A n !) Y Ol' N(J . .S,., , , .1 t-lll ."iX l"i •!> hhHi' i I) * D 1' > : i?AM;yi^ l.,i\V. .-"VN i CO , !T I.Ul'N ATh HiLL. ^It "W 1 -■■S. "T-- ,,i^^ 'W9^': Vf. -\ • .ptif. f s? A HISTORY / ^' / or FROM 1608 TO 1860: EXHIBITISa THE ORIGIN AND GROWTH CF THE PRINCIPAL MECHANIC ARTS AND MANUFACTURES, FROM THE EARLIEST COLONIAL PERIOD TO THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTiTUTION ; AND COMPRISING ANNALS OP THE INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES IN MACfalNKRY, MANUFACTURES AND USEFUL ARTS, Wlin A NOTICE OF f|jc|nipitintlni)cuttflnsJ;mfrs,attM|eicsultsofc:ul]gctennial(Ji;tns«!5. By jV'lEANDER BISHOP, A.M., M.D. WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING «iTATISTirS OF THK PIUNCIPAL MANUFACTURINO CKNTRKS, AND UKSCRIPTI0N3 STATISTICS OF JJ^J;^ Jj^';,,';^ jUNUFACTOlUIiS At THE PKtSKNT TIMK. IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. I. THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. PHILADELVHIA : EDWARD YOUNG & CO., Ko. 144 SOUTH SIXTH Sl'KEET. LONDON: SAMSON LOW, SON & CO., 47 LUDOATE HILL. 3 f Entered accorcliug to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by EDWIN T. FREEDLEY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of tlie United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. COLLINS, PRINTKB, 706 JAVNB BXnEKT, :i68, by tates, in and for EDWIN T. FREEDLEY, ESQ., AT WHOSE INSTANCL THIS WORK WAS UNDERTAKEX, S* WHOSK JUDICIOUS COUNSEL AND KIND ENCOURAGEMENT IT HAS BEEN CARRIED ON, THESE PAGES ARE INSCRIBED, A3 A GRATEFUL EXPRESSION OF THE RESPWft LONG CHERISHED FRIENDSHIP THE AUTHOR. r I PREFACE. ercss in productive industry, ana m product of p.,a» value .1 me than .e. h ^^^_^_^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ _^,__._^__^ ^^ ^^„^^ cap,..l .mpl.je.l ■ ^-. « ;» ,^„„„„,, ,„ „„,. „,„ lUa„ .toco- rr:r;cr.r^"» t «...er .,»ehe,. a,,-... »,> C.»™eKC, progress m,gh. be «•«'»*« ^„^,^, .„, p„,i„,., «it..[.us, of pul.lie te, .»a appetences, »f*« ;°''"';7 "' ' n, „.ali.e indaa.r, of economy and of '^''''^^:;Z:^:::>^, I p.M.0 and ..eia. "'""''"''°";' fj :l been modiSed b, eaeh and all of U.e.e. I« h»- Governments, and has m luru „ „o.,rlv all the great questions .or, fnrnisbe. lessons «' ;»'7;'» f™!;!; LI iLlsUbe »er. ofHed.,,lnlerestn,8.1.ketotheles*tor,tn p „,„^ ebant. the „annfae.«rer, and .he '>'''•»'''"' '^ J '"'lei our present seemed to Justif, a. attompt .» tn.ee the » J ^ 7^;,7,;„, „..L or position baa been -'7^-°; -„;::' r ^ t,e present l.s.anee, promoted that projre • f^" "J ,^ ^„„, i„. „„ked .be gro^.b been conBaed obieJj to a roeora m ..c.,tained relations to ., onr Ma.nfae.ures and tbeir "^ 7]".' ^f ^i.ns in lepsl- ..n,e.,lea,in,tb.dlse«,s»nof.b,.r.^^nn'P^^^^^^ tion, in moral, poUlieal,.oe,al, legal, pbysieal or ^^^ , ^^ oonneet tbemselve, tberewilb, to abler bands, 1 he more ^^^ 1 3 PREFACE. collecting a body of facts upon the subject, has appeared to me the less presump- tuous inasmuch as the ground had not been previously occupied to any great extent. We have the valuable statistical works of Fitkins, Seybert, and some others, on the early commerce and resources of the United States, and a few Bpccialities upon particular branches of the practical arts, as those of Thomas, ou Printing, and of White (Memoirs of Slater on the Origin of the Cotton Manufacture. The Federal Government since 1810, has decennially collected the statistics of Manufactures, though very imperfectly ; and several of the local Ix-gislatures publish, at stated intervals, returns of the industry of their States, while much useful information is now constantly furnished by the periodical press, through the organs of special branches of trade and manufactures, of scientific and mechanical associations, or publications devoted wholly or in part to the discussion of industrial topics ; but no work has yet appeared in which the progressive increase of our national Manufactures, has been consecu- tively presented in one entire view. Believing that it would prove serviceable to a large number of intelligent manufacturers, and others interested in the de- velopment of the industry and resources of the country, I have spent much time, and unremitted, and nearly unaided labor, in collecting and arranging, with a simple aim at usefulness, the materials for such a history. The hope of securinfT the co-operation of many who have it in their power to aid in the fur- ther pi .ecution of the work, by furnishing corrections, suggestions, and con- tributions of facts, has induced an assent to the request of the publishers, to issue a portion of it in advance of the completion of the whole work. In the volume which is here offered, I have traced more circumstantially than was at first intended, the origin and early condition of several branches of Manufactures which have since becone irapcrtant, or seem likely, at no distant time, to be engrafted upon the staple industries of the country. I have en- deavored to follow the history of each as an art, from its first introduction, as nearly a? could be ascertained, in each of the colonies, through the transitional period of our history, to the adoption of the present Constitution, when we may be said to have first had a national existence. The space thus occupied may, to some, appear disproportioned to the importance of the subject, inasmuch as our domestic manufactures were yet quite in their infancy. It was indeed, in all but its latent physical and moral resources, a day of small things with this nation. Though emancipated from foreign political domination, the people seemed yet chained in complete dependence upon the workshops of Europe, —from which, notwithstanding our marvelous progress, they are not en- tirely liberated. But the foundations of a bioad and varied industry had been already laid in the patient toil, indomitable energy, and prudent foresight of an ,8 presnmp- I any great ,, and some and a few of Thomas, the Cotton ly collected of the local ,heir States, B periodical factures, of vholiy or ia appeared in Ben consecu- : serviceable d in the de- spent much u arrsuiging, The hope of id in the fur- ns, and con- e publishers, ork. eumstantially I branches of at no distant I have en- troduction, as le transitional when we may )ccupied may, , inasmuch as was indeed, in ings with this n, the people pg of Europe, are not en- istry had been bresight of aa PREFACE. ancestry, gathered from the skillful ranks of all nations. Far back in the colo- TZl where the germs of American liberty and independence were im- ;;l: we e vl: tl. seeds of those frugal and industrious habits, that £;:3^'i„ adapting means to ends, and in m.Ung the peculiar con ngen.es ^ their lot. that still characterise the majority of American people. 1 ^^^^^^.l^on ts planted most of the mechanic arts, and the roots of a vigorous c.a.^^ o^^^^^^^ our s il while their children carried shoots from the same hardy stem ut the III 'elin. wilderness. The revolutionary fathers, asserting the r.ght to ab r : en y the fruits of their toil as free-born men. defended the tree o 1 ,erty hough he storm and tempest of war. The prohibition of the. manufactu e ri tions upon their trade, and taxation of their industry, were serious c nnts he Mil indictment against the mother country. The blow hey stru k r ecinal rights, was not in defense of a mere theory or abstrac pnnople^ B t w i le their :acompromising assertion of the rights of the subjec taugh TsLdness of political freedom, the example of their earnest and laboring lives, also taught that— " Tlins at the darning forge of life Our fortunes must be wrought ; Thus on the burning anvil nhaiied Each burning deed and thought." . i They bequeathed us an enfranchised industry and respect for property, with- oulwhich he useful arts can never flourish. And now the nauon has be . ong s in grateful complacency beneath the vine and fig-tree o this early plant ngl ^eLse. and historians and antiquarians, with affectionate zeal, ar ^r 1 A..i of the remote past, and are questioning every traditional source t:S^^^^:^o Z p.sonal history, thoughts and deeds of those w nanyway.contributedtobuildupthefairfabricofourn^^^^^^^^^ Id Lrt es It cannot therefore be deemed unworthy of the subject, to n- TuL as to what were their everyday pursuits, how they lived an supported I fl 1 es, and shaped the character or directed the channels of American IZr Iswell as to know their Uneage and connections, for whom they voted and htwty fought. Unfortunately, history has been too little cognizant of any- thTng bit the public acts or words of the world's benefactors ; while often the Wr Ltructive examples of their struggles and triumphs, the heroism o the. ZZ fe. is consigned to a narrower influence. It has been justly said th .tie wo Id might -.11 afford to lose all record of a hundred ancien battles .it s!if it could thereby gain the knowledge of one lost art; and even he p^amids bequeathed to us by ancient Egypt in her glory, would b wel cx^ I" d for a few of her humble workshops and manufactones as they stood 10 PREFACE. in the days of the Pharaohs. Of the true history of mankind, only a few chap- ters have yet been written ; and now, when the dettcicucies of that we have are beginning to be reali^.od, wp find the materials for supplying them have in f^ood part perished in the lapse of time, or been trampled recklessly beneath the hoofs of the war-horne." Our histories, though in ail other respects full and complete, contain very meagre and unsatisfactory accounts of the daily life and employments of the people, their modes of cultivation, their arts and systems of economy. In endeavoring to rescue from oblivion the facts in relation to our early in- dustry, recourse has been had, as much as possible, to original or cotonipo- raneous records, and such later ones as appeared deserving of confidence. All the general histories of the country and those of particular States, as well as many town histories, State papers, volumes of laws, minutes of assemblies and councils, early periodicals, the publications of the various historical societies. and many English works, have been diligently sifted and collated. It would be tedious to particularize all the sources of information from which we have drawn: sufTicc it to say, th'xt no accessible field which promised anythuig has been left ungleaned. Credit has been generally given, although ii has been found impossible to assign authority for every separate statement where a mul- tiplicity of facts is given. With a view to convenience, the matter in this volume has been topically a - ranged ; thus grouping together such facts as could be gatiiered with regard to the history of er.ch art in the several original States. The local details which might otherwise seom inadmissible, thus fall into their pi oper relations, and it is hoped may prove interesting, at least to many who are still pursuing in their original seats, the same forms of industry that were introduced several generations back. Tin's method while 't may have practical advantages by presenting p. topic in its completeness, has involved, I am aware, some repeti- tion in regard to governmental policy and other extraneous circumstances. In regard to dates, wliich 1 have endeavored to ascertain and give, in place of vague generol statemeuts, much care has been used, and it is hoped tiiey may generally bo found correct. But, at this distance of time, and with so many BourceB of error, it is impossible to vouch for entira occuracy in all cases. Notices of particular enterprises will in a few instances, as in that of Iron, be found to e.\tend beyond the date (1790; which was intended as the limit of this volume. I have not pursued a strict luctiiod in that respect, when un in- creased activity in any branch generally, Oi' in j irticular regions, warranted r»>. ferences which could not be made hereafter. It was intended, had spiue allowed, to have noticed several branches o' nv ind, only a few chap- s of that we have are ig them have in f;,oort jcklessly beneath the her respects full and is of the daily life and heir arts and systcma ition to our early in- original or cotempo- Ig of confidence. All ular States, as well as ites of assemblies and 18 historical societies, id collated. It would n from which we have iromise(? anythuig has although it has been statement where a mul- 3 has been topically n - 3 gathered with regard es. The local details their pi opcr relations, 1 who are still pursuing (\-cre introduced .several •uctical advantages by am aware, some repeti- ous circumstances. In 1 and give, in place of nd it i£ hoped they may time, and with so many I accuracy in all cases. s, as in that of Iron, bo ided as the limit of this it respect, when an in- ir regions, warranted rp- rnEFACE. 11 colonial industry, which were relatively more important ^^^^^^^J^^J'^^ be n noticed. Of th-s class, were manufactures of Pot and Pearl Ashes, Tar^ r^h Turpentine, and other naval stores. Distilling, and some others, whib ^?e profitable occupations, while Vine-growing, and a few more, were qui, :;::L The former, however, are less strictly --^---^ -;;-;: those treated of, and have now-from the disappearance .. much of our forest es d to be of national importance, while wine-making, if still an ineonsider- b branch, will, it is confidently believed, one day become ighly important^ With the e explanations, this volume is offered to the ca-^^^^'^^^ of the public, in the hope that, whatever its imp.rreetions, it will be fo nd to ain alarger collection of facts than is elsewhere to be obtame pertam.ng trearly manufactures of this country. The .nthor claims only the men pls-taLg diligence, and a conscientious ^^-e - render it useM r-.Uable by presenting a true and impartial statement of those facts Fo the raining portion of the work, which will probably require another velum rger thin the present, the sources of information are not only more ample 1' : Itifarious but also more suictly authentic and ..elia,,le. The ma Uer being more fresh and recent, will be found to possess a -'^h larger degree o • rest to most readers, as a considerable portion of the events to be record ^ a transpired within the recollection of living men. Much valuable mater. 1 ha^b en collected, and an earnest appeal is made to all interested m the 3ub^ 1 to communicate interesting facts in th.ir possession, that nothing may be itulg for a presentation of the essentials of our recent marvelous progress. Th etm^ary Lch it is designed to furnish, of the Ce.us -t..- » "lanu factures in each decennium since they first began to be eoUected. will, .t > bl be a valuable feature of the work. The occasions and dates of th „ todu^^^^^^^^ of now branches of manufacture, the establishment of new centres of indust h.^^^^^^ our rapidly expanding territory, the evidence > of 1^^ many sde,f tile inventive talent of the American mind, furnished .y te more m tant. labor-saving machines. ...d processes it has origmated, .nd numer^ CUB other topic,, it is confidently hoped, w.il render the book not unworthy the Mceptance of intelligent Business Men. ^ ^ ^ ed several branches o'' MJ ORIG T rane in h presi the and con 1 app nie< and poi ofl loo da| ual tht bri pr OSi CO UK A HISTORY OF MANUFACTURES IN THE UNITED STATES. CHAFTER I. ORIGIN or AMEniCA. MANUFACTURES, AND A OT.ANCE AT THE STATE 0» THE ARTS IN KUROPK IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. THE oriRin Of American Manufactures may be ^aid to he contompo- f, ? th« first settlement of the country. Tho earhest mentu.a 7:Z.7T1 '^T^^^^ monufacturing estahl.h.ent within the 1 entTerritory of the United States is in 1608. only one year after SrrterrKngUsh settlement wasmade at Jamestow^^^^^^^^^^^^ and one hundred and sixteen years subsequent to the discovery "t!:;:" ent'^J^B :^ ^-^ to a period anterior to the discovery and 11 IS eveni ca instrumentalities m science and the grirtLawot Dnircr,.! a,.,i,.ti«n w^ I.m,»lf unborn 1»<1 « u^ewotiat, and other forms of Engraving, and n,ost of the .mprovcmu. 14 HISTORY OF AMERICAN JIANUFACTUBF3. which have made that Art the most potent agent of civilization, are r^ more recent origin. The Mariner's Compass had been invemed, Ijui the Quadrant was undiicovered; and Chronometers, if used, were most m- perfect ; while the Thermometer, Barometer, and Telescope had not re- vealed their uses ; Shipbuilding was but a rude art, and the geograidiy of the sea was altogether unwritten. Those great agencies of mechanical Industry which have augmented a thousand-fold the productive power of man, and proportionally increased his comfort, as the use of fossil coal and the blast furnace in the smelting of Iron, of gunpowder and steam in Mining, of the flying shuttle, spinning-frarae, power-loom, and carding- machines, and improvements in bleaching, dyeing, and stamping, and others in the Textile manufactures, and the wonderful discoveries in Chemistry, all belong to a subsequent period. Cotton, which now em- l)loys millions of people and millions of capital in its growth and manu- facture, was not long before only regarded as a worthless weed or a curious exotic' The tire-engine, safety-lamp, life-boat and life-preservers, gas- light, vaccination, the tourniquet and chloroform, and many other appli- ances for the conservation of life and property, were unknown in that era. In short, whatever proficiency rjay have been attained in the Arts of civilization in the early ages, we may say truly that their present development from a state of almost barbaric rudeness has been conteni- poraneous with American History. ^ ^ Let us consider briefly the condition of the principal countries m Europe at the time of which we write, especially with reference to the state of the Arts. When tht "London Company" made its u^l i.m' fir^t settlement in Virginia, the vigorous but haughty sway of the Tudors, which had been exercised for one hundred and twenty years, had come to a close by the death of Elizabeth, and James the First of England harl boon four years seated upon the throne of the Stuarts. The rule of tlie former line, commencing with Henry Seventh, who united the rival claims of York and Lancaster, was an eventful period. It had witnessed the decay of the feudal system, and the emaiicipation of la''nr and the common people ; the subversion of the power of the barons ami 0'" encroachments of royal prerogative ; the use of the marU ner's compass and vl!" growth of navigation ; the discovery of America • and the cpcning of new scwt-s of enterprise and civilization ; the genera use of the printing-press and the .toady revival of learning and intelli- gence ; the spread of the Reformation and the estnblisiimeut ..f the rights of dec thouglit. 11 saw the chaotic ehmients oi I-^iropean nationalities settle down into prettv mu;-h their pr(""M.t form, and vV.sod with tho c.>n8olidnti..n. under the new dynasty, of England, Scotland ami J-cland lulo one kingdom, nearly double in extent that which Elizabeth had letu EARLY MANLFACTLllES IX rilANCE. 15 , are r'^ ted, Ijui most iiu- . not re- va\ihy of •chaiiical c power :)ssil coal id steam carding- ling, and yeries in now em- iid mauu- a curious vers, gam- ier apiili- u in that I the Arts ir present a couteni- nntries iu ice to the ' made its y sway of !n1y years, 3 First of e Stuarts, 'cnth, wiio ful period, laricipation wer of tlio f llic mari. if Anierick Lhe genera and intelli- f tiie riglits ationalities !d with the ind I '•eland Ih had letu The weakness anu i.ieapadty of James, and the arbitrary chaiaete of his successors, plunged the nation into civil wars, and at length expelled U^e off ndt'rLe; but it taught the people their power, and secured lhe foldatron of free institutions and of the subsequent growth ot En"-lish crreatness and power. , . , , i i n „„,,..] Tn France the long line of the Uouse of Yalois. which had held rega au to i^y for' two hundred and sixty years, had in 1580 become extinct bvthe cLth of Henry the Third; and the Bourbon pru.ce , . lienry of Navarre, suruamed " the Great," was now upon the th one as Henry the Fourth. He was a lineal descendant of the goo St Loul Tnd inherited many of his virtues ; emulating h.m especially m ^c's of ustice and toleration. Having in 1508, by the Edict of Nantes, n t J^i end to he relio-ious wars which for many years had distracted France, ^l:^:y^^o;^^^ able Sully, he took effective measures to promote ufp welLe of his subjects and to repair the desolations caused by nearly hi f a ntury of civil and religious strife. His efforts in behal o Com- m ce d Mlnufactures, and all the arts of peace, were suspended by uZely assassination in 1610. During tlie minority and reign of h Tn Louis XIII., the celebrated llichelieu established despotic pow r, r Lt^d ho pers cution of the Protestant Huguenots, and subsequently ^antLL n^cility, became leagued with the I'^-^^j; ^P-^ ;„ fi,o Tl.irtv Years' War commenced lu 1()18, wlucU invoivcu S;:U Eu J^^^series of that .nal conflict of the Ke^vm.ijm^ Zit his iron rule, however, Richelieu encouraged literature and he Irt founded the F ench Academy and "Garden of Plants ' buil the tbo ; and the Palais Royal. To him, but es; edally to Uie Du e de Sully and to Count Colbert, the prime minister of Louis XH ., Fia e ow s the establishment or lirst encouragement of many of her most val a. ble LbUc improvements and manufactures. In the tune ot Henry, ! c ebrated silk manufactures of Lyons received their hrs impulse. 1 ' r wa d .vith patents of nobility those who had spent twcl^. y ai. u hi manuLtuie. Colbert placed under royal patronage the tamou Gobrn tlpest" manufactures, to which he also annexed a celebrated manu^lctory Flemish carpets, originated in 160T by Sully, under let ers .rfrom the kinK A vast manufactory of Sevres china was estab- [iSi tL t:w^ by Colbert, which became the pride of the splen . n? T ouis XIV The manufacture of Glass, little produced befo.e ;rZe^wsT> ought by him from Venice, and put on a permanent fLi g i'" till then unknown there, as well as the r-anutaj-ture o fiiie cU,tb and the stocking-machine, was introduced from Lngland a d WaU-p" r, in which France has so much excelled, was inven . ab uMbel time. Those splendid public works, the Louvre, tho Ig HISTORY OF AMERICAN MANUFACTURES. Invalidcs, and Palace of Yersaillcs, were built, aud the Canal of L.Mg.io. doc commenced under the same munificent patronage. But the rcvooa- tion of the Edict of Nantes by Louis, in 1685, drove from us k.njrdom nearly half a million of his best subjects, who carried to England Amer- iea, and other parts, the knowledge of the arts which he bad fostered and gave a serious check to the industry of France, from which to tins day she has not fully recovered. The knowledge of working tm and Bteel is said to have wholly disappeared from France with the Huguenots By the abdication of Charles the Fifth of Austria-the grandson of , Ferdinand anu Isabella-in 1550, his Spanish possessions in Europe and . America fell to his son, ThiUp the Second, who also, m 1583, inherited : the crown of Portugal, with all its Colonies in America and the Eas^ j rendering him the most powerful of European kings. The Neth .lands . constituted one of the most valuable portion of ^'f ^^''^''^''^u.lTll Manufactures, and commerce were equally flourishing. Antweip was the most imp;rtant mart of Europe, and Holland the -^ff^^^^ Endand. But the zealous bigotry of Philip, like that of Louis \l^., ArL vast numbers of his Protestant subjects, with their arts and en- terprise, to England, establishing their Manufactures and hor .cult le here Under the same impulse, he planned the disastrous attempt o invTde Sgland. During his reign, which continued but fi teen year , and that of Philip the Third, who succeeded him in 1598, not only Hul- land was lost to the Spanish crown, but a revolt in Portugal placed he fi;! of J^l^nnza u >on the throne of that kingdom The expulsion of le Ch istiln Mooi-s from Spain, to the number of s x hundred thou- n of is most industrious subjects, and the general corruption and le of industry induced by the golden wealth of the American Colo- 2, now ripidly hastened the decline of Spain from her former grandeur "IrrSu dominions of Charles were at this time nded by the eccetrif Rudolph II., who was succeeded in 1612 by Math. as, am m mo by Ferdinind II., King of Bohemia, who was elected Emp oi of a lie German States. The revolt of his Protestant subjects ^^ . the n 1 ncemcnt of the Thirty Y ears' War. _ Deninark, Norway,^nd S e- ae„ did not become prominent in the affairs o Europe unt 1 ait us The heroic Gustavus Adolphus succeeded Charles IX. of bweaui in 1 12 d . contemporary with the early events in the Anglo-Ame - an colonies. The Papal power was at this time shorn of much of it nfluene tuo progress of the Reformation, and Russia had no n "g"d from barbarism. Such was the vexed and unpromising po h . 1 •o dftion of E.rope during the latter part of the Sixteenth and begin- ; r the SevenLenth centuries. War was still the game of kings, a« i f Lniigno- he rcvoca- s kiiitrrellas, though of great antiquity, were not known in England until 1768, and their first use excited the jeers of the vulgar. Loudon and West- minster were first lighted by order of Parliament in 1743, and coal gas was first used for that purpose in 1814. Yet at that late day the meas- ure was opposed by so enlightened a person as Lord Brougham. But our theme does not permit us to enlarge upon this topic. Every department of the public, private, and social economy of the period, in its intellectual, moral, or industrial aspects, would furnish ample evidence of the dwarfish condition of the kingdom, compared with its present august stature in all the arts of civilized life. Those who would derive a most instructive lesson from history, would do well to consult the third chapter of Macaulay's History of England, and compare the state of England, as depicted by him, just previous to the Revolution of 1688, when the population of the kingdom was between five ami six millions,' witli that of Great Britain as she exists at this day. The progress made since the beginning of the century had been compara- tively small ; and ti.e examination may lietter enable the reader to appre- MINiNO AND AeilUCUMLi; \L I'llO[>;\/rS IN- SKVKNTlCENTll CENTLRY. 21 die of tho oods were a travi'iers the way. 1, or later, Bcn in her nee, which is said also uelve miles t of Parlia- alled down 1 the whole I coach left nth in the rticlcs were chaldron at iar in 1643, > of supply at— vhich, royal silver, grold, 1626. Um- I until 1768, and West- nd coal gas ly the uicas- lam. pic. Every le period, in rnish ample ircd with its e who would II to con.sult compare the J Revolution 1 tive ami six i day. The sen conipara- iler to appre- ciate the evidences of activity, and of sl-.w l.ut steady progress made amidst poverty, hardship, and sava-o hostility, in our own country, even previous to the time when national iu.lepcndence and puljlic spirit, com- bined with a suddenly progressive character in the age, gave our industry a permanent impulse. The period of our colonization was one of much talent and great promise, but the "car of improvement'' was many years in getting under way. Macaulay assures us that a large part of the country beyond Trent was, down to the eighteenth century, in a state of barbarism ! That in 1085, the value of the produce of tlie sod far exceeded the value of all the other fruits of human industry. \ et the wheat crop was estimated at less than two millions of quarters. l.ut the mineral wealth of the kingdom was still less developed. Tin had been an article of export for over two thousand years, and was still one of the most valuable of native minerals. Its product was about sixteen hundred tons in 1856, it was reported at eight thousand seven hundred and forty-seven tons. The copper mines, he says, then lay wholly neglected, and were not reckoned in the value of land; but Cornwall and Wales, at the tirae he wrote, produced fifteen thousand tons annually, wortli near a million and a half sterling, or twice the annual value of the produce ot all Enn-lish mines in the Seventeenth century. In 185t, Great Britain produc-ed twenty-three thousand and soventy-tlirec tons of copper, wm-th over two and a quarter millions of pounds sterling.*' Beds of rock sidt were discovered after the Restoration, but not worked, and the salt made in rude brine pits was nauseous and unwholesome. A great part of the iron used at the close of Cliarles the Second's reign was imported, and the wh(de quantity cast annually did not exceed ten tliousand tons. In 17 40, England and Wales, from fifty-nine furnaces, produced only seventeen thousand three hundred and fifty-six tons; and in 1750, twenty-two thou- sand tons. In 1856, the product of pig-iron was olUcially stated to be three millions of tons." The wages of farm laborers, at the same period, did not exceed ordi- narily four shillings a week, but ranged as high as six or seven in summer. And for workmen in woolens, the staple manufacture of England, six shillings were considered fair wages. Tiiese prices, it is evident, were n..t more than one iialf the rates paid at present; while most articles of con- sumption cost more than half their present prices. Although as early as 1351 free labor had been recognized in place of villeinage l)y the le.^islatiire, the statute book continued to be loaded with iniquitous laws re-rulating the price of labor, down to tlie time of Elizabeth, when the law of supply and demand was seen to be a better regulator of wages (1) Annals of British Legiflution, vol. ii. (2) Ibid. 82 TlISTC'llV t ■. a'.:i..ii'an man; rA''"ii>'-^- f, of Pnrliament But artificers were even th.-n conipelkHl (hy 5th of the undevelopea state of the -jnufac^mng ^^^- ' ; '^^f,,,,, ,,, ia the population was st.U more . ^ -^^ ^^^ ,^„„,, ^^ ,,, populatiou of England -;^^^ ;\« ;;\^f t^..^ was about thirty per hundred years. Trom l^^^V^,, V Rf.^ vears In the first half of cent., and twenty per eent. m f « -'^^'^ ^,7^^; ;,a K ngdom doubled the present century, the P^P^r^irof L^ation ^ this country itself, besides furnishing a constant sti tarn ol cm g invention. Ihe art oi pru.ui o- „nl^ritv of the magnet was k„ow». B"?""- ™°™; ,f„4 i„ ,„ t„„„a i„ the direction ot cxpcti- Novum Organum That S ^^^ wm u ^^^ ^^^^^^ .^^ ^^^^ Ir! ;? the restoration of the old constitution, is also the era from which (1) "Rights of Indus ry." THE IMVEDI.MKNTS TO I'lUiOllKSS CONSIPEUED. 23 Ik-a (!))• 5lh ,e hai'vesl.' ere, in tlie ideiice alone 3 of increase to 1575, the iblcd in live it thirty per first half of lorn doubled this country ) globe, vhcn the first ijority of the , that general veloped state teen made in rgin mine of pes, had been ! magnet was ed some faint ion of experi- B some discov- But his illus- publishcd his and when the seemed ill pre- d superstition, Europe had not rves Macaulay, ial season. He t had solemnly generation his m slowly ripen- " he adds, " the era from which year the Royal of glorious and ts coming in the with opposition. At this moment, in progressive England, where labor-saving appliances have so enlarged the area of useful industry, and promoter! the comlort of all classes, the boot and shoe manufnoturing districts of Northampton and Stallbrdshire arc trembling in apprehension ..f popular violence, upun tlie attempt to introduce the sew^*g-machine in that business. _l>ut in the Seventeenth ceutu'-y, it war. not owing to the opposition arising from tiie su.Wen displacement of labor, the interference witli prerogatives and monopolies, or a conservative dread of innovation merely, that im- provement so long lingered on its march. The general apathy of the a-e the imperfect and tardy interchange of knowledge, tlie want of a stimulating collision of idea.s, and often impolitic legislation, clogg.d the wheels of progress. Tlie slow accumulation and insecurity of capital, and its conflicts with labor, powerfully impeded the success of industry. Ignorance of the true sources of individual and national power and wealth and of nearly all the principles of political economy, paralyzed much of the industrial effort of the times. " It is not more than a century ago," says a modern author, "that even those who had ' a great deal of philos- ophy ' first began to apply themselves 'to observe what is seen every day;' exercising, in the course of human industry, the greatest in- fluence on the condition and character of individuals and nations. Ihe properties of light were ascertained by Sir Isaac Newton long before men were ac-reed upon the circumstances which determined the production of a loaf of bread; and the return of a comet after an interval of seventy-six years, was pretty accurately foretold by Dr. Ilalley, when legislators were in almost complete ignorance of the principle which regularly brought as many cabbages to Covent Garden as there were purchasers to demand them " Centuries were required, in some instances, for the knowledge of particular arts to travel into contiguous kingdoms, or to be usefully applied. Thus the art of making Glass was known to tlie Romans when they conquered Britain, and was introduced into the island as early as 674 • but glass did not begin to be used in windows there until the Thir- teenth century. It was rarely found in windows, and was not made in England until the middle of the Sixteenth. It was more than a hundred years later before its use became general ; and country houses in Scotlard were not glazed as late as 1661. Plate glass was first made in England by Venetian artists, at Lambeth, in 16T3. The manufacture of silk was m .re than one thousand years in traveling into England from the shores of the Bosphorus. It had been practiced four hundred years in Italy before it crossed the Alps. CHAPTER II. ORIGIN OF AMKRf^AN MANUFa'ITURES CONTINUED, AND THOSE IN VIR- GINIA, TO THE CLOSE OP THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, CONSIDERED. The origin of American Miinufactures is usually referred io a period in our history much less remote than that stated in the previous chapter. It was not until 1810, two hundred years after the first colonization of Virginia, that a;iy systduatic attempt was made to collect general statis- tics of Manufactures. The few particulars which can now be gathered, as to the progress made during those two centuries, are scattered through numerous memorials, local histories, records of councils, and statutes of assemblies. Those are nevertheless interesting and instructive, as sliowing from what feeble beginnings our ancestors conducted their infant mnnu- facturi's, through numerous difficulties, and laid the foundation of their j)rescnt success. Comimring tLjir condition, even up to the clo.se o." the last century, with tiie state of productive industry in our time, or willi tiie progress nuide during tlie last half century, in which iUany new agencies of great i)ower have added intensity to every form of intellectual and material progress, the product makes but a small figure in tlie annals of liistory. lUit it is to be remembered that tJieir advance was at that time equally slow in most parts of the world. I']vv!ii at the present day, many countries wiiich were reckoned elders in tiie family of nations, ere the ring iif tlie a.\e was heaul in the forests of America, are essentially less independent \v. regard to some products of manufacture, than were the American Colonies at the jieriod of the ivcvolulion. Equally with the sister arts of Agriculture and Cummerce, our Manufactures have, from the first settlement of the country, advanced with the increase in popu- lation. We shall lu'oceed to notice, in their chronological order, some of the early attempts to establish mannfacturing industry in this country, and a few of the encouragements and hindrances which attended those cfl'orts iliiriug the colonial jieriod, and .ip to the time when our Manufac- tures first attained stability oiid a commanding national importahco The first settlers in America brought with them to these shores a knowledge of most of t';e Arts and Manufactures of the parent country. Many of them, moreover, were accustomed to the comforts, and even (i'4) THE SETTLEMENT AT JAMESTOWN. 25 \ND THOSE IN VIR- rURY, CONSIDEBED. ■ referred to a period the previous chapter. first colonization of collect general statis- ;an now be gathered, are scattered through ucils, and statutes of instructive, as showing :ed their infant mnnu- lie foundation of their up to the close o." the ^ in our time, or with lichaianynewDgtncicB rm of intellectual and ligure in the annals of vance was at that time the present day, many lily of nations, ere the lea, are essentially less ifacture, than were the on. Ecpuilly with the anufactures have, from the increase in popu- •onologicai order, some ndustry in this country, 8 which attended those ime when our ^lauufac- itional importaiico hem to these shores a g of the parent country, the comforts, and even what were considered luxuries in that era of civilization. Their primary wants in their new homes were those of subsistence, shelter, and clothing. These could only be supplied by their own energy in subduing t,.e unbroken forest and the virgin soil, which labors again required for their rudest exercise the implements of husbandry and other mechanical appli- ances To obtain the means of ameliorating their condition, the colonists, whose only wealth was the strong arm and the iron will, were force,, to rely mainly upon their own unaided exertions. This was particularly tne case with regard to the first settlers of New England, whose expatriation was u voluntary one, in behalf of their principles, which left them without that support and patronage which watched over the more speculative enterprise of the earlier ami wealthier colonists of Southern Virginia. The early elforts to make settlements upon the coasts of North America had been stimulated by the accounts of the great wealth that Spam had drawn from the discoveries of gold in her transatlantic Provinces, and the London Company, which in 1607 first successfully planted a colony at Jamestown, had hopes of similar discoveries. Hut they seem also to have, from the first, contemplated some form of manufacture. We are m- formed by one of her historians, > that in the second voyage of Captain Newport to the colony, in the latter part of 1008, the Company sent out in the ship-which brought also a crown for the Sachem Towhatan, and orders for his "crownation"-eieht Poles and G.imans to make Pitch, Tir (Jlass Mills, and Soap-a^lics, which, he observes, had the country l,.-eu neopl.'d, would have done well, but proved only a burtlicn and hn.hnnc, ,„ the rest. After noticing a voyage of exploration and lor the pur.'liase of corn, and the return of the vessel to Jam.'stown, he continues, "No sooner were they landed l)ut the president dispersed as niary as were able, some to make glass, and others for pitch, tar, and soap-ashes Leaving them at the Fort under the Council's care and oversight, he Inmself carried thirty about live miles down the river, to Ica/n a, o rtm- :;:.«.:."' lod...., o,.,. , nd .-, U, edy which ,in, the president -< "^; "-j^ lary gcntlemeu would have done more in a bu oath wai not heard m a weok. 26 niSTOUY OF AMERICAN MANUFACTUUES. defrayed by the sliip's return, they should be deserted. To this hntPi Captain Smith returned 'a plain and scholarly answer" by the ship, | "which was at lengtii dispatched with tiie triah of Pitch, Tar, (7iati.<. Frankincense, and Soap-ashes, with ichat wainsvol and clapboard could be provided." This cargo, of the value of which we are not informed, appears to have been the lirst export made from the British Colonies to a foreign country, witii the exception of a load of sassafras gathered near Cape Cod in KJOS, and consisted almost exclusively of manvfaclured articles, in the strict sense of that terra. The Olass-house, he informs us, stood in the woods, about a mile from Jamestown, and though probably very unpretending in its dimensions and appointments, it was doubtless the first manufactory ever erected in this country.' During the next year (IfiO'J), in which a new charter was granted, we are told they prosecuted their business with alacrity and success. Tiiey made three or four " lasts ' jf tar, pitch, and soap-ashes ; produced a trial of glass; sunk a well in the fort ; built twenty houses ; new covered tlie church ; provided nets and seines for fishing ; built a block-house to receive the trade of the Indians ; thirty and forty acres of ground were broke up and j)lantcd, etc. * * * And /'or their erer- cine at leisure times, they made clapboards and wainscot."* The year following, Sir Tiiomas Gates testilied before the Council in London * that the country so abounded in white mulberry trees, that with so favorable a climate he believed it would yield silk equal to Italy ; that there were divers minerals, especially " iron oare," some of which, having been sent home, had been found to yield as good iron as any in the world ; that a kind of Ilcmp or Flax and Silk grass grew there naturally, which would yield material for excellent cordage, etc. But tiie prospects of the country having, from various onuses, grontly declined, when Captain Argall arrived as Governor in 1017, he found the public buildings and woiks of Jamestown fallen to decay, and only five habitable houses in the place. The peoi)le liad turned their attention to the cultivation of tobacco, and he found the market-place, the streets, and all spare places [danted with it. Its price was about three Bhillii^js per (1) The firft , ..'ent grnnted in Englnnd for the inanufiu'turu uf ghi8K, wne on 22u Mny, IflZa, to Sir Robert Mimscll, for " a method of iiiHkin); ){liiiii> with roa ponl, pit colli, or any other fuel not beini; tiiiibi'r or wood." Uln>B bottlei and wlndow-f;l»Hi were flrat innde there in li57, and |dute- glttssin lATK. (3) A "lait," according to MrCuUucI !i gonsrnlly entimnted at 4,00 ' iba., but varies much ncpordin); to the article, and in differ cnt countrici' A hist of |iitch, tar, or a*huB, is iiliout fonrti'cii barrels. (II) Tli« Colony, nt thiu llinc, conn'iitod of 20(1 pumonii, but wiia iuurci;!. Tilcinakers, Edgc-tool-raakers, Crickinakors, Bricklayors, l>iT.>ti-s of ^ Henipc and Flax, Lime-burners, Lctber-drcssers, Men skilirul m vines, f; Men ibr iron-works, Men skillful in mines." Of the eharacter of tl.. He, | savs the old chronicle :' " The men lately sent have been, most of them, I choice men, borne and bred up to labor and industry ; out of Devonshire about one hundred men brou-ht up to husbandry ; out oi Warwickshire \ and Staffordshire above one hundred and ten ; and out of Sussex about forty, all framed to iron -tear kv>i, etc." Among the natural commodities enumerated in the same Tract, are " cotton -icooU and sugcr-canes, all of which may tliere also be had in abundance, with an infinity of othcrinore." ' As much as possible to discourage the use and cultivation of tobacco,^ several othor branches of industry were encouraged ; and to promote still further the culture of silk, a person skillful in the business was sent over from the king's own garden at Oatlands to instruct others in it. Others were expected from France ; and to give full instruction in it, a French treatise on the subject was translated by one of the Company, printed at its expense, and sent over in sufficient numbers for distriljution. In ref- erence to the iron-works above alluded to, Beverley, in his History of Virginia, after noticing several appropriations of the Burgesses, the first Colonial Assembly ever held in America, who met the governor and Council in May, 1620, observes, " Many of the people became very indus- trious, and began to vie one with another in planting, building, and other improvements. A mlt-icork was set up at Cape Charles on the Eastern shore, and an iron-work at Falling Creek in .Jamestown River, where thry made proof of good iron ore, and brought the whole work so near a per- fection thai they writ word to tiie Company in London that iliey did not doubt but to finish the work, and have plentiful provision of iron for them by the next Easter."* In 16-21, three of the master-workmen having died, the Company sent over Mr" John Berkeley with his son Afaurice, who were commended as very skillful in that way, with twenty other experienced workmen. ° On land," «»y«, "For UioukIi our bays and creeks are full of bn»8 anJ other llsili, yot for want of Hi and strong ^oinea ami i>tlier netting, they, for the moat part, hnike through and earriod all awuy before them." If they had had these, they could hardly have suffered lo mueh for wunt of food. Young'i " Chroniolw of Plymouth," pp. 171 and 294. (1) AD-^olnrationof theStateofVirgiuia, 16'.'0. Foree'n Coll., vol. iii. No. 5. (2) Ihid. p. 4. Mr. Bancroft, vol. i. p. 17tf, iiuno 1621, observes: "The first cultl- vation of Cotton in the United Statei de» serves eoinineuioratio^i. This year the seeds were planted as an experiment, and their plentiful coming up wiis at that early day a euhjeet of intore.-t in America and Eng- land." (3) "Against which," says Slilh, "that Solomon of England (King James) wrote • treatise entitled >irs of il iu vines, ;r of tl)' He, st of tlieni, I Devonsliire arwicksliire iissex about onnuodities anes, all of herinore."' of tobacco," iromote still IS sent over it. Others it, a French y, printed at on. In ref- , History of !ses, the first overnor and 'i very indns- ig, and other the Eastern r, where they o near a per- ihey did not iron for them ^Jompany sent jmniended as rkmen." On nited Stntei de» is ycnr the seeds iuicnt, mid tUuir Ihttt eiirly diiy a lurica und Kug- «y» Slilli, " ttisl 5 Jiiinoi') wrote a torljluato tu To- p. 36. the 22d of May following, the plan of a general massacre was put m eveculion by the Indians, of whom all fears had for some time been laid aside, and Berkeley with all his workmen and people, except one boy and a trir who managed to hide themselves and escape, were cut oil, vs. h tl i he num'ber of three hundred and forty-seven. The tron-wor s d the glass-house were entirely demolished, and ^V^^^^^ the manufacture of other commodities were abandoned.' ^^'"^ ' ' work on Falling Creek had really gone into operation appeals lio.n fur- hi reference to .t by Beverley. " The iron," he says, " proved reason- lb go ; but befoi' they got into the body of the im,..e, the pcop e wer'e cut off in that fatal massacre, and the project >- neverW.Mi sa on foot since, till of late ; but it has not hud Us lull trial _ "The superintendent of this iron-work also discovered a vein of lead ore, which h kept private, and made use of it to fur.dsh all the ne.ghbors :S bullets and'shot. But he being cut otT with the rest, aii.l the secret not having been communicated, the lead mine could never a te l>e found m Colontl Boyd, some few years ago, prevailed with an Indu.n unde pretense of hun ing. to give him a s'gn by droppi.ig his tomahawk at th p : (I not darUig publicly to discover it, for fear of beu,g tnurdered., S ign was accoiiingly given, and the Company at that tn.>e onnd several pi.-ces of good lead ore upon the surface of the ground, and aarked the trees thereabouts. Notwithstatiding which, '--; >";^ ^^ what witchcraft it happens, but no mortal to this day couUl ever hnd ha place though it be upon part of the colonel's own possessions. And so rests till ti."e and\hicker settlement discovers it.- Tins mine wa subsequently rediscovered, and lead obtained from it not many yea > ago. S use of Iron, notwithstanding its high anti,nity_furna,.es or ex- tracting the metal from its ores, and its manufacture uito swords, kn.ves. etc big assigned to a period before the time of Moses-seems to have been unk^.own to the Indians generally, although gold and copper were knowa to those of Mexico before the discovery of tl-t -"ntry by t e Europeans. Tl>is is doubtless owing to the fact, as stated by McCu lo. ,, [hat <■ iro though the most common, is the most dillicult o. all the LeL to obtain iu a state fit for use ; and the discovery of the method (,) It U a curlou. clrcum.tance. that of wln-h, though of «, vn,t i 't>oH«noe t, about the ,u,no time that the .avage. in the wur.d a, the former wa, to ^ .rg n « Virginia were ,.,.Hi.,g an end to thi, " good was like the lat.er. not aga.n rev.cd tor norant muh iu Kn(jl«nd destroyed the works (2) The riMw 1 oi mo n of Edward I-nrd Dudley, for the .melting .,f alluded to t.ok pl.ce uhout the y.ur iron ore with pit coal by hi. newly-discov- 1712-1;.. ered proceHS, patented in 1621 i and the use (3) Uovcrl.y 80 mSTOUY OF AMEKICAX MAXI FACTTUES. of working it seems to tiare been posterior to the use of gi)M, silver, and copper." Notwithstanding several attempts to divert thi-. leople from tlie culti- vation of tobacco, so profitable had the business becouto thro -.gh the increased productiveness under the improved cultivation by the b\iarfe. commenced in 1611, and the increased consumption and price in Europe, I that in 1021, store-houses and factors were established at ]SIiddlcburgh and Flushing, end fifty-five thousand pounds were exported to Holland, but none to England.* The year following they made sixty-six thou- sand pounds, and in 1G39 the Assembly ordered all the tobacco in the Colony made in that and the two succeeding years to be destroyed, except one hundred and twenty thousand pounds, in due proportion for en'-h planter. For several years preceding the Revolution, the exports ,i tobacco from Virginia were about the same annually as in 1G21. The instructions brought by Sir Francis Wyatt to his government in tlie latter year were, to withdraw attention from tobacco, and to direct it to corn, wine, silJJ, and others already mentioned ; to the making of oil of walnuts, and employing the apothecaries in distillation ; and searching the country for minerals, dyes, gums, drugs, and the like. A fund was also subscribed for a glass-furnace to make Ijeads, which were the current coin with the Indians ; and one Captain Norton, with some Italian workmen, was sent over for that purpose.' The next year a master shipwright, named Bar- ret, and twenty-five men, were sent to build ships and boats. In 1623, Alderman Johnson, in justification of himself and Sir Thomas Smith, who had been charged with ruining the Colony ' during the ad- ministration of the latter ending in 1619, drew up an account, in which he states, among otlier evidences of its prosperity in that time, that barks, pinnaces, shallops, barges, and other boats, were built in the country ; but some of his statements seem to have been questioned by the Assembly.* (1) Thi« win in consequence of the impost which had been laid upon tobacco. Spanish tobacco sold about thiH time, we are told, at eighteen BbillingB per pound, while that oi' Virt{initt was limited in the Colony to thtoe shllHngx, and the duty wits the aaine upon both. The following was the valuation of a few articles, growing or to be had in the Colony in 1021, viz. : Iron, ten pounds ater- ling per ton; eilk cuddes, 2a. 6d. per lb. ; raw silk, i:!<. id, per lb., which rose in 1060 to 2.)f. iind 28«. per lb. ; silk-grnss for cord- age, 6(/. per lb. ; hemp, from 10<. tu '22: per cwt. ; flax, from 22ii. to ;iO«. per cwt. ; cord- age, 2U<. lu 2U. per cwt.; cu((o» wuull, SU. per lb.; hard pitch and rosin, each, 6«. p«r cwt. ; ninddcr, 40i. ; cimrse, 25». per cwt. ; woail, from ll.'». to 2ll>. per cwt.; aiiiso seed, 4U«. per cwt.; liiiists fir i To prom I ordered all imiiosing a l)erry tree t( its encourag in 1651, a r introcSweod i on his retui majesty's pi und Manuf Tiie Compa and a few y who, throut tlie Colony also offered for flax ali by Captain of Virginia pounds of 1 the premiui A tract London in brew-house began to b are great ti idl Christei had fallen : and hemp };i)od ; and that they many hors much as ( that they i " the Jfu»e« time Mr. Treasurer of of Ocid'i i pcrformaneo this perform tributious t Literature," first book 101 iu what ia i TIIK INin-S'TnV OF VIRGINIA IN THK ^ F.Vr.NTEKXTn rENTURY. 31 silver, and I tlie culti- ro^-.gh the tlie »v;f<3o, n Europe, ddlobiirph I Holland, -six tbou- eco ia the ed, except 1 for ep'^h xportt . per 5«. per cwt. ; , ; niiiso seed, 10«. tu 3£ a r., which w«re uii|)-ii.«hc!<, 6f, ibur was tbeo or uiuiuiii, irs, tlie Com- I), and wer» ly uiily iium- icse troiibliii dur this duto, To promote the silk culture, the Legislature of Virginia in lfi23 ..ni.Tcd all settlers to plant mulberry trecs,'^and in IfioG, pa.ssed an act iini.osing a line on every planter who should not have at least one mul- Iterry tree to every ten acres of land. In 1651,premiuin9 were o lie red for its encouragement ; and it is said that Charles II. wore, at his coronation in 1651, a robe and hose of Virginia silk, the art of weaving which was introfiviced into England in 1620. Sir William Berkeley, the governor, on bis return from s visit to England, upon the Restoration, earned his majesty's pressing instructions, for encouraging the people m Husbandry and Manufactures, but more especially lo j'rnmote silk and vineyards. The Company had established a vineyard in the Co1on> i^r/^vious to 1020, and a few years after sent out a number of French and Italian vuiinr'W.y who, through bad management, were unsuccessful. Wines were made in tiie Colony in 1(547 by a Captain Brocas; and in 1651, premiums were also offered for its encouragement as well as for that of hemp ; and in 16.')7, for flax also, both whioh latter were annually grown, spun, and woven 1)V Captain Matthews of that State, prior to 1648.> In 1662, an edict of Virginia required each poll to raise annually and manufacture six pounds of linen thread. The manufacture declined on the withdrawal of the premiums. A tract entitled, "A Perfect Description of Virginia,'" published m London in 1649, states, that "they had three thousand sheep, six public brew-houses, but most brew their own beer, strong and good ; that indigo began to be planted and throve wonderfully well, from which their hopes are great to gain the trade of it from the Mogul's country, and to supply nil Christendom ; that the quantity of tobacco had so increased that it had fallen in price to three pence a pound ; that they produced -auch flax and hemp ; that iron ore was abundant, and had been tried and proved p,)od ; and that an iron-work erected would be as much as a silver mine ; that they had four wind-mills and five water-mills to grind corn, besides many horse-mills ; that a saw-mill was much wanted to saw boards, inas- much as one mill driven by water will do as much as twenty sawyers ; that they make tar and pitch, of which there was abundant material, as Mi'^^j "the Muten were not silent. For in this time Mr. George Sandys, the Company' Treasurer of Virginia, made his translation of Ovid'i Metnmorphoteii, a very laudable performance for the times." In relation to this performance, Mr. Moran, in his "Con- tributions toward a History of American Literature," remarl«s, "It is curious that the first book wrillen, and the first book priuleii iu what ia now the United States, were in verse, the one being Snndi/i' Trantlation of Ovid't itftnmorpluieet, the other the Bay I'unbn limjk, works widely difTerent in uhar- ftcter, and yet somewhat prophetic of th» practical taste of the future nation to whos»« curly literary contributions they belong."— Truhiifi't O'uiile lo Amtricnn Lilernlure. (1) Patent Office Report, ISiS, 201. (2) Force's Collection of Tracts, fol. iU No. 8. 32 HISTORY OF AMERICAN MANUFACTURES. REMARK well as for pot and pcavl-ashcs ; that all kinds of tradesmen lived well there and gained mueh by their labors and arts as turners, potters, cooper, to make all kinds of earthen and wooden vessels ; sawyers, car- penters! tyle-makers, boatwrights, tailors, shoemakers, tanners, fishermen, | and the like." ,. , j , At what time precisely this want of a saw-mill was supplied does not appear, but Ed. Williams published in London in 1650, a small tract con- taining an " Explication of the saw-mill or engine wherewith, by force ot a wheel in the water, to cut timber A^ith great speed." It was accompanied by an engraving, and contained some ingenious modifications of the mi I «s then used in Norway. Substituting weights for the toothed wheels which moved the carriage in the former, which done, he says "the in- geuious arti.t may easily convert the same to an instrument of threshing wheat,' breadng of hemp or flax, and other as profitable uses." All this he proposed to make very useful in Virginia. » This mill is said to have differed little except in the use of less iron from many to be seen within a very few years in parts of the country in our day. In an earlier pamphlet, or an earlier edition of the same, by this writer (published the same year),' he holds out to the adventurers m a (1) The practice of treading out gr.iin by horses— and Bometiines by oxen, niter the manner of tlio unoients— was generally prac- ticed on the peainsula of the CUesiipeuke Bay as late as 1790. Horses, however, were {.referred; and the ndvantnges of this mode over tbav bv the Uail, as used in the North- ern States and ling^.nw nt that time, were, that an entire crop couUl be ' ■iitei\ vat in a few days, thus seeurinR it from the ravages of the fly, which prevailed there, and also from thievei, and having it earlier ready for market. Three thousand bushels could be ieoured thus iu ten days, which would em- ploy five men one hundred days with the flail. Troading-floors were sometimes shift- ed from field to field, but a permanent floor of good waxy earth, which became smooth, hard, and glossy by use, was preferred. The floors were made from forty to one hundred •nd thirty feet diameter, usually sixty to one hundred, with a path or track at the outer circumference twelve to fourteen feet wide, on which the sheaves were laid; and they were usually fenced round, sometimes with an oulor and inner fence. The hori.o8 were led round by halters, in ranks equi- distant from each othor, and at a souer trot. Thus, four ranks would preserve the rela- tive position of the four main arms o. a wheel, or the four cardinal points of the compass. This method was then believed by some to be preferable to any known mode of threshing Kn''"'- I» ''* probable the thresh- iiig-niaching has rendered it obsolete by this time.— See Amerkan JfMetim, vol. vii. p. 64. (2) Moore's Patent Offiee, Append. 3U6. ■;.?> The title of this curious volume runs thus : " ViRoisi*., more especially the South- ern part thereof, richlj «v.'J truly valued; viz., the fertile Cnrolana and no less ti.«0. lent Isle of Uoanoak, of latitude from thirty- one to thirty-seven degrees; relating the moans of raysing infinite profits to the ad- venturers and planters. The second edi- tion, with addition of the discovery of silk- worms, with their benefit, and in planting of mulberry trees ; also, the dressing of vines for the rich trade of making wines in Vir- ginia; together with the making of the saw- mill, very useful in Virginia for cnttinj? timber and clapboard to build withal; oud its conversion to many as profitable uses: by E. W. Gent, London. 1650." The nc- cinint of the saw-mill he promises soon to publish. style of glow Colonies, an means of gt adopted l)y B a source of | nists as well commonweal seed, flax, ci etc." In re other provii cannot prom if this noble Virginia wil allowing tht the silk gra; of China, th Virginia, N voluntary p plied and ii wliich becai of this Qui made and \ great river as of iniini i)eing sixty In refer( arts, I^Ir. '. session un encouragcr pngaged tl favor indvv; bine to rei of enterpri culture of tion of Vii exists in a no labor \ every coin was the sv fortunate to the mo tiie coloin REMARKS ON EARLY ATTEMPTS TO ESTABUSH MAMKACTUHES. 33 lived well •s, potters, svycrs, car- fishennen, i does not I tract con- by force of icompanic'il of the mill tiled wheels s "the in- f threshing ," All this aid to have seen within me, by this iturers in a serve the reU- lain arms o. a points of the then believed ny known mode nlile the thresh obsolete by this H, vol. vii. p. 64- Append. 306. lus volume runs ?ially the South- i fruly valued; id no less ticc). ude from thirty- s J relating the rofits to the ad- Che second edU iscovery of silk- and in planting dressing of vines ng wines in Vir- iking of tlio saw ;inia for cnttinj; )uild withal; ond 1 profitable uses; 1650." The ae- pruiuisea soon to stvle of o-lowing description the immense profit to be derived from the Colonies" and recommends their encouragement by government as a means of getting rid of criminals from the kingdom, a plan already adopted liy King James some years previously, and which afterward proved a source of great detriment to the social and moral interests of the colo- nists as well as to their industry. " It will be," he says, moreover, " to this commonwealth a standing full magazine of wheat, rice, cole-seed, rape- seed flax, cotton, salt, potashes, soptj-ashes, sugars, wines, silks, olive=i, etc." In regard to Iron he says : " Necther does Virginia yield to any other province whatsoever in excellency and plenty o. this oare : and I cannot promise to myself any other than extraordinary snccesso and game if this noble and usefull staple be but vigirously followed." Ue compares Virginia with Persia and China in regard to climate ami productions, allowiiK-- the latter no advantage but in their antitpiity ; and in reference to the silk'grass already mentioned he says : " For what c-verns the Flax of China, tiiat we may not lose the smallest circumstance of parallell with Virginia' Nature herselfe hath enriched this her bosome favourite with a volmitary plant which by art, industry and transplantation may be imdti- plied and improved to a degree of as plentifuU but more excellent nature, which because of its accession to the quality of silkc wee entitle silke grass; of this Queen Elizabeth had a substantial and rich peece of Grogaine made and presented to her. Of this Mr. Porey, m his discovery .)f the jrretit river Chamonoak, to the south of James River, delivers a relation as of inlinite quantity covering the surface of a vast forest of pine trees, being sixtv miles in length." In reference to these early attempts to establish the manufacturing arts Mr Bancroft remarks : " The business which occupied the first session under the written constitution (1621) related chiefly to the encouragement of domestic industry ; and the culture of silk particularly Pngaged the attention of the assembly. But legislation, though it can fiivor im^-trv. cannot create it. When soil, men, ami circumstances com- bine to render maim&^'ture desirable, legislation can protect the infancy of enterprise against the unequ-vJ /-nmpetiton with established skill. The culture of silk, long, earnestly and freque\^'Jr recommended to the atten- tion of Virginia, is successfully pursued only where Jv -«periority of labor exists in a redundant population. In America the first want, cjf life lett ao labor without a demand. Silk-worms could not be cared for wuca every comfort of household existence required to be created. Still less was the successful cultivation of the vine possible." He regards it as a fortunate circumstance that their attention was turned from such eilorts, to the more profitable one of cultivathig tobacco. Of the prosperity ot tlie colonv a few years later he writes : " Possessed of security and great 84 UISTOKY OF AMriUCAN MANUFAOTrilES. jjnindanct of land, a free market for their staple, and ].ractically all the rights of an independent state, having England for its guardian against foreign oppression rather than its ruler, the colonists enjoying nii the prosperity wliich a virgin soil, equal laws and general unifovniity of condition could bestow, their numbers increased; the cottages were filled with children, as the ports were with ships and emigrants. At Christmas, 1040, there were trading in Virginia, ten ships from London, two from Bristol, twelve Hollanders, and seven from New England. Tiie numlier of colonists was already twenty thousand." In 1()62 for the encouragement of Manufactures, prizes were olTercd for the best specimens of linen and woolen cloth, and a reward of fifty pounds of tobacco was given for each pound of silk. It was enjoined upon every person to plant mulberry trees in proportion to the number of acres of land he held. Tan-honses were erected, with "curriers and shoemakers attached," one in each county, at its own expense, at which hides were received at a fixed price and shoes sold at rates prescribed by statute : and to encourage the salt-works of Colonel Scarborough on the Eastern Shore, the importation of salt into that county was prohibited. Rewards were appointed in proportion to their tonnage of all vessels built, and all fees and duties payable to such shipping were remitted. The duty imposed upon tobacco by Cromwell (1652),' and reenacted at the Restoration, so embarrassed this trade, that in 16C6 new efforts were made to introduce Manufactures. Each county was ordered to set up a loom at the public expense ; the rewards for silk were renewed, and severe penalties imposed for neglecting flax, hemp, etc.* Sir Edmund Andros, governor in 1692, we are informed, greatly encouraged Manu- factures ; in his time fulling-mills were set up by act of Assembly, and he also " gave particular marks of his favor toward the propagation of cotton, which since his time has been much neglected." Of his successoi Governor Nicholson (1698), it is complained that, " instead of encour aging Manufactures, he sent over inhuman and unreasonable memorials against them : viz. That while he represented their tobacco crops as insuflicient, from its low price, to procure them clothing, he recommended Parliament, " to pass an act forbidding the plantations to nmkc their own clothing," which, in other words, is desiring a charitable law that the planter shall go naked.* But manufacturing enterprise seems also to have been less congenial (1) This icemi to have leen the com- (3) Beverley, p. 82 There can be no mcncemcnt of the system of jntcrfer«;nce doubt that the injudicious policy of Grcnt with American trade and manufactures. Urit.iin wa,s much influenced by the repre (2) liuverlcy p. 58. scntationa of lier Colonial governors. to the Virgin continued lor and other s staple Toba( hemp, silk, v Si) great \ I rcpvoiicht'uU; of industry disposition ( formerly bes' as linen, wo nowhere in and bear gi mulberry trc like a weed, without any first from tl only for co\ with much careless a r others ; an vouchsafe t abominable yet they ha tables, sto( much as th laziness," As a rea want of CO very true c where tobt Tiie Vi raercial as of agricul tobacco ai the more ( their soil, acquire es tastes of have not whose set BEVERLEY'S CASTIOATIOX OF THE VinOlN'IANS. 85 here can he no policy of Orcnt pil hy the ropre- ;overnor8. I hemp, silk, wool, leather, etc., whieh usually incite to sueh ""' ert.k.n,-.. * So Kvcat was their depeiulence, that Beverley, who published in 170,,, n,n-oa.'hfullv laments the sa.l .lefectiou of his countrymen from the lial.itH of industry wiiieh he had con> mended in the first settlers, and the in- disposition of the assemblies to give that encouragement which they had forinerlv bestowed. " They have their clothing of all sorts from Lnglaud, as linen, woolen and silk, hats and leather. Yet flax and hemp grow nowhere in the world better than there. Their sheep yield good increase „„d Ijcar good fleeces; but they shear them only to cool them. Ihe mull)erry tree, whose leaf i., the proper food of the silkworm, grows there like a weed, and silkworms have been observed to thrive extremely and without any hazard. The very furs that their hats are n^ade of perhaps go first from thence ; and most of their hides lie and rot, or are made use of only for covering dry goods in a leaky house. Indeed, some few hides with much ado are tanned and made into servants' shoes, but at so careless a rate that the planters don't care to buy them if they can get others; and sometimes perhaps a hotter manager than ordinary will vouchsafe to make a pair of breeches of a deer skin. Nay tuey are such abominable ill husbands, that though their country be overrun with wood vet thev have all their wooden ware from England ; their cabinets, chairs, 'tables, stools, chests, boxes, cart wheels and all other things eve. so much as their bowls and bircheu brooms, to the eternal reproach of their laziness." , , . A.8 a reason for this state of things, he assigns, m addition to their want of concentration in towns, and other causes, what was proba-.ly a very true one in that case, that " such ManuHictures are always neglected where tobacco bears any thing of a price." The Vir-iuia colonists were essentially Planters, and regarded com- mercial as well as manufacturing pursuits as less respectable than those of agriculture: heace their carrying trade,_the exportation of heir toba.^0 and the importation of their supplies,_was left tu the hands o the more commercial Ndw Englanders. The climate and the fertility of their soil, the cheapness and abundance of the land, enabling many to acquire estates almost manorial in extent, all concurred with the native tasiosuf the inhabitants in fostering this sentiment; and Manufactures have not to this day become so general in that State as in many others whose settlement has been much more recent. CHAPTER III. BHIP-BUILBINO IN THE COLONIES OF MASSACHUSETTS, MATNE, CONNEC- TICUT, NEW IIAMPSHIIIE, AND BUODE ISLAND. We liave seen that the history of the efforts made during the first hun- dred years, to introduce the Manufacturing Arts into the oldest of the American Colonies, is little more than a record of unsuccessful enterprise. Passing, however, to the Colonists whose advent upon these shores tooli place December 22, 1C.2(), an event still commemorated in solemn festivals, we shall probably find some degree of success even in their earliest attempts in the industrial arts. With a sterile soil and a rugged climate, they early betook themselves to Manufacturing and Commercial enter- prises ; and so successfully, that, at the present day, there is scarcely a useful art of ancient or modern times, that is not " naturalized" among them, and scarcely a region of the globe so remote or inaccessible that is not familiar with the products of their labor. Those efforts, so fur a.s we have been able to glean a knowledge of them from various sources, we shall proceed to notice, nearly in the order of their occurrence. Next to the cultivation of the soil for the supply of the means of sub- sistence, the abundance oUmber, and the comparative ease with which it could be prepared for market, naturally attracted attention to it as a cheap and ready resource. For the products of che forest in every shape there was an ample demand at that time in England, where the timber had already been so wasted for the suvi-ly of iron-works, that as early as 1581 it had been found necessary to v.s'rain its use. The West India Islands also were ready to exchange th.ir staple products for pi|)e-staves, hoops and lumber, etc. Hence the first products of the industry of the Plymouth colony, of Rhode Island, and probably of others, sent to a foreign market, were manufactured from the almost inexhaustible wealth of the American forests. On the lOlh of September, 1623, a ship of one hundred and forty tons, called the "Anne," Mr. William Pierce, Master, was freighted at Ply- mouth, and returned to England, her cargo consisting of Clap-hoanh, with a few beaver skins and other furs. Limiting our researches, however, at present to only one branch of (C6) FinsT VESssEi.s m n.T in amkrua. 37 TTS, MAINE, CONNEC- ISLAND. 3 during the first hun- into the oldest of the nsuccessful enterprise, pen these shores took :ed in solemn festivals, even in their earliest and a rugged climate, id Commercial enter- ay, there is scarcely a " naturalized" among te or inaccessil>le that Those efforts, so far as om various sources, we r occurrence. 1 of the means of sub- itive ease with which it i attention to it as a le forest in every shape land, where the timber works, that as early as use. The West India roducts for pi|)e-staves, I of the industry of the ly of others, sent to a st inexhaustible wealth hundred and forty tons, was freighted at Ply- iisting of Clap-hoanh, to only one branch of ' Industry, in which th6 products of the forest were made availnblc in aid , of Commerce, and in which this country has since become pre-eminent, \ viz- SniP-Buii.PiNO, we find thnt the first vessel, with the e.xceplion of a \ few open boats, built by the followers of De Soto, ever constructed by \ Europeans in this country, was a Dutch Yacht, named the " Onrest," or I "Restless," of 38 feet keel, 44 J fVet long, lU «, nut. Coll., 1. 278. ENGLAND. it has been truly rcmarlietl, iicy and privation, surpassing Ship with our neans at tho who settled at Plymouth, aa lip-carpenter ; and a number pursued the business — one of branch of Taunton River, n the records of tlie Governor stated, Apri' IT, 1629, that irt Molton is chief"; ond in ion had been sent over " for tc," and it was proposed to an inventory of them, and to hing vessels were to be built assacftuse^s— Plymouth being led at Mystic (now Medford) Governor Winthrop, to whom In the course of the season 1 soon after visited Manhattan Vinthrop says, the sailors were 1 canoes of great size. Some ding were capable of carrying ibt equally amazed at the pro- •gest vessel, probably, that had Another vessel of sixty tons, t Medford, where Mr. Cradock, ■, had a shipyard. A ship of t Marblehead by the people of its first impulse about this time mists upon their own resources of life. They had been hitherto ;h, by the many emigrant shiiu A suspension of this cniigra- in Englant', ond the diminisheil icndent on rafreantile enft'rpriep 1 rendered precarious in the ex- rnor Winthrop, in his Journnl. our money was gone, uuJ ttmt it us on work to provide shipping Al, 1. 278. FIRST SHIP BVII.T AT BOSTON. 89 of ou. own; for which end Mr. Peter, being a man of very ^f!^ ^;:^^: ' ::-^^^- were content to take such p^ as tl.e trl' u d maUe." Corn was that year made a legal ten er ^k- eb He speaks .n another place of the Tru.l, of '^'-"^ «- »' f, ^.j" «ix-tv tons probably the vessel alluded to above, as the first slup b mlt at r'ailed for Bilboa o« 4th June, 1G42, with Thomas Grave. t:l^z with fish,, which ^''« ->^^»'n,rt^:i;(M.u: from thence she freighted to Malaga, and arrived there tl .. d.ij (Ma.th 2 13 0. S.) laden with wine, fruit, oil, iron, and wool, w .c wa. a ! Ltadvanta Jto the country and gave encourage.nent to trade. ' Thu Sy btn" the circuitous and profitable trade to distant ports, tn wh.ch "LaWessels. at no remote period, bore so P— '-^;,;; ^^ ^^^^,„„ I„ 1642 five other vessels, all of considerable size, ^^e e bui t at l^oston PI moutt Dorchester, and Salem ; and in 1C44, two of two hundred and S^a: 'two hundred tons respectively, were built "t. ^-" ^'^^ -/ Boston, which sailed [or the Cana-ies with p.pe staves, h.h, etc. A sh.p of three hundred tons was built at Boston in 1(14(.. .'New England's First Fruits," a work publi.shed tn London ,n 1043, thus^Jflrs the subject: " Besides boats, shallops, hoyes, bgh.ers, ptn- ires w areina way of building ships of one hundred two hundred, I^e h'-drell, four hundred tonne : five of them are already at sea, many T o"n;^,rt:t enacted that. - Whereas, the coun.y is .ow i,? la . with the building of ships, which is a business o gre.rt .m- pon Ve for the common good, and therefore suitable cares been t ken ZTtw:' be well performed, according to the commendab e course of Edand and other Wees, it is therefore or.lered surveyors l,e appomted to etl:e any ship' buDt. and her worK. to .-e that it be pertorn.ed and ^"Tl-:::t:^rtrru:iw..owcaUed warren .^^ .^:::^, Francis Wi.;3.^«--JM^^^^^ clmsetts, who was a merchant, and aiumuLUiou . , in ordered that there be a compat.y c.l that t,ad . ace. i k of „iUer i.laces with power to regulate bu.hling of ships, and to n a «, :l;:::,ei:;.;d .aw; a.uong themsCves as may conduce to the pubhc «0 siiir-nviLDixo ix nkw England. good." Such a cliarter seems to admit a sunicieiitly liberal interiiretatioti. Captain Jolm.son .says, in 1647 : "Many a fair ship had her framing and finishing here, besides lesser vessels, barques and ketches ; many a master, besides common seamen, had their first learning in this colony. Boston, Charleston, Salem, Ipsw'ch, etc., our maritime towns, begjn to increa.se roundly, especially Boston— the which, of a poor country village, in twice seven years is becoii"^ like unto a small city." "The people of New England at this time," says Hubbard, A. D. 1G46-51, "began to flourish much in buihling ships and trafiicking abroad, and had prospered very well in these aflairs, and possibly began too soon to seek great things for themselves ; however, that they might not bo exalted overmuch in things of that nature, many aflliclive dis- pen.sations were ordered to them in this lustre, which proved a day of great rebuke to New England ; for the firct news they heard from Europe in tlie year 1G4C, was the doleful report of two of their ships, that were wrecked the winter before upon the coast of Spain, one of which was built in the country the former year by Captain Hawkins, a shipwright of London, wno had lived divers years in the country before, and had with others been encouraged to fall upon such dealings as he had formerly been af()uainted with. At the last he had built a stately ship at Boston, of four hundred ton and upward, and had set her out with great orna- ment of carving and painting, and with much strength of ordnance. The first time she was rigged out for tlie sea was the 23d of November, 1645, when they set sail for Malaga with another ship in her company, whereof Mr. Karman was master." He then gives a narrative of her loss at sea with niiietei'U persons on board. Another ship of two hundred and sixty tons built ut CambridjTc, and which sailed the same year for the Canaries, he tells us, was " set upon" by an Irish man-of-war with seventy men, and twenty piecis of ordnance, the New England ship having but thirty mm and fourteen pieces ; the latter got off with the loss of two men. This action Mr. Cooper regards as the first regular naval combat in which any American vessel is known to have been engaged. Another vessel of one hundred tons, built at New Haven, was lost the same year, with seventy persons and a cargo of wheat By papers d.Iivercd to the Commissioners of King Charles on the Ifith of May, i''.65, it appears that Massachusetts then had the following 'ships and tonnage, viz.: about eighty of from twenty to forty tons, aiiout forty from forty to on hundred tons, and about a dozen ships above ono hundred tons, making in all over one hundred and thirty sail. In October, 1667, the General Ciurt of Massachusetts having received informntion "that divcrs^inskiilful persons ])rftending to bo sliipwriglits, do build ships and other vessels in several parts of lliis country, whidi MASSACHUSETTS — SCITU ATE . 41 ,1 intcriiretatioti. her framing and , nmiiy a niuslur, oloiiy. Boston, .'gj.n to increase iiitry village, in lubbard, A. D. and trufliekiiig d possibly began that they might ny afllietive dis- [iroved a day of ard from Europe ■ ships, tliat were )ne of which was ins, a shipwright J before, and had IS he had formerly y sliip at Boston, with great orna- f ordnance. The November, 1645, ompatiy, whereof of her loss at sea wo hundred and sa;iic year foi' the -war with seventy J ship having but th the loss of two ular naval combat igagod. Another ost the same year, harleson the IClh lad the following ) forty tons, about ■n ships above one ly sail. ts having rrceivcil to be sbipwriglits, lis country, wiiiili are very defective, both of matter and form, to the great prejudice of the merchants and owners and the danger of many men's lives at sea," ordered a committee of five (one of whom was Captain P^dwakd Juiinson, cited on the 1 ist page) to draw up and present suitable laws for the regulatiou of the business. Ou the same occasion an order was made to encourage the building of a ihy dock, by which it was decreed that any person who sho\dd under- take the construction of such a dock in a suitable place in Boston or Chiirlestown, fit to take in a ship of three hundred tons, should have liberty to do so with a monopolv of the privi ege for fifteen years. In April, 1068, t.ie enjoyment of the right was extended to twenty-ouo years to the person who should build and keep a dock in repair. Tiie Court in ^fay, 1667, laid a tonnage duty of half a pound of gnn- powdcr, or il'' equivalent in money, per ton on all shii)sand vessels above twenty ton- ' •■ en, net belonging within the jurisdiction or principally owned within it. The duty was levied on every voyage and was chieHy designed for the support of the fort.(l) In Dec, 1673, the ship Anthony and a ketch, were ordered to be littert out for the defense of the coast and the vessels of (he province, some of which had been taken by the pirates and the Dutch of New Netherland. A., an evidence of the energy with which this business was prooccuted ill Massachusetts from the earliest period, it is mentioned that upon the Xorth Iliver, crooked, narrow, anc shallow at low water, ships were Imilt of the size of three and four hundred tons throughout its whole course. t^vHualr, at its mouth, was long noted for its Shiii-building. An early chronologist believes the art of Ship-building, so early estab- lished at North River and Boston, may be tracpd to the dock-yards of Chatham on the Med way. In 1606, Kuwarp Ooodwiv, of Boston, a shipwright from Ch; >. .,, i-.i Kent, purchased a plantation at Hcituate, where he commoner' ' • usiness. Kdwari) ond Miciiaei, Wanton, the former belicvvd ;.' ■■ ■ ''e ancestor of several governors of Rhode Island, whither ho sub. i ntly removed, carried on Ship-building at Sfitua'tc as early at least as 1670. The barque Advcntim', of forty tons, i owned by the people of Scituate and Marshfield, in 1681 engaged in the West India trade. The fi.shery then, as well as later, greatly stimulated this department of industry. Not long after the close of the Rovolution, it was declared by an intelligent writer to be of more value to Massachu- sftts than would be the pearl fisheries of Ceylon. This business was actively i.ursued by the inhibitanta of Scituate. They had in 1770 over thirty sail of vessels in the mackerel fishery. From l-.rstcr's Shii'-yard (I) RoeorJi of Oov. and Company, vol. ly., pp- ^^b ^"i ^'^- 42 gHIP-BtlLDINa IN NEW ENGLAND. npon tlie Scituatc side of the rivor, ships of five huiulred tons were turned || out. The nggregate of the tonnage of ship-rigged vessels built there in the last ecntu'ry would, if known, be a considerable item in the domestic tonnnge of Massachusetts. 8ah'm, so early i-icited to the same branches of industry by Mr. Peters, long prosecuted Ship-building with great enterprise. Hardy's Cove, on South River, was in 1677 a principal locality for that business. The shipping of that and other towns suffered much by the Indians at this time. They captured in 1677 about fifteen Ketches belonging to Salem. A jirominent ship-builder in the town in 1690 was Rijiiard IIolling- wouTii, who owned the property now or recently in the possession of the Hawthorne family. Boston and Salem together, in 1735, owned about 25,000 tons of shipping. The reputation of Salem for commercial enter- prise was at that time, and long after, second only to that of Boston. For several years previous to 1721 it cleared yearly about 80 vessels on foreign voyages, and in 1748 about 130. Tlie enterprise of her merchants, ship-owners, and seamen, among the earliest and most conspicuous of whom were the Derbys, gave ample em- ployment to her ship-yards. A marine society was formed there in 1766, and incorporated in 1771. This town has also the honor of having pro- duced from the bosom of that adventurous class the distinguished mathe- matician, Nathaniel Bowwtcii, to whom the ship-owners, merchants, and mariners of Europe and America are more ir-'^ebtcd for the preserva- tion of life and property than to any other nmn tliis country has produced. While he was himself i-. mariner, and practically acquainted with the wants of those who " go down to the sea in ships," he prepared with marvelous accuracy his Practical Navirjator, which, as the London Athemvum has observed, "goes both in American and British craft over every sea of the glo;;e and is probably the best work of tho sort ever publislied." Mcwhiiriiport was formerly celebrated for the extent and excellence of its Sliip-building, as well as its commerce. Its vessels were in repute in Great Britain no less than throughout the Colonies. It ajipears by the Town Records that Ezra Cottle commenced Sliip-buildin - near tho foot of F deral street in that tov.n as early as 160S. In 1723 the same busi- ness was carried on in the locality known as Tliorla's Bridge. The town was noted for tho number of vessels yearly turned out from its ship-yards. The business declined considerably after the commencement of the Revo- lution. The Continental frigates Jhnlon and Hancock were built there, besides many largo private armed vessels during the war. In 1772 ninety vessels were built there; in 1788 only three. Notwithstanding the re- verses which overtook all commercial towns during that period, New- NEWBITRYPOUT— NEW BF.PFOnD— SALISBURY, KTC. 43 ms were turned 3 built tliere in n the douiestic by Mr. Peters, irdy's Cove, on business. The Indians at this i<)fing to Sivlera. lARD IIOLUNO- ossesslon of the 5, owned about iminercial enter- that of Boston, ut 80 vessels on men, among the gave ample era- d there in 1706, r of having pro- nguished mathe- ners, merchants, for the prescrva- ry has produced. n\inted with the le prepored with as the London British craft over of the sort ever ind excellence of were in repute in It. appears by the tin - near the foot 23 the same busi- ridge. Tiie town om its ship-yards, nent of the llevo- ; were built there. r. In 1772 ninety thstandiiig the re- hut i)eriod, New- . in I70n own.^d nearly 12,000 tons of shipping, which, in the next ■r years! wTincrL/to 31,974 tons. Its reputation in this branch ' tjt^Z^^^ ^™ous in Ship-building long be^e tl^e R^ntion. 2C;f:' the several branches of the ^^^^^ ^ ^^^J^:: 1 e enga.^ed. The Cod, Mackerel, and particnlarly the \^ hale F 1 r> lust be'reVrded as the chief support of the Ship-budd>ng nUe.est. of "^U;;t close of the last century this was the principal fish-pn>ducing the r'st to push that arduous enterprise among the denuens of th Scut ern Se It was the school in which American seamen accpured fCt Iritte skill which has covered the ocean w.th our merchant ^%Mury Massachusetts, a few miles from Newburyport, was from an sr ".1 orr „r ... tL., or ^ ... c^^^^ „ ,r«r%n B*. plac. in tl,e public regard «ttcrw.rd .cc«,„od i.y , 1 f,„r the w«r »n» conrerted into on En.t li.di»mnn. IJZ-r:, -et r,S':«a««i. Bo., or U,e.. c"™-' ™ - Lntir extent than tl.ey liave done since tlml l.ine. In t le counlM o! K.L Midd,e.ex,a„d 8uMi<, tl,o b««»«» 1« .>««1" I"-" "»- Bidcrable one. 44 SlIIP-BUILPINO IN NKW ENGLAND. 3. Smp-BciLDiNO IN THE DisTiucT OP Maine.— In Maine, then and lonff after a district of Massaciiusetts, upon the numerous hays, coves, and streams near the seaboard, in h)calities now destitute in a great measure of the timber formerly so abundant, Ship-building was com- menced with energy almost as early as in any part of the country. It was beg.!n there some time previous to the acquisition by Massachusetts of a right to the territory by purchase from the heirs of Gorges in 1677. Captain John Smith, the hero of Virginia, visited the coast in 1614 for the purposes of trade and fishing, and at the island of Monhegan, in Lincoln Courty, erected dwellings and built a number of fishing boats. There, as in other parts of the New England provinces, the fishery was the principal occasion of the settlement of many towns, and a source of profit and even wealth to many early settlers. It was the great means of fostering the ohip-building interests. Next to Miese, the conversion of the abundant timber which densely clothed the banks of all the eastern rivers furnished the most profitable return for labor. Timber, con- verted into masting, l-'uber, staves, shingles, and other merchantable forms, by axemen and numerous saw-mills, was floated to the tide-waters, where' -esscls were built to convey it along with their fish to England, Spain, the Canaries, and West India Islands, and other foreign and domestic ports, to be exchanged for the manufactures of Europe, salt, wines, and tropical products, or provisions from the Southern Colonies. The vessels were often sold in foreign ports after the discharge of their cargoes, the great cheapness with which they were constructed enabling their owners to do so at a good profit, and at a less price than those built in other countries. These branches of industry combined, consti- tuted for two hundred years the principal occupations of the people of '.laine and parts of New Hamps ire, and enlivened with enterprise many places in which the hum of the factory has succeeded to the ring of the axe or the clatter of the saw-mill, and others still which are now the sites of flourishing cities. Pemaquid Point, twelve miles north of Monhegan, was an early fish- ing station, much frequented by the English on the first settlement of Maine, at which Ship-building was also carried on. At this place was born, in 1650, Sir William Puirps, the first Royal governor of Massa- chusetts, who, at the age of eighteen, commenced an apprenticeship to the Ship-building Art. On the completion of his service he worked at the trade for a time in Boston, and subsequently engaged in it on his own account on the Sheopscote River, east of the Kennebec, where he built ft ship for merchants in Boston. He afterward abandoned the business for a maritime life, and was knighted by James the Second in consideration of his having, in 1687, successfully conducted an cxpedi- MAINE— PEMAQUID—KITTKRT, ETC. 45 kliiiiie, then and us liays, coves, lit' ill a great ding was com- ic country. It r Massachusetts Jorges in 1677. last in 1614 for ' Monliegan, in f fisliing boats, the fishery was iiid a source of lie great means , the conversion if all the eastern Timber, con- !r merchantable the tide-waters, ish to England, ler foreign and of Europe, salt, ithern Colonies, scharge of their ructed enabling irice than those ombined, consti- f the people of enterprise many ) the ring of the ire now the sites ms an enrly fish- st settlement of .t this place was ■ernor of Massa- pprenticeship to ce he worked at ;ed in it on his inebec, where he abandoned the mes the Second lucted an expedi- tion in search of a Spanish wreck sunk near Hispaniola, from which property to the value of £300,000 was recovered. This laid the founda- tion of his future wealth, although it is said his generosity allowed him to receive oidy £16,000 as his own share. He was afterward conspicuous in the affairs of the New England provinces. At Kiltery Point, on the Piscataqua, opposite Portsmouth, N. H.,the oldest corporate town in the State, Ship-building was also successfully conducted at a very early period. Tliis place, in 1696, gave birth to another distinguished Provincial, Sir William Peppeukll, an eminent merchant of Mass., who was also long identified with the fisiiing and ship- building industry of the province. His father, "William Pepperell, a native of Tavistock, near Exeter, in Cornwall, England, while a young man in humble circumstances, came to the Isles of Shoals, nine miles south of Kittery, in 1675, in a fishing vessel, that place being celebrated for producing the delicate dunph, which sell much higher than cod. After four or five years spent in the business, he removed to Kiltery, and married the daughter of an old ship-builder, John Briiy, who conducted the ship and boat-building business largely after the conclnsion of King Philip's war had rendered property more safe. The Pepperells also built many vessels for themselves and others, and had, at times, over one hun- dred sail on the Banks of Newfoundland, either maimed by them or let on shares, engaged in the fisheries, and they traded largely with southern ports. The elder Colonel Pepperell, died in 1734, after having filled several offices, civil, judicial and military. His operations at an early period upjiear to have been extended to other rivers than the Piscataqua, and vessels were built for him at Snco, where he afterward purchased large tracts of land, now covered .>y the factories and improvements of that place. A letter from him to Captain John Hill, Commander of the Fort at Saco, in November, 1696, the year in which his son. Sir William, was born, exhibits the energy of the man, a needful virtue in those perilous days, and illustrates the customs of the times among 8hip-buildcrs.(l) For some years previous to the French war, Ship-biiilding had been active 8. id profitable in Maine, and large numbers were to be seen on the stocks, as well as throughout New England generally. The several colonies (1) " Sir — With much troublel have ijotten men and sent lor the Sloop, and ilosiro you to despatch Ihi'tu with all Hpecd j for, if all thinRd be roiidy, they may be fitted to leave in two dnys as well aa in seven years. If jou and the Ciirpentcr think it convenient, »nd the ({round has not too much decent, I think it iniiy ho eafo and belter to bend her Jails heforo you launch her, ao as to leave immediately. But I .shall leave it to 7 Mr ninnngemcnt, and desire you to hasten then, day and ni(,'ht ; for, sir, it will be diin- gcrnu» tarrying there, on account of hostile envaire.' in the vicinity; and it will he very expensive to keep the men upon pay. 1 send you a hiirnd of ruin, and tlien^ is a casli of wine to hiunch willi." 46 SniP-BflLPINa IN NEW ENGLAND. Of New England had in 1741, about one thousand sail cnfrafrcd in the fishery nearly the whole of which was probably of home construction, as vessels' were frequently built for English and foreign merchants. After the peace it revived again, and the ship-yards of Maine tnrnea out great numbers of the new class of vessels, called Schoo rs, which were found particularly useful in fishing, one of them being worth, in the cod-fishing, two of the shallops in use before their introduction. The small vessels built for this service were in great demand. They were constructed not only on the banks of the larger rivers and in the numerous coves along the seaboard, b. t far up the smaller tributary streams at the head of navigation, and sometimes at considerable distance from the river, to whidi thev were drawn on sledges in the winter season. They were not unfrequcntly built two or three miles from the water, and as timber became Bcarcer were occasionally framed several miles inland, and tlicn taken apart and transported to the water-side, where they were reconstructed and launched. . . . , , .1 ^ t> In addition to Pemaquid ard Kittery, which included the two Ber- wicks and Elliot, the towns of Wiscasset, Warren, Portland, or Falmouth, and other places on the Casco and Penobscot Bays, on the Kennebec, S-ico Sc George's, and more eastern rivers, became early engaged in this busim-s8. Bath, Bangor, Brunswick, and other extreme eastern town?, row so extensively engaged in ship-building, were settled at a date con- siderably later, and had made comparatively little progress in it durinf? the period now under review. Bath, which has now a registered tonnage of over one hundred thousand tons, was first permanently settled in 1756. Bangor settled in 1769, had in 1790 only 160 inhabitants. The vast lumber trade and other business of this town now employs between two and three thousand sail of vessels annually. A large part of Falmouth, including Portland, was burned by an English frigate in 1775. bhip- building has long been an important business of the place. In 1 785, the two towns owned 5341 tons, engaged in the foreign trade, and lf.28 tons in the fishing and coasting business, amounting altogether to 6969 tons. The tonnage registered at that port in 1795. was 13.798. Wiscasset employed, in 1789. thirty-five vessels of 2090 tons, and in 1795, registered 102 vessels of 9944 tons in the aggregate. Ships were built at this period on the rivers of Maine, according to M. de Rochefaucault, forabout $26.50 per ton, or $33.50 all things supplied, and were sold in Boston for $40 to $43 per ton. The tonnage of Maine has ahvavs been large in proportion to her population. In the beginning of this centnrv, it amounted to 87,390 tons. The yearly returns of new tonnage for ihat State, now nearly equals one-third that of the whole Union, JOHN PECK— CAMCO SHIPS. 4T cngnfrcd in the coustnictioii, as 3rchaiits. After turned out great ,'liich were found I tlie cod-fishing, riie small vessels constructed not rous coves along at the head of om the river, to They were not as timber became 1 then taken apart econstrucled and led the two Ber- and, or Falmouth, m the Kennebec, ly engaged in this ne eastern towns, ed at a date con- irress in it during registered tonnage ;ly settled in 1756. bitants. The vast iloys between two part of Falmouth, ein 1775. Ship- ace. In 17 85, the ade, and lf)28 tons nher to 69fi9 tons. 3,798. Wiscassel in 1795, registered ne, according to M. all things supplied, ! tonnnge of Maine In the beginning arly returns of new 3 tiiat of the whole One of the most eminent ship-builders in the Colonies at the commence- ment of the Revolution, and among the first in this country to apply the principles of science in the draughting and modeling of ships, was John Peck, of Boston. Peek is said to have been " the most scientific, as well as the most successful naval architect which the United States had then produced." The ships built by him were so superior to any then known, that they attracted the attention of Congress, and he was employed to build some of their ships of war. But his talents did not bring him that pecuniary reward which all who knew the superiority of his skill, have admitted was his due. The success of Mr. Peck as a Marine Architect, in combining the great essentials of stability, capacity and swiftness, was admitted by intelligent forei.rners. The Belisarius, the Hazard, and the Rattlesnake, constructed by him were known during the war of the Revolution for their fast sailing, a quality to which the American cruisers owed their efficiency more than anv other They were also said to carry more than others of the same cla'ss. It was a common remarlr "^ that period, that "to have a perfect vessel it must have a Boston bottom and Philadelphia sides." In the year 1676, just a century before the Declaration of Independence, the following vessels are said to have been built in Boston and its vicinity, and then belonged to that neighborhood, vis. : 30 vessels between 100 r id 250 tons. 200 " " 50 " 100 " 200 " " 30 " 50 " 300 " " 6 " 10 " There were at this time in the Colony, thirty Master Shipwrights. (1) The trade of Massachusetts in 1717, employed 3493 sailors, and 492 ships whose tonnage amounted 25,406. In 1731, there were 600 sail of shins and sloops of thirty-eight thousand tons burden, engaged in the same commerce one half of which traded to Europe. From five to six thousand men, and one thousand sail of vessels were at the same time employed in the fisheries. The tonnage employed in these branches was chiefly home built. The ship-yards at that date were actively employed, and many vessels were sold in foreign ports. Dr Douglass has the following observations on New England Ship- building about the year 174G. " In New England Ship-building a vessel fitted to sea, two-thirds of the cost is a profit to the country, the other third is iron, cordage, sail-cloth and small stores, from Great Bntain. The ships built in Boston, exceed all of other building yards, the many (1) 2 M...8. Hist. Coll. vol. X. p. 103 ; Ilutcbinson, M«,-s., Cooper's Ui.t. U. S. Navy 48 SIIlP-BUILPINa IN NEW ENQI-AND. merchants and ship-masters, good connoisseurs, transienily inspect thuni ; every bad piece of timber, or length of phmk is censured. In Newberry, , where tliey arc not much inspected, the builders act at pleusur.', and as the contracts are generally to be paid in goods, they build accordingly ; thus a noted builder, T. W., jocosely said 'that he had built for a calicoe ship.' The other country building places are still worse, particu- larly North River, where, instead of what is reckoned ship-timber, they use forest wood of any sort ; these vessels, with repairs, last only two or three voyages, and are designed as a bite upon ship-buyers at home." In relation to the business in Boston, he afterward remarks: "Ship-buildmg is one of the greatest articles of our trade and manufacture. It employs and maintains about thirty several denominations of tradesmen and arti- ficers ; but as in all other articles, so in this, more particularly, for a few late years, this country has the symptoms of a galloping (a vulgar expres- sion) consumption, not so desperate but by the administration of a skillful physician it may recover an athletic state of health, sublata causa tolhtur effeclus. I shall illustrate the gradual decay of Ship-building, by the Ship-building in Boston, meaning top-sail vessels. Anno 1138 on the stocks 41 vessels of 6,324 tons. << 1743 " 30 " 1T46 " 20 II 1749 " 15 " 2,450 tons." In 1769, Massachusetts, according to the tables of Lord Sheffield, extracted from the books of the Custom House at Boston, built new vessels to the number of one hundred and thirty-seven. Their registered tonnage, which was at the rate of sixteen barrels of flour to a ton, and was always below the real tonnage, was eight thousand and thirteen tons. The amount was m^re than three times that of any other Colony, and was nearly equid to that of New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Penn- sylvania, and Maryland, collectively, which were the next four in amount. The average tonnage of each vessel, making an addition of one-fifth to the registered amount, according to the official direction, was about seventy tons, which was below those of Pennsylvania, Maryland and South Caro- lina.' The real tonnage is believed to h;.ve been one-third higher than the registered, which would give a total of over ten thousand tons of new shipping for that year. The tonnage returned in that year for Massachu- setts and New Hampshire, was more than half that of all the Colonies now in the Union, a proportion which was preserved by these provinces in the two years following. The shipping cleared from the province in the year ending January 5, mi, was 70,234 tons, and the amount entered was 65,271, the outward exceeding the inwt.id by 5,013 tons, partly made up of shipping built for FlRSl' VESSEL BLlhT IN CONNECTICUT. 49 y iiisiioet lliuni ; III Newbinry, pleiisurj, and as ild accordingly ; built for ■ a 1 worse, particu- iliip-tiniber, they last only two or rs at home." In : "Ship-building ure. It employs Jesmen and arti- cularly, for a few (a vulgar expres- ation of a skillful ita causa tollitur • building, by the ton.s. tons." r Lord Sheffield, Joston, built new Their registered our to a ton, and and thirteen tons. r Colony, and was ode Island, Penn- ct four in amount, of one- fifth to the ms about seventy and South Caro- tliird higher than usand tons of new ear for Massuchu- if all the Colonies by these provinces ending January 5, j,271, the outward "shipping built for fale of which Now England at this period, annually sold about filly vc...scl>. Vs a branch of her n.a.a.fuctures, the building of ships for sule was alway. a considerable source of profit and employment in Massachusetts It «as predicted by Lord Shcflield in 1783, that the business nvou Ul be at an end, after the separation of the Colonies, if Knghuul, which had alw^.ys l,een a principal customer, ceased to take An.erican shipping. Upon I the revival of commerce, however, after the organization ot the Goveni- „,Mit under the present Consiitntiun, and the imposition of tonnage and other discriminating duties, the business extended with greater rapulity than before the war. The tonnage returned by the State, for the year tndin- March 4, 17 'J I, of which we are unable to give the precise amount, is staU'd by Mr. Tench Coxe, in his review of Lord Shellield's observa- tions to have exceeded the average of the three years, 1769, 17.0, and ml as given in his Lo.dship's tables, by three thousand seven hundred and thirteen tons. The district of Maine alone, in the eighteen months preceding December 31, 1792, built 15,470 tons, although the returns were incomplete for that section. _ 4 Smi>-Hmu,iNO in CoNNEcncuT.-Tlie earliest ment.on we hav-c me with of Ship-building in ConnccUvut is in 1C40. when the General Court declared- "It is thought necessary for the comlbrtable support ut these plantations, that a trade in cotten wool: be sen nppon and at- temoted, and for the furthering thereof it hath pleased the Oovemu that' noiv is (Edward Hopkins, Esq.) to undertake the finishing anU setting forth a ves,sel with convenient speed to those parts where he ' said comodity is to be had, if it be phesable, etc," It is probab e that the vessel was fini.shed and dispatched for the purpose named; fo. uiore than two years after, in accordance with the Court s order, o which the above is a part of the preamble, the several towns h d aLd upon the proportion of the "cotten wooll" that each shou d ! eto Mr. Ilop'lcin;. The contingent for Hartford was £200 worUi. In he same year C1G42) the court appointed " Persons to tae tl.e ac- eount of what the several towns will disburse toward the building ol a shippe, and (if feasible) they have power to engage workmen and o cat^-y ;n the w.rk." In th... year it was ordered that hemp-seed should Zwn.or sold to those who would sow-" For the '^f -J-;; >•;';; the River with cordage towards the rigging of sliipps." In IfM by the same authority, all vessels upon the stock3 were exempted ftom taxations in that colony." (1) „,. , x i .i r,- ti.n V..w Soon after the building of the vessel at Rhode Island for the N Haven Colony in 1646, which was lost at sea on her hrst voyag.. the (1) Colonial Records, vol. 1, pp. 59, 70 ; vol. 2. p. 255. 60 SniPBtlLDINa IN NEW ENGLAND. united Colonies of Nesv Haven and Hartford bu. t and < -^ - carrying to guns and forty men to cruise on Long I. and S nd lo prevent the encroaeh.nents of the Duleh in that quarter ih s Mr Too, CO aiders to have been the first regular cruiser en.ployed by th Sean Cdonists, who afterward became so efficient i» that «l>cc.es of "Thrattention of scientific and practical men in England was in 1662 .al ed the advantages of some of the North Amer.can P-v-e for SI in-bnilding by Ml' John Winthrop of Connecticut, who, in beptem- , 1 Sar while in England as agent for the Colony to obtain a rL; ::i^rp:r:'on t^s Ll^ect before tl^Koy. ^i^ tl... ju^ incorporated. He had been some sixteen years a resident ot Con.ucl.cut b t w b^tve Virginia was more especially pointed out as a fording BHtish merctant. which afterward became a profitable source of employ ^";:^L:^. on U. Thames, appears at an early P^^ -^^;- led the way in Ship-building in Connecticut; but the vessels at fi .t con 1 .td there were for the most part of a small description. The fir.t : Z th' ^ A^^^ was John Coit. whose master builder was his own Tltw U^ Mould. The latter appears to have had some reputa ion Ta builder and the vssels turned out from their ship-yard were goner- rcandild'svess^^^^ Between 1660 and l^CMhey built a con- siderable number of small vessels called barques, ranging in burden fioii twelve to twentv tons, and in value from fifty to eighty pounds : one o thes ' The Endeavour," made several voyages to the West Indies, and vas ;old Barbadoes for two thousand pounds of s.,ar. A vessel caUer" The New London Tryall." was built in 1661 by John Llderkn aether of 1.; primitive engineers of the place, and one of the origund ; eLof the'town. by contract with merchants of New ;ondon a Newport, which cost, exclusive of iron-work, nails spikes etc two In dred pounds : this was considered a great enterprise at that time S. Is the first actual merchant-vessel owned in that place. Ihe t im Znueso frequently met with in the history of that period, was applied oly 'snal vessel above the si.e of a boat. The shallops and pinnace. Iftivt day were little more than decked boats of about twenty ons. Th • N w L ;.don." of seventy tons, called a ship, bnilt by Moi.l . C t in 1666 for merchants of New London, was the largest vessel ha 'Id^en built there up to that time. Many of these small craft, which CONNEOTICVT— NEW LONDON, 51 )jic,s of seventy and ninety tor espectively, three ketches of about fifty, and two sloops of fifteen t -h; these together were equal to about one-third the ton- nage of ii.v. vyolony. The entire number of vessels belonging to Connecticut was twenty- seven viz. : four ships, three pinks, eight sloops, and some other small vessels. The total tonnage was only 1050. There were then in the Colony about twenty small merchants, who traded to Boston. New York, Newfoundland, and the West Indies. Population of the Colony, about 12,000. ^ . ^ , The pro-ress of all kinds of manufactures was slow m Connecticut for many years. In 1713 it was said to own but two brigantines, about twenty sloops, and some vessels of smaller size; and the number of its seamen was but 120.(1) In nil, there arrived at New London, within six weeks, fourteen sloops from Boston. The vessels built at New London previous to this time were chiefly sloops, with occasionally a brigantine, snow, or perhaps a hri-; sloops were also built in other parts of the province. Joseph Wells of Westerly, and John Leeds, were ship-builders of some note, who succeeded Mould ; and larger vessels now began to be produced. Cap- lain John Jeffrey, who had been a master ship-builder in Portsmouth, En-land, about the year 1720, emigrated to America, and settled on tli,^ opposite side of the river, at Groton, where in 1723 be contracted w.Ui (1) Trumbull's Hist Conn., i., 435, 52 SIIIP-BUILDIXG IX NKW ENULAND. one Ciiplaiu Stirling, to hiiikl tlie largest sliip tluit luul been construeteil oil Uiis siilo of tlie Atlantic, aiul received, on petition, from the town of tJroton, a grant of land for a building-yard on condilioi; tliat he bi'ilt the "Great ship." Slie was built and launched in 11 "15. Uer burden was seven huiidrei! tons. Jtfl'rcy built, in addition to a iiMnibei- of smaller vessels, another large sliip of live hundred and fifty ton.s, named " The Don Carlo.s," which sailed for Lisbon in 1733. New London had now acquired liie reputation of building large ships. In 1730, an association called "The New London Society of Trade and Commerce" was formed under the patronage of the Assenuly. It was composed of about eighiy members, belonging to the Colony, and built and purchased a number of vessels, and opened new channels of enterprise, in which it prospered for a year or two, but was dissolved in 1733. Oldniixon, in 1741, speaks of the convenience of New London for Sliip-1/uilding, and mentions a line ship of two hundred to three hundred tons bui I, there, which he saw at Bristol. New London was at that l)eriod a place of some importance in trade, as was also Norwich, one of the oldest towns in the Slate. At the Norwich Navy-yard, at a later period, a frigate was built for Congress by Joshua Huntingdon. Genernl Jidjcz lIuuMngdo'i, of the sanu' ple.ce, owned at one time previous to the Revolution, it is said, ab'^ut forty vessels. The latter was a member of the Council of Safety in Connecticut in 1775, and sacrificed his fortmie in the service of his country, in which he, with four sons and two sons-iu- luw, entered with active zeal. Hougluss, in his History of the llritish Settlements i.; \iuerica, written ]irevi()iis to 1750, thus refers to Connecticut Ship-building: "In Coniiee- ticiit are eight eonvcident shipping ports for small craft, but all masters enter and clear at the port of New I,o,idon, a gooil harbor five milesl wi'hin himl, and deep water; here they build largo ships, but their timl)cr| \i spongy and not durable, it splits or rives well into staves; siuiil vessels are built at Sea-15rook, Killingsworth, New Haven or Wullings-I ford, Ptc.'Xl) Ship-buildiiig was commenced at Esse.v, in Siiybrook townsiiip, iiJ 17'iO, by John Tucker. In 1775, Uriah Haydon i)uilt ut that place tlij sliip "Oliver Cromwell," of twenty-four guns. A'lont the same time, this town gave rise to a novel and quite origiiml speelnu'ii of naval nrehileciure, which is worliiy of notice rather n n''eount of the ingenuity displayed by the inventor, than for the pructiil (I) Fit tlic nliovo imrtlciiliirn wt> nro cti!e6y ludobtud to tlic vnlualilc lliiitiiry "( N' Louduu, by I'raiiot'g Miiiiwiirliig Cjiullilns, ;d. had been constructed ion, fiom the town of ]itioi: that he built the 705. Her burden was a number of suiallcr 'ifiy tons, named " The New London had now iidon Society of Trade e of the Asserajly. It „g to the Colony, and pened new channels of two, but was dissolved ^c of >'ew London for mdred to three hundred ;\v London was at that as also Norwich, one of h Navy-yard, at a later »a Huntingdon. Genenil one time previi^us to tho latter was a m'-Miiber of and sacrificed his furluiie our sons and two sons-iu- iiients i,; Vincrica, written ip-lmildinij;: "In Connee- mall craft, but nil masters a {,'ood harbor five miU'S rgo ships, but their timber s well into staves; small New Ilaveu or WuUings- ill Siiylirook township, i» •don Duilt at that place the , a novel and quite orininid ortiiy of notice rather on cnlor, than for the pructicid ,1 t„ tl.o vnlu»Wo nii't.)r.v of N''" CtJRIOrS SrBMAlUNK INVI-.NTIONS -ii.'.viT> I',; sii::i:i.r.. utility or humanity of theMeM,.,, al.h. - .n.ed it from the machine, should put the internal clockwork in mn,„.. Ti^s being done, the ordinary operation of a gun-lock at * - ";^-;-;^ ,,,f an hour, or any determinate time, would cause the powder to ex . > and leave the effects to the common laws of nature. He «""I -ci. a combination discovered in the mechanism of this wonder ul •"-';'-; been acknowledged, by those skilled in physics and T-^-"'''' > '• ; "i lies to be no less ingenious than novel. Mr. I'.ushnell invented seve other curious machines for the annoyance of the British shipping ; but ;!lccidents, not militating against the philosophica rrinc.ples on which their success depended, they but partially succeeded. In 1777 Congress offered rewards for the destruction of Brit sh ships and Bushnell mtde an attempt on the Cerberus frigate, Conimcnlore Sin. .ons, at anchor off New London, in which he ^^••^J-^V.'T"' "^^^ near I.er. About Christnms. of the same year he sen a fleet of W« j.^^^^ the Delaware, to destroy the British ships which held pos ession of the nd against which fire-sl.ips had been inetfectually employ I .whig to the'darkness, they were lea at too great a distiu.cc rom m Hhipping, and were dispersed by the ice. but. during the f"' - '"^ ' e.v lodc!;i and blew up a boat. -casioning no little alarm to the B . h .eJmen. This circumstance gave rise to the humorous song, bj Hon. Francis Ilopkinson. entitled " Th.' JMIIr '/ ''"' j^;:' ^ , , .... .. Connecticut, in 17G0, according to l-ord Sheffield's tables, buiK ti^r 54 BIIIP BUILDINQ IN KEW ENGLAND, sail of vessels, wliose aggregate tonnnge, as entered with the Register, was 1542 tuns. In 1774 according to the same statistics, New 1 ork and Connecticut together bnilt new vessels to the value of £30,000, and in 1775, £22 000 The decrease was doubtless occasioned by the war. The ton- na-e relumed for Connecticut in March, 1791, as having been built the year previous, showed an increase of 534 tons, or 40 per cent, over the average of the years 1769, 1770, and 1771 ; showing the business to have increased as in other Slates. 5 SiiiP-BUiLDiNG IN lliiODE IsLAND.-Tn 1C46 the New Haven colony built a ship of a hundred and fifty tons, at Rhode Island, which seems to have- been about the commencement of the business there, where it has ever since been an important branch of industry. At Newport, Bristol, Warren, and other settlements on the Narragan- fiett Bay, as well as at Providence and several places on Providence and Taunton rivers, the business was carried on at an early period, and sus- tained by the nourishing fisheries and lumber trade of the province. It had probably made no great progress previous to the year 107 2, when ■ Ro.'er Williams went from Providence to Newport in a log canoe, to hold a controversy with the Quakers of that town. The Report of the Lorda of Trade, in 1G80, says : " We have no shipping belonging to the Colony, but only a few sloops." In the next twenty-five years it appears to have increased much. In the ten years from 1698 to 1708, the number of ves- 8.;ls built in the Colony was one hundred and three: viz., eight ships, eleven brigantines, and eighty-four sloops. The entire number belonging to the Colony at the last date, was one hundred and forty. In 1704 the Legislature of Rhode Island imposed a tonnage duty on all vessels not wholly owned by the inhabitants of that Colony. Ne^v York followed the example in 1709, and Massachusetts in 1718; the act, in the last instance, being accompanied by a duty, also, on English goods imported, which drew upon the Governor of that Colony a sharp rebuke from the Administration for having assented to it. Some time previous to 1709, l-Mward Wanton, a shipbuilder of Scitu- ftte in Massachusetts, settled in Rhode Island, where he curried on the business. In that year the Colony purchased of him, for £400, the slon' Diamond, and the fourth part of another, the E>iJ>avo,ir, owned by hiiu and Henry Beere, for £112 Ifi.s., for the service of the expedition thea fitting out against Pori Royal, in Nova Scotia. This led to the issiie of paper currency, which afterward injured the trade and credit of the Cuh.ny. In 1746 Connecticut ecpiipped a sloop-of-war, built in 1740, with 100 seamen, on the expedition against the same place. The increase of Ship-building and Commerce previous to 1722, led to the Register, d Conijecticut and ill 1715, i^ar. The ton- been built the cent, over the usincss to have V Haven colony which seems to e, where it has the Narragan- Providence and leriod, and sus- e province. It car 1C72, when g canoe, to hold )rt of the Lords 5 to the Colony, appears to have E number of ves- iz., eight ships, juiber belonging r. onnage duty on , Colony. Nc>v in 1718; the act, in English goods r a sharp rebuke builder of Scitu- le carried on the • £400, the slo'^) ir, owned by him ) expedition tliea led to the issue ,nd credit of the ir, built in 1740, lice. IS 10 1722, led to KnODE ISLAND. PROVIDENCE — NEWPOIIT. 55 llic establishment, under the patronage of the Legislature, of a manufac- ture of sail duck, on which a premium of twenty shillings per bolt wa.s offered, which was that year paid to William Borden. Bounties on hemp were also given about the same time. Proviih'nce and Ncwpurt were, at this time, rising commercial towns, and, in 1730, contained each about 3800 wiiite inhubitanls, which, exclu- sive of negroes and a few Lidians, was, unitedly, about one-half the popu- lation of the Colony. From that date to the Revolution, Newport rose rapidly in importance, and l)ecame one of the principal seals of opulence and refmemeut on the continent. Its AVest India trade was immen.se. In 1739 upward of oiio hundred sail of vessels were owned there. Its importations of molassos, at a later period, employed thirty distilleries in tlie manufacture of rum, — a staple article in the African slave trade, which tarnished the fair fame of its enterprising traders. The whale fishery was also prosecuted by the Xewport merchants : one of whom, Aaron Lopez, who at one time employed about thirty sail of vessels, was among the first to send ships to the Falkland Islands. This business, about the year 17G9, employed seventeen sperm oil and candle manufactoriea in the town, where there were also five or more rope-walks. At this time, when its population was about 12,000, as many as eighteen West Indiai"en were known to arrive in a single day, and Miere was insufficient wareroom to store its merchan- dise. It was considered a rash prediction that "New York might, one day, equal Newport." The port now employed two hundred vessels in foreign trade, and between three and four hundred coasting vessels, and had a regular line of London packets. The town felt the force of English resentment, on account of its early resistance to government measures, in the destruction of the sloop Liberty, stationed in the harbor to enforce the revenue lawj, in 17(j;?. and has never recovered its lelative rank. Providence, in 17G4, owned fifty-foi.r sail of vessels, of 4320 tons, and in 1791, had one hundred and twenty-nine sail of 11,943 tons. Other towns of Rhode Island had an active commerce, foreign and domestic, in colonial times. The commerce of the province may well be supposed to have given much employment to its slii|i-yards, which were favorably situ- ated as to materials and facilities generally. Providence early engaged in the East India trade, for which a ship of nine hundred and fifty tons was constructed in the town a few years after the peace. The number of vessels built in Rhode Island, in 1709, was •hirty-nine, whose tonnage was 1428 tons, carpenter's measurement. Tho business increased considerably under the revenue laws of the Federal Government. C. New IIampphire. — In New Hampshire, tho building of ships has 56 sinr-BviLBiNa in new enoi.and l,.en a icon,iuc,;t l.rarch of business, from the first settlement of iho Provinee. Tl.o first employments of the people were like those of .Alame. But the wenllh of the Colony, for more than a century, was fou.ul, to u frreater extent than that of any other, in the vast resources of its pnmev,,l forests Its first settlements, however, were made upon the Piseataqu;., for the prosecution of the fisheries, which at once gave employment to hoat and ship-builders. Sawing-mills were erected upon its rivers almost as early as in anv part of the country, and the export of lumber, staves, and the usual staples of our infant commerce, soon became a Irading interest. After the value of colonial timber began to be known in hi,- gland this Province, which abounded in white and red oak, pine, chestnut, and other valuable forest trees, the export of masts, spars, and slnp- timber, became a profitable industry. The preparation of these employ.,1 multitudes upon its large rivers and their branches, while the bud.l.ng of ships for the fisheries, for the merchant service, and for the Royal x\ avy, was vigorously pursued, at all convenient places. The excellence ol ^e^v Hampshire ship-timber, was generally admitted. Though possessed of but about eighteen miles of sea-board, and a single avenue to the ocean, the activity of the lumbering and ship-building branches on the I'lscataqna and its tributaries, rendered Portsmouth, advantageously situated at its mouth, a principal seat of colonial commerce. The building of v.-sscls f„r home and foreign markets, was carried on at that place, and the neighboring towns, with no less enterprise than at Kittery Point, ami other places on the opposite side of the river. i Of the value of the timber, and the ship-building interest of New | Hampshire, a writer(l) on its commerce and resources, thus speaks." " The timlxT us.Ml in tlie construotion of the Constitution Frigate, the famous • 01(1 Ironsiae.,' was taken from the woo.ls of AUenstown, on the border of the Merrimac, lifty miles from the ship-.var.l. So of the Indei.en.leiice 74; the Cimress, and several other vessels of war. Ships of war were also Im.lt at Portsmouth in earl v times, viz. : the Faulklan.l of 54 guns, in l(5i)0 ; the Hertfora Uilley 32 guns, in l(li)«; the America, of 40 guns, in 1749 ; the Raleigh, 3- guns, in 177li ; the Ranger, 18 guns, in 1777 ; and a ship of 74 guns, called the America, was launched at Portsmouth, November 5, 17b2, and presented to the King of France by the Congress of the United States. " Sl.ip-building has always been a considerable branch of business at Ports- mouth. Prior to the Revolution, Kuropean traders came thither to build ships, which thoy could do much cheaper than at home, by reason of the large prot.t on the goods which they brought out with them. The merchants of Ports- ,„„uth also built numerous ships of 200 and WO tons, for the West Indl,- trade. Most of these were freighted witli lumber and fish, live stock &c. ; an.l l.avn.^ procced,.d to the Islands, the cargoes were exchanged for sugars, wbub were taken to Fngland in the same ships, and there sold for merchandise for tli. (Ij J. 1!. Mc.oro, iinolc.l in Margrcgnr^ C^muRToiiil StatUtlos of AtiRviciu NEW iiAMi'i«innK— i:aiii,y ships ov \x.\n. Icmcnt of tlio lose of Maiiii'. as fouiul, to u of its primeviil lie riseataqiKi. jmployiiu'iit to ;s rivers almost luinljcr, staves, amc a leadini; known in En- , pine, chestnut, )ars, and sliiii- these eniphiyuil le tlie biiihlitig iiellojul Navy, eellence of New ;h possessed of nc to the ocean, I the IMsrataqniv ■ situated at its ildiiif!: of v»'ssels phice, and tlie tery Point, ami interest of New hus spealvs." nin)dii(> tions for corn, rice, fiour and naval stores, portions of which «eie re-exiiorted to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. As early ns 1GG8, the GoveriUMent of Mas- sachusetts, (which then included New Hampshire), passed an order, reserV ■>; for puhlic use, all white-pine trees, measuring twenty-four inches in diameter, at three feet from the grouu'l. In the reign of William HI., a Surveyor of the Woods was appointed by the Crown; and an order was sent to the Karl of Hella- iiiont, to cause Acts to he passed for the preservation of wliite-pii " tr.'es in New Hampshire, Massaehuset s, and New York. Under Queen Anne, the people were forbiildeu to cut (.ny trees without leave of the Surveyor, who was ordered to mark all such trees as were fit for the use of the Navy, and keep a register of them. A jierpetual struggle was kept up between the people and the Surveyors ; fines were exacted, and trees were purjiosely destroyed ; and the subject was perpetually dwelt upon by the Royal Governors, in their dispatches home."(l) • In answer to tlie queries of the Lords of Trade and Plantations, in 1130, the Governor reported tlic trade of the Province to consist in lumber and fi.sh. "Tlie number of shipping belonging to the Province are five, consisting of about five iiundred tons ; and there arc about three or four hundred tons of other shipping that trade here (annually) not belonging to the Province." (1) The first of the i-hip?, nniiied America, nl.iivc niontiuneil, was built under tlie coii- tnil nml supcrvisicm of Sir W. I'cpperell, of Kittery, and was launched Mny 4, 1749 j the fecund of the pnino niiiuo was tlic heaviest ihip oon.struoted in America, up to that time, and was the only one of the throe seven ly- t fuur's ordered at the snnio time that was Imilt. Shu win taken by the Hritisli from the French, in an engngoment on Ist of I June. The following outline of a descriplinn of tlio Aiiieriia, by Paul June?, is given in I Conj .'s History of the U. S. Navy, and may not ho uninteresting, as a epecinicn of corly naval architecture, in its highest dis, liliiy nt that tinio, ond as exhibiting what were deemed peculiiiritioB In the construction I uf ships of that day. " Tlie upper deck bulwarks were particu- larly described as ' brenst-works, pierced for f»w ;' i.nd be atldo, that all the (luiirlor- I iloik nnd forecastle guns, could bo fuuglit •t need on one side ; from which it is to be inferred, that fho ship had ports in her waist. The poop had a ' folding breasl-wurk,' grape- shot proof, or bulwarks tliat were lomreil and hoisted in a minute. The i|Uiirtcr-deck ran four feet forward from the niainninst, and the forecastle came well aft. The gang- ways W' .0 wide and vn Ihv Itnl nf the quar- tcr-tlcck and /orecaslle. The ship htt'' only single ipiartergallerie.', and uostorn-gnllery. She had fifty feet six inches beam over all, and her inboard length on the upper gun- deck was one hundred and eiglity-two feet six inches. ' Yet this sliip, Ihimiih Ihc hinjnt o/ ttretily-fiiurt in the unrltl, bad when the lower battery was sunk, the air of a delicate frigate; and no jierson at the distance of a mile could have iiiiiigined she had a second buttery.' Unfortuimtuly her intended arma- ment is not given." Of the others mentioned, the FnulkUiml is »aid to have been the first line of battleship built in America, and the linkiijh to huvo been built in sixty days. 58 SHIP-BVILDINO IN NEW ENGLAND. From December, 1147, to December. 1748, the clearances from Ports- mouth, were 121, of thefollovvingclasH, viz. : lai^hips; 3 snows; 20 brigs; 57 sloops ; 28 schooners. The number entered at the port durng the same time, was 73. There was besides about 200 coasting sloops and schooners trading to Boston, Salem, Rhode Island, &c. Ti>e port hud little foreign trade. The number of vessels built in New Hampshire in 1769, according to the Colonial Custom House books at Boston, was forty-five sail, which was about equal to the excess of the number cleared above the number entered at the port in the years above mentioned. This excess of clearances, was, in most of the ports of the country, made up, in some measure, of vessels disposed of in foreign or domestic ports. The total tonnage of the vessels built in 17G9, is given as two thousand four hundred and fifty-two tons, registered measrrement, wh'.ch is allowed to liave been from one-fifth to one-third below the real burden. The aver- age tonnage of each vessel on the former supposition, was 65 tons. In amount, the P.'ovince rhnkcd next to Massachusetts. Of sixty-four thousand six hundred and seventy-nine tons of new shipping, built in the colonies in the three years, 1769, 1770, and 1771, rather more thou one half was built in Mas sachusetts and New Hampshire. Tl-ere were entered for that Province, for the year ending January 5, 1771, fifteen thousand three hundred and sixty-two tons, and cleared twenty thousand one hundred and ninety-two tons of shipping. The excess of outward tonnage, amounting to nearly five thousand tons, consisted in a groat measure, as before remarked, of vessels built for sale. Under the revenue system adopted by the New Government in 1790, the ship-manufacture of New Hampshire, in common with that of other ouilding States, made rai)id advances. The number of ships built in the State in that year, was only eight; in the following year, twenty sail of vessels were built at Piscataqua, which then owned 33 vessels of 100 tons and upward, and 50 under 100 tons burden, in all 83 sail. Of 277 vessels which cleared from the port in that year, the total tonnage was 31,097 tons, of which 26,560, was American. The extensive business in lumber, masting, yards, and other naval itores, carried on at Piscataqua, employed, during the colonial period, a eery heavy description of vessels, culled mast nhips, built expressly for ihat use, which were usually about four hundred tons burden, and carried twenty-five men, and from forty to fifty good masts each trip. Exeter and Portsmouth were also largely engaged in the business. The employment for this class of transports, it may be concluded, was large, from the de- pendcjice placed by the Commissioner's of the Royal Navy on the timber jf these Provinces. es from Ports- )\vs ; 20 brigs ; ort (lur'ng the ng sloops and Tlie port hud Hampshire in it Boston, was lumber cleared ntioned. This ry, made up, in ic ports. The thousand four I is allowed to en. The aver- 8 65 tons. In Of sixty-four shipping, built ither more th.in e. Tl'ere were 5, 1171, fifteen wenty thousand :;ess of outward ted in a great nment in 1790, h that of other liips built in the , twenty sail of sscls of 100 tons Of 277 vessels age was 31,097 nd other naval ilonial period, a ilt expressly for den, and carried ip. Exeter and riie employment ge, from the de- ry on the timber CHAPTER IV. SIIIP-BUltDINQ IN THK MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN COLONIES. It has been incidentally mentioned on a previous page, that " TLc Rest- less," built at Manhattan, in 1614, by the Dutch svhirpn',A.ln.u 1 lock and called, by an early chronicler, a yacht, was the hrst decked vx-ssel . believed, ever constructed by Europeans u. th.s country. T ns t pioneer craft, whose name so aptly preindicated the commercial a tm y of the future city, after passing through Ilellgate and the bound, o cr which had glided for ages o.,ly the bark canoe of the savage, proceeded on a voyage of discovery, and perpetuated the name of her owner, by the discovery of Block Island, off Newport harbor SHiP-BriLDiNG IN New York.-Au early and successful prosecnt.oH of the business of Ship-building could have been more reasonab y ex- pected of none of the first Colonists of America, than of the settlers a Manhattan. Holland was at that period, and long after, .n the enjoyment of the carrying trade of the world. Though not possessed of a fno. of timber, she built and armed more ships than all the rest of Europe .. The Low Countries," says Sir Walter Raleigh, addressing the king on the subject of English commerce, about ten years before, " have as many ,V . and vessels as eleven kingdoms of Christendom have, le Englan b one They build every year near one thousand slnps, although oil their native commodities do not require one hundred ships to carry l.em away at once." Planted by this con.mercial people, and by mercha.its and capitalists of Amsterdam, then the mercantile metropolis of Europe exclusively for the purposes of trade, it appears somewhat surprising that the facilities afforded by the new territory for ship-building were not made available to a greater extent, by the p.rent nation. But t\- «;'-■- 2 tion of a privileged Tiercantile association, such as the A\ est lud a Company," which, in 1621, was invested with a monopoly o its trmlo was nnfavoi-able to the development of the resources of the Colony The Knickerbockers, who succeeded the first adventurers, bu.lt, never h-.ss. as we are told, many small vessels, sloops and pirogues, in which they 60 SIIIP-BVILTONU IX TIIK MIUDLE STATES. prosecuted an active Indian trmlc, in tlie bays, sounds and rivers of tlic Colony. It was a complaint against the Company, by dulcgalos sent to the Hague, in 1G49, to procnre a reform of tl«e government, tliat, among other unnecessary expenditures, it had built "the ship >Jew Netherlands at a -reat expense." She was said to have been of the burden of eight hundred tons, and was built about the year 1630. The carrying trade between Holland and America, and the trade with Brazil, where the Com- pany had sustained losses equivalent to "one hundred tons of gold," were, about this time, thrown open to the Colonists, and private ships were, for the lirst time, entered at Amsterdam, and publicly advertised for New Netherlands. Other restrictions, which had fettered commerce, were soon after removed, and the trade of the world, with the exception of that to the East Indies, and the t-ade in Furs, were open to the Colonists. The duties which, in 1638, had been fixed at ten per cent, on imported, and fifteen *on exported goods, had left some difference in favor of PZnghsh colonial bottoms, by which goods were imported first to New England, and thence, at a low rate, into New Netherlands. It was in 1651 modified, by laying sixteen per cent, upon all such goods, except Tobacco ; thus discriminating in favor of the navigation of the Province. Up to this time (1652), when the first city magistracy was appointed, there was but one small wharf, for the landing of goods from scows and small boats, which was now extended to fifty feet, to accommodate a larger trada Grants of land were first made in 1642, and, at the date of its capitula- tion to the English, in 1664, a number of property holders of the ship- building profession resided in the part of the city then known as " De Srail's Valey," and afterward as the " Vly," or " Fly," along the shore road, between Wall street and the present Franklin Square. Among these' were two brothers, Lambert Huybertson and Abraham Laraberzen Mol, Stoffel Elsworth, Joost Carelzen, John Adriance, Pieter Harmenzen, and Pietcr Jansen, whose residences were all outside the water gate or city palisades, at Wall street, within which lived Dirck Jansen Vande- venter, of the same business, and a number of prominent traders and ship- ping merchants. Govert Loockermans, one of the most extensive and wealthy of these, was the father-in-law of the insurrectionist, Jacob Leia- ler, and the partner of the pilgrim trader, Isaac AUcrton, of Plymouth. In 1672, the trade of New York employed ten or fifteen vessels, of about one hundred tons each, of which six small o-.-es only belonged to the city. In 1678 the shipping owned in the port consisted of three ships and fifteen sloops, and other small sailing vessels. In that year a measure designed to promote the interests of the city was adopted by Governor Andros, who conferred upon its inhabitants a monopoly of the Imsiness of Province. and naviga portions of on the peti ships and < from inipoi sand poun( great com] especially 1 their shipi of employi many to e to the exi possibly tr probably. Province. missioned, currency t entered in Guinea, ai lawful tra owners, tl open boat An olfi helonging or one hi tons, and all of wh the West So con that Eng (t) Gove that the III numerous : £500 is no mercliant i ables is oci I'O vftluoJ houses in 1 f'lund to c( tlio popiil iuuren:-ed aiit-t. NEW YOUK. EARI.V Sini'-UVn-WNO IN. 61 sra of the is sent to at, among jtlierlaiuls u of eight yiiig traile the Coiu- )kl," were, s were, fur I for New were soon of that to lists. Tiie lorted, ami of Eiiglisli igland, and I modilied, aceo ; thus appointed, seows and ate a larger ts capitula- if the ship- wn as " De g the shore e. Among Laraberzeu Ilarmenzen, ter gate or isen Vande- !rs and ship- itensive and Jacob Leia- Plymouth, n vessels, of belonged to ted of three II that year a adopted by opoly of the business of bolting flour, and of exporting flour and biscuits fn.m the rrovince. The privilege appeani to luive been benelicial to llie trade and navigation of the port, though doubtless at ti>e exi-ense uf ..tber portions of the I ovince. When the ]5olting Act was repealed m 1004, on the petition of other communities, the shipping had increased to sixty ships and .one h.indred and two sloops, and other vessels. The revenue from imports and exports had increased from two thousand to six thou- sand pounds per annum.' The withdrawal of the privilege caused trreat complaint, and appt.-.sto have seriously damage.l the trade and especially the shipping interests of the i.ort. Some merchants suspended their shipping business altogether, and many mariners were thrown out of employment. The occurrence of war with France, soon after, induced many to engage in I'rivateering, which they are reputed to have carried to the extent of preying on friendly vessels; a chaiye which, though possibly true in some individual oases, was nevertheless, with little truth probably laid at the door of some of the highest functionaries of the Province' The depredations of Captain Kid, who was regularly com- .lissioned, and commenced his career in th s business, probably gave currency to the charge. Others of the c,istrci..d ship-owners afterward entered into the Slave Trade with the Dutch possessions on the coast of Guinea and found great profit in the iniquitous, but at that time perfectly lawful *rafric. In 1G83, the city had enrolled, by their names and .neir owners, three barks, three brigantines, twenty-six sloops, and forty-six open boats.'' , An official lleport of Gov. Dongan, in 1C86, states there were then helongin- to the Province nine or ten three-mast vessels of about eighty or one hundred tons burden, two or three ketches, a bark of about forty tons and about twenty smaller vessels of twenty to twenty-five tons each flU of which, excepting the sloops, traded with England, Holland, and the West Indies.' . , ^ , . u So considerable had the increase of shipping in the Colonies become, that England was supplied with numerous transports ; and a large propor- (t) Governor Andros. in 167S, reported (2) Watson'a Annals of New York, pnge .h \he niereh.nts in New York were not 150. ^ho na.ne, of .o„,e ., the.e U .^^^^^^^^ ., A i,>„f =„.,ih £1 nOO or were peculiar indeed. Tlio Dutch ntteilou numerous: "A merchant wortn ii,uuu or ">■■" i „ ., . i. ti,« uumciuus. , , u. „»„i h.irli siiundinL' names for tlieir vcsfelf. Ine funn ia necountcd a good and substantial n.Kn-sounaiiife 1500 18 «''"""'\\ f followinK are from an old record of vessels merchant; a pliinter worth nan tnai in mov h t' „ a „„■..! (!n able, is accounted rich. All the estates may at one ti.no ,n New York :-T.e Angel Ca- valie, at £.50,000." The number of bricl, King Bavid, Queen Esther, lung hou e n New York was then 34:1. and were Solomon, Arms of Rensellaerwyck. Arms of : n tl contain ten persons to each, making Stu.vvesant. The Great *^ -•".'-. '>" ,„o popu,...io,. a,i:.0. In 1696. they had Crowne,! ilorv, aimed at extensive dominion upon this Continent, and took pos.es^ion of these regions. In the middle of the seventeenth Nl.W YORK. THE FIUST LAKE CRAKT. G5 ill the port eiglity tons, S5, was tlie , the formur icn iiiiil two ill Colonial ition, princi- If dollars pur 1 thuy would 3 coraraercial forcil)ly than ' the Western s\>w York, in of the jrrcat crease of the if much inter- anie an indc- f over ninety extent of ter- nvracked, save )eean through jonnncree car- 3 of steam and md a lake and millions annu- ted her public ugh this enter- as become the •e, the trade of nd inhabitants, A trade, which e and tonnag'o Inion. A cou- inially by New Dsiructeu upon stry, has grown le, at the outlet at an early day this Continent, the seventeenth contnrv she had begu. to belt tue American settlements wdh a line of fo t- es'for the support of her claims, and the extension of her r.val interest . flw years after Father Marquette and Sieur Joliet had penetrate . tith bark canoes, to the Mississippi, and explored that "v- to the^^nou^^^^ of the Arkansas. Sieur de la Salle, under a commission from the King o Fr nee, set out from Fort Frontcnac (now Kingston), ui Novembe . 078. ii. a small vessel, the first ever seen on Lake Ontario, and. aecon. „,ni ed by Fathers Tonti and Hennepin, and a number ot mechanics and S withlilitary and naval stores and goods for the Indian trach, established a trading post upon the present site of Fort ^■«g-- J^" the 2Gth of January. 1679. at the ^outli of Cayuga ^-ck on th Am. - can side of the Niagara, about six miles above the S;eat falls, they la d 1 e keel of a small vo.-sel of sixty tons burden. At this place, long afte :: it is said." as a shipyard, by Americans and sf 1 nown as "Old Shipyard." under the suspicious eyes and exposed to the hostde attempts o the Iroquois, who endeavored to burn the vesse . and com- Id the blacksmith even to defend his life with a red-hot bar of iron venturers finished and equipped with seven small eannon and the usi.d laLnts of a man-of-war, the first vessel th.t ever set sail mion L e Fde She was named the " Griffin^ On in. 7th of August, of the ;Z yea after several inelTectual attempts to ascend the m, I, favored V a Jood wind, the little bark, with a griffin f.ying at her jib-boom and Lgrabove. entered, amid the discharge of her diminutive artillery d U. ehatiti g of the Te Deum. the waters of Lake Erie an objec of n r amo g all the savages who lived on the great lakes and nvers w.th.n teiroramon^ ^ cautiously sounded her way through STf ;:t^J : ^J^^^ of August, reached the mouth of De- tl K «; nd then e passed into a lake, which they named St. Uair. „ l"'23d of the same month, entered Lake Huron, the Te Deum i 1 sing i; thankfulness for their preservation thus far. Crossing 11. s still riMUK leagues to Green I3ay. in Wis- lake amid -"7;^' ;;^^^^^^^ a%ieh cargo of firs, valued at consul, whence La Sa le having ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ GO.OOO livres, dispatched the vessel, lu tuaij, i quite confldont it tooli place upon tlio oppo- site or Canadian side of the river. His local knowledge is greater than mine, and his opinion merits the most respectful consider- ation.' Hennepin, who was present, says it took place ' more than two leagues above the Falls.'"- r"'-"er'« Ilixtory of iht Holland Purchase. (1) Documentary History of New York, 3 1190. ' This locality has been question- ed. Governor Cnss locates La Salle's Ship- yard at Erie. Mr. Bancroft, at the mouth of the Tonawanda, or rather did so in his History of the United States. In a letter to tlie author, dated L-.ndon, May 17, 1S48, he says, 'As to the Ship-buildinR of La Salle above Niagara Fulls, Mr. Catlin is 66 SniP-Bt'ILDINO IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES. on her return to Niagara. The vessel was never after neard of, and is supposed to have foundered in ^-ake Huron, with all on board. IJut the French wore not destined to open tlie treasury of these fruilfiil regions, or to build up a naval or coinnieroial power upon the laives ami and rivers of the West, Although La Salle afterward la:;! a keel uf forty feet, for the construction of a vessel at Fort Crcveeoeur, on the Ilii- :" -T:r«r^rs.p.buna.n. co„.c„ccd ,„ n„ '" -^^'-^f s! pno V bad visite/u. Province on his rctu. fro.n a niarMier of Stepney^ wlo ,,,,^ „ied Deputy-Governor voyage to the West Indies, "^ ;"'".;,,,, ^rietaries. He Rudyard, to East Jersey as on o t -'-Jf ^^J ^^^^^, ,,,, ,, died in 1683, leaving unfinished, • ' ju the stocus, ""Tt fs'probable that vessels were previously built on the Delaware, and n tl e ^^rovinee and of little advantage to the particular object it .a, ■ It^deir ;:;ote. It was enacted, ^^^^^1^:^:7::^ "2 ex or a ion of any timber, planks, boards, oak-bolts. stave, seymen,") the '^^''I'^Z^lcs las expressly forbidden, except to some heading, hoops or ^ OP-P^^' ^ \ into Great Britain, the West parts 'over the broad sc^.' th t to -y- ^ ^<> ^ ^^ ^„^^, ,,, Indies, the Summer or W ine Inlands, Uireciiy, anu "The obicet of this law appears to have been the promotion of a direct itiui^v" J r„- 4i,n siinrpmacv. Wo find, indeeu, tnai iT^r ! n,: twru,. Jcc,. .- .a no« n,.Ui,.« war apoa u, .« same )c«r, i. mcutioiitd, " l)j »liicli," lie tho Province." v-wnflf voto.1 It momlipr of the commnnity, I'l"'" .ettlrd ).y C.,n....f.i.'u. po.plo i" 1«««. "I" '"' ,,„,„i„in„ hi, present, or ottior .uf- p.„,..,.K... .... in ...e "•-/■•;"" «7, ;::;;;': , .^^^ 1 u,,' of ...o t,.wn."-B,.r. In Dcceml of Proprietc the first sloo Salem am time, the lai was carried of Pennsyh docks and 1 bliips and v Ijuilt," at 1 as consislin numbers wt many boat! The slo( Townsend, delphia an Ibul quart A lettei tliat " the lirigantiiic West Iiid fwm Ne' liinl)er; v even a to York, als Sliip-b Ev'g Hi lirofitabi There of about it is pre I'lovinc being s' seaboavf out at ] "TheO with a was no' PV.N of buil writes ; West I NEW JERSEY AND I-ENNSYLYANIA. 69 ,ljey do not B(i in New Groome, a Lui'n fi'oni a y-Govenior taries. He ssel built ill jlaware, and r, as vessels ja trade was Is branch of cral interests object it was icouragement ("us if," says 3skillof Jcr- -bolts, staves, cept to SOUK' ain, the West ,0 unload tlie OP of a direct sire to render it then strove, 1, indeed, that ; of Trade llie far upon us iii ' by which," lio a free port to y ; they pay no 1 that of I'enii- lils beinf? niucli the revenue uf community, x'V"^ ng liore fnrlliwilli, •MPiit, or ottior i>uf- r llic town."— Bi>r' II. of N. J. of Proprietors a grant ot a town loi, the first sloop launched at that place. ^^ ^^^^ Salem and Burlington were the pruic pal t - « A [^.jj^^ uu.e,the last-iuentioned being the ^^^^'':Z^,^ii,L..co.ui ,as carried on at these place., at ^-^^'^^^^^^^u. tl c commodious of rennsylvania and West Jersey -;«'";' ,,, .. ,,,,ral fine docks and large timber yards of ^^JT^^^ ^,^ ,uip), have been ,,,., and vessels, (besides^.- C^--^^^ Cape' May County, built," at Burlington He ^P^" « '^ J .vhale-fisheries, in which great as consisting of whalebone and oil ho.n lu. whaR „„n.bers were taken yearly : a business, which, on many boats and small vessels. ^^^^ j.i^.,,^,.^ The sloop A^-nturer of s.tee ton owne 1^^ y ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^,,^^,^_ nr;:Lm Oovemor Morris, to Uie ^^^^^j^r^le mm. states „at " the foreign trade is not ^o^^^^^;^ / J ' i.J,;,, „., the .,,.tines and .bout lour - '- ^^ ^^^ l^l^^aities, are supplied West Indies. Most, if not all their i. ^ ^^.,,,,,t, flour, au.l ,om New York and l'«''"^^ -"\'^' ; ^^ "^^^^^ tUnber; without which last, it is said. 1 ^^^;^.„,, , „,.a New even a tolerable house, nor ship oft a "^^ ''cad « a 1 1 ^^ York, also, has a great supply of t""^- -"J "; ,,s of LiUle Ship-building was a principal occup on 1 ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^.^^^^ ^^^^ ^ E.g Harbor, in Burlington County, «ho also protitable lumber trade. _ ^ , f,,,,^ p,mn,ii vessels, There were built in the T-vnico in th -r 1 . ^^^.^ ^^_^^ ..i^, ,,,,ee of about twenty-five tons each. In ^ '^' ^ .^..^^ ,.,,ent there. The it is probable the business never ^'^'^^^'^ J \^ ,^,,,„ ti.e Delaware Province suirerednnichdurn.g the ivoh.^ ^^^.^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^,^^ heing shut by the ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^ A .ine H.ooner was fitted seaboard, were exposed to ^'^ --avate ^ ^^^ ,„a was named out at Bridgton. in 177 and ^ ';;;,,,! .„> Uer second voyage, ■•TheGovernorLivingston/' Bn^ Icw-^ ^^^^^ ^,^ „,,„,^, ,vith a valuable cargo, neat the t.ipcs was not renewed. , ,pre.l upon the business ,n,uiiaing vesselB. William ^'^^ • ", J^';, ' '....y ..ats," WlHiani ,Htes : •■ Some vessels have been ^'"'^ ^^ ' ^^^ \^ ,,, ,f Vi„e street. West about this time commenced u sh.p-jaid at 70 sniP-BUILPINa IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES. tobacco were exported i» one year, ^^^^ ^> " '^^ ^J ^^,1 ,,a resided Tn ifiq^ accordin" to the account of an Enfrhsh author w no ni In 169S, accormn ^^^^.^.^.^^ ^.^^ receiving, db- stately ou^s i stra ght and well framed, sivtv feet lonsr, and clear 01 Knots, utiHo vi-ij ^ o , i ,., irrllu"; city or «,„a.e,„.,la are -'«»' "''IT.TS" sl Urm and curious poi,c-»«lt» csiwcially Mr. Jo.q.U W ikox. SWf 1,7 for ports in the West Indies, where they were often sold vmU t hu clrioe Tl s i.rolltable channel of tr.de, and the inantifueture o sin, "'a : CO tinned throughout its provincial history, to e a fonn aiu profit t; Philadelphia, and speedily raised her to the position of the mo. '^Sf inli;:':^ -Id- hed ,. the founder and the Free S.iet, of i a ersattheinonthof the I.elaware, where for some years it . aetilely pursued near the shore, and employed many boats and small ''The ship-vards of Philadelphia in curly provincial times occupied the riv r^'nl >roni the present Market street to Vino or C. low^- i^a-^ were gradually driven north by the improvements m the nty. In Juh, n 8 Jonathan Dickinson wrote to a correspondent :" ere is a grea n :,y ship-work for Knghmd. It increases and will uicrease an Zl expectations from the iron-works, forty miles up the Schuylkill, m (1) HUtory of Ponneylvunla aiul W«.t Now Jc .y by Uubrid TLoma. : London, 1693. very great.' coming froi A duty \ was this ye Among givlley, and the Atlanl 1722-24, ' 1 1 1 The cli hundred ! elearancef it was sai stocks at that time merchant krtor of liiid the 1 The n cording * 2354; a Adding tonnnge of any c howcvei hunleu iucrcme iu Pein 49,054 (lilTeren About tives, a oceasic eight \ llourisi vessels 20, 54.1 Alt not c( llio ti PENNSYLVANIA. SUIP-BUILBINO IN rillLADELrUIA. U , • , ■ f " Tn noi he incidenMilly mentions that tlic sails and rigging Dhaarcsi.lcdl U2-2-'24, VIZ.: ..42s t.ms. ,. ■ i-„, 10 vessels eceiving, ilis- ■ i^-- _ ,.; ., •'»< ling, buiWiiig I i72i'Z"""""""'.'."'3.ii) " "^^ jng t'licsc are ■ itio +r> K^.'i avcroired ono Dock »UU . I The clc.r,nec» in .1,0 «vc„ ,ca,» fro i:iO » ' -^ -^«^, _^„j 1„, have vcv I ck.aru„ec, »cro about Ihrcc t,«»,lrc.l .nnuall ^Zo IJ «■ ,eu,ont. Slnp I had the l.iglH.st salavies of any In North A">ene^ ^^_ :aavaswugeJ The return of new shipping bu.tm J '- ^^^^^^ ,„, ;;,,, Turlington, a..! I cording to the san. a..U,on|.. -^'^^^^^JZ,^ ,, H.;. was 22. "^^^^ ""'• ti ?fnL:l;a. U; : '^S^-r^^^^^ tm. yea. tongue it real vcs, v.rov.s,un>, ■ Adding « " ■'''^";« ; "^ J 80 tons, whieh exceeds the average sold with their I tonnage, the average of each becomes au ^^^^^^ ,c.ture of Shi,. I of any other except that of Maryland. ^^ ^ ^ .^^ ,^,,, ,,, li e a Ibuntain of I however, given to the Register ^:^''^.^^,^^ „ „„t the proper ,on of the mo. | harden of the vessels, and «- ^^ ^/^^^ ^^^ ^ ' ,„,.,.„,e enteU iucrenK-nt ..y whiedao K.ach t 0^^^^^^^^^ ^__ ^,^^ ^^,^^^ ^,^^,. .i,,. I„ J«lv, I cipht vc,«ci,. A. tl,i, '""» ;''V'":': r , L ° ■ veur .milt l/s fill increase, uml ■ visscls and IS<,14.» ions ui mmi i m "-"*"■'" ■ :i;:;i::l,;;h?U.vol».ioa,l'r,i.n.i.n.l.iaW.l l»on,«un,ong.l.c U,.t,u 72 siiiP-ni:iLi)iN« IN THE middle colonies. naval architecture ; her vessels being no less noted for beauty of form and finish than for their swiftness. In none of the Colonies, however, were the vessels built for sale equal in quality to those contracted for o.i pr.- vate account. A species of ship, constructed at Philadelphia m early times, but scarcely belonging to naval architecture perhaps, weiH) huge raft ships, simiUir to those constructed at a later period m Canada. These colossal structures were built for the purpose of carrying a great quantity of timber, and were designed to be broken up on arriving a their destination. The last of this class from Philadelphia was conuructed at Kensington a few years before the llevolulion. The "Baron lien re w built at an earlier period, of upward of five thousand tons, or double he measurement of an ordinary seventy-four, mad. a safe passage into the Downs. , , . 1 1 ,1,, The reputation of her naval architects had now become high, and the position of the city as the largest in the Provinces with an extensive commerce, witli numerous productive Iron-works in the vicinity, and he greatest facilities for procuring the best of timber and naval stores rom the Southern Colonies, gave her superior advantages. Ti.ese were brough into requisition during the war, for the naval defense ot the port, and of the country generally. Of thirteen frigates ordered by Congress, under the prize law of December, 1775, the keels of four, the }\a,lnn<,lon and Jlavdolph, of 32 guns, each ; the Effmyhn.n, of 28, and the Iklaicare, of 24 guns, were laid at Philade]i)hia. One of the three seventy-four's ordered in the following year, a br.g of 18 guns, and a packet-boat, were also assigned to the Ship-yards ot Philadelphir.; and many smaller vessels were built and equipped there on private and public account. Despite the strongest efforts by means of galleys, batteries, rafts, fire- Bhips, and torpedoes, to defend this important port, the harbor was suc- cessfully blockaded by tlie enemies, and the Delatcare and EJfinuham, were burned, to prevent thcin falling into the enemy's hands. The Ban- dolph was one of the first cruisers that got to sea in 1777. The flourishing commerce of Philadelphia was nearly destroyed, and her shipping swept from the sea. But it is doubtful if any other place in the country saw both resuscitated with more remarkable success after the ^''During the existence of the State Impost Laws, which were all rendered void by the new Constitution and the Federal Laws, Pennsylvania hud ft duty of two shillings per ton on foreign shipping, and on American vessels four-pence per ton. She actively advocated the ratification ot the Constitution of 1780, and experienced the full benefit of the national system, adopted iu 1700, which gave protection to the industry of tho PENNSYLVANIA. OODFUKY'S QUADRANT— FRANKLIN. 73 of form and wever, weru for oil pri- lia ill early , were huge in Can ail a. f\ng: a. great arriving at cons-iructed 11 lleiifrew," r double the igo into tliu igh, and tlie an extensive [lity, and the ores from the k'cre brought jiort, and of igress, under ihinijlon and le Lklawarc, year, a brig Ship-yards of iped there on es, rafts, fire- bor was suc- l Effiwihom, . The Han- estroycd, and other jilaee in icesa after the c all rendered isylvaiiia laid on American ratification of if the national [idustry of tho Iwge body of her manufacturers. During the year ending March, 1 . 91, Pennsylvania and Delaware, which, as the " Lower Counties," have been i included in the foregoing statements with Pennsylvania, bn.lt an amount tonnage exceeding the average of the years nCO '1^.-^^^''^ ' 3 900 tons, or over 5,000 tons. In 1793, the amount built >»J;"-> " i .a«ia,was 8,145 tons, notwithstanding a desolating ep.dein,.aftlicU.l the city ; an amount double that of any other port in the United States. These were of Sorthern live-oak and cedar, and were of the most sub. '.antial character, and their excellence was acknowledged everywhere Tiie astonishing increase of trade is evidenced in the fact hat the ex o^ of the State, or its seaport, I'hiladelphia, for the year ending Septembe, 9 exceeded all the exports of New England, oy $1,717,572 ; and tha ,„c mere increase of its exports over those of the P-evious ye- are stated ,0 have exceeded the total exports of New York in 1793, l^y $2 «34,370 The ag-re-rate value of goods shipped to foreign countries, m 17J2, > as 3,82?,G46; in 1793, it was $0,958,730; and for the half year endnig March 31 1794, $3,533,397. The exports of Pennsylvania, in 1,93. were more than one-fourth of the exports of the whole Union. ' For her success in this branch of industry, as well as for a due share of the reputation in Ship-building enjoyed by the Colonies, riHladelphia i ™uch indebted to the genius of several who were I'^™'"?"^;"; "j; departments. Foremost among those we would mention the name of TiioMAS GODFREY, a native of Pennsylvania, whose ;-Provemen of th. Quadrant which bears tlie name of lladley, renders his name d ai to al 1 ho are concerned in trade and navigation. His l;f -^ing Qnadrai. was first brought into use in West India vessels, about tlm yea 1731,-32 and !: tLc'e carried to England, where lladley ac,uired tlie ere. h o th improvement. It was introduced into French ships .. 1730, by M De ni illette, the Maritime Geographer, who published an account of Us ; ages. br. Franklin also deserves honorable mention for the sug- mtion thicb he made for the improvement of models and sailing qnah- E^of ships, an account of which may be found, accompanied wit Ulus- lio . i. he collection of his published works. He was probably the ?sttt\m country to call attention to the advantages of u-afer.Uj in vessels and yachts built in New Sweden— under promise of the Government's assistance. It is stated on the authority of Campanius, that when he arrived there in 1642, four years after Governor Minuit, and about forty years before the landing of Penn, he found Ship- building, boat-building, and cooper work, carried on upon " Cooper'.s Island " The first vessel for foreign trade belonging to that port was a hri^ called "The Wilmington," built in 1740, by William Shipley, D. Ferris, and others. She sailed the following year, laden with flour, ship- bread— the staple production of the place, pipe staves, and the usual t8 SIIIP-BUILDINQ IN THE MIDDLE OOLONIKS. assortment of produce, for the West Indies, and was the first in that trade, wliicli was afterward prosecuted witli enterprise. New CasUe was also engaged in Sliip-l)uilding, to some extent, as early as the days of Wlllium Pcnn. Until the relinquishment ot the proprietary jurisdiction in 1775, Delaware constituted " the three lower counties" of Pennsylvania, and its shipping returns are embraced in thof^c of the adjoining State. Hence, in the tables of new shipping, in nC',*, Delaware is not named, its new vessels forming a part of the twenty-two registered for that province. The medium of the registered tonnage of the two districts in that and the two following years, was 1770, and of the actual tonnage, 2300. In 1790, the two returned an increase over the average of those years, of 3000 tons. ,. . , , The reputation of Wilmington Ship-builders was early established. The General Waxhinolon, a fine ship of two hundred and fifty tons, was launched from the ship-yard of William Woodcock, in Wilmington, in 1790. Few places have better sustained their ancient industry, or acquired a worthier fame in this branch, than the flourishing metropolia of Delaware. Maryland.— We have been able to collect few particulars of the pro- gress or extent of this industry in Jlaryland, during the Colonial period. Her staple products, and the pursuits of her people, were similar to those of Virginia. Agricultural products, and especially Tobacco, were her principd exports, but the transportation of these was left, in a great measure, to British ships, or to those of Kew England, and the middle provinces. Her facilities for Ship-building wore unsurpassed by those of any other Province. There was no county in the Colony, that did not possess a highway to the ocean, by some navigable river, or the noble bay which divides it. Its proximity to the live-oak and yellow pine of Carolina and Georgia, besides a good supply of native oak and other timber wituln its borders; the early possession of productive iron works, of manufactories of cordage and linseed oil, and of naval supplies, such as rosin, tar, turpentine, etc., from the neighboring provinces, gave Mary- land many advantages for the production of shipping, which in later times have been well improved. As early as 1CG2, for the promotion of trade, a Mint was established for the coinage of sixpences ; ana about the same time a curious tonnage duty was established for the support of Government. Every vessel having a flush-deck fore and aft, coming to trade in the Province, was compelled to pay one-half pound of powder, and three pounds of shot for every ton of burden. Annapolis was, in 1695, made a port town, with a resident Collector, and Naval London. A now is the f( interests, wa dred years i built previo Chesapeake, early occupi The toba this time, wi In 1752, abrigcallcc and a sloop who as ear timore had i In October of flax-seed and its inci Wright befc land, " The building of years sine« burden one giuia trade In 1753 eight to bi Sliip-build for the bu! it would b the presei over 12,0 single yei years. The Pi built in tl' according tons for e of Penns upon a t( lu 177 a) GrifiB MARYLAND. FIIISX VESSELS AT BALTIMORE. 19 rsl in tlmt extent. n3 lent 01 tlie Lliree lower ed in tliof^c !?, in nC't, twenty-two tonnage of 70, and of hose years, established. [ fifty tons, Imington, in ndustry, or metropolis of the pro- )nial period, ilar to those !0, were her in a great the middle ied by those ny, that did or the noble How pine of k and other ■ iron works, applies, such , gave Mary- n later times is established 'ious tonnage vessel having as compelled for every ton jnt Collector, and Naval Officer, In 1723, there were five ships in the Patapsco up for London. Although its site was mueh earlier occupied, Balun.ore, winch now is the fourth town in the Union in the extent of its bh.p-bu,i>bng interests, was not laid out as a town until the year 1 7 -i!) nearly o..e hun- dred year, after the settlement of the province. Vesseh. were probab y built previous to that, upon the Tntopsco, and in other parts of the Chesapeake. Fell's Point, in the neighborhood of the rising town, was early occupied as a Ship-building station. , ^. . . . The tobacco annually sent to England by Maryland and Y.rgmia, at this time, was estimated to employ 24,000 tons of shipping In 1752, however, the only sea-going vessels owned m the town were abri- called the " Philip and Charles," evidently named after the Calvens. a.,d a sloop named the "Baltimore," the latter owned by Captain Lu.x, who as early as 1733 commanded a ship in the London trade. Bal- timore had already commenced its rapid growth in commercial prosperity. In October of the preceding year, (1754), no less than sixty wagon loads of flax-seed came into Baltimore for shipment from the back sett ements, and its incipient commerce must have called to its aid the art of the ship- wright before that time. . Douglass, who died in 1752, remarks of Mary- land "Their oak is of a straight grain, and easily rives into staves; in building of vessels it is not durable ; they build only small era t ; some years since they built a very large ship, called the British 3Iejrl>^t, burden one thousand hogsheads-with many repairs, she kept m the V.i- giuia trade thirty-six years."* _ In 1753 a lottery was appointed in Baltimore to raise 450 picces-of- ei.dit to build a public wharf. The facilities afforded by Fell's Point for Ship-building, and the number of artisans, with all the materials requisite for the business collected there, rendered the prospect fair, ,n 1.C5, that it would become the site of the future city. At that place, where, within the present century, a large proportion out of sixty-three vessels, and over 12,000 tons of shipping, have been constructed by Baltimore in a single year, the business Las been conducted for about one hundred "The Province of Maryland, according to the tables of Lord Sheffield built in the year 1769. twenty vessels of 1344 tons. One-fiflh being added according to the directions for the real tonnage, gives an average of eighty tons for each vessel, which is higher than that of any other Colony. 1 l.ose of Pennsylvania being the next, of which the average was seventy-nine, npon a total of twenty-two vessels built, and 1469 tonnage. In 1772, the number of vessels built in Maryland was only eight, and a) Griffith'e Annals of Baltimore, p. 33. (2) British Settlement, in America, vol. ii., 376. 80 SIIIP-BUILDINQ IN THE MiDDLE COI.ONIKS. those of Pennsylvania, tlio same number. Of tlie tonnage enijiloyed in the Colonial Trade at this time, the propcrtion belonging to British nior- ehants resident in Europe, engc^ed in tne trade of Maryland and \ i- ginia, was greater than that of any of the other rrovinees. The Qmouiit thus owned was six-eighths of the whole, while of the remaining two- eighths, one belonged to British merchants, oecasionally resident in tlir Colonies, and one-eighth only to the native inhabitants of these Colonics. The total tonnage entend in Maryland, from January 5, 1770, to January 5, 1771, was 30, 477, and the amount cleared in the same time, was S.1,474 tons.' Uiuil the year 17S0, all vessels entered and cleared at Annapolis. During the Revolution, Maryland was active in fitting out Cruisers, to annoy the enemy and supply the wint of a regular navy. A sloop and a schooner, equipped at Baltimore by the Marine Coi )mittce, is said to have been the first that got to sea under the new (Jovemment. Top- sail schooners, sailing best upon a wind, and aduitted to the use of sweeps for chasing, and for escaping the heavy rJiips of the lloyal Navy, were particularly serviceable; one of the first of this class fitted out was the Antelope, built for merchants of Baltimore, by Mr. J. Pcarcc, carryiii-r 14 guns. The cinzens of Maryland bore oil' many tropliies from the scenes of conflict during the war. The building of ilie frigate Virginia, of 2S guns, one of the first Con- tinental war c!;ips ordered by Congress, in 1775, was entrusted to the Maryland feiiip-builders. Two others, of 3G guns each, were orderrd lo be built there in 1776. The Constellation, of 38 guns, was subsequently constructed there for the Federal Qoverumcnt, upon the improved systcia then adopted.' As already mentioned, a tonnage duty was established by the Propri tary Government at an early day in this Province. About the year 1771 a ta.\ of fourpence a ton was laid on vessels entering at Ballimore for the erection of a Light-House on Cape Henry. After the peace with Kn gland, in 1783, the dilTerent States resorted to discrimiiniting duties, i favor of American shipping, for the i)rnmotion of the shipping inter of the country. Maryland laid a duty of eight-pence on domcst'c vessel on foreign ships belonging to nations, with which the United States lin treaties, one shilling; on foreign ships not belonging to a power in treat\ one fihiiling and seven-pence ; and on British ships, three shillings ai Bix-pence. A want of uniformity rendered this plan, in a great measiin unavailing, and often ii\jured tlie trade of those adopting the higher prohibitive rate. In 1786, CouimissioMcrs met at Annapolis, from sever I'St (1) Pitkin'a Stntiotiog. (2) Cui'pur'i Uhtory of U. 8. Navj. COI.ONIKS. ;lie tonnngc emi)loycd in jfloiigiug to Brilisli nior- le of Marylund and Y i-- rroviiices. The amount le of the remaining two- casionaliy resident in the .bitants of these Colonics, om January 5, 1110, to ;leared in the same tinio, sssels entered and cleared e in fitting out Cruisers, regular navy. A sloop Marine Conniittee, is said new Ooverntnent. Top- ai)ted to the use of sweeps of tl;e Royal Navy, wcfe s Class fitted out was tlie y Mr. J. Pearce, carryiiif.' many tropliiea from tliu runs, one of the first Con- i75, was entrusted to tl\e runs each, were orderrd lo 38 guns, was subsequently upon the improved systtiu istablishcd by the Proprio- ce. About the year 17T1, tering at Baltimore for the After the peace with Kn- discriminating duties, in m of the shipping interest pence on domest'c vessels; ach the United States lind >iiging to a power in treaty, h ships, three shillings and is plan, in a great measure, hose adopting tlio highest , at Annapolis, from several MARYLAND. PETITION FOR A NAVIOATION LAW. 81 of tlic Colonies to take into consideration the deranged stateof trade, and commerce. And in the following year, a more general Convention met l,y their recommendation in Philadelphia, and formed the present Consti- tution, which on March 4, 1789, went into operation, with power to regu- late all matters relating to Foreign Commerce. On the 4th Mav, 1789, just two months after the organization of the New Government,' the Shipwrights of Baltimore, following the example of those of South Carolina, sent up a petition to the first Congress, pray- ing for the passage of a Navigation Act, similar to the British Navigation Law of 1C>00. They represent that the Commerce and Shipping ot Oic United States was falling into decay, and had involved thousands in distress ; and that, in their opinion, the country was as well prepared f,ir such a law as England was, at the date of its enactment. In support of their viewa, they quote the opiiuons of Sir Josiah Child, as to its effects: ,- n ^ "It is worthy of notice, moreover," they remark, "that when this Act passed, the English could neither dress nor dye their while woolen cloths. Their linens were chiefiy imported from foreign kingdoms. T'-y were unacquainted with the weaver's loom-engine. They had neither white writing paper nor printing paper. They had no manufacturers of fn.e class ; calico printing was unknown. There was not a single wire-null in the whole kingdom, nor could they, as yet, tin iron plates. About this time, also, the legal interest of money was eight per cent. " With respect to our Manufactories, we have several valuable ones -ih-eadv established, and others which, it is well known, only want en- couragement to prove of the greatest .lational advantage. With respect to our Shipping, we cannot pretend to oHer any accurate estimate of the tonna.-e It appears, however, from an authentic return, signed 1 homas Irwiirinspector-tJeneral of the Imports and Exports of North America, and Pvepister of Shipping, that the eleven States which f..rm the linited States of America, employed in the year 1770 three hundred and nine thousand five hundred and thirty-four tons ot Shipi-ing, Irom which we think it reasonable to infer, that the present tonnage belonging to the United States of America, exceeds the Commercial Tonnage of England when she passed the Navigation Act.'" So rapid had been the recent growth of IJaltiraore, that although it was not laid out until 1729, and fifty years after contained but fifty houses, and scarcely any Shipping, the value of its imports six years after the date of this petition, amounted to over five millions of dollars, ll.e arrivals during the same yar, 1795, numbered no le>s than 109 ships. Mtory of U. S. N»vjr. (I) American Stntc Pupors, Vol. 10, p. ,"). 82 siiir-iiuiLWNa IN THE poutiieun coloniks. 162 brigs and snows, and the iirodigioiis number of 5404 bay craft. This almost uuiu-ccedcnted increase of tl.e Commerce ofher principol port, the greater efficiency of the new Government, and especially tlie benJils Mu uniform Revenue System, had rendered the Ship-building interest hij:lily prosperous in Maryland. In ITJO, she built as many vessels as any two of the States, of New York, Connecticut and llhode Island ; and execeikd the ship-manufacturing State of New Hampshire. In the year ,)receai..;; the 4th of March, 1701, the Ship-buildinj^of the Tort of Baltimore alone, exceeded the highest amount of new toniWge built in the State during ihe three years nCD, '70, and '71, by one hundred per cent.' Her nnimi- facture of cordage, uon, and other contributory branches, had propor- tionally increased. Sini'-miEDTNO IN VlROINIA, THE CAROUNAS, AND GEORGIA.— Tu tllC States south of Maryla;u], the building of vessels has never become an important branch of indn.stry, notwithstanding an abundance of the very best materials for the pi'rpose. In Virginia, it is said, that a few biirkL^ pinnaces, and other decked bouli or small craft, were built there previous the reorganization of the Government, in 1021 ', and, certain.y, shipwrigits were sent to that Colony, as mentioned in our Sketch of Virginia, dniiug the seventeenth century, as early as 1022. It does not appear, however, that the business of constructing vessels made much progress, for in Governor Berkeley's Account of the TroviLL", s,il)mitted to the Lonl,' Committee on Colonies, he states, that " For shipping, we have admimlile masts and very good oaks, but, of our own, we never yet had more thin two at a time, and these not more than twenty tons burden." He attri- butes the slow progress of improvements to the Act of Parliament of 1003, which was a re-eimctment and extension of the Oidinauce of lGr)l, in prohibition of commerce. " Mighty and destructive have been tlio obstructions to our trade ami navigation by that severe Act of I'arliament, which excludes us from ■.,iiv- ing any commerce with any luitiou of K.iropc but our own ; so that wc cannot add to our Plantation any commodity that grows out of it, as olive trees, cotton, or wines. Besides this, we cannot procure any skillful men for our now hopeful eommodity ol" silk ; and it is not lawful for as to carry a pipe-stave, or a bushel of corn to any place in Europe out of the King's dominions," The Act pnxlnced remonstrances and petiti(m> from Virginia, but, nevertheless, continued to be enforced by strict injiuie- tions to the Governor, and by cruh^ers on the coast. But the l)ur(k'ns imposed thereby on trade, ultliough generally evoded, were felt to ho to (1) Coxe'i View of U. S. K8. VIRGLNIA. Ill- 1 NAVY YAUDS. 83 : bay craft. This irincipi"! port, iliu f tlie beiivlils .il'ii ig interest liij;lily csscls as any twu nd ; and excccikd lie year ))reccilin2: ■ Baltimore alont', ! State during the •nt.' Her nninu- :;1ies, had propor- dEOUGiA. — In tlie never become an idance of the very , tliat a few barlii;, L'ilt there previous tnin.y, shipwriji'its if Virginia, during t appear, however, h progress, for in led to the LonlO wchavc adniinilile yet had more tliau irdon." lie attri- ; of Parliament of Didinauee of IC)!, IS to onr trade ami eludes US from i.iiv- ir own ; so that we grows out of it, iv> procure any skillful not lawful for us to 1 Europe out of tlie nce3 and petitioiis ced by strict injiini'- , But the l)ui'(ii'ns 1, were felt to he sn grievous, that they had no small iufluence in producing, in lGt6, the iu- surrection headed bv Nathaniel Bacon. A paper bearing the date of UVi. was published in the eighth volume of the rhilusopliical Transactions of England, pointing out the great ad- vantages afforded by Virginia for the business of Ship-ljuilding, on account of the abundance of oak, pine, cypress, and other timber, of materials fur rosin, pitch and tar ; and the adaptation for raising hemp for cordage and sail-cloth, and for the manufacture of iron, on account of the abun- dance of its ore, and of fuel and of lime for working it. But it does not appear that any extension of the business arose from this public rncommendation in an influential quarter. The Virginians were n..t a mercantile people, and Tobacco occupied the principal care of the plant- ers. Although this article, in 1729, employed nearly three hundred sail of ships in its transportation frori Virginia and Maryland, which pro- duced, .tointlv, over six hundred thousand pounds worth, yielding a reve- mie of about two hundred thousand pounds annually, the producers were little concerned in the transportation themselves. Oldmixon, remarking on their neglect of a profitable industry in the pro- di.ctiouof naval stores, observes, that "The Virginians arc so far from improving their manufactures that, though they sec others send thitlu- to build shii>s, they seldom or never do it themselves." Virginia produced, in the year 1709, twenty-seven sail of new vessels, ^vl,ose average burden, actual measurement, was lifty-six tons each. Ot the amount of tonnage entered in colonial i.orts for the year ending Jan- miryf) 1771 the proportion owned by native iidialntants of Maryland n.ui Virginia, was only one-eighth of the whole quantity engaged in the ^J'^^^'^l ""^.^r^ granted him, ..phi streams or rivers with great -^^ ^^ ^ J ' ;,^ ,„^, .reeks, by iJuSi, a monopoly of the "^f ^^id of s S P^^ I" ^^^^ ^"^ a method he had then dev.sed. by \^ '^jJ/l/J^^' ,^/ j^ct of Fitch to ,.0 encouraged, by a ™ ^^^^^ l^^iLLL. of l^umsey. navigate l>y ^'^^^^^^^^^^ elaims of this ingenious, and, equally As an evidence of the st.tn^tu u.t j^ . be raentioned with his rival, unfortunate inventor to ^^^^^^^^ ,^ ,^.. , ,,,,,, that the Legislature of Kentucky, .n o9 VJ^^^'^^ ..^^^ ,,,, ^i,,, , .. R,,olved by the Senate and '^^l^^^l^,,,, ^o Jan.. That the President be. ^^^^^-^JJ^^^^Z Alloy, deceascl, llumsey, Jr., the son and only sum n^ ci ^^ ^^^ ^^ on the Potomac, and died there. Pa.,n. to the more Southern Colonies, the ^--^^'^l^^^^'Z- ..s. which th^ have ^n.ibu e ^ -^^^^^ |,^ ,„,,,^^ ,,;,, Northern -<\^\"^'^'; ^ ^^ ^ J^, South Carolina, remarks : Dr. Ramsey, in his excellent history oio ^ war Shi the ves am ] ac'C bui am l^mM SIE9. c\v York, and Xe-;\- of two-lbirds of a adopted citizen of rginia, in applying u may not be irrele- bat tlie weight of (8, lie publislied " A a new-constructed len against the niost irjriM.ia granted liiin, bay;., and creeks, by -po'.es. In '1"I87 siie ; project of Fitch to (iistrance of llumsey. genious, and, equally , it may be mentioned Llie follo'-"' resolu- esontat. . '^c., etc., lo pi-escnt to Jamc-: les llumsey, deceased, [•r's services and high iteamboat." Rumsey ;erbis first experiment lOLiNAS and Gf.owita. ies of excellent mine- e Ship-builders of the ccess in building ships, olina, remarks : ■ a country, and at nil r on this noble art, the their cedars und pine>, serviceable and lantin^ , for the timber of shi)f. >st other wood, it sinks ago of the coraparnliv' . few cubic inches of tlie iiantity of the former, no been known lo lust un- THE CAROM NAS AND GEORGIA. 86 ward of (brty vear.tl.ou.h en.ploycd in the West Ind. , and tn cauymg ,u,.u-s, than which nothing is n.orc trying on the.r tunbors. "About the year 1740, the Carolinas began senously to att nd to Ship bu di, ! ve ship-yards were erected, one in Charleston, three nj t e' ic it a d one in Beaufort. In these, twenty-four s,uare-r,gged tUiri-ides sloops and schooners, were built between the yea-s 1740 Wc : no. i..fonM.a where ...e »•«» WiU. To ">»'«'«"«; ^ "j™^' ^^ c.„„i,» »d ae«r,:a ™.;;;/;t:';i;r::-;:; :,«„': r,:::: :;:u':an"i ;':;: .a.mu>.., »>-»,., ...>• to,» for ..,0 ...,>,«, ».. .evenlv-ei"ht tons for the latter, per vessel. Georgia, during the same year, built two vessels averaging each thu.y On Uip commencement 01 iiimcuiuth "11" v« U„. Province like many others, not having a single nrme.l vesti i r V . Pd^ate merclLt vessels were armed in the emergency; a, m " :;:i.ort^Ume the schooner. Defence, of sixteen guns, a merchant ship, Smr-BIILUINO IN THE SOUTHERN C0L0NIE3. 86 tW Prosncr of twenty guns, and the Comet, a coaster, with sixteen gum, t re Se 1 A gllly e'alled the Beaufort, was built, and three other. Tot^ened into gallej'. for the protection of the coast, and a schooner of ten "•uns to guard Georgetown. After Co>fgress authorised reprisals, the first three above-named w.. eofverted into brigs, to cruise on the high seas, and captured sever. ^'ixavy Board was created by the Legislature, .-ith" authority t, superintend and direct the building, buying, or hiring of al vessels ,nh ub service, and to direct the outfit of the same, etc.," fm- whu-h tl.j we au hori. d to draw warrants on the Public Treasury, f.r t l.e nee.- lary Lds. The Board had the control of the above-ment.oned ves>elj, Td built a brig of fourteen guns, nan.ed the Hornet These ves.l, e nstituted the Navy of the Province, during the lirst lour years of th Z m int, the /^r. n ompauy with several smaller Carolina vessels, tempted by her ™ the Randolph blew up in an engageuK.nt. Ti,e expense of ho. a"mam;nts cost the Province over $2U0,0U0, wiueh far exceeded tl,e iirofits of the enterprise. , ' Ship-bnilJin^S -^l--^^ent of a Navigation Law "on uccoun o the .lia.ini.hed state of Ship-building in An.erica, and the ruinous restnctio,. to which our vessels are subject in foreign ports, etc." In this they were followed, in May, by a sin.iiar memonal from k Ship-builders of Baltin.ore ; which is an evidence, in some degree, of tho value of the interest involved in the business in those cU.es, wh.ch hn now both become important commercial towns. It .s also .nd.cat.ve ot he extent to which the b.dustrial b.terests of the co.n.fy, and pa. .on- dy its commcvce, sulVered in the absence of an effic.ent ce,.tral an- thority to regulate the foreign relations of the country-wh.ch .n th,- mr tcu'lar were early attended to by the Const.tutional L. g.slature the,. . Isln The b..siness of Ship-buildi..g made considcable progress .,!,.: ibis time in North Crolina ; and in 1794 she was in advance ot >ew r Lpshire in that brat.ch. In 1701 three districts out of five .-eturnnl new shipping, exceedi.,g by nearly one thousand tons the med.um ot tl,e three vears, 1700 to 1771. .0NIE3. :r, with sixteen guns, )uilt, ami three otbors st, aiiii a schoouer uf ■ce above-named wore and captured several ), with " authority to ig of all vessels in the , etc.," for which they reasury, for the neces- ove-nieiitioiieil ves>elN [ornet. These vessels lirst four years of llie lilt and commissioned he sailed on a cruise, )ut on a later cruise, in •essels, tempted by her The expense of these \mh far exceeded tlie purposes, was renewed ifter the commencement ' Charleston petitioned \\v, " on account of tlie I the ruinous restrictions etc." lilar memorial from tlie c, in some degree, of the those cities, which hud It is also indicative of he country, and parlion- an efficient central nii- > country — which in tlii- tional Legislature then in )nsiderable progress afnr was in advance of Ni'^v rids out of five rctnnml II tons the medium of llie GENERAL OBSEUVATIONS. NAVIGATION ACTS. 8t n nin- traced the origin and subsequent progress, so far as we have ,„ .,i,u? of this important industry in each of the Colonies which origin- „llv formed this Confederacy, a few general statements must close this '^'h is apparent that the American Colonies had, within a very short ,,o,i..d unml.st all the privations incident to new settlements, constructed , fl,...t of coaaing and ocean-traversing ves.sels of no inconsiderable extent. Thrvluul already entered upon cnimercial enterprises, which had begun to .unict attention. Within iifteen years Mas>achusetts alone had built „„ ni. infant marine, not destitute, it appears, in some cases, of arcliitec- ,',,,1 embellishments and respectable warlike equipment, considerably oxceedin- it is probable, the entire tonnage of the Port of Liverpool, in Em-hmd;' which Macaulay informs us was, at that period, about iouileen hundred tons, or less than that of a sin .\' modern Indiaman of the hrst class. The number of seamen belonging to the Port was not over two hundred. , . , ^i n •.• i i The commerce in which the Colonies engaged with the bntish and foreits of the exclusive policy. Stran-e as it may seem, the prosperity of the Colonies, which at Ui,s time was very great, and every incipient attempt ut manufacture e.xc.ted the jealousy of the commercial and manufucluring interests, i he Colo- nics " it was said,"are beginning to carry on trade ; they will 600 nN our 'formidable rivals: th..y «fo already setting up mnnnfaelnres ; tln^y will soon set up for independence." TI.e Discourse on 'In.lo, by Hir Josiah Child, before q.ioted, thus expresses the prevailing opinion of this class in relation to the subject before us : " New England is the mo.st V,reiu.licial plantation to this kingdom. Of all the American plantations, his Maje^y has none so apt for the building of shipping as New En- ..land • nor none comparably so qnalilied for the breeding of seamen, not only by reason of the natural industry of that people, but, principally, by reason of their Cod and Mackerel fisheries ; and, in my ptx.r opinion, there is nothing more prejudicial, and, in prospect, more dangerous to any mother Kingdom, than the increase of shipping in her Colonies. Planta- tions, or Provinces." p m , , ■ - It was only by an evasion or relaxation of the Laws of Trade, whitu w ■ ei E : b( tt > ti i E i in 1 tl T THE NAVIGATION ACTS. COLONIAL TRADE. 89 e English markets d by ihe Coloiiifs, roinonstrances ami forced upon them, ent the commercitil 1 Trade. derived from these lips for carrying on nd the exclusion of ;orrespondence with effect upon the ex- I and shii)ping, ami ,he whole, there can ted by a law which all the coniniorcial ;s were parniilled a cm and the mother shipping, cunsecpient meed by the restric- and naval power, it fleet, not the cause — ns was not regarded he exclusive policy, lonies, which at this manufacture excited itercst.--, "The Colo- • ; they wlll eoon he mnriufiiclnres ; tiiey •sc on Tiudu, by Bir ailing opinion of thl;* England is the most American plantation?, ;hipi>ing as New En- ?eding of seamen, not le, but, principally, by ny poor opiidon, there re dangerous to any her Colonies, Planta- Laws of Trade, which was connived at by the Revenue officials, that the Colonies were ever enabled to pay for the enormous amount of British Manufactures and European Merchandise annually received from England ; which at the beginning of the eighteenth century, amounted to nearly four hundred thousand pounds sterling, and, toward the close of the provincial period, three millions and a half sterling, or nearly one-fourth of the English Export Trade at those periods. None of the Colonies north of Mary- land ever had balances in their favor, but were, on the contrary, much in the arrear. Their obligations could only be met by the circuitous trade carried on, in contravention of the Trade Acts, with foreign countries, whence they derived most of their specie and remittances suitable for returns to their English creditors. By this illicit traffic, English Com- merce was as much benefited probably as that of the Colonies. Lord Siieffield admits that, between the years 1100 and 1713, the Colonies must by this circuitous trade have remitted to Great Britain upward of thirty millions sterling in payment of goods taken from her, over and above their direct remittances in produce and fish. Ships built for sale constituted an important element in this foreign Colonial Trade, the value of which was usually twitted iu s_i)ecie or bills of exchange on London. ■ /j The nature of this traffic, and the wa/ in which it fostered the Ship- building interests of the Colonies, is indicated in the following passage from the work by Joshua Gee on the Trade and Kavigati(jn of Great Britain, A. D. 1129, in which he attributes a vast increase of English Commerce and Navigation to the Colonial Trade, and s^)eaks of the pro- ceeds of Colony-built ship.«, sold in Spain and J^^/^^ J^^W 'WV*" ■ -""^ part of the remittances of the Colonics. "Wo Lave a great many young men who are brod to the sea, aivl tiavo fricn.ls to support them ; If they cannot get ..inploymeut at home, they go to New Kngland and tho N^irthorn ColoiiJes with a cargo of goods, which they (her.) Bell at a great profit, and with the produce huild a ship and purcliase a loiiding of lumher, nnentors ou the Thames, probably from the loss of contracts in the way ju.t mentioned, complained that their trade was hurt, and that their workmen emigrated, since so many vessels were built in New K^i-hmd. But the Board of Trade could not venture to recommend so extreme a measure as the prohibition of Ship-building in the Colonies, and were unable to provide a remedy. In 1145, the New England Colonies owned, exclusive of Oshing craft, about one thousand fail of vessels. Tiie peace of Ai.x-la-Chapello, which took place two years after, found the Navigation of the Colonies in a prosperous condition ; and the mer- cantile tonnage of the American Provinces was thought to have been equal to that of the mother country, considered in reference to the popu- lation, which in 1749 amounted in the former to 1,04G,000. Colonial Ship-building, near the same time, received a new impulse, by the employment of the invaluable live-oak of the Southern Provinces, ■which came into use about the year 1750. This was found to be much superior to the common white oak and chestnut previously employed, and added to the reputation of American-built ships. The tonnage of vessels built in the American Colonies in the years 1109, 1770 and 1771, was as follows:— In 1769 20,001 tons. " 1770 20,610 " '< 1771 24,068 " It was customary at that time, in order to evade the duties, light money, and other expenses, to enter with the Register an amount consideial.ly short of the real tonnage. The Custom-house books kept at Boston, from which the statistics of tomiage were derived, direct one-fifth to be added, but an addition of one-third is considered nearer the proper pro- portion. . f T 1 The following table, given by Mr. Champion in his review of Lord Sheffield's " Observations on American Commerce," shows the amount and relative proportions of tonnage built in each of the Colonies in 1709, to which he has added the average of each vessel, as directed by the Custom-House. Vessels buUt. TonoBga. New Hampshire 45 2,452. Mass!icliU8etts 137 8,013. Khode Island 39 1,428. Connecticut 50 1,542. Averaee ton ti use ol piich vessel : oue-Urth added. 65 ,.70 .43 .36 EXTENT OF COLONTAL SIIIP-BUILDIXGI. f\ jile ill tliis liniiifli, lIiu sliip-carpLMitfrs i ill tlie way ju.t that tiieir woi'liiiiiii Kiii^laiid. But Iho extreme a measure lud were unable to live of fisliing craft, years after, found ition ; and the mer- )ught to have been 'erence to the popu- G,000. ved a new iminilse. Southern rrovinces, s found to be much reviously employed, !olonies iu the years .13., ...4. O') e duties, light money, amount cousidenil>ly loks kept at Boston, iirect one-fifth to be larer the proper pro- 1 his review of Lord 1," shows the amount the Colonies in 1769, cl, as directed by the Averaee tonn«se ol ^e. piieh vessol : oue-Urth added. 2 65 3 70 8 43 2 36 New York Jorsoys rt'inisylviuiia JIaiyland -f Viiizinia -7 ^■(irDi Carolina 12 Houtli Carolina 12 Ciforgia 2 ... '.>">.. 83.. .1,41)9.. .1.:'.14.. .1, ■:.:!>., ... t;o7. ... 7f-9. ,M1. .(10 . 'I'i .7') .M) ,.7S ..uO Total. ,3S9 2li,0Ul The entire amount of tonnage cntored in the several Colonies during the year ending January 5, 1771, was 331,G42, and the amount cleared was 351, G8G tons. The difl'erence between the outward and inward ton- luio-e was occasioned, in part, by the sale of Ctdonial sliii.s in Great Britain, and amounts to about 20,000 tons. About lifty Colony-bmU vessels were then annually sold in the parent country. Tiic number of vessels built in the Colonies in 1772 was one hundred find eighty-two, with an aggregate tonnage of 2G,.')44 ; and, of this nnm- her, one hundred and twenty-three, containing 18,149 tons, were built in Xi'iv England, fifteep in New York, one in New Jersey, eight in Pennsyl- vania, eight in Maryland, seven iu Virginia, three in North Carolina, two iu South Carolina, and live in Georgia. Mr. Champion estimated that, at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, 308,000 tons of Colonial-built shipping was emidoyed in the general commerce' of Great Britain, or nearly one-third, and if the West India trade were included, about two-thirds of the whole. Massachusetts was then estimated to own nearly one vessel for every one hundred inhabitants. She built many on contract and for sale, as did also Pennsylvania, to the amount of about six tiionsand tons annually. iich attended the prineii-les Ihey intmducdj materially diEfering from the practice of any country at that time, provedl their superior skill in the construction of corsairs." I The new relations between Great Britain and her former Colonies,! established by the Peace, called for some regulation of the commereiall intercourse between the two. But the bill of Mr. Pitt, for a temporaryl adjustment of the matter, was defeated by the violent opposition of tliel British navigation interests. Tiie Orders in Council soon after havingi excluded American ships altogether from the West India trade, and thel original Confederation having no power to remedy the matter, the several! States sought to protect themselves by discriminating duties in favor of! American vessels, and, in some cases, of those countries with which the! United States had treaties. The want of uniformity, and the conaicf.ngi character of these State imposts, were a principal cause of the adoptionl of the present Constitution, which repealed all the State laws on the subject, and vested the power in Congress. r The recommendation of Mr. Adams, and petitions from various quar- ters induced Congress, in July, 1790, to impose tonnage duties of six cents per ton on all vessels of the United States entering from foreign ports; on vessels built in the United States, but partly owned abroad, thirty cents ; and on other ships or vessels, fifty cents,— which last was after- ward much increased. Under this system of protection, and the exclusion of foreign vessels I from the coasting trade, and the American trade with China, Americanj Ship-building, in succeeding years, experienced an unparalleled increase, and became a cause of alarm to British merchants. A system of llegis-^ tration and Enrolment or license was also adopted, the returns of which, are annually transmitted from each District to the Treasury Department, In 1789 the registered tonnage of the Union amounted to 123,893 tons, and in 1790, to 340,254 tons. The total tonnage of the Union, includiag| enrolled and licensed, was, in 1789, 201,562, and in 1790, 478,377 tons.. 'The registered ioimasQ (consisting of American-built vessels only) had| increased in the year 1800 to 609,921 tons. I voiituruil tliuir opJ ;s lliey iutroihict'dJ t that time, iirovedl r former ColoiiiesJ of the coramerciall tt, for 11 temporaryl opposition of tliel soon after having! idia trade, and the! I matter, the severall duties in favor of I ries with which tliel and the conflictlngl ise of the adoptionl State laws on thel I from various q\iar- inngc duties of six! itering from foreignl )wned abroad, thirty| liah last was after- )n of foreign vessels I th China, American j iparalleled increase, A system of llegis- he returns of which] reasury Department, ited to 123,893 tons,! the Union, includiag 1790, 478,3V7 tons.b ilt vessels only) bad] IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ^ itt IIIIIM 12.2 1£ >- I. 13. IL25 illU 111.6 o> «.% .' ^>' '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STillT WIBSTIR.N.Y. MStO (716) •7r4i03 W -«!te:»^ 4»*i.a«»a8fj Ell p CIHM/SCMH Microfiche Series. CIHIN/I/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadisn Institute for Hl.torlc»l Mlcroreproductioni / InMltut c«nadi«n de microreproduction. historlques 5^ ""^_, : „, ...,- J. ll JI."lW.JLUj-W-MJ-^i-.>-*J^MW_,: ■•(■••^■■••••^•■••■i'" CHAPTER V. INTIIODUCTION OF SAW-MILLS AND MANLFACTURE OF LUMBER. ALTnouou the Saw is a very ancient implement, being mentioned by Isaiah at a period contemporaneous with the building of Rome, and was in use among the Egyptians a thousand years before the days of the prophet, yet the Satv-Mill, as a mechanism for cutting timber, had not been in use in some countries very long before the settlement of America. Saw-mills were erected in Germany, in the fourth century; in the Island of Madeira, in 1420 ; and in 1530, the first one in Norway was built. Prior to the invention and use of Saw-mills, boards and plank were either sawed by hand, or split and hewn with tlie axe, and consequently such products were exceedingly dear. The latter mode was practiced in the first few years by the American Colonists. The first Saw-Mill in Mas- sachusetts, it is said, was built about the year 1633, which was some years before it was employed in England. The day floors and generally un- comfortable dwellings of the English peasantry, in the sixteenth century, and the floors of timber mentioned iu the seventcjnth, indicate the gen- eral absence of Saw-mills. In 1555, Bishop Ely, the British Embassador at Rome, describes as a curiosity, that "he saw .at Lyons, a Saw-mill driven with an upright wheel, and the water that makes it go is gathered into a narrow trough, which delivercth the same water to the v.l eel. This wheel hath a piece of timber put to the axletree end, like the handle of a brock (a hand- organ), and fastened to the end of the saw, which being turned with the force of water, hoistcth up and down the saw, that it continually eateih in, and the handle of the same is kept in a ringall of wood from severing. Also the timber lieth as if it were upon a ladder, which is brought by little and little to the saw by another vice." More than a century after, the first Saw-mill in England was put up by a Dutchman, neiir London, and had to be removed on account of the jealousy of the working-classes, who feared it would deprive the sawyers of their labor : npprehei'.Mon of (he same fate prevented a renewed attempt when proposed in 1700 ; and the populace actually destroyed one as late aj 1707. (93) 94 SAW-MIIXS IN THE COLOXIES. The scarcity of labor, and its better remuneration in this country, as well as the varied resources of iudnstry, and perhaps a more genei'ul ap- preciation of the value of labor-saving appliunces, have for the most part prevented any cxliibition of hostility to such improvements. anU has facilitated tlieir speedy adoption among us. In the first volume of the Transactions of the Society instituted at London, in 1751, for the encouragement of Arts, J\Ianvfadure>f, and Commerce, it is staled that the prejudice against Saw-mills had so far given way before a spirit of improvement, and the rewards offered by the Society, that Saw-mills were then (1783) firmly established in England. A pretended prohibitory Act of Parliament, it is intimated, had beea made the pretext for submitting, for many yuirs, to have timber cut into boards by the Saw-mills of Holland, and other foreign countries. It is an evidence of the enterprise of Holland that, equally destitute of timber and of water-power, it should thus perform for England, which abounded in both, one of the simplest of mechanical operations, and first introduce the labor-saving contrivance into the island. This is said to liave been done in the year 1GG3. As will appear from the following pages, the increase of Saw-mills, although hindered by the exclusive and restrictive conditions of laws intended for their encouragement, in individual cases, has from the first settlement of tlie country been deemed worthy of the patronage of local and general authorities. Saw Mills ix Massaciivsetts. — The Court of Assistants in London made provision for Jirtt Haiii-mill in t!n laden with clap-boards, bouver and other furs, glnnd tcai erctjted in 1U03. Tho ycur following, a ebip of one humlrcd ZiIm d6 SAW-MILLS IN THE COLONIES. brought from England in meal, or from Virginia in grain, and sent to the wiiul-miil at 15oston, there being none erected here.'" The other mill, although there is no further reference to it, was prob- ably intended to be a grist mill. The ship which brought the men and supplies for the mills, after taking in part of a cargo of "iron stoane," sailed for Saco " to load cloave boards and pipe staves," showing how boards were then manufactured in the great lumbering State of Maine. Gibbons, who lived in a palisaded house, was succeeded in the charge by Humphrey Chadbourne, the ancestor of several generations of promi- nent citizens of the Slate. Ship-building was soon after commenced in Maine and Isew Hamp- shire and ships and lumber long constituted the chief manufactures of the people of both Provinces, Saw-mills were speedily multiplied on all the principal streams, many of which afforded excellent water-power, now appropriated to other manufacturing purposes. The system of granting patents, or exclusive personal interest in the use of new inventions, which is the great stimulus to improvement, had its rise in England early in the seventeenth century, and has been since adopted by most civilized nations. In the system of laws called the " Body of Liberties," adopted by the General Court of Massachusetts m 1641 was a law on this subject. It declared that there " should be no monopolies but of such new inventions as were profitable to the country, and that for a short time only." One of the first applicants for exclusive priviloge« under this first Xew England Code, was Joseph Jenks, of Lynn, who came to the rrovince in 1645 and in the following year presented a petition for a patent for a new application of water-power to mills for various uses, including a Saw-mill. On the sixth of May, 1646, the Court resolved that, "In answer to the peticon of Joseph Jenckes, for liberty to make experience of his abilityes and Inventions for ye making of Engines for mills to goe with water for ye more speedy dispatch of worke en formerly, and mills for ye making of Sithes and other Edged tooles, with a new In- vented Sawe-Mill, that things may be afforded cheaper then formerly, and that for fowerteen yeeres without disturbance by any others setting up the like inventions, that so his study and cost may not be in vayne or lost; this peticon is granted so as power is still left to restrain ye ex- portation of such nmiuifactures, and to moderate ye prizes thereof if occasion so require.'" (1) Bclkn«r'» Now Ilampsl-ire, 1, 17, 25; organi.ation of the Patent Office, for inven- .. ,^ tions and impi-ovements in Saws and baw- 72rRo'"r.i-.'v''l. H- H9; vol. iii., 275. mill., U between three and four hundred. The number of Putunts granted iinoe the lin, and sent to ,0 it, was prob- ht the men and "iron stoane," i," showing how state of Maine. 1 in the charge itions of proiiii- id New Hamp- iiufactures of the lultiplied on all ater-power, now 1 interest in the nprovement, had i has been since laws called the Massachusetts in 3 "should be no e to the country, er this first N'ew • to the Province for a patent for a ises, including a solved that, " In make experience s for mills to goe m formerly, and ;, with a new In- hen formerly, and thers setting up t be in vayne or 3 restrain ye ex- prizea thereof if tent Office, for inven- ts in Saws and Saw- and four hundred. MASSACIIt SETTS AND DISTRICT OF MAINE. 97 The ingenious patentee in this case, whose son, Joseph Jenks, built the Qrst house in Pawtueket, Rhode Island, and whose grandson of the same name was Governor of that Colony after Cranston, receives honor- able mention in the Records after this time for several inventions, which will be elsewhere mentioned. His improvement in the manufacture of Scythes, included in the above patent, has not been materially modified to this day. Of the specific character of his improvement in Mills we are unable to speak. He was connected with the first iron- works in the Colony at Lyirn, but it docs not appear that he erected Mills him- self. It is mentioned in "The Description of Scituate," in the Massachu- setts Historical Collections,' that Robert Stndson, Mr. Hatherly, the founder of the town, and Joseph Tilden, built a Saw-mill at that place in 1656, which the writer observes " may be the first in the Colony."^ The permission to erect this mill was to be void unless it was built in three months from the date of the grant, which was on November 10th. It was further stipulated by the authorities, " that in case any of the townsmen do bring any timber into the mill to be sawed, the owners of the mill shall saw it, whether it be for boards or plank, before they saw any of their own timber; and they are to have the one half for sawing the other half. And in case any man of the Town that doth bring any timber to the mill to be sawed shall want any boards for his particular use, the owners of the mill shall sell him boards for his own use so many as he shall need, for the country pay at Ss. 6(/. an hundred inch sawn ; but in ease the men of the town do not supply the mill with timber to keep it at work, the owners of the mill shall have liberty to make use of any timber upon the Common to saw for their benefit.'" The mill, which stood on " the third Herring Brook," was destroyed by the Indians in 1676. Such regulations will seem curious to the proprietor of a modern steam-power Saw-mill, producing thirty to forty thousand feet of lumher daily, and who would not hesitate, it is presumed, to accept the condition of sawing at the halves. The King's Commissioners, who visited New England in 1664, reported the old Colony of Plymouth to contain " about twelve small towns, one Saw-mill for boards, etc." The Saw-mill is believed to have been in Pembroke, then a part of Du.xborough, 2. Maink and New IlAMrsiimE.— We have seen that one of the first Saw-mills in New England, if not the very first, was that built on (1) Sooond Scries, vol. iv., 224. (2) Ibiti, p. 240. n BAW-MILLS IN THE COLONIES. the Salmon Palls River, as early at least as 1634 or '35. In the divir-on of their grant the same year by Mason and Gorges, the north s.do of the Piscataqua, now a part of the Slate of Maine, fell to the latter n this territo-y, which submitted to Massachusetts in 1652, mills began to be erected soon after its first settlement. At Piscataqua, or K.ttery, >he oldest town in the State, which included Elliott and North a.^Sorth Berwick, and upon the opposite side of the river from Mason's Mills the lumbering business was in early times carried on to a greater extent tfmn at any other place. It employed in 1682 six Saw-mills Pi.vu)us to 1G43, the town granted a tract of land between Spencer's and Sain, on Fulls to Wincall and Broughton, on condition that they should erect a Saw-mill thereon. Kittery was also one of the principal Ship-buildinff stations of the District, and had several enterprising traders, who, in their European, West Indian, and coasting adventures, furnished a steady outlet for the lumber manufactured on the neighboring rivers. The most conspicuous of these were the Pepperells, who, toward the close of the seventeenth century, were the owners of a great portion of the country between the Piscataqua and the Saco, including the magnificent water- power on both sides of the Saco, now the seat of so much industry. They erected mills on both these rivers for different purposes, and by their enterprise in Lumbering, Ship-building, and Commerce, acquired great wealth. In 1655, however, probably before William Pepperell acquired the right, the freemen of Saco claimed to have control of the mill privileges, and agreed with Roger Spencer to set up a Saw-m.l there, for which he contracted to pay twelve thousand feet of boards and to employ townsmen in preference to others. The Indians, >niC.5, at- tacked the settlement, erected a battery on the mill-wheels, which they removed, burned the mills and all the dwellings in the place.* Thomas Clark and Sir Bilby Lake built mills at Woolwich, on the Kennebec, about the year 1660, but were driven away in 16t5. William Hutchinson, an early settler of Boston, in 1673 purchased lands on the west side of the Saco, and had mills at Newichewannock, or Berwick. This place was also, in 1690, assaulted by the Indians, led by a Frenchmau and an Indian sachem, who killed 30 men, took 54 captives, and burned all the houses and mills. There were few towns in Maine that did not at one time or another experience these savage forays, in which the French who claimed the country from Kittery eastward, were the in^ti- gators ' They offered premiums for scalps of the English. So intolerable were these assaults, that it was at length determined to reduce the strong- (1) Sullivan's History of Maine, p. 215. MAINE AND NEW IIAMrsiUilE. PltlCKS — BOUNTIES. 99 . In the divir'on he north sido of to the latter In i2, mills began to la, or Kittery, >he North and Sorth Mason's Mills, the rcater extent tfmn lills. rrevious to cer's and Saln-.on licy should erect a ipal Ship-buildfng 5 traders, who, in furnished a steady rivers. The most d the close of the on of the country magnificent water- so much industry. ; purposes, and by ommerce, acquired William Pepperell lave control of the set up a Saw-mill feet of boards, and ndians, in 1015, at- whcels, which they ! place.* Woolwich, on the r in 1615. William hased lands on the k, or Berwick. This d by a Frenchman :aptives, and burned Maine that did not jrays, in which the rard, were the ineti- lish. So intolerable 1,0 reduce the strong- hold of the enemy, and the younger repperell of Kittery was selected to lead the expedition against Louisburg. The number of Saw-mills in Maine, in April, 1682, was twenty-four, of which six were at Kittery. Wells was the second town in the extui.t of its lumber business, and Falmouth (now Portland) was the third. White pine merchantable boards in Maine and New Hampshire were tlien worth 30s. the thousand feet; white oak pipe slaves, £3; red oak pipe staves, 30.s'.; red oak hogshead staves, 25s.] wheat, 5.s. ; malt, 4>>'. ; Indian Corn, 3.s. per bushel ; and silver, 6.s. per oz. At these stated prices, which were fixed from year to year, taxes were paid in lumber and provisions. One-third ot the amount was abated for payment in monej'.' In 1664, according to Mr. Williamson, boards were worth in Maine lOs. and staves 17s. per thousand.* In 1668, the Government of Massachusetts, whose jurisdiction included. New Hampshire and a part of Maine, enacted a law reserving for public nse all white pine trees measuring twenty-four inches at three feet from the ground. This order, and those of the British Parliament in the reign of William III. and Queen Anne for the preservation of white pine timber for masting for the Royal Navy in these and other Provinces, probably to some extent interfered with the manufacture of lumber from that valuable species of timber. A compensation, however, was found in the encouragement given at the same time for the exportation and manufacture of masts and naval stores by bounties, some of which were continued until after the Revolution. Parliament also appropriated £10,000 for utensils and other aids to the manufacture. The making of pine, spruce, red and white oak lumber, of house and ship timber, of red and white oak staves, heading, hoops, shingles, and clapboards, \.hich were made by the farmers during the winter, and exchanged for merchandise ; the contracts frr mast timber for the Navy ; and the manu- facture of Pitch, Tar, Turpentine and Rosin (at a bounty originally of £3 to £4 per ton) ; and of Potashes from the refuse of their pine forests, were to Maine and New Hampshire a prolific source of wealth, and at- tracted a large proportion of the working population. The extent to which these branches were made the medium of foreign and domestic exchanges, justified the remark of Lord Caernarvon, who defined timber to be "an excrescence on the face of the earth, placed there by Provi- dence for the payment of debts." In 1693, two years after the final incorporation of the whole District (1) Miiino Ilbt Coll. Bclknnp's New creased to over ? 300, and the vnluc of U\in- niiinpfliirc. '"fir soUl, to two and a quarter millions au- (2) Williiimson's niatory of Maine. la nually, the price was $10 per M. 1S40, when the Saw-mills in Maine had in- 'm\ 100 SAW-MILLS IN THE COLONIES. of Maine with Massachusetts, the Government rehixed its order respect- ing the culling of pine timber in favor of John Whcelvvriglit, who was all^owed to take board logs from tlie public lands, in consideration of his erectin? a Saw-mil! at Cape Porpoise River. TLc Trespass Act of 1711 (9 Q. Anne, Cap. 17), which, for the preservation of Mast Timber ia New England, New York, and New Jersey, attached a penalty of £100 for cutting white or other pine trees (not private property), or such as were marked and registered by the Surveyor, caused much dissatisfaction, and was deemed a grievance, inas- much as the fines were recoverable in a Court of Admiralty, where the cases were tried without a jury. It would be unnecessary, if it were possible, to trace the erection of Saw-mills upon all the numerous streams of Maine, New Hampshire, or Massachusetts tlironghout their colonial history. Nor is it possible to arrive at any satisfactory estimate of their increase by means of the ex- port of sawed lumber. Much of the lumber from the ports of those Dis- tricts went to Boston or Salem, whence it was exported to foreign coun- tries. The statistics are few and imperfect, and do not well distinguish the species of lumber which were the products of Saw-mills from such articles as staves, hoops, and other kmds, wrought by hand or sold in a crn''.'^r state. The Saco River has within the State of Maine four principal falls, of 70, 20, 30, and 42 feet respectively, affording immense water-power, which was early occupied. The Saw-mills at the lower falls, at the head of ship navigation, six miles from the sea, to which timber was floated down the distance of forty and fifty miles, sawed annually before the war about four million feet of boards. About the same quantity was made at Topsham in 1793. Warren, on St. George's River, exported large quantities of lumber. To improve the navigation of that stream, Major- General Knox, a resident of the town, proposed the construction of a canal around the IJapids at that place, leaving excellet.o sites for Saw-mills. Mr. Joseph Pope, whom the French traveler, De Lianeourt, pronounced the ablest Civil Engineer in all America, the inventor of an ingenious Orrery, and the patentee of several improvements in the mechanism of mills and other branches of the Arts, was employed to con- struct them on the most improved principles. He died at Hallowell in 1826. At Damariscotta, on one stream, there were before the close of tlie century, six Saw-mills within the distance of a quarter of a mile. These are but a few instances of the activity and enterprise employed in this branch of the business in last century. vn F" MASSACIItSKTTS. \VOUCESTER — OROTCN. 101 its order respect- elvvriglit, who was jnsideration of bis I), which, for the V York, and Jfew ir other pine trees registered by the 1 a grievance, iiias- miralty, where the ice the erection of Tew Hampshire, or ir is it possible to y means of the ex- ports of those Dis- 2d to foreign coun- lot well distinguish iw-mills from such band or sold in a r principal falls, of nense water-power, ■er fulls, at the head timber was floated ually before the war quantity was made iver, exported large that stream, Major- 9 construction of a o sites for Saw-mills, mcourt, pronounced itor of an ingenious i in the mechanism employed to con- lied at Hallowell in >re the close of the ;r of a mile. These se employed in this From October, 1789, to October, 1791, there were exported from tlie port of Piscataqtia 18,034,000 ftft of pine boards, of which 11,G'22,000 went to the West Indies, and 0,247,000 to Europe. Of oak plank, clap- boards, staves, and heading, there were exported in the same time in the aggregate 3,394,000 feet, in addition to considerable quantities of shin- gles, hoops, rafters, pine and oak timber, frames of houses, masts and spars, shooks, and otiier products of the forest. In Massachusetts proper, where timber was less abundant, and the pursuits more varied, Saw-mill.s were nevertheless numerous in ear'y times. In the central county of Worcester, for example, which is now about the largest manufacturer of lumber in the State, though it has few largo streams and no navigable rivers, not less than ninety Saw-mills, of which eleven were in Ilubbardston, are enumerated in Wliitney'.i History of the County, published in 1793. This was more than one-half the entire num- ber returned by the Marshalls for the whole State, when, in 1810, seven- teen years after, the first census of Manufactures was taken. The number in Massachusetts was then stated at 150, which was far below the real number, as the returns were very imperfect, embracing in fact only the two couniies of Berkshire and Hampshire. Many of the mill-streams in the county were mere brooks, often quite dry, or insutlicient to carry a mill during the dry season. A Mr. Wetherbce, who built Corn and Saw-mills on the Nashua, one of the largest of these, at Lunenburg, in order to gain a constant supply of water, dug a canal a mile in length, which was deemed an enterprise of no common occurrence in that day. The first white settlement was nmde in that county at Worcester in 1673-4, but had to be abandoned on account of Indian hostility during the war with King Philip. A second attempt was made in 1684, when Captain John Wing erected the first Corn and Sawing-mills at the north end of Main street, on the site of the present city of Worcester, where remains of the dam are still visible. The third and permanent settlement was made in 1713. A Mr. Sawyer, of Lancaster, in thai county, who had been carried lo Canada as a captive by the Indiai:^, built for the French, on the river Charablce, near Montreal, in 1706, their first Saw- mill, as the price of redemption of himself and son. There was, previous to that, no Saw-mill in all Canada, and no artificer capable of building or working one. John Prescott, a native of the same place, built, about the time that Worcester was settled, the first grist mill in the old town of Groton, in Middlesex, and his son Jonas, an honored name in that place, set up a Saw-mill there in 1686. For that purpose, he was granted leave and the use of Stony Brook, on condition that "he should accommodate the towa 102 SAW-MILLS I.N THE COLONIES. witl. morchiiiitivljlc boards at six-poiicc a hun.lrca foot cheaper than they were sold at any other Saw-mills, and for town pay, and that town be sup- plied before any ot'ier persons, provided, always, the Saw-mill do not hin- der the corn mill." This county now manui'actures lumber to a greater annual value than any other in the State. In the old and well-wooded counties of Hampshire and Berksliirc, some Saw-mills were built at quite an early period. At North Adnras, Becket, Mount Washington, Pittsficld, in the last-mentioned, and at Greenwich, En- field, Iladley, Ware, and other places on Mill, Fort, Stony and otlier rivers, in the former. Saw-mills were erected before or soon after the middle of the last century. ' The proprietors, in some cases, were enjoined to saw other people's logs at the halves, which would be considered no hard condition at Ihe present day. Much fine lumber was formerly made at Clarksburg, settled in 1769. Florida, in Berkshire, which now has fourteen Saw- mills, making each twenty to one hundred thousand feet of lumber, was not settled until 1783, and Savoy, which supports no less than twenty-five Saw-mills, though it has only about two hundred dwellings, was first occupied by residents in 1777. 3. Vermont.— Few States of the Union afford better mill-sites than Vermont. The multitude of short and rapid streams liowiiig from the Green mountain range of the interior, eastward to the Connecticut, north- ward to the St. Lawrence, toward the west to Lake Cl'amplain and the Hudson, or interiorly to Lake Memi)hremagog, all invite the erection of mills. The navigation to the foot of the rapids on most of these s^ro^'.'is furnish an outlet in either direction for the lumber and other products of the well-wooded hills. These rivers have been long since appropriated to the uses of a varied manufacturing industry. Windsor County is particu- larly rich in the water-power of Queechy, White, Mill and other rivers, the last of which has a fall of sixty feet in one-third of a mile. The Clyde, in Orleans County, falls one hundred feet in forty rods. Charleston, on this river, was one of the first settlements in the State, but could only be maintained against French and Indian hostility by the set- tlers who built and labored with then weapons at their sid( As the State had not an independent existence until after the Revolution, and its settlement and improvements were inconsiderable until a late period, on account of the contests about jurisdiction between the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York, to which it successively be- longed, we have nothing special to record in this connection, 4. RnoDR Island.— 7J/?of/6 Mnnd, whose first exports were lumber, pipe-staves, etc., as early as 1639-40, enacted a law to regulate the prices CONNKCTICLT, NEW LONDON, NOKWICU, HARTFORD, ETC. 103 cheaper than they that town be siip- w-mill do not hin- mber to a greater !k1 Berksli ire, some ■Ih Adams, Beeket, I at Greenwich, En- ny and other rivers, ;r the middle of the oined to saw other no hard condition lade at Clarksburg, has fourteen Saw- t of lumber, was not !S than twenty-five iwellings, was first itter mill-sites than i llowiiig from the Connecticut, north- Cl'amplain and the vite the erection of ost of these s^roi-'ia 3 other products of nee appropriated to r County is particu- and other rivers, the mile. feet in forty rods, nts in the State, but hostility by the set- their side As the the Revolution, and until a late period, n the States of New li it successively bc- nection. ixports were lumber, regulate the prices of boards and clap-boards at the mill, indicating that the Colony already possessed those useful appurleiiaiiccs to new sellleinents. The prices wero fixed at eight shillings the hundred for sound boards delivered at the mill, and one shilling a foot for clap-boards and fencing, to be sound mer- cliantable stutf.' A Saw-mill appears, however, not to have been built on the Falls of the Tawtucket, now so jirolitably ai)plied to other uses, until after the llevolution. In 1810 the Sutc conluiued twenty-eight Saw-iuills. 5. CoNNECTifUT.— In Connecticut, the younger Winthrop, afterward Governor of Connecticut, had :\ Saw-mill at New London, previous to 1654, in wh'jh year the General Court granted Mr. Will. Goodwin lib- erty to make use of the timber of waste hinds, to keep his Saw-mill in employment. In the year 1G61, a Record of the Court states that, " Lib- erty is granted Mr. Winthrope to find a place to set up a Saw-mill where it may not prejudice the farms or plantations already give out."^ His son, Fitz-John Winthrop, built another on the Nahanticl:, near Long Cove, in 1691, and two years after another was erected upon the same river 'by John Trentis. Others were built apou that river and adjacent streams, by leave of the Colony, in 1713 and U2l, the former by Colonel John Li ingston, the other by Samuel Weller & Sen. One of the ear- liest millwrights in Eastern Connecticut was John Eiderkin, me of the grantees of New London, in 1650-1. He was invited thither by Mr. Winilirop, from Massachusetts, where he had previously carried on that busi.iess, as well as that of h-ise-carpenter and shipwright, in which latfv capacity he has been already mentioned. For a period of thirty-five years he was a general contractor for buikilng mills, bridges, meeting- houses, etc., in New London, Norwich, a. - the adjoining settlements He built the first meeting-house there, and was probably the builder of Winthrop's mills.' In 1667 the Court granted Thomas Harris liberty to build a Saw-mill on the brook between Hartford and Wethcrsfield, on the east side of the " Great River," provided it be accomplished within two years, and he is allowed forty acres for his encouragement therein. In 1671, John Allyn received a grant of one hundred acres of land, with the use of timber on the Commons, and the stream, for a like purpose. In July, 1680, the town of Norwich, at the head of navigation on the Thames, granted Captain Fitch two hundred acres of land "for his en- couragement to set up a Saw-mill, and to have the benefit of the stream (1) Arnold's Rhodo Ttilaiul. (2) Colony Records, vol. i, p. 246. (3) Caulkin's History of >'ew London. 104 SAW-MIIJ.S IN THE COLONIES. and timber at the I'lacc, and no others to set up a Saw-mill upon the acM stream to his diMiiage.'" The Saw and Grist-mill is so necessary an appendage to new towns, and the employment for them so limited in sparse populations, that it was customary for the towns to make grants of peculiar or exclusive privi- leges, and donations of land, to persons willing t. risk the expense of their erection. It is in the infancy of the Arts that bounties of this kind find their appropriate place. Many of tliese early monopolies, granted by towns and larger municipalities, contain curious stipulations. We may add to the foregoing enterprises of ths New England people in this business, that the first mill in the present State of Ohio was built in n89, the year following the settlement ia the Northwest Territory, by the " New England Ohio Company'' at Mariottn. A Saw-mill was that year completed on Wolf Creek, about a mile above its junction with the Muskingum, and sixteen miles from Marietta. Colonel Robert Oliver, Major Hat Held, and Captain John Dodge, received an allotment of land for the purpose from tht Company. The crank, weighing one hundred and eighty pounds, was made in New Haven, and taken on a pack-horse over the mountains to Simrel's Ferry, on the Y -i^iiogheny lliver, and thenco, by water, to Marietta. A Grist-mil! wus built the following year." Dr. Douglass, writing about 1750,' says, "New England abounds in Saw-mills of cheap and slight work ; generally carry only one saw ; one man and a boy attending, a Ddll may, in twenty-four hours, saw four thousand feet of white pine boards ; these boards are generally one inch tliick and of various lenglhs, from fifteen to twenty-five feet, and of various widths, one foot to two feet at ^ medium ; it is reckoned that forty boards make one thousand feet. These mills stand upon small streams, because cheap htted, but with the following inconveniences. 1. As the country is clearel of wood and brush, small streams dry up. 2. n living small streams, tlioy do not afford water sudicient to drive the whet's in summer. 3. In winter th(>y arc frozen Ui..'' A considerable source of j)rofit for the Saw-mills at this period, were the contracts with the Commissioners of the Royal Navy, ns well as in preparing lumber for the West India and other markets. There was a surveyor of ids Majesty's woods, whose deputies surveyed and marked tho loga at the mills, for which they received a ])er(pii,siie from the lumbermen. " A timbermau's estate," says the writer just quoted, "consists in mills and oxen.'" (1) Barber's Hist. Coll. of Connecticut, p. IBS. (2) Auierlcan Pioneer, vol. 'i. p. 09. (.I) Ilritifh Scltlomcntd In Amoricft, !i., S4. (4) Hy the term liiinlicr, wiis goiiurully luciint, iu America, rainji'Ht Timber, iSiJiirs, lill upon the acAd e to new towns, tioriS; that it was exclusive privi- j expense of their of this kind find )lies, granted by ions. England people f Ohio was 'ouilt fest Territory, liy law-mill was that junction with the ;! Robert Oliver, allotment of hind liing one hundred 1 on a pack-horse gheny Kiver, and ilt the following ^lanu abounds in nly one saw ; one ' hours, saw four [enerally one inch „'et, and of various 1 that forty boards I streams, because . As the country !. . n living small tvhet's in summer. CO of ,)ro(it for the Commissioners of 3 West India and y's woods, whose i, for which thoy uan'd estate," says ntn In Amorica, U., 54. umlier, Hiis (joiiiTully iii(ji»S Timber, iSiJiiri, NEW YORK. WIND SAW-MILI.S. 106 Mill-saws were manufactured at Canton, Massachusetts, in 1190, to the Lumber of 150 to 200, annually. 6. New York. — The Dutch and Swedish settlements on the Delaware and North River, were early in possession of Saw-mills, driven both by wind and water. Wind Saw-mills were erected on Manhattan Island, by the Dutch, as early as lCo3. An account of New York, imblishcd in 1708: says the Dutch built mills to saw timber, " one of which would do more work in an hour than fifty men in two days." During the administration of the first Director General Peter Minuit, who in lG-26 negotiated the i)urchaso from the Indians of the Island of Manhattan, containing about 22,000 acres, for the sum of sixty Gilders, or twenty-four dollars, the Directors of the Dutch West India Company, whose property it now became, caused the erection of Wind-mills on ilio Island for sawing lumber and grinding corn.' During his time and that of his successor, Woutcr Van Twiller, who succeeded in 1C33, the Com- j, my, as the Provincial documents state, "erected at considerable expenso three Saw-mills, which have never produced any profit of consequence." This; was afterward urged against the Company in proof of its mal-adiuin- istration. It is worthy of observation, that in the employment of this useful class of machine:-, the Dutch settlers, whose native country aft'orded no indig- enous tirabt. for their use, was in advance of theii contemporaries of Ply- mouth and Massachusetts Bay, as a Hollander is suid to have been the first to erect, some years after, the first Saw-mill in London. One of the first Saw-mills built in New Netherlands, was situated on Nut, or Gover- nor's Island, which was leased iu 1639, for five hundred merchantable Onlt and Pino Plnnk, Onk and Pine n»nr(ls, Plaves, lleuiiiiig, IIuoiis, Clii|i-l)oiir(lii, Sliin- glcs, and t^atlm. In tlio Acr of I'arliiinient of 172i, extending the uiieralion of the pio- vious laws for cncourHKing tlio iinporlation of Naviil Ptorca, tbe different Itinds of lumber were ppcciflod, vii., Peals of poveral dorts, Tiiubor Ilalks of several sizes, Uarril-boards, Clap-lioards, Pipe-boards, or Pipe-bolt, Wbito-boards for Sboeninltors, T'o'iii uiid Cant-fpars, Bow. stoves, Caprev.iiis Clap- holt, EI)cny-wood. Ileaout 2«. per day ; and at Amboy, where build- in g was aciively going on, 2». 6(1., tlie cur- rency being Dne-firth more than sterling. In li;9S, hundsiwyers, which were much de- pended ou iu new settlements, received at no BAW-MILLS IN THE COLONIES, Joost Andrianscn & Co., in 1658, proposed to build a Saw-mili and gri.st-raill below the Turtle Falls, near New Auisiel, (Newcastle), iu the presetit State of Delaware. In 1). list of articles to be sent to the Colony on the South llivcr, or Delaware, in November, 1662, was iron-work for a Saw-uiill, for which was paid four hundred and fifty florins, ($180). In reference to a mill existing a few years later on " Carcoon Creek," it was represented to the Upland Court, in March, 1678, that in conse- quence of the land being daily taken up around it, it would soon be left destitute of timber, and the Court therefore ordered onb hundred acres of land to be appropriated for its use.' The Swedes also had a mill, supposed to have been a Saw-.mill, in Frankford, before the landing of Penn. It stood near the house of William Kinsey, the first erected iu that place.' A Saw-mill appears to have been built for the use of the Colony, by the first settlers under the Proprietary, soon after their landing. In a letter to the Free Society of Traders in 1683, giving an account of Pennsylvania, AViiliam Penn alludes to their Saw-mill for timber, and the Glass House, as being "conveniently posted for water carriage." Richard Townsend, who came from England with Penn, and built the first grist-mill within the present limits of the city, also erected a corn and Saw-mill on Chester Creek, in Delaware County. "Tliis mill," he says, "I brought ready framed from London, which served for grinding of corn and sawing of boards, and was of great use to U8."» Tlie mill referred to by Penn, appears to have been the joint property of himself, Caleb Pusey, Samuel Carpenter, and others, pro- bably including Townsend, by whom it was erected and superin- tended. The iron vane, with their initials, which surmounted it, is still preserved. Although corn-mills were built in considerable number by the first German and English settlers. Saw-mills do not appear to have been numerous in the neighborhood of Philadelphia. They were said, a few years after the landing, to have a sufficiency of mills, and in different (1) ITiiiard's Annnla of Pennsylvania. (2) Mcin. of ]Iisl. Snc. of I'ennsjUania, yo\. 2, p. 16:!. Ferris, in liis History of tho Original Settlements of tlie Swedes on tlio Delawiiro, etntcs that lio had aecn, in his youth, tho house at Newcastle, in wliich Governor Lovelace entertained George Fox in l(i72, tho timber of which appeared to bav« b«ttD hewed, iudicatiug ita erection be- fore tlie introduction of Saw-mills ; and tho mortar and cement had been made of liino that was burnt from oyster shells, beforo any limestone had been discovered. The house was built of bricls, and was standing a few years before he wrote, in 1845. (.1) Clarkson'g Life of William Penn, toL 1. PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. Ill a Saw-niili and >\veastlu), iu the South ivivcr, or v-mill, for which Cnrcoon Creek," 8, that in conse- ould soon be left b hundred acres also had a mill, e the landing of le first erected iu he Colony, by the ling. In a letter ;of Pennsylvania, the Glass House^ jnn, and built the 50 erected a corn tn London, which as of great use to e been the joint and others, pro- ed and superin- lounted it, is still mber by the first ear to have been J were said, a few 1, and in different if Saw-mills ; nnd the ad been made of limo 1 oyster shells, bcforo een dis^'ovored. Tha Ick, and was standing wrote, in 1845. of William Penn, toU places ; but Saw-mills are not particularized. Iland-sawycrs are men- tioned as in demand iu 1698, and received, for sawing pine-boards, six to seven shillings per hundred. The price for the same labor in \Wo, was ten shillings, which would indicate an increased demand for lumber with- out a proportionate decrease in the cost of production. Boards were then ten shillings per hundred ; shingles, ten shillings per thousand ; timber, six shillings the tun; and wheat, four shillings a bushel. In the neighboring county of Bucks, settled by English Quakers about this time, there appear to have been no Saw-mills as late as 1731, when the framed houses were covered with "nice shaved clap-boards," and "the boards for floors and partitions were all sawed by hand.'" At least eleven mills were erected near Wissahickon, within the late township of Roxborough, in the northwest part of the City, previous to 1179, but did not include a Saw-mill, according to a recent historical sketch of the place." The " Chester Mills," including a Saw-mill, in part belonging to the estate of Jonathan Dickinson, on Chester Creek, were advertised for sale iu 1723. In 1760, the Assessors reported within the county of Philadel- phia, forty Saw-mills. Oak, hickory, walnut, and other lumber, either sawed near the city, or rafted down the Delaware, Schuylkill and other streams, was always abundant in the market of Philadelphia, and was exported in considerable quantities. Mills for its manufacture were speedily multiplied in the rivers on the interior, where timber abounded. The industrious Germans of those counties had many mills. In 1786, within thirty-nine miles of the Borough of Lancaster, one-third of whose population were manufacturers, there were sixteen Saw- mills. In Delaware, which constituted the three lower counties of Pennsyl- vania, Saw-mills existed on the Brandywinc, Christina, and ether streams. Some of the first erections iu this part of the country, as we have seen, were within its present limits. Vincent Gilpin, in 1772, owned floiiring and Saw-mills on the Brandywinc, two miles from Wilmington. There was also a Saw-mill within the borough, nearly opposite the site of IIol- lingsworth and Harney's machine shop, which was demolished toward the close of the last century. The export of boards and scantlings from the port of Philadelphia in 1765, was 783,000 feet; the value of which at i'3 10s. per M., was £2470. Staves, heading, and shingles, were exported in the same time lO the value of £28,450. The exports of planks and boards in the years (1) Dr John Watson, in Mem. Hist, of (2) Genealogical Account of the Lpvering Pennsylvania, vol. 1, 278. Family, by H. Q. Jones, Esq. App. Note A. 112 SAW-MILLS IN THE COLONIES. 1712, '73, and '74, were, respectively, 1,724, 4,075, and 3,309 thousand feet' 9. Maryland.— Respecting the introdnction of Siuv-mills in Maryland, we have no information. The fir.st water-mill for corn in the Colony, was erected by public subscription in 1639. A century after, the Assem- bly encouraged the erection of the same class of mills by a public statute. The mill-sites on the Tatapsco were occnitied for corn-mills about the year 1763, by Joseph Ellicolt and J. &, 11. Burgess, from Bucks County, Pcnnsvlvauia. 10. Ytrginia.— Making boards and clap-boards by hand-labor was one of the Orst employments of the Virginians in 1609; and the later emigrants, in 1020, were directed to give their attention to the prepara- tion of timber, masts, planks, boards, etc. Artisans were sent in the spring of that year, to set up Saw-mills; and others, from Hamburgh, were engaged later in the year for the same purpose. Of clap-boards or pipe-staves, it was said in 1650, a man could easily make (by manual process) 15,000 in a year, worth in the Colony £4 per thousand ; and in the Canaries £20 ; which v/ou'.d yield, in the lowest market, £60. Walnut, cedar, and cypress planks, were always saleable in England. A Saw-miil at this date was said to be a great desideratum, whence it may be inferred that none previously existed. A Saw-mill, driven by water, would do the work of twenty sawyers. The following "Explication of the Saw-mill, an engine wherewith, by the force of a wheel in the water, to cut timber with great speed," illus- trated by a rude engraving, is contained in a tract published in London, by E. Williams, in 1650," who proposed to introduce it into Virginia, where a Saw-mill did not exist at the time. " This engine is vory common in Norway, and mountains of Sweden, where- with tlieycut great quantities of Deal-boards ; which engine is very necessary to be in a great Towne, or Forrest, to cut Timber, whether into planks or otherwise. This heer is not altogether like those of Norway, for they make the piece of Timber approach the sawes on certaine wheels with teeth ; but (1) Lord Sheffield's Tiiblcs from Custom- IIuuso Books, Nos. 9 i»nd 10. The census of 1810, from eluven out of twenty-six Stntcs and Territories, returned 2.526 common Saw-mills, and twenty-one Muhogiiny mills, of which 1,995 common Saw-inill.«, and all thi< Bliihognny mills bc- longad to Penusylviua.i. Tae nuiiutily suwcJ wns ninety-four million feet, of which seventy-four millions was in Pennsylva- nia. From Now York, and several lumber States, there wns no return. Chester, Lan- caster, Northumberland, and Cumberland, had the greatest number of mills in Ponn- sylvnnia. (2) See rote, page 32. 3,309 thousand lills in Maryland, 1 in the Colony, after, the Assrm- a public statute, i-niilis about the n Bucks County, hand-labor was 3 ; and the later u to the prepara- p Saw-mills ; and ear for the same man could easily le Colony £4 per sld, in the lowest ilvvays saleable in reat desideratum, ;d. A Saw-mill, ine wherewith, by 'eat speed," illus- lished in London, it into Virginia, I of Sweden, wliere- e is very necessary her into planks or way, for they make ils with teeth ; but lion feet, of which was in Pennsylva- :, and eoveral lumber Dturn. Chester, Lan- nil, and Cumberland, iber uf mills in Pcnn- 12. VIRGINIA. CURIOUS INVENTIONS. 113 because of reparations which these tooth'd wlieels are often subject unto, I will omit that use, and in stead thereof put two waits (weights) about two or three hundred pounds weight apiece, whereof one is marked A, the other B. The chords wherewith the said weights doe hange, to be fastened at the end of the 2 peeces of moving wood, which slide on two other peeces of fixed wood, by the uieanes of certaine small pulleys, which should always draw the 8!iyd peeces of moving wood, which advancing always toward the sawes rising and falling, shall quickly be cut into 4, 5 or 6 peeces, as you sh.iU please to put on sawf s, and placed at what distance you will have for the thicknesse of the plank or boards ye will cut, and whenn a peece is cut, then let one with a lever turn a Rowler whereto shall be fastened a strong cord, which sliall bringe backe the sayd peece of wood, and loft againe the weights: and after put aside the peece already cut to take again the sawes against another peece of wood. Which once done, the ingenious Artlst, may easily convert the same to an instrument of threshing wheat, breaking of hemp or flax, and other at jirojitabU uses," This primitive instrument appears to have admitted the employment of a gang of saws, and by comparing the description with that given a century earlier by the Kishop of Ely, the reader who is conversant with the mechanism of Saw-mills, as they existed in remote rural districts, not many years ago, will discover fewer changes, we apprehend, in their essential features than he would be led to expect in the course of three centuries. A Saw-mill, down to the close of the last century, was quite a simple affair; and a mill which cost £100, and cut one thousand feet of boards, per diem, was considered belter than the average. The benefits confe.red by steam in cutting timber, and in prompting invention in the machinery, applied to manufactures of wood, are among the most signal of its triumphs. In a work published in 1731, quoted by Anderson, which set the value of the British Colonies to the parent country in a clearer light than be- fore, the author enumerates among the valuable imports from Virginia and Maryland, fifteen thousand pounds' worth of lumber annually sent in the tobacco ships, two-thirds of which were gain, as it would not cost above four thousand pounds in the plantations. James Rumsey, a native of one of these States, and an adopted citizen of the other, toward the close of this period made some improvements in the mechanism of mills, which he patented in several of the States, and afterward under the Federal laws. " With regard to a Saw-mill," he says, in his Treatise on the Application of Steam, etc., published in 1788, "or any other ma- chines that have retrograde movements, I have contrived a method of supplying them with water in such a manner that one twentieth part of what is generally expended will answer every intent and purpose gener- ally requisite. My new invented machine for raising water is simple, the coat will not be more than twenty guineas to complete the mechaniBua 8 JJ4 6AW-MILL8 IN THE COLONIES. Of one sufficiently large to raise water to work six saws or a Grist- mill." 11 THE Carounas and GEORC.TA.-The extensive pine K.rcsts and other timber lands of the two Carolinas and Georgia mvUed the Crs " t r to a luerative manufacture of lumber and- naval stores Bu a ho g^^^ Carolina, ns early as 1C91. passed an Act "for the be te encouragement of the making of engines for the propaga >ng of the aples of the Province," and. in 1707, another for "eneouragu.g the makn.g of ;lta:h and sau'potre." followed, in 1712. by an ^^y;^^:^^^^ [he building Saw-mills and other mechanic engines," the Saw-mil does lot appear to have come into extensive requisition in Carolina during colonial times. ..The resources of Carolina in luml.or," says Dr. Ramsay "maybe esti- matrfvomre following statement. There are withiu Us Inn.ts two hunar d ..o«sa„aacres.ea.h.w^cl.o.a .^ trees, and every one of the o on an ave g ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ than what U derived from the fertilising quality of their ashes. This n a^l sources of wealth, to an immense amount, are annually sacrificed. South Carolina had at this date only sixty-five Saw-mills and Georgia one. The last-named manufactured about one and a quarter million ?eet of lumber. As Rice. and. to a less extent, Indigo and Tobacco had previously engaged the industry now bestowed on Cotton, there was combatively littfe attention paid to the erection of either Saw or grain Zl until after the Revolution. ^Ye have no recoi-d of their progress auring that time. It was not until the middle of the last cent, y t those Provinces began to flourish in any good degree. I" / ^4, t e Legislature once more enacted a law for the encouragement of the Ar s .„d Sciences, giving inventors the exclusive benefit of -- U'-- - fourteen years. A Society which was instituted soon a ter for the en- couragement and aid of emigrants, stated, in their Circular, that capi u might be profitably employed, among other ways, in erecting mills for EARtY STEAM SAW-MILtS. 115 aws or a Grist- piiie forests and L invited the Crst aval stores. But ct " for the better ting of the staples iiig the making of "for encouraging the Saw-mill does I Carolina during isay, "may be esti- liraits two hundred ing on it fifty pine ;lit in a marketable hese are added the beeches, magnolias, B used in furniture, it artists, the sylvan sn. So great is the immense quantities any other advantatie r ashes. This small valuable, is not im- emptations resulting end its culture, other acrificed." v-mills and Georgia 1 a quarter million idigo and Tobacco, n Cotton, there was cither Saw or grain rd of their progress [he last century that gree. In 1784, the agement of the Arts t of their labors for )on after for the en- Circular, that capital in erecting mills for making paper, sav/ing lumber, and especially for manufacturing flour. There were huudi'uds of valuable mill-scats, and the woods abounded with pines. The oflicial value of the difforent kinds of lumber exported from all the Colonies in the year 1770 was. £154,637, or $080,588. This em- braced boards, plank, scantling, timber for masts, si)Brs, and buildings, staves, heading, hoops, and poles. In 1792, the exports of lumber were 05,840,024 feet ; of shingles, 80,813,357 ; of hoops, staves, and headings, 32,039,707 ; of timber, 21,838 tuns and 12,272 pieces ; 1080 cedar and oak ship knees ; 191 frames of houses ; and 48,860 shooks, etc. It was just previous to the period when our Federal history com- mences, and the close of the period embraced in these reminiscences, that the application of steam to mill machinery began to be introduced into Europe and America. The Steam-engine had for some time been used in England and elsewhere, for raising water for the use of mills ; and as early as 1745, a Steam-engine was constructed and in use in the copper- mine of Mr, Schuyler, in New Jersey. Its improvement, had also for several years engaged the attention of Oliver Evans, Ilumsey, Fitch, Stevens, and others. But it now began to be lised as a direct power for the movement of mill-work for both Saw and Flour-mills. These inven- tions, of which we shall speak elsewhere, and particularly the high- pressure Steam-engine, and other contrivances of Evans, so admirably adapted to the use of all kinds of factories, opened a new era in the his- tory of Flour-mills and of wood-working machinery. So great has been the influence of the last-mentioned improvements, as to justify the eulo- gium of a talented writer, who says, respecting their inventor : "Wherever the Steam-mill resounds with the hum of Industry, whether grinding flour on his native Schuylkill, or cutting logs in Oregon, there do you find a monument to the memory of Oliver Evans.'" (1) Address before the American Institute, New York, 1850, by S. G. Arnold, CHAPTER VI. THE INTRODUCTION OF 0R18T AND FLOUR-MILLS INTO THE COLONIES. The earliest instrument for grinding or braising corn or manna con- sisted Of two portable and nicely-wrought stones, one of which was made to revolve, by means of a handle, upon the other. Grinding with those mills was always a servile and laborious operation, and fell to the lot of the maid-servants, or captives taken in war, as Samson was made to grind in the prison-house of the Philistines, and the captive Israelites in Baby- lon By the laws of Moses, the mill-stones were not allowed to be dis- trained for debt. The sound of the mill-stones and the song of the grinders, who plied their task in concert at the early morning hour, fur- nished the Hebrew writers with images of cheerfulness and prosperity, and their suspension, " when the sound of the grinding is low," conveyed tlu, idea of desolation. As suggestive of the same ideas of plenty and enjoyment and as an element of the picturesque, the old-fashioned water Gnst-mill of our fathers was, both to the eye and the ear, an object of much interest. In many a frontier settlement, its pleasant sounds were unheard for years by the 'first lonely dwellers, who were forced to prepare their corn for daily use by a modification of the primitive mill above described, or by the scarcely less operose contrivance of the quern. The pestle and mortar, used by the aborigines of this country, was frequently employed by Europeans, and performed the grinding rather by pounding than by rubbing, as in the Eastern mill. Beside these, horse or cattle mills (the moloB jumeMaHos of the Romans) were quite common for grinding corn, where pecuniary inability, the sparseness of popular tion, or absence of water-power, rendered other mechanism impractica- ble.' Wind-mills were also very early, and in some places quite exten- sively employed both for Grist and Saw-mills. 1. Wind-mills.— As a motive power, water was employed much ear- lier than wind. The first saw-mills in this country were mostly driven by water, which the abundant streams and ample fall of the Atlantic slope (116) I THE COLONIES. rn or manna con- if which was made rinding with these i fell to the lot of was made to grind Israelites in Baby- allowed to be dis- 1 the song of the morning hour, fur- and prosperity, and ."conveyed tlu. idea nty ana enjoyment, ed water Grist-mill ct of much interest. 3 unheard for years )are their corn for ve described, or by f this country, was ! grinding rather by Beside these, horse were quite common arseness of popula- ;hanism impractica- places quite exten- jmployed much ear- ■ were mostly driven of the Atlantic slope WIND-MILI-8 IN MASSACHUSETTS. 117 rendered everywhere accessible. Some of the early Saw-mills in America were, however, propelled by wind, particularly among the Dutch settlers. With those they were fumiiiur in tlieir native land, where, on account of the level character of the country, and the absence of falling streams, Wind-mills were extensively employed long before they were uswl in En- gland. Mr. Hume considered the man who first introduced Wind-mills a great public benefactor. We are not aware who first conferred that boon upon America j but it was probably the Dutch Colonists at Man- hattan. In the Records of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay, March 17, :C28, (0. S.,) it is entered that eleven pounds were paid for a pair of mill-stones to go to New England in the ship, consisting of one landred and ten burrs, at two shillings each. How early these were brought into use we find nowhere stated. It is said, however, that the first mill in New England was a Wind-mill, near Watcrtown, in Massa- chusetts, which was taken down in 1632, and rebuilt in the vicinity of Boston.' This first Corn-mill was removed from its original site, in Au- gust of that year, " because it would not grind but with a westerly wind." It was set up at the north end of the City of Boston, on the hill previ- ously called Snow Hill, and afterward Copy's Hill, and "Wind-mill Hill," by which name it is mentioned in the Records, in 1C35. This Wind-mill is mentioned by Wood in 1633, and was, doubtless, a conspic- uous object throughout the settlements, as being the first attempt to supersede the mortars and hand-mills, previously used by the people. They that year gathered their first harvest of English grain from the ad- jacent fields, now covered by the solid masonry of the tri-montane city. The principal supplies of food were at first derived from England, in flour or meal, or from Virginia, in grain, which was sent to this mill from all the scattered plantations as far east as the Kennebec. Watermills were soon after erected, and, in 1636, two more Wind-mills were built, one at Boston and one at Charlestown. The last was liown down in 1648. A Wind-mill was erected at Scituate, by William Gilson, in 1637, and land was the same year granted John Horn, for one at Salem. It was removed by him, in 1639, to Wind-mill Boint, on the south side of North River, where a Corn-mill of the same kind stood in 1771. An- (1) In Bond'f Hlatory of Watertcten, we near which, it is said in Drak-e'i Ant,<]uiiic-< do not find any mention of the erection of o/ UoeloH, to have been originally placed, this Wind-mill, and the laborious author The mill on Copp's Hill was chatterfd and was unable to determine who built the first sot on fire by lightning, in 1642, and the water-mill there. The Wind-mill may have miller rendered insensible for twenty-four ftood within the adjoining limits of Newton, hours. jH^-ii 118 COI.iXlAl. GUIST AND rLOlR- MILLS. otber one stood on On.e's Point, wliioli gave place to the bridge. A AVind-mill was bnilt at Newberry, in 1703. Edward Hoiyoke, who took the Freeman's Oath in 1630, owned a Wind-mill on Purchase street, in Boston, near Port Hill, whicli he after- ward sold to Richard Woodward. In nOl, John Arnold requested liberty to place a Wind-mill on Fort Hill, and was allowed to build one there " on the Town's lan.l," l)uying such quit-rent as the Select-men should order. A Wind-mill was, m 1740, removed from lloxbury and placed on the same hill. In' ICGl, the Select-men of Portsmouth granted Captain Pendleton liberty " to set up his Windmill upon Fort Point, toward the beach, be- cause the mill is of such use to the public.'" Wind-mills, which had thus become numerous in the older settlements of Massachusetts, und were much employed in other parts of the Pro- vince, were early introduced into Rhode Island, where, as late as 1803, they were common on every eminence in some parts of the State, pre- senting a rugged and grotesque appearance, and much diversity of mecluuiism." They wore most numerous in tiie County of Newport. The first Wind-mill in Rhode Island was built in 1G63, at Newport, by Gove.-nor Easton and his sons, who, in 1G39, had erec'ed the first European dwelling at that place. This mill was blown down in 1675.' (1) Annnls of I'ortsmouth. (2) Notes on Compton, in 1 Mass. Hist. Coll., X. 202. (») History of Khodo Islrtinl, by S. G. Ar- nold, viil. i. p. 370. A curious stono ftruoluro at Newport, supposed to havu been built for a Wind-mill about tbia time, gnve rise, not many years since, to considtirablo specula- tion aud antiquarian di.^oussion. It is de- scribed as uniuue in its style, being a ciitu- lor and massive stono buildinj;, twenty-flvo feet in diameter, ond the same in helRbt, sup- ported on eigbt arcbos resting on tbiclt col- umns about ton feet high, on a foundation five feet deep. The cuutre arch is about twelve feet high. I ■ erection was by some attributed to the Northmen ; and this theory was used to prove that Rhode Island was tho"Vinland"ofthcScnr '■navimvoyngors. The Royal Antiquariiir society, at Copen- hagen, wore incautiously betrayed into this opinion. A Danish writer iittenipted to prove that it was the work of Northmen ; and a gentleman of Alluiny met, at the rcsi- (lauco of the Duke of Tuscany, a Swedish count, who -poko of it ns tho work of that people. But these opinions were all of re- cent origin. Tho mention of tho building, in tho will of Governor Benedict Arnold, who died in 167S, us "tny stime-huilt Wind- mill," as well 0'- the traditions of thi fimily in whoso possession it long remained, leave no doubt that it was built by him. In the '• Penny Mi.gaiino" for ^'overaber, 1.S36, page 480, it an engraving of a Wind-mill at Chesterton, in Warwickshire, England, creeteii after a design by Inigo Jones, which, without the roof and vanos, is an ex- act fao-similo of the old mil) or tower at Newport. With this, wbicli must have been ono of the first in England, Arnold is sup- posed tv) have been acquainted in liis youth, nnil to iiavo built in imitation of it after tka first mill was destr lyed in 1075. Or. Tnlfrcy, who has ably discussed lh« bi«torio character of 'bis siructuro in tha first viduino of his History, visited tho War- wickshire mill in ISaO, ami is satiflled thul it was the original of the Newport Tnwcr. It has boon mudu the subject uf an iuilutta ) the bridge. A I 163?, owned a 1, wbioli he afler- nnd-mill on Fort •n's laml," imjiiig (Viud-niill wns, in lill. aptuin reudleton ird the beach, be- oldcr settle moil ts parts of the Pro- , as late as 1803, of the State, pre- auch diversity of jr of Newport. IG63, at Newport, 1 erec'ed the first ffu down in IGtS.' it ns tho work of that )p!i\ions were nil of re- ention of tho buililing, rnor Benedict ArnoUl, "my stone-liuilt Wind- trndilions of thi f:iinily it long rcmnincd, loiive built by him. In the ' for ^'overabor, 1836, nving of a Wind-mill at nrwickshiro, En^lnnd, Bsign by In-go Jones, ■oof nnd Ynnof, is nn ox- le old mil) or tower at s, which must hnvo been England, Arnidd is pup- iicquftintcd in his youth, 1 imiliition of it after tho lycd in 1075. bus nbly discussed tho of 'his siructuro in tho History, visited tho War- HS6, ami is satifdod that )f the N(W|iorl Tow^r. tho auliject uf aD iuiluite A CELEBRATED WIND-MILL. 119 Half an acre of ground was set apart on Tower llill, in New London, Cuiinecticut, in 1719, for a Wind-null, which was erccled ui 1720. Wind-mills were numurous in New York under the Dutch dynasty, anU were employed both for grinding corn and sawing lumber, as before men- tioned They were a scarcely less peculiar feature of Manhattan scenery, than that of the fatherland, where the were a principal dependence be- iure the days of steam. The Urst mill on the Island was a llors.-mill,bu.ll in 102li by Fran9ois Molemacker, under the eye of the en-ineer Kryn Ired- eiick' who iu that year slaked out a fort at the lower end of the Island, aitd erected a stone warehouse for the Company, whence the goodly city has since expande.l to its present dimeuMuiis. The second story ot the miU-building was the Urst humble place of worship ol the early setUers, and its site was almost within the shadow of the i.resont Trinity steei-lc. A horse-mill, one of the earliest in the city, also stood for many years before the English possession, on the North side of the present feonth William Street, ne.xt the corner of Broad, and gave tlie name ot "Mill Sir.'et Lane" to that part of South W-illiam. Minimit, the fir.st Dutch governor, built, according to Moulton, " two or three Wind-mills at Manhattan, by which corn was ground and buurd. sawed " One of these, a Flour-mill, stood on a hill winch occupied a part of the present Daltery, so near the Fort that the latter, which was rebuilt by Van Twiller, hi 1033, intercepted the south-east wind, and rendered the mill nearly useless. 13ut one of three Wind-mills previously erected, was in operation in 1038, when Keift came to 'he government. On one of their farms, of which they reserved several in dilferent parts of the Island, the West India Company erected a " Wint-molen,' (W Mid- mill) for the use of the town. It stood .car Broadway, between tne pre- sent Liberty nnd Courtland streets. After having gone to decay, k was ordered, in 1002, that there be another erec-ted on te same ground .' outside of the city landport (gate) on the Company s farm. Old Wind-mill lane," running from Broadway to Greenwich street, a..d be- tween Courtland and Liberty street, upon which it probably stood, was in Lyne's survey of New York, in 1729, the most northern street west ot Broadway, idl beyond being the King's farm. _ , m • Mills of this class were also built by private enterprise. Jan Tennizen amount of vor.e. traditionary, senliu.en.al, poetic genius has been aMe ''■<;;;'->;.- . 1 e„mmon.,,lace. ^onu, .n.ceful lines by i. a u.ore rou,n„.u,. chora..,.. .h, y heConneeti'-utpoe., l.rainard, cmboMy an ntili.„rian one abov- »ss,«.,ed. l.«asu,...l i l^Xnd , L the muse of Long,.llow as a ..rist-.nill in the as cen,„ry and af. ha, r-ooed it from ^orgo.fulness in the t"«''-' "»>•-'''•■• *'''\ ''";'• lautiO.! Hunic myth of •• tl.e HUele.on in " l^----- - ^ -;;:^:;;:: Armor." But neither lodrnod research nor it '" uoiuing 120 COLONIAL GRIST AND FLOUB-MILLB. had a "Winil-inill in 1665, which was standing sixty years after, ntur the corner of Cliaiiiam and Duane streets. This mill was then some distance beyond l!'e limits of the city, on th? pnblic road. The boiling of Qour, in those days, was usually carried on as a sepa- rate business, and in establishments constructed for that purpose, somo- times at a distance from the grindiiig-raill, and often as an append- age to the bakery. During the operation of an Act of the Assembly, made in 1684, giving to New York the exc'usive right of bolting flour within the Province, mills sprang rapidly into existence in the vicinity of the town, and the manufacture of flour became a principal source of emolument to the city. Two years after, under Governor Dungan, tl o city received a new charier, giving addilional municipil privileges, and confirming the ancient Dutch franchises. A new seal, more ricii and elaborate than the old one, was now granted the city, which, as indicative of the principal sources oi its prosperity, retained the beaver to rei)resent its ancient commercial interests, and added a wind-mill and a flonr-barrel as emblems of iis present industry. A Wind-mill once stood on the hill in the rear of the old jail, or the present Hall of Records, and an emincnca near the Chatham Theatre was called " Wind-mill Hill." In 1760, John Burling advertised I'or sale u Wind-mill near liowery lane, having two pair of stones. Wind-mills were also built at an early period in different places in the estates of the Patroons ou the Hudson, and elsewhere as population ex- teiidc'l, and were an infinite mystery to the simple mind of the native, who bruised his maize between two stones as he sat uuder the shadow of their revolving vanes. It is related that the pioneer settlers of Western New York, at a com- paratively recent ])eriod, when mechmiical contrivances were more easily obtainable, had no mills, and prepared their grain by an improvement upon the Indian method. They used wooden mortars, formed of a hollow log set ou end, to which they ajiplied a pestle, attached to a sweep like the pole of a well It i., related thai some of the first settlers of Onon- daga had to go forty miles to a mill, and carry their grist on their backs I The Indians were accustomed to prepare their maize much after the man- ner of the ancients, by poni.ding it with stone pestles a foot long au'l live inches thick. Professor Kalm, the Swcd'sh botanist, who traveled among them about the year 1748, says they were astonished beyond measure when they saw the first Wind-mills to grind grain. They would come from a great distance, and sit down for days near them, to wonder at and admire them I They at first regarded them as endowed with life, or as deriving their momentum from the agency of spirits resident within them. As .amiliarity abated their reverence, they were often accustomed to assail NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. A>;B0Y, BURLINGTON, ETC. 121 •s after, ntiir the en some distauco d on as a sepa- ; purpose", suiiio- 1 as an append- ! Assembly, made of bolting flour in the vieiuity of incipal souree of ■nor Dungan, tl o i\ privileges, and , more rieii and deh, as indicative iaver to represent and a flour-barrel 16 old jail, or the Zlhatham Tiieatre idverlised fur sale es. rent places in the as population ex- of the native, who le shadow of their V York, at a com- i were more easily an improvement orraed of a hollow ;d to a sweep like settlers of Onon- ist on their backs 1 nch after the man- foot long aii'l live ho traveled among I beyond measure They would como , to wonder at and k-ed with life, or as idcnt within them, leustomed to assail them, not like the adventurous Knight of La Mancha, in unequal combat with lance or club, but with the more effective instrument of fire. This class of machines was not limited among the people of the several Colonies to the manufacture of flour and lumber. They were employed also in grindu.g cocoa-nut for chocolate, in making linseed and other oils grindir.g sugar-cane, beating rice, raising water, and in many other uses An aged inuabitant of New York remembered a linseed od factory, existing about the year 1790, a little over one-fourth of a mile north-east of the present City OiBces. As in New York, so in New Jersey, Horse-mills were first used to supercede the primitive and exceedingly laborious performance on the Hand-mill, with which many of the English and especially the Scotch settlers, in whose native highlands the instrument was common late in the last century, if it has yet wholly disappeared, came provided to the country. , i t» Each of the three principal towns of the Province under the Troprie- taries, Perth Amboy, Burlington and Salem, and others doubtless were forced to content themselves with horse-power in the manufacture of flour and meal. A letter from a resident of Amboy to a friend in Scotland, dated New Perth, March 9th, 1685, speaks of a house and mill of this kind which he was then erecting, in a manner which indicates the wants of the community in that respect. "I am told that the mill w.i be worth £100 a year, but I am sure she will be better than fifty of dear money, for every Scot's boll of wheat or Indian corn payes here fur grind- ing of it 2s. sterling. This house and mill stands me a great deal of money, but there is none such iu this country, nor ever was." The great wheel, he adds, is 30 feet diameter. . ^ ,. . An autograph letter of one of the primitive emigrants to Burlington, says thoywere first compelled to "pound Indian corn one day for the next, for there was no mill except some few steed mills." In Salem a Horse-mill was erected near what has in recent times been called Kents Corner, to grind the gram for the town. , . „ , These were succeeded in i.-any places by Wind-mills, and ,n others by Tide-mills or other water-mills. Three Wind-mills were built by the first settlers of Salem. Wind-mill or Smith's Island, between Camden and Philadelphia, was, as its namo indicates, the site of an early structure of this kind. ., t^ i -„ .,..« The Swedes had a Wind-mill at New Sweden, on the Delaware pre- vions to the year 1643, which Gov. Printz-who built their first Water- „,i,l ti.at year-says " would never work, and .vns good for nothmg These machines appear toho.ebcen comparatively hllle used in the 122 COLONIAL GUIS! AND FLOUB-MILLS. vicinity of Pliiladulpliia. The county coiitaiucd in 1760 but one of that class and one llorse-uiill. Virginia, ia 1C49, liad in operation lour Wind-milis, and Cve Water- mills. Notwithstanding the general use of Steam-power in our day, Wind- n'lls are still much employed in some parts of the country, where fuel is scarce and water inaccessible. In 1855, the llochester ilill-crecting Company proposed to erect fifty wind flouring-mills on the Western prairies. Tiie improvements in their mechanism of late years are exceed- ingly numerous, if we may judge from the records of the Patent Oilice and mechanical journals. 2. Water-mills. — But Wind and Steed-mills were insufBcicnt for the manufacture of flour or meal on a scale commensurate with the require- ments of an iiicreased population or suf^cient for exportation, whicli the fertility of a virgin soil and the general attention to agriculture rendered, in a few years, a great resource of the country. Tiie available water privi- leges in the neighborhood of new settlements, and the afflux of the tide in maritime towns, were speedily made to furnish a superior motive power, natural or artificial, for the use of grist and Flour-mills of greater or less capacity. We shall notice the attempts on the part of iuJividuals and municipalities to introduce, extend, and improve the use of this most valuable class of machinery in the different sections of the country. Tiie individual enterprises in connection therewith, md the regulations made from time to time, curiously illustrate the struggles of an infant people in arts and mechanism, and the progress of ideas in relation to legisla- tive policy. In the extended use of mills of various kinds, and in the improvement of their machinery, Amevica is believed to have been for a long time past in advance of most other countries. 1. Water-mills in New E.noland. — The locality of the first Water- mill in New England it is perhaps not easy now to determine. A writer in the Massachusetts Historical Collections' says, " The first mill built in Dorchester, and the first in the Colony, was erected by Mr. Stoughton, by leave of the Plantation on the Neponsit River, in the year 1633 (Hlake)" ; from which we may infer that it was a Watei mill. 13ut from a Record of the Court made in 16-28, in which "Ilo.\bury is enjoyned to repair the other way toward the Dorvhet^li'r Mill upon paine of £20 forfett,'" it appears that a Mill existed still earlier at Dorchester. The (1) I Masi. Ilitt. Coll., tz. 164. (2) Rocnrds of Qm. and Comp. of Maai. Buy, i. 310. but one of thai aud Qve Water- our day, Wind- ry, where fuel is ter Mill-crecliug oil the Western f'ears are exceed- he Tateut Ollice iibufficieiit for the rt'ilh the require- •tation, whicli tlie culture rendered, liable water privi- aftlux of the tide ■lor motive power, ills of greater or art of irJividuals e use of this most he country. The regulations made ' an infant people elation to legisla- kinds, and in the ,0 have been for a of the first Water- urmino. A writer he first mill built by Mr. Stoughton, in the year 1633 ei-mill. 13ut from lury is enjoyned to )on paine of £20 Dorchester. The r, and Comp. of Mats. MASSACIIUSKTTS. FIRST WATEH-MHJ.S IX. 123 earliest mention we find in the Record., of Sloughton's mdl. is m Apnl 1st 1G34, when an entry was made, to the elTcct that " Mr. Israel Stough- ton' hath liberty granted him to build a n.yll, a ware, and a bndg'c o| er Neponsett llyver, aud to sell the alewives lie takes there at o.- Hit thousand.'" ^ t e A canal called Mill Creek, which originally divided the central part ot Boston fmm the North end, was formed in ICSl, and furnished afterward a Thlc-mill. A causeway across the neck which separated the t.de-water at Dock Square on the east from a cove running up on the north almost to Hanover Square, converted the cove into a capacious null-pond, covering the space between Charlestown, Merrimac, and Hanover streets, aud the Mill Creek through the neck admitted the tide to the milh The same year in which the first Water-mill was erected, the General Court was presented with a specin>en of rye. The only grain ^h.ch the people of New England had as yet cultivated was Indian corn. Before the introduction of mills, it was coarsely pounded, and cooked .n he Indian mode, and for persons accustomed to a differct diet, made, a the best but an unpalatable bread. "The want of English grain, wheat, ba.-k.y, a..d rye," says Johnson, " proved a sore affliction to some stomachs who could not live upon Indian bread and water, yet they were compelled to it " In reference to the first sample of rye produced, he observes : " This poor people greatly rejoiced to see the land would bear U." W lU.in ten years, wheat became un article of export for Massachusetts, and as the saiae writer says, "I'ovtugal hath had many a mouthful of bread and fish The second mill is said to have been built the same year at Lynn, where Mr Edward Tomllns was granted, in town meeting, the privilege of setting u„ a Corn-mill "at the mouth of the stream which flows from the 1- lax Pond " u site occupied two hundred years after by Chase's mill. It was removed into the town about teu years after, and the privilege of water and water-courses was granted it anew by the town.' About the time of its erection, the Pilgrim fathers, who for twelve years or more had been without other appliances for grinding than the primi- tive ones before spoken of_were supplied with a Grist-mill, which must have been nearly as early as cither of the foregoing. The first Water-mill erected in the Plymouth Colony, was put np by Stephen Dean, near BiUington Sea, in January, 1633, which he engaged should be sufficient to beat corn for the whole Colony. But it is supposed to have been merely a pounding mill, by which the corn was cleared from (I) Bocordi of Gw. »nd Comp. of Mass. Bay, i. lU. (2) Lowii'" Ilistory of Lynn, p. 81. 124 COLONIAL GUIST AND F'-Otll-MILLS. the hull and propared for samp (iiaiisanip) and succotasli, the use of which had been learned from the Indians. The next year it was agreed that Dean should surrender his privilege, so soon as a grinding rail! sliould be set up.' Soon after, in 1636, John Jenupy, a brewer by trade, who came from England in 1623, was granted liberty by the Court at Ply- mouth, to erect" a mill for grinding and beating of corn upon the brook of Plymouth."* Two years afterward, it appears by the Town Records, Jenney was presented for not grinding corn well and seasonably. Charles Stock- bridge was cmploj-ed, in 1681, to build another Gri.st-mili, which was the second upon that stream, and was called the Upper Mill. A Grist-mill was also built at lloxbury in 1033, by Mr. Dummer, and during the following year a Water-mill is believed to have been erected at Watertown, where a portion of the large emigration of 1630 had settled. The late elaborate genealogist and historian of that town, was unable to ascertain the name of the builder, or the precise date of its erection. He supposes it to have been built at the joint expense of Edward How and Matthew Cradock, in the year 1634, certainly before August, 1635. It stood on Mill Creek, an artificial canal, at the head of tide-water, on Charles' River, at tl ? first fall, whence the water was con- ducted from a stone dam across tn^ river, into what is believed to be the oldest artificial mill-race or canal in the country, and which has been ever (1) Thaoher's History of Plymouth, p. 74. In Duvia' edition of Murton, (nuto, p. loO), 1G32 19 given a^i the date uf eructiuu wbicU was probably Old Stylo. (2) Young's Chronicles of Plymouth, p. 112. It appears that about this period, there was sometimes but little use fur mills of any kind. Tho Colony, in 1622, consisted of 100 persons. They planted sixty acres of oorn, and their gardens afforded ample sup- plies of vegetables; but the next year a Bovere drouth destroyed all their corn and vegetables, and they wore reduced to the severest want. On this, as on other occa- Bions, they were forced to subsist upon.clnms, chell-fisb, with occaeionally wild fowls or deer. In winter much use wag made of ground nuts, vhich were the tubers of a ipecies of wild artichoke, instead of bread, which they often did not ta?te for three months together. It is said they wore at one lime reduced to a pintof corn, which, as was their custom with other things, being equally divided among them, gave to each person Jive kernels, which were parched and eaten. When Jenney arrived, in 1623, with Timothy Hiitherly and others, Gov. Brad- ford says, "the best dish we could present them with is a lobster ( ' piece offish, with- out bread or any thing else but a cup of fair spring water, etc. The devout Kldcr Brewster lived for many months together without breau, and chiefly on fish and clams, wTiich were a constant resource in times of scarcity. On one occasion, it is said, a worthy person from a distance, whose stock of provisions was exhausted, in despair re- sorted to Mr. Brewster for consolation, and was surprised to find him even more desti- tute than himself. But his discontent was effectually removed when, being invited to partake with him and his family, the good man fervently returned thanks over a dish of clnms, that they were so highly favored, ns to be permitted "to suck of the nliund- ance of the sea, and of treasures bid iu the sand." M ASSACIIUSETTS. WATEUTOWN, NEAYBVRY, ETC. 125 sli, tlie use of • it was agreed ing luiil should ■ by trade, who Court at Ply- upou the brook is, Jenney was Cliarles Stock- , which was the Air. Dummer, I to have been ;ratiou of 1630 u of that town, ceise date of its •iut expense of certainly before , at the head of water was coii- lieved to be the li has beeu ever Ihcm, gave to cnch 1 were parched and -ivod, in 1623, with )thors, Gov. Brad- 1 wo could present piece offish, with- else but a cup of The devout Elder 7 months together Y on iiEh and clams, isource in times of ion, it is said, a itance, whose stock ited, in despair re- or consolation, and n even more destl- his discontent was i, being invited to is family, the good thonks over a dil^h so highly frtviired, uck of the nliund- reasurcs hid iu the ,^.ce in uninterrupted use. A grant of land was n,ade o ,t u. Jam ry. 1G34 '35 and iu August, How sold one half of .t to Thomas Majhew or i200 ou a bond and mortgage, having also purchased the oU>er half If Mr Cradoek's agent. Mayhew sold the whole to Deputy-Governo Thomas Dudley, for £400. The mortgage to How not having beeu redeemed he afterward claimed the title to it. . , - * Ad is on of the Court, in 1641, declared that the right of present potest;;., to the mill at Watertown belongs to Mr. Dudley, and not Mr. ""^l^'rirtlr^Ld at XUO ^r the support of the n.inistry. More than fifiy ;ears after, it belonged to the heirs of the Honorable Thomas "^ "[rtxt Corn-mill in that place, wa, on Stony Brook, and was iu 1679 '80 exempted from "rates" for twenty years. Th.s was sold fo 2nt £240 and was afterward long known as "the Bigelow M.Us." Tholf Ride was in 1690. the proprietor of a Corn-miU on Beaver Brook near the sit now occupied by Kendall's Mills, on wh.ch several X- ns were also previously erected. These were t e o.^ ones ju hat ancient town during the first seventy, or one hundred J'^^^^s.^ ."« were a ft -rd built on those and other streams i.. Waltham a,.d Westo.. Ttc! within the original limits of Wt^tertown. which are now appropriated to extensive manufacturing operations.' „„,, xwhnrv In 1636 Water-mills were built at Salem. Ipswich, and ^evs bury. That at N;w bury was the first in the place, and was built by Messrs Duler and Spencer, on the river Parker, in -ordance^.it a gra^ of the Court, and agreement with the town, in 1635. I.. 1638, Mr. Dummer wh built the Roxbnry mill in 1633. was granted te exclu- ^ve ght of having such a mill within the town, provided he mad and k Pt it in a condition to gri..d corn, and the town agreed to send all their cm to it. In 1645. another Grist-mill was erectc.1 there ; a om- miUe having been appointed to procure a mill to " grynde the come." for wMcl an apl^ropriation of £20. in merchantable pay. ten acres of upland In^ six acre o meadow, with freedom from all rates for seven years, wa ™eV n 1679. the town granted John Emery. J r twelve acre of and provided he build and maintain a Corn-mill, w.th.n a year and I half In 1086, the Records state, that "the towne be.ng sens.b e of the groat want of another come mill," a committee was appo.uted to Xw s.'ch place or places as may be most convenient, "for ye setting up of a mill." (1) Bond's History of Watertown. Appendix, p. 1073, etc. 126 COLONIAL GRIST AND FLOUR-MILLS. The General Court of Mas:mchusetts, in 1638, made repulutions respect- ing Corn-mills, prescribing the weights and measures to be used in them, and providing that corn should be weighed both to and from the mill, if required. Although the husbandry of the Colonists, could at that date have made no very great progress, yet their prospects were becoming brigliter. Kmi- grating multitudes of English farmers were coming in ; new towns were being settled, and larger quantities of land were put under cultivation, and yielded ample returns. A pamphlet, published in London that year, says, "They that arrived this year, (1637), out of divers parts of old England, say, that they never saw such a field of four hundred acres of all Borts of English graine as they saw at Winter-Towne there. Yet, that ground is not comparable to other parts of New England, as Salem, Ipswich, Newbury, etc." Some years later, about the year 1604, when the Colonies were in a highly prosperous condition, a blight first made its appearance in the wheat, to the no small alarm of the grain growers. Every theory as to the cause and cure, seemed to fail, and at last, for the want of a better cause, it was laid to the Berberry bushes, which, brought from Europe, were beginning to grow along every fence and hedge-row. "Unsparing war," says Eliot, "was made upon the beautiful shrub for nigh two centuries, and the belief in its malignity yet prevails." Trade, which had already become considerable with the Dutch and English Colonies, continental and insular, and with Europe, also, by fur- nishing outlets for every surplus product, stimulated the agriculture of the country, and increased the demand for Flour-mills, Bolting-mills, and bakeries. The older towns had often no small amount of trouble to pro- vide themselves with the indispensable Grist-mill. It was customary for towns to grant small tracts of land, as well as certain exclusive privileges, as a bonus for the erection of mills. The town of Groton, on the Nashua, voted to several persons, in 1665, twenty acres of land, within its limits, whereon they might erect a mill. They, at the same time, declared such mill free from taxes for twenty years, and prohibited, for that period, the erection of a mill by any other person, except on his own land, and for his own use merely. A contract was accordingly made and recorded, for the building of a mill by the grantees, who covenanted to build a Corn-mill before the 1st of 11 mo., 1666, to keep it in repair twenty years, "to grind the town's corn sufficiently," taking common toll only. Before the time expired in which they were to complete it, the parties were relieved from their contract, and a new one voted to be made with a Captain Clark, of Boston, who agreed to build a mill. Tliere is no further mention of th's attempt. It appears to have become necessary to increase the premium, and, afterward, fivo MASSACHUSETTS. WORCESTER, RUTLANH, ETC. m Illations rospcct- be used in tliem, from tho mill, if dote have made brighter. Enii- new towns were nder cultivation, ondon that year, jrs parts of old idred acres of all here. Yet, that ;land, as Salem, year 1604, when )light first made le grain growers, id at last, for the 5, which, brought ! and hedge-row. lutiful shrub for evails." the Dutch and ope, also, by fur- e agriculture of Jolting-mills, and if trouble to pro- land, as well as n of mills. The s, in 1665, twenty 3t a mill. They, twenty years, and iny other person, A contract was 1 by the grantees, 11 mo., 1666, to ;orn sufficiently," which they were itract, and a new 11, who agreed to mpt. It appears id, afterward, fivo hundred acres of upland and twenty acres of meadow were granted to John Prescott, of Lancaster, for a mill, which, with the land, were to be free from charges for twenty years. The mill was built by h.m or his son Jonas Prescott, afterward a distinguished inhabitant of the town in a dis- trict still called the " Old Mill," now in the northern part of Harvard By an agreement with the Town, in 1673, Jonas Prescott was to grind the Town's corn every secoml and every sixth day in every week. S.mi- lar novel arrangements were made with him a few years later for the erec tion of a Saw-mill. » •„„ Few adequately appreciate the difficulties encountered two ccnturie ago, in securing even an ordinary Grist-mill in pioneer settlements. t was an enterprise, in most cases, greater than one of ten old the cost with our more abundant means. The county of Worcester, of which the Pres- cotts were natives, was well furnished with Grain-mills at an early day 1 he first occupation of the site of the present flourishing City of Worcester was made by white inhabitants, in 1673. The second attempt to found a town was in 1684, when Captain John Wing, under Captain Il.nchman, erected corn and saw-mills, above the bridge on the north end of Main street where, not long since, traces of the dam were visible on the small island which divides the stream. The town took its present name the same vear, and provision was made for the encouragement of useful arts and 'trades, which have since become so varied „nd extensive in that city The Indian wars prevented the permanent settlement of the town until the ^' Rutland, settled the same year, had nine hundred acres of land on Mill Brook, a branch of the Ware, laid off for Benjamin Willard, to promote a mill, which lands were to be free from taxation, " any law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding."" Several good, permanent ["^"f «■;'"« ^^ through this fine county, as the Nashua. Blackstone, and Millers' River , but it has numerous small rivulets, in which water-power was by no means constant. Many of these were, nevertheless, occupied by mills. Lunen- berg was thus deficient in water-power, and its inhabitants were obliged to resort to neighboring towns, a part of the year. The enterprise of a Mr. Wetherbee supplied the deficiency, by constructing an artificial mill- race, a mile in length, which drew water from two sma branches of the Nashua to his corn and saw-mills in the town. His mills, after the Rev- olution, were thought to make the best flour in New England, and gram was brought to them from very distant places. Hubbardston, situated a thousand feet above the level of the sea, was not exceeded in water- (1) Whitney's Hist Worcostcr.-Such »holo Town.lup .as purotased of tl:e la- grants mny seom like evidences of plenary diei:? in 1686, tor £..i. libernlity on the part of the town, but the 128 COLONIAL GUIST AXD I'LOUR-MILLS. power by any pliiec in New England of equal elevation, and had, in 1193, no less than eleven saw-railU and five Oiist-mills. Tiie entire county, at that date, had upward of eighty Grist and Flour-mills.' On the west side of the Connecticut, at Hatfield, a Grist-mill was built in 1G61, by Goodman Meakins, by agreement with the Town of Iladley, which engaged to have all its grinding done there, provided he fulfilled his part of the contract, and "made good meale." Finding it inconve- nient to cross the river with their grain, the townspeople, the following year, agreed with two j)erson3 to carry their grain over, and return the meal when ground. T'ley were to cell on Tuesdays and Saturdays for the bags, which were co be ready filled and marked. The compensation was 3'/. per bushel ; payable in wheat, at 3s. Gd., or Indian corn, at 2s. Sd. per bushel. Tired of this tax, however, the Town, in 1667, voted to luive a mill on the eastern side of the river, and, about that time, Wil- liam Goodwin erected a second one on Mill River, at North Hadley. Nearly a century after, in 1150, the third mill was built on Fort River, by Edward Hubbard. The last two are now the only Grist-mills in the town. Samuel Bartlet had leave to build a Corn-mill at Easthamp' )n in 1686-1. At Ware, mills were built in 1130, by Jabez Olmstead, and at Greenwich, in 1145. Enfield, Goshen, North and South Adams, Dalton, Pittsfield, Lee, Mount Washington, and other towns in Berk- shire were provided with mills within the ne.\t forty or fifty years. These examples may suffice as illustrations of the manner in which water Grist-mills were introduced and multiplied throughout the Prov- ince generally in colonial times. In that part of Massachusetts, which is now the western part eariTMiiu of tiic State of Maine, and in the settlements on the opposite Jttjaine. ^.^^ ^^ ^j^^ Piscataqua there were no Corn-mills in 1633, when they first began to be erected near Boston. In 1632, a pinnace belong- ing to Captain Neal, of Boston, was sent from Piscataqua, with sixteen hogsheads of corn to be ground at the Wind mill recently erected on Copp's Hill, there being no mill nearer,' (1) Whitney's IlUt. Worcester.— The cen- eug of 1810 returned the mills from two counties only of the State, viz. : Berkshire, which had fifty-eight, and Hampshire, twenty-six, in all, eighty-four, about equal to the nunibei in Worcester County at the previous date. The last-named county was not reprefcnted in the returns of the Mar- shals. By the last official returns of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, in 1855, Massachusetts is stated to have thirty-two Flour-nillls, of which twelve, or double the number of any other county, many of them small, were in Berks. Six counties made no return. Although the number of milU has so much diminished, their capacity, of course, has been vastly augmented, by the aid of steam-power and improved mcohan- ism. Two mills, in Boston, manufacture more than double the value of flour made by tlie whole eighty-four in 1810. The re- cent returns, probably only include mer- chnnt-mills, end not grist or cuitomer- mills. (2; Williamson's, ii. 244. MAINE AND NEW UAMrSlIIRE. EAULY MK.L- IX. 139 id had, in 1193, I entire county, 1 t-mill was built )wn of Iladley, led he fulfilled ling it inconve- !, the following and return the Saturdays for e compensation Indian corn, at , in 1667, voted that time, Wil- North Hadley. on Fort River, ist-mills in the t Easthamp' )n ; Olmstead, and South Adams, towns iu Berk- ;y years, lanner in which liout the Prov- he western part »n the opposite 5 in 1633, when pinnace belong- la, with sixteen ntly erected on X counties made no lumber of milU haa heir cnpneity, of augmented, by the iroprured mcohan* }8ton, manufacture alue of flour made r in 1810. The re- only include mer- griat or cuitomer- 44. In 1634 theenterprisingpatentceoflargetractsofluua.southof ihcTis- caJl a ma^^p^ iln f!r\he erection of two mills witlu. Ins grant, one S at a saw-mill, the other, probably, a Grijt-miU. The to... of Ki terv gave lands near Berwick to George Broughton and a Mr. W n- ^aU or' . erection of mills iu 1G43, which was twenty years afte th settlement of the former town. These appear to have been about he t n he d trict. William Uutchinson, of Boston, had n.lls near the ::« about the year 1675. Carl. & Lake built -."-^^ ^^'^ on th Kennebec, which they settled in 1660, and occupied fll 1C75. A Cintmm, at Block Boint. and one or two ^t/a month, on Casco La . (now Bonland.) are mentioned by Joscelyn, in 1674. Ihese last wtro probably Lrni by the Indians who destroyed the settlement the foUow- '"'sotn-ible a scourge were these Yandals of the forest, that York, the a ' „ "Agamenticus'one of the oldest towns in the District after havig been ravaged by the French and Indians, in 1G92 was obliged, aw V ars after in its enfeebled condition, to contract with a person >n I'orts- Lortl:;ectamillforgrindingtheircorn. ^-/f ^ ^^ ^^^^ , Ziralways aftefward carry their grain to that mill so long as tt was "'ll'ies't'iax was laid on mills for the support of Fort Loyal as a In 1««-'.^ ^^^,7' ,. „^ . French. This continued to be levied r W 1 an PcppercM a„d 1» sou Willian., U,o ...root Lo«,»b„rg, o, <^. vLub miil.s le. or the Saco, now oecnpicd h, ll,o cKl.nsi.c "..nufaoto. He of 1.! town ; and also on the Fisc»tn<,na. It i. prolm -k, . .at »«- ::r:;; i;?/tr ::i:L"::^ :C -..opon.'on or „.»..«...... ta *„" Bnt the i.,te,r„„.ion of the roreign trade and its peeuhar bra..che, . .. ^, up to his eightieth year, be was accustomed (1) Williamson s, ... -5. ^^^ travel on foot to Boston-then sixty .n.les (2) Maine Ilist. Coll. . ':„ „ .inMe day to purchase flmir, and la, Among the m,.ny '-;-;-;;, /^^ ^,^ ^ ofboar/a coaster, he wt.u.d longevity in the early .nbnb.tants of New h .m . g P ^ ^,^„.j^^^ „« aied at Hampshire, it is related of Robert Metl.n, a ^ .Ik ''""«;''«: ^ ,,\ ,.,„,. ThiH «eot^ ."..; "-> "t"":;': :: ::S:t::a;:Sc:f m the l.. ^.... many yours at Portsmouth, as a btiUer, tnut, rouv , 9 1 180 COLONIAL OIUST AND FLOUR-MILLS. of iiulnstry, by \lie war, turned attention to agriculture with sncli effect tliat in 1770 the rrovincc exportcil corn in consiilerahle quantity. Wo find no specific mention of its early progress in Grist-mills, or tiic mnnu- facturc of flour. Its ample endowment with water-power afforded the greatest facilities for every description of mills, and these were well im- jiroved for the manufacture of lumber, as they now are for a great variety of manufacturing purposes. Exeter, a flourishing centre of industry, had, some years before the close of the lost century, ten Corn-mills within its limits. This State, in 1780, granted Oliver Evans 'he monopoly of the sale of his improved mill-machinery for fourteen years. In Ehode Inland, as we have seen, the first dependence was upon Wind- mills. During the first century and a half after its settlement, while Newport was the second city in New England, and at least the iiHsiillde' equal of New York in Commerce, it is probable many mills were built for the manufacture of flour and meal. It imported provisions for the neighboring Colonies. Some years previous to 1734, an Act of the Assembly was made " for regulating mills within the Colony," to which a supplementary one was made that year.' In 1746, John Smith, called "the miller," to distinguish him from others of the name, received a grant of the valley, in which he resided, along the line of the present Chnrles street, Provi- dence, in case he set up a mill. He afterward built the mill "where the first stone lock of the Blackstone Canal now is," which he kept in use until that improvement displaced him. A suit was afterward brought ajjainst the family who recently owned, — if they do not still, — the water privilege, on the ground that the original grant of the town, and the subsequent acts of " the miller," obliged them not only to set up, but to keep in repair, a Grist-mill throughout all time." The quantity of flour brought to market in Providence, from the sur- rounding country, in 1774, was so much greater than at any time previous, as to be subject of newspaper comment, and excited the expectation that it would in time become " a very considerable article of exportation." That time has not yet arrived, and becomes more and more distant, as the manufacturers of the city increase, to furnish a home market for its agriculture, of which wheat was never a staple product." ing Post, in April, 1761, would be accom- plished by a " Btage-chnisy, with two good horses, well equipped," once a week, occu- pying two days each way in travel ! It is now performed in « forenoon, allowing abundant time for purchaser. (1) R. I.— Col. Record?, vol. 4. C2) Annals of Providence, p. 612. (3) The county of Providence had, In 1810, 22 Grist and 28 Saw-mills. There wero no returns for the other counties. ivith sncli elTt'ct quantity. Wo Is, or tlie mntiu- er nffortled tlio le were well im- ■ a great variety before the close ly of the sale of ivas upon Wind- ettlement, while and at least the iible many mills il. It imported Tibly was made ipleraentary one ' the miller," to nt of the valley, es street, Provi- mill "where the he kept in use erward brought still, — the water e town, and the r to set up, but ;e, from the sur- ly time previous, expectation that of exportation." more distant, as le market for its U, vol. 4. nco, p. 612. vidence haJ, in 1810, -milla. There wero couDtica. CONNECTICI'T. NEW H.VVKN— NEW I.ONnnX. 131 In the Colony of Connecticut, the Court, Soptombor 2d, 1011 grantrd R S Abbingt.m an attachment against Edwanl Hoi.kins,_probnbly the ■ ■ (Jovcrnor-upon one-half "the myll standing on the now ?^u,;%c«c. i5,.i^]gc " indicating the existence of a mill at New Haven. An old mill in the environs of that city, furnished concealment to GofTe and Wlmllcv, the King's Judges, in 1G61, while officers were in pursuit. In all new settlements, a Grist-mill is an object '^f so much .mportance that it has been deemed a matter deserving not only of excl.)sivc privilege b oc'ol authorities, but one of general public interest. There are few p rsons in any community, in aid of whose enterprises grat.utous labor . more cheerfully and promptly rendered than those of the " miller." It i not uncommoi, in some parts of America, at the preseit dnv, when capital and enterprise are more self-reliant than formerly, for u.. .neighbors to "1 in a'body in the erection of the dam and heavy work, or la restoring Tin demolfshed by freshets, as frequently happens The precari Ips from an imperfect agriculture and frequent drouth, and other c rln^tances. formerly rendered it, moreover, a business of uncertain Ifits, and the miller not unfrequently pursued another occupation at th ilme lime, which often conflicted with his duty as the servant ot the '"SrNovember 10th, 1650, a town meeting was held at New London^ to co-operate with Mr. Winthrop in establishing a mill to grind corn the , luvbit nts to be at the charge of " making the dam and heavy work to th m ine ;" for which labor, six men were to be paid two shil ngs a day each " Further it was agreed, that no person, or persons, shall set up any other milne to grind corne, for the town of Tequett, within the bmjts th town, either for the present, or for the future, so long as M Win hr p!o his heirs, do uphold the milne to grind the town corn." (1) The " Poet Artist," T. Buchanan Bead, in the " New Pastoral," has noticed this feature in rural economy, as well as the primitive custom of making the miller's duty subsidiary to other employments. In this ease, the miller is also the village minister, and no disparagement of his sacred office is intended by the association : All weelc he tends within his noisy mill, Whose wheel now hangs and dreams o'er yonder stream ; And bends his brawny shoulders to the sacks Which daily cross the threshold; or among The ceaseless jar and whirr of rumbling stones. And clattering hoppers, garrulous with grain, He walks amid tho misty meal, and plans The solemn lesson for the coming sabbath. « * * • * The dam has burst! and, with a roar of triumph, The freshet mocks the miller as it flies. ***** The stream has fallen ; and at the miller's dam, Thencighbors,by good ninstor Ethan called, Collecting come with crow-bar, pick, and Fpiide, And in tho breach begin the swift repair." 182 COLONIAL GRIST AND FLOUR-MILLS. m Thi8"to\vne mill," which was built soon after, probably by Elderkin, liaving been leased to James Rogers, whom Mr. Winthrop afterward sued foi breach of contract, but without recovering damages, gave dissatis- faction to the peojile, and the town complained to the General Cvurt that they were not " duely served in the grinding of their come, and were much damnified." To prevent " disturbance of the peace," the Court ordered Mr. Rogers to give " a daily attendance at the mill." The mill was running, it is said, in 1852.' Leave for a second corn-mill in that town was not granted until 1709, when several persons obtained permission, and a mill was built in 1712, by Richard Man waring, on the falls of Jordan Brook, ^'ine years after, Joseph Smith had leave to erect fulling and grist-mills, at Upper Alewive Cove. The Yantic, and other branches of the Thames, on which they were erected, afford some of the finest mill-seats in New England. Ihose at the Falls of the i'untic are scarcely exceeded by any in the world ; and, after the Revolution, were occupied by the mills of Mr. Lathrop, a de- scendant of one of the first settlers. The Assembly of Connecticut, March 9th, 1658, '59, ordained regula- tions respecting grist-mills, ordering a toll dish, "of just a quart," ana others of different sizes, to be sealed for every mill in the Colony, and also u proper " strike," for the grain. Four years after, the toll of such mills was cstablislicd, by allowing of Indian corn one-twelfth part, and of other grain one-sxith part, for grinding. About the same time, by order of the Court, the "soldiers of Middletown, in the same Colony, are abated of one of the ordinary trainings, that they may help him that carries on the mill there, up with his heavy worke." Water-wheels were, from a very early period, occasionally moved by the rise and fall of the tide. Many of them were used by the Venetians about 107s. In this country, tidal-mills were also in use in several places previous to the Revolution. In 1773, the people of Saybrook, in Con- necticut, were compelled to resort to those on Long Island, a severe drouth having so dried up the streams by which the old undershot-mills were operated, that only twenty bushels of gmin were ground in four months. In this emergency, John Sliipman, o' that place, petitioned and obtained from the Legislature a patent for an iinproved tidal-mill, of his invention. An exclusive right was granted him for the term of forty years, for the town of Saybrook, and twenty miles west of the C Minicticut River ; and all others were forbid erecting and improving tide-mills within those limits during that time.' (1) Ciiiilkin'a Hielory of Nuw London. Colnnion, wcroof llii> undorsliot kinil.linving, (2) Most of t'lio uurl) wutcr-milla in the for Ilia niOBt purt, boon built nitli ika litlU I 1 y by Elderkin, lirop afterward s, gave dissatis- eral C.-urt that and were much ! Court ordered The mill was ited until 1709, ! built in 1712, «inc years after, Upper Alewive ?hich they were and. Ihose at the world ; and, Lathrop, a de- )rdained regula- st a quart," ana Colony, and also toll of such niilla art, and of other ime, by order of lony, are abated n that carries on mally moved by ly the Venetians in several places lybrook, in Con- Island, a severe I undershot-mills ground in four place, petitioned ved tidal-mill, of the term of forty f the C Minicticut ; tidc-niills within dcrshnt kinil, liiiving, 1 built nitli BS litll* NEW YOHK. TIIK r.OI/riNG ACT, 133 2. Miixs IN New York.— Although the ancient Knickerbockers, and their English successors, made great use of wind-mills and cattle-mills, these were not their sole depeudc.ico. Water-mills were also used ; and the time is not very remote when, according to her annalists, the sound of the mill-stream could be heard in the vicinity of Wall street. Thcrt was a water-mill there previous to the year 1661. It stood ner-; the Kolch or Freshwater I'ond.-a collection of water north of the com.nons, or present city buildings, in Centre street, so deep as to be thought to bo without bottom, and abounding in fish, which, as late as 1734, an Ordi- nance of the Common Council declared should not be taken in any other way than by angling. The miller had the use of the valley ; and, to obtain more water dug a race which admitted the salt water, to pvevent which, he was required by law, in 1C61, to hang a waste-gate, to bar its passage. The outlet of the "collect," or kolch, was to the North River, nearly on the line of Canal street, through which the Indians entered in canoes to their village on the banks of the pond. A measure adopted by Governor Anu.os, in 1678, for increasing the. trade of the city of New York, in disregard of the rights of other sections of the Province, shows the manufacture of flour and bread to have already become an important industry, and the export of these articles consHlern- ble Some regulations were that year made, giving New York a monopoly of the business, by prohibiting the making and bolting of flour in ..ny place within the Province, but in that city only ; " nor noe flower or bread to be imported into this city, from nny other part of the Province, under penalty of forfeiture." The Council prayed the Governor (Dongan) to confirm these laws, which was done. The arguments used by the Cor- poration, in enforcing these ordinances, were, that the prosperity of the city depended upon the monopoly; and. that it would take nothing away from any other part of the Province.' expense a« pojsiblo, upon smiill Btreiim*. in the most convenient localities. anC, (io.«is"'''l only for the limited operntion of grinding the fnmily grist. Mnny of these little Btrciinis ns the country btcnmc cleRreil, either wholly drierl up in summer, or bopiinio too (.mull to supply n mill. As population and nRricultuto inercnscd. demiinds were mnde for mills of greater capacity, and over- ghotmills took their place whenever iv suf- ficient hody of wnti-'i could he obtained. "It is notorious In these countries," says Douglass, in his Summary of the British Eettlementsin America, " that many streams of water which iu tUo begiuuing came fr-^m woodlandu, and carried grist-mills and law- mills, when these lands were cleared of wood the streams vanished and became dry. the mills ccafcd, and in some parts the cattle could not bo con\cnicntly watered." (1) A curious repulatiim was made with regard to bakers, in IfiSB. There were twenty-four in the city, which wore divided into six classes, and one class appointed to serve for ca.di working day iu the week. The population nf the Province was then twenty thousand. The price of a white loaf weighing 12 or. wa« fixed iu 1684, at ii« slivers leumjnim. 184 COLONIAL GUIST AND FLOUU-MILLS. Uuilyr the operaiion of this law, in 1691, all Hour not bolted in the city was ordered to Ue seized. This privilege of the city appears to have been abolished in 1(594, through the earnest remonstrance of the counties on Long Island and the Hudson lliver, by an Act of the General Assem- bly " against unlawful by-laws," which was considered so great a calamity that the city was regarded as irretrievably ruined, unless it could be restored. The merchants and city fathers, in the midst of a worse than modern "panic," petitioned the Governor, memorialized his successor, " my Lord Beliamont," end at length voted money to send an agent with aa address to the King, praying for the repeal ol the obnoxious law abolish- ing the Bolting Act." " When the boiling began, 1078," say the Common Council, "there wore only 343 houses. In 1696, there were 594. The revenue in 1078, '79, and 1680, not exceeding £2000; iu the year 1687, X5000. T- 1678, there were 3 ships, 7 boats, 8 sloops. In 1694, there were '')? ' 40 boats, 62 sloops: since which a decrease. In 1678, New York killed 400 'beefes,'in 1694, near 4000. Lands had advanced ten times in value. If this Act continue, many families in New York must perish." This danger seems to have been more than imaginary, as the inhabitants, in 1696, complained of the scarcity of bread, and the bakers, being summoned, said they could not purchase flour. The Alder- jr.un were ordered to inquire into the matter, and reported that there were iu the city only seven hundred bu:sht>]s of corn, and the population being 6000, it would not suffice for a week's maintenance— the cause of which was, "the liberty and latitude that every planter hath lately taken, of making his house or farm a market for his wheat, or converting the same into Hour by boiling of itt, and that under pretence of a jtrivilege, they conceive they have obtained by virtue of a law of the General Assembly, entitled an act against unlawful by-laws." " The calamity," they say, "hath prodnc'.d n u liy in the Province, and destroyed the reputation of New York flot" " '< le City Recorder, in a lette:" to the Committee Appointed to adiire-i ' - ^'ng, in 1098, says, "he is grieved to find the great heat he saw amo • aem, at the last meetings, when the great con- cern in hand is considered, no less than the livelihood of all the inhabi- tants of New York." lie reminds them that only 700 schcpels of corn were found in the city. The business of "boalling" must iiavo bceu (1) The"humbIo addrcsa of the Govor- nour iiuil Countiil of ycmr Miijonty'a I'ro- tint'O of New Yorkc iiml Dilii'iidini'V!', Aug. 6, 1 61)1," says "Now Yorku in tlio Molmpo- liM, it scitunio iipiiii n barrvii lin occurrence nt that time, in differunt piirU of tlio eountry. Richard Smith, who fimndoJ Sinithtnwn in the Biimo county, a few yenrs nfter, ac- quired the cognomen of" Hull Smitli,"from the ftroiit use ho mndo of the nnimal ; and the fiiMiily hn'o ever since been po called to dii'finRnii'h thorn from thodescendnnteof Col. Wm. Smith, who have hecn na univcrsolly called "Tangier Riiiilhs," from his having once been Governor nf that iKland. Ilichurd Townnond, who built the flrvl mill in I'hilii- deljjbia, relates thot one of hia customers brought his grist on a tame bull. Many had not even that accommtdHlion, and instances are mentioned in tho pi -neer history of New Yorl?, and still later in Ohio, where men carried their sacks 40 miles or more, on their own backs to mill to sustain their families. High antiiiuity may bo pleaded fi>r this use of the animal. It was common with the Plymouth people in the first years of tho Colony. It is a well known tratlition, that John AMcn, the fortunate rifal of the courtly Miles Rlandish, conducted his brida homo on a milk-white bullock. ) of the inhabi- fright, to erect commissary, or tlicir joint ex- iay for himself, , ami an equal jessary for the e, the privilege le rich flouring rships of their t efforts, sland. South- achusetts ; uiul The first Grist- and tradition ampton to mill, ihat Grist-mills ist region J, maize and nto backwoods" of 1 were no mills 1788, and few ot even a white Lakes. ^Vhere ma bull. Mnnyhad Hiion, nnj iii^tnncca neer history of New I Obio, where men Ics or more, on tholr stain their families, ileaflcd fi>r this iipo commiin with tlio a first ypiirs of tho lown trniiitlon, thnt innto rifnl of th« rnnducteil \i\3 brida ulloek. ^ NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. MILLS AT ROCHESTER. 137 Utiea now stands, there were then one log house and only two dwellings in 1794 Four years later, however, both flour and saw-miUs were erected, at great expense, at Seneca Falls, by some enterpris.ng persons who alio b'ilt a bridge over that river, and co-operated wUh General Williamson in constructing a good wagon road to Geneva. On the Genesee lands granted, in 1788 to Messrs. Gorhnm & Fhelps, by the State of Massachusetts, and embracing nearly two m.lhons o acre d a fine agricultural region, there were, in 1790. only four gr.st-m.l s -ul four saw-mills. In that year. George Seriba, a German -^^^^^^^[^'^1 York purchased 50.000 acres (Tf hmd in the present counties of Oswego and Otleida, for $80,000. At a place called Rotterdam, on the shore of Lake Oneida he s"^ "p in 1794, a saw-mill, and the year foUow.nj^^, bu.lt ^t the tme place, (now Constantia Centre), the first Grist-mill in Oswego county, which at the present time manufactures more flour than any other '" Tl'e magnificent water-power of the Genesee Falls, at Rochester, which, with the artificial additions, represents an annual value in '^ot.ve-power of nearly ten millions of dollars, much of which is employed in the floinr business, was appropriated to that use by the first settler Lbeuezer Allen who. in 1788 or 1789, built a mill at that place, fifty m.les .n advance the iiearest settlers, but soon after sold out to Colonel F.sh. The null went to decay, and in 1809, an enterprising Engl.shnian, the budder of Soho Square, London, who built h mill there, was still a solitary dweller in the wilderness, thirty miles no.th and west of the nearest sett ement. and would have sold his improvements in the "^lour C.ty fo $400 His cabin was on the site of the present Eagle Hotel In 1814. th first flour was exported from that place, where the third mill was that year budt. There are now 24 mills capable of grinding 800.000 barrels annually. These were probably the first of those numerous mills which now occupy the many mill-seats amonsr the spurs of the Alleghanies, and on all the streams which seek the northern lakes throucho.t the flour-producmg regions. 3 Nfw JEUSEY.-In the eastern part of New Jersey, mills were pro- babiy erected by the Dutch and New England settlers at an early period. One of the first of which wc find any mention, was a mill at \\ oodbndge, in 1670-71, built by Jonathan Dunham, who agreed with the town to M) Frcneh-, Historical and SUtistieal of flour daily. Tho manufacture of barrel. Oa «,..."" New York. 1859. Tho mill, of for tho O.wego Mill., and the .vra.us. S It 0^0, .8 in number, and with an Work, is a principal buMne.-n the c,n.nty. ag^re' ate of 100 run of stones, are stated to and amounU to ouc und a half uaUu.n, an- bo capable of manufacturing 10.000 barrels Dually. 133 COLONIAL GRIST AND FI.OX;R-MILLS. furnish " two good stones, of at least five feet across." It was the first ia that place, and the owner received grants of land as an encouriigemenl. The toll was to be one-sixteenth. Others were built there in lt05, by Elisha Parker; in 1709, by John Pike (a very prominent citizen, from Watertown, Massachusetts) and Richard Cutler ; and iu 1710, by llichard Soper. Newark, settled in 1066 by people from Connecticut, of whom Robert Treat— afterward Governor of Connecticut— was one, two years after ap- pointed him and Richard Harrison " to erect a Grist-mill on the brook at the north end of the town," setting aparl the second and si.xth days of the week as grinding-days.' There was a mill at Hoboken, in 1682, which was owned in New York. Flour and grain were that year mentioned as articles of export from the eastern section of the Province. A bis- cuit-maker and bakery was much needed, it was said, to prepare their meal for the West India and neighboring Colonial markets. A superior horse mill was built at Amboy, the seat of government, iu 1685. Water- mills existed iu several plaf"^ and others \. ere going up. About 1680, a water-mill was built near Rancocas Creek, in West Jersey, by Thomas Olive, and the same year a mill was finished by Robert Stacey, at Trenton. Both of these persons were proprietaries of that part of the Province. The inhabitants, it is said, had, previous to this, pounded their corn, or ground it with hand-mills, and that those two mills were the only ones that ground for the country during the first few years after the arrival under the new grants. In 1714, Stacey sold his mill and plantation of eight hundred acres, on each side of the Assunpiiik, to Colonel William Trent, whu.-3 name the city bears. It was, we believe, the only one there previo\ir to his death, in 1724. The first residents of Saem brought their hand-mills from England, but soon resorted to horse, cattle, and wind-mills— of which they had at least three— and water-mills. Of these last, tide-mills were first employed, and there were several in the county, viz. : at Mill Creek, Elsinborough ; Mill-hollow, near Salem ; Mahoppomy Creek, in Mannington ; Cooper's Creek ; on south side of Alloway's Creek ; and at Carney's Point, in Upper Penn's Neck." About the year 1690, John Townsend, one of four brothers, English Quakers, who settled, one in New York, one in New England, one in Pennsylvania, and the other at T.itlle Egg Harbor, New Jersey, crossed the river above that place, and ^raveled down the shore ten miles hi search of a mill-stream. Having 'ound one, he returned, purchased a pair of oxen, got them across the river, took the yoke on his shoulder,— as (I) Barber i, Howe's Iliat. Coll., 177. (2) Barber 4 Howe's Hist. Coll., 435. t was the first iu encourugemenl. lere in 1705, by ;nt citizen, from .710,by llichard )f whom Robert years after ap- on the brooii at d sixth days of bolieu, in 1(582, ,t year mentioned rovince. A bis- to prepare their ets. A superior a 1685. Wuter- Creek, in West nished by Robert Laries of tliut part previous to this, at those two mills .he first few years cey sold his mill ho Assunpiiili, to t was, we believe, Is from England, hich they hud at (re first employed, k, Elsinborongh ; ington ; Cooper's 's Toint, in Upper brothers, English England, one in w Jersey, crossed shore ten miles rned, purchased a 1 his shoulder, — as g Hist Coll., 43S. NEW JERSEY AND PKNNSYIAANIA. SWKDISII MILLS. 139 there was not room to drive them abreas ,_and ' /- ; ^^^ him, on an Indian path, to the spot previous y select d "^ »-^; > a c bin and a mill, and made a clearing; -'-l'/" ^^^^ ^^ ifbtt'l er A lettei liora ^ '" ^ ^ ^ y^, Macomb, of that ^^ perior »L=.l.„.c m ,.erfon,u„g .b» Ha,n. amount of » >■ '^^ K,s exi»..» or water, b, tho use of l.onzo„tal .Lcels. 1I« ticfvid no" kiin^gara to «,col,aui.«.. a„d i„ ajaitioa to g,,ua,„8 B""'. rolled and slit iron, and ground plaster. N.W Jersey is remarkable for the number of mill-seats, of «h.ch, m n%, elevln hu:dred were improved. Eive hundred of these w.re occu- pied by Flouring-miUs. 4. PENNSVLVANiA.-The first Grist-mill Y^^-^y]^'^::''^^. Btrncted a mill, on a ^ ' ^nit Campanius as saying, ,oat,,.t Mtftta . r:j:rim :« ^^^l .o.,, «,. a„a lu refcrcnco to it, that It »as a . . ^^^ ^^^^ rKar::otJr;rcl:aeWato..u,i.Utro.._ar,ao..a.,v.,,. convenient for water-mills.' Rennsylva to „c ..en Tha « "'^^^J ";„ '. ^ ,„„u, of Tiaicm, of Crock, a lr,batary »' »' ^^^ ; « ^, g..^.^^,, ,„e ,„n.Ufal :^JX^t:r:XrL.. ...c er.... W„a.>,.to,„ De.. -;: Sr r r^l'^atrtf'^U. ...tr, ., ..a S... (1) Ferris' Hist, of Swedes on Delaware, p. 71. 140 C0I.0NIA1- (JIllST ANT) VLOVR-MILLS. to the Dutch, Joost A.ulrian.cn & Co. proposed to bmUl a saw and Grist-mill below the Turtle Falls at New A.nstel (New Castk), in Dela- ware, and a patent was granted at their recjuest, by the Direct..r-Oeneral Peter St..yvesunt, on condition that they ask no more for grindius han at the Corai.any 's mill/ The " Company's mill" referred to, was probably the •< Wint Molen," already mentio.ied as having been erected on or near Broadway, upon their farm at Manhattan, and rebuilt upon the same site in 16C-2." The Company may have had a mill on the South lliver also 06 the Colony of New Amstel is credited, in October, 1661, by Ilendnck Rcael, for two mill-stones, 82.10 florins. In a list of articles purchased for the same destination in November, 1662, are named,-iron-work for a saw-mill, four hundred florins; and one pair of mill-stones, four and a half feet, six florins.^ There was a mill on the Delaware, at 'Lar- coen's Hook," which, having fallen to decay, the town of Newcastle, in 1671, represented to Governor Lovelace, that it "heretofore apper- tained to the public, and now is endeavored to be engrossed by some particular persons for private uses;" a.id proposed that it should bo repaired for the public benelit. On which the Governor ordered the mill-stcnes to be taken out of the mud and preserved, and the mill to be let out to the best advantage. In a special Court held at Newcastle, May 25th, 1675, after the cession of the country to the Bnlish, the sub- ject of mills was considered ; and as lUere was a want of corn-mills, and keeping them in repair, the justices ,.ere advised to examine, and have them repaired, and others built : the tolls for grinding were to be regu- lated, and all mills, public or private, were to be encouraged. In 1678, it is recorded in the Upland Court, that " it being very necessary that a mill be built on the Schuylkill, and there being no fitter place than the falls called Captain Hans Moonson's Falls, the Court are of opinion that Mr. Hans Moonson ought to build a mill there (as he says^ he will), or else suffer another to build for the convenience of all parts.'" In 1676 seven years before the settlement of Philadelphia, the Court ordered that no grain shall be distilled, unless it b« " unfit to grind and boalt :" a measure proposed by the town of New Castle, in 1671, be- cause it consumed " an immense amount of grain."* On March 10th, (1) Haz«r,l's AnnaU of Va. Creek, which emptio, into the Schuylkill 2 Doc. Hist. N. York. i. 35S. immediately south of Woodlands Cemetery. 3 The Manuscript Uccords of the Court, The " Carcoen's Hook," or creelc and m, 1, he a at Upland, between the years 1676 and above mentioned, were the Amesland Creek ,681. the first English Tribunal in Pennsyl- and mill of the Swedes, on Cobb s Creek, vaniL. have been recently printed and pub- the Dutch name of Carcoen's be.ng a or- li^hed under the au.pices of the Pennsylv.- ruption of " Kacarikonk." *"« I"' '»" 7» nia ni..toricnl Society. By the notes of the of the region.-««o,--;t":ri,ot lie wt ".« .onopCy of m. bakinr' business. We have seen no ^^ ^ ^j.^ flour of business to the city of New lork. In ^^'^^^flP^^ '^;^ „„„,^^^„, ,bout the country found a market, that class omhinwan ^^^ this time. Several were ;f-;^'^\\^f;. Tlf them furnished with Kobert llobart, baker, " in the Front stiect, one oi T 1 IRQS (2^ Genealogical Account of the Levering (1) G.TUomas- HistPenna., Lena., 169S. ^£)^«-^_^ ^^ „„,^,,„ q. j,„„,. r both f'T tiuicKncss ■ good timtier ""d iiadc by om; Peter [or inventing such e, or soon after, on who settled in Ger- d his son Nicholas, e lirst paper-mill in up a J'lour-niill ou from the eastward, ence the family had family of Robesons, lugh of Uoxborough, Wissahickon Mills." mi!'., were built in r,) previous to 1779, of them Grist-mills, ere has been but one ed. The inhabitants nnty, were compelled Lo Trenton, for twenty r. In the fertile and Tomery, Chester, and numerous confluents idous freshet, in June ,ny in New York. A 1, was entirely carried was nearly submerged, oridges, etc., was very I, as before remarked, en connected with the 1 the monopoly of this ila, where the flour of !s was numerous about in 1721-22: two by of them furnished with icnl Account of the Levering r lloratio G. Jono». PENNSYVANIA. MILLS IN LANCASTEU, ETC. 143 cloths, and one without ; and another, with a grana r and othe prop^^ y by Owen Roberts. The burning of one at Hr.stol .s noticed a Uo. Ih.s Ice was early noted for its flne mills, of diUcrent ki.uls, budt by Samuel ^:; e ttV or nerly a Barbadoes merchant. In 1723. the executors of Jonathan Dickinson, one of the first Mayors of the c.ty, advertised f :L his interest in the Grist and -v-mills on Chester Creek conm.o^^^^^^^ called the Chester Mills. There were at this tune, m.Us at New Castle „ one of the " lower counties," owned by John Evans, probably the same who was Governor a few years before. In 17G0, the assessors reported, within Philadelphia county, eighty-three Grist-mill and forty "'^w-md s_ Vincent Gilpin, in 1772, owned merchant Flounng and saw-m.lls within two miles of \Yilmington. on the main body of the Brandy win . The mill-house was of stone, with bolting-mills, fans, hoistmgs, etc a - ried by water, and was capable of manufacturing twenty thousand bushels "S:c;:^;:;::ltrLly renod, excened as wen in the .lality as .. quantity o flour which she exported,and soon became a pr.ncipa m.vi-ket ?or" grain of the more southern provinces. The grea agncnltnral a- pacUies of the State, improved by the rapid influx of the Germans, led also to the speedy establishment of mills in the interior. That thrifty people, who were chiefly intent on agriculture, relccted, fo the mos part with great discrimination, the fertile lime-stone valleys and the most a^ w t g ^^^.^ ^, , ,^ Mills in ...... Berks, and Northampton, which are still in ^^^^^^^^^'^'J^'' ''"'"'''■ enriched descendants. These and the m.ll-bniWing New Ln- gland people, who penetrated still farther north and west, soon distributed corn-mills on the numerous streams in all the inland towns. Douglass writing, about 1750, of the religious sects in Pennsylvania speaks of the Dumplers. who, he says, are a small body of Germans, about fifty miles from Philadelphia, men and women professing cuntinency. live in separate apartments, etc although an illiterate people, they have a very decent chappel, and as craftsmen, are very ingenious ; upon a fine stream they have a Grist-mill, a saw-mill, a paper-mill, an oyl-inill, ad mill for pearl-barley, all under one roof, which brills them in con- :idcrable profit'" He probably refers to the society o Tankers mLan- caster County, who established mills and several branches oi the aits at Ephrata about that time. . , In 178G. there were within, ten miles of Lancaster in Pennsylvania, eighteen grain-mills, besides sixteen saw-mills, one full-ng-mi 1. four oi - mflls. five hemp-mills, two boring and grinding mil s for gnn-barrels, etc. Lancaster lay on the great road or highway to the western settlements aad the teams which returned thence to Philadelphia, conveyed great 144 COLONIAL QRI8T AND FL0VR-MILL8. quantities of flour and grain to marUet. Tl.e Conestoga w„gon^ for 1 conveyance of produce from the inter.or, -'^^ ^l^;- ^ ^" ".JT^^^^ „,iUs on Conestoga and other creeks, was a pecul .r feature of the trade arrangements of Philadelphia. , lu mo we find mention of mills on the Monongahela. Chart.er s, Red- Btone, and other rivers a.>d creeks in "Gist's Settlement." «o famous m the border wars of Virginia and Pennsylvania. Sevlral of the mills in Pennsylvania early adopted the -proved m - cbinery of Evans and llumsey, whose inventions were P^t^-'^;** ^J ^^ State Legislature, and by prominent citizens. A mill of llumsey s ^Baker's Lprove ,) in operation near Philadelphia, in HOG, ground and iolted flour! ground chocolate, snuff, hair-powder, and mustard, and pressed and cut tobacco, by water-power. , ., u ^ =tnffa ^ The following table shows the quantity of flour and other bread-stuff- exported from Philadelphia at difl-erent periods : Tear. 1729 1730 1731 1752 A7G5 '72 1773« 17743 Wheat, busheU. 74,809 38,643 53,320 305,522 51,699 92,012 182,391 Flonr, taiTels. 35,433 38,.570 56,639 125,960 148,887 252,744 284,872 265,967 Bread, ciiska. 9,730 9,622 12,436 34,736 38,320 60,504 48,183 Value of Flonr, Wheat, and FlaxHeed. £62,473 currency. 57,500 " 62,582 " 432,615 sterling. In 1780 the exports of flour were 150,000 barrels ; in 1787, 202,000 ; in 1788, 220,000, and in 1789, 369,068.* 5 DELAWATiE—Tn 1677, there was a mill on Christina Creek, (Wil- mington,) which was granted liberty of cutting timber for repair. Ihe first mill within the borough of Wilmington, Delaware, was built in 74^ by Oliver Canby, near the termination of Orange street. To this mill the Swedes and other settlers brought their grists from New Jersey, and from the inlets along the Delaware, Christina, and other places, in boats. Twenty years after, the plan of constructing a long race and overshot mills was formed-the commencement of the extensive milling operations for Ihlh that place has been so celebrated. Thomas Shipley, who owned m Thi, ...m include, flax-sesd to the in Phjladelphia, in September, 1774, pro- Vl, ,"o „„„nd. hibited millerB from grinding for Tories, and poSd an n,.reg«te of 593,283 bushels of exports .0 the West Ind.es were suspended "irr/hrcotlnental Congress, whioh met (4, Coxe's View of United States. estoga wagon, for ially flour from tho jature of the trade ila, Clmrtier's, Red- lenl," so famous ia the improved raa- s patronized by the mill of llumsey's, n 1196, ground and and mustard, and ,d other bread-stuffa line of Flonr, Wheat, and yiaxMeed. £62,473 currency. 57,500 " 62,582 " 432,615 sterling. s ; in 1787, 202,000 ; hristina Creek, (Wil- iber for repairs. The are, was built in 1742, •eet. To this mill the New Jersey, and from ther places, in boats, race and overshot mills milling operations for IS Shipley, who owned , in September, 1774, pro- rom grinding for Tories, and >m printing for them. Tho West Indies were suapended iew of United States. DELAWARE. OUVER EVANS' IMPUOVEMENTS. 145 part of the old water-power, in a grant to the projectors of the scheme, reserved to himself the sole right to grind all the grist brought from any place within thirty miles of his mill. This circumstance is an evidence of the value to a community, of a mill erected in their midst, and of the httlo account that was made of the navigation of the creek for large vessels, which were then moreover excluded by a bridge, below the mill. So mi- perfect were the arrangements of mills about this time, that we are told the meal and flour, ground on the Wilmington side of the creek, were sent over to be bolted at an old mill which once stood on the northeast side of the creek, where a large mill was afterward built by Mr. Thomas Lea. Yet witiiin thirty years after, there were twelve merchant Flouring-miUs. with twenty-five pair of stones, at Brandywine, and sixty with.n the county, all driven by water. The former were supposed capable of grmd- ing four hundred thousand bushels of grain in a year. Abet half a mdhon dollars' worth of flour was annually sent at that time to m.^rket. The Brandywine was then the seat of the most extensive mills in ti.e country, and had, within forty miles, one hundred and thirty improved mill seats. The exports of flour from the Port of Wilmington, which owned a number of square-rigged vessels, was in 1786. 20,783 barrels of superfine, 457 of common, 256 of middling, and 346 of ship-stuff. The manufacture of flour was carried on to a higher degree of perfection in Delaware than in any State in the Union. Beside well constructed mills on Red Clay, White Clay, and other Creeks of the State, those on the Brandywine, were the most celebrated flouring establishments in the United States. The great improvements in mill machinery, introduced about this time by Oliver Evans, a native of Newport, in Newcastle County, Delaware, constitute a lasting memorial of one of the most ingenious mechanicians this country has produced. These, with the application of steam, have efl-ected a complete revolution in the manufacture of flour, as well in Europe, as in America. His innovations were, however, opposed by the Brandywine millers, and their refusal to adopt them, until several others had established a formidable rivalship by their use, cost the inventor thousands of dollars and several years of labor, to overcome the prejudice which their exam,jle had generated among smaller establishments.' (1) It is related of tho Brandywine mil- thyself to set up the maohincry, in one of lers hathaving at length reluctantly agreed our mills, thee may come and try ! ""^ ' '' make a trial of the new machinery, in one answers » valuable purpose, we - P-'y ">y of the mills, they deputed one of their num- bill ; but, if it does not answer thee mu^t b r to Evans, with the following proportion : take it all out again, and leave the m, 1 ;us. "Oliver, we have had a meeting, and as thee finds it, at thy own expense On agreed that, if thee would furnish all the another occasion, several of them having mTorlatand thy own boarding, and come visited the mill, and found it attending itself. 10 T 146 COLONIAL GRIST AND FLOUR-MILLS, ft MvRYLAND -"We mav easily estimate," says Chalmers, "the num- bers and wealth and power 0} a people, who think it necessary b.^generd contribution to erect a water-mill for the use of the Colony. This vsas id n elation to a bill which passed the third Assembly of MarjUmd. n 1638-9 authorizing the Governor and Cour.cil to contract for the erec- U of a wat -^ill. provided its cost should not exceed " twenty thousand po nds of .06.CC0." which were to be raised for the purpose by general taxation in two years.' A mill is mentioned, however, as hav.ng b e„ t up n 1635, "near the town." probal>ly at St. Mary's, the capitol T e sparscness of population, for which hand-mills sufficed, may have Iffered this to go down. The other, it is probable, was^u.lt ,u the s^ of Kent, OS the other county oC the Province was ca led. ^^^^y^''' i„ his account of New Albion, 1648, mentions a mill and fort on Ken Isle, "lately pulled down, and. on account of war with all the Indians near it, not worth the keeping." . • Maryland passed several judicious laws for the encouragement of industry and manufactures at an early period. One of these, in 1681. aimed, among other things, to promote tillage and raising of provisions for ex- portation. It was not until 1729 that the site was laid ou for he present city of Baltimore, now one of the largest flour markets in the world It was late in the Provincial period, before the place entered upon its career of rapid growth. How early mills began to be erected on the Patapsco, Jones's Falls, and neighboring mill streams, so rich in water- power -we are unable to say. About the earliest, however, was one erected in 1711. by Jonathan Hanson, millwright. <>" « •"'"'^^ P"""* thas(!d of Mr. Carrol, and of which the ruins were visible 111 18.)4, at the intersection of Holliday and Bath streets. The Maryland Legislature, about the year 1748. made grants of land to those who would erect water-mills, in order to encourage the manu- facture of flour for exportation. Many of the arts were carried into Maryland by people from the more northerr. Provinces, particularly from Pennsvlvania. In 1762, William Moore, a native of Ireland, removed from the Bran- dy wine Mills, in Delaware, to Baltimore, where he purchased mill property of Edward Fell. The upper mill-seats ho sold to Joseph Ellicott, and cloaninR, Rrinding. bolting. colinK, etc., mlUcr.. that tho whole wn, » .ot of "ra.fC while tho owner w«8 at work In the h«y- trop,:' H.nce; Emi„,nt M.ch.„„c,. fl„l,l,-.n.l h«vinK received from him a de- (1) Tobacco wa. the cnrly currency of tailed explanation of the .evoral operations. Maryland, and the quantity named in the to their complete approval and conviction text would be worth, according to the prlc«i of its utility, ni. he .„ppo.ed,-what was b'.s at tt later period, about $333. iurpriio to Ond it reported to neighboring MARYLAND. FXUCdTT S MIM.S. 147 mcrs, "the num- jssary by general ony." This was bly of MarjUind, trsict for the erec- ' twenty thousand irposc by general ', as having been iry's, the capitol, ifficed, may have s built in the Isle id. Plantagenet, and fort on Kent h all the Indians [Tcment of industry ;, in 1681, aimed, provisions for ex- laid out for the ar markets in tlie place entered upon ) be erected on the I, so rich in water- however, was one n a mill-seat pur- visible in 18.'i4, lit lade grants of land courage the manu- were carried into s, particularly from ved from the Bran- hascd mill propcr*y oseph Ellicott, and aole wnii a sot itf'rnitle iiient Mrchnnicf. I ttio curly curronpy of qunntity iiixmtMl in the 1, nocording to tho prlc«i bout $3^3. John and Hugh Burgess, of Bucks County, rennsylvania, who bnilt a mill "opposite the site of the jail." Ten yours after, Ellioott, with two brothers, Jolin and Andrew, built mills on the Patapsco. In 1769, not- withstanding the general attention to tobacco, there were exported from Baltimore, 45,868 tons of flour and b..'ad. Two years after, an Act of the Asseml)ly, was made to prevent the export of Flour, Staves, and Shingles, which were not merchantable ; and to regulate weights and measures etc. Jonathan Hanson, whose father had erected tlie third, fourth, and fifth mills on the Falls, was appointed Inspector of Flour, which continued to be sold by weight until after the Revolution. The salu- tary effect of such ordinances was made apparent in the high reputation of Maryland Flour, \>hich, with that of Pennsylvania, where the same attention was paid to inspection and quality, commanded better prices in the southern Provinces, and the West India markets, than other flour perhaps scarcely inferior. In 1787, Oliver Evans made an application to the Assembly of Mary- laud for the exclusive right of using his improved mill machinery, and also his steam carriages, all of which was granted— aMiough the last- named project had been rejected and derided in the Legislature of Penn- sylvania early in the same year. The mill improvements uf the Patentee were, not long after, introduced into the large establishment of the Elli- cotts, on the Patapsco. The saving in the expense of attendance alone thereby effected at these mills, where three hundred and twenty-five bar- rels of flour were daily made, was estimated at four fhousand ei()hl hun- dred and sevcntij-fiix dollars annually; and the saving made by the increased manufacture was at lea.t fifty cents a bn-;rel. a gain in that department oUliirtytwo thousand five hundred dollam. Some important improvements in mill .luichincry were also made by James Rumsev, a native of the State, about the year 1784. Frederick County, according to Dr. Morse, in 1706 had 37 Grist-mills on the Monocucy and its branches. The Stale contained, in 1810, 399 Wheat-mills. 7. ViRaiNiA.— This State had in 1640 four Wind-mills and five Water- mills for corn, beside many Ilorse-miils. What progress was made in the use of these appliances subsequently we have not the means of know- ing. Virginia exported to the sister Colonies at an early period con- piderable quantities of flour and grain. Her capacity for producing grain, Bud facilities for milling operations, were among the best in the country ; nlthnngh the former were impaired by a defective system of cultivation, nnd the latter too much neglected fur other pursuits. The operations at Richmond, Petersburg, and other places, have sinco shown the value of j^g COLONIAL aUIST AND FLOUR-MILLS. year »ilb i nolter, S^^""" '^"™''' ,„„ „,„je about 28,000 Lamls „,dia„ coru. ,•«'"*"'« •^^;'' V ;\:,„W ...d i„ .ho count,, or llour .nuual y 1 ""'^, '"j; '^ VoO b.mU anuually at tbat place, i« ':Sorr';^ior::;u:r:ra, 3,000 ...... .< ..-.« ..... »^ 'eo,ooo bu«, or »i»>. and n»;o °f '■l^--;;; ,„„, „, j„, There were exported from City i oi.>t lu i J , in 1793, 23,877 barrels; iu 1794, 5,853 barrels. 3. NOUXH AND S0.X.I CAUOUNA AS. ^-^^^^^^J^ Oeorgla the introduction of .IIU was a. o^eU rpubl.c ^^ ^^ ^^^ early day. as f -^, f^^^.f ^ : .t tr the ropagatlng the staples encouragement of ^''^ ""^^"^ o^ \ . ^f g,,,.„,iii, and other me- of the Colony •," a.ul n 17 2 or he Im g .^^^^_^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ chanic engines. Emigrants fion ^^'J''^, settled About the year and other u.efnl ^^;;::^ZZ Sed It Camden. S. C. and 1750. a Co ony of Qn kers fro™ irt ^^^^^^^^^ ,.^.^^^^ built on. or more -''\-J^;;tr;s M« also built mills at that plaee. whom the county is named, a e v year, ate a ^^^^_^^^ ^^^^^ and his enterprise encouraged the F^^^; ^^J^J^^ ,, , ,, p„ee did not command as high a price a ^^^ ^^^^^^^ .^ ^^^^ plained of, « ^^ J ' J J ^^ ,,^^ ^ „i,.ent history, put an end to the Revolution, in ^Inch Camd^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^.^^ ^,^^ ^^,„. manufacture. A Mr. liroome, »' ^ j, j,, ^,,^t ,„,ll, , a„a m 1»" ■ »■" ' 7%,,i, ,„„,.„,. ,„1 .0 lUc crccliou of o.l.cr :;r;::'i;:d'rt;;:r:::.^n.iu .. ca,u..,oa rarville, August, Pelaware, New ing mills for the le War were, one 0,000 bushels of >ut 28,000 barrels nd in the country at that place, in ludiau meal, and lO barrels of flour; -In Carolina and iblic regard at an ,d in 1091 for the agating the staples r.ills and other nie- introduced these About the year :!amden, S. C, luul nel Kershaw, tVoni mills at that place, iftt there, which had ade at the place did heat imported from as probably in the J, with the brand of fcted, was not com- antially equal. The •y, put an end to the ry, during the cam- place for mill*, that fcry complete set of laiiufactured at three , the erection of other 1 worth, and at Greon- ate. Tlio cultivation 0, tobacco, tar, pitch, I from the cultivation THE CAROLINAS. BUtlR MILL-STONES, ETC. J49 of wheat, and considerable quantities of flour were regularly received f-ora the Northern States. In North Carolina there were, in 1794, three excellent Flour-mills at Fayetteville on Cape Fear River, from which flour and produce were sent down to Wilmington in boats carrying 120 to 500 barrels each. The records before us do not indicate the introduction of mills or the extent of their employment previously in that Province nor in Georgia. In the last-mentioned State, there is one of tlie few localities in the Union, if not the onlv one, that furnishes Burr millstones, identical, in compo- sition and gco'logical position, with the French bnrrs. The manufacture of these was carried on about fifty years ago near Philadelphia, by Oliver Evans, and extensively at the present time in Savannah. The total exports of breadstufl's from nil the Colonics in HTO was, of bread, flour, and meal, 45,868 tons, or 458,808 barrels, valued at about $2,802,190. The wheat exported in the same time was 851.240 bushels, and the Indian corn, 578,340. This amount Lord Sheffield, after the war doubted the capacity of this country to exceed. England, up to that time, had usually exported grain, yet had at difl-erent times been forced to depend on supplies from the Colonies ; and her West India possessions were mainly fed from this country. Hence, in the traffic with the Islands, this branch of Colonial industry was an exceedingly important one. Of the value of the Provinces to England, in this respect, Mr. Burke, in his speech in 1774, speaks in the following expres.sive imagery : „ , , i, to- <'For some time past, the Old World has been fed from the >ew. The scarcity you have felt would have been a desolating famine, if this child of your old age, with a true filial piety, with a Roman charity, had not put the full breast of its youthful exuberance to the mouth of Us ex- hausted parent." The exports, from the peace of 1783 to the formation of the present government, cannot be known. The total export of flour from the United States in 1791, was Gl.),681 barrels, in addition to over one million bushels of wheat. Among the early improvements which this class of machinery received from native ingenuity, the most important, by far, were those of Oliver Evans, already alluded to. Few, if any, capital improvements have been introduced into the machinery of Flour-mills since his time, although numerous minor changes in the manufn-»ure and running of the stones, and in the bolting ni>pnratus, have been patented and adopted. His machinery i^ now in almost universal use in the extensive mer- jgy COLONIAL GRIST AND FLOUR-MILLS .Uant-nnll. of this country, and has been very generally adopted m l;7a„r ZLcla.;.-., i. too w«n k,.ow„ .0 re,»,re parucuUr de- "thrLri.t«re or re„n,y.v»«i., i„ Marcl,, 1187, ga.e Wm .h. exdu- Jiu of aU„,ga,„Uelu;g .bo» wUUiu tbc Co»nao,,.»U rejec^g U,a a,„.icaUoa was coap.ea a, «o»; -■-/-» >■; tat^"' -: tl.P Slime veur. L'ave him like privileges foruotli. iiithe ,.«,,* stone, manufacturing Qour, etc. Rumsey. in ■^Ir/me valuable improvements were also made by James liumsey, i the purpose of raising water for mills and oth usej ^^^^.^^ influential persons, called the R«m«e,an Society, of ;"';;'. ,^ Ins the head, was formed in Philadelphia, to promote the nitroduct. AMERICAN IMraOVEMENTS— STEAM-MILLS. 151 rally adopted m •y about the year L'kets to raise the 3 carry the graiu sprcu'^ or gather Ihe drill, to move but by means of V, the kiln-dryer, lulov and hopper- g to circumstances ire particular de- of attendance, and se of about tweuty- lethod. Yet, it is !ylvania, Delaware, the improvementa opt them, but with rave him the exdu- lonwealth, rejecting Triages, with which ronized. Maryland, lese inventions were ted during the first Ho made an early he purposes of mill- subject of mill-con- m wac early applied )f sawing wood and James Rumsey, in machinery, by which ot wheels. A modi- Bnrker, by wiiich it icted a considerable vileges for these im- plicutiun of steam to An association of r which Dr. Frankliu lote the introducti»a of his mechanical inventions, which were numerous. In the third volume ol t e I eet of water.nills, by W. Waring, having rehu.on to tl. heoj o thei. construction, and to Barker's Mill as improved by Rnm.e Burners own work on steam, as applied to boats and mdls. appeared ui '^^was about the close of this period that the employment of steam as a motive agency for mill-work, began to attract attention in h.s countiy , andtth 1 e inventors, here named, iu connection with mills, were .den- tified with the movement. , , , x i „ a,.,-;! A h-tter of Mr. Jefferson to Charles Thompson, dated London, Apu 22 1786 mentions a visit to the London steam-mills of the celebrated Bou ton.'the partner of Watt, in which eight pair of stones were operated by st^ m-pow er, at an expense of one hundred bushels of coal per rf.J^ iraplars the proprietor, who twenty years before had constructed a slm'e g le on L Ian of Savery's, for his extensive hardware w-orks near B rminglmm, to supply the pmce of a water-mill, kept the machmer of ^rr our-m Us a secret. Mr. Jefferson supposed them to be move by Z direct agency of steam, until his visit to similar establ.shments at N sm s wh re st Jam was only applied to raise water, led to doubts on the f^ b e wh ch he had not then been able to clear up. It he..ce appears, thS stL^m 1 then not commonly used in Europe as a direct mot.ve- '""Z mi':^ g1 Britain, according to Pro.ssor E..b^-n, Imd been little inTproved, except by a few modifications effected by Smeaton and B nni^ mUil a comparatively recent period. The most important ha 1; w" e those of Evans, which were adopted at the beg.nn.ng of the «r S ce ry. In France, and on the Continent, their construct.o,. wa^ Tuite IdC forfy years ago, and many arrangements long since abandoned here, are still in use iu many ps'^s of Europe. CHAPTER VII. THE ESTABLISHMENT OP THE PRINTING PRESS IN THE COtONIES. It has been remarked, not without reason, that it is in the strong reli- gious character of the first and early inhabitants of Massachusetts, that we find the chief oause of the efforts they made to promote industry and sobriety throughout the community. At the first Court of Assistants held upon this side of the Atlantic, on board the Arabella, at Charles- town, it is said the inquiry, " how shall the ministers be maintained, took precedence of all others. An order for the erection of houses for their use, and the appointment of their salaries, was the inauguration of the arduous undertaking. In this desire to lay deeply ihc foundations of order, industry, and prosperity in the motives and sanctions of sound religious principle, the inhabitants of Massachusetts, were by no means the only exemplars. As early as 1611, it was written of those who, in that year, endeavored to re-model the affairs of Virginia, that <' their first and chiefest care, was showed in settling laws, divine and moral, for the honor and service o God » The same testimony may be borne to the religious character of many of the early and later emigrants to the different Colonies. Of these, in many cases, it was no less true than of the Puritans of Massachusetts, that, in seeking a home in America, "They sought a faith's pure shrine." Of those who fled from persecution, at different times, the greater number were distinguished alike for their industry and economy, and for their attachment to the principles of civil and religious freedom. The annals •f every age amply prove the agency of religious principle in promoting industry In our own country, the relation between the two has ever been moie than an accidental one. As an element in the industrial pro- srress of the country, its influence was very early apparent m many of the classes who have swelled its population. If the laws by winch, n. pome cases, they endeavored to enforce the duties of good citizenship, in conformity with their own views, must be condemned as harsh, or opprcs- 152 MMI ^^;:^Vi0r rHE COIiONIES. , in the strong reli- isacbusetts, that we mote industry and ourt of Assistants •abella, at Charles- 3 maintained," took of houses for their inauguration of the order, industry, and gions principle, the nly exemplars. As year, endeavored to id chiefest care, was onor and service of iligious chtiracter of Colonies. Of these, ns of Massachusetts, s, the greater number inomy, and for their •eedom. The annals •inclple in promoting en the two has ever in the industrial pro- ipparent in many of he laws by which, in r good citizenship, in d as harsh, or opprcs- r? •%^'Sf; 0'^^%. ^ S'-'Mf f( I- V. -'i'V >§ '^^'iS?^' ■ ^•""■^-■'T',i V '. vrrn. •■ •■ ,, y.,,. ru-! .i puv'.^.'* i> !''■-' r;>i.riiN; ''>. '•ra.-;''i;, i s ho! towr, ;♦ 'i; •^v.i'l '1 ;.if,i- for 'h^ f-'-^ '>■"' r^t i\r'i':'':,h,r !:;r;v :• '.rh-^, wo;- '. .'■ !:;f ., ,.!' .I'fi. r, ii,iiri'-tv; . till.! ,.1.. ,,,,,! ;:t,;v "ri!iirv.iii'-^"j , iif i liiT -i ';■ :' I '' inbabliisuis 1.,' M. ■ fiidr ivs I-'!!, '■ '-■• ■•■ • r>'-uiv .>r t*!^- ■ 'H'''.' vui'.i ,.11 ... thiiK i' ,'!< t.tUi'' - *■'■■'-■ ' • '^■'■•''^' ' ■ ■ ... .,::,■• 1 ;•■" tall '•'!■•••.■' •^ .,.,,. (i;vr'>, '1.'; i:i''-;it>r i.iniS'*'!' , ■: ; <■'■'. tioii v. i«'i -■ f'"" I'"""- , ■ H , (.rii.ciple in pi-uDioiin!.': , Mi.:u- ;. ; tll'i !'' ^1 l':is <■ ^- 1 ..■fciiiijiH ia i!i' ii''!':- ti'Wi ]'*'<■'- ■ ■ ivo ' i. :•• ■: ■jr, . . t 1 ■' ■ 1 1 . 1 * - ilii; !■!,. . ■*■' - 'imi- •; .,1 ' f . ,-a 1 ,\'Son 1.1 t lit! ; 'M- . ,-,.■ ;;, p..!'.i. ' »!! if Oh' ;;vas i>v wlii.il, ill ;,.,. ,, ^'i .t.'<> tui: llUtil'-; -ir irr'.il '•i'iv'tli'li'P, 111 ;. VI •« ■; '^ ■ ^ '• S'''''^. •.i-t;ii!'-''.t^ I'll/., -v'^ Kit,-..' Uid'istry 11154 art of A^^ist;'^ls [nW-x. -'t Tior!.^?- i,iiUt.t--Uiii;i'.'' t'.-ok ,!. r, iiiil'/i'-iv; . nil',! ,:■ iur..'ij !'••, Ui't . • • .>.v!i: rni!\,.i3 i.oijjle in pi-^'motiiiL': t!)f'. !'"" Ii:i? •-■* ■ ' •piiriia ill iii.T.v ■>'" c i.'VAs >'■; wliii ii. ia ifi'iid "'i' i;''-ir!iii\ lii ■i'4 I'...'--!', r i'['i'''"-- Kn^' i V I Vi,l,:h^..J. FIRST PBINTINQ PRESS AT CAMBRIDGE. 153 Bive the motives which prompted them cannot, perhaps, be so easily impugned. Happily, however, other and more elKcient means were devised of promoting the future good of their descendants, and through them, of perpetuating the principles they cherished. Those means were more in accordance with the enterprise and spirit of the present day, than the attempt to control, by legislative enactments, the dictates of consc.ence or the tastes and caprice of individuals. It will ever be mentioned as the fact most honorable to the intelligence of the 6rst Colonists, and their regard for the welfare of their posterity, that, among their earliest cares, they provided for the interests o Kduca- tion and the diffusion of Knowledge. Eighteen years on y of . e in the wilderness, had elapsed since the Pilgrims trod the rock o I lymouth and less than half that time since other adventurers had settled aiound Boston Bay, when, in 1638, permanent provision was made for fngl'--" a college at Cambridge ; and the first Printing Press, in what is now called the United States, was established at the same place. Thus early were established the School and the Tress, which have ever stood m close relationship with American Art and Industry. Virginia had, indeed, equally early in her history, provided for a cclcge for the education of European and native youth ; and money was, by the King's order, liberally contributed for that purpose in London, some of which was appropriated to the iron-works previously spoken of, with he view of deriving thence a revenue to the general fund. But one of the most fearful massacres recorded in our annals, put an end to all the plan of the Colonists. The character of King James, who took much interest in the effort, however assailed, stands in creditable cc ''"^tto that of Sir William Berkeley, who, in June 1G71. returned thanks to God that there were neither free schools nor Printing in the Colony It is said that Lord Effingham, while Governor in 1683, actually prohibited the use of the Printing 1 ress, in Virginia, •' on any occasion whatever. Ihe pi^ss erected at Cambi^dge. in 1688, and which went j<>to operation in the beginning of the following year, was brought from England by He^^ Mr Glover, who had engaged in England a Printer, named Daye, to condac it for him. Mr. Glover died on the passage out. but the press was set up by Daye, at Cambridge, where, in January, 1639, he printed the .'Freeman's Oath," which was the first issue of the Colonial I ress. Of Jos. or Jesse Glover, to whose instrumentality the country owes the introduction of the press, little is known beyond the fact that he was a worthy and wealthy non-eonfor-nist minister, and that he was the princi- pal pvu-chasor and owner of t'.e apparatus and stock for priivt mg and book- selling, which he intended to carry on at Cambridge. Ihe entorpnse, doubtless, originated in the desire of the large body of educated ministers 154 PRINTINO IN THE COLONIES. and laymen in New England, to associate with t'aeir school at Cambridge, —after the iimnner of the universities of Europe,— the auxiliary labors of the rrea:,. Tlio oluer names mentioned as patrons of the Cumbridgo press are those of Mojor Thomas Clark, Captain James Oliver, Captain Allen, Mr. Stoddard, Mr. Freake, and Mr. Hues. The fust i)roduct of Day's press, it is said, exhibited much want of skill and practical knowledge in the printer. The next thing printed Ti.ofir.t was an Almanac for the year 1639, "by William Peirco Ainmuac. Mariner." The compiler of this pioneer of a class of annuals that fill a curious chapter in literary history, and now far out-number all other issues of the American press, seems deserving of a passing notice. He was called, by the New England fathers, "the Palinurus of our Seas," having repeatedly crossed the Atlantic,— in command of the Ann in 1623, and afterward of the Mayflower and the Lyon, and by his nautical skill, contributed not a little to the peopling of these shores. He subsequently engaged in the opening trade to the West India Islands, in which he ac- quired a less honorable fume. He was wrecked on the coast of Virginia in 1633, and live years after carried off captive some Pequot Indians to the W^st Indies, where he sold them, and brought back negro slaves, thus commencing the slave traffic in that quarter. In an attempt of the New England people to settle the Isle of Providence, in 1641, he was shot by the Spaniards, and died within an hour.' In 1640, "the Psalms, newly turned into metre," which had just been translated from the Hebrew, with cio:e fidelity to the original, by the Rev. Mr. Weld and Rev, John Eliot, was printed by Day, at book^ " Cambridge, and was the first production of the American Press in book form. It was designed to take the place of the prose translation, by Ainswortli, previously in use. The " Bay Psalm Book," as it was called— the first-fruits of that abundant harvest of pleasure and profit which is yearly gathered from this field of American industry— though possessed of little merit as a literary composition, was somewhat typical, in its extraordinary success, of that vast demand which sustains the teem- ing fertility in book-making and printing of the American Press. It is said to have gone through no less than seventy editions, in about one hundred and fourteen years, during which it maintained its popularity in England and America. The first edition, in England, was printed soon n'ter its appearance in America, and the last in 1754. In 1759, the last y : twenty-two editions appeared in Scotland. The original American edition was a crown 8vo., of 300 pages, bound in parchment, and was by no means creditable to the skill of the printer. He is supposed, not without (1) Allan's Biog. Diet. MASSACHUSETTS. THE BAY PSALM BOOK. 155 1 at Cambridge, auxiliary labors ' tl\e Cambritlgo Oliver, Captain I much want of xt tiling printed William Peirco class of annuals ir out-number all a passing notice. ru3 of our Seas," the Ann in 1623, hia nautical skill, He subsequently ;, in which he ac- ioast of Virginia equot Indians to negro slaves, thus empt of the New 1, he was shot by ich had just been B original, by the rinted by Day, at e American Press prose translation, Book," as it was jasure and profit industry — though somewhat typical, sustains the teem- ican Press. It is ions, in about one i its popularity in was printed soon In 1759, the last )riginal American liment, and was by posed, not without reason, to have been a descendant of John Day. «»« «f ^ ^ 7^^ «-' T! .t" vealtl V of early English typographers, the orig.na P"'f ; '" . J^;! ^ , Sern.o;s. Fox's Book of Martyrs, and of Sternhold and HopU n ^ . of the Psalm.. The latter was a clcrgyman,_ns were seve.ul of h.s b otTer -and preached for Fox at Ryegate. He was also a printer d is editilns of the Bible and other books, contributed much to tie spread of the Reformation, as well as to the unprove.iient of the a.t of ;rinth!g He attempted, among other things, the distinct use of ' t V::^:t^:^HS^''nymns in HOt. and the Psalms in lU. He .id-ns'of them to Cotton Mather, but they were not repnnted i„ America until 1741. when Dr. ^-k in published the Ijm.s and the Psalms were printed, the same year, in Boston. They did not buper sede the New England Psalms till after the Revolution Steplien Day's deficiencies as a compositor-md.cated by his errors ot pun:n!;:-?^.lfspening,bythedivi.onofmonos3..l^s^b^ he end of lines, and similar technical blunders-have led to the presump ion ImttLgh probably bred a printer, he had been chiefiy accustomed to m- slwk I Thich he better acquitted himself. He printed a numbe of w rls 1 i g an almanac yearly ; but Thomas was unable to find 1 e than aboi/a do.en of the books printed by h.m. '- o v. c have his imprint, and he believes it :iever appeared in one. 1 "^ Pn««;P^l o t ,;:: were thi Psalms, of which a second edition was prmted in 1 , and the Body of Libertys. containing one hundred laws of the Colony, d awn up by Rev. Mr. Ward, of Ipswich, the author of a curious b ok e tit Id •' tL Simple Cobbler of Agawam." The Laws were print d n 1641, and a second edition in 1648. which were ordered to be sold ^,^ '"dT; t^'Z^ i" the management of the Press, in 1649 by Samuel Green who, with his parents, came from England to Cambridge, Samuel ^ >•««", v. i winthrop's Company, eight years Teftli^arrerH: has been sometimes call.d the first printer in tZZ... but was unknown in l^ ^;:^ ^Z:^:;]^^^ years after Dayjm.ence2--^^/;;fj;^^^^^^^^ the services of S: DaTwI; "tt:; -Idly JLa as the American Caxton. u- 1 inti„niii«« - upon his tomb, which informs us that, hav- (l)Ames' Typograph.eal AnUqmt.e^^ ."ng spent his wealth in printing,- Allibono-8 D.ct. of Authors,_Art. K. my. ^ i returned his wealth agnyne, John Day died in London, in 1584. ine «^^ ^^ jo him as he gave to the poore ; claims of our first printer to be a descend- ,j,^^ ^j^^, ^^ had partakers "[ '"» P"y»«' „ ,nt of that eminent typographer, may bo E^,h „,/e twelve babe., and each of them one .irengthened by a portion of the inscription more. 156 PRINTING IN THE COLONIES. Original tlun. by granting him three hundred acres of laud, as "being the first that sett npon jirinting." He had not obtained possession, however, in 1655, wlien tlie grant was confirmed to him. He died in 1668, at the age of fifiy-eiglit. Tlic fii'st strictly original composition published in New England, was a volume of Poems, by Mrs. Anne Bradstreet, the wife of Simon Urad- The first street, afterward Governor of Massachusetts, and the daughter of Thomas Dudley, who came out as Deputy-Governor, in 1630, in the same ship wit'.i the Greens. It was published in 1640, and re-printed in England, where it was quite popular. In the compo- sition and printing of those two volumes, and of Sandy's version of Ovid, the first book written in America ; of the Golden Fleece, a poem, written about the same time, by Dr. George Vaughan, at Newfoundluiid, and the Nova Anglia, the first classical Latin poem descriptive of New England, written at Tlymouth, in 1623, by William Morell, of Weymouth,— the American helicon gave early promise of its later copiousness. No reason is known for the tranfer of the Press to the charge of Green, whose first essays exhibit no improvement upon the work of Day. From the gene- ral similarity in faults and workmanship, Thomas supposes he was not a printer by trade, and that he was assisted occasionally by Day. It seems probable, however, that being a youth whom he educan.J, he may have acquired his knowledge and style from Day prerlous to his undertaking its control. One of the first works printed by him was the Camhridci'C)ifnblo. Tb« ditlon of IfiHS. k is in qiinrto form, olil iiKo, Hiiil ImllowoJ wliicb it in nritteu il MASSACnOBBTTS. B«Ort M.BS.O.ARV LAB.E, AMOSO r„E ,ND,A.,. 160 p,i,„i„. it, and go„ero»ly remitted anofter portion in um ot Mr. that people ^^T T„] nirefforts to instruet them, and to encourage tended wth remarkable success, intii inu;, , 1 o „n,l mnniciual regulat ons, framed for them, were tuuy Ins professing Christianity, and twenty-four native preachers. The doiut-entircly dead; no man living can either road it or speak it. "This Bible was printed in lb»!). ino quality of the paperU poor enough and the typo is uneven and unsightly; that of the title-page seem, in part to have been cut with a penknife for the occasion. It .8 bound in sheep, with heavy ribs upon the «The 'illuminations' at the beginning are extremely rude;^and tho linos are bent and broken. • - j •_ "The longest word which I can find in thi. Bible is in Mark 1.40: 'VVuttcppe»itt. ukqussnnnoowehtunkquoh,' and s.gniUe. < kneeling down to him.' "In translating Judges v. 28— ^n* mother of Pisera looked out at a win-low and crUd throuyh the lattice<-ho M tho Intli-ms for tho word < lattice,' and f.mml, when hii- translation was c.mploted, that ho l,„,l written, ' an.l cried through the «J-;"", that being the only object which the n,,„vc., know, as corresponding with tho object Mr. Kli..l doscribcil to them. .•The Psalms are tranclatod into that form of verse which Is termed in our hymn- books ' common metre ;' and nothing can be more clumsy and uncouth than the struc- ture of the rhyme.. Ptcrnhold and llopktns even may be read with exquisite plensuro after perusing a few stanr.as like the fo low- ing, which are from the 19th Psalm-' The heavens declare tho gbiry of flod, Ac; "<1. Kesuk kukootomuhtcaumoo flcid wussoliaumoitik Mamahcbckci.uk wunnahtubkon Wutnnaknusnonk YllUiIlT LAWS. 161 ! of the British ttee on Planta- inance " for the New England." etj, and general I that body has 549. The Uni- nt men, no less interests of the n their heritage, latiou had never in behalf of the illation given by of the " Indian 3ible, and other emphatic decla- iinterested labor, 1, since Peter and 1690, at the age le first edition of icir original cost, these, he printed able to identify, ing year, ed in 1102, aged , where he held ng done at Cam- een children, and )untry, for over a list of nearly one iducted the Cara- JuhnsoD, and for Uowing too much 1, or modeling its , two licensers to ;s it would be safe IS — a class which -were issued that J 4, 1365. year; and being deemed by some of heretical tendency, probably gave r. e L the order of the Court. It was repealed, however, .n May of the fol- lowin.^ year. The first licensers were Daniel Gookin, and the Rev Jona- than Mitchell. In October, 1664, on account of the polenuca reedom ,vhich the press exhibited, the Court again made an order, that for the preventing of irregularities and abuse to the authority of this county, by Printl;.g Presse," there should no Printing Press be allowed m any town within its jurisdiction, but in Cambridge ; and, that no person should pr su to prL a,.ything without a license from the Court under the hind of its appointed officers. The penalty was tl>e forfeiture of the press, and of the privilege of printing within the jurisdiction in future. The tensers having permitted the Printing of the <-2). Irr^oi.one Christw' by Thomas a Kerapis, the Court, more vigilant than discrimi- „a tig n 1668, ordered the Censors to make a fuller revisal of the work a d t e press to stop in the mean time. More or less surveillance and Lerferencc with the operations of the press, continued to be exerted until after the Revolution. The first law securing the benefit of copyright, in this country, .as enacted in 1672, when the General Court of Massachusetts granted to John Usher, a wealthy Bookseller, of Boston, the privilege of publishing on his own account, a revised edition of the Laws of the r'jM^Ar- Colony.' The right was secured by two orders of the Court, granted on peti ion of Usher; the first, made in May, 1672, which decreed fl at no printer should print or sell any more copies than vs.ren greed upon, and paid for by the owner ; and the second, enacted in May 1 . . B cured to Usher, the copyright for seven years. Hejek.ah Usher, pr - V ou«ly mentioned as the agent of the Corporation whose Indian pub - 121 he superintended, had been a bookseller in Boston for about w eiy elrs, and is believed to have been the first in British America m tha Liness Several of Green's works were printed for him One of th e^ i t of these was a,i edition of the Psalms, which Isaiah Thomas, wh ow d a copy, believed, from its superior typography to have been p n after the arrival of Johnson, and about the year 1664. or 65. It «^ 'rhited on a handsome-faeed nonpareil type; and. he says is the only C men of a book printed, either at Cambridge or Boston, in that ty previous to the Revolution. Even brevier types were seldom used by the nrintprs of Boston, previous to 1760. 'ul during I .«me year, Umt VAcr's edition of Ih. l.« »■« prld".!..' >l-e ot 11,0 rijmou.l. Colon, i.sued from the .amo ,,r„,. p„rty lor (..nrtccn year.. After tl.o lioonsing oopyrighl. 1 162 PRINTING IN THE COLONIES. The following year, the General Laws of Connecticut, previously existing only in manuscript, and publicly read from tiuie to time in the several towns were printed at Cambridge. This first code was compiled by Roger Ludlow, and a copy was supplied by order of the Assembly, to each family in the twenty-four towns in the Colony. About the year 16U, John Foster, a graduate, of Harvard, received permission to establish a second press at Boston. The same year, the General Court added to the former licensers, two additional ones. These were Increase Mather, and Thomas Thacher, both learned divines. The latter wrote and published in 1677, a treatise on smallpox and measles, the first medical work published in Massachusetts, and probably in America. , The first book known to have been printed in Boston, was issued by Foster in 1676 He also calculated and printed Almanacs, and a few other small works. Sewall succeeded him in 1681. The printing was executed for him by James Glen, and Samuel Green, a son of the Cam- bridge printer. He was a book-seller, and a magistrate, and subsequently tilled the highest judicial offices in the Colony. About this period, controversy ran high in England, respecting the Succession. The press which had formerly been controlled by the Court of Star Chamber, was on its removal from that jurisdiction by the Long Parliament placed, contrary to the pleadings of Milton for its freedom, under a board of censors, from whose guardianship it was, for a short time, emancipated in 1679. The Provincial Governors, felt it to be their duty— or were enjoined to control its freedom in the Colonies. Sir \\ il- liam Berkeley, the Governor of Virginia, in 1671, in his answers to inqui- ries of a Committee of the Lords on Colonies, says, " I thank God we have no free schools, or printing; and I hope we shall not have, these hundred years. For learning has brought disobedience and heresy and sects, and printing has divulged them, and libels against the best Govern- ment God defend us from both.'" Governor Dongan, of New York, on the renewal of his commission the same year, was instructed "to allow no Printing Press." The independent spirit manifested by the Colonies at this time, according to Evelyn, a member of the Board of Trade and Plantations, formed that year in London, caused some fears that they would " break from their allegiance altogether." Berkeley's successor, in 1683, was instructed to prohibit the erection of a press in that Colony. James the Second, soon after came to the throne, and continued those encroachments upon the liberties of his subjects, which produced serious troubles in England and America. Wliile he was engaged in prostrating (1) Chnlmcr's Political Annals, ii, 328. Ml MASSACHUSETTS. TIIK FIRST NEWS-LETTER. 163 eviouslj' existing e in the several i-as compiled by lie Assembly, to larvard, received le same year, the ual ones. These ed divines. The )ox and measles, and probably in n, was issued by mnacs, and a few Hie printing was son of the Cam- and subsequently id, respecting the )lled by the Court ;tion by the Long n for its freedom, ; was, for a short , felt it to be their ilonies. Sir Wil- ! answers to inqui- " I thank God we 11 not have, these ce and heresy and it the best Govern- ;an, of New York, istructed"to allow ed by the Colonies oard of Trade and me fears that they ieley's successor, in ;s3 in that Colony, id continued those h produced serious aged in prostrating the borough immunities in England, his Courts were busy in vacating the charters of his Colonial subjects. His agents in America, .verc equally industrious, in arbitrarily levying imposts, executing writs of qm icarranto, and controlling the freedom of expression through the press Andros arrived in 1686, with authority to prohibit Printing. But before Ins arrival, Randolph, the Collector of Customs, either with or without au- tliority, had interdicted the Printing of an Almanac at Boston, without his permission. . The only other person who carried on Printing at Boston, previous to tlie establishment of the third Printing Press in the Colonies at Philadel- phia, in 1686, was Pichard Pierce, who commenced about 1684. He is chiefly entitled to notice as the printer of the first newspaper r,"',u.a„ sheet ever published in the New World. It_ was started at ^«w„paper. .^^^^^^^ in 1 690, and was suppressed by the Legislature, because, it was alleged, "'it came out contrary to Law, and contained reflections of a very high nature." The first number of this sheet, and the only one k .own to exist, was recently found in the Colonial State Paper Office in ndon, bearing the following date and imprint :_<' Boston, Thursday, September 25lh. 1690, Printed by P. Pierce, for Benjamin Hams, at the London ColTee House, 1690." The Publisher promises that the country .. shall be furnished once a moueth, (or, if a Glut of Occurrences happen ofiener) with an Account of such considerable things as have occurred unto our Notice; to give a faithful relation of all such things; to en- lighten the public as to the occurrents of Divine Providence," the circum- stances of public affairs at home and abroad ; to attempt the curing or at least the charming of the spirit of lying, then prevalent; and to aid m tracing out and convicting the raisers of false reports. It gives a summary of current events, as the departure of about 2a troops and 32 sail of ships for Canada, under Sir WiU.am Ph.p , the Z OS of the small pox and of a malignant fever in Boston It informs us that a fire broke out between the 16th and lUh. which destroyed several bouses , and, that beside the loss of one life, the " best furnished Printing Press of those few that we know of in America was lost ; a ioss not presently to be repaired." It gives an account of the cap nre of S C istopher Lm the French, and of the landing of King Viiham in Ireland, wifh 140,000 foot and horse, as well as other veritable occur- ences in Europe and America. It is, to all ntents and purposes, a Yciv^vnpcr, and, as such, the first of its kind in America. Thon/as ppeilrs to have had no knowledge of this attemp to s a, newspaper. lie mentions Pierce as the fifth printer u. l^-ton, v of w .0 e books, printed for booksellers and on his own account, he ha s e -the earliest dated iu 1684, and the latest 1690. He supposes huu 164 PRINTING IN THE COLONIES. to have been from London, where there was a printer of that name in 1619 Harris, at the date of the above publication, kept a book-store .-at the London coflec-honse in King's street, but removed two or three years after to Cornhill, where he engaged in printing, chiefly tor bouk- sellers. He had a commission from Governor Phips, in 1692, to print the Laws. He was from London, where he had been a printer and book- seller, and, as Dunton, the eccentric English bookseller, who wa,s at this time in Boston, states, had. as "a brisk asserter of English liberties, in- curred by his publications the displeasure of the authorities m such a form as to induce him to travel to New England, "where he followed Bookselling, and then Coffee-selling, and then' Printing, but continued Ben Harris still, and is now both bookseller and printer in Grace Church street, as we find by his London Post; so that his conversation is general (but never impertinent), and his Wit pliable to all inventions." Duntou adds that, in traveling with him, he found him to be the most ingenious and innocent companion he ever met with.' Harris's inventions appear not to have been sufficiently pliable, nor his innocence in publication at least, so great as to satisfy the authorities on either side of the ""'Banholomew Green, another son of the Cambridge printer, commenced in Boston in 1G90, after the death of his brother Samuel, who, as well as his wife, an active assistant in his b-.-incss affairs, and a person greatly eulogized by Dunton. died in the small-pox epidemic of that year. B. Green was for about forty years printer for the Government and the lead- ing publisher in Boston. He was at first assisted by John Alien, another London printer, who commenced about the same time, and in 1707 es- tablished an independent business. . ^ „ , xt , In April 1704, Green commenced the printing of The Boston Netos- Letter the'first successful attempt to establish a periodical in the Colo- nies. It was printed weekly, and published "by authority S.r' f^p John Campbell, Postmaster, who was the proprietor. It IZmv^T. became the property of Green eighteen years after, during fifteen of which it was the only one in the Colonies. From 1707 to 1711 it was printed by Allen, whose premises being then burned in the great fire, it was again printed by Green. The publication continued in the family of Green until the year 1766. The contents of the first number, covering three pages of pot folio, were extremely meagre, and it contained but one advertisement, which was that of the proprietor. Indeed, the Newspaper, although it was then by no means the indis- (1) Dunton's Life and Errors, London, 1706, Thomas' History of Prinung, .. 282, 2S7, etc. THE TARENT OF THE MODERN NEWSPAPER. 165 of that name in jpt a book-store red two or three chiefly for bouk- in 1692, to print jrinter and book- , who was at this lish liberties," in- orities in such a licre he followed ig, bnt continued in Grace Church srsation is general itions." Dunton le most ingenious nventions appear !e, in publication ither side of the rinter, commenced el, who, as well as , a person greatly of that year. B. tnent and the lead- ahn Allen, another ;, and in 1707 es- rhe Boston News- odical in the Colo- id "by authority" he proprietor. It after, during fifteen Q 1707 to 1711 it ed in the great fire, tinned in the family st number, covering d it contained but no means the indis- )ry of Priming, i. 282, 1 1. thin^ it now is may be considered a legitimate offspring of the pensable thing it now is, n .ly lovelonraent. It seems Colonial mind and action in their due order of J'-v '°P™J been found to exist. Tlie 1 crbians ronmrkable occurrences, their posts for transmitting the ^^<^^^'l'f^^^^^^^^^^^ ThoKomans ^^^-f;f^Z::'':^fc^::t::.I ..eir Ga. to distant provinces of tbo l.m inc. ii remotest parts »' ettcs, from the o""-''"""', ,',,!. e New P w- tou„/amo„g preserved a beautiful specimen. ,. ^^ And hence it is, that in our «- J ^^^ ;;^7,; IZ, ,,,Luon is and fro in the earth, and knowledge is ncr..i^^ I 1 ^^^^ stretching over a vast continent, ^'!*l.;^^Jf/.'^;V2tin-.-Press travels :,ewspaper ^>- ^^^^P :l?ar:;st on^on ^v^nguard of the beside the wagon ^^ ^^'^ ^j; ^^t,, intelligence of their progress. coin ea„ea .««"«. .f»'»«'S::: !? 'a notlw » p'rtn.ed „c.s. ^"'^cr*:!;^- "«»-"» -^^ '""^ """■ •"" "'"""";' °' paper ; and the veneuau ^ ^^ ^^^ own days, printing, to the c bse of ^^^ ^ f' ^ ^a^ j.^ecchian Library at Flor- to be distributed 'V"«'"'7 !J.' „ . „ 0,,^ °,«, all in manuscript. " It ence, are thirty volumes of Vene .an ^^''-e"^«' ^^ ^^^^ t,,^^ „ay gratify national V^^^^^ <^<^^^^^^ "^^^^^^ Z prudence of „,ankind are indebted to the --'i^^f.^^'-f^^The first printed news- Burleigh ^o;t^e first ne^pap. ^^1 ^^^^^^ ^P ^^^ paper was the ' /"S^'^^. f ;;7j 1 ^sgg. It wu. intended by her mm- printer, in London, on the 23d J^'y- ^J" ^f ^^,, g „;,,, Ar- ister Burleigh to arouse he public ^'l^'2"Zyeva\ paper , still pre- 166 PRINTING IN THE COLONIES. the gazettes as -ovcvnmcnt orgnns, according to tlic original custom. The first regular newspaper appeared in 1C22, and was, we believe, called The Wcekhj Courant. " When," says Hunt, " the reign of James I. was drawing to a close; when 13en Jonson was poet-laureate; and the personal friends of Shakspeare were lamenting his recent death ; when Cromwell was trading as a brewer at Huntingdon ; when Milton was a youth of sixteen, just trying his pen at Latin ver^^e; and Hampden a quiet country gentleman in Buckinghamshire, London was first soli- cited to patronize its first newspaper." The great events in English and Colonial history then transpiring; the abdication of James and the proclamation of his successor; the imprison- ment of a Royal Governor in Boston ; the resumption of the Charters ; the invasion of Canada by the people of New England, to arrest the growin.r power of France ; and other exciting events, had caused the issue, as early as 1689, of a "news placard " in Boston, and tlie reprint, in the followin- year, by the order of Governor Fletcher of New York, of a number of" the London Gazette. A means of public enlightenment on those momentous topics was an imperious necessity.^ (1) Lnnilon Mirror, vol. v. 103. (2) The following passngoa will show for- cibly the condition, na to freedom and activ- ity, of the English I'ress at this date (16S5), and explain the source of its embarrassment in the Colonies. "No part of the load which the old mails carried out," says Macauley, " was more im- portant than the news-letters. In I6S5, no- thing like the London daily paper of our tirao existed or could exist. Neither the neoessary capital nor the necessary skill was to be found. Freedom, too, was wanting— a want as fatal as that of either capital or skill. The Press was not, indeed, at that moment under a general censorship. The Licensing Act, which had b. en passed since the Restoration, had expired in 1679. Any person might therefore print, at hia own risk, a history, a sermon, or a poem, without the previous approbation of any public offi- cer ; but the judges were unanimously of the opinion that this liberty did not extend to gazettes, and that, by the Common Law of Knglnnd, no man, not authorized by the Crown, had a right to publish political news. While the Whig party was still for- roidiible. the Government thought it expe- dient ooeasionally to connive at the viola- tion of this rule. During the great battle of the Exclusion Bill, many newspapers were suffered to appear— the Protestant Intelli- gence, the Current Intelligence, the Do- mestic Intelligence, the True News, the London Mercury. None of these were pub- lished oftener than twice a week. None exceeded in size a single small leaf. The quantity of matter which one of them con- tained in a year, was not more than is often found in two numbers of the " Times." After the defeat of the AVhigs, it was no longer necessary for the King to be sparing in the use of that which all his Judges had pro- nounced to be his undoubted prerogative. At the close of his reign, no newspaper was suffered to appear without his allowance, and his allowance was given exclusively to the ' London Gazette.' . . But neither the. ' Gazette' nor any suipplomentary broad- side printed by aulhi rity, ever contained any intelligence which it did not suit the Court to publish. The most important Par- liiinieiilary debates, the most important Stiite trials recorded in our history were passed over in perfect siUinco. In the capi- tal, tlio coffee-houses supplied in some nieas- ore the place of a journal. Thither the Londoners flocked, as the Athenians of old HRST PHINTINO PUr.sS IN nilLADELHlIA. 161 rigiiial custom.' •as, we believe, " the reign of 5 poet-liuireate ; lis recent death ; 1 ; when Milton ; and llamiiden 1 was first soli- transpiring ; the ir; the imprison- 3f the Cliarlers ; id, to arrest the caused the issue, lie reprint, in the New York, of a jnlightenmeut on ring tlic great battle iiany newspapers were le Protestant IntellU ntelligence, tho Do- tho True News, the no of thcfe were pub- ;wice a week. None ngle small leaf. The lieh one of thorn eon. not more than is often of the "Times." After ligs, it was no longer g to bo sparing in tho his Judges bad pro- ndoubted prerogative, ign, no newspaper was iithout his allowance, s given exclusively to ' . . But neither ' supplementary broad- urity, ever contained eh it did not suit the e most important Par- the most important i in our history wero t filvnco. In tho enpi- suppliod in fonie uieiis- journal. Thither tho ,s the Alhouians of old . TvZ\l Pre., was at v ork in Philadelphia, sowing broadcast r::::i:o;;r^^^i^'a"---iy;a,,don,^ arrival of ^ViUiam I'enn, public educal.ou was attainable at a small ex pense.'" , , tn l,.ar wh.'ther rat.ire which could be carried in a bag then flocked to. he nuukc.-vlacc, to hen wl.|hr ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^_^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ .__^^„^,,,^^,^, there was any Lews. ... ' ' ' ,H.t>imcnt ruminated by the country divines who lived at a distance .rom th g-u.t ^^ ^,^,.^^,^_ The diffiouhy and ex- ,,,,„ of political -;-7;7';2 :!«:; conveying largo packus from place regularly inforn.cd cf ;''^^; J "/„ „ p„,e was so great that an ex.ens.vo there only by means ..1 "'=«^-'«"; ' ^,,4 „,, i„„ger in making its way Hum prepare such letters became a call ng j,_^,^^^^^^^^ i,.,„ ,^ Devonshire or Lanca- London, as it now is among the nat .^ ^^^ .^ .^ ^^^^^^.^^^ Kentucky. India. . . . ^-''"%° ''^;™t'p - II- scantily a rural parsonage was then which tho inhabitants of tl>° !"*'<■«' '^ j,^j ,,,„ ,,m, books the .nost neces- vincial cities, and .he great ^fy/^^\^^;^ ^^,y ,, , Uieologian, has already b> >. ro- tryand clergy, learned almost all they knew y^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ _^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^„ of the hi.tory of their own t.mc • . ih . ^^^^_ _^^^^ j.^^j_ ^^^ ,„i^,„3 was a memorable day in -'-; '^'J ° ^, ^,,, ,,;,„ „„i libraries so good as may • news-let.er from London was latd on U.o o. J ,„,, .„ „ ,„,„,i,. Uall. table of the only coffee-room .n Cambndge -^^^2^ ^^ „, , ,„,„„ ,,„..Ueeper. ..At tho seat of a n,an of fortune n he or ^^^^^^^^ ^ .^ ^^^.^,_,^^,^^ country, the news-letter was .mpaten.ly ex An e p _^ ^^^^^^.^__^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^,^ pected. AVlthin awccU after U bad arr.ed ^ « ^^^^^^ _^^, „,„ s,„„ I had been thumbed by twenty un.l, . ^ ^ ;• ^^ chris.endom, lay in his hall . . . It is scarcely necessary to say. at ^'^^J^ ,h, fishing-rods and fowli.>g there were then no provinc al nowspape. ^ - - a ^^^^^^^^ ^.^^^^^_ ^^ ^^^^^ Indeed, except in the eap.tal and at the wo 1 ^^.^^^^^^ ^^^^ .^ ^,^^ ^._,^,,^,. ^^^^ Universities, there was scarcely a pnnt.r m ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^.,^^^ ^,^^,j „„j the kingdom. The only press .n England m the cap ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^ north of Trent, appears to have been at aff J ^^ J^^ ^^^ ^^^_^^ booksellers near York." , .„„ o.,:„, Paul's Church-yard were crowded nesupplyofbooks,itwouldappearfrom S * P I day long, with readers; the same author, was al.nost as .ne e a e-r da ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^_^^.^^^^ that of new,-a fact one would not be led an ^^^^^ j_^ „,^ ^„„„j,y to expect from tho length of .mo England to rry ,,,,„„„„oa...ion ; and had enjoyed the benefits of tho rcss. ad th o w n^^ ^^_^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^.^^ ^^ ^^^ the long roll of iUustr.ous -t^-- ' -» ! wha.cvcr be wished .o read." adorned her past and current annals. L.te- ...g (1) Memoirs Hist. Soc. of Penn., i, l«l- 168 PRINTING 1>: THE COLONIES. Williiun Pcmi luiHled in his new territory, in October, 1682; and, in December following, a school was opened in Philadolphia. Six years after this, a public school, or seminary, was founded by the Friends, the charter of which declares— in pleasing contrast with the sentiments of Governor Berkeley— that " the prosperity and welfare of any people depended, in a great measure, upon the good education of their youth, g^j._^ * * * * which cannot be effected in any manner so well as by erecting public- schools for the purpose aforesaid." The third Printing Press in the Colonics, and the first outside of Massachusetts, erected thus early in Philadelphia, was set up by WiixiAM First Print- BKADFOun, at Sliackainaxon, now Kensington, in the neighbor- iD"p.v«"ia Ijoo^i Qf |i,e celebrated Treaty ground, in the year 1C86. His vtalir.^'" earliest publication is stated by some authorities, to have been an Almanac for the year 1G87, by Daniel Leeds, " student in Agriculture." A copy of that is extant in the Philadelphia Library. A recent biogra- pher states, on the authority of Mr. Henry Stevens, that a small quarto tract of four or six leaves, printed in 1686, is the first work known to have been printed by him. The title is not mentioned. The following extract, however, from the Council Book, which we find in llazard'3 Re<^ister (Vol. i. p. 16), while it is an illustration of the petty annoy- ances to' which the press was subject in that day, seems to indicate the issue of an Almanac as early as the beginning of January, 1686. " 1G85, 9th 11 mo —The Secretary reporting to the Council, that in the Chrono- logie of the Almanack sett forth by Samuel Atkins, of Philadelphia, and printed by William Bradford, of the same place, there was these words ; (the beginning of government here by the Lord Penn), the Council sent for Samuel Atkins, and ordered him to blot out the words Lord Penn; and likewise for William Bradford, the printer, and gave him charge not to print any thing but what shall have lycence from the Council." It was not unusual for a printer first to try his hand upon an epheraeris of that kind, to serve for a general introduction to the public, but religious controversy, which kept the rust from the New England mind in'the first years of its history, also gave the first impulse to Literature and the Press in Pennsylvania. The first who entered this field, was George Keith, a clever but dis- putatious Scotch Quaker, afterward Surveyor-General of New Jersey. He was the first instructor in the Friends' School, previously mentioned, in which he was succeeded at the end of the first year, by Thomas Makin, the author of two Latin poems upon Pennsylvania. In 1689, Keith pivblished against the New England Churches and Divines, by whom his sect was persecuted, a 4to. tract, which Thomas, who owned a copy, states, was the oldest book he could find from Bradford's press. The NEW YORK. PENNSYLVANIA. BRAPFORP'S nW-SS. 1('9 1682; and, in lia. Six yeiira he Friends, the ; sentiments of of any people of their yontli, so well as by first outside of up by WiixiAM in the neighbor- rear 1C86. His cs, to have been in Agriculture." 1 recent biogra- ,t a small quarto work known to The following ind in Hazard's the petty annoy- 3 to indicate the y, 168G. "1085, it in the Chrono- Miiladelphia, and vas these words ; the Council sent rds Lord Penn ; e him charge not Council." pon an epheraeris blic, but religious I mind in the first are and the Press a clever but dis- of New Jersey, iously mentioned, y Thomas Makin, In 1689, Keith ines, by whom his ) owned a copy, Dpd's press. The of B„,„„„, .nJ puU »W ," "„M „J„ L o»n peo,„e, vrUon, h. n,nTc03. established in that city the «rst press .i t e Pr.-nie there had been none set up during the Putcl. rnie. in i , """"'■ Governor F'etcher is said to have caused a copy of the Lunuo. inn I'lvsK iu Kew yolk. j,.Q PRINTING IN THE COLONIES Gazette coutui.m.c; the details of an engancmcnt with the French, to be pvi ued B^t, if done in the Colony, there does not appear " U::Z. any r;,ular printing house in New ^-U. ^^ U.at U.n. Bradford, soon after his removal thither, was appointed pr.n ei to th. Gov n m at, .ith n. annna- allowance of fifty pounds from the pubhc funds He retained the situation for about thirty years Dur.ng the an'e pel od he was also public printer for the Province of ^ew Jersey. Tis'first labor in Xew York, was to print a small folio vohnne of U.e Laws of the Province, which was issued in 1603. In the .mpr.nt, he pro- dlhns his public functions as "printer to their Majest.es, at tl.s,gnc^ the Bible " There was an additional printer m that city in 1 ,26, ..ose „lace of business was on Smith (now South William) street. ^ On aving Philadelphia, where he was part owner of a paper-m.ll on the Wissohi^kon, he is supposed to have retained the ownerslnp, or an terest in the press there. In ICOO, it was under the management^ of R ier Jansen! a Dutchman, who, published the same year, the rst literary work upon any other than a religious subject wn.ch appeared .n the Province. The volume which is now very rare, was by Jonathan 1 h-k .son and was entitled "God's Protecting Providence, ' tc," be.ng Itourir; narrative of the author's deliverance, with others, from slnp- wreck on'the Coast of Florida. The typogrpphy is said to have been "wretchedly executed and disfigured by constant blunders." How lon"o, before or after the publication of this book, Jansen was a printer in Philadelphia, or whether he was ever the owner of a press or Sot Thomas, who eould find no other book with his impru.t-was unable to detennine. T.o other books from his press, howjn^r are preserved in the Philadelphia Library, dated the years HOO, and HOo. (1) Tlinmns siippnxos liiin to hnvo been the ancestor of llu-^lofT Jnii:' "wn numo, in con- ,e,,nfnre of the ilinir.illiec of the proprietor with tlic Frien.l". He may have hcen in nrniifora'n cniph\vinont beforo the romovnl of Iho latter to Now York, llowcvor this may he, lie ecoiUl not have 1)C0n Ihu ivncotor ofU'olnlT.IaiiM'n, \vl\ownii one of the earliest cmiKrnnt' to tlio Oolony on the Hn.l-on, nearly Keverly yeurN iMMoro, heinR uhmi- tioneil in the Aceount Hooks of Kiliaoii Van Ronspelaer, the flri-t I'alroon, In IflHO, Binong (ho llrit ColuMii-ts. There in inuro probu- bility that the descent was in the opposite (liiveliun. UoeJulT Jansen seenreil in 1636, a "rant of sixly-two acres of land on Man- hnitan Islind.ncar the present Onnal street, a clair to which, has boon so long lilinated with Iho wealthy Corporation of Trinity Church, In the famous ".^neku Jan's Suit." Th« eMato was conveyed in 1671, to Oo- vernor I.ovelaee, by his widow— who mar- ried DuorMiic Ilonardns, the llrst Dutch min- ister 111' llie eily— and three of her four sons by Jansen. The fourth, Cornelius, not having sinned Iho onvcyaneo, his heirs, after it ha.l heeomo the properly of Trinity Church, brounht suit for one-eighth interest. Our printer may have been one of Iho ions, allhouch there were many of Iho nivmo umona the first solllors in Now Auiuerdam MifeMMi PENNSYLVANIA. THE SECOND NEWSPArEU. ni the rrcucli, to es not appear , at that tiino. printer to tlie rom the public s. During tho of New Jersey. 3 volinne of the imprint, he pro- , at the sign of iu 1726, whose et. a paper-mill on wnership, or an management of 3 year, the first lich appeared In as by Jonathan ncc, ' tc," being thers, from ship- (lid to have been rs." uk, Jansen was a ner of a press or rint — was unable •cr, are preserved 1705.' ; was in tlie opponito iHi'ii soouit'il ill 1636, croo <>f liinii oil Miin- I prpsunl Oniiril iitrcct, boon so long lilidiUuJ rpoiation of Trinity "Anoltu Jim's Suit." >yod in 1671, to (Jo. Iiin willow — wlio miir> «, tlio first Dutch min- llirt'o of lu>r four mns . Corncliui', not linvliig •0, hln liuirK, nflcr it rty of Trinity Cliurcli, pl){litli interest. Our i>on one of tlio ioni, mniiy of tlio nnmo ir« in New AuiswrJam W Laws printed ; and, on the 9th May, li i ^„„„i„tcd a Committee " to ,,.,„, Wl,eU,er Taylor and J«a». w .« ^° ' ™ ' „„ „„,„„„, „ !.,,o other," rd.,- toU.c ■'"'l "'*•""'' "° Zi.cl lira.lforJ, >vW p.i,„„l IhclawBU. "» PP-. '""»■. *J''^°n«ii>«»Ull„ arrive... In of native-born printers. His 1 nn i o j j,^ g-xceuted Book- the s'gn of the Bible." where, in - ^ .^;;" r articles. A man's bind.!,,, and sold books, t*^"' ?"V t is ability to carry on several independent callings. He wns pinH*-' was Postmaster of the Province j,, .,„,i,, i.ja and New York were ^\ f1r;:;:Cs'"A i:l elmnliced! in connection v.th John started by the IJnidloias. An . t,i,il.uleli)hia, of the "American (%.pson, the publication, at 1 > j^'^'^' ' .^ ,,i,„,, r::r,"^ weekly ^I^-'-'="^y''I^'^^-'";''";-'':='l'- issued in Boston tho «^'"'"""-- James Franklin, the brother of l'«"J-^'" "•; "^^ ^^^,^,^^^ ^olo- .. Boston Oa.tte," wl^h -^^^^^r^ ':::'u.: nrst paper nies. Tho Boston "News-Lett(M. by ^;- / ' . . ^^.^.rU-an Mer- known to have gone beyond the first number; and tho „„a on ti. nnason, . wen .in ^Vc. J. tuo.---; r Jtt:;. ' -" •'- ,.y ana Ponn.ylvniiiiv. I" 1^V4, wlien N- w i P ^ ^^ ^,^_^__^ ,,^, ,„,.^ „„, York w.s finally oeiled to tlie l^"f "^; J^ „ ^j^„,, ,„„,., injunctions in Prinlin,- in ^«w r .::;r:i- 1::;:::^ =:::- vor. ... ui, re...! .0 P,.i..ip,ii«. Blip and Broad street, which was r.nlied in 112 PUINTIM IN THE COLONIES. cury was the third. The elder Bradford commenced the New York Gazette, October 16th, 1725.' When, in 1723, Benjamin Franklin, the greatest of Araericaa typognipliers, at the age of seventeen, made his first memorable visit to Frmkih.v Philadelphia, he found the Bradfords the only printers in the '''■Miuc'i"" two cities, with the excei»tion of Samuel Keimer, then about Ettoru. establishing a second press in Philadelphia. With Keimer, a printer from London, of whom Franklin gives no flattering portraiture, be obtained employmc->.t, and subsequently constructed for him the first copper-plate printing-press seen in the Colonies. He also executed for him a variety of vignette and other engravings for a lot of New Jersey paper-money, which Keimer had contracted to print, and went with a press to Burlington to do the printing. Franklin found Keimer engaged in setting up in type his first piece, an elegy upon a young printer named Aquiila Piose, which he was mentally composing as he went along. He printed a number of pamphlns, almanacs, and small works, some of which were repudiated by tho,e from whom they appeared to emanate, and thereby possibly contribut>d to his want of success. The first pub- lication bearing his imprint, of which we have any knowledge, is entitled " The Craftsman," and is to be found in the Philadelphia Library. As " a map of busy life," the :Mercury conducted by Bradford was but a sorry representative of the modern newspaper. In December, 1728, nine years after its commencement, Keimer issued another, the second in the Province, with a title which would seem imposing even at the present day. It was called " Tiic Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences, and Pennsylvania Gazette." During the first nine months, it sustained its title as an " Instructor," by occuiiying about two columns of each sheet with extracts from Cliamber's Dictionary ; but its subscription list had not then reached one hundred subscriliers. Wliile Franklin was absent in England, after his first engagement with Keimer, the latter had increased his business, enlarged his establishment, and employed a number of journeymen ; and, like many of the early printers, dealt considerably in stationery and small wares. After being compelled to sell out his paper, ho became inattentive to business and (1) Proviou? to 175S, all newspniicra in New Yurk woiit froo of iio^tage. On account of tlieir " grent increase," llicy woro then orJcrcd to pay M. n yciir fur fifly iiiili'?, nnd it. 6d. for ono huiulred miles, 'i'lio nmil waichniigod in 17i,'i from "noi> in twowpolo to iiuce B weeli. .*ini'0 llui Kevolnlion. a boy Ims ciirriod tlic wliolo mail in a fuddlo- liiiK on homcliiiclf. The exact issue of tho Kowspnper nnd rcriodical I'rc.^s of New Yorlj Cily, in iivcry form, was afocrtained, in 1S49, to bo in nuniliors I'lS, wliicli issued yearly 6St,2l7,K0» copies. The yearly con- piiiuplion of \iB\ivr wna 147,005 rcanii, of 5,BllO,no() pounds at a cost of $000,000.— Mirch. Mug., XT 103. ■3WP 'ma rENNSYI-VANIA. KETMER AND FUANKLI.N'ri OAZKTTE. ns le New York of Araericau orabl'j visit to printers in the er, then about nth Keiiuer, u iig portraiture, r hiui the first ,0 executed for of New Jersey id went with a Leimer engaged f printer named ent along. He ^orks, some of ed to emanate, The first pub- jdge, is entitled , Library. y Bradford was )ec'ember, 1128, ir, the second in n at the iircsent ts and Sciences, tliE, it sustained iins of each sheet :ription list had Migngcment with is establishment, my of the early ea. After being to business and le exact ipKue of tho Meal I'Tcfs iif New riu, wn8 RiieurlnineU, !rs ISS, wlilcli issued ii. Tlip >i.'i\r1y con- a 147,095 rciinil, of cost of $000,000.— involved in debt. He then sold his apparatus to Dav.d ^ary a « " unlutice, and removed to Barbadoes, whither he was soon f-Uosved y nTrn At Brid^ewater, in that Island, Harry set up h.s press and em- p ei hi o'l^master'as a journeyman, but soon resold the types an Tess to Keimer. who established there the first newspaper m he Oaub- b elliu^ . I was the " Barbadoes Gazette," which he ushered .no th wo Id with a poetical address; and it was continued many years aRe b I I in 1-38 That it was not destitute of meru, seems probable ^^n ;,;: fL that two quarto volumes, consisting chielly of selections from this Gazette, were published in London in 1 .41. Franklin whose intentions Keimer appears to have anticpated n the issl of Ms'paper, soon after commenced business in company w.tu Hugh M redith V reeeing the course of events, he for a tune sustajned Brae ' d's Mercury by his pen, at the expanse of Keimer's pap wh.ch be hJ iul d "^fter h s return from England, where he acquired a last.ng r nn ion for kill in his profession, the paper fell into Frankhn's hands. .7 w!^ to K im rfor a trifiing sum, and managed it success.- lll^t o^t mtrconnection with his partner, and during the next Se'> y ars by himself. An editori •. in one of the nun>bers dunug he ear : r slls how imperfect were the appliances for pr.nt.ng at thu : . i'le outer form, as it was culled, was printe reversely or npsn din to the inner form, and was thus apologetically expUuncd : 1 he TnL hones irregular publication of this paper will be excused . CZ^l^l^n LJ, in consideration of his l.ing at l.rl.,.ton with the press, laboring to make money more plenuful. After havn b e^^ a ti«.e issued°semi-weekly, and undergone several changes form fmm folio to quarto and back to folio, it became nu ..'..a.en.ial tTrm Tndwas continued, under the abridged name of The Penmyl. i:r(^rw;,»t within about thirty-five years of the present t.me r posts -'ays Brissot DeWarville. "one of these Gazettes, composed by E i pri, ted at his p.ss. It is a precious relique. - --'»-" which I wiJ. to preserve with reverence, to teach n>en to b ush at he Idi e which tiakos them despise the useful and important profession The editor of daily papers. Men of this pro ess.on among a r^^^ 1 . ♦1,,.;.. r.ivt iireceDtors and best friends.'" On the Jtn i.>iay, v;^z^:i:t^^^^ ^»>« ^-'- «^ ^ ^-^^ ^^^^^^^ ''- '''' ,, r. . 1,. of .o..t of .u e.w ^:;s;;:; •-,;^!';;;ti:;:rrJ:^ p„,.Uo.,.ion.. from U.o pro.^c. of • nn-c . f'""; ""^ ';.,„„^ >/,„,,,„ ) Li-ner. FrnnUlin. nn,. other., prcvlou, o "^ "j ;^<;;;^ " ; ,,, ^,,,,, st,to, l» 1750. us well «« nn intoroMlnR nrd reliable U) N-sw Irav.ia (ketch ..f Iho ...l.soqi.ont Rrowth ftn.l prosent 1788 uiacnitucle of tho publUhing businosi uf mmsti ni PEINTIXG TN THE COLONIES. parts witli the motto " Join or die," designed to represent Now England and the seven other Colonies, and to aronse them to avenge the atroci- ties of the French and Indians upon the frontiers. The device was adopted by many other papers subsequently ; and, with the accou.panying watchword, is believed to have had a good effect in a most orilical period of our Colonial fortunes. Franklin's reputation was already great throughout the Colonies ; and the Gazette, upon which he bestowed much of his attention, was the means of diffusing widely the wisdom of his counsels. At the Convention of Delegates from all the Colonies, which assembled at Albany the same year, townceVt a plan of union against the pretensions of the French— who claimed all bnt a narrow strip of the continent on the seaboard, and had recently erected Fort Du Qnesne and other strongholds in the rear of the Colonies— Franklin presented a scheme for general union and defense, which was adopted by all but the Connecticut delegates, who considered it too favorable to monarchy. The plan, however, was rejected by the Ministry, for the very opposite reason that it was too demo- cratioal. ■ e ^u On the 31st October, 1705, his paper was put into mourning for the pa-^-a^'e of the Stamp Act, which was to go into effect the next day, and which" Franklin, then in England, had labored vigorously to prevent. For three weeks its publication, like that of many other papers, was suspended, hand-bills being issued instead, headed, "Remarkable occur- rences"— "No stamped paper to be had," etc. It was renewed the following year, with the name D. Hall, as printer; and, from the year nCG, was condt'.cted by Hall & Sellers On the approach' of the British army'iu 1777, the publishers retired from Philadelphia, and the paper was suspended, but revived on the evacuation by the army. In 1750, Hugh Gaine, who served his apprenticeship in the same es- tablishment in Belfast with Andrew Stewart, a cotemporary printer in Pliiladclphia, set up a press in New York, aud commenced the f:i:r'" " New York Me-cury." In 17G4 and 'C5, he printed the Notes ^'"^' and Proceedings of the House of Assembly from 1091 to 1765, in two large volumes folio, of one thousand pages each, and continued to print to an ndva. -ed age. The largest business done in New York, from 1740 lo 1770, was by James Parker, the publisher of the Gazette after Bradford's resig.mtion, who had also a press at Wootlbridge, New Jersey, whore he resided, and was concerned in another at New Haven, con.luetcl by his partner John Holt. Il.^lt subsequently set up in New York and, as the publisher of the New York Journal in the service of the revolutionary cause, was obliged to quit the city during the war, at rihw^MMiiiiH^ HUn nzi^ tr^ t Xow England ;nge the atroci- i'l'.e device was c accoinpanj'ing t oritiuul period ; Colinies ; and ention, was the the Convention ilbauy the same of the French — le seaboard, and olds in the rear leral union and t delegates, who !ver, was rejected was too demo- nourning for the he next day, and lusly to prevent, ther papers, was eniarlcahle occur- 5vas renewed the d, from the year ach" of the British ia, and the paper ny. p in the same cs- porary printer in id commenced the printed the Notes om 1091 to 1765, eh, and continued )ne ill New York, icr of llie Gazette Woodbridge, New er at New Ifaven, itly set U|i in New 1 in the service of iuring the war, at J W!^ 1«fe- 'l^,. S^ £eiKmi ■i# M ,■■■'* w -^^iW^'tW"'""! m> «ii:x'r ii:f " ^' ,, ,. ...M !, , ■! " (■■ '• r.'"'- u:,ii. ■•- ■ .,, ■■ ,< iTjiiKv :>!l.i.r tniii''' •*'.'■ 'i ''i; _, ,, ';,. .- • ,- ;„.;!i'V(Mt -T ■■:■■ ' '"1 a SfO*,' .- , n- • in! ,■, (. . ;;, ■j:,, .,• ■ ' '■ n-i- ■ '■■■' \ \:i- ! ,l/.-'!T' ..:■ II, t ' V, . : ji, a ■;,.. .'■■■;!> ..I i ^ ' .' li I " ; i 1 - . '! V, rj' ■• ' * ■• : ,i riT" - ••• • ..t 'i"m ->!;■■( U".'. •■'■'.'■• '■■•< > ■ '-. .■ V ', ill Ciilivctlt'si':. ,,=■,.., ■ !•..■ i-'rci:-.'h — -t ,' '■• r. .hay 'i 'va-: too (km-:' I .-..■'!■;'; i-v; !.!•»• i.'-i::M.!i^ rc5 „1 «••-•,,, ■ J .i"i. . ., • ..- .i'-'^, •!•' >.. .t' Ni .v V^Ti; ,:4 : ■■-■■ .i \n-ii'i ;il ^V-. ''.:■•.' ji., \ rv? .,! iCUi ii> •- i' '" 'iUj.lU ti;'- ■ . - T :!['..' 1 1." .;;; .:"'- , ; I ; ' 1 : : , - ! 1 1 k ' ' i l" >"■: ; ii .'i j . ' .1 li f !.. ,"- ; ;i'.a -; !,!',! ^^ ;!•■ ! ■>< l!.,. i-'roi'.;'ll — ..,J'..i.,'.;, rn.l " ;- 'n li;e '•^^.• >•.(•. A...> reJ!jctofl 'v;i ■ tO") d'jtii-'' , .- -ny -v.; 'tic ,:■.:;• i - ;. V.'l'l -•,■■ rkii'' ■' f.:.''-*L-- .!:R ViMlfWi'l'i t^Hi . ,. ■■• ^.. ■ AtK: ifirnry jivlnbii' if, i ; ..tilint'ir.'') l-iii' .. f, Ni A' ¥■>:!■: V ,,, <\.-',\j», \rv. r ,-, N, 0, ila''. i , (iV '"t !lj: 1'' ^fV '■, I ! .-■ . >\ ,.•(' /'' lUiMv; ti:- ■ . - , Wl ^ ^^- « -f^ r l?(i ^i: t'y '^^ U'' «♦ «* I. 1^ i: '^•'. ** '"^^ i,/vn' ^' c A, iLvir'-*' / W « H Ti C - J '- iH Mi mm NEW YORK. AND CONNECTICUT 115 *. „criaoe of hi. property, »lncl. -. dcstrojei Uc mumcd aft« tho Pcc, and "--^/' j„Xfi^°;t; fi.t settled iu PlnMeL J.,nes Ki.,n8to„, . ^'^'^^"^"^^ ,„,,„, business iu Kc» e.::r :=::ri;,re::^. r^iiU^^^^^^ about the year inS, be began a "'^7;?"-;^^; ^ [flW cause, ucuired the title °^'^'™«'°" ' ^ ';f.^^rse«iou was eutertaiued. iulbiel, piting wa, doue, .a, ereete about U.= • ■ •'^^J- „„der aud James llobertson, in Barrael, no» Chapel sue , In >-ove,nber o, the sanie _^-;^*«; -": ' ^ bXs oild th: which .as not oontiuued '«-^^-_^^'J^, ■„:'„, ,„„ „,,, ,b,y .„„h veMge SrS^'ra^t-l'oH tse'way, in that Pioviuce, Aic.™,de. died in nSi. James died many years after ia London. Having thus traced the commencement of the Art in the ^^^^^^ JZll the first to employ it. and which have -er sjnce guen tb our Constitutional history. T«.,,inn in noo W A piess was established in C™u,e*,,,, a -- ; "'»;.;;,^,',:»' J^ S'S,r=. t;2/aud se,cra, religions tracts and se, ,,» bn d.ed •'"■ '■'"■ within three or tour years after his settlement. He was sue A d bv Timotl'y Orecn, the son of Samuel Oreen, Jr., of Boston, who ceeded by iimoiny uiccu, ^ annum. IIh boeanie the Qovernment printer « ';;7„'„; /„',:, ^ „,1 carried aeseeudants were priu.ers ,1, t he .0 or „e r^ a e ^J ^__ ^^^ Co., at New Haven, January 1, '^^ ^ ^^ , ,f„.,„rf, ,„ „ci, and r^red^hiiiiCrriixt^^^^^^^^^ '' ne^rr=rd'Srr;rnd-Will.am ParH who set np 176 PRINTING IN THE COLONIES. a press at Annapolis, in 1720. Tiie year afier, he printed "a completfl collection of the Laws of Maryland." The Printing for that nl Mar^iaud, Colony had been previously done by Andrew Bradford, at Phi- "^^' ladelphia. In 1727, or 1728, Parks began the publication of The Maryland Gazette. He was followed in 1740 by Jonas Green, the son of T. Green, of New London, who printed for the Government at an annual stipend of £500 currency. The first press at Baltimore, was erected by Nicholas Hasselboct, of Pennsylvania, who had been instructed by C. Sower. He printed in English and German, and contemplated, if he did not actually commence, an edition of the German Bible. The Maryland Journal, or Baltimore Advertiser, commenced in August, 1773, by William Goddard, the first Printer of Providence, R. L, was the first paper at Baltimore, and the third in the Province. While Goddard was engaged in public affairs, in which ho was promi- nent, his sister, Mary Catharine Goddard, managed with ability the con- cerns of his printing-house. The paper and books were printed in her name, and she is said to have first printed the Declaration of Independence in 1776, or 1777. In 1729, William Parks, the first Maryland printer, also established a press at Williamsburg, in Virginia, which was the first regular Printing invir iDia ^°^^^ '" ^''^^ Colony.' lie printed at that place the same year, ''''^- ' Stith's History of Virginia, octavo, and the Colonial Laws. He was for some time public Printer to both Colonies, enjoying, it is said, an allowance of £200 a year from each. He commenced at the same place in 1736, the Virginia Gazette, the first public journal in the Province. The first press in South Carolina, was set up at Charleston, by Eleazer Philiips of Boston, in 1730. The Government is said to have offered a liberal reward (£1000) to any printer who would settle in the c"S Province. Three printers arrived, in consequence of the offer in "^"" 1730, and the year following, Phillips was appointed printer to (1) Virginia appears to have hail ii press as early as 1681, and to have been in point of fact the second Province in which the art was introduced, though it was immediately prohibited. W. W. Henning, Esq., of Rich- mond, while cngngcd in 1810, in puMishlng the Statutes of Virginia, from the year 1619, found among the manuscripts in his posses- Bion, the following minute of the Governor HUd Council, which had so long eluded search as to lead to doubts whether printing was evjr interdicted there. "Febru"Ty 21st, 1682— .Tohn nuckucr, culled befotu .^8 Lord Culpeper and hi? (Juiiiii-il, for prinui.|j- the laws of 1B80, without his cxoellenp.'''s license — and he and the printer ordered to enter into bond in £100, not h- print any thing hereafter, until his Majesty's pleasure shall be known." Chalmers, also mentions, that Lord Culpepper, in 1682, prohibited print- ing " till his Majesty's pleasure should be known ;" and, that Lord Effingham the fol- lowing year received instructions to disallow the use of a press in Virginia. There is no trace of the Art in the Colony from that time until the arrival of Parks. (Thomas ii. 545, 546.) CAROLINA-R. I.LAND-NE>VrORT. PEOVIDENCE. 171 ted "a complete rinting IV.r that radford, at Phi- e publication of on as Green, the overiiment at an Baltimore, was i been instructed contemplated, if Bible. enced in August, :e, R. I., was the h lio was promi- I ability the con- •e printed in her of Independence also established a regular Printing ce the same year, doniid Laws. He ,'ing, it is said, an the same place in :ie Province, leston, by Eleazer to have offered a ould settle in the nee of the offer in pointed printer to iisoxoellen(\'''s liceofe ntor ordered to enter lot <(• print any thing ajesty's pleasure shall ■s, also mentions, that 682, prohibited prints 's pleasure should be ord Effingham the fol- nstructions to disallow Virginia. There is no the Colony from that of Parks. (Thomas ii. 1 -.•! II,. was followetl in the UisincM l>y Lewis Tiinotbiie, a I rcnci r. ;.t ,;„t KJu;r«.." 1..^ ««""-^ '»' 1^™'^"" 1" r'"'-P';\»i«"'' V r , T !Ur,.rlin of the Philadelphia Library Company, m 1713. ^'^^^::t:^l^U^^^^ J^ ^.^ .e.p.>rt a.^ .as est^.1^ bv jles Franklin. He had learned the Art in England and in 1713-14 ' brought thence a press and types, with which he commenced m l-rn.4ost:n and pvintl.l for a time the Boston Gazette. In 1721. he est.bli^: the Ne J England Courant, the third paper ,n the Co oj^^ ThC'ourant gave offense to the Clergy and some ^-^^^^^^J^^ Lvernment,who_denon...andattemp^^^^ ,„ch ce,.sor.l»p, . t »™ '^ Pl,i,„,ld,,ln.. In tlmt paper, .p- Benjamm, even tor^ 1,.^ '7!^^ „„^ J „, eomposKio,,, «Uieh s:::i «i:^rr„. ^. Leee.. .» .» ---:,;»-- as compositors. She pimtta tor me ^^ ^^^^^^ ^' A p^ssts'first set up at Providence, in 17C2. by William Goddard nfttw d a printer at Philadelphia, and later still at Balt.more. He IZlll ThTsame year the Providence Gazette and Co-try Joun. which was long continued, and became an influential journal For about Twryelrs it w^s managed by Sarah Goddard & Co., the former be mg Ir.s mothir, and the Co., John Carter, who was subsequently the pro '"ThTfirst resident prit.ter in New Jersey, was James Parker, a native 12 ■■M ■Ml Its PUINTINQ IN TOE C')LON'£S. of Woodbridge, in that Province, then a printe:- oi' New York, and at one time of New Haven. He established a press in his native wyTnsi.ijoroun-h in 1751, and the next year printed a folio edition of the Laws of t!»c Province, edited by Jud-e Nevill, which sold for five dollars a volume. He also published a monthly Magazine, for about two years In 1705, he removed his press to Burlington, the Capital, where, as already mentioned, Keimer, and Franklin of Philadelphia, had occa- sionally executed Government work. He returned to Woodbridge, after completing the printing of Smith's History of New Jersey, of hve bun- dred and seventy pages, 8vo. . , t. , # New Hampshire received the art in 1756, from Daniel Fowle of Boston, who having incurred the displeasure of the Government of Mas- sachusetts, removed in July, to Portsmouth, the Capital of the former Province, where he the same year published a newspaper,-The msr Hampshire Gazette. lU printed the laws and other work for Goje™™^"*- North Carolina had two presses before the Revohition in 1775. Ibe first was established at Nevvbern, in 1754, or 1755, by James Davis. The Public Printing had been previously done at Charleston. '^Jonl i„ December, 1755, he published first the North Carolina Gazette, and was appointed Postmaster by Franklin and Hunter H) completed in 1773, an edition of the Laws of the Province pp. 580, folio. In Delaware, a press was established in 1761, at Wilmington, by James Adams, who had learned the Art in Londonderry, Ireland. The Print- ino- for the Province had previously been done at Philadelphia, wa^fnei. ,y,°ere Adams had the year before set up a press on bis own account. He issued proposals for a newspaper. The Wilmington Courant, in 1762 He was the only printer in Delaware, before 1775. Georgia was the last of the old Slates in which the art was practiced. The Public Printing was done in Charleston, until 1762. In that year, James Johnson, a Scotchman, established a press at Savannah, In Georgia. ^^^^ p^j^ted for Government, by whom he was handsomely re- warded He published an edition of the laws, and in 1763, commenced a newspaper, the Georgia Gazette, the only one before the Revolution A press was introduced into the present State of Vermont in 1778, by J P Spooner, and Timothy Green, printers of Norwich, Connecticut, who first erected a press at Hanover, then claimed by Vermont, injermont. ^^^ ^^^^ .^ Connecticut, where they began a newspaper, but that year removed to Westminster, at the request of the newly organized Government of that State. They published in February, 1781, the first newspaper in Vermont, " The Vermont Gazette, or Green Mountian Post- boy." The press was removed in 1783, to Windsor, under new proprie- tors. New York, and at press in bis native , a folio eJilion of which sold for five izine, for about two the Capital, where, idelphia, had occa- Woodbridge, after Fcrsey, of five hun- Daniel Fowlc of overnment of Mas- pital of the former rspaper,— The New )rk for Government, tion in 1175. The 5, by James Davis, done at Charleston. he North Carolina 1 and Hunter. H3 vince pp. 580, folio, ilmington, by James reland. The Print- one at Philadelphia, I a press on bis own Vilraington Courant, fore 1775. lie art was practiced. 762. In that year, a press at Savannah, ! was handsomely re- in 1763, commenced >re the Revolution. Vermont in 1778, by forwich, Connecticut, claimed by Vermont, an a newspaper, but ■ the newly organized ruary, 1781, the first Jreen Mountian Post- p, under new proprie- ^^ ft> ■»--^ > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) So {/ /j^ii^ fe ^ ^ Wdt m^. 6. ^^ ^> !l.O I.I !■> Im III" 2 2 t VI iiiiiio I!il8 1.25 1.4 III L6 "^ 6" >, Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTIR,N.Y, HSSO (716) •7a-4S03 «k ^ ^^ 7^ .%<' . C^. CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Inotitut Canadian de microreproduction. historique. i»->JHIli. i |i-J i iJM.. ' 4- ' rtpiJ | Jk;jW3gM!M?4*"- ^ <.i . rilE PRESS IN MAINE AVD IN T.IE WKSTERM STATES. 179 Prlntin-' is snid to have been first practiced u, .'Imt is now th State of Maine, in 1780. In 1810, there were newspapers pub shed Im'"^' at six towns, no>v within tluU State, includins three at Portland. The followi-." facts, from an interesting monograph, by Mr. Mean, of mSh "in a ;ork already qnoted, which we insert here for the No^"-p'-r<- and prosperity of the country, will show concisely the dates iniiinWesi- "" I ' ■' .!„„ „f nil nrts" is believed to have been einStKte*. .vi,cn thc " Art prcscrvativB of all arts is uuilvlu .produced Into the other territories and States down to the ^v^sent year. The dates will, for the m.st part, correspond with the fi.st issue of a news paper in the several Territories. i„ 178G; the Hecoud, m ^^^^1'"'^''^-,^ ,h vra. tirst practiced iu then only a trading-post,- -m 17J5. Ui i^ , ^^^ ,.hat is now the State of Indiana; m "^^ ' [^'"''^JlXl.o the United little .as done there before 1803, when the ^;;"-'7^ ^^J^^^'Vhere were ..bout States, at which time tl>ere -^^"J rSS^T 1. M s^i. ^ 1809 ; ten. MissounbadaPress inl 0.^.^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^,^^^^^^ A abaina, in 181Z. mere wa^s "■■ ,, .m .™r n„iipin in 1815. Printing niinois, was at Kaskaskla, ^^'^>^^^^\^L^;^'^^Z^^^ 1, having no .a, introduced into Wisconsin. - ^ ;^^ • /-^^-^^ ,, ^'.^a, and printed. :::r;t^r^:::^Ct«;:t\;ewspaperinwi.oi... (1) It i« Mated in IIa7.«r.V8 Register of Pennsylvania (i. 181), that the f r.t newspa- per west of the AUcRhanies wa. the " Pitts- burg Gazette," i^ued by John Scall, Esq., „.ore than forty years before his death. „hieh was in 1828. That would give an earlier date than that of the Press at Knox- viUe. An early Pittsburg Diroetory, give. 1763 as the Jate of BcuU's r'M'". Vr. Drake, in hi. View of Cincinnati, give- No- vember 9th, 1T93, a. the date of the first pubUeation of the Centinel of the North- West Territory," by William Maxwell, in i„t».«teityi whlcti paper, ho states, wa. ,he nrst publl.hed north of the Ohio, and the third or fourth west of the mountains. It was a half sheet, royal quarto slr.e. and, in \W, was purchased by Edward Freom..n, „lu. changed the name to the "Freomau. .lournul." It wa. t'.iat year printed on .-npiT made In the vicinity. f2) 1.. Edward.' " Great West, and her Mc'ropulls, ^•t. bouls." Joseph ll'-rk... wbo.o ion wu- lately .hot by Thornton, i. stntcd to have started, in July, 1808, the first paper in St. Louis, nnd the lirst west of the Mississippi. U was the Missouri Ga- rotte, now continued in the Missouri Uepub- lican of that city. Ho had previous.y worked for Matthew Carey, in Philadelphia, on the first quarto BiWe published in the United States, in the English larguage, a. ho was accustomed to relate. The Laws of LouiManaClorritory), printed in the sam^ year in St. Louis, wa. the flr.t book printed west of the Mis.issippi. (3) The Milwttukie Sentinel give, the naoies of one hundred and one newspapers, Bngli^h and German, now puUished m Wis- cnnsin. Their agRropale circulation in over 80.000, and it .aid ihat the three or four million copic, th.t form the grand total eveiy year, are printed on material made .n the State.-four.filths of all the paper being manufactured In WiHoon.ln. The ciroul... tinn just mentioned, is about equal to tl,e entire newspaper circulation of the *h>.U U..lon, u. wcuraleijr eilimaled, m 17»a. 180 PRINTING IN THE COLONIES. The art was practiced in Texas, by the Spaniards, as early as 1760; and Ity Americans, about 1829, m 1R^2 Tnwa In Iowa, printing was introduced by W. C. Conne 1, m 1836. In 1832 Iowa was neari; a wilderness, and the first house was th.t year built -a that part Tfth" State, near Davenport, which is now noted for its commerce, and no less tlian three daily papers. ., oq.i> 1«^'> A newsnaDer Printing wr.s first executed in Minnesota, April 28th, 184.. A newspaper was started in that Territory the year before, when there was not ■) -»ag«;'^ if but it was printed at Cincinnati, and published at St. Paul, Apnl 27, 1849 Be've;; years afterward there were fou. printing offices in St. Paul a^one, and three daily journals, while there were no less than thirty-one newspapers m ''^Thr'Sians are believed to have attempted printing in California, prior to 1S4G ; but there is no certain evidence of it. The first regular pr.nt.ng exe- cuted there s.ems to have been at Monterey, on August loth, 1846. The Mormon, began printing at Salt Lake, in 1848. It was practiced - Oregon a year or two before that.' Nebraska and Kansas each had a P^ess in 1854. Now (1859) there are no fewer than twenty different newspapers in that Terri- tory. Yet the whole territory we.t of the Alleghanies to the Paciflo, was a dense impenetrable wilderness in 1780 ; and withir. the memory of l.vuig men there was not a permanent white settlement north of the Ohio, from the Wa- bash to the Pao"ic."* It will be seen, by the foiegoinR record, Low closely, iu this country, the r.ess has followed upon the track of the pioneer, and, in sorae cases, almost outstripped civilization in its westward march. More recently still, the Printing press bus penetrate'l the defiles of the Rocky Mountains, and having established itself upon the very highest summit of that moun- tain barrier, now sends forth its weekly intelligence from the remote minirg region of Pike's Peak. The Rocky Mountain Gold Reporter, published "at Mountain City, in the Rocky Mountains," was commenced in August, of the last year (1859), by Mr. Thomas Gibson. This constant extensioa of the labors of the Press, with the rapid advance of new sctllemeuts, compared with the dlow introduction of the art in (1) Tho E.litor of the Now York Tribune (at Oregon City, from April to Docembor, ■t»te«. tlmt there nre now between ninety 1818). was presented by the E-iitor, Geo. L, •nd one hundred periodicBls published in OaliforniB, of which, iibout one-third ere inijucd from Sun Finncisco. Thirty-one of the forty-flve counties in the State have •aoh one or more jnurnnln. Tliree are print- ed in French, two in Spnninh, one in Ger- man, and at leaH one in Chlne»e. Six are devoted to Ruli({lon, two to ABrlcullure, nine or ten to Lltoraturo, Mining, Medi- cine, uto. (2) A complete let of the " Oregon Free Prei-i," the Orst publiBhed in that Territory Curry, to the N. Y. Ilist. Soc, in June, 18il. It wa« printed on a woodon Press of hnuK invention, nnd with a font of French type. Tho typo was deficient in the letters A, lo and y, which were severnlly con- structed out of 6, m and x. The pnper wus dlfconlinucd on the "breaking out" of the mines, and had not, at that date, been re- newed. (3) Truhner'i Guide to Amoriean Litera- ture. London, 1851). THE FIRST AMERICAN BIBLE. 181 early as 1760 ; and 1836. In 1832, Iowa ir built ' a that part jmmerce, and no less 1840. A newspaper ( was not .\ village in Paul, April 27, 1849. 3 St. Paul s^-^ne, and y-one newspapers in ig in California, prior regular printing exe- ast 15tli, 1846.' The )racticed in Oregon a liad a Press in 1854. 'spapers in thatTerri- to the Pacific, was a leir.ory of living men, le Ohio, from the Wa- jely, iu this country, •, and, in some cases, More recently still, e Rocky Mouiituins, uinniit of that niomi- ice from the remote tain Gold Reporter, ,iiis," was commencsd omas Gibson. This th the rapid advance luction of the art in from April to Dooembor, ted by the Eiiitor, Geo. L. . Y. Iliit. Sue, in June, rinted on a woodun Pre*8 ion, and with a font of 1)0 typo was deficient in the , which were levernlly con- , m and x. The pnpcr wus the " breiiking out" of tlio not, at that date, boon ro- Oulde to Amorioan Lifera- 86». some countries is one of the most striking features of American rrogress. Tlhitrat^^^^^^^^^ -'^^'^^^ ''^^^^^'" ''^'TTZ a:d the spread of intelligence, and especially the importance or the fullest Ipmtimate freedom to the great instructor, the Printing press. '^Cnplo of t.e blighth^g influence of despotism, -"ether rehg^us or secn,ar,rndofrevolntion,upontheg.wthofliterature.a.^of be v^>^ is its chief conservator and hand-maid, arc numerous. We netd only rctcr to the M. colonies on this Continent. In the provinces of Mexico and Perr P nti g was introduced and practiced some years before there wa a erranent'English settlement upon this Continent ;bngover^^^^^^^^^ restrictions, religious espionage, and revolutionary changes, efft tual y nrev nt^ed any vigorous exercise of the art. It is only the presen yea., a we e inform d when this great civiiizer has rested upon the farther confines civi,i.a ion upon this Continent, that the first Arab new.pape e"r ^r nt d in the Turkish empire, ontside of Constantinople, has been ever printea ^"^ Sevcntv-five years have elapsed since printing rrrlctd • oThe 0!::::: capital, which, long before the tin. of Us i vet tion -while European art and learning were buried in Goth c Its "mention Continent was undreamed of,- was the mag.ufi- 1" Telt of everT cTa ce manners and the art. We have already e Tw 1 r gress'in our country compares with that of printing ,n E gl nd he'only country which has shown a commensurate apprecatiou «f tiTea; and.l.re the conditions have been comparatively favorable "T::;:tCtmesorenterprisesconnected wUh the Coloni. Press, dese ng of more honorable mention than that of the publisher of Lu- th.r's German Bible, printed at Germantown, in Pennsyhan.a. •r"" «"'„. 5,. ni-l It was the first Bible printed for the European popu- -F h t on n ,0 In lean Colonies, and was - a singular achieve- .,.,.., ^^^;^^ ,„,„,,y ,„, ,e,,everance. through good re- port and e^vi. report, of Cuiu..oPUKit Sa.. ^^^'^-7^;^ W r ihe noble vicv of Bupplying his countrymen with ^«»'\«^;; ! ^'^^.^^^ God " Saur (or Sower, as it is in the German and English imprints fe pectivel wa« of that valuable class of German P-testants who at d f£r t tfmes since the arrival of Penn, have peopled Philadelphia. G^ ':!:;::« Lancaster, and other portions of I'enusylv.nia an to a m attachment to their religion, have added an amount of ski and indu.try in many of the arts, not exceeded by any class in the country. Th firs paper-m 11 erected in the Anglo-American Colonies was buil by onloaSra period nearly co-eval with the ^^-^^l^^^^; impcr in England, and others were commenced not long after, M su^ JS the nrs't printers of Philadelphia with much of the material u.scd by 132 PRINTING IN THE C0L0NTE8. them. Like many of the early settlers of New England, a number of these, moreover, possessed scholastic attainments which were highly re- spectable, and tliey were not likely to overlook the educational advan- tages of the Press. But printing-types were then altogether imported from abroad. The expense and delay in procuring these for any considerable undertaking, induced Sower, in order to carry out his benevolent purpose of supplying the Scriptures to his countrymen,— many of whom, as he states in a letter to the Governor of Pennsylvania, were ill-supplied with Bibles,— to commence the manufacture of types and of printing-ink for his own use. He cast several fonts of type for himself and others, and the anvil on which he forged the matrices is still shown at Germantown. The first "Jamb-stoves" made in America were, also, cast for him, and were still in use fifty years ago. His manufactory, which produced types of the Gothic or German character, was the first type-foundry in America, it is believed, and has its lineal representative in Philadelphia at the pre- sent time. Sower had commenced printing about the year 1135, in which year he began the publication of a Quarterly Journal, in the German lan- guage, the first publication of the kind in a foreign tongue in this country. It was afterward changed to a monthly, and, after 1744, to a weekly -...xiaper, The Germantown Gazette, and was continued by his son, until the ilL.^lutionary War. A complete file of the first German paper in this countryv^yliere they are now so numerous, is still preserved as a precious heirloom by Vne of the descendants of the publisher. Sower also pub« lished the first (ji-;OTan Almanac in Pennsylvania, and extracts from the Laws of the founderrbiuslated into German, for the use of his country- men. -. _ , In 1743, after three years labcv. upon the work, the German Bible in quarto form, of 1272 pages, was coniV,\°ted and published by him. It was by far the heaviest publication which i.n-? yet been issued from the press in Pennsylvania, and was not equaled for^l.^^^ny years after. This undertaking was worthily concluded by offering the vC?:iyncs at a moder- ate price, and by distributing them gratuitously, or at a tuijiiclv nominal cost, to the poor. "The price of our newly-finished Bible,'| s^.3 the publisher, "in plain binding, with a clasp, will be eighteen shillings; bul to the poor and needy we have no price." His son Christopher con- tinned and enlarged the business of his father in its several branches, and in 1762 issued a second edition of the quarto Bible of 2000 copies, and a third edition, of 3000, in 1776. The book manufactory of Christopher Sower the second, was for many years by far the most extensive in the British American Colonies. It em|)loyed several binderies, a paper-mill, an ink manufactory, and a foundry for German and English types. Tjo ixdubive privilege, long enjoyed by the Universities in Great THE FIKSr BEl'lUNT OF THE ENOLISU Bini.E. 183 ind, a number of h were highly re- ducational advan- ther imported from r any considerable enevolent purpose ly of whom, as he e ill-supplied with )f printing-ink for If and others, and n at Gerniantown. cast for him, and ich produced types sundry in America, delphia at the pre- hear 1135, in which in the German lan- guc in this country. 1744, to a weekly )y his son, until the rman paper in this erved as a precious Sower also pub* d extracts from the use of his country- B German Bible in jlished by him. It jen issued from the J years after. This fC?'iyncs at a moder- it a nilH^y nominal ed Bible," s^.-$ the ;hteen shillings; but in Christopher con- everal branches, and of 2000 copies, and ctory of Christopher lost extensive in the iideries, a paper-mill, Knglish types. Fnivcrsities in Great The First tures, imu t- j^ _^^ ^^^^.^_ „„\,licalion. About the year tures, nau t-. j — - . ,,„Mi,.,,tiou A.bout the year iiuericaa Hshcrs from engaging m then- pubhcaUon. Bible iQ -. . 1 . t\T> fipit. iind sec .... S^":S':!t:e:.e.standseco,.i^sof^^ e.. Bible!L Edition of the En^^^ Scriptures^. ^^ l^'^ld vately carried through the P^-« " ^"^^ ,^ '^.,, Z„,,,a journal, the and Green, the ^^^^^J^'^^ l.ul IdertaUen by a printer, fourth newspaper m the Colony, an ^ r^.^^^^,^ ^reen, the Green was the son and f-^^^^^^"^,,,,, edition of the Bible second printer of Connect.cut 1 - J^^^ An ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^_ i„ the English language J- ;^ /J^ ,,,,, ^n^erica before the Bevo- ton, the most enterprising bookseller IS the corner of King- lution. His place of business was «" ^u"^^^^^^ ^^^^„„ ...^evs, and street, where he mrnished much emplojme the B ^^^^ even those of London. He ^-^ ^^ ; ^^ VZland. who printed ou,n To avoid the risk of prosecution H ^^^ ^ J" f^f^te copy from which it prMle^io, the book 1-^1 ^h^ Lon o^^ ^l^Btkett! Printer to the was made, viz : '-'"^^/.^f.fThe edition consisted only of seven or King's Most Excellen ^a^es H ^^^ ^,^^^ ^^^, ,. eight hundred cop.e ' J . ^^ ^^^ j.^^, ^, ,,, p,,Ucation blarce in typography to the ^nj, ^^^ apprentice in ,as been generally over ook.. ^^^^o. of the work speak of it ; r ^e^ H::etk:;' rettive of IlLhman. owned a copy of it. and related the circumstances Testament was soon after printed and brevier tjpo,«bat has been .^^^^^^^^^ J ^^^ ^.,„^^ „f ,„„ Revolution, ^nd, fl„t A.ericn Bible >" /J« ^ ^'^ , « upurt from tbe limited facilities for pr.nt.ng guttgo. Tho execution of 'ho work u g i ^^^ ^.^^^_. .^ ^^,j^ „„ „„« Leu approved by Doctor. ^^ ^'^^ "^^^^ t^^iu tbe midst of his work, to hava £,ld. Chaplains. Congress passed the f low oeca ^^^^^^ ^ ,^ ^^.^^ _^^^ ^ ,ng resolution : "That ^^^^^^'Z S out !f the eity. and to ^'";y •»-> -der Conzress assembled, bigliiy api ^, fr^m destruction by pSandlaudableundortaUingo Mr A ■ a ^ • -^^^^ ..„.„„,,„ ,, dis. Vin as subservient to the inteie ts of rell the Ur ms ^^ Philade'phia Free. :i, .. «u .. » ;-.-;'- :s:'a rrr™, " o,.. ..,;.. .»,«.- jg^ PRINTING IN TaE COLONIES. Down to 1740, or about the time that Sower commenced the Quarto Bible, when eight of the older Provinces were in possession of a press more printing was annually executed in Massachusetts than in all the others togetht-r. Massachusetts continued to lead m the publ.cat.on of books for about twenty-five years longer. In 1769. the pubhslung bus. nessof Philadelphia had become nearly equal to ^^at of Boston ; and this equality was maintained until about the beginning of the War of the ^ Th'ese two cities, to which belong the credit of having thus led the enterprise of the country in one of the most important of the Arts, also d de the honor of having produced, during the period a which we h ve glanced, the greatest ornament of the profession in this or any othe country. Born in Boston, and taught the first elements of the ar ,n the establishment of his brother James, one of the early printers of that place, Franklin afterward conferred upon Philadelphia the benefits of Ins m- dustry. inventive talent, and matured wisdom, and founded several insti- tutions which have been a lasting blessing to her population. H.s own simple narrative of his early life and struggles has proved a most instruc- tive lesson to thousands of young mechanics in every department of business. His firmness, sagacity, a.d patriotism as a statesman have reflected honor upon his whole country; while his discoveries ni Science andli s writings are the common inheritance of the race. It has been ggested. by one who labored no less zealously to enlarge the area of popular knowledge, whether mankind at large has been more benefited ly his services in any department than by the sententious wisdom- of Poor Richard's maxims. ' scctns to havo borne no further ehare in the enterprise than that of superintending the printing and recommending the volume to public piitronnge, but manifested through- out its appreciation of the importance of the work. (1) The incidents of hi« public career MO too well Itnown to require repetition, and do not fall within our province to record. As a printer, he labored sedulously for the improvement of the art,- and had his oner- gicB and ingenuity been exclusively devoted to the profession, he would doubtless have greatly advanced its interests, and acquired a fame equal t» his achievements in other departments. He retained a lively interest in the »rado throughout life, and his regard f„r the dignity of his profession is illuitroted by the following incident, which occurred ceived the impression of these snored books was manufactured in Pennsylvania. The whole work is therefore purtly American, and has risen, like the fabled Phoenix, from the ashes of that pile in which our enemies supposed they had consumed the liberties 'of America." The heavy importations of Bibles, among other things, which followed the peace, com- pelled the publisher to tell under cott ; and, in a memorial to Congress in 1789, in which he asks for a patent giving him the exclu- sive right for fourteen years of printing the Old and Now Testament within the United States, but which was laid on the table, he ftates that he lost by the publication " more than three thousand pounds in specie." Congress, which amid its many burdens had 10 promptly responded to the call for Bibles, THE STAMP ACT. CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 185 need the Quarto !ssion of a press, than in all the le publication of ! publishing busi- of Boston ; and )f the War of the ing thus led the of the Arts, also at which we have this or any other 8 of the art in the iters of that place, benefits of his in- iided several insti- llation. His own ed a most instruc- ry department of a statesman have 30veries iu Science race. It has been iilarge the area of sen more benefited entious wisdom- of no further ehare in tho , of superintending tho meniUng the volume to ut manifested through- of the importance of the of hi« public career aro require repetition, and our province to record, jored sedulously for the sartj and had his ener- been exclusively devoted he would doubtless have ts interests, and acquired Is achievements in other retained a lively interest [hout life, and his regard is profession is illustrated incident, which occurred n th« Stamp Act which received the Royal Assent in March, 1765, . Ltf e haltlry was imposed on all pamphlets and newspapers. ^ '"^ "^Tch wLrreiired tob'e printed, after the firstof Novem er, ou I^r.^"'- stamped paper. On a publication not exceeding six see th tax was "s • oa all advertisements, 28. ; on all almanacs, 2d a year it tax was -s. , on ^^^ j^ ^^^ ^,^ ^1,^ ,,,„,„g on one side of a shee .J°^^^^°J \,^^^ ,],,^ ;„ London, as following the passage of ^' '« f;^' J w.^t^ with a sorrowful heart to Colonial Agent, in view of the resul, wrote w ^^^ Mr. Charles Thompson, "the -^^J J ^ ^^y' ^^^^^^ ,, ,1 to have BTr;itAct,l AT::fa. ..d paiJulany in Boston was very gener^y T IrrM except by the most indignant protests from one end of the disregarded, except oy lue newspapers continued to be printed, rrv>„ Antwiva rei)ealed in the tollowing yeai , u"" » the P; ?^' 7;^^„„f^,t„re of that article for a time. In consequence stimulating the manutaciu Parliament, the Continental of these ™-/!f^^^^^^^^^^^^^ : |ptember.n74; and, among other Congress met in ^ "'^j'^' ' ^j, ^^^^ punters to execute any printing for the .'*'i^7;"^L;; ' .^,ed in the general insecurity and depress.ott llevolution, the Press sharea in i \ j^ ^j^ j^g f„u g^are in which interrupted nearly every form «f "^J^^^" \j^^ Colonists, and in arousing the spirit of resistance in ^^e^be^ « "^^^^ .Wriersand printers ' ^^^^ ^^ .f;';;^;^, ^^ ,, .ni^ating their countrymen." The ::rofr A^erS^^^^^^ --' '^-^ -"^ 'z .i,„ nf water from the pump, made my supper; I ,t the outset of his career, and ,s ^orthy ^ .^ ^^ great-coat, repetition: A person having brought a pee '^^^ J^^^ „„ ,,, fl„„, ,„a slept till for insertion in the P-^f'-"'^ J^^^^^ j horning, when on another loaf and a mug Franklin desired that it migh be left unfl m ^ J, ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^„,, the next day for his ''''''^^''l''^^''\f''"2T regimen I find no inconvenience whatever. log at the appointed time, the young printer reg. ^.^^ .^ ^^ .^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^.^ replied: "I hr.ve perused your p.eee and I.nd 8 ,^^ ^^^^.^ ,„ ,,,„,,H,.,e fl 'd it to be seurriiou. -<» ^efama.ory to farmed a ^^ ^^_^^__^^. __ ^^^ determine whether I should publish U or my pr 1 ^_^^ ^^_^ ^^^^ ^^ ^.^.^^ 186 PRINTING IN THE COLONIES. the press and Uic pulpit, that in 1175, " it was determined to employ these two powerful instruments of revolution, printing and preaching, to operate on the minds of the Canadians. A complete apparatus for printing, to- gether with a printer and a clergyman, were therefore sent into Canada."' The Boston Gazette, the third known by that name, since 1719, was regarded as the oracle of the disaEfected party. Journals ou both sides experienced the hostility of the parties to which they happened to be opposed, and nearly all literature, but that of a political character, was obscnred in the gloom and ferment of the times. But the occasion de- veloped more remarkable qualities, and more numerous instances of energy, ability, and patriotism in spheres of private exertion, as well as in the Senate and the Camp, than any equal portion of our history.' It was amid the exciting events which accompanied the proclamation of the Stamp Act in America, that Isaiah Thomas, whom an intelligent French traveler styled the Didot of America, the able and diligent his- torian of this department of American indu.stry, and for many years the most enterprising member of the trade, Grst entered upon life as an inde- pendent printer. His success in business was entirely the reward of his own exertions.' The first journal published in the country, which possessed anything of a literary character, was the " General Magazine and Historical Chronicle for all the British plantations in America." a duodecimo monthly American magazine, printed and edited by Benjamin Franklin, and first Mag»iiue». p^jjjjgjjgj jj, jauuary, 1741, at twelve shillings a year. It was continued only about six months.^ A few weeks after, another monthly of 48 pages 8vo., called the American Magazine, was started in opposi- tion by John Welbe, but did not survive. Another monthly magazine, with the title of The American Magazine, was begun in 1769, in Philadelphia, by Lewis Nichola, containing forty- eight pages. To this magazine were subjoined the first published Trans- actions of the American Philosophical Society, founded chiefly by the agency of Franklin, and of which Nichola was a member. He was the (t) History of American Revolution. (2) A paper was estnbliiilied in Charleston, 8oatl. Carolina, in November, 1765, in ex- press opposition to the Parliamentary Stamp Act for the Colonies, and was generally patronized. By an Act of Assembly in that Province in 1784, for the encouragement of the Arts and Sciences, the Copyright of Books was secured for the authors, as the benefiti of novel machines were to the in- ventors. This was the forerunner of the Act of 1790. (3) A t>ketch of his life and career may be found in the 2d vol. of his Hist, of Printing. (4) The first periodical in England, bear- ing the name of a Magazine, was published in London, in 1731, by Edward Cave. It was the Gentleman's Magazine, so long at the head of the periodical works of that country. ed to employ these jaching, to operate IS for printing, to- ent into Canada."' 3, since 1719, was nals ou both sides y happened to be ical character, was t the occasion de- ;rou3 instances of xertion, as well as f our history/ I the proclamation rhom an intelligent i and diligent his- 'or many years the :)on life as an inde- r the reward of his isessed anything of [istorical Chronicle duodecimo monthly Franklin, and first igs a year. It was ir, another monthly I started in opposi- .mericau Magazine, i, containing forty- it published Trans- ded chiefly by the aber. He was the the forerunner of the I life and career maj be of bis Hist, of Printing, jicnl in England, bear- [agazine, was publisbed , by Edward Cave. It B Magazine, so long at iriodioal works of that FIRST DAILY JOURNAI-S IN 1775. 187 author of two or three treatises on the military art, published in Phila- delphia at the time of the Revolution. Only one volume of the magazine was published. The fourth English newspaper established in Philadelphia, was the Pennsylvania Chronicle and Universal Advertiser, which was the first paper in the British Colonies with four columns to a page. The first daily paper in America, was the Pennsylvania Packet or General Advertiser, commenced in Philadelphia, November, 1771, by John Dunlap, as a weekly. It was sold in 1783, to D. C. A'roruaa Claypoolc, who, about a year after, converted it into a daily, """"'■ and it became a profitable concern.' The year following F. Child & Co. published the New York Daily Advertiser, the first of the kind in that city. A daily evening paper, the Philadelphia Gazette was established in Philadelphia in 1788, by Samuel Relf. In 1775, there were nine newspapers in Pennsylvania, of which six in English and one in German were published in Philadelphia, one in German at Germantown, and one in English and German at Lancaster. At the beginning of that year, there were seven papers published in Massachusetts, of which five were at Boston, one at Salem, and one at Newburyport. There were four in Connecticut, at the same time. New London, New Haven, Hartford, and Norwich, having each, one. There were two in Rhode Island: one at Providence, and one at Newport. There was also a newspaper at Portsmouth, New Hampshire; making in all, thirteen in New England. In the Province of New York, there were then published four papers, three in the city, and one at Albany. In Maryland, there were two, at Annapolis and Baltimore respectively. There were also two in Virginia, both at "Williamsburg : two in North Carolina, at Wilmington and New- beru ; three at Charleston, South Carolina, and one at Savannah, in Geor- gia ; making thirty-seven newspapers in the Colonies now comprised in the United States. There was at the same time a newspaper at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and one at Quebec, in Canada, None of the other Pro- vinces, as yet, possessed a newspaper. The entire nnmber of periodicals which had been commenced in the Colonies between 1704, and 1775, was something less than one hundred, of whicii about three-fourths were news- paper sheets, and the balance partook more of the character of Magazines. About twenty-two of these were begun in Massachusetts ; fourteen in the other New England States ; about twenty-two in Pennsylvania ; sixteen (1) To Mr, Claypoole, Washington, at a through Messrs. Thomas 4 Sons, to Mr, later period, presented the original mnnu- Lennox of Now York, for over $2000, (Phi- script copy of his Farewell Address, which ^ndelphia and il» Jranu/uclvre; by E, T, was lately sold in this city by his executors. Freedloy, p, 168.) 188 PRINTING IN THE COLONIES. in New York; and twenty-two in the other Provinces now within the "^M^y of these bad but a brief existenee, while others attained to a n „.r. and exerted considerable influence upon the popular ,,„bl catio,, of . n»«.p«per one of doublfal ""»"«™''7-,„ J' „7",1!l the- could secure under the best management was im^ed, when po In beptemoer, 1 1 1 1, v> o ^ . (jgrmantown remove "all the printing-presses and types ^" ^^^^^^'^y^, " ';^,^ ;„ ^j,,, disl ag or abandoned it altogether. Those who were exposed to te hos^ itfe of the two contending parties, were often visUed wUh the 3EEr.r£=r£=HrHx .« «.e ca„.o., pro«y>, »™ - 1™^;,.„^ : J.^ p^,„ea .» NEWSrAPEIlS-M.CAUKV-BOOKSEI.LKnS. 1S9 s now within the ;r8 attained to a pon the popular ited to render the Ki. The scarcity r and ink, which . serious obstacles circulation which cd, when popula- general. And in ament from adver- 1. Its advantages lunity, nor the art lositor. The first ding matter, from e they so separated ed to be published age. eral Armstrong to and in Germantown ord's press in this ktown, in the same inting-prcss in that ntelligence received sufferers in the gen- jontest. They were to places of security iness at the greatest ho were exposed to 'ten visited with the whom they printed, jal violence or insult are the Revolution is works printed np to ['he Philadelphia Li- ine works printed iu hundred and twenty- 'our are re-prints of ubtless, printed which ne-third,— making an aggregate of six hundred publications for tho T.-ovince during the whole tot m'ruMctured more generally in this -u-.try. I>ub..^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ rapidly multiplied. A ^^:;;:::-:^^:^-^Lo^.. or of newspapers issued weekly a ^'^°"^ ^^^ ' f ^^^^ ,„« hundred upward of four millions annually, worth, at four cents ^aci, and sixty thousand dollars. Of the weekly .ssues, upward of th.rty sand were supposed to be printed ^^ ^-^J^'^^^^^^,,^^^ ,, ,,3 country. One of the most enterprising printers and bookseii-rs j America, ^'^^^^l^ J I! ^tc!: ability, was highly instru- seam, a periodical conducted oy ni American Manufac „,ental in calling pubhc «^"-^7, ^^^^^ V^,'^;! tures, as well as to literature and poll Ucs * «*^« ^^ .^ ^„,i,,,d^ ,eal to promote the industrial "^^^^^^jJ^/ZJ^fir.t quarto Bible, also, to the credit of having '^-/^ .^^J^'^ J^j', , ', 2 principally Stating acquaintance between P"';;;;J-:^^:^t; generally in- Colonial »s ^^^ )'''■', _,, ^ ^^,. occuiiation, in many instances, fur- Book.eiiers. uqqU binding. The small occupaiiou, ». j „,.W f» t pr«, beyond .he .reg„.« '^^^'J^^^^ -'-TVS rrr: • rr: t ": - ■»«" -«■■- ...ortmen. of groceries or toe; .vUcle Others .ere . 1 .n cal9 nmounted to 2800, witb an average oir • 190 rUINTINO IN THE COLONIES. one in America, and many of tl>e early dealers '".^^««^«' '" /^'^ '^^'"/'P" ctie, aecumul.ted extensive stocks for tl,e times .n winch hey Im^d c acquired wealth and station. The books imported were seldom of a cos Uy or rare description, but were of the practical and useful class, wh>ch b st suited the limited mer.ns and less profound inquiries of a young country compelled to turn its mental 'abor to immediate account. Books on law. medicine, history, and the less abstruse branches of science and on gen- eral knowledge, constituted the staple of Colonial book stores. The number of booksellers, whose names are recorded by Thomas « having carried on business in Boston before the year 1115 ,8 ni')ety.two and in other parts of New England, during the same time, there, were ab ut eighteen' engaged in the business. In New York, there vvere about a do^on whose names are given. In Philadelphia there were thuty-e-gbt and two at Germantown, and two at Lancaster, Pennsylvania^ There w s ne at Annapolis, Maryland; three at Charleston, South Carolina; Tnd one at Savannah. Georgia. His list of booksellers outside of Massa- chusetts, he states, however, was not complete. Of those enun,erated in t.l and the oti.er large towns, seldom more than two or tl.ee carr^ on the business at tue same time. Among the most no ed and enterpris- i„g of the trade in Boston, was Samuel Phillips (1680). "At the Brick- Shop, at the west-end of the Town-Housc," who was a large dealer, and the publisher of soveral books for the Boston Press. Dunton, who acted as his factor in London, and consigned many books to lum, says » e ^v^^^ " very just and very thriving-yonng and witty, and the most beautiful man in the ♦own of Boston." His descendants were booksellers, ou Cornhill; until after the Revolution. We have stated that some of the early Colonial Printers, combined with their business that of Bookbinding. The earliest exercise of the art, of which we have seen any notice, was by John Rath Je. who was em- Kf,c«n ployed as mentioned on a former page, upon El'ot's Indian Bible, Bo«kL.Dd«r.. ^1^^^^^^ ^^^p yp^j. jggg ije came from England for that purpose. In September, 1661, the Commissioners of the United Colonies wrote to Mr Usher, who superintended the printing of that work, to demand and receive of Mr. Green, the whole impression of the New Testament in Indian, now finished ; •« and take care for the binding of two hundred of them strongly und ns speodily ns may bee with leather, or as may bee most gerviceable for the Indians, etc." ...,„, . r^ In the bill of particulars, rcndrred by Green in the following year, £5 was accordingly charged for binding twi hundred Testaments at 6rf. each. The binding wr.s probably done by UatlilV, who in August 1034, wrote to the Commissioners, that the prices he received were *oo low. and that EAKI^r BOOK-BINDEUS IN BOSTON. 191 )ks, ill the principal diich they lived, and re sehloni of a costly iful class, which best of a young country unt. Books on law, science and on gen- ok stores. jrded by Thomas as 1775, is ninety-two; ime time, there were ork, there were about ere were thirty-eight, 'ennsylvania. Thera ton. South Carolina ; ers outside of Massa- those enumerated in 1 two or three carried ; noted and enterpris- 680), " At the Brick- as a large dealer, and Dunton, who acted I to him, says, ^ e was nd the most beautiful were booksellers, ou rintcrp, combined with exercise of the art, of II Ratli Je, who was em- inEl'ot's Indian Bible, 5land for that purpose, lited Colonies wrote to t work, to demand and he New Testament in ling of two hundred of her, or as may bco most the following year, £5 Testaments at Gd. each, in August, Uoi, wrote were *oo low, and that T„c ... eau.. of ^^l^^Z^^J^^J^Zm^. p„„„.e„. O,,. or ' ™ «^ dJ n ot the Lu«, but b, .U. .U.y was completed ; also two loiio settlers, there were "- "' r ;ir:: «:;:: r s toi::,:'r...u;su,.„., a "-''• -nLr of them confined their attention principally to this biuawBio number ol inem luhuu hnnksellers one Bo.toD. , „, n^u- TTghcrs who wcre the nrst booKstucrs, uno branch, ine usntrs, «■ „,„.,,, mnv nns^iblv have oh.„ica. b,.„e.„ U,c f "-'"^ ^ J^'V^il To.,, Dock." Ho w«» rZ,S.ri:lub,oVbli*or.„«,„acro..,.,,^y.^ ,. , ; w.u.nnn 119'^ "lleadof Scavlet8\\ tiail.^oii" r-iiu. ynlhanael Bellcnap, im, "^""" .t,.r M.m^ncliU'^i'tts. n<-ni)rf. „,• 1T0Q Tl r native of Dorchester, .^layi'ii"""^^"'- „, / Itobincnn, 1723-71, native o' ^ „ Thomas Hancock, Hid, T . 1-7 9ft "Tn Anne street, near the Brulge. xnvvmsj^ , Love, 1726 1" f "^^°/ ^ ,5^i., j,f,n Eliot, 1728. at the Great Anne street, near t^^^-^'^. ''f^,,^,,,,,,,-,,,,tof the Indian Apostle. Kims, (Liberty Tree.) South Lnd, « ' <-«^;'^"^ „,„ (^^own JIf.rd B.ner, 1720-42, '' Y\^^ ""'IvharP a', -o Boston, and an CoiTee House, at the head of the Long W a fa .,at . o ^-:;::;^a::;tg;.cr;^-^ jg._j PRINTING IN THE COLONIES. nl. .«., pn-. - trL'"r:;':~; n: per «„t. ohcper .h.« *'« ^.^ IJ^X^^^^ "«-"" '"''''" k. bad printed and already sold 120» «» « ° „ ; |^ „„, „ , ,„„ „f Mr. Stephen Dock *e ".-^ ^ ''^ ^;,:^;„,, ,,„ . „„ ..,„ r;rrs.ld ^^lS.. .r, .ppear. to bare bee„ abo„t ae earliest D'"';-^-!; -f:r:::L';rB,.en Head in Con,bil,," Charles Harrison, Lldd, over ugm i^m A-i Corn-Hill. r*„m« f ™* f *ltl ' HvLton and i)o„,.rs, 1761, »neee»»ora to r;\and, .be ll of tbe .oldiera concerned in tbe Boston Massacre on "VmV»«- 1764, Cornbill, son of Alfred Bnller, before mentioned Alfndmuer. 1 lo . Cornhill,' brjd a binder in Scot- ^„..,".«; ,;;,ff;- ;(rn./onl, HIS. Second "rcrt, ll.nf,mm tr«M,n ^^.X «„,«.». ,, .:^., '„,„,. j,„,,, a«dm,,, \-M, •■ second Blreet, near '■" '■'■■■ SulAlit" .'-««'' '" "■• ^"«" •" '="«""'""°" ' '■ d»Tl PBINTINO IN THE COLONIES. 194 ofon^a the venerable Frankun. lu their philosophers -^P^^^^^ ^^^^^V^ot be^^^ ?" Mathe- tbe first class, the ingenious Lokimeh ^^^^^^' w^atherspoon. In «atics. the self-taught Bx^H^^^^^' J" ^ ^^Vp^^.B.) In poetry, history, criticism, and policy, the -"^^ '« T^'^^;' \'„ j,, l,^ oratory,- BA Jw. smith, and ^^ /^J^^ "/JcL. la Georgia. Geokoe how shall I enumerate them? Take tne Maryland; Lewis. WALTON ;Gek:^n BAKER. mYug^m^^^^^^^^^ .^ j^^^^^. BRA..OR.. a.«i CHAMBERS -J ^^J;^, I, eonnecticut, and Par- Hamilton and Bird in r«ew **» » 80NB in Massachusetts." rt, lie Frankun. In rotten. Tn Mathe- EATHEESPOON. In «lYNE.) In poetry, la^v and oratory, — [a Georgia, Geoege 1 Maryland ; Lewis, iBDiNOT in Jersey; mnecticut, and Par- >- -*, ■-.: ''.'^ii'--' I '\\.J, I iittivi ¥m'^^.rK^i^ ^\:~:. i:[M'i ' :1^^ n ,M T i-' '1 V I ; ( I ,'■■ t. . . - , »"t f. - r ;' i-tii:. ii .• i •■■. s\ ■-. iH'*-i - I :i;> i'iiili;\ ..f :uM'< in ' Is. ■•! M'-. I • ■■ '' • - '■ ■■' ,' •; . .; - «. r ■,i,>l'i,':i'-,r't; ,: .,'! t'VM V ,1 rt '',,Jf; ' 'U" I.''- >; f uj' 'i'. U>r ii f"/ ' * • ' , Fi if;:'i} ;!- ;,.■ ■u- ■ ■ ..iil**' L. • ■>! i,' !• -jK ; „i:i. n; •i:j'!- " .i ; •,it;i'. "";■'"'■ ^ I > 40t '^-i; II :;!.:!!i Ci , . .itfiU'li,;*'. ', i';-i' I. i'.', ■•■■'■' ^' n-. :•! ■ '' t'" ■'' -' , ;, V till., ^il *• .Ills ■'!:• .1.,,. luv! ,,i, V ..,,, ,.;,avrt,.vr . ;;>:= t..—: of the K>/} nHu-s-iu •■ UuT !(«v.. i(ct <■" fa.". .,ii-l.i'"vl '."v .^v Mr ;~i,- ..„, , ,:^ (' ,.,:..» HM •.,.,». ..'l.i'.-^; l">' ■>•'■ 'W'e>rri.o 'M-t t..t.;i.u;t a '^ ,.,,^ 1 ,,-. „■••■' Mi.> ■!':!' ^(•■'- •:•;■ t'"' '•f'''""7' •'■■'■ ''•■'■ *■*■■''■■' 1^:,. j„ ,r . ., tr It wa«.. l.-.weu.r. ^vi::np i-^i fii:H liv' y.-ir'^ )U" .t, ilf I.tr.- •!•>■»: ■ '" ■!•■ '"tj'^' i??>it iji.:;fi': 'i-'U e: m<^ ,#■ ffe ■vr ■»*^W .';^ >• i' ••> P-^ f^ n fl' .. .^s «4 13^^ ;•:«?(>'■ r -i^fc CHAPTER VIII. .■'^!» ■ COLONIAL PAPER-MILLS, TYPE-FOUNDERIES, AND PRINTING-PREBSES. THE mannfacture of Paper was introduced into England «boutt)- vcar 1498, when a person, named Tate, built a Paper-m.U at Dar ford, u Kent By reaso' however, in part, of the greater abundance and finer quality of linen in use on the Continent, the manufacture of Pape , ^o- ?ong period, was carried on in greater perfection m France, Holland ar.l Itafy than n England. During the seventeenth century England ob- Sid her chief supply of Paper from France and HoHand^-very^^^^^^^^^ except brown Paper, having been made at home previous to t > 1^« «'" tion of 1688. The French Protestants, who fled thither about that t.me t oduced an improved manufacture. In 1690 the mak.ng o wh ^ Paper was first atten,pted ; but improvements were made so -pully that Great Britain has long since surpassed all other nations m that branch of ^^1"^^^: Paper was made by several of the "-eivHi^ed nat^n. especially the Mexicans and Peruvians, in considerable V^^^^^^^u^^e^ h Conquest. The materials employed by them were cotton silk muN berry bark, and other fibrous substances, but especially a species of pam ZleAicTotl and the maguey plant. Upon this Paper they preserved, : ir^Ty^^^^ and pictorL characters, like those of t^e Egypt.ans.-to Uose cSation and monuments their own bear - -f j;;'^.^;":;:;- the records of their laws, institutes, history, and charts of the r coasts, ^J^: ransmitted to their cotemporaries the ^"-le^^;^;--^^,;::', ^ The manufacture of Paper wa.n..eaHyn.^^^^^^^^^^^ ret:t:;:rd\::rr^^^^^^^^ :-« count., over nf. y^rs CI aftef Ihe -o^on^^^nUng^^^^ most improved condition of the art in that part of Europe where long flourished in the highest perfection. ^^^ 196 PAPEll-MlIXS IN THE COLONIES. A mill was built in the late borough of Roxborough m Pcnnsylvanm by the immediate ancestors of the e.ninent American philosoi-hcr, Davul / ., Rittenhousc. The family emigrated, some years be,orc. rom ^Y»,m. Arnheim, on t!ic Rhine, in the Batavian province of GueUer- r&iel,,„a where, for some generations, the Paper manufacture had been carried o'n by them to a considerable extent. The first persons of the name In America originally came to New York, while it was j a Dutch Province, and subsequently removed to Pennsylvania, ^vhere they became the first settlers of a part of the present consolidated City of Philadelphia, which is now included in the twent.-first ward. A gentle- man, resident in that part of the city, who has examined the records and papers relating to the first settlement of the place, fnnushes the folowing particulars of this early enterprise, the first of the kind in British America : ..This mill was situated on a «mall rivulet, now called Paper-n^ill Run in Roxl.orou.rh, near the south-western line of Germantown township. It was own d by William Rittenhouseu (now spelled Rittenhouse), his son C lau.a mcholal), William Bradford, of New Yor., and Thom^is Tresse of PhUa el- phia, each of the latter two owning a fourth p.art. » * , nwn li it's erection is not known ; hut, as Bradford was i"f f -^ ^ ^^-\,^°;;\ '. it was doubtless built before 109(5, when he removed to ^-^ ^ '^; ^'^ «^ _ tenhouses are said to have settled in Pennsylvania about IbDtV havmg em, IraLdom Holland, where their ancestors were engaged in Paper-mak.ng. We ha/e positive proof, however, that Paper was made at the Roxborough Im in 1097 : for Gabriel Thomas, in his History of the Province of Pennsyl- "nirwritten in that year, says : ' All sorts of very good Paper are made m the Germantown,' with which place Koxborough was ^ - ^^^^ ^^^^^ and besides, there now lies before m. a MS. lease, dated «»« 24th day or Sept inr ;ear of our Lord, 1697,' signed by William Bradford, who is de- LrTb^d as ' havin, one fourth-part of y» said paper-mill, near Germantown.' H rent 1 h- ^hare to the Rittenhouses for ten years, upon the following terms -' That they, the s^ William and Clause Rittenhouse shall pay and de- ivTr to said William Bradford, his exec", or assigns, or their order, m Phila- delph a r fun quantity of Seven Ream of Printing paper, Two Ream of good wmrng p' per, and Two Ream of blue paper, yearly and every year during y- eJ Term of Ten Years.' '" This mill was afterward carried away by a freshet, and Williarn Penn wrote to his people, asking them to render assistance in rebuilding it. William Rittenhouse, the builder and principal owner, was succeeded by his son Nicholas. The family have since been in uninterrupted occupation ol mill-seats, on the Wissahickon. near the site of the original mill. The second Paper-mill erected in the country, appears to have been (1) H. Q. Jones, Esq., in Hist. Mag., vol. i. p. 86. NEW JERSEY AND MASSACIIt'SETTS. THE MILTON MUX. 197 in Pennsylvania, ilosophcr, David ;ars bisorc, from ince of GueUler- miuiufactiive luul ; first persons of iiile it was yet a ■ania, wliere tliey solidated City of vard. A gentle- 1 the records and ihcs the following kind in British Paper-mill Run, in township. It was e), his son Clause rresse, of Philailel- * The precise date ted as part ownor, ew York. The Bit- , 1(5!)0, having emi- i in Paper-making, at the Roxborough rovince of Pennayl- Paper are made in a often identified ; I ' this 24th day of Jradford, who is de- , near Germantown.' upon the following ise shall pay and de- heir order, in Fhila- , Two Ream of good every year during y" and William Penn e in re-building it. p, was succeeded by errupted occupation 3 original mill, ppears to have been ). 86. ,„1U ,U Eli«*e.Mow„, >'ew Jersey, »»»!''-;;'-,7, 1' ": .^ i Td'tVYor whotr ome «,ne n„„U. the .,o,o„gh hi, „h,ee of res. Leo Aw't,; ™,ne date, however, the manur.ctur. w» eo,u™o„ee.. 1„ one or two other pUees. Mnssnehusetti.. unrter The next attempt appears 10 ha.e koen ™a« ' s.,M^ha, «^» P^:^' °Vco^;t Sal ::.t "..°"or Leaeonr'..e„o,,t n28,theGeaeralCouitorMa8>ael.«s . ^^^^,|_ ^°',rr.;:;re:':s:':£r::;:':rn-a.ooa.ha„aro. .„. .rt, the first-mentioned quantity. ^^ ^^^^ . ^^^.^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ The third and afterward, yearly mty n„.intities before- :;:3:Tr;::^^;="=rr"^;:h„,,« "";:; a,i„ .a» oreetea ™ Mm„,,, -™ j't^rlt^-rr" ^t ''''°""" oT:re\lt.;ro CeVra'tCuons. ^Xho propHetora „.»„... lilea "" ''agliAman named Henry Woodman aa he,r "-"' „"'1„ The, tarnished the LoBislat.ro a sample of Ihe.r ..nufaoJrrnSl, Ji the mii. was prohaUy badt eariy .n the pre,,- <"*^ y^"" t i,„^n v,PPn ft principal projector, was the Henchman, who ;P-- ^^^ '^ol TLt tin^e.^nd was a man leading bookseller ndpubl.^^^^ Another bookseller of Boston, whom of considerable wealth for the times. Thomas snp„«e, to ha„ w co^ora^ ,a *^^^o_B^ ^^ ^^ J_.^^^J.^__^ :: in M; nS iltdte ;:■ A.in, a„.o,tisome„t in th, weo.iy Ke- hearsal, published by Thomas Fleet. ..Hlchard Pry, Stationer. Bookseller, ^-^f;;;;-' -trftrrH^d the City of London, keeps at Mr. Thorn ^' ^ ;/; ";;„^„„,,,3 „, Gen- Crown, in Cornhill, Boston, where «*'^f, ^ '!. ,'7 Accompt books, after the tlemen, Merchants and '^^^^^:Z!2 Jontnl Method of the most neatest Manner. And, whereas it ha bee ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^,^_.^ .^ Curious Merchants in Boston to ?--« ^ ^ ^.^, ^^^ ,,i ,,,,, of Accompt to acquaint those gentlemen, that I, the saul try, jgg PAPER-MILLS IN TIIK COLONIES. BOO., aon. ane. U. .0. acnte M-^;--^ ^ ^^^ t ^^^i:: they can have them from London I ■•«\' "" ^'^ ^^J. j, ,„d 1.0,0 thoy the Directions of my former Aavert,«oment ^^ f ^^;™;^f^ ;^^^^ ,fUou«ancl will continue the like Method, having received upwards weight already.'" ^uTw ^olUt .be .nllan. Wolf, he receive., upon tL. pi.™ -.1 • .v,„ Cfoto Thp Nenonsit, on wnicli tins rapei lum, (1) Fleet changed the nnme of his pHper to the «o»»on Eceni,,g Po>t, and in Novem- ber, 1748, made the following announcement, which i8 a curious instance of the scarcity of Paper in that day. "Choice Penniiyhania Tobacco Paper, to be sold by the Publisher of this Paper, at the Heart and Crown ; where may also bo had the Bi'li.s, or Indulgences of the present Pope Urban VIII., either by the single Bull, Quire, or Ream, at a much cheaper rate than they can be purchased of the French ur ^^ani.h Priests." It appears that several bales of the Indulgences printed on the face of a small sheet of very good paper, had been taken in a Spanish ship, captured by an English Cruiser, during the war with France and Spain, in 1748, of which Fleet purchased a large quantity at a low price. He made use of them for print- ing ballads, the back of each bull being suf- ficient for two songs like "Black-Eyed Su- san," etc. Thomas says he saw large quanti- ti.a'of them thus worked up by Fleet. In the early days of Boston, when the Lcg'slnture did not think it beneath their dignity to prescribe the cut of ladies' sleeves, Mr. Robert Saltonstall was fined five shilhngs for presendng a petition on so smaU wid bad a piece of paper. MASSACHUSETTS. PENNSYLVANIA. 190 Cent clienper than iianks for fallowing ..igs, and hope thoy of Seven Thousaucl a few years by the nfterward sold to ) curry on the busi- laiiufaclure at that iper-maker, named TOtn wliich soldiers g the trades-people ;d by Abijah Smith, the mill once more i to Quebec. The remain behind, and ived upon the plains a few weeks. in Englishman, from 1 said to have had a e most of the moulds inued in the business George Clarke, also in addition to other six on the same river, hich this Paper-mill, was built at Dorchea- Inglish Cruiser, during the I and Spain, in 1748, of based a large quantity at a indo use of them for print- jack of each bull being snf- ngs Uke"Black.Eyed Su- L3 says he saw large quanti- worked up by Fleet. In the iston, when the Lf g'slnture t beneath their dignity to ut of ladies' ileeveg, Mr. .all was fined five shillings petition on so email and bad « furnishes excellent milUUc, wluch b«e long ten oceupied by b«., '•';tL..«e™p.cn,,e^e.K„.-.na.eo,,,e.^^^^^^^^^^^ faclnres earned on ,n *» Colon ' ^^^^_^^ ^ ^^^^^ „,„,.nnr.e.nresotOrealB ...n. On 5 ,^ ^..^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ .a. made ,n l'-"»«''^ '_,''; ,7„ , '^lanlntion la.s wa, this, that "In =r e::,r;rr:ade^o e^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ — r ::r,; ::tr.;rr;^;:.-- ;:::^it;}nie. »„ ear. .0^™ ';:io ,he!e ;-'-- 7;;^:::;:: „\:z: rae-hr: greater extent. It .s »f;f' " ^j;„, „„j„ .,by „ „i,l set up «.« ■Rav tlipv were informed that i aper was umu j Bay, tuey vvere i ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^.^.^^^y „ years ago, to the va ue ^/J^^ J'" /„;,i „^, v^^nt at Milton, another ^'^"\'rrch:rer C eek ^ County, Pennsylvania, by was erected on Chester treeu r printing-paper, '^^T:v;v ::;t:;o\t werf — ^^^ ^^^^^^ ''-^'- and clothiers' pasteooaru w^-n. "^ , . . . .. „ „„„,„ „iace was •:S:l ;:pr:"u.s:o::;ied onU. husmess .» a„ ad™,.eed age. The old mill was demolished in 1829. n .nrL earliest Paper-mills built in Pennsylvania, was established , t^. Bunkers r German settlers at Ephrata, in Lancaster County wire theytso'^^^^^ printing-press. During the scarcity of Cer e.pe ced after the commencement of the ^^evolution and a few Iv. before the Battle of Brandywine, messengers were dispatched to this J ?ota sn^^^^^^^^^ The mill happening to be ex austed rhfVaternity who held their property in common, generously placed a Z iLposal of their country, several two-horse loads of an edition of Fox . ^u , „ .«fl Mistorv of the first Paper-mill in the Colony. A later sell, Albany, t714 is assigned as the date of authorities, this erection, which the author considered Es9 200 PAPEB-MILLS IN THE COLONIES. Book Of Martyrs, then reaJy for the bindery. Samples of this " literary alunition," are still preserved in the neighborhood of the batUe-ground Nerny two hundred of the wounded in the fight lie bur.ed ra the v. 11 age whither they were sent, to the number of five hundred, to be cared for by the little community. I;, August, 1765, a large and complete Paper-mill, believed to have been the first in that place, and probably in the Province w.s completed .. .P er an'-, put in operation, in or near Providence, Rhode Island. It S" is supposed t. have been at Olueysville.' It appears, a few f^'°^ ■ years later, however, to have fallen into negkct.-so confirmed was the habit of dependence upon English manufactures. lu 1708, Colonel Christopher Leffingwell, of Norwici., m Connecticut, erected at that ph-ce the first Paper-mill in the Colony, under the promise of a bounty from the Legislature. Two years after, he was ac- i::^^Z cordingly awarded two pence a quire on fourthousand and twenty "^'""="'- quires of writing paper, and one penny each on ten thousand six hundred quires of printing paper. The awards amounted m all to £81 16s. 8d. -^he Government patronage was soon afterward w.thd.awn. An official letter from Governor Moore, of New York, to Lord Il.Us. borough, dated May 7th, 1768, at Fort George, in answer to inquiries of the Tioard of Trade in relation to manufactures, spates, that a Paper-mill haO begun to be erected within a few days, at » small distance from the town.» This is the first of which we have seen any mention in that Province. A Paper-mill was about this time erected at Hempstead, on Long Idand, by Uendr.ck Onderdonk and hi son Andrew, .vhich is presumed to have been the firstbuili ui New \ork. The precise date is not given. Hendrick Onderdonk, w no was an an- cestor of Bishop Onderdonk, of that State, was born in 1724, and had in his early years, built the first grist-mill on that part of the island. But as his son, and also Hugh Gaine, so prominent as a printer and booksel- ler in Now York at this time, were connected with him in the business, it is probably the one referred to in the letter of Governor Moore The manufacture has been carried on at that place from that day to the pre- opiif lu 1769 the following announcement was made in the Boston NewB Letter — " The bell-cart will go through Boston before the end of next month, to collect rags for the Paper-mill at Milton, when all people that will enconrnge the Paper manufactory may dispose of them." In a country so much less populous than Europe, and the climate of in No Vork. (1) Btiirl<'''< AnnnU ,,r P^nvIl^(•nP^ p. ASS. (2) rocumuniiii)' Hist. ofN. York, 1.735. (3) Thooipinn'* Iliit. Long Island, U. 48. IN NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA. TUB STAMP ACT. 201 in pics of this " literary id of the battle-ground, e buried in the village, U-ed, to be cared for by ■mill, believed to have rovince, v\ is completed lice, Rhode Island. It le.' It appears, a few neglect, — so coufirraed ctures. orwici., in Connecticut, lony, under the promise I years after, he was ac- iur thousand and twenty each on ten thousand rds amounted in all to )n afterward withdrawn, w York, to Lord Hills- n answer to inquiries of lufactures, states, that a ivithin a few days, at ft of which we have seen was, about this time, rick Onderdonk and his first built in New York.' urdonk, who was an an- born in 1724, and had, part of the island. But is a printer and booksel- ith him in the business. Governor Moore. The rom that day to the pre- ide in the Boston News n before the end of next ton, when all people that 3se of them." rope, and the climate of fion'i Iliit. Long Island, li. 48. which called for much woolen clothing, rags were necessarily scarce, and notwithstanding the amount of cotton now grown and manufactured, they still full fur short of the requirements of the Paper manufacturers. At this date, the Taper-mills in the Provinces of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, had increased to the number of forty. The value of their manufacture was estimated at one hundred thousand pounds an- nually. Six of the.se were in the county of Philadelphia.! The increase of the Paper-mills in those Provinces was, in a great mea- sure, due to the enterprise of the printers and publishers of Philadelphia^ which was then the literary metropolis of the country. But it was, also, in no small degree owing to the interest taken by Dr. Franklin in that branch of Colonial industry. De Warville, who visited the Province in 1788, says, Dr. Franklin informed him that he had established about eighteen Paper-mills. The same traveler observes, after having visited Boston and New York, "There is no town on the Continent where there is so much printing done as ut Philadelphia. Gazettes and book-stores are numerous in the town, and Paper-mills in the State.* Franklin him- self informs us that one of the first books printed by him and Meredith was on pro patria paper. Ever ready to encourage domes>ic industry, he was particularly interested in the progress of printing and all its tributary arts. His metrical pleasantry on the sulyect of Paper is familiar to all ; but another less known but more important dissertation was enti- tled, " A Description of the Process to be observed in makini,' large sheets of Paper, in the Chine.se manner, with one smooth surface," which was read before the American lMiilosoi)hical Society, in June, 1788, and pub- lished in the third volume of its Transactions, a year or two after his death. Upon the conclusion of the war with France, in 17C3, undertaken fur the defense of the Anglo-American jiossessions, the ]\'^f :V^ J e"l as 1^ commerce -d manufactures tl.t a r^^^^ « o.l.na^c ^_^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ culled for by ^'- '"^'^ \^"^ f .^^f ['eh- land and in the Colonies, forced pressure of pubhc -"^"-'";';;^' ;,,;";'; o,„oxio«s. which was effected upon Parliament the -l'^^' ^.^„^ ;;;;;;,,,,„,, accon>panied, however, at the expiration of one year f om ts t""'- °» ' J ,^,^„i,, i„ ,, the assertion ^^^^^^X:^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ '"^ ^" '''^^7;- tt^ due d i P-^^^^ ^y ^'^- ^»'-''- Townsend. im- was, in liG7, intioaucLu iiiv. nasteboard, painters' „,„y „er» f>.Uo»ed by o, her '°»"»;-f " ™ ^^J^ the d».i« «« r'rr-ns «.J : n o iu.34,«00, m mX and .be re„.a, of I . from 12,.n8,()uu, in iiu pvciiement was once more allayed, Act was loudly demanded, x « -1 c cxflen e. i , ^ ^,,, It U not, pctUni», .«rpr,.,ag tl.at 1 "'1 »" ™' ° , j ,„,„„.,„,j i„ .,a„d wl„ a ,.co,.lc, «o« [-"fr^;;/: u 'V 0, .fgr«,,ai.o..a.„t THE STAMP ACT. UST OF DtTlFf^. 203 on-importiition and , wui met on the part Lhe native industry interests of British nance was as loudly es in America. The the Colonies, forced i, which was effected companieil, however, bind the Coloniei; iii d prerogative, a bill laries Townsend, im- pasteboard, painters' more aroused the op- 1, and non-intercourso esolutions,— in which •t, or deal with those ong as the duties oa ere, at the same time, 1, home manufactures ; I as deserving of eu- , .it once fell off again, and the repeal of the la once more allayed, I, of five-sixths of the )er pound on tea, as a 'arliameiit. Althonxh al mind, and thi? small lid bo no right to im- lifacultto conceive how than many other Acta •oui the earliest period, nd it difficult to under- , who had submitted to f.T the aggrandizement to the expense incurred lome sustained, williout nmon benolit. lanifest violation of the r industry. Unless ex- i,t to exact from them a c, of which they were ua integral part, .ocmed to rest upon the same prerogative by which the nare^nt State assumed, in other cases, t. legislate for ,ts dependencies. The Leoislaturcs of Massachusetts and New York had, indeed, ten years be<-ore enacted a Provincial Stamp Act : th.e former granting to his Ma- jestv several duties on vellum, parchment, and Paper for two ycaij, to- Lrds defraying the charge of this Government. That of ^cw York „as.ed the following year, continued four years in operation. But the I iost was now resisted upon the principle that the Colonists were not a„u.nable to a statute which they had no voice in making ; and upon this question of prerogative, the empire was at length dismembered. The Stamp Act probably diminished somewhat the consumption of paper by restricting the operations of the Colonial press, and by forcing Ihc colonist to resort to arbitration and other non-jund.ca modes of settling disputes, whereby the use of legal instruments chargeable with the stamp duties was dispensed with.' (1^ Apart fnim tlio question of prprn;:!i- tivn, the stamp dntie?, whicli mnko a formi- dahle list, were calculated greatly to imp.'ilo tlie ufiinl forms of biisincBs, and tlie de- tormined opposition was but natuviil. As our readers may not now be familinr with the details of this memorable Act, we may be excused for presenting the hoadi of it for their cunsiileriit'im. Zd. on all pleas in rourts of law. 2«. on bail pieces and appeorances on them. 1«, 6d. on all ploM, etc., in Chancery. 6J. »n copies. £2 on all diplomas, certificates, etc., of collogos. 1». on pleas, etc., in Admiralty Coort*. 6i/. on copio". 10«. on a oerliorari, writ of error, etc. 5t. on fines, common recoveries, and at- taehracnli 4«. on any record of Nisi Prius, as judg- ments, etc. U. on all process, olo., not heretofore in- cluded. £10 upon licenses to practice as atU .neys, etc. 4, upon those who dn. 5». upon guardianships, and letters of nd- mioi'tnition, above £20 ; seamen and sol- diers excepted ; the duly extending to Iho Continent of America, its inlands, etc., Bc»- miidn and llalinma. 10«. upon the same in other parts of Brit- ish America. 6 21 years. 2». upon the same for above 100, and not exceeding 200. 2.. M. upon the same .or a'lovo 200, and not cx( ceding .120. The«e confined to the Continent, its islandi-, llerinuda an.l «»- baina. 3.. on the same for lands above 100, in .ill other part.T of British America. 4.. on above 100, and not exceeding 200. 5.. on above 200, and not . xeeedinc ;120, U upon all offocs not buforu mcutiuuid, PAPER-MILLS IN THE COLONIES. 204 . • „ ^c^ aotrestic manufactures by the On the other hand, the impulse g'^*:" ;^ j,„;,Hsh merchandise, was a determination not to import or -?- ^ f ;;',f j ,,« the country. Mills .eans of increasing ^^^J^J^vtri: parts of the country, and increased ,.ere in consequence erected n var m P ^^^^ from that time more rapidly h'^" ^^> f f^ \^^,,,,,^ there were but three At the commencement of he Re-lut o , i^o ^^, ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ s,„all paper-mills in MaB-chusett Th^,. ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ , of repair. In New Hampshue t re i ^^^ ^ ,f Paper from tl-se mi Is was far s oH o ^^^^ ^,^^^^ ^^^ workmen experienced m the bus ncss ^differently. The practice caused what was made to be V^^^^^^ ,,, people, and everything of saving rogs had not becon^ "'^ ^ ^^^^^ .itlLt the proper care m of that kind was e-nployed - '- -^^^^^^ ^^ ,,^ ^.p,, „ade. whi c assorting the ^l"'^^^"^^-, , ^''„f' cess was yet unknown, a peculmrly the knowledge of ^'^ ^^J "^,/ S the product of that period . dark, and often mottled hue, oy characterized. . ^.j,^ that the eminent chemist, It was about this time, or m the y^^' '^ ^^ remarkable bleach- Seheele. made the valuable ^'-^^/^ ^J ^ ^r or certain sal's, were i„g prorcrtiesof whch mc mb-a^^^.^ ^^^^ others, rendered so afterward through the '^''^f''' ,„ ,^^, i,i,tory of Art, as employed practically useful, as ^o -rk J. era ^7.^ ^ ^^^.^^^.^^ ^ ,,. 'upon the manufacture f '^g« f ' ^^^ ,,„ .mailable in Europe, and was rLe did not. ^o^^;^^^^^:!::^^^^ i" this country, until after not introduced into the 1 aper m the beginning of the present century. „cepttto.rmy, navy, and justice, of the 'Tr«pon an excmpUncation, of the ,am«. '"tZ «arr«n,. to audit account., pa..- norU iM>lici«9 of insurance, etc. 'jM,/. on all bond,. Utter, of attorney, °r':":u'::;;.tor. of deed., etc., before '"tr;Ur.«Utcr'.ofdeod.,.tc..notbe. fore mcntioiic'l. 1». on plnying ">'»*•• 10«. on dice. irf. on all immphlot. and new.paper.. ld.iflarKcrll.anahulf.heel..ndundcr k who'e fbeof. 2i. not exceeding .l« •hoet.. 2». on all ndvortisomentg. 2.J. on all almanac., etc., on one .ide of one eheet. ^r 4.<. on all other.. Tbe»« f-". """ f""" " for more year., to be mulf.pUed by the ""fitTn every 200. in .un>. not exceeding £50,a.conM.len..ionfornppren.ice«h.p.. 1,. on 20, if the.. im exceed. £50. Dnuble dutie. on all paper., etc., In other than the EnRlixh language. (,) luacommunication addressed by Mr. rr, f or Cooper, of PicUin.on CoV,c«e^ ,.„„.ylvanl.. the BdUor of the Emporium .f A.f.andS.-ienoe,.iti..tatcd.l.at h. „.,,,.,.-,rfm«nV...eaoid.a.itwa..hen e noofina.ed, had not at that time come n „., among the pap.r-maker. In Amer.e. BLEACHING OF ruLP-MILI.S IN CONNECTICUT AND VERMONT. 205 lanufactures by the merchandise, wfts R he couhtry. Mills ,„try, aud iucreased done. there were but tbree in Rhode Island out me. The supply of id. The scarcity of h price of all labor, •ently. The practice eople, and everything )ut the proper care in le paper made, while unknown, a peculiarly act of that period is t the eminent chemist, the remarkable bleach- ■r or certain sal's, were ,ud others, rendered so ry of Art, as employed 'his application of cdo- ble ill Europe, and was tliis country, until after IvcTtisDmentg. ilmanaci., etc., on one side of thors. These for one year. If ara, to be multiplied by the ry 200, in iumi not exceeding ,leniti»n for npprenticcships. if the Slim exceeds £50. m.gon.illpnper8,eto.,lnother nViKh l«ngim(?e. .„nmtmiiMiti«n nddres-ed by Mr. WilUeabiirre, In March, 1RI:<. «o Cu..pcr. of Pickln-on Collc«e. ,1, the Editor of the Emporium ,1 Sciences, it is stated, that the „„n„lio aoid. as it was then de- had not at that time come !nto I the paper-maker. In America, Tn 1776 Watson & Ledyard, who hod a rapcr-mill at East Hertford, Connecticut, were able to snpi^ly paper for a weekly issue of eight thou- sand papers from the Hartford press, in addition to the greater part of the writing-paper used in that Colony, and by the Continental Army. One of the earliest Taper-mills built in Western Massachusetts, was near the town of Pitlsfield, in Berkshire County. In 1779, about twenty-seven Years after its settlement, the town instructed its representatives to the General Court, to use their "best endeavors, that any petition which may be proferred from this town, or from any individual of it, respeeung the crectin- a Paper-mill in this town, be attended to, and espoused by you in the General Court." Paper was made some years later in the adjoin- ing town of Dalton, by Zenas Crane and others. The county now ma.u- t'lins about forty Paper-mills, far outnumbering any other in the State. Lee, where the business began still late^ has alone above twenty mills, and'is the largest Paper-making town in the Union. _ A Paper-mill was, we believe, built at Bennington, Vermont, during the Revolution. So scarce was the supply of raw material, howe\er, that advertisements were sent to Albany that rngs were wanted at the printing- office and Paper-mill in Bennington ; and the mill is said to have been chiefly dependent upon the cast-off clothing of the Indians for a supply of stock.' Paper was brought from the mill through the forests upon althouKh two or three patent- had already was again given to the public in tho papo. been Xted in England for its application above referred to A patent was gran ed .n h t se England, in 17i)2, to a Mr. CampbiU, for *" 1 LmTPepHred by an English menu- bleaching rags , and. three years after, John faoturer, for LLg a bleaching liquor for Bigg, obtained a paten, for bleaching rag. l.r p^lp, was sent by Mr. Cist, and with and also tho t .Ip .n the va.s, by the use of engravings of the apparatus used in its pre- manganese, sea salt, o.l of v.tnol, and wate. pura.ion, and remarks, by Dr. Cooner was distilled together. Dr. Cooper appears to 'published in the first volume of the Second have used the gas ^^.ch -"-';";";- Series of the Emporium. In his obscrva- workmen, in place of a solution of the oxy- tlon Professor Cooper, states, that about muriate or chloride of l.mo, afterward em- thc;earT790,he,withaMr.I.akcr.ofM«n- plo.Ted. and hence his method did «ot Chester, devised a modification of llerthol- prevail. et- m thod of producing oxymuriatic acid. (D A commentary on the « '-d c rcum by .ubstituting minium, or red lead, for stances of the present popub.in of these manganese, and by « direct combination of States, in regard to clothing and the Arts . tho materials, produced the acid without furnished in a statement in thoCalf rnia d itillatlon. and with considerable saving of State Register, for 1859. where the existence expense. lie says, he employed it continu- of a l'apcr.,..ill in Mann County is men- ously for three years previous to his removal tione.l, as turning out six tons of paper per to America, in bleaching cotton goods to tho «cok. And one of the great benem. as. extent of from 800 to 1200 pieces of calico cribed to It, 1. tho "clearing out of tha weeUlv in Manchester. The process wa, cast-off garments, which for yc.r. have „„t puMiMied i^ Engl 1. but was inserted carpeted the streets of ;^''" -":;"-' '"<* by Dr. Mease, in hi. edition of tho Enoy- every city and town In the State, clopcdia, without attruoliiig attention, aud J 20C TAPER-MILLS IN TUB C0L0NIE3. horseback, and was so valued, notwithstanding its poor quality that imperfect sheets were carefully repaired with paste, that none uught be lost Some copies of the Albany llegister, printed on paper from tjie Bennington mill, the nearest to that city, exhibit when held up to the l.ght, this reparative process so dexterously doni as otherwise to elude obser- 'Ticarce indeed, was paper in New York, in 1781, that the Journal of the Second Session of the Assembly was not printed, on account of the inability of the printer to procure paper. ' ^ . rr A Paper-mill was erected in the northern part of that State, at iroy, by Messrs. Webster, Ensign, and Seymour, in 1793, which made from five to ten reams of paper daily. It is said by Mr. Munsell, to have been the first in that part of the Slate. In 1785, the Legislature of Massachusetts, notwlthstandinr the odium nttaehed to the very name of a stamp duty, since the excitem a growing out of the Parliamentary Statute of 17G5, re-enacted an ordinance which thirty years before, had passed the same body Imposing duties on licensed vellum parchment, and paper, and a tax of two-thirds of a penny on newspapers, and of one penny on almanacs, which were required to be stamped. The law was, however, repealed, before it had become opera- tive. But it was followed soon after by a duty on advertisemeuts, which continued two years in force, , . ^ In 1786, a Society at Philadelphia, offered a premium for the best means of protecting Paper against the attacks of insects ; and another for the best method of making paper for the St. Domingo Minket, capable of resisting the insects of that region. Several plans were offered, ac- companied by samples of paper prepared with sizing, mixed with various sharp, bitter or other ingredients fatal to insect life, none of which, how- ever, were deemed worthy of acceptance. An improvement was made in the following year in London, by a person of the name of Hooper, who received a patent for a new method of making printing-paper, particularly adapted to copper-plate printing. It was about the year 1790, that the practice of blueing paper in the vat, originated in England, in an accident it is said. A paper-maker's wife chanced to drop her bag of powdered blue into a quantity of paper- pulp, and the article when finished, being offered in the London market as an improved paper, commanded an advance of four shillings in the (1 ) In the library of the N. Y. Hist,. Soc, .,m.or of the Amerionn Army, on nopounl o: there are Ifi folio v.Iumos of the inanu^eript the ccircity of puier, wliilo in winter qniir Journals of the UriliMi House of Commons, ters at Murristown, N. J., in 177«, or 1777 in Cromwell's limt, whose ample margins, - Wat^on'» A. Y. <» the Oldvn Tint. bad boea partially used by a cummuuaiug PAPEll OF ASBESTOS— MILLS IN THE SOUTH. 20t poor quality, tbat hat none might be on paper from the held up to the light, wise to elude obser- n, that the Journal d, on account of the ;hat State, at Troy, ?, which made from unsell, to have been hstandinp- the odium exciten,.;.t growing 1 an ordinance which iig duties on licensed [lirds of a penny on were required to be I had become opera- .dvertisemeuts, which remium for the best ects ; and another for ingo Muiket, capable tans were offered, ac- j, mixed with various none of which, how- 1 London, by a person lew method of making ite printing. It was ig paper in the vat, A paper-maker's wife a quantity of paper- n tlie London market f four shillings in the ericnn Army, on ncpounl o: .iilier, wliilo in winter qniir wn, N. J., in 177B, or 1777 r. t'n Ike Oldvn Timt. price. Out of the increased proCts of his sales, her husband rewarded her discovery with a costly cloak. The Paper manufacture flourished in Pennsylvania, Xew Jersey, and Delaware, particularly the fu-st-named, to a much greater extent than m any other sections of the Union. In 1787, according to M. De W arvdle, there were in those three States, sixty-three paper-mills, of which forty- eight were in Pennsylvania. , ^^ „ a They manufactured, annually, about two hundred and fifty thousand dollars worth of paper. Connecticut made in that year five thousand reams, worth about nine thousand doilav=. X iryland, had also a Paper- mill at that time, and there was one in North Carolina. In 1792, a Mr. Beach of Danbury, in Connecticut, made samples of paper from the Asbes- tos, of which fossil, a Jesuit in Europe, named Kircher, had, in 1646, produced paper and other articles, indestructible by fire. De Warville, mentions a Paper-mill on the Brandywine, a mile from Wilmington, Delaware, belonging to Mr. Gilpin and Myers Fisher, in which the process for grinding the rags, was much more simple than the French and the specimens of their paper which he had seen both for writing and printing, equal to the finest made in France. The Paper-mills had at this time greatly increased in number, in New England, and four y. rs later, the Paper made in Massachusetts was estimated to be worth twenty thousand pounds annually. It was then a yearly increasing production in the State, which in another four years, Numbered twenty Paper-mills, where at the Kevolulion, there w-ere but three Six of these were on the Neponset, and seven on the Charles River There was a very large one at Worcester, and at Sutton, m the same county, was another belonging to the Messrs. Burbank situated on Mill Brook. There was one at Springfield, and one at Andover. The Paper-mills of Massachusetts, at that time, had usually two vats each andemploved ten men, and as many boys and girls; and their annual product was about seventy thousand reams of writing, printing, and wrapping paper. A mill with two vats, required a capital of about ten thousand dollars, and was capable of producing from two to three thousand reams annually, of different descrii.tions of paper. The price of printing-paper, wa. from three to three and a half dollars per ream. Some of the mills in Pennsylvania were of greater capacity, and bad three or four vats eac 'i. Among the first Paper-mills built in the Southern Provinces, was one at Salem, in North Carolina, three hundred miles in the interior, settled in 1760 by a company of Moravians, most of whom were trades-people. The manufacture was, after the War, encouraged by a loan from the Slate In South Carolina, some time after, an association for the aid 208 rAPER-MILLS IN TUE COLONIES. .„d in.lr«e««n of emigrants recommended the e,uMi«taent of Paper- „,nl. «. . l.™nc„ «f "■''»'')',."^«'f/° ^= — ■: 'ptnn.,Wani., laid . Tn TTSq Coneress, on motion ot Mr. Ciymer, oi * i-"' "•' ' .u vof e-n'n a 1 alf percent, on Paper, pasteboard, and b ank-books •2 L Ml Clymer seated, that the Paper-mills of Pennsylvania t^^^en SS annual.;, seventy-thousand reams of various kinds of Pap which was sold as cheap as it could be imported and that there were Ilady fifty-three mills within the range of the Philadelphia market. The confniler of the BihUolheca Americana, published m London, in nsrrrthatthepeopleofNorthAmericamann^^^^ in sufficient quantities for home consumptioi. ^^'^ f ^[^ ;,',.f, ;, " J Hamilton, in the following year, represents it as on of "^^^^tZZ, manufacture which had arrived at the greatest perfection, and was most St to national supply." Yet Citizen De Warville. a few 3-. pr ^ vious believed that, on account of the scarcity and dearness of labor and 0^1 teimeric ns could not, for many years to come, furnish sufficient plrer for the prodigious consumption caused by the increase of know- ledge and the freedom of their press. 2. PAPEa-nANOTNOS-The manufacture of ^'H^er-hangings was a de- partment of the business in which, according to Hamilton's Report, rpsoectable progress had also been made. "The use of this elegant and inexpensive substitute or t « -Uy -^ elaborate arras and tapestries of former times, was introduced into Fiance and E gland early in Ihe seventeenth eeutury,-about the same Ume wi h that of leather-hangings, which it soon ^'-^^^^^'-'^ f^ .'-^.^ manufacture was carried on in England, in 1 48 ; and, a a - 1 --d the establishme,.^ of the Messrs. Potter, at Manchester, becaine cele brated, making from eight to ten thousand rolls -^ -"^^J '^'^^ ^^^ cylind ical machine was first introduced for the manufacture of long sleet fo Paper-hangings. But it was not until afterthis, that the artice began : br'genSy used in America. The first advertisement o Paper- hangings for sale in this country appeared about the year 1737. (1) In the first settlement of the Confmout the people were generally compelled to forego the ornftinental, nnd content themselves with the essentials of domeslio comfort. Their dwellings, mostly of wood,were usually guilt- less of paint throughout, which was not felt, however, to be a great deprivation, when a well-scoured and i^anded floor was the pride of respectahlo housewives. The curly rulersof MasBachuiotts, indeed, appear to have dis- couraged the use of paint, as a useless lux. ury. The Rev. Thomas Allen, of Charles- town, was called to account, it is said, in lfi:S'.), for having paint about his dwelling, but was discharged upon his showing that it was done before his time, and was disap- proved of by him. The first church erected in Boston was never painted wilhiu or without while it stood. Indeed, a list of moohanics made out by the General Court of Massa- PAPEB-nANOINGS. FIRST USE AND MANUFACTURE OF. 209 iiisbment of Paper- re. Pennsylvania, laid a ird, and blank-books )f Pennsylvania then 3U8 kinds of Paper, and that there were idelpliia market, lished in London, in tured their own paper Report of Secretary le of the branches of -tion, and was "most ville, a few years pre- dearness of labor and ome, furnish sufficient the increase of know- er-hangings was a dc- Hamilton's Report, :ute for the costly and ntroduced into France out the same time with tirely displaced. The and, at a later period, nchester, became cele- in a single day. The lufacture of long sheets 3, that the article began Ivertisement of Paper- the year 1737.* so of pftint, as a useless lux- :. Thomas AUon, of Cliarlos- ed to account, it is said, in ng paint about his dwelling, ,rged upon his showing that fore his time, and was disap- im. Theflrstohurcherootcdin ver painted wilhiu or without Indeed, a list of mechanics the General Court of Maiisii- The Swedish Traveler, Professor Kalm, remarks of New York, which he visited in 1748 :— " Tlie walls of the houses are whitewashed within, and 1 did not any where see hangings, with which the peoplb in this country seem, in general, to be little acquainted. The walls are quite covered with all sorts of drawings and pictures, in small frames. On each side of the chimneys they usually have a sort of alcove, and the wall under the window is wainscoted, with benches near the window. The alcoves, as well as all of the wood-work, are painted with a blueish-gray color." Hangings of rich cloth, however, imported from Holland or from India, were, from an early period, to be occasionally seen on the wall of a wealthy merchant, in the principal cities. Paper-hangings, along with carpets, began to come into use in the middle of the last century. They were advertised for sale, in New York, by Garret Noel, the bookseller, and by J. Desbrosses, in great variety of patterns for walls and for window cur- tains, in 1760. They appear t'^ have been manufactured also in the coun- try, within a year or two of that time. Paper-hangings of domestic manufacture are said to have been pre- sented, in 1765, to the Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, instituted in New York, on the plan of the London Society of Arts, which were highly approved and, when offered for sale, were rapidly bought up Additional samples of several varieties of the same manufacture were produced before the same Society, in 1766, approved and recommended.. From this time forward, the use of wall Paper increased throughout the country with great rapidity. The importations of the article were very large from England, and, after the War, from France : so much so, that, in 1787 the French Government removed the export duty upon Paper- hangings, on account of the great consumption of its manufacture in the United States. At that time there were several manufactories of the arti- cle in Boston, and others in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The manufacture of Paper-hangings increased in the same rapid ratio and when the first Secretary of the Treasury made his report, was among the well-established branches of home production. Three years after, the manufactories of stained Paper, in Boston, were sufficient, not chuiietts, in 1670, docs not contain the name of a painter. In 1705, the Coat-of-arms of Queen Anne, in the Court-House, at Salem, Massachusetts, was ordered to receive "» colored covering," which was the first men- tion of the art in that quarter. Painters' colors were for sale in Boston, in 1714. But paint was not generally used before tho Kevolution. An anecdote is related of a thriving cooper who, to exool his neighbors, u Just previous to the War, paint"-! one 'if his rooms. Tho report soon spread. Scvirnl acquaintances of the man having met on a wharf, one of them announced the event in these terms :— " Well, Archer has set a fine example : he has laid one of his rooms in oil." Tho nso of paint increased rapidly after the War. (1) Doilsley's Annual Register, vol. viii. p. 66, and vol. \x. p. 02. 2JQ rAPER-MILLS IN THE COLONIES. ., .0 .PP. u. State. ..t r.„^a -;5:j:^-rX-r^ Slutes; Bostou rroauccd ---f^''^^^ ,,, or three manufacto- Paper-hanging. At ^^.']^^ ^'^J^,,, at one of which hvrge - in Boston, and ,ts v- ;^ -^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^,.,^,J, ..^athing, wrapping. :::z::^> --^^-^ ^^^ ^^^^^ "^-'^"^ ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^""' *::S:?patent. were ta.en ou,^;th. ^J^^^^^^ Z ganizatlon of the Patent 0^;;^^yi::^J^. this branch of ehinery. and the -;^^ ^^^^^eLare. John Biddis. of Pc^sylva- rt;:::^!:!'; ;^;::f Ne. yor. J. Condict and charts K.nse. :, kc. Jersey, and S. Greene of ConnecUeut ^^^ ^^,^^ ^^^^ Althongh, for the n-nfaetu e o whUe 1 P ^^ ^.^^ ^^^ ^^.^^^^ were nsed in the early h.story of ^^^^ ^.^ ; ^^y .„ted seventy-five years upon the inspection of ooks -"^ ^ " l.^^ed with that made ago. was coarse, dark-colored, and ""^ -/'^'y; ' ,^^^_ ti^^ tritnration i the most refuse ^^^^^'^^ '^Z^l^Z^ - «tone or iron of the rags for the pulp ^^'."V^"^^^™ '^.^^j^ ^^ ^ „eans of discharging ,norlars, by the aid of a trn>hamme . ^^ J^^^^^j^,, ,f ,^, ,,eet. and ,Uo coloring matter. cHl-rbefoec^r after ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^, ,,, „a the Paper was sent to '"^^^^^^'^^^^^^^^^ to produce a sample process of .— eture. s.. ^ ^^^ "^.^ ,,, ,,, «, cutting and of dry. finished Paper. At mc i i^^ j^anner in a comminuting machinery, the P^ P'^^ 2*=^^„; „g ^he preparation; and few hours, having been thoroughly ^J^^ "^^ ^'^^^^^^^ l,,,^ the finished the whole of the subsequent ^^^^^^ ^^ ^' ;";, „ ,„tes. Some idea article is ready for use, is «^«r^^^'''' '„'«"« o^ the early manufacture „.ay be formed of the slow ^ ^^^^^^\, chemical aids in of Paper, as well as of t^-.^f^^^^ ^ ^"^^ .,,,, ,, „,oulding and finish- bleaching, of the Fourdrnuer and oUr mac ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ing, from the following comparison ot tue pr methods ; — ii.,i,nrions Each sheet was made sepa- .. Formerly the process was slow ^l^'j^'^^J-^ ^^^\,,, „, twenty by thirty lately, and four and a half reams of n^wspap of ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ inches, was technically termed a day s wo ^^^^_ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ,,,orof threemen, with theoc.as,on^l a -t- ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^j.ty sheets, :;l: ;r;^a:^o::';:r^:rwould measnre .. tho^ana fo. Iundr'edfeet,-a little more than one mile. (1) Mass. Hist. Coll. ill. 276-277. MAC.K-AL EFFKCTS oF MACIIINEUY. TYrE-FOi;NI>lN(i. 211 quantities to other thousand pieces of or tliree manufacto- : one of which large sheathing, wrapping, ,, were made to a cou- v years after the or- improvemcnts in ma- ils in this branch of Biddis, of Tennsylva- t and Charles Kinsey, none but white rags net, as will be evident ited seventy-five years ,pared with that made mces. The trituration ; them in stone or iron means of discharging latiou of the sheet, and alendered. By the old 5d to produce a sample the aid of cutting and a superior manner in a ig the preparation; and icture, until the finished ny minutes. Some idea of the early manufacture !tion of chemical aids in s in moulding and finish- practical results of the Each sheet was made sepa- the siZH of twenty by thirty and required the constant , of two more. These four hundred and sixty sheets, leasure five thousand four r7. " P.y the iuiroduction of machinery, this part of the process of Pappr-mnkin^ has h.'en cntirolv chaim'cd. Tlie Paper is now run off in one continuous sli».et, and on our best macliines, at the rate of forty-fiv-j feet per minute. Some of the machines in use being of the widtli of eighty-four inches, the attention of two men and four girls is required to form paper of the size before nu-ntu.nea, twenty by thirty inches. Such a machine, working the same amount uf ui.io as the ol.l-fashioued variety (twelve hours), will make thirty-two thou^s^iud, four hundred feet of Paper eighty inches wide. " But this is not all. When the the three men with their assistant.^, undnr the old plan, had finished their day's work, and made their one mile of paper, it wa-i wet. .md it beoam* necessary to dry it upon poles. If the weather proved favorable, this might be done, taken down, and linished in Jire c/a,ys- ten times longer than the time occupied iu making It. Mw, when the two men and four eirls have, in twelve hours, made their twenty-four miles ef paper, it is dry, and wlien cut into sheets, is ready for the printer; and tins without regard to the weather, he it rain or shine. "Thus it is evident that formerly it took ten times as long to prepare tli« Paper for market, after it was moulded into sheets, as is now required to con- vert it from the pulp-and that the labor of five persons in one day produced for the market only one twenti,-foudh part now obtained by lb.3 use of labor- saving machines.'" Over two thousand engines arc now employed in producing Paper npou a scale and of a quality at least equal to that of any other country. 3. Type-Founderies.— The earliest of all printing is said to have liccn made from wooden blocks, engraved with letters in imitation of the chi- ro-'raphy of the scribes, who constituted a numerous and skillful pro- fession throughout Europe and the East lefore the discovery of print- in^- The iuipressions from these plates bore so near a resemblance to the written copies, as to be with difficulty distinguished from them. Tvpes of a movea!)le kind, dexterously cut upon the same material, after a time be-'an to be used, and were followed by metallic typos, with faces cut in a similar manner to the wooden ones. The first book printed from cut metal types was the Bible, on si.x Imndred and thirty-seven leaves. It was the Vulgate edition, printed on vellum, between 1450 and 1455. The magical rapidity with which Faust— who became soon after the owner of the types, and kept the secret by which they were produced-mulli- nlled copies of the Bible with exact uniformity, and sold them for bir'y, and then for thirty crowns, while the scribes charged five hundred, gave rise to the traditional association in the vulgar mind between "the Devil and Dr. Faustns." But if the effect of moveable types seemed thus magical, the result of the discovery of the method of casting types in metal, which (1) Transactions of Am. Institute, 1849, p. 412. 312 TtI.E-FOt3NDEUIK8 IN THE COLONIES. V i.. nrintinir must bc decmcd still was the next step in tl-i-P-^-f .^^^^ f; belongs to Sch.ffer. ,nove extraorain.uy. The mcnt of ^^'^^ ^'«;;; {^^t^^ f,om Guttenburg. tl.e partner of Euu.tu. after ^l^^^^^^^^^. .olid types, and lie engraved matrices u. -^^ "sJl g of Mentz, in 1462. dispersed preserved the improvement unl.l the '^^'^'' ^ „„ afterward he- knowledge of the valuable art t^'^^B':;^ ,^^^ ' , improvement employed steel punehes for the purpo • I e - g^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^.^.^^^ wa that of casting whole pages in »«^»j- «^ ^^ ^ j,i,„ MuUer, at method. Tl>is stereotyping process was invented y Leyden, in 1C90. ^^ .^^ ^^„„t,y ^^fore the Revolu- The principal part of ^''7^1'' .^^i Type-foundenes, on a tiou was imported from Eng and. T'-; "^ "^^^^fj ,,,, ume. The .mall scale, established ^^^^^^^^^ j. riSy meufioned, established earliest of these, beyond doubt, was ^'"^ /''' J i,,„i,^ ,bout the year >; Cl>ristopher Sower, at ««'-'"-^7"' "J;;;! German Bible, which 1740. He cast the types for a quarto d tion o 1^^ U ^^^^ ^^^^^^ completed in 1743. and other va^^^^^.^^^^^^^^^^^ At this foun- German poople who ^^-\^2lsln^^^^^^^ -d Engli.h character, dery he cast a number of font of ty^. > ^^^ ^,^^ ^^^^j^,,, ^as for the use of himself and oth rs a.ul after ^^^^^^ ^^_^^^^^^^ ^^^^ extended by his son. C»"-; ^^ « f ^^[^f ,„„,,y for many years. He largest book-making estabbshment m the co y ^^ ^ made his own types and prmting^nk. and gav^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ „ill and several binder.es The bu^^relphia, who. about the begin- Messrs. Biuney & ^'^^^^.^[^^^^^^^^ the United States, and „„g of this century, ca^a^l ^e t^P- ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^y^^.^^^,,. ,, introduced a very ^'^P^'^^^^VX business is still conducted on a vast the hands of their successors the business ''''^^- 1 ,r . r fi an attempt was made in New York to print About the years nC3-G6, an altemp ^^^^^^^^ language, an edition of the Book of ^om- J-yer.^n ^^.^^ ^^ ^^.^ ^^ prepared by Messrs. ^"^7^'^f";;:,;li3le difficulties, because there have beer, attended with almost "^^•^' 3. ^^^,,„ m the Colonies. .as not at the time " a J^^^^-^/;;^^^^^^^^^ by Wm. Weyman. the Nine sheets, or seventy-four pages, were c^mp J^^ ^^^^^^ .^ ::5^t:?:i^HS:^:i"=^^^^^ four or five hundred copies were P"«»'^; ^„„ ^y a Mr. Michel (1) Documentary Hist. N. York. vol. Ui. p. 1152. BVEU/S, FRANKUN's, ANT) haine's tyt-e-foundeutes. 213 ustbo deemed still elonga to Schoeffer, er from Guttenburg. the solid types, and z, in 1462, dispersed ope. He afterward great improvement 1 form to the original by John MuUer, at try before the Revolu- Type-founderies, on a aring that time. The mentioned, established Ivania, about the year e German Bible, which )r the use of the many •ovince. At this foun- and English cliaracter, leath, the business was le latter conducted the •y for many years. He mployment to a paper- ward descended lo the who, about the begin- the United States, and of the type-mould. In till conducted on a vast Se in New York to print , the Mohawk language, rilvie, which was said to 'difficulties, because there r House" in the Colonies. itedbyWm. Weyma!i,the It three years after, it was 13 priuter in that city, and „ Boston by a Mr. Michel- i were said to be equal to any imported from Great Britain. But he does not appear to have suc- ceeded in establisliing a permanent business. In the folloNving year, Abel Bucll, of Killingsworth, in Connecticut, a cold and silver sn.ith, and ingenious nicdmnic, who hod been engaged m lapidary work and in map engraving, and had recently been pardoned for counterfeiting a Colony note, petitioned the Council to aid him in construct- inn 1.00, at II.C „ cern, we believe, was elosed. _ ^^^.^^,^^,.^ ^o New \ork, Abouttwoyearsaftev,Dav>dl>^^ c a ^^^^^ ^,^^^_ ,^,^^ , ,„a established the Type-fouu n g bu • ^^^^^^^^^,.^, ,^ ,, p. & a. «vuce, in 1813, com---^ ^ ^, ,,, ,y^,, called secretary Suited States. 0. Bruce -^^J^,,, ,, several valuable impvov- or roude. and the family ^vere the o na ^ ^^ , Lnts in these branches [^^^ /^ , f,,,,,,g year, with llichard America, came from Lcth, u, ^^^^^^^ ^, ,,, ,,ess which beur. Bonaldson, Adam I^-^^^'^^'^JJ^rhorburn, of New York Kon- ,,, .ame. and the now a.e [^t, revived the type-mahiug busme. aldson, in connectvon l^^^^^^^^'^X^s' xdu.ively to that branch. The ,,rirdadelphia,devoUng e^d^^^^^^^^ ^_.^. .^^,^^^.,y ,,, America- iutrodueed some '"'f^'';^^"'^^^^^^^^ ,vith enterprise. type-mould, and conducted th b- ^^ ^^^ rrluting-pr-s. is sa. 4 riuNTiNO PuESSES.-lhe eauicsi . .,,, i„ fan.iliar use i ,Xl been constructed in ^^^^^^l^:!: l^^,.., for the pu ,,, , ._ couidry o lie .. and to^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ -^tJ'l^ 1 pose of printing. H"^ •^"> America, was given it m Ib-O, Jansen Blaew, a joiner o A- ^ ^^ ;^^^,, .„ „,,„,, .aid soon after several improvements -^'^J^^^^^^ ,„,,« upon Blaew's models England. Some additional ^^'^^""'^^^ .5,,^,^ of Birmingham, a . .,Lrville,the ^^^^^^^^ ^ Z^]Z^ of that kind, imported i ,Ue middle of the last -"tiu- .- V^. ,, u.e llev..hi - England, chiefly. -MU'l- ^ ^ ^ ,,„„,,,, introduced into Lngl TI-. lloUing-press for C IM^^' l"^' , ^„, g ,,ed. is supp j„ ,, reign of James the ^ -^'f; „;^.t "ii./t the beginning of to have been first ^^'^^ ,lf : ; ri.'.endent of the lloyal Pnn eighteenth century. M^ ^V^ - ; I ,,^,,,, ,„provements in p ing machinery, late m uic ,.„„s, ruction. tivc of a now press, and its mod o ^^ ^^_^^^^^^^^^_ Still later, the ingenious C1>'"1-* ^ ^;,,. .^ ,>i, attention t interested in the new process of st ao 1 , ^^^^^^^_ .^_ ^^^,,^^ ,„,,.ovement of that art. and > ^ '^,^,,,,, s,,,,,type rrinting. .Uh much ''l^-'--;^^'^';;;,,:; Press, more automatic tha, „,,K.h bears his name lb ^t" ,n.n,lred.fold. tV.e yowe ,.fore constructed, and capab ar y ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^.^ ^, . the same labor as the --->;;';;;, „ ,-,„ „f it. meehanis, ..rinciplcs than any previously m um. I e,,l,lied to the ordinary press. ,0NIE8. vcuty -seven, and the con- iEainbur?toNcwYork, i, that city. The fim, .tcrcotype foundevy in the the type called secretary ■ several valuable impvove- ieh brought I). r,ruee to lowing year, with IV.chard f the I'l'css wliieh hears rn of New York. Kon- a the type-making busmess ■ely to that branch. Tl>o> imrticularly the American enterprise. . 3f the Printing-press, IS said .•lue-press, in fan.iliar use in ,cen ill-adapted for the pur- •ation it received until long •x was given it in 1620, by rierward a p'-it>ter, who made „ Holland and soon after in ade upon Blaew's models by nvinter of Birmingham, about ' of that kind, imported from ,.s nrevion. to the Revolution li,,. introduced into England „.,,, ,,y one Speed, is suppose, about the beginning of the tendentof thclloyalPnnt.ng further improvements in pnnt- .id published a treatise descnp- ruction. Stanhope, of England, becoming i„^,, tu- od his attention to the ,f a skillful mechanic, complete I rful Stereotype Printing-press, ^rcss, more automatic than any .ahundred-fold.tV.cvowerwith ,s constructed on more se.entilic 1 a portion of it.^ mechanism, wa* DEARBORNE'S AND KINSLEY'S PRESSES, ETC. 815 r.ut these presses, and the cylindrical ones of Nicholson, of London „n el Ml ITU.) were not introduced into this country during the period e ilvie;. The old wooden presses used before the Kevolut.on Zc worked by hand, and the ink was also applied by a manua proc s. called InmnuX means of leathern ball, which gave place to the roller onlv about thirty-five years ago. , . ..^a Ibout the pedod of the Ilevolution. Benjamin Dearborne, who in . , became the publisher of the New Hampshire Gazette, established at I oiU- lu lii 1 50 by Daniel Fowle. with whom he had learned the printing ": e's L , d at his time the oldest paper in the United Statcs,_,n v Mited Tie' press, a. it was called, which was used for a time at New mr,. no I impressed the whole si.ie of a sheet at one pull of th le^er Whe phitte turned with the tympan. having a counterpoise to balanc it d he power of the lever had the additional force of a .vheel and axle " As >. the old band-presses, two persons could work upon it a th same t me. Dearborne. who subsecpiently removed to Boston, and b ane xtensively known as the inventor of the Dearborne patent s eel- V la d .ahuJes, still in considerable repute with many, some time .r ous to 1810, devised another press, on mi entirely new pan will Terte simplicity of contrivance than any then in use and designed to ' e grea er power and dispatch in printing. This ingenious mccha- Xi" we believe, was the only one who attempted any innovation in the Printing-press, which it is proper to notice in this place A od ficat on of the cyliudei-press of Nicholson, which was patent d bvD Kinsley, of Connecticut, in HOG; the patent circular press f i2 th i V ntlons of Adan, , Ramage. Dow, and others and the !Zdi achievement of Iloe, belong to a ater period, and .il receive a other place such notice as their merits «hall «eem to demand. CHAPTER IX. BRICKS, AND THE MANUFACTURES OF CLAY. One of the earliest evidences of an improved social condition in any community is an increased attention to the convenience, elegance, and permanence of the dwellings of the peoulc. Hence, Mr. Hallam has justly observed, that " No chapter in the history of national manners would illustrate so well, if duly executed, the progress of social life, as that dedicated to domeitic architecture." From the extremely rude cabin, first constructed by the emigrant of round or roughly hewn or squared logs or planks, riven from the trees upon the spot where they had fallen, to lot in the sunlight upon the nu- cleus of a rising villag?, the change to houses constructed with a view to elegance and the highest amount of domestic comfort, in a new country, is usually a slow one. The first habitations of our forefathers, aspired to little superiority over the primitive wigwam of the native, and, in many instances, were constructed, temporarily, in imitation of the aboriginal bark hut of the savage. The tenement of the Colonist was possibly, in some instances, d less comfortable one, by far, than tluU of his Indian neighbor, with its closely wallled and thatched roof and walls, its plenti- ful hangings of mats, constructed of flags or reeds stitched with Indian hemp, and its stock of warm furs and skins, which eOfectually repelled the most inclement cold.' (1) Whether we regard it as r primorJial ft' t, trnnifcrrcd at sumo remote time fmm tlio eautcrn to the western Ciinliiiont, by the race which first neoplod ttioso shorei", or M an exnni'-lo of the mr^nnor in which the human mind, under nimilar oireiim!'tnn''o«, worki out the dnmo ends by similar dovicos, the fact is alike )nlereits orgam^ed h li t as w.Il as in the arts of life, there is, perhaps, no one art.clo i;,;ensable or .nore abundantly met with than lime and Us com- Znlu Oldunxou, writing of I'ennsylva.ia, says, " Mountjoy : a Ma- n at belong..d o a daughter of Mr. Pen, and here the f.rst L.me- Btone wis dug tl>at ever was found in America.'" That a m.neral so Itant for building purposes, as a flux for iron, anu other uses, so un . V sally distributed in its various forms, should so long renm.n und.s ov- I e ms scarcely credible. Tl>e discovery of compact hmestono Id to took plac. not long previous to 1G81 ; but tins was ev.den tly no the flrst fo nd in America. Captain Smith, in 1G14, n. erred U :.:Ltence from the resemblance of the cliffs of NewEng and to o cc.as of Dover. Morton, who lived in the country from 1022 to 1C3- speak o m rble "useful for sumpteous pallaces," slate, and other materials d 1 chalk was shown him by an Indian, and that H-^tone ex.sted to his knowledge. Virginia, about that lr;,r\'fJTt^t with lime, but its source is not mentioned. Thomas Graes, ;sho rettlea at Charlestown, in 1020, was instructed to find l--to"e a d that and other ndnerals were probably fou..d by h.s agency .^« J;^ ' ' son relates, that the fort on Castle Island had 'o be rebu.lt .u 104 4 be- cause " the country afforded no lime but what was burnt of oyster shell.s ate time it was' coustructed. And Jocelyn, also in 10C3, alludes to the absence of stones that would " run to lir.e, of winch t cy have g want " The earliest mention of its manufacture that we hav-c seen was in Rhode l,.land, where, in January, 10G2. a Mr. Ilacklet, of Provulencc a,,plied to the town Tor liberty to burn lime, and to take .s/o,,. and wood from the commons for that purpose, which was granted h.m fora lun.ted time In October, 1005, the town ordered that "those lune rocks abou ILu-klct's lime-kiln shall perpetually be common, and that no land shall be laid out on the north-east of said kiln, within si.v poles or upon tl.e other sides or parts of said kiln within sixty poh , this said k.ln bc.ng at or near a place called Sroak,;„anolsrir- The I.mo rocks at that place became, at a later period, a source of large quantities of lime for exportation. Limestone is not abundant in the eastern part of Mas- .achuselts. and, as late as 1724. shell lime, .hich was the principal de- pendeiico in all the Colonics, was in common use, and the authorities (2) Brit. Emp.ln Amcr. EJ.1741, i. 30.3. (3) Aunuli of rroviili'Dce. (11 IIlBpi'i^'i'n'fl \<'w Englnnd"! Planta- Mon, 1 Mii«». Hist. Cull. VI. 118. cs of it, and a liar- arblc narbor.'" to luive been early 1 o!" all its organlzeil haps, no one article n lime and its com- Mountjoy is a Ma- licre tlio first Lime- Tliat a mineral so i oilier uses, so uni- ig remain niidiscov- compact limestono it this was evidently in 1G14, inferred its ngland to the coasts 022 to 1C32, speaks nd other materials; iiat limestone existed was well snpplied homns Graves, who I find limestone, and agency. Yet Johii- I rebuilt iu 1C44, be- jrnt of oyster shells," >, in lfiC3, alludes to vhich they have great lat we have seen, was iicklet, of Providence, I take .s/o?i6' and wood ited him for a limited hose lime rocks about id that no land shall iix poles, or upon the pol' , this said kiln ■* The limo rocks at rgc (piuntities of lime ! eastern part of Mas- was the prineipiil de- 0, and the authorities .in Atner. EJ. 1741, i. 303. I'ruvitk'Dce. FIRST LIME MADE-WOODEN CIIIMNKYS-TH.VTCUED ROOFS. 219 Iheu ordered that " Muscles shall not be used for making lime or any il.iii.r fi-y the calcination of the marble, the houses o the first -*^tle . . e lb a lonsr time chiefly built of wood, even to the chimneys H.c^e, m tun rrmi itU the custom in English cottages of that ^'^y- -^ "'-'^ ^ g . or sticks of wood, placed one above another, at -«•> J^;^^ ;^ .las ered with clav, or mortar. The roofs were usua ly thatcl ad n tli ^X- 1 ak obt^iined from spots of ground reserved u. some phic J. hat use above low-water mark. Great exposure to fire was tl e ic u t thi t'y e of building, although the chimneys and roofs were sub ct o f e nt nspectiou by olficers detailed for that duty. Jamestown, in A u- g t ;;;;u:^the ^rt. storehouse, and all their conteuts was l.ur,je^ ni .1.. ■^■••t vear of the settlement from that cause, as -vas also the hist bu 1 l : ::! :l; :l-house ereced by the Pilgrims at 1>>P-;1;. ^ - a month after it was built. The first fire in Boston, occurred on the . Mr 1031 from the imperfect claying of one of those wocnlen or catted d 1 y V lie c fire com.nunicated with the thatch, and destroyed tvvo d^S^ Governor Dudley, iu consecp.ence prohibite ^^^^ dCi wo ears in building_at much eM>onse_was almos as soon as ompleted, destroyed in less than half an hour by the l";^^;-;^^ « ^^ JJ,''. fn.n a irun in the reeds with which it was covered. But, notwitlistanu Tp oh t ns, those inllammable materials continued long ui use, esp^ ally! infant settlements. So prevalent ha.l tl''-'-^- l^-;^?;;^ to a late period, that General Washington, in his tour through the Eastern Stat 118'., deemed it worthy of record in his diary, on several oca- ,; er ea iuK New York, that no dwelling houses were seen in ho ':^;:^^.aZ^^n. thron h which he passed without stone or bn.k dlinuieys Those in Connecticut, had generally "two fiush stones, with ft V.TV (rood show of sash and glass windows." r^„i,„ S, me and bricks-of which last ten thousand were sent from London to M^adiusetts iu 1020, were first used iu the construction of the iirc i,Uu-es which were usually of the most ample dimensions. ';;.;■ filluouse of Brii erected in Boston, and perhaps in Massachu- 220 COLONIAL BflLWNO MATKUIALS. setts, was built, it is said, by Mr. Coddiugton one of t;«efatl>m of Rhode Island, previous to his removal to that plantation ,n 1638 In f- '^r^ 1643, ; brick watch house was built on Fort IIu , m the town ^•'^"""'"'- of Plymouth, which Dr. Thaehcr says, is the earbest notice of bricks, b/ll'l he probably meant in that -n The bnc s w^e^jr- • 1 A 1... o Mr firimes at Us. per thousand.' Lime, Uiick, ana iul „. i„d..„c„dc,it callings ii. Nc» England, about 11.6 ycM 1C«. Br cl, Ikitrirthen oar,L on at MysUoK, or Mcdford, wUcnce tLc prodne. "■"Trt's: B^r .adc 1„ «.c Anglican Colonics Wvc.cr ... -.1- ^- ■ ■ o= nnrlv as 161'> durli.tr the administration of Sir Ihomas Virginia, ^l^^-\^\^l'!-^^ J^ of Virginia," of that date, when the f:L"j;i.c1: Colony consisted of seven hundred inhaoitants. it was said after """ the removal of the people to a healthier place, four score miles un the river from Jai^estown, "the spademen fell to digging, the brick- "nen bun their bucks, the company cut down wood, the carpenters fell to'onaH g.^ sawyei-s to sawing, the soldiers to fortify ng, and every man to BomewhKt. And to answer the first objection for w lolesome Tdgi. ^ 1 r they have built competent and decent houses the rst story an bricks Uiat e'very man may have his lodging and dwe ling p aee ap.- by himselfe." In 1649, the Colony had lime, it was said and s to.e of bri ks made, and house and chimneys built of Bricks and some of wo d h Ih and fa ire. covered with shingall for Tyle, yet they have nunc tha ma^ke t em wai ting workmen ; in that trade, the Briekmakers have not The rt rmake it,\ shrinketh." The first church built in Virginia was of brick, and was destroyed, luring Bacon's rebellion in 1 7G. by the burning of Jamestown, which was chiefly builtof the same material. Mr cTa on in his letter to the Royal Society in 1688, speaks of the supenor nuaCof the cluy he had found there, of which he made a large cruc.bl which^was the bist he had ever seen. He speaks of the pipes and pots very handsomely made by the Indians of clay. Boston about the year 1657, is quaintly described as having " large and Bpacious houses, some fairly set forth with brick, tile, slate, and stone, and ^ orderly placed, whose continual enlargement presageth some r^S^t" '" sumptuous city." The Massachusetts Court in 1667, appointed M) At tho fir.t Court of A«bt.nt.. bold lowing March. A. M.ch law, ««- f"""'* »« (1) A ino nr ^ ^,^^_^,^ ^^„^^^_ t„ „t,,er pUcc», ',:,r,:r :::;::: ';; :r:*, .;.. .;;/;-- ::-::-i:'.;rj::!:,, ::; ;:-;;:;;r::;;rr::::rrr-:.i.i.... «.,-....- lb;, .mpon-io oraerWM rcpuloJ in iha til- BRICK-MAKINa IS NKW ENGLAND. 221 le fathers of Rhode ation in 1038. In t IIul, in the town c earliest notice of 'he bricks were fur- ac, Brick, and Tile- 1 that were pursued year 1647. Briclc- whcnce the product wever, were made in Lion of Sir Thomas ■ that date, when the ,nts, it was said after ace, four score miles ) digging, the brick- 1, the carpenters fell fortifying, and every ction for wholesome liouses, the first story I dwelling place apart i said, and " store of ;s, and some of wood, they have none that Brickmakers have not built in Virginia, was lion in 1C76, by the ! same material. Mr. speaks of the superior made a large crucible, of the pipes and pots \ as having " large and Ic, slate, and stone, and iincnt presagcth some )urt in 1667, appointed A« duch laws wero founil to >nily Bciirco, to other places, were removod in 1810. Tba ami material oomliiiioil, may lie of tlie oust of briok-work luri a20. a comnilttec to frame a law to regulate the size and mam.fac u. of Bnck . As early as 1G77, a brick college edifice was bu.lt at Cambr.dge by ub- Bcription, and in 1094. a substantial brick meeting house, the first buUt oMhat material, took the place of the old nnpainted wooden one u Brattle street, Boston. An order of the General Court, two pars befo required buildings above a certain size to be of stone or bnck, and to be creed with slates or tiles, because of the " great desolations an ru.n. caused by the contiguity of wooden buildings, whence ;t •M-b.U^^e hat the town was no longer dependent upon importations of b. cks^ In 1700 lie .Boston contained about 1000 houses, and 7000 people. Dr. Mat says of it, "ten times has the fire made notable run. among « but the r Jns have mostly and quickly been rebuilt." But a more than usually derructive fire Occurred there in 1711, after which, houses were pnnci- «allv built of brick and of three stories in height. 'tot:itLtanding the abundance of wood ^^X'^^^^::^ settlers in Maine, built a brick-kiln, on the east bank of ^»- ^^ ^ "^^^^^^^ a branch of the K...nebec, some ti.oe previous to 107o. Sir B.lby Lake andhi: partner Clarke, settled on that river in 16G0, and one W. red aM thirty years after, the owner of land twenty-seven miles irom the head of uav gation, in digging for clay to begin a brick-kiln, came upon r ins of an ancient kiln, with decayed bricks -f «^^'" -"^^"7^//^'^^ manufacture. The site of the kiln was occupied by a hemlock tree, of more than two feet in diameter.' . , . j n i Bui d ngs of wood principally, however, prevailed in that and the ad- jacen provinces, previous to the Revolution. Bricks to a ™all amoun tere Leluded in the exports from the Port of I'iscataqua. m the years '^Melford, wa. in early times, a principal place for the manufacture of Br^ksn Massachusetts and, after the war. produced annually abou ou ^ Hons of them. Boston.' Dorchester, Charlestown. and a few oUier of Th older towns, furnished the chief supply of an article too weighty to be insported ani distance, when the mean, of conveyance were imperfect. Te old al populous county of Worcester produced, in severa paces, krge qua'titL of bricks in ancient times, and is still next to Middlesex n the am nt of bricks manufactured. The last-named county, now Ikes over forty-eight millions annually, nearly nine-tenths of which are made in the towns .f f^ambridge and Somerv.lle p^.^jdenc- A few fine buildings excepted, the towns of ^ewport and Frovdenc i„ Rhode Island, were so.e years after the peace, principally constructed „..,„. in Boston, and was furnished by John Ilay- (,) SuUivan'sILst ofMamo. .Jj V of D^'^'"'""'' '" ^^"• (2) The first granite ever imed in this ward, r-sq.. oi country, was lo the erection of King's Chai^el fM 222 COLONIAL BUILBISG MATERIALS. imported from Holland. wl.ere the ^^f^^^X^^^^^^^^ .^-Us, perfection, early pmlommated. ^'^V""^"" ''"4' . .^^t^rdam B"S^ . „,u1 tl.P stvlc of architecture adopted, gave to ^cw A mbteraam nmkiniin ancl tuc SI) It ui uilu -rv V I +„,. n Th(> notcUcd ffaole ^ow vork. .„„„Utftkal)lc features of a Dutch town. 1 nt noiuau ^ administration of the last Governor ftuyve ant^ Pre-ou. t . population. .„„,i:„„, previously erected on the island, were The pr ncipal public buililings, prcvum^ j- .1 .. «.M.U huvs " which was sold at auction in 1696, tor i J-w, «"" have engaged in several uni stuyvesant, they said, had ,„g. mill-building, ^' -'-;^2^^^^^^ like occupations been mostly engaged in bu.l ing, ^r c "laK. fe. ^^^ ^^^ on the Company's accoun ^»>«"g'; '"':^7^ '*^^;';;; J^ges against the did not justify the expenditure. There wee g - e ha^^^^ g ^^ energetic Director, or -JJ^e^;^;; :^,,7J ^ r^^^^^^ Kray, among probably then forniei a con per thousand, payable in BRICKS AND EARTHENWARE IN NEW VOUK. 223 to any cotisiilerable rts of llie Province, cxiiortd thence in ^ or in part of Bricks )iig existed in great color of the bricks, to New Amsterdam The notched gable heckered with black ers, the date of erec- ! was either thatched unted by a weatber- the island daring the Previous to his time, had made little pro- ceed one thousand la d on the island, were 1 in 1G42, at a cost of Conn^jcticut, "a fine lenties Slip, afterward 96, for £920, and five about the same time, n of a better class of n the free list in 1648. ring year, to complain bo were represented to erprises, as ship-build- lyvesant, they said, had d such like occupations vantage, for the profits ?cr charges against the received as evidence of rs, Tunis Kray, among cr, performed the duties id from Holland which imports. The price of icr thousand, pnyable in however, several brick liest and largest of these .U. U,o„s„»a. Among a numto »' Jj"" '^ ";,,^„, p„ „„Hcr, one „„„.„c,, "an «'-;^-:;;,': ':: J^ ::';: t .,«.. n,a,n,«- „o.. "; Ta"lo°:i;r n c,, i asluneo in ,o.r power. If l.e resolve, 8iblc,and to gnt lum tvti^ i^ T^in,,,! ihis year, procure (steenbackery), as he ^''^^'^'"^ ™ ^i^^.^lf somewhere on the given him docs not appear. He f'^^'^f^^^ ^ j^^^^j , i.-.m on NorthRiver. '^''^^"--^^ ?!|::; ^: ^y," b^^^^ a tolerably large sea.., as the ^tetn BacLery ^^^^ de Hulter, on the Uudson, was leased about th time tU ceded to England, for eleven hundred f ' '^ " ^J^^^^^^^ ,,,,„teen ,elon,ngto^. same for three ^^^^^ZXt. day, wl.n a Sr:;^SU.eonsideredas^a.^^^^^^^^ that potters' wares were made at '^'' '^^^ f'l''- .^^^^ ,„ L„„g island, equal the Delft manufacture, was made m ^ J--; J^^"^^,, J ,,,, ,« ,ome time before that.» About ^^^ -™f, '"^^ 1 i.^^,^; the Com- stron.My commended to the patronage of he 1 '^7''!'- "^ ^'^ ^'j,''^ ^.^^ ;:: ijllolland reused to sauc.ion cer^ graii. ^^^;^ ^ ^^J ^ ' one for a potash work, i^^^^^^Z Sie^i refusal evinces their and the third for salt-works. Ihe ^^^flf' ^f ,,,, ,,r,„ehes of views of the policy of -^^^^X^:':^:;^t.r^.j say, "we industry by monopolies and specul V^^^ ^S'^ J .^^ ^„, ^i^^ie not only entirely disapprove, but -q" that you wig ^^^^^^ grant more hereafter, as it is in our opinion '^J ^ ™ , and welfare f.incipaiiy so in ^-:x::^^::ri::!z ^r^^^^^ ^^ which cannot be promoted, but througn gcnti country, either as a every one wl,o n,i8„t bo >-'-"»;: '|„X , ^'^a/Le regard., merchant or mechanic, may paiticipate. „, ■ xt,„ ri.lo LotiKue dos potteries do terro qui (,) Albany Record., Vol. V OVnMun- [^^^cTvl rnonJ.Mn.^ auo cellos U. tell's Annnls of Albany, iv. 85. Delft.-tf.«'. Oeu. d, Voy, x:ci., 285. (2) O'Oallagban'. New NetherUnds, ... Del. , i,. g-j.^i;. an... j,r Lea UoUandois avoient etablis dam {i) Alb. ttccQr , 224 ' COLONIAL BUILDING MATERIALS. nics tt Iho lime, Md it ""»! be q"es"»»« ^^^ ,^„„ if „t any Umc. stand m -^^ ;J ^./^f^.^any) about this thne by AndrieB tile-kiln was owned ^^ Beverwjck (A >; ^^.^^ ^^^^^.^^^^^ ^^^^ Hubertsen van der Blues Bj^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^■^^,,^ Colony on the S:X:£et- " :"le':e.f .a., although they appea. to have been made ^^^J^ ^^/f J ^ed to the Committee of Lords on the ■ Governor f:'lX^lll^^^^^^^^^ and forty-three houses, Colonies, that >ewyork coniai ,. ^^ ^^od, some, lately, with ten inhabitants to each of the bu'ljmgs «n ^.^^^^^ „ stone and brick. ^^^^ -^'^ ^^r^^t 1^^^^^^ being large. An old Dutch writer speaks of the cUy Ur^ e J^^" ' ^^^ ^i,, containing about five hundred houses, ^'^ -^;> ^;^ ^^ ^^^^.{^^^ ^ew .meanest not valued at less than £100. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. ^he buildings York, about the close of ^^e Beventeenth c tu^ .^ are brick. ^^^^^^^^Z^:^^ ^^ rintior,' which was "neot to being glazed they l^^^J^ T'J'^^,, fi^e-places had no jambs, but the.r admiration," she remarked ^^^^^^^^^P ,^,,, ^,,e of tiles, and ex- backs ran flash with the walls- the Aj^ P^^J ^.,^, ^, g,, f^et. tended far out into the rooms in ^7^^;°^^^"^ j^i^'/,^„ j, one or two About this time, narrow brick footpaths w - laid own ^^ streets. Bricks, pan-tyles etc., paid in 687, ^^^^^ - P^^ ^^^ ^^„. forty shillings o. the hundred pounds wor h. At t^,e ^^^^ tury! Albany contained a large P-P^- " J ^^^t .f the' tweuty-four usually covered with tiles. The style nere, as (1) The resources of the country in build- ing materua seem not to have been well un- derstood at first Mr. V«n Rensselaer, after twelve years' occupancy, and a personal visit U> his Colony, sent out with a fresh emigration in 1642, 30,000 bMding Btone, which his commissary begs him not to re- peat, as but a part were received, and better could be had at the North. Of 4,000 tiles, and 3,000 bricks, sent at the same time, he says, the tiles were not worth th - freight, for they crumbled all away, so that he got but ten or twelve hundred. In 1637, bricks sold in New Amsterdam for ten florins ($4) the thousand. Reeds, for thatching, were at the same time, one and a half florins for 100 bundles, mi at Fort Orange, one florin. Carpenters daily wages were about two florins j and day laborers', one florin. Nail, were eight to en stivers (16 to 20 cents) per pound, (100 nails to the pound.) A dwelling house, built wholly of oak, even to the doors and window casings, was purchased for the minister at Ren«elaerwyck for 350 guilders. ^O'Callaghan't Neu Netherlandi. NEW YORK. EAULY BJICK-YARDS IN ALBANY. 225 which the principle rlier ; and, that the ■at monopoly. The in the English Colo- t were the wiser one ■ts, which then, if at encouragement. A this time by Andries riod sometimes sent ►utch Colony on the lOUgh they appear to littee of Lords on the ,nd forty-three houses, )st wood, some, lately, ' their several kindes." later, as being large, Dutch bricks, and the :night, describing New says, "The buildings rs, and laid in cheques, :,r, which was " neot to ad no jambs, but their were of tiles, and ex- the width of five feet, id down in one or two duty en importation of Lt the close of the cen- »rick houses, which were most of the twenty-four icks sold in New AmBterdnm s ($4) the thousand. Reeds, ;, were at the same time, one lorins for 100 bundles, aad at , one florin. Carpenters' doily about two florins; and day B florin. Nails were eight to ten to 20 cents) per pound, (100 e pound.) A dwelling house, of oak, even to the doors and iings, was purchased for the RenMolaerwyck for 350 guilders. \an't Neu Netherlandi. towns and villages of the Trovince, as far as the frontiers at Schenectady then just rising from its ashes, was of the same Bclgic type thut prevailed more or less for a century later. In the constructiou of these a partiality for bi'ick was manifest, "With terracod g.aWe, sharp steep roof, Walls iron-lettered, turret vanes, Sashes of lead, and diamond panes." Albany was the principal centre of manufacture of that material. But bricks continued to be imported for some years later. A house was standing about thirty years ago, on the corner of North and Pearl streets fn'^^u^ba: known as the Lydius House, which was erected m 1725, with bricks brought from Holland. The clay banks in Lydius street for a long period supplied nnmerous brick-yards in the vicinity with ma- terial foAheir manufacture. In 1728, Luykas Ilooghkerck obtained from the City Council of Albany, on petition, a 'ease of two acres of^ land " upon y- gallohiU, adjoining and near a small run of water for y term of fifty years, for y' use of a Brick-kiln and plain, provided he and his heirs and assigns pay therefor to the Freemen of the City 12s. yearly and every year, and he doth not stop the Roads and passes etc^ Abra- ham Vasburgh and WilU.lmns V. D. Bergh, with Mcholas Grosbeek, were granted leases of similar Ic.s, near the same place, for a like purpose, for twentv-five and six years respectively, and on the same occasion. The city 'also in March, 1732-33, granted Lambert Iladlcy and Jona- than Broock. an acre on gallohill, west of Hooghkerck's br.ck-kiln, for twenty years: for the use of which, and of the run of water and liberty to use the clay, they were to pay the Corporation 20... ; "and in case a war happen to break out during said term of years, so that they should be molested in their possession of the same, then during such time ot hindrance or molestation, they shall pay no acknowledgment for the same. The hostilities apprehended were from their New England neighbors. Jau Masse had also, in 1736, a brick-kiln in the western part of the city, south of Foxe's Creek ; and Wynant Van der Bergh, on the north side of the same creek.' . , , , , r ., The hills around the city, which anciently furnished the clay for these works have long since been leveled at great expense, and the fine im- provements of that ancient town cover the low grounds then occupied by the " plains" of the brickmakers and numerous tan-pits, supplied with water from several considerable runs or creeks now converted into (1) City Records, in Munsell's Annals of Albany. 15 COLONIAL BtlLDlNO MATERIALS. ,e.er. The ^anuracturc has not ceased to be an important industry in ^rlnhatta. there were also at t.s ^^^:-::f ^t:^ and coarse earthen-ware <=f ^'-"•"'^" " ^J^ , "Ji y Pari, where he r.ulding leased a part of the ^^;^;Z^,^^,,, north of the established a large br.ck-yard. Out dt ue^ p ^ ^^^^^^ p,,.,,,,,,,-, estab- eoiniuons, there were, a few years , ^^ ^^^.^ ^-^^^ lisbments, .ear the Collect ^"^^^ ^^''^'^ " p^'^.^elphia in its buildings, according CO Kai™, rivaled ^^^^'^^^^J^^^^^^^ which were mostly ^^^^f'^'^'f^Z^'n^^^. or shingles of white longer built with the gable-en to ^^^^^^^^ ;^,^^^^^ ,„,,,,, .,3 fir, were the coverings of ^'>«;;«f- \j^^^ ,.^,^ ^, ,ays, conformed built iu 1729. The ^''^''yy'^''^lZvtv' Neatness everywhere ,uuch to the old style, but the houses -^° v-y "e ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^_ characterised the Dutch population 0^7 ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^„,,^ ends facing the street were of ^^'^.^^'; "^J The covering wa. -^ peculiarity Which ^'^f ^ ^^ ;:^^^^^^ ^Vwhood was not con- chieily white-pme shingles. He ci^y ^. ^^ ^^^ ^ther .idered suitable for ^'^ "^^J^; .r^ L the ex^^^^^^ ,., a. was a g.at -^! ^^^ ^^'^ lulli: nor elsewhere in North Ame- plains north of it. iNeiuier i , j^,, ..jime or mortar." l-iea, had the writer ever seen l---^^;j 7 dietaries and settlers of The letters of ^^^^l^^^;:;^^^^^ of houses to have East New Jersey, ui 168*.;ei>|esen^ ^ ^^ ^^^ g,. „p, been quite primitive . ^'^'\^'\;^2uM to the "rising." -TS-one end in the ^^^t^;^ ;^., .ithin. Barns .ev... They were covered w^ s 1 ,lcs ^^^P^ ^^ ^_^^^ ^^^^ ^^^, ,vere built in the same way. The eo^ brick-earth." writes ..antiles. in the ^utch manner, ^th g ^he country Luwrie, "and stone for building a A-boy ^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^_^ ^^^_ farm-houses they build very cheaP « -^P ^; ^^^ „^,,j„g, ,ave nails, vants, builds the house ; the^h aU -te^ ^^^^ ^ ^„^.„, , The chimneys are f »«• J;"'j^^,,, some thirteen years later, speaks enthusiastic ^^^'P^'^^f.^^ti and Burlington," especially at the last- ,. i,,7 fell to $2.50 per thousand, and but half th< (1) For fifteen years prcccdms 1817, ' o," especially at the last- t, and had " many fair and fhichthe gentry have built and stately palace of John n per thousand, and but half the as raado. The city noif contains •yards. Tatcm, Esq., which is pleasantly situated on the north Mih of the town."' A Brick meeting house was built at Salc.i, by the Friends, in the year noO, at a cost of £415 13s. It does not appear whether the bricks wire imported or not. Thirteen years later, a large brick house was I'uilt iit nadiloiifield, of bricks brought from England by Elizabeth Iluddon, whose father had purchased four hundred acres of land at that place in 1710, and sent his daughter, at the age of twenty, to make a setllemeut, which took his name. Free-stone was first quarried at Newark, in 1721, and was thencefor- ward an increasingly valuable article of export to neighboring pro- vinces. The first dwellings erected by the Swedes in Fennsylvania and Dela- ware, were of a somewhat rude description, chiefly of wood, one Btory in heiffht, with a single room, the doors being very low, and the First Dwell- o • . ., i, mi e .1 '"K*'" windows merely small apertures in the wall. 'I hey were ot the I'pUllSV'lVH* • ">»• kind common in Northern Europe, for a century or two previ- ous. On Tinicum Island, Christina Creek, and in other places, they built strong, rude forts of hemlock and hickory logs, filled in between with sand and stone, and some churches also of wood and stone. They built one of brick at Wicaco, in the year 1700. This antiquated littU- iioii^-e still remains, and was considered a fine building when it was erected. Better dwellings were erected by their neighbors and successors, the Dutch, — whu brought bricks from New Netherlands for the purpose. At New Amstel (New Castle), bricks were made in 1656,— as appears by a petition of Jacobus Crabbe to the Court at that place, respecting a plan- tation "near the corner where brick and stones are made and baked. "^ Ferris states that he had seen in his youth, at New Castle, the house in which Governor Lovelace entertained George Fox, in 1672, built of brick and hewn timber, the mortar and cement, made of oyster-shell lime, — lime-stone not having been yet discovered. It was standing about the beginning of this century. The house at Chester, or Upland, in which was held the first Assembly in the Province after the landing of Penn, was also of brick. Although the first English settlers in the Province were compelled to find temporary lodgings under the friendly shelter of forest trees and in caves, or huts erected for present defense, they were, very shortly after the laying out of the future Capital, in possession of some substantial brick edifices.' In the centre of the city plot, " fiir out Market street, at (1) O. Thomas' Hist. Penna. and West (.•?) John Key, the first ohiUl horn of E;i- New Jeri-cy. 8''^'' parents in Philadelfhin, w:is l>.)in it a (2) Haiard's Annals of Penna., 209. cave, in the bank, near Race street. COLONIAI. BVILDINO MATERIALS. 1 • ^c'^^i 'he first „„,, „ ...oson,ca in tl.c Torct, « «*'■„"',; ,,1 re«»'. Cenlre-squaic, em j ,.„ Wrtre pluin brick buiiaing. > ^r «vicks l.,.iena-. meeting-house a a ge 1 ^^ ^^.^^ P^T'^^' Vhcth ^^^ ,,trucUous to his agent m that « ^^^^ , ^ ^^^^^ ,, ,. Wheth r U uv which end he had sent a person \ . ^^aterial, as it has btcu ^7^^ t: Manor.ho.se of ^^-^^ ^^^ ,,, ,„nt of hricU Bucis Councy, which, he says, cost bun ov ^^^^^^^^^ j the materials having been pnnc pa ly brouj, ^^ ,^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ,i, 7';:2l edifice, many "^^'^ l^^; ^ ^^ year^ after theLand m ,y verebniltofthesamemate na -t ^^^^^^„ ^^ ^,, nh-e. iobert Turner, .hose •'gve-l^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^,,,ol T onias corner of Front and Are ^^'^J^, „„„e to tbe street, built t 1698, facing the stone arch wUit > b ^^ ^^^^^ „« i685 ^ hree-story brick houses, and ^^^^'^"^ ^^ p.^jel Pegg. This p eas r t ani Gveen. was a l-^^ ^J^f ^^.d by Pegg's lUn. and also OS dence, surrounded by '"-J^ jf ^.o.ite the Treaty tiec a Sin Le brick edifice of Thomas Fairma i, oil (j^.^^nors of the 1 'surpassing all in size ^"^ -"^^Xyor of the City, built abou^ .ion of Edward Shippen. the ^^^ ;V,^^^, ,„a Dock street, or c -- time, on Seeoml ^-^ ^^:1,... with a greenness to ^ The old State House, or ^f^^^^^^^ ,, a favorable spec.n J, with its historic assoca ion, 1 11 ^^^^^ ,, Jy Provincial archite.i^^ O^,^^ ^^^^^, „„ ,, banks ,vcre abu-ulant withm thccitj.an DclaNvarc and Schuylkill. ^^^^^^ ^f ^i.ich the tov U is probable that some of oar y ^^ ^^^^ ,, taiued. in K.Hi. over t re. -^^^;;. / ,, f„,K,wing year in h>s rastorins. who ^-'^^f ,«,'.:; a Province of Pennsylvania r;rrU^:^rr^-r world." record, that, when. BRICK-MAKING IN PENNSYLVANIA* AND IN MARYLAND. 229 rectccl, in 1C84, the first ilding." William Fenn s ild principally of BncUs, ,nake tl.em. Whether the , umterial, as it has been , or not, his injunction ap- i'crs to the present tune. ,e Assyrian Capital, says, Penn, the Quaker, laid out ..sylvania; undwercita fairest and best city in all ,e whole world." _ few miles above Bristol, m £5 000, was built of bricks. .^'from England. Besides ; of a superior class for that fiw years after the Landmg. s bouse," on th3 north-east oued by Gabriol Thomas, m „ame to the street, built two . ones, as early as 1685 Nca ■ Daniel Pegg. Thi^ I' ^^ by regg's ll«". a..d also >e site the Treaty tree at ShacU- ,everal Governors of the 1 ro- as a town residence, for which iitel, was the splendid man- r of the City, built about the rcet and Dock street, or creek ,,,cc;, with a greenness to winch "lluil, was commenced in 1131, „,uins as a favorable specimen of 1 gravel, and other mater.aU landed on the banks of the houses, of winch the to«u co,,- •0 built of imported br.cks. ul U following year, in his pos- .rovince of Tennsylvanm smmt d ;: records that, when he wrote. they had a sufficient number of mills, brick-kilns, and tile-ovens The English, at Frankfort, had also a pottery in operation. Fonr-hflhs of the buildings in Philadelphia, at the close of the last century, were bu.U of briek The city had, at that early day, a high reputation for the man- ufacture of that article.' In many of the older country lowns, the hrst houses were of stone, to which br=ck succeeded In due time. In the newer ones, framed houses, «ith shingled roofs, were more common, after the lo.-eabin of the pioneer gave place to permanent habitations Another branch of the fictile art was early established in Philadelphia. A card in Bradford's Mercury, in May, 1719, mentions "good, Ion? lay- era Tobacco-pipes, sold at is. per gross, by the single gross, and 3.s. or a larger quantity, by Ilicl>ard Warden, Tobacco-pipe maker, livn.g under the same roof with Ph:iip Syng, goldsmith, near the market place ; w-l.ere, also any that have occasion n>ay have their pipes burnt fur 8u. per gross " This is the earliest mention we have seen of that manutaclure amon- the white inhabitants. Tobacco-pipes were made by the natives with great skill, of clay, wood, and stone, curiously wrought or carved with various figures. Baltimore, which of late years has produced superior bricks in laige enumtity, appears not to have made them in sufficient number for its own u'e for some years after its settlement. Charles Carrol, an ong.nal Jl.TnXl'-' proprietor of lands now covered by the city, in 1.54 erected, """"'''■ " at the Mount," buildings of bricks imported for the purpose. Two years before it had but four brick houses, and only twenty-five .n all, the others very primitive in style. A pottery was erected u. the town ten years after, by John Brown, from New Jersey, who had learn dth business at Wilmington, Delaware. Ti>e town, at that date, contained about fifty houses. Thirty-two years after, it container one thousand uine hundred, and was the fourth in the Union, having more than h If the number of New York. This unparalk-led increase ... build...g. the cje- .a,.ce of the buiidh.gs at the Capital, Ani.apolis, an.l of l-redericktown which was chiefly built of brick -iLd stone, must have made Bnck-mak.ng a considerable manufacture. Wooden buildhigs uredominated in the Carolb.as u..t.l some years after n) The Brick, mndo in Vlnl«.lolpl,M wore more ,in,o «n,l fuol t'-" '" '^"«';;i /^ 230 COLONIAL BllLDINO MATEKIALS. the RcvoliUion. Twenty or thirty siiacious brick houses, according to Dr. llamsay, were built in and near the city of Charleston, about the be- ginning of the last century, by the more wealthy first settlers. As late as 1731, it was said, there was not a potter in the Provnice, nor "t"."'."!'; any glass-maker. The clay for pottery was of a superior qua- Ciroiiua-. j.^y ,j,,^g mannfaeture of potter's wares was commenced at Camden, about thirty years after, by an Englishman named Bartlam. After the year 1740, when a great tire laid in ashes a large number of the wooden buildings of the " Queen City of the South," brick and stouo were more used than before. As lute as 1795, however, the Society formed to aid and instruct emi- grants recommended the manufacture of bricks as a profitable industry. Their price was then nine dollars per thousand, and the supply fell short of the demand. About this time, Bartholomew Carroll introduced in Charleston a new deseriotion of houses, wholly of cky. " Seven houses thus built in Charleston," says Dr. Ramsay, " have hitherto answered very well, and they are as elegant, comfortable, and as free from moisture and all other untoward accidents as any brick houses, though they cost much less. They stood the hurricane of 1804, wliich exceeded anything of the kind which had taken place since the year 1752, yet the example has not been followed by a single citizen." Subsequently, in July, 1790, Uenry Walker patented, in England, a similar method of erecting houses in one entire mass, even to the floors, stair-cases and roof, by applying fire by means of flues to the difl"erent parts of a clay house constructed on Car- roll's plan. General Washington described Cliarleston, in 1791, as hav- ing a number of very good houses of brick and wood, but most of the latter, the whole number being about one thousand si.\ hundred. Newborn, the largest town in North Carolina, had, six years later, about four hundred houses, all of wood, except the i)alace built by Governor Tryon before the War, and then going to ruins, one church, the jail, a market-house, and two dwelling-houses, which were of brick.' Bricks (1) Tliifl pnlntiHl odifii'O of Oovcrnor Try- on, of whi.h u out i» given in Lousing'? l*in- toriiil Field Bodlt of the Uuvolution, from tho origiiiiil druwings »)>• tlio urchitopt, John ]Iswkn, K:'q., In the po!eo]ilu ouuiiiluiDui CHAPTEU X. (i LASS-WORKS IN THE COLONIES. The production of Glass, combining as it does in a high degree, both elegance and utility, is, to a new country, an important step in the line of progress. The art is a very ancient one, having ministered to the luxury of the Sidonians, its first manufacturers, and, as the collections in the British Museum prove, it was nearly perfected by the Egyptians over three thousand years ago. Conspicuously encouraged by the Venetians as a me- dieval art, and received with nearly equal fuvor in France, it passed into England in 1557. In 1C23, wheu the settlement of Massachusetts was taking place. Sir II. Mansell received the first patent recorded in England foi the manufacture, and su!)stituted the use of mineral coal for wood fuel. The monopoly, at the same time accorded him, of iraportiiig the fine Venetian drinking-glasscs, is an evidence that the finer articles of Glass-ware were not yet made there. Glass-making, as has already been stated, was one of the earliest manufacturing attempts in this country. Artizans were sent to \ irginia. Fir t at f^r ^'"^t purpose, in 1C09, and an essay was made in the business t„..,i"»,'(i)9. iiuraediutely after. The advantages of the country for a profit- able introduction of the art, were probably inferred from the abundance of fuel existing for the supply of the furnaces. Wood was, at that time, becoming scarce in England, and the supplies of sea coal were as yet but limited ; while, in America, the soil was encumbered with forests, and the Fame labor that prepared it for cultivation, could supply abundant fuel, with pot or pearl ashes as material in the proposed manufacture. The net proceeds of the sale of those articles, it was said at a later period, reimbursed the expense of felling and burning the wood in the process of clearing the land for agricultural purposes. The great cost of its importation, on acount of breakage, may bo sup- Voscd to have been a further inducement to its domestic prc'uction. And still another circumstance, to say nothing of the extreme convenience of Glass-ware, appears to have invited the Virginia adventurers at least to make an early attempt at its production. This was the manufacture cf (232) EAKLY GLASS-WORKS IN VIUGINIA AND MASSACUUSKTTS. 233 in a high degree, [jortant step in the ig ministered to the ;he collections in the Igyptians over three > Venetians as a me- ince, it passed into ' Massachusetts was ■ecorded in England leral coal for wood in, of importiiig the he finer articles of one of the earliest ere sent to Virginia, made in the business country for a profit- frora the abundance 3d was, at that time, coal were as yet but with forests, and the iipply abundant fuel, \ manufacture. The lid at a later period, jod in tlie process of •eakage, may bo sup- ilomestic prc'nction. I extreme convenience dventnrerH at least to the manufacture of beads and other trinkets of Glass, which formed a considerable part of thfl currency in the early Indian trade, and were exchanged, at jirices altogether beyond their intrinsic value, for furs, peltry, and even the lands of ihe natives. In 1621— twelve years after the first glass-house, as related in a previous chapter, was built in the woods, about a mile from the infant settlement of Jamestown, and an humble experiment de in the art— an effort was made to promote farther colonization, and the permanent good of the Colony. Wives were j.rovided for the settlers, in order to give stability to the population by the formaticT of domestic ties. To promote so popular a measure, a roll or subscription was opened the fol- lowing year to scna others, and, at the same time, another was formed to raise funds for the erection of a glass-furnace, to make beads for the In- dian trade. The subscribers to these rolls, or lists, were to participate in the proceeds of the sales of the articles. One Captain Norton, with some Italian workmen, was sent over to conduct the business of glass- making.' Other rolls, of a similar kind, were subscribed to. But the investment which proved most profitable to the adventurers, and by far the most useful and acceptableto the plantation, was that first named. The price of maids rose from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco each, and the list was readily disposed of. The cheapness of fuel and of a portion of the alkaline salts required, was probably found, by the first Glass-makers, to be more than counterbal- anced by the greater price and scarcity of labor in the Colonies, the prin- cipal cost of Glass consisting of the labor employed in its production. The first manufacture of Glass in Massachusetts has been stated to have been at the village of Germantown, in Braintree. Glass bottles alone were made there. The proprietors failed some years be- rv'"kfiu"'" fore the Revolution, and the house, having burned down, was """"■ never rebuilt." The earliest Glass-works in New England to which we are able to assign a date, were commenced in Salem, Massachu- setts, about 1639, in which year there " were granted to the glass-meu several! acres of ground adjoyning to their howses," in Salem, for the purpose of promoting the manufacture of glass. The persons engaged in the undertaking were Ananias Concklin, Obadiah Holmes, and Law- rence Southwick, fiach of whom received two acres of land. The year following, John Concklin, of the same business, was allotted five acres more, bordering on the previous grants. In December, 1641, tho General Court, for the encouragement of the enterprise, authorized the Town of Salem' to lend the proi.rietors thirty pounds, which was to bo deducted from the next town-rate, and the glass-men were to repay it, " if the work (1) siith'inut. viio'uitt. (2) Muss, Hist. C'<1. vol. iii. 278. 234 COLONIAL GLASS-WOUKS. 1 1-. ))i TliP works liaviiiff been negleclccl for sneeeeaea, ^^^ ^'^^ ^^^^ :^\J'^:^l permifsiou from the Court three years, the Conckhns, ni 164^, receivea p • ;X.e t,fat noU... -e was atte^-^ Xo'irltri:. JXalle had then reeeived scarcely a moiety of Us n--;-^ ; tions to the purposes of domestic convenience, and of use in the vanous arts 'L great increase in New England population and prosperity a ledatllf mentioned, and the improvements ^^^ff^^^l^Z the construction of the dwellings, would have rendered the domes c manufacture of wiudow-glasc u special boon to the country But Z^L :s altogether ! more difficult and expensive -^ - than^t of bottles and the coarser household wares. Uence we find that the fir. dwellg-houses of the Colonists, in all parts of the country, were .> glnerally-with the exception of those of some the wealthier e-.g-^ -- d titute of glass win.lows. Indeed, although window-glass js bel e^ed avtbeen made at the first English Glass-factory, ^^r^^ mirrors and utensils of glass were by no means common there fifty year ble Uie settlement of Massachusetts. A Gjass-manufactory was se up in Scotland, in ICIO. and the importation o «^' ^ -« f^;/' ^^;'^^. ^ vears after. Yet, in 1661. the country houses in that part of the king- dom we still u glazed, and the royal palaces were only par lally sup- p i^d wUU glass. Window-glass was not made in France until four yeai- £. :hen'the art was brought from Venice by French a« one whose descendants, Thenard. afterward discovered the '^rt of ca tmg plate-glass. The Duke of Buckingham, in England, about the sa e Sme by the introduction of Venetian workmen, greatly improved luifacture of Flint-glass, for which, ^-wever. a patent was grantedn ir.fi2 followed in 16T9, by one for Normandy window-glass. Plate-glass Tfu^ ISe'in England! at Lambeth, in 1673. While the pro uc ion and use of window-glass were thus limited iu England, m the beg nnng the nth century, it cannot surprise us to find a prominent membr of eP^Jouth CololVjn 1621. counseling his friends in Engan^^^^^^ paper and linseed oil for your windows, with cotton-yarne for yo»r 'amps M Iligginson. writing from Salem, about eight years after, advisen m - grants to bring ,/««« for their windows, which is regarded as an evidence of improvemeift in domestic comforts. Although glass windows were not (1) Fell'. Annal. of Sulom. ;2J Colonial Uocords. vol. 1. 344, il. 137. EARLY WINDOWS. GLASS IN NEW YOUli— rKNN-Vl.VANIA. been neglecloil for ;ioa from tlie Court Slass was, for a cou- which is mentioned , In this, as in tlie id for many years, it the manufacture of 10 most valuable iui- place at a later date, ts numerous adapta- of use in the various on and prosperity at •eady taking place in mdered the domestic he couiitry. But its 5ive matter than that e we find that the first he country, were very wealthier emig.ants — idow-glass is believed tory, glazed windows, mraon there fifty years s-manufactory was set lass was prohibited ten that part of the king- 'cre only partially sup- France until four years rench arlizans, one of •ed the art of casting gland, about the same , greatly improved Ihc a patent was granted in udow-glass. Plate-glass While the production ?land, in the beginning a prominent member of ds in England to " bring n-yarne for your lamps." years after, advises emi- regarded as an evidence I glass windows were not Rocoras, vol. 1. 344) li. 137. aecmod indispensable, and in some places were not ^^^^f^J^^'i after, another te,." years, which saw our glass-men at work n fc"'!'^'".^- effoc ed considerable cha.iges in the ability, if not m the tastes of the people. Their houses were already improved in structure and accou.nu - dations, insomuch that strangers were urged to come and share the.r plenty, as they had "spare rooms or good houses to entertain then, uw id t ey hud built faire townes of the land's own materials and fa.re sh.ps, ome of which are here to be soen in the Thames." The requ.ren.en of t'wenty thousand people, supposed to have arri^-ed m New L.^land up this time many of them possessed of means, and the advanced ab 1. ty of iw ul not'long, we may suppose, tolerate so dim a su sU ute as ..r used paper for windows, or the still more comfortless e.xped.en o a httice wicker. Wc find, therefore, the houses of the more opulent a ! ellater,toco..tain beneath their deeply-projecting roofs, accord- ing the style of the days of Elizabeth, two ample wmdows m each story, with white or stained rhombic-shaped glass set hi oaden fran.es, opening on hinges, while the two sharp gables received each another ad- n ^abundJit light to fitting accommodations withi«._ The wmdows the hnmbler dwellings of the first settlers were e.xceedmgly d.m.nut.v pared with the size they have since attained. The diamond-shaped , OS were usuallv three to four inches in length, and the windows two and a i;:;; to three feet ion., by one and a half to two feet wide, sometimes made in halves opening inwardly or outwardly. The General Court of Massachusetts, in December, 1T52, passed an Act granting Isaac C. Whislow, and others, the sole privilege of making Glass in the province. , Among the early settlers on Manhattan was a G.ass-maker Jan 8„.eedes who is supposed to have been about the first to -ceive albt- n,ents of land on the present South William street, between Wall and Pearl. He resided on the east side, just north of Hanover !;,'rruT.w Square, where he owned considerable property, and probab y -- carried on the business of making Glass. The street ancien ly bore, within the above limits, the name of "the G|ass-maker's stree^ .,,..1 'afterward Smee street (Smith street), from its original occua t. De Witt's Farm map of the City, an estate which, abou the yea 173- ;^e;^!ged to Sir Pet'er Warren, situated ^-^ween Eig th and^E^^^^^^^^^^^^^ aveniK-s, and north of Thirty-fourth street, was called the Glass House Farm " indicating the site of another establishment of the kind Tl ; only other notice of Glass-making during the seventeenth century that we have met with, is of one or two attempts maue in Pennsylvania nnder the auspices of the proprietary and the Free Society of l".-'""'- T dors In a letter to the Society, in 1683, he alludes to the.r 1 23g COLONIAL GLASS-WORKS. 'tSltandingthe. attempts in dif^rent quuHers t. njanu^^ and no i;nvare ...; what ca.e H-o. England. ..d a pottev. establ.sh- „.e„t and Glass-ho.se. it was thought, -o»l;leerta,n!y succeed A GlaBS-niauufactory was very early established n. ^cw J r«<^y. '^^""^ twtand a half .lies f.ou. AUowaystown in Salem f^Zill^ known as Wistar's Glass-works, and, about the -<^^'''^ " ;^;^',; ^ Lgh employed quite a nun.ber of German workmen, who settled -^^^^^^^^^^ in he vicinity. The great scarcity of skilled mechanics, and the temp.a In t t ansto Abandon their trades to become agricuUur.ts a u rd-owners. stood in the way of the introduction of J- branche , an created co..stant difficulties when attempted. In J-'"«;J' \^^'/; Henry Moore, Governor of New York, writing to tl-,e Lord of Tiade, m obedience to 'their Circular letter of A.gust, in the P-d.ng year e- quirino. the Governors of the several Trovinces to give a particular ac r %f all manufactures that had been set up - /heir resp t governments, dwells on this tendency of labor to desert the factory fo the field as an antidote to all successful attempts at manufacture in the de- pendencies. Even servants, imported from Europe for different trades i: soon as their indentures expired, quit their occupations and obtain d a small piece of land. The satisfaction of being landhold-'-s, prompted them to endure every privation for a few years, in preference ; • . a comfort- able subsistence easily attainable in their trades. He informs their Lord- (1) rnstorius, in Mem. Hist. Sop. Pa.— The author fays, that just heforo he liiul out the site of Germantown, in October, 1685, ho built in I'hila.ielphia a Binall house, thirty feet by fifteen, the windoici of which, for want of glass, wore made of oi7f(i paper. Over the donr ho placed the fnllowinjj inscrip- tion: Parvii dumui ted arnica uoniii, procul iito , pro/anil, at which the Governor, on visiting him, laughed heartily, and enoour- aged him to build more. (2) At this date it was announced in the Pennsylvania Gazette, that Edward Brad- ley, "near the Po.st Office, in Front street, Philadelphia," tihereJ Looking-Glassos, and gold window-glass by the box. An Iron mill for grinding clay, and other appliHiioos of the Potter'* art were offered for sale also. rAUr.IAMKNT TAXES Gl.VSS. STF.TC.F.Ll/s 0I,ASS-W0RK3. 28T onveniently posted 1 Delaware County, ere the glii;«s-house efforts of Penn to y was established at sh Friends who set- crs tj manufacture .!h the purest glass developed as some olution. glazier of any kind, i a potter's establish- ly succeed.* i' New Jersey, about m County. It was e of the last century, jttled at Freasburgh, nics, and the tempta- iic agriculturists and f such branches, and January, 1701, Sir le Lords of Trade, in e preceding year, re- give a particular ac- p in their respective iert the factory for the aanufacture in the de- )e for different trades, pations, and obtained landhold<"-s, prompted reference ;• a comfort- [le informs their Lord- iglieil heartily, and enoour- Id more. ito it was announced in the lazftte, that Edwnrd Brad- Post Office, in Front street, ilvereil Lookin|j;-(ilii8Sos, and iss by tlie box. An Iron mill ly, and other appliaiioos of ; nere offered for sale also. .hips that the master of a Glass-house, sot up in the Province a fw ye s agi then a bankrupt, assured him that his ruin was attributable to . o oSr cause than being deserted in that manner by his workruen winch he had hnported at great expense. Many others had suffered equally w.th himself from the same cause.' , . , . , ;„ .u^ -n,.itUh Par- In May, of the same year. Mr. Townsend introduced in the Bntish Pa liamentlfii scheme for drawing "a revenue ^^^^^^f^^^m^ civincrthem offence," which the Stamp Act had faded to do. Ilis b 11 laul Tndry Ses upon Glass. Painters' Color, Teas, Paper, Pasteboar Td Pap- Hngings imported into the Colonies, the revenue from wl. was to be appropriated to the support of the Civil Gover.unent in the Co iies Tl e lill, which passed the seals in June, provoked, as m form case retaliat ve measures i.> the several Provinces, in which Boston etTh ex n;p e in town meeting, in October. The ii.separability o repre- llaUou anS t'axation was strongly enunciated, f f-f^-- -; ^ of all superfluities was again resolved upon ; and to give efficacy to the noilpor tion agreeme.', it was deterinined, "by all prudent ways and me ,r to encourage the manufactures of British Amer.ca, and more e'ellly those of thi. Province." The articles Glass and Paper were narticularly designated as deserving of domestic encourageiiient. 'If a tardy and reluctant assent of most of the Colo.ues to th.s severe expedict. ar,d ineffectual efforts of the ministry to enforce its revenue policy, the decline in the amount of exports.-especally to the NoXr.'provinces,._and the manufacturing spirit aroused m America for d the Premier, in March, 1770, fourteen n.oi.ths after the adop .o,. of ;« non-importation agreemctts, to bring in a bill for the repeal of thedu- ties on glass, paints, painters' colors, paper, and pasteboard, retatn.ng only that on tea, and restoring the drawbacks allowed on the exportation of China-ware to the Colonies, which had been repealed by the Act of 1767. It passed the House in April, but the assertion of the right to bind tlie Colonies in all cases, made at the same time, admonished the people not to relax their efforts to foster their own infant manufactures. Previous to its repeal, a Flint Glass manufactory was established at much expense, and on a larger scale than any before attempted in the steiger. Colonies, by an enterprising and wealthy German gentleman of ^^oTw^Tar Philadelphia. The attempt, it was hoped, would prove a unca.ter. ^^ ^^ ^j^^ Proviuce of thirty thousand pounds annually. The proprietor was a German baron, Henry William Steigel, who, in nG2 laid out the village of Manheim, about eleven miles northwest of the borough of Lancaster, near which he erected several iron furnaces (1) Doo. Hist, of New York. vol. i, 7^3. 238 COLONIAL (iLASS-\VOUK?i. and the Glass Works. Tl.c latter was in operation in tl.c bc-inning of the Your 1770. Mr. Pavid Rittenhousc, in a letter to Mr. Barton, on 4th February in that year, speaks of the little cariosity lately introduced by Dr. Franklin from Germany, and called by him the pulse glass, and his intention, when he next viMted Lancaster, to have some of them and other thin<^s he wanted made there. The quality and workmanship of the glass made at that place seem to have been of a good description, as appears from another letter, written in the following summer, acknow- hld-ni,"- the receipt of a barometer tube made at the factory. I am obliged to you for the glass tube ; it will make a pretty barometer, though the bore is somewhat too small. I have compared it with an English tube, and do not think the pieference cau with any reason be given to *''But"the' enterprise did not prove successful. The owner, who pos- sessed both artistic skill and means, was somewhat visionary and osten- tations in his projects. He erected one or two castles in the country, mounted with cannon, whose discharge announced his arrival, and sum- moned his workmen from the furnace and the foundery in baronial style, to attend, with music and other service, on the guests whom he enter- tained in feudal magnificence at the castle. The war cut off his receip of funds from Enrope ; embarrassment ensued, and the Glass Works fell through; while his ironworks passed into the hands of Mr. Coleman, bv whom and his successors tliey were successfully managed. Other efforts were at the same time made in Pennsylvania to promote native manufactures. There were three potteries in Lancaster in 1786. A manufactory of China-ware was commenced in Prime street, near the present Navy Vard in Philadelphia, about t'r) same time the Glass Works were established. A saving of fifteen thousand pounds, it was thought, might be yearly effected by the manufacture of that article. But the measure was not permanently successful.' There were three manufacturers of common pottery in the borough of Lancaster m 1786. , ,, . Notwithstanding attempts made in several quarters to supply the in- (1) Barton's Morooirs of Rittenhouse, p. 2or.. (2) In Franklin & IlalVs Ponnn. Gazette, for .lamiary, 1772, is an Advertisement of <'Tlio (lla.«» Facture, Northern Liberties, next door to llie sign of the Miirqiiis of In tlio same number, the proprietors of tlio Southwarlt China Factory advertise for brolJcn flint glass, and for contracts for five to fifty wngon-loads, whole flint stone, to bo delivered at the manufactory by 1st May. The greatest encouragement was also pro' Oranl.y, in Market street, where the highest mi.ed to all pa.nters e.thcr >" J^ "« <";"- price is given for broken flint-glas, and «1- mel, by which it would appear that the dco- llaline salts." Whether this was another rntive branch was attempted .n connection manufactory, or an agency for the Lancaster with the manufacture, faotory, we are unable to say. MATERIALS FOR OLASS- MAKING. SCO n tlie bcjjinning of to Mr. Barton, on :y lately introducert :lie pulse gluss, and ! some of them and id workmanship of ^ood description, as g snrainer, acknow- ;he factory. " I am y barometer, though it with an English reason be given to le owner, who pos- visionary and osten- stles in the country, lis arrival, and sum- ;ry in baronial style, lests whom he enter- ar cut off his receipt the Glass Works fell ids of Mr. Coleman, lannged. nsylvania to promote 11 Lancaster in 1786. •rime street, near the same time the Glass usand pounds, it was cture of that article. ' There were three gh of Lancaster in ters to supply the in- umbcr, the proprietors of bina Factory advertise for I, and for contracts for five ids, whole flint stone, to bo manufactory by 1st May. courngenient was also pro' Iters either in blue or ena- wouM appear that the deco- !is attempted in connection icture. creasing demand for this perishable article, which had then become ono of universal necessity. Glass was exceedingly scarce during the wnr of ludep^-ndence. The voluntary disuse of English Glass had now b..o.ne a compulsory one, and it was equally impracticable to obtain the avtu- lo from other countries.' Lord Sheffield, writing in the year of the peace remarks on this manufacture : "There is no article of Glass ,n any part of Europe but the British which will answer in the American market. There are Glass Works in Tonnsylvania. Bad glass is made ,n ^ew Jersey for windows, but there is not any (piantity of glass made i America as yet except bottles. Uilherto these manufactures have boon t:, on tlLe by ierman workmen; a considerable Glass manu ae nre at Boston failed several years ago. The want of flint in America .,1b always a great disadvantage in the manufacture of his ar icle. 1 here has been no earth yet discovered in America proper or making the po u ed in the manufacture of glass. What has hitherto been u.od ,n America, at least in the Northern Provinces, for that purpose, has been imported from Great Britain." <• ,i *„ „„, The New Jersey window-glass manufactory above referred to was probably at Gloucester, whore a Glass-house existed a few years later ; and the factory spoken of at Boston we suppose to have been he o a Braintree, before mentioned, a few miles from Boston. U.s ord.l.ip s statement, as to the absence of silicious material for the manufac nre of Flint Glass In America, arose from the fact that before the war no a - tempt was made to discover it, because abundant quantities of gun-flint could be imported at a very low price. Considci-able ^^-''/'/^ «^ «;"* were also imbedded in the chalk which was brought m ballast from Eng- land, and the kind of glass attempted required little pure flint. Congress. dnring the war, ordered the commissioners in France and Spain to pur- chn.e large quantities of gun-flints, and to send also persons acquainted with the manufacture of those articles. Hence, the British Ministry also labored nnder the impression that the United States was desti u e of flint rocks, and, in the second war, caused vessels ballasted with chalk to discharge the same, lest "flint stones" should be found among it But in addition to vast quantities of silicious sand, feldspar, quartz, and other minerals, there exist ample supplies of pure silcx, in nearly every State Large masses of silicious rock exist in Northampton and Berks counties, Pennsylvania, and greater or less quantities stratified with car- bonate of lime in various parts of the country, while the white sand p.auis (1 ) In Oroton, Massachusetts, ,?l«ss could the Town was forced to Pejition the Court not'in 1779, be purchased in priv.,.e store, for an appropriation from the public depo.,- to repair the School and Meeting-house, and iory. -Felt'i Annal: SiO COLONIAL GLASS-WORKS. nml pine forests of New Jersey sustain immense manufactories of green ''Lrco"';quence of the increased attention given to ^1- snbject of do- mestic manufactures about the year 1786, when the ev.ls of inordinate : 10^^ ns from abroad .ere seen and felt, several further at ern^ns Tec made to produce Glass, of which the manufacture had as yet been of a trifling amount. In April of the following year, specimens "'^'T'"^ of white glass, nmde at a Glass-house lately erected near '"""""''■ Albany in New York, were presented to the American Philo- sophical Society. Mr. Elkanah Watson, of Revolutionary memory, in h s ReminiTcen es of Albany in 1788. says it was erected by John De Neufv lie, a former correspondent and a resident of Ams erdam. Ho was tie negotiator of the treaty between Holland and the American Conor's which produced the war between England and Holland in mi iaving sacrificed, in his attachment to the cause of American pen!lence,"an hereditary fortune of a half million sterling, with w> eh be h d commenced business in Amsterdam, living in he highest afflu nee and splendor, he invested the fragment of his estate in Glass-work eight ::t:t:t «; AU^ny. Mr. Watson found him there in -iitary ^^lusior, the tenant of a miserable log cabin, furnished with a single deal table and two common arm-chairs, destitute of the ordinary comforts of life The enterprise, like that of Mr. Steigol in Pennsylvania, was one of .he numerous instances in which enterprising foreigners, ignorant of th re- elements of a new country, and of the best mode o adapting thr efforts to the eircumstances of the times and place, were tempted by flat- tering prospects to their individual ruin. n' January, 1788, the proprietors of th^ Glass factory which wa situated at Dowesborough. in the midst of a . Jl-wooded pine f or st, a d then owned in part by Leonard De Neufville, Jan Heefke, and Ferdinand wTlfa a, pealed to the patriotism of the State to sustain their under- rking They represent the State to be annually drained of thirty thou- a„d pou Is for glass, which they were able to manufacture of any size uperior to Englilh glass. In 1793, the Legislature of New York voted Xn f three'thousand pounds for eight years to the prop-tors. three years without interest, and five years at five per cent. The owners at hTtime were McClallen, McGregor & Co.. of whom James Caldwell, he p'prietor of extensive tobacco and other mills in the neighborhood and Christopher Battemar constituted the Co. They in thH year oflered a reward of'fifty dollars for the discovery of a bank of s.ia suitab^ fo their use within ten miles of the Works. Having, in 1796 fo med the design of consolidating and extending their operations, the village of H m Hon, ten miles west of Albany, was laid out as a manufacturing GLASS WORKS IN ALBANY AND BOSTON. 841 lufactories of green the subject of do- 3 evils of inordinate ral further attempts are had as yet been ,ving year, specimens lately erected near the American Philo- lutionnry memory, in erected by John De of Amsterdam. He d and the American and and Holland in e cause of American n sterling, with which 1 the highest affluence 3 in Glass-works eight e in solitary seclusion, h a single deal table inary comforts of life. Ivania, was one of the rs, ignorant of the re- ode of adapting their were tempted by flat- 3s Factory, which was vooded pine forest, and Heefice, and Ferdinand to sustain their under- drained of thirty thou- lanufacture of any size, ire of New York voted o the proprietors, three r cent. The owners at whom James Caldwell, lis in the neighborhood, 'hey in th-H year offered lank of sana suitable for ng, in 1796, formed the lerations, the village of out as a manufacturing tovn, and so named in compliment to the distinguished citizen of that StatJ, Alexai.der namilton, who was an active promoter of that and other'cfforts to advance manufactures. In the spring of the following year, the association was incorporated as " The Hamilton Manufacturing Company," by the Assembly of the State, and the company and its work- men were' exempted from ta.xes for five years. The proprietors were at tlii;> time Jeremias Van Rensselaer, John Sanders, Abraham Ten Eyck, l.]lkanah Watson, Frederick A. De Zeng, K. K. Van Rensselaer, Thomas and Samuel Mather, Douw Fonda, and Walter Cochran. The estab- lishment at Hamilton now presented an example of the highest degree of enterprise hitherto exhibited in the country in connection with manu- factures. They had two Glass-houses, a saw mill, pounding mill, and cross-cut ruill. They employed three large furnaces, and about thirteen glass-blowers, and made on an average twenty thousand feet of glass per month, besides bottles and flint glass. They substituted kelp for pearl- ash in the manufacture. Their Glass was in good repute, and the business was carried on for some time with much activity. It is said to have been suspended in 1815 for the want of fuel.' About the same time that this manufactory was established in New York, a spirited effort was made to recommence the business in Boston. A Company was formed in that city, and, in July, 1787, re- lu Boston. ^^.^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ j.^^^ ^,j^ Legislature of the State, with the exclusive right of manufacturing Glass for fifteen years. A penalty of £500 was attached to any infringement of their right by making glass in the town, to be levied for each offense. The capital stock was ex- empted from taxes for five years, and the workmen employed, from all military duties. A pyramidal factory of brick was erected on a large scale at the foot of Essex street. Being found ill adapted to the pur- pose, it was afterward taken down, and a wooden one, lined with brick, differently constructed, was put up in its place. Its dimensions were 100 feet in length by 60 in width. On account of difficulties in procur- ing workmen, and other embarrassments, operations were not fully com- menced until November, 1792. The corporation commenced with the manufacture of crown window-glass, which they produced of a quality equal or superior to any imported. Materials were found to be abun- dant; and some six years later, they produced about 900 sheets per week, worth $1.75 per sheet, or $76,000 per annum. Some hints to manufacturers, communicated to the first volume of the American Mu- seum the same year that the Glass Works in Boston were commenced by Ma'k Leavenworth of Connecticut, stale that labor was tweivc to (1) Munsell's Annals of Albany. Morae'fl Hniv. Oeog. 16 212 COLONIAL GLASS- WoUKS. twenty per cent, higher in Connecticut tiiun in Engamd. He conceived it to be a great error in t' o glass-maiiers to altemiit the production ot crown window-glass, which was the most difficult of all, and only under- Ktood by a few in Europe. It could, moreover, be purchased in his State for a little more than in Bristol, while other kinds were double the European price. A box of window-glass worth three or four pounds ])aid but 3s. or '6s. id. freight, and there was little loss l)y breakage com- pared with oi.her kinds. As ninny quart bottles as would amount to X4, would cost ill freight fifteen or twenty dollars. The expense of making ihe latter description of glass was also much less, and workmen more easily obtained. All descriptions of white glass, as decanters, tumblers, chandelicr.s, sconces, phials, and wine gla.ses, paid a freight beyond all proportion greater than window-glass, and were more liable to fracture in the transportation, and any of them could be attempted with better jirospect of success than it. Junk bottles, moreover, were a desirable manufacture for the exportation of their cider to the West Indies and Southern States, where it was more highly esteemed than British cider. They could be made, it was probable, for 2.«. id. (Connecticut currency) per dczcL ; their cost in Bristol was l,s. id. sterling per dozen, the excise duty, though drawn back on exportation, increasing the cost. The want of a sufficiency of black bottles was represented by Tench Coxe, Qon vernor Eowdoin, and others, at this time, as obstructing the manufacture of malt liquors, for exportation. A Glass-house was in operation in Hurt ford, Connecticut, a few years after. Thca was also a manufactory of Glass at Alexandria, in Virginia whir'ii, according to M. De Warville, who visited the State in the nutumr of 1188. oxnortrd, the previous year, glass to the amount of tei thousand pounds, and employed five hundred hands. In th wo-k by that wrf.cr nnd M. Claviere, on the Commerce of Ameri( with Europe, the iinpor unce of the glass manufacture to these States wn strongly insisted upon, ns a means of clearing the wood from the soi which at the same time supplied cheap materiols in the process. T discouragement of Such manufactures in France was regarded os national importance, on account of the scarcity of fuel. In which Anieric pos.scssed advantages in her forests, and England, — whoso glass, with t exception of bottle glass, was superior to their own, — in the fossil woalt of her coal mines. '^he General Government, at itB outset under the present Constitutioi in 1780, manifested a disposition to givespecial encouragement to certni branches of monufacfure, by the imposition of higher duties than others. In adjusting the tariff, therefore, in July of tiint year, windov glass wos one of the objects thus discriminated. On motion of Mr. C;i roll, of Maryland, who stated that a manufactory of glass bad been su( DTlrKlnla. GLASS-WORKS IN MAliYI.ANU — IN riTTBIiLIia 243 liiigiaiul. He conceived leiiipt the production ot It of all, ami only under- cr, be purchased in hia er kinds, were double the th three or four pounds tie loss l)y breakage com- i as would amount to £i, The expense of making less, and workmen more is, as decanters, tumblers, aid a freight beyond all re more liable to fracture be attempted with better lorcover, were a desirable • to the West Indies and ecmed than British cider. d. (Connecticut currency) rling per dozen, the excise asing the cost. The want ted by Tench Coxe, Oo- istructing the manufacture B was in operation in llurt- t Alexandria, in Virginia, ed the State in the autumn glass to the amount of ten ! hundred hands. In the he Commcice of America ifacture to these States was g the wood from the soil, eriab iu the process. The •nnce was regarded ns of y of fuel, in which America md, — whose gloss, with the f own, — in the fossil wealth er the present Constitution, al encouragement to ccrlnin of higher duties tlinii on July of tiint year, window. d. On motion of Mr. Cur ;ory of glass had been sue- cessfuUy commenced in his Slate, a duty of ten per cent, ad valorem was laid on window and other glass, with the exception of black quart bottles imported from foreign countries. The Legi.slature of Maryland had previously encouraged the manufacture of glass in that State by a con- siderable loan. The works were established at Tuscarora Creek, four miles above Fredericktown, and were known as the Etna Glass Works. Like most of the gla,ss-factories heretofore established, it was the property of an ingenious and enterprising German, John Frederick Anielung. It was equal to any in O'c country. The manufacture of window-glass was first commenced west of the Alleghanies, we believe, by Albert Gallatin, Mr. Nicholson, and the Messrs. Kramers, Germans, at New Geneva, in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, where Mr. Gallatin purchased lands in 1785, and named the place after his native city iu Switzerland. The works wcio on a large scale. The lirst glass-factory in Pittsburg, which has since acquired so much eminence in the manufacture, was not commenced until about the year 1795. In January, 1784, the first sale of lots was made on the ' ""^' present site of the city by the Proprietaries of the Manor, John Penn, Jr., and John Penn, to Isaac Craig and Stephen Bayard The laying out of the town was fii^ishcd in June. In 1705, a small win- dow-glass manufactory had been se^ -ip and was in operation, having one eight-pot furnace. It was situated on the west side of the Mononga- hela, at "Scott's," now called Gloss-house Ripple. Wood fuel was employed, and three boxes were made at a blowing. But Pittsburg is chiefly indebted for this valuable branch of its industry to the enterprise and perseverenco of Gen'l James O'llara, who, with Mr. Craig, made preparations the following year for the manufacture, and employed Mr. Peter Wm. Eichbaum, of Philadelphia, to erect the works. The first furnace of the same capacity as the one above mentioned, was below Jones' Ferry, nearly opposite the Point," where other glass-houses now stand. Green glass was made at this factory, which went into oper- ation in 1797. A memorandum was found among Gen'l O'llara's papers, after his death, to this efTect : "To-day we made the first bottle at \\w cost of thirty thousand dollars." Flint-glass and window-glass were soon after added to the manufactures, and the proprietor and others were induced l)y his example to engage in the business, which soon became a principal industry in that place. The abundance of coal, which was mined at the very doors of the furnaces, gave it unequoled advontiiges, which were increased by tiie facilities for obtaining other materials by water, either from above or below the town. The substitution of soda for potash in the Glass manufacture, has more recently much reduced the cost of manufactuio and increase. MANUFAOTUEE OF BEER. Wine and Beer were amo ^ the early products of industry in the colo- „ia7 I od of our history. At the ti™e of the settlement of the Amer. clu Uo Ionics tea coffee, and chocolate were almost unknown in England , eir P c i) . g sup;iied by fermented liquors. From the earUest A 1 S xo, t mes whence we have probably derived th. names of our „ f iquor ira'nd Beer, or Wine, had been the principal everages Llnrl as Mead had been with the ancient Britons and the Irish m England, as Meaa •"'« ^-^^ n.^m the drink Accord 112 to an ancient baxon aiaiogue, wiiio «u.o „ „,„ jr of the "elders and the wise," while the common people drank ale if ey had itwater if they had it not." The brewer of bad ale was V thm consigned to the ducking-chair or muleted for his neglect. Near The te's of which we write, a quart of Beer and a quan o wine alwny ^med a part of the breakfast of my lord and lady o Northi m- beZd Ale .ua Beer were first made without hops, which were not raised in England until about 1524. An old writer says : IIopi, reformation, bays, and beer, Came into England all in one year The price of Beer in the thirteenth century was regulated «eco.ding to Tat of corn and wine, and its cheapness in the sixteenth favored an nor- ; onsuniption. The extent may be inferred f-™ the fact that . w hen sc. lorn absent on any occasion, from Mie courtly banquet to the 1 repast of the cottager. No less than twenty-Uiree thousand ga- o„7were drunk at a single entertainment given to Queen Elizabeth K nilworth. English beer was reputed to be the best m Europe, ^r ;wed in March, and by persons of consequence was - "sed » ' a year old, The monasteries in early times brewed the best ale as they * a the best wine. Even the balls of science were not - celebrated "r their ale than for their learning. As late as the year 7 8, when n Eg and and America tea began to displace the use of malt -quors, the U«f e Wurton, in his Ode to Oxford Ale. laments the declining popn- laH^ of a beverage which he is not alono In representing to be the salva- tion of the British nation. (244) SGR. lustry in the colo- ent of the Ameri- :nown in England, From the earliest the names of our riiicipal beverages ons and the Irish, rilh them the drink iple drank " ale if er of bad ale was !d for his neglect, ind a quart of wine i lady of Northnra- ps, which were not lays : ulatcd according to nth favored an enor- a the fact that it was rtly banquet to the -three thousand gal- Qnecn Elizabeth at best in Europe. It ■e was not used until the best ule, as they •0 not less celebrated e year 1748, when in e of malt liquors, tho 8 tho declining popu- mtlng to be the salva- •XL ^':. ?? ♦> •> ''■'■■AM MA'i^>:^' ""^ .4. ;>< «i» v. iv- cr. i '. ' %,.'■■■ '. -Xi ■,i . ^'''' ■*'' ''11' / 'I til. Jnn] 1* •.■! " :i '" ii' I'' -' 'r;ii^ ;■), .,_ ..,-,»,•,,.. I> I'i :l : 1 ' ■ '. . 1 '. .lo'.n .l./'iiiv, V ,. ■ .:n' <■ i'!vni.-; iT I y i-i"!' Hi' lia. I '•■'<■ '■ wtiS ftH '■•«■ '• V''|.-; ■ - ■ The tftf*-* -*. t! I'i *!>'■'; 'ftv '■'--■ fvt U'ii( lU'O is 1 wewc n Ol'ilrn' 1 !.' llIl'i^'r p-'tir. h0tl'5i' in '..' hriw-t 1 'l>it ' • III ./li n-" fill" !'Ci.i''ii' t.»r iif :i ■■•'•!' '!>'' -iv • •■ . v'lln'r |>Vl":,liilS. * It \i '■ ■ !'■'• ijiVi'i' '!!'■ '"■■I ■ •' li'iA'-/ -:!'„ (•'iyjvii.iatli, .1- , ■ . ■ '■'•• ''"•liitiir?. li'aW ^-■■I'v- >■ III'.' ..■•i-(l gi i'"i'. >^.-.i,.'tt''ck liinh !>t-f■'' ■ }>U:v.,»i'.- li! 'lii> i'<-:-n>-'\ ' T'li' ■*;•■«' '' vvii ; ( •'' r>' ori;.'-! I'lan i-milii li>; '^ ' ^ •' i''V.ii 'li'iiim. v ;.(■;. I '!'' i-' /.t'.'iii' S'-. < tri 1 >' iMi' .<'i'ii ' A I.. '1* vi'.if!! Ui[('.r ' -vt. i! iity I'cl ViX }'iii . l',. I !■■• -m. ■af, .^. .A>f' ,«», FIRST BREWERY IN THE COLONIES. 245 •4 " '• «^ l^^^'t^ m'^ t Thus initiated, the brewery became an early requisite withonr ancestorg in America. The Court of Assistants, in 1G20, were not unmincrul of tlie hereditary tastes and habits of the emij^rants to Massachusetts Bay, wlio con!d not readily forego their accustomed beverage. Among the outfits to New England, in that year, in addition to four hundred-weight of hops, were forty-five tuns of Beer, to go in the Talbot, provided she had one hundred passengers and eighty-five mariners. Soon after, in the Lyons Whelp, were sent thirty quarters of malt, at a cost of £25 15s. Less generous beverages, however, appear to have fallen to the lot of tlieir pre- decessors at Plymouth, where, in 1G23, the best they had to offer their friends lately arrived from England was "a cup of faire spring water." But if there were none among them who had "Learned the noble secret how to brew," they were not without expedients, and tradition says they were accustomed to sing with commendable fortitude, " If barley be wanting to make into malt, We must be content, and think it no fault, For we can make liquor to sweeten our lips, Of pumpkins, and parsnips, and walnut-true chips.'" John Jenny, who came to Plymouth in 1623, was a brewer by trade. He has been elsewhere mentioned as the proprietor of a corn mill, and was an enterprising person in other pursuits, but we have seen no evidence that he ever followed the business of Brewing at Plymouth. The early hardships of their first settlement compelled the Pilgrims to forego all but the most needful provisions for comfort. The business appears, however, to have been commenced soon after the settlement of Boston. In November 1637, the General Courl,, for the protection of common brewers, who seem already to have constituted a trade there, ordered that " No person shall brewe any beare, or malt, or other drinke, or sell in gross or by rctaile, but only such as ery Id the Bhall be licensed by this Courte, on paine of £100 ; and where- as Capt. Sedgwick hath before this time set up a brewe-house at his greate charge, and very comodious for this part of of 'he countrey, hce is freely licensed to brewe beare to sell according to the size before licensed dureing the pleasure of the Courte." The "size" was before ordered to be not stronger than could be sold at eight shillings the barrel, under penalty of £20. Tiiis seems to be the earliest mention of a brew- house in the Colonies. Ten years later, however, they had six public brew-houses in Virginia (1) The l;'orufathor&' Song. 246 BBEWIN'O IN THE COLONIES. „,ving " fallen into their -f « J?^ 1?, d some who have a n,ys- .. brewers, besides divers sorts of sho .ke pe 3, . ^^ ,ery beyond others as have ejan^^^^^^^^^ one of the first settlers at ^atertown Ma distinguishea by elected a representative to he G era Cou^^ _^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ the respectable title of Mr., ^^^''J^ P ^^^,, , ,,uivator of hops, ia that place. Ue is sa.d also ^^J^llnZ there in 166^ Many Samuel Livermore followed ^^-e J- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,^^^,,y ,,, ,,i.ed in years elapsed, in 7- Pf /J.^^^^, ^^t and Beer, and a consider- sufficient quantity for the P'-^'^^f ^"/^ ^^^ f,, the use of the brewers, able importation of malt ^-^^ J^^^^^;; ,„ importation. Whether This was subject, in f^^^^^^^': ^^Z important, or the domestic au increased supply of the articl^^^ ^ .^^^^^^^^ ^f manufacture of it had d.muushed t^^ P">''^^' ^ } J^ ,^, Assembly .alt. and other "-chants of Bo^ton^^" 1 ^5, pet _^^^^^ ^^ ^^ .^ ^^^^^^, for a reduction or a repeal of the tant^, as 1 ^^.^.^^^ welth and also a discoridgm to rnarchan^. One o^^^^^J^_^^ ^^ of those early Boston ^^T^^ ^^^jj J; j^'^'a Rober Thomas Broughton, and signed « '^yj^y^^^^^^ ^ f,,,,,„e of ports and sents that " the weU-^nowa adv ntag ac^ruein y ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ .^_ buidrance of trade P-P-^'^^^^;; ;;,';lg „pou this countrey a reall posed, that this seeming go^f ^^ ^^^ ' Jto custome on another, till, even, and from customs "P-^- '^^^^^ ^^^ i„e„,iblie brought under «tep by step, under specious PJ^^^^^^J^ ^, ,,,,„ nations well known taxes for everything - ^^^ T^^; ^J ' ."of the present, and to prevent unto us showeth." therefore f^"" ^h^ J^° your humble petitioners to tbis even in future ^^-^'J/J^^Xag-n^ay remind you as fathers remove the customs upon malt, that alter ^^^ ^^^.^ ^^^^^ of their freedome, and the Pre-nt m 7 bow b or j ^^^^^^ ^^.^^ ^^^^ rience of your care of theire -"-«'.t\ew England had now held Brewers of New A^^ter - ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^o'r ously resisted a tax commercial intercourse for over thirty y ^^^^ ^^^ on malt, justifying their recusancy -; J" Thes examples show how ::t:::=;^r?:;n;^^^^^^ ,ettloment (1630) rcfuBod to pay the Brst (I) Wond.r.WorUing Prov dence ^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^^^ ^,,^^,,^ u ,,, „ah- MALTING OF INDIAN CORN. INDIAN BREWl.SQ. 247 date, mentioned as eat advantage," are ne who have a mys- ,1, John Appleton, who was IVtqueptly ras distinguishea by set up a malt-house cultivator of hops, re in 1661. Many barley was raised in Beer, and a consider- ) use of the brewers, portation. Whether rtant, or the domestic rincipal importers of itioned the Assembly litiall to this comou- )ne of the petitions the handwriting of obert Pateshall, repre- freedome of ports and geness of customs im- )n this countrey a reall ustome on another, till, ensil)lie brought under her nations well known present, and to prevent bumble petitioners to ly remind you as fathers fore you for their expe- n years before this, the England had now held vigorously resisted a tax that the taxed were not ese examples show how every form of taxation, iidies levied through the ded, while deprecating so 1630) refused to pay the fir«t 5,on them, alleging it wo» with- y, Ao. dangerous a precedent, that a persistent oppos.fon o taxut on would become the ostensible cause of a dismemberment ot the emp.re. Th fit Tee-trade movement, however, seems not to have been successful, as thrcourl'instead of repealing the duty, merely referred the petitioners tn a former order of the Court on the sul)ject. ^urg t e year 1662. the younger Winthrop, of Connecticut, read severa papers of a practical character before the Royal Society in Lo - do In December of that year, the first of its corporate exis ence, he wo 'requested by the society to institute some experiments n. the manu- rture'o Beer from barley and maize. In the following Marc . he c- oXgy presented to the society some bottles of Beer ^'--d rom Ii - , diancorn. Two years previous to that, a duty o 2.. M • f:ilTZ..^^„,l on strong beer, and of 6rf. a barrel on small beer, had been imposed for the first time in England. The increased price of Beer wlTch, as the favorite beverage, was consumed in enormous quantities may ave suggested the possibility of finding a cheaper article than barky Tth new American staple, and thus, through the well-known ingenuity M wltop. of leading to results valuable both to England and her colol It is more probable, however, that Mr. Winthrop or others .ad comni. nicated to inembers of the society a knowledge of the custom ' clhad long obtained in America of brewing Beer from Indian corn ; r without a practic-1 aim, doubtless, he was solicited to furnish an lust aion of its feasibility. Most of the cereals possess the property beTnrmalted. Campanius. in his description of New Swedeii cites a pa age from Sir llichard GrenviUe's relation of his voyage to Virginia iuTs 5 in which he states that very good bread may be made out of the male then ground ; " the English have prepared it in the same manner as orn and have brewed with it a kind of small beer." He gives also 1 teXony of Peter Lindstrom, an engineer of New Sweden, about h ye S who observes that '< Maize, or Indian Corn, grows there of va iou coi;rs, white, red, blue, brown, yellow, and pied ... ou of the white and yellow maize they make bread, bnt the blue, brown, black Ind Id is brewed into Beer which is very strong but not remarkably lear'" V^^^^^^^^ tells us, brewed excellent drink,' as in Sweden, and a very cooling beverage was made from water-melons. This practice of malting Indian corn was doubtless of Ameman orig n. anlmay h e been derived from the Indians, who made arti cial drin s .1 several native products, including maize. Von Humboldt remarks Chemist wonlAave some di«y ^^^Jje^^ ^ -^ -- l-r T.:; ::lrr:rLt::Letsyrups from tl. stalks of th. pCt They also understood the effect of germination in developing the 243 BREWING I.N THE COLONIES. Raccburiiie prii.ciples c.f the grain, which they iufased in water, after which it was masiicd and boiled in the same water, and in dne time it was drawn off and set aside to ferment. This drink, which was called vinapu, possessed intoxicating qualities, and was in consequence forbidden by the Incus. The juice of the maize, mingled with that of other fruits, chewed and then deposited in a vessel and left to ferment, constituted another disgusting drink of the natives of the southern continent, called diitu, and by the Indians of the same countries, by whom it is still prepared, kawa. In its preparation, it is said, that made from materials ground between the molars of withered and half-toothless crones was preferred, for no other reason, we may suppose, than that the difficult and pro- tracted labor of mastication excited a more copious effusion of the sali- vary ingredients in the nauseous compound. These, like the former, were highly intoxicating.' The North American tribes, however, are be- lieved to have had no knowledge of any intoxicating beverages previous to the arrival of Europeans.* A paper by Mr. Winlhrop, on the culture and uses of maize in Ame- rica where its employment in Brewing was thus ancient and aboriginal, was' published in the twelfth volume of the T. actions of the Koyal Society A. D. 1G78, two years after his death. It describes the Indian mode of raising the plant, and the use by the Indians of the stalks ■uid leaves in making baskets, and also tlie great improvements made in its cultivation by the use of the plow. The method of making malt and Beer from the grain is there described. Good malt, it is stated, could (X) Humboldt's E.-^!^ny8. McCulloch's Aboriginal llosearchos. (2) Acoonling to IIeikewel"ts jvere m and x^^^^ ^^^^.^^^ ^^^_ parts early in the last centnry. It was sent to ^^^ _^ Lndland, and other of the ^-t'"- f ^^:^^ ^^.^ 1,,^ mneh trade, iu of the Island of Barbadoes, -^^^ ;^^;'^^J'^^^^„i^°„td seventy-five tuns of the first eight weeUs of the J^^^, •;::,r: Xlgsbeads, of bottled Beer and Ale ; one hundred and B/ y « ^ IJ ^f ^^ich was pro- Beer and Ale, and nine and a half tuns of »rm ^^^^^^^ ,a, very aoM,e ..terferedj t Ih. ta ^^ ___^,^^^^^ ^^, consequently Urewing. A bieh prohibitiTC ""'y T|,e Province reeommended about th,. t.me a, "Z;^™' ' " , ^^ juced at a raised and exported barley in eous.derab e qnaul.ly. P ,a.e, period very -^f';': *I, ^^^C^ 1 ConneeticulwaBalsoeelebrateaor „„», was made at an .„d at MiddletoWD, a fe» years afte the peaee po ^^ extensive ^--J^J^nTr;"' s made > >".. "U 3,««0 ::,:":?^idr 1:::;*' w^este™ eonn.ie. ..so produced .uC. *^''^®'- . ;„^ie jeaj - m. Dutch soldiers, destitute of clothing, arrived from Curacoa to the great 252 BREWING AND Til.-. MANV r.VCTVIlE OF «EER. relief of the Province. But us these h.d to be clothed, t'- i;>!'-'^^tor r, > wed L impost on Beer by urderi.-g that every tun should pay Un 7 r m A\ Fverv brewer was at the same time to make a rptu, :? Ur, "tity ntad: b him before .e cotdd maUe any sale A r.ee.. Is pointed to collect the revenue from this Bource, and -vas enttth fi c nt. for his trouble. This indefinite renewal of a tax .mpos or a temporarv purpo.e produced intense excitement, and wa. firmly t!d ly t le 1 r we k both on account of its object and the mode of , c , ent It was the duty, they urged, of the Company to uua.nta.P lorand defend its subjects from foreign and domestic enenuos. 1 t.oops and de tna u represented the commonul !::?:: :^st\i;^i;:;::t;;!.:ns. .oj.. o...... ..md ,,, :::::^ the imposition, but ,t^.slevi^b3^.;e^ e^if the payment by the strong arm of the law. Numerous prose ? f .mIc 1 1 . is early invasion of the popular rights and determu ;::-;;r:^t:^;o;ccLnnch recrimination .^ 'a ties and added greatly to the troubles with wh.ch the I rov was afilicted. It contributed to the ultimate recall of an arbitrary G 'Xlral of tl.^ first Brewers in New Amsterdam were men of eonsi. abfe o.,,and filled some of the highest civic offices ui the commn. T icsablishmentswero chiefly situated in the vicmity of M. F wi tn which the first was built. The street occupied by them was r ircumstance ^-alled the"Bronwer S.raat," or the Brewers' t, am orr^^onded with the present Stone street between Broad Whitehall. It was one of the first streets occupied in the fntuie c r d apital, and received its present name from be ng the firs p, wU stone, which was done by an ordinance made ui the year 1 O the principal brewers in this locality was Isaac Do Forcest le to J country in 1030. and in 1645 rece ved a graut upon above street, then one of the best in the town, lie was also the o of a farm at Ilarlaen, and of the "Old Kirk" or f "-'-'nd ' and for many ye.rs a magistrate. U acknowledgment of hi. r in improving the town and in public office, he was privileged with irroat citizenship." , Jacob Wolfertsen Van Couwenhoven erected a large stone brewe the north side of the same street, on land granted hi.n also in K. the corner of Slono vM Broad street, lie was not successful tn bus (1) 0'Cttll^ghan•n New NBtlicrlundi. EAULY HREWEns or m;w YuUK. •253 JllE OF BEER. be cloUied, the Director rc- every tun should jiuy threo same tiuie to nvakc a return make any sale. A ri.eeivcr [lis source, and -vas entitled ite renewal of a tax imitostd citement, and wa.-, firmly rc- 8 object and the mode of its the Company to maintair its vnd domestic enemies. The rein-esented the commonalty, lid be offended should ihey by the Company's paid ser- y were therefore determined other hand, was directed to he law. Numerous prosecu- opiihu- rights and determined lion nud ill feeling between .s with which the Province Ic recall of an arbitrary Got- tordam were men of consider- ivic offices in the commnuiiy. in the vicinity of *!k. Fort, ?t occupied by them was from traat," or the Brewers' street, le street between Broad and 3 occupied in the future com- lime from being the first paved anco nuidc in the year lfi57. ty was Isaac Dc Forcest, who ,5 received n grant upon the )wn. lie was also the owner irk" or church on Pearl street. :knowlcdgment of his services e, he was privileged with " the •ected a large stone brewery on I granted him also in 10 j, at u was not succesaful in business, / Nuthcrlunds. and entailed mortgages upon his propoily, uf whi.h, however, he held l.ossession until his death in 1G70. The same premises were occupied as a brewery subsequently by John Tan Couwenl-.oven. Peter, a younger brother of Jacob just referred to, was also a promi- nent person at that day, and carried on business as a brewer and trader. He was six years a " Schepen" of the city, lie was unpopular both with the English after they came in possession and with his Dutch neigh- bors. Having been arraigned on a charge of extortion, he refused to give bail, and was imprisoned and fined. He left the city and resided awhile at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, of which ho was one of the earliest settlers; b-.U in 1G05 was still a resident of the city at the north-west corner of Pearl and Wliitehall streets. His brewery at ihc head of the present Broad street became, in 1670, the property of Isaac Van Yieck, who, for the remainder of his life there conducted a prc^perous business in Brewing, lie was several years an alderman, and died in 10115. The Bayards, also, Nicholas and Balthazar, step-sons of Governor Stuyvesant, were among the most conspicuous and opulent citizens at tliat time. They were both engaged in the manufacture of Beer. An extensive district of the city, long afterward and, to old residents of New York still known as the " Bayard Farm," was tlie property of their wealthy descendants. It extended along each side of Broadway, north of Canal street for the distance of mai.y blocks, and from the Bowery to beyond McDougal street, on the west side of the city. Another wealthy Burgomaster, who was one of the early brewers of the rising Dutch metropolis, was OloiT Stevenson Yan Cortlandt. lie came to the city in 1037, on military service, which he quit the same year for a civil office as Commissary of Cargoes, at a salary of thirty guilders ($12.00) per month. He resigned his office to the Company lu 1648 to engage in the Brewing Imsiness. His premises were on "Do Brouwer Straat," now Stone, adjoining those of Isaac De Forcest, where his property was one of the first class, and valued, on the final cession of the city to the English, in 1074, at $30,000. He was an influential poll- tician, and, in 1050, the President of the citizens' representatives cabcd the "Nine Men," who were opposed to the ndmiuislration of the last governor, Stuyvesant, and were by him turned out of their pews in church and their seats torn up. He had a valuable property on the west si'de of Broadway, adjacent to Cortlandt street, which still perpetuates his name. He held several prominent offices. His son, Stophanus, was the first native-born Mayor of New York, to which he was appointed at the age of thirty-four. Another son. Jacobus, was, like the lust-mentioned, a wealthy merchant and a Mayor of the city. Jacob Ki)., a son of one of the oldest settlers, in IC53 resigned the secretaryship of the city 254- BUKWING AND THE MANVFACTUUK OF BEKI.. x,>toA five vears before, while H"i^<= " „,agi.tracy, to which he was ^P^" f ..f j;;',,^,.,^ iu the Browing ,ouU, en the first organization of . >-;'^;^ '^^^ ,rsaU. His pro,- ;asi,..e.. He afterward ->g.ed .t f mcrca ^_^^ ^. ^^ ^^^._ ertyou Broad street, partly ac.uuedm the b ^ ^^^ ^^^.^^^^^^ .„ ,iagc with the wealthy w.dow " «"^^>;^ J ^,,, Originally settled at 1674 at $8,000. D-''''^ ^^7:-^l*^"' ^f ^ "'De Prinec Straat," now Fort orange, resided »^-^;- ^ ^ ; f the na^e now in the State. Beaver, east of Broad, '^^l']'^'^^^;^^ y,„ presteede, a cooper, who On ihe same street bved also 'T- /j" ;; / ^^^^, ,„a 5, icCT inspector ..as appointed iu 1658 the ."^^^Ue of e ba^r ^ ^^^^^ .^^ ^^^3^ of pipe staves. Jan Vinje ,s mention d - J^ ^-;;? ^^,.^^, „.,, Maiden He^;asoneoftheheirstothepropeny^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^,^^ ^^„^^„ Farm. Lane, and extending from r>ver to " «r >no ^,,^ j,,,, E„g. I. 1654. Thomas Hall an E,^ . .n.^ w Id ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Uvnders some years before m the attack ni^^^^i t ^^,^^, Delaware, wher. he was taUen P"--;^^.^^^; .V street. He there es- U.e pnrchaser of a farm on what n w li ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^_^^ ^ ^^^^^ tablished a Brewery, wh>eh, -^'^]^^'''^'f^^^ j^,,,. ,,,, purchased of his ,„d valnable tract from Pearl st^H ark IV ^ r^^^ ^^^^. ^^^ .^ widow by William ^^^ -"; . f '^ar ltd on for many year, the 1647. .nd was the Hrs « ^^^^J^'C and Willian. streets, which Brewing bns.ness at the corner ot u ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^ conjointly still bear ^^^r^-^^'^^^,,,,^^ offices at different times. Sehepen of the cty, «^"^/^ ^^ '^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^„ ,, gonth lliver fro.n 1058 to Tie was Sub-Director of O^e Colo J on ^^^ ^^^^^ .^ ^.^^^^ ^^^ 1663. and after that was b^. .r ^ ,- L-P j,.^ ^,,p,,,y ,env «,.til his .k.ath - J^^- ^^ ^^ f^^^„,,„ s,„are and Ann street, S^''^'"l'-" , f «„, made at Ronsselacrwyck, in the neighbor I„ 1630. a ««"1<'"^^"\^";'", ;, p' 00ns Among the first person ,ood of Albany, nnder the ^^'^^^^^^ "^ J;; " „endrickson Van SoesI ...... -"^ ^" ^?^«"''r TJZ Brewe >r which capacity he ha S™rMt..ny. as Bupeniitendent of the ^''^^^ J' . ;„ ,i,ivanco of h been engaged in Holland ^^^ ^^;;;^ ^n ^ f'.m the Patroo, earnings sixty florins, tneudrng «^^ f^ ;;"^c,;^ ,„„,;,„„ j.p-vions I f BEKR. before, while H"i^<= " gaged ill llit-' Brewing pursuits. His proi)- ss, and partly by mar- nek, was estimated in \o originally settled at Pi-inec Straat," now larae now in the State, •estcede, a cooper, who , and in ICCT inspector XT in the town in 1653. Wall street and Maiden , as the Damcn Farm. 1 joined the New Eng- 2 Dutch Colony on the tto Manhattan, btcame m street. He there es- [0 rt'th the farm, a large nv. w.K? purchased of his ;amfi to the Province in on for many ycarrf the ,d William streets, which was at an early age a ofQces at different times, onth lliver from 1058 to lie was held in high cs- ighty-Rve. His property S(iuarc and Ann street. It was long known as long the leather nianufuc- hilc appropriated, as "the ncrwyck, in the neighbor- Among the first persons cr llendrickson Van Soest, for which capacity ho had receiving in advance of his ,v present from the Pat roon. olony s.imetime previous to ,,tin lC42l.y the Company was Eveert Pels, a brewer, Colony. Between two and FOr.T ORANOE — PATROON'S BREWERIES. 255 three hundred bushels of malt for his use were sent in the ship with him.' Joan La Battle was, after the building of Fort Orange, per- mitted to build a house in the fort and to use it as a Brewery, and re- main in possession of the soil so long as the Company shall retain pos- session of the fort, provided the Company's affairs and interests were not neglected by him, and that he annually paid six merchantable beavers for the privilege.* , j , j In erecting a Brewery, however, for the use of his little feudal do- minion, the Patroon reserved to himself the right of manufacturing Beer for the retail dealers, but permitted private persons the privilege of brew- i,,.' for the use of their own families. This seems to have been some- times unlL.vfully invaded. In December, 1G46, a peremptory order, under the hand of the Secretary of the Colony, Antonie De Ilooges— whose uame is perpetuated in that prominent feature of the Highlands known as Anthony's Nose-was served by the magistrates upon one of the offenders. " Whereas their Honors of the Court of this Colonic find that Cornclis Scgcsz, notwithstanding former placards and prohibitions, has still presumed fo meddle with what is not his business_with Beer- brewing-directly contrary to the grant and authorization given to the brewery of this Colonic ; Therefore, their Honors expressly forbid the Baid Cornells Segersz, to brew or cause to be brewed, or otherwise to manufacture any Beer, except so much as shall be required by him for his own housekeeping, on pain of forfeiting twenty-five Carolus guilders besides the brewed Beer. The said Cornells Segersz is further warned that no cloak or idle excuse shall hereafter avail, but that this ordinance shall be maintained and executed on the spot without Court process, if he shall make any mistake. Let him therefore prevent his loss. Actum llensselaerwyck, 26 Oct., 1646." r i in The Patroon's Brewerv was rented in 1649 to Ilntger Jacobson, n partnership with Goosen Uerr.ltson Van Sclmik, both magistrates of the Colony at 450 guilders per annum, with an additional duty of one guilder on every tun of Beer brewed by them. This duty amounted in the first vcar to 330 guilders, which therefore represents the cpiantity of Beer made The next year they consumed fifteen hundred schepels (about U»o"l.ushels) of malt. Jacobso. rose by industry to wealth and respect- ubility His daughter was the maternal ancestor of the resp.etablo family of ^•.leeekers. Wolfert GerrilHcn, probably a near relative of his partner, was the superintendent of the Patroon's farms, and the step- lather of the two eminent New Amsterdam brewers. Jacob and Peter Van Couwenhoven. (1) 0-Cun«6l.»n'. Now Nothcrlandi. (2) Mun..ir. Annal. of Albnn,, Iv. 56. 256 BUKWING AND THE MANUFACTURE OF BEER. ' ,„o.Ue. ear, official of ^^-^^tt^f ^"p-^'^^^ ^ 16G1 the proprietor of a Brewery at B .ery k u ^^^^^^^^ Albany. He was held in high -^teem both b E ^^_^ .^^^^^^ Governors, who sought h is r.endsh.p -^ -^ ,^^,^„_ ,„ ,J,y settler iu the affairs of the Dutch Prov.n e^ ^^5" ^uless of brewing at Man- at Fort Orange, afterward carr.ed on ^^^^^^^ ^, ,„,uiities with hattan. Some years previous to this theie ^^^_^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ New England, and certain l-^- "^^f^^.S a period. The City waste grain in brewing strong ^-^ ^^/^J^^'^^.^,, Council, made in r.,cordsof Albany contain an -<^J ^ ;\^n" ,,,„, ,,oney. due for August. 16..)5. that, for the l-J^" ;^J „\ .^,';"co ,nty shall procure charges and expenses, "care shall be tak n t y ^ ^^^^^^^ ,orn so mucl> to brew three pu- ^^^ ^., ^^„„„, ,, y eom- and Albert Kyckmun are to brew ^'^l ^'^ p,.,,.,„, ,,, ^7. that P'e»-^", f""" rt:?\:i ; n ear N w yL; City, but that in the Ue noticed large fie ds ° ^]'» ^^^ " ^^ ^ ,i,,„e crop, and were ac- vicinity of Albany they d d "ot th.nk t a p ^^ ^^^^^^ customed to make malt of wheat. 0"^ " "'^ J^^^ -.^ died in of Albany during the last century ^^^.^^^^^'^,^^,..,,^..^00^ ISOl, having acquired a large ^^^'^^^ ^ ^^"^^ ,„, aemolished in at the corner of Maiden Lane -»J^- flexure of Beer, and as late ISOT. He found large pro^t ^ l.^^'^.^f^td. the aged Dutchmen - 1833, when the <^^^^;^Z brew kettle of old Harme Ganse- of tlie city compared it to the cap hh _ ^ voort, who..e fame was fresh "'^;;^;^2dsonvery branch of agriculture, The general neglect in New ^'•'^'.'^^ "" " "'^f\i,, f,r trade, cau.e.l a frequent scarcity ot b.e ulsluUs l rt ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^,^^. eat upon the husbandry an ^'^- .';:?';,, ,,.,e. and the grent sistence. Tl>e prospect of a ddaKucy _ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^.,^^_ ,.flux of emigrants then taking pi ce 1 add t on t ^_^^_^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ Wad and the States «--'^'*>; •^•^"^^^Vr^^f^iri attention should be portation of bread-corn, and an "^;' ' ^';;^;t„ L,„ting a hill of the ^.en to the cultivation of c.ni as ot To^ -.^^^^^^,,^^ ,t,„,„,, at tl. former for every uie ". ^'''^j"^^ J,,,,,.,,,^ and distilling was slrictlj «,une time, the consumption «f ^'''^'" 'f ^^ " ,*^, f.^bidden in 1076. am forbidden. The distillation of gnu" J np- ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ou numerous other occasions, in thut and in P, „. ll,i» wH.l.hy nrewor, that when U wl«h« .n.rio. at 1... ex,u- f A .-any A o a .1 „ «J- ^^ ^P^^ ^^^ ^^^ ,^^^,^^^„ ,,„„„,„. uud by tie o\a p« -I'li' '^xiy y«»" "K" °f itti iMi EAllLY LAWS RELATING TO BEF.E. 25T BEER. ; Van Curler, was in the present site of English audi French He was prominent cclen, an early settler , of Brewing at Man- ..nnal' of AU.H.,y. York, by 1>. T. Valculins; of New NotUr- (2) Documwu.iry Uistuo of Nuw \.rU. 17 _1 wm r, AVT1 THE MVNVFACTL-RK OF BKEU. BREWING AND TUi. -'"-'>^''' 258 . ,. i„.,lana, while they n^red ''™'^ '^ ^^^^^ ^, ,„,,. Their wages pua-liug. n.llls butter, wUh ^^^^^^^^.^ jersey was, lu Colonial vore 2.S. to 2.. C^?. per day. ^"^ " ,„uues of it are men- „„.s, .aid to be the best xn ^l-^^ ;,^'^^;,.:,,, of which, that made ,„,ed. thus early as the ^^^^^ y,^ ,.e cder of New Eng- . at one town called >ewa>k,smi^^ ^ ew-houses, nvalt-houses and h>nd. At liurlington >n U>t ^t^ J,^ ^^^^^^ ^^_^^^ ^^^ ^^,^ ^,^ „,,, .^ bakeries are mentioned m ^ "'^, ^ ; ,5,cw-honse, MiU-hon^e, brew- High street in the tow,., with ^f^^%^^^^^ ,,n ten barrels, coolers, i.g.vessels, kiln, a large copiu' ^^ ^^ " ^.^^^ ^„,,red for sale, in 1730, ,.L, backs. maU-niiU a. nu -s o.-. ^-;;^^^^, ,, j,,,,, and other l.v William Bartoft, of I'l'-l'^^^'-^'l*' ''V.,. t mboy in 1750. gvain, is named among the exports f;"-" ;^- '°.^; ,^^, ,„„, town, nnder ' A.; early law of the l^'--- ^'" Jj^' '^Z^,^,, for the enter- l-.aUy of 40. for each ... eet - r^ ^^^ ^^^^^, ^^^ ,,^^^^^ , j,,, tainment of strangers. It .Inl >) ..^.^,.^,,x redu.-ed to one gallon. ,„antity than t-> gallons, .h. J -^u.ai^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ,^ I„ 1083. -•'l"-^^-^^^"" : , ler san^guard. of the public morals, sold. Notwithstanding the.e and other ^^^ ^ ^^^.^^^^^,,,^ ,,ade at different times u. relerenee to U la ^^^^ ^^^^_ 1^^ ^^_^^ ^^^^^ ^^ and at length to do away with ^>;^'J;'2^- ^ ;„ ]>ennsylvania and The Swedes, who were the lirst 1 - -"^^ ^ ^.^ „„, ,,„„,y f,om the pelaware. made tea i'- ^'o - H^ l^^^, ..^^^ fro. Indian corn. a. , , persimmon, llicj aiso mi. ..r,i;„ i,v t\ie Aoinen. as in bwculu an i i»wivr.,, Kalm, was done t)) uie auiu^i , (n The County UccrJ, of Palom contain "■ ' ., 1 f .1... Cinrt. m;i-reuftorn«mo,, I ,owotl„«nannmon.,vi...Foreaehna. .l,,.;,.owit,.,...t>.o..f,nc.U«gnran ..„ Kmnmlaln.lfofrnm,..lnopon,.„ fo ,,,„,. „il,„.aaow..h.inKl>--fuH.a...,«r, am .„..pnan.lnlmlforrmn,oightp.-nC«;for Lh.it. ">"'1« of Mu...v„.l....>«ar,ct. .vcnponcoiforcach.u.,tof,iffma.le«uh bnlfapi«tofrumintl>o.an.o,mnorenc.i ; each pint of wine, ono .hilling ; lor cab ;Ulofru,u,throe.r..noeiforc.a,.h„n„r "trong Iter, four penoo: for each Kill o ;:„,fy.oreor,U„„tnun..Upenc„orea ,„.rt of oi,lcr. fonr ponce l.ntat.l f ,,„.„„.F„r a hot Jinnor, o.ght rnc , . ,.rc.aUfast or -upper, .ixponoo. tor 1. ^- „T«o ,,,.irts ontMl-rco pcnc« ; M..l.""t „„a goo.lhay. ^^'^l' "isl". ^i'' pcn.nspa» ture, ilx ponco." BEER. 3 Unit was required 1 beef, povk, bacon, Irink. Their wages sov was, ill Colonial iliiies of it are mcn- of wbicl), tliat made i,e cider of New Eug- ses, malt-houses and x\ lot on the main or ISC, Mill-hon>e, V)vcw- tcn barrels, coolers, ared for sale, in 1730, 1 as Barley and other . noO. ,red eiu'li town, under .rdinary for tlie enter- ,i.,il of liquors in less educed to one gallon, lecting debts for liquor Is of tiic public morals, m of liquors, strint,'eiit ■Id for the free sale of May and October, be- nd necessary to prohibit liliug liquors in Salem, lers in Pennsylvania and er and brandy fi'om the jcer fro-.-. Indian corn, as rdin? their countryman, Sweden and other parts r nun in tl.o ^amo, nine penc" ; t of wine, one .billi-.K ; 1">- '""•*' thr^o-ronoe | for cn.-h qnurt .1 , f„„r pence : f"r onol, gill of nrdinl .Inun, ^ix pence ! for each ,,,UeKlin, nino pence; for cftch i.,cr, fonr pence. KnnO.le. for ft hot Jinner, eiglit p'-nce ; lor r .upper, .ix pence. For I.orse. ,rls out., three pence ; .l.l.Ung ,ay, euel. nigbt, six pence ; pa«. onco." PENKSYI.VANIA. 1'KNN'S MAW-HOrSK FlUST F.XClSi: ON IJQOVRS. 250 of Europe. The Dutch had several breweries in the settlement about the vc'ir IGG-' In the deliberations of tiu- first Assembly held under the IToprieiarv (iovernment, about the year lOS-', the question was debated whether Malt IJeer should bo rated at 2'/. per quart and molasses beer at one pennv, which it was decided in the alV.rmative shouhl be the sellmg prices. The new settlers reaped their first crop of burley in May, of the fallowing year. -r , n * At his manor of Fcnnsbury, a few miles above IJristol, in Lucks C.umty, I'..,ni soon after caused the erection of a splendid mansion house, attached to which was a Malt-honsc, Brew-house and Bakery, all under one roof. The dwellin" fell into early decay, and was demolished before the Kevo- huion; but the ancient frame Brew-house, of which a cut is given m Diy's Historical Collections of Pennsylvania, was standing a few years a-o near the farm-house of Mr. Cro/.cr, the solo memorial of the departed MTalth and power of its original owner. The cash-book of the establish- ment shows the cellar to have been well supplied with beer, cider and wines all of which he sought to produce himself. Tliose liquors were, at that day, especially to one obliged to entertain, relativ.-ly more im- portant than at present. i t> > Coflee tea, and chocolate, were tlu'n comparatively little used. 1 enr s accounts show that coffee, in the berry, was sonulimes procured fix... New York, at the cost of 18s. Od. the pound. Tea i. ^q>posed to have been procured direct from England, as none is charged, though a tea-pot is upon the inven.ory of his goo.ls. Good Bohea tea is ad.'ert.sed, mi ni9, by the printer, Bradford, and others, at from 22 to 50 shillings p.r pound, l'enn>vlvania currency.' In im a tax for the support of the Governor was proposed in the Assemldy 'by Samuel Carpenter, to be laid on dillVivnt liquors, including Beer Mum, and Spanish Wines, on which 5^/. per guHon was proposed. It was d.'cided that strong Beer and cider should pay 2d. per gallon. J',.„n .vouerously remitted the revenue from this excise, which act he after- ward r'.-rretted. During his absence in England, in K'.ST, he proposed that the'cnstom on liquors should be revived, as the most, e.putabie way of sustaining the government. But he dioueo in St. Mi- la,lelpl,ia. Ono houso in enel,, calk.) 1, el,nef« ri,«reh.y:,r,l. lme; a^. U^ m by _^^ ^^^ ^^^^ .ueasnres. Leave was granted thu.o In g ^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^^^^.^^ .,,e price of malt tl.at V^^^^^^^^ , ^xtlnded. Hops were, at i, n21, when I'- ;7'"^'' ;;"',";;, ; Beer was shipped, previous to this li."e, m,uTl^er principal ;?-:;::Uu::p::;""-tntione^ (1) Porter is quite a mo.lern bovern^e, having been fir.t Uewed since Ulin. 1 re- vious to that, nle, beer, »n.l .w..ponny. «ero the mnlt liquors in u.c nn.! p.r.ons were aceu«tomeatocnllfor"halfand (. >"n U Imlfof aloaml half of beer, or of beer B„d twopenny; " three thr,-„.ls"wn« nex „,e.i, which was " third of cn.h , and to .voidtheinconvcnionc-nndwn.toofdnnv- ing from three cn.l<^ a brewer nam-d lar- wood invented a liqU'Twitb the muted nu- vor of the three combined, wbbh he called ."entire butt." Aa it was .trenKthcn.nff, and much u.ed by r"rlers and working peo- ,do, it received the name of ;">■'<•■•• ed by the cner al the close of the Bc.Mon., nnd to be affixed to, ho Courl.house doors, nnd twenty s Inllm, ,vas the penalty for exceeding the rate. For the third offense, five pounds, and loss ol the privilege of selling for throe years. b£ER. PENNSYLVANIA. QT.ALITV OF rillLADELrillA BEER. 2C1 pr public use," in lie brewers sold ale iftcen shillings per fgl't a higher price to be credited, the luors were very early [that time, and pro- |iitliony Morris. His and was, for several first Society of Bap- business for several , less anti-tariff than e Qcnerul Court to was ordered accord- jiroinoting tlic eulli- 7, ijeen made tlie ob- n December, of the lelilion praying for a )y the Brewers in their I bill for the purpose. r on hops was renewed jnded. Hops were, at 8 shipped, previous to er Kuuthern provinces, •cw-liouse was, at this iter, another principal , member of Assembly, >er niiJ ale by wine-iuensuro link it uu tlio preiiiiiun, ad't ■8 to Hiofii who porrleil it r of iidiillofiiied ruin, lirati'ly leil tlio iiimenui\ tliree times kctof May a I, lUH, tnmln in tlio excessive rates c'liiirg''! rs, etc., for wino, boer, ililur ir.«, empowered the Juftiees province, four tinita in tlio [irii'os of such liquorp, wliji'li iliiimeil liy tlio crier at the ionf, and to be affixed to tho lors ; and twenty ehillings for exceeding tho rate. For so, five pounds, and loss of selling for three jcaia. and a highly influential citizen, apprised the jiublic, in April, 1732, that ho sold strong Beer for 24s. tiie barrel, or 127. llie gallon ; good ale for IQs. the barrel, or 8(/. the gallon ; and middling Beer for 8^s. the barrel, and 4 letter of Iiistriic- of S;iIoin, Maf8nehii.'-elts, hy K. 11. llerhy, lions, "The I'liiladoliiliia lieer ia put up eo with an assorted cargo for Canton, '>n 17S9, strong l|inl It will not be approved of until nr« 2t hhds, of 2 barrels each, and 24 bar- it h made weaker. You hail beat try eoiii* reU of lOt'iiUuns each, of I'hiludelphialtuer, of it first." BUENYING AND THE M'- , TIT.K OF r.EEB. 20,2 BUE\>i>" .^-- - ^^^ tn CUiua ana back .i.l.out d.U-uncut \''^\^^'^^,\,n-.\, ' , 1 u I,; i.cr ilozon. ltw>i«M"ii f tUr. f'itv took ou ,uk1 hotted, 8.-i. 'if/, l'^^ "\ „,, ^h \M'i"S '^ ' i :1 that ana other '^--^^n^^el onsiptlon, favoved ^ -ven^ considerable quunlities, ana Ue douM^ ^^^_^^_^^^ ^^ ^^.^^,^, . ^ ,o :. linancos designed to ,>ron.oteUn^_^^ ^^^^ _. ^^^„^ Tlu a ^H - Tho exuoi'ts of i>eei, t-iuLi, i , iw-ittlcs But mncu „i..onor of the r-'vo""^.;^^ f Inufaetured liqnovs, those of l the ocodea. in the n->"tuy of h >r n - ^^^^^.^^_^ of malt had then 0.9^) seaports in the -Unite'' ^>tatc.. /"; \ ^^.^ ,ere imported ^l^f J^/; Ponsed About l.'.,500 bushels of baU y ^.^^^.^^^^ ^,y ,Ue ^^rtpovtation of Beer Porte, a. CkIc. ^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ scarcity of black glass bottles, the n j,^ ^.ad, m 1 .bb, ihu. Breweries, andlitt.bm„, soon after. . , ,. ,,, .vp.ion, vhieh eorvespondul wm la riantagenetV a..cvipt,on o ^^^^y^^^/f^on. Master Kvehn who ,o^,lons of Delaware and ^^^^Z (1C48) more cludee drmks had lived there, says the people ^ ^ j „a beer •, and ,„..w;«.;u »"^^' ". -p,„.,i.,,K\for " pumpio" ^^'•'>'^^' ''"I'l" \ ^^ ^,,^., ^oel^ M.ryUM. thanmEngUuKUoi ' ' ,. f^r vou, and m bum.iiei ::it ' "^'- ale we have for yon and ^^^ ^^ ,, u>e best beaverage e.,a water, with an ^^f^^^^^^^ ^Z' -s a eonside.1^ arUc ::ir;:olinees. b^h ^^l^:;i-^Z rLer penod m;.h c and Virginia produced S"«'l 'i'^^l'^" ^^^, ,f the Assembly, in 10D9, en .,U.h was sent to ^^^'f^^Jl^^ ^^ the retail of ^^^or. ' nowered commissioners to gu nt nu. ^^ ^,,.0 mdes of : 1 were to be paid witlnn the po^^ A^ 1^ ^^,^^^^^^^ ^,^^ ,, or at any County Court llou^e, 1;«0 ; ^,t, the County Comm parts 400 pounds, and no more. >y ^^^ .,^ j^^„,,,y ,„a Aug Toners and the Mayor of the C.ty of b Ma s^^ _^^^^^ ^^, ^,, .s .„,„TTSUtcs. The rtv\iT»l '■»'""■ , ,^, ft ,,, turned forty-oiSt't '^' '" '■": ,"„ ..%»<»- " "•"• """;: .;,?..< "•"" •"■••" -" liMi IN MAllYhANO AND YIU..1NIA. IIOME-BREWTNO. 263 r.EEB. to its qnalUy. The 1190, 30s. the biirvel, all parts of the world r of the city took ott Ion, favored by sevcrul CO to distilh'd Vuiuor?, ,t,r from riiiladelphi!^ ,u bottles. But much ., and other portions lutcr, Mr. Coxe, Conv •ies of rhilaJelplua ex- U^uors. those of all the of malt had then 0'^-^) e imported that year, as mneh limited i)y the ,f which was yet ineonsi- ,asJer had, in nSG, three ■owusviUe were provided ^vhieh corresponded with from Master Kvelin -Ijo 1G48) more choice drinks l,opped, is good beer-, and von, and h. summer rock ;av,isthebestbeaverage %vus a considerable article 'ew Jersey, and the more ,r exportation. Marj-lan^l ,t a later period, nuich of ti,e Assembly, inicnem- ,r the retail of Vupiors for .napolis., or two miles of It, ^1, if tobacco, and in other „e Act, the County Conim.s- ,,vere, in January and Angus liquors, and 500 pounds of tcs. The price of small Betr Lt^e, of .VK... eleven .ero n Xm. Ct.y, a.>^ -veuucu lu tU« w,.s then established at 10 pounds of tobacco, and of strong beer, 20 -;^-:;:/:r;rectedinBaltim...o.,^^^^ ;!:;;:;: ^;:::vrc:::v::;i:::ri::ut"br:;;ery . the soiuhwest jjiiinti/., HOMi iuii^, X ,. ,, , M'lu.v were iimonn- the hrst ot tlfd beer were exported m 1.01. i „. it wis said " Most . . , , • liMO i;;v Diihl c Ib-ow-liouses ; but, It wassaui, .""-<' Vifgi.,... li...l, 1" 11.". "■" 1'"''"° ' , ]. „„ „'„„ I,™ „,„1 hW. .....1 *x .♦.,! . The malting of Indian corn thus appeals to haNC iH.tn common then Hops we ^,^ ^^^,., ^..^ j,,,t,y general after, received lep^Utise P^J"^^^^^ ^^^,„ ^3^,,^. This practice- custom in some V^^^^^^"^:^ „.,„.t universal, until late in in Europe, and particulailj in ^"^-^^^'^ ' , ^,,^^ i, ,,„„ the last century, ^'^ ^^ J^;^" ,:^ ^ uli.its of the people in ^''-■-^^t ";:;/J; 1 of YirginLwhere this custom prevailed, that respect. In those parts ^ .^^ ^^._.^_ ^^^^.^^^ beer was the common drink. In « "'-»^- ' .' Peveri-e." This -"^'^ '^\ ""'T "::::' or;:'-:: :^' -r viiim. who we,.,. :::;;;i:t;;;::i;^^::s^ekerbytheirdi. wives they were.' (1) lluiumoml's LeuU aiul Kaditl. ■M 264 BI^^,^VINu and tuk mani factvre of beeu. houseUoU appears al»o to have been ur „ ^^^^^.^ ^^^^ pracUee w..,l,owc«. never ,«„alA„„»^^ various fermented liquors t,o.n f""'' »^^ „, „„ „,„,„„t ,„.my, '*^"" :;'To,: LTune, a ho Iw Jnafaeture o, considera.,, was, during Colonial limes, a pvnorted It was, after sim- valae, and more or less of it was '^«"-^^'^! y/^P^^^/J^i,;" .i^n of tobacco pie fermentation, distilled '"to strorig s^^^^^^ >e Uvat ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ and a few other --l^' ^^ ^^^Va , v'or^^^^^^^ and constituted the cur- '-'''1 Ur;;";.? ; uSeLnd ^fly pounds of that article, rency of the 1 lovintc. xmv^; irRo fi,p nrice of a 1 cense, „oi„« the cas, ;-.^''^J;,t„r;i. r.:! Ive tUo rates to sell liquors by retail, a bond '»■ "B 6 ,i,^„ „„„bcr nxed by the Commissioners ,n e.el, =""' ^ "'7 ° ' ,^j ,„ „ „,„ „, of ordinaries or .ippling-bouses «as, ''^J^^f^l^l,, i,„.,, fo, »•» near tl,e C-t- "use n» - P^^'^J^;^- „ „/„.„ „„ p„,.. the accommodation ot tiaxtutrs. °\.-ery"'r'r';^r :;::H:tr:t;^;:;r..rs;iV.ri.s are eom. satisfactory. * "^'^ ;„„ fnnrlnpsq for Beer at that time. about the year "«»;jJ';,''J2f .^'year, after, had more trade than temperanee was not o » * '>;3;,,4,, ,, o^lethorpe, in 'Jeor- in early tunes. A '» ««/^"'' „,i,,„j Beer for all the troops in great t' ■;''""' *X;"r,s lo t o 1 use of ardent spirits were 'ound abundanee. His olToils » "«1 j j,eers would wilharaw impraetleable. and, ,t sa,d Sc^l- ^'^^^^^^^ .^ .,, ,„,„ of whioh he rol'dir: wlr'Xor, and whleh, if it eame to hi, s..ht, he "'Zran;itsta.c.s.to„d in .e way .a - -",- n:^:: tnre of malt liquors in the Amencan «» «"'«■« « ^^ „„;. condneted as a separate "»"»'»•' "„fj^, jhe taste for such brewing ot small Beer was eonsequently not favored, and I BEER. ) the women of the the colonists. The and for domestic use, ine substances, sup- an excellent quality, ture of considerable . It was, after sim- ultivation of tobacco rginia and the other I constituted the cur- )unds of that article, he price of a license, » sell above the rates a year. The number r, limited to " one or and great Roads for re of Beer was proba- , in 1808, " is in favour n water is not deemed ilc distilleries are com- for Beer at that time, ince, by Mr. Kershaw, ir, had more trade than ! distilleries and Brewe- ■nt. Wine was mora an Beer, cider, etc., being larolinas and Georgia. I of malt liquors, strict tures of the inhabitants by Oglethorpe, in (leor- r all the troops in great rdent spirits were found officers would withdraw at the smell of which he it came to his sight, he rnore extended manufac- Malting was not gene- Europe. The household red, and the taste for such te U ba/;age evaluation test target (mt-s) 4^ ^ . W^ t 1.0 1^ |3.2 I.I 1.25 1.4 2.5 2.2 20 1.6 ^? c^3^' ^ 'wVw Photographic Sciences Corporation as WIST MAIN STRUT 'VIBSTIR,N Y. MSIO (716) 173-4303 k^. Lrf- CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductlons / Instltut canadien de microreproductlons historiques Hi )l » J.in i i l H"yj * |i iii iiju iii . i'i« .i m»^M III! . J I ,- JT IMPEDIMENTS TO THE MANUFACTURE OF MALT LIQUORS. 265 liquors was not formed. The heat of the summers, and the preat scarcity and high cost of strong bottles for preserving good effervescing Beer, was another impediment to its manufacture, particularly for cxpon.ttion. BU|t the large quantities of vinous liquors of a pleasant quality made in families from native fruits, such as cider, perry, apple and peach brandy, currant wine, etc., of metneglin and mead from honey, of molasses and spruce beer, of distilled spirits from molasses and grain, in addition to tl'.e large importations of rum, brandy, and wine, from the West Indies and wine countries, rather formed the popular taste to these beverages, than to the more wholesome ones of Beer, ale, and porter. Pale ale and por- ter were Grst made in this country about the year 1774. CHAPTER XII. ESSAYS IN TIIK MANUFACTURE OP WINE IN I'HE COLONIES. TuE attempts made during onr Colonial history to introduce the cul- ture of the grape for the manuiacture of Wine, were far more numerous and expensive than they were successful or encouraging. That strong otlbrts were made to rciuler it a principal industry in several of the Colo- nies, is not surprising. Since the day when Noah "began to be a hus- bandisan, and planiod a vineyard, and drank of the wine, and was drunken," it is doul)tnd if any gift of the Creator has been more esteemed than the grape, or any device of man more abused, thau the beverages cxiracted from it. The cultivation of the vine has been an object with every civilized nation of ancient or modern times. Tlie lirst explorers of this Continent found vines growing wild in tlie woods, and climbing upon the loftiest trees. Even the Golhlandic nar- ratives of ante-Culumbian adventures had bestowod the name of " Wme- land the Good" ui)on some portion of the North American Continent, or its islands, which tlicy are supposed to have visited. A largo propor- tion of the first Colonists were familiar, in their own country, both with the use and the manufacture of Wine. Even in England tlie culture of the f'rape had existed from the earliest times, and long before the intro- duction of foreign Wines. Though few vineyards are now to lie found in that country, they once covered large tracts of land, and furnisiied abundance of Wine. Altliough the importation of French Wines, after the Norman ooiuiuest had caused the vine to be neglected in England, the use of Wine in the beginning of the seventeenth century, was proba- bl} far more general witli its population, relatively, than at i-resent. The hopes of profit from the manufacture in America were great, as well with tlie English as with the German, French, and other emigrants from Continental Europe, in proportion to the glowing descriptions given by the early writers of the abundance and luxuriance of the native vines, oV the fertility of the soil, and the favorable temper of the climate.^ The several ossocialions and private adventurers who at diircrcnt times made settlements upon American soil, with scarcely an exception, there- (260) La H„ *•'»■-. FIRST VINEYARDS IN VIRGINIA. '*'.,, 2G7 DL0N1E8. I'oJucc the cul- more numerous : Tlial strong ral of the Colo- m to be a hus- wiue, iinil was I more esteemed ii the beverages an objeet wilii I'ing wild ill the Golhhiiidic nar- lame of " Wine- riean Continent, A large propor- nntry, both with d tiie culture of before the intro- now to l)e found d, and furnished nch Wines, after !ted in England, itury, was proba- i at 1. resent, .•a were great, as other cmigranta ving descriptions nice of the native )cr of the climate, at different times exception, there- fore, cither attempted, recommended, or encoi'.raged the oultivalion of the vine. In souie instances the attempts involved aconsideral)ie amount of unrecpiited e.xiicnse. It is only iu our own day that a prospect has ari-s-ru of malving this a Winc-producing coiiufry. Tiie first abortive cH'orts to cultivate liio vine with profit arose from no failure of nature to fullill her early pledges, for her indications are seldom delusive. Late experience has shown that both soil and climate are fitted fov its successful propa- gatiou. The plants, moreover, whose cultivation is now liecoiiiing a pro- fitable business in several States of the Union, are tlio.v; indigenous varieties tliat first trailed their rich clusters iu wild luxurianco aJ-mg the valleys and fertile bott'mis, or clasped with fruitful embrace the tree-truoks oil every sunny hill-side throughout the land. These are nearly the only ones that have been found on trial to be altogether suitable to the soil and climate of the country, and their assiduous cultivalioii would proba- bly have better rewarded the attemiits of the early vine-grower.s, than the foreign kinds wiiich they endeavored to acclimate. This appears to have been a iirincipal error with the first cultivators. To tliis may be added a want of experience on the part of many, which was iniperujily supplied in the hireling assistance uf foreign vine-dress- crs; igniiiance of the peculiarities of American soil and climate, as well as of the habits of the native grape; and, more than all, the premature nature of the attempt. However alluring iu the prospect to the Colonists two hundred years ago. Wine-making is only adapted to an advanceil state of society, with accumulated capital. As early as IGIO, soon after coloni/Uition had got an effect ivo foot-hold in Yirginia, mention is made of he French, sent over for that purpose, making preparation to jtlant vines, which were as cominoii as brambles yarLu'vir-in the woods. A sample of Wine from native grapes was sent *''"'"" home in 1G12. A vineyard, as mentioned in a former chapter, was planted in that Colony by the London Company before the year 1C20. In the following year the Company also sent thither a niinilierof French vine-dressers, with a supply of plants or cuttings from ICurojican vines. Their favorable report of the climate and productions uf the country, it is said, was highly advantageous to the cause of emigration. They repre- sented that it "far excelled their own country of Languedoc, the vines growing iu great abundance and variety all over the land ; that some of the grapes were of Jiat unusual bigness that they did not believe them to be grapes, until, by opening them, they had seen their kernels; that they had planted the cuttings of their vines a^ Michaelmas, ami had gnijies from those very cuttings the spring following ; adding, in tlie coneln.-ioii, that they laid not heard of the like in any other country.'" The htale- (1) Luvoik'^V Ui.-liiiv el' Viryiiiiii. '•'.» '^v,. "■' ^U 2C8 Cfil.ONIAI, WIXE-MAKINO. ■»\, '%, Vv ^.. ment of the Frenchmen as to the early maturity of the vines is vmd.cated by the historian whom we have q-.ote.l, wl>o avers that he had seen the experiment made both with foreign and native vines. Ihe.r wan of suc- c"eL_for thev are said to have ruined the projeet-renders questionable the fidelity dt'her of their report or of their services. They had however succeeded in making, previous to the n.assacre in 1G22, a -^1 quant T of Wine of which a sample was sent to England that year. He atttn- tiou of the Virginia settlers to that industry was enjoined ^^^ J '« ^enns of their grants of land, by which means it was vainly hoped to dueit them from the" all-absorbing cultivation of tobacco. Wine of good qu;iity was made in Virginia in 1649 or earher, by Captain Brocas, a member of the Council, who had traveled much, and pronounced the country as well adapted to Wine-mak.ng " as any n Chrissendome." But :apital and skilled labor were wantmg. A l-viet already quoted, was published in London, in 1G50 ' in wh.ch the au ho E. Williams, elaborately argues in favor of " the dressu.g of vines foi the rich trade of making Wines in Virginia." He states that ^^ .ne had already been made there from the wild grapes, and with us customary enthusiasm, declares that if the Candian, Calabrian, or other European crapes of the same latitude were cultivated in Virginia, ,t would e..r.ch the province, excite the envy of France and Spain, and afford the hnest ANmesfor he markets of northern Europe, China, and the ^^ est L.duv islands. lie advises that every planter be required at once to plant a nursery, and as Boon as possible, a vineyard ; that European vine-dressers be employed and encouraged by a participation in the profits of the vintage ; and that, for their security, written contracts should be made whereby the planter nuKht be prevented from violating his engagement, and compelling tho vignerons to labor in the capacity of slaves, which had been a cause of previous failures in Wine-making ; that well-digested instructions m all Lrts of the business should be prepared and printed for circulation among the Planters, to give " competent knowledge in the mystery. Had all is on done, as intended, the "country had not hung down its eso^a e head as of late, nor had the poor planter (who usually spends all he p o- fits of his labor in forraigne wines) been impoverished by the want of it. In the following year premiums were offered in the Colony to encourage renewed attempts in the vine culture. The more rugged but virgin soil of New England was found teeming w.u a like abTndaneeof native grapes; and Governor Vinthrop was ', „ thence induced, almost as soon as he landed, to begui the cnl- rStT ift .Mon. "Excellent vines arc here up and down in the woods,' It was said, in iv?0; " Our Governor hath already planted a vineyard, \'J.. Force's Cullection, vol. iil. No. U. 'I. ATTEMl'TS IN NEW ENGLAND. IMPOSTS RESISTED. 269 , is vindicated litid seen the r want of suc- I questionable had, however, mall quantity r. The atten- 1 hy the terms to divert them or earlier, by led much, and ig "as any in ng. A l>act, ch the author, of vines for the hat Wine had his customary ther Europeai. ould enrich the iiuest Wines for ia islands. lie lursery, and, as PS be employed, tage; and that, •eby the planter compelling tho een a cause of jtructions in all rculation among ;ery." Had all own its desolate ends all the pro- tho want of it." ny to encourage 5 found teeming r Winthrop waa begin the cnl- ■n in the woods," uted a vineyard, with great hope of increase."' Master Graves, " Engyncre," declared the grapes were tlie largest he had ever seen, sonic of them " Iburc inches about." Mr. Winthrop seems so far to have succeeded as to louk for au annual yield, however small, from his vineyard. The rental of Governors Island, in Uoston Harbor, granted to him in 1C32, on condition that he should i)lant thereon a vineyard or an orchard, was, in 1034, a hogshead of Wine yearly. It is not probable that attempts to manufacture AVine in New England were long jjersevered in. Within a very few years its inereasing foreign commerce nlforded a cheaper and readier means of snj)i)ly. Its exports of fi.sh, lumber, {lipc-staves, bread-stulVs, ami other produce, to the West Indies, to Portugal and Spain and the Wine Islands, had, by tlie year 1G45, become so considerable as to furni.sh the principal supplies to some of them, and to enable the traders to be amply supplied with the peculiar products of those countries as profitable return cargoes. The importation of Wine, in particular, had recently become excessive, and the General Court of Massachusetts, in that year, deemed it jiroper to impose a duty of ten shillings upon every butt of Spanish Wine landed there. The revenue was for the support of government, fortifications, and the harbor defenses. In the following spring several ships arrived, bringing eight hundred butts of Wine. Having lost much by leakage, and meeting with a bad market, they refused either to pay the impost, or to give an account of a portion which had been already landed; in consequence of which, the latter was forfeited. As the importation had been made in ignorance of the taritf, the Court, on petition, remitted the forfeiture and one-half the duty. But the merchants still refused to submit to the im- post, and their best Wines weie seized to satisiy the demands of the law. This act they conceived to be a gross wrong, as the balance of the invoice became unsaleable by the withdrawal of the better qualities, and they thrp''ened to obtain redress in some other way, but with what success we are not informed. " But too much indulgence in that way," says the historian, " opened a door to encouragement to Wine merchants, who have since filled the coun- try with that commodity, to the overflowing of luxury and other evils ; whereas, had there been a greater impost laid thereon, it might have turned the stream of traffic into another channel, that might have been much more beneficial to the place.'" (1) Ili^rsiii!'"'!. >■'"■' "*" '''" I'liritnfi Coile, wliicli decreed that (2) Iluliliiird's New Kngliind.— Tlie cv;1« 'Mriink(>iinc«i', ns trnn.-furiniiis (Jii.l's iniiige Kern hinli'd iit very cnrly dii'turbcd tliu g"oa into a benst, is to be purii.''liu't willi tlio pun- order and enfecbliMl tlie industry oC nil llie ishmont of bums ; n whip for tlio hori'O, and colouius. It WHS not reproseed by the tcr- u rod fir the I'uule'ii bucko." It wuB greatly 270 COUiNIAt, WINE-MAKINO. A-incs were sent in 1642, to New Xetl.erlan.l.s by Van Ilenssolaor, tor the use of his Colony on the llnclson, wl.cre he wished to introduce tho cnltivation of tlnit phu.t and of n.adder. The v.nes, as his eopan.ssary ^vrote him, were all killed by the frost, "like others brought to the coun- ^''^Thc propagation of the grape-vi.ie was also enjoined upon Colonel John Prim., who arrived the sa.ue year, wiih a connuission from Queen Christina, as Governor of the Swedish Colony on the oast side uf the Delaware, for the support of whieh she made large appropriations out of her revenue from tobacco. Campanius mentions a number of places m that Colony where native grapes, white, red, brown, bine, and black, grew in great profusion, and that the inhabitants only needed to be mlormed bow to press them.' . t^ , x A letter in I'lantairenet's Description of New Albion (m Delaware), from Robert Evelin, who had resided several years in the country, de- seribes (1618) a valley, called Uvedale, where the vines ran upon tho mulberry and sassafras trees, and bore four sorts of grapes, which he qnaintly describes as follows :-" The Inst is the Thonlonse Muscat sweet-scented; the second, the great Foxe and thick grape, alter 5 moueths reaped, being boyled and salted, and well fined, it is a strong incrofljoil hy the iioouliiir nntnro of their (irst roiniuereial pursuits. Tho In.lian nmi Afri- fan trade, on tho one haml, rofiuircJ, as they were conducted, l»r(,'o qnantitiei of Rum. Tho commerce with tlic West India iiilandfi and tho Wine countries, on tho other, gave them faeililies for obtaining rum, bran, dy and Wine, and mohisse?, whieh they con- verted into rum. Many efforts wcro made to circumscribe tho uso of those articles by confinin); tlieir "ale to licensed dealers, ro- etrietedhycertiiinUmihitioni?. Inl'139,John Cliarles, of Norwich, Connecticut was for- bidden to draw Wine, "because there hath been much disorder by it." The prccnt arts of ftdultcra(i(in seem to have been quite early known. Johnson, in 1645, numbers among the trades of New England " divers fhoii-keepers, and some who have a mystery beyond others, as biive tho vintners." (1) Campniiius is lielicvod to have had no personal knowledge of tho country, and is prone to relate extraordiiinry things. Ilo tuys the fJwc.lrs found, at Christina, a grape vine two ells in thicluiess, whieh thickness had not been lound in :i grape vino any where else. Among the gigantic vege- table growths of Califoruia, however, a vino is said to exist near Santa Uurbiir.n, in Los Angelos, the main stock of whieh is ten feet in diameter. Seven thousand clusters of grapes vere counted upon it. That State promises soon to bo tho most proiluctive in Wiuesof any other in the Union, and to equal her gold mines in the value of tho product ofhervineyards.Theincrease of vines, fortho last few years, has been over fifty per cent, annually, and at its present rate, will, in twenty years, produce Wines of the value of fifty millions of dollars n year. The largest vineyards are in tho county above mention- ed, where some already contain over forty ochres. Los Angelos produced, in 1857, .•^jO.nOO gallons of Wine. Tho number of grape vines in the State, in ISofi. was 1,510,1.14; in ISfiS, 3,!);i4,51S, if whieh 1,650,000 were in Los Angelos alone. The aggregate, this year will exceed, it is sup- posed, six millions. ATTEMPTS IN CAROLINA BV THE I'ill.Nl !1 i;i'.I liiKKS. 271 lleiissL'laer, for • iutrodiico iho his colli missary ;ht to the coiui- 1 upon Colonel on from Queen east side of the [)rialions out of ber of i)laccs in and black, grew . to be informed I (in Delaware), the country, de- es ran upon the grapes, which he oulouse Muscat, ; gra[;e, after 5 d, it is a strong foiinil in a grape vino If; tlie ciirantio vcge- ruia, liowevor, ii vine anta Uurbiira, in Los k of wliicli is ten feet hou?anil eliisters of upon it. Tliat State 10 nrnst proiluetive in lie Union, and to equal I value of tlio proiluct icrease of vines, fur the m over fifty per cent, present rate, will, in Wines of tlic value of s n year. The largest lountyaliove mention- ly contain over forty produced, in 1><57, inc. Tlio number of State, in 18,")6. was :!,!);)(, 5(8, if wliich I Anpelos alone. Tlie will exceed, it is sop- red Xcrcs ; the third, a light claret; the fourth, a wliite grajtc, creeps on the land, makcth a pure, gold-color white 'Wine. Tunis Tale, the Frenchman, of these four made eight sorts of excellent Wine; and of tlie Muscat, acute-boyled, that tlie second draiiglit will fo.K a reasonable pate four monetlis old, and here may be gathered and made two hundred tun ill the vintage moneth, and replanted will mend." lie speaks of two other valleys above Uvedale, likewise abounding in the same grapes. A duty of 3(/. jicr gallon was, in 1715, laid on Wiuc and rum imported into Maryland, except from England, and such as was imported in vessels built and owned in the colony. The cultivation of the Wine-grape was a prominent object in the set- tlement of Carolina, about the year 1G70, under the grant from Charles the Second to the Earl of Clarendon and others. The proprie- Viiinvanis • p n iu lb;- ciiio- taries, -lour years after, sent over vines and other plants, with persons qualified to manage them. IJut there are few records preserved of the 6rst settlement in the province. In 1070, a second unsuccessful, because — like all others at that period — a premature attempt was made by the King to introduce into that pro- vince the manufacture of wine, oil, silk, and other southen; produc- tions. Two vessels were fitted out, in which were sent a number of. French Protestant llefugces. The present city of Charleston was founded the following year. The commencement of the attempt to make Wine seems to have been encouraging. " Some of the Wine," says a writer in 1082, in reference to it, " has been transported for England, which, by the best palates, was well approved of, and more is daily expected. It is not doubted, if the planters as industriously prosecute the propagation of vineyards as they have begun, but Carolina will, in a little time, iirovc a magazine and staple for Wine to the whole West Indies." The vines sent by the pro- prietors, he states, embraced the llheiiish, Claret, Mnscadel, Canary, and other kinds. Additional emigrations of Dutch, French, and other Euro- pean people, some of whom were skilled in the grape culture, engrafted their industry upon the Colony. Sir Nathaniel Johnson, who settled in the Province in 1G80, made an essay in vine-growing, and succeeded in making some small quantities of AVine. About the year 1090, King William sent large numbers of the persecuted French refugees into "Vir- ginia. Others of the same class, possessing both projierty and industry, jiurchased land of the i>roprieto!s of Carolina, and settled, some on the Santee river, and others, who wtre mechanics, in Charleston, Renewed elVorts were made by them to manufacture Wine, in which they were par- tially successful. In 1696, they were naturalized by an Act of the Caro- lina Legislature, ns were those of Virginia by a law passed in 1080. lu 219 COLONIAL VINK-MAKINO. iutelligence. industry, and good conduct, these cxucs were among ihejnost valuable accessions made to the population of the Province. But Carol.ni^ Tow b r i I her family names, ampler trunks of the Huguenot vace and i„r„! 7 an she does in the richness or the antiquity of her vu.ta.e Her Sti e savannahs were destined, ere Ion,, to furnish a more valuaWe Btaple than even Wine and oil for the food of mankind, and her uplands, n proc s« of time, to whiten with a richer product than sdk for its cloth- ' r uccess attended the early efforts to cover the country with , La ds to the extent which the present shows to be practicable t s Zoss b to say how far it might have affected the econom.cal condition, noro Ca olina and the South, but of the world. Oy re ardjng h hitroduction of rice and cotton, which were then considered of little value '" wZve'the Huguenots settled in America they bore along with them their cuntiVs vine, and sought to clothe the fertile bottoms and sunny Is of tlfeir wiiderness-home with the purple of their a-stral va,e. Between eleven and twelve thousand acres, in the -"f ' f j^f, ^f iu Massachusetts, was. in the year 1684, set apart for the u e o Uiirjy families of that people, who had escaped from the persecutions of Lous xTy He the'y set ip mills, planted vineyards and ore ards of which Ills still remain, and were invested with the ^leetn. f^aiic use by an Act of the Legislature. But the settlement was broken up in 1696, by Uie Ind a.^, a.^ some of them settled in Boston. The names of Bond - not and Faneuil appear among the number, and rank with those of Lau- ens South Carolina, and Jay, in New York, as public benefactors ; whne not a few among the less distinguished are still recognized through- L the country The tribute of Mrs. Sigourney, a name of the same espe tab oS n, to the memory of the Huguenots of Oxford, on visit. Tg a te of thdr ;ianting, was merited by the virtues of a people to whom " Full many a son Among the noblest of our land looks back Tlirougli time's long vista, and exulting claims These as their sires." P, William Penn, the hope of successfully introducing the manufac- ture of Wine, appears to have been warmly cherished. The following extracts from his description of the Province, addressed to the l%lt ..'Free Society of Traders," in London, dated 16th of 8th mo., wicf """ 1683, and from his other correspondence, will show his ideas on the subject :— ..The ereat red .r.pe (now ripe) called by ignorance the fox grape, because of the LS it h«a. wUh unskilful palates, is in itself an extraordinary grape. PENNSYLVANIA. PENN ATTEMPTS THE WINE CULTURE. 273 among the most !. But Carolina nenot race and of her vintage. a more valuable uid her uplands, ilk for its cloth- lie country with practicable, it is mical condition, jy retarding the ed of little value along with them Xovas and sunny r ancestral vales, iship of Oxford the use of thirty icutions of Louis ■chards, of which franchise by an n up in 1696, by names of Boudi- th those of Lau- iblic benefactors ; •ognized through- lame of the same Oxford, on visit- a people to whom aim3 cing the manufac- d. The following , addressed to the J 16th of 8th mo., I show his ideas on e fox grape, becanse estraordinary grape. and, by art, doubtless may be cultivatod to an excellent Wine, if not so sweet, yet little inferior to the Frontinac, as it is not much unlike in taste, ruddiness set aside, which in such thiiics, as well as mankind, dilfers the case much. There is a white kind of Muscadel, and a little black grape, like the cluster- grape of England, not yet so ripe as the other, but tlu-y toll me, wlien ripe, sweeter, anil that they only want skilful viyiiproim to make good use of them. I intend to venture on it with my Frenclunan. this season, who shows some knowledge in these things It is disputable with me, whether it be best to fall to fining the fruits of this country, especially the grape, by ths care and skill of art, or send for foreign stems and sets already good and ap- proved. It seems most re;isonable to believe that not only a thing growetli best where it naturally grows, but will hardly be eijualled by another species of the same kind that doth not naturally grow there, liut, to solve the doubt, I intend, if God give me life, to try both, and hope the consetiuences will be as good Wine as any of the European countries of the same latitude do yield." * * • * " Whatever tends to the promotion of the Wine, and to the manufacture of linen in these parts, I cannot but wish you to promote ; and the French people are most likely, in both respects, to ensure that design. To that end I would advise you to send for some thousands of plants out of France, with some able vignerons, and people of the other vocation." Tlie French, of whom he speaks, were probably from Carolina, where they had long been bitterly persecuted by the Anglican population. It was not until 1696, that their singular forbearance and worth to that Colony, procured, from the Assembly, in answer to their petition, the tardy justice of an Act of incorporation with the freemen of the province. The soundness of Penn's reasoning upon the habitudes of plants, and the doubtful expediency of attempting to supplant the indigenous vine by the accliniatiou of foreign species, has been almost uniformly attested by the subsequent experience of vine-growers in ditferent parts of the coun- try. French, German, and other experienced and skillful cultivators of the vine, have repeatedly failed to introduce, en any extensive scale, the culture of the European plant; and the conclusion to which science and observation seem equally to have led is, that American vines only can be profitably cidtivated on American soils. To the Marquis of Halifax he writes, 9th, 12t.h mo., 1683,—" The Ger- mans are fallen npon (lax and hemp ; the French, on vineyards. Here grow wilde an incredible number of vines, that tho' savage, and so not so excellent, besides that much wood and shade sower them, they yield a pleasant grape, and I have drunk a good clarett, though small and green- ish, of Capt llappe's vintage of the savage grape." His intentions were afterward carried into execution npon his Spring- etsljuiy estate, in Penn Township, in the northwestern part of the present City of Philadelphia, toward the Schuylkill, where a vineyard was planted 18 274 COLONIAL WlNK-MAIUNtl. l.y his direction, upon an eminence afterward known as "Vineyard IIill.'' To condnct the business, he sent to France for a i>crson qualified, and sustained him at considerable expense. He sul)sequently wrote, in refer- once to it, as follows :-" I writ that regard should be had to AndreAV Doze about the vineyard. I know it is a charge, but if Wine can be made, it will be worth the Province thousands by the year, for many Frenchmen are disheartened by the Carolinians. In seven years there would be hundreds of vineyards, if the experiment takes ; and I under- stand, by Patrick Lloyd and Dr. More, that he produced ripe grapes the 98'" of the 5'" month, '86, when the roots were but fifteen or sixteen months planted. 'Tis an high character of the country, and Andrew Doze, I am told, say'd he deserved the place, paying me only an acknow- ledgement in Wine." He afterward writes, " All the vines sent in this vessel am intended for Andrew, on the Schuylkill, for the vineyard. I could have been glad of a taste last year, as I hear lie made some." It is not known how long he persevered in the enterprise ; but it is believed not to have been rewarded by any success, and to have been abandoned as early as his second visit, in 1695. The vintage probably never war- ranted the advice of Pastorius, who, in view of the attempt, wrote his friends that they had better send along a supply of Wine-barrels and vats of various sizes. In the absence of the proprietor from the country, it is not very sur- prising that an undertaking beset with ditficulties should have failed not- withstanding the pecuniary ability of the projector to sustain it. An English writer, sometime resident in the Province after this time, speaks of"several excellent native grapes, from which good Wine had been frequently produced by skillful vignerons, and of the encouraging prospects of ample supplies of Wine, for their own use and for exportation. The Wines as being more pure, were more wholesome, and the trade of sophis- ticating liquors, as practiced in England and Holland, he vainly believed, would,"from the nati ;c honesty of the people, long remain, as it then was, unknown in the Province. The excellent cider of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, which then sold at from ten to fifteen shillings per barrel, is also mentioned. Peach brandy and perry were made in both Provinces. The amount of Wine and spirituous liquors consumed in the Province, within twenty-five years after Penn's arrival, may be inferred from the importation of those articles. In the first ten months of the year 1711 upwards of 68,000 gallons of Winp,_of which 59,000 gallons were direct from the Wine countries, and 383,000 gallons of rum were imported into Philadelphia. The rum was chiefly from the West Indies, and was mainly for the support of the contraband trade with the Indians, and shows the CIEOIIOIA. rALATlXns AITEMri WINK. 276 '•iiieyanl Kill." 1 qiialilleil, and wrote, in rt'fer- laJ to Andrew f Wine can be year, for many ren years there ; and I under- ripe grapes the teen or sixteen •y, and Andrew )n!y an acknow- ncs sent in this he vineyard. I aade some." It Kit it is believed been abandoned )ably never war- empt, wrote his -barrels and vats is not very sur- have failed not- itain it. ! after this time, )d Wine had been iraging prospects xportation. The le trade of sophis- le vainly believed, in, as it then was, sylvania and New per barrel, is also h Provinces, d in the Province, inferred from the I of the year 1711 rallons were direct vere imported into es, and was mainly ins, and shows the extent to wliich tlie Province was already engnged in both species of trafiic. On the settlement of Georgia, the last colonized of the original thirteen States, in 1732, similar attempts were made to produce, nt the outset, Wine, silk-, and oil. Foreign vine-dressers were sent thither by the trus- tees of the Province, who attempted the cultivation of vines and other southern products. The injudicious restrictions imposed by its humane founder upon the industry and trade of the Colony, long operated unfa- vorably to the progress of improvement, notwithstanding the liberal ap- propriations of the British Parliament in aid of their enterprise. The spot selected for the e.xperiment, near Savannah, called the Trustees' Oarden, was also unwisely chosen. The soil proved too dry and sterile, and notwithstanding the care of an experienced cultivator, Thomas West! both vines and mulberry trees proved a failure. The project war, aban- doned, and the settlers sought homes under fewer restraints in neighboring Provinces. ° Abraham De Leon, a Jew, who had acquired experience in the busi- ness in Portugal, cultivated grapes in his garden, in Savannah, where he was a freeholder. The Oporto and Malaga gnpcs were raised with great success by him. He solicited a loan from the trustees in England of two hundred pounds sterling, without interest, for three years, pledging himself to employ it and an additional sum of his own in bringing from Por"- tugal vines and vigrie- ns, and to return t'le money within the tii.>" men- tioned, and to have gru.ving in the Colony forty thousand vines, which he would supply to the freeholders at a moderate rate. The proposal wai accepted, but the remittances were never made, and the project was aban- doned. In 1764, two ship-loai's of Palatines were sent to America by George III., and were landed at Charleston. The Assembly of the Province voted five hundred pounds to be distributed among them, and assigned them lands adapted to the culture of silk and Wine, with which they were acquainted, and, it was hoped, would attempt. The efforts to introduce successfully the Wine-manufacture in the Colo- nies was, at this period, when her dependencies had become of immense value to Great Britain, regarded with much interest. It was a favorite policy of the nation to become, by means of the Colonies, as independent as possible of all foreign countries in regard to articles she was compelled to import. The vast sums yearly paid to France for Wines and liquors, were paid reluctantly. All the valuable staples of the American Pro- vinces were, moreover, secured to her markets by the provisions of lur Commercial Code. The Navigation Act gave England the exclusive right of supplying Wines, among other articles, to the Colonies. But the 216 COT.0NIAT. WINE-MAKINO. ,,U „r o.,..i„. „o„«er,t..d „Uc,e. .0 ports ^^^^J^- '^"':' '""';':;'J u.:;" : ;::" x,:r::::ra»;o"^v,„c'; >.po«.4 .... vent.on of the tiade ^'^^^- was drawn back, still further cUmm- from Englan . -'y;. ^J^^: f ^ V„d and her Colonies. On the ished the trade m W.nes ^^^w " .^ ^^^. ^^ ^.,.^, ,,, .^eers termination, m 1 . 63, of \'^; J' ' ^ ^ j^^ ^yine in the Pro dnces, all the found an almost universal taste foi Madeira vy ^^^ daties were allowed to be drawn baeU, except ^^"l^;;;;; _;;.;; ,,,,,,. ,„. French Wines, whidj it was - ^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ..a Sherry, tationto the Colonies, f ^'^'^''^ ^ ^J^^^ ^,f,,, ,^, Ucvolution. were the kinds vrincrally 7. "f •;''\'^'='"2i „ ^,, ,,e encouragement of la Ur.^, the Society instituted at London tor t ^^^ ^^^ Arts, Manufactures. ^^ ^^-!:::^^:^ :^^JjLc^.. .. it wa. advantage of the North Amencan ^/^^^Z were premiums of £300 Uoped might be produced there Among the. 1 ^^ ^^^^^_ ''-'-'. '' '"' ;'r r^ i;: : tl^C 1^:: of North America, south- tation in any of the '^"•"'"'i^ !'"; ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ber of vines (not less ward of the Delaware, consisting of ^'^^ ^ ;^^J ^^^ ^^j^j^, . ,,a £50 than fifty) aetunl'y producing ^^'^^^^^Zl^^ kind of phmts. for a vineyard of not l-^/'^" ^^ ^^f 'imium £200 for the greatest The Society, at the same tune, orte d a - um ^^^ ,^_^^ „..^r (not >;-^j; - '-:^1 :^:: K-eat Britain ; and £50 ^r duced those sorts ot > nies u. » „„„ i,„n,ired ulants. These last *e next grea.«t »"»;'';,;;-2:„ ^rt l I »eU.a-e con.a..,t „ t,.. annom.cemcnls of rewards ,„ otl.er 1^™ l> • ;;" ^ ^|,, .,^.„,i„„ , „e seen n. nceonnt ot »«y .wards "'•^; " ^^^";""* „„;,„,, „„„„g ot man, intelligent person, was, ''7. " ■ ."^ ""g, ;j; '„ „, 'Edward ^ftiio A mnrican 1 hilosop'Mcai ootitij. „bo,n were ».,n,e ot .1 e An en an 11 ^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^^^^^ ^, Anlill. a mc nber, and one of M.s ""■;'>'; , ,,,„ ,i„e ,nd ih. New ..erse,, prepared an ^., -. J J Z™. ,,i,„a,es of North T""" "" t":Z::5 fl ri i; dl tan. «» t,. .moeet „f tl. .ia..ard Amencu. It emtMaciu lu.i, i communicated and the manufacture of Wines, and. ^^^^^.^ ,,; h.d in the first volume of ^ \u P Thompson to the Society, and publislied in vue CtJRUANT WINE— AVINE IN ILMNUIS, VIIIGIMA, PENNSYLVANIA. 277 of Cape Finis- (Wth, ill contra- import,;d direct [ furllier dimin- lonies. On the lich the oflicers ♦roTinces, all the per tuP,--on oil •age,— on expor- eriffe and Sherry, .evolution, ncouragement of aremiums for the articles as it was ireniiunis of £300 vincytird or plan- li America, south- r of vinos (not less f raisins ; and £50 lie kind of plants. JO for the greatest e vines wliieh pro- :itain ; and £50 for (lants. These last ware considered as )iie district, and to followed the Socie- ire not aware. We nch. The a'.tcnlion the subject, among oty. Hon. Edward for the rrov..iee of of the vine and the jnt climates of North l.jcct of the vineyard, it was communicated II the first volume of ins a memoir on the k letter from Ikthle- ines, which had been issfully, by the Mora- vians. Its cost was about M. the quart. Hod turrai..s a'otc considered preferable to the white. In the domestic manufacture of currant Wine from the red, white, and black currant, which was made to a considerable extent, Mr. Coxe, in 1810, considered each family in the United States could on an average, easily make two barrels, or sixty-three gallons, annually, which would yield sixty-three millions of gallons, or nearly twelve times the quantity of wine imported, and twenty-three times the amount con- ouuied in the country. It was recommeiidec ps a more profitable busi- ness, to be pur.sued on a large scale north of the Chesapeake, than the cultivation of the European AVine-grape. The early French writers gave exaggerated accounts of the vines of Louisiana, and two valuable varieties, the Viti-s ca^livalh and V. riporia, are indigenous to the banks of the Ohio and the Mississippi. In 17r.9, the French on the Illinois river made one hundred and ten hogsheads of well-tasted and strong Wine from the native grape of that region. In the same ye?s, Richard Henry I.ee, of Virginio, sent a cask of Wine of the last year's vintage, with a few bottl"" of older Wine, " from our native grope," as a present to Dr. Fothergill of London. Some of the French people who had settled in Virginia and Carolina at an earlier period, kept -■"Mie manufacture of Wine on a smuU scale, until the Revolution put an ti.d to the business, which gave promise of becoming increasingly valu- able. A red Wine, little inferior to Burgundy, was mentioned by a writer, in 1774, a.^ the product of Carolina. The fir.st overt act of the revolutionary drama was the seizure, in June, 1708, of the sloop Liberty, belonging to Mr. Hancock, in the ^larbor of Xewport, Rhode Island, for a violation of the revenue laws, in landing a cargo of Wines from Ma- deira without having entered the whole. A large part of the Wines co.isumed in the Colonies— except those from Madeira, which for a long time camo free, but then jiaid about £7 per tun duty- hud been thus obtained by evasions of the customs. But Ooverntuent was now vigor- ously enfi rcing the Trade Acts, and American merchants deemed it their duty . s resolutely to resist them. A few yei rs after the Peace, a joint-stock com])ttny was formed in Pennsylvania to e\dtivate the grape, for Wine, on a more extended scale than had been done before. The society was incorporated in 1802, with a president, treasurer, and sccretar, and five managers, and a stock of one thousand shares of twenty dollars each. They purchased Inn 1 und planted a vineyard ot Spring Mill, on the Scliuylkill, thirteen miles from Philadelphia, where, in 1811, they had thirty thousand vines growing with good prospect of success. CnAPTEK XIII. ,„B MANliPACTlKE OF SAW U THE COLONIM, A. common S.H, like .on, |s » "^'1^::^^:'^''^ ta various dietetic and economical «l» '""»• '^»'°;' "'^j „„ J„ ,„, pro- „„e as widely dimmed *'»''«;°";;t;;r; a different, it! of jr:;r:,::tr:;::r::rXea.oearr.on,nti,c bays and on the coa.ts of America ^ ,_^^^„ commenced as early as 517 by Id an ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^_^^^^^_^ ^^^^^ f,,^ of Normandy. In 1»'«. tl>e tormtr hundrod sels there ; the Spanish, about one .^-; -;; ^^ T fe frst Aet of the and thirty, and the En,!ish from th.r.y t . .y -'^ „^,^j„ ,, ,,,H,U rar.iament ^1''^,. ad any . ^^^^Uast'from the exae- ir.48, for the protection of Lnfjh.h l.sl. n cohM.izntion. tior.s of the Admiralty. At the tune ot the Nov 1 . ^^^ ,. British fisherie. were risin. >"';-;- 'J^:;,,!: ;« ...a.e thirty-nve r.uglish shi.-s sa, ed for h - Nc U ^^^ ^" ''' T'; " td ;r ; :^1 1" .;:ted';;l th; American H^hery. thousand 8.x hundred tons ot coa w i ,_,,,-.,(>d the rivers, harbors, Ti,e cvly voyaeer, to ,i,. new -^ ;:,,», la!; ren,.rU.i„e exeel- a„d bay, to .Lonnd u, t,.h o ete. '' '" „,„, ,„ai,,a,. „,„|,le lenee, laTilin,. ti.e line «nd tl" »'''"' '''\™'';™s,„.,,| „„ ,1,. e,.».t of New l-]np:land, m K.li, was convtiu . ..,„„.-i,eted on those shores ,„. .„ e..y in ''■•;*r;::ra;; r-cvr:,; "s^>u „ s,,,, for the purpose. Ho then recon they be pro. °'? r ■; .I'T.::- ''X '-"■ -l^ '*-*™' •"« '■■-- " "^ v.ded, this m,n It . ., y comn,enced in our waters wero ::;:■;:;::::: i^ ;;;'"-;»"-- <^"'°»-' "-'''" ^™'"'-' C278) FIRST SALT-WOUKS. USE i»F SALT BY TnK NATIVES. 2T9 IE8. cessity, being, in idisiicusable, fttid jn was very pro- diffLTent ptirts of modern. laken and prose- to carry on in the I been commenced ■icny and tlie coast dred and fifty ves- ty to one liiindrod he first Act of tlie rica, was made in oast from the cxac- [Umd colonizntion, I, In IG2>2, ai)oiit JnRland, to en^'ano j, about twenty-fivB le American fishery, tlie rivers, harbors, f remarkable excel- nd promisinn ample nith on the coast of ivo search for ijolil (ited on those sliores I : " Salt up"" ^"''' yet, till they be pro. ant the makinff it by ed in our waters were •s, and that branch of the national industry has steadily grown to the present day. Plymouth early cngiifjjcd in the business, so far as the limited means of the Colony would permit. Isaac Allertou, one of the original emigrants, and after- ward a merchant among the Dutch at Manhattan, is commended by the early historians for his enterprise in the lishing business at Marblehcad, which has ever since been a nursery for that hardy and useful class. The business, however, is represented by Governor Bradford, as "a thing fatal to that Coloiiy." The Assembly of Massachusetts, in 1G39, exempteil from all duties and public taxes men and projierty employed in catcliing, curing, or transporting fish. As an auxiliiM'y to the fisheries,, therefore, the Plymouth Colony, and about the same time, a fishing settlement on the site of the present city First Salt- of Portsmouth, in New Hampshire, commeneed the first manu- *"'■'"■ facturc of Salt in the Northern Colonies.' This business vas jrikeil lurfui that country, ny and Quebec, wilh Iheir Curs, long before The m-inniicanol' the northern Indiansisiire- the in innfaetiiro was coinincneed by the pared in « similar way : sometimes without while settlers in I'SS. Heverly rclutos that thtuieofflro. Salt was, however, made by In place of salt for seasming, the Imlian* icrorul tribes ufth') natives, and was an ar- used the ashes of hiekory, itickwced, ami tide vlntUer a Sa t- Salt-making was ntlcmylea u. he ^^^ ^ ^ ^ ,,,,,r. of which he u,aker was sent fro.u Kngland for '^'fj'^^.s ■ " The salt.aan is a skilful "as the bearer, fro. one of the co.,a ,^ -^ ^ ,^ ^. «.a industrious man-, l->^ -"^;;j;r "LveMrcely possessed the ,uisterie of it." He -^^^' '^^:^J^, ,Hh which he was aeeredited, .qualities or the knowledge of^J^ ;"^\. jj^, ^^ ,,Uom they sent to make for Governor Bradford ^ ^^^^^^^ ,^,^ , he bore them in hand suite was an ignorante, fool .h, sel ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^.^^^ he could doe great matters m mak ug^aR w ^^^^_^^^ ^^^ ^^,,,, y. out fitte ground for his purpose ^'^y' with a good bottome to :;:vernor that he had found a ^^^^^^^^^^t doubted not but in hold water, and othen.. vcj ^^^^^^ , ^.eld them great profit, , short time to brmg o go a .^_^^^^,^^ ... but he must have e.ght o Uu •"« ,^^,^^ ^hem to send car- IU.t he was after some trml so '^ ^ ;- ^„^^ ,, ,,,eive f sal.e and pcnters to -^ '^ f" J:',' j proved vaine For he could such other uses. But u > tnde u ^^^^^^^ ^^^^.^^^ y, ^^„., uot doe any thing but boy e -^ « " / ; ^ „,,,;« in it, as was not joynedwith him beleeve ^^ ^^^ , „,,eeessary things to blind asie to be attained, and nuule th ,m "> ^^^ ^^^^ ^^,„, ,, their eys till they discovered »'- ;> ^' ■,;^^, ' ...e the fishery was. but Cupe Ann, and y' l^^ ;^-^'-';;; / „t a d the fire was so vehementc :r;:^rr;r,^:;r:o::::...,- ,ettlen.ent of the colony of M- ^^ ^^ ; J^^,,, ,y ,,.0 attention of the n>ost needful classes of Uad pco, ^^^^^^^_^^^_^^ ^^^^._ .^,,^^ of its managers. ^;-"«;^;^;;trth business, and several whose TdXM) the .ecouaaudlUUa year,, t. be „t charge, .ithal." A rcRanl for the good , er la i.a«..ry of .he ccu.nun.y o^ ,hic.h they «er. the K«ara,Bn,.c«u«el. hem to aiMuUMwo fishermen for i.m«or.Uty - foretho.amn«oftheeh-,p. ,""-/; of inMrudion^ to (iovernnr '■■-'-'"•'J'^y Loot eco.Uannu«l report, to e .-';;;. U.oUhorofeachper,on,andfor . P ventionofimene.B«n.nrreKul«r,.y..t«as clmendcathatahou,cofcorro,.uo„bo r ANCIENT IMPORTANCE OP SALT WORKS. asi ;h was Uie corn- following year whilUer a Salt- tcr, of wbiiili he Itinan is a skilful ly appvcheiide y' ,y possessed tho le was accredited, liey sent to make ,re them in hand was sent to sceke jrche he tould f good bottome to ,oubted not but iu them great profit, doyed them to send car- i;ceive y* salte and For he could made them y" were e ill it, as was not ;sary things to blind year lie was sent to the fishery was, but re was so vehementc , was the end of that ned in 1C29 for the idicious intermixture jred, by the attention r fishermen, furnished 8, and several whose The company after- l." A rcgarJ for tlie good stry of the coinmiinity of the KUiinlinns. cnused thcra .l.ermen for iimi.oriilily he. of the ship. In their lottir to Oovernnr "Inaieott. thoy lUBl reports to ho ...nile of •h person ; nn.t for tho pre- „c»s nnJ irreRularlty. it «n« bat a b.-usc of currcrtion bo ward sent out Thomas Graves, an engineer, as one sk'licd in salt works. The action of the Court of Assistants, at their meeting in Marcli, 1028-29, was as follows : " Touching making of salt, it was conseued ffytt tliat commodetty should be resorued for tiie general Stocks bcr.efitt, yeet with this proviso that every planter or brother of the company should haue aa much as he might aney way haue occasyon to make use of, at as chuape rate as themselves could make it : provided, if the company bee not sufficiently provided for themselH's, their particular men may haue liberty to make for their own expeuce and use aney way, but not to transport nor sell.'" The manufacture of Salt has now become, through the aid of modern science and skill, so much improved and extended, and its supply 80 constant, abundant, and cheap, that we ar^ scarcely prepared to understand why so much importance was then attached to it, and its manufacture and sale inhibited to private enterprise. But in the fiscal and comiiiercial regulations of most nations of ancient and modern times, Salt has held a very prominent place. In many it has been the subject of monopolies, duties, and taxation, often of a most injurious kind. The salt works of Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, were estubli.shed about 130 years after the founding of Rome; and a hundred years later, on account of the high price demanded for salt, the right of vending it was transferred from private hands to the Roman State.' The mnnufacture and the ducy levied upon salt is supposed to have been an important source of the revenue and commercial power of Rome. Much of the maritime influence of Venice, in more recent times, has been ascribed to her salt works. One cause of the revolution in France, in the lust cen- tury, is believed to have been the oppressive nature and enforcement of the salt code formerly existing in France. The commercial prosperity of both England and France has been stated to bear a constant relation to their salt-producing ca|)abilities. In the last named country, in Austria, and some other countries, the manufacture of Salt is at this day a govern- ment monopoly, as are the Saline Springs of the State of New York. The amount annually paid by the United States for imported salt — which, notwithstanding its constantly increasing production for ninny years past, and the ample facilities which exist for meeting the entire home demand, let up. They afterward renew thoir coun- to one cnllinR or other, nnd noo idle drones Belli iiftiiinsl idleness, in these prudent terms: he permitted to live among us; wliinh if "We mtiy nut oinitt, out of 7.011I for tho you take care now at the first to Cftubli.«h, gcncriiU Rood, once more to putt you in it will bo an undoubted means to prevent » mindo to beo very circumspect in the in- world of disorder, and many grievous ainni fancie of tho Plantation, to settle some and .dnners." (jood order whereliy nil persona resinako one hundred tun per annum of salt between the Capes of Massachusetts Bay, within tliree years next commg." Wo are not informed what success attended this cnterpr.se It wa probably encouraging, since the same authorities in May lOo gran o^d Ihe proprietor for twenty-one years, the exclusive privilege of mak.n„ Salt "after his new way." „* Po^a A-ain in May, 1C52, Salt-works were ordered to be set up at tape Ant: :;;ich hai'been included in the grant to Mason, but was now reunited to Massachusetts. A proposition was made by Edward Bu t to manufacture Salt at that place by a new method, for which he as.ed and received permission of the Court, " provided he make it only after his own new way." Mis grant was made for ten years. e i f^- He .as at the same time refused the use of two islands neru- Salem for that nuroose. " as prejudicial to the town in divers regards. It was ab^ut this dote that the rich Salt Springs of Western ^e^ York, one of the principal sources of domestic supply at the present time were first brought to the knowledge of European settlers through rr";7„s^: the French Jesuits, who were prosecuting their perilous missions '" "■ '^°'''- in the country of the Onondagoes and the Iroquois. Father Lal- lemont is believed to have been the first to mention them. But, on the 16th August, 1654, ten days after his arrival among the Onondagoes they were observed by Pere Le Moyne, who carried back to the Governor of Canada, a sample of the curious product of the Springs, llis dis- coN.rv is thus recorded in his journal of that date : "Le 16,^ous arriuons a I'entrec r^'vn petit lac, dans vn grand bassin a demy seche ; nous gous- tons de I'eau u -ne demon qui la rend puante ; en ay ant gonste le trouvay que c'estoit vne fonv-.'ne d'eau salee, eten effet nous en fismes du sel aussi naturel que celny de la m.r dont nous portons une montre a Quebec, te lac est tres poissonneaux en vmites saulmonnees et autres poissons Father Le Moyne, four years after, communicated a kno^^^edge of the existence of these salines to the Rev. Mr. jr.fijapolonsis at New Amster- dam, who, in conveying the intelligence of so .Vr.nge a discovery to his cla.sis at Amsterdam, reservedly adds, " whether this l- true, or whether it be a Jesuit lie. I do not determine.'" Though previousV;^»sed by the Indians, to a small extent, the springs were not turned to any nec.'mt m the manufacture o." Salt by the white population until near a century av,c a half after they were ilr^t noticed by the French. About the time of this discovery also (1657), during the Directorship of Stuyvesaut, Salt- (1) Colnny Record?, ii. 229. (2) Colony Kecords, iii. 275. (?-\ O'Callaghan's New Nothcrlauds, il, 808. w ? e salle worke, Hill the Capes irise. It was 1056, gvaiitpd ge of making t up at Cape but was now Edward Burt, h he asked and y after liis own near Salem for s."' Western New ic present time, settlers tliroiigh erilous missions is. Father Lal- 1. 13nt, on the le OnonUagoes, to tlie Governor ■ings. His dis- j, Nous arriuons ;he ; nous gous- onsto ie trouvay, snies du sel aussi e a Quebec. Ce utres poissons." nowledge of the at New Amster- discovery to his true, or whether lUsV; "sed by the ;o any aio^'mt in jar a century ti,\\.e end that Ts. who llatheLted^a Salt-worU in those parts .ay ^e .--.ed . his endeavours to promote the good of the country." The works were 1^ proper y of Colonel Scarborough, and were situated at Accomack o ;;;: ^Im^hore of the Cl-peaUe where^he ma..^^.e of S>..J^^ been commenced over forty years before. But not «"^^ '"^ J expectation, the Act was repealed four years after, and the free importa '^;:J 't;:™tVnited state, from its warmth and dryness, and the clea e of t e at,„osphere, is peculiarly adapted to the manufacture of S by sola evaporation. This hygrometric adaptation was early nf r- t «♦ ted from the fact that the fishermen of Cape Cod, in 1629, ;:i:U k Jrortbtelore portions of good Salt spontaneously pro- re by 1 e e aporation of wnter left by the tide upon the rocks and m the marshes The latter were so encrusted that the salt adhered to the eTo ht fishermen as they crossed them.> "Here," wntes P anta^e- Jt nl648 "the glorious ripening Sunne. as warm ns Italy or Spa.n J^^l br ng rare fruits, wines, and such store of Aniseed and Ltcoras, a Tdl a Bay Salt, made without boiling, only in pans wnh the Sm tl a lacl labc:er ma; make six bushels a day, worth in these three, twelve ^' Thf sl^^^^^^ Government, which, in 1642, resuscitated its expirhjg colo'; on the Delaware, instructed Governor Printz to engage m the "irVcriSirS^:^:^^" October of ^ P-ious .ar ^ the Conr of Massachusetts, to confer with llichard Wharton, of Boston pe g bis mode of making Salt by if.e sun, reported f-orably and advTsed the Court " to encourage a Company for that purpose, wh.ch return the Court approved." Salt was in early times, made by the solar method on the shores ot T otirnd by exposing sea-water in shallow vats to the action of the ^: ' n w ;'' Mines of Bock Salt, of which valuable fossil depostts hi" 1 years been found in some of our western States, were ab^t this t me (1670) first discovered in Englana, The foUowmg descnpOon b se In he P pors of the Boynl Society, will enable us to judge of the ^^L maiufactnre in England about the period of the revolut.on ''^''•Z'^.i bed of Rock Salt had been discovered not long after the (1) Higginjon's New England Plantation. , aficr tlio first luuty of North- , to tl'.e end that e ciicouraged in riie works were it Accomack, on are of Suit had ering the public he free i in porta dryness, and the ; manufacture of 1 was early infer- ipc Cod, in 1629, )ontanoously pro- , the rocks and in It adhered to the ' writes Plantage- is Italy or Spain, i and Licoras, as ith the Sun, that hese three, twelve tated its expiring to engage in the ! previous year, by harton, of Boston, •ted favorably, and liat purpose, which I on the shores of the action of the able fossil deposits States, were about Uowing description, ! us to judge of'the )A of the revolution 1 not long after the BALT BY SO[,AR KYArORATION. 287 Restoration, in Clieshire, but does not appear to have been worked in that age. Tlie«6ait, which was obtained by a rude process from brine- pits, was held in no high estimation. The pans in which the manufacture was carried on e.xiialed a sulphurous stench ; and when the evaporation was complete, the substance which was left was scarcely fit to be used with food. Physicians attributed the scorbutic and pulmonary complaints which were common among the English, to this unwholesome condiment. It was therefore seldom used by the ujtper and middle classes ; and there was a regular and considerable importation from France. At present, our springs and mines not only supply our own immense demand, but send, annually, seven hundred millions of pounds of excellent Salt to foreign countries.'" The several grants which we have mentioned of exclusive privileges for Salt-making in Massachusetts, emanating from the same legislative body, and covering the same periods, must be supposed — although the specifi- cations have not come down to us — to refer to processes sufficiently dis- tinct from each other and from that of Mr. Winthrop, as not to conflict. They are, at the same time, an evidence that a spirit of enterprise and of improvement was already awake in regard to the supply of an important commodity. Mr. Winthrop, at least, may be supposed to have been acquainted with all the latest improvements in the Salt manufacture, both in England and on the Continent, where he had traveled much. He was a man of learn- ing and geniu.s, of an active and inquisitive mind, and beside being himself a chemist, was the intimate friend and correspondent of Robert Boyle — then engaged in investigating the properties of sea water and kindred subjects — and of many of the first chemists, naturalists, and philosophers of the age. With several of these he was associated, in 1600, in the formation of the Royal Society, of which, the published Transactions contain several of his contributions. IHj enterprise and love of experi- ment, as well as many other considerations, would lead him to adopt, in the new home of himself and family, such recent improvements as be- longed to a manufacture in which he was interested. The encouragement given him by the local authorities was a judicious one. But of the nature of those improvements we have now no means of judging. About the year 1689, Sir Xathaniel Johnson, who had been scTeral years Governor of the Leeward Islands, " being fond of projects," as we are informed, took up his residence in South Carolina, as having In addition to the cultivation Saltworkii ... in soiui. a climate favorable to his views. Carolina. -.,,.. , , , , . . , of Silk, rice, wine, etc., he there turned his attention, also, to the (I) Macaulcy's Hist. England, cb. iii. 288 COLONIAL SALT-MANUFACTURE. manufacture of Salt. He named the place selected for his experinicnt3 on the Sewce l?av, the " Salt Ponds." But what success attended his efforts i3 not known. TliC Legislature of that Province, in 1725, enacted two laws to encourage the making of Salt in the Colony.' In 1746, John Jerom and Stephen Jerom, Jr., proposed to set up " evaporating pans for the making of Salt in Connecticut." Similar attemrits continued to be made in different parts of the country, with more or less encouragement from local authorities, to produce a sup- ply of this great essential, until after the Revolution. Small Salt-works Ure erected, and existed for a time, along the seaboard, for boilmg sea water which the cheapness of fuel rendered more common than that of evaporation by solar heat. The consumption of Salt was always large in the country. Ihe extent of the fisheries, the large amount of sa ted provisions consumed and exported, and the practice of dispensing it to cattle, created a large demand. The principal supply of Salt, before the Revolution was olrta.ned by the numerous lumber, provision, and tobacco ships, which traded to Spain, Portugal, France, the Wine Islands, and other Salt-producing countries in Europe, and to the West Indies. The provincial exports being bulky, and the return cargoes much less so. Salt, for the fisheries, was nsimlly taken in as ballast, or as a part lading. Although the article did not pay as a full cargo, its high price, and its supposed benefit to the ship timbers, rendered it acceptable and profitable as part freight. Fine Salt, of a hi-her price, for culinary use, was obtained in small quantities from England, but was not well suited to the fisheries. For some time pre- ceding the War much was brought from Liverpool in sacks of four bush- els each Some of that obtained from the American islands appears to have been of a very inferior quality. The Legislature of Massachusetts found it necessary, in order to sustain the character of the fish sent from the Province, to decree, in Maf, 1670, that " fishing, being advantageous and likely to be Impaired by using Tortudas Sale, which leaves spots on fish by reason of shells and trash in it, that no fish saUed wUh Tort^.das Salt and thereby spotted, shall be accounted merchantable fish.' Much of the Salt obtained from these islands was the product of spontaneous Tvstallization, and was gathered and sold in its impure state at a low price by the inhabitants, or was collected by American crews without other expense. Nor had the domestic manufacture, at this date, made anv progress toward supplying a better article, Ht least by the solar me- thod Randolph, the Collector of Customs iu 1673, reported that in »rl) Ramsay's Hist. S. Carolina. experimcnta ntUnided his 1725, enacted ed to set up if the conntry, roduce a suj>- ill Salt-works br boiling sea 1 than that of always large ount of salted jpensing it to s obtained by •aded to Spain, cing countries ts being bulky, is, was usually article did not fit to the ship ht. Fine Salt, quantities from ome time pre- s of four bush- nds appears to ' Massachusetts e fish sent from g advantageous leaves spots on I with Tortudas ie fish." Much of spontaneous ! state at a low I crews without this date, made by the solar me- eported that in nnST ATTEMPT AT MAKING SOI.Ail SALT. 289 New England there was "no Allum, nor Copperas nor Salt made by their sun." ' The interruption of the foreign trade by the War of Independence occasioned a distressing scarcity of Salt, and called into existence many small establishments along our shores from C;ipe Cod to Georgia. In these the water was pumped from the sea by hand or by the aid of wind- nulls, and was boiled in largo kettles, often in the open air, yielding an inferior article of Salt, imperfectly purified from the lime and other foreign constituents of the brine. The apparatus wa., ill-constructed for its l)urpose, and two hundred and fifty gallons of water wore required to make a bushel of Salt. The expense of labor, time and fuel, was great, and the product crys- tallized in fine grains, was small and defective in quality. About the year 1774, or 1775, an observation similar to that which has been mentioned, of saline particles left by the sun and air in the clam shells, lying upon the beach, was made by the salt-boilers at Harwich, on the Peninsula of Cape Cod, where one of the first essays in Salt-making in irassachusetts had long before been attempted. This hint, led to some experiments and soon after to the first attempt, in this country, on any extended scale,' to make Salt by solar evaporation. Mr. Ammiel Weeks, of Harwich' succeeded in making a sufficiency for his own use, and about the same time the manufacture was attempted without success at the Isle of Shoals. A year or two after, John Sears, a mariner, conceived the idea of making Salt more economically than by the boiling process, and in association with Edward Sears, Christopher and Edward Crowell, erected Salt-works on Quivet Neck, in the town of Dennis, in Bnrnstable County. They constructed a vat one hundred feet in length and ten in width, with a flooring of white pine on oaken sleepers, with planked sides and ends, and a curiously constructed roof. The " bottom," originally all on the same level, was afterward divided to obtain a crystallizing vat. For two years, all the water was conveyed to the works in buckets from the sea shore. Toward the close of the war, Mr. Sears obtained from the Britisli ship of war, Somerset, stranded on the Cape, a pump, which he set up and used until 1790, when he erected a wind-mill for the purpose. This mill he is said to have constructed in secret, upon the plan then in use, on account of the ridicule with which he was assailed. The manufactory of the ingenious and enterprising owner, which was the original of those now generally in use, was denominated "John Sear's Folly," so often does the fancied wisdom of his cotemporaries withhold from its author, the full credit or the benefit of a sagacious innovation. At this time there were many small manufactories in that and other parts of Massachusetts for making Salt by artificial heat. It was carried 19 ggO COLONIAL gALT-MANCFACTVRE on in Harwich, for about twenty years, by Messrs. Obed E^Smith and Job Case, and throughout the Revolution. In Fahnont , Ban. ab .^^^^^^^ other parts of the Peninsula, were similar establishments. The exan plo o Air Sears however, induced others to construct works upon lus i^lan. U Broad Pint, iu Brewster, Mr. Scott Clark, and Rev. Mr. Dunster, before 1 t liaatioa of the war, erected works of that kind with three vats They had -o pump for several years, but were afterward prov.ded : h a ha d'pump. Iu thJ same town, Nathaniel Free.nan had Salt-wor s lut the same Le; aud in 1779, the first on the new plan were budt in Barnstable, by Messrs. Ilinckly & Gorham. , ^. , . , St at thai tfmo sold for six dollars per bushel. Its h.gh pnce, and the proximitv to the fisheries, led many others into the manufacture upon Air Sears' method ; but on the revival of foreign trade, after the peace, a Urge number of the works were abandoned. The business has ever snico been conducted upon the shores of the bay, nnd the numerous wind-m.lls for raising the brine, which thickly lined the beach in almost every town on tlje I'eninsula, twenty years ago, gave it quite a unique appearance. In 17 J», J u Sea s took out a patent for a machine for mannfaeturmg Sa t, and IU ToUowing year another was given to Ilattil KiUey for a method of ove g Sal-vats from the weather by the plan adopted on the Cape. This contrivance, by which the roofs of two vats were connected by a i ;; CI tur-'n. ', upon a upright post in the centre, enabling them to ea'ly removed and replaced, was an essential improvement upon tl , d Item of maki.g Salt in uncovered boilers or vats. T'-.S'.l ma e by tl s systen. was of u good quality, white and pure, and we.ghed f m sev nty to sevontyfive pounds per bushel. The process be.ng conducted by te'use of three or four rooms on different planes e«^ected e separa- tion of the various sulphates aud other eontam.natu.g impunUes of he b'Irn and was more economical, by yielding Epsom and Glauber sSats, a'residri prodacts of the operation-the latter being crystalhzed during '' A^rrtivc effort to make Salt by the sun was made by General Pal- „.et on U.e Marshes in Boston Neck, about this time. The manufacture of Salt was also carried on, in small establishments, in many places al g 1 shores of New Jersey, Delaware, and the more sc.thern S ates, dur- g th levolution. A number of those in New Jersey were burned c dcmol shed by the British troops dun.g the war. Several Salt-works o ,e south Sid 'of Squam Inlet, in Monmouth County, wen -^^^T^^ in n7S. A large Salt-making establishment was owned by a D- H niis. . r Townsend's Sound, in Cape May County, which wa« threatened w h a like fate, because the proprietor was in the habit of selling gun- ^m SCARCITY OF SALT. ANECliUTE OF WASHlNUTuN. 291 . Smith and Jcb Barnstable, and The example s upon his plan. !V. Mr. Dunster^ kind with three erward provided , had Salt-worka plan were built ; high price, and lanufacture upon ifter the peace, a ess has ever since ous wind-mills for every town on the trance. In 1199, cturing Salt, and J for a method of ited on the Cape, e connected by a , enabling them to ovcment upon the ;. The Salt made and weighed from 33 being conducted iffected the separa- impurities of the md Glauber's Salts, crystallized during le by General Pal- The manufacture many places along -ithcrn States, dur- ■soy were burned or vcral Salt-works on wen .h;i3 destroyed led by a Dr. Harris, lich was threatened abit of selling gun- powder.' The manufacture being carried on near the seashore was more exi)osed to hostile attacks than operations conducted in the interior. So insecure were (he owners of such works tiiat, in September, n77, David Forman and partners memorialized Congress for a guard of one hundred men to protect a Salt-works they propo.sed erecting. The extreme scarcity of this article induced the Continental Congress, on June 3d, of the same year, to appoint a committee of three to devise ways and means of supiilying the United States with Salt; and, ten days after, acting upon tiieir report, passed a resolution advising the several States to ofi\r such liberal encouragement to persons importing Sait for the use of the said Slate, as should be effectual. Each State was also recommended to employ, at the public charge, one or more vessels to import Salt for its own immediate use. The agents of the United States in Europe and the West Indies were to be directed by the Secret Committee to effect the impor- tation of Suit in all vessels bound to America on account of the United States; ail masters of vessels taking in cargoes for America on account of the United States, were to be instructed, if possible, to ballast with Salt ; and the several States were recommended to erect, and encourage iu the most liberal and effectual manner, i)roper works for the making of Salt.' But the scarcity and high cost of Salt, produced in the Atlantic owns by the suspension of foreign trade; by the absorption of labor into the army ; and the insecurity of capital invested in such works, was rendered the normal condition of the frontier settlements, by the imperfect means of communieation between them and the seaports. After the termination of the old French war, iu 1763, emigration took up its march toward the fertile regions of the West, aud, in different directions from the principol , (1) The loUnwing is related in Thatcher's Military Jouriml, 1st Jntiuiiry, 1780, during the oaiitoniuent iit Morristown, New Jer.ioy, the diirkcst period of tlio eunflict, when the ivriny aeldom had fix chryB' provicions on hand, and the Continental money was «o de- preciated that " four months' pay of a pri- vate wou'd not procure f"r hia family a tin- gle bushel of wheat." " Wo have nothing hut tho nilinns to cook, pir," fnid Mrs. Thompson, a very worthy Irish woman and housolioi'pcr, to (.ieneral WachinKton. " Widl, Mrs. Thompson, you must then conk the rations, fur I have not aOirthin^ to give you." " If you please, fir, let one of the gentlemen give nic nn order fur six bushels of fall." " Six bushels of salt I— for what ?" " Xu (jrv5«rve the frutb beef, tir." One of tho aids gave the order, and tho next day his Excellency's table was amply (irovided. Mrs. Tliompson was sent for, and tidd that she had done very wrong to expend her own money, for it was not known when she could bo repaid : " I owo you," said his Excel- lency, " too much already, to permit the debt to be increased, and our siluatiun is not, at this moment, such as to induce very strong hopes." " Dear sir," said (he gmid old lady, " it is always darkest just before daylight ; ami I hope your iixcellency will forgive mo fur bartering the suit for other necessaries which are now on tho table." Palt was eight dullars a bushel, and cioild always be cxclianged with ll^- eminlry-peo. pie for arlieles e great lakes. Lands were appropriated and la.d under cul- ^ io and population augmented with unexampled rap.d>ty. But for J^^e t an tw nty-Cve years, during wideh the, rc.ewed the scenes of pr - ^ on and suffeHng. through which the iirst colonisers had won a loot- ;: c lunicatio.; with the older settlements was most ted.ous and uelus I3y one or other of the two principal routes through Pennsjl- V a by L .caster and Cluwubershurg, or thr. ,h Virg.n.a, by way o W cheLr and llager.stown, and Cumberlund, the settlements be>-ond tl^ ™ u in were r:aehcd. Fro.n Philadelphia and Baltimore, or those teruudiate places, all the Sal., iron, sugar, and other necessar.es were .'a'^d" by rough and precipitous pathways, at an expense o three do ars per lundnd-weight, and much risk, to their dest.nat.on beyond dollars per u . ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^.^^^ transmitted I'l "rc'r ng each about two hu,.drcd pounds' weight slung on ae saddCfW^led the tedious route in charge of a single driver, and rvlTl panics of these, combined for mutual protection, made up a aral w 1 mercha..dise for the western posts. The Qrst wayon loa, oflo Is is said to have crossed the southern route, through Vi.'g.n.a, to ro V vine t nsylvunia. in 178... With four horses, the wagoner took cTt lu 'red-we ght, and made the trip from Hagerstown and back, abo e buKlrcd and forty mile, in a little less than a month, rece.v.ng thr?e dol ars per hundred, freight. U-.dcr the packh.g syste.n a horse e^d t 1 bu two bushels of alum salt weighing eighty-four pounds p.. r 1 Id the price b- consequence, wa. usually, at an early period, a cow . 'if uertu The salt -vas measured into the bushel by the hand. wil e rto d tlir favorite "licks." to taste t ,e gratefd brine. : 1 1 it I or enterprise was wanting to tur.i the discovery to account A Sa t-wo^ks is said to have been erected somewhere on 1 .g Iku er Kif lout the year 1784. by an association of Pittsburg and Plnladc - I a merchants. But many years elapsed before a cheaper source fo tr "u i-s was found i.i the product of the .O.iondaga spr.ng, and 1 g 'b^'fore a nearer provision was made by boring t e alluv.un of tie adjacent valleys of the Kiskimb.etas. Alleghany and KanavM.a '"'Ihe manufacture of Salt was commenced at the Onondaga Salines iic basin of the laid under cul- idity. But for le scenes of pri- ad won a foot- Dst tedious and rough Peimsyl- ;inia, by way of leuienls beyond limore, or those lecessaries, were xpenbfi of three ilination beyond vere transiuitt-^d »ne to nnolhcr m weight slung on ingle driver, and ulion, made up a irst Wivjon load lugh Virginia, to the wagoner took ■stown and back, month, receiving J systeu) a horse y-four pounds per arly period, a cow isbel by the hand, vcd upon the Hour itials of life, Salt I. But although, hidden reservoirs a valleys, and the le grateful brine, ;overy to account, ■re on Big Beaver burg and IMiiladel- ;lieaper source fi)r ndaga springs, and oring the alluvium any and Kanawha Onondaga Suliucs ONONDAGA SALT-WOKKS — GEN. O'iIARA'S ENTERPRISE. 293 about the year 1781, when about ten bushels were made in a day. In that or the following year, the lands of that part of the State were or(iii"ii,ii.>;a ceded to New York by thn Oneida Indians, and the portions in- Salt-works eluding the Salt-fountains were reserved by tlie Slate. The boiling process was first employed in the manufacture near tht present city of Syracuse, and much tiie larger proportion of the Salt since made there has been j)roduced in the same way. Coarse or solar Salt, of better quality than the fine salt made by boiling, is also manufactured there to a less extent, in long, shallow vats, upon the plan early adopted at Cape Cod, and around New Bedford, in Massachusetts. In 1797 the State first legislated up the subject of Salt-works. It now opens and keejih in repair all the wells, builds and keeps in repair th^^ pump-houses, reser- voirs, ivud distributii\g aqueducts, by which it is conveyed to the lessees, who pay a duty of one cent per bushel of lifty-six pounds, and a nominal rent for the land. The duty was formerly twelve cents per bushel. The mainjfacture at once proved an immense benefit to the whole western coun- try, and the extent of territory to be snpjtlied, including Canada, with the extensive water communication o^ the region, soon caused the saliferous marshes to be pierced in difi^erent directions, and an active business to bo carried on in the production and distril)ntion of Salt. In 1791, Salt from Onondaga could be purchased at the distance of sixty miles westward for half a dollar, where, a few years before, it had cost many dollars. The product of the springs in 1797, when lots were first leased by the State, was 25,474 bushels. In 1858, it was 7,033,219 bushels produced at un average cost, we believe, of C cents per bushel. The yield of the various wells is a bushel of salt for every 30 to 50 gallons of brine evapo- rated — that of sea water being a bushel for about 300 to 350 gallons. The following illustration of the manner in which access was opened up to these salt regiops from other portions of the West, and a new mar- ket furnished for the article, is from a communication by Judge Wilkins to the American Pioneer. It is a conspicuous example of early and sagacious enterpri.se, and of the benefits of improved means of t nnspor- tation tliroughout an extended territory, which has done so much for the country. " Among otlicrs wli.. so altpntion was drawn to tlio now field of entnrpriHe opened on the LnkoN, nfter Wayne's treaty, wan General Juines O'llara, a dlg- tiMk'iii(*lied oitizeii of Pittsliarij. He enfcrcMl into a contract with the Oovernmeiit to Hopply Oswego with prdvisions, which could then he furnished from I'itts- burg ciieaper than from the settlements on tho Mcdiawk. General O'llara was a far slothed calculator; he had ohtained correct information ns to the manu- facture of Salt at Salina, and i>i his contract for provisicpuiiii; the garrison, hu bad in view the suj-plying of the Weittern Country with Salt from Onondaga. 294 COLONIAL SALT-MANIFACTIRE. • ♦ th.t fo^ tnon wonl.l have thought of, and fewer mulertaken. Tins vas a project that fe^ men w ^^^^^^ ^.^^ . ^^^^^ ^^^ The mean, of transpoHat.on ^^^J>^^^ ^,^ ,„.,,, ,„ oswego ; a vessel tean. had to he J--^;' ^ ''^ f^^.^J ^^ „, the falls ; wagons procured to carry built to transport it to the l^^^i'^S "^ ^„ ui.^,k u^.k. There an- H to Sohlosser ; there boats --^-"f ^/^Ifj, The road to the head of other ves.el was required to ^--i'"' \ \V;g;;" „Hed in wagons across the French Creek had to be improved and ^^-J^ \^;; \, ..^^Ued no ponage . and, finally, hoats l-^^^^^;" J f„ j l^^,, .peculation. Gene- rdinary sagacityand perseverance to 6--~/" packed his provisions .al 0-Hara. however, could execute ^ ^ ^J^ 'J^/i.^.o.uract. Arrange- ia barrels suitable for Salt. Ihe e ^-« ^^ ^^^ ^,,,,„ees paid to secure a supply of S dt. 1 o „ ^^ ,u the various sect.ons on Lake Ontar.o, and the "- ^ ^f^^^^^; ^„^^,,,,,, and Salt, of a pretty fa>r of the line were secured. Ihe P^'^" '" ^ bushel.-just half quality, delivered at Pittsburg --^' ^^'^^l^^l the mountains. TAe vocation .Ue price of the -^^;'^^^^:!:^Z U whose success was e.ual ofth, packers was gone. '^''« '^•■'"^ °J ^ ^ enterprise of the day, was to his merits, and ^ -^-1 the w y .u '^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^.^^^^ ,,,, ,„,,,,«d iu extensively prosecuted by •^^''J'^;; ^ '^ ';^j„„ ,„ g,,atly increased, that iu a ::;r tirii^^:--^ Cn^a w^^ Onondaga salt, at twelve dollars per barrel of five bushels." •„„„, of .,,1. »«u.,, .1 .uc depth of '-Y'';;; ^ 1 1 « 1. sui.- Ki,kh.,1„c.», or Co„e,nnn,U. ' ''3' ''™ '^ J Ij ,^,u Viu^bur* siss.pp. an.l the >.>rt Mississii.i.i, Suit was made 11, Um». So .o.ivo .a. ihc- comi-e.iUo,, llml. .» Ui« ^^«»l. '^o l>r..^ SALT DVTY — PATENTS FOR THE MANUFACTURE. 295 ewemiiflertRken. le line ; boats and Oswego ; a vessel procured to carry Hock. There an- ad to the head of wagons across the 5. It required no peculation. Gene- uked his provisiona ontract. Arrange- ■y advances paid to ^ake Erie and one he various sections salt, of a pretty fair • bushel, -just half tains. The vocation ie success was equal ise of the day, was jital was invested in increased, that in a daga Salt, at twelve supply of Salt for the snnie way until compete with that rof 1812. In that in reaching a strong , by horing near the lie Alleghany. Salt- iiled until Pittsburg the same time, other ircred commnnicating he Ohio and its tribu- lowcr Ohio and Mis- L'linessee, on the lUi- sijipi, Suit was made le last century. The tired and thirty thou- iilt for more than half se of New York wcro les, tliirty miles below imall'-r wmks near the , the West, the price, in the last war, avora{;:ed only eighty-seven and a half cents, while it was tive or six dollars on the seaboard. The manufacture has received many improvements, and its extent and economy have been much promoteu by the progress in collateral branches, as the iiianiifacturc of soda-ash, and other articles used in agri-julture and the arts, and has more than kept pace with the progress in popula- tion, Imt still falls fur short of an adequate supply for the country, and of the maxinmm profit attainable in the business. ' The first Congress, for the encourageuient of this industry, and for purposes of revenue, laid a duty, in 1781), of six cents per bushel on imported Salt, which was increased to twelve cents in the following year, and, in 1797, to twenty cents. It was made free of duty in 1807. The imports of Salt, in 1790, amounted to 2,337,920 bushels. (1) In Pepteml)or, 1794, James Fennel took out a patent, tlio firflt in this branch, fitr a new mode of making Salt, which wo bolievo lie al'terwanl unsuccessfully attempt- ed to put into prnetice. In 179S, he pub- lishril, in Vhilailolpliin, a treatise descriptive of " the priiicipk'L' and plan of proposed es- tftblieliMients of Salt-works, for tho purpose of supplying tl- United States with had employed in their transportation nearly two hundreU sl'-P^I.^'-i J « ;hol OS of the conveyance of themselves, their goods, and l.ve sto Te, Httle short of one million of dollars. As lands were ^es.red by a settlements were speedily formed at the most invU.ng pomts. Ihe I «r. ta Fathers, unfortunately practiced, in turn, the relig.ous coercion from which y had (led, and Ihus drove numbers from their midst to make le n ts in plae s remote from the arm of power. Towns and villages .re this way multipled over an extended surface of territory. A pro- ti table trade in furs had boen carried on with the Indians. The mannfac- e of ships and of lumber, the production of grain and some tore.gu trlde. had secured a good measure of prosperity. The reports of the, rghening prospects were not lost upon the multitudes m England "ho watcl'ed with interest the fate of their friends in Amenca, and longed for the civil and religious freedom there enjoyed, '^l'" 7"; ""^ departure of useful and intluential citizens, and the evcs.on of royal antho- ity by emigration, led to one or two ineffectual attempts on he par the King to stop the transportation of passengers to NewEnglan 1. Ih.s cn-l was, however, brought about in quite a different way. It has been I.c- (206) CHECK TO IMMIORATION— t.MON OF THE COLoMKS. 297 OR CLOTHING. cnt of Plymouth, iig around Boston if new settlements spirit of religious Bach of intolerance ■ fitted out in the ts of Puritan non- and the Arabella, d in other paW , of •ivals from abroad, lies and twenty one iw Encland. These Ired ships, and tho ods, and live stock ^ero desired by all, points. The Puri- gious coercion from lieir midst, to make Towns and villages of territory. A pro- ians. The mnnufac- II, and some foreign rhc reports of their lUitudes in England ds in America, and oyed. The constant vTsion of royal antho- jmpts on tho part of New England. This vay. It has been fic- quenfly asserted tliat Oliver Cromwell ind John Hampden had embarked for the new world in a ship wliose sailing was prohibited in 1637. Their subsequent efforts, however, led to the subversion of the misused power of the King, and secured that liberty at home which so many had beeu compelled to seek beyond the seas. On the assembling of the Long Par- liament, in 1G40, persecution ceased, and many who had prei)ared to emi- grate, found the occasion removed, and their prospects more inviting at home. Either from this cause, or, as Chalmers supposes, from the effects of an ordinance passed in 1637, "which enacted with signal folly, 'that '•one : lall entertain any stranger who should arrive with an intent to re- side, or shall allow the use of any habitation without liberty from the Standing Council,'" but probably from tho two causes combined, emigration now entirely ceased. The tide even set in an opposite direc- tion, and, for twenty years after, the emigration to America did not more than equal the numbers who returned to enjoy tiieir estates and former privileges in England. Tiiis arrest of the infiux of population had au important innueuce on the future welfare of the Colonies. During this time, the French had beeu gradually extending their settle- ments on the north and east, and the Dutch, on the west, were menacing the plantations on the Connecticut river. The Indians, moreover, whose friendship had never been reliable, exhibited symptoms of a general con- spiracy to exterminate the entire English population. In view of these circumstances, and the small acce-'^i.-. of strength to be looked for from abroad during the civil war, and the general insecurity arising out of the dispersed situation of the towns, the four principal Colonies— Massaehu- setts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and Xew Haven—in 1643 entered into articles of confederation for mutual aid and protection, under the name of The United Colonies of New ENaL.\ND. This league, which had been proposed several years before, marks an important ei)Och in the his- lory of the Colonies, and has been regarded as aii early step toward their ultimate independence. But other consequences grew out of the check given to the tide of emi- gration, which hud a favorable effect upon the industry of the Colonists, and contributed to lessen their dependence upon the parent country. The New England people had now arrived at a prosperous condition, i.irongh incredible hardships surmounted in the beginning. They had been harassed by the Indians, had encountered famine, and had been nearly decimated by disease. But their energy had conquered the greatest diffi- cullies, and they were now enjoying, in some measure, the fruits of their industry. This consisted principally in agriculture ; and tho lislieries and the rearing of cattle was an important branch of their husbandry. Live Btock were even exported to the West Indies, with which trade had 298 COLONIAL CLOTU >L\NtFACTURE. already opened, and was fostered by U.eir enterprise in ship-building^ mlUfe:; nuion continued active, cattle were want^ ^^[:^^2:Z farms, and rearing them was a source of much profit. ^ ^ J^;^; J Goveinor Hutchinson, that, as early as 1G32. "no man now ^1' 'f ^ '^^-^"^J live except he had cattle, and a great deal of ground to ^««P ^l^^™ ;/'^ striving to increase their stocks." About the same t.me we are told a ;lt o'f miik could be bought for a penny. He ^^^-^^^'^::^^ cows rose to the price of twenty, twenty-five, and even twent) e g t Z ul cow-calves to tea pounds, and milk-goats to three and four pounds eac^ At these rates they continued for several years, wh.ch ena- C try of the old planters to grow rich. For some -son or o^ e. cattle at the same time, bore an unusually high price among the Dutch, m N w Ne 1 r ands, and both there and in New England, other products were f:;I^:ndingly dear. A fall in the price of stock ^^d been fearea .^^ some time: but it came more suddenly and with worse effects than had ZZ airici ated. It was " greatly to y- damage of many^^an y" undown of some." The stoppage of emigration caused an ^"^^^^^^'l^^'^l^ the price of cattle-which had become extremely numerous- to less than half their former prices, and as suddenly cut off a principal source of "mTm'inished intercourse with England which at the same tune en sued, caused the greatest difficulty and uncertainty m the -^ ^ ;/ f '^^ ing mid other necessaries for which they were wholly dependent upon hat country Through impaired means of purchase, and an interrupt dsup- ; ^clothing f^r the' twenty to thirty thousand people wh^ uiab^^^^ New England, the attention of the Colonists was turned to the manutac fulo their iwn linen and woolen cloth. To this determimUion h^ were also strongly urged by the opportunity which their t-^^ ^;f f of obtaining a cheap supply of cotton from Barbadoes. The m*^ >"<^^ Jhich'- necessity at first introduced what their jurisprudence afterward cultivated." is thus narrated by Hubbard :— .. Now the country of New England was to seek a way to provide Jl-n^^jjj*' .ittfl'tul; which they could not obtain hy selling -;;le as he..re wU h now were fiiUeu from that huge price forementioned, firs to XU «t«;""« « .1 .« I.d all ...y oul «r tl..lr ,»c1.. To U.lp lU.n, h. Um, H.el- e.,g.. , b. after, another door was opened by way of traffic, first to lue FIKsr LAWS IIESPECTINU CLOTH IN MASSACHISETTS. 299 ship-building. ,r slocking new It is stated, by honght he could keep them •, all , we are told, a i iufonus us that en twenty-eight three and four ^ears, which ena- reason or other, jng tlie Dutch, iu ler products were d been feared for effects than had , and y" undowing iiediate decline in ■ous— to less than iucipal source of ihe same time cn- le supply of cloth- pendent upon that m interrupted sup- ,j)le who inhabited ed to the munufac- Jeterrainution they icir traffic afforded s. The manner in orudeuce afterward ) provide themselves tie, as before, which t to X14 sterling ami hin the year— to £5 jnt for them neither, persons, the contrary his, their exigent, be- ilar persons upon, for le General Court made ich, with God's bless- gap in part, and, soon , the West Indies and Wine Irtlaiids, whoreliy, among other goods, much cothn wool was brought into tiie country from the ladies, which the inhabitants learning to spin, and breed- ing of slice i>, and saving of hemp and llax, they soon found out a way to sup- ply themselves of (cotton) linen and woolen cloth." From tliat day to the present, throughout this country and British America, it has been the custom, in the farm-houses and rural districts, for tiio pi'opie to manufacture a portion of their coarser clothing, and, at some periods and in some places, nearly the whole of their api)arel aud household linen in their families, from cotton, flax, or wool, either sepa- rately or combined, according to the taste or wants of the family. The earliest order of the Court which we find on the subject, was made by the Massachusetts Assembly, on May 13th, IG40, when the matter was Fir8t Linou ^^^^^^ "'' '" °' '''''termined spirit. It appears to have had refer- cml""" ''"'^^ °"'^ ^^ ^'''^ manufacture of lineu aud cotton cloth, or the product of those materials combined. " The Court," they say, " taking into serious consideration the absolute necessity for the raising of the manufacture of linen cloth, doth declare that it is the intent of this Court that there shall be an order settled about it, and therefore doth require the magistrates and deputies of the several towns to acquaint the townsmen therewith, and to make enquiry what seed is in every town, what men and women are skilful in the braking, spin- ning, weaving, what means for the providing of wheels ; and to consider with those skilful in that manufacture, and what course may be taken for teaching the boys and girls in all towns the spinning of the yarn, and to re- turn to the ne.xt Court their several and joint advice about this thing. The like consideration would be had for the spinning and weaving of cotton wool."' The description of Cloth, for the manufacture of which this action of the Court was designed to prepare the way, was, as will presently oppear, the kind which then formed the principal apparel of the English people, a mixture of linen and cotton, under the name of fustians, dimities, etc. On the seventh of October, in the same year, an order, previously made, offering a bounty of tiiree pence on every shilling's-worth of linen, woolen, and cotton Cloth, "according to its valewation for the incurngment of the the manufacture," was declared to apply only to Cloth made in that juris- diction, and of yarn spun there from materials raised within the same, "or else of cotton." This was to continue for throe years. The order was, however, repeiiled on the 2d June following, " becun.se too burthen- some to the country." But, previous to its repeal, there was grunted, April 29, 1G41, to Goodman Nutt, Martin Vaderwood, John Whitney, (1) Records, i. p. 294. 3QQ COLONIAL Cl-OTII-MANVfACTUBE. ITenrv Kimball and Jolm WitLoriage, allowance for elgl.ty-U.rec and llir vards ''vaLved" at 12-/. per yard.' This appears to have been r fiflp-e oTcioth .nade in L country of which there is any .en- .w?r i 1 abonVnine months after the Court of Massachusetts had first ' r hematte the General Court of Connecticut turned its attention rie ^e sub^^^^^^ onlained that skins should be preserved, attaehn.g l;:y neglect of it; and hemp and flax were ordered to be sow. l: u:b2- or towns ^provides, also, for the introduction of cot on the manufacture of clothing. " Whereas it .s ^'^f^V; ;^ ^^^^J,/^ n„,f wtnblo «u.M>ort of those plantations, that a trade in coUen tiooU oe tT « a,; U :l ted. an/for the furthering thereof it hath pleased the Govern r that now i.l (Edward IIopKins. Esq.) to undertake the u.slung and seUng forth a vessel with convenient speed to those parts where the d comodity is to be had. if it be phesable. etc." The pl-tat.ous we ordered on h s return, to take each its proportion of the cotton, to be "td or i English c'orn and pipe-staves; and for the better proserva- on of timber for pipe-staves, as an article of exchange for cot on, Ha red that'n!. timber should be felled outside the plantations wialt licence from the Court, nor any pipe-staves sold out of the riv'rwit permission. To maintain their n^arketable quality no pipe- taves were to be exported until they had been inspecte^. These ord,- a"es slow that soL importance was thus early attached to the pro- ving cotton for the use of the Colony. Over eighteen months appear have elapsed before a supply of cotton was received. It was agreed on the eighth of September. 1642. that the ^-^^ / '°";\^^^;/ .^^^ llonkins' cotton wool in the following proportions :_Windsor, ninety ItlXol: Wethersfield. one hundred and ten pounds' worth, aivd Zld, two hundred pounds' worth, with liberty " to Pjopor .^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the first two within a month desire it." In June. 1644 two .nspectors of linen and woolen yarn were appointed, in each town m Connecticut, chusctta Court by three months, whereas it (1) RecorcU, i. p. 310. ^^„j^, „f,„^ j„a iug time, antedate, the order of the Massa- began on the 25th March. SAD CONDITION OF THE PILGRIMS. 801 rl.ty-lhree and •s to have been iVG is any men- fore the above usetls hail first led its attention jrved, attaitbiug eivil to be sown lUive supply of 3 same date — at tliree towns of n Colony of tho n of cotton for iccessai-y for the 1 coUen icooll be hath yilcased the ake the liuishing ! i)arts where the plantations were he cotton, to bo better proserva- inge for cotton, } the plantations sold out of tho i quality, no pipe- ;ed. These ordi- ched to the pro- en months appear 1. It was agreed, ould take of Mr. -Windsor, ninety ounds' worth, and proportion it if 44, two inspectors n in Connecticut, with power to judge and determine the rate or price the weavers should receive, by the yard, for yarn. Weavers were, at the same time, em- powered to retain their work until tlipy received pay for it.' The spinning-wheel and the loom thus appear to have been already domesticated in two of tlie future Slates, and were fostered by the care of the rulers. Although a tolerably regular communication was kept up between the parent country and its dependencies, the state of navigation at that time sometimes caused disappointment in the arrival of supplies. Jn a climate 80 rigorous as that of New England, any i.rotracted delay of tho usual consignments of materials or clothing would bo severely felt. All the miseries of such a situation had been already experienced I)y the old Colony of Plymouth. From their firs^ landing, sick and destitute, in December, 1G20, to midsummer of 1623, owing to the non-arrival of sup- plies which were captured by the French, the burning of their common store-house, and the failure of their crops, the Pilgrims were left in almost utter destitution L.ch of food a:id clothing. Their only food during much of the time were the scanty gleanings of tlie forest and the sea shore, and their small supply of clothing was exhausted. Tiie meeting with their wives, children, and other friends who, on their arrival, found them in this condition, was a painful one. "It is impo,ssible to describe that strange composition of chagrin, sorrow, sympathy and joy which, at this meeting, presented themselves in the most lively colors. The first planters had received no supplies of clothing since their arrival, they were, therefore, not only pale with famine, but they were miserably clothed.' When the passengers came on shore and saw their extreme poverty, they were filled with sadness and dismay. Some burst into tears, and passion- ately wished themselves again in their native country. In the poverty and distress of this poor people, they imagined they foresaw their own future miseries." There were those among the settlers of Plymouth, from the first, who were acquainted with the arts of the clothier ; but the materials, and the opportunity for their exercise, were altogether wanting. Neither sheep nor iieats cattle had been then introduced, and their knowledge of the Cloth-manufacture, which some of them obtained in rojl.ind, was ex- changed, as in the case of later adventurers, for the practice of other occu- pations.' The Colony was visited, in 1627, by a deputation from the Dutch ee months, whereas it jral months after, and ir, as will bo apparent t the legal year then arch. (1) Colonial Reeords, i. p. 104. rcprcoente.l to have lenrned tho silk busi. (2) Tho Americin Miniater at tho Hague ncs.i in Hollana was a fustinn maker of has recently furniahed some partioulnrs of Austorfield, England. Siimnel Fuller the the personal history of the Pilgrim Fathers, future physician of the Colony, and Stephen from tho Record.- at Leydcn, in which it is Tnieey wore ,ny or silk makers nl.-o. Wil- shown that Mr. Bradford, who is generally liam While, Robert Cushman, and Richard gQ2 COLONIAL CLOTII-MANLFArTl'KE. the people were suppl.e.l from that qiiarar Colonies. exohan,e for tohaeco, etc., to the ^^^^'^;^^'^^^^^^^^^^ A.ns.er- Isaac Allerton afterward became ^ F«- ";;\;;~^^^^ the country dan,. Under these circumstance., therefo e, l'« "J" Js precarions .as wisely directed to an ^^-^^.;^'^':;^l^^ I„ apprehension f ^ ^^f ^"^ l^ln...,s^ June, dnring the next winter, the General ^«"^^ <^ directed, as a means 1641, following the award of premiums fo 1 en^ ^ cte ^^ Master.on, were wool-oombera or cttrilers, and I.a.cAllerUm. a tailor. Mr. ^\ u.^low was iv rrinter, John Jenny, a brewer, Moses Fletcher, a smith. Many others of the early .e.tlers >vere weavers from Yorkshire, ^ot. tingham, etc., and brought their looms wUU them. (See Hist. Mag. for Sept., lbo9) Their sufferings, on the occasion referred to in the text, inspired one of those lyrical effusions in which a primitive people, when touched by a common calamity and a com. luon sentiment, so often find expression, and which sometimes contain more of the genuine ore of history than any elaborate statements, because they are the spontaneous language of the popular mind and heart. The traditional verses known as "The Fore- fathers' Song," taken down some years be- foro the Revolution from the lips of a cen- tenarian female, and preserved by thowulow f;f Governor Bowdoin, commomorate the.r ,.,.fly hardships. If the rhymes have some- vhat of the uncouthnoss they describe, they have also much of the moral comeliness of an heroic patience which enabled nnen like Bradford, and Winslow, and Standish, to bear unusual privations with cheerfulness, and to transmit their iron energy and exam- ple to a posterity called in the hour of the country's greatest need to sustain similar hardships In its defense. If we can got garments to cover without. Our other in-g«rments are cl.mt upon clout. Our clothes we brought with us are apt to b. torn — They need to be clouted soon after they a»« worn — . But clouting our garments they hinder us nothing ; . , . i. Clouts double are warmer than ..ngle whole clothing." " And now, too our garments begin to grow thin. And wool is much wanted to card ond to spin; (1) The wild hemp here mentioned was doubtless the Apocnn,m Cmnabimm, or In- dian hemp, an indigenous plant growing in all parts of the United States, from Canada to Carolina. Its tough, fibrous bark affords, when macerated, a tolerable substitute for hemp. The Indians made much use of it for summer clothing, and for cords, whence it derives its popular name. It is a very different plant from the Indian hemp which furnishes the intoxicating haaheenh of the Arabs. The latter, like the common culti- vated hemp (Cannabis mtlva), of which it is only a variety, is a native of the elevated plains of central Asia, and the flax-plant !i from the same regions, or from Egypt. The Indian hemp of America is mentioned by many of the early writers as a valuable na- live commodity, and its cultivation has been recommended as a substitute for flax and hemp. It is probable that it might be ren- dered valuable by careful cultivation, but wo are not aware that it has ever been at- tempted. CULTIVATION OP HEMP ENCOURAGED — FIRST FULLINa-MILIi. 303 or sevci'iil years other st\itTs, in both Colonies. t New Amsler- , of the country !8 SO precarions. be experienced usetts, in June, ted, as a means hemp should be be instructed in all over the coun- 1, as for making to cover without, arc clout uiion clout, ; with us arc apt to b« id soon after tbey af« icnts they hinder us ner than iingle whole here mentioned was ,m Citnnabhmm, or In- 10U9 plant growing in d States, from Canada h, fibrous bark affords, olerable substitute for made much use of it and for cords, whence ir name. It is a very the Indian hemp which eating hatheeih of th» like the common culti- ,ia»nlha), of which it is native of the elevated in, and the flax-plant v, m, or from Egypt. The nerica is mentioned by fritcrs as a valuable na- 1 its cultivation has been subatituto for flax and )le that it might be ren- cnreful cultivation, but hat it has ever been at- clothing, nets, mats, lines, etc. From them, the people first learned the use of this material. It was further " dchired anu expected that all masters of families should sec that their children and servants shonld bee industriously implied, so as the mornings and evenings and other seasons may not bee lost, as formerly they have beene, but that the honest and profitr.ble eustome of England may oe practiced amongst us ; so as all hands mny be implied for the working of hemp and lllaxe and other needful things for clothing, without abridging any such servants of their dewe times for foode and rest and other needful refreshings." In the same year the town of Salem was called together on the subject of the hemp culture, the seed of which was first sent in 1029. An acre of ground was set apart to Samuel Cornhill for its cultivation. The ponds in which the early cultivators rotted their fla.v we believe still bear the name of the Flax Fonds. The manufacture of cordage was, the same year begun in Boston, by John Harrison, and, in 1CC2, John Uey- man, of Charlestown, received liberty to make ropes and lines. In March, 1042-3, a memorable Act, intended as a special favor to the New England plantations, passed the House of Commons. It exempted from duties, subsidies, and ta.xation, all merchandise intended for their nse, and all Colonial produce thence exported to England. Al- though this ordinance had its intended effect in stimulating the industry of the colonists, it probably rather obstructed than promoted the domestic manufacture of clothing and other staple articles of English export. It furnished facilities for p. cheap and constant supply of English manufac- tures, and rendered the colonists simply producers of raw materials. The confirmation of the law, in a modified form, became a few years after, the foundation of the famous Act of navigation. In the following year, the first regular or systematic attempt at an improved manufacture of Cloth — particularly of woolen — was made by a First sys- Company of Yorkshiremen, who, in 1G38, settled at Rowley, in tcmi'i'to'"'' Massachusetts, nearly midway between Ipswich and Newbury. woXu"'""^* They consisted of about twenty families of industrious and pious go"''*- people, under the direction of thtir minister. Rev. Ezekiel Rogers, one of the proscribed no:;- 'conforming ministers of England, and a descend- ant of the first Protestant uartyr, John Rogers, who suffered at Smithfield, in the reign of Queen Mary. The town was incorporated in 1639, and the people soon after commenced the manufacture of Cloth, which had been the occupation of many of them in England. Here they built the first Fulling-mill erected in the North American Colonies. The mill is said to have been erected by John Pearson, about the year 1643.' It stood (1) Merchant's Mag. vol. xxziit. p. 601. — In several cotemporaneous and later writers, gQ4 COLONIAL CLOTn-MANUFACTrBE. *, I on^ nf ihP tide on Mill river, where it was still in opera- ''"'°l'° i ., p,„. i.™„ o,„l cotton had previously bom °""" u ■ 'irlMlf t «U« "' b ™ e weave,, of Rowley. 0, in tallies z:' ; ; :nerj;"«r ap lied ..y ...c ^,1.-.., „i,iei, .. « :rsel^;, roduced two ye... before several *;-» ^"'^ ;, '^ * doe, not ....-^ j;>: -'-;: ;r oTStp o^rnSrirjlp. aL.,! ,„!„ „„d woven into linen eloth. (and in short time may serv, i::i:; l/usJ:: «; t^t aoa is ,eadi«g .. .y ... hand int. a way '' luhS' tl- people of Rowley were from the woolen districts of Eng- ,a,fd_"Fcially the seat of the broadcloth manufactnre- ax and cotton a, well a wool, appear, at first, to have formed a cons.derab e part of e"ra V .ateiiaR Bnt although after the introduction of f«ll.ng-.n,ns. „ . h of the woolen Cloth of household mannfactnre was wort, in ts uu- S and unfinished state, the mention of Mr. llo.ors' people as t e r^ C oth-n akers must be understood to imply the first manufacture of fulled a d dr sed Cloth, or Cloth wholly of wool, of which none was prcvmusly made aw may infer from the last cited passage. The industry of the R.w. Tey wca er is ^-eqaently commended. " These people bemg very .udus. who refer to this a« tho beginning of the Cloth-manufiiclurc, wo ilo not find the pro- eiKe dtito of the erection of the fulling-mill stated. Hut It could hardly have been earlier thiin l(>«.t. (1) Compondion Iliit. of N. Eng. by Dr.' Mome and Parriah. (2) 11 itphinKon (jivefi tho number of ehoep in MasBarhusell.. in If, 10, a« three thoujan.l. Bheep were flrH introduced into the Colo, nieii by the Lm.doi, Company, at Jnmoi.. town, in Virginia, in IDHt, where, in 1019, thty had inerea»«tl lo aoout thro* thoumnd They were first brought to Mnsfaohusetts about tho year lfi3.1, and wore kopt on th« ifland in BoBlnn Harbor, to proltct them from tho wolves and Indians. Charlestown, in 1652, had four hundred fhcep, and Lynn had conBitlcrablB flocks which wore kept on Niihunt under a common shepherd. The Dutch West Indian Company, in 10'25, flrst introduced sheep into Now Nolhorlands.and ..thcrs were imported in l«3tf. Hut in Wi, there were not over sixteen shoep in thai Colony, and ewes were worth eight *nd t«n dollars vach. mm ROWLEY WEAVERS — WOOLENS I.V ENGLAND. 306 IS still in opera- from England, oolen Cloth was previously been ;y, or in families re, which, as we for the bounty. Fruits," writing itiiil help, among it it is fre'-iuently time may serve onable rates from and fustians for jep," whieh pros- to have woollen ig now very fre- lier for boots and hand iuto a way I districts of Eng- — flax and cotton, sidcrable part of m of fulling-mills, as worn in its un- people as the fir*it nufacture of fulled >ne waa previously duslry of the Row- I being very indus- ight to Mnssaoliusatti and were kept on the »rbor, to prolucl them IndianB. CharlcBtown, ndrod nhccp, iind Lynn •kK, which wore kept on iminon shepherd. The Ciimpivny. in 1fi25, Rrri oNow Nolherliinds, and 1 In 1031). Hut iti Ifl^it, r »ixieun siioep in thai ere worth eight And ten trious every way, some built many houses to the number of threescore families; and were the first that set upon making Cloth in this western world ; lor which end they built a fuiling-mill, aud caused their little oues to be very diligent in spinning cotton wool, many of them having been clothiers in England, till their zeal to promote the Gospel of Christ caused tliem to wander." Governor Wiuthrop also mentions their use of cotton :—" Our sui)plios from England failing much, men began to look about them, and full to a manufacture of cotton, whereof we had store from Barbadoes, and of hemp and flux, wherein Rowley, to their great commendation, exceeded all other towns." The woolen manufacture, to which they were bred, was au this time immeasurably the most important branch of English production, and was the greatest support of British commerce. It had long existed, and had been encourged by numerous statutes, some of which were rather an evidence of the public regard for it than of any real advantage. The export of wool and the wearing of foreign woolens were prohibited us early as I2t')l. But a century later, English wool, which was the best in Europe, formed fourteen-fifteenlhs of the entire exports of the kingdom. The first considerable impulse was given to the woolen manufacture by Edward III., who, in 1331, invited over weavers, dycis, and fullers, from Flanders. A fulling-mill and a mill for dyers existed at Manchester in 1322. But, for a long time after that, woolens were sent across the Channel to be dyed and dressed. The manufacture made no great progress until the time of Elizabeth, when great numbers of skillful artisans fled from the Low Countries to England, where they were welcomed, and some oppres- sive statutes were modilied to favor them. From this time the woolei. manufacture of England first became really important "Our day .irose Whrtn Alv.iM tyranny tlm weaviuK arts Drove from the fertii« vallyys of the SchuM. " A remonstrance 'o the Hanse Towns, in 1582, represented to the iHvX of the empire that England exported two hundred thousand pieces of cloth. In the reign of James 1. woolen goods were supposed to const!- t'lte nine-tenths of the commerce of the kingdom, and the Dutch to gain i)'i 00,000 yearly, by dyeing and dressing the raw cloth. The exportation of und.ved cloth was now prohibited, whieli the States General met by prohibiting, in turn, the importation of English-dyed Cloth. The tra.le fell off, and the iroclamation was recalled. But an eflVct of these nieii- sures wiis liie introduction of niixtd or nied'ey Cloths of differeiit-colori'd yarns dyed iu tiie wool, which much extendi'"! and improved th(^ Knjflish manufiiclure. In 1022, a Board of Trade was formed " to remedy the low au 30g COLONIAL CLOT.I-MANVFACT' .IE. of ,1,« Amcricau C»lon,« .» » "'"'"' '"J, ^„ „„ continent, bcf.n to be felt, »n'l the policy arose of p.cservm _ j, the mother connlry, both by the exelns.on ot fotetgnel., ■>, co„r.B»ment of Coloni.l ">.'-';'*-"; ,. , „, ,^, i„a„,„i,, „u,, Religioos intolernnoe, so fatal to tl. , pro mj . h., ever been next, perhnp, to eomme^..^ „„„.„ of very n.tlon furnish "".■': ""^z^zrz^t re:ir;e" '::., ;™ «,» very i.,,.. ""I e r ■.,re|,en.c.llyto«.Hl the most .eenre .^) ■"". "^ » :,;;;;;';rme for, heir ,,,,,ifp be,;.... ;.;»»;. -^^^^ ''Itf v";, earl, effort of n yonn, eom ity to beeomc .«'M«r-^"' ,„ iTmanufaetifre of e.o,hi„K derive, '■'■'''^^^jj':::":' ^E ^X ,. ,..,.">•' " "'"'"V"" ":'':':: ::i:ilsrgro.ti; and mUn. ,yofCoti>,n. nopulat on in America, of a in.ittriai wn jst. t „„„,„„.- ., „,„ „,.,„e, seems from its remoteness, to be „;.olve>. i; ' ^^^ ^L r '" ':r 'C'":: ss ," .irat ,:H';d, ii:r;ii,ni.ed i:;rn^;rvXi:irx^^ llnfeeinre of elothin.. The bir.i,.,..nee -f^ -^'21^:22 .„i«„ed to Iniiia. n,nl «» "risi," ,» » dalenntern., to the a, wn ,:hl.t„ry. It 1. mentione., in the snered ;'''^"^:' Ij 'V.'^''^ , ,1 . ten nearly throe thousand years ago. TUo th.nese ha.t em, J m EARLY USE 0" COTTOX IX ASIA AXl) AMIUUCA. 307 years after the fthich ]ireviously le lime, the fine t was commenced th had fallen off, )0 pieces ; where- jrently forbidden, )wing importance voolens and other Continent, began ket exclusively for s, and by the dis- Ihe industrial arts, trument in causing ?ery nation furnish rom the very land cure asylum, and a cause should have » become in a very sy and of repressive :!ome self-depcndont crest from the fact se, by the European > growth and manu- article, the commer- lonstitutesonc of the t of iuodern nations. r,ci \w'' us the origin ,..( i; ? le obscurity. ION ' ^•inctnes3 than criod, its very limited preparatory to a re- tiuie. This valuable us varieties, is a spon- I'ft, and America, and latives of each in the cotton-mannfacturo is the dawn of authrn- 1 of the Hiiwl OS, wril- linese have employed it in the nianufaclure of paper from time immemorial. It is mentioned by Herodotus, in the fiftii century before Ciirist, and plain and figured cottons, by Xearciius, a century after. Its cultivation and manufacture in Persia are spoken of by Strabo, and in Egypt by I'liny, early in tiie Christian era. That calico-printing by blocks, and even by tiie use of mordants, or mineral dyes, was known to the Egyptians, there remains scarcely a doubt. In the beginning of the Christian era, cotton stud's from India are first mentioned as an article of commerce, and it is re- markable that modern travelers give nearly the same description of the business as was given in the Periplus of Arrian at that day. It still flourishes in the same districts, and the "webs of woven air," which the Hindoos fabricated with the simplest and rudest instruments, are still made there with nearly the same machinery, of a delicacy and beauty of texture which all the appliances of modern invention camiot surpass. So true it is, as affirmed by a Hindoo writer, that "the fust, the best, and the most perfect of instruments is the hunmn hand." Modern machinery has rather served to muUiply the power of production than to excel the native cuuPM.g of thac divinely contrived machine. The Saracens intro- duced the culture and manufacture of cotton into Europe especially into Spain— where Bacelona was famous for the extent and excellence of its cotton .stulls. A degree of .sacreihicss, attached to cotton fabrics by the Mohammedans, is suppo.sed to account for the lute introduction of the use of cotton omong the Christian nations, who abhorred the customs of the infidel. From Spain it gradually spread, however, through Italy, France and Flanders, and also entered Europe, by way of Turkey, into Greece, Germany and the Venetian States, arriving, latest of all, in Eng- land. The recent explorations of Dr. Livi.igston in the interior of Africa Lave discovered large tracts of country under cultivation with cotton, which is extensively manufactured into cloth iiy the natives. Columbus and t;;e Spaniards who first visited America found cotton growing wild ill several uf the West India Islands— whence our first spinners obtained it— and our Southern cultivators, more recently, the seed. In the hotter regions of America both continental and insular, cotton at the time of the Spanish conquest constituted the principal clothing of the nalivcs. The more civiliz'.-d tribes of Mexico and Peru through the matchless skill which habit gives to manual execution, aided by even ruder inipleineiits than were used by the primitive Gcntoo, spun and wove textures which are represented as little inferior ill beauty and fineness to the product of oriental looms. Some gnrmcnts sent home by Cortez after his comjiiest (»f Mexico were icmarkal Ic for the excellence of the workniaiship. Ilcrrara said of the Nicaraguun women "they spin as fine as hair." The iribes of Ceiiliul 308 COLONIAL CLOTII-MANUFACTliUE. • 1 1 1„ *r,.,lr. in Hotton raw and manufactured. America even drove a considerable trade "Co ton ^^^^ ^^^^^ I.M.0 plants are indigenous in fr:Z:::^::^^::!:i^^.s,..o. of spinning and weaving were Pf 'f ^^.^^ ; J,, ,,,, peopled. The ever they ma, have been, by -^^^^^"^^^^^ ,, ^e coeval with the ,nannfactnre of Cotton must therefore l»^ « PP«J „uch divided as to the .,gi„al seUlement of America but ^^^^l^,^^^,^ ,„a others date of this event, some -;"-y'"^ ."'"'^^ ^ ^ J,,,,, manufacture may, at contending for a much later 1^"^^ . '" T Ti.ere seems to be no ue- all events, claim a high degree of an Uc uUy^ 1 ^^^ ._^^^ cessity for supposing the textile arts t« -J^^-' « ^^ ^ J^ J,,,,,^ an- America. The general opera ions ^^ '--;^™ ^, ,„,„ ;„ Us lowest .Uogous. There is ample ev.den -^ ^ ' f^ ^ ,,^ ,,,.,f „f .ress- state of development is capab e of dcviMig me ^j^. i„g wants, which. "»^- J'''^^"-^^; ^^ av g o We the same princi- i!ar. The operations ot spinning and J« "^^^ .^ ., ^e the simple pies whatever may be the machmery ''^^f «^; ™;;, ,,^ complicated r: = :^:e ;:^;:raifferent from those of the Eastern continent to entitle the art to be considered of indigenons growt • . ^^^ The precise date of the "'"^•^^"f 1 " ^^j, '^..j^ „ew auspices, is not England, whence America received J^ «;- "'^^^ ^ !„„^, „,,„, known. Its existence f ^ ^^.^ J^^^Js ^t J^od and for a long time tion to the woolen manufactu e. Cotton was mentioned almostexclusively,forthemau,gofcanlew. uw^^^^^^^ ,„ the records of Bolton Abbey u 1293 The e'l ._^ of its use in the manufacture of cloth in ^^"f ,"^l' 'f^J;'",,,,, u.e man- ,, .. Treasure of Traflio,- a small book V^^2T' ''he town of ufaetnre is supposed to have ^7-? J J^^ ^^red and worthily Mancheste^ in Lancashire, must b - ^ ; ,, ^le Irish in for their encouragement commended, who »^"y^' « ^ , ,j ^, ,,„. ,reat quantity and weaving it. return ^-^^^X^^'^^^'^^ '" ^""■ (,) „i.,o,.yof theCollouM..n..fa.-turoinOroatn.iU.i,.. ,d raanufactured. loth of the same iry figmed iu the t the Cotton and idia, but the arts 3 wanderers, who- rst peopled. The le coeval with the 1 divided as to the delugC; and others mufacturc may, at ecms to be no ne- lally imported into [ ure uniformly an- ,f man in its lowest the relief of press- here strikingly sim- ■e the same prinei- er it be the simple or the complicated d by the aboriginal e Easteru continent .h. ,n manufacture into lew auspices, is not n the general utten- 1, and for a long time eh use it is mentioned ;st authentic mention jy Lewis Roberts, in 1G41, when the man- nuy. " The town of .'inhered and worthily yarn of the Irish in n into Ireland to sell. \f coHdii wool in Lon- it home work the same and other such sluffs, iid sold and not seldom gat Di'ituiU" FlUST fSE OF COTTON IX E.VuLANI) AND TIIK COI.OMKS. 309 Bent into forrain parts, who liavo iiu'uii.s at far easier terms to provide themselves of tiie said lirat materials." Mr. IJaines is of the opinion that the manufacture of cotton iiad obscurely commenced and iiud been insen- sibly and slowly growing up for some time before its first distinct recog- nition in the work of Roberts. The "fu.slians," " cotton velvet " and fabrics called " Manchester cottons " mentioned by earlier writers, like the Kendall and Welch "cottons" of a later period, he states were wholly made of wool, and he adverts to the curious circumstance " that a manu- facture, destined afterward to eclip.se not merely the glory of the old • Manchester cottons ' I)ut that of all other manufactures, should thus imve existed in name long before it existed in fact." The ti-rm fualiaiu^, which denoted a species of woolen and worsted goods made at Norwich' and in Scotland, he believes to have been adopted from the foreign Collous, of which they were an imitation in woolen. "Fustians and other wool- ens " had long been spoken of among the manufactures of Xorwieh. Rut Mr. Raines, whose inquiries led him to the conclusion that the Cotton manufacture was probably introduced about the close of the sixteenth century, cites a passage from Fuller's "Worthies of England," written iu IfiC'i, in which he sneaks of Manchester as the seat for souie time past of the Cotton mai.ufacturc, and Rolton in the same country as the chief mar- ket for fustians, which were "then in almost general use throughout the nation." The fustians herp spokei' of are understood to belong to the manufactures of Cottun referred to by Lewis Roberts. However this ma^ be, it is certain that the first humble essa- of our spinners and Cloth-makers required Cotton, which it was the care of the rulers to provide for their use. Many of the early tradespeople of the colonies, as iu the case of the Rowley people, were from the principal manufacturing centres in Englund, and not a few from Norwich ; they were doubtless instructed in the man- ner of making the fustians and similar fabrics then iu general use among the English people The fustians a- 1 dimities made by them as before mentioned were doubtless composed in part of Cotton. As linen warp, mostly imported, continued for more than a hundred years to be used in England in the fabrication of Cottons, no muslins or other goods wholly of Cotton, and none but strong, coarse fustians and dimities of any kind having been made there previous to the year 17G0,— we may assume from the testimony before adduced that the use of Cotton in textile fabrics has exist- ed in this country from nearly as early a date as in England. The system pursued in the two countries also and the description of cloth nmde were not dissimilar. Until the introduction of improved machinery toward the ch'so of the lust century the weavers were accustomed to provide tliem- M'lves with the linen warp and the -aw Cotton each on his own accouiu. It was then carded and spun by their wives and children and aflvrwurd 310 COLONIAL CLOTU-MANUFACTCai!. .„„,. ,, .0 „»„ or .,. r.™ y. « ; ■ r: If aL!"' "if^ i, »a. «o>c.„ ,t was can, to t ,^ ^__^ _^^^_^^^^_^,^^^ ^^^^ Bi.a csposcl for sab. A siiocics ^ .^^ ,||„ „,a„„er «,„eh "N-'' ^'^'^ ^ „„aiBcaion of th. .ysUn, ia,rolay C M j „„j„ ,he followinB order, „,ill, the General Conrt ol Ma „.5„„„,il,ir,ties as legislators whleh exhibits a l,eeo,n,ng se,„e of H J^'P°" i„„„,ting as ,..,h to tl,. rising and '? J-'-J™" ',,,;, "„,:ething tnore than ,,„.l„g .ha. «"» ™ f Tv 1 ,„el, II woolen clo.h i. =- nsefnl » ""■""",",:"I M „■ of .he eold win.ers, and bein, a. prese,^ c,)ininodity, A-c, Dy rcaso i vvhcnce we can expect .earce and deare, a,„l likely soon to he so ^' PJ«» »"; „, 3|,„,,,.,, .„ «e. i., „y reason of .he ^^^ -, '^ „t 3, .""' ""^ '»»" '""" and killing and Inndenng the t,a.le <" ""> ,,„ ,,„„ ,0 .hat end, and a. for .-an. of «»*"*;, I, .„! L.arded s„l,ered cold and hardship nnd „n,..,re d tUir he. ,, .heir live., and .hose who had prov.ded ^ '«"''^-; "J^^^, „, ,„„„ (no. heing ahle to got the oth,.) ^ ^^^^Zl death , this Court, children ,n«ch aeorehed by S"'/™' "'''",' .„ji,i„„ in tha. narllcn- therefore, (.aking into '--'•^""""'Z '^t^:;^.o. us'et,,! and „„„,s.ry woolen ehrths and .mft 7"' , .";,"', ,° ,7be .„>«„», aocordin^ ^ the. .roroL pe„aHic», impend "PO" s.Kh as - -^'^ '>',,: IL me„t of lUose lUat .re dilietnt m tl.sir labour ^ '.^ " ' ' ' U,at .1,0 ..icctn,.,, ia all towa. »l.l.in .h. juns ^t ou 'I- -« ' .„ ™u .aoh order,, la tbeir "^^''^'^'^J^ Z'lTl .» «r ™„n,, for kee,.i..g of sl.eep, a. also for l,e »' J P" /,,,,j ,,,3 d„,,„. fl„ck,, a, .1,0. shall jadse o,ce. ; aad ,. o^^^^^^^, i„„„„H.'„., .,e, in the several towas irapart the n™d 1 .=, Co rt .0 ,U ^^^ ooaceraiag the s„.lag of -f J»;'' f,; J , 1°„,, ,„ abided .» se.re.ly eo,apa.lhle »,.h «»r ideas o «■'»;»' ;,„„„ „,,„ti„„ expression of .he legislati.e ». 1 was ^-'Ij '» '"" ' , s.„„, „( ,„on„y in *«-'""'™f ;j=';r;e':: : ,:rdl et.s\o ...rodac .he .owns ap,.ear abon. .h.s ""»'»' ,„ Chelmsford, .he weaviag .r.s in.o .he,r nr.ds . 1 « " 'J ,, „j „„, ,„„t,ed William How, was the same year .dm.tted »" '"7" ^ „ ijed ,„ the town .wel,e aeres of meadow aad ^ ''« ° »[ J™:„t% The h'e set np his trade of wca-ing, and P«*r» *« ^^^.^^ „„ .„„„ «.„„.a "«t "■"■"S '"■" r'Z'^ a M 16gV Thomls Agar, . """•""■ «""■ ""■" °M!:rof"T moCy I»kin= rtree-fourth. of an fniler ot Kolbnry, purehascd of ^ ""»»'» ,„ ,„„, .t Water- ner. of land for the ereetion "^ >" '* ^^^''j Z following year to ;:„asrei';:r:t;f;^^^^^^^^^^ (1) Rocordf, vol. iii, p. 30«. FULLING MILLS IN MASSACHUSETTS AND CONXBCTICUT. 313 spin according •y town do con- accoriiingly to erfil families are other business, spared, at least shall therefore !ording to their led for a whole eks every yeare roportionally for or every ponnd ixecuting of this veral towns into Llfy the selectmen lall improve the or the encourage- is farther ordered shall have power clearing of cora- ,ing rams to their •ed that the depu- their inhabitants Qaxc.'" Though am, so decided an 3 public attention thing. Several of forts to introduce er in Clielmsford, lit and was allotted upland, " provided Avn's work." The Rowley, was soon Thomas Agar, a three-fourths of an ling mill at Water- 3 following year to e county of Essex, iid in 1669-10 was and Benjamin Gar- field. A second fihling mill was built in the town on Mill firook, ad- joining the first water mill erected about thirty-five years before by Edward How and Mr. Cradock, and which was now owned by How, Thomas Danforth, and others, who erected the fulling mill previous to November, 1686. A fulling mill was built in Dedham in 1681, by Messrs, Draper and Fairbanks. It stood on Mother Brook, an artificial canal, 3^ miles long, which conducted a considerable portion of the waters of Charles river into the Nepouset, and has long furnished water power to numerous factories. It was con.strncted for that purpose in 1639 by the enterprise of the town, and like the Mill Brook at Watertown,, is claimed to be the oldest canal in this country. Few attempts appear as yet to have been made in other parts of New England to produce their own clothing. Connecticut had, as early as 1640, made some useful orders respecting the cultivation of hemp and flax for cordage and clothing, the importation of cotton from Barbadoes, and the improvement of sheep. In 1660 those animals were freed from the taxes paid by other cattle, and grounds were the same year ordered to be cleared for their pasturage. Ten years after, every male over four- Iteen years of age was required to work one day in June of each year in clearing away the underwood for that purpose. The Town Book of Waterbury in that colony contains an order passed Jan. 20, 1692-3, stating that " tharc was seiuesterd the great brook from edman scots lot down to sarauell hickox, Jr. lot for to build a fulling ml." There is no evidence, however, that such a mill was built there before the year 1728 or 1730.' A fulling mill was built on Nahantic River in 1693, by Peter Iteckley, of New London, which was the first in that town. The same town in 1713 granted Lt. Col. John Livingston of that place, what right it had to Saw-mill brook to erect a saw mill and fulling mill thereon ; and in 1721 Thomas Smith obtained leave to erect fulling and grist mills at Upper Alewive Cove.' Until near this time manufactures had made but slow progress in Connecticut. Dr. Trumbull stales that in 1713 there was but one clothier in the colony, and the most he could do was to full the cloth which was made. Much of the cloth was worn unsheared and unpressed. In this statement, derived from the official re- ports to the Lords of Trade, the venerable historian is believed by a late writer to have been in error, and that there were probably many clothiers and fulling mills at that date. Some particulars respecting the colonics, furnished to Edward Randolph, the parliamentary collector of customs in New England, include the statement that about the year 1673, " a!' cord- age, sail-cloth and nets came from England. No cloth is made there (I) Bronson'g Hlit, Watorbury. (2) Caulkin'a Hist. New London, p. 404. COLONIAL CLOTH-MANV FACTUUE. 3U .orth fo« shillings a prd. and no linen above two shilling, and .1.- P^"'^ '" . „f tha useful arts was not a primary object with The enco.Kagcmcn to he u- 1^ tUemercant econ,^^^^^^^^ Netherlands. Ihe ^^^^^"^''^ ,5^^ j„ .^ehange for the furs and peltry famished ample supplies of >"« '^^"^ l*^'*' " ' J^^.^ manufactures. Yet of the colony. -^1 took away te — ^^^^^^^ ™ ,, , ,,., general the characteristic industry o the D«teh P'omi ^^^^^^^^^ household manufacture, P^'-^''="^'^'-'yf ]'"';"" fl^rand the wool of their their native country had long excelled^ The flax -d ^- ^^ _^^^^^^^^ f.nns were ^^^ ^-^^^irZ^I^ ol L.,, smooth, and on fitting occasions to display tiieir ami ^ „ wopBtcJ. Dc»lon, the cattot »nler °" '"" j„f ,„»„ „„olen cloth ••Every one .».U. the. own l.en «;- ' / :\;,, „„,. „, ,,..„. for their ordinary wearing." Ihe natives ga ■ -.^ the art. Uc« An,ster,la,r b, Ant--» Ita™™- ^^^^ ,„ „„ j,„^„,,, ., Bjlhe,.roi.r,etanraofNewJirM) aler ^^,,,„, "T' :;rptsrb;:;cr.r iirurou. .0.... An„™. seclionof the pro\ nice, uy B fi.p nniture and manufacture of hemp and tiax. l^eiiers uun .^^ of a p>.,„ of materia, '»' ■"»;,''::Vl 'waVc p. b»t labor ex- beckW »old for „,ae peace ^^^ ; Je" . ma.on.. .eavers, tailor. , ceediasly Maree and dear. ,»"""»• '"P" „.•„„,,.„, ,„„ Yorkshire .„d L°"fVw ■,"';;;. .'''jre.n.o, need the maaaracture of eloth Other parts of West jers.y, suy» ^ ^ (1) Chiilraor! in Holmes' Annals, A. D. 1673 These facts nre softrcoly more in contrast with the prosent than others with which they stand in juxta-position, as for ex- ample that there were no beggars; not three persons put to death annually or theft; there were no musicians by trade; that ft dancing school had been set up but put down, but that a fencing school was al- lowed \u BoHon. Among the solid men of the town were 15 merchants worth about £50,000 ; or £500, (probably should be £5000) one with another; 500 persons with £3000 ouch. E8TABIJSHMENT OP FAmS. 315 Uings and six- lary object with rivIlegesiiiNew orce of Holland e fnrs and peltry lufactures. Yet ;o a very general 1 winch branches the wool of their ) Dutch matrons 3ng, smooth, and e, red and green nee says (1670) neir woolen cloth le name of Atfsy- eriors in the art. of silk there, and racoa. Wild In- jusselaer and near to the English, ar- ally in the eastern ; to them. Anura- 3 and manufacture in Scotland speak 684. Flax twice iheap, but labor ex- [)s, weavers, tailors, jrs from Yorkshire em, Burlington, and uiufacture of cloth, art hair) and good lien," are mentioned er who professed to ool had been set up but n fencing school was al- Amopg tlie solid men of incrnhnnts worth about probably shoalJ be £5000) 5U0 persons with £3000 speak I'rdm personal L-nowledge. English hemp and flax was successfully cultivated, and wild hemp was used to some extent. Fairs were held two or tiirco times in the year in each town, and were well attended. In Feb- ruary, 1703, John Clarke received a grant of twenty acres of iand on the Southern bninehes of the Rahawack " for his encouragement in filting a fulling mill " in that part of the province. It is the first erection of the kind of wliich we find any mention in that province. The charter granted by the Court of Sweden in 1640, for the establishment of a colony on the Delaware, permitted the company to engage in all manu- factures, and in all commerce, domestic and foreign. Printz, who was sent out soon after as Governor, was instructed to encourage the propagation of sheep, with a view to a large export of wool to the parent state, and also to make trials as to the practicability of raising silk. A letter to a Swedish otheiiil in 1693, after they came under the proprietary govern- ment of runnsylviinia speaks of their hapi)y condition ; they were export- ers of hrc-i, grain, flour, and oil; "our wives and daughters employ themselves in s[)iiiniiig.wool and flax, and many of them in weaving, so that we have good reason to thank the Almighty for our daily suijport.'" They had 80 sheep in 1663, and were now, probably, well supjilied with wool. Among the first branches of industry that Penn sought to engraft, upon his new colony was the manufacture of linen and woolen cloth. One of his first legislative acts after his arrival in 1682 was to invest with all the rights of citizenship, the Dutch, Swedes, Finns and other foreigners; — amounting to about 3000 — then in possession of the country. The proclamation of similar privileges and full religious freedom to all others not of ill fame who should arrive, induced numbers of the indus- trious and persecuted classes from different parts of Europe, and from other colonies, to settle in the province. Ind;;ed, the wisdom and liber- ality of the laws framed by the founder in England, and regularly enacted after his arrival, are universally conceded to have been honorable to the legislation of the period and to have been favorable to emigration and that character for industry which the State has ever maintained. To furnish a ready market for the domestic products of his people especially woolen and linen, fairs were at once established to be held at stated times, in several of the towns, where the i>eopIe were brought together for the purposes of trade. The first appears to have been held about the year 1686, when, owing to the scarcity of money only about ten dollars worth was sold.* His charter to the city in 1701 provided for holding (1) Camrnnius, chap. ix. Netherlnnda in 1041. Uut those in Thila- (2) rastorius. Fairs wore curly cstab- delphia appenr to liavo been thf •■iirliest •1b- lished in New England, and for the sale of signiMl prineipully or exc'niMvely for the di»- CBttle, by the Director and Council of Now posal of manufactured articles. 316 COLONIAL t'LOTII MANLFACTUllE. two markets in each week, and two se.ni-anmml Fairs on ti.e lOlh and two following days of May and November in eacl) year. These afierward became famous occasions for the exhibition and sale of every descrmt.ou of domestic goods, the excellence of which attracted visitors from distant provinces Their influence was favorable to the industry of the commu- „ity These periodical gatherings were at that time popular in England, and ori-inated in the Church festivals or wakes held upon the anniversaries of certah. Saints, when it was customary to make merry with ale, whence that termination became synonymous with festival, as Whitsunale, bndal or b-ide-ale But it was only a few years previous to this time that they had assumed that gross and riotous feature, and the commercial character which caused them to be banished from the sacred precincts in which they were ori-inally held, to the village green where they were more complete- ly given "up to the purposes of trade. Several of the early laws of the province against the drinking of healths and drunkenness, may have been m part designed to countervail the tendency of these popular gatherings to promote excess and irregularity. In a letter to the Free Society of Traders in 1683, Penn bespeaks their favorable attention to his project for the production of wine and the manufacture of linen, both which branches he '-^ "^ " W r ban ...o broadcloths and warmer, so we need no English Cloth T 1 he says; would yield a half ton of flax, and a ton of hemp, worth (1) The nu^tere rrinciiileo of i\\e New Knsla.i.l falluT. M,iiu>time« led tbom to.iis- flgure .ho Hi"»to luiok with sumptuary n-gulailoiiB'.ikothor.llowinK: In Oolobcr, ltl;;;t, it wua " "rdered that no person, oitlier innn' -r wiimi.n, M.ull mnlio or buy any tlu-hcil Clclhco, other tlmn one fU»h in each ,H.i.v(S un.l riothiT in tlie hnok ; «l«o nil Ciitt worl(«, imhroi.loro.l or neo.llo-worljt c«p., bunds. vnylo», are forbidden horc«lter to bo tnii.lo nnd worn under tlio i.foro««id |.i.ti,.lty-i.l«o nil Rold or filvcr pirdlos, M.dUnd* holt', K>'IT^ '""••'■'• '"""• """ I"""" 1,11. ;iod to bo b"U^;hl or worn bprfnft.-r iin- .wr iho «foP-"i'i r'""iiy-" I" !"■"'" *'"""■■ dired thai Udlci' UrcKos nhouM not l.« uudt with short fkcves; thiit the firm should be covorod down to the wrist, nnd that women's .U-evcH should never exceed hnlf «n ell in width. (Felt's Snlein. Thnehor's IMymouth.) In lft53 the wife of lIuRh Mnrch, of New- berry, wns prosecuted (with two other wo- men) for wenring a silk hood nnd sonrf. but wns disohnrpod on proof thnt her hu»hai.d nni worth £200. (Coffin's Hist. Newberry.) The yenr previou« the wife of .loseph .Iynk«, Jr., of Lynn, wns presented for wenrinf? sil- ver liwe alonn with Robt. liridiret for bad oornurindin.-', and others for woMviiiK (Treat bo,.ts and i.ilk hoods, 4c. (l.e«i,' Hi»U bynu.) ^L\RYLAND AND VlUaiNlA. 319 jTcd 111^ kIo of iiiiaceustoiued I Eng;lviid at II as doubletts, thing of some even the no- ivhich frowned ;cd to the cur- to Ainericaa cs the Second, iitinued in use or in part, of wardrobes of dress was con- ^-as no less sig- irdy valor, than p Plantagenet, ig of New Al- ii that was de- •iter, "wc may weaver brought ufted Hollands, a good Glover, coats ; our own s, fittest for our short winter is Knglish Cloths." of hemp, worth t, tlic nrm slioulil >ie st, nml tlint women'a 'xpceil hnir «n ell in :iini'lior'3lMymouth.) ugh Miirch, of Ncw- (witli two otlicr wo- ( liodd nncl jonrf, but of thnt licr husliRi.J In's Hint. NVwlicrry.) wif« "f .Joseph .Iynk«, BDteJ for wmirinn k11- obt. liriiltfet for bail ?ri) for weiiiltiB (t""'' !, 4c. (l-«wi»' HinU £12 to the acre and a profit of C«. a day to the laborer. lie mentions Cotton River "so named of Six hundred /. of cotton wild on trees grow- ing," wiiich article there was no doubt would thrive well. Of another portion (lax was one of the staple products, the others being corn, rice and tobacco. We may infer from his remarks that in that part of the country, which corresponded with a portion of Delaware and Maryland, and contained already 8000 people and a trade employing 140 ships, there was yet no home manufacture of Cloth. A further evidence that the arts were not yet introduced in Maryland, is the pn,ssage of a law the same year "providing for the Smith," one of the first requisites of a new community. There was little attempt at manufactures for nearly fifty years after, the supplies— except homespun, of which most families made more or less — being derived from England in return for tobacco, or from New England in exchange for grain and provisions. A murrain among the stock in 1694-5, which cut off over 25,000 neat cattle and upwards of 62,000 hogs, and proportionally diminished their resources, together with an increasing dilBculty in getting supplies for England, threw the colonists, in a measure, upon their own abilities for Clothing. An effort was made in 1G97 to introduce the manufacture of linen and woolen Cloth in the counties of Somerset and Dorchester. But the attempt ap- pears to have had no permanent success, but nevertheless occasioned some complaints in England. The mineral riches of the province more Buccissfnlly attracted the indu.stry not already absorbed in agriculture. In Virginia, in 1650, there was a sufficiency of materials of wool, flax, and hemp, as well as of the native silk-grass, regarded by many as of nearly TexincMnn-"l"aI value with the cultivated fla.x. But it seems to have been Vi'X'ia'! '" '''''*^ "'^cd, although, as mentioned in a previous chapter, its textile '^'"^'- qualities had been tested and approved in England, and even a suit for royalty had been made of it. A Captain Matthews, over thirty years a resident, and now a member of the Council, is highly commended at this period for his enterprise in manufactures. Ho was a great cultivator of hemp and flax, which he also manufactured, having n large househol.I of weavers and other tradesmen employed in different brandies, and many slaves also trained to mechanical pursuits. Silk and cd.ion had already been attempted there, and recommended to the attention of 4hc planters. Madder, indigo, and several other native vegetable dye-stuffs, had also liecn tested. Abundance of cotton might have been obtained by the ex- jiortclion of cattle and other produce, of which the former were already 60 numerous as to be suffered to run wild in the woods. Hut these facili- ties were disregarded for the cultivation of tobacco, which it was now hoped, by those who favored a wiser policy, would soon yield to that of Bilk. This article, the culture and manufacture of which had been slowly 320 COLONIAL CLOTU-MANUFACTUUE. extending in England for upward of a century, had been espemUy eu- c^arat d n Virginia from its fir.t settlement. The supposed fitness 72T1U a'evidenced by the abundance of native ^^^^^ silk-worms, turned the attention of the English people nt tins tme toZy toward the cultivation of silk in Virginia and Caro u,a Ihe a to? weaving it was introduced in England some years be ore. 1 he Sk throw rs of London were incorporated in 1 629, and the trade now cu- rved many thousands, while the manufacture in France was deemed worth ^'Zt:t,:re:andfourmilUonsster.ingannuaHy.Seve.lwn^^^^^^^ now discussed the subject of iti cultivation ,„ V.rgmm some of «hose ;; s :L printed in the Philosophical Transactions, a-^ -.e c.rc.^^^^^^^^^^ u manuals. Williams, the author of a tract on V.rg.n.a, .n 16o0, labored to how the profits of silk and wine-growing. Two or three jears uter, « ^ Ltl b an enterprising merchant of London, to whom M.lton r le^:: tr «: Ucln. pubU^ed two -US on t^Virgin. silk-worm. Governor Edward Digges, of Virginia, Mr. John Fe rar ana o Lr ISO did much to excite an in.ere.t in the subject among the plaiU- p bv nstructions in .he business, the distribution of silk-worm seed, and :;; .0 • g Veat profits of the culture. Mr. Ferrar, in particular 7oi d ut a means of overcoming the gummy hardness of the Mrg.n a o^^it by steeping them in strong soap-boiler's liquor, instead o warm water wl'ie'> «"^-'^ -^" ^"^"^''"' '"'" ''' ' •" '^^^r'^'f ' ^^t Te of k "ce for f.-eding the worms. By a comparison of the profit . ::: lot U^at sUk-worms would yield the plant., f.r about two mon s' labor in the year, £60; while tobacco, at 2d. per pound as , then so d, won d e nU.ut £14 or the sane amount of labor during nine months. ; lnweresofarsucces.fulthatso.nes,nalllotsofVirg.niasilkw^^^^^ set to Enplund. As a mark of his favor for the staunch loyalty of t e P V ce Charles II.. a few years after, added Virginia to t ^ ^u e o. dominions and particularly recommended the Governor of the 1 rovu.ce toT u age silk-growing, stating that he had formei^-at his corona, tlon asL'tradition is J' worn some of the silk of Virginia, which he found not inferior to that raised in other countries. ''''St Assembly of Virginia, in 1C62, enacted -eraHaws for t c F^^^^^^ tion of industry, and particularly in relation to Cloth and ts materials^ Flax-^eed was ordered from England, to be distributed to each J:r::X:.V. county, and bounties offered for raising ^'^^^'''^^ '';;,"• ''[^^t ?:,!?r;-rr-. two p..unds of tobacco were offered for every p.un.d of flax or •- emp'prepared for the spindle, three pounds for every yardf linen Cloth a vnrd wide, and five pounds for every yard of wooh-n Cloth 1. , he -province. Every ti.hable person was required, un er « "^ al.y of lir.v pounds of tobacco, to produce, yearly, two pounds of MM MANUFACTURES EXOOU RAGED IN VIRQINIA. 321 especially eu- ipposed fitness mnlbenies and , ot this time, Carolina. The 3 before. The e trade now era- is deemed worth riters, therefore, some of whose were circulated in 1650, labored iree years later, [O whom Milton , on the Virginia fohn Ferrar, and among the plant- L-worm seed, and ar, in particular, 3 of the Virginia instead of warm ecoraraended the of the profits, it bout two months' d, as it then sold, ring nine months. Virginia silk were iich loyalty of the , to the title of his r of the Province y at his corona- rirgiiiia, which he awa for the promo- nnd its materials, distributed to each lit and hemp-seed. 7 pound of flax or s for every yard of nl of woolen Cloth required, under n •ly, two pounds of dressed flax or hemii. Premiums were also offered of ten pounds of tobacco for every good hat nmde of wool or fur, and for every dozen pair of woolen or worsted stocliings. A liberal bounty of fifty pounds of tobacco was declared due for every pound of wound silk produced and for every hundred acres of land owned in fee, the proprietor was required to plant and fence twelve mulberry trees. The exportation of sheep from the Colony had been prohibited five years before, and it was now ordered that no wool should be exported under a penalty of fifty pounds of tobacco for every pound so exported. The bounty on silk was, two years after, claimed by several persons engaged in j)roducing it. One of these was Major Walker, a member of the Assembly, who then had growing upwards of seventy thousand mulberry trees. All acts for the encour- agement of silk were repealed in 166G, along with that for planting mul- berry trees, "which now every one voluntarily propagates." In that year the commissioners were required by tl.c legislature to establish, within two years, a loom and a weaver in each county in the Province,' except Rappahannock, Xorthamplon, Westmoreland, and Stafford, which' were allowed four years wherein to effect it. Each county was to bear the expense of its own establishment, and the erection of a private loom did not excuse the county. The law was repealed in 1C84. Governor Berkeley in his answers to the Committee of Plantations in 1671, states that "of late we have begun to make silk and so many mul- berry trees are planted, that if we had skilful men from Naples or Sicily to teach us the art of making it, in less than half an age, we should make as much silk in a year as England did yearly expend three-score years since." The demand for that article in England, where it was then sup- posed to employ forly thousand persons, and the bounties and other leg- islativc measures in the province, gave a temporary imj)ulse to tlio business. Hut it declined again on the withdrawal of the premiums The cultivation of hemp and flax was again enforced by heavy pemiltie? in 1G73. About the year 1684 another law was enacti-d in Virginia for the encouragement of the manufucturu of linen and woolen Cloth, ami "for the advancement of manufactures of tlifl growth of the colony."' which Chalmers says "was disallowed by the Committee of i'lautaiions because it was deemed contrary to the Acts of Navigation" "And thus," he adds in relation to this and other useful regulations made dur- ing the same session, "did the Assembly sow the seeds of future pros- perity which Virginia reaped abundantly at a happiiT period."' The first fulling mills in Virginia were built about the year 1602, dur- ing the Administration of Andros, who was an encourugtr of uiiiiiufac- 21 (1) Politi.ul Atiriiil., I. p Mt. COLONIAL CLOTII-MANUKACTUBE. advised Parliament to T^^^^^^^,^ .^.llendation of that poUcy on This appears to have been the ^^^'^'^^ ^,,,„,„t8 tlie prcsnmpt.on the part of a colonial Goverucn^ a d 1^^ ^^^^^^^ . ^ ^^^^ ^,,,„„ that at this time the -'3]; ,^ ^ "J 1' tation of English goods. Bota the imports and expor s ot ^ 'g "^ " ^^98 the two provinces ,™e greater than of ^ ^l^^;^^^,,^ BrUain. a larger amount i„,ported to the value of ^•^l^'\^f' ^^^^ f^,., years, than they received during any « ^J^^^ ^^J^^^^ were the direct re- These efforts for the '^^--^ "^"^. ^.,7 ,,,e, and of the duty upon ,ult of the restrictions upon he V.g a - ^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^, ,f ,,,1 tobacco. The price of that -^-^^^^^^ ^ ,,,,. ,,,« dependence. Maiiy distress to a people .ho had m de aUy ^. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ planters were, at this time, ""'^'f ;°;^ i,,,,,,,d, in 1G7G. upon Virginia oftheircrops. TlK--"«|o,ns col ted u ,^^^^ ^^ ^^^^_^^^ tobncco (that of Maryland pr b,^ - ^^ ^^ j^,.,,,,,, (159O), ,,,,nng. The f «'-^^^^^^ to about £700,000 amounted to only £50 000 ihoy ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ „,„y ^.e- sterling. If a ^-^^^'^T'^'^rwh"! chiefly centred in London, causing Ueved)to the ^^^^^^^^'"'iX'^^^^^^^ '''"' '" a corresponding growth « ^t ^^ ^'^ ,,,,,, , commerce. nation desired to ^^-^^Xf^^^ I, ,aUing place at this time, an In the settlement of Caol.na,wi j,„v,j;o, and cotton. Wilson, attempt was made to cuH.vo^^ Mlk 1 , ^^ ..^^^^^,, ^, in his account of the 1 rovi ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ S;^:,i-r' cypress and Sn>yr- -t, ^ |>ow _^^_^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ -ca.«i.u.. ^,^ ,,,, 5, «eiit huh . 2J^y ,,,,eutions in Europe, „ade. The recent ^'^^^^^^^ ^'"^^ an Lmense impulse to the which drove so many to l.ng ana t g ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ .nercliants, manufactures of that -""try, al sup,! 4 j, ^^^ _^^ ^,^^^^ ^^^^^^^^,^^ ^ .nsbandmen, and nrtific^ ^^ \,t ^o l>cr branches of industry, and in knowledge of the l;-"'^"'-;; ;, F,,„eh settled, through the gcnerouB Carolina, where a large body of the i^ ^^ ^^^^ ^,^,^^ j^,^y„,,, aid of the «"ti^h/ o-n. e^.t tW n ^^^ J^ ^^ ,.« p.,vince wit informs us, a new kind « ^'^yy"^'.,, J,,„,,i„a, was early attempted. its wool.. The cnU.vatio^ o^ k, in^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ .^ ^^^^ „^^^„^ without much sue" .. by tiic ivmb on, which was icholson, who ares, and even the colonies.' thiit policy on le presumption he colonies was goods. Both ler, were at this le two provinces larger amount re tV.e direct re- f the duty upon )e ft cause of real pendence. Many •om the proceeds [6, upon Virginia ted to £135,000 Elizabeth (1590), , about £700,000 due (as many be- i London, causing irprising that the mnierce. :e at this time, an I cotton. Wilson, ,s, "Cotton of the 11, and plenty of ijTo had also been putions in Europe, nse impulse to the libers of merchants, s. They broutrht a , of industry, and in hrough the generous the Abbe llaynal jf the I'rovince with fus enrly attempted, ar 1693, it was again SILK ANr> INDIOO CULTIVATED— MANUFACTURES NEGLECTED. 323 introduced by Sir Xithatiiel Jolmsuu, upon a plantation in the parish of St. Thomas, which, one hundred years later, still bore the name of " Silk Hope.'" He made considerable quantities of raw silk, and induced many others to ezigage in its production. But Hewatt, who blames the proprie- tors of the Province for not giving suitable eiicourugcment to silk, cotton, and other crops, which would have proved more profitaI)le than rice, ob' (serves that v...vernor Johnson, "after all his pains, rather showed ivhut might have been done toward the cultivation of silk in that Province, than made such progress in it as to render the commodity of national id- vantage.'" Indigo was somewhat later introduced, from Antigua and while encouraging trials were being made with it, attention was drawn to the wild plant found there, which was immediately cultivated with such success that, upon the export of a considerable quantity to England, in 1747, the attention of Parliament was attracted to an article so important to her manufactures. In the following year, a bounty of M. per pound was offered upon plantation indigo, and the manufacture was pro.sccited with profit until it eventually gave place, like other crops, to the cultiia- tion of cotton. This plant had for several years been occasionally culti- vated in gardens, and after the year 1702, "cotton patches" became com- mon in Carolina. Tobacco, rice, indigo, and stock-husbandry ciiiefiy employed the Southern Provinces at this time, and skillful workmen were too scarce, and, their labor too dear, to admit of much progress in the mechanic arts. The quantity and quality of labor in all stages of society and of the arts, govern in a great measure the amount and kind of production. This whyM.ott- was more particularly the case at a period when manual labor werUToV was tlic chief dependence. Its scarcity always operated as a hindrance to manufactures in the Colonies. While other forms of industry afforded the means of purchasing foreign merchandise on easy terms, few inducements existed to undertake them. While cmigratioti was brisk, the Colonies were well supplied with English goods, and its arrest supplied the first motive for home manufactures. During the civil wars, also, the commerce and industry of the Northern Colonies were left perfectly free to seek their most profitable channels. The sympathy of New England with the Republican cause even, j.roduccd special marks of favor from the Protector, l)y an exemption from all customs. The Colonies had, conscquensly, engaged in the most lucrative Ijranches of business, sought the most profitable markets, and procured their supplies in such ways as they deemed most favorable to their interests. They hud progressed iu wealth and inCuenco with a rapies were rch and pros^e ^^ ^^^^^ ^^. exceeded during the time ^'^^ ^^ ^t "sheries were the arms of their tain. But agriculture, commerce and tl'^ b^ « subordinate Lngth. Ti. Mechanic arts an^l—^ ^^ ^, ,,,,, interest, and their ^^^ ^/j^r^^^.t the enactment, or subsequent remained unrestrained, kep them so ,.,,tricting the choice of a enforcement, of the laws of ^J^^^' ''; ^,,4 ^_^^ value of ^r.rl market, and limiting the 1-^^- -J ^.^ and capital - -'-• Colonial producfons. for ed '^ P"'^^^;; ^^^,^, fi.ia of domes- ,eretofore employed in o' -^^^ ^^^^^^;^^; ^' J^ ,„,,cement of her tie manufacture. From the ;'-' ^^^^^^ ^ ! j'^ ^^eat Britain, we shall commercial statutes became U.e ^^^^^^ ,^^, ^manufactures, and find an increased attention to ^» « «"^ «^^ development, efforts of the national Gov-J^ ^^^^e .Vs ate to a monopoly of the The assertion of the "f ; ,f , '7;; j^uies I., who attempted to Colonial trade, was as ^^^f^^J^^',^^,,,, to Holland, where the 1a»tl- , . 1 . P,nite the King's hostility to it. ren- The increasing use of tobacco e pile he Kg ^^ ^^^^^^^^ . dered the duty, prospectively at ^^^Z^^::^,,^^ country, it was ,nd in the attempt to P-^^^^''^'^^'"''"' "" j i,, right, be landed in Eng- declared that all Colonial P-^f ^^^ ;S;o .'pri-iple quite in ac iand, to which the trade of t « ^o^^^^^^^^ „;,.eLtile nations of that cordance with the doctrine -«<^ P J^^ ^^ ^^ , t tobacco to a foreign day. Virginia, however, claimed »'«; ^j^^ ^^ .^^ ,,,,,er, that of carry- ^Jrket, in virtue of the P"v.lege jn ^ed b^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^lo^r:.;:;::^^^^ M NATURE AND DESIGN OF THE NAVIGATION ACTS. 325 f the people, ed by a virgiu ing out of tlie )rei> anii other Colonial and • from mechan- ip the pi'ice of position of au •entnry of their degree scarcely 8 of Great Bri- he arms of their rery subordinate , long as trade .t, or subsequent r the choice of a uid the value of iibov and capital d field of domes- forcement of her Britain, we shall oanufactures, and opiuent. monopoly of the who attempted to .Hand, where the evade the duties ore extended mar- isumption of Eng- hoslilily to it, ren- lource of revenue ; sign country, it was ,, be landed in Eng- inciple quite in ac- itilo nations of tliat tobacco to a foreign arter, that of curry- A. monopoly of the currence of the civil luced Parliament to r tobacco of foreign growth, and by imposing a duty on tobacco grown in England, so as to render its cultivation there uiiprolitable. Tlie Navigation Acts of 1650 and 1651, by conBning tiie phmtution trade to British ports and British shipping, extended this exclusive policy to the whole of the now valuable trade of the Colonies and all Colonial productions whatever. As a com- pensation to Virginia for this limitation of her market, tobacco was, in 1652, forbidden to be cultivated in England, and the Act was confirmed on the Restoration, when all tobacco plantations in England were ordered to be destroyed. By the Act of 1661, no sugar, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, or woods used in dyeing, of the growth or manufacture of the Colonies, could be shipped to any other country than to England. All other articles were left free, but these embraced the most important Colo- nial products. To these enumerated articles others were added, from time to time, as they severally became of importance in the Colonial trade, as, for example, coffee, hides, skins, iron, corn, lumber, etc. This mono- poly of the Colonial commerce was completed by the Act of 1663, wliieh prohibited the importation of any commodity, the growth, production, or manufacture of Europe, into the British plantations, but what was laden in England, and in vessels navigated according to previous Acts. The Preaiuble to this Act avows the motive to its enactment and the prevail- ing policy of European countries to be — " the maintaining a greater cor- respondence and kindness between the subjects at home and those in the plantations; keeping the Colonies in a firmer dependence upon the mother country ; making them yet more beneficial to it in the further employment and increase of English shipping and seamen, and in the vent of Engii.sh woolen and other manufactures and commodities; rendering the naviga- tion to and frbm them more safe and cheap ; and making this kingdom a staple not only of the commodities of the plantations, but also of the commodities of other countries and places for their supply; it being the usage of other nations to keep their plantation trade exclusively to them- selves." Salt, wines, and a few other articles, wire excepted, nnd draw- backs were allowed of the duties on goods shipped to the Colonies. Though doubtless favorable to the growth of English commerce and navigation, at the expense of the dominant maritime power of Holland, their injurious effect upon Colonial prosperity, by fettering the freedom of trade in respect both to buying and selling, was an unfavorable issue — by no means intended, but rather overlooked or postponed — to the more vital consideration of the commercial interests of the parent State. The Acts were regarded with the highest dissatisfaction in America, jiarticu- hirly in Virginia, the value of whose staple was ruinously affected by them. The first statutes were oppressively enforced in that Colony l)y the agents of Cromwell, on account of its disaffection to his government, while New 326 COLONIAL CLOTIl-MANUFACTtBE. , r li,i..nl reasons was suffered to disregard Uicm allogether. England, for r'^l'^'^'"^'^^";" \;" „;„ ^,.a after the imposition of duties, Resistance -^ -^^l^jr^: ^^f ;.: e officers, the resent„,env against and the aprou'tnienl of Colonial re province and in ,,,, return for its loyaty rose to o,eurc^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^_^.^^ ^^ Maryland. To the Ac ^^ l/^J^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ u. inability to add the trade and navigation of tl t ^«'«"y' ^ ^„^ ,i„es, or to procure any bWiIIW .»» W li ^ ^^ ^^^^ j.|„j,, j„„„. :r»rilt;:.;FLe,»a other c„uU,,e»t..po^^^^^^^^ th. ™.riU.ne code, ,„oa«ccd P-' ■"'«'' [f.^'t'd^t;^^^^^^^ l<«» „e,tic revolutions, pointed ont to the C»^ '" ^^ ' ^^^ „ „,„a „t interests .mong themselves and otiMtu^t mate I ^^ ^^^^ to ali nceessarie, ti,. eost and '""n' J «';".; ''j ,, J„„, „,„1„. ^'•"' "-::;. ".at::.::";: interl or «..,.. co,nmer« ar. U. New stttnti- ^"" , 1 trovernment were confided to tiia i„«B.mrti affa rs of Colonial trade ana goviuui ^ ,, «• j^i taV. ,od. »,.ie„ t„enee.r»ard .«ame Ute 'J^^^^:^ inteiiigenee npoa those s.ilijeels, an '''« " ™'""' y,.,, „port» :;\::-eTrrrr.er^^^^^^^^^ «— '- •»■ cia. intereonrse, b, iimiting trado between Lngl.nd «- j^ Eng,is„. ,ris,„.nd C;;-i«< ^^Cd^ s'^.i:! A.f .aw-, b,- produce from going to the polls ol """ , f ;„ „„y Ls, usages, or custom, in P-'™ ^^^^ gltul U-e ..ws ofEng- „f ,l,e plantations, t.h,cl, were lu any »'»';■'=.'« ^ „, ., „„i,, Und relating to the plantation "^«';2;;t"rc mm.ndi,^ a tax "" '°'\rtbe'Tol "s:;lir^. :.:rde's:;'bad ye. be., ., bitted :ru,r;. .t M;;:.ry,and .«, a„swer.d bytwo o.ber, deny.ng LAW PROHIBITINQ EXPORTATION OF WOOLENS. 327 em allogether. ition of duties, ntmeni against rovince and in destruction of ibility to add and vines, ov f silk, or to ex- ile King's domi- Colonies. Tlie growing out of iid, aided by do- of a closer union ndeuce in regard e subject to the f internal revolu- diate occasion of ing, and of sinii- cil, or Board of isioners for Trade ommerce ar,d the •e confided to that itory of all official mininnication with 3. Yearly reports Governors, in an- restricted comraer- iid her Colonies to rohibiting Colonial md. AH laws, by- . be in force in any to the laws of Eng- to be illegal, null, ecomraending a tax d yet been exhibited two others denying itation. portion of their own 1 unnoticed in Eng- 5 received complaints from English merchants and manufacturers, that 'he wool and woolen manufactures of Ireland and the North American plantaJons began to be Woolen- exported to foreign markets formerly sup[)lied by England — flr"t'rec'!!K-"a'i Act passod the British Parliament, in which the existence Srohibiuii, of such a manufacture in the Colonies is, for the first time, re '«»»• cognized in the Statute Book. This statute (10 and 11 \Vm. III. c. X.) was dictated by that sleepless vigilance which guarded the staple manufacture of England. It prohibited the exportation of any wiol or woolen manufacture from Ireland, excei)t to certain ports in England • but, by way of compensation, virtually surrendered to Ireland the linen manufacture, then little regarded in conipiirison with the woolen interests. In reference to the Colonies, it was enacted that "After the first day of December, 1699, no wool, woolfels, yarn, cloth, or woolen manufactures of the English plantations in America shall be shipped in any of the said English plantations, or otherwi.se loaden, in order to be transported thence to any place whatsoever, under the penalty of forfeiting .ship and cargo, and £500 fine for each offence; and the Governors of the Plantations and Officers of Customs and Revenue thure, are to see this Act, as it relates to the plantations, duly executed.'" The population of the American Colonics, at this time, was estimated at about two hundred and sixty thousand. This prohibition, under which they were laid, was a violation of the plainest rights of the Colonist to employ his industry in such way as he might find most profitable. But it was probcbly less instrumental in checking the disposition to manufactures at that time than it would have been in an advanced stage of the business. On account of the remote- ness of the Colonies from the sovereign state, and the great extent of their sea coast, it woidd have proved no more effectual in preventing an exportation for which they were prepared, than the laws of Parliament then were against the exportation of wool from Great Britain. It was thought, a few years later, that about five-eighths of the entire English wool crop, in defiance of the laws, found its way, surreptitiously, into the markets of France and the Continent. There is little doubt that the liberality of Great Britain toward he Colonies, in permitting one-half and often the whole of the duties paid on foreign linens and other goods imported into England to be drawn back upon their exportation to the Colonies; and still more, the giving of large bounties for the importa- tion thence of naval stores and certain materials of manufacture, had more influence, at this period, in diverting them from manufactures with a view to exportation, than any prohibitory enactments. The system of draw- (1) Abridgement of the Statutes, vol. iv. p. 3U. 528 COLONIAL CLOTH-MANLFACTURE. backs which was continued until the year 1763. favored Uvrge i'^P"^;';^*-^' a d Lny kinds of foreign goods could eonsecjuenty be purchased . Colonie/as cheap, and sometimes cheaper than m England By- Acts of Navigation. English merchants had the monopoly of the Colo y uade and bo^h English manufacturers and the customs' revenue suBc.ul ; an id nee which furnished the Colonial market at the clj-pest ra pLsible except by direct exchange with the producng count.-.es^ By a Act passed in 1704, " For encouraging the nnportal.on of ,Navai S ores tl'her Majesty's'plantations in America." ^^^f^^^^^^^^^^ the first time, of four pounds per tou upon tar and p.tch; th.ce pounc u on t entine. and lix pounds upon water-rotted hemp ; an upon . raasts yards, and bowsprits, one pound per ton of forty feet ihe.e ZnUe Idiaed from time to time, and sin.ilar ones upon other pro- ducts luld a tendency, by raising the price of timber, and rendermg pro- fiate the branches so encouraged, still further to turn the labor and Tui al not employed in agriculture from nnumfactures to those more re- Z at":: cllnels, and tl open facilities for an a".;nented unportat.ou of English and European goods. The bounty on hemp f^med o me attention to its culture, particularly in Virgin.a '-^'^Tt^^^ hemp of the former Province was, a few years after, said, by Joshua Uee, to be equal to the best of European. . . r ,i.„ The remarks of Lord Cornbury, in his report upon the state fth Province of New York, made in the following year are -^^'» -«• - showing the views of British statesmen and oflicud., and pel- r- ^ "■ haps the source of many of the ideas entertained by the mnus- i?oTmo?'' J,t that time in regard to Colonial manufactures and the means .f suppressing them. They exhibit not less distinct y th. spint rJtemper o7the Colonists on the subject of Parlian.entary >nter^^^^^^^^^^^ and furnish some information upon the state of manufactures in tl a 1 ro- V „c He strongly urges that the Colonies should be encouraged to fur- Ti h nav^.1 stores-flax, hemp, and .'milar productious-as a means of Taki g returns for the large purchases of English -""f-;-- "' ^ Inner contemplated by the statute already referred to. As a furth r Taso he obse ves. " besides the want of wherewithall to make re urn to I gh"; puts them upon a Trade which, I am sure will hurt England .u a liUle t nie; for I am well informed that upon Long Island and Con- e tfcut :i.e are setting upon a woollen Manufacture, -^ I n.sc^r have ,een Serge made upon Long Island that a.,y man may wear. Now f hey begin to make Serge, they will, in time, make coarse Cloth, d then fine ; we have as good fullers' earth and tobacco p.pe clay n. thm province is any in the world ;- how far this will be for the serv.ee of Eng- 0) The fullers- «arth, so valuable ia tbo fulling proce», on account of its dcler.iT, BEPORTS OF aOVER.NOKS OORNBURY, IIEATHrOTE, AND IIUNTEH. 329 I importations, rchased in the land. By tlie of the Colony jvenuc suffevcd B cheapest rale ntries. Hy an • Naval Stores tre offered, for ; three ponuds i; and upon all Ly feet. These ipon other pro- rendering pro- . the labor and I those more re- ited importation p secur(id some irolina, and the by Joshua Gee, the state of the •e instructive, as flicials, and per- led by the minis- ifactures and the stinttly thti spirit itary interference, lures in that Pro- iicouraged to fur- — as a means of mufactuies in the .0. As a farther to make return to II hurt England in 5 Island and Con- and I myself have ay wear. Now, if coarse Cloth, and pipe clay in this the service of Eng- iccouDl of its dctcrsiTS land, I snbniit to better judgments ; but, however, I liope I may be par- doned if I declare my oi)inion to be that ail these Colloiieys which are but twigs belonghig to the main Tree (England) ought to be kept en- tirely dependent ujjon and subservient to England, and that can never be, if tliey are suflured to goe on in the notions they have, that, as they are Englishmen, soe they may set up the same manufactures here as peo- ple may do in England ; for the consequence will be, if once they can see they can cloathe thenKselvcs, not only comfortably, but handsomely too, without the help of England, they, who are already not very fond of sub- mitting to government, would soon think of putting in execution designs they bad long harbourd in their breasts. This will not seem strange, when you consider what sort of people this country is inhabited by." In August, 1708, previous to the arrival of Cornbury's successor. Col. Heathcote, a member of the council, and an applicant for the contract to supply naval stores, wrote to the Board of Trade that he had labored to divert the Americans from going on with their linen and woolen manufac- tures, lie says they were already so far advanced, that three-fourths of the linen and woolen used was made amongst them, " especially the coarse sort, and if some speedy and effectual ways are not found to put a stop to it, they will carry it on a great deal further, and perhaps, in time, very much to the prejudice of our manufactories at home. I have been dis- coursed with by some to assist them in setting np a manufactory of fine stuffs, but I have, for the present, put it by, and will, for my own part, never be concerned in it, nor any other of that nature, but will use all the little interest ami skill I have to prevent it." Governor Unnter, in 1715, recoramend.s the same means as his predecessors, to divert the peo- ple from the manufacture of Cloth, of which the country people chiefly wore the product of their own looms; but, as it war well known that imported goods were accounted cheap, at an advance of one hundred per cent, on the cost, to compel them to wear such would be too severe an expedient. lie had never known the homespun to be sold in the stores. A letter from New England to the Board of Trade, on the same subject, and in thi^ same year, reiterates the necessity of employing the NewEng- " Oil-irabibing earth, The fullers' mill anaisting, safe defies All foreign rivals in the clotiiier's art." jiropcrtiea, was long regarded as almost ex- clusively the iirii'Iiu'tion of Kngland, and os one of the mont prooious of her fossil trea- eures. Tho exportation of that and pipe- clay was, therefore, prohiliited, along with And after remarking (in a note) that it wai" that of wool and other materials used in tho found in no other country, cites the opin' a woolen manufnoturus, as early, at least, as of Dr. Woodward, that it was of more value 1630, and by several later statutes. Dods- to England than the mines of Peru would ley, in his "Agriculture," written many be. It is mentioned among the native pro- years after the date in the text, claims that ductions of Maryland and Virginia, in this 1669. ggQ COLONIAL CLOTII-MANtrACTIJ.VE. Und people in nroaueing naval stores, to tarn them iVom mann ictures. It ^itlT^ltlix thouLd barrels of tar. ,ite.. a..d -r;;-;^--- home that year by one fleet. But that nine years before the great scaiuty a d IrneL of woolen goods, which sold at two ^-^-d ijer cent ad- vance, had forced them to " set up a very --^"^^ ! "L°;;/; ^2; Z I. ,c*Z 1 ..owed policy or the government, and three ,ea. 1« , *e Bill ,>rohil,iti„B tl,e ereellon of forje, .„d '^°» ^'^ "° 'T^tTw and deeWed tl»t the creeling of Manataetortes m Ih. Co.ome. tend, to %rrertsre;rr'.rr^^^^^^ -' "trii^rof^rririr^^^^^^^^^ Kitidsof coarser KMm« « rr,ttnn was regular y imported L;:: anrri^^t^o :^^ U... emended, and was made into fus- ''-n:^:r^^:X^ -purposes .r Which cotton is vod and hence the attention given to the cultivation of the flax now emploj d and henc th k ^.^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^fX""ar "texlre TLkersey..linsey-woole^ of . .„ te ^!^^l''ll'll , ^,„,i3i„,d with flax or tow, and formed gets, consisted of wool various y ^^^.^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ the outer '^^^^/j^Zl linen of diire'rent degrees of fineness from rrarses! ow loth the finest Osnaburg or Holland, constituted the . 2 V arbg apparel outward and inward at other times. The inner prmcn^alweanng appare ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ SfsuTp i fl' ttfseTvilble products Jf the household industry^ A til mplments of manufacture were then comparatively rude, and ^ ny m Zn p oeesses of manufact-VtC and finish were as yet unknown r a^r 1 made, whether woolen or linen, were more r^™-'-" Zn for c'eeance. The material was mostly grown upon the farms rf^Lpltade breaking and heckling being done by the men Jhi^^ the car ing. spinning, weaving, bleaching, and dyeing, were per- Irmed bv the wiv « and daughters of the planter, the beauty and abund- ire of the stores of househofd lineu were an object of laudable pnde and emulation with all thrifty families. THE DRESS OF AMERICANS IN LAST CENTURY. 831 inn ictures. It entine were sent le great scarcity ed per cent ad- lanufactory, still Buttons, &c.,by Based fifty thou- irable to British liii arise, and the 1 English goodtf. his time, became :hree years later, i was introduced, olouies " tends to >rica, were chiefly ily the stout and or hempen thread ■egularly imported sionally also from was made into fus- 6r which cotton is tivation of the flax J for the most part 5, serges, and drug- )r tow, and formed during the colder ics of fineness from md, constituted the r times. The inner classes were almost household industry. )aratively rude, and jre as yet unknown, lore remarkable for rown upon the farms ig done by the men, id dyeing, were per- le beauty and abund- )f laudable pride and The dress of apprentices and laborers, early in the last century, almost invariably comprised shirts of this home manufactured " Ozenbrig,"iuadu of hemp or flax, and varying in price from one to one sliilling and sixpence per yard, and vests and breeches of the same, or of coarse tow-cloth. Coats, or doublets, and breeches of leather, or enduring buckskin, and coats also of kersey, drugget, duroy, frieze, etc. ; felt hats, coarse leather shoes, with brass buckles, and often wooden heels ; and coarse yarn or worsted stockings, were the common outer habiliments of that cla.ss, and were principally of home manufacture. The distinctions of rank were pretty clearly defined, and the dress of the middle and wealthier classes corresponded to the tastes and abilities of each. With the former, domestic fabrics were much worn, particularly the finer kinds of Osnaburgs and Hollands, and Cloths of mixed or unmixed wool, such as tlicy possessed the means of making, or of purchasing. They also made considerable nse of imported broadcloths, which, however, were often worn white or undyed. With the rich, imported goods were used almost exclusively, and consisted of the woolen manufactures of England, and the linens of Ireland, Scotland, and the continent. Even silks and velvets, then much in vogue in England for male as well as female attire, formed a considerable part of their clothing, where it was per- mitted, and the price of a good farm was sometimes given for a fash- ionable outfit. India cottons were first brought to England in 1630, and in 1690 the art of printing them was introduced there, after which they found their way to America. Cottons, or calicoes, were for a time rendered very cheap in this country by an Act of Parliament, passed in 1121, at the instance of the woolen manufacturers, prohibiting the wearing of printed or dyed Cotton goods, except blue calicoes, muslins, or fustians. The English fabrics of cotton and linen, since cal!ed " Unions ;" and still larger quantities of woolens, helped to swell the enormous amount of British manufactures regularly imported. About the year 1719, a considerable improvement was made in the linen manufacture in this country, by a number of Protestant people from the Xorth of Leland, who introduced a better knowledge of the Scotch Irish " introduce cultivation and manufacture of flax and the linen or foot wheel the liineii WHuufac- for spinning flax. To those people, called Scotch Irish, from having originally emigrated from Scotland to Ireland, with the art, to escape persecution which once more drove them to America, we are said to be indebted also for the common Irish potato, the most val- uable esculent of their native or adopted country. The principal body of these immigrants, who were from Londonderry, in Ireland, settled to thb number of sixteen families in New Hampshire, at a place which they i gga COLONIAL C1.0TI1-MANVFACTVRE. > ..„ il.pv soon after comniencca the raising of called by the same name. ^ ^ f ^J ^ ;1, ,u.ers to follow their ex- flax and the mannfacture of I nu.. ^^'^J^^ ^,„ ,^,,,ay thousand, ample. Their descendants. -^^^^^Z^^,^,^,., Mass.-husetts. ;;:r::r;.r^l-c:-:d:..e.theindnstrionsh^^^^^^^ settled, and engaged in the .men indni^ivy, and soon been brought up. they made -P'^P-^^^^ ,f ,,,;, Unen proenri-^., a acquired wealth and nnpo..^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ of the art, and the larg. demand for " ^f,lh\,V eame provided, gave an impulse o the impr >ved implements ^^ .th ^ ^ ^ "^^ ^ i^^.,,„, ,„ appendage to almost business, and the fluK wheel tl'C" o^va^^ ^^.,,^^, ,„, ^r many every farm-house and eottage m ^^^.^^ ^,, ,,, ,,,^, ,,,.,, the other purposes, and espeemlly for flax, much ui ^^^^^^ ^.^^^^^ ^^^^^ L. of the old one-U>read spnn n^ wl ^^^^^^^ ^y ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^,^,^^. before the settlement o ^^^^ ^ ,^^ „,,terial improvement in sp.n- sede the ancient sp.ndle and J'| ;; ^ ^,, , , C7, introduced „i„,„pparatuswasmadeunt n^^^^- r5y:;:"S.ar:ledoLnanti,ne.rmof "*" J^ _ . ., i,:.ii,„.r,in,llc iisthoy walk; (1) Twenty fumilies from tins -took, .l.ro> gU the exertions of Mr. Alox.uKler il^utt, settle, in 1761. at Lon.onaerry. Nova Scotia, where tl>ey reemved a jrn of on. million acres of lana.mueU of UM>U ocupied by their po.t.ri.y. who are a.u<.« the moH lnda.trious and wealthy .u that (2) We have been surprised to meet with „o bin, more than a rh.-lorio«l allusion to ho ^,e of the ai.taff and .p->"'ll« »'»""« '"'*^^" "tiers in An,eri<-a. Tho.e prim ..ve and X.lie instrnments were far fr.„nbe.n« out ofu,einthata,,y.andwere,mterocen,ly If they are m.t -till, to be fuund in parts of Pp»ni.h Peninsula. For the snmo reason that Theocritus, two thousand years bro Inouncodthedlstalf" friend to warp and ^oof." the anthnr of "The Fleece," publ.hed Tn the same year, that tb. .Jenny eamont,, ioand l:ay f-er the New En.Und ..ttloment. .penU. of it. -;«'-;";;;; Norwich, KHd the county of Suflolk. t.ng- La, whence many of the roh,n,s.. came: And m.iny •H" "Jl"-'" To th- ancient di.Uff, .t th. bo.om fixc4, Casting the wbirli.« spindle as tbcyw.alk, Mhonu.,orinthesbcepfuld.rth..mart, Alike the work proceeds. This nu (hod et.U N„rvic«m favors and the Iconian towns. It yields their airy slufl's an aptcr thread. But if the New England matrons did not ,„y„,„ir bands to the spinaie, or hold the rtiLo. it was not that they aid no, look well .„U.e ways of the household, for the pater- „.l regard of their rulers n>ade that hu. .,..,e,aswebaveseen. There can bo Utt. doubt thai those imp'.ments were considered „.o slow for their >.se, and tho spinnins- wheel was used w^th better etlect. Ihe flax spinuin, whee'. was such a ga.n ,n ,.,„,! over the primitive mode as to be re- presented in Anglo Saxon and lr>.htradl. i„„.„,asupcrnatur,.lgif.. nrlayo-of Dublin, in his liana nook of .1.0 ^>1U. Cotton. „„1 Wo. Icn Manufactures, hn. given an in- ...resting version of the Irish Ic^'cnd as bo t„>,kitrromth»r,psofanlrishpca.an.wo. ,„an, ana which ho printea, as he says, for the first time. ESTABLI8UMENT OP SPINNING SCU00L8. 333 i the raising of follow their ex- weiity thousand, , MassiU'husetts, itrious hiibits of the Scotch Irish lost of them had dustry, and soon linen procnri'^,; a the art, and tlie snnimiiiilsetothft icndago to almost heel was for many ifjr wheel, the other ibout ninety years Jermany, to super- [irovement in spin- ir nCIiiiitrodnecd e in America, were ■ the common haud- fpimllc as they walk ; ccpfulJ :, (of loom ; and after its invention, about the year 1670, probably of tho Dutch or weaver's loom in its present form ; hand-cards and combs for preparing Implements tlic material, and a primitive form of the shuttle. Stock cards, early times, the drop Dox, and flying-shuttle, and the whole series of later improvements in carding, spinning, and weaving, were not then in- vented ' Nearly all the processes of manufacture were manual opera- tions, and the appliances few and imperfect. Even the dressing of woolen Cloth, with a tolerably good supply of fulling-mills, was imperfectly, and laboriou.-ly performed. Gig-mills for raising the nap, so saving of labor as to have been twice jealously prohibited in the reign of Edward the Sixth, were scarcely used here at the elo.-=e of the last century ; and the operation was accomplished by the use of hand-cards. Much of the woolen Cloth was worn without shearing, pressing, or other finish. The example of the Scotch Irish led to a public efl'ort in Boston, where some of them settled to establish a linen manufactory. A public meeting was called, nt which Judge Sewall presided, anti a committee of seven w^s appointed to report on the propriety of estal)lishing " a spinning school or schools, for the instruction of the children of the town." It resulted in the erection on the east side of Long Acre, now Tremont street, near the j)resent Hamilton place, of a large handsome brick building, bearing on its front wall the figure of a woman liolding a distaff, as em- blematic of its future u-'e. The general enthusiasm which sometimes takes possession of the public mind when a new hope dawns upon it, appears to have pervaded the town on this occasion. At its ojjening, an immen.«e concourse assembled, and the women of Boston, rich and poor, appeared on the common, with their spinning-wheels, which were tho hobby for the time, and vied with each other in the use of the instrument. Subscrip- tions were raised for the support of the project, and an Act of the Assem- bly, was obtained in 1T37, laying a tax on carriages, and other luxuries for the maintenance of the institution. I*, was s|iiritedly conducted for a few years, but was soon abandoned, and the building which stood until after the Revolution, was afterward used as a niannfactory for worsted hose, metal buttons, etc.* The Hon. Daniel Oliver, u principal merchant of Boston, also erected about tho same time, at an cvpense of XfiOO, a " Spinning School," for the employment of the ])oor, wlijch he becpieathed at his death, in 1731, for the education of the children of that class. This (1) Ohartos T.awrcnce " lately come from 178ft, by a Scolrhinan, Joseph Alexander. Carollnii," notified the pnlilio of I'lilladel- Ahcoit tho year 17t»;l, the niannfactura phin in May, 1721, tlmt he made at hia place of thefa was romnieiicoil at KonsinK- in Chentniit street, very good tiri/i, Icmhtn, ton, (I'lilladilphia,) but did not meet with and iihutlln, for weaveui, The fly-sliutile aopport. niid llie niniiufueturer rernoved tat appoars to have heun (Irst inlrodiieed in thi« Nova Poolia. ciiuntTjr at I'rovidenoo, Rhode Iiland, in (2) Drulte's Anll(|uitieit of Duiton. 334 COLONIAL CLOTH-MANUFACTURE. V 1. on nt tlmt timo a favorite mode of providing for the appears to tave ^^ ^^^^,,, ,„,ae its first public provi.i.u -for ,,oor. Ill n34, tie ck, ^^^^ .^,,g vagabonds, ^^^^^'T'^^'^'^'ZIZ^ZZ^U comunt great depreda- and sturdy beggars, and otheis wno ii 4 J „ ^.^j. imnce was passed for the erection oi a i „-^n,o„8 where the courts and two stories high, which was bu. - ^^ -— ^^^ ,,,,,er and are now held, and was furnished w.th four sp nn g ^^ ^^ tools for shoemakers, knitting-needles, Bax, etc., tor l J .„,.g.d, if .uiUbly "T""/;'' Vnd h«n"b, the ar.t .hip for «ork- men and Utensils, w men wuui i „ f,„.„ pnnh Acommtteewas „„d »o,d«B., .or,l„ »'"™""'-77 • :^l*ir„c to B«..on i» her "- A'^e ie». ,,f;,^:x "f oitt ;: rA«.«., n.. „™.u.d commerce, and the As>cmbl3 oi ua ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^_ William Borden, a ^'''"''^y "^ *^^ \ '^^^j f/:, a equal in quality to '''Tu 'n ";";,: kUeTo" 'l t : r^^sive ^.njoyme^t of the pood Holland duck. He ^^•»'' ^« " .„ o,^^,,er extended to bounty for five y^^^^'^^'^ ^;'^t'^^ received on petition, a the term ot ten y""«- j" ''^^ J .^ grant for three years, of £500 from tne gtn ;„ 1,23, and Lch to spare." Ho was aga. an ;;PH-' ^^ « "^ \^^^^, ;, ,, the General Court, ordered £3000 m bills 01 trtu , LINEN MANffACTUllE ENCOLRAGED IN NEW ENGLAND. 335 ividiiig for the provirtiim "for die vagabonds, great depreda- sh." An ordi- by twenly-fonr, ?hfcre the courts els, leather and employment of duck and linen, ary, 1726, John )dy representing well adapted to or Ireland. He I at work within St ship for work- )0 for each loom, A committee was 16, recommending I treasury for each hirty inches wide, or, being wrought le growth of New pounds, each bolt, ,nd elsewhere, and rity as your Court sand when he has the survey." Tlie time, rendered the : and hemp for duck ved from several of xt to Boston iu her gust, 1722, granted bolt of duck manu- equal in quality to e enjoyment of the )ctuber extended to eived on petition, » nry, " if there be so istancc in 1723, and to be struck off at bis expense, and loaned to him without interest, on his giving sufficient security to repay it at the expiration of ten y^-ars. He was required to manufacture every year one hundred and fifty bolts of good merchantable duck. Still unable to carry on the business, without further aid, the legislature, determined if possible to sustain it, confirmed the grant iu 1731, and relieved the petitioner from the obligation to produce the stipu- lated quantity, while it continued the bounty upon such quantities as he might make. Bounties, which in 1728, had been paid to several persons for hemp raised according to a previous Act, were this year renewed for hemp and flax; and again, by a special Act, in 1735, premiums were allowed for flax raised in the Province. Legislative patronage, whether judiciously bestowed, or really beneficial to the industry, appears not to have been wanting to the linen branch in Xew England. The Assembly of Connecticut was also appealed to in 1724, by Richard Rogers of New London, who asked for the exclusive right of making canvas for shipping, of which he produced excellent samples. A patent was given him the following year, and in 1735, he applied for like privi- leges for making " fine linen Cloth," and a bill authorizing a bounty upon every yard of fine linen made in the Province was introduced, but the measure did not pass. In view of the general want of such an article, John Bulkly, of Colchester, Connecticut, proposed to import a flax- dressing machine from Scotland. In consequence of the interest which had for several years been taken in the siibject, Daniel Henchman, a prin- cipal bookseller of Boston, about the year 1735, reprinted a work pub- lished in Dui)lin, iu 1724, entitled "Instructions for the Culti 'ating and Raising of Flax and Hemp, in a better manner than generally practised in Ireland, bj Lionel Slutor, Flax and Hemp Dresser." So general was the cultivation of these articles, that two years after they were ordced to be token at the public treasury in payment of taxes, hemp at id., an 1 flax at C'f. per pound. The excise on carriages, was in 1753, renewed in MasMichusetts, for the support of spinning schools, and each town was allowed to send at least one person to be instructed in the art free of expense. In 1762, pnl)lic notice was given that the spinning school in the " Manufacturing House," was again opened, where any who flit disposed might learu to spin, gratis, and after the first three months, be paid for their spinning. A premium of £18, (old tenor), was at the Bame time offered !o the four best spinners. The (!ultivation of hemp and flax was much attended to in Pennsylva- nia, where they wrre wrought up by the German and Irish population, and a duty was very early laid on their importation. Flnx-seed was always a considerable article of export from the Province to Ireland and Scot- land. In 1729, as stated by a Comraittooof the Assembly on the Sluto ^g COLONIAL CLOTH-MANUFACTfRE. ., Traae and t.e T^e. ^--^.rrt^^^.^.'-^iw J hundred and fifty-five bogsheads of seven b ^^^^ .^ ^^^^ per cask, were exported. J^« ^7:,V3TJ , ^,263. In the foUow- Lounted to 6,361 hogsheads. ^«^^' ' «^/.\ ^^ j , ^^ 2, Dr. Franklin, one i„g year. 9.895 hogsheads were «;;P;;f ;;'^'; , ], Commons, that ten oAhe above comnnttee stated ^;J> ^^^^if;'; ,„ exported from Thila- thousand hogsheads of fiax-seed had that )ear. J^^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^ .^ deiphia, maku.g 10.000 bushels, nd ^^-^^^ ^^^ ,,„ibcd to the was manufactured into -^^^.^r committee, in 1752. attributed also paper-money issues, to wh.ch a imU co ^^,^^f^,,„res which had the great increase in the ^P^^^^ ';;;;\;, ,f ,,edit in 1723. when they -^-^'r1r5 99V"l^n ti:^-- ,S,404. Thirty thousand amounted to ^15,99 ■ I" ^^^J .„ ^-^bin twenty years. Yet. laborers were estunaled to have c ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ . owing to the facilifes for F- "^^ ^ ;^^^ °f ...^^h Franklin was also ':^^::::^^^ S - arti^ers or interfere with the Trade ,„d Manufactures of o.Kmotl.rc^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^_^^^ ^^^^ The Assembly m 1730, Pa«««^ » ,„„, manufacturing „ent for raising hemp, and unpo.mg P-^^ >- ^.^ ,,„ ,,„„,y ,Uowed unmerchantable hemp '"^o corda e ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ hy Parliament on hemp, three '^^ ^'P ^^ ^ ^ ,,,, ^ime to make nine- General Court. The farmers wer "VF^ed a ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ tenths of their own --; "^^^ ^^1 / ^ atin'hexameters. writteu their farms. A ^^-"-'P •"";; Jjl'Te farmer to be in the happy ^r:^f::r:ar:;j;::m the products Of i.is own fieid^ E«uria« dulo«s epulas Aeprotnit inempta., Etpropriovesti9vellerete:cta placet. Wool and The Irish m.de =on«i,!e,-...l. q'-'M- 'f «"";" '"'" 1„ ,l,e1.«t „...n.»l l"- ■■"-■'. '"'''"'i; "'„„„, „,„l council of An,,.- ,„co»r.B. ll>« n,.nar»*,rc of Im.". ' ' j,,. |.,„o,t ,1) Vot«. of th. Ammbly. v.l. Iv. p. 274. r ruly, 1154, two 1 worth £1 138. , and, in 1150, In the fo'.low- ir. Franklin, one nmons, that ten rted from Thila- lat grew with it I ascribed to the 2, attributed also ctures which had 1123, when they Thirty thousand ity years. Yet, Ls dear as before ; franivlin was also e with the Trade ig the encourage- )ns manufacturing ,he bounty allowed as granted by the time to make nine- flax, ond wool of lexaraeters, writteu be in the happy his own fields : or sale. Wool and [iken up in 1731, to lid council of Anna- ould bring the finest laryland, to the next le third best pieces ; were offered in Bulti- (come general. Flax 274. PARLIAMENTAUY HOUNTIES ON HEMP. 33T and hemp were grown in tlie I)ack settlements of Maryland, and the pro- vitiees south of it in considonible quantities; upward of sixty wagon loads of (lax-socd came into J5altimore from the country parts for ship- ment ill October, 1731. T!io first exportation of hemp from the Ame- rican Colonies was made in the jtrevious year, and consisted of fifty hundred-weifflit raised in Xew Enj^Iand and Carolina, and three hundrcd- weiglit from Virginia. Tlie.se siiipincnts, though small, along with three hundred-weight of raw siilc, some iron, copper ore, and beeswax, from Virginia, some iron from St. Christofiher, and seventy-two bags of wool also from the West Indies, are represented by Anderson, as entirely new, and mostly unexpected products. The Act ofParliament granting a bounty on hemp, whicli expired in 1741, may, in part, have caused an increased attention to its cultivation, although, probably no great amount was ever exported, tlie domestic consumption being equal to and even beyond the supply. The Act, passed for the benefit of the merchants and manufacturers of England, who dictated much of the commercial policy of the government, had the three-fold object of securing a cheap and permanent sujiply of raw material, independent of foreign powers, of furnishing the Colonies with linen and other fabrics in exchange, and above all, of diverting them from attempts to manu- facture for themselves. The linen manufacturers of the kingdom, ob- tained a bounty for the exportation of British sail Cloth. This by a later statute, was required to be stamped, as was all foreign sail Cloth, which, like other linens, was subject to a heavy duty, and this duty ren- dered it considerably dearer to the American consumer, than if it had been imported directly from Holland or Russia. In 1740, it was enacted, that no sails should be made or repaired in Great Britain, or the planfa- tioiis, with foreign sail Cloth, unstamped under penalty of X5t), and every vessel built in either country, was required under a like penalty, to have her first suit of sails made new and complete of British uninufaetured sail Cloth, The several measures thus adopted for engrossinfr the Colonial mar- ketfl, hy a monofioly of the export u>id import trade, by prohiiiiiions of manufactures, by bounties on raw materials and upon the exportation of English manufactures, jrave a vast impulse to the productive industry of the mother country. The result demonstrated the value of the i>hinta- tion trade, and of the policy pursued, and led to renewed recomnienda- tions of the same system, and increased monifcstntions of jealousy and vipihinee in regard to (:;olonial attempts at manufiiclure. In 1728, Sir William Keith, previously governor of Pennsylvania, hail presented to the king a srheme of government for the Colonies, whieh was referred to the Lords Commissionorfi of Trade. After recommending 338 COLONIAL CLOTH-MANf FACTURE. ,l,eu took ol and consumed «''°' °" ' ™ ^^.j ,„|„e of the lloen, and ,„,e, of Gr,at Brifi.. ..h' "7' ;:",*„ Ime exported to to,.igo cdieoe, of the Kingdom, -""'-'X" wihd.il, increased, consnmed eountric. The '"-'f "'J .^tSashery, furniture, and trinket, of great quantities of Engli^U siius, "" •' ^ ^ ^t revenue ^U sorts, and a considevable va ue «J ^a^^ "^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,,, ^o, which en- resulted from the produce of the Col»"'« ■ ^J^ J j,,,,,^ . and ..led England nearly to ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^-- their shipping and seamen and West im encourage- ,er trade wiUi SP-"- I'^f "«'^\'^; V'nd in Tui with timber, naval uient. the Colonies could supply K"g J^^^J" ^,,^ fits of the stores, hemp. Hax. copper ore. pig and ^; ^ '^f J ,,,auo'us cash and trade returned in bullion to E"^'^;' f ' "^ j j,l t.eir present em- riches acquired in ^-"7,;;;;: -^ ^^ '^ of England, ployments sufficed, without '"^«f ""/;'; ,^„i,, f.^ which the trade I Recommends that f^^;;:,^;t:?;nlnt demand, be enu.neratea and manufactures of l?r. ain ^^' %^ ' . .^^^.^^rted to her markets be- among the articles which by law .m^^-^^ ,^„„, ,„ the fore going to ^ «f ^•, ""%7:^,\7^^^^^^ Colonies and rarely elsewher , f- ^^ ^^ ^,^ Colonies be brought that all the linen and woolen «^-»'^' *^^^^^^^^ recommends that a revenne ri!ir':fr^^V'Sr::;:^arr-' ,„ent to all the American ,,lantat.ons enlightened views of Thi, ,c,f„h polic, >^;^l^^^::^2Z ;! con,„..ih.e with th. those times, was probably honestly .csa ' , , ,„„„„ed, in sevc- best inleres., of the two coontnc, ' »"» ^ ,?„„ t f„„,o of „1 particular,, l.y the ministry at a '»' ;»"7,^;„„4, „, ,Ucir in- the American rroviuccs was criv P"c "^ ™1'„„ adverse innucnec creasing prosperity were -"7;/.,;'^^; t th parent state. Th, di- „,sht alienate the.r fr'"';;;'^! channel, wa, U- ">«'="•«■ vergenee of the.r trade from It, V"""' , , „.„„ded 1 ,„Jucd of h, the -"'•»"» ""''.^tw". 2. J-lons of foreign con,. J I and followed, its oat the ad- t the Colonies ooien nianufac- ' the linens and 3rled to foreign ased, consumed and trinkets of 1 great revenue jacco, which en- ith France ; and I her to balance little encourage- h timber, naval he profits of the •fluous cash and licir present em- tures of England, r which the trade , be eiiwnerated ) her markets be- ies found in the ■mand in Europe ; lonies be brought ds that a revenue ii they would never ted that the duties by Act of Parlia- dightcned views of lompatible with the y followed, in sevc- LMie great future of sources of their in- adverse influence ■ent state. The di- was the more com- nlivo and extended; lous of foreign com- vith their goods by the House of Com- ade, au inquiry " with ttEPOUT OF THE BOARD OP TRADE ON AMKRICAN MANUFACTURES. 339 respect to laws made, manvfactures set up, or trade carried on, detri- mental to the trade, naoii/alion, or manufactures of Great lirltain " The report made by the J5oaul, in Feb, 1731-2, in pursuance of this order, furnishes the fullest particulars accessible respectlr the manufacture of' Cloth in the Colonies at that time, and their opinion as to the proper taode of legislating upon the subject. "In New England, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Penn.sylvania, and in the County of Somerset, in Maryland, they have fallen into the manu- facture of woolen cloth and linen cloth for the use of their own families only • for the product of these Colonies being chiefly cattle and grain the estates of the inhabitants depended wholly on farming, which could not be managed without a certain quantity of sheep ; and their wool would be entirely lost were not their servants employed during the winter in manufacturing it for the us« of their families. " Flax and hemp being likewise easily raised, the inhabitants manufactured them into a coarse sort of cloth, bags, traces, and halters for their horses, which they found did more service than those they had from any part of Europe. "However, the high price of labor in America rendered it impracticable for people there to manufacture their linen cloth at less than twenty per cent, dearer than that which is exported from home for sale. It were to be wished that some expedient might be fallen upou to direct their thoughts from un- dertakings of this nature ; so much the rather because these manufactures, iu process of time, may be carried ou in greater degree, unless au early stop' be put to their progress by employing them in naval stores. Wherefore, we take leave to renew our repeated proposals, that reasonable encouragement be given to the same. Moreover, we find that certain trades carried on and manufactures set up there are detrimental to the trade, navigation, and manu- facture of Great Britain. For the state of these plantations varying almost every year, more or less so in their trade and manufactures, as well as in other particulars, we thought it necessary for His Majesty's service, and for the discharge of our trust, from time to time to send general queries to the several governors in America, that we might be the more exactly informed of the condition of the plantations ; among which were several that related to their trade and manufactures, to which we received the following returns viz. : "The Oovernorof New Hampshire, in his answer, said that there were no settled manufactures in that Province, and that their trade principally con- sisted iu lumber and fish. " The Governor of Massachusetts Bay informed us that in some parts of this Province the inhabitants worked up their wool and flax into an ordinary coarse cloth for their own use, but did not export any. That the greatest part of the woolen and linen clothing worn in this I'rovince was imported from Great Britain, and sometimes from Ireland ; but considering the exces sive price of labor in New England, the merchant could aflord what was im- ported cheaper than what was made in the country. There wuiu also a few COLONIAL CtOTU-MANtlFACXrRK. ..5 that the greater part of the leather Mt makers in the maritime towns, an ^^^^^^^^/^.^i.e^, etc. ^dTn that country wa. manufactur. - ; ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ , ^".They had no manufactures n- t Irov' ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^.^_ ^.^^^ „, H^ention^ng; their fade «-- «*'^'^//;"^?:; jeLy that do.ervo mention, ng-, Td provisions. No manafactures m ^ w ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^,^,.^ ,„, rennsyl- t,'oir trade being chiefly i^"" ! nil lav n their exportation of prov.s.o,^ vania. The chief trade of renn^y^--^" * \^^^^^,_ ^^^^.^ .i^^hins and u.en- 1:1 umher; no manufactures ^^^Zttl <^^^^' Britain. By further a - sLfor their houses being all >'"^";^,^„,,f,,ture appears to have decreased Z. from New Hampshire, ^ - -^ ^^^^^ ,,,,. ,eing now aPPropruUe , the common lands, on wh.c ^^e «i^«l f,,^,^ Great Britain. The and the people almost wholly clothed ^J^" jv ^^^^ increased by 1 cLe'of flax into linens, some coa^^^-^^^^ ^^,,^, in that bu.- :;« great resort of people fK>m -;;;;;- ],,,, i. ^ew England the A. ness. By late accounts f.om Ma s f,„ every piece of duck embly Lo voted a bounty of ^^-^^^ ^^^^^'^ nianufactures are carried on canvass made in the Province, ^-ne f ^^^.^^ i,,,,„« tho importation ot he, as brown hoUand for -«--' J^Yi'^^ nods. They also make some calicoes, and some other sorts "^ /^^ '7;=; ^,„Hon, for ordinary sh.rfng. smaU quantities of cloth, made ot ^-^^^^^ ,„ ,,.« value of X'iOO ster- liTa paper mill set up three years .0^7 m ^^^ ._^^^^ liL yearly. There are also several ^"^'f ' ju and a manufacture urnace for cast iron or hollow -^re, -^ o" sl.U g ^^ ,„,nufaoture, that the fo nailB. The Governor writes, <';"''«'•" "« '"J;, clothing out of their own coun y people, who used ^^ -''^'^^^^-^t 1 X -ar, but are mostly clothed land of which the company of hatters in Portugal, and our West «:::; quantities of these hats are expor^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ,. India Islands. They also '^^\\^'\J°lll^,,,,^,,,,i in New England, everal still-houses and sugar baker.es etablu ^,^^,^^.,„,,, there that "„y the last advices from New York ^^^'^J^^ j,„, New York a very can affect Great Britain, ^here- . yeai^y -P^'^ ^ ,„, their cloth- large quantity of the woolen "^annfactur^B ^^^ ^_^^^ ^^^,^ ,^ ,,,,,,a n. which they would be rendered '""^P^" 'ifj^ ^„o prohibited from re- ing, wn.t J f themselves, if tlity ^m 1 ,„.,iasses, cocoa, t of the lealTier X. 3rk thot deserve e, oil, pitch, tar, Tvo mentioning ; ork and Tennsyl- tion of provisions ilothing and uten- 1. By further ad- to have decreased ; now appropriated, reat Britain. The daily increased by tilled in that bu?i- r England, the As- r piece of duck or reu are carried on tho importation of ey also make some • ordinary shirting, value of £-200 ster- bar iron, and some 1 and a manufacture uanufacture, that the iug out of their own it^are mostly clothed His Majesty's wooda 1 nineteen forges for built for the French id silks, which they re made in New Eng- complained to us that .vtugal, and our West shipping. There are U'W England, (inufactures there that .nto New York a very iigdom, for their cloth- r and would be reduced ro v'oli'lj'^''*^ f'om re- rum, molasses, cocoa, „ return for provisions, of New Jersey, of which halt. But tl'" company vts are manufactured in ,n9ylvania, he does not ndered injurious to this miinufaclures ; all that KEPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRADE, 1T31-2. 341 they make, which are of a coarse sort, being for their own use. We are further informed that in this Province they built many britrantines and small sloops, which they sell io tlie West Indies. '•The Governor of Rhode Island informs us, in answer to our queries that there are iron mines there, but not a fourth part onou.-h to serve their own use ; but he takes no notice of any manufactures there. No returns from tlie Uovernor of Connecticut. But we find by some accounts that the produce of this Colony is timber, boards, all sorts of English c-rain, li..mp, flax, sheep black cattle, swine, horses, goats, and tobacco. Tliat they export horses and lumber to the West Indies, and receive in return sugar, salt, molasses, and rum. We likewise And that their manufactures are very inconsiderable • the people being generally employed in tillage, some few in tanning shoe^ making, and other handicrafts; others in building, and in joiners' tailors' and smiths' work, without which they could not subsist. No report is made from Carolina, the Bahama or the Bermuda Isles. "From the foregoing state, it is observable that there are more trades car- ried on and manufactures set up in the Provinces on the continent of America to the northward of Virginia, prejudicial to the trade and manufactures of Great Britain, particularly in New England, than in any other of the British Colonies; which is not to be wondered at, for their soil, climate, and produce being pretty nearly the same with ours, they have no staple commodities of their own growth to exchange for our manufactures, which puts them under greater necessity, as well as under greater temptations, for providing them- selves at home; to which may be added, 'in the charter governments the little dependence they have upon the motlier country, and consequently the small restraints they are under in any matters detrimental to her interests. And therefore we humbly beg leave to repeat and submit to tlie wisdom of this honorable House the substance of what we formerly proposed in our report on the silk, linen, and woolen manufactures hereinbefore recited namely-whether it might not be expedient to give these Colonies proper encouragement for turning their industry to such manufactures and products as might be of service to Great Britain, and more particularly to the produc- tion of naval stores.'" The information conveyed in tills report proliably falls consiJerably short of a correct statement of the extent to wliich doraeslic manufactures were carried on in the Colonies. The use likely to bo made of facts elicited under those circumstances, was well Icnown to the people in the Colonies, and was not calculated to favor a full disclosure of the triirh, and the concealment was complained of in England. Indeed, Col.' Themanu- Jeremiah Dunbar, Surveyor-General of His Majesty's woods, H«u7n°the '" communicating the facts above stated respecting the ex- coionie.. portation of hats, informed the Board of Trade that " it was with the greatest difficulty they (the officers of Government) were able to procure true information of the trade and manufactures of New (1) Macphcrson's Annals of Commorco, vol. iii. 1 COLONIAL CLOTH-MANUFACTX^Bi:. 342 . 1 Iv of the Massachusetts r>ay l^a.l the boldness England; that the Assembly «f ^^'^ ^^ ^, ,^,, B,r of the House o to summon him for ^-"^J^^^^ ranufactures of the l>rovince." Commons with respect t^/^^^^.^f "" „, Belcher respcc-ing the manu- Much of the information furn^^u by ^- ^^,^^^^^^^_ ,^j .^en ..bstan- facturesof i^-' ^^'^^^•^'' ^'nll 9 since which, as ascertained by Col. probably exceeded the official Btate-e,, s ^^^,^^,,, ,„ ^ The company of F«>\'-^"% " "^ro h ts from the American Colo- Feb., n3l,toprolnbittheexpor of^^^^^^^ ^,^^^^,,^, ,„,pHed nies/representing that foreign r-f^^'^^ Britain. The petition was from thence, and not a few .^"t^ ^^^^^^^^ ,,^,^ •„ ^,, York and referred to a special committee, ^»« J^J ^ ^^ ^^e number, it was es- New England, beaver hats were manu^. u^e ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^^^ timated. of ten thousand year y In 13 ^ ^^^.^^^^ ,^^^y ,,„,, , ,eek^ one of whom was ^f^f^^VX^ plantations, the West Indies, and The exports were to the ^ " J J" j^„,,^ ,,d that furnished by t e Irelan In consequence of this evme . ^^^^^^ „_ Board of Trade in the same «-- - - ^; ^^^.J, ,, „„,,nshed, shall c. 22) that "no hats or ^^^^f '/^>^j^;;,^7, uhin any of the British plan- ,e put on board any vessel m a y P - J_^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ,, tations; nor be laden "?«" ^J ^r P?a«/a^io«, or to any other place be exported from ^^^^-^^ ^ "/o of an Ahe offender shall likewise pay whatever, upon f^t'tnc Fv-y P -n knowing thereof, and wil- £500 for every such «ff^" «• J^'/^J ^ ^very officer of customs signing li„glyaidingtherein.Bhallforf^t £40 1. . ^^ ^^^^^^.^^ ^, ,,,, any entry, outward, or ^^""'"'^f' ! . f^^o ''' By the same statute, no arficles. shall for every ^f " ^J^f ^d served an apprenticeship person was allowed to make ats les^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^,^^^, of seven years (a. m ^^ff'^ ^,, permitted to work at the busi- prentices at one time; aiid no "^^J^ ?\P.^ ^^^ ^,^ continued in force Lss of making bats. Tins --":" i mod at the prostration of on. i„ the Colonies until the ^« «\"^ ^^■^,;, „j,„,e and cheapness of beaver of the oldest and. on ^/--^^j/^" tl^e branches of industry. The and other furs, one o^ /- ^^^^ J ^^ ,een encouraged by bountu. in manufacture of fur and wool ^^^tsjiad ^^ j^^^,^,.^ .„ Virginia as early as ^^e^. and ten y-^^^^^^^^ them Massachusetts asked for pecuhar pn leg , ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ,,„,, ..when they should '"°;^; »\f '^'^,,^;„,^,^^^ of Pennsylvaina also peti- ^•"^^'^^rr^al^ ur" o^ S: Ihe exportation of beaver and tioued the General Court I (,) Pope's U«. 01 the Oastoms and E.xc«e. HATS — VIBOIMA CLOTH. 343 iiail the boldness )f the House of ' the Vroviiice." ceding the inanu- iJ been substan- ertained by Col. Other branches d Tarliament, in c Ameiican Colo- togelher supplied The petition was n New York and nnmber, it was es- Ejre sixteen hatters, forty hats a week. West Indies, and t furnished by the ssed (5 George H- or nnfuiished, shall of the British plan- ige to the intent to r to any other place . shall likewise pay ng thereof, and wil- r of customs signing )r exporting of said the same statute, no ed an apprenticeship e more than two ap- l to work at the busi- aw continued in fores the prostration oi ona d cheapness of beaver les of industry. The uraged by bounties in company of halters in ■h were promised them them as cheap as those ^ennsylvaipa also peti- ortation of beaver and Other furs proper and needful to be worked up, and leave was granted to bring in a bill to that effect. Means were found, however, to evade the statute, and hats continued to be exported to other Provinces, and not unfrequently to foreign coun- tries. Felts, which were the unlinary wear .. the people, were^ma.le in large quantities, and much of the business being carried on in interior towns, where wool was ciieap, the manufacture was less exposed to ulll- cial scrutiny than in the seaports. This Act was followed, in 1750, by one for the enconragcracnt of the pig iron manufacture, and to prohibit the erection of slitting and rolling mills. Notwithstanding several efforts made to encounige an attention to do- mestic manufactures in Virginia, scarcely any progress had yet been made virsiuu toward the supply of tlieir own cjotiiinir. The soil was well adapted for hemp and flax ; repeated experiments iuul shown tho ease with wiiich silk could be produced. But the profits of lliti tobacco culture extinguished nearly all other industry, and all tlieir cloth- ing, as linen, woolen, silk, hats, and even leather, were received from Eng- land. Sheep increased, and yielded good fleeces, but were only shorn, we are told, for the purpose of cooling them. Hides were plentiful, but were suffered to lie and rot; and he was a rare economist who made a pair of leather breeches from the excellent deer skins which abounded. We find mention, however, in 1721, of. a coar,se stuff for servants' wear which, in neighboring Provinces, was known by the name of Virginia Cloth. An article of the same name is mentioned after the War as hav- ing been brought to great perfection in that State. It is described as having been made of cotton, and woven with great taste by the women in the country parts, whence it was brought to town, and was much sought after for the use of slaves, being considered superior to anything of the kind imported.' The arts of the clothier were as little attended to in Carolina as in Vir- ginia. Until its surrender to the Crown, in 1729, industry was i;ot much encouraged. The removal of rice, the staple of the Province, from the list of enumerated commodities, and other marks of imperial favor, gave an impulse to cultivation and the useful arts after that time. Georgia does not come into view as an independent government until 1732, and scarcely made any progress in the mechanic arts before the Revolu- tion. During the thirty years that elapsed between the enactment of the law prohibiting the exportation of hats, which followed the Report of the Board of Trade, in 1732, and the Peace of Paris, in 1763, we do not find (1) Carey's Amer. Museum, vi. 91. 34^ COLONIAL CLOXn-MANUFACTURE. tiou of the restraint' mipos.a on i p„mraerce fffcw with ,.austry of the 1'1-tation.ren.uued free and --^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ the rapid h>creuse of popuhxUou and of ^''« P;*^^ \ ^^,^,,,,, i,^. the fisherioB. The Provincia P^^^j; ^ .^^^^l^^^ae amounted to l.roved Us household .nanutactures, ^ '' '^^ ^, j':;, ,;,„,f,etures con- L considerable value. But the nnportat.on " 1;' '^ ^ ^ ,, ,, tinned to augu.ent with the growu.g wealth ^J^^^^^^ J J,,,,^ the full extent of their abihty ^l^^^^^^'l^Za twelve shillings consisting of broad and narrow ^ "''•;! ^^^^^^.^ merges, can>blets, u yard, duffles and frizes, from 3s 6-Mo G ., ^^''^ „, ,,,,,eu Kendal cottons, plains, half-thieks «;--'«' ^;;,'^ ''.i,, j,,, and hosiery were in.ported ^^^^^^^^ :f' ';''Zl!^tt^^ .o^^s and of Dutch manufacture, and a considendjle «"-" ^^ ^^ J^^„^ ^,^„, f.,r ,,Us. The cheaper and coarser ^^f^^^^^^ Auh t^-e better the supply of the Indian trade and ^^ "-'''' l^llnnX silver and line qualitL. which also u.clnded such -'^^ ^ ^ j'^^ ^^^ ,,.a ,,i,,,es, ~'==Ss Ss--t::::r= '° " f,° . ;«,,U The i..M«rt.>io.. of «"«« «»» P'-'-"''" """-■" .'"• '""" 'rr„dT. dome; c ,,ro,l..cHo„ c„rl»ilod In .he ,»mo pr„,„„uou »' "'"'^t ,;:;:;:„'«::;, c1,!:;;l ;"; o.^- or «.,.. red to. A large saMU^ »u Continental Colonies, be- The total exports from Great Britain \" ;'^;^ ^ ^ . ^„,i j,, the *,o vp.iv/n'^O and 1738, amounted to i.4,71-',JJ4 . »"" tween tl'.e yeais ii-o anu i"' - , . .-gg ^ ^ mi- natural increase of sheep supplied of a q;"!'\y/"J'; /J. ,,,„,, ,on. 1 • ^ «f Plnths attempted, but not in sufficient quantitj toi noun. X°^r F.mn;.:i»/.e,e ™,aU,,Hod ,n .U p.rU of U,c country, »nd (1) Minot's Hist. Mass. vol. i. r liou of Uie ma- ure pi-iiicipiiUy hich the Colo- ; ilh llie oxct-p- , Uie tnule ami erce gi'ew witli agrieiiltm'u iiml soiuewhat iiu- vle anuninled to luiufaclures cou- )f Uio pyoi)lc to ilies of wooU'iis, 1 twelve sliilliiigs series, cainl'lets, aids, and woolen Scotch, Irisli and ia goods and of woolens, were for I, Willi the better d silver and fine ii'ies and chintzes, the inii)oitalions lens were a large irobalily niueli in- ; same proportion n tlie exportation n, in the foUow- \\ object of which a with the descrip- Tlie exportation A by the Act refer- from this measure, cntal Colonics, be- 2,994 ; and in the lid in 1763, the im- t three millions.' the wool, which the iently good for the iitity for home con- of the country, and THE FIRST SOCIETY TO ENCOURAGE FKUGAUTY. 345 the manufacture of coarse linen proceeded, particularly among the Scotch- Irish, and some of the Germans, the former in New Enghind, Vev-.syl- vania, and Virginia constantly jiroducing a surplus for neigiibm-iiig Pro- vinces. Fia.v and wool-growing, and the manufacture of these stai)le3 into Cloth, were encouraged by an Act of the Assembly of llhude Island in 17ol. ' Altiiough, in the main, the Colonists were eminently simple and frugal in their habits, the progress in luxury was sufficient to alarm the more prudent, who saw the difficulty with which their accounts in En.rland could be balanced, by a drain of all their specie and the profits of "their circuitous and lucrative trade. As early as 1724, the General Court of Massachusetts prohibited the use of scarfs at funerals, as "a burdensome custom." About the year 1748, the scarcity of money ; the suppression of the imper currency ; the failure of the " Manufacturing Company " or " Land bank scheme," for issuing Bills of credit, called " Manufactory Bills," redeemable in produce or manufactures, fur which lands were pledged as security ;' the complaints of the Sugar Colonies against the most profitable part of their commerce, the conLraI)and trades with the foreign islands; the introduction of a Bill into Parliament containing some provisions deemed hostile to Colonial rights, and the restoration of Capj5 Breton to the French, produced some irritation of the public mind in New England. As a consequence of this feeling, and for p-. lential reasons, a society was formed in Boston, the following rear, for promot- ing industry and frugality, and was probably the foreruni.er of Uiose asso- ciations which, a few years later, became the favorite mode throughout the country, of sustaining resistance to the pressure of ministerial authority To favor this design, the Assembly purchased the factory, or " Spinning House," in Boston, and granted four townships of land for the use of foreign Protestants, and the use of the Provincial frigate fur their trans- portation. At the anniversary of the society, in 1753, great enthusiasm was exhibited. About 300 young female spinners ai-peared upon the commons, seated at their wheels, arranged in three rows. The weavers also assembled, neatly dressed in cloth of their own manufacture, and one working at a loom upon a platform, was carried on the shoulders of men' accompanied by music. A large assemblage was addressed on the occa- sion by the Rev. Dr. Samuel Cooper. A memorial presented to the Governor and Court, the same year by Andrew Oliver and other members of the association, states, that their principal object was the employment of the poorin the manufacture of Linen of which the imports, exclusive of English linen, were computed at £30,000 (U Seo Hazard's V. S. Register, i. 241. 34(. COLONIAL clotii->l\nufacti;re. lu.. 11 Lt flaxseed which wouhl alone pay for the raising r ::^.i:~ :; 't:^^^.o... .0. Connectienuo the ...or £80 000 Conuecicut currercy.-the breaking, «w.ngling, etc., be.ng do, ; duHng -0 tiu,e, or n. the winter, and the spinning by the wome. he. of which there appears to have been none yet in -^^ ^JT^^ ZX Orr, of Bridgewater, Massachusetts, an ""f --;.'"^» ' ;^' "f„; acre, £4 ; for the most auu ^^^^^ ^j^^,,^ tT ,..v..t Snnreon St George's Hundred, Newcastle county. . L,.l .r,«- "Con „cl,ml ki.o«l..lB«, ll"t<'foi-» »"l'™ """'"» S , . »r,ia .0 ,u„Ul..t „„..l.,.,.un.V,„„ 0,. mdiir.-onc. , I, N w Cu»»l New Vo,k, 0,0 Jor,si,«. Vmm,\,mi». m<\ Mary CLANDKSTI.N-E TRADE TO BE STOPPED—TAXATION PUOPOSED. 34 T 'or the raising to tlie value of (ig, etc., being : by the women. :icty, and taxed fiicturingofflax ists iu bi-inging employed large position was that ix-dressing ina- iise in America, machinist, and a line of that kind, lowed by others. Ir an individual ^,iia_lo promote ;st and best piece offered ; for spiu- d, 20.S. ; for the piece of coating, it flaxseed off au ; for making tho Iressed deer skin, le best and great- luantity of cherry, awarded on first jllowing years, by ;le county, in a letter written on the " enlarged r British woolens, clandestine impor- ing in these manu- are too frequently lymcnts less detri- I lltmHelves," pro- 5 of these northern ng the indifference ! planters through- ylvania, and Mary- I jiretendcd), almost that generally, tb« people are sliding into the manufactures proper to the mother country and this not through any spirit of industry or economy, but plainly for want of some returns to make to tlie shops; that their trade, so valu- able to Great Britain, should, contrary to the policy of all other nations besuflwfd 10 run ofl- into clandestine channels; aud that Colonies, on which the fate of this country will be found to depend, should, without the iuast regard to inducMcc of impression early made on the human mind be suf- fered to remain in this day under these little, factious Democracies which had their first rise iu the republican ideas of licentious times." The clan- destine trade referred to in the above extract had long been a subject of complaint, as •■. ,11 with British merchants as with the West India Colonies but liad been to the Colonial merchant the chief means of making returns for Ills large indebtedness for English goods. But the conclnsion, in 1703, of the wars which had been long waged between Great Britain and France for supremacy on the American Conti- nent, opened a new era in the history of the Colonies. Indulgence was no longer to I)e allowed to this lucrative traffic. The design, of which the Colonists had already received distinct intimation, of raising a reve- uue to de'-.iy the future expenses of possessioius, which tho nation had incurred an enormous debt to extend and protect, was carried into exe- cution by tli« Ministry ; and a short j.eriod of misrule was terminated iu a successful revolt. But before narrating the future course of their industry and legislation in regard to the textile arts, it may not be amiss to incpiire wliat ellbrts were made by the Colon :e. to provide materials which, in a measure, employed the labor of several of the southern Pro- TiuceH. CHAPTER XV. OF CLOTH ANl> THE MATERIALS FOR CLOTHING CONTINUED FROM THE TKACE OF 1703, WITH ESl'ECIAL REFERENCE TO TUB CLLTURK OP INDIGO, COTTON, AND 81LK. The cultivatioi. of the Indigo plant and the mannfacture of the dye w.i'e very earlv reconunended and altem-.ted in the Southern Colonics^ As early as ICnO, Gulian Van Rensselaer also made exper.nienta with wild Irdiiro seed near Albany, and An-nstus Heermon, near the present ci.y Of New York. By the Navigation Act of 1C61, it was enu- meratcd an.r:,. the artieles which were to be sent to England alone. It was intredacd into Louisiana by the French in 1718, and w.'h.n ten years bec-ne an article of export. The manufacture was eneour- aued by bounties from the French Government. About the year 174(1, when rice had become reduced in price, the seed of the East Imha pi.v. ■• which had been for nmny years extensively cultivated m the West IndiJs, was sent, along with that <.f cotton, ginger, lucerne, etc., from Antigua by Mr. Lucns, the governor of the island. His daughter, M.ss Eliza Lucas, the mother of General Charles Cotesworth rinckncy, was at the age of eighteen in charge of a plantation in South Carolina where Fhe planted the seed, and, after one or two attempts, was successful. A person tmmed Cromwell was then sent froia Montserrat to instruct in the manufacture of the dye. After erecting vats, and producing a quantity o< Indigo he iHHv.me alar.u-d lest he should ruin the manufacture of his native countrv, and made a mystery of the art, hut did not manage to conneal the knowledge of it. Indigo in a year or two began to be ex- ported Soon after Mr. Pinckney, who had married Miss Lucas, re- .eive.l some plants of the indigen.ms weed, and experiments having Khown its fitness for making the pigment, the planters engaged in its culture In 1741, about 100,000 lbs. of Indigo were rxix.rted from Charleston to England, and in 1747, i;U,118 '.bs., worth 2«. 6^/. sterling a poun.l. Though not so well cured as the French, its quality was ap- proved an.l the merchants in the Carolina trade, who, by the commer- tiul statutes, had ft monopoly of the article, petitioned for a small bounty (348) mmm^'^ qp *' tw^^ lEP FROM TH« E CXJLTURK OP itnrc of the dye them Colonies, xperiinenls with near the prer.ent ll, it wns emi- Englund alone. 718, mill wi'hin lire was cncour- t the year 1740, the East India ited in the West cerne, etc., from s daughter, Miss ll riiickncy, wns I Carolina, where LB successful. A to instruct in the uciiifc a quantity anutacture of his I not manage to began to be ex- Miss Lucas, rc- ^)eriinents having n engaged in its ■0 rxjjortcd from ;h 2s. Gd. sterling 8 q\iality was op- I, by the comraer- ^or n suniU bounty i't^m. VjI^}. ,..-.■ * ;s^' '■fS'i «»■ n T r, X V" ... ^,,t: ■ ■ SI III. , .. !lc. n .-..t tV'Mli M)li!^.-rral to i.^"^r.|,;t m Uu' .\r r «r- M ••• ■it'-'. xHCl pro'im'i'".- » qviiviili'y •|..t, if'l ft '" '■•■ ';->■ '■' ,,r IV ■ l-.i'u to bv • V- ,,. ,..t I V !■ I'll ■' ■ '' '• ,M'.tii/u;i. !»v M:- 1 Cfiis '. ■ V:'>i,r.v V Ihr ' ,v.H ,j. ■ .' •.. '^;'-'P '■ ■'■■■.■•■■'. ^■' ' ' -|- . .nAlnSUL vu,n>MVu ,.v..rthUA 0,f. .>. ^W'" ....ii , ^ .,r ■;.• t r.T.(ii, •{< o'l'Vli'V "i' '■"- ,. ,,,, . : , Mi'. M-u'lo, •*!.<, lis- U" .' )-iai..-:r- i,i»" if tnrc '■'! lii'' ''> ' Vi.^uf til - I'li- ••' I (ii. ,1 ' ' "" , r's' ' 1-1" "!•'• <■■ I ■■ J. ,!;-! w'.'^t.'f , (•• •,.1- ' M ■ nr- ,;■ ,. N--- IT"'. il... i: -! Ii-'i. .oeriie, it'-.. ' '•' ^ li;llii; u< '' ^ii ■■ ,', pti;rl..- ■ ■■ '^ ^^ 'h (''..Vit'lh.., ■ftlit :' ' ,•.1- f!i<"v'.'' .rii'. -^ . to i<\"^rn<;t in Mlf ritu;n-i: iv (ivLvuii'V ,M.,.llf:lCtUri' •^' ' '•■ ., \ (, ill >r.i}ic '•• •• jvjv. ■ lie'.'.'. ' V'i» Hi;/ rw i:"'.'»':"i' i" '■ ' 4A(T I \»i' ft. '1 ': f r t'VtSIitC- .L_ .^^.^.^ i/A'C;'- , '1 i*^. , i- a r ■:^ •/ f "•:..■■, ^imbAi INDIGO CULTIRE IN CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. 349 to eiicouniffc its nifinufacture. An inquiry elicited the fact that Indigo 'vas one of the most profitable articles of French colonial commerce, her inlands supplying priiieipally the markets of Europe and not less than 600,000 Ih.'i. annually at a cost of 5s. a pound to England alone. The manufacturers and dyers now joined their requests for a premium, and in 1748 a bounty was offered of Gd. a pound on all Indigo raised in the British Xorth American Colonies, and imported directly into England. Iti 1T.'i4, the Assembly procured the Guatemala Indigo seed, and dis- tributed it to the different settlements, but the native plant was found most profitable. Its cultivation now commenced with spirit. Many planters doubled their capital in three or four years, and American Indigo undersold the French in some of the markets of Europe. " It proved," says Dr. Ramsay, " more really beneficial to Carolina than the mines of Mexico or Peru are, or ever have been, either to Old or New Spain." Clmrlet^ton, in nr)3, exported 210,924 lbs., and the two Carolinas, in 1756, produced 500,000 lbs. South Carolina the next year sold to the value of £150,000 sterling, and, for a few years preceding the wnr, the export* were over one million pounds nnnuaiiy, aliout one-half of which was re-exported from England. The best Indigo in Carolina \vik,i pro- duced on the I.sland of Edisto. Georgia, in 17.H, exi»orted 4,508 lbs. ; in 1757, 18,150 lbs. ; iilld hi 1772, 55,380. T»'.»nty-fivo negroes could manage a plantation of (ll'ty acres and complete tlw manufaiflure of the drug, besides providing their own Bubsistence and that of the {banter's family. An acre yielded an average of 50 lbs. The apparatus was not very expensive, consi.sting chiefly of vats and tubs of cypress wood. Great skill and care were re- quired in the several stages of the process, but, when properly conducted, the raanufactnre was an extremely profitable one. A premium for im- provements in the manufacture was offered by the Society of Arts in London. After the Revolution, the increased attention to the manu- facture of Indisro in British India, and to the cultivation of Cotton in the Soutiieru States, caused a rapid decline in the quantity produced. In 1704, the whole Union exported 1,550,880 fionnds. But for many years past, Indigo, which was once the most profitHl)Ie commodity of Carolina and Georgia, has not been taken into account in the cen.sns. We annually import over one million pounds. Its cultivation could still be made a remunerative business, CHpecially in Carolina. But. Indigo, once the leading article in the exports of Charleston, lias now wholly disappeared from the list, and the loud call, said a hundred years ago to exist for the encouragpment of Cotton in the State, has been answered bv a yearly export of ten or twelve uiilljoiw of dollars worth of an 35(1 COLONIAL CLOTII-MISUPAOIIHE. .,U„1. then n,.relj named amo„s ^ "ports, a,,d considered no. «orth '"^::cl„ist,.e.e not unprovided with other -«'« 'l^-;;;^;;-". : *; leif i„ m. oftred' . pre.ia. of £40 lrm,), l\m loaves tti.rt t'flrr.es of th6 gitU berry bu.h : Uie juico of tbe bot- ries of the wntur honflinimil, or gip^y worl (Lyrnpu.Enrn,,,,,,.) ; tbe .•«|.i..le» and hnrk of Ibe red oak (qutrcxu rtifcrn). lii.uE.— Common InJigo (luUijofvrit linn- f„ria) ; fnl^e Indigo {amnrpha frulicnia) ; the inner bark of tbe comtnon mh tree (.^n,xm.<. txrr/.M) ,■ blucBtone or sulphate of noppcr Wii8 also ui^ed. Ylttiow.— Hoots of the common ncttlo ( thtica dioica) ; the bark of the blackberry liearing older {rh: pangul'i) ; root of the berberry bush {Derberl, vulaari,); bark of common plum tree (pruuu, chtcam), and •PpU tree (i^yru. molu.) ; leaves of tbe birch tree (beUil,.) ; «aw wort {^eralula tinctona), and common knapweed {cnlnura jacea) ; spotted arae9mart(j.«(.i/.7''"""' P'rii'-ana) ; yellow willow herb, or loose Blrifo (/,'/«■»•«- chia t,ilgarh)f leaves of the devil's b,t (,cal,h,n iuccUa) ; the flowers of St. John . wort (hiiporicum pnfornlHm) ; the petals of garden marigold {oaUndnh offioi„ali>) } American dodder, or love vln« (c.c.Ja ^m«ric„m.); Ie«»e9 of horse laurel, sweet or yellow leaf {hopen '"»*" •"'°- n„wer (hMvUhnt (ufciro...); yellow wort, orpnrfloy-leavedrootfMr.(Aor^.>on;).\/'oJio); yellow root (hydrattii raiin((i'iili"»). KKn.-niossoms of the bastard saffron (carlhcmn, iinCariu.) ; roots of common .or- rel {rumcx acelo.,lla)j root, of cross wort. CULTIVATION OP COTTON — bOTTON GINS. 351 red not worth dye-stuffs, and other materials in South Caro- first settlement by the Society argest quantity also introduced re plants which e of them were Iligginson, of erewith the In- ihing can alter." 1 yielding dyers' ie a conspicuous the profusion of 3rangebui^, ob- paste made from ?e of the yellow Dr. Bancroft, tho irmanent Coiors," dye-stuffs yielded per annum. He to those obtained irted and sold of rt {teralulit titietoria), eed (c«n(aHra jacea) ; olyiinuiitn periicana) ; ,r luoae Blrifo (',v«i»in- res nf lliu ilnvU's hit je flowers of St. John's '■(irfidim) ; the petals of ofl/«ii(/ii/(« njflelnalit) i or lovo vimi {ciiicuta of horso laurel, iwecl n lincttitia); petals (if f|(l|je, nr tuhorose sun- i(//irii.(i); yellow wort, {(tanlhorhha npii/olia); ii eannili'ntit)' of U)6 busturcl saffron ,); roots of common sor- la); roolb of cross wort. The very early introduction and cultivation of the valuable Cotton plant, including " the Cyprus and Smyrna sort," with a view to domestic u.se, has been already incidentally mentioned. The fitness of the soil and cli- mate for Cotton, and its occasional production, are frequently noticed by early writers on America. Peter Turry, in his description of Carolina, in 1731, says, "Flax and Cotton thrive admiraljly, and hemp grows is'to 14 feet in height ; but, as few people know how to order it, there is very little cultivated." Cotton seed, probably from the Levant, was carried into Carolina by Mr. Piirry, who settled a oolonv of Swiss people near Purrysburg, in 1733. The cultivation of the plant in gardens was fre- quently to be met with as early as 1736 in the southern Provinces, as far north as the thirty-ninth degree. A year or two later, Miss Lucas, who introdticed the Indigo culture, also planted Cotton seed, and, in her jour- nal, in 1739 and 1741, speaks of the pains she had taken to bring Cotton and Indigo to perfection. An exportation of seven bags, valued at £3 lis. M. per bag, was made from Charleston, between November, 1747, and November, 174S, but it is not clearly ascertained to have been of native growth. Among the exports of Carolina, in 1753, and of Charles- ton, in 1757," "some cotton" is mentioned ; and a London publication, in 1762, says "what Cotton and Silk both the Carolinas send us is ex- cellent, and calls aloud for the encouragement of its cultivation in a place well adapted to raise both."' Cotton was one of the articles intended Ip be cultivated by the founders of Georgia, and a paper of the seed was received by the trustees from Philip Miller, of Chelsea, England, which was planted in 1734. It appears, alhO, to have been early cultivated, cmonKin. OH the Very limited scale first attempted, by the French inha- introdarcd, (jitg^tg ^f Louisiauu. In 1742, a French planter of enterprise find 1 \f Dubrcuil— wlio, a few yenrs after, erected on Ins plantation, "ow . ,,. iy the lower poilion of the City of New Orleans, the first Hugar-mili in I-ouisiana— invented a Cotton gin, for M tlieso succeeded tbo s been used tlicre for I, at first rouglily eon- lentioned by Nearcbus, Bnder's Indian espe- made of two rollers of mgitudinnlly with so- evolving neur'.j . con- bave been tbe r ''Tinai g used in tbia cox try. Carolina ... indebted for the .silky Cottons of her sea islands, constructed u roller-g,n, wluch is believed to have been among the first made or used m that State, and enabled him to clothe his negroes in garments of domes- tic fabnc. It was composed of " pieces of iron gun-barrels, burnished an h.ved m wooden rollers, with wooden screws to secure them, and woodeu cranks to turn in the manner of the ^leel corn-mill." It was turned by one person, and fed by another. Mr. U.sseli, of Georgia, i„ 1788, resorted to tlif " simple plan oi'ii bench, upon wliich rose a frame supporting two short rollers revolving in opposite directiuus, and each turned by a boy or girl and giving, as the result of a day's work, five pounds of clean Cotton." This seems to be nearly the same as the earlier contrivance of Crebs In December, of the same year, Richard Leake, of ..'eorgia, who that year led the way in Cotton-growing on a large scale, wrote to Thomas Proc- tor, of Phihuhlphia, " The principal difficultjUhat arises to us is the clear- ing It from the seed, which I am told they do with great aoxterity and ease in Philadelphia, with gins and machines made for that p^^po^e. I shall now esteem it a singular favor your procuring me one, and I will thankfully pay whatever the cost of it may be. I am told they make them that will cleau from thirty to forty pounds clear cotton per day, and upon a very simple construction." This passage has led to the inference that the foot gin, or some equally efficient instrument was la use at the north, while only a rude hand-mill was employed in Georgia, lu the neighborhood of Philadelphia, w;,ere those instruments are now extensively manufactured, Cotton was grown at the commenceme: > ^J^'' ^ '/ w Hiotographic Sciences Corporation %i WIST MAIN STKIir WIBSTIR.N.Y. MSkO (71*) ll7a-4»0) HMta «r ^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductlons / Institut Canadian de microreproductlons historlques ^ mmim mmmiimmitfUifl'^IIIW^ ':-'-»Al*!OS»tW«VJ»r CULTIVATION OF COTTON— THE SAW aiN. 861 staple Cotton, was the kind ,,finci,)ally cultivated before the Revolution. Ihe black, eed, or Sea I.land Cotton, now the great article of export was introduced into Georgia from the Bahamas about the year ITSg' and in 1^88 the first attempt was made in South Carolina by Mrs Kin' sey Burden of St. Paul's parish, whose husband, already mentioned a, Imvmg .ntroduced the roller gin ia that State, had nearly ten vears before clothed h>s slaves in that and the short staple Cotton. The first suc- cessful crop is said, by Mr. Seabrook, to have been grown by William El ut on llilton Head, near Beaufort, in 1Y90. with five bushels and a half of seed, purchased in Charleston at Us. a bushel. The price then varied from IQd. to two or three shillings the pound. The intelligent and well-directed exi>eri:nents of the two last-named planters so improved the quality of the Sea island Cotto;,, by attention to the seed, that some years later, the silky, long fibre of their raising sold for 90 cts to $1 25 per pound, and one lot at $2. the highest ever obtained. The culture of .otton was so fo -successful in 1786 that, at the Aunapoiis Convention «;i tiat year, Mr. Madison said "there was no reason to doubt that the United States wou.d one day become a great Cotton-producing country " Several of t.e patriotic assemblies called together at the beginning of the war recommended the manufacture'of Cotton. Through the influence of a society formed at Philadelphia, principally with a viev to its inanufac tare, and the zealous advocacy of Tench Coxc, an active member, who has been styled the father of the Cotton culture ia America, planters generally engaged in the business. To encourage an article which prom- ised soon to become a source of revenue, Congress was induced, in 1789 to i.jpose a duty of three pence a pound on foreign Cottons, which were then obtained from the West Indies and Lrazil. The culture was. how- e-er, still so limited, that in the treaty negotiated by Mr. Jay in' 1792 it was stipulated by the 12th article "that no Cotton should be imported from America." This article, inserted either in ignorance that Cotton was cultivated at all. or that it possessed any commercial value, and de- signed to secure to England the transportation of Cotton from the Wc t Indies, the Senate of the United States refused to ratify. The saw gin by Eli Whitney, invented in the following year and patented the Kcxt. gave an immense impulse to the cultivation of Th.^.»wKia Cotton, and "conferred on the plantation States a benefit that "•"' can scarcely be estimated in money." The history of this in- der, for a lnrg«, quantity; tb. director, in 1782, .„a from the E«,t Indie, in ITSS tl.erer„re took ii Hm»n« thom.elve, at lAO The Dutch Colot.y of Surinam, In H„uth" iouthrg t Hi*l. of Branl. 173^^ ' Knglani firtt r«o«lT«d Cotton irom Braiil COLONIAL CLOTH-MANUFACTUEK. the labor of one man, a ^--;;J P^j^^J^^.^ gin. It was invented and ,ix by the band, or t-nty-fi b tl.^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^.^ ^.^^ brought into use under - ; ^^ /^^^^^ ,,, i„.„.ediately invaded. A Georgia, where the patent -[^"^^ ^''^^^^^, ,,^ persevering defense of soriesof wastefuUawsnU. for atoo-g ^^^.^F^ ^^^^ .^^ .^^^^„, bis patent, dissipated all the ^^J™'^,, ^^^^^w open toe use of it to her 150,000 received from South C-" -;;^^-^^^^^^^^^^ P,,„,,d him in North planters, and smaller -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^hat'offered any compen- Carolina and Tennessee, the only otl tr fti ^^^^ ^^^.^^ nation. The culture of C""- ""J,^ , ^ol na That State exported, estates were soon accumulated m Sou iCa 01.. a. ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^.^^^^ iu 1795, Cotton to the value l^'^^l^^'J',,,, whole country, in 1795. ,nillions of pounds we.ght. ^Le g owth oj ^^^^ ._^ ^^^^ .a. eight millions of P^^ :;;t ^S^^^^^^ ^'^ -^^^^ ^^ rt:::;'::^inr:^;::;^rUo entirely yielded.^ staple as an article of commerce m ms. ,^ , iy them- {Vhile the several ^^^nu^^^ ^o, the cultivation of Silk. selves and other countnos wUh ««^^«"^"3 ^^^^^ „„„^ers of people in which, in the last century, employed ^»^^ " ^^,, j^. Wr England, was 1-1-^"^'^ ^7;P;;lta^d^ W^^^^^^^^ 0— periaUndlocalgovernmen^.bypubhcandp ^^^^^^ _^ ^^.^ ^tr- company Of U.We^-mim^^^^^ Silk, with thai cf ind.go '"^^ ^j^ ';>^;^ i3,,j,„„, i,. Georgia, who. „,ade in the business by vUc ^f« '^^ •:\,^;* ",,,„try with much of the during the Revolution, supplied vUc upper y sewing Silk used. cochineal, but Pspeciully Silk. Silk, cotton, indigo, wool, wmc '^'"^^^''^^^^ ai,.eeted by the were the articles to which -^t^-'^-; y^;/ ^ made, both by •„enevolont founders of Georgm. ^ » 'P ^ ,^^,, ^^.,,„„ tue l»ritish rarlhunent and by »'-; ^ :;;:,;^',.,,,.,« a„a husband- ,,..,ed. - --;^^^^::. r U : b:!r Itrlge the most ox.ensiv n,en from all parts of Lur..pe.U . ^^^^^^.^^ ^.,,,^.^ „^„ a„d ----f^l/^'^-'l'P^"; : ,'''nr^^^ to settlers upon condition conducted in Georgm. L'-si-L ^ -^ 353 COLONIAL OLOTn-MANUFACTURE. • .. .i,n ,-ivsteries of silk-winding," haying beenseutto France ^o acqmre ' the nv ™ o pvoved his skill, and been made an ^^'f ^^" " ^^n ourag ment of the L>gland ia 1^52, aOer failing to o^^-^^™ ' X;,, ^Joseph Otto, business for at least fourteen year. Ue was succee j ^^^^ ^^^ U„ghe, an acconn^Ushed riedmoutese -;^, J^'^/^^^^.^^ned in value from Georgia, in 1750 and f .* -;^/''""; ^ : ^i . to the statement to $8,880. During the next e.ghteen y«^"' "'^ ^^ ,, ,„ average of L Comptroller of Customs ^^ f-an- .9.82^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^„. of 546 pounds yearly, were exported I^J; ^^J^^^;^^ ,f ^aw Silk wer« thorities that, in r;50, no less than «;.t^;f T^P^^^^ ^,^,, gnk.' At exported, which sold ^^-:^^?f;;^'l^t^^c..e^., years, the Glature there were delivered, m HoT. ana i the following quantities of ---^'/'^J.^^'t'bu'nes perhaps too en- lbs., and 15.000. whi.h sho.s ^ ^^l^^, ,Lb of subsist- couraging while the Colony ^-J^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ,pe„ to the Colonists. ence uncreated, and more pi^^fitable >«J" J, u July 1758, but was the The filature was consumed by fire on ^th Ju^. H ^^ ^^^^^^^ next year rebuilt on a larger scale. Nearly 1"^-^^ ? ^ ^^^y, were received at the filature during the next eight years, muc came from Ebenezcr. encouragement of I„ 1762. the Society estabhshed '^^ ^o d'>n fo^^ J^e J ^^^ Arts. Manufactures, and Commerce, ffj^^""^^^^ South Carolina every pound weight of cocoons ^^^J^^ ^„, ..^m only has "Of a hard, weighty anu gocK - -^,.^,^^ , ,y , ,„gle spun;" two pence a P°™^ fj '" '' J,,^^ by two worms ; the pre- form, and one penny a 1-""^ .^;^;;7; ^^ i„gL. the superintendent .uiums to be awarded and pa-d by ^^J-'^''^ S > ._^ g^^^^_ of the Silk culture in Georgia, on P^;-"^".^ '^ ;';,„,io to the Silk „,h. These various measures -^"J^^;; f jj;, "^d on a permanent business. But just as it seemed abou ^- '^ -;-' ^..^ q,,,,,, footing, an Act of Parliament, .n ^f ' ^^^^^f ;j,,i„,3 to 1«. 6d. a .ent had been P^^'-^ /^ ^^^^ hir p"^ '^^^ ^-" '" ^'^'''^ ' pound. The larger part of the puce buor p ^ g.,^ f^^^ Lnty. ana its reduction caus^ t^f ^^'^Z^, 1760. a parlia- 20,000 lbs. cocoons. '" ^^f ' ° ^^'J j ' ^loo worth of raw Silk im- mentary bounty was offered of £25 ""^.^^jy^ ,^^ „,,t seven years, and -winding," haying •nment; returned to jouragenaent of the a by Joseph Otto- :ports of raw Silk amounted in value ig to the statement inds, cr an average stated by some au- ids of raw Silk were an other Silk.' At Be succeeding years, , 1,040 lbs., 10,000 ness perhaps too en- ,e means of subsist- pen to the Colonists. r, 1158, but was the } pounds of cocoons ■ears, much of which be encouragement of ms of three pence for and South Carolina , one worm only has produced by a single two worms ; the pre- le, the superintendent the filature in Savan- i attention to the Silk ilished on a permanent le price which Govern- shilllngs to Is. 6i. a had been in reality a iroduction of Silk from 1 April, 1169, a parlia- I worth of raw Silk im- he next seven years, and his encouragement," M. i may be expected from ion of cotlon and olive published by Act of CongreM, SILKOROWINQ IN GEORGIA AND CAROLINA. 359 teos winch seem particularly adapted to the climate and soil of the Bruush Colcues/' The Silk culture was again partially revived, par! tieularly by the Sultzburgers, who continued to send yearly to England several hundred pounds of raw Silk, until the Revolutio!. caused the business to be nearly abandoned. The last Silk oflered for sale in Georgia was in 1790. ^ Perhups none of the Colonies, and least of all Georgia, notwithstand- ing tlH. entn-e Qtness of the climate, were as yet prepare.! for a profitable a tent.o„ to the Silk culture. The tending of siikwonns and thi windtg of S, k were not calculated to nourish the qualities required to subdue the forests and cultivate the swamps of a new country. That another in! dustry was needed to launch the Province on a pro,sperous career is evident from the fact that in 1752, when the government was transferred to regal authority, the greater part of Georgia was an unproductive wilderness, and Its exports were less than £10,000 sterling annuallv After the discovery, a few years later, of the value of the rich swamps o'a the rivers, of the fertile and more healtl.ylands of the interior, and of the new staples suited to them, progress was rapid, and the exports rose from £27,020 sterling, in 1783, to £) 21,677, in 1773. The Colonists were of course unprepared for anything more than the production of the unwrought material, and it is probable that nothin- mor? would have been allowed. Silk throwing involves the use of ex° pensive machinery, and was long the valuable monopoly of the Lombe-s. Every stage of the manufacture was protected by enormous duties pro- hibitions, and monopolies in England. No interference would have been allowed m the Colonies. An eminent commercial writer, Joshua Gee one of the earliest and strongest counsellors of the restrictive policy in regard to th- plantations, had distinctly suggested that, as the Colonies '•have nevt. thrown or wove any Silk as yet, that ;ve have heard of therefore if a law was made prohibiting the use of any throwing-mill of doubling or thro.stling Silk with any machine whatever, they would then send It to us raw." The exportation of machinery used in the Silk manu- facture was prohibited in 1774. The cultivation of Silk was also, before the Revolution, a fashionable occupation in Carolina. It had been long produced in South Carolina. carS'in. ^""^ ^"""^ ^'^^^^ ^^^^^^ '" *'"^* *"^ ''^^'^ '^^*^" mentioned. Silk growing was a principal object with the Swiss, who in 1733 settled at Purrysburg, under John Peter Purry, of Neufchatel It was kept up by them for some time. The French in that Province also raised Silk, which they wrought np with their wool. It was cultivated oy many ladies, who sent it to England to be manufactured. The ex- ports, however, were small, and amounted, in the years 1742-'48-'49 aeo COLONIAL CLOTH-MANUFACTURE. n50-'53, and 1755, to only 251 lbs. of raw Silk in the aggregate. The qnalitv, however, was said to be superior. In the last-named year, Mrs. rinckiiey, the mother of the revolutionary generals of that name, who had introduced the indigo and cotton plants into South Caiolina, took to England a quantity of excellent Silk, raised and spun by her near Charles. ton, sufficient to make three complete diesses.' At Silk Hope plauta- tioti, in St. Thomas Parish, where Sir N. Johnson had cultivated Silk near seventy years before, 630 lbs. of cocoons were raised in 1705. The legislature of the Province, in the following year, voted £1000 to cstab- lish a Silk filature at Charleston, under the direction of Mr. Gilbert. This was probablv on account of the liberal premiums offered by the Society of Arts for cocoons raised in South Carolina and Georgia, whio i had to be sent to Savannah. The business could make little progress without reeling establishments. The bounties also included an offer of 2s Qd. for every pound weight of merchantable raw Silk raised in Con- necticut, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina, to be paid to the Society's correspondents in those Colonies. Several hundred pounds were paid i„ premiums by the Society, in Carolina and the other Provinces, previous to the withdrawal, in 1772, of the bounties which had been renewed from year to year. The premiums, when first offered for Connecticut, were payable on the condition that a public filature should be erected in that Colony. Silk had been early produced in Connecticut, and c'ona'e"tic«t. „,j,s the subject of legislation as early as 1732. In 1747, Mr. Law the Governor, wore the first coat and stockings make of New Eng- land'silk, and in 1750 his daughter wore the first Silk d-ess of domestic material ' The establishment of the Silk culture as a permanent in- dustry in Connecticut, where it has existed to the present day, is chiefly due to the exertions of President Styles, of Yale College, and Dr. Ni>- thaniel Aspinwall, of Mansfield. The former commenced his experiments in 1758 by planting three mulberry trees, which, as the initial of the business! he named A, B, C. His experiments, extending over a period of nearly fortv years, in which he liberally distributed sned.s, trees, and judicious advice, are recorded in a manuscript Journal now in the library of the college. About the year 1760, Mr. Aspinwall commenced the breeding of silkworms in Mansfield, by the introduction of the white mulberry tree from Long Island, where he had a nursery. He planted a large mulberry orchard at Mansfield, and another at New Haven, and (1) Rnm»ny'8 HUt. Soath Carolina, i. 221. to any Silk imported. The third dross, now .. One of them was presented to the Prince.. (ISflil) in CImrleston, in the p...-.os.«i„n of !.,,«a^pr of Wulea, and another to Lord her daughter, Mrs. Horry, is rem„rl.>.' i !H-^g l UL ^ w uBi — J i ;m*<3 ^gK;5i&a*tt«.aB»r'^ier SXLK-GROWINQ IN CONNECTICUT. 361 iggregate. Tho ained year, Mrs. that name, who Caiolina, took to liernear Cliarles- Ik Hope plautii- I cuUivaled Silk d ill 1705. The £1000 to cstab- of Mr. Gilbert. IS offered by the d Georgia, whk' i ;e little progress liuled an offer of Ik raised in Con- l to the Society's pounds were paid rovinces, previous een renewed from it, were payable erected in that Connecticut, and }2. In 174T, Mr. fiakc of New Eiig- d''ess of domestic I a permanent in- sent day, is chiefly lege, and Dr. Ni>- ed his experiments the initial of the ling over a period 1 seeds, trees, and )urnal now in tho jinwall commenced uction of the white •sery. He planted t New Haven, nnd I, The third dress, now ri, in tlio p"s?os.»iiin of Hcirry, is remiirljiilile fur and etrongth." at the same time endeavored uusuccessfully to engage other towns in the business. His efforts were effectual in rendering it a perraanrnt and valuable industry in Mansfield. Mr. William Hanks, of that town, ac- co-ding to the New London Gazette of ITGS, raised the previous year sufficient Silk for three dress patterns. He and a number of other gen- tlemen in Windham County, had large vineyards and nurseries of mul- berry trees, which had been cultivated " to bring on a Silk manufactory." It is stated that one Silk house had already been erected in Lebanon. The card of Mr. Hankp offered for sale 3,000 mulberry trees, whicii would "be sold cheap for the speedy promotion of the culture of Silk." The Rev. Jared Eliot, of Killingsworth, one of the correspondents of the Society of Arts in London, states, in his Essays on Silk-growing and Field Husbandry in New England (1760), that a principal cultivator of Silk, of credibility, informed him he could make a yard of Silk as cheap as he could a yard of linen cloth, of eight run to the pound ; and that it was then considered "more profitable than any other ordinary business." The family of Dr. Styles, among many others, were engaged in Silk grow- ing, and had fabrics woven in England from domestic Silk of their own raising. After the Revolution, which suspended the business, and ex- tinguished it in most places. Silk raising was resumed with some spirit in Connecticut, and through the zeal of Messr*'. Styles and Aspinwall, an Act of the Assembly was obtained in 1T83, and another the following year, granting a bounty of ten shillings for every hundred white mulberry trees planted during ten years, and three pence an ounce for raw Silk. In 1788, Thomas Barrens and thirty-one others were incorporated as a company to manufacture Silk cloth in the Slate. Tresideiit Styles that year appeared at the commencement at Yale in a gown woven from Con- necticut Silk, which was then worn by many ladies in the State* In the following season, the town of Mansfield made about 200 lbs. of raw Silk, worth $5 a pound. A woman and two or three children could make ten or twelve pounds in about five or six weeks. The Silk was usually made into stockings, handkerchiefs, ribbons, buttons, and sewing Silk, worth $1 an ounce. The profit was said to be large. About fifty families at New Haven were engaged in the business in 1790, and about thirty families at Norfolk raised and spun 1200 run of Silk the same year. Connecticut, and particularly Mansfield, has never abandoned the busi- ness from the first, and that town is said to have passed through periods of commercial depression with less embarrassment than ethers by virtue of its Silk business. The Silk Journal of Dr. Styles mentions that Silk was raised at New- port, R. I., as early as 1758. Ames' Almanac, for 1769, states that a gentleman "whom posterity 4.._ 3g2 COLONIAL CLOTH-MANUFACTURE. Will bless " placed ia the bands of tbe Selectmen of loston $100 to be d l^Ued L sams of 40, 30, 20, and 10 dollars to tb. persons who, m n lonbl have raised severally the largest lots of mulberry trees m M id" ts. The General Council of the Province in 1^0, m answer toTle petition of William Mollineau. of Boston, for aid to carry out a plan fo employing the poor in spinning, and ior dyeing and manufactur- S t: Sill grald iL. for the term of seven years .nt free a lea. of the provincial manufactory for the manufacture of bilk. The peti Ler St es that the raising and manufacturing of raw Silk was an object on which be had expended between eleven and twelve hundred pounds chi.fly in fixed apparatus in the Province factory bouse H^ ^"6*8;^ purchase, at a reasonable price, all the raw Silk raised in the Provmce and ^0 cans it to be manufactured, or as much of it as he could find Tands to manufacture. Fine samples of sewing Silk were a^o made n pa s of Massachusetts, among others by ^r. Jones of Western ^n Worcester County, in 1790. The town of Ipsw.ch wh.ch b"n the m,n,»try ""u:! "uov'^Lited in EngUna and America by the repeal and trade a", n re, Led it, wonted ehunnel,. A declaration o the ngh. to tax the Colonies accompanied the abrogation of the statute. Mr Pttt 1 adteltiu, the r'e„eal ot the Act "absolutely, tot.«y an ...e- diatily, and that the reasons ^r the repea be ^^^'^^^^^JZ founded in erroneous principles," at tlie same umt lev. "the sov reign authority of this country over the Colonies be asserted m as str r erms as can be devised, and be made to extend to every part e isTatlon whatever, that we may bind their trade, co.fineke^r ..n. facLes, and exercise every power whatsoever, excep ^^^^jl^^^ their money out of their pockets without their consent." ^°*y'^!''* "^ gthl assertions, pregnant with future trouble, the Colonists mth gratitude voted a statue to Mr. Pitt, and "resolutions were made to pre- par new dresses made of British manufactures for celebrating the fourth 0? June, the birthday of their most gracious sovereign, and to give their 'Xrglt 111: st::;::;: the Lords or Trade addressed a circular to each of the Governors on the continent of America requiring th m forthwith to prepare and transmit to them, to be laid before the rniT' House of Commons at the next Session, a particular and exac "»-« account of the several manufactures which had been set np and carried on within the Colony since the year 1734 and of the public en- couragement which had been given thereto. A hke account w.s to bo yearly transmitted of new manufactures set up and of the public encourage- "Th'TmmuSion was laid bef..e the Councif of New York in No- ,emb r by Sir Henry Moore, the Governor, whom the Council informed atn^new-nufacLe had been set up or received V^^-^^ r„«nt nor did they know of any manufacture of wool or woolen Cloth but Tat was p«y confined to private families for their own consump- ts in the Colonial md their outstand- )r a repeal of the ime sent from the le by their agents received, of which irth America) were tress occasioned in lie Colonies in their nge in the ministry heme, procured its i by the repeal, and tion of the right to i statute. Mr. Pitt , totally, and imme- ;ned because it was recommended that lonies be asserted in jxtend to every part confine their manu- cept that of taking nt." Notwithstand- [le Colonists in their ns were made to pre- lelebrating the fourth ign, and to give their addressed a circular erica, requiring them , to be laid before the I particular and exact 1 had been set up and and of rhe public en- ike account wis to bo f the public encourage- f of New York in No- j the Council informed ived public encourngc- ol or woolen Cloth but or their own consump- AUNrFACTOniES IN NKW YORK IN 11G1. 3,, T^de ^etsTl:!!;;^- ''T' '" ''"'"^■•^' ''''' to the Board of duct of Wells ziriT7- :■ """ '" ^'"^ ^''^ ' "-^-- 1'- -- -„ who aHoi 7r ? ""' '^ ^'^ -bscriptions of a set of were :::r:r;;:r'::r ri::^-:- - ,-^^ as soon as they were old enough. ^^^r^ylXr::^^:^^:^ teavir;Th """'"""" '''''''" ^"'-^'^ the'country do w c l'„,d 17:r,"";''r"''° --^-tureof hats in'NewYo?k Sonrhor.'""'"''^"' ''-'' ^^"^"'"^"- - — tof the high VuI'Z'Z'Tl hf '"'' "" "' '""^ ''""' '^^■■^'^'y -"'^^ - -•" Caro. nds The' et^ef 'f « '"' ""t "' '-^'^ ^^'^'^^ ^'^^ *"« Spanish could ot rn!l t !t h/l r'"'., T'""' "'"'' ^'^'"^ ^«t«' ^^''t^-^ tlmt he iZt I , u '"'* P*''""''" encouragement had ever been iriven to the estabhshment of any manufactures in Pennsylvania, nor were tier any then earned on In the Province e.xcopt two. One ;f these! "P m t.e e.,y about three years previous, by private subscrip ion for the manufacture of sail-cloth, ticking, and linens; but the proprie'tor had already sunk money, the high cost of labor not allowing the art les to be mado as cheap as those of the same quality from England we e , by reta.l. Its d.sconfnuancc had therefore been decided upon. The otb r was It glass manufactory in Lancaster. i»«oiuer The rejoicings of the Colonists at the repeal of the Stamp Act were of short durafon. The Sugar Act, i„ a modified form, still LmatL .nd osome was scarcely less grievous than the former. Several noa's re favorable to Colonial trade were enacted in Parliament the sa "a - J^-- ->=-*■* -^t=i_~r-^.^ COLONIAL CLOTn-MANVFACrCBE. 372 i,try by the impos uoa ^J^XZS'o'som.r. ia the Colonies. .O....P0. tea. prov.cbng "jJ^^J^.^t of the revenue system, by -- — and ^r, rTtrt" f a C« tom-House. Although the people had .we. the -^f ;f;7 j;7,,^ : ra etand taken against the Stamp BO readily receded from the de^ m ^^ ^^.^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ ^^ ^,^^^, Act, and a sum of ^ 5,000 was vote ^^^^ ^^^ .^^^^^^^ suil-cloth and lawns, to be paid in prem, ^ ^^^ ^^^,„t ^ from the Colonies, this and other ^^J" f^J^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ B,,ton, in town- renewal of the opposition to he new plan o^ ta^ati ^^^^^_^^.^^ ^^^ ^^_ meeting. Oct 28. commenced ^J^^^^ ,^^^,g„ ,„perfluities is the dress, by declaring that the excessive .^ ^^^^^^^ chief cause of the present ^^^^^^^^Z rincreased by means drained of its money •, which "'^^-^"VsUio; C^^^ trade of the Prov- of the late additional burdens and >-P««;;^, ,„.,„.„ Resolutions ince, which threaten the country ^'^h P^f^^^^^^ber. of such foreign .er; made to abstain from ^^l^^Zl 'fJZ^^^^l^s and carriages articles as "loaf sugar. '^'^'^''^'''^^''2'^^ ^ t^, ^en's and women's of all sorts, horse ^^^^^o^C^^^l^^^^^^^^ -"'^ ^^ "«">^"'^ '''''' apparel ready made, househodfurni re g , ^^ ^^^ j^.e ^f all sole leather, sheathing a.id deck -'>;- g^^*^-; ^/^^ ^^^^^ ,,,^,,,,,, stone «orts. gold and silver button. ^^^^^^^^^^^ '^^^^^^^, ,„, and paste ware, snuff, mustara, ^'o^'' • „er vard muffs, furs, and ■„eL' ».-e, broadcloth, *« ^^J ;' . ^..''ril and cM.drcn', menW, malt liqnors, and A^c ' ^^^^ __,^,„, „ At tl,e »m. Itae .t »., re»ol ei by P J^^ , ,,„„ '-"-;rpt r.°'Kr«t:;. ,: t^a ..c or ., o. .... niag.rteel «as in domand in .«r, ''°»-''»' ; '"f^f ^"l „f patriot. raJio, .,™n by tbcir "VrelTlThy SirinTi.nd. ' ' Spin- '- ""'r ':"^ n« oltll. -sembied at t„. ho.se ot a ning matches," m whica young . otbgr jn the ancient and Sr : ir :f Of the ^ ..nc. The grac. . a kmd. act often crowned a '^^J "^^^'"""^^^''^jtS'of'the pastor or friend products of their united labor «?- t»>« ^«-' ^ ^ , l,,,^^ ^o offel whose house they had enlivened, and who was oniy p 8riN.\-lNa AND SPINSTERS. he previous min- nters' colors, and in the Coloniea, Bvenue system, by gh the people had gainst the Stamp a tax on foreign and flax imported did not prevent a Boston, in town- ■etaliation and re- superfluities is the rn, as it is thereby increased by means trade of the Prov- ■uin." Resolutions ler, of such foreign aises and carriages men's and women's and women's shoes, id thread lace of all irts, diamonds, stone !8, silversmiths' and ^ard, muffs, furs, and nen's and children's ts, gauze, pewterers' of all kinds for gar- it ways and means to more especially those use of new or super- pledged. The spin- garments of domestic [1 as proofs of patriot- in the land. " Spin- 1 at the house of a lier in the ancient and ice, and extraordinary 'he graces of a kindly )y the bestowal of the f the pastor or friend nly permitted to offei 373 tbem a cnp of balm tea or of coffee in place of tho.r wonted but now proscribed beverage. In Rhode Lsland, and especially at Newport, there was scarcely flax enough to supply the spinners ' In February, 1768, the subject came up in the General Court, and the estab .shment o manufactures was generally approved of, only one mcnber Timothy Ruggles, opposing them. His reasons were assigned in writ' ing, but a motion to have them recorded on the Journals was negatived The Assembly had previously prepared a petition to the King, and now addressed a circular letter to the Assemblies of sister Provinces, stating what bad been done, and asking co-operation in their plan to obtain re- dress of grievances. The resolutions were generally approved of, and peti- tions were sent from other Colonies. At New Haven similar resolutions were adopted m the same month. An attempt was made again to set at work the Linen manufactory in Boston, which had been discontinued A town meeting i„ Boston, in March, appointed a committee to frame a vote of thanks to the author (then unknown) of the " Letters of a Penn. sylvania Farmer," by John Dickinson, which so ably vindicated the rights of American subjects. A large committee on manufactures was at the same time appointed to procure subscriptions to aid a manufactory of Duck, lately established in the town by John Bennett, Esq. They reported in May that only one-half the required sum (£300) had been subscribed, and were directed to renew their efforts. At this time the non-importation agreements, which, for want of concerted action 'had not been acted upon, were renewed in Massachusetts, and the Assembly (1) The inventions of a mechanical age have rendered np:.rly obsolete in Europe and America this primitive employment of woman, which was a time-honored custom in the rural economy of all ancient and mod- ern nations. The temporary impulse given to it by the claims of patriotism about this Ume, was nearly the last of its existence as » general or national custom. The term ipinster has an honorable derivation. Spin- ning and weaving have been domestic arts Oft to admire the nioonets of her skill, The nymphs forsools their fountain shade or hill. Onr Anglo-Saxon ancestors held labor in high honor, and their Scripture illustrations represent the angel of mercy as compensa- ting our first parents for the physical part of the curse by presenting Adam with a spade and Eve with a spindle. Ladies of the highest rank did not disdain its use. , ., " , "'™ •"" ui(i;iiu.-i niiiK aiu not disdain its use from the most anc.ent times, and chiefly The daughters of Edward the Elder were" belonged to the women. It was the province regularly instructed in spinning and weav- of royal ladies to direct the labors of the ing. The will of Alfred the Great calls the spmdleand the loom, and even to handle females of his house "the spindle side." the dis ttff, when Solomon drew his portrait- Their legends represent the spinning-wheel ure of av.rtuou. woman." or the wife of as a divine gift. When a young girl wa. Hoc or pl.ed her loom surrounded by her presented to James the First as a prodigy ma.ds. Even the goddess Minerva is repre- of learning, who could speak and writ^ sented to have contended at the loom with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, be replied, ' me, o»n ihe spin ?" COLONIAL CLOTH- MANC*AOTOR«. „,„,„, .o...«a its .*«on.w»...o.«..^^^^^^^^^ b, merA.«t» and oto to excto an '"'«'« ''°'^' Commissioiim of Customs had arrived, and t"' »«'^»™ merchants a-aln entered p,.ee for ,io,atin. t^-e — 7' * ,7, a» fl J--> '•"«»• to January 1, 1T70, except bdi , . Virginia Assembly bar lead and shot, wool-cards and «="j-;"«- J y^^^^,, ,„d spirit; .ow followed ^^^^-^'Z;:l ^orcLoHna. and olhers. and Connecucut New.-Tork Mar^la ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ successively joined the compact ^«^ ^ ^f „„„.i„ter- ''-r^?::^::::^::^^^^^-^ i- ^he Northern course ^he resolul individuals was overcome by fears of Colonics, where the ^'^f^^^ .„ ^^^,^^ „,ued upon a refractory popular resentment. /■ f^™"" "' J ^^„ ^,,, ^,Hing for his answer, merchant, and '^^^^l^'^l^^t^^^^^^^^^ ceased import- .. The newspapers soon publ shea uiai Committees of super- i"g-" <>-^^ -^« rerirt" "preventing any violation iutendence were «7^7;^^;;\V:^ .^Colonies'they were less strictly :i-s^=rcaro!:f^^^^^ s:to y^^tXt^itti:^— s::-- British custo. House returns : 1768. 1769. BxPOBTBD FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO £430,807 i;223,696 New England •■•*■■■ 490*674 75,931 New York ........', 441,830 204,976 Pennsylvania . £1,363,311 £504,603 , . 669,422 614,944 Maryland and Virginia 300,925 327,084 North and South Carolina ••••" ^^^^.g^ 53^341 Georgia .^ — £1,026,909 £1,000,369 .,. importation. ^^^^^^^ tl^^Z^:!!! oonsideraW, more tlmn one _ba,f«™b»t.doe^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ■fforts were made )ject of manufac- Ilommissionera of iiberty had taken nts again entered January 1, nSO, lines, hemp, duck, ''irginia Assembly terms and spirit ; jlina, and others, Ihode Island, and eats of non-inter- in the Northern rcome by fears of upon a refractory ing for his answer, rily ceased import- mmittees of super- nting any violation ■ were less strictly jase of imports took tain to the Colonies om British Custom- 1768. 1769. i30,807 iE223,696 too, 674 75,931 141,830 204,970 363,311 £504,603 669,422 300,925 56,562 614,944 327,084 58,341 026,909 £1,000,369 le Northern Colonies eased in the Southern suits, and their rooro industry. Tlie effect eat Britain of the dia- al of the imposts com- nth the exception of TAX ON TEA — SPINNINQ SCHOOLS. 375 the duty on tea, retained as an evidence of the supremacy of Parliament. The concession did not, however, on this occasion, cause the people to abandon their successful policy, because the right to tax them was still asserted, and the system was therefore continued in the hope of forcing an entile surrender of the prerogative and of the remaining duty on tea" This determination was strengthened in Massachusetts by the conflicts which took place in 1770 between the Br'Msh soldiers and the citizens of Boston, to whom their presence was hateful, and which happened ou the very day of the repeal. The propositions to abandon the self-imposed restraints were suppressed in some of the smaller Colonies. But New York, which had suffered most by her loss of trade, at length receded from the agreement by importing all goods which were free of duty. Rhode Island followed, and others in succession, until even Massachusetts was at length forced to yield. Although the non-importation covenants, it was hoped, would only be of temporary continuance, and had yet been of too recent adoption to Renewal of P'"«''"'^e any marked influence upon the infant manufactures liTetT' "*" ^''° country, an increased attention to several branches of ^ domestic industry was among the salutary results of the system. The habit of dependence upon their own resources, which was in a few years to become a compulsory measure, was not les^ serviceable to all classes. To the good effects of these resolutions was ascribed the encour- aging fact that at the Commencement exercises held in Cambridge, in the year 1770, the graduating class appeared in black cloth entirely of New England manufacture. In March, of the same year, a memorial was presented to the General Court by William Molineaux and others, who, in consideration of the increasing number and expense of the poor' had caused a large number of spinning-wheels to be made, and engaged rooms for employing young females, from eight years old and upward, in earning their own support. In aid of these spinning-schools, where chil- dren were instructed for two years free of cost, they had asked and re- ceived a loan of £500, without interest. The petitioners state that at least 300 women and children had already been thoroughly instructed in the art of spinning, to whom a large amount had been paid in wages. They had then on hand about forty thousand "scanes of fine yarn, fit to make any kind of women's wear." The first year's success had induced the manager to commence the manufacture of the yarn into Cloth, for which purpose he had erected, at much expense, " a complete apparatus, viz., working (winding?) and twisting-mills for working and twisting the yarn fit for the looms, which, with two boys only, will keep more than fifty looms constantly at work, and looms for weaving, and furnaces, hot and cold presses for finishing the goods, and has fixed up a 3,g COLONIAL CLOTII-MANCFACTURE. rtrir^r ;::;..» pa,..,g (.» i.. «. tor.. ca», a. pepp.. '" t /u e L ™e„tio„ »e'h.ve .e=„ of »y improved ■n.chao,.™ It IS me eariies ^^^ premiums in 'Aerr„T:l::t r.oJ lto:tx, ...a »•„. ..nor.*., .na wheels had been received, some of which may possiuiy u "HltTppear not long after to have been entertained, that the new maSery used n the Cotton manufacture, was about to be transferred machiuery «««« '" ^" ^^ mentioned, the Jenny patented by ltr::'::sy:a:lri::Vanty Obtained witU^ years. (1) Hargreayes wa», in 1768, compelled to fly from Lancashire by a combina- tion of the handwhcel spinners, who entered hi, house and destroyed the machine. Wyatt had in like manner been forced to leave Lancashire ; and Kay, the invento- of the fly-shutlle, fled to France, Mr. Karn- ihaw, the inventor of a cotton-reel and ipianor, generously destroyed the instru- nient rather than deprive the poor of bread. Nearly every step in the progress of those inventions was violently opposed by the workmen, and the energy of Arkwright alone carried him to ultimate triumph. In 1789, when spinning machinery was introduced in France, the spinners of Normandy de- stroyed the mills, Md suppressed their us* for a time. FIRST BROADCLOTH Fl'LLINQ- MILLS IN LANCASTER, PA. 377 mises, more cora- EnglanJ a large isiiiess, and also the moat perfect lit, he hopes this beauty and colour I Colonies." He r twelve hundred ory-house for the Assembly's aid to ndition to encour- of rent, for seven ,e allowed " to im- n and linen manu- the space of one for the remainder r case) five pepper- ictivity in spinning ih approached more icter of a mannfac- irsted, and to have which would enable of the spinners, tiproved mechanism offered premiums in i manufactures, and 1 improved spinning )ly have found their •tained, that the new lut to be transferred B Jenny patented by a four or five years.* deprive the poor of bread. I in the progress of those riolently opposed by the energy of Arkwright alone timate triumph. In 1789, n»ohinery was introduced pinners of Normandy de- , and suppressed their use An extract from a letter, dated at Baltimore, January 11, 1772, appeared in the Tennsylvania Gazette on the 30th, in which the writer says :— "We learn that a person, who has for many years past been a master in several large manufactories for linen, cotton, and calico printing, likewise cutting and stamping of the copper-plates for the same, intends,' some time this month, to leave England for America, with six journey- men, and all the machinery for carrying on the said business, previous to which, and unlsnowu to the English manufacturers he has shipped sundry machines, some of which will spin ten, and others from twenty to one hundred threads at one time, with the assistance of one hand to each machine. Those machines are not allowed at home, and so inveterato are the common people against them, that they burn and destroy not only these but the houses also, where they are found. The Americans being able to purchase cotton to more advantage than the Europeans, a manufactory of this kind will doubtless be properly encouraged by the well-wishers to America." Among other indications of a pervading interest in the subject of manufactures, which at this time led to the establishment of a public filature for reeling silk, and attempts in several other branches of do- mestic manufacture in Philadelphia, the same Journal, on the second of January, gave notice that there was on exhibition at the "London Coffee House," a piece of broadcloth, of the manufacture of the Province. As it was "one of the finest and best perhaps ever made on the Conti- nent, and the manufacturer had been at considerable expense at procu- •ring an engine, looms, etc., he hopes the generous public will encourage this infant attempt." Though probably not the first piece of broad- cloth made in the country, inasmuch as there were many immigrants acquainted with its manufacture, some of whom came with a special view to that business, and doubtless brought their looms with them, it is the first specific mention we have met of such a fabric. Wool was less abundant in Pennsylvania and the Southern Provinces, at this time than in New fork and New England. Flax, hemp, and cotton, were the principal materials. There were, however, many fulling-mills in Penn- sylvania, and more or less probably in all the Colonies. A fulling-mill was erected in Lancaster at considerable expence, by Stephen Atkinson, in 1730, when it contained two hundred inhabitants. Although his dam on the Conestoga had been demolished by the in- habitants on the upper part of the creek, for obstructing the fish and rafting business, it had been rebuilt, and Lancaster was now becoming an active manufacturing town. PuUing-mills were also in operation us early as this at Columbia, Ephrata, and in Chester and Bucks Counties, and other parts of the Province. The assessors, in 1760, reported twelv* 3t3 COLONIAL CLOTH-MANUFACTURE. fuUlng-mills in rhiladelphia County. But the Germans, Scotch, and Irish chiefly eraployed linen materials. Dr. Franklin stated at the bar of the House of Commons, in 1766, that the annual imports from Oreat Britain to Pennsylvania were probably £500,000, and the exports not over £40 000 Flax-seed was a considerable item in the shipments, and amounted in that year to 1 2,094 hogsheads, worth £3 lOs. P«^ hogsheo^d In mi it was 110,412 bushels, in 1772, 85,794, and m 1773, 68,681 bushels. New York exported, in 1766, of that article, 11.037 hogsheads, and in 1774 and 1775, respectively, 129,150 and 111,845 bushels. Con- necticut and several other Colonies yearly sold a large quantity of flax- seed All the fibre grown with the seed, in addition to much of the hemp raised and imported, was converted into Cloth by the extended system of household manufactures which then prevailed. The agreements winch had been twice made to discard foreign luxuries, and to become as self- dependent as possible for manufactured products, had rendered the cus- tom of spin.iing and weaving in families almost universal. The number of artisans from Great Britain and the Continent, forced hither by want of employment or invited by Americans, led to many projects for intro- ducing small manufacturing establishments. The formation and encour- agement of these received the powerful advocacy of Dr. Franklin's pen, and of others, who pointed out the increased value given to lands and agricultural produce, and the greater plenty of money produced by a manufactory. . , j • By the Act of 1719 (5 Geo. I. c. 27), the transporting and seducing^ of artificers to settle abroad, was made punishable by fine and imprison- ment; and by that of 1750 (23 Geo. II. c. 13), the exportation KhiXof tools and utensils used in the Silk and Woolen manufactures prohibittd. ^^g prohibited. But neither of these Acts applied to the Colonies. The evidence, however, of a design in the Colonies to estab- lish manufactories, to the great detriment of those of Greut Britain, led, in 1774, to another aggressive step in the Colonial policy of the ministry. B' the 14 Geo. III. c 71, it was enacted that, if any person exports any such tools or utensils as are commonly used in the cotton or linen manu- factures < r other goods wherein cotton or linen are used (excepting wool-cards to North America), or any parts of such tools or utensils, he shall not only forfeit the same, but also £200. The collecting or having in possession such implements, or those used ia the woolen or silk manu- facture with a view to exportation, made them liable to seizure, and the possessor to arrest.' But this statute, which was highly injurious to the industrial prospects of the country, was regarded with less abhorrence (1) Pope's Laws of the Customs. NON -IMPORTATION RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BT CONGRESS. 379 ins, Scotch, and itated at the bar ports from Great the exports not e shipments, and )8. per hogshead. in 1773, 68,681 1,037 hogsheads, 5 bushels. Con- quantity of flax- nuch of the hemp extended system agreements which ,0 become as self- rendered the cus- sal. The number ed hither by want projects for intro- lation and encour- )r. Franklin's pen, iven to lands and sy produced by a ting and seducing fine and imprison-* 3), the exportation oolen manufactures !ts applied to the Colonies to estab- Greut Britain, led, icy of the ministry, person exports any Lton or linen manu- re used (excepting ;ools or utensils, he ollecting or having oolen or silk manu- I to seizure, and the fhly injurious to the ith less abhorrence than other measures adopted the same year for the enforcement of tho llevenue Laws. Scarcely had the news arrived that the port of Boston had been closed, on account of the resistance to the duty of 3d. a pound on tea in tho Non-impnr- prcvious year, than Boston, in town-meeting, on 13th May 1774 tftUiinri'»olii- [.i o 1 4 1 , J> > iatie first joint stock company formed cZ'^r" ^""^ '"^•'^ "" r^n'ose, and the first to attempt the manufacture of f„ , cotton goods in this country. A plan of an " American Manu- factory of Woolens, Linens, and Cottons" was formed previous to the 22d February, 1775, when the books were opened for subscriptions. The following is an outline of the plan : The company was to be called ^ The United Company of Philadelphia for pron,oti,.g American Manu- factures. It was to continue three whole years from the date of the first general meeting. Shares were £10 each, and entitled the subscriber toa vote on all occasions, and also to election to any office, and such only. They were to begin with the manufacture of Woolens, Cottons and Linens, and carry ou the same to the greatest extent and advanta^ their stock would admit o. during three years. One moiety or full half of the subscription to be paid in within a week after the first Reneral meeting, and the other half within two months, the same to continue with all the profits as company stock for three full years. A general meetii, - was to he called by tickets within a weak after 200 subscribers were olf- tamed, to choose by ballot twelve managers, a secretary, treasurer etc One-third of the managers were to be change.! annually, by drawing lots foi going out. The managers were to conduct the manufactory agreeably t.) the rules of the Company, and were to attend daily two by two at the Company's store. The treasurer was to give security for a faithful dis- charge of duty. A state of the Compony's accounts was to be made out every six months, and kept at the store for the inspection of members Ihe luanagers had power to call a general meeting as often as necessary" for which, after the first one, three weeks' notice in the news,.apers should be sufficient. No rule or regulation was binding on the Company unless a majority of the meiiibers was present. The first general meeting of the subscribers was held at Carpenters' Hall, on ICth March, when Dr. Hush, having bee- elected president, opened the business of the day in a very sensible and appropriate speech m which he ably pointed out the necessity, the possi'ilily, and the ad- vantages of establishing such manufactures. The nrcemii;/ was obviouj from the action of Congress, cxelu.ling British goods, of which Cloths were always a considerable part, and the non-importation agreemeuls-.tt 3g5 COLONIAL CLOTH MANUFACTURE. two or three years observance of which wonhi purchase the li'^.e^'t'es o^ r country at a cheap rate. The po^sibilU., was apparent from he r:lid had attended several attempts of the ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ family manufactures, which were equal in --^ . ^"""^'^V- t onS wants of the people ; from the excellence of the l.uen made ; the qna ty Tf tl wool, lich equaled that of several European eo"".tr.es. and could infive years be inc eased to be sufficient for all the inhab.ta U ; the heals 'cotton.' the manufacture of which seen.ed to be of the ut- ™o7co, equence, both on account of the great use made of cotton stuffs rthTeo^le, and the bond of union its trade would create between h Southern and Middle States. The a,.a.ta,es were to be foun h annual savinff to the Province, which, supposing 50,000 ont ot the 'm inlSitants to cons. . £5 worth of British Cloths wouM amount to £250,000 ; in the employn^ent, which, according to their plan, wou d be given o the poor ; in the establishment of a new basis o wealth Tex in vaL, in every State, to ngriculture ; in the introduction o oreign nrnufacturer's, particularly English; in the exclusion of v- an uxiK of which foreign goods were the vehicle ; and in the formation o an ad duronal barrier to tyranny. The olyect^.s that manufactures with rew labor frum agriculture, and could not be conducted to furnish goods cheap as they could be imported; that they were injurious to heaUh a d population, and that they deprived the country o its «" y effect "d leaoou_a resort to non-impo.lation agreements, which had -;;« '^^ the liberties of the country-were each reviewed and answered Ihe fact was adverted to, in relation to labor, that it had been the misfortune ot most of the manufactures set up that they only employed worknici. si.x or nine months in the year, thereby raising the price of wages and to the fart also that they possessed a machine for saving labor, which was likely to receive encouragement from the legislature. Tiie address concludes with this generous and patriotic sentiment: " I am not one of those vin- dictive patriots who exult in the prospect of the decay of the manufactures of Britain. I can forgive her late attempts to enslave us, in the memory of our once mutual freedom and happiness ; and should her Liberty, her (1) I'hilftilelpliift waa nuvrlied "'*'' nnt'^* cotton throughout the Revolution at two phillings Bferling a pouml, in «uffioiont quan- tity for homo consumption. New England wug best provided with wool, but there wns • gencrul acflcieucy of that materi.il ; and Mr. Olic, during the war, snid there was not enough to make each of the inhabitants a pair of etockings. Dr. Franklin, while in London, ridiculed the cxtruragaut reports of the wealth and luxury of the Colonists, nnd their ability to mnnufacturo, which fa- vored schemes of taxation and pr-hibitory laws. A pasquinade in a London paper, in 1776, which has been ascribed to him, siiyB : <'Th« very Tailt "f the American sheep ar» so laden with wool, that ench Sns a curt or wagon on four little wheels to fupp'.rt and keep it from trailing on the ground." e the liberties of )parcut from the ; the extent of the ities to the entire nade ; the quality intrles, and couUl, 3 inhabitants ; the l1 to be of the ut- tde of cotton stuffs create between the be found in the lO.OOO out of the ish Cloths, would ■ding to their plan, lew basis of wealth, •odnction of foreign of vice and luxury, formation of an ad- lufacturcs withdrew to furnish goods as rious to health and ' its only effectual ich had twice saved answered. The fact Ml the misfortune of )ycd workmen six or f wages, and to the )or, which was likely le address concludes lot one of those vin- y of the manufacturea ve us, in the memory 3uld her Liberty, her 1 luxury of thB Colonists. to mniuifacturo, wliicti fii- tnxRlion nnd pri'liibitory iilo in a London paper, in ccn BKcrihcit to liim, Bnyu: i)f tlic Anioricnn slicep nr» )1, tlmt ench Sn» » oiirt or ttlo wheels to mpport and ing on the ground." A PHILADELPniA TEXTTUE MANCPACTC .T IN m5. 38T Arts, her Fleets and Armies, and her Empire, ever be interred in irica." '' ' "" '" "•" " ^^'''^" ^"'"-^« -'^ in Upon the conclusion of the address, the Company proceeded to the elect,on of the following officers for the first yea^r.-'llensnt-er Jose' S lie Secretary. James Cannon; Managers, Christopher Marshall Jacob Winey Isaac Gray. Samuel Wetherill Jr., Christopher L..dwiok t redenc.. Fuhl, : '.obert Strettel Jones, Richard Wells, Thomas Tilburv' James Popham, and Isaac Howell. Chri.stopher Marshall, one of the managers, and a member of the Co unci of Safety, makes frequent mention, in his Remembrancer, of visits to this mamifactory. He states that on the 21st, the managrrs leased the house William Smith, i„ Market street, for three yeafs, at £40 p an„um,for a manufactory. In August an advertisement was issued to the spinners of the city and county, informing them that their services were wanted to promote the American Manufactory at the corner of Market and iVnth streets, where cotton, wool, flax, etc., were delivered out, and exhorting them each to avail herself of the opportunity in a time of public distress to help to sustain her family, and cast her mite into the treasury of the public good. Under the date of Sept. 19, Mr. Marshall makes this rr ''e T '^"' ^ "^'"^ '"^ "^""^ Manufactory L, invitation, to consult some of the managers respecting the employment of three (it's said) complete spinners on the machine, and cotton weavrrs," etc etc This we presume, refers to the Jenny before mentioned. In addition to this machine, the manufactory, in October, employed in spinning and othe- work four hundred women, who would otherwise have been destitute. On the 8th November, Mr. Tench Coxe became a mem- ber of the Company, and labored to promote that and all other efforts to create manufactures. An address was annually delivered before the Society. Mr. Richard Wells, of Philadelphia, officiated at the com- mencement of the second year. From the oration of Robert Strettel Jones of Burlington, delivered in the College on the third anniversary March n, \m, we learn that the goods manufactured by the Society consisted of linens to the value of £1,443 1«. Id., and cotton and woolen goods worth £474 12s. With raw materials and other assets, the stock amounted to £5,081 9s. lOd., exclusive of implements, new looms, and oUier machines to the value of £254 I4.s., which last would be a fair offset for rent, bad debts, and losses by spinners. The value of a share which originally cost £10, was therefore at the end of the second year' notwithstanding some mismanagement through inexperience £17 Gf f,d lint how long the b„sine..s was continued by U.e original Compn.n-J„..s notappt-ar. S.Muuel Wetherill. one of the (irst managers, who, as a'n.cM,- -^" OOWSIAL CLOTII-aiSUFACTlBIt. h,.r o, enc».ira"er of . militor, con,,.nny ot Friend., rtich sometime. ; i eri:::: f.c.or, ,.,.i, .« -i-^a >>, ... Soe.* app.«. , „„^ ),in.}i nriced as wel on account of the proniouiou "'""" i: rll^rt-uu™ rromE,„i.nd,a..,U.e i^e..pU™ M.»f...™ . ,„j. bet«een her and the Colonies. Hence several of the «;rr °™ , ,M, resolotions, Imd recommended and enconr- .,ed ., W.:: t;,e m.n»(ae.„r. of coUon """""'^^ ■■"-;■- lution. The Assembly, u memorial, granted him a Tclb IS Island, was engaged in. ^ O^ of Can be'lana K ^^^^ _^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^^^^^ occasioned by the r: d le abo oCking the. by the old process of hammering, he . Ta tL Tan of cutting them from a sheet of iron with a pair of Ihet: a i af ^ard i:adi,^ them in a vice. This P-ess he aftenvard appl d to cold or cut nails, and is said to have been the first to emp oy It ed in mXg^ard teeth by hand, as then practiced nvented a V ry efficient machine for manufacturing them, it is sa.d. a he ra of fifLn hundred per minute. Proposals made by h.m to establ.sh und r SUte p tron age' factory for drawing wire and making it nto card teeth b teCchhfe in less tfme than it took to coil the wire .nto bancs n blvimr been accepted, he sold the secret to md.v.duals. A p an for p Sg leather. a;d for cutting, bending, and setting the teeth. Boon after devised by him. he is also said to have abandoned, because o h.s Sre to secure a due share of the benefits of the previous .nvent.on. The manuf cture of such card, was commenced in Boston before the Revo. I ior In n8«.Gli-Kiehards& Cabegan themanu^ct^ew.^n^^^^^^^^ invented machinery, possibly that of Evans, by which, m 1793, the tacto r.fG Richard Amos Whittemore, and Mark Richards, turned ou i, cr establishments in Boston and other parts of the State. A machine MANDPACTURE8 DUIIINQ THE REVOLUTION. 389 which soraetiraes iciety, appears to Two jeara after, r the army. The State patronage, (riginal Company, by an incendiary. } at this time ex- )f the prohibition y the interrnptioa ;nce several of the ;nded and encour- )1 cards, iron wire, ifalhaniel Niles, of ictory of iron wire oughout the Revo- to the cotton and rial, granted him a eremiah Wilkinson, ig hand cards. On s, occasioned by the is of hammering, he iron with a pair of process he afterward 1 the first to employ ?er Evans, of Phila- ,y, having also been radioed, invented a 1 said, at the rate of m to establish under ing it into card teeth wire into hanks, not fiduals. A plan for etling the teeth, soon Joned, because of his e previous invention. )8ton before the llevo- mufacture with newly- ch, in 1793, the facto- Richards, turned out sse, there were several the State. A machine for bending and cutting card teeth was also invented about the year 1784 by Mr. Chittenden, of New Haven, capable of making 80,000 in an hour. Hand cards were also made throughout the war by Daniel An- thony of Providence, R. I. Amos Whittemore, in 1796, took out pat- ents for an improved loom, for cutting nails, etc., and the following year for his improvement in making wool-cards. As the United Colonies were now about entering upon the sanguinary struggle for Independence, in which all the energies of the people were TheKevou. absorbed in sustaining the conflict, it would be in vain to look iS? '^"/ ?""'' '"■''^'''' '" '•'*' "'''■"' '"■*'• The infant manufactures '• of the country did not escape the baleful influences which a state of warfare always exerts upon industry. Many voung and feeble enterprises were entirely ruined. Rut the mechanical genius of the country did not slumber, and the exigency of the occasion created some . new branches and stimulated others, while it developed unusual examples of .ngenuity and enterprise in the arts, as it did remarkable talents in the held and in council. In the non-intercourse agreements and the necessities of the war were laid the foundation of that superstructure of mechanical industry which speedily rose to fair proportions after the peace. The flourishing eom- raerce of the Colonies was, however, totally ruined. This Mr Burko characterized as out of all proportion beyond the numbers of the people' and that with the mother land, within less than £500,000 of being equal to what England carried on at the beginning of the century with the whole I r,i?.n';^'' ''" '"'' ""^ Pennsylvania, which, in 1704, called for only £11.459 in value of British commodities, but in 1772 it took nearly fify times as_ much, or £507,909 worth, nearly equal to the exports to all he Colonies together at the first period. The Colony trade of Great Britain had increased from one-sixfeenth to nearly one-third ot the whole.^ The importations were particularly heavy in 1770 and the threo ^llowing years, and amounted, as Mr. Glover stated to the House of Commons in 1775, to ten and a half millions sterling in the three years or three and a half millions at the annual medium. He estimated the Linen sent from Great Britain and Ireland to amount to £700 000 per annum The importations in the foregoing years exceeded the wants of the Colonies, and through the embarrassments thereby created, the debts of the American merchants, who bought largely oncredit, were not aspromptly paid^ when due as they had been in previous years. The indebtedness ot New Englnnd was stated at near one million sterling. The Colonies were, in consequence, charged in some quarters with a desire to evade payment-a charge which was refuted by the testimony of merchants in the Colonial trade at the bar of the House, and by the subsequent good faith ^110 COLONIAL CLOTII-MANXJFACrURE. 1 f= nf siv millions duo in December, 1174, four of American merchants. Of six ™ '"^"« separation xnillions were paid in the next twelve nontK « -" P seemed inevitable, although the restraints upon the r trade ana from b™g tanked »a »ld ^^ ^^^^ ,„,„„ "^ t n 1 fai hful adherence to the non-intercourse agreements mdi- created by the suspension of trade. Their IwDituai anu i callty alone carried them through the trying occasion. Biltthe scarcity and dearness of Clothing and camp furinture, particu- lar^ of wo e. suitable for the use of the army, was early experienced '" ' . ad continued throughout the war to embarrass t - -mmiss - ircirC Hat department, to impair the health and morale of he o^- A- . «nrl at times even endangered its subordination. Congress was in cScuetce S -ke frequent appeals to the people to increase bTsuPP ieB of wool and other materials, and to promote the manufa - fighting the bottles of freedom. In r^ov. mo, m (1) A writer of this dnto, in recommena- ing an increased use of tiie spinninK-whetl, estimated that out of two millions of inhabit- anta in the thirteen Colonic, there were at least 460,000 females who could be employed In spinning. If only one-third of them were ,0 employed, there would be 150,000, each of whom could spin thread for six yards nf linen per week, during the five months in each year in which it was customary to use the little wheel. This would give 23,400,000 yards of Cloth annually, or twelve yards to each of the two millions of the population— a quantity quite sufficient for that portion of their clothing. He supposed this number to he 30,000 more than were then so em- ployed. As all the flax produced was al- ready spun, he proposed to employ hemp, of which foreign lawns, dawlas, Oinaburgs, etc., were made, an.^ which was then used to advantage in some parts of this country. His own county (in New Jersey) produced the previous year above 100 tons, and could produce 500 tons of hemp, of which each pound would make nearly one yard of .men (.ail-cloth excepted). The Province (to which the culture was not confined) could readily produce sufficient hemp to make 4.500,000 yards of Cloth-enough to supply the 30,000 extra spinners. SCAnCITY OF CLOXniNO DIUINQ THE WAR. 391 eccmbcr, 1174, four when a separation trade and fi^^heries That the sudden lid cause serious in- is exiiansted, might productive power, it I merchandise '•. ould of Congress and the lilt of British goods the ajrgrcgate valno nch at ihc comracnce- of the Nev> England s, was nearly or quite lothing.' The prompt urse agreements indi- 3 supply the deficiency ,1 and compulsory fru- on. imp furniture, particu- was early experienced, (ibarrass the couimissa- nd morale of the sol- tion. Congress was in the people to increase ) promote the manufac- countrymen who were t resolved that clothing nore than wpro then bo em- II tho flnx produced was al- B proposed to employ hemp, gn lawns, dowlas, Oinaburgs, lo, and which was then used ,n some parts of this country, ity (in New Jersey) produced rear above 100 tons, and could tons of hemp, of which each make nearly one yard of '.inen iceptod). The Province (to Iture was not confined) could JC8 sufficient hemp to make ds of Cloth— enough to supply tra spinners. be provided for the army by the continent, to be paid for by stopping 1§ dollars per month out of the soldiers' pay ; that as much as possible of the Cloth be dyed brown, the distinction of the regiments to be made in the facings; and tluit a man who brought into the camp a good new blanket, should be allowed two dollars therefor, and be at liberty to take It away after the campaign. In the following March, the several As- semblies, conventions, and committees of safety, correspondence, and in- spection were recommended to use their utmost endeavors to promote the culture of hemp, tlax, and cotton, and the growth of wool in the United States ; to take the earliest means for erecting and establishing i,i each Colony a Society for the improvement of Agricniture, Arts, Manu- factures, and Commerce, and to maintain a corresj ^nde^jce between such societies, that the rich and numerous natural advantages of the country for supporting its inhabitants might not be neglected. They were further recommended to consider of ways and means of introducing the manufac- tures of duck, sail-cloth, and steel where tliey were not already under- stood, and of encouraging, increasing, and improving them where they were. Each Colony was called upon, in June, to furnish a suit of clothes —of which the waistcoat and breeches might be of deer leather, if to be had on reasonable terms— a blanket, felt hat, two shirts, two pair hose, and two pair shoes for each soldier in the army, to be paid for by Con- gress. In July the commissary was granted a quantity of gunpowder with whicli to purchase deer-skins for breeches ; and the secret committee was directed to fall upon ways and means of procuring a furti.<."r sui)ply of deer-skins for the Hue purpose from Georgia and South Carolina. At the same time, John Griffith, "an experienced artificer in making and dressing fullers' shears," was, on petition of the inhabitants of Chester County, Pennsylvania, released from service and ordered to return home to follow his trade. Toward tlie end of the year. General Washington was desired to order agents to be sent into each State to buy up linens and other clothing and tent-cloth. But notwithstanding orders had been issued in the beginning of the year to import considerable quantities of woolens and other Cloth from Europe, and Philadelphia was twice ,;alled upon to furnish blankets, which were not t-^ be purchased in the stores, and even to sell its awnings for tents, of which there was scarcely one iii the army, the sufferings of the troops during the winter were extreme. A large proportion of the clothing of the soldiers was linen, which was a poor defense against the rigors of a winter campaign. The deficiency of woolen materials in the nianufactu.es of the country was apparent in tho contributions for the army. The Commissioners in France were directed, in the beginning of the next year, to make purchases of suitable clothing and blankets, and each State was assessed for a supply of blau- 392 COLONIAL CLOTU-MANfFACTVnE. kets In Sq.tcnbcr, the Executive Council of Pennsylvania was advised to take possession of any linens, blankets, or other woolens found in the «ton.8 and warehouses, and pive certificates of their value _ A letter from Samuel Wetherill. Jr.. to the Board of War, ,n May informs them that, in consequence of the unexpected rise in the pnee of wool and labor, he would be unable to comply with a contract ^^Ztm'. „ade for a supply of Cloth at a time when he supposed prices II u .J _ e t«i..r ino'iiflinnf five-house. Fuctory in ,■.',' . Philadelphia. ^^^^ at tllC highest. ,.n>,aae.p.... ^erc HI u.e uigu.,.. He bad a factory, including dye-house fulling-mill. etc.. in South Alley, between Market and Arch and i.fth and Lth streets, where he carried on the manufacture of -f "y^^^ ,oon after, if not at that time, of cottons and chemical products. \^ oo being then 7s. U a pound, with a prospect of its becoming lO.s. 1 e eou d not furnish for less than 2T,s. 6r. /Jiinj/iV.i,', r>;»coui»e in Cont' god, and at the same time merry fellows," memoralion of Peter S. Duponceau, LL.D. gg^ COLONIAL OLOTII-MANt'FACTUBE. livres bavins been gvauted by the King of France, and ten millions n.ore b wed ;:; the Netherlands, on French security, su.ta'. e cloth.ng, p icipaUy EugliBl^ Cloth, was purchased in Holland and sent to Amev>c., a d t e d Continental currency, " like an aged nian, expmng by t le d cay 0? nature, without a sigh or groun, fell asleep in the hands o t« f ? n«! " Bv the aid of so much coin, and a bank esiabhshed by r ro:x«o,. o/p;.,.!,,,,..., ...a .u «„,.... .*„ „r bo... M „i, n,.'l»rs«cre managoil -.vith moro acceptance to lh« ooa ol tne ^ar 'm3 >,er.,iLtlo.ot peace, the .oldiers. with the ,.n,e S; t"at U,ey h.d taUea them, laid aelde their «,u, for the ..pleutcnt. nf thp mechanic and the husbandman. • u,„ ''t e" -ss with which men who had distinguished themselves , th t nf war retur..ed to their former occupations, was a matter of as- '"'' ' t u Co" to foreigners. But if they are honored as the m- Ku^^ truments of our political freedom, no small measure o cred t nie , i "'" , , T twciitv sons and brotners, inty family., ..«I have "»' ^'""^''^ [^ ,,~ j .hat Tnevc, did s,:r>=r:i9^:^^i-r;;:;:::r;:: »„„lformy.cr,a„t,: «'»l 'I''' ""J ''° ' °i" '" 7/L, .^ .slave I ,„od. V''»""'^;\ir"n:;.trw: to"::;ury„,....t,h,..e shall not bo worthy of life. 1 Have u.t sacriliced as- are the sentiments of all my sister AmerK-a,,. lu.v - semblies. parties of l''--^' ^"' '^""'^ "'^\ "^^^^ .ople fhroughout of patriotism ^'"'^-^-^^^^"j:::^ . 's ';ti:n:nti of females, what Tre aa with one heart, determined to die or bo free.'" (I) Nilu'. PrUoiplo. auU Act. of the Ucvolutlon. p. 805. PATRIOTISM OF AMERICAN WOMEN— EFFECTS OF THE PEACE. 395 ind ten millions more ly, suitaMe clothing, and sent to America, man, expiring by the ep in the hands of its I bank esiabUhhed by ial wisdom of Robert ICC to the end of the ildiers, wilh the same ms for the implements shed themselves in the s, was a matter of as- ire honored as the in- nall measure of credit of the toils and self- 1 throughout the pro- to provide clothing for Revolution, on whom mention, though made t least be permitted to which animated them, ty and patriotism. " I 'l\iladelphiato a British mly brother I have sent ope he will not disgrace and emulate the great sons and brothers, they expense In my table and nas, nor bought a new und, what I never did ^ stockii\gs of American in my mile to the public I once, but as a slave I to assure you that these They have sacriliced as- linery to that great 'spirit (-8 of people thro\ighont liments of females, what )lher8, and sous ? They "rco."' ilutiun, p. 805. Another instance is related as follows : During the war of the Revolution, General Lafayette, being at Bal- timore, was invited to a ball ; he went, as requested, but instead of joining in the amusements, as might be expected of a young Frenchman, he ad- dressed the ladies: 'You are very handsome ; you dunce very prcttilv; your ball is very fine— but my soldiers have no shirts.' The appeal \vas irresistible ; the ball ceased, the ladies ran homo and went to work, and in a few days a large number of sliirts were prepared by the fairest hands in Baltimore for the gallant defenders of their country.'" The immediate effects of the peace were alike unfavorable to the trade and manufactures of the country. Exhausted in resources, with a debt Effects of of forty millions of dollars, and no public revenue systcni, the thei'eac-6. country was unable to meet its obligations. The public secu- rities fell in value, the creditors of the National Government were ruined in capital, and the arrears of the soldiers were unpaid. Those who were not themselves paid could not pay others, and private confidence fell in the wreck of the public faith. As aliens, the merchants of the United States were excluded from their r)rmer trade with the West Indies, the fishermen were denied access to several ports they had been free to visit as Colonists, and the bounty on whale oil was withdrawn. In the absence of any power to regulate commerce, a flood of European manufactures was poured in to supply the exhausted warehouses of the country. The peoi»le of all clas.ses were but too ready to escape from the restraints to which til 7 had so long subjected thom.^elves. The trade of the 8(ntes, which had once been so valuable to Britain, was coveted by all adven- turous traders, and merchandise was imported far beyond the wants of the country, or the ability of merchants to jjuy. Large debts were ac- cumulated in Great Britain, to whose muimfactures Americans were partial ; and by the treaty, these and the old uncanceled obligations were to be paid in gold and silver, d which the States were speedily druined. All possibility of success in manufactures was for a time excluded by the Buperabunda'ice of foreign goods, some of which sold twenty-five per cent, cheapci than in London. But the evils produced by liie absence of an efficient ead to the Government, and of concert in any plan for tlie regulation of trade and commerce, at length led to the organization cf an effective central authority, under whoso actiou all branches of the national industry speedily recovcrec. During the Revolution much of the limited capital and kill of the country had been employed in those branches of manufacture which were immedi- ately subservient to the war. But the household industry of the country lO White'! MoTDoir of .xiater. 109 396 COLONIAL CI.OTII-MANUFACTURE. Imd been preserved and extended. The new prospects which now opened before the conntrv, pointed out the duty and policy of cherishing these, and of introducing new ones. The several States pd.pted sucl. measures as they had been accustomed to in their Colonial capacity for the encour- nnrecent of trade and manufactures. Di.scriminaling and other duties were laid by several, but without any uniformity, and were all annulled and the power lodged in the General Congress by the new Constitu- ' The increased attention which had been given to wool-ijrowing during the war, and to cotton in the South, created a desire in many quarters to procure the improved machinery by which the manufactures of fj":;";'" England were boing so rapidly extended, and which France was daohioery. ^^^^ i-jhorlng to obtain. In 1780, an a' ociu was fornicd in Worcester, Mass., for spinning and weaving cotte,.,, a. u a subscription raised to procure a Jennv for that purpose. On the 30th April, it was announced in the Spy that "on Tuesday last, the first piece of corduroy made in the manufactory in this town was taken from the loom." The manufacture was probably continued, since Samuel Brazier, of that town, in 1790 advertised for sale "jeans, cord.v.oys. federal rib, and cottons.'" The year following this attempt. Parliament raised a further barrier to the attainment of textile machinery from that country by re-enacting and extending the statute of 1774 against its exportation. It was enacted (21 Geo. in. c. 37) that any person who packed or put on board, or caused to be brought to any place in order to be put on board any vessel, with a view to exportation, " any machine, engine, tool, press, paper, utensil, or implement, or any part thereof, which now is o h;^re- after may be used in the woolen, cotton, linen, or silk manufactufo ■.: -htc- Kingdom, or goods wherein wool, cotton, linen, or silk arc uf-i '.p any model or plan thereof," etc., should forfeit every such machine '^v the good.s pncl-.ed therewith and £200, and suffer imprisonment for twelve months. Th'j like penalties attached to having n custody or power, or collecting, making, applying for, or causing to bo made, any such mo- chinery, ami the forfeitures were to go to the use of the informer after the e-penses of prosecution were paid. The exportation, and the attempt to put on bor.rd for that purpose, " any blocks, plates, engines, tools, or utensils used in, or which are proper for the preparing or finishing of th" calico, cotton, muslin, or linen printing manufactures, or any part thereof," wero the next year (1782) prohibited under penalty of X500 The same act interdicted the transportation of tools used in the iron and (1) Llncoln'i IIliU of Worceiter Coanty, p. 821. EFFORTS TO OBTAIN TEXTILE MACUINEIIT. 397 which now opened r cherisMng these, ted such measures ity for the encour- aiid other duties were all nnnuUed :he new Constitu- lol-grovving during 1 many quarters to le manufactures of 1 which France was cii;^: , • was formed ftiu A subscription 30th April, it was I, ])icce of corduroy 1 the loom." The I Brazier, of that ■8, federal rib, and a further barrier to by re-cnncting and n. It was enacted r put on board, or put on board any engine, tool, press, ich now is o ?>.^ri!- manufactuft •>'.' 'hi;- : silk arc u; L >t y such machine -"K risonment for twelve ustody or power, or made, any such ma- te informer after the )n, and the attempt Bs, engines, tools, or ring or finishing of iictures, or any part er penalty of X500 used in the Iron and S21. steel manufactures. Wool or stock cards, not exceeding 4s. per pair, and spinncr.s' cards, not exceeding 1«. 6(/. per pair, u.sed in the woolen manufactures, were by a later Act (26 Geo. III. c. 16) allowed to be exported.' These statutes, which were vigilantly enforced, along with those against ertioing artificers to emigrate, proved serious obstacles to the in- Progress of ti'oduction of machinery botii in America and the Continent of MuTiliuery Enropc. In 1784, a Gerniaii was fined £500 for seducing infcurupe. operatives to Germany; but ii native of Amiens succeeded, the same year, in importing into France the first machine for spinning cot- ton. But, two years after, another person incurred the legal penalty for having a quantity of machinery, with a view to export it to Germany. Some attempts to ol)tain machinery for I'lis country miscarried about the same time. A set of comi)lete brass -noJeis of Arkwriglit's machinery was made and packed in England by the agent of Mr. Tench Coxe, of Philadelphia, in 1786, but woa sei/cJ on the eve of its shipment, a.id'tho object defeated.' Abel Buell, an ingenious mechanic of Killingswortb, Connecticut, who had been engaged in engraving, type-founding, and the manufacture of copper coin for the State, visited England about the same time, ostensibly to purchase copi)e-', but in reality, it is said, to obtain a knowledge of the various kinds of machinery used in the Cloth-manufac- ture. The mechanical resources of the English manufactures had at this date been further enriched by the invention, in 1774, of the power-loom, by Cartwright; of the mule jenny, in 1775, by Crompton, which soon superseded the machine of Ilargrcaves ; by several iniprovemonls of Ark- wright ond others in cardiiig, drawing and roving, and above all by the adaptation, in 1783, of the steam-engine of Watt to the spinning and carding of cotton at Manchester. Cylinder printing was invented by Bell in 1785, and t'.'e use of acid in bleaching was introduced at Glasgow by Watt in 1786, and at Manchester in 1788. These and some minor improvements had increased the consumption of cotton in England to 11,280,238 lbs. itf 1784, valued, in its manufactured state, at £3,950,000. In 1787, the cotton and wool used on hand and water-machines amounted to 22,600,000 ll)s., worth, in the raw state, £2,230,000, anil when manu- facturod, £7,500,000, yielding the immense profit of £5,270,000 sterling. The total value of the woolen branch was estimated in 1783 at £16,800,000, eqinil in value to all the exports of Great Britain. Notwithstaniiiiig the difficulty of procuring machinery of any kind, the complicated evils, tlna'jcial and moral, growing out of the profuse and (I) Pope's I.4W8 of th« Cuitomi am'. Ex- •its. (2) White'! Memoir of Sltler, p. 71. 398 COLONIAL CLOTII-MANLFACTURE. wanton use of English and East Inilia goods, which were introduced m unlimited quantities and sold for cash or credit below English i r.cea, and the facilities for obtaining a cheap supply of cotton, made the necessity for creating domestic manufactures to be deeply felt, h- Phdadelphia, New York, and some parts of New England, much interest was mant- fested by prominent citizens in the attainment of the object by the aid of labor-saving appliances. A Jenny had been several years n. use in Philadelphia, and Mr. Wetherill had conducted throughout the war a private manufacture o. cotton and woolen goods. In April. 1782, he advertised for sale at his manufactory in South Alloy, " P/uVaJ./p/.ia Manvfaclurcs, suitable for all seasons, viz., Jeans, Fustians, Everlast- ings. Coatings, &c.," which he is believed to have been the hrst to manu- facture in this country.* In 1786 the Hon. Hugh Orr, of Massachusetts, a pioneer in manj useful enterprises, employed two brotliers, Robert and Alexander Bair, from Scotland, who had some knowledge of cotton machines, ?;:oMaT to construct for him at his works, at East Bridgewater, three """**• carding, roping, and spinning machines. A committee of both houses of the legislature was appointed to examine them, and re|,ort what encouragement ought to be given them. Their report, on November 16, recommended a grant of £200 to enahle the brothers to complete them, and a gratuity to the makers of the machines after their completion and delivery to a committee of the house. Tins was concurred in, and in the following May, six tickets in the State land lottery, in which there were no blanks, were granted to the Barrs, " as a reward for their ingenuity in forming those machines, ond for their public spirit in making them known to this commonwealth." They were deposited, by direction of the General Court, and subject to its order, with Mr. Orr, who was re- quested to exhibit them, and explain their principles to any who might wish to be informed of their great use and advantage in carrying on the woolen and cotton manufactures. Mr. Orr was allowed to use them as a compensation for his trouble. The cost of the machine was £187, and they are believed to hav- been the first Jenny and stock card made ia the United States. While these were constructing, Tliomua Somers presented a petition to the General Court, stating that in consequence of a circular letter from the committee of the tradesmen and manufacturers of Boston, an association of the tradesmen and manufacturers of Baltimore was formed, in the fall of 178."), to apply to the legislature in behalf of American MnnufacturcH. Having been brought up to the cotton manufacture, he had visited Eng- (1) While'? Memoir of Slalor, p. 49. wm mam FIRST COTTON FACTORY IN NEW ENGLAND. 399 ere introduced in liiglisli in-ici'9, and lade the necessity It; Philiiddphia, nterest was niani- oltject Viy the aid al years in use in ighout the war a a April, 1782, he >y, " riiiladclphia fustians, Everlast- Ihe first to raanu- pioneer in many Alexander Bair, ' cotton machines, Bridgewater, three committee of both m, and re|iortwhat , on November 16, to complete them, eir completion and jrrcd in, and in the n which there were for their ingenuity it in making them ed, by direction of •, Orr, who was re- to any who might • in carrying on the ed to use them as ft inea was £187, and stock card made ia resented a petition I circular letter from oston, an association B formed, in the full rican ManufacturcH. he had visited Eng- land at his own risk and expense to prepare machines for carding and spinning cotton. But he was only enabled, after much difficulty, to bring away descriptions and models of such engines, with which he returned to Baltimore. Finding little could be done there, he set out for Boston, and having lost much of his property by the way, he asked assistance to begin the manufactory. The Assembly, on the 2d March, in considera- lion of his having such models and descriptions, and a knowledge of adapting the thread for and of weaving dimities, plain, striped, and checked muslins, calicoes, jeans, jeannettes, and other cotton manufac- tures, ordered £20 to be deposited in the hands of Mr. Orr to ent arage him in a trial. Tiiis model of an early and i ^perfect form of the Ark- wright machine, appears to have been exhibited with the others, and was known as the " State's Model," It was visited by several manufacturers, among others by Moses Brown, of Providence. Daniel Anthony, of that place, who had made an engagement with Andrew Dexter and Lewis Peck to make jeans and other "homespun cloth" of linen warp and cotton filling, to be spun by hand, soon after its completion visited it with John lleynolds, a woolen manufacturer of East Greenwich, and made a draught of the machine. This appears to have been laid aside for a time, but a machine was afterward built from it, and put in operation at Providence. Mr. Orr did not escape the reproach of 'vishing to supersede honest manual labor by the introduction of such machines. In tlio meantime a company had been formed at Beverly, Mass., in 1787, of whic'ii John Cal)ot and Joshua Fisher were the principal mana- Fir.tNew gcrs, to manufacture cotton. One or more Spinning Jennies, tmfF„"r'Jor'y'fi''l'er imported or made from the State's models, were ob- atBeroriy. taiucd, and a carding-machine was imported at a cost of eleven hundred pounds. The legislature made a grant of £500 to assist the design. The factory was visited l)y General Washington, in his tour through the Eastern States in 1789. It was mentioned by Brissot De Warville, in October of the previous year, as "a flourishing manufacture of cotton." It created considerable interest throughout the country, as the first attempt in New England to manufacture cotton by machine-. y, for it does not appear that Mr. Orr either designed or attempted to em- l)loy his machines for the creation of a manufacturing business, although permitted to use them. It was reported in distant places that the Bev- erly factory was carried on with the Arkwripht. machines, but such does not appear to have been the case in the first instance. In a memorial to the General Court, in June, 1790, the managers state that they had en- countered m )re expense and difficulty than they had anticipated, cspe. cially in the purchase and construction of machines. They had then expended nearly four thousand pounds. Many losses and great obstacles ■31 400 COLONIAL CLOTtl-MANUFACTCUE. "f had been encountered, to which other attempts would not be liable, as in the case of the carding machine, which could then be obtained for £200. They had commenced the business from a regard to the public advantage, and had sustained heavy losses without any present hope of emolument. But their efforts, under all the disadvantages, had proved that the manu- facture was practicable, and would, when established, prove sufficiently lucrative to support and extend itself, and afford a supply not only for domestic consumption but a staple for exportation. Much loss of male- rial was ccasioned in the instruction of workmen, whose wages had to be raised to prevent their desertion when half instructed, " in consequence of the competition of rival manufactories." The greater perfection and beauty in foreign goods were attributed to the superior skill, which work- men in long established manufactories exhibited, "but principally (they say) from the use of machines which your petitioners have as yet found too expensive for them to procure." This, we suppose, refers to the Arkwright machines.' The managers ask that the General Court will (1) The expense of machines, labor, etc., for manufaituring cotton, about this time, was thus estimiitcd in Philadelphia: "One machine for carding cotton will cost about £60 ; one man will work the machine, and card about 20 lbs. of cotton per day. One ipinning machine, commonly called a jenny, with 40 spindles (which is a proper number), will cost about £13. One man or woman win work the raiiohine, and will spin from t to 8 lbs. of good yarn per day, of a suitable degree of fineness for good jenns, fustians, etc. ... A woman will rope (on a common wheel) about 4 lbs. per day, for which she reoeires five pence per pound. One pound of cotton yarn will fill six yards of very good jeans— it upuiiUy fills more, but then the goods are proportionally lighter. Two lbs. of good flax from the swingle will make 1 lb. of heckled Bax— this flux being spun to two doien and six cuts to the pound, which is a proper-siiod yarn for common jeans. 18 dosen will make chain for 50 yards ; 8 lbs. of ootton yarn will fill these 60 yardi. The cotton yarn spun on the machines in Phila- delphia costs, on an average, about 1 3i pence per pound, besides the carding and roping. The man who turns ttie machine Is employed by the day. Mis wages, when the days are long, are about throe shillings and nine pence per day. The weivor in Philadelpliiu has seven pence per yard for weaving com- mon jeans, besides having his chain wound for him. and the winding his quills. Ho will weave about V yards per day. Women attend on the weavers to wind their chains and quills for about seven shillings and six- pence per week, and find themselves. One woman con attend three looms. The dyers ask four pence per yard fur dyeing jeans, but they may be well afforded at half that price. The following is the estimate of the expense on 50 yards of jeans: 18 doz. flax yarn will make the chain for 60 yds. of jeans, at 18rf. per dozen £1 Sji lbs. of cotton yorn will fill the same, at 6». per pound 2 Weaving 50 yds., at 6d. a yard.. Dyeing 50 yds., at Zd. per yard.. £5 14 « The above estimate is calculated for 8.) yds. of very good jeans, such as will sell fur 3». per yurd, which Is 7 10 7». Orf. S 1 13 4 12 6 Profit £1 »* • " N.B. The price is supposed to bo a re tail one. The calculation of expenses li rather high than otherwijo."— ^m«'-ieo» Minium, vol. v. p. 225. MMHril iM lot be liable, as in. ibtained for £200. public advantage, »pe of emolument, red that the mann- prove sufficiently upply not only for ^lueh loss of male- hose wages had to d, " in consequence Iter perfection and : skill, which work- t principally (they have aa yet found pose, refers to the Heneral Court will yard for weaving eom- tiiivini; 111! chain wound rinding his quilla. Ho rards per day. Women irs to wind their ohnina seven shillings and six- 1 find themselves. One hree looras. The dyera yard for dyeing jeans, ill afforded at half that ng is the estimate of the I of jeans : rill make the ). of jeans, at £1 r». Orf. n will fill the lound 2 1 S t 8(i. a yard... 1 13 4 3ii. per yard... 12 6 £&U « i is calculated ry good jeans, II for 3». per 7 10 £1 :5 « e is supposed to bo a re luulatiiin of expenses ii 1 otiierwiso." — Amiriean 226. PIBST ATTEMPT AT WATER-SPINNINQ. 4fll in lieu Of a grant of land previously made, afford some real and ready assistance without which they must abandon the enterprise. ' They afterward discontinued the business as a corporate body, and it was earned on by individuals, who erected a mill aithe head of Bass ^^^rlZ ;f'""'"i^''"«" ^y ^"^«'- ?«-«••• This also proved unprofit- '^ Te t-7r .""' ''''r"''''^ '^•^"^ -i,h a portion of the build- Hilh large capital, was incorporate.' at that place in 1841 Although this establishment appears to have been the first for the manufacture of cotton by machinery that went into operation iuN^l sXin. ,t. H "^ ' ' f "'"' "' ^^"■■^^^ter, before mentioned, may not clain. vX:ie. ,. ^'''f'^''' t 'ere were, at the date of the petition, as therein intimated, several rival establishments. The earliest of these was that attempted at Providence. After obtaining a dr.ug t f m7 Orr'. machine. Mr. Anthony hud a Spinning Jenny of twenty-eight spmdles built also in 1787, on the model of the Beverly machi, ' T wood-work was made by his sou Robert, and the brass-work by Daniel Jackson, a coppersmith of Providence. It was set up first in a private Z117 A T " '?-^"^™'" "^ ''' market-house, where 'it wt ? nHl f P '"'. ^"^ ""''"'" *"' "'^° constructed for him by Joshua l^indly of Providence, from patterns of that at Beverly. Tiie rolls H carding. A sp.mung frame was next built from the draught of the o 30 LI, "' ""if *^7''"- '' '"' ''''' "^^^^ «^ ^«- ^'^■"'^'- each or 3- sp ndles .n all, and was operated by a crank turned by hand The first head was made by John Baily, a clockmaker of Provide.ice, and the rest of the machine by Lindly & Jackson. In 1788, Joseph Alexande and James McKerrieB, weavers from Sco.lund, who understood the use of the fly-shuttle, came to Providence to weave corduroy. McKerries went t. East Greenwich, but, under the direction of Alexander, a loom was bu.lt and put in operation in the market-house, with the first flv- shuttle ever used in Providence, and probably i„ America.' A, th.-re was no person who knew how to cut the corduroy to raise the pile which formed the ribs, and gave the finish, that kind of Cloth was abandoned after the first piece, and Alexander removed to Philadelphia. Thus unsuc- ^essfu.. the owners sold the spinning frame, which was too heavy' for hand-power, to Moses Brown, of Providence. It was removed to Paw- (1) White's Memoir of Slater, p. 54. read about tbi, time, before the Literary (2) The .pring or fly .hultlowa.s invented and Philosophl.nl SoHetv of M ,T to have been, we find It stated in an emy shuttid ^ 26 ■ ' 402 COLONIAL CLOTH-MANUFACTURE. tacket, and attached to a water-wheel, for which it was also fonnd to be ill-adapted from its imperfections. Mr. Brown also purchaseu he card- iner afterward made at ^^^ "/^'^J^^^^^^.^ , ,„,^ ,f eonnecting link between of both societies, seems to ^^^ "^^^ ^.^^^, ,f Uie United States AN ADDRESS BEFOUr THE PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY. 405 for mixed goods ind-cn'iis in the by Scotch and mipted, the warp adapted for hard shirtings, checks, 3 been attempted, lenced the calico which and of hia Providence), and n families for the II, an India trader, and the business apness of English ( the success of tho was soon provided been asserted was t established until he manufacture of nost simultaneously Lion, before alluded slieve, as any of the and individual in- the State patronage -iving an impulse to Juited States. We luced into this coun- was in Philadelphia, purposes. Between inia Society for the ;s" wi J instituted, an )een defeated. Mr. )rdinary cotton stuffs 8S, and, as a member iiuecting link between )f the United States of the same. It was Bcre»aries, a treasurer, s, all, except tlie com- mittee, chosen annually by ballot. Each member paid an admission fee of ten shillings, and the same sum annually toward a general fund to defray expenses and for premiums. Subscriptions of £10 or upward, to constitute a manufacturing fund, were received from individuals or com- panies, for the purpose of establisliing factories, the subscribers to be entitled to the profits of the same. The subscribers were to be owners of the ground, buildings and iniprovenients belonging to the society, etc., aud the shares were made transferable. Tlie manufacturing operations were controlled by the manuCacturing committee, chosen annually by the subscribers to that fund. By appointment of a previous meeting, Mr. Tench Coxe, an ardent and influential encourager of all efiforts for the promotion of manufactures, Addrcs, of delivered an address before the Society in the University of ^'""'^°'"'' Pennsylvania, on the 9th August, USt. which was published at their request. It appears from his remarks, that after giving relief to the industrious poor, which was one object of the Society, the employ- ment of machinery as much as possible in their operations was contem- plated by its friends. This purpose was urged in reply to the objection which, among many others, appears to have been made against the establishment of manufactories, and were severally combated by tho speaker, that they were injurious to the health of the work-people. A proper regard for the interests of Agriculture, as the most important, was recommended in any measures that might be adopted for the advance- ment of manufactures. In this connection the cultivation of cotton in the Southern States was recommended as an article from which the best informed manufacturers expected the greatest profits, and upon which some established factories depended. It thrived as well there, he said, as in any part of the world, and those States raised it formerly when the price was not half what it had been for several years past. It was then worth double the money in America which it sold for before the Revolu- tion, European nations having prohibited its exportation from their colonies to foreign countries. Tho great progress made in agriculture and manufactures, particularly in Pennsylvania, since the year 1162, and Btill more since the late war, was adverted to, and a lengthy list of articles then made in the State was given. These included hosiery, hats and gloves, wearing apparel, coarse linens and woolens, some cotton goods, wool and cotton cards, etc. The advantages of America in having the raw materials and market at home, in exemption from duties, in the ability to sell for cash by the piece instead of large invoices on long credits, OS imported goods were then sold, in the superior strength of Ameri- can liuens, in the benefits of a better atmosphere for bleaching linen and ^Qg COLONIAL CLOTU-MANUFACTUEE. ontton ' were severally urged as so many inducementa to undertake mann- alr^s e o^Lnded the exemption from duties of raw materials ly stuffs, and certain implements; premiums for useful --n Uons and iroces es • the invitation of foreign artists to settle by grants of land, and Sa everV n^igrant ship should be visited to ascertain what persons were boa d'capable of constructing useful machines or of -nductmg manu- ?actures. lie wasteful use of foreign manufactures was "lu^trated by he L that the importation into Philadelphia alone ot the finer ku.d3 of CO vest and sLve buttons, buckles, and other trinkets w.. sup- posed to amount in a single year to ten thousand pounds and cos th wearers sixty thousand dollars. In urging the benefits to he ag cu ruraU. teresis of manufactures in their midst, he ventured the assertion /at the valu of American productions annually consumed by the manu- al o the sf^^^^^^ of the makers of fiour. lun.ber, and bar ton! was double the aggregate amount of all its exports .o the most ^"Tl?B::rd of Managers, in November, offered a .old ^da^ of tl. value of $20 for the most useful engine or machine, to be moved by water. Z or otherwise, by which the ordinary la' >f hands in manu- iirisS^'faciuring cotton, wool. flax, or hemp, s be better saved than by any then in use in the State ; and also for raising and cleaning tgreatesfquantity of hemp. flax, or cotton; for t^e best spenunens o patterns of printed linens or cotton goods stained within this State or Ttter p e««> I'ound volumes, from Pennsylvania types and pape for earthenwar flint glass ware, and bottles; for the greatest quantity of wo 1 aldof bleac'hed wax fit for candles. Thirty-dollar P^-ums or Tedals were offered for the greatest quantity of hemp or swingled flax, (1) A company of English merchnnta, with a large capital, was about being form- ed. it i» said, before the Revolution, to im- port the brown linens of Europe to be bleached in this country, where the superior sunshine and plenty of land was an induce- ment. Linens had long been sent to Holland to be bleached, and the time (six to eight months) required for the process and the extent of ground occupied, in the middle of the last century, greatly abstracted from the profits of the manufacture. The discovery by Scheele, in 1774, of the properties of chlorine, was scarcely less valuable to the cotton and linen manufactures than the me- chanical inventions of the same age. Bor- thoUet. in 1785, introduced the use of oxy- muriatio or hydrochloric acid in bleaching, which James Watt, in the following year, carried over from Paris to Glasgow. It appears not to have been employed at Man- cheater until the year after the date in the text. Dr. Henry, of that city, suggested the use of chloride of lime in the form of bleaching powders, to get rid of the noxious vapor. The time of bleaching was reduced by these meana from months almost to at many hours; but the acid was supposed, not without reason, probably, in the infancy of the art, to injure the fabric. Thoma* Cooper, afterward a prominent roan iu this country, was one of the earliest calico bleach- ers by this method in Manchester. (2) The premium in this br-^noh wni givin to the publishers of a Gera»>.n oook. iu Lancaster. OPKllATIONS OF THE MANIFACTUUINQ SOCIETY. 407 ) undertake mann- of raw materiala, 'ul inventions and grants of land, and what persona were conducting maiiu- ft-as illustrated by of the finer kinds trinkets, was sup- unds, and cost the its to the agricul- ;urcd the assertion umed by tlie niann- iir, lumber, and bar xports in the most gold medal of the be moved by water, xf hands in manu- be better saved •aising and cleaning le best specimens or ithin this State ; for rpes and paper ;' for greatest quantity of -dollar premiums or np or swingled flax, tt, in the following year, 1 Paris to Glasgow. It re been employed at Man- year after the date in the , of that city, suggested le of lime in the form of s, to get rid of the noxious of bleaching wag reduced rom months almost to ni ,t the acid was supposed, ,n, probably, in the infancy ijure the fabric. Thoma* i a prominent man in thii of the earliest calico bleach- od in Manchester, lium in this br-^noh wni (Ushers of a Qeriu'm oook. and the greatest number of smiths' anvils; and fifty dollars for the great- est quantity of potash and pearlashes, and for the greatest quantity and variety of painters' colors made from fossils and earths of the United States. Of the propriety and value of premiums and honorary rewards, when judiciously conferred, in stimulating it.vention and competition in the arts, there can be little doubt. The offer of this Society and the subse- quent award of a large sum by the legislature for a machine for making rolls for spinning, which was probably a fruit of that offer, are said to have finally determined Samuel Slater to come to America. The pre- mium for calico and linen printing probably led to the first establishment of the former business in the United States by John Ilewson, a Ilevolu- tionary soldier, who also, in March, 1780, received a loan of £200 from the State, by an Act of the legislature, to enable him " to enlarge and carry on the business of calico printing and bleaching within this State.'" How far the discrimination of the Society in offering its high- est premiums for chemical products may have contributed to the com- mencement, about this time, of the first white-lead manufacture in the United States, by Mr. Wetherill, and to the subsequent eminence of Philadelphia in the chemical branches, it is impossible to say. The Manufacturing Committee, of which S. Wetherill, Jr., was chairman, in the autumn of 1188, soon after the close of the first year Report of the from its Organization, made a report to the Board of Managers cummutee. ^f ^i,^j^ operations to the 23d of August. It furnishes some interesting statements. The contributions received amounted in hard specie to £1321 lOs. Gd., and the expenditures for machines, utensils, and fitting up the manufactory, to £453 IDs. 2d., leaving a circulating capital of £8T4. To employ the poor, they had purchased flux and em- ployed between two and three hundred women in spinning linen yarn during the winter and spring, and engaged workmen to make a carding machine and four jennies of 40, 44, 60, and 80 spindles, respectively, for spinning cotton. Owing to the difficulty of finding artists and making machines without models or with imperfect ones, and obstructions caused by foreign agents, etc., they did not get the first loom at work until 12th April, 1788. The number had since been increased to twenty-six, (1) John Howson, it is said, was invited who inherited his father's probity and bo- to this country from England by Benjamin nevolcnce, and only recently died at the Franklin, and having espoused the cause age of 93. General Washington was accus of the Revolution, he was t.ikcn prisoner by tomed to point, with patriotic pride, to the British at the battle of Monmouth, domestic fabrics upon the person of Mrs. Having made his escape, fifty guineas re- Washington from the establishment of the ward were offered for his re-capture, dead elder IIew.«on. He was elected in Oct., 1788. or alive. Ills prict works were near Rich-' to print for the Society. Robert Taylor was inond, where Dyottville now is, and were his competitor, suiitinued by Lis son, of the same iiume« 408 COL'>NIAL CLCTH MANfFACTURE. ''"T", /„f ,1 corllys. aLercd coHon, cottous, ll»x linos, ,».„«ract„,ed o JoaM, ™ '^•3; ^ „,„, „„„.|,„|f, o,- 2095 yds., tew lincM, and liirdeyc, 4016 ,aM», 01 wii (, „ere cot.ons, .„d U,cy „. f ^^^ '" ^^"7;. c -It o) proper rr^^df :: v^r :ir,,:ifi^: t. .e..,. «.,es.„ „„„ ":.L"'col:r:T'tr;:;r«' M.n».er«, co„sls«„. or Mess.. -, nZ «,d Te.Kl, Cose, eonsidercd this eNl.il.it of tl.e.r o,,e,a- tioM as Liitiily eneourag...?, espcoiully as tlie p. lee o- „i„„pe„ce aed te„pe,.ce the poaad to "''"f ""'■ jlr a] ^0,, had ,„„e, on aeeoant of inereased a.teuUoa to • « «"'j «» - ' ';„„ ,„„ "'- ^-'-^-^ 'Vii: i:;: t ;:i . e.d:iv:io.: s,.Led i.: the groutly increase the prol.t t-iru u.g ^^^^_^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ eould now be imrchased for £60, '^"^'^J^ J proportion. ,. n5.ana -'"- ;'"»'^r "^«;:;::X^"^er^rl.i nlailc the Two siM»ariitc i>nd ii)dei.cmlent estimates Dydiuuu i r of i .iven .„.,i.y of oli.e.eo,on.a i-;;;; — : It als: lh,x LeiaB r,u.>.l at T'l- «■" ' ' "'-■/"■'. |„„.ri„„„ |5„„,ls .-ere above t'ti 'i';:;'.ti: :.;;? : ,. ^:;' u„.?.;f i;;;ot.ed' xh. con„nit,ee "" '"'■"'":;;i:,:r;r:e,r f .-a,!!^^^ >. '.., s„h.cHp. the stronptst tenns he F"«"" » , ^|,.|, ,,„|„ce ao.ao ;;:;r';L:nr°:u:!rei:".a:'':/=;et., . o,.detta.. u.e h„s,. '"on the -^Oth Mareh, pre.iou, to the openin, of this .nannfaelor, .h, le^Ialre of l-c«»sylvauia passed aa " Aet to eneo-rage and protee. th. ■■•Mi mmm THE STATE SUBSCKIBES TO THE FACTORY. 409 ufCiist, the following 1, 67,he!*vcr fustian, i_totai, 7, in yds. i of jeans, corduroys, of jeans, cotton and i 5s. 11<'- 'i'lie net ! rate of 30 per cent ;t of November, they , cottons, flax linens, iic-half, or 2095 yds., The entire product lu the want of proper aching business, only onsisting of Messrs. xhibit of their opcra- of flax had fallen from lid would probably be ation ; and cotion had or 2s. 2'7. The price kation succeed in the ;ed by the inantifacture ormer liigh rates, one- 1 by niacliinery, it was horses or water, must which they paid £100, r which they paid £28, n price in proportion, rent persons made the liiion cliuiu, 2.s\ 5'i. oi>d , which sold for 3s. 3i/. ; lid, weaving at Id., and •rican goods were above ported. The Committee le clearest conviction of leave to recommend in iicture by fresh subscrip- valnc shall induce some to undertake the busi- of this mnnuraotory, the ncourage and protect the Manufactures of the State." This Act, which was limited to two years, prohibited, under certain penalties, the exportation of manufacturing machines, the scarcity of whicli was the ffreat obstacle to such eucourKge- Undertakings. Tiiis Act is stated by the editor of the American Museum, M. Carey, to have owed its existence to tlie fact that in the year 1787, two carding and' spinning maciiines in the po.ssession of a citizen of Piiiladelphia, and calculated to save tlie labor of one hun- dred and twenty persons, were purchased by the agency of a British artisan, packed up In cases as common merchandise, and shipped to Liverpool. A quantity of cotton seed is also stated to have been soon after purchased in Virginia and burned, in order to prevent, if possible, the extension of the cotton manufactures in America, and their injurious cfl'ects upon the importation of Manchester goods. In October, 1788, a reward of £100 was given John Hague, of Alexandria, Va., for a carding machine completed for the Society in March of the ensuing year, when the legislature passed "An Act to assist the Cotton Manufactures of tliis State." Tliis Act was designed to assist " The Manufacturing Committee of the Pennsylvania So- ciety for the encouragement of Manufactures and the useful Arts, and under whom a manufactory of cotton articles has accordingly been established with great prospect of success in the city of Philadelphia, but the sums sub- scribed to which are inadocpiate to the prosecution of the plan upon that extensive and liberal scale which it is the interest of this State to promote." It authorized the Treasurer of the State to subscribe in the Jiame and for the use of the State for one hundred shares, of £10 each, in the manufacturing fund of the said Society ; which was done accord- ingly, and an order drawn upon the Treasurer, Dr. Kittcniiouse, in favot of Christopher Marshall, Jr., Treasurer of the Society, for the sum of one thousand pounds, April 9, 1789.' The manufactory was burned down on the night of the 24th March, 1790,' and evidence having been obtained that it was fired by design, a reward was oflered by the State for the detection of the culprit. The earnest recommendation of Mr. Coxe and the efforts of the So- ciety to introduce the manufacture of cotton are i)elieved to have had much Influence of inflnenco with the members of the Convention nsseinl)led in ihosocieiy. piiiliuleiphia, at the time of its organization, to frame a Con- stitution under which a more eHicicnt government could be adopted to (1) Tiftwn nf Ponaaylvanlo. Culonlul He- Btroot.'niiw No. .122, wan cnliri'l.v iliintroynil cords, xvi. 61. bv firo, to){e»tu'r with n riiiatitity of ^"DiI inH- (2) "Miircti J». 1700.— About 11 o'clock chincry."— .S'*n//H»' Chnm. Titlilm. »t nltfht, ttio Vulien Maniirnctory nt the The iiite of this fiictdry iliii» njijionrK to 8 W. corner of Market anil Ninth flreets, have Ijccn Ihu mino ii," Ihiit of the .MMMiifao. rhil»il(l|ihia, R(ijuintnj( Tctcr Jtiirkoc'i tiirinn Sorliity of 177.'>, niid wim nul.iii of houio, then culled thv upper end uf Market Wllllatu Uingliuiu ut i4() pvr iiiiiiuiu. '^ COLONIAL CLOTH-MANUFACTURE. remedy the numerous evils arising under the old Confederation. The Southern dele-^ates, on returning home, generally recommenaed tl cult.- vat cotton, and with such success as to secure increased a tent.on t crop The same inQuence and the necessity of a revenue induced hetr t Congress, of which Mr. Clymer was a member, to protect the 'row of the'raw material and its manufacture by a duty of 3.J a pound Tf^^igu cotton, and of five per cent., which was soon after .ncre sed Z welve and a half, on foreign manufactured cottons. There s htt o do bt that the first Secretary of the Treasury derived i-P-^^ ^^^^^^^^ the formation of his fiscal scheme, and much material for h s able report onMlufactures, from the statesmanlike views and -ura e^ - • t„„f Mr Poxp In his recommendation of the cotton cuiiuro trrS oTa re-aJt staple, and of -n"^-----;/:: firmest supports of a prosperous agriculture and commerce, the latter was u "mitt ng and enthusiastic. His writings on the subject constitute a XC source of information respecting the state of i-x^-try during a number of years succeeding the peace. His review of the work of Lo d ShTffie d is an able refutation of the errors of that writer, who opp sed fhe Ub ral commercial treaty with the late Colonies, introduced in ar- UmXMr.Pittin 1^83. on the ground that they had forfeited be S gcB of British subjects •, that no treaty with them co.H be binding on Uhe States, and that they must necessarily remain dependent chie y upon Great Brit in for most kinds of manufactures, in which they could never rival the former, and that they had few surplus product.oi.s which the"emaining Colonies of the Cr.wn could not furnish with equal ^' wl'learn from the writings of Mr. Coxe, that Pennsylvania, within a a year or two after if not before the destruction of the .m..! -^^-'^^^^ ^ above referred to. was in possession of a full set of the Ark- L\°urL' aright machinery for spinning cotton, as well as the complete ISKi-tT" ^orks of the wator-mill for spinning hemp and worsted yarn He strongly advocated the introduction of ma.uifactures on a large sea o commensurate with the increased abilities and wants of the country. Ho drrup and published the detaiH of a plan for a manufacturing town u. (1) Wnilnm PoUar-t, of Philndelphla, d.lphln. »nJ at Ilnrtford C.>r.n.. -"' I"'";'; ' - - At I'hilndelpliiii, Jiiliii Uutler, Whi« to have beon the n..t water-fr.m. earned on ut 111 N. Tl urd ■t„ Hn a i« . Willie 10 nave " ij.,iinU from (Ircut Hrlui. nUo iimde them. ..„M.,1 thpro. The want of .uocoH on the Uarliek, Irom ur(»i i r erected Ihrro. Tho p„t of .he mven.or. retarded the coUoo Felix Cn.wford made .lying .huttlc. at th.* Lnufactur. In Philadelphia. Cotton «»- time at 304 8. Second ... ohlnery of all kinds wan then made at Phll»- AM FACTORY AT PATTERSON, N. J. — IIOtSEIIOLI) MANUFACTURES. 411 !onfederation. The smmenned the culti- increased attention of a revenue induced iber, to protect the duty of 3d. 0, pound soon after increased jns. There is little d important hints, in al for his able report accurate knowledge of the cotton culture factures as one of the nraerce, the latter was subject constitute a ) of industry during a ' of the work of Lord ; writer, who opposed iS, introduced in I'ar- they had forfeited the hem covli be binding nain dependent chiefly IS, in which they could )lu3 productions which ot furnish with equal Pennsylvania, within a f the btni'll tnan-'fyotory a full set of the Ark- ts well as the complete mp and worsted yarn.' actures on a large scale iits of the country. lie manufacturing town in t Ilnrtford, Cnnn., and Prnvl- At l'hil»Jelpliiii, John Uutler, iiie Milker mill I'liinu Miikor," HI N. Tliinl It,, iin.i n Mr. (Ircut Hriluii. hUo innda tlii'in. r.l imia» lli ing lUulllci at tUM SocunU at. the interior of the State, which should be to Philadelphia what Man- chester, Leeds, Birmingham, and SheCTield were to their respective seaports. A capital of five hundred thousand dollars, raised either by the subscriptions of an associated company, by lottery tickets, or by an appropriation of State funds to that amount, was to be invested in tiie purchase of two thousand acres of land, whereon the factories for all branches of manufacture, dwellings, and other aj)purtenanees of a com- plete manufacturing village were to be erected, to become tlie great support of the rural population around. Navigable coniniunication with the city and the interior, an ample water-power and access to wood and coal, etc., were the conditions which should determine its selection. The suggestion was afterward acted upon by a " Society for the establislimcnt of useful Manufactures," whicli, under tlie patronage ot tlie Secretary of the Treasury, and with a large capital in shares of $400 each, was chartered in November, 1791, by the legislature of New Jersey, with extensive privileges to carry on all kinds of Manufactures at the Fails of the Passaic. Although not immediately successful, the enterprise was the foundation of the present active town of Patterson, which not many years after became the seat of numerous cotton factories, that having been the first in the State. We are furnished from the same source some interesting particulars of the state of other branches of manufactures at this time in Pennsyl- vania and the neighboring States, and particularly of the family manu- factures. In nearly all the States there had been a great increase in the quan- tity and quality of the household productions, and in nniny of them small incre»t«. and manufacturing establishments for woolen, linen, and cotton, as H*u»eh»id ^'-" "** other descriptions of goods, wire eipringing up. The M»uufacnir««. average exports of British manufactures to the United States for several years preceding 1789, notwithstanding a great increase of population in the States, were nearly half a million dollar.: less than the average of several years preceding the war. But the trade which had opened with India and China supplied largo quantities of muslins, cali- coes, and other cottons, nankeen.s, and silks from those countries. The profits of this commerce, in which it was not unusual for the merchant to Bell such goods by invoices morked one hundred per cent, above the price at Calcutta, caused a vigorous prosecution of the trade. British manu- factures, at the same time, in order to drive India goods from the market, supplied their cottons in unlimited quantities and u])on the easiest credit. These causes combined, raised one of the greatest obstacles to tiie suc- cessful csti'l)lishment of the cotton manufacture in these States. As the American trade was now an open one, the importations of duck and m COLONIAL CI.OTII-MANUFACTUBE. Other liuo.s from Russia and Ilollaud also ^'^^'^r^ f..^' ^ than twenty-two ships arrived in American ports m the yeo: 1.90 f.om ScPe" sburg. ladL with cordage, tickings, drillings. d.a,er broad narrow and printed linens, crush sheeting, rovers' duck. hen>p. flax, ad rT Notwfthstanding these large importations, there hud been a v . y great and general increase ia the number of manufactures and u. the ''':^^;^ i:burof Philadelphia, in a total potation of .^,0^ co^l^d exclusive of carpenters, masons, and other han,cr.a. 2^0 persons who might properly be denonunated "--/-'-' %J^^ one-fourth of the 8,600 adult males it was supposed to cont. beva inland towns of the State, and so.ne in other States. '^^^^^'^^J^ portion of manufacturers. The extent of ^^ ^'-^'^ ^^;';^* ' . f J future increase were overlooked hy Lord Sheffield. lit uomj- « « of it cither in this country or in Europe. In all the Stat s '""" ^^^ Household Manuianuit!, k ..piLrhhorhood in Virginia, on a M»nufKci,.re«i3 fumishod u\ thc case of one neigUDOinoou . h tn Southern '" ,, . I ,.„ .iw, whites were to the blacks as one to Colonies. navigable river, where the whites were w i »v f„milic-<, ricli and poor taken indiscriminately, it was $21.50. There was but one family in t - iwtn.y i m '' Anoiher example of twenty families, taken In the Bame indisorimimUe way f r.i«Ued the following F-'^-'-'-'f f-'''>' "' "^j^'l^'^/^^;',,!' ;Ss-. woolen, 344 yards; cotton, IGBl yard.; Htook.n.s. 4 piU ,hoes made on the estates. 1>1 pairs; total value, $1701. ^J'^«« ^ « cons dered fair averages of the family manufactures generally. n ho 3t:countles of ^ccomac and Non...-. Virgni. n a d .^ containing 2729 families, it was ascertain..! that 315-000 Cloth were made in a year, 45,000 yards of woolen, 30,000 J aids HOUSEHOLD MANUFACTURES IN THE SOUTHERN STATES. 413 increasi'd. No less the yei>; KOO from ings, diniicr, broad, uck, hemp, flax, and leie had been a very afuctures and in the lopulation of 43,000, er hnndicrafis, 2,200 ivfaditrcrs, or ovfi- to contain. Several s, excetnled that pro- ihoid industry and its "Tlie progress and itural industry," Mr. that has been formed the States inhabited tnres are iiiiown to be IS for the use of the ous, and near the sca- ined, tliis branch of losed. An iihistratiow hood in Virginia, on ft the blacks as one to Indiscrimiiuitely, it was both colors, there were 1907 yards; of negro f course and 108 of fine rth 60 cents per yard, , of their industry was IS $267, and tl>c lowest »ty that did not mauu- the same indiscriminate industry. Linen, 1095 ; BtockinRS, 174 pairs; uc, $1701- Tliesc were ;ures generally. In the 1, "Virginia, in a district 315,000 yards of ilaxen woolen, 30,000 yards of cotton, and 45,000 of linen and woolen Cloth, besides a quantity of coarse stockings. All tlie shoes and three-fourths of the Clothiiiff were made ia the country from materials grown on the farms, including the cotton used. Four other counties sliowed an average of nearly 200 yards of cotton, woolen, and line made in each family, and five-sixths of all the apparel worn was produced in the same way. So great, had been the in- crease of this industry in Virginia, that a few years later it was believed that, throughout the State, three-fourths of all the Clothing was manufac- tured by the people, who, before the war, had imported seven-eigliths of it. In South Carolina, the family manufactures in interior parts of the State furnished a sufficient supply of substantial middling and coarse cotton, woolen, and linen goods. It was the same in Georgia. In Xortb Carolina they were nearly as attentive to domestic manufactures as in Virginia, and some good cotton stulfs were made. Mr. Jefferson, in a letter addressed to M. De Warville, August 15, 1786, observes, " The four southernmost States make a great deal of cotton. Their poor are almost entirely clothed in it in winter and sura mer. In winter they wear shirts of it, and outer clothing of cotton and wool mixed. In summer their shirts are linen, but the out«.r clothing cotton. The dress of the women is almost entirely of cotton, manufac- tured by themselves, except the richer class, and even many of these weai a good deal of homespun cotton. It is as well manufactured as tht calicoes of Europe." In his Notes on Virginia, written in the previous year, he opposed the establishment of manufactures, believing that the people would be more happy, virtuous, and prosperous as an ngrieulturul people than they could be with the vices and evils of manufacturing towns in their midst. His views afterward underwent a change, and he became an advocate of domestic man ."actures. He even became himself a manu- facturer in the household way, and employed two s])inning jennies, a carding machine, and loom with flying-shuttle, by which ho made more than two thousand yards of Cloth which his family and servants required yearly. Previous to this, however, we find him, in 1788, writing to Mr. Pigges, that "in general it is impossible for nianufuclures to succeed in America from the high price of labor," and that it was "not the policy of the government of that country to give any aid to works of anjr kind." In Connecticut, according to Mr. Coxc, the household mannfacturej were such as to furnish a surplus sold out of the State. New England iiouKeiinid li"«"s Iind BlTectcd the price and the importations of that article lu'wl-w*"""" '^''"'" ^^^ York to Georgia. The household manufactures Kuxinnd. (exclusive of those made in regular factories) iiichMicd woolen and linen cloth, sail cloth, bed-licks, some cotiun goods, hosiery, nuiU ^ COLONIAL CLOTU-MANfFACTURE. and spi.es. so^e sU. buttons. .anaUercMeTs .-s and stuff, sewin,. .Uk. threads, ^-ges. and pot an F as^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ In Massachusetts the importation ot torub ,„Uvtion had o„e-ha,f than it was -enty^ears ^^^l^^.^ urticies greatly increased and conB.de.a q ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^,^^^ were shipped ou of « « St^;- ^^^ ^f ^^^estic production. In a cargoes gave ev.cence of '^l^'!^^^^ „, ,,^ ,,o«sand pairs of regular ^^^ory there w.^^^^^^^ ,,, ,,„estic manufactures cotton and ^ooXj'^!^^, c "etly P ^ ^^^^,^^^^ ^„^ jso.OOO pa.rs througiiout tlie Union; 1<^^^*^"' •"', " ,^^,, .r ^ynn, of which 10,355 of stuff and sillc shoes in ^^VT'pk, IhL in a year. Thread and pairs ^.ere shipped by one family to rjuladelph a in a r. ^^ ^^^^ .^ silk lace and edgings to the amoun of 4 ,979 y ^^.^^ f..nics. and not in ^gular ;;^--;; ;^3r:peci.enl of these new contained 4.562 inhabitants. P»«e'Yp was a seaport, and lace a manufactures were «.f '^^'^^^-^^J^^J^^/twus in Massachusetts and compact article easily imported Other tow ^^^^^^.^^ Connecticut -^;;^-;:V.s: ^ r^d^Clic ::d;^^ credit, and the troubles growing ou. of tho aisoratrt v . Yaif^ral govern- beavy importations of foreign ^^f^^Z^^^^ i» ^aLchu- „ent could not relieve. P^^^^^^j;:"'";^'; ° Uons against the use of setts in n86. and renewed the f«;°f ^^'*'^,„,Jie „,anufactures. in^ported goods and for the P^^^ ^^ ., /^r^tive efforts of the ^^::i!r::::^::^r:::z^--^ ^. oovemor bow. -de. The number of regular fa^^^^^^^^^^^ portion to the population. Ihe nne p^^^i^^nce and vicinity, branch, and cotton-mills were in operat i. In Pro- ^^^^^^. ^^ 30.000 yards of woolen Cloth were - '" ^^^^'J^..^.^, ,,, of car- ,ear 25.265 yards o. en 58 o^ otto ,^,^^^^^^^ ^_^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^, peting. and 4,093 pair o^ s J ^^^^.^^^ fringe were made all of which wer .^^j^.ted the extent '"CCS t uLt «,- Mi-^-"" '»' '—* ''°*"'' EXTENT OF HOUSEHOLD MANUFACTURES. 415 and stuffs, sewing- ifactures was less by igh population bad home-made articles •niture, and outward » production. In a I thousand pairs of Qmestic manufactures ST, and 150,000 pairs mn, of which 10,355 1 a year. Thread and yards were made in xa of Ipswich, which specimens of these new ft seaport, and lace a in Massachusetts and extent. The financial private credit, and the Bcient Federal govern- iry spirit in Massacba- ons against the use of domestic manufactures. the native efforts of the red by Governor Bow- [»me progress bad been ormer was great in pro- actures were a leading Providence and vicinity, 90, and in the following 55 of woolen, 512 of car- loves, and 260 yards of ibric3. Hire indicated the extent which they bad no estab- iUs for household woolens, »ut Pennsylvania. There nber of oil-mills indicated linen factories existed, a vast household manufacture of linen was to be inferred. The sale of spin- ning-wheel irons from one shop in Philaflelphia, in 1790, amounted to 1,500 sets, nearly all for domestic use in families — an increase of twenty- nine per cent, over the previous year. In Lancaster, the largest inland town in the United States in 1786, were about 700 families, of whom 234 were manufacturers, in which were included 14 hatters, 36 shoemakers, 25 tailors, 25 weavers of woolen, linen and cotton Cloth, 3 stocking weavers, and 4 dyers. Within ten miles of the town were 4 oil -mills, 5 hemp-mills, and 1 fulling-mill, which indicated a predominance of the linen branch in their manufactures. The increase must have been great in the four subsequent years. Lancaster, York, and Berks Counties were among the most active in manufactures of any in the State, and probably in the Union. Delaware, Bucks, Chester, and Montgomery had also very numerous manufactures and much household industry. Pittsburg, Bedford, and Huntingdon, in the Western part of the State, had respectively 130, 40, and 85 families, and the number of manufac- turers in ruch was severally 40, 15, and 23. Washington, near the Ohio, and still more remote, had grown up since the war, and numbered 32 manufacturers of 25 diflferent kinds. Twenty-seven per cent, was the lowest and thirty-seven per cent, the highest proportion of manufacturers to the whole population in those villages, which exceeded that of any of the older towns, and indicated the value of manufactures to the agricul- tural population. Frederick and Elizabeth, towns in Maryland, and Stanton ond Win- chester, Virginia, and som? other southern towns, were believed to ex- hibit equal advance in domestic industry. The last-named employed 8 or 10 hatters, whose manufacture was in much repute, and sold for one dollar each, and eleven dollars per dozen. They were made of wool, which was of'cn ordered from Philadelphia, and brought one-third of a dollar per pound. There were several oil-mills, which paid 2>i. to 2.s. 6rf. a bushel for flax-seed. There were eight or nine weavers and two spinning- wheel makers. Such, taking a part for the whole, was the vast scene of domestic household manufactures which, at the commencement of our national existence, was presented throughout the whole country. With few ex- ceptions, the spirit of a self-dependent industry animated more or less every household, from that of the wealthy planter of the olde.st towns to the bark or log cabin of the frontier settler on the Scioto or the Alabama. In the absence of anything like correct or general statistics of the industry of the States, no reliable estimate can be formed of the njjrgre- gate of their family manufactures. The writer from whom we have drawn m COLONIAL CLOTH-MANLFACTUUE the foregoing particnlars. ventured, however, to nrnke a computation of the value of hosiery and Cloths of wool, flax, hemp, and cotton produced annually in 1790, on the basis of the partial returns from Virginia. Iha population of ihut State, exclusive of Kentucky, wa. 70,825 families. Taking the lowest of the returns, which gave the rate of 183^ to cmcIi family and rejecting one-third and odd numbers for u moderate calcula- tion be obtained the sura of $3,900,000 as the value of household manu- factures alone, exclusive of the work of regular tanners, shoemakers blacksmiths, weavers, and other tradesmen in Virginia. Com ated at the same rate, the population of the United States, taken at 3,900,000 persons, would yield a value of above twenty millions of dollars annually of such manufactures.' It is at least certain that this species of industry combined with the product of regular factories for the production of various species of Cloth, leather, etc., went very far toward a full supply of the necessary clothing of a large proportion of the population. And when the great economy to which the entire population outside of the large towns had been long inured, and the less artificial wants of all com- pared with those of the present ge..?ration are taken into account, it may be questioned if the people of that day were not as really mde- pendent of other countries for such necessaries as their descendants at ^^Thrgreat attention which, since the Peace, had been given to the Increase- and improvement of the wool of the country, had called into existence many small manufactories of woolen Cloih. Our previous pages will show that wool had all along been an object of encourage- ment in the several Colonies. Rapid progress was made, after the war in agriculture; and Agricultural Societies, which, within a few years were formed in most of the States, contributed much to that end L associations for the promotion of Arts, Science, and Manufac- tures did in the mechanical branches. The Philadelphia Society fot Promoting Agriculture, formed in March, 1785, is believed to have been the earliest of these useful organizations. But the first incorporated iu this country was the " Society for the Promotion of Agriculture," in South Carolina, which was chartered the same year. This society turned its attention to the introduction of new staples and the improvement of old ones. In adiiition to premiums or medals for the best mode of destroying the caterpillar which infested the cotton plant; for a practi- cable method of discharging stains from cotton and rendering it perfectly white ; for the production of rice, olives, vines, oils of olives, castor sesa- mum, cotton, and sunflower seeds, for senna, cassia, rhubarb, hops, mad- (1) View of the Unitud StatM, 262. tm mm IN CAROLINA — BTOCKlNQ-WEAVINa IN CONNECTICUT. 417 le a computation of ),nd cotton produced Tom Virp;inia. Tha v&. 70,825 families, ■ate of |83^ to encli b moderate calculu- of household manu- tanners, shoemakers, inia. Com^-Jted at , taken at 3,900,000 18 of dollars annually s species of industry, r the production of toward a full supply le population. And ation outside of the :ial wants of all com- iken into account, it 3 not as really iude- their descendants at d been given to the ntry, had called into loih. Our previous object of encourage- was made, after the which, within a few ibuted much to that cience, and Manufac« ladelphia Society fot , is believed to have the first incorporated )n of Agriculture," in . This society turned I the improvement of or the best mode of )n plant ; for a practi- l rendering it perfectly I of olives, castor sesa- a, rhubarb, hops, mad- der, figs, etc., it offered a medal to the person who should first establish and keep within the State a flock of sheep of the true merino breed. This api)ears to have been the earliest effort to procure that valuable animal for America ; and it is creditable to the people of Carolina, that their effort to obtain the breed was rs early as the first intro- duction of Spanish sheep into Silesia, which afterward became so cele- brated for its wool. The German province procured the stock in that year, and France during the next, but it was not introduced into these States until the year 1802-9, when Mr. Jervis and Colonel Humphreys, and Cliancellor Livingston, of New York, sent to America the merino wooled sheep. Indeed, Carolina, in which the useful arts had not before met with the encouragement they deserved, seemed about this time to have awakened to a sense of their importance. The legislature, in the previous year, enacted a law for the encouragement of the Arts and Sciences, which, as recommended by Congress, secured to authors the copyright of books, and to inventors of useful machines the benefits of their discoveries. A correspondent of the American Museum, writing from Charleston, in July, iT90, states that a gentleman, well acquainted with the cotton manu- facture, had already completed and in operation on the High Hills of the Santee, near Statesburg, ginning, carding, and other machines, driven by water, and also spinning machines with 84 spindles each, with every necessary article for manufacturing cotton. If this information be correct, the attempt to manufacture by machinery the cotton which they were then beginning to cultivate extensively was nearly ns early as those of the Northern States. A fulling and dressing-mill for fine and coarse woolens was also at work on Fishing Creek, near the Catawba River, which was kept fully employed by the spinners and weavers, and the operations of dyeing, fulling, and pressing were well performed by artists from Great Britain. A fulling-mill had been still earlier erected in Pendleton district, on Cane Creek, which afterward suspended opera- tions for want of workmen acquainted with the business. Cotton gins were worked by water in that district about this time. The ordinary wool of the country had, however, been somewhat improved by atten- tion, and attempts were made to manufacture it in a better manner and on a larger scale than before. As early as l'?36, John Davis, a clothier of Connecticut, proposed to " instruct the people in the process of woolen manufacture ;" and in sionkini? 1787, Samucl Loomis, of Colchester, announced that he was Connecticut, "prepared to introduce a new epoch in the manufacture of wool, cotton, flax, hemp, and silk upon a new constructed plan." Much of the wool in early times was combed and spun for worsted, and a uou- m . m COLONIAL CLOTH-MANUFACTUBE. Wonloa fuctory at HiUtfoid. siderable part of it u«ed in the stocking mannfacture. In 1777, Jamos W lu^^^^^ Btocklng weaver from abroad, petitioned the ^sse.ni>ly of I eeticut for a loan of £100, to ercet stocking-loom, and a n.ach.ne t? ;: rUterials. He professed a thorongh j^.'-vle^i.e « U, ..„- facture of silk, cotton, and worsted .tockings, wh.ch he could m.vKe as dlTa. any imported ; but his petition was not allowed. In to fol ow- ^gear BenjaLin Hanks, of Windham, afterward the inventor of an |e ::; self-winding clock, al.o sought from the ^^^'^^^^ fo? making stockings in loon.s. In 1789, Thomas Hubbard and Clms onlTer Lefungwell, of Norwich, who had erected eight stocku>g-loom , r.ked for themselv:. and their apprentices an exemption from poll taxes, which was granted by the lower but re. >sed by the upper House. About the same time a woolen manufactory was estabhshed at Ha - ford under the patronage of Col. Jeremiah Wadsworth, and -th oncou ' ngemen^ from the legislature. We are informed by De War- vUle that between September, 1788. and September, 1789 about five thousand yards of Cloth were made there, some of which sold at five dollars a yard. General Washington while on h>s : 1 tour in the latter year, visited U i-ompany with Co ^ds- worth Mr. Ellsworth, and Col. Jesse Root, on the 26th Octobe a Tvh time it "seemed to be going on with spuit." "The.r broadcloths." y^ reconls in his diary of that date, "are not of the first quahty as yet. but they are good, as are their coatings, cassimeres, serges, and eve- U?ti g of the first, that is, broadcloth, I ordered a su,t to be sent to 1 at New York, and of the latter a whole piece to make breeches for mv servants All the parts of this business are performed at the mana- Story, except the spinning-this is done by the country people, who arepad by he cut.'" He is said to have read his speech to Congress in the ensuing January, in a full suit of broadcloth made at t e Hartford fLtory, and presented by the owners. Cloths of gray-m,xed or pepper- and s 1 colors were well made at this factory; and many prominent Tent emen including Mr. Wadsworth. an active patron of domestic fnd stn Mr Jay. the minister to France, and Baron Steuben, set the xamp l^f wearhig them. The latter is said to have invented a button expressly to be worn with them, which was made from the conch she l. ikl the wampumpeage. or Indian coin. Robert P.erpont a Cloth- dresser of Hartford, in the seven months following September 1789, finished at one press 8,134 yards of Cloth, of which 5,282 yards were ^" The^Prtident remarks in his diary, that he did not hear much of the (1) Everett's Mount Vernon ropers, No. 10, p. 94. NEW ENGLAND FACTOKIES VISITED BY WA8HI.NUT0H. 419 !. In 1777, JamM J the ^sseinl)ly f>f Bins and a machine A'leJge of the nvmu- he could make as kved. In the follow- thc inventor of an Assembly ;• premium [lubbard and Cliris- inrht stockin» ^.„„t„i„„, rtere I w.» .dvantnee. From henee I »ert to M c ^^^^^ informed about 900 f-"'-' ™;,^"tl,:;' .'" TehiZ for executing °" ''""rtlf rte»oA r niw 1 Ceditiou, n,anner, e^peei.li, in ::l?arr:;: rrdn^tbi: InSor, ,.« .ee„ ,.u.,ed into ""I'Ltlth manufaetor, w., aUo commenced at Haver* Mass. in n« vhich several years »f.er MB in a promismg condition, but did lo aiili Lcced Factories ot the same kind were likewise cs.abl.iied Telrr L™: ule ;t the lU..or. woolen factory wa3 co^.enced another vL set up at Stockbridge, Mass., which produced between five anothtr was u^, ,, , r,, .■. ri„ Another was in operation and six thousand yards of fulled ClotU yeariy. jv „.„„,sed twenty- ia Watertov'^ in 1790. Middlesex County, in 1796, pos.e.sed tweniy establishments in dressing and dyeing it. In ^"^ ° ^ , j ^,93 rsf Worrpster the fulling-mills and clothiers' works had increasea in 1 i 1;^ spun fabrics of the farmers. ^ creditable manner. rFSeS:-=x:rS-— n:tzs Z:^ :r::S^>:lt;are -openbueketwater.bee... rcuiring a stron, "»^/j-';.7: ;r J-fS an'd^^nisbing Si:t°"kr':c::Tfr;:notberor.n improved plan, wa, built in the fowtnear the p"es::^sit. of the PituSeld Woolen Company's Mills, h, (t) Mount Vernon Paperi, No. 12, 112. FIRST FINE BnOABCLOTII — WOOL HATS. 421 ), therj 13 no other rooming and return cd families, and are lumber of hands now ut the Managers ex- ic utility and private [factory, where I was I purpose or another, chines for executing manner, especially in stroke. They have 1 undersell the im- been smuggled into t Haverhill, Mass., in ig condition, but did re likewise established and Newport, R. I. concerns. The large unsettled state of the a tendency to foster ctory was commenced, produced between five other was in operation 196, possessed twenty- ag a large amount of fulling-mills and small old agricultural county s had increased in 1792 ployed upon the horae- jt and deep-blue, which in a creditable manner. )r its cotton and woolen use, " an old-fashioned, pen bucket water-wheel," in 1170 by Valentine ar fulling and finishing 3d plan, was built in the len Company's Mills, by , 112. Deacon Barber. Jacob Ensign and others followed, and fulling-niilU soon became numerous. Tiie first fine broadcloth made in the United States, it is believed, was produced at Pittsfield in 1804, from the fleeces of imported merino sheep. It was made by Arthur Scholfield, who came to the country in 1789 with Samuel Sinter. With several other English operatives, chiefly from Oldham and Snddleworth, he had previously established at the Fails of Parker River, in the parish of Byefield, New- bury, the first incorporated woolen factory in tiie State, and probably the largest then in the country. Having proved unprofitable in their hands, the shares were one by one transferred to William Bartlett, and by him to John Lee, one of the original company, who in 1806 converted it into a cotton factory. Mr. Scholfield, like Slater, was compelled to construct his machinery at Pittsfield without patterns or drawings, and was even forced to return to England to refresh his memory before he could complete a wool-carding machine, which was put in operation in 1801, and carded wool at 12| cents a pound. In 1808 he manufactured a piece of black broadcloth of 13 yards, which was presented to President Madison, and a suit from it was worn by him at his inauguration. The manufacture of wool and fur hats has been several times incident- ally mentioned in the foregoing pages. The former branch was a very early and a very considerable department of the woolen manufacture. Nearly every State in the Union was engaged in the business, and in some of them there was scarcely a town that did not make more or less. Within the period comprised in this review, the hat manufacture had increased in Pennsylvania ; there were manufactured, as ascertained by a report to the Manufacturing Society of Philadelphia, over one hundred and sixty thousand wool and upward of fifty-four thousand fur hats annually. The four counties beyond the AUeghanies made of the former kind 10,140 and of fur hats 2,200 in a year, having 33 hatters. There were 68 hatters in the city and county of Philadelphia, who made 31,627 fur and 7,000 wool hats yearly. In Berks County there were 38 hatters ; in York, 26 ; in Lancaster and Cumberland, 16 each; in Delaware and West Ciiester, 14 each ; and 6 to 12 in each of the others, making a total in the State of 315 hatters. No county was without several. Wool was to some extent imported from the Eastern States. The greater plenty of wool in New England had rendered hatteries numerous there also. The county of New London, Connecticut, in 1791, contained 17 hatters, who made yearly 10,000 fur and wool hats. American hat-makers were then able to obtain contracts for supplying the army with hats, by underbidding the importers in sealed proposals. The business was also conducted to a large extent in several other ^22 COLONIAL CLOTH-MANUFACTURE. States, ana notwithstanding the more limited supply of wool in Yi-ntaia ftnd the interior parts of Carolina. „g„>.r a„d l.»-YfK,'rn^ w » T r X'tiou of lh» Constitution brandies of Us indostry. llio stmt no, . feebi. barrier to the Hood of '""If "j;;^': rl « oj si tor States, «" T '"Vl" T:,,:X\e:Con«re aWne possessed t.,e power were all repealed, and he "e" "' ^ « „„, mion of toreisn goods r^?::^lrr::dt9^r3{^^^^^^ i„aeea added to the State and ^^'^ '1^^ ^^ uJir i .crc'e. seemed ,,,.em of finance to - - -1- V^^l^^^^ ,,, ,.,,,,.,. to be hastening a general bankrnptcy oi ^^ ,b, people. " """ " ,7„„„,., of . eontmoo dnnjer, seemed lo l,o „,. ^^'^^'^ ^^f2.tl tsTL.. of returning prosperity wore nbou. rlslri'll^yiuteaeh ntcunber of tl,e Oonfederao, ..a.ust tU. °r '" rrortroii^nt:';:" : r::::.^"" »' ",o „»« oove™. b, the Mend, of American Manutaetu s _ "^J^ ,,„„, „i,^ ..re suirerer., was its ra,ilo..,on •»■ '' f ° /."'.^e ». in the resto- the maunfacturer. and meehan.es «' '"" ^"^- , '"'ii,„., „,„, „, the -r fjTirt r:;„::'r"r:.o":n":,po...eri.hin, .m, national laith, and in ine «. ff,.„,.rul revenue svstem, the srs r ct\::;;t:::r::;. -- - -- -- 1 » ™nn Mii'oiim. shows tho nmin'ricnl Ptrcn^lh of .trati.n. In .o.oe of the Suite, .o .;e.e.,ra, ' » ^ „ .h« ,...j..r«..ory cl,«r,....,r IH. HtU ption of the new Con-tUu. t.n. ..... on,, . . ^^^^^^ ^^^^,^.^^ ^,^^ U.0 ,o..t. .nd .enli..,e-.. «.iop.e . .<- «' ,^«^^^,,, ,,„ ,„„ „„. to ,ho u„wo.,.e.. exhii..n.,inn .t . e ^ - K ^^^^^^^^„^^„^ ,„, mind 0,1 the oco«.l..n. The .UM.i..ni.i.-M.".. ,1 York. In l'onn..vlvHni«. of which nn In- t,r«.ting .oouuot will be found In Crcy • wl,U;h the new Cou.litullon met in leverul Stului. CONGRESS ENCOmiAOES AND PROTECTS MANUFACTURES. 423 ,' of wool in TiiHtaia country, both of the as evident to every n of the Constitution •ed upon tlie country ts trade with foreign sary protection to all wiiich had opposed a J that flowed in after lucts of sister Slates, } possessed the power tition of foreign goods ictures, and many had •ices, scarcity, and high enormous importations f the country, with no , their increase, seemed ,ion, when the enlarge- y some of the wiscat of d, the bonds whieli held in danger, seemed to bu g prosperity were about :!onfederacy against the. Jon of the new Govern- 3re zealously urged tluiu ^ith no class, where all •eater rejoicing than with They saw, in the resto- tho maintenance of tho an imimverishing and nerul revenue system, the ble mannfiictures, which. iw» tho niiimTicnl pfrcnKlh i>f •turor« ntiil moi'lmnicn In llio wiato tli9 (>l.jiir«iit»ry cliHr«cl>r lie iii«eni.mf> to«M« oxhiliitK llie MiRundoreil by tho opp">itii<'> lew Cou.lilutlun mot in leverul under every adverse circumstance, gave encouraging prospects for the future. The inability of the manufacturers of the country to contend at once with tlie maoliinery of Europe, and particularly of England, which they were yet unable to obtain, and with the low prices and extended credits which the state of foreign trade then arrayed against them, rendered the encouragement and protection of their interests, equally with those of comnuTco, an olijoct with the first Congress. Henct', as Mr. Pitkin ob- serves, "in laying duties on imports, in July, 1789, Congress had refer- ence, as the preamble of the Act imposing them declares, to ' the en- couragement and protection of manufactures.' Tiiis was also openly avowed on the floor of the House of Representatives, in the debates on the first tariff established by the General Government." "The first Secretary of the Treasury (Hamilton), whose powerful mind seerai-d intuitively fully to comprehend every subject to which it bent its force, was the great advocate of American Manufactures. "In his celebrated report on this sid)ject, presented to the House of Representatives in January, 1791, every argument was used, and, we may truly add, exhausted, in favor of the policy and exi)ediency of protecting and '^''r.'ouraging this branch of domestic ecoui'iny." In the lucid report of Mr. Hamilton we shall hereafter furnish oflicial evidence of the state of manufactures at the commencement of our national existence. We shall only add in this place, that tho assistant Secretary, Mr. Co.\e, about this period, asserted that the manufactures of the United States were certaiidy greater than double the value of their exports iu imtive commodities, and much greater than the gross value of all their imports, including the value of the goods exported again. (I) View of tha UdUcJ Stut«l, p, 430. CHAPTER XVI. TANNING AND THE MANUFACTURES OF LEATHER. THE manufacture of tanned Leather, and of tawed and dressed skin. of dLlt kinds, and their conversion to the --^^ "T^nt r k J .;♦„ havp attained in th a country almost the tront rauK rX cW Itlo^ irX The .aking of Leatl.er and of Us Inufacrred products probably employs a larger number of separate Zbthm nts of various sizes, furnishes occupation to a greater num- Tr of hands and yields an annual result of higher value than any one ra" It rtl voo/lne perhaps excepted. It is a strong support to Tag ic t re of the country, and to the commercial interests, .nterna A fo Xn of its principal centres of trade. Its relations to these great :1 a'd to I' mestic comfort and the mechanical arrangements of' hlwe people, render not less applicable to ourselves than to any other nltion L suggestive observations of an English author upon the "'in :l^oTab;oad on the instruments of husbandry, on the imple- ments u!dn most mechanic trades, on the structure of a «ult,tude of Tngtes and machines ; or if we contemplate at home the necessary part of our clothing, breeches, shoes, boots, gloves, or the furn.ture of our houses e 3ooks on our shelves, the harness of our horses, and even the s«b2c of our carriages, what do we see but instances of human m- dustry exerted upon Leather? What an aptitude has tins sn.gle ISa in : variety of circumstance, for the relief oj - nec..Ue. and supplying conveniences in every state and stt ge o Me W.thou it or even without it iu the plenty we have it, to what difficulties should ^'I'grrlnltry, according to the Census of 1850. employed In the uld States, in its several allied and dependent branches, whern I uU,er and skins are the chief material, over 146.000 hands, and yu- dcd Lrag cgate product of nearly one hundred and thirty millions of dollar.. (424) (t) Dr. C»mpl.«U'. PoUtlc*! Survey of Great Urltuln. BATHER. i and dressed skius 0U9 purposes of ele- Imost the front rank Leather and of its number of separate 1 to a greater num- : value than any one a strong support to ial interests, internal lationa to these great mnical arrangements jurselves than to any flish author upon the andry, on the imple- ire of a multitude of 36 the necessary parts the furniture of our r horses, and even the istancua of hnrauu in- tuile has this single ief of our necessities, [go of life 1 Without A-hat difficultios should 1850, employed in the cut branches, wherein 000 lianda, and yielded lirty millions of dollars. Kt UrlUln, l> ■^ '". Y ( ( 1 XTI. VAN';: of a'f' : CI''" the agrici-nu'i ••. ■ of ib« • otber in. i .. • t - (v\ on tlw XTIiHKa &f I.£,V'fUEn. ,,,,,„, .„ , . ittwed and dres?c4 sUm nnv.r*ion U) t.bp uumerowa purposes of i?,l«- u.ud 5n tins conntry almoHl tlia froat i-«i«k •";,•■ lUttUnss' of LtMtii."' Mi.i ..r ^ts -vnt'ton to a greater mim. ',, r vfiliio Ui:*n -'"J '^"*' . wi> .;ig siipporl 10 . rests, intcrnul ,itoU'»n3 10 tliese prreat solves than ti) ^ny . KnirUah ftutUbr upoa Uio \ en a^: (424) me Uin«nrrti s .,. V, .,1, r '' .m:.,C- iiiB the I ifU! furuiua-' <•! "■", ttun. ■- ... Sir hnrtcs, iviui etcH tbo .4„ i,Hi i,,,!iiiicin of liiirami In* ,.. hna tbW .xutiilo .,f otir uwosi»>i-itJs, _ of lir«l Without s*ba4 dlffiouUios fthoaUl I J wlmrem t ha«d8, and «4ittyradllon*(.)f iwui*'!. iula. .VTUER. I and dres?orl «k?n« 3U8 pnrposes ■ ttiosl tba froal n>;iiv noiiii 1 to va\uv I.' .1 ; ;n. UP 10 '.ferests, internal aliens 10 tliese ^reat Ives than ti) a,!'}* Uah ftulhor upon tlio •of tho turoiici,' *'i our tijiMCfs of li^iwmi in- ^e of life 1 Without fhai rtiflicuUios frHotjUl lVi50, fiiM" • ■■ •'' ^l'- ,utj jiiitUluti* of liolUr*. .._,j:FB^-SENT^.3.,^^^ iirrzER a>i?JS5m£T?i£iRS ©#• 5*?r ^S4^V^^" ' .-- a ifii^ r, 'ti . wjai,f»»j 'jiAt-''' i.iln. ■:. ANTIQUITY OP LEATHER- MAKING. 425 Its present magnitude has been of comparatively recent growth, and is due in part to the increase of wealth and luxury, to the extension of our mechanical industry and our foreign commerce, but more than all, to the mechanical inventions and the scientific principles applied during the present century to the manufacture of the crude material. The tanning and dressing of Leather and skins, during the ante-revolutionary period, was quite a primitive and empirical art. It received little aid from chemistry or machinery, by which the processes have been abbreviated, economized and cheapened, and the product, in its variety and perfection of finish, adapted to all the purposes of taste and utility that a high civi- lization has created. The art, however, is one of very high antiquity. The pictorial tableaux inscribed on the tombs of ancient Egypt clearly represent the tanner, the Antiqnity curricr, and the shoemaker engaged in the various stages of of the Art. ^j,gjp gp^g^ ^jjjj tj^g materials and implements of their trades disposed about them. It is somewhat remarkable that the leather slice of the shoemaker, in nearly its present form, with the blade painted yellow, to show that it was made of brass, as well as the awl, are plainly delineated among the tools that symbolize the trades practiced over thirty centuries ago. So numerous were the leather-makers, that a particular locality in ancient Thebes was assigned them with the dyers and fullers of cloth. These they appear to have equaled in chemical skill, as shown by the various colors given to the skins arranged on shelves in their workshops. The remnants of Leather found in Theban tombs reveal the use of the acacia and other trees in the tanning process. The Jews, after the Exodus, probably practiced the knowledge learned of the sub- jects of the Pharaohs, in preparing the rams' skins, dyed red, for the service of the tabernacle. Whether the art of dyeing Leather in the manner so long practiced on the eastern and southern shores of the Mediterranean, which Europe obtained with diflficulty only toward the close of the last century, has thus descended to us from the Leather manufacturers of Egypt, we leave to those more learned in such matters to determine. It is, however, an interesting fact in the history of the art, that bronze leather-slices, similar to the Egyptian, have been found in large numbers Leather- J" *''>8 scpulchres of ancicut Mexico, indicating a knowledge ^mon"fho of Leather-working by a people possibly coeval with those iudi«nB. among whom the arts were cradled in the Eastern Continent Among their successors at the period of the conquest, and the more bar barous tribes of other parts of the continent, the knowledge of Leather- dressing wag confined to the preparation, in various styles suitublo foi clothing, or the skins of wild beasts and birds— for they had no domesti"" 426 COLONIAL IJIATHER-MANUFACTUEE. animals Considerable skill was evinced in the dressing of buffalo, deer, elk and other skins for that purpose. As robes for externa, wear, they were prepared with the wool, hair, or feathers on, and for under garments ihe smaller skins were made into a kind of chamois Leather by removing the hair and dressing them with the brains of the animal, which rendered them very soft and pliable. A squaw could thus prepare eight or ten skins in a day. Morton, an early historian of New England, mentions that the northern Indians converted their skins "into very good leather, making the same plume and soft," and that the moose skins "they com- monly dress bare and make them wondrous white, and stripe them with Bize round about the borders in form like lace set on by a Tayler, and Bome they stripe with size in workes of severall fashions very curious, according to the several! fantasies of the workmen, wherein they strive to excel one another." The moccasins and leggings were usually made from the moose skins. In the coloring and pictorial embellishment of these skins, the southern Indians in early times appear to have ex- celled any of a later period. "The skins," says an early Spanish historian, " are well corried, and they give them what colour they list, so perfect that, if it be red, it seemeth a very fine clothe in graine, and the black is most fine, and of the same colours." But the American Indians, like all savage and nomadic races, possessed no domestic animals, except, perhaps, a few llamas and vicunas, owned by the more civilized Peruvians. The possession of domestic cattle has been held to mark the boundaries between savage and civilized life, as the extent of the Leather manufac- ture has been regarded as a fair measure of the degree of civilization among cultivated nations.' Nothing, therefore, entitled to the name of a Leather manufacture, existed among the natives of this continent. Although they preserved and hardened the coarser skins by smoking them they appear to have been ignorant of the properties of certain astringent barks and vegetable substances to condense the membranes (1) The Empire of Jnpnn forms, in some measure, an exception to the general en- oouragoment of manufiictureB of Leather among nations at all ailvanceti in civiliza- tion. Shoes of leather are not worn by that people, but Leather is manufactured for some other purposes. The tanners, workers, and dealers in Leather are, by a singular national prejudice, confined to their own villages exclusively, and are not even per- mitted to enter the cities, except as execu- tioner*. They do not even form a catte, or class, of which there are eight several grades ; and they are not estimated in the census, nor their villages taken into ac- count in the estimation of distances. A vessel once used by a Leather-dresser or dealer is thrown away. The prejudice in which this social ban originated, is believed to be connected with the Asiatic doctrine of the metempsychosis and the transmission of souls through the bodies of animali, as the Japanese do not cat the meat of horned cattle. JFIBST INTUODUCTION OF NEAT CATTLE. 42T ig of buffalo, deer, ;xternai wear, they for under garments •ather by removing lal, which rendered epare eight or ten England, mentions very good leather, 3 skins " they com- d stripe them with n by a Tayler, and hions very curious, lerein they strive to were usually made il embellishment of ppear to have ex- ! an early Spanish t colour they list, so e in gralne, and the 3 American Indians, stic animals, except, civilized Peruvians, mark the boundaries he Leather manufac- iegree of civilization itled to the name of !S of this continent. ;r skins by smoking jroperties of certain lense the membranes there are eight several ' are not estimated in tho villngea takeo into no- itnation of distances. A by a Leather-dresser or away. The prejudice in ban originated, is believed with the Asiatic doctrine hosis and the transmission the bodies of animali, as not cat the meat of horned and correct their septic tendency, upon which the whole process of tan- ning depends. As no domestic animals were found in America by the European settlers, some time must necessarily elapse before their natural increase, where many exterminating causes existed, would furnish a regular supply of skins for the tanner. Columbus is said to have brought the first domestic cattle to America, on his second voyage in 1493. They were taken to Newfoundland and First cattle Nova Scotia by the Portuguese, in 1553, and increased rnpidly. iQAiueiica. gjack cattle, horses, swine, and sheep, were introduced into Florida about the year 1565, and neat cattle into Canada by the French, in 1608. In the following year, we find the first permanent English colony in Virginia in possession of between five and six hundred hogs, as many fowls, some goats, sheep, and horses. These were all killed or carried off by the natives, or were eaten even to the skins of the horses by the impoverished colonists. In 1610, or earlier, kine were brought by Sir Ralph Lane from the West Indies to Virginia, where the killing of any domestic cattle was that year forbidden on pain of death. The most timely and unexpected accession of cattle was the next year made \^; Sir Thomas Gates, who arrived with three hundred emigrants, one or two hundred cows, some swine, and ample provisions for the infant settle- ment. To this stock were added a few obtained two years aflei- by Argall, in a successful raid upoft the French settlements of Acadia. In 1620, the cattle had increased to about 500, " much bigger of body than the breed from which they came ; the horses also more beautiful and fuller of courage.'" In a list of tradesmen to be sent to the Colony the same Tanners sent y^^f" "^^^ enumerated Tanners, Leather-dressers, and Shoe- to Virginia, makers. These and other tradespeople are represented to have made comfortable livings by their arts in 1649, when the cattle, in- cluding bulls, cows, and calves, numbered 20,000 ; which was ten thou- sand less than they were in 1639. Although the industry of the people had been unwisely directed to the cultivation of silk, vines, and olives, rather than to the raising of corn and cattle, they had also, in 1649, 200 horses, 3,000 sheep, 5,000 goats, and many swine. Cattle were thus early exported to New England, and many were killed to supply the shipping, which in Christmas of the previous year amounted to ten sail from Lon- don, two from Bristol, twelve from Holland, and seven from New Eng- land. This lively trade supplied the population, which then amounted to about twenty thousand, with shoes and the necessary supplies of Leather. But the earliest mention we find of an attempt to manufacture, (1) A Declaration of the State of Virginia, p. 5. 428 COLONIAt LEATHER-MANUFACTURE. though doubtless there were earlier ones, is in a publication of this date. The enterprise of an old settler, Captain Matthews, a member of the legislature, is strongly commended in several branches of industry. He employed a large household in raising and manufacturing hemp and flax into linen. He had also erected a tan-house and manufactured Leather, and kept eight shoemakers constantly engaged in their trade. He had forty negroes trained to mechanical pursuits. This prosperous planter, we are told, had abundance of wheat and barley ; "kills stores of Beeves and sells them to victuall the ships when they come thither ; hath abund- ance of kine, a brave Dairy, swine, great store, and Poltery : he married the Daughter of Sir Tho. Hinton, and, in a word, keeps a good house, lives bravely, and a true lover of Virginia; he is worthy of much honor.'" In 1656 Yirginia is represented to have been exceedingly replenished with neat cattle and other domestic animals, except sheep ; and the sale of beef, pork, and bacon, to the shipping and for the West Indies, was a source of much profit. But the manufacture of Leather appears not to have kept pace wi be supply of hides and skins. The first indication of a general interest in the subject of domestic manufacture was given in several statutes of the legislature, in 1662, for „h«a«ee the eucouragcment of different branches of industry. Among to^bee^eaed. Q^jjgp things, it was enacted that tan-houses should be erected in every county, at the county charge, and a provision of tanners, cur- riers and shoemakers for making the hides of the country into Leather and 'shoes. An allowance was to be made to every inhabitant of the country for every dry hide, at the rate of two pounds of tobacco per pound ; and shoes were to be sold at thirty and thirty-five pounds of tobacco for the six largest sizes, etc. The exportation of hides out of the country was forbidden under penalty of one thousand pounds of tobacco for every hide so exported. Mares and sheep were not to be exported on pain of forfeiting treble their value. The low price of to- bacco was the chief incentive to the efforts made at this time to create a more varied industry. The same cause, greatly aggravated by the in- crease of slave labor, which, as Lord Culpepper staled, made them "too many for that and too few for anything else," and the enforcement of the Trade Acts, produced in 1682 another Act in Virginia for the advance- ment of manufactures. In addition to the encouragement of the cloth- manufacture, it was ordered (anno 1682, ch. 4) that no person shall " ex- port out of Virginia any Iron, wool, wool fells, skins, or hides, or Leather, tanned or untanned, or any deer, oxe, steer, bull, cow, or calf, or lay the same aboard any ship or vessel, unless it appear by oath of the (1) A Perfect Description of Virginia, p. 13. TANNING ENCOURAGED IN VIRGINIA AND MAUTnAND. 429 sation of this cJate. a member of the 1 of industry. He ing hemp and flax ufactured Leather, ir trade. He had prosperous planter, Is stores of Beeves ither ; hath abuiid- oltery : he married eeps a good house, ly of much honor.'" edingly replenished heep ; and the sale le West Indies, was ,ther appears not to subject of domestic ilature, in 1662, for industry. Among •s should be erected ion of tanners, cur- ountry into Leather 7 inhabitant of the inds of tobacco per lirty-fivc pounds of ion of hides out of housand pounds of deep were not to be rhe low price of to- this time to create a Ijgravated by the in- ,ed, made them "too le enforcement of the inia for the advance- igement of the cloth- no person shall " ex- , skins, or hides, or er, bull, cow, or calf, appear by oath of the .15. owner that it is to be carried directly to some Tann-house or smith's in the country, to be there wrought up." The price was that year fixed for dressed buckskins — which were abundant, and entered largely into the clothing of the inhabitants — at 2s. 4^d. eu'h ; undressed, \x. 2(1. ; and of doeskins dressed, each. Is. Od. ; undressed. Is. ; wheat iiuing 4s'. per bushel, and tobacco 10s. per hundred-weight — at which prices all these articles were to be received for del)ts. Tradesmen of all kinds, who would settle in the Colony, were made free from arrest for debts pre- viously contracted. These legislative efforts to preserve cattle and hides, and to promote the manufacture of Leather, appear to have been rendered necessary by the bad economy of the people, with whom live stock seem to have been little valued. If we may accept the statements of Mr. John Clayton to the Royal Society, in 1688, cattle were much neglected. They were provided with neither hay nor shelter, but were allowed to wander at large — except for cowpenning their tobacco patches, the only system of manuring practiced. Some planters lost twenty and thirty in a spring by starvation and various accidents. There were many wild cattle in unfrequented parts. The cows were not even milked in winter, a preju- dice prevailing that it would kill them. The price of a cow and calf, he says, was 50s., "sight unseen, be she big or little, they are never very curious to examine that point." The legislature of Maryland also endeavored, in 1681 and the following year, to create an interest in home manufactures, but with no great suc- Leather- ^css. Laws Were enacted to promote tillage and tiie raising "cou'a ed °^ provisions for exportation, and for restraining the exportation In Maryland. Qf Leather and hides by the imposition of a duty, intended for the encouragement of tanners and shoemakers. Beverley, who wrote a few years after this, represents the hats and Leather of the Virginians, as well as their shoes and clothing generally, to be derived from England, notwithstanding a plenty of furs, and skins, and wool. A few hides, he says, were " with much ado tanned and made into servants' shoes, but at so careless a rate that the planters don't care to try them if they can get others ; and sometimes, perhaps, a better man- ager than ordinary will vouchsafe to make a pair of breeches of a deerskin." In New England, during this time, the manufacture of Leather had 'become an established branch of domestic industry. Slock husbandry, upon which the Leather business, notwithstanding large importa- tions of foreign hides, is greatly dependent, was an early and EnKiand. profitable rcsourcc of the New England people. The first neat cattle were introduced into the Plymouth Colony by Edward Winslow, in the spring of 1624, and consisted of three heifers and a bull, to which Th« art in New 430 COLONIAL LEATHER- >UNL'FACTURE. were added 12 cows sent to Cape Ann in 1626, and 30 more lu 1629. With the emigration to Massachusetts under tlie first charter, in 1629, were sent 140 head of neat cattle and some horses and goats. Among the estimates of the company were 20 cows and bulls, at £4 each. As in Virginia, many of these were probably sacrificed to supply the wants of a starving population, or fell by the arrow and the hatchet of the In- dian who hovered on the skirts of the distressed settlements. Of three hundred kine and a number of other cattle, shipped in the following year with the larse emigration that accompanied Governor Winthrop, more than half dic^d on the passage and during the ensuing winter while a dire mortality invaded nearly every family of the emigrants. M.lch cows, m consequence, rose in value to Iwenty-five and thirty pounds. 1 he con- tinued accessions of people from England made it the .uteres of the owners of stock to increase them to ihe utmost. Notwithstanding the frequent scarcity of food, the depredations of wolves, and the savage foravs of the natives, the increase of cattle was very rapid. By the rise i„ price of corn and cattle, Mr. Bradford says, "many were much en- riched and comodities grue plentifull ; and yet in other regards this benefite turned to their hurte, and this accession of strength to heir weaknes For now their stocks increased, and y« increase vendible, ther was no longer any holding them togeather, but now they must of neces- silie goe to their great lots ; they could not otherwise keep their katle. and having oxen growne, they must have land for plowing and tillage. And no man thought he could live, except he had catle and a great deale of ground to keep them, all striving to increase their stocks. This earl V disposition to migrate, led, in the autumn of 1635, a company of sixty pilgrims, with their women, children, and cattle, through the untracked forests of Massachusetts to the banks of the Connecticut, where they suf- fered again tho privations of the earlier pioneers of New England, losing many of their cattle, but preserving a remnant to stock the future home- steads of the Colony. The following June witnessed a larger pilgrimage from the Bnv settlements, v^-ending its slow way. with droves to the number of 160 head of cattle, across the mountains, swamps, and fords of the same wilderness track. The emigrants, subsisting upon the milk of their kine, and these upon the browse of the forest, thus planted, under (1) History of Plymoath, 302. There were in 1637, nccoraing to Grahnm, but 37 plows in Ml M.issacliiisetts. As John Black- leach, of Siilcm. had not, in 1638-9, "suffi- cient land to maintain a plough" on his farm of 300 acron, " the towno, for the fur- thering of his endeavors in plowing and for his encouragement therein," allow him more land.— /'«?('« Salem. The isolation occasioned by this greed of land was regarded as an evil in Virginia and New England, and, while it multiplied settlements, contributed to their insecurity. THE FIRST NEW ENGLAND TANNERY — LYNN. 481 30 more in lfi29. t charter, in 1629, id goals. Among I, at £4 each. As ) supply the wants hatchet of the In- lements. Of three I the following year or "Winthrop, more winter, while a dire ;8. Milch cows, in pounds. The con- the interest of the [otwithstanding the es, and the savage rapid. By the rise any were much en- other regards this if strength to their urease vendible, ther they must of neces- ise keep their katle, ■(lowing and tillage, tie and a great deale leir stocks.'" This ), a company of sixty ough the untracked icut, where they snf- 'few England, losing )ck the future home- l a larger pilgrimage with droves to the 3, swamps, and fords isting upon the milk t, thus planted, under • ment therein," allow him r SaUm. jccaaionod by this greed (led as an evil in Virginia 1, and, while it multiplied ibuted to their insecurity. an organized government, the arts of civilized life and a new embryo coiTimonweallh, upon the hunting-grounds of the savage. During the Pequot and other Indian wars which followed, live stock was a precarious property, but iieverlhulcss continued to increase, and furnished articles for exportation. New Hampshire, about the year 1632, obtained its first cattle, of a large-sized breed, from Denmark, through Captain John Mason and his associates. In 1645, one hundred oxen were driven from Capt. Mason's plantation, near Portsmouth, to Boston, and sold at £20 a head. Maine was- chiefly stocked from the same large, dun-colored breed, which were valued in the lumbering business for their size. The continued arrival of new settlers in New England kept up the demand for cattle, and maintained their prices at £20 to £30 a head. Their numbers were consequently multiplied, but being too valuable for slaughter, the herds probably furnished little material for the tanner. But the sudden reduction of the price to £5 a piece, by the subsequent stoppage of emigration from Europe, found neat cattle and other stock well diffused over the country; and the Colonists became consumers and exporters of beef and other meats, perhaps beyond any others in propor- tion to their numbers. As a people's industry is so often shaped by the physical conditions which surround them, and the presence of a raw ma- terial is a strong incentive to manufactures, it is no extravagant conjec- ture, that the abundance of the integuments furnished by their stock- raising led several of the old towns of New England into the shoe and leather manufacture, for which they have been long noted. Mr. Higgin- son, of Salem, in 1630, mentions the extraordinary increase of cattle and "store of sumacke trees, good for dying and tanning of Leather." Among those who excelled in stock husbandry were the first settlers of Lynn, who were principally farmers, and had large numbers of horned cattle, sheep, and goats. For many years before their lands En"i*nr were divided or fenced, their neat cattle were kept in a com- Tannery. ^^^ j^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ oversecr or hayward, and the island of Nahant was the common sheepwalk, where the flocks were attended by a public shepherd." Whether the bovine and ovine wealth of the farmers of Lynn promised a better supply of material does not appear. But at the village of Swampscott, in that town, was erected the first Tannery in New England. The first white settlers of Lynn were Edmund and Francis Ligalls, from Lincolnshire, England. The former, in 1629, settled as a farmer in the eastern part of the town, where the site of his residence is still pointed out on Fayette street. His brother Francis (1) Lewis' Hist. Lynn. 432 COLONIAL LEATHER-MANUFACTURE. built Q tannery on Humphrey's Brook, where it is crossed by a stoue bridfre but the precise date is not .stated. The vats were filled up m 1825 ' The first shoemaker known in Lynn was Philip Kertland, from Sherrington, in BuckinKhamsnire, who settled there in 1635.' John Uarbert, a shoemaker from Nottingham, settled at Salem the same ^' Among the outfits provided for the Colony in 1629, shoes "from ten to thirteen," for men, principally of neats' Leather, are charged at 2s. to 28. U. par pair, with a large proportion of Leather and bull clothing Buch as "sutes, dublett and hose, of leather lyned with oiled leather gloves of calves' leather and of tanned sheepskins, leather girdles, "dub- letts and breeches of oyled lether," '' breeches of leather drawers to serve to weare with booth their other sutes." In the Company's letter .0 the Governor in April, 1629, they ^ay, '< Wee have made our servants ttuparell of cloth and lether, which lether is not of oyle skinns, for we fiud them over ueere.- For many years the dress of servants, and, to some extent c' al' the active classes, consisted in part of leather dressed as "buff leather," or tanned ; and many deer-skins, obtained by the mus- ket of the planter, or in trade with the natives, furnished materials for this serviceable apparel. . , n, The letior cf the Company also commends to the care of the Governor, Thomas Beard, a shoemaker, who was to be maintained at the public charge for £10 a year, 3..d to be under the Governor s direc- tlTX' tion as to his ph.ce of employment. A supply of hides for his ft..t«.uit..H. ^^^^ „ecoinpanied him in the MayHower, for which he was to pay freight at X4 a ton. It was directed that fifty acres of land should le allotted him as one that transported himself at his own charge.* Ihis person appears to have been the first of " the gentle craft of leather in Massachusetts, but we are not informed where he sellled. Among the early inhabitants of Boston were George llun, a tanner, who was made a freeman in 1637. but died in 1640 ; Jeremy H;'"''"" or IJut^hins, also a tanner, took the freeman's oath in 1640 ; and ^V il lam Copp, a shoemaker, the owner of Copp's (previously Snow) llill, at the North-Knd, who took the oath in 1641." ,., ...wi in October, 1640, it was declared by the General Court that "^\herea8 we are informed of the neglect of many in not saving such hi.les and skins as either by casualty or slaughter come to hand," all such hides . ^%IZ piiould be preserved to be tanned, or the owner should forfeit iuM'"'" the skin and £12. This order implies the existence of tau- (1) lliirlior'u Ui'^t. Coll. nf Mam. (2) Lewis' L.viin. (J) Foll'n .^^iili'in. (4) Fi'lt'» Annals of ."9aleni, 1. 6, 49. (6) Il'i'l. i. 102. (6) Dowburn'i! Buiton Nutiont, p. 40. 1 crossed by a stoue its were filled up ia •hilip Kerlland, from ire in 1635.' John at Salem the same )29, shoes "from ten are cimrged at 2.s. to er and buff clothing, , with oiled leather," leather girdles, " dub- f leather drawers to the Company's letter ve made our servants' jf oyle skinns, for we ss of servants, and, to sart of leather dressed obtained by the mus- irnished materials for ! care of the Governor, intained at the public the Governor's direc- iupply of hides for hia ', for which he was to y acres of land should his own charge,* This tie craft uf leather" in settled. Jeorge llun, a tanner, ; Jeremy llouchin or in 1640; and William usly Snow) Hill, at the il Court that " Whereas ng such hides and skins to hand," all such hides 10 owner should forfeit '8 the existence of tan- nnnUof Paloni, i. ft, 49. 103. u'f Uojton Nutiiini", p. 40. CL'UIOUS EARLV LAWS HEBPECTINO LEATHEB. 433 neries to which they could be sent. It is probable that tanneries were established in Boston, Charlestown, Watertown, and other of the first settled towns, very soon after their occupation. The cattle in the Prov- ince nuiiihered at this date twelve thousand. In Watertown two search- ers and sealers of Leather were appointed by order of the court in 1638. ' Leather .searchers, in conformity with an Act of the General Court, were appointed in Salem in 1642. This Act, passed June 14th of that year, was the first general law of the Assembly to regulate the uinnufucture of Leatlier in Massachusetts, and shows that it was already becoming an established industry. It ordered that " no Butcher, Currier, or .shooe-maker shall exercise the trade of a tanner, on th*; forfeiture of 6.s. 8(/. for every skin he shall tann, while they use any of the trades aforesaid, nor shall any tanner use the trades of Dutcher, currier, or shooe-maker under the like penalty." A clause prohibiting any but tanners from buying or even bespeaking any raw hides of ox, bull, steer, or cow, in the hair, was soon after re- pealed. No Leather over-limed, or insufficiently tanned, or not thor- oughly dried after tann...g might be exposed for sale. Tanners putting Leather into hot or warm "moors," or setting their " fatts" in places im- proper, where the Leather would heat and burn, were to forfeit £20 for each offense. Curriers were not to dress any Leather imperfectly tanned or dried, nor use "any deceitful or subtil mixture, thing, wcy, or means to corrupt or hurt the leather, nor curry any 8(de leather wi'n any thing but with good hard tallow, nor with less than the leather would receive ; nor dress or curry any upper leather but with good and sufficient stuff, not salt, and should thoroughly liquor it until it would receive no more ; they were not to bun; or scald any leather in the currying, on forfeiture of every hiile marred by unworkmanlike handling, to be judged by the oath of 8ii!licitnt witnesses. Every town requiring it was to have one or more sealers or miirkers of leather, who were to receive as fees \d. per hide f all parceh under a certain number, and 5nl», vol. ii. p. 17. AtirUlK.raent of rimitaliim Lawn. buU'loii, 1704, p. 66. mm .^ COLONIAL LEATHER- MANCFACTL'UE. trades which arose in Europe upon the decay of the feudal system, with cenai^ei c p ivileges and powers, to regulate the profits membersh.p, rdrheTa^ai;-,, of the corporation, were the cordwainers eo.pan, u. Xr:^ L^Jhf slt^f appren.ice.hips, perhaps serve. ^ useful pun-ses in their day. But by limiting the exercse of tl « f ^« lemhe B of the guild, and by the injurious monopohes estaW he^ by he" charters and bv-laws, the freedom of industry was cnppled to a h fu ext" t Wi^h the numerous public and private commercu^l llnol whieh became a serious evil under the Stuarts most of these " b di"s r re s.ept away by an Act of Parliament in 1C24. and pnt- . Tu.\ to fourteen years for ne^v manufactures or inventions, and a ;r ^ 1 elnioL Ltained. The .gislators of Massachusetts early r'ured the benefits of an untramme.ed industry by decreeing, ml 41 Zt "there shall be no monopolies granted or allowed among us bu of sudi new inventions .. ne profitable to the country, and that for a short ''TnK,48,the coope"s and shoemal ors of Boston and the vicinity had BO far incr ased in number, that each craft sought and obtamed ce.-,a,n "corporate privileges from the legislature. The General Court fX:)'::^., ijoston, on 18th October, granted to " R'.chard ^^ebb. James F"--cll, Robert Turner. Edmund Jackson, and the rest of the sherakers," an Act of incorporation with power to regulate the ralcfor t ree vear..' Although no political or c.olusive pnv. lege bind th. rcgulaUon of their own trade atVuirs appear to have be n rt , Johnson, a cotemporary. considered it^of much service to 'art H. observes: "All other trades have here fallen into their ranks and places to their great advantage; especially coopers and shoe- "Ik rs vlo had either ,f them a corporation granted, innclnng them- selves by their trades very much." " As for tanners and shoe- T7V mn\ers"he adds, " it being naturalized In these occupations --^ Thave a higher reach in managing their manifactures than oti.er men in New England, and having not changed 'heir nature in this Te ulTthcm both they have kept men to their ^^^^^^^^^^^,^^ doubling the price of their commodities according to the rate tl ,y v ere or in England, and yet the plenty of Leather is beyond what the U I , re com' ing the number of the people, In.t the transpor .t.on cf b t l' .hoes il forraign parts hath vented all, owcver '• Can^ makers, glovers, fell-mongers, and furriers are also mentioned in a lengthy (1) RcPorJ*, U. 249. DM BnOlS EXrOUTED FROM MASSACHUSETTS TO ENGLAND. 435 feudul system, with profits, membership, [liners' company, iii- 1, and the curriers' ed corporations, in ;rhaps served some icercise of tlie trades )olies establislie-^ by was crippled to a private commercial tuarts, most of these nt in 1C24, and pat- or inventions, and a Massachusetts early r decreeing, in 1641, ^cd among ns but of and that for a short and the vicinity had and obtained certain The General Court to "Richard Webb, , and the rest of the >wer to regulate the r txclusive privileges appear to have been t of much service to here fallen into their illy coopers ami shoe- anted, inriching them- ! for tanners and shoe- 1 in these occupations leir manifactures thuii ;ed their nature in this, tander hitherto, almost ^ to tlie rate th .y were -r is beyond what they t the transportation cf ftli, however." Canl- mentioned in a lengthy list of those who hud " orderly turned to their trades" in 1C51. The shoemakers and timners appear not to have been the only ones who pus- sessed the secret of advancing their own interests by arts often regarded as of later origin. " As for tailers," says this writer, " they have not come beliind tlie former, their advantage being in the nui-lurc of new fashions all one witli England," and some " have a mystery beyond others, as have the vintners.'" That Leather should, within little more than twenty years from the first settlement, have become relatively more plentiful than in England, and that boots and shoes should in the same time become nn article of export, appears almost incredible. We find, indeed, the scarcity of Leather expressly assigned, in a sumptuary law in 1651, as the reason for pro- hibiting, along with gold, silver, silks, laces, and other extravagances of dress, the wearing of great boots by those whom the Selectmen should consider unable to afford it. Shoes appear, howovcr, to have been thna early exported by the merchants of Boston, who already obtained a few, chiefly of calfskin, from Lynn, where the business had begun to take root. SlulT shoes, for women's usi afterward extensively manufactured at Lynn, were at tliis early date only worn by the most wealthy, and upon wedding occasions by the less opulent, who thenceforth preserved them ns too delicate for ordinary use. Even calf shoes had before the Revolu- tion but a limited use, and morocco leather was not made in this country until after timt date. Of the laboring classes, neats' leather shoes formed the principal wear during the Colonial period. It was probably found inexpedient, where there was a general scarcity of mechanics, to attempt to restrict the workers in Leather too closely to one brancli, as contemplated in the Act of 1G42. A memorial from Nathaniel Bishop and Hope Allin, curriers, to the General Court in 10(56, praying that tanners and shoemakers might not be allowed to carry on currying, was therefore not granted.' In KIT 7, Hugh Mason, one of the first searchers and sealers of Leatlier at Watertown, appealed to the Asseml)'y on the subject of a law prohil)iting the exportation of tunned Iicather. In 1000, the town of Newbury, on certain conditions, granted Ebe- nezcr Knowlton nine rods of land "for the setting up of a tanning trade" at tlint place.' Tanners and shoemakers were probably to be found in most towns in the Colony at tluit date. George Bniniiull carried on tanning at Fiilmoutli, in Maine, between 1080 ai,d ICOd. In Connecticut, during this time, the inhabitants had continued to hv (1) Wond«r-vrorklDf( Providence. (2) Ilccora», vol vl. ai'3. (.3; Odfflu't Hist, or Notvljiir^, COLONIAL LEATHEH-MANUFACTUUK. almost exclusively agricultural. Mecbanlcs of all ^inds were few and Manufactures bad scarcely been attcnpted. ^^-/^Vr atUe ^^ able portion of their farm produce. Pork, beef, fat cattle, ..nd rt«' horses were sold in considerable quantities to Boston, J.ew connecticai. ^^^^ ^„^ ^1,^ ^cst ludics. In May, 1651, it was affirmed in Court that 100 beeves were killed in the town of Fairfield the prevous year Tanning, as one of the. simplest of the arts, and a suppor of he iZk husbandry of the Colony, was commenced, as in M>.ssachuse ts. nrmost w h the first settlement. As early as February, 1640, among the earliest enactnients, it was ordered that skins should be pre- ^"'^'r' served under p^nialty for the use of the tanner, and that hemp ---"* a L shouUl be s'o wn for the manufacture of linen and eord- •That the country may be oettcr enabled to kill yearly some Eves f' st ! of leatlfer," it was ordained. September, 1642 that no Svesiould be killed in the Colony without the permission o two per- ons a, pointed by the Court in each town for that purpose^ In 1 654, a comi^ 'eo was appointed to J -aw up rules respecting the sealing of eaZ td officer' for tha . v .e in each town were appointed by the Co t o" ober, 165G, At the same time, the Court. " taking into seno L„" den t on the several deceits and abuses, which in other places ha^ ZTZ\ are commonly practiced by the Tanners, curriers, butchers, wl so Lather,'' enacted a law, similar to the MassaehuseUs aw of m2, prescribing the mode of tanning, dressing, and insp et^ font er Butchers were enjoined not to gash or cut ox or cow Se :Jno tf, wastooifer'forsale Leather imperfectly tanned or Hed No person "using or occupying the mistery of tanntng, to se y of the fa ts in tann hills or other places ^^'--/.^^-^ -, ^'^^ p t into tann in the same shall or may take any unk.nde heatos, no luU J ^ut leather into any hott or warm o..es whatever. «" P- of i f every oflence." Curriers were not to "burn or scald' he hu es or r i" ..f u.e co,o„,v ». pain «' '"j^.-^ ric'i'rit: Leather was in March, 1C.GI--2, increased to m. a dicktr, .lii-kiT and 4'?. hy the single hide.' ,„ t'h New lluven Colony, then a separate jurisdiction, there wu» also i„ ';C56 a law ou this subject, made in consideration of " the damage or ^X) Co,onUineoord,ofOo«n..l*o«^ . l.V .p. 6J, f., m 835. m 377. inds were few, and Lock foiiued a vain- beef, fat cattle, und 13 to Boston, New 1, it was affirmed in nirSeld the previous ind a support of the 3 in Massachusetts. .ry, 1640, among the kins should be pre- nner, and that hemp re of linen and cord- to kill yearly some ember, 1642, that no srmission of two per- purpose. In 1654, a cting the sealing of ere appointed by the /'taking into serious in other places have •s, curriers, butchers, to the Massachusetts Iressing, and inspcct- ih or cut ox or cow imperfectly tanned or cry of tanning, to set the woozes or leather kinde heates, nor sliall vcr, on pain of £20 for r scald" the hules or able men for sealtTb ol dicker (of ten hides), the law in the follow- the town where i' v/aa ling the transportation The price lor seaUng d. a dicker, 12 J. a half isdiction, there was also lion of " the damuge or I,, Sf.". 335, 2»8, 377. LEATHER AND SUOES IN CONNECTICUT — THE SIZE-STICK. 43t injury which many sustaine by the ill coming of Leather, and by the shooe-raakers ill making it up into shooes and boots." In each town where a tanner or shoemaker was employed, there were to be one or more sealers of Leather, who were to be under ooth not to seal any leather but such as they should judge "sufficiently tanned and fit to be wrought out and sold in shooes and boots." Of this they were to distinguish by Laws of separate marks, two qualities, that which was well tanned and New Havon. fj^ f^j. uppgp leather and outer soles, and another which was less perfectly tanned, or was defective either in the liming, beaming, or by frost, or in drying, but was suitable for inner soles but not for other uses. Leather insufficiently tanned was not to be scaled at all, and shoe- makers using it, or employing the second quality for outer soles or uppers of boots or shoes, or using any other deceit in making up their ware, were to make restitution to the injured parties. No imported hides were to be used until sealed. In the following year, the Court at New Haven received complaints from Stamford of the excessive prices of boots and shoes at that place, as for instance, "si.x shillings for a pair of shoes of the tenns, and thirty shillings for a pair of bootes as good as which may be bought here for twenty shillings, which the Court thought was great oppression," and therefore ordered these shoemakers to make satisfaction for what they had done amiss, and to reform in future, or answer at the next Court of Magiiitrates. Complaints were also made of wrong done in the sizes of shoes ; and the Court having been informed that William Newman, of Stamford, " hath an instrument in his hand wliieh he brought out of England, which is thought to be riglit to determine this question between the buyer and seller, did ordain that the said instrument should be procured and sent to New Haven," and if approved by the next Court of Mugis- Mi'k fl"t trates, after taking suitable advice, a standard was to be made """^ from it, from which the several plantations in the Colony werfl to be supplied, with a rule to which all sizes were to conform. This appears to have been the first introduction, at least in Connecticut, of that useful little implement the size-stick, or some equally infallible measure of the pedal developments of our forefathers. These several ordinances respecting tanning and its accessory branches, exhibit them to us in their primitive rudeness. The very limited "assortments" of a, cordwa n»!r's8hop in that day gave the latter somewhat more Procrustean power than lie now possesses. But that he sometimes failed also in making the complete " fit" which is the artistic boast of his moileru representative, should be no matter of wonder, since the intrduction of ehoes wholly of leather, in their present form, was a recent event. It is I ;, COLONIAL LEATHER-MANUFACTURE. I8M im Llied II.. prices t» be charsed by ,r.,.ncr« ..,d shoe- erLby ^<^Ti». .- »« .-- ''>»-'^ "T™ ^Mdt: "t1:i : two nence a pound tV.r -reen, and fonr lu-nce for dry ludts. 1 he scum ZJZ IL at tlH-oe pence a pound for green, and sixpence for dry h des which was to be legibly set upon them that the.r v.h.e m,gh be k own wl en tanned. Sho'nakevs were not permitted to charge for sh es ab r fie and a half pence a si.e "for ail playne and -oden-hee d hoes o all Hi/., above men's sevens. Three-soled shoes wel made and to.I not above seven and a half pence a si^e for well-wronght Freeh falls " Every shoe was to be marked with its proper s,ze, and ^::t. ;urpose e4 -^--- Xi^ t :r .tiin: riir:^- -:::" ::t :r :^:ong t.. buyer, or . "l love the price decreed, u.volved the forfeiture of the shoes or wares.* (1) Shoes, In much their present form, were doubtless earlier worn. There appeurs to have been no materiiil change in their ,tylo after the settU'inent of MnHxachus'Mt.f, when shoes Vfore ordered (162«) of largo size, ttt two to two shillings and Mxpen™ a pair, for the use of the emigrants. Shoe- strings, as now worn, took the place of the shoo-rose under the Slunrts, and buokles, rpjombling the horse bean, came into u^e •hoal 1689. Boot! of large siie. and for beaux, of flimsy Spanish leatbor, were then ,nu.di worn in England, but were not ap- proved of in MaHsachusotts, and were not very generally used here before the RovoIh- tion. (2) New Haven C(.'.onial Records, by Charles J. Iloadley, A.M., 1858, vol. 11. pp. 2Ki, ;?ni, 472. 4«9. (.■!) Colonial Records of Connecticut, vol. ii. p. 325. t trading lionse was Technical iuiprove- lie Leather business, ce of the shoemaker IT and currier, which eavored to prevent ecent t'nes has been ics, securing greater in 10r,2, to prohibit ,hat Connecticut had lemeut. But in May cs, on account of the !ourt to proliibit the ed leather, except iu cut, at Hartford, Oct. jy tanners and shoe- more for tanning than ry liides. The selling , and sixpence for dry their value might be ;ed to charge for shoes ne and wooden-heeled :d shoes well made and size for well-wrought h its proper size, and y liim a true and just . To make " shoes or •ong liie buyer," or to iilure of the shoes or y Spanish lontbor, wore then Engliind, but were not ap- M.iHflttchui'otli", and wore not used here before the Revoln- dTon Cc'.oniivl Records, by ,i,.lU-y, A.M., 1858, vol. ii. pp. 4H9. 1 Becorda of Conneotiout, vol. TANNING IN CONNECTICLT, UUODE ISLAND, AND NEW YORK. 439 Tlie adult male population of Connecticut was at this time 2,3G3, and the whole about 12,000. Its yearly exports were short of £9,000. Its towns and the neigliboring settlements of New England, had been greatly impoverished and burdened with debts by the war with King Philip, wiiich still raged, and the cattle and other resources of the people were much diminished. In 1680, however, beef sold for 2^d. and butter for (id. a pound ; and the tegumentary products of their herds probably em- ployed a good number of small tanneries. The principal exports of Rhode Island at the same period were pro- visions and horses, grazing being a general occupalion throngiiout tlie Eastern Colonics. The conversion of hides into coarse Leather, which in early Colonial times was often rudely elfected l)y tlie farmer for liis own domestic use, was doubtless commenced long before this in the Narra- gausett settlements. The arts of the tanner, currier, and cordwainer were placed under legal control in February, 1706-7, by a Colonial law "for preventing of deceits and abuses by tanners, curriers, and sho«- makers.'" In New York, which now holds so conspicuous a place in the Leather trade and nianufiicture of the wurkl, among the useful arts early intioduced l)y the Dutch ancestifs of the I'rovince, was llial uf me tanner. jiowYirkin Domestic cattlc wcpc imported i«to New Netherlands, under e»riytiuio». ^^^^ putroimgc of the "West luHilia Company,"' in the spring of 1625, by t'.e Hon. Fieter Evertsen llulst. lie shipped thither, with extreme care, 103 head, consisting of horses, cows, hogs, and sheep, for breeding; each animal having its own stall covered with three feet of sand, and a separate attendant. For many years, however, the price of horned cattle made thorn too valuable for fretjueiit slaughter. A cow in 1627 was worth £30, and a pair of oxen £40. In 1650, when the com- pany supplied each tenant not only with land, tenements, and tools, but with 4 cows, as many hor.ses and other animals, to be restored in six years, a cow and calf were worth £40. The city of New York, in 1678, killed 400 beeves; in 1694, nearly 4,000. The first tannery in the I'rovince of which we have found any mention, was owned by one of four brothers named Evertsen, who settled as early as 1638, some at I'avonia and some on Manhattan. The locality of tho tannery is not mentioned. At llenssehicrwyck, in the neighborhood of the present great mannfuc- toriesof sole leather, it appears i)y the account books of the I'litroon al»oul this time that imported sole leather co.st 46 cents, and upper leather and (jhocnmkcrs' yarn 60 cents per pound. Shoes were fkora two to four florins ;l) R. I. Coloni»l Records, vol. iv. p. 7. mm ^ COLONIAL LEATHER- MANUFACTURE. r"T"vr r;r;.\ri!::t:;Nr :: Bid .,,, w,, "r.;-™. Ten ^^^■^''-"■^-/"•'ztr^^^^^^ . , 1 „ ^f «i.o trnrlp resided on the Heere uui^, """ ,,„e,pa. -;^ - ^ «;:;:t :„a Pear,. Hi, .an pit. o=e„„iea ».e TenEyck's «^'^^^^''' . • j f Bi'oad stPfct above Beaver. Tannery. ro\ mars IV lotS Oil UlC WeSl Blue ui xji tanning and other branches oi .hoetnaker, occupied Dh-ck. Tobias, and Coenraet. J^ ^-^ ;; f , , ^^,,,,, „a.ers of the i=-a£:'^::r::re::^i;.H-„- their business. nnsture," vhoi-e Mr. On this tract, previously known as the .h P P Ten Kyck owned a large parcel of ^^-j;^;^ '^0 F^i-« o.:ca- r'''l?o:'rratrA rk.niillfor .rindin. the bark was owned fronting on the auer. a .....ines^ He soon after removed „.„d bs l.lm, Jacob Al,r»l.»..|. """"'■■"• ,'^ ,,',,„„, a„.l from the ci(y limits, to accommodate the unpiovtracni metropolis.' A,„iros and his Ooiincli Kpiioinled LtopolTiasIu^wea .vo ,J arter b, U,e ,no,c i,»„o„.„. one e.... ■ (1) Vulentlne's Hi»t. of the City of Now York. EARLY TANNERS OF NEW YORK— THE " SWAMP." 441 ;rs and shoemakcra t Manliattan. lutch capital at the Adrian Van Laar, 3 latter trade, both jn Broad and Wil- corner Broad and imnufncturer, and a e Graft, now Broad 1 pits occupied seve- itreet above Beaver, tial citizen, and the ccupy in respectable decease in 1680, the rried on by his sons, shoemaker, occupied everal others of the oad, north of B.-aver 1 afforded acoomino- ;tomary appendage to pasture," vhere Mr. iliu'.lcnbrook, a shoe- Gl, his premises occu- now Exchanire I'lac-', the bark, was owned [e soon after removed 5t dwellings in the city mu\ dollars each were EycU Jr., and John wealthy lircwcrs and lied up, wHli the ditch xchidcd (13 a nuisance ,veracnts iu the rising his Oouncti iipiiolnlcd ers from exercising the xnghorne. this petty )re important one estab. » York. m lished by the Bolting Act, which was of much value to the city. It was also ordained in 1676, "that no butcher be permitted to be currieK, or shoemaker, or tanner; nor shall any tanner be either currier, shoemaker, or butcher ; it being consonant to the laws of England and practice in the neighbour Colonys of the Massachusetts and Connecticott.'" At that time there resided on the north side of High street, between Broad and William, a worthy citizen, John Harpending, who, by assidu- ous industry in his trade of tanner and shoemaker, had acquired n respect- able fortune, and whose moral and religious character procuied him the highest esteem. With several others of his trade, he soon after purchased a large tract of land on the east side of Broadway, extending nearly to Gold street, and from Maiden Lane north to Ann street. To this dis- trict, afterward long known as the "Shoemakers' Land," the leather fraternity, expelled from their former quarters, removed their tanneries. They established them outside the city walls, along the fenny line of Maiden Lane, on the north side, eastward from William street. The original proprietors of this estate, now the centre of commercial wealth, were Coenraet Ten Eyck, Jacob Abrahams, John Harpending, and Carsten Luerse ; and in 1696 they were, in addition to the last two, Charles Lodwick, Abraham Santfort (Jacob Abrahams), and Ileiltje Cloppers. The value of lots here, in the beginning of the last century, was about £30 currency of that day. Tiie site of the "North Dutch Church" was the gifi of Mr. Harpending, who obtained a large share in tlie division ; and the present John street is said to have derived its name from that early proprietor of the district. From this region the tanners were once more driven, in tlie march of improvement, to the borders of the Fresh-water ^oncf bcyV-nd the common, and to Bceknian's Swamp, where many of thera remained to the beginning of tl" present century, and one or two much later. Tills locality, still known as the " Swamp," where the couiniercial in- terests of the trade yet centre and wield an influence second to few in the city, was in the infancy of the city called the "Qreppel Bosch," or " Tangled Briars," from the shrub's which occupied the hiw grounds in that place. Several acres of the swamp were purchased ill 1734 by Jacobus Roosevelt, for the sum of £200, from the corpora- tion, liiough it was at the same time claimed by the heirs of Jacob Leisler. Having been divided by the purchaser into lots, they were principally taken by the tanners, who occupied much of the entire space included between Cliff and (lold and Ferry and Frankford streets, and the north side of Frankford, between Cliff ami Duke. In this noted (1) Dunlop'B Hist, of New York i Appendix, p. 128. The Swamp. mam ^^^ COLONIAL LEATHER-MANUFACTURE. ;> !l„i l,v llic Orst »hlle settlers at Elizobelhtown, m 1(.(.0. J«lm B.,iri....- i°, „„ ,„ .,,e town by several ot that name from tlie bisl. -» K;"" cl: 1 ™ .rEd/ards, a grandson of the eminent JonaUran Ed„ards,r;:deseonda„t b, ^<- ^;;^« ^^ ^T^l^^^ mannfactare in this conntr, ,s "'^f '-l '»y;™ f * b„„ ,„ Eliza- meehanica, aids ithase„r^^,,e . ^^^^ „„,.,, ,„,„ „ bethtown in 1770, ana learutu ..„„,.„ „ffipprg who earned it Mathia, Osdcn and Oli.er Speneer. '^'^""J^J ^^'Zl>^, rf.er.ar.1 on in that town. At Northampton, Mass »"«™ "■■^'' ^„ , 4 conducted the business .ith »;"^-; ;;t ltd .n/patent'edl the first bark-m>ll by water. He ^""1™' ''J,,,,,, or fnllins-stocUs, and s ^:::t: z sr^xr: rx" ":::,., *h are ""E::tT"ey was probably supplied with eattle from ^^J'^ll^. Dnt Ts early as 1668, beet sold for 2W. . pound and 50s. a barrel , A 1 «« .reen hides brought 3>«-— ^ L eondition on.is;»Pi;.y;;« ■' -^; - „ Xo" ron/ of the ''oXr^-f ;iru:br:tLy », a means of increasing the suppiy. .! , „. (9^ Bnrlier's and Howe's Hist. Coll. of • (1) For most «f the above partlcularB wo (2) Burner ,rl indebted to Valentine's History of the New Jer-y-^^^^.^ j,^a.r..y, 298. City of New York. ^ i J. EARLY TANNERIES IN NEW JERSEY AND rENSSYLVAMA. 443 on, accumulated vast waged mimic battles s from the tan-yards, city palisades, on the ond, near the junction sey from Long Island, htown,iu 1C.60. John and tanning was car- ue from the first. To the eminent Jonathan I Ogdefls, the Leather- ! of the most valuable rds was born in Eliza- f his uncles, Colonels officers, who carried it Mr. Edwards afterward )ved to have employed ented and patented the 1, or fulling-stocks, and inual labor effected by manufacture. He after- ive tanneries, which are from New York by the ound and 508. a barrel ; es 6d. a pound, jrsey invited mechanics f every trade who would he town received its first Elizabetbtown about the smber of the community The first tannery in the ransportation out of the ly hides or tanned leather laps designed as a remedy inds, and the duties which trarily levying on imported 8 of increasing the supply. ir'a and Howe's Hist. Coll. of ehead'a Eaat Jersey, 298. The circumstances of the Trovincu were favorable for gruziii!;, and beef had thenfuiluri to 2d, a pound and 40s. a barrel. An enlurgod rather than a restricted market for beef p.nd hides would have been found a better expedient in that as in other Colonies where similar laws existed. The prohibitii a was the next year extended to Indi;: dies.^ed skins. Eliza- betbtown and Newark, the latter particularly, cm, tinued from that time to make considerable quantities of Leather for domestic use and for ex- , portation. Newark, which in recent tiiiios claims to have made the fust japanned leather in this country, was some years before tiie close of iho last century the seat of an active shoe and leather manufacture for those times, and has since expanded tliose and kindred brancho- such as saddlery, harness, etc., to a leading rank among its nianuracluri-. Stock-raising and the production of beef for the markets of New York and rhiladelphia was a profitable part of the early husbandry of Wist Jersey, and furnished good supplies of hides for numerous tannuries. Burlington, the seat of government within three years nfler it was laid out, was known to kill eight or nine fat o.xen on a market-day. Two or three years later many farmers owned twenty to thirty cows, eight or ten oxen, and horses, which they exijorted, more than they knew. The profits of the first settlers arose, as one of the proprietaries states, " from their improvement of the land and the increase of their bestial." Trenton, at a later period, had quite a number of tanneries. Salem and other towns had the usual supply of English tradesmen and me- chanics, and were doubtless provided with tanners and shoemakers, but of the first essays in their branches we have no account. Shoes and all other English goods were plentifully supplied from the first settlemc'it, and were usually sold at twenty-eight \h:v cent, profit, but to laborers in part pay for wages, sometimes at an advance of 100 per cent. The scarcity of money and the great plenty of hides, bark, and other facilities for tan- ning, secured an attention to that branch in New Jersey which placed the Province among the foremost in the Leather-mrnufacture in Colonial times. New York for a long period derived a cc siderable amount of Leather from the tanneries of New Jersey. William Penn, one of the proprietaries of West Jersey, or the Free Society of Traders, appears to have established a tannery in his new Early T.i- territory of Pennsylvania on the first settlement. In a letter Ponnsvi'. to the Society, dated August, 1G83, he speaks of their tannery v»ui»,'i(i83. ^g ijei„g ^ygii supplied with bark. The Swedes, who in 1C27 were supplied by the " Swedish West India Company" with neat cattle from their native country, made their own leather and shoes, and the Dutch, who succeeded them, probably had tanneries also. Among the former, however, such arts as they possessed were in an extremely rude MB m 444 COLONIAL LEATHER-MANLifACTURE. State and their dres3 and customs were in many respects nearly assimi- d to those of the Aborigines, with whom they drove a 1-ge trade m furs and peltry. They were principally farmers, and the sho s of the Itry peopl/were made like the n.occasin of the Ind an wUh the so of the same material as the upper. They wore vests and breec- o th Indian-dressed skins. Even the women wore jerk.ns and P«lt'coats o the same material ; and their beds, except the sheets, were chiefly c nposcd of the spoils of the chase. The women, however, spun and wove flax, ^'' M^linTof rEuropean settlers found the buck and deer skins, prepared as wash or buff leather in the manner already mentioned, either by them- selves or the natives, a valuable resource '^^'^^^ r:f''' f'^^'^'^TTZ to climate and mode of life, in which they found themselves. The»e and the skins of wolves, bears, elks, buffaloes, and other large animals, dressed ,vith the hair, and sometimes embroidered and painted m various styles, constituted ^ grotesque but serviceable portion of/I^^ -f^^ ^11 1 tnents in early times. Leather stockings or overalls are charged n the private accounts of William Penn at £1 2s., and a painted skin a twelve shillings. The transportation of dressed and undressed deer skins out of the Province, during one year, was prohibited by an Act of the Assembly in 1695. ... „♦„ „f The price of beef, which is charged in the proprietary's accounts o,t ad. per pound, being about double its cost in New England and New Jersey, would s^em to indicate a scarcity of catMe. Yet these appear to have been abundant soon after the settlement. A somewhat rose-colored account of the Province in 1697, by an Englishman some time a resident there states that twenty fat bullocks, besides many sheep, calves, and hoKs' were weekly killed in Philadelphia, even in the hottest season. Manl planters owned 40 to 60 head of cattle. One is mentioned who hud •' three hundred Neat Beasts, besides great numbers of Hogs, Horses and Sheep," and others nearly as many. A fat cow could be bought for £3 and Lted beef and pork wev. regularly exported. Tanners could pu chase raw hides for three halfpence p.'r pound, and sold the,, leather L twelve pence per pound. The cheapness of land, and the profits of produce and cattle raised for the Barbados market, rendered labor scarce I the mechanic arts, and accounted for the difference between raw ma e- riala and manufactured products. Curriers received 38. id. a hide fo dressing Leather, and paid 20d. a gallon for oil Journeymen shoemakers were paid two shillings a pair both for men's and women's shoes. Last- makers received ten shillings a dozen for their '-ts, an^ heel-make s two shillings a dozen for heels, which were doubtless of wood. Th se were used by servants many years after. Among the tradesmen of the pros- spects nearly assimi- rove a lurge trade in nd the shoes of the Indian, with the sole 3 and breeches of the ins and petticoats of were chiefly C('nposcd spun and wove flax, d deer skins, prepared oned, either by them- :uliar circumstances as lemselves. These and large animals, dressed nted in various styles, jf the outward habili- ills are charged in the nd a painted skin at id undressed deer skins ited by an Act of the )prietary's accounts o,t ew England and New t. Yet these appear to somewhat rose-colored m some time a resident lany sheep, calves, and in the hottest season. One is mentioned who imbersof Hogs, Horses, 30W could be bought for ported. Tanners could a, and sold their leather land, and the profits of et, rendered labor scarce rence between raw mate- eived 38. id. a hide for Journeymen shoemakers d women's shoes. Last- ists, and, heel-makers two ss of wood. These were B tradesmen of the pros- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^^ m ^ W- III 2.2 £ 1:° 12.0 1.4 6' 1.6 ^ n Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN Sf RRIT WIBSTkR, N.Y. MSIO (716) •72-4503 y mnA 4^ "^ ■ -i Afr CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductlons / Instltut Canadian de microreproductions historiques .. mmiJmmim.._.AM)Lmia^Am i m^'i^~-i l- ""-"''^: T TANNING IN PniLADELPHIA, LANCASTER, AND VORK. 445 pciing town were tanners, skinners, glovcrr, patten-makers, sftddlers, collar-makers, bookbinders, and carriage-makers. In 1699 there were but two tanyards in the town, those of William Hudson and of Mr. Lambert. They were both on Dock Creek, in what was called "the swamp." Tiie Creek, in 1739, was occupied by six tanneries, and the citizens petitioned for their removal from the city as nuisances. There were several tanneries on Third street, near the Girard Bank, long afier the Creek was filled in 1784. A law was made in 1700 to prevent the sale or manufacture of iil-tanned Leather, but was repealed in 1705. The exportation of Leather was also prohibited, and shoes were to be sold at C)S. 6(/. a pair for men's, and 5s. a pair for women's. Leather might be exported where it did not exceed Sd, a pound. In 1704, the shoemUvCAs, saddlers, and others engaged in the working of Lcatiicr petitioned for a law to prohibit its exportation ; and several inhabitants of the county at the same time asked for a law against the transportation of deer skins dressed in the hair. Both prohibitions were embcdied in one bill. In 1721 the legislature, in view of the importance of tli"s branch, passed "An Act for the well Tanning and currying of Leather and regulating of cordwniners and other artificers using and occupying Lather within this Pi'ovince." The interior towns were at this time chiefly supplied with shoes and Leather from Philadelphia. Tanneries existed, however, in most of the older settlements. Lancaster early became a place of some activity in the manufacture of Leather, saddlery, etc., which the transportation and travel between Philadelphia and the remoter towns encouraged. Gov. Pownal, who visited it in i7?4, speaks of it as a "growing town and maki'ig money, and a manufactory here of saddles and packsaddles. It is a stage town, 500 hou.ses and 2,000 inhabitants." Michael Bertgas ai.d Henry Zanck, in 1771, had tan-yards on Queen street, with bark houses, mills, and other appurtenances of the business attached. In York County there was neither shoemaker nor tanner for some time after its settlement. Shoes were obtained from the capital, and were mended by itinerant cobblers, who went from house to h)use. The first eBtablished shoemaker wa.-i Samuel Landys, who set up a shop on Kreutz Creek. The tannery did not nsoally, in that day, tarry long behind the first occup,''.nts of a now town. It was a nececsary appendage to every vil- lage, as ronimnnication between places was imperfect, and Leather per- hajis relatively a greater dei)eiideMCc than in our time. Tmnsportation and travel in now settlements were exclusively by means of pnck-liorses. As roads became improved, the heavy and cuinl)er*ome foiir-horse wain became the medium of transport. The gear anil equipments of these 1 m COLONIAL LEATHEU-MANUFACTCRE, conyoyanccs required frequent renewal on account of the rou-hnoss of the best constructed roads. For various other purposes in Agriculture and the me-hunic Arts, Leather was much depended upon. The cost of freight from the seaports to the interior, and of hides th..nce to the older maritime towns, was saved by the early establishment of a tannery by some member of each new community, or was extemporized, in a rude style by the larger farmers for their own convenience. The practical knowledge of the business was often as great in the one case as in the other Tanneries, however, in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and several parts of Xew England, soon became very numerous. The cheapness of hides and of bark, furnished in the process of clearing land, the abund- ance of suitable streams for carrying it on, and the demand for Leather created by a rapidly auementing population, rendered the business profit- Mble The operations were conducted in a routine way, with hltle re- gard to the c'.omical principles involved, and the usual amount of tech- uicnl skill was soon acquired. Tanneries on a small scale, with no labor-saving appliances, were multipl'ed with the spread of population and soon became very numeroas. Although the Leather, from want of capital, was seldom kept as long in the vats as in England, it was suffi- cient to meet the requirements of the farmer, the teamster, and the me- chanic The shoemaker, saddle, and harness-maker were scarcely less needed than the tanner, and their shops were soon found in all the larger towns and villages, where coarse shoes for the laborer, and saddlery for the neighborhood, could be procured. In this way, throughout ^ew England and the middle Colonies, Leather, probably equal to that of any European country except England, was made, even before the separation, to an extent more nearly approaching a sufficiency than any other article. Pennsylvania, with a mixed population of thrifty farmers and Euro- pean mechanics and tradesmen, took an early lead in the mannfacturo of Leather, and supplied New York and the Southern Provinces with a portion of their shoes and Leather. Tanned Leather was among the exports of Pliiladelphia in 1731. A manuscript account book of an early date deposited in the library of the Historical Society, furnishes some particulars of prices. This belonged to William Parsons, a shoemaker of Philadelphia, and a member of Franklin's junto, who afterward studied mathematics with a view to astrology, but employed it in more useful callings The price of men's shoes, as then charged in 1723, was 7s. to 7« Cd a pair, and of women's 58. to Gs. a pair. Sole leather appears to have cost him 9eYo^k and J^^^^^^^ ^_^^^^^ j^,^^ perhaps, to other po ts. In "f 'J J,„perior skill in mal^iig ladies' Adam Dagyr, settled m ^^y""' ''"^' '^ ";.7;„ bounding country as the .hoes, soon became l^n-J^^-ugl^ th --u g ^_^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^_ celebrated shoemaker of Essex. M«ny pe ^j^^ ^^.^ ^„d boring towns acquired from h.rn a ^^^^^J^^^^f^.h^ir business. A obtained the reward of superiority ^^'^''^'J^^^;^, ^,,,, that shoes Boston correspondent of ^^:^^^^:;::J^::, beauty any that for women were made at Lynn exceeuiub were usually imported from London. increased rapidly, and attracted to it a larger ^^^^ ^^^ .Lufactures. that of f^ ^^l ^ T.att^^ after the Peace, importations made just before the jar ana ^^^^ ^_^^^^ ^^^ Considerable quantities of shoes for he -^J^^^ ^ j„^^, ^.,, congress from Massach^ettsdun,^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ revived and greatly extended befo'« t'^e c^o ^^^^ ^^^_ estimated ^^ ]^«« ^^^ ^^pTa - m\t ^li.OS made the number dred thousand pairs A ««™P";Y ^ ^ ^^^ the journeymen and of ---work™- n^^^^^^ ToCooo ;'- ^^ ^^^ ^^^'^1 '' apprentices six hundrea. aoo ^„,T,p,. They were sent from thl manufacturers chiefly t^/f^^^l^.^V^Z^^nd and some direct from Boston. New York, and ^hiladelphm « E g, nf ^'^^ J^^^^^^f ^^L number of boots. of six million pairs of shoes, and mor than h If t .^ ^^^^ valued together at upward of f- -^ °-^,« ^ of the second cen- Official returns of the State in 1855, about the tary of the industrial history of the town. KDWARDS' IMPROVEJIENTS IN TANNINQ. 458 ;rs would sometimes jra apart to sec how lit limited. At the ation had been pro- l journeymen. The anufacturer, assisted lie principal market, lia. and occasionally, maker, named John ;kill in makii.g ladies' tiding country as the Lynn and the neigh- edgc of the art, and of their business. A 1164, wrote that shoes h and beauty any that he business increased capital. With other Bck through the large soon after the Peace, e army were drawn by on. The business was e last century. It was vomen's ehoes one hun- 795 made the number md the journey men and were then exported by They were sent from d, and some direct from id to have shipped from housand pairs of shoes, 5 neighborhood. These business, were promising llective, which has since )f Lynn to an aggregate f that number of boots, dollars, as stated in the close of the second cen- )n dollars' worth of shoes Revolution by the decay of its former business of fishing. Danvers, Haverhill, and other places in Essex were early engaged in the manufacture of women's shoes ; and there was, in 1788, a considerable manufacture of men's shoes at Reading near Lynn. Boston, Quincy, and many other towns in the vicinity, en- gaged in the shoe manufacture after the Revolution. Middlesex County, before the end of the last century, had seventy tanneries. The fisheries of New England furnished abundance of oil at a cheap rate for the Leather-manufacture. From the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland were also obtained, before the Revolution, considerable quantities of seal skins. On account of the high duty upon them in Eng- land, many, which would otherwise have gone there, were sent to New England, where they were tanned and made into 'hoes, boots, etc., and returned to supply the fishermen on the northeast coast. Others were dressed in the hair, and were variously employed in making trunks, caps, coats, etc. The manufacture of Leather in Massachusetts in early times was chiefly confined to the old maritime counties, Essex, Middlesex, and Suffolk. The first tanned Leather sent from Hampshire to Boston market was from Northampton, in 1794, and was the manufacture of Col. William Edwards, before mentioned. He commenced business in that town four years before, while under twenty years of age, and at the same time began a series of improvements in the mechanical branch of the art which were afterward adopted and extended by others, to the signal profit and extension of the manufacture. He was one of the first in his occupation to infuse a greater spirit of enterprise into the business. The construction of his works on an improved plan from those in use throughout the country, and at Elizabeth town, N. J., where he had served an apprenticeship of four years for his board and the privilege of tanning with his master's stock four sheepskins a year, and afterward labored as a journeyman at thirty dollars per annum and board, first en- gaged bis attention. The rude appointments of a tannery, as generally built before his time, embraced a greater or less number of oblong boxes or hogsheads sunk in the earth near a small stream, and without cover or outlet below, to serve as vats and leeches. A lew similar boxes above ground for lime vats and pools, an open shed for a beam house, and a circular trough fifteen feet in diameter, in which the bark was crushed by alternate wooden and stone whee's, turned by two old or blind horses, at the rate of half a cord a day, completed in most cases the arrangements of the tanyard. Mr, Edwards, as an improvement on this, " began by laying down a trunk of plank made tight underneath his vats to carry off the spent liquor; then a junk to receive it, next leeches above ground in tiers, one above another, raising the liquor by a suction pump worked by Improve- meutii in Tanning. 454 COLONIAL LEATHER-MANUFACTURE. two or four men ; then substantial buildings over his beam house, and handles, using the lofts for a currier's shop. He early erected a bark-mill on a stream five miles from his tannery, and so much nearer the region where his bark was ground by water- power using at first mill-stoues, afterward the several iron-mills as they were invented by others ; bnt it is believed to have been the first depart- ure from the old horse-mill already described.'" This humble commencement, with a stock of fifty hides, and an improved mechanism and arrangement of the tannery, was afterward pushed, through the intelligent observation of an active mind, to higher results. His operaticns were extended to neighboring towns, and all his enterprise finally to the Catskill mountainn. His subsequent improvements may be more fully noticed hereafter as among the earliest and most imi^ortaut of the mechanical benefits conferred upon the Leather-manufacture. An early history of the important county of Worcester, Mass. pub- lished in 1793," though in other respecti somewhat full, has few refcences Tanneriesm *« tanneries, or other branches of Leather-manufacture. The vk-oKeX." author makes mention of over thirty fulling-mills and clothiers' works, which were scarcely more important to the people than tanning and leather-dressing establishments. Two tanneries are mentioned in the township of Charlton, those of Captain Israel Waters and Mr. Asa Corben, the former being carried on in great perfection. Captain Waters had an excellent bark-mill, constructed on a new plan, and propelled by water. It must therefore have been nearly as early as Ihiit of Colonel Edwards at Northampton. Water-power was used for that purpose, but to a limited extent, before the present century. There was a bark-miU near the same time at Medford, which was propelled by wind. We should not be warranted in inferring from the silence of the topographer, that there were not many tanneries in that large agricultural county at that date, and shoemakers in nearly all the towns. The county now manu- factures more boots than any other, except Essex, and large quantities of shoes, and is the second in the number of its tanneries. Yet, at the abov J date, thick boots were an indulgence quite unknown to the majority of the inhabitants of the western counties, for we are told that a young stranger, who made his appearance in them, ran the risk of being un- pleasantly reminded that " boots" were an innovation. Among the many expedients devised about the yejr 1164 to relieve the distress occasioned by the restrictions on colonial trade, was the forma- tion of societies to promote industry and frugality. One of these was (1) Report of Proceedings at Annual Din- (2) Whitney's History of Worcester ner of Hide and Leather Trade of New County. Yorl£, 1859. THE I-EATIIER-MANUFACTUUE BEFORE AND DUUINO THE WAR. 455 dis beam house, and es from his tannery, IS ground by water- al iron-mills aa they seen the first depart- ides, and an improved ward pushed, through higher results. His nd all hia enterprise improvements may be ad most im^^ortaut of manufacture, orcvister, Mass. pub- full, has few refcences 3r-raanufacture. The ig-mills and clothiers' ! people than tanning 3 are mentioned in the iVaters and Mr. Asa tion. Captain Waters Ian, and propelled by •ly as thiit of Colonel I for that purpose, but rhere was a bark-mill a by wind. We should the topographer, that ultural county at that rhe county now manu- :, and large quantities anneries. Yet, at the iknown to the majority are told that a young the risk of being un- ion. rejr 1164 to relieve the trade, was the forma- ty. One of these was I History of Worcester nstabiislied in New York in tlint year "for the promotion of Arts, Agriculture, and Economy." The Leather brunch received its share Socipfy en- "f encounigcuient from the society, which in December offered coun,t,enH.,u. premiums of £20 for tanning tiie best twenty sides of Bend Leather in the year 1766, and £10 for the best sole Leather, not less than fifty hides; for tiie best pair of women's siiocs, made of stuff, and with soles of leather tanned in the Province, £10 ; and like sums for the best dressed hundred deer skins, and for the bust made pair of beaver skin gloves. The necessity of some form of encouragement appears from the letter of Sir Henry Jloore to Lord Hillsborough, dated Fort George, 7th May, 1768, with which he transmitted an official answer to the queries of the Board of Trade respecting manufactures. " No mention is made In the former letter (of January, 1767) of the great quantities of Leather being tanned in this country, as this branch of business has been carried on for many years ; the Leather is greatly inferior in quality to that made in Europe, and they arc not yet arrived to the perfection of making sole leather." How inapplicable to the present state of the business in New York are the concluding remarks of the governor I Governor Tryon's report on the same subject, in 1774, represents eleven-twelfths of the dress of the people to be British manufactures, except hats and shoes manufactur' 1 in the Province. Peltries, the pro- duce of the Colony, and raw hides from the West indies or Honduras Bay, were among its e-xports, which amounted to about £130,000 annu- ally, exclusive of sliips built for sale to the value of £30,000 more. Its imports he estimated at £500,000 s^jrling. The importation of hides and skins into New York, which is now the great emporium for these commodities, amounted, according to the tables of Lord Sheffield, taken from official sources, in 1774 to only 30,000, and in 1775 to 13,927, valued at 48. 6d. each. The exports of these articles are not enumerated. The first hides from South America sent to Europe were shipped from Brazil to Castile in 1580. But it is not probalile that any were brought stHteofthe ^'■0"i '^''^t part of the continent, or from the east, until after the dSriuHiie Revolution, when American merchants began to extend their Kevoiation. commercial adventures into distant seas. As the war inter- rupted the importation of hides as well as of shoes and other manufac- tures of Leather, a scarcity soon began to be experienced. Although the manufacture of Leather was at that time one of the most important, the greatest care in the preservation of hides and skins failed to meet the necessities of the people in some parts, and the troops were, in many in- stances, nearly unfit for duty from inability to obtain shoes. The cou- >L 456 COLONIAL LEATHER- MANVFACTURE. sumption of Leather and dressed skins, however, was much increased by the substitution of that material for cloth in the apparel of the people and the soldiery, and by the large quantity required for military equipments, saddlery, and other horse furniture. As early as Oct. 15, 1776, three days after the landing of the British forces under Lord Howe in Westchester, hides were ordered by the New York Convention to be carefully preserved and sent to some safe place north of the Highlands. On the following day, Robert R. Livingston stated in the Convention that large numbers of the hides of cattle sup- plied by the Eastern States for the array at Ticonderoga, and of others purchased in the State, were sent by the contractors into Connecticut, and many were wasted for want of care. The supplies of Leather we^-e in consequence already nearly exhausted. As much would be required for troops about to be laised in the State, and the people were already distressed by the scarcity of that article, ho moved that Congress be asked to authorize the appointment of a commissary to take charge of hides. On the 23d ot the following month, Congress by resolution em- powered the Commissioners in each Department to employ proper per- sons to take charge of the hides and tallow in each district, "that the former may be tanned into Leather, or at least so far cured as to prevent them being spoiled," etc. It is str .ed in a letter from the Commissioners to the northern army to the Commissory-Qeneral, that hides at that time were worth at Albany three dollars, but two thousand had without au- thority been sold to Mr. Ogden, of Elizabethtown, for a medium price between seven and ten shillings, and to others for 138. id., 158,, and 228. each. Not the le-ist euibarrussing of the many discouragements which attended that campaign and the retreat of the a-my through New Jersey, was the destitntijn of shoes and suitable clothinnf for the tempo- rary levies embodied for the defense of the country, without arms or ammunition, or any system of finance to provide the sinews of war. It was stated to Congress, December 4th, that one-third of the soldiers at Ticonderoga were obliged to do duty without shoes to their feet. Only 900 pairs were sent thither for 12,000 to 13,000 men, in consequence of which many were down with pleurisy, a-id there were no barracks or hospitals to receive them. The deficiency did not probably arise so much from the actual scarcity either of Leather or shoes, as from inexperience in the Commissariat department, the depreciation of the Continental (.„rren-y— which it was treasonable to refufie— and the inability of Con- s., where it was resumed about 179G by Elisha Mead. Sheep skins, now extensively employed in making the inferior or imi- tation Moroccos, have boon rendered much less valuable as touucrs' 460 COLONIAL LEATHER-MANUFACTURE. Stock than formerly, by the introduction of the Memo and other fi- wooled breeds, in which the weight and quahty «/ J^; ^ ^'^^ .^^j; ^^ increased at the expense of the size and value of the P^^;^'^^ there probably little used at that time by the tanner m Pennsylvania, as there were ciparatively few sheep in the State, and their increase was an object with the farmer. . o „:„*„ ?„ tt«7 The address of Mr. Coxe before the P«'''»«y^!«'"'V i l Uored to his review of Lord Sheffield, and other writings, in which he labored o dlLrrention to Manufactures, furnish a few particulars relative to this industry at the period at which we have now arrived. In calling attention to its importance, he states that the Leather branch in Great Britain was estimated at eleven millions of pounds ster- "ling, or more than a fifth of all their staple "-"factures. J.'^r:.''" The American people ate more meat than they, and had the rrC;- command of many more deer skins. Lord Sheffield stated, about the date of the Peace, that men's ^^^^/^^^"^^.^^ jP^jf thll any great amount except by Virginia and the Carolnas. but thai women's shoes were and must continue to be imported in considerable Quantities, principally from Great Britain. Although many were made ?n Massachusetts, particularly at Lynn, and were exported, he stuff, such as callimanco. and the binding and lining, came from Great Br tain No other nation in Europe made Leather as well as the BrUish, and al others were far behind the Americans in that respect, feole Leather was, however, imported from England to America, because better made ; but upper Leathers were as good in America as in England These remarks of his Lordship, who was not disposed to reFCsent th capa^ billties of the late Colonies too favorably, are an evidence that good progress had been made in the Leather-manufacture, as well as in those branches which were its chief support.' „ ., . , , „„ In reference to the future dependence upon Great Britain for shoes, Mr Core estimated that probably not less than eight millions of pairs of shoes, boots, half-boots, gaiters, slippers, clogs and galoshoes were annually consumed or exported from the United States in n91, which was equivalent to two pair of shoes per annum for each of . e four millions of the population. At a medium valuation of 1o cents or 38 4W sterling, per pair, they would amount to six millions of dollars. Of that large quantity only 70,450 pairs of snoes, boots etc. were im- ported into the United Slates in the previous year Tanned Leather weighing 22,698 lbs. was exported within the same time, and .>.700 pairs mem of Ihe America SUte.j 2d .d. p. .hoe. .„d .Upper, of Leather. 20, «lp»lr. •It SEATS OF THE MANUFACTURE — OAK AND HEMLOCK BARK. 461 and other fine- fleece have been pelt. They were isylvania, as there r increase was an Society in 1781, lich he labored to culars relative to ed. that the Leather ns of pounds ster- ,ple manufactures, they, and had the 1 Sheffield stated, never imported in arolinas, but that ted in considerable ti many were made xported, the stuff, rom Great Britain, the British, and all 3ct. Sole Leather cause better made ; 1 England. These represent the capa- jvidence that good , as well as in those it Britain for shoes, jht millions of pairs and galoshoes were ;ate8 in 1191, which for each of i e four ion of 15 cents, or I millions of dollars. )00t8, etc., were im- ', Tanned Leather time, and 5,100 pairs leted of 49,003 pnlm of I of Leather, 20,701 pMri ind 746 pniri of buuU. of boots and shoes. Of unmanufactured hides only 230 were shipped abroad. Leather and shoes to some extent were sent from the Western country. The i)rincipal seats of the shoe and Leather-manufacture in the last century and the beginning of this were in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Principal ^^^ Jersey, and Pennsylvania, though Maryland and Delaware LeaVher-"" '^'^^ made a considerable amount. South Carolina also ap- maLufactiire. p^.^rs to httvc made Leather of good quality many years before the Revolution. Sole Leather from that Province even came into com- petition with that of Pennsylvania in her own markets. Charleston sole Leather and Carolina tanned Leather were advertised by different Leather dealers in Philadelphia in 1159. The hemlock forests of New England furnished the principal tanning material for the former, and In the Middle and Southern States oak bark was chiefly employed. The black oak bark, or Quercitron of commerce, so extensively exported for making yellow dye, was first sent to England before the Revolution from Wilmington, Delaware, where an export trade in the article was estab- lished soon after the Peace by one of the discoverers of its valuable dyeing properties. The abundance and cheapness of several kinds of oak bark in that and neighboring States, and an early impression derived from the superi- ority of the sole Leather there made that hemlock bark was not well adapted to that manufacture, doubtless contributed to the great develop- ment of the business in the vicinity of Philadelphia. Although oak- tanned Lentl\er still has the preference, great improvements have been made in the use of hemlock bark ; and the most extensive factories now in the country for making heavy Leather are situated on the borders of the great hemlock forests of New York and New England. The manu- facture of Leather has received a great impetus from the transfer of operations to interior situations such as those of the Catskill and other regions abounding in hemlock or oak bark, fuel, and water-power. As ep.rly as the middle of the last century Mr. David Ferriss conducted a large and very complete tannery in Wilmington, Delaware; and Zecha- riah Ferriss, a minister among the Friends, had one at a later period on the north side of the present Second street, above West. Tanneries were early scattered over the interior settlements of Pennsylvania, even to the extreme western borders ; and much tanned Leather is still sent thence to Philadelphia to be curried, dressed, and sold. They became extremely numerous in the valleys oven in the last century, and still ex- ceed in number those of any other State. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1186, among 234 manufacturers in a population of 100 families, numljcred 4 tanners, 36 shoemakers, 17 saddbrs, 14 hatters, and 3 skin dressers. 462 COLONIAI. LEATHER-MANUFACTURE. Within ten -niles of it were eight tanneries. Beyond the mountains, in Pittsburg, Bedford, Washington, and Huntingdon, some of vhich had grown up since the war, there were to be found, two or three years after, skin-dressera and breeches-makers, tanners and curriers, shoemakers, saddlers, and saddletree-makers. Pittsburg, which in 1788 was little more than a collection of log-houses, with four or five hundred inhabit- ants, had two tanners and curriers, five shoemakers, and three saddlers. In 1803, tanned Leather to the value of $10,000 was made there, over $12,00o'worth of boots and shoes, neariy $10,000 worth of saddlery and harness work, and $2,300 worth of buckskin breeches and dressed skins. There was a large tannery at Bethlehem, and in neariy all the older towns of the State tanning and leather-working was conducted in its different branches. In the Federal procession in 1789, six hundred shoemakers belonging to Philadelphia and its environs took part, and at York, on a similar occasion, the several branches of the Leather trade were numerously represented. At this time' Leather was exported from Pennsylvania to Virginia, though there were a considerable number of tanneries in that State. Winchester hnd four or five tanyards, eight or nine shoemakers, and three or four saddletreo-makers. These and other branches of the Leather business were all established in many of the oldei towns of Maryland and Virginia, and even the Western territory, now Kentucky, contained about this time several valuable tanneries.* By the enormous importations of foreign goods to the extent of near thirty millions of dollars in the two years which followed the Peace, against eight or nine millions of exports, many f"«?Mhr'of the shoe manufacturers were nearly ruined, the market ba»in««. jj^^ing been overstocked with shoes from England and France. To arrest a measure so destructive to the feeble manufacturing interests of the Union, and to stay the efiBnx of specie, of which it had been al- ready depleted by the war, bnt especially to provide the means of re- deeming the public credit, and thereby restoring private confidence, Congress had vainly asked for the power to regulate the commercial (1) By the Cennui of ISIO, which ratnrn- ed the numhcr of tonneriea in each State gnd Territory exi'ept MadsBchusetts, North Carolina and Enut Tennessee. Kentucky\fM the fifth or sixth in the number of those es- labliihmantii. New Yorl< hud 86T, Penn- nylviinia 719, Virginia 442, Cnnne('tioiit408, Kentucky 207. Now Jerocy 218, Now Hamp- (hire 2.trt, Ohio 217. Vermont 205. the Dis- trict of Maine 200, and Maryland 191. Masiaohasetti retorned 299 from seven counties. Five of the most impo^t■n^— Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, Plymouth, and Nnntuoket— were not returned. All the re- mnininff States and Territories were below 100. The entire number in the Union wat 4.316, and the value of Leather made, |«,.'J88,260. The number of estalilishmentu returned in 1850 was fl,2fi3, and the value of their manufacture, $32,861,799. mm the mountains, in me of \.hich had three years after, •iera^ shoemakers, 1 1788 was little hundred inhabit- id three saddlers. made there, over ;h of saddlery and and dressed skins. >arly all the older ) conducted in its 1789, six hundred ins took part, and ' the Leather trade vania to Virginia, ries in that State. shoemakers, and r branches of the he oldei towns of )ry, now Kentucky, 1 to the extent of rs which followed I of exports, many ruined, the market Ingland and France, lufacturing interests hich it had been al- le the means of re- private confidence, late the commercial ;orned 299 frnm seven f the moBt important— iddlesex, Plymouth, and not returned. All the re- d Territories were below lumber in the Union wm alue of Leather made, number of eotalilishmentu WI18 0,2fi3, nnd the value lire, $32,861,798. "T\-' r '0^ '^^ '%:■ ' 'I iX ». % V^'*';' ' " '■ fat-i-^js=:^-r-^ a j.ig. v^ gaftofttr ^-jQ > ir » ~ -j» .-w^*Tsa-oi,v* >*^*«e «, 4S3 COUI-NflAI. T^lTfitSR- '.a. WUi-tti tfnmilps of it wnM ei nusbiirg, Bedfonl, WasUinu! grown n{» since the war, thrp- skin-riit^ssers atwl hroeci- st«l'.11firs, and saddletrtr- more thau a rollectui?* ■ ' ants, had two ta0net««M t'- In 180(J, tanned I.-iithe^- $12,000 wonh .,J'ho(v-' liariiess work and ?' There ■*« » l•■^• towns of tV' ,9i! '. Mid the monntains, in some of which had I or tlime year.-, after, •h in 1T88 WW lUtlo iivc hnndred inhsibit- ■-kers, and thre*^ saddlevs. •/OO wua made there, over .11 00 worth of Hflddlery and ■H breeches and drc^snd skin?. • vi in nonrly nil the 'dder • htsi was corddctcd in its an in 17 BO, six hundred i I its environs took part, and H»chc8 of the Leather trndo IS IN thrt" LeaMi- '. M»tyl»Bd antj contnined »'w. By tlu^ ffsciti near thirty nv tlie t B'l-.l i'V thi- fifth 'ir '(is,! ■ tahl«|[im«!il«. tylysnl* tld, V. KHUtucky 267, ' •hir* S3*. Ohifl 51? Vrrn. triel of Maini! 209, «ul I'er.nayTTan'ia to Virgima, ■• ruipries In thiit StiUe. •; i\UiV shocraakers, and arid other briuiehos' of tho i t3B»ii|- sf tJ5» older towns of : u »,*rritory, now Kentncky, menes,' : jroovla to thi?. extent of 1*0 years which followed millions «j»f fixports, many r.eurly ruined, the marivet s I com England and France. « ffseble mauuffifitoring interests fie, of which it had been al- o provide the means of re» icstoring private eonRdencc, tmt to regulate the comtnercittl M«.rMtti«ett( r«t«riiwl :IW from »'r»B FiTB <.f tti* most iin})"i"'*nt~~ , Rscijx, MMliJia»ex, Pljiimuih,. ami i.iil — wore not r«iifiiert- AU the re- „-.:„•• .r Smtoiand TerfltortM wsru liotow 109. i:ii« en f Ira number in tbft Union wm 4.S16, Bnd th* yulue ef Lcftthff minf»r f S,;W«,259. Thi BMtii'bsr of estnMishinent*' iuri./M in 1»S0w»» fi.'JBS, aii't )!u' «r»lu« d the monntaiiis, ia lomo of which bad or three vear.s after, n■riv^^ slio&mnkfii'!?, in nsS w:w littlo PC hnndrcd inlisibit- and tiue*^ saddlei's, as iiinvle tliere, over 3itii of smldlery and m &oi dre58i>,d skins, nourly all the -.ld«r i-as cordnctc'i •« its I 178&, six liundred irons took ptirtj and 'le Leather trado aylTania to Tirginia, iiprics 111 ttiiit Hlftte. tlm-? shociaakers, and ,he? braiiehi's of tho " thi older towns of ritory, now Kentncky, 8.' )d« to the extent of ears which followed )ns of fixports, manv Y mined, the mnrkoi. 1 England ftttd Fr" . .. mmifftotoring interest - ' wliioh it hiifl been al- vidc the means of re- \g private eonririencc, gulatc the comraerciid r«t«rui»t 209 from «i*«n a ht-— , Mjil«lla»ex, PljBiiiuth, ainl )r8 not rftiifiiert. AH rte re- • ana TwtiUvtw imra telow ra numlwr in tb« Union »M « value ef LcaAff mfti A?<,r!F^€TV::*S £ /-■■; ^ l,r-"'F- 11 LI. I AM M'.'-3- 'JM4S '-M'j 11- p:n*i7ftT!.n4iMi >! y PROTECTED BY CONQEESS — RECENT IMI'ROVEMENES. 463 Congress protection interests of the States, and to levy duties on imports. The several States had continued to oppose a feeble barrier to the flow of foreign commodities by imposing duties on imports, in some cases from sister States as well as from foreign countries. Tiie Virginia Assembly, in 1788, laid the following duties on Leather and its manufacture : Upon dressed Leather, Qd„ and tanned Leather, id. per pound ; saddles, 12s. each; ladies' shoes of stuff or Morocco Is., and of silk 2s. per pair; men's and women's shoes. Is. ; shoe-boots, Qd., and boot-legs Is. Gd. a pair. But under the new Constitution, which was at length adopted as the only remedy, this fiscal privilege was surren- dered to the General Government ; and the first Congress, which met in 1789, having the counsel of Roger Sherman of Connecti- cut, wlio represented the shoemakers in that body, and of several influ- ential friends of Manufactures in Philadelphia, so adjusted the tariff in reference to the Siioe and Leather manufactures as to enable those branches within a few years to attain a prosperous footing. The duties imposed by that Act were for the most part laid at five per cent, ad valorem. Upon sole and upper leathers, leather manufac- tures and gloves of that material, the rate was placed at seven and a half per cent. Boots paid 50 cents, and shoes 7 cents per pair. Raw hides and skins were admitted free of duty.' These rates were increased in 1794 to fifteen per cent., with an increase of ten per cent., when im- ported, on foreign bottoms. Shoes and slippers of silk paid 25 cents per pair, and other shoes, slippers, clogs, and galoches 15 cents per pair, and other shoes for children ten cents. Saddles ten per cent, ad valorem. Shoe and knee buckles paid fifteen per cent. The improvements in the manufacture of Leather, some of which have been briefly adverted to, have been very numerous, and principally originated within the present century. They have been both Recentlm- , iirovements mcchanical and chemical, of foreign and of native origin In shoes and ™, .,.,, ^-ii , ■, . n ,* Leather -..heir adoptiou has been attended by a marked influence in the bnetneM. . . » . ,. i . „ , progressive improvement of the quality and quantity of the (I) This Act, which, so far »s it related to the Leather interests, was made innni- festly protective, to a sinnll e.ttent, by a rnte fifty per cent, higher than on other ar- ticles, was stated by the Hon. John B. Alley, Representative in Congress from Lynn, Mai^s., at the Annual Dinner of the Hide and Leather Trade in Now Yorlc, in Feb., 1859, to have been secured by the uiiinagoment of Mr. Ebeneier Breed, an in- telligent young shoemaker of Lynn, who had established himself in Philadelphia doring the depression of business in bis aa> tive town, and of his friend Stephen Collins, a Quaker merchant formerly of the same place. By their influence with members of Congress, and with Dolly Payne, the young Quakeress who afterward bccaino the wife of Mr. Madison, an influential member of the Congress, whose addresses she was re- ceiving, they are conceived to hove obtained this legislative boon for the staple manu- facture of their native place. COLONIAL LEATHER-MANUFACTURE. product, in the enlargement of the operations individually and in the Lgregate. and in a proportionate increase of profits wh.le the price of Leather, compared with that of the raw material, has been reduced. The principal of these are the several mechanical r opl.ancea for soft- ening fulling, rolling, and splitting skins and hides, and for grinding b k some which were very early introduced, and others for washing gSng and finishing Leather. The application of water-power ana e pLaily of steam in many of the operations, and of ^ot-ter in others ine extraction and application of tannin in concentrated solutions, and by hydraulic pressure; the instruments for ascertaining the tanning power of different liquors; the greater subdivision of labor in large es- fablishments, attended by more skillful manipulation in the processes of tanning cur ying. and finishing Leather, have ail greatly influenced the economv of the Leather manufacture. Its profits have been much aug- mented'by the sweating and other operations, whereby the gelatme and muscular fibre of the skin is more completely exposed to the tannic acid, and the weight of Leather increased, and also by the various utilizing iaveutions which have appropriated all the refuse materials to some useful purpose in the arts. In the shoe manufacture, the introduction of pegged work probably more than any other improvement before the invention of the Sewing Machine, gave an impulse to the business. The shoe peg a small but revolutionary instrument, is said to have been invented by Joseph Walker of Hopkinton, Massachusetts, about the year 1818, previous o which time sewed work alone was made. At the present time, probably seven-eighths of the shoes made are pegged. The process of manufac- ture has been thereby greatly expedited, the product cheapened and the consumption increased. The machinery for making pegs and lasts for crimping boots, with many other improvements in the utensils of the craft have carried forward the boot and shoe manufacture concurrently with'the advances made in the preparation of the material, until hese two great, allied, and reciprocally promotive uiterests, constitute a lead- ing- department in the system of American industry. V' ndually and in tlie , while the price of been reduced, f opliancea for soft- g, and for grinding others for washing, »f water-power and hot water in others, rated solutions, and aining the tanning of labor in large es- I in the processes of reatly influenced the lave been much aug- eby the gelatine and d to the tannic acid, the various utilizing 3 materials to some gged work, probably ntion of the Sewing hoe peg, a small but invented by Joseph ear 1818, previous to resent time, probably ! process of manufac- jt cheapened, and the ig pegs and lasts, for n the utensils of the lufacture concurrently material, until these !St3, constitute a lead- CHAPTER XVII. laOX, COPPER, AND OTHER METALLIC Mii'IUFACTURE& Tii3 original inhabitants of this continent are not known to have had any knowledge of the uses or of the working of Iron. The precious metals, as they are denominated, being more fusible, and oftcncr found in a virgin state, more readily reveal themselves to the observation of mankind. These appear, therefore, to have been earlier known ; and among savage nations generally, metallurgic knowledge is conGned to a limited use of a few of them. The first metal mentioiied on the page of history is Gold. The sacred record informs us that one of the rivers which watered the garden of Eden compassed " the land of Uavilah, where there is gold, and the gold of that land is good." In the early ages of the world. Gold and Silver, and especially Copper, pure or alloyed, sub- served many of the uses for which Iron is now employed. The wise economy of Nature, in covering her most abundant deposits of mineral treasure with the largest growth of wood and the richest measures of mineral fuel, has been often remarked. And as the growth of vegeta- tion after the deluge may be supposed to have been more rapid than the increase of population, it has been reasonably suggested that, in the most natural process of clearing the laud by setting fire to the forests, veins of metallic ore lying near the surface would be fused by the heat, and thus lead to the discovery, and to the means of reducing the native ores. But Iron ore is quite too refractory to be thus subdued ; and the metal, tlierefore, remained longer undiscovered. Even when brought to the metallic state by the intenser heat of the furnace, Iron, in Gold, Silver, most of its forms, cannot be wrought with the same ease as the precedyed with Tin, so as to iruvians and Mexicans, , of civilization. Lead !S of Iron, supposed to laving been found at a .f the Northwest Coast, sil treasures of the con- t part un vexed in the juization. crywhere preceded that as early known. Tubal cei" in Brass and Iron ;" the implements of luis- i " a laud whose stones Implements not only of own, as to be i'astic and jf Iron, have come down ions of antiquity, inolud- 1 considerable pei.vCiion pie of CImlybia, between Sea, were the most cole- ire of Sleol. The UrcL-ks signate Steel of tlu; best a synonym derived fro.n td by Jcremlali, and the Known to Ancient Bricoan. "bright Iron" of Ezekiel, in which the Tyrians traded, were probably the product of that country — "the mother of Iron," as Scythia was called by a Greek poet. The ea'ly Britons are supposed to have been first supplied with Iron from the same source, and were prob- ably also taught the art of smelting it by the Phoenicians, who so early traded in this Pontic Iron, which they bartered for the Tin of Britain. If chariots armed with scythes and spears, broadswords, Iron rings, and Iron money, indicate a knowledge of the art before tlie Roman Conquest, an improvement in the method of smelting and work- ing the metal was certainly communicated by the invaders. A fabrica or great military forge was erected at Bath, near the well-wooded fer- riferous hills of Monmouthshire and Gloucestershire, A. d. 120 ; and the beds of iron cinders in the forest of Dean, in the vicinity of Sheffield, and other parts of the Island, in which Roman coins were imbedded, gave evidence of their activity in the Iron-manufacture. The earliest of these masses of scoriae were found on the hill-tops, where the earliest furnaces were erected to obtain stronger currents of air, which was admitted through holes on all sides. The rudeness of these wind furnaces was indicated by the half-exhausted state of the slag. After the invention of the bellows, at first operated by the foot, and, in process of time, by water-power, the furnaces were built in the valleys, and the slag of the ancient blooraeries long furnished a supply of material for the best Iron. The superior economy of even the rude foot-blast was apparent in the more complete extraction of the metal from the cinders found in the valleys, which nr longer paid for smelting. The manufacture afterward declined; and although the smith and other artificers in Iron, especially of armor, were held in high honor by the Anglo-Saxons and Welsh, there is little eiention of Iron-works under the Heptarchy. The manu- facture was not much improved, except by the bellows and improved furnaces in the sixteenth century, and largo quantities of Iron were im- ported from Germany, Spain. Sweden, and otlier countries. The destruc- tion of the forests by the increase of the Iron-manufacture had neverthe- less become so serious that, in the first year of Elizabeth, an attempt was made to limit the 3vil ; and various statutes in her reign prohibited not only tlie destruction of trees, but the erection of Iron-works within certain limits. Lord Dudley, in 1620, attempted the suiistitulion of pit »i)al, but abandoned it on the expiration of his patent in fourteen years ; ind the waste of timber continued to be a cause of compli-int nnlil iiis ncthod WHS revived a century after. During this time tlie consumption ^f Iron had increased with the progress in the Arts, and especially l)y itn nilislitution for Bronze in the casting of cannon, wliich was coMiiiiciifed toward the close of Elizabeth's reign, and in later wars emiiloyeii enor- COLONIAI. INDUSTRY IN MBTAI-8. some others, were excepted m the statute iSi - "iC-te of Anglican co,„ni.«o.i.A..noMher.fo,.a.d^^^ f.r Tr™ w«s mnth on Iba in»re..e ; and Ibe prodnot. ot Bntoh lor for Iron '« 8 eaj^^ ^^^ _^^^^ ^^ ^^, ,^„^, "^r "'.-e 'r.;.r™d.ca,„t the r„,..t..whiob tlreaten^i «"'»"« '"^ 7,;™ rr ''n;:zrrotrorto,f.xsr:^^^^^^^^^^^^ :;i::;^*cr::,f i:^^^^^^^^^^^ .d.ent„ j .o. No^he™ Enr„p, to'ZconuLnt, tho latent bope of .aeh ^'«°-- "^ fjl f . „„« in thP search for fossil treasures. In these expioru. dedgling peU, often .ongbt to allnro to the ,a,n ,e.rcb for tbe '"•,te"eZe„cement ot tbe Iron-mannfactar. in .be English Colonie. i. „ al r» ed a date .boat a handred year, posterior to the colom- IS nsaaiiy » ^ , ^.,^i„g period, bowe«r, a number :;::»; w!rl m tbTbusineiof ..elting l,on or. and rncas.ing. S^rofToC:-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ably reduced to the wants and ignorance of the ancient savag ^r'lGlO ^.r Thomas Gates testined before the Council in London, that in v';«inia were divers sorts of minerals, especially of Iron oie ttlJonZ surface of the ground, which had been tested in Kn.land '/ 'foind to mane as good Iron as any in Europe. ^'J^^- •-; ; ministration of its affairs, the London Company, in 1619, after twolv. (1) A Triio DeoUrHlon of V;rginiM>. M. "I tm FIRST lUON-WORKS IN AMERICA. 469 I inventioa and for iing with coke, and a. I. c. 3, abolishing ierefore, the demand ict; of British fur- is declining with the •e long to leave the sources. The inex- emoval of which was anlate the search for ,008 minerals was not m Northern Europe ries sustained the di- 1, In these explora- ned the zeal of the ires of Iron and other se. Some very early count; and the search Ithough interested or 5 vain search for the the English Colonies )08terior to the coloui- od, ho wearer, a number ron ore and in casting, attempted in Virginia, ce of Iron, as the most 8, was well understood, ,1 compared with its in- ir day ; an importance temporary, Locke, that a few ages be unavoid- jf the ancient savage ihe Council in London, especially of Iron oie, . been tested in England )pe. ' Under a new ad- y, in 1619, after twelve p. 23. years of unprofitable expenditure, sent to Virginia a large body of emi- grants, including woikmcn and materials for some new branche? of DLcoveryof '"'l"stry. Thcse embraced no less than one hundred and fifty Iron ore. pgryons skillcd in the manufacture of Iron, with the design of erecting in the Colony three Iron-works. Of these, one hundred and ten were from Warwicksiiire and Staffordshire, and forty from Sussex, and were selected for their skill and industry.* A part of the funds liberally contributed in F ;Iand about the same time for a college at Henrico for the education of native and colonial youth, was :.ppropri- atcd by the Treasu:*er, Sir Edwin Sandys, to the erection of Iron-works, FifHtiroii- •" the expectation of deriving a revenue from that source. worK 1619. "Works for smelting the ore were soon erected on Falling Creek, a branch of James River, not far from Jamestown, the first settlement in the Colony, and about thirty-two miles from the sea. Great were the hopes of advantage to be derived by the Colony from this undertaking. Three of the master-workmen having died, a reinforcement of twenty experienced hands was sent over in 1621, accompanied by Mr. John Berkeley and his son Maurice, as skillful persons to superintend the ope- rations. A mine of the brown Iron ore of that neighborhood was opened, and found to yield tolerably good Iron. But Indian jealousy and en- mity had unfortunately been already aroused. In an hour of fancied security, when all hostile designs were believed to have been laid aside, in May, 1622, an attack was made upon the village where the works were situated, and the whole company with their families, including the superintendent and his men, were cut off to the number of 347 persons. A boy ana girl alone escaped the general massacre.' The Iron-works and a glass furnace were demolished by the savages, v.lio appear in several instances to have regarded such undertakings with abhorrence. The blow fell heavily on the Colony, and disappointed several other enterprises which had been wormly cherished. Iron-works were not again attempted in Virginia for many years, although the peculiar ad- vantages of tlie country in the excellence and plenty of its ore and wood, were strongly urged by writers on colonial matters. Tin exportation of Iron from the Colony was forbidden by an A: I of the As8enil)ly in 1662, on penalty of ten pounds of tobacco for every pound of Iron exported. The low price of tobacco in England, and the desire to lessen importation by encouraging ship-building and other domestic manufactures, at that time were the motives, and the prohibiliou was renewed in 1682. (1) A Devlnrntion nf th« fiuii* of UiO Colunie, eto., 162U, p. 10. (2) Beverloy'i Iliit. Virgiuia. j^Q COLONIAL INDVSTiVY IN METALB. The discovery of Iron ore. and even some preliminary stops toward i_l8 -—^^^^^^^^ Bo»r.i. fbr v^""'* • icon Tm ex^tence there was probablj Min-rauen- Mass8"husett8 Bay in 1630. Its ex -lence iut 'CeS .l"ia.earlier known. At a meeting of the Court held on the 2d . Ai y. TrL 9 after having engaged a number of mechanics and "also for Mr. Malbon it was propounded, he having sKU in iro , also lor iur. i accounted as £50, and return, and report what may be done ^^out Iron wor ^^^ ho h^d of nroceedinc therein accordingly, and turtner recouipeu b 1 to" :!' hi,n.". Th„. da„ after, "»!!»«'-■ -"^^t ;; Thorns Grave,, gentleman, ot G-T'JI S„" riene. » !« Enirland at the expense ot tbe Company, as •■ a man "P"'™"™' '" " fortes in Salt »ork.,, in measnmg and .nr,e,ins ot land, and m fort- 'tt°r.:::ne7s:; o^'tT:,-; .., .^ed i,. .homa ,^^ '-:--'" render and which were specified on the fifth, he was acquainted -P>^- with Lding linie-stoncs, planning acqueducts. drawing maps .tnd architecture." This accomplished engineer engaged to enter the Z:S ,n e e b maid ij.,.n. the Company were to .ranepott SlrtiuytlUther, and .»P..>»-"™ """*;;;; TroVlaT 1.. l.i.n £50 ner annum, provide hira a house and 100 acres oi la , ',1 u!the general aSotment ot land. Additional compen,aUo„ to be '"\;:tctr;lT.:;°ecior:L. .ppear, to ba,. been no part^r R,«inwa> reeei.ing into ber Up enormons tributes of Gold from ner Arrican d"pendencie., and in Eorop. tbe alembic was freely pbed to tmnsmuls the baser metals into all-powerful Gold. 'Z her Grave., wbo ..t.led at Cbarle.town. mad, -H'-- '^ mines, doe. not appear. No step, .oem to ba,. been taken toward tbe (1) Felt'a Annali of Snlem, I. 52, 83. 84. FIRST NEW-ENGLAND IRON-WORKS. mi lary stops toward its t the o'.tset by the ed the emigration to B there was probably lurt held on the 2d er of raeuhanica and 5 J( 'irnal states that g skill in Iron-works, jcounted as £50, and iglapd, and upon his orks, consideration to er recompense if there ;otiations were opened a Kent, to visit New in experienced in Iron ; of lands and in forti- igreed he should visit ualifications as ciraim- the services he might Jfth, he was acquainted leducts, drawing maps, engaged to enter the I consideration of a free I with board while em- ipany were to transport it ensuing harvest, pay )0 acres of land, with a ual compensation to be to have been no part of the more noticeable be- 1 Silver had not wholly ion of the adventurers at •easures were rife, when l)utc9 of Gold from her ;mbic was freely plied to Id. made any discoveries of re been taken toward the S3. 84. manufacture of Iron until about fifteen years latter. Morton, however, in lti,i2, enumerates among the minerals of New Enp^land, loadstone. Iron stone, lead ore, l)luck lead, red lead, brimstone. Tin (of wliich mines were known to exist), and Copper mines, which would enrich the inliabitants, Silver, and a mine of Gold found " by one Captain Littleworth, who, if he got a patent of it to himself, would surely change his name." Tin has since been discovered iu very small quantities in New Hampshire, but could not then have been known. According to the ancient fiscal privileges of royalty, mines containing Gold or Silver belonged to the king. In the grants to many of the Colonies, one-fifth of the product of such mines was reserved as a royalty, and tlio Lonuon Company reserved another filth of Gold and Silver mines in Virginia to itself. By the statutes 1 and 5 W. & M., this preroga- tive was so modifitd that mines of Copper, Tin, Iron, and Lead -^ould be no longer claimed, but the precious ores of other mines belonged to the crowi., on the payment of the price of the base metal of the mine. A discouragement to the discovery and working of metals was thus with- drawn.' In November, IfiSt, the General Court of Massachusetts granted to Abraham Sliaw one half the benefit of any " .oles or yron stone w"" shall bee found in any comon ground w"*" is in the countrye's disposing.'" Discovery was early made at Saugus, or Lynn, of the Bog Iron ore, which is deposited in numerous peat bogs and ponds throughout Eastern Massit- chnsetts, and supplic' the early furnaces of that Colony ; considerable quantities of this were found in dififerent ploces within a mile or two of Lynn, and the first attempt to manufacture Iron in New England was made in that town. The great scarcity of Iron-ware and tools, and of Iron for ship-building and the erection of mills and dwelling-houses, with a lessened intercourse between Great Britain and the Colonies, led Messrs. Thomas De-vter, Robert Bridges, and other enterprising persons, to form a plan for the introduction of the manufacture in the Colony. Kn^•tarld With this vicw, Mr. Bridges, in 1643, took to London some specimens of ore from the ponds of Saugus. In connection with John \Vinlhro,i. Jr., who had preceded him thither two years be- fore, a company was formed, called the " Company of Undertakers for the Iron-works." It consisted of the following gentlemen of wealth and en- terprise, viz. : Lionel Copley, Esq., of York, Engiu.jd, Nicholas Bond, Thonms Pnry, John Becx, W. Beauchamp, Thomas Foley, William Oreenhull, Thomas Weld (minister), John Pocockr vVillium Beck, Wil- liam Ilickocke. Tlie sum of one thousand pounds was advanced for (1) Areliliolil'a A Cliristian's Blaekslone, I. 3114, 305. (2) Rcoordi, 1. 208. ■k COLONIAL INDVSTRY IN METALS. nf workir-n returned to New England the same year rr ^ Jerl « . .Ij ."de for tb= ■n.„.f.cl»r. of Iron o„ . ..,ge .cale^ »- ZZl'g not onl, the smel.i.g, bot forging .nd reCn.ng of he me . . TZoenel. Conn w., .pphed to for enoonr-^^n' nn^^; '^^'^^ i„ the business. The design ».s .ppwed of >>"'*=»»'' °' Llmr „e.snr; did not warrant the Assembly in tekmg stoek '» «■« C^;,^^ Two or three private persons joined the enterprise, and the llenem clrt rid Lm, nLh ,, 1643-4, nearly all *f '3;';;;°tt leg the exclasWe privilege of making Iron '"^W'"'?"™' /'""; SM provided they ».de, after two years, -«-"''''"';.* '••"•«••• Lontrv's nse. " y were allowed the nse of any six places not already gZtd on elditlon that they set „p -■'^^'^"•^"J^::Z .„d f/rg'e in each plaee, "and f^^^T::^::!^.,^'^^^^^ and their ageiiU were exempted from all pnblic cnarge apon their Lk -d themselves and workmen from trammgs^ A grant bad been previonsly made in town-meetrng, 19th »' ""»■• l«7/lTMr Winthrop and bis partners, and to their assigns forever, of ;'s ol a»:: o\ tL eommon^and at Braintre. "for . e encon^^^^^^ rU-r .s.er.s positively that the «rst «* "JV^^tf^Xn.. ■■'■• the west bank of the Sangns, npon land porebased 1 dertaUing, of early colonial tunes Ol>""'»"»„7'; ^''tas ,er • Kia cnn,...B« for over one hundred years. Mr. >vnunroi» v»ua :' ef f i« adopted country, and several of the wovk.en w o. he rcK uecd in connection with these works were not only of em„ e sc V e in l«yin.' the foundation of New England enterprise and skill but "t a posLity which has been hientified with the uaanufacturing p.os- neritv of different States to the present day. ' i're ponse to several additional propositions from the ""dortake . thcCrurt on 13th November. 1644. granted them three J'-" ^or p r- ectinrthe work and furnishing the country with all sorts of bar Iron r e nhubitants might become proprietors by paying w.th.n twelve n) RcoortU, vol. ii.p. 0' (2) Savngo's Winthrop. BrCCESS OF THE FIRST IRON-WOR'.S. 473 )mpanied bj a corps year. Preparations )n a large scale, con- jfining of the metal, nt and participation je state of the public clc in the Company, se, and the General leir requests, includ- for twenty-one years, ifBcient Iron for the ) of any six places not in ten years a furnace y." The undertakers charges and taxation 1 trainings.' ing, 19th of nth mo., jeir assigns forever, of e, " for the encourage- )t river."* This grant ill Jannary, 1648. It re was at Braintree or latter town, however, pe erected at Lynn, on 1 purchased of Thomas I ore. The village was gland of several of the t out the site of one of not very successful, un- are continued with vari- , Winlhrop was ever ft the workmen whom he not only of eminent scr- snterprise and skill, but ,he manufacturing p.os- 18 from the nndcrtakers, liem three years for per- th all sorts of bar Iron, by paying within twelve ;'8 Winthrop. months £100 each, and an allowance tc the adventurers for £1,000 already disbursed, and that they, " with all expedition, prosecute said works to good perfection, as well the finery and forge as the funiace, which is al- ready set up, that so the country may be furnished with all sorts of barr iron for their use at £20 per ton." A grant of three square miles of land was at the same time made them in each of the six places they might occupy, etc. On the 14th May following, the records state that, " whereas it i? .low ) >und by sufficient proof that the Iron-worke is very Works .uccesBfai. g„ecessful (both in the richness of the ore and the goodness of the Iron), and like to be of great benefit to the whole country, especially if the inhabitants here should be interested therein in some good propor- tion (one-half at the least)" etc. They were invited to take stock in the business. Twelve to fifteen hundred pounds had then been expended, the furnace built, a good stock of mine, coal, and wood provided, and some tons of sow Iron cast, and some preparations had been made for the forge. About £1500 were required to finish the forge, which was to be paid to Mr. Henry Webb, of Boston, subject to the direction of the un- dertakers, John Winthrop Jr., Major Sedgwick, Mr. Henry Webb, and Mr. Joshua Hewes. Colonists were about this time publicly notified that they could join the enterprise if they wished. The partners above named were probably of the number who united with the Coir.pany in America. Mr. Webb came from Salisbury, England, in 1638, and afterward became a wealthy merchant of Boston. He was a large proprietor in tlie Iron- works, and was distinguished for enterprise and benevolence. ' In Octo- charter ^^^ "^ *'''6 sauic year, a charter with ample privileges, embodying coQfiimed. i^iig previ .!is grants and conditions, was made out and delivered to the undertakers, under the public seal of the Colony. It confirmed to the Company the monopoly for twenty-ojie years of the sole privilege of making Iron and managing all Iron mines they might discover, and granted them all waste lands not appropriated, the use of all wood, tim- ber, etc., to convert into coals and earth-stones, clay, etc., for the use of the works, forges, mills, or houses built, or for making or moulding any manner of guns, pots, and all other cast Iron ware, and for converting wood into charcoal, etc., etc. They were allowed to export any surplus to any part of the world except to enemies.' (1) Among hia numoroug benofnotlons, vorelty, tho rental having risen from £12, ' tlie Webb Estato," with the houne thcroon, which has been long oocnpied by the firm of Little, Brown A Co., publishers and book- pellers, wna given, with £50 in money, to Harvard College about the year 1080, and now yields a handsome revenue to the Uni- in 1778, to $1,100 in IS.tl.nnd $5,000 at the present time. The ancient buililing has just given pliico to n fine grnnito structCM fc? the use of the firm, (2) Coi. Records, ii. pp. 81, 108, 126. ■1 I. COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METAL8. On the 29t.. September, two day. previous to thjs grant oj privi- leges, the first purchase of lands, ^-'-^'"^ ^^ ^ ^^^^J 2T^.o.a. for^e at Braintree. was made from George ^"esles by Mr^ i ^ Leader, who came from England as ^!"-^^;£„^^^^^^^^^ The precise date of the erect.on of he forge at Br-"^ e ^^^^ stated, but it followed soon after the other M^" ^'J'*^ ^^^^^ , ^.,, May. also received permission to make a P ^^J ;" "jJ^J.^.l^ed in ... ,a„.r p,.ce .nd tdJ^^;" 7 ""V - "^^ « Js p.™n, at the outset. " The land attord ng very p providential of good rank and quality in England were st.rred "P ^yJJ^^;;.^, ^, han'd of the Lord to venture their estates upon I-^-^^^^^^^^^^ J^ began at Braintree and ^ro^^l^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ,,, ehief stock, which caused some of ^^^^ ^'^J '^;^^Ji„,rily was as much more reason being the high pr.ce of l^^;;- ^^J ^^^^^ J ,,^ «„ with such as in England, and in many hmgs ^reW ';^; ;"/ ^^^^^^^ ,^, steward . work '^ere was not — ^^^ ^,^---;; ^ J, ,ere, and the bad a very ab le eye yet expenene ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ „,ost q'-'^-^'f ^^,;;;^;Jh Z m.s their heads with a little of pretty roundly to Lady E'^P^^^^^^ now (1651) that the owners may her -^-/.^^-^-V,"::! YfC^^^^ Paitake" of the gain in pick up their crumbs agam '^ ^^^y ''^'^ /. ^j,, ^,k, ^ff one-third putting off England commod.Ues at N. E- pr.ce itw ^^^ .^ .^ ^f the great price they gave for J^^ ;-^„;,\X .Ld had for little -PP-Vn'"ff :he^:d:rbe;i e S common r/r":Ctheir nt- t was the desire of the rulers, he states, to land free for their use. however, m (1) LewU' Hlft. of Lynn, 125. (2) Wondor-worklng Providence, p. IL - . Mr? ,.-*BW.it;«*A», .» * this grant of privi- twenty acres, for a les by Mr. Thomas t of tbe Company.' intree we do not find Winthrop, on 29th n and lay out a site I place he removed in effect it within three elonged to the same rprise, speaks only of .ifficuUies experienced stone, divers persons ip by the providential ron-worke, which they )ut rather wasted their e remainder, the chief rily was as much more of going on with such although the steward Ibarning here, and the re been forced to pay Ir heads with a little of 1) that the owners may lartakers of the gain in it will take off one-third price of their Iron it is ;e of wood had for little asie rates, and common the rulers, he states, to The Court, however, in 1 1646, acknowledge the )untry, both for domestic was none the cheaper to in," they add, " may not nge will that be to us if city of specie is said to ■nt, and caused the busi- Bt- Torklng Providence, p. !!• THE WORKS AT LYNN AND BKAINTREE. m$ ness a few years after to pass into other hands. In August, 1648, Gov. "Winthrop wrote from Boston to his son at Pequod in relation to it : rwdofthe "The Iron-work goeth on with more hope. It yields now iron-worka. ^]^Qy^^ sevcn tons per week, but it is most out of that brown earth which lies under the bog mine. They tried another mine, and after 24 hours they had a sum of about 500, which, when they hnike, they conceived to be a fifth part silver. There is a grave man of good fashion come now over to see how things stand here. He is one who hath btan exercised in Iron- works." On 30th September ho again wrote, " Mr. Endicott hath found a Copper mine in his own ground. Mr. Leader hath tried it. The furnace runs 8 tons per week, and their bar Iron is as good as Spanish. The adventurers in England sent over Mr. Dawes to oversee Mr. Leader, &c., but he is far short of Mr. Leader. They could not agree, so he is returned to Teneriffe."' The Iron-works at Lynn involved heavy outlays on the part of the Company, the majority of whom were too distant to exercise a proper supervision. They consequently yielded but little profit. They were several times assessed for damages to neighboring property by overflow of the pond, and in 1671 the dam was cut away, after which they were conducted on a smaller scale. In the htinds of the old Company they were more than once attached for debt, and suits were frequent against the proprietors. In 1611 they became the property of Samuel Appleton, who sold them about ten years after to James Taylor, v^ho, we believe, was the last proprietor. They were not finally abandoned until the lapse of over a century from their commencement. Hubbard, writing about the date of their transfer from the original Company, makes no mention of the forge at Braintree, but says, " A work was set up at Lynn upon a very commodious stream, which was very much promoted and strenuously carried on for some time, but at length, whether faber aut forceps aut ars ignara, fefellit, instead of drawing out bars of iron for the country's use, there was hammered out nothing bat contention and lawsuits, which was but a bad return for the under- takers ; however, it gave the occasion to others to acquaint themselves with that skill to the great advantage of the Colonies, who have since that time found out many convenient places where very good Iron, not much inferior to that of Bilboa, may be produced, as at this dny is seen in a village near Topsfield, seven or eight miles west from Ipswich." The undertaking was doubtless of more real service to the country as a pioneer enterprise, by introducing experience in the business an«l a body of skilled workmen in the several departments, than by its direct p'oi'uo- (1) Savsge'g Winthrop, App. p. 355. i: 4^g COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. tivencss, although to the adventurers it was fraught with the usual results '^The wlTat Braintree also continued in operation during this time In Tr91 Iron ore ealled Rock-mine was obtained from the le ges a Nahant for the forge at liraintree. The town of Lynn, to winch belong U: Irit of havin introduced the manufacture of the ^i;;;^;;^ ^^'^ of Leather and Iron in New England, was early suppl.ed w' h it fir. blacksmith in the person of John Deacon. But in the number of the men imported for the Iron-works were artificers of higher skill. 7„ 646 Mr. Leader was permitted by the General Court to purchase s'ome of the country's guns to melt over at the foundery. Among t,Xl^ the first workmen engaged at the foundery was Henry Leonard, '»"""'"'• who assisted in making the first castings m America. He after- ward established with his brother a forge at Raynham and was one o the first of a long race of Iron-masters of that name in different parts of the "'Sher, who probably accompanied Winthrop from England, and waV connected with the undertaking from the first as a pnnc.pl To kman and machinist, was Joseph Jenks, a native of Hammersmith, Tor London. He was held in high estimation for his extraordinary in- Te^uity as an artificer, and many of his descendants to the prese,^ day have occupied prominent positions in civil life and in relation to the n- du tria rt of the country. Of this early mechanician, who was U^ TubarCain of New England. Mr. Lewis remarks: "Joseph Jenks de- serve to be held in perpetual remembrance in American history as being r/rt founder who worked in Brass and Iron on the Western Conti- I , nent. By his hands the first models were made, and the fi st Sn^e^^iings taken of many domestic implements and Iron tools ^uirr^g. The first article said to have been cast was a small Iron pot. capable of containing about a quart. Thomas Hudson of the same amily with the celebrated Hendrick Hudson, was the first Fopnetor o the lands on the Saugus River, where the Iron-Foundery stood^ When he Forge was established, he procured the first casting, which was the ZL old Iron pot, which he preserved as a curiosity, and handed down ^" Jj^rK:^:; M. Jenks was granted 1^ the legislature a patent for 14 years "for the making of engines for mills, to go by ^ water for the more speedy despatch of work than formerly. f.:&r ,„d i,, the making of scythes and other edged tools with a !;S:.'J:r\ew invented saw-mill, that things may be afforded cheaper (1) Lewis's History of Lynn. Mi IMPROVED SCYTHES — FIRST AMERICAN COINAGB. 47T Xh the usual results n during this time, from the ledges at in, to which belongs e important articles pplied with its first the number of the gher skill. I Court to purchase lefoundery. Among ivas Henry Leonard, America. lie after- n, and was one of the different parts of the from England, and first as a ])riiicipal ve of Hammersmith, his extraordinary in- ;s to the present day in relation to the in- anician, who was the : " Joseph Jenks de- rican history as being II the Western Conti- e made, and the first lents and Iron tools, vas a small Iron pot, Hudson, of the same the first proprietor of undery stood. When casting, which was the sity, and handed down I by the legislature a 2S for mills, to go by r work than formerly, ST edged tools with a y be afforded cheaper ♦ban formerly, &c., yet so as power is still left to restrain the exportation cf such manufactures, and to moderate the prices thereof, if occasion so require.'" In the following January, he purchased of the Iron Company's agent the privilege of building a forge at the Iron-works for the manufacture of scythes and other wares. In May, 1G55, he was accorded another patent for an improvement in the manufacture of scythes, " for the more speedy cutting of grass, for seven years." The innovation consisted in giving greater length and thinness to the blade, and in welding a bar of Iron upon the back to strengthen it, as in the modern scythe. This was an essential improve- ment upon the old form of the English scytlie, which was a very clumsy instrument, short and thick like the bush or stub scythe.' No radical change has since been made in the form of the implement. His genius took a somewhat wide range. In October, 1652, when Massachusetts undertook to sut^ply the deficiency of specie by a silver coinage, Mr. Jenks was employed to make the dies, which he K/t execu'ted at the Iron-works. The issue consisted of shillings, ^''"""''- sixpences, and threepences, to which was added, in 1662, an emission of twopences. Of the shillings, there were at least sixteen dif- ferent dies, and several of each of the others, all bearing the same date, and stamped with the name of t)ie Colony and a pine tree in the centre, " as an apt symbol of its progressive vigor."* (1) Recordsi, vol. ii. 149 ; vol. iii. 275. (2) Lewis's Hist, of Lynn. (3) Tlicse coins, which were of the fine- noss of sterling silver, but by weight "two pence in the shilling of less valew than the English coyne," are now extremely rare, and, from the device on the larger ones, are known to the curious as the "pine tree coinage," although no such tree is desig- nated by the law. The Act creating this first colonial mint was much complained of, as an invarAon of the royal prerogative, but the emission of money nevertheless continued for over thirty yenrs, and some of the coin circulated in England. The wrath of Charles II. is said to have been adroitly turned aside by Sir Thomas Temple (brother of Sir Wil- liam), who, hnving shown the king some of th.> coins after his return from New Eng- land, was ai-kod what tree that was upon them, to which he replied that it was the royal oak which saved his majesty's life. Pleased or amused by the supposed compli- ment, he called them " o parcel of hotieti dngn," and listened co-nplacently to Tem- ple's defense of his colonial subjects. The money was coined by John Hull, a gold and silver smith, on whose land the " Mint Howse" stood, and Robert Sander- son, of Boston. Previous to this, business had been done largely by barter, and taxus were paid and exchanges made chiefly in beaver jkins, cattle, c-m, or other produce, at fixed rates, and in leaden bullets and Indian wampum; the importations, and recently the stoppage of emigration, having drained off the Eng- lish coin. In New Netherlands, also, where Director Stuyvesant the same year recom- jiended a coinage in imitation of New Eng- land, and also raised the value of specie 20 to 25 per cent, to prevent its exportation, boav«r skips and Zeawnni, or Iiiiliun shell money, were the rrincip.il currency. TU« 1 COLONIAL INDt'STRY IN METALS. Two years after, Mr. Jenk« made a contract with the Selectmen of Bolton "for an 1 gine to carry water in case of fire," w .ch was un- ! doubtedly the first attempt to make or use a fire-eng.ne n ':."-" America Yery few such machines were built m Europe until after this date They were not used in Paris until -ar 50 years later, and the addition of an air-chamber was not made untd long after. W e-drawing, a well-established industry of their native country for the manufacure of pins from native Copper and of wool-cards from the -^---^^l^^^^.^^ I ^^^ ^,^ p,,,,,,i,„ of ,hich the importation of K^ored^ire and even its transfer from old to new cards, was pro- oitr^ed. i^ibiicd by Charles I., was the next branch for which en- couragement was sought by the early artificers of Lynn and its vi- "t/ October, 1G66, Nathaniel Robbinson. " wyer ^^'^-^^•"l^^^'^ for aid to carry on his trade, which the Court saw no cause to grant. In S Lober of the'next year, Joseph JenUs, Sr., also desired '.he ffavor of the Court to advance a sume for y' encouragement of wyer draw ng I "The Conrt judged it <'not meet to advance any money on tha design but being desirous to encourage all persons among us m manual Lt?ank trade of public.ue vtilitje, .nd being '^^^^^l^^^^^^^^ in this towne a sett of tooles for wyer drawing, and that there be some in the Place that are able and skillful in that imploy, the improovement wlereo would be of great v.e in sundry respects, this Court doth there- To der the Treasurer of the county to disburse o« of the public treasury uch a sume of money as will be necessary for the Purchase of he sad nstrumentsand tooles, not exceeding fifteen pounds ; and the Treasurer with Major-Generall Leueret are appointed and impowered Tdi pose of the s id instruments so as may best further the ends pro- posed a'lo to disburse forty shillings for the encouragement of those that Bhcil ^nake cards and pinns of the said wiar."' Joscp-i Jenks died in 1683. Of his sons, Joseph, the elder, after living Le time in Lynn, removed to Pawtucket, R. I-'f -^^^-Jf^ a forge ; and two others, we believe, to Boston, where Samuel Jenks & mivTiuracture of the Utter was aconsidernWe business with the Indinns, " curious m.nters of wampumpeag," ..nd by many of the white people, who counterfeited it Maryland issued silver and copper coins in 1662, the only other siUer loins made before the Revolution. Carolina, in 1694, struck a halfpenny coin, and penny and twopenny pieces in 1723. and another penny in 173.5. Coppers were coined from naUve metal m Connecticut in 1737 and 1739. Virginia issued halfpence in 1773. Several silver and copper coins were minted by the differ- ent States and by individuals after the war, and previous to the Act of April 2d, 1792, establishing the national mint under the authority conferred by the Constitution of 1787. (1) Records, vi. 325, 348, 361. m FIUST BLOOMERY IN PLYMOUTH COUNTY. m h the Sclectrnen of Bre," which was un- ase a fire-engine in )uilt in Euro\ie until near 50 years later, itil long after, ir native conntry for of wool-cards from ih the importation of new cards, was pro- ranch for which en- of Lynn and its vi- r drawer," petitioned no cause to grant. In lesired " the ffavor of ent of wyer drawing, e any money on that s among us in manuall ■ormed that there are id that there be some oy, the improovement this Court doth there- rse out of the public ry for the purchase of 'teen pounds ; and the ointed and impowered t further the ends pro- ncouragement of those roseph, the elder, after R. I., where he erected Hrhere Samuel Jenks & 1 1737 nrd 1739. Virginia nee in 177.'?. Several silver ins were minted by the differ- l by individunls nftor the war, to the Act of April 2d, 1792, the national mint under th« ferred by the Constitution of «, vi. 825, 348, 351. Son carried on the blacksmith business on Gardner's Wharf previous to 1789 ; and John Jenks had a store at 39 State street at the same time. A large number of the towns on the seaboard of New England are diversified by small pond? and lakes scooped out of the drift and tertiary formation, at tl <3 bottom of which the waters, having percolated fM^uumih' the surrounding hills of sand and gravel, deposit large quunti- ^""'"^" ties of the sesquioxyd of Iron. Tliis ferruginous sediment mixed witli vegetable mould, and partially solidified by combination with water into amorphous masses of soft and spongy bog iron ore, or crys- tallized into a more compact hydrate, when removed is again renewed, at intervals of twenty to thirty years, according to the chalybeate im- pregnation of the springs whence the ponds are supplied. These ponds are particularly abundant in the County of Plymouth, Mass., where furnaces and forges for smelting and working up the metal with charcoal from the neighboring swamps and hills were formerly numerous, until the wood or ore was exhausted, and the cheaper pig Iron from the coal regions of Pennsylvania rendered sm.-lting no longer profitable. Some of these ponds, as those in Middleboro, Attleboro, Carver, Scituate, Hali- fax, and other towns, supplied one hundred to six hundred tons of ore annually, which yielded twenty-five per cent, or upward of crude Iron. The ore was easily fused, and, mixed with silicious ores, produced a tolerably good metal for castings. Shells from the seashore furnished the flux. As early as 1648, Timothy Hatherly, the principal founder of the town of Scituate, requested leave of the General Court to erect an Iron-mill. His request was granted in 1650, on condition that the privilege accorded him of certain woodlands about Mattakeeset Pond (now Pembroke) should revert to the Colony, unless it was erected within three years. The design was not then carried out, but a furnace was built upon the site in 1702.' The adjoining County of Bristol also abounds in these lacustrine de- posits of the oxyd of Iron ; and the next attempt, after that at Lynn and Braintree, to manufac'ure Iron in the Colony was mad« lrR;7nham.at Raynham in 1652. The previous undertaking probably em- "*^ braced nothing more than simple blast furnaces for the produc- tion of crude Iron, and a variety of coarse castings directly from the fused metal. To these the Leonards, from the Iron district of South Wales, one or both of whom had been engaged in the works at Lynn, appear to have added the operations of the blooraery and the forge hammer.' (1) II. Mas*. Hist. Coll., iv. 224. a deicription of the process of smelting and (2) John Ray, F. R. S., has left on record forging Iron, as practiced in Sussex, Eng r ^3Q COLONIAL INDUSTHY IN METALS. The following notice of the commencement of the business in the Jounty w-re it has ever since flourished, is an interest.. g r-Wm irearly history as well of the arts as of the penlous times of the colony. It is from the description of Raynham by the Rev. Dr. FobeB, '" 'S first adventurers from England to this country who were skilled in the for,e Iron-manufcctnre, were two brothers, v.z., James and H rj Leonard. They came to this town in the year 1G52 which L,eonaru. x j settlers had p anted thera- Leonards. ^as about two years after the hist seiners nau i, to the Jerseys and settled there. James, who was the great progen tor ° A LmL son Then..,, tU«„ a ™.l. boy, «l,o afte-»ard »orW « land, in 1671. It was probably nearly the ,ame as tlmt of our fir.t Iron.WL.rkcr9. The hearth of the furnace was ma.lo of siuiil- itone, and the sides round, to tl.e height of about a yard or thereabout! the rest of the furnace was lined up to the top with brick. Every six days was called a fonndny, m which about 8 tons of Iron on i.n average were run. Twenty-four loads of charcoal would make that quuntity of Iron. To every load of cloven quarters of coals they put In one loud of mine, contnining 18 bu=^h. el. of mixed, roasted, and broken ore. The fire W..S at its height in about ton Weeks, and a hearth of good stone would hist forty foundays or weeks, during which it never went out. The hearth was never used the ■eonnd time. The forge had two hammers, one called the finer ^, the other the cAn/try. At the former tlio melal was hmMghl Into the state of hloom- and .inro...... The bloom was a foursquare mas-, 2 foot >ong. r"P'"ed by b«»ting a loop, or mass of metal weighing about I owt., with Iron fledges upon an Iron plat", and afterward with th.: fo'i^o- h.mmer worked by water. ThU was called ,U»3lmg the loop. After two or three .nore heaU at th., finery, the mas.wcs nrought to an«nco..y,th..middl»ulwhiehwn8asqu..re bar of the desired ^iie. unl ihe two ends rough, square Inn.] >. At the r»../erv the kw WM completod l.y reducing tht tods to a uniform size with the middle portion. Three loads of large wood coal made a ton „t Iron at the finery, and one load of small coals at the chafery. A man and boy at the finery would make two tons of Iron per week, and two men at the chafery would make 5 or 6 tons a week. John Houghton. F. U. S. (Husbandry and Trade Improved), in 1697, snys, both th* finery and chafery were open hoartns cov- ered with heaps of coals, blown by bellows in the same way as the furnaces, but not so large; and the sow and pigs received five heats in the two-two at the finery and three at the chafery. K- cslls the thiek square first made a W/fc?oom, and the burwilh the two knobs a i'oom, the greater end being called the mocket hewi, and the less the a„cn,„, e.,d. At the fourth heat the moeket heed was reduced, end »t the fifth -ho an- cony en.l, to the state of a bar. W» proc- ess, by which they could m..ke two or three tons Iron in 24 hour,, he regarded as a great Improvement ui.on their ancestors, who, '■.llh the trea.Uo or fooLblnst. eonld make but one little lump or bloom, of lei-s thiin a hui.dred-weight, In a day I Ho speaks of ,i:ili"g «na ralli,.;, mil!.-, af a new Invenlicn. He gWet the importation of Ir.n in 1695 as 9.591* tons, chiefly from fiwedsn. and of Steel, principally from HolUud, l.fiTtf hundred-welabt. il" THE LEONARDS OF BAYNHAM. HI the business in the nteresti!ig passage in perilous times of the f the Rev. Dr. Fobea, in*Tj who were skilled viz., James and Henry the year 1052, which ers had planted thera- e Leonards here built moved from this place as the great progenitor sprang, lived and died louthshire, and brought afterward worked at e with the middle portion. large wood coal made a ton finery, and one load of smuU ufery. A man and boy at the make two tons of Iron per men at the chalory would jns a week. Uton, F. R. S. (Husbandry and i-ed), in 1697, suys, both th* ftfery were open hoartlis cov- ipa of ooalB, blown by bellows ray as the turniioes, but not so 1,0 sow and pigs received Hve »o— two at the finery and three ■y. K. culls the thick pquiire ,al/ bloom, au'l the burwilh the bhom, the greater end being wcket h<-wl, and tlio 1«« tha At the fourth heat the m-ickct iuccd, and at the fifth 'ho an- the stale of a bar. This proo- h they could tni. early Tnohou." settlers of the town about 1696. He was attractcii ;lv.ih.>.- by the discovery of Iron ore, and of ample water-power for th< ma.M. .c'-re in the branches of Taunton River. The business in its various ■ -irt- ments has been continued by his descendants to the present time. Vandordonck, a Dutch writer on New Netherlands, a year or two *fter the forge at Raynham was built, Bays the people of New England already "cast their own cannon, plates, pots, ami cannon balls from native Iron." Much of this work was probably done at Lynn. Ihe Royal CommisHioners, in lfiG4, reported but one bloomery for Iron in Plymouth Colony, that at Taunton, now Raynham. The dissatisfaction of the New England people with the commercial rePtrictions enacted at the Restoration, and particularly with the unpo- sition of customs, duties, and the appointment of colonial revenue offi- cers to carry them into effect, caused a renewal, in 1672, of the Articles of Confederation, and stirauluted to greater efforts in domestic industry, IRON AND COPPER WORKS IN EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS, 483 i, the author states, ed an uninterrupted urorks for more than ?as kept poing, and ever, would not make 36 of beda of Iron ore the immediate neigh- gestion that vegetable geneic.tion of the ore ! time may come when re as a bed of carrots." )n to the collection of "'in ^- "reen the two, coniferas were highly ring. Respecting the the Iron-manufacture pvation in this part of !, there you will find a place to the Jerseys, 1 that State. He was )sterity in that part of h Raynham, originally 'ere erected a few years was on o^ i' v early vas attracter. .hi'hf^ by ver for the m-'?u .c<- re is in its various = • art- he present time, erlands, a year or two leople of New England anil cannon balls from y done at Lynn. The le blooniery for Iron in ini. lie with the commercial ticularly wifh the iinpo- of colonial revenue ofli- in 1072, of the Articlis rts in domestic industry. At Topefleld. Edward Randolph, in the following year, reported to the commissioners respecting New England : " There be five iron-works, which cast no sifon-worksgins.'" The duty on Iron imported into the Colonies was, iu la 1673. igY9, ten shillings per ton. In 1674, Nathaniel and Thomas Leonard entered into a contract with Johu Pack and others of Salem to carry on the Iron-manufacture at the Works at village of Rowley, which possessed all the advantages of wood, Kowi«y, 1674. water-power, and bog ore. The business did not prove re- munerative.* One of the Iron-works in the Colony was destroyed by the Indians in 167T. Iron of good quality, as mentioned by Hubbard in a passage already quoted, was made at a village near Topsfieid previous to 1680. At Boxford, in the same county, the manufacture was commenced in that year with ore tr.ken from the ponds supplied by the headwaters of Rowley and i'urker rivers, but was, not long after, discon- tinued. A bloomery was, however, in operation in the southern parish of that town toward the close of the last century. Several other towns iu Essex were engaged in the same business in former times. As early as 1648, Governor Endicott of Salem also discovered Copper ore upon land granted him betweeu Danvers and Topsfieid, and in 1651 c .pper- petitioned the legislature for 800 acres of woodland for a bettei wotkH, 1631. gappiy of fue]^ at a place called Blind Hole, near which he in- tended to set up smelting-works. The grant was made on condition that the works should be set up within seven years.' He had already made some preparations and expenditures for that purpose, and sent to Sweden and Germany for workmen acquainted with the business of smelting and refining copper. But the mine proved less productive than was ex- pected.* In 1702 the first furnace was erected in the County of Plymouth which has ever since been a principal seat of the Iron business of Massa- chusetts, and still has a larger number of furnaces for hoUow- Iron-worki i,. i. «.v < . , ^ In pijrrnuuth ware aud castings, exclusive of pig Iron, than any in the State, """"'■ and nearly one-half of the rolling and slitting-mills. Assa- wampsct, Monponset, and Sampson's ponds were in early times the prin- cipal reservoirs of bog ore in the county. In these and others it was obtained at a depth of from two to twenty feet of water, either by dig- ging around the margins in dry seasons, by draining off the water, or by dredging in the deep water; and, so long as the supply lasted, produced (1) Ilnlnioa' AnnRlf. (2) Felt'i S»Um, L 382. (.1) Recordt. III. 258. (4) Felt, i. 282. ^g^ COLONIAl. INDUSTRY IN METALS. an active business in smelting. Ores of a similar kind were also obtained at a later period from the southern shore of New Jersey and hav.ng be n carried back from Plymouth to the pine lands which surrounded the ponTs warmixed with the native ore. Much of the metal, wh.ch was generally not good for bar Iron, was run directly mto cannon-ba 1. Sow Le, and oth r castings, the furnaces for that purpose d.ffenng m leLmtl e smelting furnaces. As wood and ore became exhausted he m ufacture of crude Iron was abandoned, and attention was devot d to rXng. rolling, and slitting metal from the ot er p aces, and to the manufacturing of nails, tacks, scythes, and other utensils. In S y ar 1702, Lan.bert Despard. a founder, associated w.h some pel 0? the name' of Barker, and built a smelting-furnace m he tow, ^ of Pembroke, then a part of Duxboro. at the oulle o. Matta- r.:%.. ueeset pond, ^pon a tract of land granted in 1648 to Tunothy Hatherly, of Sit'uate for that purpose. The furnace continued .n opera- tion a number of years, but was finally abandoned for want of fuel. In May. 10. Joseph Mallinson. in a petition to the General Cou, Stat dU a he wis interested in the ownership and '"-"^--"^^^^j" " stated tuat ^^.^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ and under- . i?r"'"' tana ng that "some great shot of several weights" were wanting f r he ordnance of Her Majesty's Castle Will am he was es r- To semng his country iu that respect, and of entenng into treaty ou Z sub e . 'This furnace was possibly the same with the for^g-"^'" irM^'h. 1739. Mallinson again memorialized the leg.slature o J^t of unimproved land, in consideration of the great benefit that h d accrued from the manufacture of Hollow-ware, such as po s, Fimt casting accrueu iivim , ,„ „f „i,lph he claimed to be " the in.Kttd. kettles, etc., in eajid mou W8, ot whicn ne ciuiiin- •illntted him 200 acres of unimproved land.' Tei Eduction of the art of casting in sand, in place o clay mould, ha^ben ascribed to Jeremy Florio. an ingenious Englishman, who p cti d the nprovement at\ingston in the same county previous o had eel at Plympton in 1755, at the age of ninety. At o„o of th tmaJl nles in Kingston some of the first experiments in this co,u,,ry in m i TwTh Anthracite coal are said also to have been ma.le early m * iToesent century. A rolling and slitting mill wore in operation there f;m5 atw'uch'time many of the charcoal smelting furnaces m the county had been abandoned. (1) Mum. Slate Puper». (2) Barbor'i Uiit. Coll. Mass. 510. «a IHON-WORKg IN AIJIXCITON AND BRIDOEWATER. 485 ud were also obtainnd !rsey, and having been vliich surrounded the the metal, which was tly into cannon-balls, that purpose differing ore became exhausted, attention was devoted other places, and to er utensils. •, associated with some ng-furnace in the town at the outlet of Matta- ;d in 1648 to Timothy ace continued iu opera- for want of fuel, to the General Court, d management of a fur- 3y to work, and under- several weights" were B William, he was desir- ■ entering into treaty ou with the foregoing. ed the legislature for a le great benefit that had low- ware, such as polR_ \i he claimed to be " the ally at least twenty thou- red to were made some jwledgraent of his ciaira, , in place of clay moulds, enious Englishman, who same county, previous to f ninety.* At nno of the jrimentsin this cuu.ary in have been made early in ill wore in operation there gmelting furnaces in the or'» niit. Coll. Masi. 510. About the year 1710 a large purchase of land, in the neighborhood of Abington and Hanover, was made by a person of the name of Mighill, workii near ^ho erected thereon what were afterward known as the AbinBton. " Driuk-water Iron-works.'" At Abington cannon and shot were cast during the war of Independence by Col. Aaron Hobart, who erected there an air furnace. The casting of church bells was also intro- duced there before the Revolution by tiie same person. Anchors, cables, and bar Iron have long been forged, and hollow-ware made, at Hanover. The anchors of the favorite national ship " Old Ironsides," built iu the last century, were forged at that plice. A slitting-mlU was in operuiion there before the war. The condition of the New England Colonies generally at the Peace of Utrecht, in 1713, was such as to challenge the admiration of English writers at their unparalleled progress in so short a time. To Proffrofls of the Colonies all the ncccssary handicraft trades, they added, as our previous pages will show, several of the more advanced manufactures; and in Massachusetts especially, where the greatest progress had been made, many of the embellishments of a refined life were engrafted upon the industry of the people. The commerce of Massachusetts employed about 500 sail and over 25,000 tons of sh'pping, and her activity in ship-building was great. This branch was especially flourishing on the North River, in the vicinity of these Iron-works ; '■.nd its demands, added to those of agriculture, mill-building, and other industries, promoted a steady growth of the metallurgic arts. The manufacture of Iron had been already attempted in several other Colonies, and was about this time permanently revived in Virginia. Although no exportation of Iron had yet taken place that we can learn, the independent bearing of the Colonies in the defense of their charters and natural rights, and the evident extension of a manufacturing spirit, which was fostered by the amplest facilities, particularly for the Iron-manufacture, soon after gave rise to schemes for securing a greater dependence of the plantations upon tha parent state, and for restraining the erection of Iron-works in America. In Oct., 1750, James and Abicl Packard, Daniel and David Iluward, and Constant Southworth, certified the General Court that they were th« present Otvners " of a certain Rloomery Forge or Iron-works, at BridKA- Standing in the North street, Bridgcwater, in the County of ' ' Plymouth, which was erected about the year 1722." Bridge- water was early and actively engaged iu several branches of the Iron business during the last century. In 1738 an important accession to the mccbauical industry of the towa (1) II. Mail. Iliat. Coll., ir. 243. 486 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. was made by the remoT^l thither of Hugh Orr, a young Scotchman from Renfrewshire, who had spent one year at Easton, in Bristol County. He „ H n had been educated as a gunsmith and locksiaith, and erected """' "' at Bridgewater a shop, and the first trip-hammer known m that part of the county. The services of artisans, however humble, who have acted as pioneers in any branches of the useful arts, we regard as fit subjects of record in connection with the rise of American Industry. The allowing particulars respecting this ingenious and truly patriotic citizen are by his friend. Dr. James Thacher, of Tlymouth. " He commenced his experiments in the manufacture of scythes ; and it was by his exertions, prompted by an ardent desire of promoting the useful arts in an infant country, that the scythe and axe manufactory were introduced in the States of Rhode Island and Connecticut. And such were the happy resources of his mind and love of enterprise, that ,, , , fc there was no branch of iron manufactory that did not at some KrmJ: period become the object of his pursuit; nor was there any obstacle too formidable for his perseverance to surmount. For several years he was the only edge-tool maker in this part of the ^o^^r^^^J,a^^d ship-carpenters, millwrights, etc.. in this county and State of Rhode Island, constantly resorted to him for supply. And indeed such was h.s fame that applications were frequently made to him from the distance of twenty miles for the purpose of having an axe, an adze, or an auger new tempered by his hands. About the year 1748, he made five hundre'l stand of arms for the Province of Massachusetts Bay, which were d ;- posited in Castle William ; but neariy all were carried off by the Bntu.i when they evacuated the town of Boston. The perilous state of our country after the commencement of the Revolutionary war afforded new scope for his enterprising genius, and fresh impulse to his sentiments o patriotism. Instances were not numerous of foreigners embracing with cordiality the American cause; he was one of its eariy advocates, and continued among its firmest supporters, notwithstanding the reiterated enticements of his friends and correspondents in Europe. He was agam employed in manufacturing a number of stands of arms, and under his superintendence, in concert with a French gentleman, a foundery for cast- ing ca.,non was erected. Iron ordnance were, till within a few years of this period, cast with a cylindrical cavity of a diameter somewhat smaller than the intended calibre, which was afterward bored to a proper size; but this method was found by experience to be attended with incon- yenlences. The guns were extremely liable to be spongy in that part where strength and smoothness are required. To remedy this evil, an Improved method had recently been introduced in Europe. Tiie gnu W.i to oe cast solid, and the calibre afterward with a boring bar-iroa HON. nUGII ORR — BORED CANNON, SCYTHES, SHOVELS. 48T mg Scotchman from Bristol County. He jksiaith, and erected immer known in that er humble, who have rts, we regard as fit American Industry. s and truly patriotic ymouth. •ture of scythes ; and sire of promoting the and axe manufactory I Connecticut. And ive of enterprise, that that did not at some ; ; nor was there any rmount. For several •t of the country, and and State of Rhode id indeed snch was his him from the distance , an adze, or an auger , he made five hundre'J } Bay, which were d j- rried off by the Briti.-.i I perilous state of our inary war afforded new se to his sentiments of signers embracing with ts early advocates, and standing the reiterated Europe. He was again of arras, and under his lan, a foundery for cast- II within a few years of meter somewhat smaller bored to a proper size ; e attended with incon- be spongy in that part To remedy this evil, an in Europe. Tiie guu with a boring bar-irou and cutter to be perfonilcd and smoothed out to its proper diameter. This method, though difficult and laborious, was adopted by Mr. Orr at Cannon cast ^'"^ "^^ Fouudcry at BriUgcwatcr ; and by his exertions a great •olid i bored, number of pieces of iron and several pieces of brass ordnance, from 3 to 42 pounders, besides a vast quantity of cannon-sliot, were produced, which being distributed to different parts of our army, proved at that critical conjuncture of affairs an acquisition of iuestiiualilo value ' His knowledge of minerals and orer was so extensive, that from every newly-discovered mine in the country he was immediately furnished with specimens of its quality, and a few years previous to his death he was in possession of a valuable mineralogical collection."* In a previous chapter we have spoken of the connection of Mr. Orr with the introduction of cotton machinery in New England. His bio- scythes. grapher further observes that "the present improved method of making scythes by the trip-hammer is tlie result of tlie successful ex- periments of Robert Orr, Esq.,. sun of the sulyect of this memoir, who also introduced the iron sliovel manufactory in this Stale. He is now (1804) Master-armorer of the public Arsenal at Springfield." The Hon. Hugh Orr died in 1798, at tlie age of 82. The muskets made by Mr. Orr in 1748 are believed to have been the first ever made in this country. The plate shovel manufacture estab- lished by his son soon obtained considerable repute in neighboring States." The shovels were for •^ome years considered better aud clieaper than the English, which character they subsequently lost. But at Easton, under the management of the Messrs. Ames, the reputation has been revived, and the factory has become one of the most celebrated and extensive in the country. Millwrights, nail-makers, and artificers iu Iron were very numerous in Bridgewater in the last century. Before (1) "When a Snlein cnjitiiin wns asked by »n Englishman UurinK the war, 'Where do you get your cnnnun?' he replied, 'We cast them;' and when asle rate of 60,000 per d.em Ihe second slitting-mill erected after the Revolution was in Bridgcwater. Two rolling and slitting-mills in the town, in 1795, cut and rolled 445 tons of Iron, of which 100 tons were made into hoop iron and for cutting nails, and it was regarded as a large business. One ^^ of these, a mile from the v:ilage, bulk in 1785, and now owned by Messrs. Lazell, Perkins & Co., has at present " 14 furnaces 3 trains of rolls 44 nail-machines, 9 fires, and 5 hammers (one a 3-ton ^asmylh) in the forge, driven by steam and water, and makes perhaps 2,000 tons of nails, machinery, forging, etc., per annum.'" Some others m the county are sliU larger, having over 20 furnaces and 80 or 90 na.l ma- chines, producing between four and five thousand tons of nads, hoops, and shapes annually. , mi „ Iron-works were erected in Plympton in 1730 by Joseph Thomas aiolmes?) They were afterward owned by Joseph Scot, a merchant of Boston, and still later by Mr. Beacham of the same place, rro^rer. i,, that part of the town now included in Carver the first cast- iron tea-kettle was made, between the years 1760 and 1765. That im- portant utensil had beeli previously made of wrought iron and was Lported from England. A copper tea-kettle was first used at Plymouth, whence Carver was chiefly settled, in 1702." Among the primitive colonists of New England many domestic uten- sils of Iron with which the humblest dwellings are now supplied, were Quite unknown. Others were comparatively rare, and were l^rXL priced accordingly. The inventories of property, and the wills of many persons of good estate, particularly enumerate such articles as Iron pots, of which one or two appear frequently to have comprised he whole stock. These were often bequeathed to some member of the household as a mark of esteem. The exclusive use of wrought-iron tea-kettles, and the extreme rarity of iron vessels a century ago, are evidences of the limited production of cast-iron ware, even in the parent country whence the colonists were supplied with such things as were then in common use. The profusion of such wares in every department of culinary service at this time is the result of comparatively recent im- (1) Le.ley'. Iron Manufacturer's Guide. (2) II. M.S.. HUt. CoU. FURNACES AND FORGES IN 1T31. 489 I and nails, which is the year 1186, more place in the State. ton, where, in 1815, nade. Jesse Reed, a machine to make 000 per diem. The i in Bridgcwater. 1795, cut and rolled hoop iron and for arge business. One 785, and now owned 14 furnaces, 3 trains ne a 3-ton Nasmyth) s perhaps 2,000 tons Some others in the id 80 or 90 nail ma- tons of nails, hoops, ) by Joseph Thomas ph Scot, a merchant ra of tlie same place. ' Carver the first cast- and 1765. That im- ■ought iron, and was irst used at Plymouth, 1 many domestic uten- re now supplied, were itively rare, and were property, and the wills nerate such articles as to have comprised the some member of the e use of wrought-iroQ lels a century ago, are •are, even in the parent ,h such things as were es in every department )mparatively recent im- , Hiet. Coll. provements in this branch of Metallurgy, and is due to the substitution of coke, and still more of anthracite, for charcoal in the reduction of the ores. About 1751, a large body of bog-ore was discovered by Joseph Holmes, while angling in Jones river pond in Kingston or Tlympton, whence large quantities were for several years taken for the use of 8 forge. The ore yielded about twenty-five per cent, of Iron, which was wideiy known as " Holmes' Iron," and of material for cannon-shot during the Revolution. The forge site, three-quarters of a mile from the Plympton station of the Old Colony railroad, is now known as Holmes' Annhor Forge, to which use it was afterward converted, and employs 1 charcoal fire, 4 forge fires, and 2 hammers driven by water. It is about the oldest works now in the country, and, with another anchor forge a mile from the Kingston Depot, erected in 1792 as an edge-tool factory, and changed to an anchor forge iu 1800, is still owned, we believe, by a descendant of the original proprietor. About the date of the erection of the first forge in Plympton (1731), the number of Iron-works in New England, according to the returns made to the Board of Trade, was six furnaces for holiow- iroa-works, warc, and nineteen forges or bloomeries for bur-iron. At that "^^' time there were no pig-iron furnaces exclusively, nor any re- fineries of pig-metal. There was one slitting-mill and a manufacture ol nails. Refineries were in use within the next sixteen or eighteen years. ' Carver has been long celebrated for its production of iron castings. The only grate factory now in New England is in South Carver. Its early enterprise in this branch was sustained by a good quality of b'^g- ore, supplied by at least a dozen ponds witiiiu its limits. From one of these, about 500 tons were dragged yearly. At the beginning of the present century, however, the furnaces were chiefly supplied with ore from New Jerscj. The charcoal was made from pine growing in the neigh- borhood, which was prefered to that from other woods. One and a half cords were estimated to make 80 bushels of charcoal, and six men could make 200 loads in three months. An acre of well-wooded land yielded about 20 loads, which was above the average. The price paid on delivery &t the furnaces was 15s. for a load of 80 bushels, some works paying as high as 24s. for 100 bushels. About 120 bushels were re- quired to smelt one ton of pig-iron. Each furnace employed eight or nine men, besides wood-cutters, coalers, carters, and other common laborers.' (1) DougUsg' British Settlements in (2) Ibid. i. 540. Aoicrica, L 640; li. 109. ^90 COLONIAL INDUSTUY IN METALS. ' «. u. .ac. « e.„ .«.he. of «,. .--•;rre:T!"n:: of Ibe proprietors' of the leUeiai i .^^ ^^^^^ half miles from Plymouth, --f J"X "^^ J.^ It the date of the .it is not inapplicable to those of an eaa-^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^,^ ,, description ^^^ J^ " J^^^^^^^^^^ were in operation for castings, leu iui(,'= „* „f ♦«,« hundred tons annually. and old cast-iron to the '^--J^f;; j";^;' the hearth, and 8 feet The Federal furnace was 20 feet h.gu a ^^ „«. i„ the boshe. The b..st w. pn,a the ™»_^^^_^ ^^^^^^^^^, hv two hnge bellows, iS leei- '""fa , T^n or Tho Federal »>y ^^" "» „ w«tpr wheel 25 feet in diameter. Iwoor Furnace, alternate blasts by a water-w ftcei -J i „K„„t fi months in rhr:'3torr„t^::::':ror::C^^^^^^ which time 3G0 tons ot iiouow expenses were estimated at 1,200 lbs. per nominal ton of all sizes. estimated as follows, viz.: . A • .„ 1 A-'O loads of charcoal at $2.50..$3,550.00 2,130 cords of wood, converted into 1,420 loads en ^^^^^ ^^ 726 tons of ore, at $6 " ■' 153.32 Two sets of stoue for hearth 3fi0.00 Compensation to the founder at $1 per ton " 2,331.00 Ditto to the moulders and other workmen $10,750.32 Total ttoe such .rtWe, .. S.,n.o«r= P«» '""■'" ."'^ „„, Jutlle., ».— irc edS at the rate of .boat t.o .*- pe, djem for c^h of .ho» resor.o,«. / ^j^^^'t^je., «.d conrider.Ue ,a...ti.ie. ;lTa:"o'"„tr;::e.. Xh,^har,otte faraaee in that towa (1) II. Mum. Hiat. Coll. Ix. 258-264. SUTTINO-MirXS— PAr.LIAMENT PROIIIBITlNd TIIKM. 401 ;ter of the furnaces imes Toiicher, one arver, seven and a n-h written iu 1804, At the date of the ore had nearly or ere in operation for bar-iron from scraps 3 annually. ! hearth, and 8 feet ! manner of that day in width, producing n diameter. Two or 1 about 6 months, in tings were produced, The expenses were rcoalat$2.50..$3,550.00 4,356.00 \'"_". '.,... 153.32 '""'"," 3fi0.00 |_3"...". 2,331.00 $10,750.32 rnace produced at that slitting-mills (patented linders, potash Icettles, anvils, large hammers, in great variety, were early erected for jonds in the town. The instniment similar to an ) t(«i/ per diem for each ilf a ton a day. About 1 richer deposit of the mpset Poud, the largest eforlh obtained from it, [ considerable quantities itte furnace iu that towa -264. was oroctcd in 1756, and is still in operation in its one hundred and tliirteonth year. It is now owned by Mr. Matt Ellis & Co., and employs about 80 bands. The first rolling and slitting mills in New England were erected in Middleboro. In 1750, when a particular account of all such establish- FirRt Slitting ™e"ts was called for by the Act for encouraging the importa- "'""• tion of Pig and Bar Iron from America, and prohibiting the erection of any slitting or rolling mills, plating forges, or steel furnaces, there were two of the first-mentioned class in Middleboro, one in Ilan ■ over, and one in Milton. The Province also had in operation one plating-forge with a tilt-himmer and one steel furnace. The rolling- mills were chiefly employed in making nail-rods, from which spikes and large nails were already made in great abundance, and cheaper than they could be imported, which was not the case, however, wilii small nails. In addition to one regular factory for wrouijht nails, the farmers, at leisure seasons, hammered many large nails and spikes as a household industry, which in the aggregate was very considerable. So arbitrary an exercise of legislative authority as that part of the Act above mentioned which virtuuliy interdicted all manufacture uf Iron, iToii oitioa save of the rough material, while that product of colonial labor of Slitting ^yjjg Q„]y admitted duty free into London, where the market i^-*'- was always glutted with foreign Iron, met with strong repro- bation on the part of Massachusetts. The Colonies of New England were always, on account of the greater progress there made in all the mechanical and laborious arts, the smullest exporters of eitiier pig or bar iron, and the largest importers of bar iron and steel. The selfishness of the policy which compelled them to send all their crude Iron at great cost to Great Britain, and to receive from a distant source all the nails, steel, and finished products of foreign Iron for ♦lie benefit of the shipping and a few interested classes in England, rendereii the injustice of the measure still more irksome. The framers of the bill doubtless considered the concessions made a fair equivalent for the re- strictions imposed. Massachusetts nevertheless declared the Act to be an infringement of her natural rights, and other Colonies considered it no less unfair. We are not aware that any manufactories of the pro- hibited class were set up in the State during the remainder of its Colo- nial history, with the exception, perhaps, of a few tilt-hammers, one of which was erected in Enfield, Hampshire ^unty, about liie year 1773. Wareham, Halifax, Dighton, Weymouth, and other towns in Eastern Massachusetts, were early engnged in some branches of the Iron-manu- facture. The Leonards owned a furnace at Wareham at the beginning t _ 492 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. Of this century. The two counties of Tlymouth and Bristol had m ope- t n S fourteen Wast and six air furnaces, twenty forges and r ling and slitting n.ills. in addition to a number of tnp-haminers Td great'number of nail and smith shops. The furnaces were e ti- nated to produce annually 1,500 to 1,800 tons of Iron-ware and the f'ges upward of 1,000 tons of bar-iron one year with another. Th u; and slitting mills produced at least 1.500 tons per annum _ Many [™hes of Iron and Steel manufacture had grown up in the ne.ghbor- hod Cut and hammered nails, spades and shovels, card-teethsaws^ irthes, metal buttons, cannon-balls, bells, fire-arms, sheet-iron for tin ware wire, etc., were mode in large quantities. T; Am sbury. in Essex County, a furnace was erected about the vearngO and a bloomery forge in Boxboro, near the same time. Sev- ^ ral kinds of tools and agricultural implements were made m ^:^''' tUe former place. The machine for cutting and heading nails invented by. Jacob Perkins, of the neighboring town of Newburyport rout 1790 was first used at Amesbury.' This machine was patented January 16trm5. and was said to be capable of ming out 200,000 n ils7 a 1;. a; Amesbury. where the mach' .re in operation Z^ in n08 they were worked by water-powc.. and the nails were Ts red slpe ior :« those from England, while they sold 20 per cent, ch Ipcr ' The proprietors, we believe, were Jacob Perkins and Jona- baa Ellis, who. being more intent on the machinery than the success of (1) This ingenious nrti.«an was born at Nc«buryport. in July, 1766. At the ..RO of fifteen he assumed the management of the Koldsmith business of his deceased master, and gave early evidence of the mechanical genius which placed him among the first of American inventors. He made gold beads and shoe-buckles in a superior manner, and invented a new method of plating the latter. At twenty-one he made dies for the Massachu- «etu mint, and at twenty-four invented the flail machine, which involved him in difficul- ties He afterward removed to Philadelphia, as furnishing the best field for his talents, and .nbsequently to London, where he prose- outed his inventions, and conducted the en- graving business with Fairman A Heath Vew have done more to raise the fame of American ingenuity abroad. We have not .pace here to notice his numerous inven- tions. He took out seventeen patents in the United States and a number in Eng- land. Among the principal of these were the nail machine, the stereotype check plate, improvements in steam boilers and engines ; in decarbonizing and hardening steel for the indenting cylinders of engravers; a method of boring cannon ; for steam artillery and other gunnery; apparatus for ventilating rooms and holds of ships ; for a ship's pump ; rivets for fire-engine hose; a method of drawing off back-water from water-wheels. He also demonstrated the compressibility of water, and invented the bathometer and pleometer, and made numerous experiment* on the theory and practical applications of steam. Many of bis inventions were re- warded by the gold and silver medals of the Society of Arts, in London, and were hon- orably mentioned by scientific and mechani- cal journals and societies. (2) Morse'i Univ. Geog. ■WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS — WOUCKSTEn COUNTY. 403 3ristol had in ope- tweuty forges and jr of trip-hammers Furnaces were esti- ;ron-ware, and the ith another. The per annum. Many ip in the neighbor- s, card-teeth, saws, , sheet-iron for tin erected about the e same time. Sev- icnts were made in ; and heading nails, n of Newburyport, ichine was patented rning out 200,000 ere in operation , and the nails were ey sold 20 per cent. Perkins and Jona- ' than the success of a and a number in Eng- 3 principal of these were jhe stereotype ciieolc plate, iteam boilers and engines ; ind hardening steel for the rs of engravers; a method i; for steam artillery and apparatus for ventilating (f ships; for a ship's pump J igine hose; a method of L-Wftter from water-wheels, ■ated the compressibility of nted the bathometer and lade numerous experiment* id practical applications of f his inventions were re- jld and silver medals of the in London, and were hon- i by Bcientiflo and meohani- Bocieties. niv. Qeog. ■ their business, eventually became involved, and discontinued the busi- ness Although the numerous deposits of bog-iron ore in the Tertiary for- mation of the seaboard were the first and principal resource of the early Iron-manufacturers in Massacluu.etts, tliey are of far less con- weswa"" sequence, notwithstanding the renewal of the ma?s after certain intervals, than the brown hematite and magnetic ores of the Western counties. The most abundant and valuable of the primary ore beds are found in the Berkshire hills, or Green Mountain range, on the western and northwestern borders of the State, where tliey are continu- ous with similar deposits in the adjacent States of New Ilampsliire, Yermont, Connecticut, and New York. In less quantity. Iron ore occurri Worcester ^^^^o in Several places in Worcester and Hampshire Counties, couuiy. Several towns in the former contain the sulphurets of iron, lead, and zinc, arsenical iron ore, and the carbonate or. steel ore, though nowhere in any great quantities. The general diifusion of the yellow pyritous scales through the rocks in the western part of Worcester led, in tlie last century, to several extensiv explorations for gold and silver. A vein of galena discovered in the town, in association with a small proportion of silver, led, about the year 1754, to mining operations in which considerable money was expended. Arsenical Iron and the more valuable carbonate also abound, but we do not find any mention of a <'orge or furnace for smelting the latter. At Furnace Village, in llardwick, a furnace was erected on the river Ware previous to 1773, by Joseph Washbourne, of Braintree, who, on petition, received from the General Court a grant of a limestone tract near Ashfield for the use of the furnace. Iron wares were made at Hardwick for some time in considerable quantity. Bloomery forges were erected in the towns of Meudon, Harvard, and Western, and a refining forge in Douglass previous to 1793. Western, which had also a scythe manufactory, furnished some ore for the forge ; and a mine in Uxbridge supplied the forge in Douglass, which stood near the line. In the western part of Brookfield was a pond, whence a good amount of bog-ore was annually taken, probably for the forge at Western, as none is mentioned in the town. This town also contains considerable sulphate of iron, from which copperas was extracted. A manufactory of copperas was many years ago set up in Ilubbardston, where much of the sulphate also exits. In Sterling, where the carbonate of iron occurs, ar« also found the sulphurets of zinc and lead, which, near the close of the last cent'j'-y, led to extensive search for precious metals. The prevalent infatuation of the period on the subject of precious metals, and the fallacious guidance of " mineral rods," led also to the ^94 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. formation, in 17^3, of a company of twenty-five persons, under the di- -ection of Messrs. Ives & Peck, to mine for silver ore in the town of Harvard The search was continued through the superimposed earth .nd forty feet into solid rock, but was abandoned in 1789, alter expenu^ [us about $1,100. . trr . • *„„ A Irou-works were erected about the year 1793 in Westminster. A manufactory of cut-nails and a trip-hammer were in operation in tha Town. In Northboro, on .he Assabet river, was also an Iron-works, fo wllh the town furnished a good supply of bog-ore. t a so contaiued a manufactory of edge-tools, of different kinds and excellent qua ty The county was early engaged in the manufacture of edge-tools, hard- >vare, n^achinery, and other branches of Iron-manufacture, in several of which it still takes a prominent position. As '"^ny as seven- ;Lo'?.r;a. teen trip-hammers are mentioned by Whitney in 1793 Of Ji^el*rr- these, -seven were in the town of Sutton, which had five s ythe iiortuburo. ^^^ ^^ ^^^ one hoe manufactory, and several naileries. These were situaJed on Mill brook, which also supplied power to paper oi fulling, powder, grist, and saw mills in such number as to me it its name and render the town famous for its manufactories. Ihe town I we;rr had no iron-mine, forge, or furnace. A gun factory was erected on the same stream in 1776, which, after the war, was converted into a n a 1 tory of scythes, axes, mill irons, etc. Leicester six mi es fr « Worcester on the great post-road from Boston to Philadelphia, had also ^a m us gunsn.;!h, Thomas Earle, who was supposed to equal any workman in the U. States in that branch of business, ' It had one tnp- Lmmer. and a manufactory of cotton and wool cards, which employed 0^2 men. exclusive of many women and children, and made annu- ally twelve to fifteen thousand pair of cards. There was also a card factory in RuthMid, recently established, and one truj^iammer. Grafton had three of the last-named machines in operation, Worcester two, and Brookfield two, the last owned by Mr. Jenks, who, in addition to mills on the Chicopee, carried on the blacksmith business extensively, his ham- Tors being driven by water. Westboro, in this county, gave bir h to he ingenious Kli Whitney, whose mechanical talents were emp oyed during the Revolution in the humble occupation of making nails by ■ hand, a business which everywhere received a great impulse from th. RPnrcitv created by that event. I he limestone and slate of the Connecticut valley, in the old County of Hampshire, several rich beds of magnetic ore, and some micaceous 'ore occur, particularly in Rernardston. Hawley (now in Frnnk- E.""" linj and Chester, in Hampden County. Some of these con- talu over 80 per cent, of the sesqui and peroxyds. ns thut of Ilernardstoi, ; mm BPBINOFIELD — BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 496 jersons, under the di- !r ore in the town of 3 superimposed earth in 1189, alter expend- in Westminster. A I in operation in that ,lso an Iron-works, for )re. It also contained 1 excellent quality, ire of edge-tools, hard- lanufacture, in several on. As many as seven- Whitney in 1793. Of , which had five scythe, and several naileries, pplied power to paper, number as to merit its lufactories. The town, gun factory was erected IT, was converted into a Leicester, six miles from 3 Philadelphia, had also supposed to equal any uess." It had one trip- cards, which employed lildren, and made anuu- There was also a card ! trip-hammer. Grafton ion, Worcester two, and vho, in addition to mills less extensively, his ham- is county, gave birth to 1 talents were employed tion of making nails by great impulse from thu valley, in the old County ore, and some micaceous I, Hawlcy (now in Frnnk- ity. Some of Iheae con- Is, as that of Ilernurdst.Mi ; but attempts to smelt it toward the end of ihe last centuiy were not very successful, on account, it is supposed, of an associated oxyd of manga- nese. Of earlier attempts to make Iron in that part of the country we have r" account. Springfield, on the Chicopee, was the first town settled in Western Massachusetts, but its growth was long retarded by Indian hostility spiiuiffleid I*'^ central and inland, yet accessible, situation recommended it Armory. ^^ ^^ Qjjgg gj^f^ j^„^ convenient for a recruiting station, a depot for military stores, and a place for the repair and manufacture of the munitions of war during the Revolution. The main street of the town was soon occupied by the shops of artisans employed in the pul)lic ser- vice, until at length, in 1718 and '79, tlic Government works were estab- lished on a portion of their present site on the hill. Some cannon were cast and forging done here during the war, but small arms were not made until after the peace. When the establishment of a national armory engaged the attention of Congress in 1794, the favorable situa- tion of Springfield, and the commencement already made there, led to its selection as one of the sites of national works, and to much of the subsequent prosperity of the place. The other was established at Har- per's Ferry. In Berkshire County, which contains the most valuable Iron ores of the Stale, mining and the manufacture of Iron has been carried on for a n,.rkHiiire <-'entury or more. The beds of brown hydrate of Iron arc nu- coimty. merous and extensive throughout the county, at the edge of the Lower Silurian limestone of the Berkshire valley. In many places this ore is of the fibrous and concntionary kind, whioh are its purest varieties, but generally is in the forms of compact ore and the red and yellow ouiires. The most abundant deposits, which are wrought in open quar- ries, are in the towns of West Stockbridge, Richmond, Lenox, Lanes- boro, Cheshire, Tyringluim, Great Harrington, and rilt.sfiold. These valuable ores contain from 30 to GO per cent, of metallic iron, and some beds have yielded 100,000 tons without signs of exhaustion. A nu ;ibor of cold blast charcoal furnaces ha e bnen long engaged in making supe- rior forgo iron of the quality known as the " Salisbury brand," the ore being of the same character as that of the celebrated Salisbury mines ia Litchfield County, Connecticut, and with ore beds in Vermont and New York, for which it is frequently interchanged. The production of thig kind of Iron is now limited by tiio scarcity of charcoal, and the warm and hot blast and anthracite are omployetl in several furnaces which make soft foundery and car- wheel iron. The infusii)lc nature of the gnngue, whii'li almost invariably contains manganese, is also more readily overcome by these means. COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. 496 of that daj, "''I" »°« > ' I ^„„„„„ f„„, „„. 1„ the t«w„. -"rwe:: rtS. *::...» .,» . « >.. ..,„«.»...*- 1- ': tth «r a oT,rn,:iU,„c cu,,... or .,. state a„„f»et ,.,u- growui niimitions have come to our knowledge. er- ,„„,„ operative, they .ce »peo,iil; n,aH„,l.ed. '« "»™^ of two e.tabli«l..»onts in tl.rco of tl,. B«te™ counues "J Stale Z ms .. Ctrmshed to Pr. Morse l,v tl,e propmaor of one of t^""."" ^ Vive of thee >vero in Bristol County, viz., to ee m Taunton, Tfn cut nails and the ronmindcr for common na.l-rods. Fl e and for «; \ ""''•;; ,, ^,,^.,, , l,,ll-f.>„r.dery was also erected ,n n rwr n 1 n r^ard the town of Canton. ..d cut , -d rolled otLneVt four years about 1.000 tons of Iron, chiedy llussuvn Iron, wh 1 at t e time'wa« largely imported.' Messrs. Leonard & K.nsh,s ! C nton made annually, from the year HOO to 1797. from l.'-.O to 2 nilUaws The town also contained at the latter date a forge and scy le Zpn which two to three hundred dozen scythes were made annually Some stee was also made the.e from crude iron by the '^man process^ Mm savH considered the best in the S.ato, were also ma.le at Kaston ^a ul; The Steel-manufacture was introduced i.J the town n nST by Eliphalet Leonard. The article was made in cons.dera e "mount'and cheaper than imported Steel. In quality, though su.tabU Uuen.,n«il-r.Ml.anl ro!M l.tM. rorhu,>pi, IRON WIRP. — CARD MANUFACTORIES. 497 ron-Works Company the cha'-coal furnaces Liilt with three tuyeres ore in the town, abundant, three Iron- (vs were built at Pitts- iiic, near the hematite I been of more recent State, and fewer par- to our knowledge, ipivl manufactures frosa ibraced many classes of ;a mentioned ; and tha vas far greater than iu se, rolling and slitting •ly erected. After the 3uch machinery was no ulliplied. The number II counties of the State etor of one of them, was viz., til ee in Taunton, ere two at Bridgewater, )uth County, and one at County. Tlicy cut and 110 were rolled for hoops immon nail-rods. Tiie lery was also erected in iinton, and cut . id rolled on, chiedy Hussian Iron, ssrs. Leonard & Kinsley, to 1797. fiom l.')OtoaitO er date a f» uimiufao- e euliiitry. for coarse work, such as plowshares, mill saws, horseshoe^ wbif h con- sumed great quantities, it was much inferior to foreign stetl for edge- tools and cutlery. Slittiug-mills for cutting American iron were in operation also at Dighton, and probably other towns in Suffolk and Middlesex coo ities. Colonel Paul Revere was the proprietor of a fouudery on Lynn street. Boston, where cannon and bells, which since the Peace had been chielly imported, were made. Very neat brass cannon were cast at this fourdevy. and many iron articles, such as cabooses, stoves, clothiers' j-'at'is. chimney-hearths, anvils, forge-hammers, and whatever was out o* the ordinary way, if patterns ,vere left. The nianulacture of wool-cards by hand was commenced in Be jton before the Revolution. In 1788, Mr. Giles Richards formed a comi-uny wire card, to Carry on the business by newly-invented and improved nia- bynLachiuory. j.j,j„^,py ^f j\^n,erican invention, which it is very probiii)le was mainly that invented several years before by Oliver P>an8 for cult' \g and bending card-teeth and piercing the leathers. They established *> manufactory near \Vindmill bridge, where the card-boards were cut I y wind-power, one man at a machine being able to cut and bend in twelv« hours sufficient wire for twenty dozen cards, at a saving of one-half tii© labor of any previous method. This factory was visited iu the following year by President Washington, who was informed that about 900 luindsi were employed iu it, and 03,000 pair of cards (of all kinds) had beei» made in a year. They undersold the imported, and had even been smuggled into England. The business was also carried on by Mark Richards & Co. near Eaneuil Hall market, in 1794, and the manufacture then employed about 1200 persons (chielly women and children) iu slicking the teeth. Four-lil'ths of the curds made in the State were by theso factories, and were largely exported to the Southern States. In 1797, Amos Whitlemore, an ingenious gunsmith, who, with Ids brothei William, had been connected with Giles Richards & Co., and the previous year had taken out three patents, including one for cutting nails, re- ceived letters-patent for his card-making machinery. Previous to IIiIn the Whittemores hud established a third considerable card factory ir. Boston, in which the old machinery was employed. The three factorie,, at this time manufactured about 12,000 dozen of cotton and wool cards, which consumed nearly 200 casks of wire, averaging $130 per cask, 85,000 tanned sheep and culf-skius, worth 37^ cts. each, and emplovoit nearly 2,000 children and GO men. There were three smaller fuct..rii> in Boston, and 2,000 to 3,000 do/en cards were made yearly in oilie: parts of tlie Slate. The wire consumed by them was made at Dcdliam, where a wire-mill was erected ut considerable expense for the use ot the 498 COLONIAL INDVSTRY IN METALS. card and llsh-hook makers of Boston. The wonderful piece of mechan- ism devised by Amos Wliittemorc created a complete revo'.uMon m the business in England and America, by reducing all the successive opera- tions of holding and piercing the leather, drawing the wire from the reel cutting and bending the card tooth, inserting and finally shaping the 'tooth, to a series of rapid, precise, and completely automatic move- ments. Sheet-cards for cotton and wool, hatters' cards, and clothiers- cards and jacks, were made with great rapidity and cheapness by its aid. It was introduced into England by Mr. Dyer. Tiiis machine and those of Perkins and Jesse Reed, before mentioned, for cutting and heading nails by one operation, a modification of the last xaiis 1, l^y Thomas Odiornc of Maiden, Mass., who adapted it for cit- n.aihiu^ry. ^i„g ij,.n(ig^ anj gome other improved nail machines, were re- garded in England as possessing uncommon merit. They were adapted citlier to steam, water, or horse power, and were soon employed abroad, and within a few years enabled this country not only to sup- ply an enormous demand for tacks and nails, Init to export vast quan- titles to foreign countries. The manufacture of nails, an early branch of industry in Massachusetts, and the subject of 120 American patents from nOO to Sept., 1825, was on account of its importance, strongly recommended to the people of that Colony by the Provincial Assembly, in December, 1774, when war had become imminent. Steel, tin plates, fire-arms, which had been made in several parts of the Colony previ- ouslv, gun and other locks, and wool-cards were also commended as deseVving of special attention, with several branches of non-metallic manufacture. For several years following the Peace, however, the nail- makers and all other artificers in Iron, in common with the proprietors of furnaces and forges, liad to contend with an overflow of foreign manu- factures to an impoverisliing extent. At this critical period in the flnancial history of the State and the nation, when, in addition to the unpaid State and Federal debts of the Revolution, the liabilities of all tlie States were increased liy a ruinous balance of trade. Governor How- doin, wlio had ever been a friend of manufactures, was elected to the cliief magistracy of the Commonwealth. In his first message to the legislature, in 1785, ho advised that the credit of the State should bo maintained at all hazards, and ade(iuato power be given- to the Fedc- ral Congress to retrieve the "ational credit and finances by a regulation of the coramorco with foreign nations. To this end ho recommended a convention of the several States for the revision of the Constitution. Tlio State legislature, by Ids advice, passed an Act, to be of temporary force, laying duties with a view to the encouragement of its manufrtc- tures' In u message in February of the following year, he called upoo STATE AND FEDERAL PROTECTIVE DUTIES. 499 ■ful piece of racchan- cte revo'.uMon in the tlie successive opera- g tiie wire from the 5 and finally shaping tely automatic move- cards, and clothiers' cheapness by its aid. ed, before mentioned, lodification of the last ho adapted it for cU- lil machines, were re- They were adapted were soon employed itry not only to sup- to export vast quan- nuils, an early branch 120 American patents i importance, stroiiirly Provincial Assembly, -nt. Steel, tin i)lates, of the Colony previ- u also commended as ,nchcs of non-metallic ace, however, the nail- 11 with the proprietors Tdow of foreign nianu- critical period in the ion, in addition to the )n, the liabilities of all trade, Governor IJow- ■es, was elected to the s first message to the t of the State should r be given- to the Fedc« Inances by a regulation end ho recommended ft n of the Constitution. Let, to bo of temporary gement of its manufuc- ig year, he called upon them to do something for the further protection of Iron, stating that Mr. John Noyea, who had recently returned from Europe, informed him he had while there obtained a perfect acquaintance with several branches of the Iron-manufacture, and of the machines used in manufacturing iron and steel, including tnu "construction and use of ti:e new invented steam-engine, very necessary in those operations, and which may be advantageously employed in many others." Mr. Noyes, who was the bearer of a letter t.-^m Hon. Mr. Adams, the American Minister at London, recommending his projects for introducing some new manufac- tures, was willing, in connection with his partner Col. Revere, and under suitable encouragement from the legislature, to erect works for carrying on these branches to considerable extent. Circumstanced as they then were, Mr. Bowdoin deemed it highly necessary to encourage every useful and practicable manufacture, especially that of Iron, which in those respects might vie with any. As it must, with the proposed im- provements, prove highly beneficial to the Commonwealth, he strongly recommended this branch to their favorable consideration.' Under Governor Hancock, encouragement by the legislature was ex- tended. Ill the system of duties, however, enacted by Congress under the new Constitution, which Bowdoin early and strongly urged as the best remedy for the industrial interests of the country, the protection given to the iron, steel, and especially the nail manufactures, though small in amount, was a concession to the industry of Massachusetts and one or two other States. The impost of one cent per pound on spikes, nails, tacks, and brads, proposed in April, 1189, was opposed by several Southern members as a burden upon ship-building and the improvement of estates, and as beariv j unequally upon the States north and south, inasmuch as the former made enough for domestic consumption, and therefore would not feel it. On the other hand, it was stated that great quantities were made for exportation in Massachusetts and rennsyl- vania, and probably other States, and enough might soon bo made to supply all North America. Mr. Ames, of Massachusetts, said : " This manufacture, with very little encouragement, has grown up remarkably. It ban become common for the country people in Massachusetts to eret t small forges in their chimney-corners, and in winter and on evenings when little otlier work can bo done, great quantities of nails are made even l)y children. These people take the rod-iron of the merchant and return him the nails; and, in consequence of this easy mode of barter, tiie mnnufucturo u prodigiously great. These advantages are not ex- clusively in the hands of the people of Massachusetts. Tiie business (I) Wlnthrop'i Addreii on the Life and Service! of James Bowdoin. gQQ COLONIAL INDXJSTttt IN METALS. .ni.ht be prosecuted in a similar manner in every State exerting equal nd try " In tins state of the business, Mr. Tucker, of So« h Carol.n . thouS'it vidently stood in need of no prohibition, and Mr Fitz- tlVLieved th^e American manufacturers -Id ^^j^ ^j ^ ^r if those articles were left without a special duty. Neither spikes nor ^Urniplu^din, were imported, ^-.^eing h.rge and heavy were made in the country according to the builders o der. They jn '^^^ «litting-mills and all the materials for nail-making ^^'^^P;;^*'"; ;^J;3^ countries. The extra duty on nails and spikes was agreed to. but tack a^d brads were left subject to the ordinary -^e f fi- per c n, Tn manufacture of nails in the State was supposed to have doubled nPTt ten years chiefly through the aid of machinery. " IClructionand Adoption of those labor-saving meUiods an instruments by which Iron and other materials ^^^^^^^^ "^ ^^^^ facility into the varied forms which now employ so m ch ^f th denartrae»ts of textile and other machinery, the production of its woik- shop ge erally kept pace with the demand, and many improvement tre engraTed upon mechanism of foreign origin. Boston had qu. ::; of skillful Lchanics. who. in 1785. were uniied in an assoc.a.ou of tradesmen and manufacturers for the good of the whole From thi ot traaesmenan circular to "their brethren in the body emanated, in August, 178a, a circuiui ,nlvin.? the use -of metals, may be mentioned the following : " a :: ch occurred in 1765, a fire-engine of home construction wa^uted 'and found to perform extremely well." It was made b Dav^d Wheeler, a blacksmith in Newbury street, who announced r;;^.. lu, intention to manufacture fire-engines as good as any im- nnrted. Wheeler at the same time proposed to "make and fix iron otwith poll's upon houses, and any other e;ninences for preven Uou , ,v t„ „f licTliHiinir " This was probably the hrst prncticui ri^;L:tSsi:;^r!-of tJe gmnd LoretlC and practi.Ui. of Franklin, which, at its first announcement Bome years b or, had countered the ridicule of so learned a body as the Royal S une ty Engl nd, although its author received afterward the highest marks «■ CfRIOOS INVENTIONS — lUOX-WORKS IN RHODE ISLAND. 601 State exerting equal er, of South Carolina, bition, and Mr. Fitz- luld have little to fear , Neither spilies nor large and heavy, were rder. They then had independent of foreign IS agreed to, but tacks of five per cent. The have doubled in the or-saving methods and are wrought up with employ so much of the 8 made after the Revo- share to the reputation echanical arts which is ■ its early contributions of in former chapters, its people. In all the production of its work- ad many improvements ti. Boston had quite a united in an association [ the whole. From this "their brethren in the cal skill of this class, in- 3 following : ne of home construction ivell." It was made by ury street, who announced ;ines as good as any ira- 1 to " make and fix iron eminences for preventiou )bably the first practical oretical and practical dis- :ement some years before, ody as the Royal Society jrward the highest marks of its esteem. Dr. William King, of Boston, is said to have introduced many years after the use of rods witli many points along them. Some improvements in the forcing-pump, and its adaptations to the hydraulic mechanism of the fire-engine, were made and patented some years after by Benjamin Dearborne, of Boston, the inventor of the Patent Balance, and numerous improvements in otlier articles. An account of these may be found in his letters to Governor Bowdoin, and other papers in the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of which he was an esteemed member. At a town-meeting convened at Boston in March, It 68, on the sub- ject of Manufactures, Mr. Gawen Browne, a native of the town, ex- ciirious hibited "the frame and principal movements of a new and clock. curious Town Clock which he had manufactured." The two great wheels, it was said, " took near 90 lbs. weight of cast brass. It was calculated for 8 days, and to shew the hours and minutes ; to have 3 dials and a mechanical lever to preserve the motion during the wind- ing up ; the pendulum wheel and plates to perform the dead beat ; its ' matiienmtical pendulum' was so contrived that it could be altered the 3,500th part of an inch while the clock was going." la the second volume of tlie Memoirs above mentioned is also a description of the Orrery Orrery or planetarium constructed by Joseph Pope, an inge- oti'ope. ni^yg clockmaker of Boston, made without previous acquaint- ance with such a machine, and pronounced by Dr. Dwight to be, except in size and durability, " probably inferior to none in tlie world." It was purchased by the State for Harvard University, The inventor was also the author of an ingenious theory of gravitation, and the inventor of a threshing-machine, patented in 1802, and also an improved wind- mill. As early as 1135, Rowland Houghton, a merchant of Boston, was the inventor of an instrument for surveying land, which he called "The New Theodolite." lie obtained exclusive piivileges for seven Theodouta. ^^^^^ j,^^ making and selling it, by an Act of the General Court, which declared that " land could be surveyed with greater ease and despatch than by any surveying instrument heretofore projected or made within this Province." t Rhode Island The first forges in Rhode Island and Providence plantations were built in the towns bordering on Bristol County, Muss., and run on the bog ore of the neighborhood, which in early times fed so many furnaces in that and Plymouth County. Pig iron and a variety of castings wore the principal product, the ore being ill adapted for mak'iig good malleable iron or steel. 502 COLONIAI. ISDUSTM IS METALS- Tl,e fir,t taase to Pawtucket »as erected by JosepU Je»b, of Lynn, Jotr roU wUh .. r«Ue. been e„,a,e.Un *« - ;--:^ facturesat U.t place and who,e «»»'"-«;» •^J,,, „„,.,„„ tbe Governor of f °«= *""°-;;"y° "'t „„, a„ri„g .he forge a, P-'"* • »'- ^f, * ' "ro't GOO New England people :e::Einrror':::i:;ed,as.anyb«.^.eM^ bnr„ed,.ndt»eUeor ^^ ^^w^r 1» ^^^^^^^^^^ «'« - works and other infant enteipr-scs "«'='' ^ , Colonists gainary contest, -* ^^t'llZ thrr— were greatly re- accnmulated an enormon, ^eb . wl''le « ^, 5., p,,,,,,,, dneed thereby. ^ » *;/^'V:rt;n»^^^^ tribes, whose capital was up around the 1 lymouin auu i^u b ui,.v,aA T5iit the boR-ore iLased, and fnrnaces and forges ^^ ^ ^ flron It '^^ which supplied the fnrnacos prodaced a cold short iron, not tongh for nails, spikes, or tools of good qnil^Uy „„„,e„s,er„ ,„ tb, town of C7«'"'';'';Xvr.weenr:.r Massachusetts, "■«""" TJn^lnnd This deposit was early discovered, and Ibougn aii- betf adapted for tlfe m.nnfactnre of malleable iron and sted appear, X baJbeen sncccssfall, «7^';- J^ *": j^^ 1 working of the mine. , . f g^jj^u. In n35, Samuel Waldo purchased an «^« ^f ;;*^^^7;;,r, ,,,,„ ate. and erected there a furnace and f^^^^^^^ ^^'^J'^^^^^" Gannon afterward became widely known as the Hope F«r»'^*=«- ^ — • ? he Navy, large bells, and other cast ngs were m de U and munili^ns of war Lre supplied for ^^t iron-nmnu- iame was afterward !. He also erected a ■ Indians during the New England people s— chiefly dwellings— royed. Sc" uivl Iron- er thrown in the san- l, and the Colonists urces were greatly re- ; year of King Philip, jes, whose capital was a of his followers, the frequent interruption p-building which grew s, the demand for Iron lied. But the bog-ore irt iron, not sufBciently J extreme northeastern n it and Massachusetts, e of the largest in New liscovered, and though malleable iron and steel. The abundance of the vhich was early quarried facility for a profitable ed in the town of Scitu- the Patuxet river, which Hope Furnace. Cannon lastings were made there, (lutionary contest. These n the last century. Tlie istant, by turning a brook p a steam-engine was con- ' Joseph Brown, Esq., of pits. Among the Iron ■e iron tobacco-pipes, said and swords of excellent RespeL-ting the mine at Cumberland, Dr. Douglass remarks: "In Alllul)oro, now Cumberland, annexed lately to the jurisdiction of llhode Island, were erected at a considerable charge three furnaces ; the country was well wooded for coal, but the ore proved not good or profitable, and is neglected ; tliey were of some small use in the late war [with France] in casting small cannon, bombs, and bullets. Here is a magnetic iron ore wiiich yields a red short iron not good.'" Professor Hitciicock was informed by the owner of the hill, General Leach, an extensive manufacturer of Iron in tliat and other towns, tliat the Cumberland ore did not yield above 20 or 30 per cent, of metallic iron, although magnetic ore is usually one of the richest, lie was not aware that it had been analyzed, but conjoutur'jd that it would be found strongly impregnated with manganese, of which we believe subse(piunt analysis has shown it to contain 2 per cent., in addition to 4 per cent. of magnesia. These proportions of either would probably have rendered it refractory, and have impaired the quality of the iron. The method i)f counteracting the resistance of such substances in the gaiigue was .Kit formerly known or well understood, and may have been a source of hiilure with other ores smelted by the inexpensive Catalan method, as in the case of the sparry carbonate at New Milford, Connecticut, an ore usually associated with one or both of these substances. The first discovery of fossil coal In llhode Island was made in 1708, and in February of that year application was made to the Af.se in l)ly for (,„^, the exclusive right of digging and vending it in the town of discovered, provideucc, where mining was about to be commenced. = The anthracite of Cumberland and other parts of the State, now valuable to its manufactures, did not come into use for a long period after, although it begiln about the same year to be used in a few smiths' forges in Penn- sylvania. The sulphuret, gray oxyd, and carbonates of copixu- are also found in several excavations formerly made in Cumberland, Rhode Island. Manufactures of Iron, including bar and sheet iron stee', nail-rods and nails, farming implements, stoves, pots, and other castings and household utensils iron-work for ship-builders, anchors, and bells, formed factures. ^jjg largest branch of productive industry in the fetate toward the close of the eighteenth century. A slitting-mill was built on one of the branches of Providence river. Another slitting and rolling mill, three anchor forges, two nail-cutting machines, and .several other mills and factories carried on by water were soon after erected at Pawtucket (1) Summary of Br. Sottlemcnti, ii. 109. (2) Staple's Aunals of Providence. 7r--i^S'vi.=:y.^^^ >s«=5f*;^6i-^ WncTH m COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. Falls. A screw-cutting machine, hollow-ware furnace, and several forges were also in operation. , Muskets were manufactured for several of the militia companies of the Colony as early as 1775, hy Stephen Jenks, of North Providence. Small arms were at the same time pretty extensively made by ^'"•"'"''- several other persons in the Colony. About the same date, Jeremiah Wilkinson, of Cumberland, who was engaged in making hand cards, commenced the manufacture for his own use of cold or cut tacks They were first cut by a pair of shears (still preserved) from an old chest lock, and afterward headed in a smith's vice. Sheet-iron was afterward used and the process extcua.d to small nails, which he appears to have been one of the first to attempt. They were cut from old Span- , ish hoops, and headed in a clamp or vice by hand. Tins and e-^- " ' needles were made by the same person during the Ilevolnlion, from wire drawn by himself. The high cost and scarcity of those arti- cles and of tacks were the incentives to these efforts. The nail-manufac- ture in the State was improved by Eleazer Smith ; and Samuel Slocum, of Rhode Island, who some twenty-five years ago patented in England a machine for making pins with solid heads, with which a factory was commenced in this country. The Wilkinsons, as machinists, were of much service in the construction of the first Arkwrigh.t machines, with which Samuel Slater, who was connected with the family by marriage, com- menced in n'.)0 the cotton-manufacture in the State. David Wilkinson, a few years laler, patented a machine for cutting screws. The importance of Providence .s a manufacturing centre will be noted subsequently. CONNECTICUT.-Tt has been already mentioned that the younger Winthrop, who was the prime mover in the organization of the; Stock Compnnv which cmmenccd the first Iron-works at Lynn and Braintroe in 1643 'also received the next year a grant for a settlement and Iron- works within the present limits of Connecticut, where he had been pre- viously commissioned by Lord Say-and-Seal and Lord Brook to build a fort He was also allotted about the same time, by Massachusetts, "the hdl at Tautousq, about CO miles westward where the blacke lead,' is" and "liberty to purchase some land there of the Indians."' Al- though he appears to have retained for several years an interest in the works at Lynn, as may be inferred from the letters of his father, his attention was early fixed upon a settlement in Connecticut, where he had hopes of finding mines and minerals, which could be wrouglit with profit to individuals and the Colony. As early as June, 164.5, he was found at Pequot,' and the next year, having laid his hearth-stone hard (1) Mairs. ReeorJs, iii. 82. (2) PuUrcy's N. E., ii. 231. -^ %, B, and spveral forges tia companies of the North Providence, extensively made by jout the same date, ged in maliing hand of cold or cut tacks, icrved) from an old ce. Sheet-iron was ils, which he appears e cut from old Span- by hand. Tins and iring the IlevoliUion, careity of those arti- . The uail-nianufac- and Samuel Slocnra, atented in England a which a factory was machinists, were of I'rigl'.t machines, with nily by marriage, com- !. David Wilkinson, a ws. The importance ted subsequently. id that the younger lization of the; Stock t Lynn and Braintroe , settlement and Irou- here he had b^en pre- jord Brook to build a le, by Massachusetts; rhere the blacke leadc if the Indians.'" Al- ears an interest in the ;tors of his father, his Connecticut, where he 30uld be wrought with as June, 1645, he was his hearth-stone hard N. E., ii. 234. CONNECTICUT. DISCOVEUY OF MINERALS — COLUMIUUM. 505 by the lodge of Uncas, the friendly sachem of the Mohegans, took up his residence in the Colony, of which he was made a magistrate in 1051, and the Governor in 1657. His attainments in Physical science, his ingenuity and enterprise, were of much service to the infant State in other departments, and have been elsewhere referred to. In of .iiiuoinis 1651, the Assembly of Connecticut, on motion of Mr. Win- eucouiagsd. , ■, , , . ,it n • i throp, passed an Act to encourage the discovery of mines and minerals within its jurisdiction. Tiie Act declares that, " Wliereas, in this rocky country among these mountainous and rocky hills there are probabilities of mines of metal, the discovery of which may be of great advantages to the country in raising a staple comodity ; and whereas, John Winthrop, Esq., doth intend to be at charges and adventure for the search and discovery of such mines and minerals, for the encourage- ment there of, and of any that shall adventurewith the said John Winihrop, Esquire, in the said business, it is therefore ordered," etc. It granted to him, his heirs, associates, partners, and assigns forever, the lands, wood timber, and water within two or three miles of any mines of lead, copper, tin, antimony, vitriol, black lead, allum, stone salt or salt springs he might discover, if he should set up any works for digging, washing, melting, or other operations required by such metals or mineral, provided it was not in a place already occupied. We arc not informed what success rewarded his research, nor that any manufacture of Iron was undertaken at Pequot.' The General Court again, in 1663, encournged the development of the mineral resources of the Colony, by ordering that any person wlio would lay himself out for the discovery of any mines and minerals, etc., and purchase them for the country, "shall be honorably rewarded out of what he doth discover,"' The Act was renewed in 1072. The earliest legislative encouragement given to the manufacture of Iron in Connecticut appears to have been by the Assembly of New Haven, seven years before the date of the charter of the United Act to eiicoiirace Colouics of Connccticnt, oljtained by j^.Ir. Winthrop in Eng- land, and ten years before their amicable union. On the 30th (1) TrumbuU'a Hist. Conn., i. 235. Mr. Wintliriip'a son, Governor John Winthmp, who possessed the snme inquisitive mind an his filth cr, afterward discovered, it is faid, about three miles from New London, at c> place called by the Indians Nanl-nengue, an ore resembling the chromato of Iron, which he sent to Sir Hans Sloane, by whom it wag deposited in the British Museums It was nn.il.vf.ed in 1801 by Mr. Hatchett, who found united with the oxyd of iron a metal- lic acid of peonlinr properties, the biise of which 'le sujiposed to bo a new metal, which he named Columbium, as having come from America. The metal is now regarded as identical with tantalum. The mineral cotnm- bite or tantallle, which furnishes it, is ex- tremely rare. It has been aince found near Middletown, but not in the vicinity ol New London. (2) Colonial llecords of Connecticut, ii. 193. COLONIAL INDUSTRY lU METALS. May. 1605, it was ordered, "that if an iron worke goe on within any par of this jurisdiction, the persons and estates eonst.ntly and oucly im- ployed in t.it worke shall be free from paying rates.'" In Octobe o he same year, there is an order respecting the manufacture of .s/eeZ, ^vhichwas the first attempt to produce that article m these Colonies A letter was read from John Tucker of Southold (on Long Island) wherein he informs the General Court of h.s " abd.t.e and in- -"^••' tendment to make Steele there or in some other plantation m this jurisdiction, if he may have some things granted he tl-erem pro- pounds " Tlie Court acquiesced in a grant of privileges withm it jurisdiction, but that of taking clay or wood from private grounds it eft to Southold or the town in which he might set up ^^^ "-"f-^"^' being unwilling <'to meddle with any man's proprietie." In the foil w- ing May, as a further encouragement to proceed ,n the expenditure of a afge part of his property in the business, Tucker obtained from he Assembly a declaration "that if he doe laye out his estate in sucha dinner about this publiqu. worke, and that God shall e- hi^^^^^^^^^^^^ so that he be impoverished thereby, they are willing that that small remaining part shall be free from rates for ten years." _ At the same time, it was ordered that none of the property invested in the works should be attached for the Individual debts of the under- takers so as to hinder the work or damage the other proprietors • but Jf nec;sTary, a lien upon the debtor's stock might be taken, until the demand was paid from the profits of the same.' The work, appear about this time to have gone into operot on at New Haven. A ,roposition made in May, 1662, "in y' behalfe of Capt Clarke, that wine and liquors drawn at the jrou workes might Jlrvr^"' be custome free," was allowed to the extent of one butt of wme »»""• and one barrel of liquors, and no more.* Four years after. Messrs Wm Jones, Jasper Crane, and James Bisliop were authomed, fy tTe cTurt at Illrtfoi^, to grant a license to the clerk of the Iron- works 0" other suitable person, to draw wine and liquors at the woiks, in accordance with their instructions. No inference is to be made as to (1) Newllavon Colony Records by Hoad- ley, ii. 149. * (2) New Haven Colony Recoru. by Hoad- ley, ii. 153, 175. The first patent granted in EnijUnd for manufacture of steel was to Richard Lord Dncre, Thomas Letsome, and Nicholas Page, on 8lh April, 1626, for "ap- paratus for making steel," according to the lurention of Letsome. At the date in our text but little eteel was made in England, and that I'ery imperfectly and all of foreign Iron. Forty years after, English writers speak of steeling articles by "boiling them in sow metal," and steel was made by a similar proeefs, and by plunging into water. Steel wa«, however, made by cementation by John Heydon, at Bromley, in 1697. (3) New Haven Colonial Records, U. 173. (4) Ibid. ii. 454. CONNECTICUT. SLIITING-MILLS — COPPER MINES. 50T goe on within any tantly and oncly im- i."' In October of lanufacture of steel, le in these Colonies, (on Long Island) his " abilitie and in- other plantation in ited he therein pro- privileges within its n private grounds it up the manufacture, ;tie." In the folio w- the expenditure of a !r obtained from the his estate in such a lall cross him therein lling that that small s."» the property invested 1 debts of the under- ther proprietors ; but it be taken, until the into operation at New n y° behalfe of Capt. the jrou workes might ent of one butt of wine i.* Four years after. ;ishop were autliorized, the clerk of the Iron- i liquors at the works, ice is to be made as to mperfectly nnd nil of foreign years after, English writers ng articles by "boiling them ' and steel was made by a , and by plunging into water, jever, rande by cementation :)n, at Bromley, in 1697. iven Colonial Records, it. 454. tlie nural)er of persons or amount of interests affected by these laws, which were made for the accommodation of such works in several of tlio Colonies in early times, sometimes to prohibit altogetlicr the sale of liquors to the workmen. In May, 1G69, upon petition of Wm. Andrews, " on belialfe of Ciipt. Thomas Clarke, master of the iron workes of New Haven for encourage- ment of the said worke in supplying the country with good iron and well wrought according to art," the General Court renewed the excmi)tioa granted by New Haven to the persons and estates employed therein for another seven years. ' We do not find any further reference in the Records to those cuter- prises in the Iron and Steel manufacture. In 1716, an Act was passed granting to Ebenezer Fitch & Co. the exclusive right to erect a slitting-mill at Stony Brook, situated, we suttiiig-raui believe, between New London and Norwalk, to slit and draw proposed. Q^(^ i,.y„ j.Q(jg for nail-makcrs. All other persons in Connec- ticut were forbidden to erect sliltiug-mills for 15 years on penalty of tea pounds per month.* We have no knowledge of any earlier proposition to erect such a work in any of the Colonies. The intentions of the patentees may have been thwarted by the disposition evinced in Parlia- ?ient, in 1719, to prohibit slitting-raills in America. A memorial, without date, filed in the Colonial archives, entitled " Reasons against a General Prohibition of the Iron Manufacture in His Majesty's Planta- tions, intended by a clause in the bill now pending, entitled ' A bill for encouraging the importation of naval stores from America,' " must be referred to this date. " It seems a further hardship," says the memorial, " that the subjects abroad should be permitted to forge their ore into bars #ut not to run or cast it into pots and other implements, because the same fire and even the same heat will suffice for both." A clause, after- ward added by the upper house, prohibited the conversion of sows and pigs, or cast iron, into bar or rod iron, but the bill did not become a law. A furnace was erected in the same county in 1741 by Samuel South- worth, of the adjoining town of Lyme. About the beginning of the last century the prevalent zeal for the discovery of precious ores, which it is probable had prompted the re- copper searches of Winthrop, was rewarded by the discovery in Con '"'"''"• necticut of two deposits of copper ore, which it was confi- dently hoped would yield constituents of a richer metal. One of these was found at Wallingford, and a more abundant mine at Simsbury, now (1) Trumbull's Col. Rec, ii. 37, 108. (2) Scientific' American. voL xi. 248. 503 COLONIAL INDUSTRT IN METALS. Granby. The mines uere opened, and an Act of the legislature, exempt- ing the miners from military duty and giving them power to manage their operations, was obtained from the proprietors, who represented the business as one of great public advantage.' As early us 170., a Company, composed of a greater part of the landholders of Simsbury, was formed to work the mine at that place, paying the town Si™»e "^ ten shillings for each ton of copper produced, the proceeds of which went to the support of "an able schoolmaster in Simsbury" and to Yale Colh-ge. A contract was made with three brothers, clergymen, John Dudley, and Timothy Woodbridge, belonging respectively to Springfield, Simsbury, and Hartford, to smelt the ores. Their scholastic attainments as divines were supposed to confer the requisite scientific and mctallurgic knowledge, but they failed to give satisfaction. An Act obtained in 1709, conferred several privileges, and authorized the settlement, in a summary way, of disputes, which were frequent and under it the business was managed upward of sixty years. In UH, Jonathan Bekher (afterward governor), of Boston, William Partridge, of Newbury, and Timothy Woodbridge, Jr., became the principal ope- rators until 1721, when Andrew Freeman and Charles Cornelia, of New York were associated in the business. The Boston company ,vas then expending £70 per month, and the law, having expired, was renewed at their request by the Assembly, which extended all the legal encourage- ment in its prnvcr, and authorized the division of the mines among the several lessees. In 1735, Governor Belclier stated that he had expended about £1;\000 or about $75,000 in the business. He erected a smelting- furnace in Boston. . . During the excitement about this time on the subject of mming, Joseph Wiiiting, of New Haven, petitioned the General Court (Oct., 1733) for a loan of £1,(100 for ten years, to aid him in further search for mines and minerals, in which he claimed to have mode greater dis- coverics than any other man. But neither prospecting nor mining proved of much profit to individuals or the State. The mine at Simslmry continued to be worked with various success until the yei.r 1773. Sln.fts wore sunk, one to the depth of 80 and another 35 feet, and vast caverns were excavates .n the lull. But tho imperfect state of mining knowh^dge and machinery, the insufflciency^of drains or Icvch to carry off the wmI.t, and the cost of pumping, which had to be carried on day and niglit by the aid of the neighboring farmers, absorbed much of tho profits. Tiie copper mines of England, which now yield over 20,000 tons of copper annually,' at that time (1) Bee Trumbull'i Ulit. Conn., vol. ii. •hnp. 11. (2) J^nnaU of British Leglflaiion, il. rislature, exempt- power to manage who represented I early us 1707, a ders of Sirasbury, , paying tlie town d, the proceeds of in Simsbury" and ■others, clergymen, ig respectively to Their scholastic requisite scientific satisfaction. An and authorized the were frequent and f years. In 1714, William Partridge, the principal ope- !S Cornelia, of New company >^as then red, was renewed at he legal encourage- le mines among the at he had expended I erected a smelting- subject of mining, eneral Court (Oct., m in further search re made greater dis- pecting nor mining with various s icccss 10 depth of 80 and a the hill. But the , the insufllciency of I of pumping, which of the neigliboring r mines of England, lually,' at that time Iritish I,eg\flotiun, ii. *' NEWGATE" OF CONNECTICUT— W.4LLINGF0RD MINES. 509 produced only 600 or 700 tons, and much was imported from the conti- nent. The discovery, previous to 1722, of a deposit of rich cupreous ore in Xew York induced Parliament in that year, by the statute 8 Geo. I. c. 18, to place copper ore from the plantations on the list of enume- rated articles, wit!, a view to ol)taining a future supply from its own, dominions. Tlie quality of the Simsbury ore was tolerably good yield- ing 3 to 5 per cent, and some masses 50 per cent., of metal, and, the price being high abroad, there was a prospect of a profitable business Several cargoes were sent to Europe from Hartford. But the limitation of the market, and the cost of exporting it in ore, as required bv a law prohibiting the smelting of it in the Colonies ; the expense of mining as then conducted, and the loss of two ship-loads at sea, one of which was captured by the French during the wars, proved discouraging to the operators. Works for smelting and refining the ore were, notwithstand- ing prohibitions and discouragements, erected in Simsbury, at a village named Hanover oy the German workmen, where the operations were quietly conducted. By the original proprietors, and different companies of lessees, including one British company, the work was thus conducted for about seventy years, when there appeared to be a failure of the ore. The vast ibterrancan vaults in Copper Hill, now included in East Granby, were in 1773 converted into a prison for felons, who were era- Newgate. '"'"^''^'^ '" ^^'^ "'"«^- ^hc mine, as Dr. Trumbull observes, was thus rendered "of much greater value to the State than all the copper dug out of it." This place, the famous " Newgate" of Connecticut, wa.s, during the Revolution, the place of conGncment for Tones, and afterward a general prison. ' The ore at AVallingford was considered richer than that of Simsbury from the admixture of silver. But the inability of the miners to keep it wauingford <""'« from Water, compelled them to abandon it in a few years, and a .second attempt to work the mine, long afterward, failed (1) After liavitiR been used for that pur- pose Bbout fifty .■ycir.-, tlio whole mine wiis In 1830 piir.'lini>c(i (if the S'->to for 11,200, by Riclinrl Hacon, of .Simsbnry, «ni1 jccntle- meu from ., nv V(.rk, who, m the " I'hnsnix Mining r>Miiimiiy," obfnined a rhnrter nnd Uid out fpvoriil thnunand ^olliirg upon it. They dbiiiMlntiDd It Hfler five or fix yours, during Ihi- ni.unclnl crl.«i8. In IS.'SJi, mininif WM onco tn'irc iinJorliiken by tho"Ciinnpc- tlout OoppiT (Nunpimy," which toc^k out a mrgo (luiitilKy of orii, yleltiinc nboul 6 per ••nt. and miino nudulea 50 per ccuU of mptal, and inoroasing in richno.«s ns ther dpscendcd. Ten of lini.ir.,nr« flcpnnitora, two Meiim. engines and other niiiohinory, were erected at miiuh expense. liut notwith- standing the greater commniid of capitnl, "iiperinr manhinery, science, and »kill, tu that posHePsed by the original pr..prietors. the work was apain suspended in iiliout two years, chiefly, it is said, from fiiHure in tlie proccssci of extracting and refining th* metal. The ore is of the vitrcons kind, and not easily reduced, but it ia hoped will yet bo worked to advanlagu. COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. from the same cause. The groat benefit of the «"^'"-^-^;/^^* Lae apparent in pnmpin, and other min,n. o^^^J^^, "^rr Tm?:;X mo::;;:rttns were struc. on copper from town of G anby. They were current for many years, and were r^l known as the'"Granby coppers. They were "stamped on planchets of the purest copper, and. in consequence, were m demand by tllbeaters for auoy." They are said to have been wd executed fo the times The designs upon some of the pieces represented a sledge ir surmountedV crowns, in deference, probably to he royal p rogative. and with due regard to the conditions symbol.ed.. ^T 1736. a foundery for casting large bells was also «f l;^-*-^^;,^;; Haven by Abel Parmlee. as appears by his petition to the General Cou t ,::;l l states that his own was .he first aU-Pt;.n « ^.^^^^^^^^^ to cast bells. A monopoly of the business, which he asks for twenty ^";i\i:::rartre'iln.manufacture. we find that Joseph Higby. ot Si^sb rry n May, 1728, previous to his exercising the higli function of 'a oiner of moliev, in a memorial to the legislature, represented ^^""'' Lt he had, "With great pains and cost, found out and ob- tained a curious art. by which to convert, change, or transmit common Tn into good swel, sufficient for any use, and was the very first that ever Porfonned such an operation in America." He produced the c - ifil'" of several smiths, who had made trial of the steel, and pro- ol c^d it good. The petitioner asked for himself and Joseph De..y, 7 K .'the exclusiv'e right, for twenty years, "of F-t.-ng t e business or trade of steel making." A patent was granted them for ten ::;; rovi-led "the petitioners improve the art to any good and reasonable perfection, within two years alter the date of this act. (1) Like tlio Imncliwork of Jonks of Lvnn, nn elder mmnl.or of the «iimo cratt, I,,' the piiront colony "f M«i.sttchu.ettJi liny, f,,„ coini. now remain t" uUeft tl.c arlistlo ikiU of HiK>iv, as tlio inirroMioin woro „u.n emu'e.l from tl.o uniilloyed motnl. 0„o,lpr.-<-inu"niiof tlio (Irnnby CpP" ""*" ,.o„,m«n,l *1& to »'-'.'' f»«--l'- Thcro were ,Pvrr»l iio-x" »•■'"' 'li(f>^^''«"' <>«''''*'' •"""' ),nvinK«bro«a «x, wUh the motto. " I cut B,y way throHgh." IU> coinage was con- Bi.lored a boon to the cnmronnity, but not a» a later, nnnulhorUed in.ili.lion of the coin- ago of other minteri'. On tliu «ubj«el of thii c.inage. and of the Pini.lm.-y and Walling, fnrd mines, «eo a late p.-lilication, " The Newgate of Connecticut." by U. H. Phelps, 18fl0, and Trumbull's Iliul. of Connootieut, vol. ii. cbap. 2. (2) Moore's Patent Office, App., p. 80*. (3) Ibid., p. »02. engine was first I. Two steam- land before the , in New Jersey, on copper from acksmith of the years, and were e "stamped on re in demand by yell executed for jsented a sledge- ly, to the royal iiolizcd. ' itablished at New le General Court, in the Colonies, e asks for twenty Joseph nigby, ot high function of ature, represented 3und out and ob- transmit common the very first that produced the cer- he steel, and pro- ud Joseph Dewey, 'of practising the anted them for ten to any good and of this act."' e community, but not a» (1 iiiiiliiliiin of the ooin- I. On tliu "ulijuiit of thii Siin^lm'.v iiixl WiiUing- liilo iii.liliciiti"", " The .ticul." liy U. H. Phelps, r« Hist, of Connoctiout, int Offloc, App., p. 30*. WESTERN CONNECTICUT-SAMSRl'RT MINES. 51| bro?r Taof ""' 'T''' ''"'''"" ''' '' ^•'""-^■■-•* -« those of the bro.n oxyd of ron or ematitc, i„ the northwestern part of the Stat H..,..,e bordenng on New York and Massachusetts, .articularly h t ,e' Thes. ric r:;: ::h ':' ''''^'^' '."^'•°"' ^-^ ^-^' '- Litehf,e,d conn,; caralod for tlic 5ii|,])ly of choreoni fiiriiMcs in enali of il„ „. q, , Con„«„o„,, then cnlW Weato^ a„.l II„„»,o„ic, a bl, of , .fati^ IT' explore, a, ea,.,y a, 1,3,, ,■„ ,.„,„ .„,„„,,„.„, , J ^^:: ^^ B.iisi,„ry College, and then occupied by one Bismol 'l\u . ' r "■'"- I'hilip Livingstone of Albany 7 V a il '""''■ "''""' grant of the whole tract of 100 acres a^/set u.'. a 'T,"'"' * to smelt the ore. at Limerock fve Ti'lc" cm t ^ rb''?' T "'""^ r..rnace, with six fires, was ereited abo.U t ^ ^ r t.rl^:,';"' and various castings, as potash and common i Lri^^ttl .. • fi I '.liere, It is said, in nSfi. I„ 1740 Mr T ivir.„«f '^^"'^'^ »eie made a r™ ,„„ „,o, .,„ „w„.a oi: I'n'e'zr:.:; r; r::;.';r:; Ancram, in Columbia County N V nhnnf , i ^'""-^oilvs at m..o ...« Of .„„ ,™. o. ja w.et":;:'r ':;,.: :T::'t: 8oon became quite productive. In nf;'> a Mr llLoiT [\ "uilt a b,„st-furnace at the outlet of wLnsc^om c ke"'; 7' ea.^..O,.ehm..MnSalisb,.y. This n.rn„ee w^Hl •, ti H^.^ ^ -n InJI, it was the o dcst n tlip -icfiiif,- t* . » ' '", ana, .ron. A „,,,,! f„„„„ wa, built in mi TlJ^rJZ fjn T" works „nd mi., - of Salisbury into l.iLh renute n! Ti T^ """"■ "'0 country. A the value ^f t c^ n^^^^ '7"^'""' '" tors laid a duty 0, twenty-five cents pe Ln"Z 1 ti^rS ;'"/"'"'''" fi-. free H.m charge, and the .arilf was «„::' :; ^ :^':^' ^rc^ ^••" . »;"1 "t length, to 1.25 per ton, whic. was the rate in 831 ;h! ' age being, at the same time, twelve an.l a half ce„. • r ' ""'^" Ou the o..c„rre„ce of the war of th «:';;;:; '" 7"!' """ '-'•'^"•i'-I operations, the Council of Safety teml^^^'r 'r"^ '■'"i"ing „p the furnace at Salisbury to cIT. 77''^ ' '''' .-•ps of fifty-nine men was employ;?^.: oX^liriif'^"'''' ^ «ro. four to thirty-two pounders, and other orille si^S " ^^Z .jjjjl COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. there during the war. The guns of many of the old ships of the navy wei-e made there during the last century. For blacksmith's work and Tr .rand r fle barrels, the best chareoal cold-blast iron of Sahsbury which is readily converted into steel, was long regarded as superior to Itlr domestic or foreign, and has been extensively used jn J. na ional ^nd private gun manufactories of ^^^ --^7; ^^l;;.^:^.^*^,^ ^ ning of this century, between four and five thousand tons of oie were Tsed annuallv, and he furnaces at Ancram and Salisbury, w.th about fif- n g s in Vhe neighborhood, were supplied from the great brown ore or Umonite bed at Ore hill. The Salisbury furnace was usually kept n b asrfou to five months in the year, and ran from eighteen to twen y t us f pig iron weekly.' This was formerly sold chiefly in he crud ate at $35 to $40 dollars the ton, at the works. The abundance and ouSty of the ore. and of wood and water-power for working .t. wouh^ H w^s be ieved. render Salisbury the Birmingham of America. But the ubs tuti a f mineral fuel, and the development of the vast erriferous depo s near the coal areas of other Slates, has disappointed this ex- necta in The iron manufacture, in its several branches has however, font b en the principal industry of Salisbury, and neighboring towns Ihich btained ore and metal from that ph-xe. Severa other beds have I^a e been opened and worked as open quarries near the old mine. n 1830 our or five conside..ble iron-works at Salisbury, produml n iS 'ch -al furnaces, 18.000 to 20,000 tons of pig metal worth $3 to Svor ton in addition to several hundred tons each of bar, and oilier trogt on, heavy castings, anchors and other ^-^-d work, sc.ws^ Ttc Tlie mines still yield about 20,000 tons of ore annually, and about ^^i: ir nl^if f!=ce was in operation bo.>re the revolution, whicli cast shot and shell for the British troops. That place, and I all's v.lUvge wel af teward the seat of two refining forges, with ten fires, making To fo l.e government, but were ruined by a transfer of its pa Ironage to n ported Swedish iron. At Furnace village, five miles north of Lake- (I) Trumbull's History of Connoi-tiout, il. 108. In 1740, when pit coal anil tho argiUacemis cnrlMiimleH of llio oorI nieftsurcii In EHKlnn.l lifgi>n to tiiko the jihico of chnr- ooal, an.l "f the ro.l aii.l hrown beinntitcs which hiKl i.rovioui'ly hfeii usuJ nluiusl ex- clusively in the Ironmnnufiicturu ; the average unn.u.l |iro,liu't of 51) eharcoul fur- nace., in KnK-l.i.Hl, «■:.« 2'JI tons eaeh, or M toil pci- week, 1.0. 1 llie total yoirly pro- di.,.:jn was 17,350 tons of iron. In 17S8, there roninlnod but 24 charcoiil bliift-lur- ,„u-o^ which, by tho ni.l of tho cylinder blowing iniichinery, proiiucccl a toti.l of ]:f,(l()0 tons of eiisliron, equnl to 64B tons eiich pornnnum, or about 18 ton* week)), rilly Ihreo ooko fumaeoii, at tho sanio time, produced 48,000 tons HnnuiiUy— on averiige on the whole year of Hi tons per week. CONNECTICUT. NAin'E IRON ORE — STEEL ORE. 513 ps of the navy ith's work, and a of Salisbury, I as superior to sly used in the In the begin- ons of ore were f, with about fif- Treat brown ore i usually kept in hteen to twenty ■fly in tlie crude abundance and )rking it, would, lerica. But the 3 vast ferriferous pointed this ex- es, has, however, ighboring towns 1 other beds have le old mine. In iry, produced, in jtal, worth $30 to of bar, and otlier ed work, screws, iually, and about revolution, which and Fall's village ten tires, making • of its patronage lea north of Lake- ons of iron. I" 1788, 24 cliaroPiil \iliist-lur- nil! of llin cylinder proiluccil a totiil of ron, equnl to 546 tons about 18 ton* week!), iiieos, nt tho snnio tiiuo, » HnnuiiUy— an iiverMge ' 17i tons per weuk. Bteel ores. ville, is the Mount Riga charcoal cold-blast furnace, erected in ISOO and rebuilt in 1S45. In the adjoining town of Canaan, east of the Ilousatonic, where specimens, regarded as native iron, lead ore, and otlier minerals canann na- ^ave been found, a forge and slitting-miil of improved construc- tive iron, j.jjjjj ^^,^g jjjjjjj.^ ^^^^^, ^j^^ Revolution, and furnaces probably much earlier. At Colebrook, in the same county, a forge and other works we^e erected,'eithor before or during the war. In 1T89, "they took fire and burned down." A loan of £1,200 was made by the Province, in IVGl, to Ephraim and John Patterson, and Thomas Hiissell, to erect a furnace on the Owcsatunnuck (Ilousatonic) river, probal)ly, in Kent, where a bed of brown Hematite, imbedded in gneiss and quartz rock formerly supplied a number of furnaces. Furimcos were early erected there, which were, in part, supplied by the ore of tiiu town, and in part from Beekman and Amonia, in New York, and tlie simthic ore of Ro,\- bury. This valuable deposit of si)athic ore at Mine Hill, in Roxbnry, near New Milford in the same County, was opened about 1750, l)y Ilurlbut & llawley, for the extraction of silver, and again, about four. teen years after, by the IJronsons Brotlici-s, who sunk a sliaft about 125 feet. A German goldsmitli, named Feucliter, wlio carried on fimelting operations witii secrecy, is believed to have deluded the Bron- sons for some time, by occasionally producing silver from his crucil)les, and ultimately to have carried olf some heavy boxes of the jjroduct, whatever it may liave been. He is said to have made steel for his tools from the sparry ore, which, nii.xcd with the silicious ore of the Kent bed, makes a tough iron. Several otlier parties afterward unsuccessrully prosecuted the search for silver, neglecting altogetlier the more valuable use of the steel ore, which a Mr. Bacon afterward altempled to smelt for irou alone. He erected a furnace at the place, but failed tlirougii inex- perience. Steel of good quality was subsequently made from the crude metal, by D. J. Styles, wliicii again raised the credit of the mine. It is from the same kind of ore lliat the German steel is made. The town of New Milford had, before the beginning of this century, seven forges, making about three hundred tons of bar iron annually, besides hollow- ware. The whole County of Litchfield contained, at the same time, fifty liloomery forges, making iron directly from the ore, and three slitting- inills. The manufacture of nails was, at the same time, carried on there to a greater extent than in any part of the Union, with the exception of Plymoulh and Bristol Counties, in Massachusetts. Anchors were al.>;o forged on a large scale, in South Canaan, by four brothers named Hunt, who likewise manufactured large screws for machinery, and other articles 33 514 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. to a considerable extent. All the iron used was the product of the forges and furnf.ccs of the county, and was of excellent quality. Oldniixon (1(41) mentions a small iron-mill at New Bminlbrd (Bran- ford) on a small streanj running into the Sound, and expresses his sur- prise 'that a small iron-work should be found there or anywhere else on the continent, considering the abundance of ore and fuel suQieient to supply all Europe with Iron. Those with whom he conversed, some of whom had sent men to America to carry on the business, were of the opinion tliat, with proper encouragement, by the withdrawal of the duty and by giving a bounty on importation of colonia' iron, as in the case of naval stores, £100,000 could be saved to the nation that then went annually for Baltic Iron, and that the metal could be imported at half the co.st of Swedish Iron. He had few fears, such as they expressed, that the Baltic merchants would succeed in opposing the importation of American Iron. There is little doubt that fears of that kind and the disposition to wait for encoura'jeme.nt from the parent State, hindered the development of this industry and of the mineral resources of the several Provinces in a considerable degree. In 1760, the legislature granted Ebenezer Kcny, Joseph Hull Jr., and John Wooster of Derby, and Thomas Perkins of Enfield, permission to purchase of the Indians a water privilege for iron-works near the falls of Naugatuck. On many of the small streams which fall into the Sound, as well as upon the branches of the principal rivers, bloomeries and small works for a variety of manufactures in Iron were establi-shed, some of them quite early. Connecticut has long been noted for the extent and variety of its hardware branches, and for different descriptions of small wares, which the ingenuity of its people has rendered peculiarly varied and ex- cellent. Besides the hematitic beds of the northeast, the iron ores of Connecticut are very considerable. Ti»e forges in the soutliern part of the State were ehieQy supplied by bog ore, dug near them, or by these and the hematites in part ol)tained fron' other States. Some time previous to 1750, a steel-furnace, and, we believe, a bloom- ery, was owned by Mr. Eliot, of Killingworth. About the year 1761, considerable interest was excited in America and in England "••*■ by the manufacture of Iron from a black ferruginous sand found in considerable quantities on parts of the New England coast and inte- „ , rior situations. Tiio attention of the Royal Society hiid of powerful magnts, which are also used for cleaning magnetic rock o e whlncrLred I is from this iron-sand that much of the famous wootz :^^„ru teel is made by the Hindoo, by the simplest process, m a clay ?urnace with charcoal, and a bellows made of leaves of the forest. In Mlyn94. the General Court of Connecticut enacted a law to re.ulaVe^ie manufacture of bar-iron in the State. It was required to belmped .^th the name of the manufacturer and of the town where it wnq made previous to being offered for sale, . r, . '''ZtZl slitting-milf and other iron-works at that time ^ Hartford Glastonbury had also a forge, and there were two furnaces ft Sufford, which made sufficient hollow and cast iron wares for the "'The'fi^^tmanufacture of Tin-ware in this country is sa^d to have been commenced at Berlin, in Hartford County, in HtO. by Edward Patter- Bon, a native of Ireland. . , , ihe emancipation of industry from Parliamentary restraints, and 1 suspension of commercial intercourse with England by the war. c eated ' several new forms of labor in this as in other States, and gav ^^" extension to others. In May. 1775, the Assembly of Connecticut passed an Act to encourage the manufacture of fire-arms and other military Se or the safety and defense of the Province. It provided for th payment of a bounty of 5s. for every stand of arms with a good Fire-arm.. ^^^^ ^^^^ ;„ ^1,^ province before October 20th. and Is. Gd. for every good gun-lock, all to be purchased by the Colony to the num- ber of 3 000. The manufacture of guns was soon after commenced in Waterbury on a small scale by Lieut Ard Welton, who made them by hand power alone, and furnished some, it is said for Government fh^ was about the commencement of the manufacturing business of that busy ^^Tli'e first considerable improvement which the manufacture of fire-arms received in this country was given it by the ingenuity and industry o Eli Whitney, the inventor of the cotton-gin, who. disappointea Euwhitaey..^ his hopcs founded upon that machine, turned his attention in 1798 to the manufacture of arms for the United States Government On the 14th of January, in that year, he completed, with the aid o Governor Wolcott, a contract for ten thousand stand of "juskets, to be finished in a little over two years. For the performance of this, which, «(»fc.-»#^'-?i»f--:S' lie rocks along the many of the States f to the large cities stent in the nianu- rated by the aid of magnetic rock ore )f the famous wootz St process, in a clay of the forest. it enacted a law to It was required to )f the town where it tt that time in East e were two furnaces iron wares for the ' is said to have been I, by Edward Patter- •y restraints, and the I by the war, created ther States, and gave sembly of Connecticut rras and other military It provided for the i of arms with a good ber 20th, and Is. Gt7. le Colony to the num- 1 after commenced in n, who made them by 'or Government. This r business of that busy anufacture of fire-arms jnuity and industry of gin, who, disappointed e, turned his attention 3d States Government )leted, with the aid of stand of muskets, to be jrmance of this, which, WHITNEY IMPROVES THE QU.V xMA.NUFACTUKE. r.iT however, occupied two years in the preparation and eight more in tl^e completion, he entered into bonds in the sum of $30,000, and was to receive $13.40 for each musket, or $134,000 in all. He immediately proceeded to construct a manufactory at the foot of East Rock two miles from New Haven, at the present village of Whitneyville, where, through successive administrations from that of the elder Adams re- peated contracts for the supply of arms were made and fulfilled to' the entire approbation of the Government. The construction of his factory and even of the commonest tools, which were devised by him for the prosecution of the business in a manner peculiar to himself, evinced the lertil.ty of his genius and the precision of his mind. The buikiin-s be- came the model upon which the national armories were afterwai-d ar- ranged, and many of his improvements were transferred by his workmen to other establishments, and have become common property His im provements in the manufacture of arms, it is generally conceded, laid his country under permanent obligations by augmenting the means of national defense. It is satisfactory also to know, that though defrauded of his just rights by a portion of the country most benefited by his previous invention, his talents were not unrewarded in this department though many experienced g^p.makeI•s, who, about the same time con-' tracted for the supply of muskets, which they attempted to make 'in the English .iiethod, were ruined by their engagements. The dfficulties en- countered at that time by the undeveloped state of many of the me- chanic arts were overcome by the accuracy and dispatch of his machinery and tools, much of which was adapted to other manufactures of steel and iron, and may still be recognized in the leading workshops of the country (1) Memoirs by Prof. Denleon Olmstead. The system by which Whitney was able to succeed where others failed, and which has been adopted with so much advantage in similar establishments, both public and pri- vate, was precisely similar to that by which Sir Samuel Bentham, toward the end of the last century, so greatly improved the previ- ously imperfect wood-working machinery, •nd, to some extent, also the metal-working machinery of England. Bentham " classed the several operations that have place in the working of materials of every description looording to the nature of the operations themselves," and not according to the trades or handicrafts for which they are used. In regard to wood particularly, he contrived machines for performing most of those ope- ruioni, whereby the need of skill and dex- terity in the workman was dispensed with, and the machines were capable of being worked by steam or other power. Whitney, in like manner, contrived by machinery to make " the .-amo parts of different guns as much alike as the successive impressions of a copper-plate engraving," and left little for the skill of the workmen to accomplish, He thus found it easier to instruct green hands than to combat the prejudices of those in- structed in the English system, where each workman made a certain part of the gun, which required operations often widely dis- tinct in their nature. Whether the plan was original with him or not, it was consonant to the character of his mind and habits ns manifested in all bis business and domcstiu arrangements. COLONIAL INDLSTRY IN METALS. The manufacture of lead was, in 1115, deemed no less important than that of fire-arms, and a committee was authorized by the Asscml)ly to purchase what ore was raised from the mine at Middletown, uu mine,. ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^ greater quantity to be raised and refined. Tlie committee sent to New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania to i>rocure a smelter and refiner of lead ore. Competent persons were found at SiuK Sin-, New York; at Boundbrook, in New Jersey, and at Phila- delphia The last was a German named Fedaband, whom the deputa- lion considered the best in America, but found he was under a plclgc to the king not to refine metals in America. A refiner was at length ob- tained, and the business was ordered to proceed, with what success we are not informed. During the same year, the General Court received a memorial from Nathaniel Niles, of Norwich, setting forth the importance to the cotton and woolen manufactures, in the present disturbed state of the towiug. country's relations with Great Britain, of the manufacture of iron wire for card teeth. He was willing, with proper encouragement, to undertake the bu .s, and had already made some progress therein, as shown by his raemunal on file. A committee was appointed to inquire into the cost of erecting works, and, if tjjey deemed it advisable, were authorized to draw on the treasury for £300 as a loan f..r four year.s. With this small aid, Niles erected works and carried on wirc-drawing until after the Peace. Norwich, before the close of the century, had other iron-works, and in addition to manufactures of paper, stockings, clocks, watches, carriages, etc., still manufactured wire, bells, anchors, and several kinds of forged work. About the year 1784, a Mr. Chittenden, of New Haven, contrived a machine for bending and cutting wire for card teeth. By mechan.sui adjusted to a revolving mandril, the wire was cut, and the teeth TJclZ^ doubled, shaped, and finished automatically at the rate of 36,000 in an hour. „ -rxr .i. en A proposition was made in 1775 by Leonard Chester, of Wethersfie d, to erect a pin factory at that place. Some years later. Dr. ApoUos Kinsley, of Connecticut, a man of much mechanical ingenuity, ^""' • and tlie patentee of printing, brick-making, and other ma- chines invented a machine for making pins. But neither of these pro- jects appears to have succeeded. The machinery with which the busi- ness is now 80 extensively prosecuted in the State, and tlie solid-headed pin itself, are triumphs of later American invention. Nails had long been an article of domestic production by the ham- mering process. They are said to have been made also without heads, by punching cut of iron plates by hand, previous to 1790, between which NAILS — GOLD AND SILVER AVAHKS— CLOCKS. important than he Asscmljly to at MidiUutown, d refined. Tlie rania to i>rocure s were found at r, and at FhiUi- lom thf (leputa- nder a pledge to IS at length ob- what success we 1 memorial from ice to the cotton rbed state of the i manufacture of ■ encouragement, progress therein, lointed to inquire t advisable, were n for four years. on wire-drawing the century, had paper, stockings, re, bells, anchors, ;aven, contrived a I. By mechanism cut, and the teeth f at the rate of r, of Wethersfield, later. Dr. A polios •hanical ingenuity, ?, and other ma- ther of these pro- th which the busi- d the solid-headed ction by the ham- ilso without heads, ■90, between which Nails. time and tlie clo.se of the century twenty-three patents were grantid in the United States for nail-maiiing maciiiiHTy, including several to in- iiabitants of this State. A pr(i[Misiti..n before the r.egislative Council of Connecticut in 1780, to .t;iv(' a premium for this manufacture, was rejcctcl. An Act was, however, passed in 1 ; US f(,r regulating the manuracture of nails made for sale or e.\p(.rtalion. The length of each nail, and the weight per thousand of each of the seve- ral sizes from two to twenty pennies was li.xed by the Act, and all wur*. required to bo rose-headed. Inspectors were appointed in each town wliere nails were made, and received 13 ('ts. per ca.sk as fees. The statute did not apply to cut nails or those made of cold iron ur for in- dividual consumption. Wrought nails were at that time made in nearly every town in the State, and many were cxp(»rted to other Stales. Litchfield County was the principal seat of this manufacture. The people of Connecticut have from early colonial times manilVsted a proneness to invetition and to those finer branches of manufacture and "notions" for which the State is famous. .Alany of these originated among her people. Abel Buell, an ingenious gold and silversmith of Killingworth, about 1T66, constructed probably the first lapidary nmciiine used in t his country, Lapidary fi"J represented to the Court that his " method of grinding and polishing crystals and other stones of great value, all the growth of this Colony," was likely to be a great saving and advantage to the Colony against the importation of such stones frum abroad. In ITtJ'J be presented a memorial, im])ressed with types of his own manufacture, for aid in erecting a type-foundeiy, which was granted, and the business commenced in New Haven. About the same time, he made a survey of the coast of Florida for Roman's Map of North America, published during the war, and was associated with Amos Dooliltle, an engraver of New Haven, who sketched and engraved four views of the battles of Lexington and Concord, the first series of historical prints, it is thought, made in America, and afterward maps for :\Iorse's Geography, etc. Buell was also employed with others in coining copper money fur the State, for which he constructed all the apparatus capable of making 120 per minute, A few years later, while in England, ho is said to have been consulted respecting the construction of Iron bridges. Joseph Ilojjkius, another silversmith, of Waterbnry, before the Revo- lution, made plated knee and shoe buckles, silver .sleeve and vest i)uttons, -Vutinns. and other plated ware, some of which are still preserved. The wooden clock manufacture was commenced in that town in- James Harrison, in 1790, on whose books the first is charged January 1, 1791, !" X3 12s. 8(/. In East Windsor the brass clock manufacture was car- 520 COLONIAL INLUS-nU' IN METALS. riea on by Daui.l Burnap. Specimens wind, are still P--;--l;- -''J : owise inferior in wovlunansl.ip to the best Engl.^. ;^- -j^^V^J ^ m- .vnv later period. Clocks were also made m Ea>t llarttoiu Clock. 01 anj Uiti \n ^ ^^^^^ instructed by i «f ti,n ninnufacture in Connecticut. At tliat tune, iiiuiuui 'T i it ^ Tl'.e k »1 or clocks made V,y tl,o,e were bras, .n'^f-»"-^ nr::?;, r .Ua,, ana dial Tor seconds and J^o -»» y^' ^'^^Z TstL^le "T *"tf ;,:«::: e! . ".ra sLk m trade, .ad .„cy •::;';::.:';::. :':;:;: «.» .»»ue.- »- "°--*t'"L°i.'':"'x; , I f,.„,>, ftti tn *lfl npcordinc: to uis taste, leny :::rk,r:s:::v::e:,:rr „«in..u^^^^^^^^^ :;;/:';;:rco„.r„c'«on ot »„ e.na.„,. Clock, ^:^^z:':i tween apparent -^ "■-;;;".':;.,, J/;:, ; ,:" l! .i„ business on a Boston took a patent for in t mc p.eecs y B ^ .^ ^^^^^^^ ._^ :S:t:i";:r::;dt;lr« ..eel ridiculed as cl,i.crie., """""' °:,, : *:t, cir:ein. on t,. Nau^atnck ri.er tl.e .nanu 5S'." factotc of tl.e shelf or mantle clock, which he patented m 1816, .n>c chctmc s of these created a wide demand. Sceral .mprove- ■ , T b, him in the mechanism, and the later prosress m ma- ments made h h,m n e ^^^^^.^^_ .^_ ^,_^^ ^^^^ ,^ „h,ner, gc ja b, h V .nerca^ l^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^, ,^ hnndreds of """■■"'"7' °™ » , ,„j nis descendants ha.e been r^JdT;,: b"::i:^t tC"--. - •''^ «"■ «'— ' 'T::;ttol'tl.''importa„ec of horological maehincs in ever, depart- r?5riS-r=:d=:;r:s CONNECTH'UT. MECHANICAL INVENTIONS I\ CLOCKS. 521 (rcservcil arc said ish clocks of that in East Hartford •en instructed by ly, removed from clock-milking, to equent enterprise to be considered hat time, Thomas 1, were also known se were brass and was, for a wooden aes having a brass more costly case, imited was the sale in trade, and they the case being pro- ,0 his taste. Terry teeth of the wheels n November, lt97, time-pieces, cover- g the difference be- ch year Willard of an the business on a after, his success in culed as chimerical, ich others now com- ■oduced a new era ia tuck river the raanu- he patented in 1816. Several iraprove- Lter progress in ma- jtion in that State to old a clock, equal to ascendants have been his pupil, Chauncey lines in every depart- ,nd business, there are more numerous and long its members than both in Europe and America, have first exercised in this way their ingenuity, whieii has afterward conducted to discoveries of universal utility, llittenliouse, Fitch (also a native of Connecticut), Whittemore, who, before any of the above, also constructed witlfout a model an cfEeient wooden clock, Dr. Franklin, and others, might be named. Clock-makers are said' to have been the first who employed special machines fur their manufac- tures, the wheel-cutting engine having been invented by Dr. llooke about lf)55, and the screw-cutting lathe by Ilindley, a clock-maker of York, England, in 1741. The fusee engine and slide rest, tiie value of which are known to all mechanicians who use metal, are of later intro- duction, although the latter, in an imperfect form, was used at Home iu 164S, and attained its present form iu 1772. The Assembly of Connecticut, in October, 1783, awarded a patent for fourteen years to Benjamin Hanks, of Litchfield, for a self-winding cluck. It was to wind itself by tlie help of the air, and to keep more regular time than other machines. The principle was made use of in Xcw York and elsewhere. Two years after, the Rev. Joseph Badger, while a mem- ber of Yale College, constructed an ingenious planetarium, without having seen one of the kind. It was deposited in the College Library. In 1786, Barnabas Deane asked of the legislature the exclusive right of erecting and making use of a steam-engine, professing to have a per- steam- ^^^^ knowledge of its construction and use. The city of Man- eugiuo. Chester, in England, was not in possession of that great agent iu manufactures until four years later, but the engine had been pre- viously introduced in several places for pumping and locomotion. Several years earlier, Harris Hansom, of Colchester, a prisoner, pre- ferred the modest request of a patent from the Government for one hun- dred years for a " perpetual water motion," by which water could be made to rise thirty feet high, and be conveyed to towns or cities. A very useful and ingenious dredging-machine was constructed by a Mr. Culver, of Norwich, by which the channel of the Thames was deepened, and much benefit to the navigation of other rivers in the country ex- pected from its use. New Hampshire. — We have found little mention of the provincial or very early attempts to manufacture Iron iu New Hampshire. There is much valuable ore both in that State and Vermont, and they were amply endowed with all the materials for charcoal fur- naces and forges. The magnetic oxyd of iron, of rich quality, exists abundantly in many places in the former, particularly at Winchester and (1) Lectures on the Progress of Arts and Science before the Society of Arts. Iron ores. 522 COLONIAL INDTJSTllY IN METALS IIins(la-o on the bonlcrs of Massachusolts, at F rancouia and Lisbon in Grafto'. County, and m large veins in Barllett, Coos Couniy. It is from this d. SL-riulion of ore that a hirge ;,art of the excellent Sweilish Iron is uiaae The specular oxyd at ricrniont, in the same county is one uf the richest ores in tlie Fniteu States, yielding CO to upward of 90 per cent of metallic iron. The hydratod peroxyd or swamp ore also occurs in many places. 13ut these and sundry veins of copper, zinc, and lead at Warren and Eaton and about the grand Monadnocl<, appear not to have been wrought at a very early period. The only depos.t of lui ore {cassilerite) of any economical value in the United fetates, '■*'■""'• was some years ago discovered !)y Dr. Jackson, the State Ceolon-ist, at Jackson in New Hampsiiire. It contained from 30 to 40 per cent of that valuable metal, occurring in small crystals in mica slalo and quartz. Iron ore wa? early discovered in ♦lie vicinity of Portsmouth, and a quantity of it was shipped to England by Gibbons, tlie agent of Captain Mason, in Augu.st, 1C34, respecting which he wrote to his princii.al : •'There is of i'-ree sorts— one sort tiiat the myne doth cast fourth as tlie tree doth gum, which is sent in a rundit. One of the other sorts we take to be very rich, there is great store of it. For the other I do not know " llo advises that a supply of iron-work, suitable for shipwrigliis and joiners, s-liould be sent to be sold with the lumber at a saw-mill he was then erecting, and adds, " So I have written unto Mr, Jola. r.ound to repair unto your worship ; he i. a silversmith by his trade, but hath epent much time and means about iron,'" etc. How early an attempt was made to smelt the ore there wc cannot say. The r.ritish Hoard of Trade, reported to the House of Commons, m 1731, that the Governor of New Hampshire, in his answers to llieir circular letters, mentioned an Act passed many years before i'or the en- couragement of Iron-works in the Province by proliibiting tiie exporta- tion of iron ore. But diligent imiuiry had failed to discover such an Act on the files of the office. Some of the ore beds near the Massachu- sctta line give evidence of having been formerly explored, ami as ore has been fro.piently obtained in the adjoining States for furnaces in tlie latter, such an Act may have been passed (luring the disputes relative to the boundary between tho two Provinces, which, from 1702 to 1741, were united in one government. it is not probable much rorgT"'' would be shippe.l to Europ<'- Houglass, a few years later, upeiiks of "the noted Iron-works at Lamper Eel River," which, he says, were only bloomeries of swamp or bog ore, and were soon discontinued (1) Udkuap'a Now HiuiUJiliiro, vol. i., Api). No. viii. NKW irAMPSniRE AND VEUMOXT. 523 coiiia and Lisbon in , County. It is from client Pwci'iish Iron ime county is one of ,0 upward of 90 per vamp ore also oceui's )pper, zinc, and lead lnoci<, appeiir not to only deposit of Tiu in the United States, Jackson, the State tained from 30 to 40 crystals in mica slalo if Portsmouth, and a the agent of Captain Lite to his princi|tal : uth cast fourth as tlie of the other sorts we or the other I do not litahle for shipwrijrhis .mher at a saw-mill he nto Mr, Jolm r.iiund by his trade, but hath How early an attempt louse of Commons, in his answers to their eiirs before for the en- oliibiting the exporta- J to discover such an ids near the Massachu- qilored, and as ore lias I'S for furnaces in the ir the disputes relative •h, from n02 to 1741, is not probiilile much iiss, a few years later, River," which, he says, wore soon discontinued p. No. vUi. through deficiency of water and of ore, having never made much bar- iron.' The ship-building of the Province rccpiired much iron, which formed a considerable item of the expense. Tiie nails imported at the port of Piscataqua for the year ending October 1, 1T91, amounted to 16,890 lbs., and the unwrought steel to nearly as much, independent of what was obtained from the neighboring States.' Iron-works to some extent were carried ou at Exeter about that time, and prol)ably tliere and elsewhere considerably earlier. Dr. Belknap (1702) simj.ly re- marks that the manufacture of Iron, both in j'orges and furinices, niiuiit be made vastly more productive than it was, and that, instead of iielng imported, Iron might be an article of export.'' Several Jthode Island men, Hawkins, Jenks, Arnold, and Cahoon, first smelted the magnetic ore of Winchester at Furnace Village in 1795. IJut the beds, thoush abundant, appear to have been abandoned in five or six years. The Franconia Works were built, we believe, by the Xew Hampsiiire Iron Manufacturing Company, incorporated in 1805 to work tiie rich granular ore of that town and Lisbon. A cold-bhist furnace was erected in 1811, and a hot-blast in 1844. But they have not been actively worked for some time. Vermont.— In the territory of Vermont, where the government of New Hampsiiire had grante vicinity. Nails were made to a consig thence nea.^ one hundred miles to Esopus (now Kingston) on the Hudson _ 1 uulU on ascribes these excavations, of which there were two, and the old mine road" to a company of miners from Holland, who transported ore o ome l^.d over he 'road, until the work was suspended, as U . supp .ed bTthe ransfer of the Province to the English in IG.U. The records of eW India Company also refer to a piece of pure eopper ^om >ew Netherlands, and to the assurance received from ^^^f^^^^^^ that there was a copper mine .at Min.smk. It was for ^ -t ukUI tha the mining was probably carried on. Tlie copper mme of the bchny ler nl New Brunswick, in Jersey, appears also to have been wrough to Lme extent by the Dutch.' Hubbard, about 1G30, says >n reference to New York. 4taten Island produces tin and store of Iron ore. and the r ahmine stone is said likewisp*- be found there." In patents granted I . Ouke of York, of which that of Muu- siuk enSrcing L larger porMon of Orange County, was the earhes Ttlla part of the State, the gold and silver mines were reserved m vl the royal prerogative. This was the only reservation w.th re- : to mines all minerals in the grant in 1CB4 of the '-ge mam..a :!a e to Hubert Livingston, in Columbia County, where probably the fu-st Iron-works within the present lindts of the State were ^r,UT afterward erected by his eldest son, I'hilip Livingston. 1 he.e ^""'""- were k.iowu as the Ancram irou-works, a name derived fro.a t . 1 n .,f oonnor 111. 6.'t.; middle of tue Inst eontury, and Sir William 2ili.; a .heep, ^^" '^ ^;7\ ^Jfl,,/ j.,,,„„„. of New York, w«. in.truo.cd ,« M..iomvric. Tl..y nro .nd '- ^ » J^^^ J ^,, L,liMua..n. Al«...ndor Henry, at th. 1626 and nKuin l.y Jutln-r Claude Allou 7, ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^_ in xm. who .y.U of finding p.ooc, of cop- the "- •• «.dc . Uk ^_^_ from ,oncr:,.ion h, Ren.-n.tu n «r ol, e.t of K " ^ ^j^_^^_,^_^, ^,,^^,^ ,„ j„,j, worship. M...... of cop,,..r Imm.nored .nto «'""•""•' ]i„„,,„on. «hc»e Re- „.eful fonn. h,v« .,.n found in ,h., WeMorn - " -« ' ^ ', ^.^^^ .„.;„,„ u.for- tonudi, .l>l.h wove prCaldy oh.a ned ^^^^ ^^;^: ^ ^,,, ,,,,^, ,.,„,,,.. .l,i-no.'. An nppHn,(ion for a grant of tl.cm i lUVJl^ fv-v WM made U' tb« k.ut of K.iglaud about v.,o J i^^ NEW YORK. GERMAN MINERS EXPLORE THE m(]IlI..VNI)S, 527 t Miiiisink, in the County. At this cysideufllie Dela- )und " mine holes'' ; thence nearly one [udson. Tradition and " the old mine transported ore of .1, tts it is supposed, 4. The records of •e copper from New J Kloos de lluyter, for that metal that ine of the Schuylers ve been wrought to says in reference to if Iron ore, and the which that of Mini- iity, was the earliest es wore reserved in reservation with re- f the large manorial where probably the s of the State were ) Livin},rston. The»e a name derived from t century, and Sir WilUam f York, wnj instruolcil tn m ri-'spcctini; thrni, wliit'h a to Loril IliUsl'oroiigli. s iiHctrtiiiniHl to bo aljuntl- reaily imnK' had proved it iimtcs liiid bei'H ajiulo of lining and trimfporting it. iiptod tlicro ns cnrly .i« 1771 in, Alu-Kiindor Henry, at th« ,'on riviT, imd iil'(orwiird on ' the Inke, l)Ul. iiftor nn un- , was iil)iind'.n»a. Tlio n;- red by ttio United Htntft dor (ienpnil Cjiss, *n I'^ltf, y l>r. lloiigliton, \i\Hee Ro- iivo 'iio fli-t (liniiilc iiifor- .• lliono va'uiiblo depolili. the native place of the family in Scotland. They wore erected on the Ancrara or lloelolF Jansen's Creek, about fourteen miles east of the Hudson. Tlie ore was obtained principally from the "ore hill" in Salis- bury, Conn., which place, was first settled by some Dutcii fiimiiies from Xew York, and incorporated by its present name in 1741. The mine, of which the lion. Philip Livingston was one of the principal owners, was about twelve miles distant fiom the bloomery. Tlie site of the forge was probably chosen on account of a vein of argentiferous galena or lead ore having been previously discovered and opened by Mr. Living- ston near the spot. The works were set up as early at least as 1740. Tliat tliey were the first in the Province, we infer from tlie official re- ports to the Lords of Trade. Tlie Hon. Cadwallader Cohlen, in 1723, assigns as the reason that naval stores, iron, etc., had not been attempted, that it was difficult to persuade people to change their accustomed pur- suits for new ones, which were expensive in the beginning and always uncertain in the issue ; to which were added the want of capital, the cheapness of land, and the consequent dearuess of labor, which was etpial to 3.S. a day. Governor Cosby, in 1734, alludes to the discovery of rich mines in Xew Jersey, and of Lead in Xew York, and to the abundance of both bog and mountain ores of Iron, " but as yet no iron-work is set up in tliis Province." lie considered it desirable that encouragement should be given to the impo'-tation of Iron in pigs and bars into Eng- land, or "at least that it might be free of duty.'" Kalm, the Swedisli traveler, in 1748 says, "Of late years they (of Xew York) have shipped a great deal of Iron to England." This exportation doubtless consisted in part of Iron from X'ew Jersey, where Iron-works were erected many years before. Among the early explorers of the iiighly metalliferous region of the nighlands of Orange, llockiand, Putnam, and other counties, were a company of German miners, sent out between the years 1730 and 1750, under the direction of I5aron llorsenclaver, who was extremely assiduous in prosecuting tlie searcli. Tliey made numerous excavations, of which the traditions and more palpalde evidences still remain, and made some Httcraj)ts to turn their discoveries to account, whence many reports of silver and lead mines in the Highlands have originated. Iron-works ajipear to have been first set, up in Orange County about this time. In 1750, when information respecting Iron-works in the Cok)nies wa« railed for in reference to the bill before Parliament upon the sul)ject, oruni.-^ Goiirnor Clinton reported that at a place called Wawnganda, -"■ly ill Orange County, aliout twenty-six miles from the Hudson, W'ftS a plating-forge with a till-iianimer. It was the properly of Law- (1) Due. Ilmt. of New York, by O'Cttllaghan. iflk^ jj,^g COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. in the rvovince. i„ „f „ vifh suncrPoial deposit of T iTJ^n tl.P first discovery was made oi a iicti suptmn" ^ i In the following year, Ward & Colton erctau "'-""^ Sterlinn- Pond, ia the extreme southern part of \\ .tsm K, near u.u..a.id blciiing 1 uiiu, i f„rnicp whi"h wuH the first --"«• the Monroe Hue, a charcoal ^/l"^^-^"" "''' ^ ": ' ^,^„ . ^villiam • w i 1- These works were called, in compliment to Geueial \N imam \", " ^Lo d S erli g the owner of the land, afterward an ollieer .u Alexander Lord feteiiinj,, lilt- ti.ov were bu t or Back. co»„.y, i'»-y'"'''\"»: :i\:fj:,„? ;„„; 5,.o to im steel, .nd oU,er p..r,c. . Th^^ '' J ™ ,. „„ „„,„,„,,„„. ahout for their |,n»l„,.uv,«> . «;J°'; ""^ ,„.°, ,„,„ ^ar, were the pro- '"'"' ';,:: li, w„o U«.„.e ,.,« ,,r„,„K..or ..roro the «» n,.,^ '"•'••"■■ „„,l,or, at .l.e ,.1.™ i„ in.l, ai"! i. HVC pro.lac,«l the ir .t.el in tl,e Province, at first from pig «nJ afterward from bar ,ron, . ro:r::L«„er.Ti,efir.ti.....e.,,.de.^ ^sir": :rr"" a » :;a"::tror"":d;..oo. i. w.s eoa-ider,. """"', e U„ .i,e r.«o„s Daacaora 8«e,ils„ Iron. Tl.o -»»■ > a:r ""' „.,,. m ll.e St.t« were east l,y tl,e same per,,,., for Govern- me,,., in „>«, from f.e met., jj, -» t; j''%,:; I:::;!: eh.mstre,cledniro>» le 11 ^^_^^ ^|^|.^^^,^,^| .^^ rr^::- t;:::^^or ::f cohmd Timoti. ..uerin.^ u :^:id unhroUen. we believe, daring the w^. ^^ o.^- ^ ^^^ Montgomery and on the lake above were broken by he But s L k- of these ehdns. weighing 140 lbs each, are preserved among the Kcvo- lutionary relics at Newburgh and iu New \ork. S ,.. . a.„i .1.. ofNotv (2) nr. llnrton'l Oeologlool Report of ' (,) French's niK»«"'(!"tttl«"'°ff^'^" J-l York. NEW YORK. lUOX MINES AND WORKS IN ORANGE COUNTY. 529 five years before, kind in tlie Tro- •nace at lluit time crficial deposit of town of Monroe. 1(3 at tiie outlet of of W.'cwick, near hi'jh was the first General William rward an ollicer in 'hey were built for • Abel Noble, from nroe, near the fur- From 500 to 1,000 y from the Sterling en that and 184-2. ir cannon, bar-iron, formerly celebrated Revolution, about bar, were the pro- ' works. Mr. Peter ;fore the war, made , produced Die lirsl ivd from bar iron, in the State was made Long Mine on tlie Is it was eourtidercd on. The first cannon 1 person for Uovern- loy were from six to The immense Iron in 1778, wiiH forged ade and delivered in nothy IMekering." U hough others at Fori ,y the British. Links vod among the llevo- in*« Geologloiil Report of A second furnace was erected on the same property in 1777, by the Townscnds, who had two forges with eight forgo fires. The furnace has been in ruins for fifty years. Tlie hamlet still bears the name of Sterling Works, and now produces daily 12 to 15 tons of i)ig-iron, the business being still in the family of the Townsends, whose large hot-blast furnace stands two miles north of the old Sterling furnace. Southfield furnace, mx miles southeast of the Sterling mines, owned by Peter Townsend & Co., was built in 1800. Several other veins of magnetic ore were opened in the last century in the neighborhood of the Sterling mine, which itself covers, according to survey, 30 acres of ground. The Forest of Dean mine, a very e.vlcnsive bed six miles west-northwest of Fort Montgomery, as early as 175G supplied a furnace, which was abandoned twenty-one years after. Tlie vein is over 30 feet thick and 150 broad, and makes good cold short iron. Samuel Patrick cast stoves at this furnace for Governiiunt in 1776. The Long Mine, beloiij^niig to the Townsends, was discovered in \1iil by Ijavid Jones, and, during the next seventy or eighty rears, supplied on an average 500 tons of ore annuallv to the Sterlin": Works. liiniK Aliue. t t i " It was the only one at which systematic iiuiiinle Iron, and haj-nes.<- buckles of good (piality were made.' Tiie Mountain Mine, half a mile sou'hwest of Long Mine, was found in 1758 ity a hunter, in conseciuence of a fn'e having i)cen blown up by Mauntaiu tlic roots. Tlic Iron froiu this mine was remarkable for its .Muio. strength and fine i)olish, and was in conscfpieiice chielly ex- ported to England to be tinned. Spruce Swamp or lied Mine, of pyritous magnetic ore, three mileh south of Long Mine, discovered in 1780 l)y J. Stiiiieiifell ; the lielclier otherminps Miiic, discovcrcd in 1792 by Jacob Belcher, on the Sterling luoruiiKiCo. estate, at the soutu end of the mountain ; the Crossway Mine, near Mountain Mine, a vein 14 feet thick, yielding 50 per cent, of good Iron, found in 1793 by John Pall, with the Patterson, Clove, O'Xeill ur Nail mine, and many other veins more recently discovered, now supjilv tho anthracite and charcoal furnaces of Orange County with much vahi' able ore. Vincent Matthews, Esij., was tho proprietor of an iron mine iu Orange County in 1774. Many old furnaces and forges for sniclting these ores have been long abandoned. A furnace was in operation during the lU'Volution »t Craigsville, in IJlooming (Jrove township. Ilaverstraw furnace, (1/ Hr. IluriouV Kipoit. 34 mm Official Ki'poit. COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. in Rockland County, and one or two bloomerics on the west bank of Tappan Sea, which smelted ore on the neighboring creeks, and other , , bloomerics on the Kamapo, have been long abandoned, the (vo'.l^r fo,,„cr for fifty years, and the Croton, Orange, and Woodbury furnaces quite or nearly as long.' Large furnaces now occupy the Kamapo Valley, which are supplied with magnetic and limonite ores from the mines above named and others in the Highlands. In 1757 Governor De Lancey, in obedience to the king's proclama- tion, transmitted an account of the Iron-works in the Province from 1749 to 1756. It contained a statement of the product of the Ancram Iron-works during that time, as furnished by Robert Livingston, Jr., the son of the first proprietor. It was represented to be the only Iron-works in the Province then carried on. Several others had been set u)), but were abandoned, through mismanagement or the pecuniary inability of the undertakers. Of tliese were two furnaces in tl^e Manor of Cortland, and several bloomerics which had not been worked for several year:=. Iron ore was aljundant, especially in the Highlands, and it was prol)able that, with the return of peace and with encouragement from Parliament, a number of otliers would be cnrried on to the great advantage of the mother cuuntry, which in time would receive from the Colonies, in exchange for her own manufactures, all the pig and bar iron she required, for whicli she now paid Sweden in cash* The following is— 4n Account of Iron made at Ancram, in Ihr Manor Umngston, b^/ Robert Livingston, Jr., E., 0, t _^ J^^^^.^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ Soeiety, was formd "> >«» "' , ,,„,„„t, „f radinmentary l-o"" -" "'■■"" ,'r ™t; a ;; .er. V,.m..s were offered r:: t:rr:.:;:;t. rr;—, a. «. .. .ad, sales. . f Tvon-works in the southern part At this date there were a number of Iron ^v ori s of Duchess County. The ^^^^^^^::^Z^iZ in very rich .... and --% f ^'^,':; ^::^/: the sJud and sometimes of co«... deposits of l--^-;^^ ; ;;^^'^2 slate and limestone. A manu- the nbrous -™^'-' '^"°;1" ::tl r aent form of the hematite, was faetureof yellow ochre *--;'- ^f^J^^.^,, , ,ein of galena was established many year ago. M Is ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^.^^, ,,^, wrought as early as 1^40, by ^ comn ^^^^^ ,^ ^^^^^^^ i^y , ore to Bnstol,Englau and t Am^^^^^^ ^^^.^^^^ ^^ ^„, ,., i,,,,^ vein of copper ore and bo h d , ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ,^. 80 ounces to the ton. He Nsmw „ ' p McDaniels, .^,::ri.::tVa..e«u..a.».;^-^^ s.::;:J"i:: ::r ;:::r— u . yet ea.ed on .y ,.„. ^eoM ..St. and the ,,;.od,.t - -^^^r* „„,„„, „ „„,.,hy About the middle of the last ccuiui), m-oprietor of scve- end enterprising German already ^^^^: '' ^ ^l,,..a.a eon- ral Iron-works in New York and New ^ J^^J" /^ ^^ ^^/^^ ,„d the siderable sums of money in promoting '^^J^^TLor and capital in nianufacture of potash, which then J^M; oyed ™ueh a. ^1 ^ ^^^ the Colonies. In a letter dated ^'''' ^''fX^'^^'^l^, 'of Trade, which he was the bearer from Governor ^ - ; ^^^^ ^^^eir lordships r=:rr;r:s:;:^:-operationsiniron. NEW YOIIK. LEAD, SU.vr.ll, AND 1U0\. 633 akc in part pay, cd pole-axes, and ;se we suppose to by tlie iron manu- in of the London ■stic manufactures, fliameutary power liums were offered a fair was opened le-made hardware, md met with ready n the southern part an, Dover, Fishkill, ibound in very rich d and sometimes of imestone. A raanu- ,f the liematite, was 'cin of galena was IS, who exported the lode is crossed hy a er 45 and the latter :, abandoned as un- Dy Peter McDaniels, •esg. A quantity of tually given up once lie county. iig the Revolution in di steel and castings —still known as "the yet carried on by hut Is. orsenclaver, a wealthy Lhe proprietor of scve- le also expended con- ition of hemp and the ;h labor and capital in January 12, nr.T, of the Lords of Trade, .ed, and their lordships his operations in Iron. It is stated in the same letter tliat a foundcry for making small iron pota hud been lately set up " near tliis town," but was yet inconsiderable. The Governor also mentions a silver mine, or, more properly, a vein of lead ore of highly argentiferous character, as having been lately leased by order of 'he Britisli Government to Mr. Frcderi k Philipse. It was in the Manor of Thilipsburg, in ^yest Chester Cowiiy, where iron ore also existed, for working wiiicli last, furnaces were early erected. A large refinery of ii..n or lead, belonging to Colonel James, was in ope- ration at Sing Sing at the commencement of the i; volution.' Magnetic iron ore abounds in the highlands of rum am Couniy. Its value is often much impaired by an excess of sulidiur. TownsendN mine I'ucnara ^^ Simewog hill, in Southeast, is the oldest known in tluit part Cuiiuty. Qf (.||g iijohiands, whicli was extensively explored by Ilorsun- claver and his company. Ore was once carted from this mine to Dan- bury, Connecticut, and to furnaces along tlie Sound. Though amply productive, the workings were for some reason abandoned forty years ago, after having yielded 150,000 tons. Tlie vein is in some places 20 feet thick between gneiss and hornblende rock. The suli)iiate of iron, formed by the decomposition of the sulphuret, led to early excavations in many places in early times in searcii for silver, as at the old '■ silver mine," so called, northeast of Antliony's Nose. On the top of that promontory, a mine of magnetic iron was also opened formerly, but proved too sulphurous for use. On the ojiposite side of tlie Sound, in RuiTolk Count v L. I., as else- where mentioned, the manufacture of steel was atteiujiied as early as Long 1655 by a native of Southold. A bloomery forge was built, Island. probably before the Revolution, at Patchogue, in Brookhaven, midway between New York and Sagg Harbor. It was owned at a later period by Jeffrey Smith, and its site is now occupied by otlier (1) On 30th October, 1777, Congress di- rected tbn Boird of 'War to write to the Government of the State of New Yorlt, re- commending it forthwith to talie nieasurea for having the lead mines in the Stato worked, and promising, in case laborers wore scarce, to supply prisoners of war for that purpose. — Jour, of Cmiij., iii. 462. The only lead mine in the State which was of any account in the last century, we believe, •vaa the Livingston mine at Ancram. This mine was wrought during the war, but the lomcstio supply fell far short of the demand ill tlie early part of the war. Congress, in November, ordered the Ctmrnissioners abioad to purchase 5''0 tons of load, and while churches and pi yate houses in the cities wore stripped of heir leaden spouts and the weights to the windows, and ladies in many places surrendered their stores of shining pewter to furnish bullets for tho soldiery, tho leaden equestrian statue which had been decreed by a grateful people to the king in 1770, is said to have disappeared from tho streets of New York to nmki; bul- lets for tho destruction of his military sub- jects. It was mi'liod up in tho fiimily o? Gov. Wolcott of Connecticut, uud madi 42,000 bullets. 534 COLONIAL INDL'SXRY IN METALB. mauufacture.. In the primary formations of Long Island Staten and Sew York islands, and the .mailer adjacent ones, magnetic iron ores ^ecur in considerable quantity. This mineral underhes some portions of the city, and is distributed throughout the island. It was found there bv Mr Peter Townsend many years ago. Peter T. Curtcniua was the proprietor of a large air-furnace m the city of Ne-v York before the Revolution. In February, 1775, as stated in a paper of that date, a large cylinder for the stean.-cng.ne cS. of the water-works then in progress of erection, wa.s cast at the foundery of Sharp & Curtenius. It was said to be " the first per- formance of the kini ever attempted in America." and to have been extremely well executed.' (1) The city had been previously supplied with water from wells and pumps, in ao- coruance with an Act of Assembly in 1741. This first and early attempt to supply the city by menus of aqueducts was proposed ftnd pnrtially carried out by Christopher Colles, an accomplished civil engineer from Ireland, who, in 1774, contracted to build a reservoir on the east sido of Broadway, between Pearl and White streets. The completion of the design was frustrated by the war with England. After the peace, in 1785, schemes for supplying water were re- newed by Colles and others, surveys were made, and in 1799 a company was formed with large privileges, which were used chiefly for banking purposes. A principal well was, however, sunk at the corner of Duane and Cross streets, whence a limiiod supply of impure water was raised by a steam-engine, and distributed in pipes. Other projects for wells and open canals were proposed and abandoned by different •companies, until the Assembly, on May ad, 1834, authorised a joint stock company, a.->d the citizens, at the charter election in April, 1835, approved of the survey made by com- missioners for an aqueduct to the head of Croton river. This magnificent enterprise wan commenced in the spring of 1837, and Its completion was celebrated October 14th, 1842. The chief engineer was John B. Jer- vis, who, before its commencement, succeed- ed Major D. B. Douglass, the surveyor of the one previously suggested by De Witt Clinton. The engine for which the cylinder above- mentioned was cast, must have been one of the first attempted in America. Christopher Colles, under whose direction it was prob- ably commenced, is believed to have made the first steam-engine ever constructed in this country. In 1771, as we are informed by M.'. Thompson Wcstcott, Colles offered his services in Philadelphia as an hydraulic engineer. The next year he delivered loc turcs in that city on Pneumotics, Hydro- statics, Hydraulics, and lock navigation, illustrated by experiments and working, models of several machines, including the steam-engine. As the result, ho was em- ployed to build a steam-engine for a distil- lery, which was reported upon by a com- mittee of the Philosophical Society in August, 1773, but, from the cheapness of its construction, did not prove efficient. In the same year ho lectured in New York on canals and steam-engines, and the following year was employed as mentioned in the text. In 1775, he gave lessons in gunnery. In ]784, he presented a memorial to the Ne« York legislature, on the subject of water communication with Lake Ontario by the Mohawk river. During the next year, with meagre aid from the legislature, he explored the country as far as Wood Creek, and pvblished a pamphlet on "The Inland Navigauon of New York," showing its ad- vantages and feasibility. His project wa« considered visionary, but he peraevercd, ond in 1786 again memorialized the Assem- bly and City Council, on artificial communi- cation between New York and the great lakes by the above route. A bill was ro- I ; Island, Staten, and , magnetic iron ores erlies some portions , It was found there ;e air-furnace in the uary, 1715, as stated for the steam-engine erection, was cast at to be " the first per- i," and to have been ist, must have been one of id in America. Christopher lose direction it was prob- , is believed to have maJo sngine ever constructed in n 1771, as we are informed m Westcott, Colles offered hiladelphia as an hydraulic next year he delivered loc ity on Pneumatics, Ilydro- ilics, and locit navigation, experiments and vforking- al machines, including the As the result, ho was em- a steam-engine for a distil- 9 reported upon by a com- Philosophical Society in lut, from the cheapness of its lid not prove efficient. In he lectured in New York on m-engines, and the following loyed as mentioned in the , he gave lessons in gunnery, resented a memorial to the ;islature, on the subject of ication with Lake Ontario by iver. During the next year, aid from the legislature, he ountry as far as Wood Creek, 1 a pamphlet on " The Inland • New York," showing its ad- feasibility. His project wa« isionary, but he persevered, gain memorialized the Assoin- Douncil, on artificial communi- on New York and the great above route. A bill was ro ■^MM IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 l^m 12.5 •50 "■^ MlH •u m 12.2 I.I 1^ IIIIIM ■ 1.25 M. \\iA ^ 6" ». >F ^^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WKBSTIR, NY. MS80 (716) •73-4903 * \V <^ o MO CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Colfection de microfiches. Cana&ian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques .AJ4M--MJtf W*>WreB UMiltJy*' ' 'J»tf^-t*'-J" ' ' NEW YORK. STATISTICS—NOllTHESN NEW YOlUC. 535 I- J 1. »• I- It >• We lia\e seen no nieution of smelting furnaces or forges in tlic island at that time. But one furnace and one forge, according to Professor Aiathei, remained in working order in the counties of Now Yorlc, West Chester, and Putnam in 1S42. Tiie exi)orts from the port of Xew York for the year ending July 5, 17G6, included 632 tons of bar-iron, valued at £2(J sterling pur ton ; Exports 500 tons of pig-iron, at £1 lO.s. per ton ; and 80 tons of copper ore at £100 per ton. Some Iron was at this time shipi)ed to Ireland in the emigrant and merchant vessels in exchange for linen and other manufactures. In 1775, the first year of the war, 200 tons of iron, worth £16 10s. (an average, probably, of the prices of bar and i)ig iron) per ton, were imported, and in 177(1 only 40 tons. The shipments of Iron from the port in these years amounted to 2,400 tons of pig and 750 of bar iron ia 1775, and to 800 tons of pig and 690 of bar in 1.776. The pig metal was "alued at 7os. and the bar at £17 per ton. Six tons of copper ore were exported in 177.5, and only one in 177C.' It was not until after the llevolution that the ferriferous treasures of that section of the State in wliich its greatest, mineral wealth is found, Noithorn ""'l 'ts most activd Iron business is now comlucled, were ^c.w York, ijrought to the knowledge of its people. These lie in tli'e va.t beds of magnetic and specular iron ore in the valleys of Li-ke Cham|ilain and the St. Lawrence. The Iron enterprise of this rich agricultural and mineral region is now expanding with great riipidity, an! promises ere long, by the aid of modern science, capital, and material agencies, to attain a magnitude hitherto uiiequaled in this country. In the great belt of primary or lluronian and Lawrentiaii rocks in Northeaste-n New York, throughout the counties of Washington, Sura- toga, Essex, Clinton, Franklin, and St. Lawrence, ihe supply of ores is almost illimitable, and the greatest aflluence of fuel and water-jto'ver point to a future developn-ent of the Iroii-nianufaclure in that region of no ordinary extent. The richest deposits of these ores ure probnbly those Id the counties of Essex and Clinton, where the huge acclivities of the Adironday hills seem compacted of strata ami rocks of iron ore. Immense boulders also strew the surface in many places, and veins, ported to tli3 llniiiio liy JolTroy Pmilli, liut vioen In thli cotineptlon, ini.l siicuk^ uf Mm diii not l>»8ii. He piililislied njjiiin on tlio an tlie projeotcir i;nd alltii.hint nf ji til». iuhjectln 1807. Do Witt Clinton iidmiltid gnipli croctml duriiii} llio w,ir uf lsl2 nu tlio flrstnnd lie«t prneticiil miKKe-lion- for Cjirjlo Cliiiloii. IIo was n man cf nl.Mi.•^ly, the New York nnd Krie Ciinnl to liiive cnnio world, urioncn, niid innonnity, out cii. i| piKir from ColloH, nnd on the onmplotinn nf ilmt nnd unrowiirdcd.— .SVc M',«/,iif^'« /.if, „/ griMlt worit in IH2i, four jeiir.i iifti.r lii» do- ritrh, p. 15;t; Chlint l.l/t „f fulfo,,. opiik;', "hill ettlnii'd were lioriie witli Imnor." (I) SliuBlold'l Tubles. Mr. Coldeii ulso euiunioudj lilj;lily Ills ivr- & b COLONIAL IXDLSTRY IN METALS. iB^isscs aiul concretions underlie the valleys of the Saranac, the Au Sable, the Scroon, and of the several head streams of the lludson and lilt tributaries of tlie Lake. The only settlement made before tl.t Revolution north Ci Crown Point in this region of forest, was, by William Galliland, a merchant of ^.!W York, who, in May, ITv^J, planted a colony of mechanics and la- bo-ers on the Boquct, where they built saw-mills, a smithory, and other improvements. The inlluenee of iron upon the compass was noticed by Galliland in the followin;^ year, and its existence taenco inferred. In July, 1780, he notes in his journal that "Joseph Carter, of Scituatc, llhode Island, olVers GJ. lawful money per ton for iron ore, and raise it at Ills own expense. 500 to 1,000 tons annually." In March, 17^."., it is again recorded that " John Gilbert, owner Berkshire Furnace in Lenox, proposes to be concerned in it at his own expense. Mem. to ^vrite him as soon as we may safely visit the place."' The iron-manu- hature in this important region was commenced some years after Ijy the New Lnglaud people, who tlowed in after the Peace. In 1801, the first "iron-works were built at AVill.sboro Falls on the Potpiet, where hoawmks George Throop and Levi Highly commenced with Charles iuKhmx. j.^^^^^_^ ^j. SL.iienectady, the manufacture of anchors, of from 300 to 1,500 lis. weight, under a ten years contract with parties in Troj Mill cranks, for the numerous saw-mills of the region, grist- milt machinery, and afterward steamooat irons, were made at this foun- deij. which was ultimately changed to a bloomery, and is still in opera- liob It is noticed as a remarkable circumstance, that the ore used In the I'irst ten years, until the discovery of the Arnold ore bed in Clinton Com ty, was principally obtained from Vermont, the only deposit then opened' in all that region being at Basin Harbor. Some ere was also brought from Canada, whither one or two unsuccessful attempts were made to export anchors.' A rolling-mill was, a few years later, erected bv W. D. Ross on the same sta'am, at which nail-plates in large quan- (1) Wiitson's Survey of Esfpx County. (2) Tlio iiiuiKiiiiu li.tclics of iron ore in thin si'otion of Now York belong to il'f ct- tendcil bolt of ininmry orus which ftretehc. in a i'outliwi'i'liTly tliructlon from the Cobe- quid Mouutiviu in Nova Sootio— whcro it support'^ thu Ai'iuliii Furnucu nt (iroiitVil- liiKo. <>n l''""y '■''^'•'''' ""'' "ii'K"^''''^ ""'• upeculnr ore in Inr^u (lunnlity, mid in clo^^o liroxiniity to abundant'O of bituuiinous coal —through Now Brunswitk, Ciinadii Ea^t, Maine, New Ilumiisliire, and Vermont. In Canada the Treneh ii/o said to hiive had an iron-furnaeo nsi early as 1717, on a hriinoh of the St. Maurici' river, seven miles north of Trois Uivifirea, in the lower province, wlicro the St. Maurice ooUl-blast furnaeo now ii>. A luaiiufactory of pmall naila was c.'laMished ill Quebec in ITI'I, which, in the fir^t fix months, exported .^lU) ton." of naili to Vlurlda, the West Indies, and South America. NEW YORK. ELBA IU(»N-\VOUIvS— C.AST-SrEEL. Do I laranac, the Au tho lludsoii and lorth Ci Crown 1, a latToliaut of ichauies and la- thery, aud othei s was iiolit'cd by ce inferred. In ter, of Scituate, III ore, and raise Mareh, US."., it hire Furnace in pensc. !MeHi. to The iron-nianu- 'cars after by tlie In 1801, the first lie Boquet, where ed with Charles auchovs, of from t with parties in he region, (i'rist- lade at this foun- l is still in opera- t tlie ore used In re bed in Clinton only deposit then jmo rre was also ful attempts were ears later, ereeted tes in large quau- irp, nnd Vermont. In ;-e suiil to hiive Imil nn lis 1717, on II briinv'h i-cr, suvn miles norlli 1 Iho lower province, ico cold-blast fiirnneo iry ol' fmiill nails wna ' in ni't, wliieli, in tlio iirleil 31)0 tons of n.iili It InilieD, nncl South titles were made, and supplied to the nail-factory at Fair Haven, Vt., at $8 per cwt. The "Elba Iron-Works," a forge with four to six fires, was built in 1809, at xXorth Elba, on a braneli of the Au Sable river, by Archibald Mclntyrc & Co., using ore in the neighborhood, which, however, proved too refractory. After a few years of prosperous business, and with every other advantage, the worlcs were abandoned on account of tiie distance from tlie Arnold mine in Clinton County, which had been sub- stituted, but chiefly owing to their remoteness from tiie markets reached by way of the St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain. After the construe- lion of the Champlain Canal had furnished an outlet to this region, Mr. Mclntyre, with Archibald Robertson and David Ileiulersoii, eri'cted A,iiiondao tho first furnacc of the Adiroiulac Iron and Steel Company, incorporated with a capital of $1,000,000. It was in 'a secluded spot among the Adirondac hills, where, an Indian hunter bad revealed to Mr. Henderson a vast deposit of the richest ore, sur- rounded by all the materials for an extensive manufacture of Iron.' A blast-furnace, with forge fires, a puddling-furnace, etc., were subsetiuciitly added, until the business expanded to one of tlie first class. The Iron made was of rare excellence for toughness and strength, and especially First adapted for making nails and steel. At the Adirondac Steel- ^^.yj.l.g of the Company, in Jersey City, the manufacture of cast-aieel was first successfully established in this country, and their specimens of steel and of the iron from which it was made, received the premium at the great London Exhibition. The ore from some of the beds in this county, as the old Sandford mine, yields 75 percent, of Iron, and much is yearly exported to Pittsburg and other pints of Pcnnsyl' vania, to Maine, Vermont, Ohio, Virginia, and Maryland, to be mixed with the ores of those States. The county now contains a number of furnaces, some 16 or more bloomeries, and other extensive works, and Clinton County an equal or greater number. In all the counties before mentioned are a number of prosperous Iron-works. Several villages and towns, as Keesville, owe their existence and prosperity to the grow- ing importance of tho Iron-interest, which is nowhere conducted with more skill and enterprise. The progress of New York in the various miscellnneou" branches of manufacture involving the use of metals, was not so great in the last century as that of New England or rennsylvaiiia. Some departments of the gun-manufacture were carried on at Albany as early as 1T40. Ui;n- stocks were then made by Mr. Vander Poel, tiie propriet.ir of a saw-mill on Beavers Creek. It was au active business iu 1748, when 53S COLONIAL INDUSTRY ::N METALS. Kalm vi«ite(l tlfe pliiee. Muskets or rifles were cude in considerao'.e quantity for the ludian traile, of which Albany was a principal centre. The stocks were made of wild cherry, red maple, and occasionally of the black walnut of Pennsylvania. The armorers at Albany were employed by the government at the commencement of the Revolution. Nails had long been an article of handicraft production in several of tlie Colonies. 13ut the consumption of nails and spikes was enor- mous, and the importations from England always large in some of the Provinces. During the war, when English nails could no longer be ob- tained with ease, some were imported from France but were not liked, and the people were forced to increase the domestic production. A future independence for all articles of simple manufacture, like nails and spikes, was felt to be necessary under the new hopes inspired by an independent nationality. On the revival of industry after the Peace, a nail manufactory was established in the year 1787 on Orange street, Albany, by Garret Wit- j,^,,. beck. He manufactured 8s and 10s at one shilling, and 20s '*'""^''- and 24s ut eleven pence per pound. The quality was claimed to be fully equal to tiiat of any imported. During the same year, an- otlier factory, in wliich every description of nails was manufactured, was erected In or near the same town by Messrs. Stevenson, Douw, anc^ Ten Eyck. Tlieir nails were also represented to be as cheap as any foreign nails, and superior to them in quality. Carriage- building has in late years become a considerable business in New York. Among the reminiscences collected from aged citizens by the late Mr. Watson, the annalist, was the statement that be- hMiiTg fore the Revolution, carts were not allowed to have tires upon *"*""' their wheels. Private carriages were by no means a common thing in most American cities in colonial times. About the year 1768, the manufacture of carriages of all kinds was announced as a new busi- ness in New York, by Elkanah and William Deane from Dublin. They brought out their workmen, as they state, at great expense, and were prepared to make coaches, chariots, landaus, phaetons, post-chaisos, cur- ricles, chairs, sedans, and sleighs five per cent, below the importation prices. Coach springs were first made in the city by a Mr. Williams, from England, who came out as a shopmatc of Mr. Grant Thorburn, and for a time prospered in the business. Jewelers and silversmiths were numerous in New York from an early period. Anthony Lamb was a mathematical instrument maker as early as 1750, and manufactured Godfrey's quadrant In au improved form. NEW YORK. INTRODUCTION OF 8TEAM IN, 539 e in considerao'e principal ceutre. ccasioually of the ly were employed ition. uctiou in several spikes was enor- je in some of tbe , no longer be ob- it were not liked, ! production. A acture, like nails pes inspired by an 1 manufactory was y, by Garret Wit- ! shilling, and 20s aalitj was claimed he same year, au- ras manufactured, 'enson, Douw, and I as cheap as any ierable business iu n aged citizens by statement that be- to have tires upon means a common out the year 1768, ced as a new busi- om Dublin. They e.\pense, and were }, post-chaisos, cur- w the importation ^Ir. Williams, from Thorburn, and for iTork from an early lent maker as early m improved form. Jobn Stevens Rud steam Henry Witeman, from Philadelphia, set up the manufacture of metal buttons near the Fly Market soon after. Among those who labored to introduce the era of steam in the Iron-manufacture and all those branches which it subserves, several citizens of New York and its vicinity were early engaged. Its direct agency in the several departments of tlio iron business has been as a new creation ; and its numerous appli- cations to machinery of all kinds has constantly augmented the demand for Iron, and e.Ytended the field for labor, capital, and skill to a degree impossible without it. In this connection, Christopher Collea, John Stevens, Chancellor Livingston, and Robert Fulton, appear among the earliest laborers. The name of Stevens is associated with that of Fitch in tbe first application of steam to navigation ;. and his patented im- provements in the engine of Savery, the boiler, bellows, etc., were among the earliest granted by the new government. In the year following the splendid success, of Fulton on the Hudson, the steamboat Phenix, built by John C. Stevens, and navigated by his son Robert L. Stevens from New York to Philadelpiiia, was probably the first that traversed tlie Atlantic. When the grand idea of a canal through the State, suggested by Colics, was advocated in New York, Stevens proposed a railroad instead, which would, if followed, have given the Empire State the precedence in that unequaled system of internal communication. To her vast system of canals, secured by the efforts of De Witt Clinton and others, and to her magnificent railways in connection with steam. New York owes the devolopment of her great iron resources no less than of the great agri- cultural capabilities of the State. Her immense foreign commerce is equally the result of steam-power applied to ocean travel. New Jehsey. — The system of Primary and older Secondary rocks, which furnish the immense masses of iron ore in New York, carry with them where they cross into New Jer? in the gneissoid structure of the south mountain range, the same rich veins of magnetic oxyd and brown hematite ore. These, with the bog ore of the Tertiary and Cretaceous formations of the southern portion of the State, have supplied numerous Iron-works from the earliest colonial days. The metallic wealth of New Jersey was partially discovered by the Dutch in the neighborhood of the Delaware and Raritan rivers, and early became the principal source of domestic Iron. The earliest Iron-works in that Province of which we have any ac- count belonged to Colonel Lewis Morris, a merchant of Barbadoes, whoso brother Richard, of Morrisiana, and himself were the ancestors of the Morris family in that and adjacent States, These works were ;^"-;¥-«r/ '^-- ^■~''^'^^it:^^4S^:--^es,', T'-^.v-i-^" 540 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. situated in the town of Shrewsbury, in Monmouth County, and, with other Improvements of the owner, formed a large establishment for that period Wo are unable to say at what date precisely they wo"rir'" .vere erected. They are supposed by Dr. O'Callaghan to have been purchased of James Grover, who in 1650 was the collector for the poor at Gravesend on Long Island. In 1655, Grover, with other di.af- fected people, hoisted the British ensign at that place, and read a decla- ration of independence of the Dutch government. In the following year he was the bearer of a petition from some of the Yankee inhabitants of the Island to Cromwell asking to be emancipated from the Dutch yoke. He subsequently removed to New Jersey, where he is believed to have been the owner of the Iron-works in question. « Shrewsbury was settled by Connecticut people about the year 1G64, when the Province w;as surrendered to the English. Henry Leonard, one of the workmen at the first Iv a-works in Lynn, Mass., removed to tliis part of Jersey near that time, and is said to have set up one of the first forges in the Province. , The grant of lands to Mr. Morris is dated October 25, 1676, and cm- braced 3,540 acres, with full liberty to him and his heirs "to dig, delve, and carry away all such mines for iron as they shall find or see fit to dig and carry away to the iron work, or that shall be found in that tract of land tliat lies enclosed between the southeast branch of the llaritau river and the whale pond on the sea side, and is bounded from thence by the sea and branch of the sea to the eastward to the Raritan river, he or they paying all such just damages to the owners of the land where they shall dig as shall be judged is done by trespass of cattle, or otherwise sustained by the carting and carrying of the said mine to the work." _ Tiie East Jersey Proprietaries, in their account of the Province in 1682 speak of its mineral treasures as remaining to be discovered, but they state that a smclting-furnace and forge were already set up, which made good Iron, and were of great benefit to the country. These were doubtless the works of Colonel Morris, which then employed sixty or seventy negroes in addition to white servants and dependents of the proprietor. Shrewsbury was at that date the most southern settlement in the Province, and had a population of about 400; that of Ehza- beihcown,the seat of government, being about 700, and of Newark 500. . ., T 1 P In December, 1741, Mr. Morris addressed a letter to the Lords ot Trade, transmitting an address from the Council and Assembly asking (1) O'Callaghan'a New Nothorlands, il. >«3. (2) Whitehead's East Jersey, i. 01 T )unty, and, with isUmunt for that ! precisely they allaghan to have collector for the with other disaf- nd read a decla- e following year, ee inhabitants of the Dutch yoke, believed to have sbury was settled lie Province was 5 workmen at the •t of Jersey near rst forges in the !5, IGIG, ancl em- rs " to dig, delve, find or see fit to 3und in that tract ch of the llaritaii cd from thence by aritan river, he or e land where they ittle, or otherwise to the work."^ ' the Province in be discovered, but sady set up, which ntry. These were employed sixty or iepeudents of the outhern settlement 0; that of Eliza- ), and of Newark r to the Lords of li Assembly asking 3ast Jersey, i. 91. NEW JERSEY. MOUIUS WORKS— D1CKERS0\ JUNE. 541 for encouragement of the manufucturc of Iron in the Proviiico. It would thus appear to have already become a promising industry in New Jersey. The first settlement in Sussex and Morris counties is supposed to have been made about the year 1085, by people from the older towns Morrin a"d from New and Old England, for the purpose of smelting the iron ores in tlie neigiiborhood of.llanovor, in Morris County. County. They early erected several forges, and engaged extensively in the Iron-manufacture. The several spurs of the great Apalachian cliain which diversify these and the adjoining counties of No.'liiwestcrn New Jersey were alike remarkable for tlie abundance and variety of the ores which tiiey embosomed, and for their aflluonce of wood and water- power for carrying on tiie manufacture of Iron. At the close of the last century, ten mines were wrouglit witliiu the limits of Morris County, which contained two furnaces, three rolling and slitting mills, and about forty forges with two to four fires each. Dr. Kitchell, in his Second Annual Report of the Geological Survey of New Jersey for 1855, enumerates and describes upward of eighty iron mines within the four counties of Sussex, Passaic, Morris, and Warren. These furnish principally the magnetic oxyd, hydratod peroxyd, and other primary ores. Tlie ores of other metals, as zinc and copper, are also found in the same interesting region. The site first occupied by the settlers of Hanover, still known as " the old forges/' was about twenty miles ea.stward from the mine whence they obtained the ore. This was the celebrated Suckasunny mine in the town of Randolph, one of the oldest in the State. The ore was carried thence to tlie works in leathern bags on pack-iiorses, and the iron was conveyed back in the same way over tlie Orange Mountains to Newark. Forges at Morristown, and some in Essex County, were long supplied in the same way from the rich ore of the mine, some of whicll is iiighly magnetic, and yielded, on analysis, over 80 per cent, of iron. Tlie ore was for some time free to all, but in 1717 the land was taken up by Joseph Kirkbride. Early in the present century, the mine became the Dickenon property of the Hon, Mahlon Dickerson, formerly Secretary of the Navy, who resided near Dover, and was extensively en- gaged in mining the ore. The mine is still known as Dickerson's, and its ore, mixed with others to correct a cold short tendency, is much'uscd by furnaces at Philipsburg and elsewhere. At the village of Troy, in Hanover, a iiloomery forge, still in opera- tion, was built in 1743. On the Rockaway and its branches several forges were erected during the next sixty years. Two of these were in the village of Rockaway, and a third, erected in 1805, was in 185G con- i-i'.M •j.J^^.yftKjt'.V.-i.'Wim*, 512 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS, verted into a steel-mill. Beach Glen bloomery, three miles north of the village, was built in HGO and rebuilt in 185G. J-]tna forge, on Burnt Meadow Brook, three miles further north, was set up about the time of the Revolution near the site of the bloomery of Mr. George K Richter, and one mile from the Denmark Anchor bloomery, ere-.-ted m the year 1800. A bloomery forge was also built about the year 1780 seven miles west of Roekaway station, on the Rockaway. Having been twice rebuilt, it is still at work upon the Suckasunny ore, and is known as the Valley For-je. Several others were early erected in the Berkshire Valley Two or'thrce miles above Milton, and seventeen or eighteen north of Rockaway, the Russia and Hopewell bloomeries were set up, the former in 1775 and the latter in 1780, and both, having been re- built, are still in operation with hammers driTcn by water-power Randolph, Mount Hope, Morristown, Boonton, Dover, and other places in the county, have been chiefly occupied with Iron-works for a long period. One of the slitting and rolling mills above re- »<">■"<>■>• fp„eii to about 1790 occupied the site of Old Boonton Bloomery six mile's east of Rockaway. Boonton is now the centre of Sie largest Iron business in the State. The works of the East Jersey Manufacturing Company, erected in that village about thirty years ago, are among the largest in New Jersey. The Dover Rolhng-mill near the Dover station of the Morris and Essex railroad, was built by Israel Canfield and Jacob Livey in 1792, when the place contained only four dwellings and a forge. It has been twice rebuilt, and is furnished with a steel-furnace, which has made 1,000 tons of steel in a year. A char- coal furnace at Mount Hope, four miles northwest of Rockaway, cas shot and shell for the army during the War of Independence. It stopped about thirty years ago. This place is the centre of extensive mining operations, having no less than thirty-two ore beds wrought in its neigh- borhood. The most northerly of this group, which includes the Dicker- Bon, Is the Hibernia mine, a magnetic ore bed 9 feet in thickness. The Hibernia Iron-works, in Pequannock township, received, by an Act of the Provincial Legislature, in 1769, a grant of certain privileges in common with others in Burlington County, for their encour- "o'a-work.. agement. The furnace was employed during the war in casting crape-shot and other ordnance for Government. A letter from the owner or manager, Joseph Huff, dated November 21, 1776, in which he requests a supply of salt to enable him to lay in a stock of provisions, without which he must put the works out of blast, states that it was the only furnace in the Province which he knew to be then in blast, or at which such stores could be supplied for the public service. A mine of the sulphuret of iron or pyrites, at the base of the Green MEW JERSEY. C0PPEUA8-W0KKS. 543 e miles north of ^Elna forge, on i set up about the of Mr. George E. loiiiery, ere-'ted iu )ut the year 1780 ay. Having been ore, and is known id in the Berkshire enteen or eighteen neries were set up, 1, having been re- ater-power. Dover, and other li Iron-works for a ng mills above re- of Old Boonton now the centre of )f the East Jersey ut thirty years ago, ■ Rolling-mill, near was built by Israel ;ontained only four id is furnished with n a year. A char- , of Rockaway, cast (ndenoe. It stopped of extensive mining Tought in its neigh- includes the Dicker- in thickness, ihip, received, by an of certain privileges ity, for their encour- g the war in casting A letter from the 1, 1176, in which ho stock of provisions, states that it was the ! then in blast, or at ervice. he base of the Green Pond or Copperas mountain, in the same town, furnished material for a considerable manufacture of copperas in the last century. At its cpppras- f-'lo.^e, the township had two charcoal furnaces and a number ^^•"'•''^' of forges. Several early Iron-works were erected on the Ringwood and Pequan- nock rivers, which unite at Pompton. A forge was built, about a cen- tury since, on the present site of the bloomery and anchor works of the Messrs. Smith, tliree miles above Bloomingdale, in Passaic County. After entirely disappearing, it was rebuilt in 1847. A cimrcoal furnace, two or three miles further northwest, also on the Morris County side of the Pequannock, was erected previous to 1770, as sliown by a piece of pig metal from it stamped with that date. It was abandoned two years after, and was replaced in 1840 by the large Charlottenburg bloomery and rolling-mill of G. II. Renton, of Newark. Between these, about the former date, were also two forges. At the village of Ringwood, near the State line, a forge also existed formerly. There are 8 mines of rich magnetic ore in this vicinity. The present Ringwood bloomery at Boardville, and Long Pond bloomery, three miles northwest of it, were built by Baron Ilass before the Revolution, and now make, the former about 400 and the latter 800 tons of blooms yearly. These, with the Charlottenburg and Mount Hope works, once belonged to one company, at which time there were also two forges between Smiths' and the old Charlottenburg furnace. Methodist bloomery on the Pequannock, twenty-five miles northwest of the Patterson station, in Passaic County, was built about 1780. The following bloomery forges in Morris County were erected about the year 1790, and are still running, viz.: Hard Bargain, near Petersburg; Bartleyville, near Mount Olive, now the old- est in that vicinity ; Ilolsey's forge at Rockaway ; Split Rock bloomery oil Beaver Lake, and Slickels Meriden bloomery on Beaver Brook. Stockholm and Windliam bloomeries on the Pequannock, in Passaic County, still in blast, were erected about the same year. The Pompton hot-blast charcoal furnace in that county, built in 1837, is said by its present owners to be the oldest three tuy5re furnace in the Union. The Morris Canal has long rendered the Anthracite coal of Penn- .'■vlvania available for the numerous Iron-works of this metalliferous region. Furnaces and forges were built at several places in the adjoining counties of Sussex, Warren, and Hunterdon, which included Mercer, at Hnnfprdoa «" ^^^ly date. At Clinton, in the last named, where mines of CuuBty. magnetic ore now yield 25 to 30 tons of ore daily, mining was commenced over a century and a half ago. The Union Furnace, before and at the beginning of the Revolution, was supplied from that T 544 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. Aniover works, SuHsex Co. place, but was abaudoucd in 1778. Steel was made at Treutou during the llcvolution. At Oxford, on a branch of the Pequest, in Warren County, a charcoal furnace was built in 1143. It is said to 1)0 tlie oldest furnace now re- w>.rren maiuiug in the Union, and, being in complete repair, is still coulny. running as a steam hot-blast furnace, two-tliirds of the year on charcoal and one-third on antliracite. it is 8 feet across the bosli, and 38 feet high, and made, in 1857, 906 tons of car-wheel iron, nearly all made into car-wheels on the spot. Castings from this furnace are found in chimney backs a century old, and pigs with much older stamps. The iron was formerly rafted in Durham boats from Foul Rift down the Dela- ware to Philadeli)hia. The ore is obtained from a mine half a mile distant, opened in 1743, and yielding block magnetic ore with 45 to 60 per cent, of iron. Two other beds have been opened since, and supply ore to other works. At Andover, twenty miles to the northeast, in Sussex County, and forty miles from New York, a mine of magnetic ore >vas opened and a blast-furnace erected before the war. The works were noted for the superior quality of the bar-iron produced. The smelt- ing furnace is still standing, and on the banks of the Canal, at Waterloo, tlie puddling furnace and forge are to be seen. IJy a resolu- tion of Congress, in January, 1778, authorizing the Board of War to contract with Mr. Whitehead Humphreys, of Philadelphia, for the manufacture of steel for the use of tlie Continental artificers and works, the Commissary-General of Military Stores was directed to stipulate that the iron employed should be that of the Andovor Iron-Works, as the only article that would certainly answer for tliat purpose. It was also directed that a letter should be written to the Governor and Conned of New Jersey, requesting them to put a person in possession of the works, that they night be put in blast for the immediate supply of iron.' The company which owned the works was a large and enterprising one, and conducted an extensive business for the times. But they appear to have been principally royalists, and hence the order to take posses- sion of the works. The company was dispersed widely during the war, and the mines long remained unclaimed and the taxes unpaid. After the war some of the iron from this furnace was sent to Eng- ^^^- land, and there made into steel, for which purpose it was pro- nounced equal to the best Swedish and Russian Iron. The best foreign irons from which steel is made in England are the product of ores simi- lar to those of the Andover mine. After remaining long dormant, (1) Journ.-il of Congress, vol. iv. p. 32. Treutou during ouiity, a charcoal furnace now re- te repair, is still tls of the year on Dss the bosli, and el iron, nearly all rurnace are found ler stamps. The ft down the Dela- alf a mile distant, th 45 to 60 per e, and supply ore ^sex County, and vas opened and a kvorks were noted jced. Tlie snielt- s of tlio Canal, at en. IJy a resolu- Boiivd of War to ladelphia, for the tificers and works, jcted to stipulate ^r Iron-Works, as purpose. It was ernor and Council possession of the Tiediate supply of re and enterprising ;. But they appear er to take posses- dy during the war, es unpaid. After I was sent to Eng- )urpose it was pro- The best foreign oduct of ores sinii- ing long dormant, NEW JKUSEV. PlIIUPSBUUa AND FRANKLIN FUKN.VCES. 541} mining was resumed at the place by Mr. Hewitt, who, in 1847, obtained a title to the mine at a cost of $0,000, and recommenced the manufac- piiiiipsiMirg tare of Iron with Peter Cooper, Esq., of New York, and his son Edward Cooper, who built the large anthracite steam furnaces near Thilipsburg, in Warren County, oppo.site Easion, Penn- sylvania. Under the intelligent and enterprising direction of Cooper & Hewitt, the manufacture of iron from these ores has been among tlie most exten- sive and successful in tiie country. Over 200,000 tons of the ore have i)een used at the Piiilipsburg furnaces, and raiIron,d iron, bars, wire, wood screws, and otlier articles of iron made by tiie puddling process with antiiracite, have sustained the ancient reputation of the Andover Iron. Tiie first experiments with the Bessemer process in this country were made at their works in 1850 ; and at the Trenton Rolling-mill of the same Company the first wrought-iron beams for fire-proof buildings are said to have been made for the United States Government. The Andover Mine, which is in the same range with the Oxford veins before mentioned, is the centre of another cluster of mines, some of them old and celebrated, in the primary gneissoid rocks of the valley of the Wallkill and tlie Hamburg mountains. Tlie principal mineral wealtli of the county is embraced in a range of about four miles north and south from Sparta through Sterling to Franklin. The older metamorphic rocks of this region contain abundance of iron ore, but are chiefly re- Fra«kiinite, '"'^'"'^^'^^'l'^ '"'" dcposits of the scsquioxyd associated with tlie I'roum'e'^ ' oxyds of ziuc aud of manganese, wliich, from its vicinity to the Franklin furnace near Hamburg, has been denominated Franklinile. This ore and the red oxyd and silicate of zinc, found iu large quantities from Hamburg to Sparta, and especially at Sterling, form the most valuable body of zinc ore probably as yet found in this country. It was early observed, and a quantity of it is said to have ))cen shipped to England as copper ore. Attempts were made just before the Revolution to manufacture iron at the place from the franklinite, but the associated metals rendered them unsuccessful. The ore is rich, con- taining 66 per cent, of peroxyd, or 46 per cent, of iron, 16 per cent, of zinc, and 17 per cent, of the red oxyd of manganese. Franklin Furnace, one of the oldest, and, on account of its ore and iron, one of the most celebrated, was built near the franklinite bed iu Fraakiin 1770. Having been repaired, it now runs as a hot-blast char- Furnaco. ^^^^^ fumace, we believe, ou other ores; an attempt to make iron and zinc together having failed. Iron was previously made from the ore by Mr, Edwin Post, at Stanhope, by a Catalan forge, wliich. having been tried at the French National Establishment for the niauu- 35 546 COLONIAL i:\DLSTRY IN METALS. factuie of chains and anchors for the Navy, was found to possess an absolute tenacity ex( ceding that of any irou ever tried. Tlie Iron and sieel made from it, said to possess superior qualities for cutlery and other uses, commanded a higher price than any other. P veral com- panies have oeen formed for smelting the ore for the extraction of the zinc, and eight to ten thousand tons are now raised annually for that purpose. Shafts have been sunk to the depth of 350 feet. In view of its abundance, the beds being in some places 15 to 30 feet thick, and of its importance for the manufacture of iron, in whicli it works well as a corrective of red short ores, it is an important deposit. But considering also its value for the manufacture of metallic zinc, zinc white, and other paints, for which it is now almost exclusively used, it must be regarded a.s of great economical value. The metal has been used in the manufac- ture of brass for standard weights and measures by Sir. llassler, of the United States Coast Survey. There was formerly a furnace, now in ruins, at Hamburg, in Sussex County. A bloomery at Canistear, built in 1196, and since rebuilt, is still in operation. In the town of Newton, there were one furnace and four bloomery forges at the close of tlie Inst century. In manv parts of the neighboring Highlands, and in some other por- tions of the State, are veins of copper ore, of more or less value, wliich were explored in former times. The most celebrated and productive of these, in colonial days, was the mine of the Schuylers, in the town of Hanover, in Hudson County. Ik sch«yi«r'8 was discovered about the year 1719 by Arent Schuyler, an Cupper mine. gJ^ply emigrant from Holland, on whose laud, between the Tus- suic and Hackensac rivers, near Belleville, a negro servant picked up a piece of native copper, which led to its discovery. Some hammers and other tools 'ouud on opening the mine furnished evidence, however, of its -laving been exi lored by the early Dutcli settlers. The ore proved extremely ric'u, and for some time was a source of much prolit to tlio owner. It was transported by a short land carriage to the Hudson, and thence through New York was shipped to Bristol, England, whore it sold for forty pounds sterling per ton. It was said to yield 80 per cent. of pure copper, and above four nances of silver to eacli hundredweight of cupreous metul. Tlie richness and celebrity of this ore, according tc Dr. Douglas^ was the occasion of an Act of Parliament, making coppei ore on enumerated article, in order to secure it to the English marUi^t The minors originally received one-tlurd for raising it to the surface, It was packed in quarter barrels, six of which made a ton. The nmouni thus exported np to 1731 was 1,38G tons. The shnft was sunk l.cfoM the Revolution to the depth of nearly 200 feet. The mining was fre iMM iras found to possess an er tried. The Iron and [qualities for cutlery and ny otiier. P vcral coin- or the extraction of tlie raised annually for that of 350 feet. In view of ) to 30 feet thick, and of vliich it works well as a leposit. But considering inc, zinc white, and other ised, it must be regarded )cen used in the maiiufac- 8 by Mr. Ilassler, of the , at Hamburg, in Sussex 79G, and since rebuilt, is jre were one furnace and ntury. 3, and in some other por- more or less value, wliich , in colonial days, was th-3 r, in Hudson County. It 9 by Arcnt Schuyler, an ise laud, between the Pus- legro servant picked up a ery. Some hammers and led evidence, however, of settlers. Tiie ore provi-d rce of much prol'it to the rriage to the Hudson, and Bristol, England, whoro it I said to yield 80 per cent, er to each hundred-weight y of this ore, according to ♦urliament, making copper it to the English market. raising it to tho surface, made a ton. The aniouiU riic dhnft was sunk befota cut. Tiie alining was fre- NflW JERSEY. COPPER Xi!NES IN. 647 quently suspended on account of the difficulty of keeping the mine free froii. water by tlie means then in use, a capital obstacle in the minhig operations of that day. This difficulty induced Col. John Schuyler, the son of the original proprietor, about the year 1745, to engage Josiah Ilornblower, an in- telligent young Englishman of Sta-^ordshire, to come to America for the purpose of erecting a steam-engine at his copper mines. This engine, which was imported in parts, and put up by Ilornblower entirely to tlie satisfaction of his employer, continued in use for forty years or more ' No attempt to smelt the ore appears to have been made by the pro- prietors of this mine. In February, 1721, Dr. John Johnston & Co., of Perth Amboy, mode public proposals to any persuns who had copper or other mines upon their lands, which they were not disposed to work themselves, to rent the lands and give the owners one-si.xth of the product of the mines free of all charges. About the year 1750, Mr. Elins Boudinot, of Philadelphia, took a lease for ninety-nine years of a piece of land belonging to Philip French, s.»Br«n». ^'^■' '"'^^"' ^ quarter of n. mile of New Brunswick, on which wirk copper Several masses of virgin CLj.;)ef, weighing from 5 to 30 pounds, had been turned up by the plow. Having taken several part- ners, a pit was opened iu the following year ia the low grounds near the river, where, at the depth of fifteen feet, they found a vein of bluish stone charged with coppjr, and also thin sheets, and occasioaally large lumps of virgin copper between the rocks. A stamping-mill was erected, and many tons of excellent copper were extracted and sent to England.' (I) This (team-engine wft« the third ono erected in AmerioA, two others, according tn tho biogriiiihor of John Fitch, havinf; been imported from England into New Eng- land forty years before the Revolution. It was probr.bly upon the atmospherir princi- ple of Nowoomon's engine, which was at that time best ndapled to such uses. The linpro* amenta of Walt had uot then been commenced. The Industry and genius dis- played by young Hornblower in the erection of tho engine, and in bis knowledge of Min- eralogy and other branches of natural •cienoe, secured to him unlimited confi- dence, lie married into one cf the most re- ipcclab'e families of the State, and lived to •n Ndvanccd ajje in the estoem of the eom- nninily. It was proposed to John Fitch, in 1786, to secure bis services or those of Colics in constructing the engine for the first Btoamboat. Jonathan Ilornblower, of Cornwall, .'England, iu 1781 patented some impruvemoi ti in tho steam-engine in that country. Thi Hon. Josiali Uurublower died in 18U9, aged eighty-oight, leaving a nu- merous issue. (2) Among the importations of copper from diffureut countries, principally Ger- many, Sweden, and Spain, into England '.i 1694, amounting in all to a little over I.fiB.t hundred-weight, were five hundrod-wcirfht from America. The product of the Englifli copper mines, which in 1854 wm i:i,(ira tons, was then very trifling, and llie tornl ennsuraption very small. CDpiicr-niininii; bad been nearly abandoned iu Enulmi'l. but the scarcity produced by tlie war ab.ut that time caused its revival by several j.int 548 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. Sheets of nearly pure copper were taken from between the rocks near f e trface, and,' t the depth of 50 to 60 feet, a vein of — o^^^^^^^^^ tween quartz rocks. The cost of labor was, however, found too gr at and the mine was abandoned. A rich vein of copper ore discovered at Rock Hill in the same county, was also given up for the same reason, ffer having been wrought for a time. Yery rich deposits of copper ore near SomerviUe, known as the Bridgewater mine, contain.ng con- siderable quantities of massive red oxyd and of the green car- fofp^e^T^ bu..ate and phosphate, as well as of native copper, was formerly wroucrht with spirit. Van Home's Mountain contains numerous veins Tfth ore A smelting furnace was erected before the Revolution near Boundbrook by two skillful German refiners, who made a profit by re- duei.- the ore which the inhabitants collected «po i the surface and 1» pa ally digging in the side of the hill. The works were destroyed Tur g the .^kr. A shaft was also opened in the side of the mountam by a company, who obtained much valuable ore and a quantity of virgin copper, \^'o masses of the latter, weighing 1,900 pounds, were found ^^The Franlli'^'copper mine, formerly wrought with some zeal, is situ- ,, ated near Georgetown, on the Delaware and Rantau Can 1, ^co^fJZn.;^ the same county. A shaft was sunk at that place to the X:!Z!::^r. part of New Jersey, the principal iron ores are the bog deposits of the green.and and tertiary formations of the seaboard. Of these the swamps and low grounds contain very large quan- S^Sore.. tuics The most abundant collections are found in the cedar swamps and pine barrens on the several branches of the Little Egg narbo river in Burlington County, whence considerable quantiies were exported in the last century to New England and to Maryland to mix .took companion, of which the princpal bore the nnme of Dockwra, from William Dookwra, of London, the originator of the ponny-i>»8t system in that city. Mr. Dookwra was one of the I'.oprietariof, of East New Jer.ey,«r.(l owned Urge estate, on each .ide of the Millstone Crock, in Middlesex or Bon-erKet countiei. We are not awaro whether he wn» inlcreitod in copper-mining in the Province, .l the Dockwra Company tn Englhnd pro. ed ahoiit 80 toni of cop- per yeiirly in n, which wni about one- half of all that was ralfod. It sold for £100 to £120 per ion. Ho i« alfo said, about the •ame time, to hare oouiuienood with otheri at Esher, in Surrey, the first manufacture from English copper of botlry, such as ket- tles, etc., and soon after a manufoctory of wire for rin-m"»^''"K- ^''^y •""* "'*" "'* only 6>'UM toirt works In England, drawing by water-power, with twenty-four beiiolic?, at the rale of about one ton per week, which sold at £8 pi-r cwt Tl-ey also made copper farthings and halfpence from Swedish cop- per, which had been prcvloualy used for wire-making at Esher. The domcsllo pro- duction of copper became equal to the de- mand about the year 1725. (1) Morse's Univ. Oeog. Mail NEW JERSEY. EARLY BOQ ORE FURNACES. 549 eu the rocks near D of solid ore be- •, found too great, • ore discovered at ir the same reason, leposits of copper e, containing con- i of the green car- appcr, was formerly ics numerous veins he Revolution near ade a profit by re- the surface, and by rks were destroyed lo of the mountain a quantity of virgin pounds, were fttund I some zeal, is situ- and Raritan Canal, t that place to tiie il iron ores are the ans of the seaboard, ain very large quan- e found in the cedar 1 of the Little Egg rable quantities were to Maryland to mix •cy, the firnt mftnufiicture )cr of biiUry, luch as ki't- n after a manufnctory of ing. Thoy had (lien the orks In England, drawing nilh twenty-four beiiolie?, it one ton per week, which t. They alio made copper Ifpenco from Swedish cop- been prKvloualy used fur Efher. The domcuio pro- r became equal to Iha de- vour 1725. ilv. Oeog. with the cold short sand and other ores of those places. Owing to the sulphur they contain, these run mostly red siiort, but the marl beds in many places also contain phosphatic ores producing iron of the cold short kind. Tlie percentage of Iron in these, and their fitness for the forge, diCfcr somewhat with their position in the sedimentary mass. Loam, seed, and massive ores are described as occupying relatively the top, middle, and bottom of the deposits. The " massive ore" forms a cake or pan at tlio bottom, being a honey -comb deposit of crystallized or hydrated peroxyd of iron, with its colls filled with yellow clay. It yields from 47 to 63 per cent, of metallic iron. The " seed ore" contains about 45 per cent, of iron, and the " loam" or upper portion is composed of oxyd of iron mixed with vegetable mould, at first soft and easily fluxed, but as the iron accumulates, subsiding toward the bottom. The ferruginous green-sand and marl furnish a silicious ore, which, when niLxed with the bo>; mine, makes excellent Iron. Many furnaces were built in the last century for smelting the.se ores with charcoal from the pine plains, and, taken in connection with the primary deposits of the northern section, they be- came the principal source of wealth to the State. The anthracite iron- manufacture has caused most of the furnaces to be abandoned, or con- verted into founderies only. On Wading River and its branches, at the eastern border of this fer- riferous district, the Martha, Speedweli, and Union furnaces were fed by the ore beds of the neighborhood. The Batsto furnace, near Furnaci'ii In . . ' s..uih™»ii.rn the junction of the Ratsto and Fgg Harbor rivers, was known Kow Jersey. . .111 . . , , for considerable operations in the last century. It was built about the year 1766 by Charles Reed. During the Revolution it waa the property of Col. John Cox, and was employed in casting cannon- shot and bomb-shells for the American army, boilers for salt-works, ami a variety of other castings. Batsto, Atsion, and Hanover furnaces in Burlington County are now out of blast, as are also Bergen furnace in Monmouth County, Weymouth furnace in Gloucester, Tuckahoe in Cape May, and Cumberland in Cum- berland counties. On Atsion river and its branches, another tributary of the Little Egg Harbor, still larger quantities of bog ore exist, from which the Atsion Iron-furnaco was supMlied. Several furnaces were early built also in the western part of the county. An Act of Assembly in Decemiter, 17()9, invested the owners of Iron-works in the townsliips of Evesham and Northampton with certain privileges for their better miinngement. Thomas Mayberry carried on the manufacture of sheet-iron at Mount Holly in 1775. In May of that year, Congress ordered from his numii- &50 COLONIAL INDXJSTBY IN METALS. factory five tons of shect-iron for the use of Thomas Bales, a b acksm.th '>vho proposed to supply the Continental troops ^;th /amp-kettles of that material, provided he could have c.3dit for that quantity Steel was made at Trenton during the Revolution, but the business afterward declined. „ ,. . • i >,ot A nail manufactory was in operation at Burlmgton in HOT. By a return made in 1784, New Jersey was ascertained to hnvc 8 furnLes and 79 forges for the manufacture of Iron. The production o Iron iu the State, about ten years later, was estimated at 2 tons ol bar-iron, the same quantity of pig-iron, and 80 tons of nail-rods annu- ally exclusive of hollow-ware and various castings, of which great quantities were made. Iron in pigs,and bars was exported to a large *""so numerous were the charcoal furnaces and bloomeries of the State that a writer, about this date, observed that it was impossible to travel across the Province without meeting with some little Iron-forges It a proprietor had a tract of marshy woodland which he wished to clear up L threw a dam across the upper part where the streams entered, and there fixed the wheels for an Iron-work. In a few years, in place of a ^ast pond filled with green or blasted pines, well-inclosed fields and green meadows met the eye of the traveler, and the sounds of rural labor replaced the noise of the furnace and the forge-hammer. PENN8YLVANiA.-The immense mineral resources of Pennsylvania have long been a principal source of her prosperity. The ore exist- ing in large quantities in close proximity to the coal measures, both anthracite and bituminous, give her unequaled advantages for the manu- facture of Iron, which, at an early period, became a staple product of ^'clmpSs states that traces of Gold were found in the times of Puntz, and that silver, copper, iron, and lead, with marble jasper, emeralds, and other precious stones, were known to exist iii the S:"etu. days of the Swedes. The discovery of the mineral treasures of the South River or Delaware Colony was enjoined upon the first Dutch Governor by the authorities at Amsterdam ; and the inhabitants, as an inducement, wore allowed for ten years the sole use of any valuable minerals they might discover. At Minisink, above the Ki tatinny mountains, where the first European settlement of equaexteiit on t, Boil of Pennsylvania is supposed to have been made by that people on the fiats on each side the Delaware, "mine-hole." and an expenme Bales, a blacksmith, th camp-kcUles of it for that quantity n, but the business n in n07. ertained to hnvo 8 The production of ;ed at 1,2 "0 tons of s of nail-rods annu- igs, of which great exported to a large jmeries of the State, impossible to travel le Iron-forges. If a e wished to clear up, streams entered, and V years, in place of a 11-inclosed fields and sounds of rural labor imer. •ces of Pennsylvania rity. The ore exist- ! coal measures, both antages for the manu- ( a staple product of lund in the times of with marble, jasper, known to exist in the the mineral treasures joined upon the first ; and the inhabitants, ole use of any valuable above the Kittatinny r)f equal extent on the ade by that people on es" and an expensive PENNSYLVANIA. FIKST IRON-WORKS AND COPPER MINES. 55] mine road thence to the Hudson remain as the sole indications of ita ancient occupation. William Penn mentions, in a letter to Lord Keeper Xortli, in July, 1683, " Mineral of Copper and Iron iu divers places" in tlie Province. Gabriel Thomas, a resident of the Province from al)out tliatdate, writing iu 1698, states tliat iron stone or ore liad been lately found, which far exceeded tliat in England, being richer and less drossy, and tiiat some preparations had already been made to carry on an Iron-work. lie also mentions copper " far exceeding ours, being richer, finer, and of a more glorious colour." "Backward iti the country," lie elsewhere ob- serves, "lies the mines where is copper and minerals, of which there is some improvement made already in order to bring them *o greater per- fection, and that will be a means to erect inland market Towns, whicli exceedingly promotes traffic." The copper and iron above alluded to, and other minerals mentioned, were probably found in Chester County, one of the first counties erected by Penn. This county included Delaware and several others, and was the seat, it i:J said, of the first Iron-works in the Province.' The copper spoken of was doubtless on the lands of Charles Pickering, an Englishman of property, who purchased the township in Chester PickerinK Couufy which, from him, took the name of Charlestowti, in ""'''""''"""• which copper was mined. The proprietor was, iu 1().S.'J, tried before the Council on a charge of uttering base money, which was made by one Robert Felton. The Pickering mine was situated on Pickering Creek, twenty-five miles from Philadelphia, and in 1705 belonged wlioUy or in part to Samuel Carpenter, a wealthy laud and mill owner. It was offered for sale in 1725. In 1708, William Penn wrote to James Logan to "remember the mines. (1) Thomas iiientiuns a variety of otiier mioeraU, aa limcatniip, Iollli^tullc, inin- glaai, "and (that wmulor uf ^tonc.x) tho salamander stone, found nuar Dramlywine, rare, having cotton in vvinii within it which will not oonsuine in the Hre though hold there along time." All these and numerous other interesting niinunils are found in that oounv. The tremolite above referred to is found in two varieties, ashostos and ami- anthus, in the tnlcoKO rocl<8 of Qoshcn and other towns. He noticed tho runs of water to have the same color as those which isauud from the ciia{ mines in Wales. Among the trudufiiiun and artificers alruady estnhlishod iu the infant city, which was destined to he tho greiit seat of manufiictures, were several worliers in metal. Silversmiths ruceivod from half-u-crown to fliree nljijliiigs an ounce fur working silver, "and fur gold e<|iiiviilcnt." Tlicro wcro hrazicrs, puiv. terers, cullers, gunsmiths, locksmiths, nail- ers, file-cutters, wiilch and cloclc miikei j, am), most useful of all, hlacksmiths. One of tlia Inst named, his next neighbor, ho stales, earned with his negro man 80 shilliirgs a diiy, by worliing up 100 Ihi. of iron at td. u jiound, tho common price. In tho acoountg of Penn, Cinsar Griselm is mentioned as a gnldMnith. D, Vaughn, a watch-miiker, and Francis Itioliardaon received £2 for a pair of Duckies for Laititia. 552 COLONIAL INDISTRY IN METALS. Which the governor makes yet a secret even to thee and all the world but :S and Michell. pray penetrate that matter, and ^et - s- U>e oa in as large a quantity as thou canst." Oldmixon who H -^;<';^^^^^^^^^^^^^ year mentions the deposit of iron ore called Iro" Hi 1, in ^^e^ca « city (now Delaware) between Brandy wine and Chr.Una and that samples of most kinds of ore had been obtained ,n every county. S W iam Keith had Iron-works in that county, e-ted Prev.ous 1730 and probably during his administration from HH to 1.2(. In lis sdentf the government of the Colonies addressed to the k.ng u. 28 he sta d that .he Colonies were then in a condition with a lUtl Llcoitentto supply England, among other things, w.h as much copper ore and pig and bar iron as she might need ^_ In July 1718, Jonathan Dickinson mentions in a let er that tUe e „e tatlons'f m He Iron-works forty miles up Schuylkill are very gr.at." ' T^ reference here was probably to the Coventry lorge on ?rt^u,. French Creek, in Coventry township, Chester County. lh,s bloomery was buiu by i person named Nutt. who made other large in - "its at the place. It is said to have gone into operaUon a he year 1720. and to have made the first iron manufactmed in rcn vania« Tie manufacture of Iron was carried on th^^e « «r t e K volution by Col. Philip Benner, who subsequently erected he first ; Celt e County. ^Having l-^^bly been rebuUt. tins booim^^ is sUU in operation with three fires and one hammer driven by the watu- power of Hock Run. 1719-20, at Monatawnoy. then Aforgeisalsomentioned. in March, niJ -o, "i- i, w.,^ i„ rhihLdphia, but now in Berks or Montgomery Cou ty. I u attacked by the Indians in 1728. but they were repulsed wilh gie.t loss '^t nTa^rproprietors of Iron-works in the Province petitioned the Asllwy lo pvo'hibit the retailing of liquor, except cider or beer, near their works to the workmen. . In 1728, Mr. Logan wrote that there were four furnaces in Pen syl- 5a in 1.1. St ' One or more of these were within the present limits of ^■"" " 'llast^r C:u:ty. which was set o. from Chester in the fol- ru'I?r lowing year. The mineral wealth of that fine county has been industriously infproved by the thrifty German population from that time to the present, and many of the descendants of its early tamilies are still identified with its extensive iron-manufactures. S first Iron-works in the county is supposed to have been bu„t by a person named Kurtz, in 1720. The enterprising family of Grubbs com- . ,,. . n 11 »f p.nna 224 (2) Watson's Annals, li. 426. (1) Day's Hist. Coll. or Penna.. li*. K-i J 1 all the world but et us see the oare mV)lished the same lill, in Newcastle hristina, and that •y county, rected previous to in to 172(5. lu sed to the king in lition, with a little igs, with ns much etter that " the ex- cill are very great." Coventry forge on Iter County. This ade other large ira- :o operation about iifactured in Penn- on there after the ly erected the first built, this bloomery driven by the water- ; Monatawuoy, then ry County. It was ilscd with great loss jvince petitioned the )t cider or beer, near furnaces in Tennsyl- the present limits of m Chester in the fol- , fine county has been ilation from that time early families are still to have been built by family of Grubbs com- Annals, li. 428. PENNSYLVANIA. WAUWICK, UEDDINQ, AND CORNWALf, FURNACES. 553 menced operations in IWS. In a petition from some of the inhabitants to the Council in January, 173G-3t, praying for a road from the borough t(>the Coventry Works on French Creek, they ask that one branch of it may go to the new furnace called Kedding's, then erecting on the same creek.' The last-named furnace was owned by a company con- waiwick sisting of William Branson, who was, a few years later, the proprietor of a steel-furnace in Philadelphia, a Mr. Vanleer, and otliers. It is said to have been abandoned ultimately for want of ore. Many of the surface deposits of brown and other heniatitic ores in the limestone valley, west of the Scliuylkill, are not very extensive, but have nevertlieless employed many furnaces in Eastern Pennsylvania. Tiie Warwick, Cornwall, and Chestnut Hill ore beds in Berks, Lebanon, and Lancaster counties, liave been long wrought, and yield each several thousand tons yearly. The Warwick was mined in colonial times, and is worked as an open quarry over several acres, and by a shaft 180 feet deep. The Chestnut Hill mine also covers ten or twelve acres, and has a shaft of 100 feet. Many smaller banks are worked in the slate and limestone basins of those counties, and supply hematite ores of diil'erent kinds. Some copper is found in the Warwick. The Warwick charcoal blast-furnace, on the south branch of French Creek, was built in 1736. It was somewhat larger than the ordinary size of such furnaces at the present day, and, having been reduced from 9 to 7^ feet in the boshes, and consequently in its make of iron, is still running in other respects unchanged. It produced in 1857, from ore of the Warwick and neigh- boring mines, 759 tons of boiler-plate iron. In 1776, the Warwick and Ileadmg furnaces were engaged in casting cannon for the State. These furnaces were blown by long wooden bellows, propelled by water-wheels, and wheu in blast made 25 to 30 tons of iron per week. The famous cornwau Coruwall cold-blast furnace, in Lebanon County, was built furuiice. ^^jQ„j t|,g ygar 1742 by Mr. Peter Grubb, of Chester County. It was of the same size as the Warwick furnace, and still remains in active use of its original size. Its stack was 32 feet high, 21^ feet square at the base, and 11 feet at the top. Its bellows were 20 feet 7 inches long, 5 feet 10 inches across the breech, and 14 inches at the insertion of the nozzle. Having been blown three years by the owner, it was, in 1745, leased for twenty years, along with the Hopewell forge, which be- longed to Mr. Grubb, to twelve persons, who managed it, for a few years only, under the name of the Cornwall Company. For the remainder of the term it was conducted by Jacob Giles, a Quaker gentleman of Balti- more. At the expiration of the lease, Mr. Grubb managed it until (1) Colonial Rooordi. JL. 554 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. 1198 When it became the property of Robert eoleman, who reahzed a very 'large fortune from it. All its late owners are said to have become wea '.y Uv. Grubb resided at the Hopewell forge, which was also'a very profitable concern, and remained, some fifteen years a-o, still the property of the family. Mount Hope charcoal furnace, "ix miles south „ „ of Lebanon, in Lancaster County, was built in 1785 or 86 by ^Zll'!'"" Peter Grubb, Jr. Having been several times rebuilt and re- duced in size, it is still owned by the Grnbbs, who are also the pro- prietors and managers of several others in the county. This furnace yielded from 800 to 1,000 tons of pig metal per annum, which is about its present production. Tlie price of pig-iron in 1780 was £300 Conti- nental currency, and in 1789 £6 lO.s. Pennsylvania money, equivalent to $17 331 In 1800, when pig metal was worth £10 per ton, or $26.07^, Henry B Grubb built the Mount Vernon furnace on the Conewago, which produced from 50 to 52 tons of good pig-iron weekly, or about 2 800 tons per annum, by a continuous blast without blowing out lins was recently using the hot-blast, and has the same owners as the last, but stopped in 1852. The books of the Hopewell forge, preserved since the year 1705, ex- hibit, it is said, an accurate knowledge of the business, and an economy of management and productiveness which compare favorably I'Z:''' with its present results. From this and other evidence. Mi-. Thomas Chambers, a well-informed and experienced iron-master of Pennsylvania, from whose account we have drawn many of the foregoing particulars, was convinced that our early iron-manufacturers, even before he separation, introduced into the business as much skill as prevailed at that time in England, and that their furnaces, in 1788, were in size and construction not much inferior to many charcoal furnaces of the present day. The abundance of wood, obtained at a merely nominal cost in the process of clearing the lands for tillage, was an importan element in the cheap production of pig-iron. The ores which supplied these furnaces principally belonged to the belt of primary magnetic ores, which, extending from Maine to Georgia, occupy vas: areas, and have fed a multitude of furnaces, some of them, as we have seen, among the oldest in the country, in several of the New England States, in New York and New Jersey. Entering Pennsylvania near Easton, these ores occupy in a much smaller extent, the gneissoid formation of the Soutli mountain range, whose rugged hills were everywhere clothed with dense forests, requiring only the cost of felling and charring. The most abun- „ dant deposit of the magnetic ore in Lebanon County is at the X" Cornwall mine, which is also one of great richness. This vast body of ore furnishes, according to Professor Rogers, 70 per cent, of PENNSYLVANIA. STEIUEL's IRON- WORKS— STOVES. 555 11, who realized a id to have become which was also'^a ears aj-o, still the ;e, "ix miles south ill 1785 or '86 by es rebuilt and re- are also the pro- nty. This furnace im, which is about was £300 Conti- oncy, equivalent to ler ton, or $26.67§, on the Conewago, in weekly, or about blowing out. This owners as the last, 1 the year 1105, ex- ss, and an economy compare favorably other evidence, Mr. jed iron-master of my of the foregoing acturers, even before h skill as prevailed I 1788, were in size 3oal furnaces of the it a merely nominal e, was an important ores which supplied imary magnetic ores, ras'. areas, and have ive seen, among the ;land States, in New \r Easton, these ores rniation of the South re clothed with dense ng. The most abun- non County is at the I richness. This vast gers, 70 per cent, of Elizabeth V urn ace. iron. This mine also affords frequent specimens of copper, and now yields iron ore at about 10 cents per ton. With ore of this quality, or the argillaceous o.xyd and hematite of the limestone and slate basins of the Schuylkill and its branches, aided by ample water-power and fuel at hand, and labor at a moderate cost, the early German settlers were able, by frugality and industry, and a fair practical knowledge of the business, to make good iron at a remunerative price, and to establish the early reputation of Pennsylvania in this department of industry. At Colebrookdale, a few miles west of the Cornwall ore hill, a large charcoal blast-furnace was erected in 1745. As the property of r 3 of the Colemans it is still in use. It uses the Cornwall gray magnetic ore, which then supplied the Mount Hope and several other works ; and at this time all the furnaces on the Schuylkill and Susquehanna use it mixed with the hematites. This ore bed is owned by different persons, and is worked as an open quarry, Elizabeth furnace, fourteen miles north of Lancaster, near Litiz, was built about 1756. It was at one time owned by Benezet & Co., of Philadelphia, and was managed by one of the proprietors, Henry William Steigcl, of that city. Steigel was a German baron of some property and much skill and enterprise in the mechanic arts, but was too speculative and pretentious for the times. At the vil- lage of Manheim, in Lancaster County, which he founded in 1762, he erected large glass and iron furnaces. At this place, and near the Elizabeth furnace, he built castles or towers, and mounted them with cannon, which were discharged on his visits to the country as a signal for his friends to assemljle, and for his workmen to quit the smoke and labors of the furnace to wait upon his guests with music and other feudal accompaniments. One of these, near Shaefferstown, is still pointed out as " Steigel's Folly." Becoming involved, and cut off from his resources in Europe by the war, his property passed into other hands. He after- ward superintended the Iron-works of Mr. Robert, Coleman, one of the most extensive and successful iron-masters of that day, who became the proprietor of Elizabeth Furnace. This furnace is still owned by one of the family, which has been extensively connected with the iron inter- ests of Pennsylvania for more than a century. It was abandoned four years ago for want of wood, having made, the previous year, 1,424 tons of pig metal by steam and hot blast. Some of the first stoves cast in this country were made by Mr. Steigel, relics of which still remain in the old families of Lancaster and Lebanon counties.' The Speedwell forge, six miles from Litiz, in Lancaster (1) Tlieiie were probably the same ns the of Ocrmantown, gomo of whieh were cnst m "Jamb stoves" made by Christopher Suwer, or tieur Lancaster. They were, it is pruh* ^56 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN MKTAL8. I -If 5n n-iO and one in Murtic townsliip, County, now abandoned was bud tm 750 ana ^^ _ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ m used with tbo addition ^^ ^ ;;^- J^'^^'^rtheast of Lan -aster, are -«- ^;'u?raS'er It nm5, and since rebuilt. Seye- .tove». still older, having ocen u ^.^^^ ,„, others were erected on *»' ..-.m d«r "g *=;- [„„„ ,„„., POO,, forgo, „e.r «>■• ^'-^^Le - "'e l-e,uel .ates fro. 1«5, from the former, m 1193 B'""" " ^ ^ j „, n, s.„c age. Sally and Newmarket forgo, .n ^^aa^ C<.unlJ. ^^ ^„„,„ „, kuIz- A„a charcoal Wf ■'""■;«■ «" , f^ ,^1° '„„ „., creek, ia UOi , .»d town, was llrst blown ,n 1J9 , the '« , ^rexlerstown, in 1787. Mar, Ana farnace, cgUt .^ oaO^w^ ^^ ,„, ,„„„^,,, „, Lan. .i:irr:e:^;:"*. - -^^^^ riSI rr ^Tntrg: Z.. .U. 1,.»0 .«, of p. a,, nearly the same .mount of bar iron amnml y. ^^ ^^_^^^j. Copper ore 1, said to I""'" "-t" 'T'; it ^ have beea ■nine,! either .nd the remains of an »"«" ;'';;yX,'^^^^ .ot later than the time :? TJ"t cliToeslir- 0«-'«'. -- »' ^°'^ ""'" °""' n:;:™or Moms, of New .ersey, in ^--^.r^r ;:»« „55, speaks of the '^^^^ ^^''^^JZiL..^^^. •"- ""' ""' Pcnn, Mr All and oU,u _^^^ „„,t,, „, .,,. „„.„..» eompatty thought ' «"^^ |,„j ^„rt,j .t g„at expense help of a ^''-'^'"i:tZ u^i^^^^^ ""' '° '™°'^ '" T?" rrarp;;S«™-tl,e proprietary, share, to whtch he as- able, the fi«t Stove, cast in America, and ;,e described aa similar in construct.0" to Z box form of the old .en plaU stoves ^Mch superseded them, but they were wub- „„n Tlipv were set m me nii» a. cine or oven, mcy w"-'" ^de or "V-V of the kitchen flre-pUce, and passed through the waU so as to present to back end in the adjoining room. Ih s, though often red hot. but .mperfect y warmed the rooms, which, though small, :! less impervious to cold air than those Tf the present day. Dr. Franklin published i„ 1744, with acoppor-plate illustration, an aecoun; of the open stove, or "newly .n- ventcd Pennsylvania Fire place, Ac, Xeh bears his name. It was afterward improved by CouBt Eumford, » "» ';« "^ New Hampshire, who also investigated the subject of heating houses by st.am conveyed in metal pipes, which, about '^o -''i'^ ;;^ the last century, was proposed by AVilUam Cook, of Manchester. Our hardy ancestors, however, depended little on stoves, which „ero not in general use in dwellings until near the present century, and HiU later m churches. Cannon stoves were, in 1782, provided ai an article of luxur^ for Christ Church, Philadelphia. The air-tiyht stovo is said to have been invented by I«''»« ^rr, of New Hampshire, who died in 1844, at the age of fifty. PENNSYLVANIA. PIIILADEI.l'llIA AND BERKS COUNTIES. 557 Martic townsliip, Windsor forged of Lan-asttT, arc ce rebuilt. Seve- xt dfty years, viz., ; forge, three miles a, dates from 1795, I same age. Sally ica south of Kutz- ;reek, in 1794; and ;town, in 1797. le borough of Lan- , and, in or near it, n 1798, the county ,200 tons of pig and ridge in this county, re been mined either t later than the time iS of gold were once horaas Pcnn, in May, Lancaster, in which rested, and that the jously worked by the 3cted at great expense treaty for some small share, to which he as- !ouiit Eumford, a native of i, who also investigated the ng houses by sti-am conveyed which, about the middle of y, was proposed by AViUiam liester. Our hardy ancestore, nded little on stoves, which ineral use in dwellings until nt century, and etiU later in innon stoves were, in 1782, n article of luxur^ for Christ .delphia. The air-tvjht stove e been invented by laimc Orr, pshire, who died in 1814, at PhilBdelphia County. sentfd, but declined to sell. Mr. Morris believed the vitriolic water of the mine could also be turned to account. Tliis mine was discovered by a Gennan named Tersey, about the year 1732, and a grant of the land was made by John Penn to Governor Hamilton and others. An account of the copper springs was in 1756 communicated by John Rietty, M. ])., to P, Collinson, of the Philosophical Society of London, and published in the 4th Volume of the Transactions of the Society, Part 2, page 648. The mining operations were discontinued after a few years for want of an engine to drain tliem. In 1797, |)r()i)osa]s were issued in pamphlet form by Benjamin Henfrey to work mines in the United States, in which this was included. It was reprinted a few years since by those interested in the mine, which a new company was, in April, 1851, chartered to work.' On the JIanatawny Creek a forge appears to have been very early erected, and otliera were built on tliat and the Pcrkioraen before the Revolution. Green Lane forge on the latter, twenty miles north of Xorristown, now owned by Mr. Sdiall, was built in 1733, and Glasgow forge, on the former, just witiiin Berks County, in 1750. The Oley charcoal-furnace and Oley forge on the same creek, near Princetown, were set up, the furnace in 1770 and the forge in 1780; and Mount Pleasant forge, fourteen miles north of Pottstown, in 1799. These were all recently in operation. Two bloomery forges were also built in Rockland township, Berks County, six miles southeast of Kutztown, one in 1788 and the other in Berks 1790, and are still in use, as are the two District forges on County. pijjg Creek, in Pike township, built in 1799 and 1800. Berks County had in 1798 six furnaces and as many forges, several of which were in Heading. Pottstown, at the junction of the Manatawny with the Schuylkill, derives its name from John Potts, a large land-owner at that place, and an enterprising proprietor of Iron-works in Ciiester and Berks counties. He was a descendant of one of the early settlers of Burlington in the days of Penn. The ancient forge at the entrance of Valley Creek into the Schuylkill, which gave the name of Valley Forge to the memoraI)le glen around which Washington established his winter quarters in the darkest period of the Revolution, was owned by him and afterward by his son, Isaac Potts, whose stone house was the General's head-quarters. The forge has long since disappeared, and a cotton factory stands near its site. The family of its proprietor has had a long connection with Iron-works in the Province. There were anciently, we believe, forges at (1) Pennsylvania Archives, ii. 311. i^ J ^3 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. Yellow Springs, which have also disappeared. The Cheltenham Mng-^ill of kowland & Hunt, on Tacony Creek, was cstabl.hed '"iT'lition to the very early Iron-works in Chester County already mentioned, and probably others, a rolling and ^^^^^^^ no doubt, the first in the Province, was built in 1746 n Thorn f:[;;^«..>n. bury township by John Taylor, and was in operation from that time to n50. when a particular account of such establishments was ^"rromlyC- erected on the north branch of the Brandy- wife, two mills nonh of Downingtown, in 1785. It is still in use and I known as the Mary Ann forge. Springton forge, A- ™ne^^ ^^^^^ of it on the main branch, was built five years later; the Hibernm . rg e (and rolling-mill), four miles north of Coatesville, on the west a'ch in 1792 ; and Rokeby rolling-mill on Buck Run, four miles south rcttesville, in 1795. Chester County had, three years late, six forges, estimated to make about 1,000 tons «f »'"-'7,.^""""fy- ^^„ . In Bucks, one of the three original counties established by Penn m 1G82, a furnace and forges are said to have been erected between the years 1692 and 1743, by a company who purchased a large m"- " tract of land at Durham, within the limits of the famous " In- dian Walk " The ore of the Durham and Easton hills, coming within tl e ran^e of the primary belt of the South Mountain, is chiefly a mag- neti oxyd, occurring in lodes or veins, in some places of considerable tl kness in gneissic and quartz rocks. At the junction of the primary w h 'sand'and limestone formations, brown hematite and argil aceous ores also occur in sporadic form, which, for some time were the ch f dependence of furnaces about the "Forks" of the Delaware. Ihe old Durham mine, on the hill south of Durham Creek, as well as the o d furnace have been long abandoned, although the ore and iron are both said to have been of excellent quality. It is not known whether a de- (1) Pennsylvania Archives, ii. 57. This was tho only cslalilii'hincnt of the kind re- turned by the sherifls of the counties under onth, in obedience to tho proclamation of Gorernor Hamilton, mndo on 16'h August, ITjO, in conformity with the Act of Parlia- ment requiring certificates o; all rolling or slitting mills, plating forges, and steel- fnrnnces erected in the Colonies previous to .Tune 21 of that year-an Act which net witn much opposition in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. The SheriCr of Philadelphia County re- turned one plating forge to work with a tilt-hammer, which was in By'ierr," town- ship. It was the only one in the Province, and belonged to John Hall, but had not been in use for twelve months. In the same county were two steel-furnaces, those of William Branson and Stephen Paschal, both in Philadelphia. Paschal'g Ijrnace was built for that purpose in the year 1747, on a lot at the northwest corner of Eighth and Walnut streets. PENNSTLVANIA. DURHAM FURNACE— CHELSEA FOROE, ETC. 559 The ClicltPiiham k, was established •r County, already ig mill, which was, ; in 1746 in Thorn- in operation from establishments was ,ch of the Brandy- t is still in use, and je, five miles north iter; the Hibernift Bsville, on the west lun, four miles south ree years later, six on annually, ibllshed by Penn in jrected between the ) purchased a large of the famous " In- hills, coming within ain, is chiefly a mag- daces of considerable iction of the primary atite and argillaceous time, were the chief 1 Delaware. The old k, as well as the old re and iron are both known whether a de- f Philadelphia County re- ing forge to work with a ich was in Bj'jerr" town- e only one in the Province, o John Hall, but had not welve months. In the same TO steel-furnaces, those of D and Stephen Paschal, both a. Paschal's Ijrnace wiis irpose in the year 1747, on a liwest corner of Eighth and ficiency of ore, its hard and obstinate character, or a want of fuel caused the mines to be neglected. The present Durham steam-furnace, and the Piiiiipsburg, Crane, and other large steam-furnaces on the Lehigli, now use anthracite, which more easily and cheaply overcomes the resistance of the compact, primitive ores ol the neighborhood, and those of central New Jersey, where most of the companies also have mines of magnetic ore, which they combine with the brown hematite of the Lehigh valley For the transportation of their iron and agricultural produce to market, in early times, a species of flat-boat or barge was contrived at Durham Durham, about the year 1750, and thence known as the "Durham *'""'"• boat." These were about six feet long, eight feet wide, and two feet deep, and with fifteen tons freight, drawing only twenty inches of water. They Carried two sails, and were manned by five men, and in the navigation of the Delaware, Susquehanna, and other rivers, were of much service until the State provided other means of transportation, rig-iron was thus conveyed from the Forks to Philadelphia for twenty shillings a ton, wheat at Id. a bushel, and flour at 2.'?. (id. a barrel. At the Chelsea forge at Easton, the price of Iron in July, 1778, as appears by a letter from Robert Levers, was £200 per ton, an advance Chelsea of 100 per ccut on the price paid by the State a short time '""•'*• previous. In the following January, the same person informed the Council that bar-iron could probably be sold to b'acksmiths in his neighborhood for £300 per ton. It was stated, about the same time, that iron-masters could give one ton of bar-iron for four of disabled guns, or old iron, delivered at Chester on the Delaware. In York and Cumberland Counties, west of the Susquehanna, furnaces and forges began to be erected for smelting the primary ores at the base York of the South mountain, previous to the Revolution. Spring C"""'y- forge in York County, built in 1790, had two fires and two hammers, but is now abandoned. In the same year, the Pine Grove hot- blast charcoal furnace, of large size, and still productive, was built on CiimbPriana Mountain Creek, a branch of the Yellow Breeches, fourteen couu.y. jjjjjgjj southwest of Carlisle, in Cumberland. It is fed by brown hematite, obtained near it. An establishment, called the Carlisle Iron- works, was, about that time, managed by Mr. Thomas James, afterward in charge of a forge in Virginia. Holly hot-blast furnace, on the same stream with the Pine Grove, but several miles below, was set up in 1795, but has ;"en place to a paper-mill. Cumberland cold-blast fur- nace, on the ma'n creek, four miles nearer Carlisle than Pine Grove, was erected in 1794. It used hematite ore from Dillston, near the York County line, where a prolific vein exists. r^QO COLONIAL INDUSTEY IN iMETALS. William Denning, a blaek.nnth of Cun.berland County, during the Rev Ition endeavored to serve hi. country by the co..truet.on of a wrought-iron cannon of curious description. One of th .e . c":r Im to have fallen into the hands of the British, at the battle of the Brandywine, and to be preserved in the Tower of London, as a lament of his ingenuity and patriotism, and another unfi.nsheu specimen in tlie Philadelphia Arsenal. ' The first furnace built in Franklin County was the Mount 1 kas n furnace iu the Path Valley, four miles south of London. t^ was erected ' Boon after the peace of 178:',. by three brothers, Wdhum. Ben- Sr jamin. and George Chan.bers, sons of Col. Benja.n.n Chan>bers, from whom the county seat of Cumberland derives its na.ue. The eUk- Chlbers with four brothers of the Scotch-Irish stock, more than fit y yer before adventured as Pioneers of the Conocheague settlements. He s sa d to have had his dwelling burned soon after his settlen,ent o. the pr sent site of Chambersburg and during his ten.porary absenc for tSe sake as it was afterward aseertained, of the uads u conta.ned "tf the houses, at that time, havmg any such article about them The vlllge was. many years after, ahnost the frontier sett en.ent. an. 11 at the time his sons erected the forge, all the nads. null .rons. iro, (1) These ».*n(tiilttr pieces of onlnnnco ,,ere i...i>le "of wrought iron .tt.vee, hooped lilje a barrel, with bniuls of thi euino ma- terial, exccplini? there m-e four li..ver« of ,ta70S breaking joint, hH of which were firmly bound togclher, and then bo.xe.l and hrooched like other cannon." An obituary notice of Dcnnin-. who died ii. Mifflin town- thip, in ISSn, ill the age of 94. stales that he WBI an artiiiciir in the revolutionary army, •nd that his was the "only Buceei.sful at- tempt ever made in the w-.rld to manulac ture wrougbt.iron cannon, one of which he oompioted in Middlesex, Pennsylvania, and oommenced another, and larger one. at Mount Uolly. but could get no one to assist blm who could stand ttie heat, which is said to have been so great as " to melt the kad buttons on his clothes." The British, it is added, offered a stnteci annuity, and a largo ■urn to the person wh ) would instruct them Sn the marufacturo of that article, but the patriotic blacksmith preferred obscurity and poverty In Vi own beloved country, though the oc-inlry for which he had done so much kept her purse closed from the veteran «ol- dicr, until nc-.r the close of his long lif Uurher A Howes, Hist. Coll., N. J. A Mr. W'R'cleruf Pliila.lelphi:), nfterwar engaged in the manufiuturo of liintfrns fi lisht-houscs, an.l work for sug.'r-mills, eU also mabi"K H'o "'" it burst into fragments, killing and won Ing several of the Indians, who maniloi their disappointment in a loud y»\\.—Ati iean rionter, ii. 311. AL8. PENNSYLVANIA. MIDDLE PENNSYLVANIA— COAL AREA. 561 and County, during the )y the construction of a riplion. One of these is the British, at the battle 3 lower of London, as a and another unfinished was the Mount Pleasant ' London. It was erected e brothers, Willi'im, Ben- Col. Benjamin Cliauibers, rives its name. T!ie elder rish stock, more than fifty Conocheague settlements, son after his settlement o'l g his temporary absence, , of the u.iils it contained, such article about them. Hi frontici settlement, and 11 the nails, mill irons, iron ne-.r the close of bis long lif«. Hone*, HiU. Coll., N. J. k"R.uleruf Pliila.lelplii:!, nfterwunl II the mnnufiu'turo of liintcrna for .e«i, an.l work for siii;i'r-milU, etc., wroiight-iion cmiiion, aiiriii)} thu 11 iiew construction, invculeil bj- •Brer (ipocitnen of fieM iirtai.'ry w.ia ttt Furt Henry, on the Wlicilin); 1777. A liirgo piirly of Imliuni', r nightfull. BdvunciHl within sixty the furt, with a hollow iniiple lo«, 1 into o n«hi pitHC, by pUi^'giort with a block of wood, and eiicom- t from end to end witti iron cliaini-, lacl:8mith'»Bhop, togivoitnlrenglh. leavily charRcd witli powder, and the muizlo with bits of itone, Augi etc., and was carefully leveled ;il of the fort. On appljing the mulch into frngnient«, killing and wound- ,ra! of the Indians, wh-j nianil'o»led .appointment in a loud yell.— ^">es. Anthracite '^'''0 principal mineral wealth of Carbon and the ailjaicnt '"''■ counties, lies in the exhausllcss riches of their anthracite coal fields, which were discovered about the year 1791.' In 1826, a furnacc (1) The Iron Manufacturer's Guide, etc., indnstrinl history, not only of Carbon Co., by J. P. Ledny, Ses. of the Americiin Iron but of the Union, and one especially af- Aariociatlon, and publinbed under the author- ity of the same. V/o are imlcbted to this TtUume for many pnrlkulars ro"pocting the ures and iron-nurki mentioned in thin chap- ter. (2) This moat important event in the 86 feeling the iron-maniifie'ure, ii said to havj b.eu the ueoldental discovery of a solitary hunter, Philip Ginter. Re- turning late, al'lor a day of fruitlens linniing in the autumn of 17^1, to hin cabin on thn bills, while vrogain-f tbo MaucU Cliuiik 562 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. wa^ bu.lt or refitted, at Manch Chunk, to smelt iron with this coal. But, like many other earlier and later attempi.^ did not succeed. The first experiment in this country which fully established the pra-.ticability minintnin he stumbled upon a blnck sub- stunco, wliich, from traditionary accounts, he Buspectetl to bo " stone coal." Having ehown it to Col, Wcias, residing at Fort Allen, it was by him submitteil to the ex- amination of several persons in Philadel- phia, and in the beginning of the following year, John Nicholas, Michael llillugas, and Charles Cist of the city, with Mr. Weiss, associated themselves by the name of " Tlio Lehigh Coal Mine Company," and, without a charter, took np several thousand acres near the spot, but did not open the mine. The ocal was, however, used by I'.icksnuths to some extent, until 1806, when an ark load of two or three hundred bushels was taken to Philadelphia by Mr. William Tp'ribull, the proprietor of a western I'urnuce, and sold to the water-works for the use of the Centre square steam-engine, but it was discarded as unmanagoablo. During the war of 1812, when bituniinouE coal was at a high price, the mine was opened by J. Cist, C, Miner, and J, II. Chapman, butw,"' again neglected at the close of the wor, when the price of coal declined. The mines were then leased to different pcisons. About the samo time, lome cart-loads of anthracite from the Schuylkill valluy, where it had been dis- covered, and also used as early as 1795, by a blacksmith named Whetstone, but vainly recommended to publio attention, were brought to Philadelphia by Messrs. Shoe- maker A Allen. The owner narrowly es- onpod prosecution fo» swindling by those who had made unsuccessful trials of the "stone." A more successful attempt was made by Messrs. Bishop ii Mellon, at iheir rolling mill in Delaware County, and White A Ilaiard, propriotora of a wire-mill at the Fall) of Schuylkill, hearing nt their success, tried a cart-load, but could not raise a heat. Having tried a second load, with no better success, the workmen closed the fiir- D«ae and went away. One of thom, return- ing accidentally sorn after, found the fur- nace in a white libat. The men were ium- moned, and four parcels of iron were heated and rolled without renewing the fire. The plan of " letting it alone" was repeated, with like success, and its utility became thdnceforth established. Dr. Thomas C. James, of Philadelphia, employed it as fuel from the year 1S04, and was ono of the first to use it for that jmr- pnse, and to recommend it to others in the city. Anthracite had, however, been usee', several years before the Kovolution, in smiths' forge.- in WMkesbarre, and a grate for burning it in dwellings wos devised by Judge Fell, of that place, in 1808, But 0. Evans preceded both with the "luminou,s" grate stove for coal, with talc lights, pa- tented in 1800. Some early attempts were made by Mr. J. P. Wetherell, at his lead works in Phila- delphia, to generate steam from anthracite, but without much success. It was &TS-1 ao- complisaed, it is said, in 1S2S, at the Pbcenixville Iron-works, in Chester County. For the development of this most impor- tant branch of her mineral resources, Penn- sylvania early projected the construction of her system of internal improvements. The practicability of uniting the Sjhoylkill and Susquchnnna rivers, was P^st suggested, it is said, by William Penn, in 1090, before any such thing as a canal or turnpike ex- isted in England. The measure was also urged by Drs. Kittonhouse and Smith, who, as early as 1762, SMrvoyed and leveled a route for a cnnal between the Swatara and Tulpe- hnckcn creeks. Robert Morris, Robert Fulton, Matthew Carey, and many other euiinen* citizens aftorward used their in- fluence to the same end. The oanal company was not incorporated until 1791, and an- other the following year, which two were united in 1811, as the Union Canal Com- pany, authorized to extend their work from Philadelphia to Lake Frio. The work, which was completed about 1828, \'overs a part of the route surveyml 6,5 years b-fore, and the first ever surveyed iu the coluuiot. PENNSYLVANIA. FIRST ANTHRACITE IRON. m in with this coal. ot succeed. The the pra'.ticttbility ela of iron were heated iiowing the fire. The alono" was repeated, nd its utility bocatne id. lies, of Philadelphia, oin the year 1S04, and tu use it lor that jmr- nd it to others in the d, however, been usec'i I the llcvulution, in esbarre, and a grate for ings was devised by lace, in 1808, But 0. with the " luminou.s" with talc lights, pa- its were made by Mr. 9 lead works in Phila- !team from anthracite, ccess. It was fir^t ao- lid, in 182S, at the rks, in Chester Couuly. !ntof this most impor- ineral resources, I'cnn- ted the construction of il improvements. The ng the SjhiiylkiU and was Pfst sug^^ested, it Pcnn, in 1090, befor* canal or turnpike ex- The mcBPuro was abo house and Smith, who, tyei) and leveled a route he Swatara and Tiilpe- i>b«rt Morris, Robert ircy, and many other tarward used their in- id. The onnal company ii until 1701, and nn- yoar, which two were ;he Union Canal Com- sxtond their work from ke Krio. The work, d about 1S28, rovers a ■veyixl 65 years b-fore, irveyud in the culoniot. of employing anthracite in tlie ma lufacturo of iron, was made in tht Pioneer hot-blast steam-furnace of Mr. William Lymau of Boston, at Potts- First Anthrr- ^il'e. i" Soh.iylkill County, buiic in iS'dl, about the time that ciisiroa. the numerous attempts made in England and France resulted in the success of Mr. George Crane, of the Gniscedlyn Iron-worlis, in South Wales. The Pioneer furnace was managed by Mr. Lyman and Benjamin Perry, an experienced and skillful English furnace manager, acquainted with the operations of Mr. Crane, aided by Mr. David Thomas, now, or recently, of the great Crane Works on the Lehigh. It was blown in early in October, 1830, and a continuous blast of ninety days, with pure anthracite and argillaceous ore alone, without any old metal, v.ood, or charcoal, except in the first ignition, secured to the proprietor a premium of $5,000, subscribed by citizens of the State. Li Octoljer of the same year, Messrs. Baiighman, 'uluiteuu, & Co., had in operation, ai Mauch Chunk, a furuacj making iron, which they were selling at $18 per ton, which about paid the current expenses of the furnace. These successes, occurring at a time whtu this country was importing annually from ten to twelve millions worth of Iron, with an increasing demand for railroad iron, excited unusual expectations of profit and general benefit among all classes. Deposits of Iron were everywhere sought for, and other .furnaces were built to use the anthra- cite. The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co. ofTered a premium for the discovery of iion ore upon their lands, by allowing any who found it to make use of the same for five years, at ten cents per ton. Early in the fol- lowing year, Mes.srs. Biddle, Chambers, & Co., built, upon the same prin- ciple, one or two of 'he extensive furnaces of the Montour Works, at Dan- ville, and soon after, the large furnaces of Beeves & Whitaker, at Pha>nix- ville, were altered to make use of anthracite. In Luzerne County, where this description of coal was earlier found and employed by smiths and others as fuel, a blo-m ry forge was built i.uiern* "^J«"t the year 1778, on the Xanticoke creek, near the lower end of the Wyoming Valley, by John and Mason F. Alden. It con- Cuuuty. tained a single Sre and one hammer. The hammer was carried on a wagon from PhiRideiphia to Harris' Ferry (Ilarrisburg), and thence up the north branch in a boat, at no little expense i:nd trouble. Tiie bar-iron made from ore obtained in the township of Newport, was of superior quality, and The Lehigh Company, and Lehigh Navlga- in three months, in 1827, wax the first in the tinn Conipanies w,ti< formed in 1818, and United Slate.«, excipt one at Quincy, Mahs. united under one charter in 1822, and were The Heading Railroad, and other inloiiial the founilation of the Lehigh Coul A Nuviga- improvements of later dnte, and hi»'h .'(i.t, lion Company. prove alike the value of her mineral wraith, The Riiilroii', four miles long, to the and the public spi.-it of ber oitisens, SuiDinil mine* ki M»ucb Chunk, completed gg^ COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. was for some time, the sole dependence of smiths in the v alley. The Iron Ts rJld by the proprietor, Col. W. Lee, in 1828, shortly before th was soiu y 11 fo 000 lbs. Another bloomery works were abandoned, at $123 pei ton ol -,ouu io. forae was erected on Roaring brook, near Scranton, in 1789 b) Dr Wmiam Hooker Smith, and James Sutton. It cont.nned o make w!!Z and blooms from the carbonate ores of the Lackawanna '1;fe S'ulfof the anthracite coal in a forge fire or grate, appears to have been made at AVilke.barre. in the Wyoming coal basm. In a com^ , munication to Sllliman's Journal, by Judge Jesse Fell, dated rrr.:' May 1830, it is stated that, as early as 1708 or C9, this coa wa« first used in ; smith's forge, and that it continued to be used by black- mUhs n the neighborhood, from that time. Hi. informant was Judge ^tluah Gore, an early Connecticut settler of Wilke..ar., y whom it was first employed in that way. Mr. Fell also made use of it, he says, abou l"ar n8S,in a nailery, and in l«0«.-"^-ed a grate fj. burn- L it as fuel in his house, in which he believes he preceded a 1 other. "V. r .out the range of counties in Central Pennsylvania, from to Delaware to the Maryland line, a variety of iron ores are met with m deposits or outcrops, in the limestone and .hale valleys be- ri.:::;-: tween the numerous ridges of hiUs. Brown "«-^t'^«' j;;;^ " ore and the argillaceous oxydes in a variety of forms a.ul Qualities bog-ores and ochres, etc., in connection with mineial and vege- Ubt uel. are the basis of a staple industry of these fine valleys, which are a so rich in agricultural resources. In Montour's ridge .n the "e gl orhood of Da'nville, through Northumberland and Union Counties, ed'fossiliferous ore. both of the hard a.d soft vanet.es, is abund^^^^^^^ and with the coal in its vicinity, supports a largo number of a. hrac.te TJ:L, some of them the most e..,ensive in the Union lu acld.ion ^ many charcoal furnaces, producing Iron of super.or qual ty ^ »'««««;«* consist pri..cipally o^ the peroxyd associ.Ued with oxyd of manganese X a'silicL, and occasionally ca.-bonate of lime or niagnes..j. and V eld from 22 to CO per cent of metallic iron. The Jun.ata vail y. m :« n' hborhood of' Lewistown. is rich i" these descript.^is of o. and has long been noted for the quantity and qual.ty o it iron. A theba'oof Tussev's mountain. a..d in other situatio..s ui Huntingdon au.l Mifflin counties, fossil ore is met with in several places. ru.tb.gdon County, now extensively engaged in tl>e n,anuf.vcture Iron anm-a.-. first to have atfacted attention to its lead ores, .n the "^ Md Kagle or Sinking Sp.-ing valley, between Canoe an War. IX:.. Hor ridg-s. There is evidence of extensive explorat.ons having been made in the valley at an early perio.l, probably by the French, whose PENNSYLVANIA. LEAD MINES — THE FIRST WESTERN IRON FURNACE. 5G5 B valley. The Iron jhortly before the Another bloomcry Q, in 1789, by Dr. onf.nued to make the Lackawanna ir grate, appears to [ basin. In a com- ! Jesse Fell, dated or G9, this coal was 3 be used by black- forraant was Judge esbarre, by whom it B use of it, he says, red a grate for burn- ecedcd all others, nnsylvania, from the res are met with, in nd 3hale valleys be- a liematite, red fossil ariety of forms and th mineial and vege- se fine valleys, which tour's ridge, in the and Union Counties, irieties, is abundant, lumber of anthracite Jnion, in addition to quality. These ores oxyd of manganese, le or magnesia, and he Juniata valley, in e descripticJns of ore, iility of its iron. At ilions in Huntingdon ivl places. u the manufacturo of its lead ores, in the ween Canoe and War. iro explorations having J by tlie French, whoso object was the discovery of precious metals. Some of the first perma- nent settlers were also engaged in tlie same pursuit. During the scarcity of lead, in 1T78, General Armstrong informed President Wimrton, that Mr. Ilannan Husbands, a Member of Assembly, had knowledge of a mine of lead, near Frunkstown, on land formerly surveyed for the Penn family Within a month or two. Col. Roberdtau, and a company, encouraged by the State, undertook to work the mines, and immediately erected a large fort of logs and a furnace, at what was called the upper mine. Several regular shafts were sank to some depth, and levels driven in, and n considerable quantity of rich ore was ob- tained. A quantity of lead was extracted, of which we find an order from Col. Roberdeau, in May, 1779, for 500 lbs., for the use of the State. The most productive vein was opened a mile nearer Franks- town than the fort where they first Junk a siiaft. But fear of the In- dians, who infested the neighborhood, and the intrusion of water into the mine, soon cai'sed ilie business tc be abandoned. The lower mine, a mile from the Little Juniata, in the sa'iie valley, was worked some years after, by a Mr. Sinclair, a Scotch miner, from the neighbor- hood of the Carron Iron-works, but was given up on account of the richer discoveries of lead in the West. A few hundred yards from the fort, a rcmarkal e bog of iron ore was found, some of wh'-jh was used in fluxing the lead ore and yield ;d a malleable metal. Rut along the liald Eagle ridge near Frankstown, and at other points the fossiliferous ore crops out and supplies many charcoal and coke furnaces in the iron region of tiie Juniata. The first air-furnace or foundery erected mi Western Pennsylvania, is said to have been the Bedford furnace, in Aughwick valley, four miles First furnace ^outl' of Shirle;'si)urg. It has long since gone to ruins, nnd i» w«.iera j},g (^q^^jj (jf Orbisouia has been laid out I'pon its site. But vauiii. other furnaces and forges have taken its place, to an extent which renders this one of the most important iron regions of the Union, both on account of the quantity and quality of the iron maiufactured. The Huntingdon Furnace, which has l)een the parent of many others, was built in 1795-6, about a miie above the present hot-blast cliarcoal furnace of that name, by a company composed of Judge Gloninger, of Lebanon, George Aushutz, of Huntingdon Peter Shoenberger, of Alle- ghany Counties, and Martin Dubli.s, of Philadelphia, who commenced with a small investment in fifteen acres of land, one horse, and a pair ot oxen. The original site provetl to be a bad one, and a second furnace was erected at the present locati(jn. It was managed with that care, economy, and skill which everywhere enai)led the Germans to achieve success with the most slender resources. From the proceeds and profits 666 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. Of this furnace, in time arose the Tyrone Iron-worts, oons>st>njr of two forges, bailt in 1804, rolling-mill, slitting-mill, nail-works, savy au-l gnst mills with large bodies of farm and woodland attached. Ihe Tyrone forge's again produced the Bald Eagle charcoal furnace, and a forge ou Spruce creek. The Coleraine ." >rges, three in number, three m.les south- east of Spruce crSek, belonging to the same owners as the l;^st were built in 1805, and the two Barre forges on the little Juniata, in 1800 The county, which then included Blair, had, in 1810, four furnaces and six forges, which were increased, in 183t, to sixteen furnaces, and twenty-four forges, and one rolling-mill, making 13,750 tons of p.g-.ron, and 9,309 tons of blooms annually. The Elizabeth furnace, in Bla.r County, is said to have been the first in the country to use gas for the production of steam. ikaa i^ The first forge in Centre County was built about the year 1190 by General Philip Benner, who, for several years fc ./ing the war of Inde- pendence, carried on the manufacture of iron at Coventry forge countV in Chester County, and in 1190 purchased the present site of Rock furnace in Bellefonte. To the first forge he subsequently added a second forge, a furnace, and a rolling-mill, and by his example stimulated his neighbors in the development of the rich mineral wealth of the county. As all the supplies for such undertakings could only be obtained by the most slow and expensive mode of packing, or by carriage over almost impassable roads, and his iron had to be conveyed in the same way to the eastern markets, he conceived and carried out the idea of a com- munication with Pittsburg, and thence of supplvi.g the Western Valley with Iron and nails. For several years he enjoyed without competition the trade in what he designated "Juniata Iron." He thus opened up a market that has become one of immense importance to a product which, under its original name, has obtained a wide commercial ce ebr.ty. Bellefonte in other respects bears evidence of the industry and enter- prise of its first Iron manufacturer. The Centre cold-blast furnace, nine miles southwest of Bellefonte, was also built in 1190. Philipsburg. the centre of a rich mineral district of coal, iron ore, limestone and fire-clay, and of timber land, owes its name and existence to an enterprising iron-master, who erected there many years ago exten- sive Iron-works and a screw factory. Milesburg has also been the seat of Iron-works for sixty years or more. The demand for Iron created by the ropid emigration to the \\ est after the establishment of Independence, and the extreme cost of trans- portation by th': ordinary methods, amounting in 1184 to $249 per ton from Philadelphia to Presqu' Isle (now Erie), led to the early discovery of iron ores, and to the erection of furnaces and forges in the Western PENNSYLVANIA. FURNACES IN WESTERN COUNTIES. 561 consistinort8 i''oi at £7 10s. per ton. In tiie three years preceding the oiirott. ^^p^ ending January 5, 1774, the exports were respectively 2,358, 2,205, and 1,564 tons. The proportions of pig and bar iron are not stated. In the manufacture of steel, nails, fire-arms, machinery, and other branches of metallic manufu ture, Pennsylvania early acquired the same prominence she had in the production of the raw maiiufacturea material. Some attempts in these branches have been al- ready referred to in their local relations, and others in pre- vious chapters, in connection with the departments to which they were subservient. Philadelphia, as the principal commercial city of this country, possessed a varied industry and a large proportion of skillful artificers, as well as many persons who were industrious promoters of all the mechauical arts. Her ship-building created a large demand for nails, iron, and steel, material for which was chiefly furnished by her furnaces and forges. We have seen that a rolling-mill was built in Chester County as early as Philadelphia l'^4C, and a steel-furnace in Philadelphia in the following year. sieei. r|'||g stecl-fumacc of Stephen Paschal, at Eighth and Walnut, was probably the first in the Province, and Taylor's rolling-mill the first of its kind. In August, 1787, this steel-furnace, which then belonged to Nancarrow & Matlack, was visited by General Washington, and is men- tioned as "the largest and best in America.'" The partnership was dissolved in 1790, and the furnace, house, and lot offered for sale. The furnace was in good repair, and capable of making twenty-two tons of steel at a blast. White Matlack soon after conveyed the property by deed to John Ireland, and his former partner, John Nancarrow, a Scotchman, removed to Seventh street below Arch, where he continued the business of steel-making. There was also an air-furnace at an early period at the northwest corner of Ninth and Walnut, belonging wholly or in part to Nancarrow, who is said at one time to have made steel under ground at that place. Newly invented boxes for carriage-wheels were in 1785 made at the air-furnace. Eighth and Walnut, by William Somerton. (1) TnoMPSON Wkstcott, Esq., of Phila- esting facts relating to the arts in the oity deliibia, has kindly furnished us with iuter- from bis manuscript collections. COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. 510 • 1-770 tlie proprietor of a steel-fu'nacfl Whitehead """H'^nx-ys was n. 1 70 th^ PJ P ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^,^ on Seventh street ^^twoen Ma^^^^^^^^^^ Assembly for hi. edge-tools. He received £100 f'^-^^ ^'^^ ^^.^, ^,oO to assist him encouragement and in ^:^X^^<^^^^ ^^^^ «-^ "^ 'Y' " in his steel-works. la mS, Con res Continental arti- contract with him for ^^^ "^'f f ;;\;-, .^New Jersey. The State fieers,from the Iron of the An^lu^e ^V otk ^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^,^ >tll.ate.theTa..i.C.^^^^^ duty on steel was discussed, ^I---^ >'"*-^' „„„„i,reYs), with very little L'ace in Philadelphia ivro^^^^^yf^^^ ^f^T^I in two years, and aid from the legislature, had ^f^l'^X Although an infant was then making at the rate of ^^^^ J^^^^ ,,,^1. with a little ^manufacture in this country, he Wlu^v d i^^^ ^^ ,^^ ^.^^^ ^^^^^ ^,,^ public encouragement, soon supply i . j^^^ ti,en decreased [mportations of steel into the i^rt oj ^^ ^^f P ^.„ „, ,,eount of the from one-fifth to o-f-^^'V^'^^'" ^'^^^^e ofu" article. The perfection improvements m the domesuc—^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ,,,, it had then attained m the my, Encouragement of regarded by the Society mstUuted n 1787^ ^^^ .^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^. Domestic Manufactures as --[^^ ^^^^^^of some articles, and had rial. It had already restored the ^'^^J'''^' ^^.^ ■ t laws, and a introduced new ones. Notwithstanding t^^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^ ,,, special Act of 20th Sep e-^«;. ^J^^^^ importation of certain articles or t^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^.^^ factures. foreign wares had been viriu y ^^^^^^^ .^^^ ^^^ was a free port, and ™-^-"^f ''^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ by'the Act of the State. The local tariff ^^-'flf^Zy.lLi in the manufacture r:;:;:Soirer---^^---^^--^^^^ -^. t^::^ -- at - - :^-- r =::i r city and interior towns, but it ^^^1 sL,l„9 for exportation. im i/was. however, sufficient to afford a^u us Jo P^^^^^^ ^^ I ID Journals of congress: Law. of Pennsylvania. PENNSYtVANIA. NAILS— ANCHORS — WIBE — CARDS. 571 of a steel-fu'nace lere he also niaile Asscmljly for h\i £700 to assist him 5 Board of War to e Continental arti- fersey. The State oun to Humphreys ron " as gqod as iu .ril, 1789, when the Ivania, stated that a eys), with very little b1 in two years, and Although an infant e could, with a little on with steel. The had then decreased dy on account of the tide. The perfection , price of steel, were ,e Encouragement of workers in that mate- some articles, and had e impost laws, and a lilional duties on the ent of domestic manu- asmuch as Burlington ts way thence into the 9, by the Act of the ts' in the manufacture lenry Toight, a watch- ed many persons in the ^ether a handicraft art. arplus for exportation, ailer, at the corner of jing for sale, wholesale f his owa manufacture. the Province, in small nsylvania. naileries conducted by common blacksmiths or others, was, as in New England, probably very considerable. li T^as one of those branches in which the countiy earliest became independent of British supplies, and in which the effects of the war were first felt among British nionufac- turers, as stated by Lord Dudley in the Ilouse of Peers in 1776. In 1789, Samuel Briggs, of Philadelphia, memorialized the legislature and the General Congress on the subject of a machine for making nails, screws, and gimlets. He had, three years before, made ihe patterns for the castings of Fitch's steamboat, and now deposited with the executive of the '"jtate, the model of his nail-machine, in a sealed box subject to the order of the State or Federal legislatures. He and his son, in August, 1707, received the first letters patent for nail-making machinery issued under tlie general Patent Laws of the United Slates. The second was granted in February, 1794, to Thomas Perkins, residing in the same place. David Folsora also, in 1789, asked the General Assembly of Penn- sylvania to protect his invention of a new method of making nails, sprigs, and brads by cutting theui without drawing. The business of cutting nails and brads w^as some years after establisiied in the State by Thomas Odiorne, of Massachusetts, wiio introduced Jesse Reed's machine, and set up two manufactories. Tlie low price of rolled iron and nail-rods, for some time after the peace," when mnch was imported from llussia, la addition to what was made in tiic State, fully established the nail- manufacture in Pennsylvania. There were, in 1797, three manufactories of cut nails and one of patent nails in Philadelphia. An anchor forge was set up in Front street opi)osite Union about the year 1755. It was owned and nmnaged by Daniel Ollley, who AQchore. gn,p]oygji a number of workmen, and over twenty years after, during the war, was still in the business. Works for drawing wire were erected iu or near the city as early as 1779 by Nicholas Garrison, Valentine Eckert, and Henry Voight, who wireanj ^^ *''** 7^*"^ proposcd to transfer them to the State. Hand wire cards. cavAs Were made by Oliver Evans and others before the Revo- lution. The invention of Evans for making the teeth is claimed to have (1) The usual price of bar-iron boforo the Revolutioa was $64 per ton, to which price it again fell after the wor. The large cx- portationsof pigand bar iron which ensued, and the rapid increase uf domestic consump- tion, raised it again. The wholesale prices- current of iron in Philadelphia, as quoted in the General Advertiser, published daily by Benjamin F. Bache, was, on November 9th, 1790, as follows: Iron castings, 22». 6rf. to 30». per ton ; bar-iron, £20 to £30 , Pig- iron, £8 10». to £9; sheet-iron, £60; nail- rods, £35. This was probably Pennsylvania currency. A considerable rise in the price of Iron took place again in 1796, and gave an impulse to the manufacture in England and America. j,j| COLONIAI, INDVSTUY IN MKTAI.S. ture was so greatly extended, ll.tit «tie in the city in 1797. f„rnacc3 iu the State durinR the Cannon was cast at a nnmher « /""'^fwarwiclc furnaces. Small Revolution, particularly at the Keadmg "^"JJ^;;;;. ^^, pi.nadelphia. arms were also made in ^""^'^^'^'r^j^^^^;' l,,ity of the iron- ~ Lancaster, and elsewhere ^ -/--f ^Uau wars, the tier settleu^ents, especially 'l"-^' ^ j/; ^^ ,,,,,,, trade, tendered temptations of the ^^^^J^^^^^^M.^C^c..^^^^^^^^ fire-arms a necessary appendage to every manufacture re- demand for rifles and other ^^f^X^uSnTUe Exportation of fire- ceived a great impulse durjng tl- -v"lU n P^^^ ^^^.^^ .^ ^^.^^ arms, gunpowder, and other ^^^ ''^ ^^^^^^ , ,,,,,, manufacture in prohibited in 1774, and ^<^;:f;^^J^Zr.er^^^ of Parliament, in each State. A letter from 1 '' ^ ;'^^'7,,,,i,mation was received, in- Decemberof that year, soon ^^^Y"" ' ^ ^g there were gun- formed him that the Act would o "« -- '^^^^^^ ^, ^,,, ,,,,,, n^akers enough in the ^^^^-^.^^^j'^./a manufactory of gunpowder a year at 28«- P--' j^ ^f '^^: f^^^^^^^^ Penn. in his exam - bad been already ^^^'^^^'t^ordsh November, 1775, stated, in reply nation before the House of Lords n ^^^^^^ ^,^^ ^^^^. to the inquiries of the Duke o^^^^ ^ in \n.ladelphia, had i„g of cannon, including bra.s, which ^ ere ^^^^^ ^^^^^ Jen carried to great P-^-^^j^^ta led The workmanship and ■ ia as great perfection as could }'' '"'^ ZnM for their excellence, finish of the small arms were unmr.a y ad med ^^^^ ^^^^^.^^ Some fire-arms were that yeiu -P- «; ^^ „,^, „„,1 arms could be West India Islands, and pikes ^veie recom ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ made Rifles were made in many places in the ^hich were thought equal to ^^l^^^^''^^''^^^ ^,emed it expedient to ,„ February. 1776 the ^— ^^^^ requested a conference establish a Provincial gun-lc-manufactoy ^^^^ ^^^^^,^^ ^ with Mr. Benjamin Ri;'.enV.ouse of Nornng^ '^^^^,,,,,,,,, .ere ap- suitable person to «»Pf "-'7^ j'-^^j^^t the manufactory, and contract pointed to erect, superintend -^ ^^f f J^^ ,,, i„f,rmed. was estab- for the manufacture o '^"-•' .7^;;fp7naven as principal gunsmith, lished in Cherry street, with M. ■J^'^'^l p, n.^en as contract- In April, 1778. the gun ™-" f ?; •;;H:mmelstown. eight miles from (1) Ponnsylrania Arcluvc, iv. V12 j Col. Bee. x. 506. wmmmmmmmm rENNSYIA'ANIA. SMALL ARMS AND CANNON. 573- i\nd\ the manufac- [lufactorifs of cards ,c State durinR the ck furniices. Small ,ity at rhiladelphia, isecurity of the fron- ,d Indian wars, the dian trade, rendered and crcalod a steady riie manufacture re- e exportation of fire- X Great Britain was their manufacture in ber of Parliament, iu Lion was received, in- ., as there were gun- ' stand of arras within ifactory of gunpowder 1 Penn, in his exami- m5, stated, in reply subject, that the cast- t in Philadelphia, had small arras were made The workmanship and d for their excellence, le French and Spanish ed until arras could be Provinces at that date, • deemed it expedient to 1 requested a conference 1, whom they thought a commissioners were ap- lanufactory, and contract are informed, was estab- en as principal gunsmith, r. De Haven as contract- lelstown, eight miles from at Wyoming, he recom 1. Bcc, X. 500. mended its removal to French Creek or to Piiiladelphia. The Council, ia November, 1"7G, lixed the price to be paid to gunsmiths for good gun- barrels, delivered at the lock manufactory, at 243. apiece. Brass gun mountings were tlien made by Lewis Pralil. The committee also ad- vanced £300 to Lawrence Biruie to enable iiim to erect an air-furnace and mills for tiie business of file-cutting in connection witii the gun- lock factory. Contracts were also made in York and Lancaster for a quantity of arms for the State. Th., price of a niusi V'"™™;^ ' ' , Ja Luntod and fuod «i ,on, and numbered twenty masters of the trade. Money scales and weights were made by James Alien, b ''clpar Wi.tar was a brass button au". buckle manufacturer in Ph Caspar vv .xar apprentices set up 'he b delphia prcv,ous ^^ I oO-jJ-" « ^ ^/^^ ^^^^ i„ this cour n'!ss m New rorK. nn- . . «--- established a glass factory in New Jersey and ml llichard Wislur unitod the two branches at his nouse in ll.gh (I) l.on.>-.vlvnni,v Archive., v. m, 731, 7;.«i w. 62, 1.1, 809. MMMI ALS. PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA MANUFACTURES. 575 United States, be dis- draughted. During tlie ;un8 for the Government, imove witli his apparatus ipproach of the British. llutter each made pro- There was at tliis time lot know who owned it. President Wharton that • want of copper, and re- l been sent from French ,s claimed by the State, e furnace as well as the work of all kinds for dis- Indies, and reliueries of iloyed many tradesmen in Paglan, " ffounders," were necessary to enliilc trades- iris was a founder eitlier in iss-founding was carried on 3hn Hyatt, and in 1759 by eet. In the federal proces- a, July, 4, 1788, Mr. King aring the whole procession, m mounted and fired with eyraen and apprentices also ■xpense. Tl.n.n. of l^^JZX '^^ ->«' "< "■« «"'■ " ;'■ ... r..o.^.^^J^^_ ^„^,„,^„, ordered to_ he rn^e :5.„. Abraham Biek.ey, a member of «"»"= ' J-r^f ,; %,,_ ,„e,i„„.y ordered. . " ''- X; ;r If yV «y "- "" '-"" nSO, three fire-enBtne, of "» ;''^;^„ Jij, „„d „rited the same p„„„ds respeetively, were "f""^ '"^^''^f^ ,„; ^, Anthony N-eko;«, previons to July, 1135 , but it «a ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^i,^ '„„a re.„Hred much labor "■-^^^ , ,' .Icaetur. of ftrcen^inc.. upuercnd of Second street, tndirtool- la i,„„j,.,ed the im- il ..„s a native of '''^ 7';™'";" f„ ',;,:,, „„l at the sides of !;:::;:";.i:s:roir:::.:""M..did.-. of .re.e„,ne, o, Vhi.adel,hia in 11.3, b, Christ«,>hcr »;" ' • " ™' ^J, „, ,.;„„,ke. irishman, the pupil and prolesc in '"''J " ,„ llishop of Ossory, after w .xe ''"""■.•■'^;, ,;,„„„,, c 0.1... Americ. ,n .';-P;:;;f;; J';:: , l.;,;,::,^ ..Cety, two coune, of lectures ,n . ■, '';"''•;,,.,„ ;„ „„,„,, ,„. experimented on Pueuamties, Uydrost.tics, and 'M »"' ■ ' centrifugal „i,h an air-pump of Hi. own ,i.e . «, «^ ^^^ ^„_^„^„„ .„d .tcam-eugincs, and "'''«'"'"'";,„,„ ,„, „ a,,„i|l„y, which was to oo..»truet . «»"'-™P»« ° J ' J ^^ ,,. ,„ .light that it was ..f r:;rrie:r:e''-T:o:,r;^rtrrhiiosophioaiBoeiet,^e.er. „> „,.., ' " —"■ -'•• - "•"• '•"'"'° "•""" """"" HtoRin- BIlllllO"- C. CuUes. PENNSYLVANIA. STEAM-ENGINE BU1LDINC3. 5n •e tbc close of the id instruments for iiicv early acqui^'a merioan invention )f Godfrey, the in- the first telescope iind other scieutilio and mathematical , ai\d others, whose lermancnt wealth of security of property .yor of the city, ". >d ed to ho made lo ' for y° ffire engine " as made. In April, rty-fivo, and twenty md arrived the same by Anthony Nic'.o'is, rery heavy, unwieldy, Jchard Mason, at the icture of fire-engines. introduced the im- nd not at tlie sitles of ei-'^ of fire-engines of America was made in lucatcd and ii.genio\is y life of Dr. I'ococke, in nfiii, he came to 1772, Colles delivered riiilosophicali-'^cicty, which he experimented libitcd the centrifugid 8 consequenlly engaged ft distillery, which was it) slight that it was of lophical Society^Hever- tanjnmin Ftonklin org»ni«Bd theless reported that it evinced the builder's knowledge of the principles, and his ability to construct the machine, and that he was therefore de- Rcrving of encouragement. Tlie career of Colles, wlio obtained some Fitch HDd repute as an engineer and mechanician in this department, has Vnigiit. jj^j^ju compared to that of John Fitcli, who in 1786, assisted by Henry Voight, constructed the first worliing steam-engine built in tlie city. " Both," says Mr. Westcott, " were ingenious beyond their time, and both reaped a reward in poverty." Fitch is said to have first ap- plied to John Nancarrow, th? proprietor of a steel-furnace before men- tioned, who had some reputation as a machinist, and afterward made some improvements in the engine of Savery, which were published in the fourth volume of the American Philosophical Transactions. His drafts were, however, rejected by Fitch, who was advised to apply to Uorublower or Colics of New York. But having become impressed with the mechanical abilities of Henry Yoight, a Dutch wi.tch-maker, lie made him a partner, and the two jointly constructed a D'.odel with a one- inch cylinder, the first steam-engine Fitch had seen. This was imme- diately followed by a larger three-inch cylinder model, with whicii a. skiff was moved on the Delaware in July, 178(i, by means of oars at- tached to a crank. An engine on the principle of Watt & Boulto!'".s with twelve-inch cylinder, was built the ne.xt year, which, after receiving several improvemei ts by Voight, propelled a stenmboat on the Delavvaie in the presence of the Federal Convention then in the city. Anotiier still larger was built, for which an eigliteen-inch cylinder was cast ut. Warwick furnace. Numerous improvements in the pipe, boiler, con- denser, and other parts of the machinery by Voiglit, Fitcli, Tliornioii, Hall. Ev an.s, and other ingenious persons, resulted in an elliciciit engine, witl v-l.lfli a steam packet and freight boat was, in 1790, run botwei n Phiii*'- i,'' a and Burlington. A'oigll^ afterward became chief coiner at til- :J'' and the inventor of a steamboat with puddles in tiiive rows. Two steam-engines were also built and in operation at the watei- works in Philadelphia — the largest then in the country — before ili-; close of the century, one near the Schuylkill, the other at Centre square. They were both double engines, the one with a thirty-niiie-inch and liie other a thirty-two-inch cylinder, and six-feet stroke and wooden boih'r,>, and capable of supplying 4,500,000 gallons of water daily, if required One or both were built by Nicholas I. Roosevelt, who, in 17'.'S, putcntetl, with J. Smallman, a i.'ouble steam-engine, and after- viu-d built the firb^ steamboat on the Ohio at Pittsburg. His contiaet auuMTrlt. (1; ^Vu^U'hift havinff become much im- The dock accommodation of I''"^/'^^'^;^^^^".; '^^/^ dredging-machine B.maMK'ins „ mWuAt a cut and description are b"^" Hippopoumu.. Donaldson, of whitli a ciu a \„. j^ y^^s recom- first volume of ^^ ^-fZt:^';^:^^ Society, to the mended »>y '^ «««^'"'^^^^' '^'^t^™'l'^d the builder £100 for his attention of the Assembly, which •^^^'•^^^ J^^^ york. he was the i„,enuit, ^^;;^:^^x^::::^x^^^^ «^ ^^^^^>'' - ^-^ next year sent thither, with ^7*^" '" / ^^^.^io^ of a water Clwvaux- everv way qualified to superintend t^« ";™^^^„ ,, Billingsport. in aid of which Mr. Robert » "'^1-. P e«cn «« ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^,^.^^^ Biddle,the model «f '^^f'^'^I'^J^'l^'r Peace. Donaldson was ,e received the thanks of Y.,"-^^"^^^^ ^'^^^^ Jy ,,«' aid of that or employed to remove it, which he ac^omp. n j ^^ .^ Je other curious ™-'' "^ '"^''"^t;"'; 7m of years of making n85. granted him the exclusive pnv g for a e™ o , ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ and using in the Delaware us machine or ea g ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ .. Hippopotamus." which ha V^^'l^' Vroc^^^ Donaldson invented a balance-locLl.-ont'^^^^^^ ^^^ j^„^„i„g y,,r John considerable reputation and T °^f ,f ' /" „^,,,,t ,,,,e„,c. To this in- Fi.h offered ^^llX^e^ 1 .^ rent clims^ based on the constr..- vcntion ho soon after set up n t,,.-,,ouilll'8. For some time he .,„„ of . pu.p.bo« on «;X-'^; X:;'L .„a o.U.r n,o,>c. o. applying tho power.' Tbo «.« or •';»"'»''"' J^ I, ,,„,„ oonM ;.'/.pp,.d, ... 0.0 .-^ J- ,->' ; ':::■„ 1, ,„ l,,,., p.. ;:X'a Sr> ISH X :o„,lnc,c,. «,. ..E™.., A,n„M„o„. ""wit-"."* luu., n......M m^nnfacnror,, 1,... i« oper.Uo», iu 17C0. (1) Weitcotl'iLlfo «'■'""'''• PENNSYLVANIA. PHILADELPHIA MILLS AND MACHINES. 579 power of the lower ing rail- ami other of the steam-engine important of which egular steam-engine ere devised and im- t Office was organ- ig become much im- , a dredging-machine IS invented by Arthur tion are given in the 175. It was recom- ihical Society, to the builder £100 for his ew York, he was the littce of Safety, as one n of a water ClievnxJ'- ware at Billingsport, in nmittee, through Owen rering ballast, for which Peace, Donaldson was by the aid of that or ity. The Assembly, in erm of years of miiking •aning docks, called the rhly efficient. He also ics procured Donaldson be following year John ,at scheme. To this in- i, based on the construc- illl's. For some time he that and other modes of lat purpose, in whatever r, and his priority could applied to dredging pur- lie "Eruktor Amphibolis" md in operation, In 11 CO, l>. a mustard-mill, claimed to have been invented by Wagstaff, and made ii4 England from drawings sent tliitlier. Tlie machine was aLso said to Mustarj. I'^ve bcca immediately adopted in England by the mustard "lakers, and afterward obtained by others in Philadelphia. IJenjamin Jackson also at that time made flour of mustard "superior to English Durham," by machinery driven by water, in a rival establish- ment at the Globe Mills in Northern Liberties. George Brassinc, the inventor of a snufT-mill, asked for encouragement in 1785, and William Sheppard for a mill for sawing and polishing marble. The grant of privileges to James Kumsey, the same year, for a boat to go against the current of rivers, was contested by Abper Cloud and Hugh Cunningham, who each claimed the invention of tlie pole-boat. ' Carding machines, cotton gins, spinning jennies, and other textile machinery were early made in Philadelphia. We have in a former chapter Ti-xtiid mentioned a spinning frame introduced in 1775 by Christopher inaohiuery. rp^jj^^ ^j|j^.jj ^,^ supposed to have been imported. That ma- chine, and another by Joseph Hague, we have re.ison to believe were iTiadc in the country, and were the first of the kind in America. In First . April, 1776, previous to which a spinning-machine was in use by the United SocIlM y for promoting American I .iinufactures in Philadelphia, a committee of the Assembly reported "that upon ex- amination they find the said machine was made and used in this Pro- vince by both the persons above named nearly at the same time, but unknown to each other, and that the committee think they are therefore alike deserving of reward." They recommend that £15 shall be awarded each. On the recommendation of the Society above named, the Assembly resolved to distribute one machine to each county at the expense of the Province, John Marshall, an English thread-maker in the employ of the Society in 1776, asked patronage for a silk twisting and throwing mill of his invention. An appropriation of £40 was recommended for his encour- agement by a committee. James Ilazle also in 1775 advertised a ma- chine to go by clock-work to run 48 spindles. Tlie encouragement given to such inventions by the State legislature, the American Piiilo- sophical Society, and by associations for promoting genera! or special ma-jufactures, was such that, in 1780, some macliinery of tlie kind was made in Philadelphia as well as in England. A law of the Assemblv. in March, 1788, prohibited under certain penalties the exi)orlatiou of inanufacturing machines for the space of two years. (1) Weiloott'i Life of Pitch. COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. Mr Robert Lc.lic, who was the father of C R. Leslie, the artist, Major J^ !f United States Ar.y, and Miss E^Leslie the authoress a ' Scotchman by birth, but resident in Th.ladelph.a from 1745- f;t'::ron,. ^as a clock and watch maker of great mgeuu ty. He wa / ,1 ?n T7sq a watent for certain improvements granted by the ^-;-^^>;';" ^^JjJ.frnd afterward under the laws coin, and several «^^^? ""^ " ^^ , 5^^^ Transactions, in which are several volumes of the American 1 hilosopincai 11 .;' .nieces and other • 1 -n.. TJittonhouse on improvements m time-pietts mm v tions by him and Godfiey, Manuiin, 1 . received i:r; m ,..0 » eK.,aorii..ary instrument V,, t .e "'■'" fj^ T': °t;rn 1 a '• = ^^ .' A,„cric..„ nancfort, of hi, «.« Arcl, al,o ""» "^^ ' /,„,^i,„_ ;„ !„„, .peak, ot Amemaa ^'"r; Sei si ority wasin part due to the fact that wood sea- ported. Ihur «"Pe"o X i ^^^^ ^^^^^ Philadelphia- it';rr:.;:;:rtr;;:er':.o. ..». ...«. t,. .,.., .c, ""rJ^S, a „e» or,a„ for Ch™. C^ ™ X^^ T-S Feyring, who had previously bu.lt one for St. Peter s. hlt'l (1) The propri llruini '"'"'"-—;:.::= t't,i3Sir^^rt:; uuU In pul'llc r,orMy. was Mi PENNSYLVANIA. OKOANS — Ml *El M OF MODELS — IRON BRIDOE. 581 lie, the artist, Major ie, the authoress— a lelphiafrom 1145— ingenuity. He was ivtaia improvements vard under the laws e was formed to op- ents in the construc- a addition to several ivented or improved lis, wind-mills, blow- iage springs, dies for iescribed in the early s, in which are several time-pieces and other pers on other inven- Colin, Mr. Henry of [r., in 1787, received lent invented by him. Jescribed, in the cou- ced in an instrument harpsichord, appears Belmont, Third street .tea that he " has just by the name of the larpsichord, with bam- Juliann, Fourth and iano-forte of his own , speaks of Americau at great perfection in itely completed several g inferior to the im- he fact that wood sea- also that Philadelphia- while the foreign were as ordered from Thilii' •eter's.' It was tiuislitJ Hod in question in a piimv^'^' PliiUulelpliiK. OrS«D> '"'^ Organa, and put . p in 17CG, and reinainud .seventy years, until the present one was erected. It contained three sets of keys and pedals, two octaves from foot C upward, twenty-seven stops, and about 1,607 pipes. An organ was built for the German Lutheran Church in Philadelpiiia, a few years later, by Mr. D. Taneberger, a Moravian, at Litiz, iu Lancaster County, and a man of much mechanical inge- nuity. Robert Leslie, in 17 SO, proposed to establish a Museum of models of machines, etc., in Philadolphia. The models of many other machines MuBeum I*'"! lustrumcnts, in addition to some of those aoove named, 01 ruoiiuia. ^.jjj,g pyes(;,iteti ^q ^]^Q American Piiilosophical Society. But the first professed collection of the kind in the city, of which we have any knowledge, was the model room in Peale's Museum, commenced in 1785 by one who himself possessed considerable mechanical as well as artistic talent, as the records of the Patent Office show. This now forms an impcilunt feature in the various institutions for practical me- chanical instruction. It is mentioned to the credit of Henry IV. of France that he proposed such a magazine of models, which was not, however, carried out until 1775 in the Conservatory of Arts and Trades founded by Vaucanson. And when our mechanics and artists proposed such a thing, however imperfect in plan, we believe a collection of the kind did not exist in England. A bold project for the employment of Iron on the extended scale now so common for architectural purposes, was conceived in 1787 by Thomas ,,.„„ Pai )C, whose taste for mechanical and philosophical studies biuiBes. jjj^j^ induced Dr. Franklin to persuade him to come to America. VHiile pursuing his favorite speculations in mechanics, mineralogy, and the uses of Iron, a permanent bridge over the Schuyl- kill was proposed, to be built without piers, and Paine offered to eon- suruct an Iron bridge, with a single arch of four hundred feet span. It was not then deemed practicable. Notwithstanding that casting could be done cheaper and with better iron than in England, plans for an iron superstructure on stone piers, prepared by Mr. Weston, an English engineer, were also thought too hazardous, and the present covered bridge on Market street, then regai'ded as a structure of no ordinary kind, wa:. c-ected instead. Paine, however, immediately re- newed his proposals in France and England, and in one or both coun- boen in use in Mncsni'liusotls ginoo 1714. Hut tlio "lawfulness and advonlngcs" nf in- I'ho Eiiiscopnl eliuioli »t Salem had ono Blruraentttl music were also quest iotied iti made by John Cliirlte i» 174.1, and iinollicr a publication i««uod there in 1771. — /'*.'('• bjr Thomas Juhuston, of Uoston, in 1704. i4nita<«. ra ^ COLONIAL INDtSTKY IN METALS. .Hes .c«Uyc.rr« U into exeo..io» '"^tr ^^ :";,::lr' struction, will probably remain unrivalled. were mentioned by D a coupliinentary 1 of the bridge over ut of the materials le attempt leads us hich, as regards its nployed in its con- CHAPTER XVIIl. OOLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS — CONTINUKD. EAHLY EFFORTS IN THK SOUTHERN COLONIES, WITH A GENERAL SUMMARY OP LEGISLATION RESPECTING IRON, TA3LES OF COLONIAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, ETC. DELAWARE.^Some early Iron-works were built within the present territory of Delaware before its erection into an independent State. They were principally for smelting the bog ores which are deposited iu several places in the sand and clay of Tertiary age in all the Atlantic States. It has been mentioned that Governor Keith, of Pennsylvania, was the proprietor of Iron-works in Newcastle County as early as 1726, but we are unable to say where these works were situated. Thev Early Froa- i , i it t works in Were probably at Newcastle, the oldest town in the State, or on the White Clay Creek or its branches, near the headwaters of which, at Iron Hill, is a mass of ferruginous clay, sand, and quartz, yielding nodular and ochreous iron ore. A rolling and slitting mill was erected in the county in the latter part of the last century, when Wilmington was already one of the most active centres of several branches of iirdustry in the Union. The iron- manufactures of the County have long given employment to a large amount of capital ; and its rolling-mills and other large works are widely known. In Sussex County also, at the southern extremity of the State, where bog ore in the shape of a very pure hydrate, yielding from 55 to 66 per cent, of iron, exists in large beds in the vicinity of Georgetown, and on the branches of the Nanticoke and Indian rivers, the manufacture of iron and castings was carried on before the Revolution to a considerable extent. The compact hydrated peroxyd of some of these beds has, since the early part of this century, been raised in quantities for ex- portation, and the local production of Iron is consequently less than it might have been (583) 58^ COLONIAL INDUSTllY IN METALS. Iron ores of I o„mf. ore JS alSO mCt Willi JU i "" Mary>ana. iron ovc. ^^ »'« •^™^/' „ ' ' ,„a the more Valuable deposU. County on tnc Western Shore. ^^'''^ limits of tbe Tertiary ,f brown oxyd and carbonate -^ ^^f ^^^J^^'.rations in iron which formation, furnished -^^-'^^^ ^"'•J ^^\Ve Ipa'^'^- ^' ^«' ^°^"'" first made England acquainted with Ue <='^P ^^undel, produce iron in any ^^^^^j::^^.^^^ ^^ .^^ Baltimore, and mo.t of the <=«"'" ar-illaceous ore, in nodular, South mountain ridge, -u am deposU ^J >; ,,, ,,,Hies lined kidney-shaped, and concreionay --^'^f^^^^^^ ^, ,,,,, u Harford, with brown oxyd and yielding 40 to 50 P - ^^^^^^^^ ,^,, ,f Carroll, Frederick, and J^^f^^^^^lJ^^ wrought and make ex- brown hematite, some ^J^^^ ^.^d 'county. and some other cellent bar-iron. At Deer Creek, m ^,^f,,,tory, is smelted by localities, titaniferous iron «>■«; ^J^ J' ^^^^ .,^, ^ product of good .annxture with more .^-^^l^^'::^' ,,7 New Jersey are frequently ,p,,lity. As a -rreetive the bg ores .^.^.^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ o\>tained in exchaiige o^J^^]: ^.ntgomery County and else- State. Chrome ^^^^^f' " .^^ p,,d,,.ick County. where, and specular oxyd ot '"'^y ^^^ f^el contiguous to The facilities afforded by ^^ /^[^ ^^^'^ ^e early remarked by the water-carriage for the '-'^f ^"^^^ .l^e't who described this section English settlers of Marylan ^ ai.a.^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ of the country m 1^^«' ""j' . .^ ^^^j^g (the deposits being superficia ) .aving to the i^on-manuf.c urn .urn ,^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ aud in land-carnage at ^^""^ P^";_^^^^^^^ ^^^ timber floated down the would be saved in fuel, by ^ "^ jnft wood ^ .^ ^^ ^^^_ _^^,. rivers, and thus t^e/abor of aeb ™- w^^^^ J^^^ ^^^^ ,ot, however, Jien. Iron being va «^f ^^ ^^f^^ P;j ^he legislature, in 1681. endeav- very early introduced in o ^^''^^^^'^^ ,^\^, channel, and among ored to turn the industry of '^^^^IZ^ laying a duty on the expor- ^ other laws enacted for the 1-; «; J ^^ ^ j,; !, .miths. The manu- tationof old i-".-^«"^^^^;;;;'\rn eom-nced not many years facture of Iron appears to have after. ^^^ . „ . ,„™„ies of Iron were received in Eng- About the year HIS the fi st b-^^p; ^ j^ ^he latter Province, land from Maryland and ^ ''^S^^!'^- ..,f , ,ery good oommence. „^^^.^ ,,„ to Audcrsou, pig and bar iron mentotiha accora iig I" *„ K„ mnrle about the year 17 13- ^"^ MARYLAND. FORGES AND ROLMNO-MILL. 585 iiorc of Maryland, if and Ihe greater re deposits of bog in Prince George re valuable deposits nits of tbe Tertiary ktions in iron wbifli ies of her Colonies rd, Anne Arundel, Chesapeake and the jous ore, in nodular, iiining cavities lined ; Iron. In Ilarford, ilso valuable beds of •ought and make ex- luty, and some other factory, is smelted by s a product of good Jersey are frequently primitive ores of the nery County and else- iiuty. and fuel contiguous to early remarked by the described this section Albion, estimated the posits being superficial) Another five pounds timber floated down the yield him 58. lOd. per arts were not, however, lature, in 1681, endeav- at channel, and among ng a duty on the expor- of smiths. The manu- lenced not many years in were received in Eng- In the latter Province, ,r iron "of a very good out the year 1715. But ed of a forge for bar-iron, and the exports of the two Provinces are classed together, it is doubtful wliich had the precedence in the permanent establishment of the manu- facture. In 1719, however, in consequence of the encouragement given by Act of Parliament in that year to the importation of pig-iron from the Kariy Colonlcs, the legislature of Maryland passed an Act, author- '*"''■ izing 100 acres of land to be laid oDf to any who would set up furnaces and forges In the Province.' This measure wag followed by the erection of eight funuices and nine forges during the next thirty years ;' and large quantities of wood land were taken up on the Western Shore by the owners. For the encouragement of industry about this time (1721), execution ui)on judgments was suspended for a limited period for the benefit of the agricultural classes ; and soon after, the workmen at furnaces, forges, and mills were exempted from labor upon the highways, which at the time were kept in repair by assessment of the labor of taxable inhabitants. Among the earliest forges in Maryland of which we find any mention, was the Principio forge at the head of the Bay, two or thrpe miles east I'riDcipio ^f ^'i<^ Susquehanna, in Cecil County. This was in operation forge. previous to 1722. In 1730, the Principio Works were the property of John Ireland and Company, principally Englishmen. They were managed by Mr. Ireland, who also superintended a furnace on a branch of the Potomac in Virginia, which was owned by him in common with several persons in England, and was conducted with enterprise and skill. The Iron from that and other furnaces in Virginia, wliich then had no forge, was converted into excellent bar-iron at the Principio forge. The Principio hot-blast charcoal furnace of the Messrs. Whit- aker, of Philadelphia, stands on or near the site. It employs ore from the neighboring counties of Maryland and Delaware. A body of ore, laid down in the early map of Herman Moll as Iron Hill, near the Mary- land line, in Newcastle County, probably supplied ore to the ancient forge. Some good ore has been obtained for these works near North- east, and a ferruginous quartz or jasper, too flinty for use, exists near KoHing- Elkton. On Big Elk river, five miles north of Elkton, where """• the Elk rolling-mill of Parke Smith & Co. was built in 1810, a rolling-mill was in operation at the time of the Revolution. It is supposed to have been connected with copper-works. Such works were erected in the Colony as early as 1742, in which year their proprietor. Mr. John Digges, of Baltimore County, was patronized by the legisla- ■issss^rte**""""* (1) GMffitli'fl Sketches of the Early Uis- tory of Maryland. (2) McSlicrry's Hist. Maryland. 58G COLONIAL INDLSTBY IN METALS. laturo, whicli released his workmen from taxes, highway labor, and traiuings. Mr. Digges held, under a title from the proprietor of Mary- land, an estate on the Coiiewugo of nearly 7,000 acres of land, over which Tenusylvania also claimed jurisdiction ; and when the survey of Mason and Dixon's line, in 17G8, terminated the long and violent dis putes between the proprietaries of the two Provinces respecting the boundary, " Digges' Manor" fell within the last named, and included the present site of Hanover, in York County. His copper-works were prob- ably near the borders and possibly in Cecil County, although copper u found on the Monocacy, in Frederick County, south of the State line. The J'-on rolling-mills in the northeastern part of the State are now numerous and extensive. In Baltimore County, which originally included the rich mineral region of Harford, the manufacture of Iron from the ample deposits along the Patapsco, on both sides, from the Elk ridge to Deep Creek in coX^ud Anne Arundel, was early commenced. It was one of the '*""■ earliest enterprises attempted on the present site of the com- mercial capital of the State, where it is now a flourishing industry. Soon after the year 1723, and previous to the founding of the city, according to its annalist,' Messrs. Carroll, Tasker, and others, under the i\ame of " The Baltimore Company," erected a furnace at the mouth of Gwinn's Falls, and a forge on Jones' Falls, at the site occupied one hundred years after by the mill of General Strieker. The land on which the furnace and ore were, belonged to Mr. John Moale, an English merchant, and a member of the Provincial Assembly, who carried on business extensively at the Point. An application was made to him by the inhabitants for a grant of land for a town at Gwinn's Falls, and a bill for that purpose is said to have been introduced in his absence. But fortunately for the future mercantile interests of the town, the measure wa» defeated by Mr. Moale, who, fearing the loss of revenue from the ore, or jealous of a transfer of business to that place, hastened to his post and opposed the bill. A more eligible site at Coles Harbor on the basin was, in 1729, purchased of the heirs of Mr. Carroll, and the town laid oflf in the following January. The iron ore of the abandoned site became a source of much profit to the owner during his lifetime, though less profitable to his heirs than town lots would have been. The abundance of stone, iron ore, limestone, timber, and water-power, soon attracted population and enterprise to the place, and after the Revolution few towns grew more rapidly than Baltimore. The water privileges on the Patapsco, Back river. Gunpowder, and other streams (1) Griffilli's AnnaU of Baltimore. MAIIYLAXD. RIDGELY's AND HOWAIID's WOUKS. 587 ay labor, and etor of Marj- of laud, ovt't the survey of id viulcut Uifi respecting the d included the rks were prob- ugh copper is Lhe State line. State are now mineral region }sits along the Deep Creek in IS one of the te of the com- bing industry, g of the city, liers, under the t the mouth of occupied one land on which le, an English 'ho carried on aade to him by 's Falls, and a 3 absence. But n, the measure renue from the astened to his Harbor on the I, and the town abandoned site [fetime, though 3. d water-power, , and after the re. The water i other streams were soon occui)ied by Iron-works and other mills, whose product swelled the export trndn of the city. At the head of Uack river, a few miles north by east from the city, on the Kingsbury lands, purcLased in 1'734 by Colonel Sheridine, a furnace wa.v afterward erected. Tatapisco furnace, on the south side of the basin, has been abandoned some time. A^ slitting-mill was established in or near the town in 1778 by Mr. "Whetcroft. About the same time a nail factory was set up there by Mr. George Matthews, and another by Mr. Richardson Stewart, and ti card factory Ijy Mr. McCabe. Cannon were cast in 1780 at a furnace called Northampton, probably the same as Hampton furnace, ten miles west of Baltimore, which is said to have run seventy years upon a single deposit of brown ore in the neigliborhood, contiguous to the primary RidKeiy-H limestone. There was an early furnace, belonging to Charles irou-works. Rijgpiy, Esq., OH the falls of the Great Gunpowder, in the same county, which produced superior Iron from the same kind of ore. The Avalon Iron-works, near the Relay House, now one of the oldest in the State, is said to have been built over sixty years ago by the Dor- seys, and has been lately rebuilt. An old nail factory stood near it. Aa air-furnace was built on the south side of llie basin in Baltimore, about the same time, by John Morton, and another, ten years after, in Calvert street by William Baker. Four furnaces and two forges were erected and in operation within the county before the close of the last ceniuiy, which manufactured pig and bar iron, hollow-ware, and other castings -xtensively. In Anne Arundel County, two furnaces and two forges were erected in the sarce time. At Elk Ridge Landing, seven or eight miles from Howard's Baltimore, on the Washington railroad, where a large iron tuiiug-forge. business is now done, Dr. Howard owned a tilting-forge in 1783. The site of the old Howard furnace at that place is now occu- pied by the steam and water hot-blast charcoal furnace of the Great Falls Iron Company, producing forge-iron in large quantity. Curtis' Creek furnace, eight miles southeast of Baltimore, is very old and in ruins ; and a puddling furnace on the Little Patuxent, three miles below Annapolis, was destroyed many years ago. On Deer Creek, in Harford County, a forge and slitting-mill was also built in the last century. The titaniferous ore which occurs in talc and Harford Serpentine rocks in that neighborhood, requires more fusible couaty. Qj.gg ^^ jjg mjxgj ^j^jj jj.^ but affords an excellent Iron. At Joppa on the Little Gunpowder, and near Abington on Bush river, are large deposits of brown hematite, for smelting which works were early erected. Hone ore of the best quality is raised on Bush river, and pro- duces castings of great strength. 6ft COI.ONIAI. INDUSTRY IN METALS. Copper. The several ridges of the South Mountain Range, througliout the counties of Montgomery, Carroll, Frederiek, and Washington, are highly „ . . . metalliferous, and in several places furnished magnetic u'on ore '•'""'■ and brown hematite for furnaces b^^ore the Revolution. iNear SykesviUe, and at several points further north in Carroll County, mag- netic ore occurs in connection with the sulphuret of copper. Lead was also discovered many years ago near Unionville. But the most remark- able deposit is one of brown hematite or liraonite in the vicinity of the Point of Rocks, on the Potomac, in Frederick County. It extends back along the Cotocktin mountain, und is supposed to cover an extensive vein of copper ore, so generally met with in that range of hills. The iron ores here embrace the red and brown hema- tites in their compact and pulverulent forms, the argillaceous and specu- lar oxyds, pipe ore, the phosphate, and other varieties separate and mixed. In some places these are strongly impregnated with zinc and manganese. They, however, yield a good metal, and near the places above named on the Monocacy and its branches, brown iron ore was once mined to considerable extent. Several furnaces and forges were built in the last century in Washing- ton County. The proximity of ore, limestone, wood, rnd water-power at the western base of the South Mountain invited to the Anilelam , i i- furuiicea. manufacture of Iron, and much pig and b.ir metal, castings, etc., for the supply of the fertile and well-cultivated Conecocheague Valley and western counties were produced. Three forges were l)uilt on Antietam Creek, which also supplied povt-cr to fourteen merchant flouring-mills before the close of tlie century. Antietam furnace, at its junction with the Potomac, seven n.iL>s above Harper's Ferry, was built as much as a ■ entury since. It was the only one of the old ones in operation twenty years ago. It obtained ore from both sides of the river between it and tlie Ferry. Its site is now occupied by the hot- blast charcoal and coke furnace of the same name. Mount Etna furnace, on the same stream, near Hagerstown, cast cannon for the cl'lutm'"'* army during the Revolution, a specimen of which is preserved furnace. ^^ Frcuericktowii. Cotocktin furnace, three miles from Mc- chanlcstown, on the Monocacy, in Frederick County, was built in 1774, rebuilt in 1787, and again more recently, and is still running upon ore raised in its neighliorhood. The vigorous preparations which were everywhere made in the summer and autumn of 177C to provide the sinews of war, were nowhere more apparent than in the furnaces and gun-shops throughout tiie country. At the time the bill was before Parliament, in 1750, to restrain the use of slitting, plating, and steel mills in the Colonies, which was one of the MAltVLAND. lUON-WOUKS AND CANNON-FOUNDEPJES. 589 e, tlirongliout the linglon, are highly magnetic u'on ore ilevolution. Near roll County, mag- opper. Lead was I the most remark- the vicinity of the r. It extends back poaed to cover an met with in that and brown hcma- llaceous and specn- eties separate and ated with zinc and d near the places rown iron ore was sntury in Washing- 1, ond water-power ain invited to the ».ir metal, castings, ed Conecocheague 3 forges were built fourteen merchant jtam furnace, at its ;r's Ferry, was built of the old ones in I both sides of the cupied by the hot- lount Etna furnace, ist cannon for the which is preserved eo miles from Mc- was built in 1774, running upon ore made in the summer »rcro nowhere more ighont tiie country. , to restrain the use hich was one of the acts for whicli the latter were about to seek redress, there had been erected in Maryland, according to the report made by the Governor and i™.«„rk. Council to the Board of Trade, eight furnaces and nine forges. Virginia and iMaryland together at that time exported yearly to England over two tho-isand five hundred tons of pig-iron. When the war commenced, the number had p.obably somewhat increased. There does not appear to have been many furnaces in a condition to cast cannon, for which an imperative necessity had suddenly arisen. Messrs. Daniel & Samuel Hughes were tlie proprietors of an air- furnace in Frederick County. On the 1st of July, 177C, the Maryland Cannon- Convention authorized the Council of Safety to lend the pro- HuKhcV."'- P"*^^<^''s for-ni'ie months the sum of two thousand pounds, com- mon money, u encourage them "to prosecute their canron- foundery with spirit and diligence." They had then nearly completed a contract for casting cannon for the State, and were, a few days after introduced to the Continental Congress by a letter from the Convention, which states that the Messrs. Hughes had been at much expense in fitting up their works. Although their first guns did not stand the proof, the foundery was then in condition to make very good oi es in greater number than the Province would probably require. They pro- posed to enlarge their works if Congress would take all the guns they could make during the next year. A contract was accordingly made with them for one thousand tons of cannon, toward which $8,000 were advanced. In the course of the same year, the people of Alexandria, Virginia, applied to Congress for permission to purchase cannon at the Messrs. Hughes' furnace, stating that they were " the only persons in this part of tiie continent to be depended on for cannon." Congress promised compliance so soon as its own pressing wants were supplied.' In May, 1777, Congress by resolution allowed them $22^ per ton, in addition to the sum mentioned in the contract. General Thomas Jolinsou and his brother were also at this time the proprietors of a furnace in Frederi^ktown. In answer to application john.on'. f"'"'" t'lc Provincial Council, in July, for cannon, he staled furu»««. ^ ^iiiij j||^,.j. c,,^,,,^^.^ ^,^^ ji^j. j,j^,|j .|^ ,^j^^^^^ 1^^^^ ^^^^^ intended to get it in readiness to cast such cannon and swivels as were wanted, and if they succeeded in making good puns they wouM deliver them at'uai- timore for forty pounds per ton, after tiiey liad been proved at the works at the i)ublic 'xpense. They had on hand and could .siip|dy of th.Mr manufacture some pots, kettles, and Dutch ovens. He also stated that Mr. Butler was getting his furnace into blast with all diligence. (1) Amcrii'ftn Arcliivos, 4th Series, v..l. vl. nU4; 5lli .''orie-, vol. I. 519, If.gT. jgQ COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. '"sL. cnnon .nd ™,v* .e,. 0I.0 ordered in ■>*■ "'«;,;„7„ ..,.,,,._-;.._.. «^^^^^^^ KiaKeiy. bounty. in« i s f j,. ^.^g pur- furuai. be the best in tlie State at that time, ana so •" "" r- ::. cM'r«f.^ err srAfr^B^s KJ;.. S ;rLr S in rMWdc,pW.,proUUyon .ccounto .„e demand fo^ '-"^^-""-^V^rrt'";:., . -e" export duty of 3s. M. a ton on pig, and 158. on bar was laid by the Assembly of Maryland ^^ fr»,or« nrft few reliable statistics either of the numoer or piu fo Is a the extent to which the manufacture had been earned in Mary- nd Tls was perhaps exclusive of furnaces for pig-iron and castings, wuth were nTmJrons toward the end of the eighteenth century. Iron- works then existed 'n six counties in the State. , „„„ tn hn It wa not until about that time that furnaces and forges bognn to be erected nllghauy County, near Cumberland. This county now con- pVises the richest mineral and iron producing region m the w.«t.rn r"^*'^ ^""^ . ^„_t:„uitv of vast bodics of carbonate Maryuud. gtato, ou accouut of the contiguity oi vu, t ,„„iprlie and fossilifcrous iron ore to the semi-bituminous coal stra a which unde e th m The Chesupeuke and Ohio Cannl and the Baltimore and Oln^ R Lad whch are among the most important internal unproveme^ hi le Uni"" have opened the coal and iron of this section of country Zl ^L of thl world, and rendered them a p..nc,pal source of ^t^gr^ ': ':::ing industry of varied character has been c.a.d on tho wostorn borders of the State, and largo quantities of coal and iron Iheret^^iorted Kast and West. Holling-mills and furnaces are now U) Am«;«n ArchlTC. 6lh Ser.. v>,l. 1. 491. 114, vol. iU. !«?. vol. I. 361. MARYLAND. MT. SAVAGE WORKS — GUN-SIIOPS. 691 steamboat were linson, ten years uly, 1776, from •ks in Baltimore was reported to ne of it was pur- ;iO per ton. Tlie Saltimore, we be- (J that it blowed aonths to prepare were also cast by olution, as quoted ron £8, exchange aperin Baltimore bly on account of mia. In 1780 an iron, real money, iber or product of The Abbe llaynal, enteen or eighteen L'n carried in Mary- [T-iron and castings, ith century. Iron- forges began to be lis county now com- jcing region in the bodies of carbonate strata which underlie [Jaltinjoro and Ohio ternal improvements is section of country piincipal source of p has been created on tics of coal and iron nd furnaces arc now ,1.162?; vol. 1. Ml. numerous in the county. The Mount Savage Iron Company's Works, eight or nine miles west of Cumberland, in the Frostburg coal basin, Mt Savage Consisting of three very large steam hot-blast coke furnaces, Wurks. j^^j j^ rolling-mill with twenty-seven furnaces, and two trains of rolls driven by steam — is one of the great works of the country. It is a creation of the railroad enterprises of 1839, and has at times cm- ployed several thousand persons in its various operations. Tlie coal in its neighborhood, as that of the Parker vein on George's Creek, is for many manufacturing purposes considered superior to any mined in the United States. Maryland, in common with the other United Colonies, extended a general encouragement to manufactures during the disputes with Great Britain. In addition to the casting of cannon, the manufacture of small arms and ammunition received the earliest and most constant attention. In August, 1775, a Committee of the Maryland Convention ap- pointed to inquire into the practicability of establishing a manufactory MHiiuracturo ^^ '^^^^ '" ^hc I'rovincc, and the expense and best means of offlre-aiin«. jjarryiug it into execution, reported against the scheme as in- volving too much expense and delay for the exigencies of the times. They recommended instead that proper persons be appointed in each c jnty to contract with gunsmiths, so as to engage all acquainted in any way with the business in the immediate manufacture of arms, and that money bo advanced to them to enable them to fulfdl thei- contracts o„„.,,,„p,,„with expeditioQ. Tliey reported twelve gunsmith-shops then Maryimid. j,j ^^q PfovincB, of which tlirco were in Baltimore town ; one in Georgetown ; four in Frcdericktown ; one near Fredericktovvti : two in Ilagerstown, and one in Jerusalem town. Each of those shops, they were iufnned, could in one month complete twenty substantial mus- kets (42 inches in kngtii, ;^ inch clear in the bore, ^ inch in diameter at the breech, and I of an inch at the muzzle), with steel rammers, and l)ayonets 20 inches in lengtli, including the stock. The price of a mus- ket with its bayonet would be about £4, and the accoutrements about 20«. By this plan they could have 240 mu.«kets furnished monthly at about £5 each. There were also some gunsniith.r of workmen i fifty complete each, common I brought to a ise and trouble. Is. each, prime :un-loek manu- jpriated twelve zed one dollar le thereat. A iment of manu- ;ral appropria- ederiek County jolen mauufac- for one year to with lead from Fredericktowu for the erection ention, by their ri for two years, iG named, '.10 a rolling, sheet- jrlminjt rflres ftnil Mill a piiir of briiKS kutn In ciiat 12 l)ii|. n tho uthor Me lu RR the tnu^kot will ing, and slitting mill within twenty miles of Baltimore, or such other place as the Convention sliould designate. He engaged to supply tlie jtublic and individuals with slit or slieet iron at tho current price in Pennsylvania or Virginia, and that it should never exceed £35, comm.on money, per ton. He also engaged to slit, roll, or make into sheet or flattened iron of any quality iron brougiit to tlie mill, at the rate of £b for the public and £G for private individuals per ton. It went into ope- ration in or near Baltimore about two years after. In February, inc, Henry IloUingsworth, at head of Elk (Elktoii). Cecil County, made proposals to mannfacturt arms, and was advanced £500 in May, to be repaid in gun-barrels at 20,s. eacii and bayonets at 8s. each. At tlie same lime money was advanced to Elislia Winters fur 600 stand of muskets at £4 5s. each. John Yost also contracted to make muskets at the same price, and rifles at £4 15s. Priming wires and brushes were made by Ciiristopher Ilabrcck, of Baltimore town, at 7s. Gd. a dozen. Richard Dallam also made guns for the Province, and Robert Read, of Chestertown, sought a contract for making muskets. Samples of gun-locks were presented in May by one :\lessersmiih, who could make ten a week, for which he expected about i'd each. In August of this year, Elisha Winters, who was making forty mua kets per month according to contract, proposed to undertake the control of the Fredefck gun-lock factory, which iiad cost over £1,000, and by mismanagement iiad been of little account. The works were put in order and furnished, and in October wore transferred to Winters, who was to i)iiy G percent, on the ap|)raised value of the concern. But it does not apj.ear to have been successful, and in June, 1778, an Act of the Assembly authorized it to be sold. Henry Holliiigsworlli ajjpcars to have been principally depended ui»on for gun-barrels. Some of his bayonets were complained of as being too soft, which he ascribed to the bad quality of the American steel witli which they were pointed, and which he had since found to lie little better tlian raw iron, and not at all converted into steel. Thi.s oiijcc- tion he had taken care to avoid by contracting with Shoemaker & Humphreys, of Philadelphia, for flit burr or blistered steel of their make. We have not met with the mention of any steel furnace in Maryland al, that time. There was at this time also a gun manufactory in Dordicster County. Guns were made on the Eastern Shore at £4 5.s. each, and probably in several other parts of the Province' (1) Amor. Arcli., 4lli Scr., vol. iii. ];iO, 418, 449; v.l. iv. 720, 817; Sur., vol. i. 155, 014, i;t,1l, 13:17, olu. as vul. V. 1691) itk $u COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. Ravnai mention a Mr. Stirewith who had established several manu- factures 1,1 as silk and cotton stuffs, hardware of al k.nds and lav- Is which branches w.re then united in one at eonsulerable .x,.e . T' Tt much sacucitv The encouragement given to these and othei ProKre»8of al an tuiij- , „,,,prnrise which soon raised it to Baltimore, factur ug and commercial enterprise, «»ii-'i . A „.;„.>r ,.iHPs Fredericktown and Ilagerstown ft; Jes abl Fr'edericktown. Copper, brass, iron, and various other metallic wares were manufactured in the t^v^n The effects of the British Act shutting ^l^eWest India ports ag.^ dustrv partTcularly in Baltimore. A committee of tradesmen, in ITSG, f,M. n. Xftviffation Act similar to the English. As a ad mentioned, a slitting-miU. two nail factories, a cai - fac- tory a d several other manufactories, were already in operation in o e ; Baltimore. The ship-building. mills, and trade of the to«ni cre^ a «t«adv demand for forged and cast iron work, nails, etc.. and its pio :r n popa " ion and the arts was rapid. One of Uie earhest patent L nLvking cut nails in this country was granted to Peter Zachane, of Maryland for a machine for cutting nails and brads. The team-engine, which is now the great dependence o the manu- fad rerwaT eafly brought into use in the factories of Baltimore an IS dffeent parts received several modifications at the hands of Ik Lhauie The improvements of James llumsey, of Cecil County, and ^ MARYLAND. STEAM-ENGINES — GAS. 595 I several niiinii- kinds, and liro- ilerable pxpeiise these and otlici ;suUs upon the d Virginia liad my of the Colo- nianufat'ture of ), particularly in ade, not only in laltimore became , growing manu- 50on raised it to and Ilugerstown anches were very hing trade with rn Pennsylvania. County, in 17 9G, 8, and the Etna nch of tlie same, iud various other dia ports against ill kinds of liard- to the domestic e in considerable )ehalf of home in- adesmen, in IISG, •otecting and pro- on after petitioned torics, a cat - fac- in operation in or if the town created , etc., and its pro- the earliest paten's Peter Zacharie, of lence of the maiui- of Baltimore, ami , the hands of horth America, wlio had evoctecl a regular furnace. That they ran altogether upon I,loomeries in Xovv England and Pennsylvania till his example had made them attempt greater works." The date of the constructmn of this furnace is not given, but it is mentioned in a very rare work, 1 he Present State of Virginia," by Hugh Jones, in 1724, and was possibly built some vears before. Mr. Cyrd learned from the proprietor that there were 'then four furnaces in Virginia. But there was no forge, although there was a very good one in Maryland, the rrincipio forge before mentioned. .,-,,.11 The principal furnace of Colonel Spottswood was at Fredericksburg upon a large tract of 4.5,000 acres of barren land, abounding in iron ore „ in several places. The mine, from which the ore, of good frrer''q,,,Uity, was raised by bla.sting, was thirteen miles from the residence of the proprietor at Germanna, an ancient settlement of Ger- man Palatines al)ovo the falls of Bappahannock, and one mile nearer than the furnace. He had also a very complete air-furnace with two fires recently erected for melting sow metal for foundery work, situated at Massaponux on the Rappahannock, fifteen miles distant, V) which the metal was carted from the smelting-fnrnace. The mine tract which lay in the belt of primary magnetic and brown hematite ores of the I.Iue Ridge and its eastern declivity, was originally taken up by Mr. F.tz- william who drew into the enterprise Governor Spottswood, Cap.ain Pearce ' Dr. ^'icholas, and Mr. Chiswell, the manager of the furnace. Having thus disposed of his land at a good price, he sold his own share for £500 to a Mr. Nelson; and of these persons and Mr. llobert Carv an influential capitalist in England, the company was then corn- nosed Mr. Cliiswell, the only one practically acquainted with the business, was the manager, at a salary of £100 per annum. From h.m and Governor Spottswood, who was endeavoring to shake off his part- nTS Colonel P.yrd obtained much information of a practical kind re- specting the expense and management of a furnace. Some of the advice was hi-hly judicious, and suggested precautions which had been neglected by the"companv, as well as by the proprietors of other early colonial Iron-works, whereby they were sometimes abandoned or rendered un- profitable. . The works at Fredericksburg had been for some yerrs unproductive, and were nearly ruined by mismanagement during the owner's absence in England, but were tlien becoming remunerative. Tliey were, more- over, built too far from navigation and upon too small a stream, niul were' managed with too strict economy for complete efficiency. , VIUaiNIA. SPOTTSWOUD lUON-WUIlliS. 597 i'ood that he H-th America, ogelhcr upon iplc had made action of this ; work, " The I was possibly roprietor that was no forge, rincipio forge Fredericksburg ing in iron ore ore, of good niles from the lenient of Gcr- nc mile nearer rnace with two work, .situated ;tant, V) which ine tract which )res of the I>lue p by Mr. Fitz- swood, Captain of the furnace, d his own share nd Mr. Robert was then cora- linted with the urn. From him ike olT his part- ractical kind re- mo of the advice d been neglected er early colonial or rendered un- >rs unproductive, owner's absence Hiey were, niore- dl a stream, and cieuey. The company had then expended nearly £12,000, including the cost of 15,000 acres of land, ne-rocs, ,ind cattle. The number of negroes employed was about 80, which was forty less than were required. ^The standing charge for hired labor was about £200 per annum. The blast in the furnace was maintained by two vast bellows, which cost £1(»0 each, and were driven by an overshot water-wheel, 20 feet or more in diameter, to which the water was conveyed in wooden troughs over 1,000 feet. The supply of water often failed and put out the furnace. The ore was raised by contract at l.s. Cul. per cartdoad of 2G cwt. The contract",, .vas obliged to employ laborers belonging to the company at 2os. a month. The ore was mixed with that of poorer quality and roasted before smelting. Tlie flux employeu was. limestone brought from Bristol as ballast, and cost 2s. M. a ton at Rappahannock river, whence It was conveyed twenty-four miles to the works in the carts re- turning from carrying down Iron. It was used in the proportion of one ton to ten tons of ore. The wood for ciiar«oal, of which the best was red oak, and next pine, walnut, and hickory, was felled, cut, and delivered at the pits by contract for 2,s-. a cord, and was charred for 5s. a load of 160 bushels. Two square miles of woodland would support a furnace. The furnace when in Idast r.,n about 20 tons of iron per week, and the founder was pdid 4.s\ ior every ton of sow iron made. A good furnace could be built for £700 ready for use, and could easily run 800 tons of metal in a year. Tlie necessary hired workmen, including founder, mine-raiser, collier, stock-taker, clerk, smith, carpenter, wheelwright,' and several carters, would cost annually £500. The freight (7.>' (}d per ton) and customs duty in England (Ss. 9-/. per ton), with commission and other incidental charges, amounted to 27s. a ton, which the mcr- chants contrived to inca-ase so that the total cost was about £2 per ton. The market value in England was £5 to £0, leaving a profit of £3 to £4 per ton. Mr. Chiswell, an experienced iron master, informed our author that a Mr. Harrison in England possessed, through his extensive dealings in PHce every kind of Iron, so complete a control of the market as to be able to keep the price of American below that of English make, to which it was considered superior, so that American Iron brought but £0 when English sold for £7 or £8 per ton. Tiie duty on bar-iron in England was 24s. a ton, and its price from £10 to £1(J per ton, which would abundantly pay the cost o*" forging. But he was of opinion that Parliament would soon forbid that, lest tliey should go further, and make it into all sorts of iron ware, as they already did in New England and Pennsylvania. He even doubted if they would be allowed to east any iron, as ihey could do in their furnaces. 598 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS, The air-furnace at ^lassaponux, five miles from Fredericksburg, it i* givid was " a very ingenious and profitable contrivance." It was .nlended for the production of castings for the use of the surroundh.g cojnti-y, sucli as backs for chimneys, andirons, fenders, plates for hearths, pots, skillets, mortars, rollers for gardeners, boxes for cart-wheels, etc., which, one with another, could be delivered at people's doors at 20.s^a ton Being cast from sow metal, they were better than those from England which were mostly made directly from the ore. The chimney and out- side of the furnace were built of freestone, and the lining was of Stour- bridge brick.* Seven mines of' iron ore were worked in Spottsylvania County in 1839. _ , . , , On the opposite side of the Rappahannock from Fredericksburg, in King George Couutv, twelve miles distant, were also iron mines upon lands belonging to Mr. Washington, and called Engla. d's Iron ?a'?uace. Mjnes after the chief manager. Two miles distant from the mines was a furnace for smelting the ore, which was raised and carted to the furnace by Mr. Washington for 20-?. the ton upon every ton of metal The crude metal was thence carted six miles to the Potomac, on a branch of which the furnace stood. Besides Mr. Washington and Mr En-land, who also had tho chief management of a forge at Pnn- cipio in Maryland, there were several other proprietors of these works resident in England.' No expense was spared to make these works profitable, and they were well managed. This furnace and that at Fredericksburg were built by a Mr. Taylor, who was engaged in Gloucester, England, for that purpose, at 3... Qd. a day from the day he left home until his return. These particulars exhibit in some measure the amount of skill and en- terprise with which the manufacture vas introduced in the Colony. Tliere is reason to believe, although the details of early operations are few that many of the colonial enterprises in this branch were not far behind the existing state of the business in England. The want of ships of their own to carry their Iron to England, compelled the Virginia Iron manufacturers to confine themselves principally to the home market. But the four furnaces then in operation were believed to be of much highlands everywhere were a mere rook of it. Sufficient Iron coiild be made in the Colonies to supply all Europe. The princi- pal drawbacks were the duty and freight and the prohibition of forges. The cost of raising an Iron-works and the addiction to the tobacco culture, were additional reaeont fur its neglect. (1) A fine quality of clny, which made fire-bricks nearly equiil to Stourbridge, was afterward found on the Tuckahoe, a branch of James river. (2) The historian Oldmixon snya he was about this time concerned in a project for Iron-works in Virginia, which did not fail from any scarcity of ore or fuel, for the cliffs of the rivers were full of Iron, aud the VIRGINIA. COPPER AND IRON ORE. 599 icksburg, it is was intended Hug cojntry, hearths, pots, s, etc., which, it 20.S. a ton. 'rom England uney and out- was of Stour- Spottsylvania lericksburg, in m mines upon Engla. d"8 Iron ;tant from the ed and carted n every ton of I the Potomac, ''ashington and forge at Prin- of these works :e these works e and that at [IS engaged in rom the day he of skill and en- n the Colony. r operations are ;h were not far le want of ships d the Virginia le home market, to be of much rore a mere rook of Id be made in the lurope. The piinci- e duty and freight forges. The cost of ind the ndiliction to re additioual reueona lervice to the Cobny, circulating a large amount of money, and with- drawing many men from the cultivation of tobacco to more profitable labor. They also lessened the importation of bar-iron from the conti- nent, and enabled Kngland to dispense with all other pig-iron than the colonml. She paid for it in her own manufactures, and transported k in her own ships, and thu.s derived much benefit from the industry This view of the importancx' of these early Iron-works is substantially that of several English commercial writers of the period. Iron in pi^s IS named by Macpherson, in 1731, among the commodities which ren- dered Maryland and Virginia the most valuable acquisitions to Great, I3ntam. The tobacco alone of these two Provinces wa.s worth annually i3T5,000, and the whole net gain to England upon the transportation customs, and sale of their produce, which was all paid for in merchan' dise, was set down at £180,000 per annum.' The two Colonies from this time until the Revolution exported to England annually between \wo and three thousand tons of pig-iron. The older secondary and metamorphie rocks of Eastern and Middle Virginia above tide water, especially throughout the whole extent of 4ro„ and the IJluc Kidge, abound in Iron and other metallic ores Rich surlace indications of cupriferous ore, which have not been e.x- tensively explored, are found along the IJlue Ridge from Manassah Gap nearly to the Carolina line. The proto-sulphuret, red oxyd, and car- bonate of copper occur in graywacke and epidotic rocks in many places In his "Journey to the Land of Eden," in 1731, Colonel IJyVd men- tions sundry mines and veins of copper ore, which he visiled on the branches of the Roanoke in the southern part of the Province. At one of these, called Cargill's mine, between the Bluestone Creek and James river, the appearances of copper were so numerous that the inhabitants boeraed to be all "mine mad," and neglected their husbandry to search for mines. On his return to his estate of Westover on 19th September he adds, " we laid the foundation of two large cities," Richmond and Petersburg.' Thirty hundred-weight of copper ore with forty tons of Iron, are men- tioned by Aaderson as having been received, along with some hemp, Copper ore silk, and beeswax, from Virginia in 1730. Must of them were new and unexpected productions. The copper ore was prob- ably from some of these early diggings. In Mecklenberg County, on the Roanoke, not very distant, a mine of copper which promised con- siderable gold was opened about seventy years ago on the lands of Solomon Draper. (1) Macpherson's Anoals of Cominorce. (1) Westover Manuscripti. T?: 600 C(,1.0NIAI- INl'VSTHV IN METALS. once rebuilt. On Mos^ Lcc stauuton, in Augusta fork of the Sl.eunml^.ah, .teen ""'^^ ^^ j^ i>j,,7^ and County, is also a forfre winch was bu It '" " bu ^^_ again "in ISIir,. It is still nvak.ng bar-iron ''^ /",'„^,, Creek finery au.l chaf.ry and two }^^^;^<;^^ Z:ZJ^ half fr- d.arcoal furnace, aluu.t a uuc fiom tic foi^.a.Kl ^^^^^^^^ .^^ tbe Manassah Gap Ilail-road was bud^ ' ^^ «;"^^^,^,, ,,aace on 1841. It was 8^ feet in the boshes --^^^^''^ J,^^ ^„, ,,,„ao«ed TIawksblll Creek, n..r Luray. .n ^^^^^^^ : ^^^avnesborough. in ^" ''' 'Z' 'T T ::^;k t;.e^rNor;h dvcr, ninc-.nes north of Augusta Conn J ^^^^f ^J ^^,„^, ,.,,anee south of Lexington, on Lexington ; and Luflalo tor c, ^g^^^ ^^ f„„mce on Sm,.l » C.cck in „ ^^^^^^^.^^^ ,^,^,,„^ „„ situated on ^^ -/ ^^^^ 7, ., ,,, ,I„,ts of the range, was the ^-r^ :r : 1 Ser ::f charcoal furnaces erected in the l.t ce. ,., to s^elt the primary iron ores and hen.ti^ ° /^f :X ^ metalliferous products of diitcrent kinds. These aie abandoned. _ _ „ „„wi=hod in 1781, contain the following The "Notes on A irginia," ru»"snca in itoi, eat:',,: ;;:,: Bof •^.*.. ..- ab.„t 1.600 ton, „r pi^-^rou »«u. (1) Lesley's Iron Manufacturer's Guide. VIROINIA. IBON-WllUKS IN THE WKSTERN COUNTIES. GOl limestone valley opened in several ! on Cedar Creek region, has l)een t has bc-'n some a half north of lilt, according to having been Ijut anis of the south uton, in Augusta uilt in 111)7, and e ores, with a rc- er. Mossy Creek and a half from 1 burned down in [sabella furnace on iiilt and abandoned ^Vaynesborough, in inc miles north of ,h of Lexington, on the year 1800. A still older, and was harcoal furnace on f as long neglected, town of Lynchburg, gorge of the Blue the range, was the •eted in the last cen- , of a region rich iu are now nearly all ontain the following s : illaway's, Ross's, and i's on the north side rederick. Th'fit two ,ud North mouiitain. t 150 tons of bar-iron ;ons of pig-iron annu- lo. ally ; Ballandine's, 1,000 ; Callaway's, Miller's, and Zane's about 600 each, lie ides tliese, a forge of Mr. Hunter's at Fredericksburg makea aliout 300 tons a year of bar-iron from pigs imported from Maryland ; and Taylor's forge, on Neupsco of Potomac, works in the same way, but to wliat extent I am not informed. The undertakers of Iron in utiier places are numerous, and dispersed through all tlie middle country. The tougiiness of tlie cast-iron of Ross's and Zane's furnace is remark- able. I'ols and otlier utensils cast thinner tlinn usual of tliis iron may be safely tlirowu into or out of tlie wagons in which they are trans- ported. Salt pans made of the same and no longer wanted for that pur- pose, cannot be lu'okeii up in order to l)e melted again unless previously drilled in many jiarts.'" Ross's Iron-works, above mentioned, were on Beaver Creek, seven miles south of cast from Lynchburg, and were abandoned nearly twenty- five years r.iro. They arc mentioned by ISIr. Lesley under the name of Oxford furnace. A forge and bloomery by that name in Hartley County were advertised for sale in December, 1772, by Robert Harper, and Thomas Callaway's were near Rocky ^Mount or Franklin Court-house. Saunder's furnace, at tlio same place, is mentioned by Mr. Lesley as having been abandoned as early as the year 1800. Many other furnaces and forges were built in these counties before the end of the last century. In Loudon County a furnace was owned by Mr. Clapham, who cut a, canal through the end of Cotocktin mountain, 500 feet through solid rock and 60 feet beneath the surface, to obtain water for his furnace and mill. On Chestnut Creek, in Carroll County, a forge was built about 1790, which has been abandoned fifty years, and another on Little Reed Island Creek, has been nearly as long neglected. In Craig, Wythe, Grayson, Washington, and other counties of the southwest, iron-works were erected soon after. The brown hematite ores in their several varieties are abundant throughout the great Win- chester Valley, are generally rich in metal, and, though frequently asso- ciated with manganese, yield a very good Iron. The frequent sulphur (1) Nevertheless, Mr. Lesley considers "the manufacture of Iron in the country of the Blue Kidge and to the cast of it, where the primary Hurotiian (and perhaps Laurontian) system is developed, although very old for the New World, has been as unsuccessful as in Pennsylvania. Of IS furnaccf cast of the Blue Ridge, only one was in blast in 1856, and that but for half the yeai, making 760 tons in a region where ♦he standing capacity was at least 20,000 tons per annum." Of the great number built along the great valley, he further ob- serves, "but 21 made any Iron in 1866, and these only 13,000 tons insteaU of 30,000, as they should have done ; and not one of these are reported as using any ore but the brown hematite of the valley Limestone Lower Silurian No. II. It is not to be imagined that this immense stretch of Huronian rocks is barren magnetic iron ground. The re- sources of the Blue Ridge must some day bo explored." — Iron Manufacturer' t Guide, 445, 440. 602 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. Westcra Virijiuia, springs in tliis region denote the presence of pyritous Iron in the slate and limestone ro iis. " In the Western country," writes Mr. Jefferson, " we are tolu of iron mines between the Muskingum and Ohio, and of others oa Kentucky between the Cumberland and Barren rivers, between Cumljer- land and Tennessee, on Reedy Creek near the Long Island, and in Chestnut Creek, a branch of the Great Kanahway near where it crosses the Carolina line. "What are called the Iron banks, on the Mis- sissijipi, are believed by a good judge to have no Iron in them. In gceral, from what is hitherto known of that country, it seems to want Iron." Such was the caution with winch it was thought proper to speak of the great deposits of the carbonate and peroxyd of iron which every- where occupy the vast areas of the coal measures of Western Virginia, Kentucky, Tcnnessre, and Southeastern Ohio, then principally included in the territory of Virginia. Associated as these ores are with the mineral fuel of the Western country, they are already more extensively wrought in these newer States and in Pennsylvania than in Virginia, but are capable of a development throughout a large portion of tlie West to which there is at present no assignable limit. Iron Kcniucky. ^^^^ discovered in several places throughout this region before i!ic end of the last century, and a number of furnaces and forges were erected for smelting it. A few adventurers had penetrated beyond the Cumberland mountains before the Revolution, but it was not until after the Peace that the agricultural and mineral resources of the Western country attracted settlers in large numbers from Middle Virginia and Pennsylvni'.ia Population and improvements rapidly increased from that i-ime, and Kentucky was separated from Virginia in 1780, and Ten- nessee from Xorth Carolina in 1790. They were admitted as States of the Union, each m six years after its organization as a territory. Pre- vious to this, several Iron-works were erected within their borders. The first in Kentucky are said to have been the old slate charcoal furnace erected by Government troops in 1701 on Slate Creek, a branch Fir«t of Licking river, in Bath County, tiiea Bourbon. It was UiTu»"«.^ thirty-two nules southeast of Paris, and a few miles northeast of Owingsville. It ran forty-seven yoars on magnesian limestone ort of tlie Upper Silurian rocks, and blew out in 18:i8. A large numlter of fur- naces aiul forges were built within a few years after in Estill, Edmondton, Greenup, and other counties in Eastern Kentucky, which have bin-n long abandoned. The carbonate ores and limonites of Western Kentucky hi»ve called into existence a great number of works, some of them, as the Great Western in Stewart County, of large size. In the northern IS Iron in the slate ' we are tola of iron thers oa Kentucky s, between Cumljer- • the Long Island, ihway near where it banks, on the Mis- Iron in them. In y, it seems to want proper to speak of f iron which every- ' Western Virginia, principally included ores are with the ly more extensively a than in Virginia, rge portion of tlie gnable limit. Iron it this region before !es and forges were letrated beyond the t was not until after •ces of the Western liddle Virginia and idly increased from a in nSfi, and Teu- Imitted as States of s a territory. Pre- their borders. old slate charcoal late Creek, a broiich Bourbon. It wns w miles northeast of limestone ort of tlio irge numlter of fur- I Estill, Edniondloii, hich have Ihhmi long Western Kentucky ;s, Bunie of them, as !. In tbo nortberu OHIO. COPPER AND LEAD MINES. 6Gt Ohio, part of the State, connected with the Ohio navigation, are now about seventeen furnaces. In the southern part of Ohio, where Virginia also claimed extensive jurisdiction to territory, much of it, as that on the Muskingum and its branches, known to abound in coal and iron, are now between forty and fifty furnaces seeking an outlet for their product by the same channel. These lands, with the claims of New York and Connecticut, were all ceded to the United States by those States previous to the erection of a T:iritorial Government in 1787. The immense coal field which underlies the surface of twenty-eight counties in a broad Ix'lt between the Ohio and Luke Erie, comprising a body of mineral fuel many times the extent of tliat of Great Britain, and a very consider- able iron ore field, embracing many varieties of the burrstone and other argillaceous, carbonacoo\is, and bog ores, have been industriously de- veloped during the last lifty years. Numerous charcoal and coke fur- naces have rendered the iron interest of Cliio one of great magnitude. Raw bituminous coal is said to hir/e been first used in the Iron-manufac- ture in America in a furnace of that State. We are not aware that any Iron-works were erected within its limits in the last century. Among the metals of Virginia rcfcronce has been made to the early discovery of copper ore in the lieu Sandstone formation east of the Blue Ilidge and along tiiat range, wliioh furnislies cupreous ores through- out almost its whole length from New I^ngland to Carolina. Two mines of copper are mentioned by Mr. Jefferson as having been opened along James, one on the north side, in Amherst County, and another oppo- site to it on the south side. For some reason, however, the mining had been discontinued. A lead n\ine near Fincastle, in Botetourt County, was wrought during the Revolution. There was also a lead mine on the Great Kanawha, Lf-ad '" Wythe County, opposite tiie mouth of Cripple creek, and "'■""• one in Montgomery County, al)out twenty-five miles from the Carolina line. Two mines were worked in these places which yielded about 25 tons of lead yearly. Thirty men had produced GO tons in a year, btsiJcs raising their own corn. The ore was sometimes found mixed with earth, and sometimes in rock wliich required blasting. It produced, on an average, 00 pei cent, of lead, with a small i)roportion of silver, not worth extracting. The furnace for reducing the ore waa on the opposite side of the rivci' from the mine, and a mile distant. The ore was taken to the river in wagons, carried over in canoes, and thence wagoned to the furnace. Tliis expensive arraugement was made to secnre a good site for a pounding-mill on the creek, which end could have been better attained by a fshort canal to bring water to tho other C04 COLONIAL INDUSTllY IN METALS. Side From the furnace the lead was transported over a good road one Lndred and d.h-ty miles through the Peaks of Otter to Ly"el- il'-y or to Winston's, on James river, and thence almut as far, by . a er, t WesLun, six miles above Ilieiunond. A mine in Wythe County is stdl worked by several shafts exclusively for lead ore, though much >ron or. is al.o met with. Of three principal veins which are wod.ed, one h d been mined in 185^ for 1,0U0 feet, and 150 feet below t]>e surface o water level, and at, J.er nearly 200 feet deep, the dip vary.ng from lo to 600 southeast. The principal ore is the sulphnret or galena w, occasionally the compact carbonate, and from 500 to 700 tons of k.ul were annually obtained. The carbonate of lead in these nunes was .n earlv tin>es thrown away as white clay. Tl>ese lead ccposUs nea, tl. sour'ces of the James river were more extensively mined .n the last cen- tury than any others in the country, and notw.thstaud.ng the bud economy of their managers, furnished lead to the greater part of the Union.' , , ^ .i aii„ Lead mines were also opened in several other places between he Alle- ghany and Cumberland mountains, particularly on the l-rench broad river and soutli of tlie Green river in Kentucky. A lump of gold, yielding 17 dwls. of very ductile metal, was found near the falls of Rappahannock. 15ut it did not lead to any lurther discoverv of tlie metal at that plac^. Some granules of gold mi'u'», were afterward found between the James and Apponuittox But the certainty that the rocks in different parts of this State and North Carolina are highly aurilVrous has been more recently ascertained In 18;i9 no less than sixty gold mines (so called) or diggings were said to be worked in the Slate, of which twenty-six were iu Spottsylvania (1) Tho 1l>i\J mintM of Mlssotiri were ills- (i,vorea iiliout lliu yt-ur ITl'.l, iin'» celfbnitcMl Mi.«.-i.«- gippi Comiiiiny, wh.KO fchymes were l""i"- ciimlly hiifi-'l "" th«repr. Western lend reniou »n»hips in lown, ten in vu in Wiseousiu. and fifteen ia Orange Comity. Still more recently machinery was some- what extensively introduced by Commodore Stockton, for reducing the gold-bearing (luartz of a rich vein in Fluvanna County ; and quartz-mills have been erecteil in Buckingham County and other places by diflerent companies. But the gold mines of Virginia are greatly subordinate in value to her Iron and coal. The latter had ijeen observed in so many places ^„^, tlirougliout the Western country, that, as mentioned in the muos. « A^'uies on Virginia," the whole country between tiie Laurel llidge and the .Mississippi was supposed to be underlaid by it. It was also known in many places north of the Oldo and on the branches of the Mouougahela. On both sides the James river for severid miles, and fifteen or twenty tibove Richmond, coal seams had been long opened. Tlie pits were owned by different persons, and were worked to an ex- tent equal to the demand. The coal was superficiid, and is stated to iiave been first found by a boy in digging for crayfish, and was found adhering to the roots of upturned trees. It was exported to I'hiladel- piiia and other places in 1789 in considerable quantities, and sold in the former by retaU at l.s. G(/. a bushel. To render available for market the valuable semi-bituminous coal deposits of the Bichmond and Chesterfield coal basin, and the mineral resources of the western counties, the improvement of the navigation of the r.itomae and James rivers so as to interlock by canals and short portages with the head-waters of ihe Great Kanawha and Mo- nongidiela, received early attention. In 178.3, tho Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland passed Acts to encourage a compn,>v, in which rieneral Washington was a large stockholder, to reach Will s creek near Fort Cumberland, at the foot of tiie A ilcglianies, by means of the Potomac river and a canal 30 feet wide with 8 feet of water, estimated to cost $.-)0,000. About the same time the legislatures .if Viruinia and North Carolina jointly incorporated a .M.mpany to construct a canal latween tho navigiddJ waters of Flizab.'th ai. I'ascpiotank rivers, thus uniting Albe- marle Sound with I'iiiladelphia, xcept a short passage between Flk river and Christina creek. Tiiis c; il passed through a portion of the Dismal Swamp, whose terrible soli.iides were first penetrated by a por- tion of tlie company which surveyed the line between Virginiiv and Carolina in 1728. A canal was soon after oom]deted nronml the falls of James river, opening direct water cominmiiciition witli some of the finest portions of tlie interior. The ample water-power of the falls, which have a descent of «0 feet within a few miles above llichmond, had iieen some tiuu' before iippropriated to various manufacturing purposes. An excellent ttir- 606 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. furnace was built at Wcstham, six miles above the city, on the north side of the river, during the Revolution. Some of the largest and best- constructed merchant mills in the country were built on the canal aud falls near the city a few years later. A rolling and slitting mill was afterward built at the same place to work the Iron which came down from the upper country. This was „ , . probably not the first in the State, although we have seen no from lion, nicntiou of an earlier one. Although the btates soutn oi Pennsylvania were supposed to make more pig-iron than those to the northward, the manufacture of that metal into its various forms for use had made less progress, and most of their iron wares were iiiiported from England or the northern Provinces before the war. The erection of mills and Iron-works was encouraged by the Assem- bly of Virginia at different times. The Revolution forced upon all the Southern Colonies an increased attention to domestic manufactures. Employment was furnished in many of the manual arts, luid several branches of metallic manufacture were introduced by that event. The non-intercourse resolutions were early adopted and faithfully car- ried out. A committee of the Virginia Convention previously appointed to re- port a plan for the encouragement of arts and manufactures, reported, March 27, 1775, a series of resolutions, which were unanimously adopted, urging the people to promote tiie manufacture of cloth, salt, gunpowder, nails, wire, etc., and largely to encourage the making of sted, as there would be a great demand for the article. Wool combs, cotton and wool cards, and heckles, which had been for some time made in some neighboring Colonies, were also commended to their attention. The formation of societies and the giving of premiums for the promotion of these and other useful objects was recommended. In August a resolution was passed "that in case the British Ministry attempts to enforce the Act of Parliament preventing the erection of platinK and slitting mills in America, the Convention will Rolling- I o " i. 1 11 """■ recompense to the proprietors of the first two of such mills as shall bo finished and set to work in this Colony all losse^, uiey may re- spectively sustain in consctpience of such endeavours of Administrai/jn." An ordinance was also passed to encourage the manufacture of salt- petre, gunpowder, lead, the refining of sulphur, and providing fire-arms for the use of the Colony. The industry of the Virginians in that and the following year in some kinds of domestic manufacture, ami tlieir zeal in promoting the use of home-made goods, are described as almost sur- passing belief. To provide lead for the troops, the Convention, in VIRGINIA. CANNON AND SMALL ARMS. 601 tj', on llie north largest and best- jn tlie canal aud ic same place to mtry. Tliis was we have seen no States south of han those to the 3US forms for use re iruported from >d by the Assera- irced upon all the tic manufactures, arts, and several by that event. md faithfully car- r appointed to re- actures, reported, nimously adopted, , salt, gunpowder, ; of steel, as there ombs, cotton ami me mode in some r attention. The the promotiou of e British Ministry ig tlie erection of ; Convention will vo of such mills as osse.>( mey may rc- )f Administrai!on." aimfacturc of salt- providing fire-arms ;ininns in that and ture, ami tlieir zeal ibcd as almost sur- Lho Conveutiou, in Caiinon. May, ITTG, reprieved a number of condemned negroes, and sent them to work in the lead mines in Fincastle on the public account. These efforts doubtless secured some attention to the branches indi- cated. But for cannon, small arms, and other munitions of war, Vir- ginia appears to have depended less in the early part of the war on her own resources than Maryland and some other States. An order for some small cannon for the State was sent to France early in the year 1776. An application was also made ta Con- gress for leave to purchase cannon at Hughes' furnace in Maryland, whence the State would appear not to have been well provided with the facilities for making cannon at the outset. One of the best cannon- founderies in the country was, however, in operation before the end of the war at Westham, a few miles above Richmond, and, with a large quantity of cannon and other military stores, was destroyed when Gen. Arnold invaded the State in January, 1781. Cannon and small arms were made in some other parts of the State, but we cannot say to what e.xtent. The price for iron cannon was about £35 per ton, Virginia currency, and for muskets £4 58. Small arms. i ikr t i each. At New London, in Bedford County, and probably in several other towns, were a number of workshops for the manufacture and repair of fire-arms during the war. After the peace (1780), Mr. Jefferson and Marquis de Lafayette were commissioned to purchase fire-arms in France for the Virginia militia. France is said by M. de Warville to have withdrawn the prohibition resting on the exportation of fire-arms and ammunition in consequence of this order, which was made at a time when there was a strong foreign competition for the trade of the American States.' (1) Congress at (iiffcrcnt times obtiiincit fupplics of arms from FrniiCB. A letter I'rnm Ilarbuo Ditborg to Dr. Frnnklin, in Juno, 1776, f^pcaks of obtaining from tbo king's nrscnal, ns on assumed merenntilu transno- tion of the manufacturer, 15,000 muskets of tlio model of 176.1, for tlie mo of the United States, lie alludes to an improved tnu. cute of Manufactures. 608 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. In accordance with the Act of May 4, 1798, Harper's Ferry, in Vir- ginia was selected as the site of one of the public nrmories and gun- p„,„„ manufactories of the United States, where the latest improve- armory. mcuts in the manufacture were introduced. Under the old Confederation, in January, 1788, Virginia enacted a State impost law, which laid the following duties on Iron and its manu- factures : On bar-iron pots and other castings the duty was 4s. per hun- dred-weight ; on nail-rods, Cs-. ; on axes per dozen, 8s. ; on hoes, 6,-'. ; and clocks paid £5. The manufacture of these articles had probably received an impulse during and subsequent to the war. Virginia and Carolina made hoes had been for sale in New York several years before the Revo- hoSuid' lution. Nails, which had always been imported in large industry. ^,„q,j„,._ ^.^^.Q ^q^ made in considerable quantity. Many of the planters had taken pains to instruct their negroes in that and other handicraft brandies, and in some sections their labor went far toward supplying the demand. Mr. Jefferson, who had much of his do- mestic coarse clotliing, cabinet-ware, masonry, bricklaying, smith- work, etc., thus done by his own slaves, also employed about a dozen of the younger ones in the manufacture of nails, who made about a ton of nails a month at a considerable profit. His mechanical tastes also led hii.i, previous to the time that he assisted in the organi- zation and presided over the Patent Board of the General Government, a little into the field of invention. While in England, in 1786, he con- trived a portable copying machine, on the principle of a large one then iu use and in Paris he set a workman to make them, who had his hands full', such was the demand for them, lie also devised a mould board of improved construction for a plow. In illustration of the progress made in domestic and particularly household manufactures in the ten years following the peace, some fa<:ts were carefully collected and furnished to Mr. Tench Coxe, and appended to his review of Lord Siieffiold's pampiilet in 1792. From several parts of Virginia and other Southern States, where the results were expected to be less striking than iu the Xortliern ones, the evidence seemed to prove that, even in towns aeeessil)ie to sliipping, the advance in neces- sary manufactures liad been as visible and rapid as in agriculture. The progress in Frederick and Elizubethtown, in Maryland ; in Staunton, Virginia; Lexington, Kentucky; and some other interior towns of the South, tliere was reason, to believe, had been nearly as great as in the counties of Lancaster, York, and Ik-rks in Pennsylvania, whicli were the most advanced in manufactures of any iu that State, and pcrliaiJS in the Union. Wiiuliesler, Virginia, was remarkable for tiie number of it.s VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 609 Ferry, ia Vir- iries and giin- ulest iniprove- iniii enacted a and its mann- as 4s. per hun- 011 hoes, G.-'. ; ed an impulse lina made hoes ?fore the Revo- orted in large tity. Many of that and other cnt far toward ich of his do- ^laying, smith- doyed about a iiils, who made Ilis mechanical i in the organi- ral Government, in 1786, he con- arge one then in had his hands mould board of and particularly )eace, some fucts :e, and appended oni several parts ts were expected ieiioe seemed to Ivance in neces- gricuUure. The 1 ; in Staunton, iterior towns of rly as great as in ,ania, wliich were e, and piM'hiips in tlie number of its manufacturers, as also several interior towns of Pennsylvania, and Philadelphia, where one-fourth of the adult males belonged to th'^ classes which could properly be called manufacturers.' Que communication represents that the manufactures of Iron exceeded all others in Virginia, which was supposed to be exclusive of the household manufactures of every kind. In ship-building, Virginia :hen exceeded New Hampshire, and in merchant mills her progress was greater than that of any other State, thuugii still behind some in that class of machinery. These brunches were a support to the iron interest. Of the facilities afforded Kichmond. ^'^ I^ii^l'iiKJud for somc of those branches of manufacture in which it has since become so prominent, Mr. Coxe makes the following observation at a time when the coal deposits of other parts of the Union had not been discovered: "There are but two scenes in the Atlantic counties in which coal, iron, and water-falls arc yet found together in abundance. These scenes are therefore peculiarly qualiliod for the iron branch of manufactures. The city of Richmond on the bank of James river, in Virginia, which is one of the places contem- plated, may be considered in a permanent view as having an incontestable natural advantage over any more northern seaport in this interesting branch. IIow profitable would it be to Virginia were all her pig and bar iron passed under the tilt-hammers or through the rolling and slit- ting mills which might be erected at that place." North Carolina.— In the Provinces south of Virginia the manufac- ture of Iron was not attempted either as early or as extensively as in those further north. And notwithstanding the abundance of excellent ore in some of them, and plenary facilities for its nmnul'acture, the pro- duction of Iron is still relatively inconsiderable. Within the limits of Nortli Carolina probably the first discovery of ir<'n ore in this country was made by the colony of Sir Walter Raleigh, left iu Eariyex- Augu.st, 1585, ou the island of Roanoke, under Captain Lane, piuratioiu. ^„,idas, and Thomas Ileriot, the inventor of the system of Algebraic notation. Lane and his men, impelled by the hope of golden discoveries, which was certainly as excusable iu that age as in this, ex- plored the country along the Roanoke and on both sides from Elizabeth (l)Winchc«toroontiiined about 200 Iious>ea sadiller.'!, who, as well as the hattcr», did a and hnd 4 or 5 tan-yards; 1 large ropewiilk ; lnr({e Ipusincss ; 5 or bliickemillig, ono oni- 1 or 2 coBCh-mnkorg; 3 or 4 diftillerie?, and ployed in plnling siidillo trees; 3 or 4 many others in tho neighborhood; soveral wheelwrights; 8 or 10 tailors; 8 or 9 »hoe- oil-mills; numerous grist-mills; 1 copper- makers; 4 or 5 weavers; 2 tpinning wlieol smith, whose business was oxteiifivo ; .1 tin- makers ; .•? or 4 snddle-treo ii;akers.- f'uxt't plato workers; 8 or 10 hatlor'; 12 or 15 Vitw of the CiiiteJ Sontn. 89 610 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. river to the Neus, and obtained the first knowledge of several ,nd.ge,ious productions, such as tobacco, maize, the potato, and sugar cane At wo places, one fourscore the other sixscore furlongs from tin-.- set e- :.„ , IleAot, the historian of the Colony, says they fonn near the wate; side rocky ground, "which, by the trial of t e nuner. n.an v found to hold iron richly. It is found in many places o. he cunn.n else. I know nothing to the contrary but that it may oe allowed for a good merchantable commodity, considering there the smal charge fo L labour and finding of men. the infinite store of wood, t e want wood and dearness thereof in England, and the necessity of bal]a,t.ng ships '" Copper and silver ornaments were found with the natives, who disco'vered in the strangers credulous and willing listeners to ma„y he tions of rich mines in the far interior. • , pr = The second charter to Lord Clarendon and his associates in IGGo. confirming to them under the title of Carolina, and extendingthe fomier natent to the whole territory of the two Carolinas, with palatinate rights Ind jurisdictions, granted the proprietaries "all veins, mines, and quarries, as well discovered as not discovered, of gold, sdver, gems, and precious stones, and all other whatsoever, be it of stones, metals, or any other thing found or to be found within the Province, terntory inlets, and limits aforesaid." They were to pay, as a feudal acknowledgnient a rent of twenty marks, and one-fourth of the gold and silver that should be found therein. . • i Though less important every way than the baser metals con aincd within it. the limits of this patent embrace the principal gold-producing re-ion of the Atlantic States. If the proprietaries made any min'es. effort to promote the discovery of the precious or useful ores the metallurgic knowledge brought to the Investigation does not appear to have been ade.iuate to its detection. Although many of the earlier adventurers doubtless kept a vigilant watch for traditional treas- ures in the soil, it was not until a comparatively recent date that Caro- lina and neighboring Stales were found to hold gold and silver in appreciable amount. Gold is first mentioned in Mr. Jefferson s > otos as a known constituent of the porphyritic structure of the Appalachian chain It is confined in the United States to the newer metamorphic scries and where the " Appalachian gold field " crosses the western part of North Carolina, it occurs in auriferous quartz, pyrites, and othor crvstalline forms, associated with silver, copper, lead, iron, barytes, etc.. Bome of them also in useful proportions. It is not known how early it was found in this State, but a large lump was discovered in 1799, wlueli, when melted at the Mint, is said to have yielded 25 lbs. of gold 2;l (1) lK'riot'6 N«rrative in Dr. Hawk's IlUt. N. Curoliua, i. liS. NORTH CAROLINA. MIXES— lUON-WORKS. 611 cral indigenous igiir ciine At )in tlu'i'- sctllf- fuiinil near the iner.il man, was ci" the cunnu'v )e alh)\vL'(l for a ;niall cliargo for od, the want of ity of balla.stiniiii(l dollnrs were the prof -^'';^;"\f,\ri, guided enterprise of some one who, ;:::; of the secular oxyd to hope for cerain^ ^^ ^^^^^^^,^ la Burke County. M.rgan d.stnc t-^e mik t^ J^ ^^^.^^^ -jrr^iirrisfsc^^^^^^^^^ was also a lead mine." . . .u- „„nw has been found ftocorapanied, as in 1.1 a/I (, , In LinvUle mountain, .n this o«n , ha, beo ^„„„t,i„,, by diamu.,,.., o! the rare miaeral ficxibK. .pur (ita columUe) and the Ural m NOUTIl CAU(!I.!NA AND TENNESSEE. C13 nni, on Dcop id in Guilford furnishes niag- cxcavations in T ago. On tlic Iso built lii'foru ar from King's mery forge near from a magnetic In the adjoin- 1 long wrought, t the end of the irnacos. were in ■e>uvius, built in uton, and, having these ores spread works were built y years ago. A 38 from Danbury ; ore from a shaft V creek, ten miles another on Town a's river, nineteen each been rebuilt iration. In Surry f them tradesmen, rected a few years six forges and a orge was also built id also on Trouble- )re found in sevend lar iron ore. The ear Trogden moun- > of some one who, d by the deceptive 1. from Morgnntown, ies and two forg" from the same place ocompanied, as in r.ianlj intains, by diamu"!", '>! The name of tlic Great Iron Mountain, given by the first settlers to that portion of tlie Biiio Ridge which is prolonged on the western bouii- vve«u.rn '^'"'7 "^ ^''"'^ Statc, indicates their knowledge of its great T.'iritury. abundaiicc of magnetic iron ore, and red and brown Iiciniitite. The whfde region is rich in other valuable ores. Tiie lliwassee, Duck- town, and other copper mines in Polk Couiily, adjoining the Georgia line, are celebrated as among the richest in the country, alTording the black o.xyd and sidphuret of copper forwiiich they are wrouglit, in great aniiiiint. They are equally rich in hydratcd peroxyd of Iron, rcsnlting from the decomposition of the pyritiferous rock.s, and carry their veins of botii metals into the State of Georgia. A furnace was once built to smelt iron from these ores. The streams which flow westward from this elevated dividing ridge into the great valley of the Tennessee, are now studded with numerous iron-works. Tlie hardy emigrants from Virginia and neighboring States, and from Europe, who, on the restoration of peace with England and the indigenous Indian tribes, penetrated, chiefly, by way of the Cumberland Gap, into the fertile limestone valley of tlie "West, erected several Iron-works within tiie present limits of the Slate, before it obtained a sei>aratc federal existence. Tlieir fir.st operations appear to have been made in the northeastern corner of the State, on the head streams of the ITolsten, the main branch of tlie Tennessee. Tliey are said, however, to liave rejected the richest of the brown hema- tite ores of this section, mistaking it for the blavk jack, (sulphuret of zinc) of the English miners. A bloomery forge was built in 1190, at Emeryville, eiglit miles south- east from AVashington College, and the same distance south of Jones- borough, in Washington County and district. It is now known Bi" Teuues" as the Pleasant Valley Rolling-mill and Nail-works, to which use it was converted in 1833. At Elizabethtown, on Doe river, a branch of the Watauga, in Carter County, the bloomery of Messrs. Carter & Co. was built in llflo. It is now surrounded by a number of similar works. A bloomery was also erected on Camp Creek, of the Xolachucky, seven miles southeast of Greenville, Greene County, in 1797. It was rebuilt in 1856, and still makes Iron from hematite in its neigiiborhood. Wagner's bloomery, a working forge on Roane's Creek, a few miles from Taylorsville, in the extreme northeastern corner of the State, in Johnson County, is said to have been built in 1795. Two blooineries in Jefferson County, the Mossy Creek forge, ten miles north, and Dumpling forge, five miles west which sorao small ones have been found in North Carolina, and also in Suutb Carolina this State and Georgia. The same mineral and Georgia, is found in Stokes and Wilkes counties in eii COLONIAL IXDVBTUY IN METALS. ol Dandrulgo, wore built about the same year, and were both abandoned "^^l^.;f !,::r^iue, ir not earner, Mr. David Ross, the proprietor of'lrun-works In Can.pbell County, Virginia, erected a large urnaee and forge at the june.iou of the North fork of the llolsten with he ma u "am :.ear the Virginia line. It was on the great road from Knoxv U to Philadelphia. A bloomcry was also set up, at dus tune, belo v th ,nouth of the Watauga, and another 25 miles above the n.outh of Fi . cl Broad and 30 above Knoxvllle. Good ore was found in seveiul places on the llolsten, and had been worked to advantage in one or wo^ Boats of 25 tons burden eould ascend to Ross' Iron-woi^s, nearly 1000 ^iles above the mouth of the Tennessee, and about 280 above Nashvi e It Long Island, a short distance above, on the llolsten where the f s pennanfnt settlement iu Tenaessee was made in 1775, boats were lui transport Iron and castings made in considerable quantities a th t works with other produce, to the lower settlements and >ew Oieans r ead mine, yielding Vo per cent, of metal, was worked on the French Br ac' Tnd galena .' s found elsewhere in the valley. Sa t was made by boiling at Campbell's Salines, 10 miles up North llolsten, and n 1T95 several tons of saltpetre, collected from the nitrous caves m the couniy, were sent to the Atlantic markets. Coal had also been discov- ered not far from Campbell's Salines. , ,- . Adventurers had also passed the wilderness between tliese frontiei settlements and the vast ridge of the Cumberland or Laurel mountains, and had founded Nashville in 1780. In the sub-carboniferous ^^e^^euue.'. limestone region, south of the Cumberland river iron ore was discovered a few years later, about 30 miles below Nashville, iu Mero district. Between the years 1790 and 1795, a charcoal furnace was erected near the place, ou the iron fork of Barton's ereek, in Diekson County, and seven miles west of Charlotte. This fumade called Cum- berland, now uses steam, and made, in 1857, over 1.800 ons of cold- blast foundery metal out of brown hematite. This part of the State s now one of the most productive in charcoal Iron lu the country. The hemu'.ized carbonate ores of the coal series here furnish abundant out- crops throughout an area 115 miles long by about 50 broad, across the entire St.Le, and occupying about a dozen counties, between the Cum- herland and Tennessee rivers, well supplied with wood and water-power, «nd with mineral coal easily accessible. The ore is worked chiefly by open quarries, and levels iu the spurs of the hills, which project numerous digitations and knobs of ferruginous material into the valleys and ravines alon- the several rivers and creeks of the great valley. These ore banks furnilh the argillaceous carbonate, changed, by exposure to the hydrous NOUTU CAROLINA. niKMlLMS i'lUl MANLi'ACTl'UES. C15 oth abandoned tlic proprietor largo furnace , with the main from Knoxville time, below the louth of French 1 several places in one or two. rks, nearly 1000 ibove Nashville. , where the first joals were built antities at these d New Orleans, d on the French Salt was made Ilolsten, and in )us caves in tlie also been discov- en these frontier jaurel mountains, sub-carboniferous iver, iron ore was below Nashville, I charcoal furnace 1 creek, in Dickson nade, called Cum- BOO tons of cold- art of the State is the country. The lish abundant out- I broad, across the between the Cum- l and water-power, 1 worked ch.iefly by h project numerous valleys and ravines These ore banks sure to the hydrous peroxyd, in a variety of forms, from tlie most compact liver ore to masses of iioncy-comb, and uclireous bru\vn hematite, granular, nodular, pot, and pipe ores. Those varieties also >lre"; the surface in many places, and yield of metallic Iron frequently over 60 per cent. Though often containing sulphur and other modifying elements, they make, we believe, a belter quality of Iron than tlie clay iron-stone of the English coal measures, from which the Kentucky and Tennessee limonites difl'ei somewhat in constitution, and in geological relations. They are i)ar ticulurly abundant in Stewart, Davidson, and in one or two other coun- ties in the angle between the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, where an extensive iron business is done. The ores at the eastern base of the Cumberland mountains are piineiimlly of the red fossiliferous variety. These valuable deposits extend, also, southward into Alabama, where they are wrought to some extent. The Iron and coal deposits of West- ern Tennessee and Kentucky alone, to say nothing of those north of the Ohio, and the almost illimitable masses of rich magnetic, and specular Iron ore contained in the Pilot Knob and Iron mountain of Missouri, and those of the northwest form a vast future resource for the great Mississippi basin, the development of which has yet only just begun. Engaged, like her sister provinces of the South, during colonial times, principally in llie production of tobacco, grain, tar, pilch, turpentine, etc., which were their staple exports, Carolina had made no great pro- gress in the mechanical arts, and derived her principal supplies of metal- lic, and other manufactured wares, from England. The impulse given to domestic, and i)articularly to family manufactures, by the suspension of foreign trade and the events of the war, was considerable. The necessity of this, early forced itself upon the Convention and Congress of the Province. The Convention assembled at Newbern, on the 3d Ajiril, 1715, re- solved, " from common prudence and regard for the Colony," to encourage arts, manufactures, and agriculture, and every kind of economy, and to use their influence to that end. With this view, the Provincial Con- gress, on the 10th September of the same year, endeavored to stimulate several branches of the most needful manufactures, including that of salt- petre and gunpowder, by a series of premiums. To the first who should erect a rolling and slitting mill, to prepare for making nails, the sum of £250 was pledged, provided it were set to work, and slit five tons of Iron, within two years from that time. A further sum of £200 was offered for the second mill put in operation in like manner. The sura of £50 was offered for the first fifty pairs of cotton cards, worth two shillings a pair, manufactured in the province, of wire made RoUing-mUI. 61G COI.dNIAI. INI/lSTliY IN METALS. ItMl. Air furnace. and drawn in tl.o province, and i like' preminni for the first hundred pairs of wool cards, worth Ibd. a pi ir, made within twelve months. The vnanulac^ax' of pins aul needles was encouraged b.. tho oTer of £50 for the lirst twenty-five dozen of the former, equal to British imported pins costing :«. U a dozen ; and to the manufacturer of the first 2o,0U0 needles, sorted from one to twelve inclusive, and equal to needles from Great Britain of the price of 2s. GJ. sterling per thousand, the same re- ward if made within twelve months. To' the first wlio should erect a furnace for manufacturing good mer- chantahle steel, equal in goodness to British steel, £100, provided it was 8et to worlv, so as actually to make, witliin eighteen months, one ton of steel. For the second steel-furnace, erected in like manner, £2.5. , , , •, i A premium of £500 was offered to any person who would build .i furnace for mai..ifacturing good merchantable i)ig-iron, and hollow iron- wore, and other articles necessary for the use of the inhabitants of the province— proof of its adequate accomplishment to be presented to the Council within two years. The sum of £250 was jdedged for the erection of a paper-mill; £100 and iou respectively for the encouragement of the woolen ar,.^ linen cloth manufactures, £750 for the erection of a salt-work on the sea shore, and £150 for the extraction of the greatest ([uantity of refined sulphur, fit, fvjr gunpowder. In the following Ai)ril, the Trovincial Assembly, in committee of the whole, on the means of providing amn:unition and warlike s'ores, adopted measures to promote tlie erection, at the puljlic exi)ense, of salt- petre works and a powder-mill, in Halifax County, and of Bult-works in tlie province. . r Comndssioners were, at the same time, appointed in the districts ol Washington, Newbern, Edenton, Halifax, Hillsborough, and Salisbury, " empowered to direct tlie establishment, in their respective dis- """"■ tricls, of good and sufllcient muskets and bayonets. For this purpose, they were to collect together all the gunsuullis and other mechanics accustomed to, or capable of assisting in such manufacture, and to employ them at the puolio cxpen.^e. They were to be paid for each complete musket and bayonet made according to the prescribed pat- tern, not over £5, and each district was allowed to draw on the treasury for £1,000, for that end. For casting cannon ond shot, Wilcox Furnace, on Deep Run, or one in Guilford County, was to be fitted up as before mentioned.' (I) Araer. ArclLve-. 4tl. S.rio., vol. i. 270 ; vol. lii. 209, 210, vc.'. v. 13R8. 8fl> Per., tlI. i. 1384. IRON-WOUlvS IN NOIITII AND SOfTlI CAROLINA. 617 first hundred pairs months. ;ed b.. tho oTur of to British Imiiorttd ■ of the first 25,000 lal to needles from isaud, the same re- during good mer- 00, provided it was 11 eighteen months, lace, erected in like who would build a n, and hollow iron- ic of the inhabitants coniplishment to be a pnpermill; £100 e woolen iun' linen )rk on the sea sliore, f of refined sulphur, in committee of the nnd warlike s'orcs, iljlic expense, of salt- uud of salt-works in d in the districts of jugh, nnd Salisbury, their respective dis- bayonets. For this cunsuuths und other u such manufacture, were to 1)0 paid lor lo the prcsfTibi'd jiut- draw on the treasury an Deep Run, or one lentioned.' ;); >•«;. V. 1SS8. 8t!i Per., On tlie representation of the commissioners appointed in the district of Hillsborough, for the above object, that Iron proper for guns could not be obtained in the State, and that the provincial currency would not purcliase it in any otiier, tiie Council of Safety, in October of the same year, granted thcin an order for £100 on tlie (.'ontinental treasury, to be deducted from the contingent (£1,000) voted by Congress to the State for that purpose.' How far these measures wore successful in promoting the particular ob- jects intended, does not appear At Saleiii, in the Moravian settlement of Wacliovia, in Stokes Cminty, a ]iaper-mill was establi-l'c'd, previous to 1701, and aided by a loan from the .State. It was the most remote from tiie sea of any in tlie United States, and Mr. Co.kc states that no such manufactures as those, establislied by the tradesmen of tlie place, existed in any piM-t of the Union, c(|ually distant (300 miles) from the coast. Shiiibuilding was actively carried on in some of the ports, nnd it is probable that wrouglit nails, hoes, axes, etc., were made in considerable quantities by slave labor ami otherwise, lint, notwithstanding n consid- erable emigration of I'hiropean meciianics, after tic. var, and a household manufacture in tlie interior counties, amounting to more than their con- sumption of iinp(U-ted manufactures, the State still remained essentially agricultural, and depended on foreign sources for its ])rincipal sujiplies of all, except the coarsest metallic wares. Its recent progress, jiarlicn- larly within the la.st deeeunium, in the Iron branches, has been very con- siderable. SoiTii Cauoi.ina. — Of the manufacture of Iron in South Carolina, there is not mucli to record in this place, ns well on account of the late eommenccment, and limited extent of tliat industry within the period under review, as, from the absence of acces.sible information on tlie sub- ject. It appears not to have begun in the province until after the diffi- culties with Great Britain rendered n separation probable. Various causes have retarded its development until the present time. The genius of the people inclined tlieni wholly to agriculture. The profits of servile labor in the maritime sections of the South, furnished the means of j)nrchasing every description of manufacture which could minister to convenience or luxury. Skilled labor was dear, and met with little en- couragement, and tlic exi>ense of Iron-works was more jirofitably in- vested in land and slaves. Witli the small farmers of the interior, the demand for Iron and its mannfiictnres^ was limited, and confined to the coarser de.scriiitions of wares, much of wliieh was manufactured among (1) Ainrr. Arclilvcfl, 4th Sorics, vol. 1. 270; vol. Hi. 200, 210; vol. v. ISSS. Mil Scr., vol. i. lysi. T COLONIAL INDUSXllY IN METAL8. them The miueral resources of the State, though no extensive are, ve;theh,-ss adequate to a considerable pro.]actiou of Iron and other fadlities are quite aniple. Yet these still renuvin but part.ally ur.proved uador the overshadowing importance of one great e.mmercial arUek, which has displaced nearly all the early staples of Carolina, and appro- priated most 0'' the productive forces of the State. In addditior. to the bog ore deposits of the tertiary formation o h. tide-water section, the primitive series of the high country toward the Blue Ridge, afford considerable quantities of magnetic and " "" '"■"'• sDccular Iron ore. One of the'belts of magnetic oxyd, beiore mentioned as traversing the central counties of North Carolina, crosses the divisional line on tl.e north side of King's mountain, into Yoik, Spartanburg, and Union districts, and furnished several valuable ore binks on Broad river and Its bra.d.es. Magnetic ore is also found in Chester and Abbeville districts. The ore is imbedded in talcose slate, and is underlaid by Uexible spar and limestone. It is of three varieties, the dark pulv ■rulent kind, in favor with iron-.:.akers for its facde working and smeUin.s the richer granular seini-cry'^uimne ore, yielding 60 per cent , and ti'ie pure, compact, highb magnetic peroxyd, yielding U per ceni of Iron. Outcrops of red oxyd, and siiecular iron ore, .re also de- scribed as contained in a belt of mica shvte, overiying the tale slate, m which the gray magnetic o.xyd beds are found, and e.xtenthng from both sides of King's mountain, across th.« line into Union and York districts. The same kind of ore is abundantly m.-t with on the north side ot Gelky's mountain, and in some other places. Nearly all the iron-works in the Slate ure in this region having tlieir ore banks of greater or less thickness in these primary slates. Ami here the fir.', furnaces and forges in the State were built. Iron py-ites is also an invariable constituent o. the gold bearing rocks r.f Carolina. Several mines of the latter metal have been wrought in this State ; but, with the exception ot ""''' tlie Dorn mine, discovered a few years ago, which gave promise of extraordinary productiveness, they have been fur less prolilic in gold than those of neighl)oriiig Slates. . , „ . ■ Cobalt, which is found in but few places in the United Slates, is met with at Silver Bluff, on tlu Savannali river below Augusta.' There is. (1) Tho only (HHcovcry, hs yut, iniwlo in till- country, "I' muoli (.ruelioiil viiluc, of tho ore. of oulii.ll- tli« oxyd of wliidi, In tlio f„rin of Snwll iuhI ^-'/T'". >» •" viiluiil.U) in tlio miiniifHCiuro ihhI eniimeling of kIiikb, porofliiin. an.l iMirtluMnvnro, on iipomnt of tU« umi!nill.'«nt Muu il iinimrl*— is i» Mi»- iuuri. At tlio liua uiiuo ciill«a Mino U Mnttc, it oppiir" in ponsiJcrnbto qnnnlity, a* liliiik or ciiriliy oxyd, wllti tho oxyds of uiiiii«iincsi', iron, I'lippcr, Bnd niikid, niid with Kulpliur lUid iirscuio. A iiiiuu, iit Cliiitlmin, Conni'clli'iit, is also worked lor oohii't, l)Ht lioth it Bnd Mino In Motte con- tain nickel— imotlii-'r .netiii valimlilo in tli» ftrtt, hltlmrtu fuuud lu no grout quantity iu MM 1MB Sot Til c.\ror.ixA. premiums for manitactcres. C19 extensive, are, •on, and otlier lally in. proved iiercial article, ua, and appro- rmaliou of tlic trj' toward tlie magnetic and lie oxyd, before arolina, crosses lin, into York, il valuable ore is also found in in talcose slate, throe varieties, s facile working yielding 60 per yielding 03 per ore, .re also de- hc tale slate, iu iding from both , York districts. c north side of 11 the iron-works if greater or less naces and forges le constituent of the latter metal the exception of licii gave promise ss prolitic iu gold ed States, is met usta.' Tiiore is, siJcrnblo qimntity, ni I, with Iho nxyitx of ijicr, and iiiikil. nii afterward ili."covcrod in the niinen of Cornwall, in oonseqiienpe of tlio pruiniuinH of thu name Souiuty. Tniwi- I'lli'inii, rill. ). Ill 1770, the jiroprietorn of a oliinawnre tnanulai'tory, cutatiliMhcd in Southwark, I'liiliidelphin, adverlined for /.alTro, and ulTurud a reward fur ill pruduu- liuu, %m COLONIAL TNl.rSTin- IN METALS. Load. 1 1 i„ fiftv Kro-c and substantial gnn- offered to the person who would nrA ^^^^^ ^^ ^.^ ,, ,o. locks of the kind commonly called brulle-loeks, wnu li son a "" "''°"":;L rioo lr..:iOO »c.e .,„.ro,.rin.od for U-c »«t u.o works wdiieh produced each a like quantity. lu. ;n 1770 and for woolens in proportion. ' T 'I." ■«" .K fron. .he in.erv,n,.i«« .f « FO^P"-" ~'!""7 eral resentment of the rtvenut mis o ..roduced some „,,Hed by the local f^of:iJZ^.ZZ\^^^^^ ^^ '-'' good influence upon domestic n.du t -^^^^ . Bteel. nails, guns, etc.. ^^evc promoted w I ave no mt ^^^^ Four or f.ve years after the penee, -;--•; „ ^^^ ;; ^,.;, fl,,. ---t:itrs;::;';rr:::^^-^vo. cam.irn '"" ' „„.,.wto,1 of the Mto. fumacp, budt in It hi, irou.wo... u.e river. Ih-y eons sted « ^'"^ >^ ,.^^^^^ ,,„^i , and the Etna, erected th- followu..^ yea.^ ,,^;; Ore which was easily Nests of ochie and seed '>'^^ ^^^^ machinery gener- „etal .as esteemed good for m 1. o s ^'^^ ' and was tried ally, and for hodo^v-worc It als mad tol ^^ ^^^^^ ,, -el wi,lM.r.n^. ^:::ZJ: ^^^^. "n-"tus. By the cipal proprietors of the works, ac contrived, it is ... ' .1 vi.,...d likewise all accidents from freezing. lie thus obviated, iiKcwist,,un u i^on w.w nt damden, 70 miles (il Am. Arch., -llh Ser., vol. W. OS, 1\, 72. SOUTU CAUOLINA. DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 621 i\)stantial g«n- , at 35«. to 40s. ss. lad, llie owner, oive £500, and r the next two two salt-works the same pro- be General As- crons commerce r restraining the ,t year ; the gen- .he stimulns thus c prodnced sonic lufacture of iron, sof knowing, retty larjre scale, _ on a creek flow- two miles west of cc, built in 1187, II the road leading which was easily wo miles from the ,bovc the surface, to shafts or Icve!-^, red was roasting;, of the rocks. The [ machinery gener- iron, and was tried 1, one of the prin- ipparatus. By the ', he contrived, it is aces, so as to render p kind of bellows," t Camden, TO miles ad, previous to that the Catawba to the North Carolina line, and another charter from that State empowered them to e.Ktend their improvements 80 miles further within its borders, which would enable boats of 30 tons to come within two miles of the furnace. Uy oiiening the navigation of the creek, they could go quite up to the works, which were carried on with considerable spirit. A canal, along the same river, afterward formed an important outlet to the Iron- works of North Carolina. These were the principal, if not the only Iron-works in operation in the Stale at that time. Others were soon after erected, in diifercnt jdaces, including several in the mountain district of Washington, where Iron, the only article made for sale to any e.Mcnt, was manufactured, at the beginning of this century, as cheap and good as the imported. Bar-iron had long been wrought up, by the blacksmiths of the upper country, into plowshares, hoes, a.xes, and farming utensils of all kinds. Some rifles were also made in that part of the country, where considerable zeal was manifested, about the year 1790, to encourage domestic manufactures. Cotton, flax, and woolen machinery, of the imyroved con.struction, were soon after set in operation, and flour-mills, and similar works were under- taken upon an e\ilargcd scale. The country pcojile already manufactured a large proportion of their own clothing and necessory supplies. In the lower maritime and i)lantation districts they slill remained greatly de- pendent upon the Northern provinces and European commerce. Carolina, daring its colonial state, had enacted several general laws to encourage the arts and the introduction of useful machines and engines for the benefit of its iirincipal staples, which were also fostered by the parent government. Between the years 1732 and 1750, legislative en- couragement was extended by tlie Assembly to four different persons, for machines for pounding and cleaning rice. Under the Old Confederation, in 1784, a law was passed, securing to authors nnd inventors of useful mochini's the exclusive benefit of their labors, nnd a number of persons availed themselves of its immunities, previous to the transfer of sucli powers to Congress, in 1788. The invention of Whitney met with a more lil)eral appreciation in this State than in some others not less benefited by his genius. But, though legislatures may do much to cncourajre or ol)struet the progr ■ ;s of the arts, they can rarely create the enterprise which gives them vitality, where the general sentiment is not in their favor, and free- dom of lal)or is wanting to secure its rewards. Where the mechanic arts do not flourish, the luanufaclure of Iron cannot be expected to prosper. GEomiiA.— In Georgia, adjoinins (lie Carolinas and Tenn.'ssee, are now several furnaces, forges, and rolinig-mills. But in this, the ynnngesl of the original Slytes, with staples ami industry similar to those of Curo- C22 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. litm, the manufacture was of still later introduction. Tlie mineral resources of the State in iron, gold, and coal, are very ami>le. They lie in the northern mountainous districts of the State, among resources. ^],g terminal and outlying ridges of the Alleghany cliani. llie furnaces which occupy the head streams of the Chattahoochee and Ala- bama rivers, at present chiefly use brown hematite. Tliis ore, and the specular and magnetic o.\yds, exist in great richness and abundance. The primary ore belts of Carolina are, on the one hand, prolonged into Georgia through Habersham, Lumpkin, and other counties, in tiie north- east, and the Ducktown Tennessee veins, on the other, through the north- western counties into Alabama. The hematite heds are ol'ien in close proximity to the gold-bearing, metamoriihic slate and quartz. Two or three of the northern tiers of counties are well supplied with ore from them. In Cass County, particularly, north and west of the Allatoona hills, on both sides of the Etowa river, and extending, on either hand, iuto'cherokee and Wuldir,, Counties, / the Iron Trade, Appendix B, mm PARLIAMENTARY RETURNS OF IRON-WORKS. 625 icturcs, as pig, [ means of iire- wii, and miylit and pitch had diiiy should bo e, and an addi- cept that from \merican Iron, g-iron,) sliould Iron-works, and ,e a law at tliat ' the agents and n n^O, an Act at of the impor- Lmerica. After Sweden, whicli, on and steel ini- her supplies of )n of Iron from imrk'.s Townsend on from America urage the impor- ions in America, iuies, in Americii, , of London ; no le landed at any Is ; and not to be production and anotli'T clause in tit Hliigo. It cn- n.OO, no iiiill, or rig forge to work with a tilt-hammer, or any furnace for making steel shall be erected, or after such erection, continued in any of his Majesty's Colonies of America," under a penalty of £200. This prohibition was an enor- mous injustice to the Colonies, and was reasonably complained of by them. The governors of the Colonies were ordered to make returns to Gov- ernment of slitting-mills, plating forges, and steel-furnaces in the Col- onies, which was done in the following year. The clause in the bill re- quiring the governors to examine witnesses under oath, and to cause any such mills, forges, or furnaces to be abated within 30 days, or to for- feit the sum of £500, gave particular offense in the Colonies. The proposition to suppress them was, however, rejected by a small ma- jority. Certificates were returned, with the following results: Massachu- setts Bay contained two slitting and rolling mills, Pennsylvania one, and New Jersey one, not then in use. Of plating-forges, to work with a tilt-hammer, Massachusetts contained one ; Connecticut six ; New York one ; New Jersey one, not in use ; Pennsylvania one ; and Maryland one, with two hammers. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey had each one steel furnace, and Pennsylvania two. The first iron imported from the British American plantations was from Nevis and St. Christophers, in the year ITlt, and in the following Colonial Iron Y^^^' -^ ^'"'^" '9* ^f H ''^"^ ""^^ received from Virginia and Exports. Maryland. Or the amount received, if any, during the next ten years, we have no account. The amount of teon imported from the Continental Colonies, subject to the above duty, from 1728, when its regular exportation appears to have be^un, to the date of the inquiry respecting the repeal of the duty, appfo/^ from the following state- ment, compiled from Scrivenor's 'f^lf§ ffi/B "^te Custom UoUM Returns : — 40 iitliiif yiirds generally ig tlie Aiiirriciil] U'li jual in gdddnei's nmi leslriin.ciii'eiitingiiiio i(i Marjliiiul iruii.tiiuil roved brittle, and was ley again.— Son'i-eiior'i de, Appendix B, 626 COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS, AN ACCOUNT OF THE BAK AND PIG IHOX EXPOIITKD TO ENGLAND FROM MK BRITISH NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES FROM 1V28 '10 1748. The repeal of the duty elicited, during the profrress of the bill various remonstraBces and representations from iron masters, propne ors of woodlands, merchants, and others in England, y'--.-;-- ^ T likely to be affected by its provisions. The interest manifested by these classes in the subject shows that the provincial Iron-manufacture was thus early regarded as a rival to that of the mother country. iron-masters, tanners, and owners of coppices in the neighborhood of Sheffield were alike apprehensive that the Iron-works erected at gre expense would be ruined; the laborers be rendered do.titute Z'XT or forced to emigrate; and the tanneries be left without bark from the woods remaining uncut, or the land being converted to tillage unless the number of forges should be increased and of furnaces lesseed by removing the duty from pig-iron only. The plenty and cheapne.. of wood wo'uld enabll American Iron to undersell the Brit sh and thus ruin the trade, while the iron manufactures, rendered wholly dependent on so distant and precarious a source for material, would probacy decay, and reduce thousands of workmen to want and misery. The iron- mongers and smiths of Birmingham, on the other hand, Pf '^J^n^d " Tavor of the bill as a benefit to their trade and to the colonists, who could exchange larger quantities of their own produce for British manu- fectures. The importation of Iron from America could no more affec the Iron-works and freeholders than the same quantity from any othe runtry, and the home production was not more than half the amount DISCUSSIONS ON THE IMPORTING OP COLONIAL IRON. 627 3NGLAND FROM 28 TO 1748. Toltl of B»r na, >D the port of London, but was not allowed to be carried coastwise, or more than ten miles inland, whereby several manufacturing towns were deprived of its use, and the outposts lost the advantage of exporting it, might be imported duty free by all Ilis Majesty's subjects. Tliis produced other petitions, counter-petitions, pampidets, and discus.sions, which evinced a deep national interest in the subject. The chief opposers of the measure were those interested in Iron-works and the supply of fuel. They represented that 109 forges in England and Wales (exclusive of Scotland) produced 18,000 tons of iron, a»id consumed 198,000 cords of wood, grown on barren land, which was nearly valueless but for the use of iron-works and tanners ; that American iron could never supply the place of the Swedish for edge-tools, anchors, chain plates, and other articles for ship-building, or compete with Russian iron In cheapness, and therefore, even duty free, could only interfere with British iron, the manufacture of which would be stopped and a great number of families, dependent thereon, be reduced to beggary. To this it was responded, that a manu- facture is much more valuable than the raw materials, and as these could not be produced at home in such quantity and at such a price as to maintain the manufacture, it was the duty of the legislature to encourage the free importation of materials if it should arrest their production in the island ; that the increased attention among neighboring nations to the produc- tion of rough materials rendered it more than ever necessary to obtain them at a lower price or lose the manufacture of fine articles of steel and iron ; the only way to do this was to reduce the duty on foreign iron, or make it necessary for the iron-masters to reduce their price by raising up a rival in America ; that iron could not be produced as cheap in the plantations as in England, on account of the high price of labor and of the interest on capital, the cost of freight, insurance, etc., especially in time of war ; that the coppices grew on barren land, unfit for tillage, and improved the pasturage, and were always worth something for wood or timber, an \ therefore the tanners had nothing to fear. A bill was at length reported for extending the privilege of importa- tion to the other ports of Great Britain and with a clause for the relief COLONUt INDUSTRY IN METALS. Of the proprietors of coppice woods, passed both houses, and received the royal assent in 1757. The House also, in an address to the king desired that returns might be laid before them at the next session, of the quantity of Iron imported from America in each year from Christmas, 1749, to January, 1756, of which the following is a statement :- PIG AND BAR IRON EXPORTED FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES FROM 1750 TO 1756. 4 New KogUnd. New York. PconsylvanJa. Uftryland nod VirglDia. Year Iron. 1760 1751 1752 1753 1754 ,1755 Bar. l',g. Bar. I'ig. Bar. PiK. Bar. Pi({. Bar. PiV. Bar, V\g. T. 0. q. lb. . q. lb. T. 0. q. lb. 21 12 8 9 16 2 13 2 8019 40 10 1 7 4 16 22 75121 4 2 00 S3 3 22 41 00 87 4 3 6 10 115 16? 1112 457 8 014 318 9 3 11 199 15 2 22 64 16 2 ft 1,5'J 8 2 26 147 13 2 1 212 15 1 110 9 3 24 612 19 3 12 79 6 20 8:i8 6 1 T. 0. q. lb. 6 17 3 2.508 16 123 3 42 9 2950 5 3 15 16 10 2 21 2762 80 4 97 18 19 2347 9 218 1.53 15 1 2.)91 4 3 17 299 13 2132 15 1 22 1 OarollUK Totala. T. 0. q. lb. T. c. q. lb, 17 14 012 20 00 10 00 20 00 14 13 o| 617 3 2924 20 ft 42 9 3210 13 1 81 7 26 2980 1 3 2 247 19 3 11 2737 19 3 27 270 15 1 4 3244 17 1 23 3S9 18 3 20 3441 23 8 In addition to the foregoing, there were exported to Scotland during the last sixteen years the following quantities, viz. : BAR-IROlf. PlO-IBOK. T. c. q. lbs. T. c q. lbs. in ten years, from 1739 to 1749, 10 13 2 11 2G3 18 2 In six years, from 1750 to 1756, ^^» A-* ^ ^" In 1705 a further modification of the law was made, allowing the Colonies to ship their Iron to Ireland. From about this period to the Revolution, there was a considerable increase in the exportation, espe- cially of bar-iron, as appears from the following table. AMOUNT OF BAR AND PIG IRON EXPORTED FROM ALL TnK CONTI- NENTAL COLONIES TO ENGLAND IN EACH YEAR FROM 1761 TO r.76. I Bar Iron. | Pig Iron. 1 Year. Bar Iron, Pig Iron. Year. T. 0. q. lb. T. 0. q. lb. T. 0. q. lb. T. 0. q. lb 17111 1782 1763 1764 1765 1768 1767 1768 .39 10 122 12 2 14 310 19 3 2 10-|9 18 10 1078 13 16 12,i7 14 3 9 i:i2-. 19 18 1989 11 6 2768 2 3 12 1766 16 2 2588 8 25 2554 8 3 21 3284 8 1 22 2887 ft 1 15 3313 2 1 19 2953 2 14 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1778 1779 13 1 23 1718 S 21 2222 4 3 24 985 15 23 8:I7 15 6 639 2:1 916 6 2 11 28 3401 12 2 2 4232 18 1 18 ft:303 8 3 13 3724 19 2 25 29:i7 13 2 3151 12 2 19 2996 2 24 316 1 a 8 ), and received iss to the king, icxt session, of roni Christmas, lent : — CAN COLONIES T. 0. q. lb, 12 617 3 2924 2tl » 42 9 3210 13 1 81 7 28 2980 1 3 2 217 19 3 11 2737 19 3 27 270 1.il -1 32U 17 1 23 3S9 18 3 20 3141 23 8 Scotland during PlO-tBOK. T. c q. lbs. 2G3 18 2 228 13 1 10 de, allowing the lis period to the xportation, espe- .LL tr.'ti CONTI- M 1761 TO 1'.76. PU Iron. e. q. lb 3401 12 2 2 4232 18 1 18 6303 8 3 l:t 3724 19 2 23 2937 13 2 3151 12 2 19 2996 2 24 316 I a 8 i.jj.:::V>.aJa««J ai. gs^-^y^*-? '=^ rtf^T : ^ -, ^r-^'^-t^^- ?,r^rT' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 IJ 2.0 1.4 L8 1.6 Ws^ n A^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN t>TRIIT WHSTIR, N.Y. 14510 (716) 17 2-4503 m' i\ c V 4 6^ KdB riM 1 y? CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical MIcroreproductlons / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historlque. i STATISTICS OP IRON IMPORTED FROM GREAT BRITAIN. 629 Mnch bar-iron, steel, and nails were imported into the Colonies before the war. By far the larger proporti'^n of the bar-iron and steel went impnrtM.nn *" ^^^ ^^^ England Colonies, and of the nails to the Southern I'ror'"'*" ^'■^^'"^^s- The steel and nails imported were principally made from Swedish and Russian Iron, as being tougher and better than those made of English coke iron. For several years before the peace, England imported from Russia alone an average of 30,000 tons of Iron annually, so greatly had the Iron-works increased in that country within a few years. The duty on foreign Iron imported into England was about £2 168. 3d. a ton, and the drawback on exportation about £2 lOs. a ton. In Ireland foreign Iron paid 10s. a ton duty, to which a duty of 10s. a ton was added on manufactured iron exported to the Colonies. Xo drawback was allowed on foreign iron or sLeel ex- ported from Great Britain or Ireland from March 25, 1711, as by 9th of Queen Anne. Nails of foreif-n Iron were shipped in large quantities from Glasgow to the Southern Colonies, and cost 15 per cent, more than nails from Bristol made of English Iron. The following table exnibits a statement of the amount of Iron, wrought aud in bars, imported by the Colonics from 1710 to 1735. WROUOUT AND BAR IRON IMPORTED FROM GREAT BRITAIN BY THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES FROM 1710 TO 1735. Curollna. New Knglind. New York. Penn»x.»!iiil«. VirfftniaaDd 1 veir. Iron. 1 T. .. q. lb. T. c. q. lb. T, 0. q. lb. T. 0. 4' lb. T. 0. q. lb. 1710-U Wriiiixht. 1143 27 4.')1I8 2 fl fiH7 IH 987 2 3014 8 Pur. 200 1!) M 7 10 2 1 10 12 10 2 21 1 10 1 1 1712 WMH((lit. l.Wl 7 fi34l 3 21 639 1 7 sto 20 Ai:03 2 4 Bar. 4 13 281 13 3 19 32 :; 2 a 6 3 2 14 28.19 2 21 1713 WMiltfllt. UOI) 2 7 48.S.) 13 88.1 2 21 1040 9 Dnr. 27 n 211 » 2 49 8 2 13 7 4 3 26 8 A 2 4 6.197 2 12 17U Wrought. 10.1 1 1 18 463.1 9 P3H 3 1,1 92.3 3 1 B»r. 8 10 279 6 3 98 7 18 24 12 7 S A 8946 3 13 1713 Wrought. 601 21 WIW 2 21 1379 3 987 3 4 Bur. 1 18 1) 372 in I 1« 110 19 20 8 A 20 16 17 14 1/18 WroiiKht. 670 1 7 r.:,m 2 2 1094 14 r62 2 7ttfl 22 Bar. 372 19 3 11 147 21 10 I. 6 19 6 1717 WrDiight. GHH 1 11 3.S1S) A 114.1 fl 1147 26 8728 1 27 Bar. 4 2 140 IH 3 20 42 14 1 23 8 lA 2 18 iO 1 8 1718 WriiiiKht. m> 21 3110 1 I 1306 1 2tl 887 2 6734 2 3 Bar. 3 1S4 400 2 18 2 18 3 10 13 26 10 3 14 4866 23 17!» Wrought. 1312 1 21 7393 3 1B03 2 2.1 8.11 14 Bur. 3 10 337 12 2 2) 68 2.1 4 1 10 1730 WrouKht. U7!» 3 •» 73J9 2 24 277i1 II 2628 3 20 6389 2 34 B«r. 9 10 149 1.1 1 A 91 10 2 13 2 3 2 9 7 96H1 3 11 1731 Wri.UHlil. 1770 11 H7;- 1 7 2627 2 7 2846 II 7 Bum. 10 18 1 7 143 8 2 7 101 II 1 1 A 3 18 1733 WriiiiKht. Bar 21(17 3 7 S.W? 2 4 2.3t;o 24 2207 2 26 74tA 3 27 C () 413 ft 2 17 88 fl 3 27 2 16 21 4 14 1733 Wniiigiil. 2612 3 11 7104 3 It 1609 3 7 3419 3 8 881.) 1 1U Bar. a .370 14 2 7 AA 3 u II 12 (I 1734 Wrought. 2880 3 111 6191 3 fl 2291 6 314') 2 21 86tl II 7 Bar. 7 K< 3 21 203 8 3 00 8 3 20 1 1 1 3 3 I7SS WniiiKht. 33,W 1 23 9.U3 2 23 21.16 2 7 2102 9709 1 24 Bar. » 1» It 101 II 3 108 8 1 A 1 1 13 m COLONIAL INDUSTRY IN METALS. With the Rcvolutioa terminated the legislation of Great Britain over the trade and manufactures of the Colonies. That legislation, winch was the cause of the separation, had, for several years before frma^u- the war, produced numerous efforts in the Provinces tc lessen """"• the dcn,,ndence upon foreign sources for manufactured pro- ^ ducts The market for their pig-iron being cut off by the war, and the importation of British iron and manufactures necessarily suspended capital was turned to the creation of supplies for the public service, and to the conversion of Iron into vo-'ous articles of ironmongery previously imported The production of steel and different descriptions of hard- ware was recommended, and in some cases encouraged by bounties by the General Congress and the local assemblies or conventions. Many Iron-works and small manufactories were called into existence, some of which were as quickly ruined by the flood of foreign Iron and manu- factures at the close of the war. The inefficiency of the old Confederation left to the separate legislatures the duty of protecting their interests m this respect as they might see fit. , i • ., A dangerous rivalry to British iron interests was apprehended in the i^-ncrican Slates, not only in the production of rough iron, from the cheapness of fuel and the quality of the iron, but also in the articles of steel cutlery, and other finished products, from the dexterity of Americans in the manufacture of scythes, axes, nails, etc. In these they exceeded the French and most European nations, as well in the style and finish as in the quality of their articles, being made from the best iron, which in Europe was reserved for finer manufactures not attempted in America Some of the political writers of England recommended the removal of all duties on foreign iron in order thereby to secure the control of the American and Russian markets for her manufactures of Iron. The great improvements which had been made in England in all branches of the Iron-manufacture, and the competition springing up in Europe and America in the production of raw iron, doubtless prompted the Act of 1785 (25 Geo. III. c. 67) to prevent, under severe penalties, the enticing of artificers or workmen in the iron and steel manufactures out of the kingdom, and the exportation J any tools used in these branches to any place beyond the seas. This Act, embracing as it did not only near'y every description of tool, engine, or machine, or parts of such, used in making or working up iron and other materials, but also the rooilels and plans of such machinery and implements, created no small difficulty in the introduction of many new branches of the practical ftrts. It was the supplement to numerous Acts affecting colonial manufactures. , , . « It was not until coaQicting State legislation, an almost total dram of DUTIES ON IKON 1789 AND 1794. C31 at Britain over jislation, wliich al years before nnees to lessen lufactured pro- be war, and the rily suspended, jlic service, and gery previously iptions of hard- by bounties, by ontlons. Many existence, some Iron and manu- Id Confederation their interests in irehcnded in the \i iron, from the in the articles of ■ity of Americans se they exceeded 3 style and finish best iron, which ipted in America, d the removal of he control of the [• Iron. I England in nil ti springing up in mbtlcss prompted r severe penalties, jteel manufactures ols used in these mbracing as it did machine, or parts materials, but also mcnts, created no les of the practical affecting colonial specie for foreign manufactures, a wortliless national currency — of which several thousand pounds coulu only jjurchase a ton of iron, it not being lawful to refuse it, — and a lan^uisliing state of trade and manu- factures, proved the necessity of endowing Congress with power to protect the national industry and redeem its credit, that the Iron-manu- facture and its allied Interests received any protection from Government. The Tariff enacted in July, 1789, laid a duty higiier than upon Protectioa , , ,. , ,, , ,, , . , .. , i by Hist most other articles upon sht and rolled iron and castuigs, stee), Tiirilf nails and spikes, and wool cards, and a few articles in other branches, evincing thereby the disposition of its framers to give special encouragement, limited though it were, to those important interests. On bar, bolt, and pig iron the rate was 7^ per cent, on the invoice value. Upon steel the duty was laid at half a cent per pound, and upon nails one cent per pound. Mr. Uamllton, in his Report on Manufactures in 1791, stated that manufactures of Iron, thougii generally understood to be extensive, were found to be much more so than was sui)posed. Iron-works had greatly increased, and were much more profitable than formerly ; the price of Iron having increased from about $64 per ton, before the Revolution, to $80 a ton at that time. The rise in price was chiefly attributed to the increased manufactures from that material. He recommended special encouragement to this branch of Industry by increased duties on foreign iron and its manufactures, and by the establishment of national armories for the public service. In the following year, the duty on steel was therefore raised to $20 per ton, and on iron cables from Great Britain to $30 a ton. The tariff on rolled iron and steel imported in American vessels was, in 1794, fixed at 15 per cent., on hardware at 10 per cent., and on all other manufactures of Iron at 15 per cent., with an addition of 10 per cent, when imported in foreign bottoms. These rates wero retained until 1816, when the tariff was adjusted with special reference to the encouragement of manufactures, of which the iron b."anch received an extraordinary impulse during the war of 1812, to be again remarkably depressed by the influx of foreign Iron and the manufactures of that material. ' uost total drain of INDEX TO PORTRAITS OF OLD PRINTERS & EMINENT TYPE FOUNDERS. George Bruco; New York, One of the most eminent of American Type Founders, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland June 2Gth, 1781. When scarcely fourteen years of age. lie left his native land for the United States, where his elder brother David had preceded him and arrived in Philadelphia in 1795. Here he commenced to learn the trade of book binder, but rebelling against the excessive e.xartions of his master, ho left the city, determined to follow the sea. By the persuasion of his brother, he relinquished this purpose, returned to Phila.lelphia, and entered the ofiice of Thomas Dobson, as a printer's apprentice, where he served two or three years. About 1798, Mr. Dobson's office was destroyed by fire, and the yellow fever prevailing in the city, the brothers left that place. Arriving at Ambov George sickened with the fever, but under the care of his brother, his life was preserved, and they continued on through New York to Albany, where thcv obtained employment in the printing office of the Webster Brothers. In the fall they returned to New York, talking the whole distance. In 180.T he beca ne toreman and occasional contributor to the Daili/ Advertiser, and in November of that year, the name of George Bruce appears en the paper as ' printer and publisher for the proprietor." The extent and str of the printing business at the opening of the present century, have been alluded to elsewhere. In 1806, when David and George Bruce opened their Book Printing Office at tlie corner of Pearl street and toffee House slip, now Wall street, in New York, there were less than three hundred book and new,.paper offices in the whole Union, where there are now over four thousand five hundred. Their commencing business at this par- ticular time, was rather accidental. The printing of ■' Lavoiser's Chemistrv" was offered them, and they resolved to try to do it. Having no office, tl.Py hired the use of a font of type and a press, and the work was executed l)y the r joint personal labors. To give greater satisfaction, they decided to procure a stunding.press to press the sheets, and, on explanation of their prospects to Adam Uamage, of Pliiladelphia, he forwarded one to them on credit, dir.-cted to the care of I). & (}. Bruce, which was assumed as the title of the firm and 80 continued until its dissolution. (C33) 634 EMINENT PRINTERS AND TYPE FOI'NDERS. This was the first stan.linj^-press used in the printing business inXcw York, and some of the printers considered it an imneoessary innovation. Tlie printing of this book, giving great satisfaction, an abundance of work flowed in upon tliein; and by close attention to the economies of the business, and unremitting industry, they soon began to accumulate the materials of an extensive office, so that, in 1809, when they moved to Sloat Lane, near Hanover Square, they had nine presses in operation. They occasionally printed and published a work on their own accoimt. In 1812 David Bruce went to England Earl Stanhope, who was celebrated for mechanical investigations, had recently perfected his method of stereo- tYpin<- by immersion. David purchased the secret, and learned the process in part. Returning the next year to New York, the brothers made their arrangements to introduce the process in this country. They had a large share of obstacles to surmount in their first efforts, as every thing was ex- perimental But they were not men to abandon an undertaking, once decided upon, where success was possible. To David's genius the art owes the application of the planing-machine, which overcame the objection that he pl'tes were of irregular thickness as cast. The English used a turning-lathe to within a few yean, and their plates were never true until they adopted the American machine. Mahogany shifting-blocks, to bring the plates to type height, were also his invention. Type had heretofore been cast with a bevelled shoulder, and this was so low that it interfered with the moulding and weakened the plate. To remedy tliis, they began that year manutactur- ing type for their own use, adapted to stereotyping. The first book stereo- ty p-d by them was a New Testament, in Bourgeois, completed m 1814. 1 hey made two sets of plates, publishing from one themselves ; the other they sold to Matthew Carey, of Philadelphia. This was followed the next year by the Bible in Nonpareil. These were the first school editions of the Bible and New Testament issued in America, and except the " Westminster Catechism.' the first works stereotyped here. The following year, 1816, the American Bible Society was founded, and they stereotyped their first issues. Subse- quently they stereotyped and published a series of Latin Classics. In IBl.i, they moved their office to William street, near G .I'den. In 1816, they sold out the printing department, and bought a building la Eldridge street for the foundry. George devoted his exquisite taste and energies to enlarging the type business, while David gave his thought and genius to stereotyping. From costly experience, George had learned that to be independent of the caprice of workmen who understood the art of punch- cutting and casting, he must acquire a thorough practical knowledge of the manufacturing process in all its details. The first attemp.s of Mr Bruce at punch-cutting, were crude and imperfect, though they clearly indicated the germs of that correct taste and accuracy of eye which his subsequent artistic design and mechanical skill in typography displayed. In 1818 Chambers street was opened, and they bought the lots and erected a house fo'r the foundry, which, with the adjoining building. Mr. Bruce cou- tinned to occupy till his death. The first Specimen Book of "The New York Type Foundry issued by RS. iness in Xcw York, innovation. Tlie nee of work flowed the business, and le materials of an Sloat Lane, near Tliey occasionally who was celebrated method of stereo- learned the process rothers made their They had a large ivery thing was ex- aking, once decided the art owes tlie ! objection that the used a turning-lathe til they adopted the ■ the plates to type ', been cast with a with the moulding it year manufactur- le first book stereo- etedinlSU. They the other they sold he next year by the ns of the IJible and minster Catechism." 1816, the American first issues. Subse- a Classics. In ISl.!, bought a building in exquisite taste and ■ave his tliought and e had learned that to )od the art of punch- cal knowledge of the ipts of Mr. Bruce at clearly indicated the is subsequent artistic t the lots and erected ding, Mr. Bruce cou- ! Foundry" issued by GEORGE HRUCE, NEW YORK. 635 D. .t G. Bruce, 1817-18. was a thin pamphlet, exhibiting a variety of Roman fonts, from Nonpareil to English, with a fair assortment of plain job type and borders. Enlarged editions have been issued at various periods, until now the •• .Specimen Hook" of this foundry is a bulky volume. The last edition contains specimens of plain and ornamental type, borders, cuts, etc., that have re.iuirod 'he cutting and titling up of probably two hundred thousand di.stinct punciies and matrices. The health of David Bruce becoming impaired by excessive application to busmess, he purcha.se.l a farn. in New Jersey, and the firm was dissolved in , .,.- ':''"'-'-' '•'•'i"q»isl'ed stereotyping that he might devote his time u,id fa^kill entirely to systematizing, improving, and enlarging the Type foundry It would greatly enlarge our memoir to notice all his labors in this direction Up to 1822, there had been no uniform standard of bodies for type in the several foundries. Mr. Bruce undertook to harnmnizo and grad.iate the size of the different bodies as they ranged in the eleven series from Pearl to Canon by enlarging some and reducing others, giving them a relative proportion! Ihis was a difficult task, involving great labor and expense. But the system of steel gauges he then established, has generally prevailed as the standard among the American founders. He then introduced the Agate body for the first time into the series. Scarcely had the manufacture of type begtm in this country, before thou-ht and ingenuity were brought into exercise to devise a maehine for castin- more rapidly. The prevailing idea among the experimenters was that this must be attained by casting a number of type at the same time. The first invention of this class was patented in 1805, by William Wing, of Hartford Connecticut. It cast twenty or thirty type at once-the type projecting from the shank like the teeth of a comb. This patent he sold to Elihu White who spent large sums in efforts to perfect it, but was finally compelled to abandon it. But solidity and sharpness of outline could not be obtained in that direction. Several other machines of like character were patented in the succeeding thirty years. Large sums were expended, and much time and talent employed. Inventors now conceived the idea that a machine misht be constructed to east singly, on the principle of the hand-mould. The earliest of these was William M. Johnson, of Hempstead, L. I. He was followed by Starr & Stur- tevant, of Boston. The eccentric type founder, (ieorge B. Lothian, brought an original and somewhat complicated machine to great perfection At the fame time, David Bruce, Jr., a thorough artizan and ingenious inventor in all that pertains to type making, had been encouraged by his uncle George to devote his mind to the subject. After five years' study and experiment, in 18.^8, he produced the machine, that with some improvements of more recent date, has superseded the others, and is now in general use in all the type foundries of the world. One of the chief difficulties to be overcome in rapid casting was the danger of the mould overheating. Mr. Lothian remedied this by the ingenious device of a continuous stream of water through the mould. Mr George Bruce met the same objection, and devised a way to cool the mould, by driving an artificial blast of wind through it, which he patented (•36 EMINENT PBINTEUS AND TYPE FOUNDERS. in ^m This imi^rovomont e.t.Wisho.l .ho suoooss of Ihe invention He aho do i=.Ml . i>hu for .ul,stituting «team instead of han.l power, so that one i/ca at euJ two or n»ore machines. An expert workman can onl^ average Ten ; yra minute by the hand proce.. while each mach.ne w.ll cast one » 1 , ,1 i.> tl... c;ime soace of time, and more umtormly perlect. "; S^ re^ ■" C Sou became a partner with Mr. Br«.e. and re,muno. „s uch tm^^^^^^^ On hil retiring, Mr. Bruce gave his son I av.d an n.teres n fo ul-y -d he mainly conducted the business in the later porUor. his fathe"s li?e, though his name did not appear until the firm was changed in iSfifi to Georsre Bruee's Son & Co. iln; of the novelties and improvements Introduced into the trade to m- ere se th facilities for printing and to elevate the standard o exeellenc iZgh new styles of type, borders, ornaments, etc., were des.gn.d or mv nted lyMr. Bruce, Iho also cut the punches and fitted up the matrices wUh h » olu hands. The lloman faces he produced in successive years wer so superior that they gave his foundry a commanding reputation among pr.nte. In 1830 he received a patent for combining printmg type ior mus.c. Ihc ines o?'th stave were formed by brass rules, and the characters were cast m Lctiol'o occupy the spaces between, thus forming mu.co a -,..d description more perfectly than by the old method. Kerned type weie avoided and the number of characters reduced. As early as 18:^2, his Scripts had become famous among prmters. No one evfr equaUed him in beauty of design and neatness of finish m any thmg per a Xg to his various styles of Calligraphic art. The last set of punches he ut was for a Great Primer Script, when in his seventy-e.ghth year, and i uxlrpas 1 bv the best artists. The first issue of the Patent Office, under he Act of 1842,' for protecting designs, was granted hun for one of h.s m- comparab e cripts. Ilis designs for fancy type, combination borders, and S nts % ow rare artistic merit. He was never so happy as when he ITeav the details of business, and sit quietly at the bcncl. in )us pnva e offi e devising and cutting something new in typographic art. To brmg o« som iS new and useful was his ambition. For this he would dev.s. and aTorS unwearied perseverance, and would reject, without a murmur that ww'h had cost him months of patient toil, if it did not please his 'te w" feld; with his profound advice and means, if need be, to enc^ura^ge Ja assist in developing any substantial improvement in the art. Several "arss nee he desired to stimulate inventive genius to the production of a power p - that should do for the country papers whiU " Hoe's Lightning ha done for the large dailies-a press that should be comparatively inev pensivT economical, and rapid. He offered a handsome premium to the Inrcessful inventor. Several new presses were the result. Ceeig years before the death of Mr. Bruce, his sight began o weaken, andTe was ompelled to relinquish his mechanical labors from hat cause. But helont iZ his daily walk of two or three miles to the foundry, and his !veVXhto business with sound discernment until the year before his decease cTadfX his suength continued to decay, though his intellect remained IS. le invention. TTe jower, 90 that one n can onl> averape iiine will cast one rl'cct. •uce, and remained 1 David an interest ;ie later portion of 1 firm was changed to the trade, to in- dard of excellence, esign.!d or invented ! matrices with his dve years were so ion among printers, le for music. The racters were cast in isic of any required Kerned type were g printers. No one finish in any thing last set of punches aty-cighth year, and Patent Office, under m for one of his in- ination borders, and ) happy as when lie bench in his private c art. To bring out he would devise and without a murmur, t did not please his leed be, to encourage in the art. Several the production of a t " Hoe's Lightning" e comparatively inex- irae premium to the lit. ight began to weaken, lora from that cause. the foundry, and his rear before his decease. lis intellect remained GEORGE ilRUCE, NEW YORK. 637 clear, until the final termination of his long and useful career, on the 5th of July, 18()(), m the eighty-fifth year of his age. Of slight fro.me, Mr. Bruce had the appearance of a man of infirm health, yet he was seldom sick. No doubt his extreme regularity of habits in exercise and diet, prolonged his life. His white cravat and neat, simple attire and serene countenance, gave him the appearance of a venerable clergyman. He was endowed with marked positive individuality. He had much of the sim- plicity, hiunor, self-control, and direct plainness of speech of the Quaker combined with the unbending integrity, tenacity, and self-will of the Scotch' The peculiar deliberate and concise tone in which he spoke, always left the Idea he wished to impart distinctly on the mind of tiie hearer He was eminently a practical man, but slow of decision. Every thing submitted to him, or his own self-originated plans, was only decided on after mature delib- eration. But when once decided, it was the end of controvert' until time o- experience had found them wrong, when he was equally frank to acknowled.ne an error He was not naturally devoid of temper, and had underneath his cabu, cold exterior, a warm, forgiving, and generous nature. But so tliorou-h had been his self-discipline, that all his faculties were under subjection He never could be thrown off his guard, however great the provocation, thou-h his sharp, cutting retorts would often be more painful and liumiliating thin an outburst of passion. He was ever anxious to enhance the prosperity of the craft, both mechanical or moral. He took a warm interest in the welfare of the Typographical Society, and was the first and most liberal patron of the Printer's Library connected with that society. His own library was rich, containing a number of rare works of the earliest period of black letter print, with illuminated initials, and also in MSS. of the same character of an earlier date. Durin- the existence of the Mechanics' Institute, of wliich he was for several years president, and the earlier years of the American, he was an active member, and at their scientific conversational meetings and lectures fre quently gave interesting and instructive talks on some mechanical subject He was also an early member of the IIi.storical Society, and as late as im . wT*^ °" *''^ committee for the celebration of the two hundredth birthdav of WiHiam Bradford, the pioneer printer of Pennsylvania. He was a member and officer, for many years, of the General Society of Mechanics and Trades- men, and aided in the establishment of the Apprentices Library He was also the senior member of the St. Andrew's Society, liaving joined it in iHO-t and a member of the Masonic fraternity. Soon after the rebellion com- menced, the manufacturers of type, in the various cities of the North or- gamzed a Type Founder's Association, for the reirulation of tlieir business Mr Bruce was elected president, and filled the office during the remainder of his days. The life of Mr. Bruce was cotemporary with the rise and progress of tvr.o- graphy during the present century. He found the art of printing insi.rnifi Juut type founding undeveloped, .nereotyping unknown, the hand-press imperfect' power-presses not conceived, American literature unwritten, and tlic news' paper but a handbill, and retired from the scenes of iiis activity with the 1 ress till- nughtiest potentate of the nations. C38 EMINKNr PRINTERS AND TYPE FOUNDERS. James Conner, New York, A practical printer, but better known as the ori^'iniitor of the extensive Typo foundry in New York, bearing his name, was born in Duchesis county, near Hyde Park, April 22d, 1798. In 1814, ]'pe plates in which exclusively to the iced to remove to pe foundry with a 1 to a contract at a King plates for the supervision of the esses (being almost ;. Here he labored id then returned to h a capital of some al labors. et near Pearl, but t. It was while in 'ounding. by taking e 8ixte«n-line Pica istcrs. Of these he od. From Murray (vhere he erected a increasing business, pal and Methodist Societies had recently o'-crued to him. The occasion, he thought, was opportune for the publication of a folio B'Mo, being the first ever stereotyped in the States, or any other country. For this, long before lie had finished it, he found a customer, in Silas Andrus of Harlford, Connecticut, who readily agreed to the price first asked, live thousand dollars. Elated, as he well might be, by his success in this connection, and anxious, as he ever was, to keep good tUitli to the very moment, Mr, Conner was compelled to devote himscU' eighteen hours daily to the personal supervision of the work. About tliis time ho was induced to embark in the casting of type, more with the view of manufacturing such as he required in liis own business than with any idea of sale, and he was also elected by his fellow printers to the Presidency of the New York Typographical Society, a chn,rtercd instiiuticm with considerable capital. Not long afterwards he erected a five story type foundry on Nassau street, corner of Ann, and commenced the issue of his Miniature Specimens of Light-face Printing Types, exhibiting in Latin some ten or fifteen lines of Itomau, from Nonpareil to English, on a sheet of India paper, folio page. So highly was this appreciated that the introduction of lijiht laced type became quite an epoch in founding. He also embarked largely in stereotyping standard works for his own account, selecting Maunder's Trcaaary of Knowledge, The Million of Facts, Shakspeare's Works, and an improved edition of the Common Prayer. He also undertook the stereotyping of a Polyglot Bible and for this purpose prepared a new size and style of type called Agate, cut in a condensed and compressed manner with a view of aiimitting a certain number of figures and points within a given space, the whole included in a centre column of i.>otes, otherwise the notes would not come on the same page as the text to wh- ; they referred. Of this Bible lie made several sets of plates from the sami; composition, then took out the references and centre column of notes, and completed many sets of an eighteen mo. Bible, and a proportionate number of plates for the New Te.';ta- ment. The publication of Sir Walter Scott's entire ''Vork.'i, which consisted of seven octavo volumes of closely printed matter, was his next undertaking. In con- nection with this, it is said that, after completing Scott's works, his impression was that there was an additional volume. Determined that nothing coming from his hands should be imperfect, he took hold of, and stereotyped half a volume before he discovered that Sir Walter was not the author of the book ! consequently, it was abandoned. An idea may be formed of the extent of his dealings at this time from the fact that on this work alone, he invested from forty to fifty thousand dollars. At this period his Type foundry had so enlarged that he was induced to dispose of his stereotyping establishment, and devote himself entirely to the manufacture of type, and the publication of Scott's Works, in parts. It would be impossible to follow the subject of our sketch through all the incidents of good and evil fortune that attended him, or the various changes of location that were made before he became established at 28 Centre street, where Conner's Type Foundry is now a most conspicuous object. A mong the most noticeable of thii experiments made by him, was an attempt to cast 640 EMINENT PRINTERS ANP TYPE FOUNDERS. letters from an electrotyped matrix by the process of ohem.oal prcc'P'M ""• Previous to his successful eftbrts in this direction, Messrs. Mapes and Lh. ton chemists, had experimented to produce a fac simile of a copper ph te ^inch Mapes wisned to use for his magazine. Ascertaining the perfect succe so the experiment under other hands, he vvas anxious to have heir bate tried on a copper plate. It was, to his and Mr. Chdton's jom del.gh , suecessful. ond a very favorable report was inserted iu many of the European scientific periodicals. ■n..i,^ov In the courso of his experimenting, Mr. Conner took a Long Tr. ner Italic capital T, and inserted it through a piece of stereotype plate I ms was attached to a copper wire by soldering; some zmc was attached to the other end of the wire ; a weak solution of sulphuric acid was made «";! P''^"'! in a vessel ; a solution of common blue vitriol in another apartment- then the matrix and the zinc were placed in their respective apartments and the pro- cess of extracting the copper from the sulphate, through galvanic aeon, commenced, and the copper obtained was thrown on the intended matrix lie and his assistants then took a small cut of a Ueeluve, and setting this also in the same way, obtained a perfect matrix, which is now in use at his sons foundry. These successes encouraged him to attempt other experiments on a larger and more valuable scale. Mr. Conner, therefore, ordered a fancy font of type, which he originally had cut on steel, selecting therefrom a perfec alphabet, points, and figures, and then shaved a stereotype plate on both sides This he lined off into sizes, equal to the matrices he desired to make, lie then made the necessary openings through the plate, and inserted he types designed to be precipitated on, which he cut off and soldered on the back This proved a highly successfnl experiment, as it gave hira a perfect set of matrices at one precipitation. This plate is still to be seen at Mr. Conner's establishment, as originally made, and is regarded as a great tnrios- ,ty-bcing supposed to be the first alphabet thus made, in this or any other "^"nis'next experiment was made on a more extended scale, and, to this end, the apparatus was enlarged so as lo admit three fonts of fancy types, which were nlaced in communication with the precipitated copper at the same operation. Between each 1 Hter was inserted a piece of wood, made to the height necessary to separate each matrix from the other, as it came out, it being impossible to connect the wood along with the precipitated metal. Thus divided, eacli matrix would fall apart without ihe labor of sawing. 1 his experiment, however, was by no means successful. From the circumstance of wood being introduced, us dividing lines, and becoming wet, it swellcd- such swelling causing the typo to sprir? from the bottom of the trough. In the process of precipitation, only a very thin shell was found on the lace of the type; about the same quantity having found its way to the bottom, m consequence of the springing of the di"iding lines, and the throwing of the types off their feet. All these difficulties have been sinco overcom", and tids establishment lias several thousand y.recipitatcd matrices thvt can BCftwelv he told from those made from a steel punch. When DftviU Bruce Jr. had invenUd his machine for casting type, which JS. JOHN C. CLARK, PIIILADELPUIA. 641 nical precipitation. Mapes and Chilton, ioppiT pli te wlacli 3 perfect success of have their battery ton's joint delight, uy of the European ok a Long Primer eotype plate. This was attached to the as made and placed ipartment; then the tments. and the pro- ;gh galvanic action, intended matrix. live, and setting this ow in use at his sons' her experiments on a ordered a fancy font therefrom a perfcc 3type plate on both I he desired to make, ate, and inserted the and soldered on the ;t gave him a perfect II to be seen at Mr. ded as a great cnrios- , in this or any other cale, and, to this end, [)f fancy types, which copper at the same )f wood, made to the ler, as it came out, it e precipitated metal, labor of sawing. This rom the circumstance iiing wet, it swelled— im of the trough. In 1 found on the face of way to the bottom, in d the throwing of the ainco overcom", and sd matrices thit can 'or casting type, which was far in advance of any that had preceded it, Mr. Conner was among tlie first to perceive its advantages and he secured not only a certain number of these new machines but the privilege of raaniifacturing as many more as his business wantt might require. The firm are now the owners of tlie extended patent and liave introduced them .successfully in several of tlie type foundries of England and tJermany. In these and other diligent labors lie passed a long life until the messenger of death summoned him away, on May 30th, 18G1. Mr. Conner po ..essed, in a large degree, those personal qualities tliat win esteem and command popularity. In 1844, he was elected to the ofTice of County Clerk for three years, and on tlie expiration of the first term, was re- elected for the same period. Aifable and courteous, and abounding in anec- dote, yet possessed of courage and determination, he exhibited many of tlie attributes chat constitute true manhood. Since his decease, the busiiir^ss established by iiim has been carried on by his two sons, James M. & William C. Conner, located at the corner of Ileade and Centre streets, who have made niaiy important i.aprovements, especially in machines for finishing electro- typed cuts, also improvements in machines for casting type. They have now in their foundry about thirty type casting machines, and employ in all the departments over one hundred persons. John C. Clark, Philadelphia, Who is now the o' ,i living printer in the City of rhiladelpliia, was born in New York city in the year 1787. Whilst the memory of his early life is somewhat dim and faded, he remembers having lived in Orange Street, so culled at that time, and unpaved, running from Broadway to the North I ver, beyond which street, he thinks there were no wharves. He recollects stand- ing iu Chatham street previous to the close of the yer- 1794, as t)ie ball was being put up Oii the steeple-rod of St. I'aul's Chiinh. About that date, he removed to rhiladelpliia and picked up his first type in the printing oflSce of his step-father, Mr. William Ross, then printer for Congress, in the old Loganian Library building, on Sixth street, opposite Independence Square. Drawing a case from the rack, he earned the boxes, and set up an anecdote of a si ilor, which, jiUasing his childish fancy, probalily engendered a taste for the p-ofession, which nine years later lie adopted. During those early years, he fr '(|uently sew (jienerul Wa.shington, then Dres- iuent of the United States, anil witnessed the mournful ceremonies which commemorated his death in 171)9. Some idea may be formed of the growth of Philadelphia, when he states .nat, in l79."), Si.xth street below Cheslnut was not pavMl, and even Market street had but few foot-pavements west of Tenth street. Even at that time there were the remains of a post and rail fence at the nortli-weat corner of Seventh and Chestnut streets, and beyimd Eleventh, on Chestnut, only one house on the line of the street, very near the Schuylkill river, that of Mr. K.sling, brick-maker. In the yc^ar 1800, ('ongress sat in Washington, and Mr. Ross, still their printer, took his step-son with him to that city, having removed his nflicc a C42 EMINENT PRINTEIIS AXD TYPE FOUNDERS. there At the fire which destroyed the Treasury Department Mr. Clark stood beside the then venerabl. President, John Adan... str.nd.ng in hno, TLl water to extinguish its flames, and he also recollects see.n|. Ihon.a. S rson ke his oath^f office, as President of the United States, from the : U y of the Senate. Returning to Philadelphia in 1801, he was apnren- K dfn 1803, being then sixteen years old, to Robert Carr, to learn the pnut- ng business. At U.is period, Mr. Carr's office, (though it contau^ed but lour cfew presses.) was one of the largest in the citv. Whilst work.ng as a com- posiro?here he set up nearly the whole of WHson's American Orn.thology, L Grea Pdmor type, making the accents with his penknife from a ha.r space, no found y as ye having cast any. Ha also set up from the or.gmal manu- script a volume of Thomas Moore's poems, the author then bemg m the c ty and lorked on Deidrich Knickerbocker's History of New York, when fir t puJlilhed Washington Irving calVng (incog.) at the office to super.ntend i . ' l)urh.g the year 1805, the publication of Rees' Cyclopedia m 46 vols. 4to, wrcommcnced by Samuel H. Bradford, the heaviest uudertah.ng m the pub- SngTine of any then known in this country. The first and many subse- nuent volumes were printed in Mr. Carr's office. ' m book-prhiters of the time, amongst some others, were Hugh Maxw Thomas S. Manning, Fry & Kammerer, T. L. Plowman, James Ma.vwell, Bartholomew Graves, and Rober* Carr. . . , ».^ r. i M Clark formed a co-partnership in 1817, with his fnend M. Raser, a ul under the firm of Clark & Raser. pursued his vocation w.h n;"^;"^*^^; "ess. They printed the first Sunday-school book issued in tne United State . probably tL first anywhere. This was ordered by John P Bankson, llu.'h DeTven, and Ashton Claxton, three young gentlemen, teaching m bt^Pau s Sunday-school. Mr. Bankson was sent by the American Coloni^a ion Society as the first missionary to Africa, but died soon after his arrival there. Mr. I)e Haven died in this city. Mr. Claxton is still living. About the year 1817, Mr. Adam Ramage, press mulcer in Philadclph a. im- ported the " Ruthven Press" from Scotland, and mauufuctured a number c, hem. This press, and the "Clymer Press," invented bj George ( lymer. cl h s city, were probably the earliest improvements on the o.d screw pr ss o uJ^d into Philadelphia. In the year 1831, Mr. Cia.k removed h. office to Dock street, and opened in connection with it a stationery store, a.id commenced the printing and sale of Commercial and Law blank tonus. I hut he has since remained, and with his two sons, still carries on the b««."- • Mr Clark has lived to se-; astonishing improvements -u the art of lunt- ipg. The beauty and great variety of fancy type, tho improved presses and other facilities for the convenience and efficiency of the craft, have p ac-d ,he printer of 1867 on a highly elevated platform, when compared w.th the printer of 1804. A single printing office of the present time, with its fit ecu or twenty power presses, will do more work in -.ne day than could have .eon done by the combined offices of the city, when Mr. Clurk commeuced bu.. uciB iu tbo year 1817. 1 IS. JOHN PAOAN, I'llILADELPHIA. C43 tment, Mr. Clark str.ntling in line, ts .sceinjr Thomas 1 States, from the ll, I'vi was iipnren- to learn the print- contained but four working as a com- rican Ornitliology, ! from a hair space, the original manu- n being in the city, w York, when first I to superintend it. idia, in 46 vols. 4to, ■rtahing in the pub- st and many subsc- ere Hugh Maxwell, .n, James Maxwell, •lend M. Raser, and with moderate siic- n the United States. P. Bankson, lUij;li sachinginSt. Paul's Colonization Society arrival there. Mr. in Philadelphia, im- ictured a number of y George Olymer, of the Old Bcrew press Ciaik removed his stationery store, ami V blank fo'-ms. There }8 on the busine.'tK. s in the art of Print- id improved presses, the craft, have placd ■n compared with tlio , time, with its fifteen Ihau could lune l)eon ark commeuced busi- John Fagan, Philadelphia, One of the old printers and stereotypers of Pluladi'l]ihia, was born in that city on the 'Jyth of December, 179'J, a-id began to learn tlie printing 'i\isincss at the early ago of thirteen, or about the end of the year 1812. It may well be supposed that such an era was not likely to l)e one of favor- able progress, for the second war with (Jieat Britain was just I eginning, and (luring its continuance of two years and a half, little progress was maile in tlie peaceful arts. There was but little machinery in use, steam power was only in limited operation, capital was scarce, skilled artizans few in number, and inventive genius sadly at a loss as to the means of testing or carrying out its most promising suggestions. The typographical art was almost in its infancy, in the city of Brotherly Love, and although some iron printing presses liad been introduced, the simple old screw press of Adam Ramage was chiefly used by the fraternity, and their awkwardly cut tyi>es were manufactured by Binney & Ronaldson, near tlie corner of South and Tenth streets. Some heavy works, howevr, had been printed in Philadelphia, including quarto Cyclopedias, Hume's History of England, Robertson's His- torical Works, embracing India, Scotland, America, and Charles V. Some books, too, aspiring to a good degree of elegance, had issued from t)vc riiiladelphia press; such as Barlow's Columbiad and Wilson's Orriitholog>, both in tlie quarto form, and Marshall's Life of Washington. But in these early days of the Republic, wealth or competence \7a8 not so generally diffused as to make sucli publications profitable ; and on each of the works comprised in th'i above list, the enterprise involved a considerable loss. But when, a few years afterwards, the country began to aciumulate capital, H'ld the new art of stereotyping came in to supplement that of printing, there was a decided change for the better. The bookseller had more cus- tomers, and he was not obliged to pay for setting the type anew for each edition. So books were clieapened, and purchiisers incr' used, making the publishing business more steady as well as more profitable, and enabling some publishers to realize competencies and fortunes. It was in 182;i, that Mr. J. Howe came to Philadelphia with his stereotyp- ing machinery, where Mr. L. Johnson had preceded him in the same voca- tion, and both, had a fair share of business in stereotyping Bibles, school hooks, and other standard works. In 1827, Mr. Fagan entered Mr. Howe's establishment as proof-reader, and, on the death of Mr. Howe, in 18:14, took the foundry, and conducted it with reasonable success until 18(I3, when he retired from the business, relinquishing it to his son. The respective stereotype foundries of Messrs. L. Johnson and J. Fagan were, for many years, almost the only ones in Philadelphia. But us the city advanced in population and resources, enterprising young men entered into the business, and the establishments have ((uadrupled in number. Electro- typing, or stereotyping in copper, gives superior sharpness in c.isting wood- ' Ills, and in that respect is a valuably adjunct to stereotyiied works, besides lu'iug often employed for an entire work, where immense numbers of copies ri'quire greater duruliility in the plates. But most books are still stereotyped, ti.'W reaching sale:; umuunting to hundreds uf thousundn. C44 EMINENT PRINTERS AND TY7>E FOUNDERS. U, ,1.0 t.vouty-uinc years comprehended within this P^/^J' ^^^ ^rt of p,. , tin.^ h..l nnule great stri.kvs. Aided by Stereotyping and K ectroty p ng, raved n.ueh expenditure in the way of type.ettn.g and he r.-enUon Adam, press, the great book printing n.achine of the UnUed blate.. wl^h brough the agency of ingenious n.eehani.m, prope ed by st.a.u :l. . to pW an important part in the great ndvancenu-n the produ.. ... bo ks was immensely cheapened, whilst in elegance and fuush t uy -n- Lted trongly with the homely appearance of the old editions. It turlu np e«.ent in book-n.aking seen.s to have received a temporary che A by " on o the nuiltiforn. taxation resulting from the great Cnd ^^ ar, let u. hope that a vigorous National growth in the fu.uro will tend to restore the '" U m.^r S^opriate to add, in connection with the sul^^t of tjus nun" t at. apart iVo,l his special interest in the art typograph.cal, Mr, " "n in b e for u.any years an earnest and active advocate o home nj- h :t -v w^^^h all its varied interests. He has constantly endeavored, through the d'ito 1 columns of a leading daily journal, to procure such a change m ,ll c I Lent as shall lead to an explicit National recogmt.on of thejust.c andHicyoffuU protection to all Anu-rican industries, whether agr.ul- tural, raining, manufacturing, or commercial. Lawrence Johnson, Philadelphia. A printer, but eminent especially as a type founder, was born J-""«'-y 2^''. IboT inthe city of Hull, England, where he received the rud.men s ol u S; y Knglish education. When ,uite a youth, he ^^o-J,/.'; """J^^^' ?o the purpose of entering the printing office of Messrs. John (.h.lds ^ ^on. 1, an apprentice. During his seven long years of service, that energy, ,u.ck. n ss of perTeTtion, and self-reliant ju.lgment which characterised his whole Ifter ife be le measurably developed. While yet a boy, he became so ; abl and fi ished a workman, that to a considerable extent he was entrust .1 w h 1 e d rcction of the aftairs of the office ; and by his devoted at ention t.. h is eml-ers- interests, he completely won their confidence and cs eem. 1," m"^ s rvice aided, he at once decided that the United States was hi p op field of labor, as aflording all the scope which his ambition crave.l. He h led his parent , with their numerous family, to emigrate with h,n,. Vnn lulv h 819 they arrived in New York. The unheahhy appeur- :!:; ui^ihi";^ of tLt dt. made so ^^^^^;^^r^^ zi the parents, that they resolved to proceed at once to Albany, llure U ^nr n h s parents (Who. a lew n.onths later, purchased a larm m y cou ty N. Y. , and returned to Now York city, to engage as a comp. nl ■ h pinling nice of Mr. (iray. He devoted himself to his -';'"-;; "^'; d ig almost incredible, lie boarded in the house m which the oih e ., - 10 a and for weeks .ogether did not go out of the house. exee,.t .o ..n , 1, Im Inday.anU often would protract his l.bor sixteen and eighteen h - ''"aS; the year 1820, his attention was directed to the comparatively ... w art o;rteu!oty ping, and with a view of obtaining a knowledge ol .1, he culerea LAWRENCE JOIINSOX, PIIILADELnilA. 645 erioil, the art of ml Elt'ctrotyping, and ihe i'lvontiou lie Unilod Slates, Bpclkd by slcaiu lit, the proJucliuii J finish ihoy itni- itioiis. If furthi'i' injioniry check by t Civil War, let us tend to restore the the suhjoet of this typographical, Mr. rocale of home in- ideavored, throu{,'li e such a change in iiition of the justice , whether agricul- born January 23d. lie rudiments* of uu emoved to Bungay, John (.'hitds & Son, , that energy, (luick- raeterized his whole boy, he became so ent he was entrusted devoted attention to lice and esteem. ;io United States was his ambition cravtMl, emigrate with him. le unhcahhy appear- > an impression upon V^lbany. There Li'.w- scd a farm in L!ayu;;;i ge as a comjtv *itor in Ut his business with .i n which the ofllce wa- use, exccjit to chnn l n and eighteen Imii.- he com])aratively in w iledgo of it, he culeiea the craphiy of Messrs. n. & J. Collins, of Xew York. This knowledge obtained, h*b«"P°''^"f„;,,f, ^r]^! from an unknown (lonor; many a knew nothing. . ^, ;, j^p expected and insisted on punc- " Mr. Johnson was a jud man. J^'^"f ' nroinnt and scrupulously exact tuality and strict probity from others, he ^ M>r JP J implicitly on rendering to every man his due. All who f "^^ '^ ^.,,ere his confi- •; word, h-om which he ^^.^^l^^Z^^^r^^^'^^^ 'l'«'^">^^? ^'^"" .l.ncc was reposed, no amp nt o «"«'°^^^"J breach of faith, or otherwise «l>ake it; but when once '"'•'[^f^J '^y,;^ Xg o^ arranging with honest, hn ,t could never be '•'•f?!""^ , Jm3u bSne almost proverbial ; and n.any iiSiri^rKitedS^lt^Ju^^^^^ Sin many'cases afterward, to attain V^^V^^ ,„,i„ess career he had .. Mr. Johnson was a successful man. J '"y^jj^^i.e ,v>jnt of means, and „»any dimcultios to overcome, ar.si g f^^^^ ^^^^ts and his sagac ons iVien.is who could assist l>"n. "Y '''"j^.^ju , .. workman and his indoin- talent in business aftairs, as well as ^Y '>'^^'*'" ,j ^^^ i„r^,e esl.vtc. and aide energy and industry, he ™"""X\^;^tu „"« of IM.il^^^^^^ business which has now '^^^^-Csf a d skil n this connection, it may left as monuments ol his "[^/^ '/j^^/^^jf m ^Johnson engaged largely in busi- uolbeinipropertostale ataU,ou.u. ,.^,„^, j,^^ book. ness matters outs.de ot ^^'^''']'\'f;'2lj dearer to his prosperity. CONGER SHERMAN, PHILADELPHIA. W le extensive trade a uninterrupteilly Johnson's deiith. forelirn lands, aiul has furnirtliod us proper tribute to )alance(l. ITc pos. i, anil remarkaljie favored with what II cultivated mind, i active and usel'iil came a precise and lim, especially of a m of character was but of great grasp, was concerned, his were made up, so o act on the matter er his decease, it be- jks of accounts and aeconnt abundantly ided. There was no as leaped for joy on own donor ; many a knowledgment been fitted by his counsel much less iho world, ,nd insisted on pnnc- d scrupidonsly e.xaet relied implicitly on 2. Where his confi- ,es8 difticulties could if faith, or otherwise, 'ing with honest, but iroverbial ; and Jiiany his manly and liberal J were effected on the on with his business, iisincss career he had e want of means, and orts and his sagacious rkinan and his imlom- His large est.vte. and IS of rhiladelphia, are this connection it may Imaged largely in busi- ppear from his books prosperity, lany corporations ami have spread on their 'and the personal loss they sustained when liis wise counsels were withdrawn. At a meeting of liook pul)lishers, held imniediafely after his decease, the venerable chairmim, Henry ('. tJarey, Ksij., said of him : ' I have known him, perhaps, longer than any of you— one of his first tiusiness operations was undertaken for me. I have found him, in all his relations, hon?st, intdiigent, and upright. We could scarcely find a better man, and I have no hesitation in saying that he was as worthy as any man I ever knew.' Among the resolutions adopted at that meeting was the following : 'Resolred, Tliat in his decease the community has lost one of its worthiest citizens ; for with an unsullied personal integrity, and a heart of tlie kindest promptings, he united clearness of judgment, activity of enterprise, faithfulness and diligence in an extensive bu.siness. and thus presents, in his finished character, a union of (|ualities rarely combined, which vye shall ever cherish as an incentive and an example.' As a husband, father, and friend, he was eminently all'eetionatc, indulgent, and true. 'I'he venerable and universally esteemed Rev, Albert Barnes, his pastor, standing by his open grave, in the beautiful cemetery of Woodlands, briefly and feel- ingly recounted his life and many virtues, and expressed his belief that he died with a well-founded hope of a glorious and blissful immortality, "The family of Mr. Johnson, prTerring a last resting-place beyond the rapid advances of the city, subseiuently selected a beautiful location in the cemetery of Mount Vernon. Indicative of the character and taste of the departed is "the plain but substantial granite shaft, which marks the spot where lies all that is mortal of a man who was useful to the world while living, and at his death left a name and character more enduring than the stone which tells the simple story of his nativity and death." m. Conger Sherman, Philadelphia, One of the old and most wealthy printers in the United States, was born in New Scotland, near Albany, New York, August 7th, 1793. His father, Job Sherman, a native of Massachusetts, was a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and was wounded at the battle of Saratoga, though he continued in the army until the end of the war. After his release from inilitary service, he married Miss Anne Conger, of New Rochelle, New York, a lady of Huguenot descent, took up land near Albany, and commenced farming, in which pursuit he con- tinued until his decease, in 1832. It will tliua be perceived that the subject of this sketch comoines in his blood the French Protestant and primitive English Puritan, tlian which there is no better ancestral stock. Uefore he was thirteen years of age, young Sherman left his country home and entered tho printing establisliment of Rarber & Southwick, then pub- lishers of the Alhany licgistei; and State I'rinters. In this office all the Department and Legislative printing for the State was done, and during the session of the Legislature it was part of his duty in liis new vocation to carry from tlie printing office to the State House the printed bills and journals of the previous day's proceedings, and consequently ho had access to all parts of the Legislative halls, the (Jommittee rooms, and (iovernor's mansion, in all of which he was a welcome visitor. He has furnished us witli a condensed account of his professional life, and some memoranda of his recollections of a few of the eminent men of that day, that are quite interesting, and we cannot do better than give them in his own words : " It was at tliis time," he says, "that I had frequent opportunities of seeing bome of the public men of that day, among others, Daniel D. Tompkins and em EMINENT PRINTERS AND TYPE FOUNDERS. De Witt Clinton. In person, manners, and mind. Clinton was a splendid man. Sedate and reserved, he yet appeared to me always cheerful and kind. He hud just been appointed by the Senate of New York one of the h.^vioi Canal Commissi..«ers, and was engaged in perfecting the plan of the Lno Canal, of which he was the originator. I was sent to him one mormng at his room for copy. When I entered I doffed my cap, made my bow, and said, ' Please, sir, 1 was sent for some copy.' ' Sit down, my son,' was the kind and encouraging reply. He took up from the table before liim a neatly prepared manuscript, fastened at the top of the leaves like a lawyer s paper- book, and asked me if I could read that. I looked at it ; it was written in a clear round hand as plain as print. 'Yes, sir, I can read it, was my reply. He said, • I have here a duplicate copy which I wished to ven y before I give you the original ; stand up before me and read.' This was the first Report of the Commissioners appointed to survey the route of the great Lne Canal. I did my best at reading. I was accustomed to reading copy-bad manuscript generally ; this was good. I read on in a clear, firm tone, and with emphasis, pronouncing every word correctly, until I came to the estimated cost of the work-yi.e millions of dollars. I drew a long breath, more, perhaps, from some natural cause, than a comprehension of the enormous sum o money in those days. The grave statesman looked at me as if I did understand it financially. ' Large figures, sonny,' said he , ' I may not live to see the work finished, but you will, and paid for, too, I hope.' 1 then read on to the end of the document, put the copy in my pocket, felt highly honored, and returned to the printing office with it, where I came very near getting a good thrash- ing for loitering about the State House, which I sometimes did, for it was a vcrv agrceaole place for me to spend my time. "I look back with pleasure to my boyhood. What I learned then made a .rood and permanent impression on my mind. Some one has said 'the boy makes the man.' I have always felt that it was for me great good fortune that my lot was cast among exemplary men, and in a profession wliere study and mental improvement were my daily business. Big figures J never ex- pected to make, but for a respectable figure I have always had an abidmg ambition. . . „ ■ , t „,oo "In the summer of 1811, 1 left my employers m Albany, to whom I was never indentured, and went to New York, where I staid about twomoriths. Business of all kinds was then very dull in New York, and the printing busi- ness especially so. Sherman & Co. in Philadelphia, now in 18G7, are using more paper for book printing in one day than was tlien required to supply all the book presses in New York for the same period of time. "In September, 1811, I arrived in Philadelphia, and here began another epoch of my life. Fifty-six years are nearly gone since my advent in this city Time flies fast. I cannot realize it. It seems but a few years. But when I recall all the eventful changes in the past years, memory revives many incidents personally impressive-the War of 1812, the subsequent de- pression of business, the years of toil and tuition as a journeyman prmter from 1812 to 1630. . j uv i • * j«= "Infancy very well expresses the state of the printing and pubhshing trades CONGER SHERMAN, PniLADELPHTA. r.49 I a splcn(li. ^Inuscript into a finished hound book are carried on under one^ To enumerate all the fine works that have issued from '^^l^^'^tlZ within twentv-two years, would involve the compilation of a small catalogue. I i^ prelum dlha mo;c work is done at this office for publishers o books old bv sr. . British Museum, while the other reposes ,n the library of Mr. Lennox, on Fifth avenue. A few were issued in octavo form, and some in nuarto The paper on which it was printed was imported Scotch paper as. C a steel. A 'History of Vassar College and 'ts Founder,' by B. J Los- ing Esq nl a ve^y beautiful illustrated work, brought out by Mr. Alvord '' '^Another elegant book, well known to those curious in such matters issued by thrimuse, is James Wynne's Private Libraries ot' New Yorl. It is as fine a specimen of printing as ever came from the American iress. This SAMUEL BOWLES, SI'IUNIIFIELP, MASS. 653 Vdams' prossps, Hployod on tho i\ni. All tho liy inotliDil. and re occupi'-'cl as a a'.nl electrotype to convertriig a me roof. lie Alvord Press small catalogiu'. jlishcrs of books tes, anil the list iprelieiisive one. rting remarks on , will be of great 1 copy, since it is nly. Mr. Alvord Ir Matthews, the rb style, and sent ar,' and was pre- aa intended for a ird to cost, being )pen, free margins. y were completed, ten by his widow, [lence at Hartford, eer park, gromids, isement, and some ixury. Some time Mr. Eandolph, for vith copies of the wished to have the vas fearful it would le saw Mr. Alvord's rinted in America, understood, found I the library of Mr. form, and some in id Scotch paper, as nder,' by B. J. Los- out by Mr. Alvord such matters, issued 4ew York. It is as erican Press. Thia house frequently reprints old newspaj)ers, with the discolored paper and the old-fashioned type. When Mr. Warren was in the Recorder's hall, he com- menced to i.'-suc the old records of the city of New York, but the book was never finislied, owing to some change in llu^ Recorder's ollice." Mr. Alvord is an active member of the New York Typographical Society, and President of the Typothetie, a society formed of master printers for llu! purpose of perfecting the art and jiromoting good fellowship among tiie cralt. This society, which keeps itself informed of all the improvements in the art ot printing that are brought out in difl'erent parts of the warld, through correspondence with similar societies in I'aris, and London, and (Jermany, has been of great advantage to printers in tho United States, enabling thcui to keep pace with their brethren in Europe. Mr. Alvord has recently pur- cliased a farm near Hartford, Connecticut, which he is> now adorning, and it is probable that he will, in a few years, retiie fiom the profession of vliich he is one of the most distinguished members, leaving the extensive business tiiat he has built up to his son, who is now associated with him. Samnel Bowles, Springfield, Massachusetts, Is entitled to a place among distinguished American printers. Though more properly a journalist, yet he is the head of one of the most extensive, com- prehensive, and successful Printing Offices and IJinderiefi in New England, and is entitled to rank alike as a professional man, an artisan, and a manu- facturer. His grand lather was Samuel Bowles; his father was also named Samuel ; and a fourth of the same name is well advanced on the way to manhood. The present Mr. Samuel Bowles was born in Springfield, Masa., in 18'26, soon after his father, coming from Hartford, Conn., had commenced there The Spnvfjfidd liepublican newspaper ; and there lias his home always been, and probably always will be — a rare fact in the history of the American mnr He went to school there, never elsewhere, and at si.\teen turned in as a boy of all-work in his father's printing office, folding and carrying papers, rolling the type, attending the counting-room, dabbling with pen and scissors for " copy" for the weekly paper. In 1844, when he was eighteen, he persuaded his father to start The Daily Republican, and from its beginning, he has been its constant and substantial conductor. It was a '-wee" affair at first, with only a hundred or two sub- scribers, but the Mexican War came in 1846, and the Telegraph began to dot and carry news about the same time, and the paper grew into position and profit by 1848. In these early years, Mr. Bowles was omnipresent in the busi- ness. He slept on a sofa in the office, gathered and prepared the general and local news of the paper, marshalled the compositors at four o'clock every morning for the late " copy," superintended the " make-up" of the paper, took his turn at the wheel of the Adams' press that worked it off, despatched the town carriers, and prepared the mail and railroad packages— all before breakfast. Such perseverance and industry rapidly told in producing success. In 1849, Dr. J. G. Holland ("Timothy Titcomb,") came in as associate 654 EMINENT MODERN miNTEUS. rfHot tl,a .onior Mr. Bo.les acvoting himself to Ite bwin-s^ m«n»s™.',,l enterprising provincial newspaper in the country. l>r. Jioiui ^"^^'l " ^ , „ .., .. „„t mtift nrov nsr a larjro element in its witV> the naner and hrra until aoout 18bU, provinj, u ^ : uWty Id success, and retired from active partic.pat.ou m -■ . orj. V I ors only to devote himself more exclusively to purely literary ^^olk , bu ; e::^:e,'und since, the euitorial .taff of the i^«p.^^|-- "ZfZ.^ various excellent additions, until it, now numbers six to e^h 1 eient lilv circulation in SpringfiJd averages a copy to every family, and is moic ::: sev-L tou nd i^.' ireV. that of the ^yeeMy R.pn,Ura^ which .s prld ext n ively all over New England, and in the Wesv. is lil.een thou- 7nlr Th ts" aggregates are far in advance of those of any Journals outside n;^f U;r::i; M^Cls havmg died, M. ClarU W. Bryan was added to^i finned u..der his direct ^uP-i'^t-dence ^ extensive «oo and Tnb Printinir Office and Book Bindery was planned and gradually built p. By his en'gy ta t, ,.,1 other high business qualities, this has fe-own to the fi.lt ank in nanufctories of this description, and is indeed a model m New twe my nvt photograph Albums of all kinds, and Blank : ; ;" ^: .abUshment in a year, one book that they '"-;';^' '^ ^ "tt^'this time Mr. Bowles and his partners occupy a new and extensive At tbis time „„n)oses. Located on a central corner m SAMUEL BOWLES, SPRINGFIELD, M.iSS. C55 aoss manairomoiit, writti'n niul most Holland remained piro elemt'iit in its atiou in "'ditorial literary work ; but ati has grown by to eijrht diflerent Mr. J. E. Hood, a I writer of the lie- le a model in jour- iche so completely rliborhood; and its 'amily, and is more paper in any town Jnilv Ilepuhlican is 'epabliran, which is esi, is til'teen thon- Qy Journals outside y. Bryan was added sxtensivc Book and frradually built up. is has grown to the oed a model in New w its list of workers jnthly payments for inling presses are in linds, some of them A steara-*»niiine of ions of printing and all kinds, and Blank the superintendanoe still, Messrs. Bowles e country, their sali's Ircd tons of paper are they manufacture re- winter of lH(tr)-(), the d's " Life of Lincoln" a new and extensive on a central corner in I a brown stone fron stories in height, the g devoted to their ex- added, and now tbe ,nd complete us any in the country. Tlieir tools and machinery, and materials on hand, are valued at between one hundred and two hundred thousand dollars, and the capital required in the whole business is not far from a quarter of a million of dollars. The success of the establishment is very largely due to the liberal course adopted in the beginning by Mr. Bowles, and followed since, of giving an interest in the business to every one, who, after trial, proved equal to leader- ship in any departraenu Thus there are now six partners in tiie firm, in- cluding those mentioned, two of the editorial assistants, and Mr. Bowles's brother, who has charge of the counting-room and finances. All the capital in the concern has been made out of it, none has been brought into it from without; and the experience of Mr. Bowles, in dealing thus liberally with associates and assistants, is a praisewor*ny example to all business men. Aside from tlie growth of his paper and this extensive connected business, Mr. Bowles's life presents few salient features for a biographer. He has slirunk from all public life so called. Journalism has furnished him enough association with public affairs to satisfy his ambition, and he has greatly strengthened his paper and its influence by refusing to u.^e it for any outside personal advantage. He has been repeatedly urged to undertake journalism in a larger field, but is quite content with his present triumph and position. In 18,57, he undertook the charge of a newspaper enterprise in Boston ; but being disappointed in the character and purposes of some of his associates, left it in a very few months, during which he still con- tinued liis control of the Republican, and his residence in Springfield. The hard, exhaustive life of his business has greatly broken his nervous system of late years; but he stills continues at the h.iad of the paper and it.) connected establishment. In 18G'2, he spent the summer in Europe for the benefit of his health, and in I8G,'), he joined Speaker Colfax in a smnmer tour overland to the Rocky Mountains, Utah, and tlie States of the Pacific coast. His letters to the Eepublican, describing this journey, attracted so much attention and praise, tliat they were revised an« NEWTON CASE, IIARTFOUD, COW. 65T , and few of our a long career as let? a quarter of iblkan. He Iuih •ican JournD,li8m, levelopment anil 1 realization ; he pro' ctor in tlie knowledge, dis- . There remains early as he be{?an lome of taste and J who have known it, and one of the neor Hartford, in iding the common until after he was which he ia now a he left his father's of plate printing, I. After spendin;,' I removed to New n opportunity pre- 3 returned to Hurt- maps, bank notes. )ns in this business, 1» some six or ei^ht, d his ests\blisliin('iit Alanson H. Waters, t for .?4.riO(), mi'slly le new tirm d"voti'd h was soon miLiifest L's, to supply which, irchiised. This for ilisidiTcd it a jircul iirst years' liusincss arly tifttrn hundred men peneraliy ; but ,on, were enabled to injr hail, for o lony r sale, At thib liu>n l\fr. Alanson D. Waters retired from the firm of Case, Tiffany & Co., and .Mr. Leiiinlcr Bnrnham was adniitlcd. The new firm, retaining the name of Case, Tilfauy A: Co., pujcliased of Mr. Canfield liis entire establishment, con- sisting in part of five Adams Power Presses, nine hand presses, with a largo quantity of bonk and job typQ, and a steam-en^^iue, the whole being valued at about $(),()00. Wislung to unite the two estal)lishments, they leased the premises on the corner of i'earl and Trumbull streets, formerly occupied as a county jail arid liotel. Tlie building was about foriy by sixty feet, three stories high, with basement and attic. After making the necessary altera- tions to at'.apt it to their business, they removed to the new location April 1st, 1838. In September, 1810, the firm p' -hased the steel and stereotype plates of the Cottage Hible, a popular commentary, edited by the Ilev, W. Patton, ^''.D., The year 1841 proving a prosperous one, they printed and sold nearly ten thousand copies of this valual)le work. They also jjurchiised, in the course 0*' the year, the premises they occupied, for §1(),'»00. This Cottage liible, of which they have sold L')0,000 copies, was the Iirst of many valuable publi- cations issued by th'.s firm. On tne 9th of June, 1848, the firm was dissolved by the sudden death of Mr. Hurnliam. 'J'he remaining jiartners continued the business in the former name of Case, Tiffany & Co., and as their business steadily increased, in tho year IHoO, t}iey erected a building south of and nearly adjoining the one then occupied by tliem, the main j)art of which was fifty by si.\ty-four feet, with an L twenty by twenty feet, and five stories high, la this they placed a new engine of larger size than the one before used by them, au annually, besides their own publicatiiuis, an ™« .,c„pv one of .he n,.». co.npIC cs,.b,is.,mc„.s of U. ki.,1 in the Union. , triiiftiinirs of Portland brown The buiUhng is of hrick. ^vth ba.oment, ^"J/ "*^'^f ^^^.^ ,.,.,, ,,i.,,. (ox- stone. It i. one hundrca an.l ^'-^V-^'.^.Jf^* '7J;^j; Lets), andfour elusive of an I. containing stairways, ^-f "^ f ^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ,,,,,-.,.1 by a stories high, beside basement and alt . ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^f j ,,„., ,ud ,aachine and carpeMer shop, and «-^^'; Z^^^;-;^,;;: ^ ividid for the U,. on the east unu south ^'J'^^- " ^^^'^'J'^'^'fi^T^; or, in front, is the storage of eleetrotype phUes and 'f:^^.""'^'?;^^^^^^ office of the firm, neatly and "-^^''V «" '^t ral offi e re the p ivate office, walnut trimmings. IntUerearof ^^^^^:^J^,,^;o..,M.r., and the packing and press rooms. In the atter ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ Power Presses, adapted to the var.ous ^-^^^^^^f^ P;"^^^^^^^ ^ands ; also on «oor is the composing room, capable U^^^^^^^ J^ ^^^^^,^^ ^,^,^^„,.^ Ihe same floor are six of Hoes ^i""""^"^ conveniently arranged and sup- ,,,,,,. On the third floor is ^^^^^^l^^Z, , ,,:| for folding ''''-' ''"'' ' t TZIZ itStly aceomldate nearly one hundred easily moved from one story to anothe, ^^^^ ^_,^^^^^^^^^, The business of this firm is excelled ^'^ ^'^' \ ^,,i^i„^ ,„ t,,ose Among the many books printed and bound H/ J^," -^^^ ,, ^..eady^am..d, are upward of 2..0.000vou.r .so Or^^^^^^^^^^^^ besides large quantities o other war ''"f- . '^^^^^ g..,,Uy extended, fore large, is capable, with their present faculties, ot Dcmg b TiUiughast K. Collins, Philadelphia, one of the old and wid.y '-- printers of Pl^^^P^^^.-^ city in the year 1B02. His ancestors on ♦^ T>"^^ ^^ J^ ^,„,,.,,ted there early settlers of Rhode Island, his great grandfather hau n. . .,.iW it was yet a colony, and his father was horn ;t J ;;; ^^ „^, Mis great grandfather on the maternal ^'l' y;//^ ;;;;„!,,,,;,,« river known profession, who resided on and owned an island '" ^^ » ' ,^, „,^,, ,„,,, „,.., I White's Island. On returning to Wales I^> w '^ 1^- the island having been taken possession o ^'V ! -/^^^ ' . , ,,,,„ ,Ue sons it was never recovered by the family. Mr. *;'.'l'" ^J^ ' ^ .j,,,.! f„,.. it be- ,,,,> cuite young, and the mother being lef '"^ ^^^ ^J' „,fo,.. he camc'necessary for the lad to begin the f ["^^^ ;;;;;.; ,,Lnt Mathew was thirteen years of age he entered <»'%!;""* "'^ •"'';;, .'.'lar apprentice- <,,roy as a "sheet boy." and not long after ^■""^^^j^" ,,,,',,,,,.. in, ,,,i,,;i,h .lame. Maxwell, who at tha tune h d "";';''*',,. ,,_,,. ,„ .„,I.,,i„.n.ents in Philadelphia, on ^"'f^'-*^-";,; .."*;„ ,, ,.,.ils of novitiate in the wareroom. and progressed ^^J- ^^^^^ h reputation ut a compositor's and pressman's duties, and finuhtd witu vi l TILl.TNOIIAST K. COI,I,INS, rniLADEUMIIA. C.;0 luncnts of its kind of Portland brown 'orty feet wide, (ex- id closets), and four t is oecuiiied l>y a ttinjr of pape--, and •rly divided, for tho oor, in front, is tho and "ak, with hhick e the private office, ,'e improved Adams' ing. On the second 'orty hands ; also on t, and three smaller ly arranged and sup- er is usL'd for folding nearly one hundred ;toring paper, and is; 3 for pressing sheets. by which goods are ly, in New England. , in addition to those r's American C'ontlict, ness, although hereto- ing greatly extended. lia, )hia, was born in that side were among the aving emigrated there ranston in that state. ihman, and a lawyer by Delaware river known pwrecked an appn'iitire- ship he removed to Washington, and was employed by IVter Force, who lias since t)ecome noted tor Iniving collected the rarest historical library in Ami'r- ica. Subsequently lie was engaged by Gales & Beaton, and DufT (!reen, all of thera well known printers and jjublishers. During his residence in Washing- ton he became connected witli tho Methodist Episcojiul (:hu;'ch. of which, for more than forty years, he Inis been a consistent and prominent member. A difliculty having occurred between the journeynuMi printers and tlieir employers induced Mr. Collins to return to Philadelphia, where he soon found employment, though trade at that time was dull. James Kay. the law bookseller, appreciating his merits as a superior and reliable pressman, offered to engage him by the year at what were then considered good wages, viz.. nine dollars a week. Jle accepted the ofl'cr and remained in this situation for about eighteen months, when lie left it to become foreman for Liiwrcnce.K.hn- son, wlio had entered upon his i)rosperous career. Subse.v.iontly lie was cm- l>loyed in Frankfor;i;{, his lifelong friend Edward C. Biddle proposed to loan him two thousand dul'irs us caintal to engage in business on his own account, and associating with him Robe.t Wriglit, a compositor in Kay's office, they opened a printing office in Prune street with b\it one hand-press. This partnershij), however, ccmtinued but for a short period, and in 1835 a new one was formed with his yoim^'er brother, establishing the firm of T. K. & P. (J. Collins, who by their superior skill attained a position at the very head f their profession. During tho e.\i.liiiigiou presses received credit, were printed by tlie Messrs. Collins. Pice & Hart's '• National Portrait Gallery," .nd " North American Sylva;" Mr. Isaac Le.i's "Naiades," and "Fossil Footmarks in the Old Red Sandstone;" and nnmer- pus standard medical works, illustrated with the finest wood-cuts, are among the handsome volumes wiiich bear the Collins imprint. During this period also, the old office in Lodge Alley, now Jayne street, occujiied by them from the beginning, was enlarged from time to time until it becam.- one of the most extensive in the city. TIio junior partner, P. G. Collin.s, died in iHiU. }Ie was a printer of rare ac(piirements and general knowledge. His familiarity with every department of the business was intimate and exact. A man of high personal integrity, keen sense of lionor, and generous instincts, Iiis loss was deeply felt. After his decease, the business was managed by the senior member, imtil recently, when he became unable, through ill liealth, to give it perseu;d and active supervision. The management tlien devolved upon Mr. J. Wesley Hull', a rntletnan of remarkable clearness of intelleet and of long exp, ■ieiue in the -ilablisliment, who has been connected with it as nnin and boy for over •Mrty years, passing through all gradf.tions, from an apprentice coinpositoi, iiid proof reader, to he the general manager. The composing room of the establisliment is now one hundred und sixty 6 GO EMINENT MODERN PRINTERS. fiM't in lcii;itli iiiul will iiccommoilatc sixty compositors with tlicir casos. The touts oi' tyjH' in this room are luiusually large, some o( tliciii weighing itpwards of lour thousand imuiuls. The job room is tliorouuhly organized, wiin se> eral hundred handsome fonts of job type, and every facility for the execution of plain and > -namentiil work. The press room contains seventeen jxiwer- presses and fou. hand-presses with i)atent inking machines, and all the ini- jjrovements which modern ingenuity has developed for facilitating the business. In illustration of the capacity of the press-room, we may state that the average of each week's work done in it is about liftein hundred tokens, wliich is ecpii- valent to nine million duodecimo pages ; or, in other words, about twenty-live thousand duodecimo volumes of ordinary size arc printed on their jircsses each week. In the wareroom there are two hydraulic and three of Evans' screw presses of the largest size. Over one hundred persons are generally employed in this establishment. Mr. Collins was for many years a Director of t)ie Public Schools, and has at various times received murke . ' ^stimony of the appreciation of his fellow, citizens in the community in which he has so long lived. His business suc- cess and personal popularity were due in no small degree to the beauty of his moral character and his many excellent social ((ualities. Kindness of heart, and l)enevolence, beaming from a round, good-humored countenance, were his distinguishing chevacteristics, and endeared him to all who were brought ii>to contact with him. Tluent and aflable in conversation, abounding in apt stories and illustrations, courl(>ous in business intercourse, to know liini was to love him. His intellect also«was of more than the average order. He contributed to the profession with which he was identilied two improvements of great value to printers— the patent r»ller-boy for inking hand-presses, and the iui- movaljle rules which surround the blocks on which stereotype plates for cer- tain works are pUiccl. Probably no man during an active and long business career had fewer enemies and more friends among rivals and colaborers in the same field, than T. K. Collins of Thiladelphia, while in his present allliction and physical disability he has the sympathy of all who prize a most estima- ble charactci. George P. Gordon, New York, A practical printer, but more widely known as the inventor of new styles (.f printing presses, now e.\tensively used, was born in Salem, New Hampshire, ui 181(1. In early life, he manifested the mechanical and inventive ability for wliidi lie aftcrward> became distinguished ; and his capacity, in fact, may be said to luive been inherited, lie was, for several years, engaged as a practicil printer in the city of New York, and through a knowledge of the defects in the jircsses then iu'tise, was led to attempt improvements. In \mi or M."). b'' made his first exiicrimeiit for the improvement of Card Tresses, the best, .1 which were, at that time, imperfect in construction, unsound in principlr. and slow in operation. It was not, however, until 1850 that lie applied 1. r his first patent since whiib time, he has obtained from twenty-Uve to tliiny patents for various additional improvements. 1 GEORGE V. OOUDON, XKW YOUK. r,r.i tlieir casos. The ivi'igliiiig »i|)war(l.M lizOll, will! SIM Ol'lll for the execution ses-enteen jxiwer- 1, anil all tlio ini- iiting the business, e that the aver!ij,'e .'US, which is e(|ui- about twenty-live I on their jiresses il three of Evans' sons are generally Schools, and has it ion of his fellow- llis business suc- the beauty of his Kindness of heart, uitenance, were his were brougiit into inlini? in apt stories w hiin was to love r. He contributed ovenu'iits of ^leal iresses, and the iui- typc plates for cer- 1 and lontj busines-* id colaborers in the s present attlictioii rize a most estinia- :or of new styles of n, New llampshiro, vc ability for which fact, may be said to ifjed as a practical Ige of the defects in In 's;!4 or ';i"), 1m' I'resses, the bcsi, < I isouud in principli'. that lie ajipiied U't twenty-live to tliiny Since the building of his first jircss. he has continued an miinterrupted series of experiments, and bniit more than oiu! hundrcil varieties of jiresses of various sizes, including more tlmn seventy-live dillercnt styles. I'ornis, and coililiinatinns. And he has conscientiously cast aside and .il)iuidoned any design which has not been foutnl ]iractically satisfactory, retaining only its available features and tested improvements. This persistent experimenting has been attended with a cost of more than one hundred tliousand dollar:'. Indeed, for years, Mr. (iordon expended every dt nan, nor has he ever ' the social circle, or c for his talents more roublesome struggles ion, sincere in friend- aple of private worth, Robert P. King, Philadelphia, Eminent both as a printer and a public spirited citizen, was born in the city where he has achieved his honors, in the year 1815. He attended what was called the "Model School" of Philadelphia, of which J. Loxley Ilhees was principal, until he was thirteen years of age, when he became a store boy in the chitia warehouse of Messrs. Read & Gray. During his school novitiate he secured the rci^pect of his teacher, wlio thus early testified to his worth and predicted his future usefulness and prominence. Before he was sixteen years of age, he was duly indentured as an apprentice to the printing business, in whicli he served the usual period, until his majority, April 2d, 1830. During the ensuing wo years he worked at "case" as a journeyman, and was distin- guished both for rapid composition and freedom from errors. In 1838, he formed a copartnership with his present partner, Alexander IJaird, and com- menced business in the same building now occupied by them on Sansom street above Sixth. Their limited facilities at that time, compared witli their now extensive estaldishraent, presented the widest difference. Mr. Baird worked a single hand-press, and Mr. King was sole compositor, solicitor of jobs, bookkeeper, foreman, proof reader, and purchaser of supplies. The young firm found that two of the smallest rooms in their present building were amply sufficient for the accommodation of their infantile business ; but by diligent attention and unwearied industry, this gradually expanded, until at present the firm have one of the largest and most complete printing offices in the city of Philadelphia. They have now in their pressrooms twelve Adams presses on book work, two Hoe 'ylinder, four Gordon, and one Liberty press on job work, which consume daily about one hundred reams of paper. They employ in the com- posing roor-is over sixty hands, and in all the departments, about one liundred and twenty persons, exclusive of the stereotype foundry, which has just been fitted out with entirely new machinery of the latest improved style, by Messrs. Hoe \- Co., and is now in successful operation. This firm was the first, it is said, in this country, to establish an office for printing German books, and they liave now what is believed to be the largest and best appointed German printing establishment in the country. The Gernuui Dictionaries stereotyped by them are in demand in (Jermany, where ihey are noted tor their accuracy ami typographical neatness. In 1844, they conunenced the publication of tlie National Clay Almanac, which was the pioneer of mil- lions of other almanacs since issued by them ; their series at present consist- ing of no less than seven English and three (!eriuan editions, of which they print one million copies annually. Probal)ly no firm in the Union have equal facilities for printing works in rare languages. They have printed a hymn book in Cherokee, numerous works in Swedish, including a volume of Swedish poetry, several works in Norwegian, and liave stereotyped and printed an Episcopal Prayer-book inthe(!rebo language, under supervision of Bishop Payne, and also a Dictionary of the Grebo dialect. Special fonts of type were cast and prt pared for these works. Mr. King was never a mere politician, but has always been an active and influentiil member of that party which has made protection to American CM EMIXEN'T MnDKB-N miNTEUS. i,,,.,.trv it. ..uMinal fo.turo. ITo ha. hehl many officos of l^-^"'- J ^ ' ; .,,\,,,r,t. A. early as 1810, he was elected by the Couuc.ls of I h-hulel- , o„ of the (Juar.liLs of the Toor, a..! re-eleete.l for a seconu ter.n ,u .; After the cousoli.lation of the several city .hstr.ct. nn^ler one mu.u- ; Uity in 1804, he was elected by the people to the same pos-fon. alter a ;;Scontest:aud served in all .W si. V^- f f^^^^::;^ ^:;, ^.I^ I'revident of the I',oanl. In 1800, he represented the becond ton^.t . < n.u ) tit of rennslyvania in the electoral college, and in 1804, the l-.r.t Cou- i; io lal District! in both instances casting the vote "f - -tnct for l. Lincoln for President. In 1803, ho was aj.pointed by the Pres dent of tb . sZ;^ldl of Philadelphia a member of the Bounty ^^J^^^^^ He was elected President, and served for thirteen months, at great ptiso ul ^^;:,t his business, having, at the time a son a;;^ r^phew^ . w. his assistants in business, absent on active duty m the field. Lndtr tlu, liS a^ of this Commission, the ,uotas of Philadelphia. . a varnn^s cals^ troops, amounting to .-er thirty-fue thousand men, were filled, h un- ie being pa d to more thin twenty thousand men. involving an expend, u of fie mil ions eight hundred thousand dollar... This enormous amount f :L Lid busiiress was transacted by the Commission at the comparatively trifiin.' expenditure of less tlian seven thousand dollars. '^1:;;'!:: o.her o^-ices held by Mr. King, may be -ntioned he fd owing Pre«ident of the Philadelphia Fire Insurance Company, President of Board Tf Mam"-rs of Mount Moriah Cemetery Association, of which he was ne o the proi^ctor^- and President of the National Union Club, a Kepublican ;:.E U n Philadelphia. He is also Director of the Union Passenger a" r y n««ber of the Union League, and President of the Soldier s Home ^i:;r:n active, .ealous Mason, he is tK«/-^-f ^^^ °V" Wh f il^ e has been a member of the (irand Lodge for sixteen years. AV lul tl e c umerous oflices involve considerable labor, and some of t liem an absohUe thy" money, from no one of them has he ever received any pocumary Zl or rewari of any kind, save the satisfaction of doing his duty to his "^ M: S:-s record as a political leader is, in (act, a rem..rUable one Ibr^Us n^fny selflcrilicing labors audits unsullied integrity. '^^^^^^^^^^^ ZA..\on. panizan,he has never sought to achieve success by acts and a-encies that are " not justified by honor." „„„ii4ipc Personally, Mr. King has the advantage of possessing phys a he left his native home and went to Huston, where lie completed his apprenticeship with Samuel II. Parker, at that time a leading printer and also publisher of the Waverly Novels in fifty-six volumes. Six years sul)se<|uently he commenced business for himself with less facilities probably than any printer ever before had attempted to do bii.iiness with, and in 18I!4 he had the misfortune to lose, by fire, the little he had accumulated, lie then removed to School street, where, for over thirty years, his printing office has been established, though at dill'erent localities on the same street, and in 1830 he formed a copartnership .>ith George Dexter, the founder of the well known news firm of Dexter and IJrother. Ai that time the leading printers in Boston were Munroe & Francis, and Lillie, Waite was apprenticed to Joseph C. fepear. to U .rn the a.t of pn.tmg a., cfore he was fifteen he was entrusted by his en ployer w.th t - --n--"' V o the business. AVith Mr. Spear he remain d untd ^'^^^^^;^^^ jnajority, and subsequently became his partner, a relation however, that was mamtained only for a few years. . Early in his business career Mr. Nesbitt gave evidence of P---'"^ ^ pro-rressive spirit wluch has made the United States the marvel of he wo Id, and^ml if St d an aptitude for adapting machines to accomphsh u-retofore rit-nTn results. His disposition to depart from the routine of las profes- Ton ^manifested in 1835, when he began the introduction of the mach.ne TadeWord Type, and originated styles superior in novelty and be^vuty to any Tat had befor?b;en kno>vn. The printing of a combinat on of colors at one mpr ssion next engaged his attention, and about 1840 he devised and pro- ^^^ richine iW tte purpose, which s.^erseded the old -d s ic-w memo Jf printing one color at a time, and proved an entire success. But h.s mos valuable achievements in this direction have been in the improvement and aS'taUon of machinery for the manufacture of envelopes for the Government ^85 Mr. Nesbitt received his first order from the Postmaster General of he United States, for a large quantity of envelopes with a Prepa"! ^ arn^ combined, for the use of the public. Previous to that time, various attempts Sbcen made in England, to introduce and popularise such envelopes, but olg to tTe want of proper machinery to manufacture them economica y. hlifot be nluccessful. Mr. Nesbitt undertook the task of overcoming the obst'les and 80 far succeeded that these envelopes are now sold at but a lail ad ance on the cost of the stamp. Ue has made every prepaid envelop that the Post Office Department has issued up to the preseu time, and has fumilei his responsible engagements with such fidelity as t. elicit numerous clmenlvtov, .oLices from successive heads of the Post Oftice Department, Jn Oipir offi'i-d • .'ports to Congress. A heln-ifa ture of these envelopes is a novelty in this country, it may belt resU g to give an account of the procesnes adopted in an es ab hshment rherl: quafter o'f a million are made daily. The paper is --f-^- - nresslv for the purpose, and bears the water mark P. 0. D. U. b., which is o ar 2ed that tl.ese initials appear on each envelope after the paper is cut to sir This paper is brought in large sheets from the mills packed m eases, anTcarely counted in divisions of fifty sheets each After being again coxuiJed on its arrival at the envelope manufactory, and carefully compared 3 the invoice, it is taken to the cutting room, and cut by an mgeniou mach ne driven by steam power. The knife, which is made o the exact size Tt eivv lope before it' is folded, is placed upon a pile of four hundred le , nd bdng set under the lever of the press, is made to pass easily «■ GEORGE F. NESniTT, NEW YORK G67 3 of the industriul lited Slates, wiis ave risen to cnii- lieved auecoss by Hiile a mere boy, of priatins;, ami the responsibility had attained his lowever, tliat was if possessing that irvel of the world, raplish lieretofore tine of his profes- )n of the machine and beauty to any in of colors at one B devised and pio- 1 and slow method ;ss. But his most improvement and )r the Government, master General of I a prepaid stamp e, various attempts uch envelopes, but :hem economically, of overcoming the now sold at but a ry prepaid envelope sseut time, and has to elicit numerous Office Department, this country, it may in an establishment is manufactured ex- 0. U. S., which is so r the paper is cut to Us, packed in cases, After being again carefully compared cut by an ingenious iide of the exact size 3ile of four hundred made to pass easily throufrh the whole thi.kness of the paper producing four hundred envelopes in about three seconds. After this, the envelopes are handed over to .i number of youn- women, whose business it is to place the adhesive sell- Bealing preparation on the outer tlap. Ho rapidly is this done, that one person is able to prepare and dry many thousand i)er day. Alter this tl,o envelopes are i-asse.l to the stumping and folding department, where here are about sixty of the most i.igenious and perfect machines. A sell-leed.r is employed, by which the flat envelope is carried forward to an apparatus wbi.l. embosses it, places the adhesive gum on the side flaps, folds the envelope, fastens and drops it into a tin oox, which quietly counts oft' its contents into layrs of twenty-five each, and hands them over to be counted again, bunded, and packed subject to the order of the Post Oflice Department. The manufacture of envelopes however, extensive as it is, is but * secondary item in the general business of the firm of Nesb.tt & Co. No less than eight adjacent buildings are occupied in the various operations earned on under their direction, but these are so arranged and communicating as to seem but one building. The printing department is the most extensive in the country In the press room there are some fiCty-^ix presses of diflcrent sizes and kinds and all, with the exception of four, worked by steam. Among them i. an immense cylir,der Napier press, standing eight feet high-a giant among pigraies-and by its side are the so-called lightning presses, for printing cards "" The'comp'osing roomys are stocked with copious fonts of type, which are arran^'ed in the most admirable order and precision. This department whicirpresents a scene of unusual attraction for a printing oflice, is provided with apparently every variety of facilities for plain or display printing, Irom a card to a poster, from a bill head to a book, and we believe even news- papers are set up here. The fourth floor is appropriated to the manufac- ture of Blank Books. In this branch, which is ordinarily a speciality, this firm do a very large business, supplying merchants, banks, and incorporated companies with all styles of blank work. Here are machines for ruling paper with great expedition. Tlie attics are utilized as drying rooms, and fitted up wifh racks, and properly ventilated for the purpose of drying the prmted sheets as they come from the press room. , -c- , „ This firm are not only Printers, Lithograpliers, Blank-book and Envelope Manufacturers, but Card Manufacturers and Stationers. They make not meTely he cards consumed in their printing establishment, but also a arge amouJt for sale in the market and for exportation, while the store on ihe ower floor, in the rear of which are the countirg rooms, is well filled with e^«ry variety of stationery. There are also capacious rooms for the storage of paper and ler stock, and a machine shop for the repair of machinery on the ^Twould be superfluous to eulogi/.e one, who by his energy and practical intelligence has built up an establishment so important and cx,mprehensive as this, and which is now justly regarded as an important cons ituent in the L„ t ial reputation of America. His best eulogy is the simple story of his ^aevements, his best monument the record of his success. We pass to say 668 EMINENT MODKUN I'lUNTERS. „ word of hi. coa,1jutors an.l ,Kuluors. Mr. Jamk. A\ u,t.. .I.o ^ en man- a-^cr of tlK- printing dopart.nont, has been associated with Mr. N.;sl..tt mikc 18:55 and possesses extraordinary capnci-y for li.e dispatch ol Lusincss. Mr. Epwuu. I'.Mahtin, who superintends tlte Stationery and l.iUM.jrrajd.ic de- partments, has also been a mend.er of the firm for many years ^vh.le l-rod- erick A. Harter and George V. Nesbitt. Jr., who have recently beco.ne part- ners, are not without experience in the details of the business. Uus t.rux furnishes employment to over three hundred persons, and have m active use a capital exceeding three hundred thousand dollars. John F. Trow, New York, Is one of the oldest establisliod and most extensive printers in th« ^'J^Y ^|" New York. He was born at Andover, Massachusetts, m the year 18 0, and was descended fron. one of the best families in New England U'l t. he wa. ten years old, his lile was spent upon his father's farm, and in l« ••1. at the age of fourteen, he commenced his apprenticeship at the printing business, with Flagg and Uould, of Andover. Their office, known as ihe -aodman l-r. ss- (from the fact of its possessing an outfit of Oriental type, f.ru.shed hv the then late Rev. Dr. Cdman. of Dorchester, Massachusetts), was noted in those days ns doing the best Oriental printing in the country excelling Pven the Cambridge I'ress, from which it had originally emanated. D was from this "Codman Press" that the first printing an*pnblishing were execu- ted f,.r the now great American T.^act Society, when the presei, veneralde Dr. Ilalleck commenced his editorial labors in the preparation of the series of tracts which have found their way not only to every corner of our own land, but it may be truly said, to every portion of the k.unvn world. Here M Trow industriously spent his apprenticeship, receiving thirty-five dollars per annum for clMhing and board and lodging, in the family of his employer, M l"la.'g, who was also his brother-in-law. In addition to this he uul a "pnvilege" of a "stint" of I'our thousand ems T^v day, and twenty cents per thousand for all overwork. In this way the hoys of that day were enabled to earn their spe,iding-money and to procure the luxurus M d.ess Uy risinix early, often at two or three o'clock in the morning, a bo> ■ould earn by overwork some six dollars per week, which was .,uite a sum lu those «ld- f,:.hioned times. On these terms he served out his seven years, mostly oii-mged on the Oriental works published at Andover under^he authorship and supervision of such literary and theolog.cal notabilities as Muart Robinson, tiibbs, Edwards, and others. He remaine.l m the same ol^lce for n short time after his majority, but, receiving a pro, osition to estabhsh a weekly newspaper at Nashua, ^^. 11 , he repaired to tl.,,t place, where during ,1,. whiter of lK;U.-:i2.he printed and published T.e .'iashna Herald ; but the enterprise not proving satisfactory to him. he returned to A'ulover and, after remah.ing there for a few months, he came to Ne« \ ork city, m the spring ..f IHIU, under the encouragement, and afterward under the patronage, of thelalclomithan Leavitt. t w..af Un the Ist of May. 18:i3, he commenced business with Mr. John I. ^Vt8t, JOHN F. TnOW, NKW YORK. GC9 who is cliiof man- Mr. Nc!*l)itt since of Imsincss. Mr. LiU'oirrajiliic ile- ycurs. wliile Fred- ■iilly beciiine jiart- siiio.s.s. This tinu .ud have iu active tors in the city of the year 1810, and md. Until he was and in l«21, at the !• printing bn.xincss, 1 as the "Oodnian itttl typo, fiiruishi'd ■husetts), was noted > country, e.xcplhnfr ' ennniati'd. It wan Idishiiifr were e.xecu- c present veneral)le ration of the series ' corner of our own iwuworhl Here Mr. lirty-five dollars per ily of his employer, in to this he had a md twenty cents per lat day were enabled Turi(f) of dress. 15y njr, a boj -ould earn ; a sum iu those old- seven years, mostly .iider Mie authorship italiilities ns Stuart, i\ the same nllice for isition to establish a t phice, wliere, duriiin i^ashua Herald ; but lu'd to Andover, and, >;t'\s Yorli city, in ihi^ 1 under the patronage, Ih Mr. John T. West, whose issues were amonp: tlie best typotrraphical specimens of that day under the liiin style of M'est it Trow, at No. 144 Fulton street. Two iron hand-presses, one furnislied l)y Mr. West and upon whicli he liad printed the Neiv York Observer, and the other by Mr. Trow with a supply of type cor- respondingly extensive — constituted the oHice with which they eoninieiici'd business. This i)artnership. however, only lasted a few years, ami in iHliO the business devolved upon Mr. Trow, and was continued by him at No. M Ann street mail about tlie year 1840, when he t'Mrmed a partnership with his early friend and patron, under the name of Leuvitt A: Trow, |)ublishers iiud booksellers, and John F. Trow k Co.. printers. This connection lasted until abiiut 1H4S, durinif which time they published the comjili^te works of the elder Jonalban Kd wards and the classical series of the Kcv. Prof. John J. Owen, besides many minor works. During the time that >[r. Trow carried on business at 36 Ann street, he iatroduceil Tufts' press, worked by mule power. This jiiess and mule power, however, not proving satisfactory, were soon disjiensed with, and when the improved "Adams press" was int'-oduccd, Mr. Trow adopted it, and in this anticipated all his eotemporaries in New York. As early as 1840 he inlro- dueed stereotyjiing in connection with the printing business, and his foundry, to wliich an elcctrotyj)ing department lias been added, is now one of the largest in that city. Mr. Trow has always been foremost in introducing improvements to facilitate the nnmufacture of books. About 18r)4, William Mitchell patented a machine for setting and distributing type, whicdi was the first practical machine of the kind ever used in the world. Mr. Trow purchased one of these machines, and tiuding it a success, saving largely in the cost of composition, he addi'd others until now he has five machines in constant u.se iu setting the type for the ])ublications of many o^' tlie leading publishers. In 18.").") a til' destroyed the premises in whiih he was then h)cated and lie removed to .'179 Broadway, where he remained imtil 1800, when he took l)osscssion of liis present buildings Nos. 4(), 48, and ."lO, (Jreen street. Here he has one of the largest printing offices and stereotype foundries in this country. A lire proof vault under the sidewalk, extending the width of tlie l)uilding, is used for storing stereotype ])lates : anil oi:e room is di'voted to the storage of paper. t)n tlie second floor is tlie counting-room, the balance of the same floor, and the first, being occupied by the bindery. Tlie third floor is occupied by tlie book and job press rooms, containing seventeen jircsses. besides iiyd;.. lilies and screw presses for pressing"- sheets, and a large steam cutting press. On the fourtli floor are the stereotype and electrotype foundries and finishiir rooms. Tlie fifth floor is occupied liy the book and job compiisjtiiin rooms, the type-setting machines, and reading room. The number of workmen employed varies from one to two hundred — the latter nmnlier. more especially, during t' • ju'lnling of the City llireclnry. l''or many years Mr. Trow lias been prominently connc(fH| with the publication id' directories. Jn 184',( he eniliarked in the issue of Wil.ion'n JiiisincHs Piriitori/. and on the death of the late John Hogget, he purchased Uiu type which liad been used ou Doggel's City Directory, uud commenccU 670 EMINENT MClDERN TKINTERS inuls in I rSr>-: Till: Ir'nii'J "1 x / vn. "*•■-*-'-■- - ^^ . 2nD rectory, botl. compikMl by Mr. Wil.on. Thes.v ...vl^s have u.n c liical amU'rtcn:: ,, ductions hat rve issued fro„. his press, the University of New iork i.as conferr d X ^the title of University printer. It is said that lus ,s the only Sulhmont in the city where this peculiar class of work .s ^^-^^ variety and elegance of its fonts, is unsurpassed by any pres. m the country. Albert Judd Wright, Bostoa, Now State Printer of Massacluisetts, was t.orn in South Iladley, Hampshire cZty, Massachusetts, in the year 1818. At the a,e of s,.x years, h.s a he having died, he was adopted by an uncle who was engaged n. the pr.nt.ng bi iLess in Boston. He was speedily initiated iu the n.ystery of sweepu.g out a printing office, where there were six K.-mage presses j'-'I'-"^";"- -• some dozen con.positors employed. He was kept at a pubhc school, unt.l fir een years of age, employing his n.ornings and hohday afternoons m doing "Chores." setting types, working in the wareroom, and o he .^. making himself generally useful. During so.ne of these years, by th- . - " s ;t his uncle.'he was'allowed the use of a room, where he used to as. v ., . Bome dozen of his boy companions in the evenings for recrea ion and m..- - tion Here they had a debating society wh.'re national ,p.es hons were iree.; discuc.ed. A post office was also established, each boy having his box. nd considcrnble correspondence was the consequence . At length a military ;;„,,„ny .as organized .n this juvenile head-quarters, embracing ove Bisl V boys, between the ages of twelve and seventeen years. \ oung \\ right wn .•hosen the captain, and trained the boys for about two years. ( ap ain Wriu'hfs "Young Volunteers." armed with pikes, are well remembered by many now living in Hoston. At the age of sixteer years, his uncle, whose rushlss at that tinu- was printing music, left him in charge o one hall the fflce selling out the other half to Mr. Luke Shepley and they carne.l :„ the music printing business u.^ler the .irn. of Shepley .V NV .;...» about two years more Mr. Shepley sold out his interest to Andrew b. ividdur, ALBERT JUDP WRir.IIT. ROSTOX. eti Usdn'n Ci'partner- H liavc lic(>n con- isity to tli.iusunds ork, ami iilVorilinn anmuii, tn- tlurin;,' idri'il ami sevuuty ach. ^\■ilhin the the Uiiili'd Slates le than hud ever 5 of Oriental type, ■w. Aruhic. 8yriae, ill (juantity and iiiieiit ill the coun- iil production of elcg:'* fonts. In ik'rit I diii'tions k oik iiasf conferred lit liis is the only : is done, and in the ress in the country. Iladley, Hampshire six years, liis father ged in the printing iiystery of sweeping les in o])er«tion, and public school, until diday afternoons in ooin, and otlu" v- isc > years, liy ill'' i'li''- > he used to asu iJii-l!.' creation and msti ''- Hueftioiis were free.; )oy haviiiir his Itox, At Icnutlui military [■rs, eniliracinir over ■ars. Yi>ung \Vri):ht two years. Cajitain well renienihered by Mirs, his uni'ie. whose large of one half the ley. and they carried leiiley A Wii^'.hl. In to Andrew U- Kidder, and the business was continued under the firm of Kidder & AVriglit. At one time this firm monopolized about all the music printing done in IJoston. Both partners worked steadily at the case. It involviul much labor for small pay, and after two or three years' work in this tread-mill, young Wright notified his unci'! to take possession of his interest in the office, as he pro- posed to get married and branch out into business on liis own avcount. In ]84;J he established a small book and job office in Water street, where ho finally secured business enough to encourage iiim to enlarge liis facilities until he occupied fi c large rooms, and was able to keep in ojieration five Adams Power Presses, and employ a large number of coinjtositors. Business had increased so that lie wa^ induced to share its cares and profits— and losses — with a partiK .-. In 18.)4 he was elected to the House of Representatives, and in 1H.')5 to the Senate of Massachusetts. Attending to politics nt that time was not conducive to jirosperity, and in 18.55, dissatisfied with his partnership he put tlic concern into ("hancery as the only way to free himself, by which means he got delivered of his partner and his office too. For some eight years lie had pulilished and edited a weekly piper called the " South Bodon Gazette," an enterprise which was not prf-erainently remunerative. In a short time afterward he entered Into an rrrangement with William White, then Htate Printer for the Commfnwea'th, to whom he endeavored to mr.ke liimself generally useful in assisting him to bear the load he had to carry. In 18.')" he was again elected to the House of Representative •, when he was able to bo of service to liis friend White, whom he regarded as one of the best men in the world— by securing for him a renewal of iiis contract to execute ihe State Printing for five years. About 1800, Mr. White's health having hi en nearly destroyed by his devotion to the details of his large business, lie proposed to Mr. Wright and Mi. Robert K. Potter, to buy his office and continue his contract with the State. 'I'hrough the instrumentality of friends the necessary mtans were obtained, and the bargain consummated, and a new firm, on an old foundation, of Wrkhit & Pottkk, successors to William White. State I'.intcr, was ushced into being. In I8(i'2, when the printing contract expired. Mr. Wright was again elected to the Legislature, and the contract was secured for the new firm. In 1H«17, Mr. Wright was again a member of the Legislature. The State [irinling for Massachusetts moiiOpolizes nearly all the material of Wright and Potter's large eslalili.shment during most of the time. Their office con- tains nine power presses, besides numerous job presses, and employs on an average sixty workmen. The cmjiloying printers of Boston and vicinity having organized an association known as the New England Franklin Club, Mr. Wright was elected first president of this ossociittiou, to wJiich posiUou he lias been re-elected for three successive terms. C7: EMINENT MODERN PRINTERS. Cornelius Wendell, Washington, D. C, V7hosc rune as a Printer is identified will, the public printini? office at tl^e National Capital, of which he is the founder, was born at Can.brid^c, ne;>r Albany, New York, in the year 1813. lie was early apprenticed to Croswoll k Van IJenthuysen. State Printers in Albany, and after compl(;tu.ff hi. apprenticeship, was employed as foreman for 0. Van Benthuysen, and luui control of his entire business. In IHtf) Mr. Wendell removed to Washington, and became enframed on Oonsressional Printing. Af er ten years' experience, he determined upon ercctin- a model public printing office, and so expeditiously were his plans carried out, that though *he building was begun in S.'ptember, 1H..(., it was ready for occupancy in iho followin-,' November. It consists of a long, wide, brick editice, four stories in heiglit, surmounted by a cupola, over which is perched the emblematical eagle. At cacli end of the roof is a flag stall, from whidi the national ensign floats on gala days, and the entire s(,uare is neatly fenced in. while rows of shade trees overshadow the broad sidewalks Detached from the main building is an engine house, with an ornamental chimney that towers above the establishment. It contains a magnificent steam-engine of forty horse power, that operates with the facility of a chro- nometer. Its large tubular boiler also supplies steam for heating the main building, and for a small donkey engine that pumps water from the adjacent branch. The press rollers, " those mystic compounds of glue and molasses, arc also manufactured in tlie engine house. n.ere is also a machine shop on tlie grounds, and commodirus stables within the enclosure, for the aecomiuodation of the horses re.,uired m the transportation of work. Tlie Storehouse is also a detached building, sixty feet by ci-hty. where the paper is deposited until wanted by the public printer. Some forty thousand reams of fine printing paper, pass through this deposi- tory in a year, weighing forty-five to fifty pounds per ream of four hundred and eighty sheets, each measuring twenty-four by thirty-eight inches. In addition to this large supply of standard printing paper, large quantities ol paper for blank books, etc., arc consumed in this office, which alter being inspected, counted, weighed, and measured, are also deposited in the Store- house until wanted for use. Entering u.e main building, we find on the lower floor a " wetting room, supplie.l with troughs and appliances for dampening the immense ><»l'I'ly "I paper used, with a powerful hydraulic press, for pressing it smooth. I he press room, however, is the remarkable feature of tlie lower floor, c.uitainiug as it does twenty-ninc ponderous machines, each moving with the regularity of a watch, devouring reams of white paper, and throwing olT n. ally pnnlcd sheets Some of the presses are of the Napier pattern, but the greater por- tion are the well known Adams press. Two hundred and ten reams, <.r up- ward of one hu...lred thousand sheets, can easily be printed in ihis ro.,m m a day Adjacent to the press roon., on the lower floor, is the drying rootn, where the sheets, as Ihey leave the press, arc hung on largo frames whuh are pulled out on hanging rollers. When one of these frames is covered « ill. damp sheets, it is pushed into the drying apparatus, which is composed ol CORNELIUS WENDELL, WASIIINUTON, D. C". 6T8. ting ofTice at tl'e t CainhruliiC noiir iitk'C'l lo ("roswrll r compli'tiiijj \\\^ ithuyi*en, and luui came cnfrajjcd on (leterminiHl ui)ou sly wci-o his iilaus 'iiihor, lH.')(i, it was onsists of a lone;, cupola, over whicli roof is a flag stall', he entire s(|naro is e broad sidewalks, ith an ornamental aius a magnidcent 3 facility of a chro- )r heating tlu' main r from the adjacent glue and molasses," lommodicus stables ses reciuired in the ;hed building, sixty ly the public printer, through thi.-i dcposi- am of four liundred ty-eight inches. In •, large quantities of B, which after being )ositcd in the Store- ir ft " wetting room," ! immense supply of ing it smooth. 'The wer tloor, containing g with the regularity ng otr ni ally piiiilcd liul the greater por- jul ten reams, or up- ili'd in this room in a in the drying riKim, 1 large frames wliirh Vanics is covcrt'il wilb whicli is composed of ranges of steam tubes which maintain a high temperature, while the vapor is carried off by a proper system of ventilation. In the drying room are also live massive standing presses, to which an enormous pressure is applied by hydraulic pumps. When the sheets have thus been pressed, they are taken to the bindery, in the third story, by a steam hoisting apparatus. I'asr.ing to the second door, we find the private and business ofRces, and also the proof readers' rooms. The central and much the largest portion of this floor, however, is appropriated as a composing, room, which is lighted by sixty windows during the day, and by gas at night. There are about one hundred double "stands" for compositors, with twenty imposing stones, and every other rcfiuisite convenience. A portion of the second story is enclosed for the "executive printing." Some of this is of a confidential nature, and when it was executed, as in former years, at newspaper offices, it often be- came public, to the annoyance of all concerned. Many amusing anecdotes are told at Washington of tlie strategems resorted to by newspaper corres- pondents to obtain confidential documents, and on one occasion a I'resident had types and workmen brought into the White House, that he miulit liave his annual message confidentially printed. The third story is devoted to binding ; and in the largo " folding room " is a small army of neatly-dressed girls, seated before tal)lcs, who fold the i)rinted sheets with astonishing rapidity. The "executive binding room" is fitted up with two powerful machines for tiimming the edges of books, shears for cutting pasteboard, and other labor-saving inventions. The furnaces for heating the stamps, and for gilding, are heated by gas, which is safer, cleaner, and steadier than charcoal. In another room are " ruling machines," by means of which acres of paper are annually covered with faint red or blue lines, laid on vith mathematical precision. Some of the larger blank books for the use of (Jovcrnmcnt are master-pieces of accurate ruling and substantial binding. The appointments and fixtures in the binding department are fully in keeping with the typo- graphical arrangements below stairs. 'l"ho fourth story is a store room, where stacks of printed sheets arc kept in readiness for the binder. Tlie process of manufacturing Public Documents dor not dilTer essentially from the ordinary methods of making books, except, perhaps, in the quantity of " rule and figure work." The amount of brass rule annually required iu this office is without precedent in any other establishment. In 1861, Mr. Wendell sold the printing office, which ho liad founded, to the (Jovernment, and retired, to devote himself to other pursuits. During his administration, he always maintained the kindest relations with the opera- tives in his employ, who, on one occasion, presented him with a gold snuft box, inscribed "as a memorial of his worth, and as a testimony of tha ])rinters and binders in his employ." Ho was also d'stinguished for tho facility and accuracy with which ho could tell, from a rapid glance over a maniiscript, about how many pages it would make when i)rinted, antl tho shortest time within which the work could be done, if huste were desirable. In 18G6, Mr. Wendell was appointed Superiuteudeut of the Tublic Printing, hut 43 674 EMINENT MODERN PRINTERS. iu March ISCT, ^-us lounslated out for an alleged charge of political favoritism, .00 'cLionof loyal soldiers, which charge ajoiut Co.um.ttee on Priu .ng both nouses of Congress p onounced unfounded. T .s ^-nut^^^^ reporting that " the late Superintendent was lugh^ ^'°{^'\^' ^' ,F .;*,; ! he had filled." add the testimony that " inasmuch as Mr. ^V omku >e tc M^ e o'.S his official connection with the Government l'-^'-=^Offlco .t .s due U> him to say that in courtesy of deportment, m e-.ergy, m offic.encj .u fiilX tl puhiic trust, he- has mot the highest favor with all of the Commatec who have been brought in connection with him. ' olitical favoritism, nittee on rriulini; Committee, iil'tcr of t}ie post wliiih SVendc'il yestc-iUiy ng Office, it is duo y, in efficiency, in I of the Committee INDEX TO rORTRAITS Of REPRESEymiVE LEATHER MANUFACTURERS. John Cummings, Woburn, Mass., One of the oldest and most enterprisinn; of the tanners of Massnchnsetts, was l)orn Fehruaiy 26, 1785. His grandfather, David Cummings, came from Topsfield, in Massachusetts, and settled in Woburn about the year 1757, where he engaged in the business of tanning and farming— pursuits that it was tlien customary to combine— the former furnishing occupation for the winter and farming for the summer months. At that time, it was considered a large business to tan two hundred hides a year, and tliese were mostly ' tanned " at the lialvcs," that is, the tanner took one side for tanning and currying the other. The business thus estaldislied by the grandfather was transmitted tlirough his father, Ehenezer Cumminirs, to the subject of the present notice, who commenced for himself about the year 1804. His liides were mostly obtained from farmers through liis own exertions in travelling on horseback for the purpose of collecting them, and the bark was brouglil in from the adjacent country on teams. As bark became scarce in the imm(!diate vicinity of the tannery, it was a source of no little anxiety and frequent dis- cussion where the future supply ol this essential tanning material would bo obtained. While the raw material was obtained in this primitive manner, the sale of tlie tinislied leather was aeliieved in much the same way, by carrying it about the country in a wagon, and retailing from one to ten sides in a place. About the year 1830, however, Mr. Cummings efTeeted a revolution in his business, by engaging in tlie manufacture of " Chaise I;eather," as a speciality. In this he achieved a wide reputation, and for many years supplic.'d the wants of the chaise manufacturers not OiJy of ^lassaclmsetts, but of New England. When, however. Enamelled leather came into use nnd took the lilace of the common oil linislied chaise leatlier, Mr. Cummings directed his basu. 'ss in another clumncl, and became one of the largest slaughter leather tannert in the State. He was probably the first to appreciate the advantages of the Splitting machine, which has been of the greatest importance in facili- tating the finishing of leather, and was appointed almoner of the fund wliicli was contributed by the leatlier interest for the benefit of the inventor of tliis machine. As a man, Mr. Cummings was remarkable not only foi his industry nnd (G75) 676 REPRESENTATIVK LEATIIKH MAXLFACTIRERS. perseverance, but for his penerous in.puUos. Ho prohaMy taufrht more vouriK men the business of tanning, .uul aided them to embark ni trade for themselves, than any other leather n.anufacturer of the State, and now has a lar-e circle of friends, who regard hiiu as their early benrla^or. I'or the last sixteen years, he ha. not been engaged in active busmes., and has been succeeded by hi eldest son, who is also held in high esteem by his neighbors and the citizens ci" Woburn. Abyah Thompson, Woburn, Mass., Another of the early and eminent manufacturers of leather in Massachu- setts, was born in Woburn in the year 1793. At the age of seventeen he was apprenticed to learn the trade of tanning and currying, at whicli he served faithfully until he had attained his majority, when he commenced business for himself, in the town of Medford, buying leather in the rough, dressing it with his own hands, and selling it thus finished in parcels of from one to six sides to the shoe manufacturers of the adjacent towns. Ihis, howevc, he continued but for a short time, when he resolved to return to his native town, and engage in the tanning of hides. Here he built a small tannery of sixteen vats, and commenced coUectmgh.s hides from the farmers, grinding his bark with a liorse and the old stone wheel or mill, and producing from one hundred and fifty to two hundred finished hides in a year, his only assistants being two apprentices. Mis leather ho trans- ported semi-monthly to the shoe towns of Reading. Stoneham, and Maiden ma wagon which returned loaded with such raw hides as he could procure in the vicinity. At the end of ten years, he found his means had increased Bufficiently to enable him to purchase fifteen acres of land near the centre of the town of Woburn, on which was a small power, and here he laid the foundation of what is now known as the " Thompson Tannory." At first, he only put down thirty vats, but these were added to from year to year, as h.s means and the demand for his leather increased. In 183. he introduced Bteam power, and in the subsequent year, associated with h.m hisson-m- law Mr. Stephkn Dow, who is now his successor. Before his retiremen from active business, in 1 866, his facilities had so increased that he was enabled to tan twenty-five thousand hides per year. .. ^ ^^ , The town of Woburn is probably more indebted to Ab.jah Thompson-who is called by his neighbors by his military appellation. General Thompson-than to any other one of its citizens for its public enterprises and business pros- perity. His success and example attracted to it other tanners, until now it L one of the central points of the leather manufacture of New England. He was the first to secure to Woburn its branch railway, and to establish the Gas Companv, and the Bank of which he has been President since its organization. His financial sagacity has made him sought after by other incorporations, and he has been a director of a bank in Charlestown, one of the original direc tors of the Faneuil Hall Bank of Boston, and for many years one of lo active managers in the Middlesex Insurance Company in Concord His integrity and financial probity are unquestioned, and he belongs to that select IRS. WILLIAM MUSSEU, PHILADELPHIA. 6n lily tauirlit more ilmrk ill tnute for itatc, and now has lionrl'a'jtor. Fur business!, und has igh esteem by his ther in Massachn- •e of seventeen he yinfr, at which he en ho commenced ither ill the rough, in parcels of from cent towns. This, solved to return to lencedcoUectinghis the old stone wheel ndred finished hides is leather he trans- am, and Maiden in a e could procure in leans had increased 1 near the centre of d hero he laid the nf'ry." At first, he year to year, as his 1835, he introduced vith him his son-in- jfore his retirement 3 that he was enabled jah Thompson — who ral Thompson — than s and business pros- tanners, until now it f New England. ITe \ to establish the Gas lince its organization, other incorporations, 3 of the original direc- my years one of the ny in Concord His belongs to that select few who achieve success by force of nature and talent, without early advan- tages, and who use the wealth thus accumulated for the benefit of the com- munity in which they Uve. Alfred Loring, South Hingham, Mass., Is a descendant of a long line of tanners. His father was Elpalet Loring, of Hinstham, who was born July 3, 1774, and died December 20, 1852. aged seventy-eidit. He reoeived a tannery located in Hingham. Tlymouth county, l^Iass., from his father, in the year 1800, carried on the business BHCcessfuUy for more than a quarter of a century, and transmitted it to his son in 1827. The father of Elpalet Loring was Job Loring, who was bora in Hingham, February U, 1740, and died iii that town February 10, 1825, at the patri- archal age of eighty-five years. His father. Solomon Loring. purchased the estate, on which the tannery is situated, of the family of Jacob, and set up his son Job in the business of tanning in very early life. The ancestor of Solomon Loring was Thomas Loring, one of the first settlers of Hingham. It will thus be seen that the Loring tannery has been occupied and the business conducted by the same family for upwards of a century. Under the management of the present owner, the business has been ex- tended, modern improvements introduced, and the tanning and currying of leather in their various forms, have been so perfected, that Mr. Loring's calf- skins and upper leather have an excellent reputation, and meet with a ready sale. Ho bestows his personal attention upon every part of his business, and, as a matter of course, it is well done. Mr. Loring was probably the first to introduce what was known as Pierce's improved process or art of tanning, with Professor Eaton's improvements superadded, and from various experi- ments, for the purpose of testing the process, obtained information of which he still avails himself in the manufacture. About the same time, viz., in 1852, he adopted England's patent handles, of which he continues to maintain a favorable opinion, and recently, he tried Towers' patent alcohol process, and thinks it entirely practicable, and very valuable, if the cost of alcohol were reduced. As a citizen, Mr. Loring is highly esteemed. He is public spirited and liberal ; and his life presents a fair specimen of a substantial and enterprising manufacturer, who finds also leisure, as he has the good taste and inclination, to diversify his employments by considerable attention to agricultural and horicultural pursuits. "William Musser, Philadelphia, Who is one of the oldest living representative men in the Leather Trade of Philadelphia, with which he has been connected for more than a half century, was born in the town of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, August 17, 1789. His progenitors were among the German families who originally settled that county and he inherited from them the qualities of energy, thrift and self re- liance which have been distinguishing characteristics in his business career. His father was a tanner and currier, and for many years carried on the busi- f.TS REPRESENTATIVE LEATHER MANUFACTURERS. ness successrully in Lancaster, Pcnn. Tn 1803, when only fourteen yoiu? of iif^e, young Musser left his inland home and came to riiiladeli)hia, whitli was tlieu universally acknowledged to be Ihc commercial metropolis of t'ne Union, His lirotlier-in-law, John .Singer, was at that time keeping a liide -v^ U'utlur store on Market street in connection with a grocery, and he entered liis employment as an apprentice or clerk. 'J'his Mr. Singer was the surviving partner of the firm of Casper Singer & Sons, who may be said to have been the founders of the hide and leather trade of Philadelphia, having been the first to introduce the custom of buying Spanish hides from the importers, and retailing them to the tanners. I'revious to that it was the habit of the tanners to buy their hides from the importers tliemselves, and in payment to send their leather to the merchant to be sold or exchanged for other goods. During the time that Mr. Musser was faithfully discharging his duties as clerk in this store tlie clamor of war sounded, and all peaceful avocations were interrupted. It was the beginning of the war of 1812, and on account of the position and importance of Philadelphia, it was thought this city would be one of the first objects of attack. Old and young men prepared to shoulder the musket and repel the invader. William Musser was among the first to join the force raised in Philadelphia and vicinity, and accompanied the troops to Camp Dupont, The service performed by these volunteers was simply a tedious routine of duty, not at all varied by excitement and adventure. The British made no attempt to reach Philadelphia. At the close of the war, the volunteers returned to the city, and were welcomed as their protracted service and the :5acrifice of their private interests in behalf of the general weal deserved. Soon after his release from military duties, Mr. Musser was taken into partnership as one of the firm of John Singer & Co., and his attention and talent for trade: soon made him the principal manager of the business. All kinds of domestic manufactures had been greatly stimulated by the war, which had the efl'ect of a prohibitory tariff, and the adairs of the house had risen in importance. In 1829, the senior partner retired, when the style of the firm was changed to John Singer Jr. & Co., who continued the business ■with success until 1836, when the junior Mr. Singer, on account of impaired health, was obliged to withdraw and seek a foreign clime for its restoration. Mr. Musser then conducted tlie business under the firm of William Musser & Co., having associated with him A. H. Bryant, until 184.5, when Mr. Bryant withdrew. Subsequently he took as partners Adam Ruth, and his nephew, Richard M. Greiner, continuing the name of William Musser & Co, which firm is still in existence. Thus it will appear that Mr. Musser has been connected with the hide and leather business, directly and indirectly, since the year 1803, a period of ovf^r half a century, although for the past seven or eight years he has not taken an active part in the management of the concern, which has, in the main, devolved upon the junior partners. As a result of his business career Mr. Mus.ser has been emine'itly sncees?. fill in accunnilating wealth. At one time it is true the calamity which hangs over all commercial transactions befell him, and the firm, in 1848, to the general regret of all, was compelled to suspend payment, but his character had inspired confidence, and the creditors readily granted an extension. This confidence was well deserved, and, in 1853, every cent of every just demand nr ;EnS. fourteen yoiirs of iU'l|)liiii, whitli was [lolis of tiie Union. ii liiilc ••P'l '.I'utlur 1(1 ho ciiU'ri'il Ills ft'iia thn surviviiijr ilto have l)een the ring been the first he importers, and the hiihit of the and in payment to for other g-oods. rging his duties as caceful avocations 2, and on account thought til is city g men prepared to ser was anionji the , and accompanied y these volunteers by excitement and ladelphia. At the I were welcomed as nterests in behalf !er was taken into 1 his attention and the business. All ilated by the war, ) of the house had when the style of inued the business ceount of impaired for its restoration. William Musser & , when Mr. Bryant li, and his nephew, er & Co, which firm has beei connected tly, since the year past seven or eiglit nt of the concern, eminc'itly snccess. lamity which han}:s rm, in lS4fi, to the t, but his character ui extension. This every just demand IIEXllY POOR, BOSTON. 6T9 was paid. From tliat period until tlic present day no house in the leather trade has stood higher in commercial credit and general esteem than the firm of William Musser & Co. During his life Mr. Musser has been a director in various enterprises of pulilic importance and has been solicited to preside over the aff\iirs of several coal companies, a railroad, and one of our principal monied institutions. 'J'iiis he has invariably declined, not from any defect of public spirit, but from the inherent modesty and diffidence of his nature. He was one of the founders of St. John's Lutheran Church, and has long been President of its Board of Trustees. He has also been trustee for a number of large estates and has discharged the duties incident to the position with rare fidelity and skill. Mr. Musser is now in his seveuty-eighth year, and enjoys in compe- tence the rewards of a well spent life, the honor and respect of the community in which he has so long lived, and the attachment of " trooi)s of friends." Henry Poor, Boston, Is one of the eminent leal.:er manufacturers of New England whose birth antedates the beginning of the present century. He was born in the town of Danvers. Essex county, Massachusetts, January IG, 1799. Both his father and grandfather were surnamcd Joseph, and were prominent tanners in their day, and though the family have been engaged one liundred years in the u.ime pursuit, no one of them ever failed to meet his commercial obliga- tions at m iturity. Henry Poor was instructed in the business of preparing leather in his father's tannery, where he commenced his apprenticeship in 1814. when he was fifteen years of age. He was thus employed until ISaO, when he embarked in the hide trade in a limited way, and not long after became con- nected with Mr. Abel Proctor, of Danvers, with whom he was associated for several years. In 1845 he established himself in Boston in the hide and leather business in association with his son Eben S. Poor, and Alexander Moseley, under the firm style of Moseley, Poor & Co. This copartnership con- tinued until 18.51, when Mr. .Aloseley retired, and the now well known nume of Henry Poor & Son became the style of the firm. .Since then, two other sons liave been admitted into the copartnership, and receatly a grandson, presenting the anomaly in American mercantile life of a business being prosecuted continuously and successfully by one family through five succes- sive generations. Mr. Poor formerly confined his business almost exclusively to the produc- tion of Upper Leather but since the establishment of the present firm they have entered largely into the manufacture of Sole Leather, which now constitutes the principal part of their business. They now own and operate three Sole Leather tanneries, besides others which they stock by contract. I^heir taimery in Winn, Maine, owned by them in connection with Shaw, Kingman & Co., is one of the largest in America. 'J'nc main building is seven'Jiundred feet long, with a leach house one hundred and twenty-five feet in length, and scrubbing rooms about sixty feet. It contains three hundred 680 BirUESENTATIVE lEATHEE MANUFACTURERS. and thirty larfje pits, and its machinery is propelled by a steam engme about ono hundred horse power. The tannery is easily capable of tannmg tilty thounand hides in a year. Their other tamicries are in Saratoga county, in the State of New York. These are provided with many of the modern im- provements, and are operated by both steam and water power. This firm also supply some tanneries in Salem and South Danvcrs, with upper leather hides, the trade in which is still a prominent pnrt of tlu'ir business. During tlie year 18G6, they erected three leatlicr stores in Con- gress street. Boston, one of which, on the corner of Williams street, now occupied by them, is one of th« largest and most convenient stores m the " Mr. Poor is a higlily influential member of the trade, and has at various times filled prominent positions of trust and honor, conferred upon him by his fellow citizens. lie has held a seat both in the Senate and House oi Kepresentatives of the State, and throughout a long Ufe has secured and maintained the respect and confidence of all who know him. Zadock Pratt, Prattsville, N. Y., One of the best known tanners in the United States, was born at Stephens- town, Rennselaar county, New York, October 30th, 1790. He was the son of Zadock Pratt, a tanner, shoemaker, and a revolutionary soldier, and while a boy employed in his father's tan-yard, invented, it is said, an improve- ment in the three cornered eye-board leather pump, for anging liquors from the old-fashioned vats, which, with some modi' s. is stdl m He was early taught the value of industry, a ned his first use spending money by gathering whortleberries. While employed m his father s Tannery he spent his leisure hours in braiding whip-lashes, from the su'e of which he accumulated a capital of thirty dollars-no small sum for a boy in those days. , r ■ In 1810 he was apprenticed to Luther Hays, a saddler, and after serving a short apprenticeship, and working one year as a journeyman at ten dollars per month, he commenced business on his own account, as saddler and harness maker, in a small shop at one end of a bark-house. His average time of labor then was fifteen to sixteen hours per day. With a system that commenced with his first pursuit in life, he kept an exact account of all business transactions, and every year made an inventory of his possessions, so as to calculate his profits ; and it may be remarked, that he has adhered to this plan even to the present time. He made the first year five hundred dollars, and the second twelve himdred, which continually increased until ISl."). He sold his store just in time to escape the storm which so frequently and suddenly rises in the commercial world, and which overwhelmed his purchasers. He now entered into partnership with his brothers in the tanning business, which was carried on with such energy and management, that it proved prosperous to all concerned. We will give a little incident that will serve as an illustration of his judgment and ener-y of character. He knew that the first annual products sold best early in the R3. ZADOCK PRATT, PRATT8VILLE, NEW YORK. 681 ;am engine about of tanning titty ratoga county, in : the modern im- er. ith Daavera, witli ent part of their cr stores in Con- lliaras street, now ent stores in the ,nd lias at various rred upon him by late and House of i has secured and born at Stephens- He was the son of oldier, and while a said, an improve- anging liquors -s, is still in ...lied his first oyed in his father's (s, from the sa'e of ,11 sum for a boy in and after serving a in at ten dollars per addler and harness lurs per day. With , he kept an exact de an inventory of f be remarked, that He made the first 1, which continually o escape the storm ial world, and which irtnership with his ith such energy and !d. We will give a idgment and ener;;y old best early in the season, and ho was always among the first in market with his yearly product of leather. One spring, however, one of his partners wished to postpone the sale, which Mr. Pratt insisted should take place immediately. His partner at length y.'-'lded to his solicitations, and the result showed the correctness of Mr. Pratt's judgement. Twenty-eight cents per pound were obtained for the leather, which, if the sale had been postponed, would liave brought but twenty-»ne cents and a half per pound ; the latter being the price obtained by the tanners who sold at the time that Mr. Pratt's partner wislied to dispose of their joint stock. In 1821 he made an excursion to Canada with leather, for the purchase of furs, and in these and other enterprises accumulated money until 1824, when he determined to locate on the Schoharie-hill, now Prattsville, and build a tannery that would be the largest in the world. This tannery, when com- pleted, was five hundred and thirty-two feet long, forty-three feet wide, with three hundred vats, and a capacity for tanning sixty thousand sides of sole leather annually. During the twenty years it was in operation, Mr. Pratt purchased for the tannery one hundred and fifty thousand cords of bark, at a cost of half a million of dollars, employed some thirty thousand men, paid over two and a half millions of dollars for labor, tanned over a million sides of sole leather, and in various ways used over ten millions of dollars without a lawsuit. Besides this, Mr. Pratt has been interested in eleven other can- neries, containing in the aggregate two thousand vats. In 1837 he received from the New York Institute the first silver medal ever awarded for hem- lock sole leather, and iti 1839 was elected a member of the American Institute. The establishment of the Mammoth Tannery, in the wilds of Windham, led to the erection of a village, which has developed into a town of two thousand inhabitants called, after its founder, Prattsville. One hundred of the houses were built by Colonel Pratt himself, and for the erection of the public edifices he subscribed liberally. Of three of the churches of different denominations he contributed more than one third of the cost. In 1836 Mr. Pratt was elected a Representative in Congress for the eighth Congressional district of New York, comprised of Greene, Schoharie, and Columbia counties, by a msijority of over twenty-eight hundred, and in 1842, was again elected for the same position from the eleventh Congressional district. His Congressional career was a highly creditable one to himself, and beneficial to the country. It illustrates in a forcible manner the advantage to constituencies, of sending as their Representatives in the National councils, men of practical ideas. He devoted himself to the utility of legislation, and was the originator of the popular system of cheap postage, which has proved of such vast benefit to the citizens of the United States. He was one of the standing committee on public buildings, and advocated the use of marble and granite, in their construction in the place of the Sandstone that had been formely used. The Post-office in Washington was erected of marble, and in accordance with plans submitted by him. In 1839, he addressed the House of Representatives, for the purpose of having constructed a Dry-dock, at Brooklyn, and in the same year moved for the establishment of a branch C82 REPRESENTATIVE LEATHER MANUFACTURERS. y.iid at Now York. As chairiiifin of a. select committee, he submitted a report on tl>e advantage of a Bureau of the statistics of commerce, wilii vahi- able tables, showing the loai.s and discounts of the banks, inq.orts and cNiun-ts, and balance of trade for a series of years, of our government with othrr nations, illustrating the importance of the proposed Hureau, and concluduig with a bill to provide for the collection of national statistics. Ho also was one o!' the early advocates of the importance of anaiionM railroad to the Pacific, and in 184.5 offered a resolution providing for the en-raving of patenl^ and their distribution through every county m tlie United .s'tatcH, for the benefit of mechanics, to suggest by a view of.dineivnl improvements and models a new train of ideas, which would be of the greatest practical use, and might be the germ of future inventions. He can truly say, looking back to his Congressional career: "I was faithful to the principle of labor, and I )ved my country so well that I was not less anxious for her grasp of commerce abroad, than for her integrity and cdi- cioiicy of service at homo." .Shortly after his election to Congress the second time. Slv. I'ratt established a Hank at Prattsville with a capital of one hundied thousand dollars, and its liills, being i.ecured V)y United States and New York si.x per cent, bonds, were always kept at par in New York city. This bank continued in operat.vu until IHn:?, when it was closed, after doubling its capital in nine years, and usin" in various wavs eight millions of money. Zadock Pratt is one of the few men who deserve an extended biography, and such a tribute to his worth is, we uudcrstan* in course of preparation. We have not attempted more tha.i an allusion to the leading incidents of his career As a tanner, banker, representative and farmer, he performed his part well, end in all the various relations of life exhibited trrits that indicate a true " Nature's nobleman." During his business career, lie furnisiied em- ployment to forty thousaiul working tnen; and now, at the close of a long and useful life says, " if 1 should ask to be remembered by one epitaph ol honor it would be as the friend of the man that labored." lie endor,scd lor his friends in the cou.-se of ten years, to the amount of five undred thousan.l dollars, and received four hundred protests. In the language of a Memorial now before us, wc may say, "He lias not only anuissed wealtli for hmiself, but has ever been an assistant to others. He has extended his helping hands .0 individuals when oppressed with want, and to societies and insti- tntion<. In his public career he was assiduous in his duties, always at his post lie tells us, in his speech delivered to his constituents, that he was never absent even for a single day, from his duty ; and, to quote one forcible expression, he exclaims, ' Wrong I may have done, mistaken I may liave been • i>ut I have never ncglcded to do.' View him ' all in all,' m every relation that lie has fil'.ed-aud they liave been multiplied and varied enough to test tlio man-he has been an example to his cotemporaries, and will be lu-ld up as a model by posterity. With the practical wisdom of a Franklin, he guided and directed with a master liand the political current of the day, without exciting the envy or enmity of his associates. And this was no doubt owing to his straightforward character ; for there is nothing abuul him PURERS. THOMAS SMlI.l,, NEW YORK. G83 ittee, he siibmittod a ■ comincrco, wiili vulu- ■j, iiikports and oxptuis, ivernmcnt witli othrr iircan, niul concliuliiii,' sties. portancc of a naiioiml tion providing- for the I every coiinly in liie ; by a view of .dilli'rt'nl real J be of the groat eel ons. career: "I was faithful ell that I was not less her integrity and elVi- e,Mr. ^ratte8tabli^hed lousand dollars, and its ix per cent, bonds, were continued in operation )ital in nine years, and in extended biography, I course of preparation, leading incidents of his rnier. ho performed his )ited tri'its that indicate ;areer, lie furnished ein- !, at the r,loso of a lonij jered by one epitajih of jred." lie endor,sed for jf five undred thousand language of a Memorial issed wealth for himself, ,s extended his helping ,1 to societies and insli- his duties, always at his umstituents, that he was md, to quote one forcil)le le, mistaken I may have liim ' all in all,' in evi'ry liplied and varied enough itcmiiornries, and will be .•al wisdom of a Franklin, litieal current of the day, ■iates, And this was no icrc 18 nothing about him that isdoiibtful-lhal hasa IniHdit existence ; but all liis traits are stron? in tiieir native lijit as sunimer-s day. Whatever lie has touchc.;, you have seen at once a cliange lor the better— it tiourislied and prospered." As the moon affects tiie tide of nature, so will great minds swell the current of luiman events. Viewing him as a philanthrojiist, we can only say that he is the Howard of his time. Like him he has relieved :he voice of anguish by his bounty, and assisted the needy to advance in their business; and more than lie lias, that charity has been exer'od in a mure munificent spliere." Thomas SmuU, New York, Auiither citizen of New York who attained a most distinguished position in the leather trade, was born at Whitehall, Pennsylvania, in 1800. When he was twenfy-one years of uge, he hjft his native state and wont to the city of New York, and after a clerkship of two years, commenced business on his own account in association with Andrew Itobb, as tanners and finishers of calf skins, and dealers in sole and upper leather. This partnership continued but a couple of years and was not prosperous. In IS.'it lie associated with liim William Miles, establishing the firm of 'I'homi-s .Smull k Co., who did a large business in C'alcutra hides, and sold largely of an article of tralTie, now ob.s'i). li'te, known as seal-skin.s, to be used in covering trunk.s. About this time also he became acquainted witli Nathaniel (iilinaii, of Waterville. Me., a wealthy merchant engaged in importing hides from Africa, who was so much pleased with Mr. SmuH's manner of doing Imsincs.s, that he enlrusted him with whole cargoes to sell, witli power to employ the procee.Is ia investments at Ills discretion for joint account. 'I'he rclatujnship thus formed, sub.sefiuently led to a copartnership under the firm style of (iilman, ., others, and as tanning material had become scarce in ti.rir native State, they sought a broader field in Maine, who.se virgin to!!!, urn.shed an abundant supply of bark. They opened a brancli house at He ter, M -..ne, under the style of C, & B. Shaw A- Co., with their undo as par ner and subse-pumtly at other places, tmtil now they have liouses in th .t State at De.vter. Burnham, Detroit, Plymouth and Winn. About ci^bt years smce, they directed their attention to the advantages presented" in Canada for tanning hides, and established house, at Montreal, Ko„„n ^\aterloo and Fand.a.n. They are now the most e.v.en.sivo lle.ulo ' Sole leather tanners m ('anada, consuming in this department of their busme,ss no less than l-J.^OCO hides per annum, and engaging largely in , exportation of this kind of leather from Canada to Kngland They if were the pioneers in this tra.le. and the only American firm who hav.. made tlK. exportation of hemlock leather to England a regular and pern.a,;;;!: This firm have now fen tanneries in operation, several of which are e.nnl ... eapac.ty t. any m this country, and probably in the world. Th.^v c n snine annually ..bout 2r.(.,0„0 hides, and produce nearly or quite e .1 t .; CU.S o poun .s of sole leather. This enornums business, so widelv ■ ! . . ded, IS thoroughly systematized, and. under the direction of those fully Ion.. petent, IS ..arried on with ease, dispatch, and entire sueccs. The groat, r part of heir tanneries are provi.le,! with the modern improvements whieh ,h,.y hau. been foremost in introducing whenever convinced of their i.ructicubili.y G86 REPRESENTATIVE LEATHER MAMVACTUREUS A,non. ^ho.o w. m.y moutiou tl.o '■ t.uln.pnor," .Inch tl.oy have porfoctod o .. U> r.,>.k-r tli. ln.nu,.fr of wet spout t.u l.a.-k, as thrown from the leech, ho.h p..actic.,ul and suoeesslul. This .hey now use in all of the.r works, .n son,o 'of which s.eamis en.ploye.l, eons.nnin, 10,..0., cords of h.uk per annnm This firm are also largely interested in " Miller's I'atent Bark extract or 1 „,anufacture of which they, in association with other gentlemen of l?o. on Td Canada, have four lar.e works in ,he hen.lock forests, w.th taohucs Bnfficient to extract the tannin fron. .^,0.000 cords of bark per amunn. h.s is the first successfnl eflort over made to extract 'I annul h'oni bark n >..tli- Cieut quantity and of uniuM-aired .,nali.y, to warrant its general and exten- sive use. and large .,uanti.ie8 are now sent not only to al parts oi the United Slates and .he C'anadas, remote from the bark regions, but a.-e shipped to England. AVhile av..i.ling, as a general rule, speculation foreign from Ihe.r business, they regard the manufacture of an extra-t of bark so in.portant to the national interests, as well as legitimately connected with then- tannmg bu.ine.s, that they have not hesitated to engage in it, and prosecute it w.th the energy that distinguishes them in all their commercial and n.anulaclur- ing operations. George K. Pevear, Lynn, Mass.. Has been selected as a representative of that large class of enterprising men who have made Lynn the largest morocco manufacturing town, w.th the exception of Philadelphia, in the United States. His histoi-y ns a ta.mer, comp.u-ed with the others whom we have noticed, is ,,ui.e nioder., tl.o..gh h.s father was also engaged in morocco tanning, and he and h.s brother Henry, who is still associated with him, were educated to the business _'i;he.r UvA essays in the tanning of goat .uul sheep skins, were made in 1^4., in a small woo.lenbuildi..g on Mon.-oe street in Lymi. and the first tew yTa.-s ol the.r bn.iness life re(,uired all the proverbial energy of the New Lnglaml character ,0 supply the deficiencies of a want of capital. Their business however nradually increased, additional buildings were erected, and .n 1H;,4 they onc.ed the store in Boston, at Nos. GT & (li) Kilby street, wh.ch they now occui.v \n 18GI they tam.ed one hund.-ed thousand goat sk.ns. and as the c.m.nencement of the AVar caused a surplus of calf skins in the market, they embarked in this manufacture. ta..ning them by a novel and .mproved n,,hod i..to leather peculiarly adapted for ladies' boots. 'Ih.s addition to their former business involved the necessity of erecting a new bu.ldmg wh.ch they co..structea of brick, forty-eight by eighty feet, five stor.es m height, with a fire proof boiler and engine room attached. About tins t.me they ..Iso al,a..doned the ol.l method of la....ing goat skins by sewing them m the .in.ne of bnus, and then by means of a tunnel filling these bags w.th tan li.iuor and piling them o,.e upon another, and a .opl^''' "'^■iM'^'sct plan ot tanning the skins without sewing them. Vr.cr the close of the war. in IH.I;.. the return of the sold.ers who requ.red caif.>kin boots, i.i place of the cow-hide s'u.es which they had worn in the ar..,v, so enhanced the ma.-ket v.dm> of calf ski.is that this hrni deemed . dcM."able to p.'ocu.-e somethi.ig t. take the place of their gram or pebbled UKRS J08IATI M. JONES, BOSTON, MASS. efr ?y have porfoctrd ?o 'roin the leci'h, both loir works, in soino f l)ark per annum irk Kxiract." tor tlic entlemen of IJoston rests, witli faciUties ■k jier anniiiu. 'I'his ;i from liark in siitli- s general and exlen- to all parts of the ;ious, l)Ut are shijUJed on foreign from tlieir bark so important to I with their tanning' md prosecute it with cial and nianufactur- 5 of cnterprisinpf men uring town, with the history as a tanner, le modern, thou.uh his id his brother Henry, business. Their lir.-l ide in 1^47, in a small St few years of their ew England character leir business however d, and in 1^54 they :reet, which they now gout skins, and as tlie ns in the market, they novel and improved lots. This addition to ; a new building, whicii five stories in height, out this time they also y sewing them in the g these hags with tan d their present plan of soldiers who required they had worn in the lat this lirm deemid it their grain or pebbled calf and found a very good sul)stitute in neat's liide. tanned by a novel niclhod and linished in a manner which never fails to retain its color. An nidre time is reiiuired for tanning hides than either goat or calf skins, they foiiiul iheir tanning facilities inadefiuate to their increased business, and they sou-ht aiiutlier locality for tlieir factories. In 18(1"), they purchased the pro- jierty known as the " Lynn hermit Estate," and that known as the " Lynn Rub- ber fact.iry," situated on the main road from Lynn to South Danvers, contain- iiig ill all about twenty acres, on which were two large factories, a large brick boarding house and several dwellhig houses. These fa(!tories they renmdelled, and also built a new one so nr- -ngeJ as to form three sides of a liollow s(iuare, and provided them with all tlic modern improvements for ii:anufacturing nearly all the dillerent kinds of upper leather known in the market. In factory No. 1, the first floor is used for liming, milling, beaming and prcitaring skins for the t. " room, and may be called the calf skin tannery, the upper stories being n.sed for drying skins. Of factory No. 2 the first story is used for tanning goat and calf skins, and also the hides, until ready for split- tinyr, while the remaining portion of the building is appropriated almost exclusively to the manufacture of gjat and shoe]) skins. Of factory No. ."J the first floor is used for splitting the leather, scouring and preparing it for the finisiiers, and tanning out the splits; while the rooms in the ujiper stories are devoted to finishing splits, pebbled grain, polished grain, bull', wax leather, etc. Tiiese buildings are painted of a uniform color, with slated roofs and a cupola on each, in one of which is a bell. In a brick building, thirty-six by forty feet, is a rutiiam built engine of fifty horse power and two large boilers, so arranged that power and steam are carried throughout the factories : and tlie room above is used for drying in damp weather, being separated from lli(« engine and boiler room by an iron floor, so constructed as to conduct th.< heat and be perfectly fire proof. In tliis building is the only Are on the whole premises. They Jiave in the immediate vicinity, connected with the establishment, tenements sumcient for the most of their workmen. This tannery is one of the largest of the kind in the country and is known as the " Stetsonville tannery." The Messrs. Pevcar, it will be noticed, are an illustration of the enterprising men of the nineteenth century, fertile in resources, ingenious in adajitation" undaunted by diHicuIties, sljrcwd, successful and courageous in executing well formed plans. Josiah M. Jones, Boston, Is a representative, not only of the great Tanners of the present day but of the old Tanners of IJoston. He was born in IHOO, in Athol, .Mass., where his father, Mr. I'rescott Jones, had been a tanner for some years, liaving com- menced in that town shortly after the llev(dutiona'-y war. 'I"hi.s geutlemau did .piite a large business for that perio.'. and ilealt to some extent in forei"n hides, which ho sold to other tanners in tlie vicinity, lie pursued the voca- tion of tanning until the year iWi,"), when he iTtired. His two sons, Josiali M. and Frederick Jones, served an apprenticesliip of seven years in their f.illier's yard, tlie business of the former being, for a portion of the time, 688 REPRESENTATIVE LEATHER MANTFACTIRERS. to bring the leather to market in Boston and rctnrn with a load of hidos. In the year 1823, Mr. J. M. Jones went to Boston, and, in company with Luke Brooks, under the style of Brooks & Jones, commenced business on India wliavf. 'I'lic capital of the partners was five hundred dollars eadi. T1m> connecti',n lusted only two years, when it was dissolved, and another fornunl under the style of Emerson & Jones. This firm did a business to the amount of fiity or sixty thousand dollars a year; whJ.ch was considered quite large tor thr.t period. A great share of the trade was done on credit, at an average prolil 01 from eight to t"n per cent. Large quantities of rough leather were sold to Curriers in Iloxbury, which at that time was the chief seat for curryn.g upper leather in the Htatc. In 1832, however, this firm was dissolved, and Mr. Jones carried on the Hide and Leather business, without a partner, for over thirty years, or until 1863, when his son, Clarence W. Jones, entered the firm, and the present style of J. M. Jones & Co., was established. During the early years of Mr. Jones' business experience he was, as was mentioned before, located on India wharf; from thence he removed to Broad and Fulton Streets, and in 1844 to Tcarl Street, being one of the first leather dealers who moved into that street. His store was at No. 12, but after a few years he, with his brother Frederick, and Levi A. Dowley, erected the five gr-.uie stores, Nog. 96 to 118, and in 18.51 he removed to the present location of the firm, No. 104 Pearl Street. Tlie stores at the time cost twenty thoii- Band dollars each, including the ground. For the past twenty years Mr. Jones has tanned most of the leatlicr lie sold. The firm now stock and run nin" tanneries, five in New llainpshire, viz : two in Bristol, and one each in Wilmot, Newport, Danbury, Woodstock, and Now London. The othc.?, arc in West Halifax, and Reedsboro, Vermont. At these tanneries seventy thousand ndes of leather arc produced yearly. 'I'his is finished into wax, kip, and splits, and sold at the warehouse, in Boston. The business of the firm amounts to over a quarter of a million of dollars annually, consisting principally of upper leather of their own tannage and finish. ' Mr Jones has been one of the most successful, as well as one of tlie most highly respected, members of the leather trade in New England. He is a director in one of the largest banks in Boston, and pays taxes on real estate in tliat city valued at over a quarter of a million. He has been largely instrumental in improving the architectural appearance of the business streets, having built, beside the five granite stores already mentioned, one of the wareliouses in the Richardson block on Pearl Street, between Purcha- and High Streets, and in association witl; his brother he rectcd in 18,^.^ t s fine store at the corner of High and Pearl Streets, and is interested with other persons in a. block of tight large granite-front stores now being built in High Street. SRS. HON. GKlir.V \V. COillllAM;. r.OSTON, MASS. C89 h a load of liidrs. in compiuiy witli jnced bnsini'ss on dollars each. The id another formed eas to thu aniouiii red quite large for , an averaj:fe ])rolil leather were sold seat for curryinj-- (vas dissolved, and lOut a partner, for Jones, entered the ilishcd. ice he was, as was removed to Broad of the first leather ?2, but after a few y, erected the five lie present location cost twenty tliou- t of the leather he n New llainpshire, nhury, Woodstock, eedsboro, Vermont, duced yearly. 'I'his use, in Boston. 'I'he of dollars annually, ige and finish, as one of tlie most ind. He is a director al estate in tliat city ;ely instrumental in trcets, having built, e warehouses in the 1 High Streets, and 3 store at the corner crsons in a block of Street. Hon. Gerry W. Cochrane, Boston, Who has liecu scloclcd us a ri'iircsciitativc of the •^[■vni Bout and Shoe inaiiu- factui'ci's ami dealers fur wliicli New Mimiaiid, and Massachusetts especially, is laiiiotis, was l)(ii 11 in New linstdn. New llain]ishir(\ March 'lid. ISdS. Mis fatlKT. .Iiilin t'oclii'aiie. was a I'aniier. and hisyoiilli was passed in a,i;riciiltui-al ]'ursiiits and in attciidinj'' the distiict schnols. lie appears to have enjciycd 1lu' ai!vantaL;i's ofa better educatinu than is oi'ilinarily all'iirdid to faniiiTs' s' n-. for we liii was chosen one of the Presidential Electors of Massachusetts, and in ISOL' aiul 1 S('.;[ was one of tlu^ Executive Councillors of (jovi'rnor Andiew. AVliile in this jiositionheactedas Chairman of the Committee on .Vecounts. then one of the most important committees of the Council, from the fact that, during this jieriod. about four millions of dollars were advanced iiy the State, I'or raising and eiiuiiijiiiig s(ddiers to suppress the Rebellion. He was also a memlier u( the Military Committee during all the period of his (dlicial service, aial sub. Bciiuently w^s elected delegate to t'.ie Convention at Balliiiioie, that reuomina- '.10 RKrUESENTATIVK LEATIIKU MAN'UFACTURERS. ti il rn'.>i(lriit Lincoln by iu'cliimation. Durinfr the robollion two of his sons wcio in the lifhl and in many of the most important battles, the one as captain. au.'-s or teams, consisting of liisler, sec- ond laster. heeler, trimmer, buniisher and finisher. The bottom sewing is all done by the Mac Kay .Sole Sewill^• .Machine, of which there are four in this maimfactory, each one of which is capable of sewing two hundred pairs of shoes daily, if driven to its full capacity, thougl;, as o.xcellence, rather than rapidity of workmanship, is aimed at, tliis rate of pro.luction i.s never attained in this estalilishment. At the I'aris H.xposition of ],«G7. Mr. ]?urt received a silver medal, the highest awarded, for a collection of Ladies', Mi., 4S9, 50.S, M2, 51.'1, .■lis, .',42, 027. AnthracitH isi^e CoAI.l. AuviU ami r,)r»;e biuninors, 4fi7, 490, 497, S.'il. Arkiiii''a!<, lirst printing in, 179. Arkrt iuvi'uti'il, 107. Arkwriglit luachinery, 3S4, .397, 399, 400, 402, 403, 410. Arm.irips, public, 49.5, 60«, 6.11. ArtilicorB, cindition of, in lUth cenlury, 19; first Kent to AuiiTica, 2.5 1 euji),'raliuu of, jiruhibitcJ, 396, .11)7, iiliO. Ari!< ami Jlanafactnres in 16th ami 17th centn- I'ies, 1.3, l.'i, M ; in niiililln ai;("«, 17. 1»; caii.ses of slow growth, 22, Si ; intr,>iiuci'J in America, 24, 27. Asl)e«tos, paper made of, 207; early mention of, 3.n. Axes, 4S6, 494, 608, 617. Bai.ti.worr, shipbnildlnar, 79, S2 ; prowlh of, 79, M, 229, .Wi ; mill.i, 112, 14':, 147, ,v.M ; priiuiiii,', 17ii, 1^7; brit'kiiiakinLr. 229; breweri**.-*, 2ti.*> ; cloth luakiui.', 3)0, 390, 39s ; ladies of,;i9.) ; tiui- uerios, 44s ; iron worlt-*, os.'), 5S6, 'tS7, u90, fi'J'i, ,594 ; coal, 59.5 ; (jat liulit lirat, o9.5 ; exports of, .3.i7, .S97 ; tradesmen, pi'tiliou.s of, 81, 39S, 394. Hark mill^ 440, 44."i, 4"i;i. 4.-.4 liarley and .Malt, 123, 143, 24J, 240, 249, 2.56, 2.'/7, 2."iS, •2.")9, 2') I, 262. Beer, Ale and Porter, use of, in early times, 244, 2.59; first excised in Kii^'land, 247 ; in America, 251, 2.52; prices of at diH'.Teiit tiiii.s, 09, 249, 2.57, 259, 260, 261, 262 ; exported, 'i'.'!. 25S, 260, 261, 262; importations of, 261 ; quality of, 2J0, 261. iSee Bbkwi.n'i.i Beeswax exported, 3.'17 ; premium f,ir. 406. Benniniiton, Vt., 205, 206, 511, 52.1, 524. Berk-hire, 102, 12S, 420 ; iron ore aud works, 493- 495. Beverly cotton factory, 399. Bible, tirat printed in America, 157, 158; first in Euglish, l.-|9, isl, 183. Bieachiuit, 204, 205, 397, 405, 406, 407, 499 ; pre- miums f.ir, 369, 416. B.iat buiidintf, 37, 44, 75, 77. 107. Boats, Durham, and Arks, S4. Iii7, .559. BoliiuK act. Now York. 60, 133, 441 : iiiiils, 142. Bo.iks, flr-t primed in British Aiin'i 1 a, 31, 154; flret medical, 162; trade fairs eslaWished, 18 1— bluuk first, 192, 197 ; — 'limiitiy and himters. 157, 1.58. 190, 191, 192, 193; price of, 190 ;—»»//• r», early, 189, 190'; premiums for, 406. Bi)ot« prohibited, 4.'1.5; limited use of, 454. Boriuk? mills for ^.'Uhs, 486, 492, 566, 573. BosTn.v, tliiplMiildinK. .39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 43; mills at, ItO, 117, 118, 123, 128; prmtiutf, 162-167, 177, 1S3, 1S4, 185, 1^7 ; bo.ik.seilers and bookliindsrn, 1.57, 1911, 101, 192, 197 ; paper makirii.', I^'7, 2iH, 299, 210, 237; stops imporiint;, 2ii2, 'J.!7, 372, 37.3, 374, 375, 379 ; lypii foundry, 212 ; flr-t brick bouse in, 219; described, 220, 221 ; Kla-sworks, 241 ; vineyaril, 269; salt works, 29ii ; rope. niakinkT, .303, 419; solid imyi of, .314; spinnitii^ pcliools and linen inauufticlures, .3.3.3, .3.)4, ,i:i5, 345, .362, ,372, 375, .376, 419; liatmakinK, ;i42 ; port bill passed, 379; card factories, :),sS, 420, 497 ; mint house, 477 ; uiechaulcs, 500 ; Bre eu- gines, 500. Bounties and Premiums parliamentary, on naval ptores ami raw UKiterials, 99, 11)5, :i2H. :VS7. 35s, ,365, 372, 624; on indis;.) and silk, .323, 358; eu exports, 337, 344; — 'iinnentic, on maunfactnres and raw materials in .Massachnseiis, 2;*9, .3.14, .33.5, .362; in Rhode Island, 334, .3:15, 398; in Connecticut. 29o, :i,35, 418; in New York, 367, 3iiS, 369, 4.5,5, 5,32; iu I'ennsvlvania, 296,316, .338, ;163, ;«!, 402, 406, 407, 499, 57S, 579, 619 ; iu Delaware, :146 ; in .Maryland, .592; in Virgina, 320, ;121, 3>2, 383, «)6; in N.prth Car.dina, 615, 616; iu South Carolina, 3s2, 416, 417, 619; in Georgia, 357 ; of .-Society of .\rts in London isert SoOIKTV OF AUTS ANi'i Mahufactukk.s) ; aud drawback elfects of, 327. Bowiloin, (i.iveruor, 242, 367, 414, 498, 499, liradtord, Williani, 16S, 109, 170,171, 172, 196,197. Hraintree, 221, 2:19, 472, 474, 47.5, 476. Brandy, lirst made iu America, 2.50; bousehold manufactuiv of, 25S, 262, 264, 265, 274. 276. Brass and Bronze, antiquity of, 463 ; Aiuericau, 546, Brass and Bell Foundinit in Massachusetts, 476, 485, 4h7, 492, 490, 497; in KIl.mIo Island, 5o2, 503 ; in Oounecticut. 510, 518 ; iu I'ouusylvauia, .568,57.3,574; iu Maryland, 594. Brazil, first citt.in fr.on. 354, Brewint'aud .Maltini.'. 244-263; in Ma«sachusett,s, . 24.5-2.50; usn of Maizo iu, 247, 25S, 263; in Khode Island and ('ounecticut, 250; in .\ew York, 2.50-2)4, 257; taxed, 251; in Alljany, 2.54: monopoly of, 2.55; pndiihited, 256: n'^u. lated, 249, 257; in New Jer-ey, 257, 25S ; ni Peunsylvaniaaud Delaware. •J5S-2ii2 ; in "';iry- land aud Virt'iuia, 27, 262-264: iu ('.uMlii'a and Oe.irjjia, 264 ; as a liousehold an, 244, 2'.s. 263, 264 ; of pale ale aud porter first, 265. (8»)« Bfkr. ke.) Bricks aud Tiles, 216-231 ; first in New Eni[laud, 217, 221 ; iu Virginia, 28, 220 ; in New York, 222; in New Jersey, 226; in Pennsylvania. 228; .Maryland, 229; Carolina and Lie.irg,a, 229; prices of, 222, 223, 224. 226; exports a', 231 : duly on, 222, 224, 231 ; improvemeuts in niukini;, 231, Brid.es, iron, proposed, 519, 581, liridg-water, 346, :«I8, 485, 4,S6, 487, 488, 496. British Trade acts aud policy, origin of, 87, 202, 30,1, 324, 325, 327, Board of Trade aud Plantations created, 30.5. S2S ; reports and suggestions to, respecting ccdonles, 57. 61, 6:t, 63, 69 90, 97, 1112, 199, 2(K), a3f>, 3J2. 326, 28, 329, ,3.30, 337, 339, 340, 341. 342, :I46, 362, 370, 371, 489, 491, 522, 526, 527, 5:iO. Br.'adcloth, ,331, .344. .366, 371, ;172. .375, :i77, :!8:4 418 ; first flue iu Europe and America, 306 4^> tty.ij INPEX. Brown li Almy, 309, 401, 402, 403, 404, liui'kli'n, iiluia and knoe, 400, 447, 403, 4i)-.', 51(1, ,Vil,;i74. Kuck KHil ilop«kin8, 317, 340, 3«S, 42!), 432, 444, 447, 44,\ 44:1, 4."pS, 4."i!i ; |irii-i'M uf, 42;i, 444, 44'i, 4.')S, 4.>:l; ini'iiiiiiniH fur, 34rt, 3, .')4). ,ViO. Iill^i^w■ll''^ Marine Turtle, ,'.3. BillleLi, 331), 3^2. 41S, 4ii2, .WO, .'i74, .'.7.'i ; silk, 4).S ; dold and biIvit, 372, OIU; Wiiodi?!!, !i7:> ; in p'lrlatiiins uf, 4llii. Bra old wolcu and cotiun factory, 404, 421, f lhlf^ S3; 1 on. 48.', .'jiS. ». 4lioo and l;ui'u printinp, kuown to the Ecyp- tliinn, 307 ; in Enj;land, M, .307 ; in Aini'rifa, 377, 404, 4011. 407 ; blockB, plates, ie.. uut to be exported, ;J!)(i ; cylinders invented, ;)07. 1ai.ikok.mja, llrst priniiui; in, Ibtl; p.ipcr mill, 20."t ; vine culture. 270. jKinlilels, 314, 317, 314. Janiloidue, .30, 40 ; lir»t prinlini,' at, l.V!, I.'j4, 1,')7, lill), lijl, 221, ,sn!. Caoiida, first fa»-inill in, 101 ; printers sent to, ]Si) ; iron Works, o3f). Canals. 124; first proponed, .134, .Y.)'), ,W2; first surveyed, .')(j2 ; in Mnrylaud, OOO: iu Virginia, (io.'j ; III (jarolina, tJ21. Candle factories, .V). Cannon, brass, first in England, 407 ; first in Ame- rica. 4.s7, 4!'7, ,')72. .073, .'j74 ; iron and sli-.i in EiivIhikI. 407; first in Ainenca, 4S2. 4S4 ; iu Mas-acliil.selts, 4~2, 4^4, 4SJ, 4m;, 4^7, 400. 4'.C) ; in Khode l.-laud. .'102. J03 ; in ('onmelicut. .'ill, .'il2; ui New York, .'iJS, J31 ; iu ^'ew .ier^ey, ;V12. .'ilo ; in Pennsylvania, Cu'.i, ot;7. ''08.57*2, .'i73 ; in .Maryland. .'>.s7, .Os.s, .'jOO; first bored, 4sO ; inscription on, 4^7 ; wrought iron and wooden, jOO ; prices of, 6^0. ^al■diu^' machines, 3S4, 30S, ;!00, 4O0, 401, 402, 403, 407, 408. 400. 413, 417, 421, .'•)70. Cards, c..itou and wool, 3.33, 3i.S, 40.), 414, 420, 4.14, 404, 407, ."lis, 071. tioO, l,l.->, 010; first stuck in riiited States, ;i:*8 ; maclunery lor makiuy, 3^&, 420, 407, ;)18, o71. Carey, Matthew, 170, ISO, 400. Carpets, Flemish, l.'t ; none in IGth century, 16 ; in America. 209, 414. Carriages, taxed lor the support of t^piuning schools. 3.3:1, ;)3.> ; not to ho imported, 372 ; nia- niifacture of, 44,'), .llS, .MS; — -i/jrinyn first, 53,s, .080, eo'j ; boxes, uOO, .")!iS; steam, 60.3. Carvini;, ship, 40, 70. 74, 7.' Cattle, domestic, intri . id propagation of, 427, 420. 431, 430, 448; iir.c. - c,f, 208, 429, 4.30, 431, 4.39. 443, 444. 448, 449 ; exiiorted, 2o7, 341. Chains, heavy forged, 4S.*j, 528 Charcoal best fur emeliing, 482, 489 ; prices of, 480, ,-i2.'), .)07. Charleston, S, 0., shipping at, 8.), 66 ; printing at, 170, 187: bo>>kselling and binding, 100; build- ings of. 2.f > ; settlement o*", 271 ; exports of, ;(4S, 349, .301, 3.)4, ;«i), 449. 401 ; Hilk filature at, .300. Charlestown, shipbuilding, 40, 41 ; mills. 117 ; first acts at. 1.02. 220 ; luauufaciures at, 221, 303, 304, 4:!:t, 4:!0, 470. Chemicals, first made, 0^2, 407. Child, .Sir J.. 81, 88. Ohimuevs, iu lOih century, 18 ; early American, mo, 210. Ohimi, first American ship at, 64 ; increased trade with, 02. 411. Chiaaware and porcelain, Sevres, 1.0 ; dutyon re- pealed, 2;i7 ; factory eHiablished. 238, tilO ; ex- cluded, 372. Chlorine, use of, in bleaching 204 205,397,406. Cbocolate mills, 121, 144 Cider. 2J0, 2.07, 203, 200. 274, Cincinnati, first priming in, 179, Clapboards. 2.0. 20. O.o, 00, 111.112, "J2 Clock and watchinaking in (Jonnectu tit. .0I,\.)10, £i20; in r isylvania, 501, 408, 5'i !, 58o ; ma- cliiuery ; 52o, .021. Clocks, curious, .001, 521, .'>79. Cloth manufacture and its material). 200. 423; why commence*! in .Massachusetts. 2''8 ; fir-.t le- g.'il encourHgement of, 2!io ; first sami'le of. :ioo ; lu'giiu in Connecticut. 300; scarcity of ai Viy- inoutl., 301 ; first regular manulactiir" of. .3o.S:..» ;roo/c?j, state of in EuglaiHl,3O0; — liinn, hous.v bold, iu New York, 314; Kew .lio'sey. 314; reiinsylvania, 315; Delaware and Marylanl, 319; Virginia, 314, 320, ;i4:i; prcdihiti.oi of n>- commended, 322 ; promoted by lavs of tiade, 322-.327, 307; complained of, 327; P''")"'-,* me.insof checking, .328, 329, 3:10,337, j^; • chi-fly made, 330, .3:51 ; linen bre- . ..%iprovid, 331 ; importations of British, 344, 307. 380, 4,01 ; American silk used in, .3:1, 300, 414 : frugal tiso of, ;iSO ; increased atlentiou to, :tSl-:is3 ; improved maehiuiTy Introduced, 3^3 : fiist facoiry. 3?.0 ; scarcity of during war, .300, ;i'."j, 303 ; ellorts to provide, :i91-:ia.O ; price of woUeii, 3,t2 ; otFccts of the peace on, 3:t."> ; re- newed efforts to procure cotton and woolen nia- chinery, :i00-400 ; first water mill for coiom, 4 0-40:); state of household production, 411- 41s; woolen and linen factories, 418-422 ; du~ th's laid, 423 (.see CoTTo.v, Line.v, bii.K, and WoiO.K.N). Coal, early use of, iu England, 20 ; in Rmeltine imn, 20, 407 ; Anthracite in smelting, 4S4, oC>2 ; found in Khode Island. o(>3 ; in Pennsylvania, .Ofil ; Maryland. .00.8, 501, 69.0 ; in V,;i'gilila, OO.O ; bitu- minous of Pittsburg, 608. Cobalt and Nickel, 018, 019. Cochineal, .3.00,3.56, 619. Coius and Coinage, colonial, 78, 307, 477, 473, .010, 510; and bullion whence obtained. 3O.0. Colles, Christopher, 634, 639, 647, 676, 677. Coluinhium, .00.0. Co.v.NKCTiccT, shipbuilding in. 40-54. 90 ; saw niilln in, 10:1-10.1 ; corn mills, 131, 1.32; prinlingin. 17.0, 183. 1.S7 ; paper making in, 200, 20,5, 207. 2io ; tyjio f.Mindry and presses, 213, 215; brickinaking, 210 ; glassinaking, 242 ; beer and cider makiug, 2.00 ; textile arts aud materials in, .300, 313, 320, S:!0, 3:iO, 340, :10O, S8S, 389, 41.3, 417, 41S. 410; silk raising, :i60, 301 ; leather making in,437-4.3;i, 4''2; iron minesand manufactures, 604-021 :cuii per mines, 507-510 ; non-importali"Mi agreeiniuii.s in, 373, :174 ; imports of, 49, 61, 629 ; exports of, 51. 104, 242, 300, 341, 346, 436, 438, 4:19, 6i'0, 620, 628. Coopers, early, 280; incorporated, 434. Copperas works, 403, 524, 643. Copper, use -y, 314 ; iWHre anil .Miiiyliiiii, A'.i ; prdlrbiti.id "f r.^ ted liy lavs of ti;i.|.>, >(l of, 327 ; I"'"l"'-,(« JB..^), ;i:i7.^; • "^ upu lii'i*' ..^nprovcil, IkIj, ;144. 3ti7. »»'<, 4,-)l ; .t!, 3()0, 414 : fniu.-il uttenliiiii to, ;iSl-:!s:i ; ilroilucod, ,1-i:! : fli>it diiriii); Will'. 3110, 3'.'2, , 3!ll-;ia.'i ; i.riio iif he jieHce on, olt.t ; n..- jotton and woolfii ini»- vatcr mill for eoUon, loid prodnclinn, 411- raclorie.-*, 41i^-422; du- j.v, LiNK.v, Silk, uui] d,20; tnnmrllincimn. I'ltinif, 4S4, ii(;2; I'ouiiJ n Ht^nnwylvauia, .'»'il ; ia V,;rgiuia, Ou.j ; bivu- ial, 78, 307, 477, 473, piice oljt:iint'd. ;5tj.>. 9, S47, 676, ii77. In,4n-.'i4, nO; ^awniilU tl. 1.S2; i»rintiiii:in. 17.5, , 2110, 20,"), 207. -Jioitviio i, 2\ri; brick niiiiii'ii^', leor and cidor ninkiU4,', prialsin,;ioO, 313, 32(1, 3(>9, 41.3,417, 41S. 411i; liermaking i n, 4.37-4.3H, ifactures, O04-.V21 :cop mportation aifriM'iiiotii.H 19, ,11, 629 ; e.xport.'i of, 430, 438, 4:19, J09, (320, lorated, 434. )43. iron, 41.5; miiips and and, 21, .W-i, ruin, .',4^; 1, 4i3;iu]ilioil.'l,iianil, -SIO; in N.'W llainp- :k, 009, 024, 02ii, ,-,32, 04(1, 04S ; in IViinsyl- 0.1(1, 074 ; in Maryland, nia, 471, 099, 603; in a Tennessee, 613; in WisconHin, 626 ; — f>reji tponed, 337, fliH, !i.ir>, 008, 009, 647, 64S, ,1R1 ; , 610, 619;— kdHc»Ilrs« ,..;.', 648. 674. n Carolina. 186. 83, 303, 304, 336. a72, ofinVirpinia, 29, 34(, importsof, 49, 31HI. .330, 301. 304 ; from Soiitn I iu (Carolina and (leor- lacliiueii, 301, 3.i3, ;w>. 2 620 ; pricn of. 30, XVt. 3^6, 40,-), 40.S ; con»iimp;|,.T: of ill hlU'l.llld. 3;* 7 ; duty ult ion*.;,' 11. 41 ; ti'tit. u/iiiturr, aiiiiiiuiiy of ii'nd wht'nco donvfl, ;iii(i ; k.iowii to iili,iri.l ; (ir.sl ' .y and company envj.iiii-d in, 3'i3-.l-.7 : :, .'a^MiolinsPttn. .S.iij ; doiiin>tic "union'" .'.-i advcriiscd. 396, 3;i8 ; flr.»t New to. ,. > factory, 3;'9 ; lir.st waior frame, •K^.;,y .iai«r'» die llmt ^ucces^rll| „nt\ ♦ 13 : J .ATs', clii'cks, 4c., lir^t made, 404; '.V-;.'-/-"«'l'l'i* inaniifactiirB, 404-409; assi,.,icd «'>^' Act of .A,-i,;I.Tirk Cuiuiiy. MiirylauJ, 24:'*415, 5S-1, 5SS, ,',v,i, ■■ji'J, .W.l, ■■i:'4. i>'^ FrPiiHi-icksljuri,-, Viruiuia, MiS, .TO7. l'r]::iii.'s n:iiioiml, Imilt, -12, 4:i. .■■'-', r>7, 63, 72, 74, S:i. S:i ; Ainrri'd, di'-'cripiiou uf, i<7. Kvl;l.■l■^ carih, :iiHi, ;fJ8, :ij!i. Fulluu' iiiilis. Ilrst in Arnnrka, :<03; oarly one in Kiii-'liiiiii, .iii'i; ill MuKsuliii-.'is ;!o:!, :il2. :!i:i, 4::'i ; ill C.iiin.'cnciii, :>i:i , in Ni'V-^ llaiiipsliir.', 414 ; in New V.ii-k, oii'i ; in Now .IiT-oy, :)1."). 414 ; iu ri-nusvlviiiiiii. lii;, ;iT7. *IJ, 414, 41.): m Virt;i"iii,'j.;i, ;).->:!; iu Cnrnliiui, 417 ; pri'iniuiu f, .r. ;^^l ; urn! ilrfssins' of cluili, price ol, 4;;0. Fnlliii.' >iock» for liiiles inveulcd, 44i Kuli'ii, U.iljiTt, ii7, 7.'i. furuiic.--, ir.m, iu Knchmd. 21, 4fi7, 47!1, r,\2 ; ilrst iu Jfi'W Knirliiiiil. 47-J. 47:!, 4-J ; di-i-ripliou of lijdir.il, 4;mi ; in Camidii, .'ijii : nuiiilior of tljiir- loal lit ilillnnoit dai.v't iu Ma»ii(lciiM'll><, 4MI, 4^1, 4;iJ; in Vio-iiiont, .■)24 ; in IVun-ylvauiii, fi.iij; ill MiirylHiul, MJ ; in Vir^'iniii, .Viii ; iu K>.'ninrky, iii'2 ; i,i-t ii'i:ulur, .V.iti ; cost of eieciiin.'.'o!'7 ; lirsl nntliiaf ito, .liiJ, ."iii.'l ; Mool pr..liiliii>'d, 4lil, (12.5 vsuu tJnciiL; ; fuppur biuidt- Ini;, .MIS, ."iO:i, olS. Fu.^rms, diuiiiios, ic, HOS, 3i)9. (■■■.m fi.on coal first used iu Knglaud, 20; In AiU'oioa, .'tit-'t. Gi-o, .lo-lMia. Si*. :i'iS, MO. lii.oii.ii.v, sliiiiloiil.iin- in, 84. SI, 01 ; mills in, 114, MS ; prililini; ill, '7S ; beer, 2ii4 ; wine rnl- tiiii'. 27."> ; iioli.'o iiiaiiiifai'Uiro, ;i4'.) ; coUon culuiro in, ;i:il-:i.".:!, :i.Vi, :«u ; silk nilimv, ;Vi'i-:ri9, ;Hi4 ; uon-mn'irour.so policy >•!, 374 ; Imports of, ,374 ; inicinrancs niannl'aclnri-s, 3s3 ; taiiiiini; in, 440, 4.']0 ; ir.iu minus and works, U-2 ; loani'l) mint in, till, ()23 ; exports of, 34;t, 3.-.7, .3.'.s, 3:iil, 44;l, 4.'i7. Gi-rmautowu, I'a., 141, ISl, 1S7, 1S8, 100, 212, 310, ,^i.V'). Oii; mills, 333. OlHss In Krinco, 1.1, 234; in Italy, 17,232; In Eniiland, 1!>, 23, 2(1, M,232, 234; iiiado in Vir- ginia. 2.'i, 2il. 30. J32, 2.33. 242 ; in SlassacluisiUts, 2.13, 231, 241 ; scariiiv c^f, 2.34, 23:> ; iniidi' m K,.\v York, 23."i, 240, '211 ; in Curolina, none, 2.'lii ; In NVw J.o-scv, 23i>, 230; in I'l syl- vania, •2.1,1-2.17. 23!<, 24.1,371, 4011, .')74 ; in C'oiMi.ciinil, 242; iu .Maryliuul, 242; doty on, 237, 243; Lord SliolllBld'a remarks on, 2.11* ; «.»l of, 242, Glover, liev. .T., l.Vl. Gloves, ,lisn«ed at i'linerals. 3fin, ,310; premitims for, Otis; niaunfuituros i,'f, 4iW, 414, 434, 44.'i, 4.'.s, Godfrey, TliomBn. 73. .■)7(1, .ISO ; Tlioman Jr., I(i3. Oold, liniinoity of, 4il.'i ; e;.rly s.'Hnli for, 4iK, i70, 024, .'i2'i, .Vio', o.Vl, .'iH4 ; loiind In ViM,'ini», 471, OOo ; in vlaroliuii, 610, till, Bib ; iu tleorgia, ti22, 6il. Oold and sllversinltlis, ?arly, ,110, ft3'. Ml, MS, ti7:1, J74, o}.'> ; pelition for an assiiv olllce, .'i?'!. OrKiii crop, Brst in .New KoKland, 123 ; llrsi l.lii;lit in, and theory of its cu'isu, 12U ; diatlllatiou of piolilloled, 140, o-„i. Granite. Ilr»t used, 2.'1. Ureeu. Sainoel, i-rinis first HUde, l.-i7. infl. lOfl ; bis desreiidauit Iu Miimt liunineioi, lii2, 1114, 17,'>, 170, 17s, Isl. Grill! II, tlie, O'l. Uriud-ieiieH, ;iS3. Oir.i liarrels and lock«, 4nR, ftl6, fWI, fiOa, 003 ; prices of, 573, r,K, f.ii3 ; stock*, fi37, .138, Ouns see r«v.s.>N mid KiKK AnM^O Uuupowder, IIW, 3S2 3.s3, 404, 6!I2, fll« Halifax, Nova Sc.itia, llrst newspaper at, 187. Hamilton, Alexander, 194. 2nS, 241, 423. Ilainili.in laid out t.o' a iiianufacinrini; town, 240. llarK'eave'.s spinning Jenny paieuted, 37U ; op- posed, 370, 3>4 ; superceded 3'J7. Hariford, shipliulldini' at. 4!), .10; mills nfar, 103; printini; at, 17.1, 1S7, 20.1 ■ paper niili-s 20.1; ,iilass factory, 242; imports riolon, 3oo ; c.itton inacliiiiery made at, •>10 ; woolen lad.. / at, 4IS; duck factory at, 4' J ; order made ai, re~|>ectiiiii leather, 438 ; guaii and clocks uiada at. flio, .120. Hats, preminms for, 321, .342, 346; m,innra(!- tnio eomplaiued of. 340 ; manufacture ol. 340, 342,313. 371. 40,1. 41.1, 421, 4.1.1, 4'il, t)0!l ; ex- portati.ol of, 340. 342. 343. 371 ; proliiblled, 342. Ilaverliill. .Mass., 41. l.Kj, 420, 4.13. Heels, wooden, use of, in early tiiuen, 331, 444, 447. II, nip first raised '.n New Enpland. 303; boun- ties of parliamoni for, 32S, 3tii, ,337, 30S, 371 ; first expected, 337; a snbstitnte for fiax, 3^"i ; wild, used in manufactures, 20, 302, 303, 31.1. Hemp nulls, 3S3, 410, 41.1. Holes and >kius. not to he exported, 42S, 420. 433. 4.30, 43S, 442; enninerated. 4.10 ; laws and ordinances respectioij, 432, 43(1, 43,S, 4ot) : priced of. 42S. 43S. 442, 444. 440, 4.1.), 4.10; imp.oled, 4.1.1 ; first from S.oitU America, 403; exports of, 440, 410, 4.11, 401. Hid.', fiiUim.'-tecks invented, 442. II..II0W ware and ('astiiii.'s. 372 ; first in MasFr.clin- setl.-. 470, 4S2, 4S4, 4S1, 4«S, 4s0, 40O, 4'e2, 403 ; ill i;iiode Island, .104 ; In Coniieciicnt, .111, .111; in New York, .1:11, .1.'i2, .'>33, fi44 ; in New Jersey, ,'i40 .1.10; iu I'eniisvlvania, .W.s, ,171 ; in I'ela- waie. .1S3; In Maryland, .^S7, .ISS, .IsO, .1!<4 ; in Yirjjinia, ilos : prices of, ;12.1. S71, SOb ; Hcarciiy of 471, 4ss ; first iu sand, 4s4. H.oio'spnn, becomes fashionable, 3flS, .371 ; . 414. Indiana, first printlint In, 170. liolians, lav wasi<' ea..,, improvements. 20, 42, OS, 101. 272, 400, 4sl, 4R3, 602, 6.12: 'iirKe ra- nges of, :1K; brlclimakinii by, 21H ; brewing, 247; first leain the use of ardent spirit". 24s ; use f suit amoiiK. 270; teach the 11 f »ild lieiiip, .302; u»e of cotton among, 307 ; use of iron unknown aiiioug, 20, 406; toola and \ve«- p.im of, 4(10. Iiid'tn, Indigeuonsto America, 308; cultivation of, ailemi I ill New York, 314. 34s: in l'ar.». llua, 322, 3'iO, 34H; iu Luulaiaua, 348; l)uu» mm rst newspaper »t, 187. !I4. 'JUS, ■J4I, 4jn. iiiiiuul'Hi'iuriiii; lown, 2W. enny paicuteil, 37tj ; ap» iM'(ii-a 3J7. at. 4:), W; mills nfar, p. 1S7, ai.'i ■ jiaiiiT niiii-s 42 ; imi"!!'" cilnii, a«i ; le at, •'10 : wouleii lact.' / • at, 4'J ; ordor made iii, 8 ; guaii aud clocks luailti .T21, 342, 346; m.mnrai!. UO ; miiiiufactiiii' "f. ;H0, J, 4-Jl, 4.V), 4'il. (i'):l ; rx- 34), ,'i71 ; liroliiblled, 3-li id. 420, 4X1 in eaily times, 331, 444, s'ew Enpland, 303 : b.nin- •, 32S, 311), ,337, 3i;S, 371 ; I Kiilistitme fur tUx, 3vo ; 'actures, '2. .ill, aiib ; marciiy sand, 4'>4. i^liiunaldp. 3nfi. .371 : qnnn- ;il4, 32:), 330, 331, 343, 372, 40, 203, 410 ; duty on, '.OO. 121, 122, 13.j, 13r,, rm. llntcli, 314, and (i'rnian«, «t('d. 314, 3:t3, 41-< ; knit 14. 412, 41S, 414, 41S, 4.'.; ; <; Kilk, 300 :«;l ; niannlif- iragi'd, 3v2, 3s3 ; prtiuiuius S ; fcari'ity of, 4.'i7. iron, cltarat'lHV and pxtfnt , 331,340, 37.'i, 3^0, SflO, 3!i0, •1 ; of nails, 413, 401, 4li« ; a 17StO, 410. 423. 1 (if, 1.'^, 10, 30.) ; Fpnt to .■>H ; cnlllvatn Ihc vim', 272, 322, 340, 3.(9 ; uaturaliml, navfti nrcliilect, 74. 04, 6CJ. i In, 179; wltie in, 277; nalt of lame. 422, 4S2 ; of Hflt. iSl, :131, 344, 3«!i. 374, 3^:^ I'.'), 400, 402; uf It.iu. 02!' ; 2, 4'"<; "I wini'and Iuimmiii, ■a»(Mif. 202, 30W, ;i7«. 414. k- In. )7:i ■a..,, iinprovPtnrnts. 21, 42, ■ 1, 4«3, ri02, Mi : iiirKi' «''>• niakinii I'j, 210 ; lirfWlnK, usi- of »rd>'nl «pirit". 24s ; 270 ; !i'Hi'li tlip \i-i' of »iOl dptlon aiMonK. 307 ; n»p of lUK, 21), 4«.1; toola aud »>'»■ (1 Aniprlo«, 308; cultlvattoo w York, 314. 34f< : ui I'ar.c iu LuuUiitua, 348; bua» I^DEX. 69T tito md pr?minm« for imprnvd mannfactnro of, .itO; an or,nnii'rat"d artii'lp, 32.'): pxporl* of. .34^, 34!); di-^placed by cottou, .>')0, 3.J0 ; yellow, riiado. 3.'jO. Butniini'nt-i, inaOiomatiral and philosophical, 7.3, 100, 41)2, .'lOI, .'i2l, ."ioS, .170, SSO. nvouti.ins, parly Eur.ipoan, 13, 14, 03. 211, 212, .lO'j, 521 ; parly American, nantical, h'i, ,^i3. 02, 73, 74, 7.'i. 70, 107, 4^2, :ViS, .I.V). .•>77, .073. .170, SSO ; in n W and hvdranlic nnaohinorv, 00, lOii, 113,11.1, IK), 142,14,1, 147, 14;), l.irt, l.'il, 402, 501, ■)21, 570, .179, (ISO, ,11)1 ; in paper, typoM, and pr.asps, 200, 207, 210, 212. 213. 214, 21.1, 402 ; in hrickinakini.', 231 ; in -altniakiiii,', 20.1 ; in inxtilp nun'tiinory and procossos, ,340, 3,11, 3.12, 3.13, ,3.1.1, 3>H, 3S0, 30'i. 4ii3. 4 I7, 40S, .IIS, fi79 ; in Ipatlior nnikinj;, 442, 414, 41S, 4i)4 ; in tlip niotallio tiranclips, 3S-i, 47. i, 477, 4-'-', 4:i2, 407, 40S, .101, ,104, .1)0, .114. .111, (I17. .U.S. ,110, fi30, ;1(io, .102, .171, 177, .17S, ,1S(). 1^1. 104; in steam appai'atns, .171, .177. I'-O. .isi, .104 ; inis- CPllanponi, 230, 41S, 402, ">00, ,101, ."do, 520, 121, 510, 102, .170, 17.S, .179, 1.S0, 5S1, JOJ. In VA, first printini; in, I.-O. Ipowich, -1'), 123, 120, 1.1s, .302, 414, 47.1. Jfto.v, unknown to the Indian'*, 2'), 40.5 : anti- (jnity of, 2'), 401, 400; in Enu'land, 21, 'JO, 407, 40'<, 470. 023, 020; first montion id', in Ame- rica, 27, 2S, 3.3, 40.S, tiOO. 010; mines and works in .Ma^xichn-etts, 470.101; in lihoi'.e Ishm.l, ,10l-.1o4; in Connectirut. .104-121; in New l[anip-.lii)'e, 521-123 ; in Vermont, 52 !- 524; in .Vow York, .124-1.39 ; lu New Jersey, ,130-1.10; in I'lOui-yUMriio, .V)0-1S2 ; in DiOa- waie, 5S3; in .Marylaii'l, '^4-105; in Vir^'inia, 27, 2S, .11.1-000; 'in Kentucky, O02-O04 ; in Norih C-.AilMia, 000-017; lu Teuues-oe, 013- til:*; in Sjiitli Carolina, HI 7-022 ; in Oeoru'ia, 622; ifeueral idiservalious on, 023-031 : ollieial reports concpniini;, 4s2, 4S3, 4*). 522, 520, ,130, ,ViS, 580, 023; jealousy of c.Oonial, 4S1, 023, 1)20; acts of pnrliament respeciim,', 330, 300, 6S5. 023, 024, 020, 027, 02S, 030 ; hiir, pricos of, at dill'ereiit lin)ps, 473, .120, .131, .150, 5ii4, 671, 5S4, 500, .10. , Pii!, prices ,tf, 512, 535, .114, 5'13, ,171, .101), mi ; ex|i.irtsor harand p\x, 4ol, .527,531, 540, ,5.10. ,100, 571, 5S4, 5*0, ,190, 625 ; tables of, 020, 02S ; imports of bar and pU', 401; tables of, 020; duties on, parliamentary, 597, 024; domestic, 4o9, 500, 5S4, 590, 031, Japannpd lealhpr, first, 443. Jeans, tirst, 300, .30S, 300, 403 ; cost aud price of, 400, 403, 407, 40S. Jelferson, opiui.ms of, respeotlni.' mannfactures, 413; Holes on Virginia, 413, 0(0, oio; leiters of, 70, Ml, 413, (i07 ; housohold inanufaiituruii of, 413. 5<2. 008. Jpuks, Joseph, patents n saw n.lll, no. 470 ; uiakos hrsl hra"« and Iron casiiuijs. scythes, and edge to.ils, In .New Kn^-laiid, 47(1 ; drst dieo for mint, 477; first lire en^ 4VS ; pro- poses wire ilrawimr, 47 .S ; -Mr., 404,523; Jo- seph. Jr., erects first lioii^e aud forge lu KUodo Island, 502, Stephen, .104. Jennies, spiiiniiiir. Ilrsi in Amerlcn. 383, 387, 308, 4()|, 17!) ; cost of, 400, 402, 407, 408, Jauiftia Iron, SOU. Kaolin, 524. Kansas. flr~l prlnlinif In, 1S<1 Keiili, Sir \S., ..piloses Immlifratlon, 31(1; u.. scheme of ^orerniieut for colonies, 3.17 ; hii) Iron work>, .112. KK?«ri:i'Ki-. .irst printing in, 17!); salt In, 204; lauiiin/ in. 402 : Iron works aud mtue« In, OO'i. KliikOoo, 4>4, 4SS, 4H0, 4:iU. l,*Boi», fi dom of, 21 ; price of, 3.., /2, 3(1, 100, li*,i. 220, !:i9, 340, 444, 474, 527, 597; aervlle •ffects of, 428. Lace, fiinije. Ai;,, importation of, 344, 372; mad* 302, 414, 410. Laucasier, IVnn., mills in. 111. 1H>. 14.3. 415, ]irinnntr in, 100, 4o0; paper mills, 100; lirew- eries, 2il2 ; ulass house, 2:i7 ; fiiUinK' mills, 3"7 . inaiinracinrers, 415, 421 ; leather aud saddlery. 441,417,401 ; iron and copper miueb aud work» 512-557 ; Ki)i)s. 572. 57.1. Laws, Mimptii.tiy, MS, 435. Lead, in .Massacrmseiis. 403 ; in ronnectlcnt, 513 5is ; in New York, 524, .127, .132, 5:t3 ; in TeiiK sylvania, .1.10, .104. 505; in Maryland, 5sS, .I|i2 iu Viru'ina, 20, 471, 003,004; in A'ortii Cir.)- lina.oio; in Tennessee, iil4 : iu s.mih ('ar.Oi na. Old, ii20; in .Missouri, oot ; scarcity of, .l.i.'i. Leatlo'r and its manulact.ires, 424-404: extent and importance of, 424; antiiiuily of, 421; amiiig llie Indians, 421, 420; the Japane-« 420 ; laws and onlinauces respectim.', 433. 4.10 437, 41s, 4;!',), 441, 41s, 403; iu Virginia, .3i 427,42^.402; in .Massaehnseiis, 431, 4.32. 43 431, 411, 413, 4.10 ; iu C.inneclicoit, 4:11. 4.10, 43 4.;s, 4-.I ; in liho.le Island, 430; iu .New Yorl 430-442, 4,15, 401, 402; in .New Jersey, 412 44.3; iu I'eiiiisvlvaiiia and Ii.-laware, 4t3-41S 417, 401, 402; i'n .Maryland, 44S, 402; in Sonit Car.ilina, 44S, 440, l./ii. 401 ; in .North Car.iliiia 440; in (l.'orL'ia. 410; exports ,)f, 4:14, 435, 440, 4.»), 412, 45S, 4tiO, 402; prohiliited, t2S, 420, 4,')5 43s. 442, 445 ; prices of, 430, 444, 440. 44o ; in. piMvements in. 442. 41.3, 4i)3, 4>i4 ; fancy ami uiorucfi, 443. 41s. 410, 403 ; «p,.ariO of, in .luiy times, :il7, 3'i7, 3sl, :'' , 420, 432. 444. 440, 4.11 ; duties on, 403. ^Sse Siioia aud Ta.v.ninu.; I.ee, 12.S, 20.1. I.enox, ir 01 ore and works, 40.1", 4011, Leonards, tiie, 47 , 470-4s2. 4oi. 490, 540. Leslie, K., inve ions of, 5so, 5Sl. Lii:iitnini.' rod fir-t, .100. Lime, fir^t ma..ii!'actiiie of, 21f, 210, 470. Limoi. inauufaclure of, in Enuland, si, 3,37, 344; lu New Knuland, fli'st h..u»(diold, 20,s, 200. 303, 314, :i.30; iinprovemeiu iu. 3:il, 3:iJ ; faclories, first, :l.33, ,3.14, 335, 373, 370; ntade m New Y'ork, 314, 307, 309, 3"; , in New Jersey, :!l J; ill I'.omsylvauia, 311, ilO, 317, 330,371, :!M. 405. 407, '40s. 412, 415, 5!i2 ; in IliOaware and Maryland, 319, 330; in VuKiiiia, 314, 320, 311, 412; k'eneial use of, in early limes, :i.3o, ;10I ; premiums for, 310, 3:(4, 3.35, ;130, :H4, 340, 307, 30s, 3S|, 3S2, 020; Importation of, .3", 33s, 330, 344, 3h9, 411 — ^see Ul'i K (mil tiAlL CLolll) —/,mt ivhfl inlrodneed, 331, 332. Tiin-ey-woolsey, 330, ;I71. Li.|iiors, first excise on, 211: cousninptlou of, 201, 204, 201, 209, 270. 274. 270. Llvinicstou, lead and Iron inims and works, 511, 520, 527, 130, ,1:J3 ;—(."«( /11T//0C, 07, 417, ,W9 ; Uobt. U., 211). LoftstAXA. first prinllni: in, 779; vine culture in, 277; iudiiio lu, 34s, :(10 ; cotton In, :i51, ;U2 ; flr>t sujiiir mill aud collou k'u "), •i'l , I'Hk I ', 310. Lumber, meanlTiR of 11 » terir., 104; cost of saw- Inu, 07, 100, IDS, II • exports of, from New Eim-land, 30, 44, 50, H, 'Xi. 90, '.i9, Itil, 341 ; from New York, 101 I'lS ; from New Jern y prohibited, 08, 100; (roni I'ennsylvHiiia, III; from .Maryland and Vir^iuia, 113, 147; total fn.m Hulled Stales, ill. Lynn, mills at. 123 ; sheep and cattle at, 304, 431 ; '-(-..I New Kn^land tannery at, 411 : first »li..e. i.aker at, 432; shoe Imsiiiess of, 3o7. 114. 4.;i, t.11. 412, +i3, 400 403; first improved «Iiom 11. k- niifactiire at, 451, 4.12; first Kcw buKluud irm w.irk« at, 471-477, MArni»KHT, invention aud mannfactnre of paper- makiiii^atid printiiiif. 210. 214; brickmskiiiij. 231 : IcKlile, elfirts to obtain, ;i.35. 330. 377, 3 ((>, 570 ; p'finiums for, 340, 301*, 37(1, 6!9 ; oppusl 1 68$ INDEX. Hon to. In F,nr«;»>, 37«, 3S4 ; mannfadurp of. ^tf. S<^, .T.i.s, 410, i'lTS, .'i7!t; o.'irJin;ikii]i.', H''''. -t-''. 407, .')1S, ,571 ; llllilmKkin^', 4S.'-, *i2, 4'.>^, ;'iii:i, ,'iri, fi7l, .'il'4; ii-iin ami stiwl ijiiikiu^,', 41)0, .'ilj, :..'i;i, .'iSO, .'iiiB, ('.'JO; niTcw outtiii),'. •'104; i;nn- miikluK. ■'>17. '!'>■'; W""<' !*">* meii.l \v.ili.<, .'j17; laiiidnry ami iimrlilc ciutiii.', .'19, .'i7!l ; ijiiruiiiK, Al>(;' lll■o.l^•iUk', .021. .'mS, .VK : li.ii-..!..- (.'iriil, .')01, .Un. .Vil, ii76, liyilraiilu iUi.l mill (^ee iNVKSTin.NS) ; iinisi'iini of, |ir.i'.i»i'tl, .'■"'1 ; cxportatiiiu of, pi'oUibUca, a7S, iM ii:io; Aom America, 40;i, .')7i'. MaildiT ami woad, 319, S.'.O, .•iS2, 41P. JlH(;afini>r., ftr.-.t in Kiixlanrl ami A;iioiioa, ISfi, W.iiiif, sliiplmildini; in, 44-4i) ; saw mill'f iu. "fi, y7-li>0; covu mills, ViH, 1J9 ; lirioks iu, 'J:il ; piiiitinn in, 179 ; tannini; iu, 43J, Hi. y. .It .«i'e Haki.ky ami Mali). ."■laustii.ui. ;f>>o, ;i«i. .'iii^. Mauul'aclurers, ijruiJuiiion of, to roimallon, 412, 41.'), .')U.S. Maiiufacinrex, flrnt colDnial, 2.') ; nets f.)r p]ico)ir- RL'iui;, 49, 114, 109, •2Xt, 3.«, :H4, IW), 3.')7, Ml, 40S, 409, 417, 4'2.), WW; cauHi'S of netlect of, .30:i. .123 327, 328, .3'29, 411. 4.")0 ; proMiDti'J li/ rHi.tniints ou Ira.ie, :H, . 4. '2:i7, 324, ,i37, 4'2.s, 4.")0, 4.")1, 4.">4, 4S2, .')94 ; coii)|i.aii)is oi', NS, 90, 199, 3'2)i, .S29, :V!8, 340. Ii23 ; niarniiu!; pro^'l■o^8 of, 88, 328, 3'i9, 330, 3C9 ; ri^'lit to coufino a«- Hertfii, 330, 370 ; doiuostic eucouraKi'iuent of, l.cronien if*"""™!. 3S1-3S3 ; olijoclionii urnod Hk'aiu>t, 40.); advautaxes of, 40ii ; cliararlcr and extent of doiui'stic household, 411-410; t,.ial esliniateil ani.nint of. 410, 4'2;t ;— «ri7).v/i importations of. 89. 331, 344. 374, 3S9, .'<94, 4U)i, 411, 414. 4t)2, .044. B29 : drawbacks allowed ou, 327, 32S : cost of. 32!<, 3:to. Maunraciurinn; town, ipropo)ied plan of, 410, 411 ; laid out, 240, 421. Makvlasi), shiphuildlns: in, "S-,82, fll ; Raw and c.irn niillsin, 112, H'i, 147, .094, of).") ; iirii)ll)ii,' in, 17.'), 178, lh7 ; papermakiun in, 207 : hrick- nakiuK: in, 2'.'9 ; i;las..)iiakiiiK iu, 242, 243; DeeriDakiuK in, 2ii2, 2)13 ; textile arts and i))a- terials in, 33ii, 339, 34'i, :V)3. .'isl, .39s, i\r, ; IwHthermakins in. 448, 4iil, 402; iron n)ines and works iu, f)84-.'i9.-) , c.ial of, ."i! 0, ftO 1 , .■)9.') ; early stale of arts and t)'Kde in, 14)i, 319. .094; uon-liuporlatiou ai;reeine)ils iu, 374, 'inporls of, '202, 322, 374, Oil; exp.o'ts of, 83, 113, 140, 147, 3'J'2. 337, 448. .084. .Os9, .Oil9, ti-2(!, «■!!<. Mahsaohi-setts, shiphnililiun, iu, 3U-49, fiS, 90, 91 ; saw mills In, 94-97, 101, 102; corn luilis in, 117, 118, 1'22-128; priiitiuK in, 1,02-107, 183, 184, 180, 187; boukhimliuu: anil b.ioksell- Iniiin, 190-192, 197; paperiuakiui; iu, 197, 198, 199, 200, '204, '2O.0, 207, '2)19, 340; type fouudiUk', &e , in, 212, 210; provincial Bta)np act in, '2))3, 20)1; linekiuaki))^ In, 219-2'22, 231; ulassumk- lui; in, '233, '239. '241; li)'erniaki))K, ■24.V2.0O; willrnakiuK in. 'TO. •2,s)t-'2s4, 287, ■2S8-'290 ; ti>x- lilo arts in, '2') -300, 302-.II4, 33'2-3>.0, 339-342, :)4:i. 340, ■■'.);, 307, 372. 373, 37.0, 3Sl. 398, .'199, 401, 4U. 419, 4'20 ; )itlier and shoeinak)Ug in, 4,11-430, 4)1, 403, 4.09, 402; iron mines )U>d works in, 470-^001 ; housi-hold I t)d list ry of, '298, 37'2, 414. 42)), 499 ; uoii-importalion axreemoiis In. 20'2. '237. 3)!7, 372, 373, :t74, 370 ; imports „(, 2il9 3V4. 414, ii'29 ; I'Xp.irls of. 30, 70, 1'23, 231, 200, 342, 434, 430, 402. 49.0, 497, 02)1. (128. Mii>i and raft sliips, 08. 72: ti)i)lji.r, Ul), 1U4, lOJ. M.'.ll.inl, 38. 43, 2'20. 221, 404 Mil DOiAN, lirst iiriulinu In, 179. Mil i.s. sawing, 93-11 ) ; i)i Massaohti««!ts. 04-97, 101,102; in Maine and New llatiipslilre, 90- IDl ; in V..rm..nl, |i)2; Iu Kliode Island, 102. 103; in CouuiTiieiil. 1)11-1)10 ; In New \. ok, l(l.'i-IO»; in ^ew .lersey. 108, 109; III I'eiiusyl- VtniR una Delawan., 109-112: Iu Miiiyland »nd VliKinia, 11'2-114: Iu Car.dimi and (ieor- (1«, '1)4, nii; In CauuJa flr,-t, 101; iu olilo llr«t, 114; In T'nited Pistes, 112 ;— cm. J. liR- 122 ; — «-r(((r, grixt and Jlmit, 1'2'2-l.Oi . ,ii f.Ias^achusett.s, 12'2-128; in .Maine, 12s, 129; ill New Hampshire, 129. 130; in lili.ide l>l.ii,.i, 1:10, 131; in Counecticiil. 131, 132; iu -N.'w Y.irk, l;)3-137; iu New .Tersey, l.i7-l:i'> ; ,n reiinsylvania, i;M-144; in D.'lavare. 144. 14,'.; iu Maryland, 14'i, 147. .094. .OiiO ; in Virr'in.a, 147, 148; in Carolina and (lenritia, 1*8, It) MillwriKlits, early, 27, 7(i, JOO, 101, 103, lOU, Uii, 14'2. Millstones. 149. Milton. 11*7, 198. 200, 491. Minnesota, first priutiuij in, ISO. Mines and minerals, search f.ir, 28, 4S8, 470, HM, ,024, .O'iO ; grants of, 471, 493, oO.O, .024. .020, 5'20, fi40, 610. )^See CopPKK, OoLU, lBo!«, Lkad, 8ii.- Miniug companie., 404, 608, 611, 52.0, 627. 632, ,048, .0,06, .007, 602, 674. Minis, colonial. 78, 477, 478; United Slates, 478 ; hrauches iu Carolina and Georgia, 611, 623. Mississirpi, printiuK' in. 179. MisRoL-Ki, piiutiuK in, 179; mineral resources of, 61.0. MoiK.poHen InJurloiiR, 18; Rbolished in Eni;land, 300, 41)8; prohibited iu Massachusetts, 96, 434 ; in Ne.v York, 2'2:), '2'24. Monrniuir apparel, disuse of, 345, 366, 367, 368, 370, 37'2, :i.sO. Mnskets, first made In Massachusetts, 487, 016, .090 ; prices of, 673, 691, ,092. (Seu FiRK ABMs.) Mustard niiUs, 144, 678, 679. Naii,9, spikpR, *(!., manufaclnrc of, in Mas»arhn- selts, 3.82. 414, 484, 491, 492, 494, 498, 499, fSiO; 111 Uhode Island, .003 ; iu Connecticut, 613, 618, 619; iu New Hampshire, 6'23 ; Vermont, ,0'24 ; ill New York, 638; in New Jer,-ey, .0.00; in I'ennsylvauiaand Delaware, 'itVi. .051, 660, 664, 60.1, .067,668,670,67:1,576; iu Maryland, 587, 694; iu Caroliua and (ieornia, 617, 619; in Tuited Stales, e:K1 ; Iu Canada, 536; foieij.'U u.it to bo used, 372; family manufactures ..f, 413, 491, 499 ; first cut, 38s, 4SS-492, 49!<, 619 ; ami nail rods, prices of, 6'2.0, 6:17, 6:18, 671 ; Inip.irlatious of, 62:^, 629 ; duly ou debated and laid, 499, ,000. Nantes, edict of Issued, 16 ; revocation of and itn conseniieucus, 16,305, 3'22. Nantucket, 43, 4'20, Naval Btores, production of, to be encouniRed a» a iiieaus of diverting fnoii maunfaclnie.s, :I28, 3:)S, 341 ; buuuties ou (seo Boi'NriKs and I'Ri- Navik-allun laws, 81, 82, 87, 88, 285, 303, 3'ii ; American peiliioned lor, 81, 86. Navv yards, ,02. 83. Needles, 604, 016. Newark, N. .1., 138, 258, 442, 441, 640. N(.wl>ury, 42, 12.5, 126, ls2, ls7, 192, 210, 4S6, 492. New En^'land RhlpplnR, 90, 91 ; neWRpav.ers in, in 1788, 189 ; fisheries, cioiimeuceiuiMil of, 278 ; I'niti'd Colonies of, 174, '297 ; early pursuits ef, 278, '298; first cloth nianofacture In, '298, 3:t9, 310, 341 ; household niauuiaciures of, 413, 414; iiiip.irls of, 374, 6'29; exports of, 4.07. 626. 628. Nuw llAMPsiilKK, ahipliuiiilluK Iu, 65-58, 90' saw mills ill, 95, 96, U7-10I : corn mills In. i).l, lis, 1'29, l:IO; prIulliiK 1), 178, 187, 215; paper- msklnx In, '204; Baltmakiiik' and B«1iIiik in, 279; textile arts In, ;U1, 3I'2, :i:l9, 340, 414, 420; first iieats callle In, 431; tanneries In, 402; Iron nines and w.ol's in. 621-52:1; iiii- p..ri» ef, 6'23 ; exporlM of, 66, ,07, 6<, 9:>. lol, 6'22. New Haven, :I7, 49,60, 131, 174, ',75, 1^7. 213; ► ilk riiNlnu at, 360, 361 ; coll.m factory al, 419 ; onler re.peciiiiK leather at, 4:l«, 437 ; lue- tallic miiuiiiaiinres, .Hc , ,006, 510. 618, 619. Ntw JtusKV, Bliipliulldiuu in. 08, 69, 01, taW PIstps. 112 ;— (/-I'tLj. 1(R- aiul Jl'iiir, U'^-l.'il . .11 2S; ill Miiiiie, rj^, 1^ ; •i!t, ni>: in Uli.iiiH Ul.ii.'i. ■ticul. l:fl, 1H2 : ill .Ni'W Si'w .Inrsi'y, i:i7-l:!:'; a 14; in D.Mii'JiHre. 144. 14.' ; 17, TiiM. .'»!'.") ; ill Viiv'iiia, I nnd (icipritia. \ii, H'l 7t), hH), 101, 103, 101), ISii, 91. iL' in, ISO. aroh fir, 2S, 4S3, 4"n, .■(d.^ 171, 4H:), AO.'i, fi24. Si'i, 52ii, K, OoLii, Iron, Lkad, tiii.- 4, 608, 611, 52.'i, 627, .'.:!2, I. f, 47S; United SUtP^', 478 ; HUil Geurgia.till, iJ2o. n. 17rt. 179; mineral resources of, 18; Bbolisheil In Eni;laiid, in MaNsacbusetla, IIU, 434 ; !4. ^use of, 345, 3i)i), 3C7, 3M, n Ma««acliu«ptt«, 4S7, .M«, ill, 6!) 2. (Seu FiRK Akmk.) i, 079. nufaclnrc of, in MasMrhn- 91, 4:i2, 494, 49S, 499, 62;l ; Verinout, .124 ; in New Jer.-i-v, .ViO ; in elaware. W:!. .Vil, .'lOO, 664, ■;), 676: in Maryland, ,1^7, ind (leornia, Ijl7, 619; in In Cauada, .VHi ; foieijrn ; faiiiiW niannlai'tures .if, lit, ;^s^,'4H^-492, 4rts, 619 ; ;i.» of, 62.'), 6.17, 6.1S, 671 ; tf2u ; dniy on debated and 1, 16 ; revocation of and itn 1.), 322. on of. to bo enoonraged as ig from rnaiiufiii'tui'o.'*, ;12H, ju (i>«o BoL'NriKs and I'Hi- 82, 87, 88, 286, 303, 324 ; 1 lor, bl, 80. i8, 442, 441, 640, 20, ls2, 1S7, 192, 216, 4S6, U, 90, 91 ; nowsp»!..'rH in, in s, cumnieiiei'ineiil of, 27.** ; 174,297 ; early inirMiiti' I'f, I niaiuifacture in, 298, :i:t9, I manulacuirO't of, 413, 414; ; exi'ortHof, 4.')7. (126. 628. IlilmiidinK In, 6.W68, 1)0 r , U7-10I : corn mills in. 9.1. iiK li, ns, 187, 21.'>; jiaper- altninkiiiLf and n>liiiiK In, 11, 3.11, ,312, 339, 340, 414, UIIh 111, 431 ; tannerien in, lid worl'M in, 621-62.1 ; ini- rlHof, 66, ,67, 6*. 99, Ml,6'.''2. ■lO, 131, 174, '.76, 1n7. 213; 0, 3iil ; coll. Ill fartory al, un loallier a!, 43«, 437 ; me- , tif , .')Ori, 610, 618, 619. illdiUK In. Ob, 09, 01 , »»W INDEX. 090 BrtMii In. 108. 109; corn mills. 137-139 ; print- ini( ill, 172, 174, 177 ; pa|i..riii:tkiii,; in, 1;17, 2ol, 2it.), 210; liricliiniikins' in, 220; ula'^sinuliiiit; ill, 2.'0, 2,39 ; 1«',t and ruler making, 2.'i7, 2.">S ; Rultuukini; in, -JiUi, liill ; Kcairiiy of r-alt in, -M ; t.'Xlilo am and iiial.TlaU'in, 314, 3l."i, 411,414; leaili.-r and slioes in, 44J. 44:i, 4.Vt, 4'2 ; iiMii Hiid !■ vpiier miuiis and W"rks in, .')3 '- 6io; e.x-p.iris of, 109, 138, 646, 640, .'i47, 548, 6.0; |ir..llibiti>.l, 109. •N'.'w I... 11.1. .11, (',.11 II.. 6.1, 61, 62, 103. 119, 1:11,132, 176. 1>7, .313, :M-|, 421. 474. 606. .MV,'. ^^n^p..it. K. 1., 64, 66, II5, l**, 177,221, 277, 334, ;wi, ;'7:), 420. M.w-pai .M-i, oriu'in of, 106; first in En^•lan(I, IH.'., I'iO; flr,t ill 11, p C, lollies, 103, 104; in Jla«s.ieliiiseus, l.;:|, iiii; m I'liiladelpbia, 171 ; in .New Y.iik, 172, 174; in (^irribee i.slan.ls, 173; put in ni..iiriiiiii,' lor stamp act, 174; first W"-loiii. 179; in CaliOirnia, ISii; llrsi dailv, ls7; niinili.'r of, in 1776, 187; in I7,ss, |,s;); 8MI.1II pi.illts .if early ones, l.sj; llrst at Halifax ami •lii..l)..e, ls7. New Y.'ik eiiy, llrst (.'raiiU and city manistrnev 111. oil; e,irly»liipliiiil,liiii;, sliippini;, and inula of, 37, 69, 01, O.i, 1.14; llrst cliiiia trada of, 0.3; early in.'rcliaiits of, 01,02; nulls in, 106, 117, II.', 13.t; biiltiiii; 111. mop. .ly .if, On, til, i.i.i; II 1st pr."s in. 17.1 ; llrst iie\vs],aper and iiiimlier of. in |s4'i, 172: lir~t dailv, ls7; li....k-ellers ail. I liiH.l-rs, 190, 1112; typ-' l'..iiiidry, ;;14; early lniKes and fiirniliii'e in, 01, ;;ii;i, ;;-jj, 2-'4; first tavern, 222. 261; nr-l lir.'weis and di^iilli'i-s, 2611. 2"i2; first Siiudav li.|ii..r law. '2'iii, 261 ; antitariir spirit in, '261, 2i2 ; lir-t ii.iiv.' niay.ir 01', 2V3 ; llrst p..or-li..nse in, ,!:(4 ; s..ei..ty .if arts in, :i07-.i71. 4'i6. 6.32 ; linen I'.ie- t.'iy, 371; rolL.n laet.iry, 4ii.l ; tiiiin.Ms aii.l sli.ieiiiakers in, 440-442; tlie "..••imp," ;;;i4, 441 ; e,uiy sinii'n in. 626; air fiirnae... 6:14; llrst Wiiterwoik* 'o, .634 ; Orsi rariiai,'.' f.ici.iry, 63S ; niotallie iiiauiifictiir.'^, 63s, .VM ; noii iili- p..riati'iii resiiliiii.iiis in, 3.i7-:i7.i, 376; imporls .if. 0.1, 01, 104, 222, 374, 462, 466, ii2'i, li2S ; ex- p irts of, 60, 01, 0.1, 108, 134, 361, 37s, 462, 6.16, 029. Ni;w VoRK, shlphiiildini,' In, 37, ,69-08, 91 ; saw 111111-, in, liii-lns; win. I nulls in, 117. 119, 120, 121, 122; wat.'rc.irn iiiills in, 1.1.3-1.17; print- iiiifin, 102, I'iJ, 17'i, 171, 174, 176. Is?; i,.iok- s.Oliii:,' ami liiii.liiu- in. Ion, luu ; p„;...riini(iiit,', '200, 2oi, '2.19. 210; stamp act in, 2iM; «eaieif of paper ill, L'O'i ; paperliaiiiriiu;s in, oi)!., oin'^ type, ami pr..s>es In, 212. 214, 21 "1 : hrickii, ilt- 111.: ill. 2J2-220; i;I:is, 1.29 ; oxp.jrts .if. .■M4, 44s, 44', OJO. If.irwieli, C.iuu., 101, 187, '.'00, 270, 4ls, 439, fll8, .{ova Scolia, newspaper In, 187; Se.deh Irish •eiilo III, ,'1.12, 31.1; |lr,t iieata catllti lu, 427; Irou luiuus and workit, ii7. Onto, first priiitiufr in, 179; first saw mill In, 104: taniiuries in IslO, 402; mineral rosoureet of, Oii:t. Oils, expressed, premiums for, 30, 410. 1)11 I'aeiories. sp.'rm. 66. Oil mills, 10:1, I'Jl, |4.i, 3';2. 414, 416. Oii.inilal'o salt s|.rin-;s ilis.'..ver..d, 2S4, 293. Orm.mx. llrst priiiiinn 111, IsO. OrK'aii biiil.liii,;, 6sii, .-,81, nrieries. ,'iii|, 621, ,'i70. orr, Hiiijli, :i4ii, .t.is. 480, 487 ;— «(,-jerf, 487. Oswejjo, mills at, 137. Talvt, limited nse .if, 208, 2iV. rainters' colors, duty on, 202, 237, 372; pr». miiiins lor. 407. ralalines, (jerman, settle in .\nieriea, 14' 276 310, ,367, 376, ,-iii(i. rAi'Kii, inaiinlaeliiro of, in t:iii;hiii.|, 81. IM ; in .Mexico ami I'.-rn, U'.'i ; lir-t cLoiial, liiii; in l*.Miii>ylvaiiia, Ilt6-l!i7, Iiiy, 'Jill, lim;, 007 208, 20!l,''Jlll; in Jla»>aelliis,.t|», l:!?^.!)' '"o.!' 204.206, 207, '201,3411; in Ith.i.l.. Maud, 2i'ii,' '201: in ('.■iiiieetieiii, '200, ;;o.i, J117, 'jio; i,| Xew Hampshire, 2o4 ; in Verm. nil, L'o6 '; in New V..rk. 'joii, 200, 201, 'JIO ; in N.-w .U'l-rv 197, '2ul, •JO;l, :;ill; in H.'laware, 201, '207, 210; in .Maryland. '207; in I'ar.iliiia. 2ii7, 2iis, iii Calif.. riiia, '206 ; Inlies .m, 201, '2ii2, '20.1, '2oO, 20.S ; rep.'al.'.l by Kiu'laml ami Kraiie.., 'JOii '209; ami racs, searcity of, l;i8. In;', 'M'), 'Joti ; hleiieliini: and blneinif of, ii04, 206, 200, 210 I'ap.'r liaiiiriiu's, usa and manufacture of, •20S-211, I'ari limi.nt. 2ol, I'arliim.'iit, liritish, nrst act of relatini.' to Aine- rie.i, 27.S ; a.linits eobmial pr.idue.. Ir.'e. :;o.l, 367 ; enai'ts tlio navi^^atLin laws, s7, 2s6, ;jJ4, 326, 32'i, 4.'.0 ; eivcl» a H.iaid of Tra.le ami J'lantations, ,■(20; probibits Hie exp.iriaiion of wo.)I and w.i'.b'ns fr.nn llie col..iii.'s. :iJ7 ; pavs.'s, tbe trespass arts, ,67, 9.1, liio, lii.) ; allow.i ii. unities on naval St.. res and raw mat. .rials, ,'12H, 4r., isi'e D.ifxTiHs ; encoirav's imp.,ria- li.oi of raw iron, bin deelare-. a,'ainBi manii ae- tiire-i, ;i.(.i, 024-ii2s; calls f.i ■ reports ot maim- factiiies, 33H, :!7ii, 026; pr. bibiis exp..riai'ou ami limits tlio iiiaiiiil'artnr 1 of bat-, ;{42, pi.i- lilbits slittiiiif mills ami hle.'l fiirn.ir.'-. 4.i|, 668, 0'26; probibits paper ■mmey, 346. .106 : its liberal approprialoins, 99, 327, :t.")0, :i6s, :jii',| ; lays liro .inty for reveiin" in America, ,306 ; . li slanips, |,S6, 2o|, ;)00 ; on glass, paper, &c,, ln6, '202, .172; pr.iliibiu exp.iriati.ni of tools, uten- sils, ami ariillcirs, 37», ,390, o;!0. Pal. lit laws, unyiu of, 90; early American, 96, 114, IsO. I'ai|..r-.iii, N. .7 , f.uiride.l, 411. I'liwlniOiel, It I., 07, 10.3, 400, 401, 40.3. 602, ,603 I'.'rk, J..I111, 47, I'eiiii, William, 09, no, 141, 108, 109, |:io oa^ 236, 2.10, 2V.I, '272, 273, :II6, 310,443,444, ,V,1.' ,6'''!. 602;— ./"'iH, 24:1, 303, 371, 667 ;— 7'/i.,niii,«, 660, 1'k,vnsvi,TAVia, sbipbnildinir in, 69-77, 9) ; saw mills in, 109-112; crii mills, 13''-144; print. lllK in, M7-109, 170-174, isl, 182, IM. IsO |«7 18.S, ls9, l!o), 193; 1 kselliiiKaii.l llln^,nl.. in' 190,192; paperiiiakinK In, I9,")-I!i7, 19o, 'jol', i'lO, '207, 2(W, '2119, -.Jill ; type I'ouiidiiix, 1.S2, 'Jl-J- 214, 400 ; biiekniakiiiit in, 228; K'a>-m,ikiiii/ In, 2.36-'2.l7, '2;i9, 213. 371, 400, ;i74 ; lieenii.iK. Iiiii, '2"i8.202 ; villi' riiltnre, 272-276, 277 ; »alt. iiiakiuK', 292-2'i.i; tbe textile arts and „o,i... rials in, 3': -.117, ;ii6, ;i;|ii, ;i3i, ,'i4ii, ;ui, :f,,i 3.;2 30t, 371, 377, ;I78, ,1s.l-3ss, ;i;il, ;|.i;i ci' »:i>i, 400, 401-110. 412, 414. 416; lialiii.i'kintf' 421; lealbeiinakiiii,', 441-418, 467, 4i;|, 4. ■.' ; Iron mi III'- a ml w.'rks,6 .ii-682 ; c.al d -c.iv.o.j til, 6.il, 6'i2, 61.4. 6.1,1; misi'ell,iii.'..iis, in.iiiutap. lure .if nieial, 6iei-6>i2 see CoI'I'kr, l,K«n, Sr,) iuipons ami exp irts .sue I'uaAnxLrHiA;, SM 100 INDEX. PoppflrpU Sir VV.,4.V 87, 38.91. Prrkins, ,Iiic"l), !r.vi'iitiim» ot, 492. I>,.tei!.l)iirv, Vk., ilN r,'.>'.l. fcv/U'Vi-r* ami [iMM.-i wiiro, ^, 1, -fl- ■'/■^•. V-liinnKLiMnA, sliipl,n;idiiiK an.l sliippuiK nf, iVi-7; • tr.iili's:riiMi unci i.-iftiLufacMiri-i^ ..I, .n, ,.i, 31:! 41-J, 44,, 5.-)l, .'.■.il- 'L--.! ; lli>' 'Cli""' ''">> IH-eU in, hi7, lOS, ISS, l:;.: Il.;-t n..wM.H|..M-, 171, 187 • bo..k>'"lU'r» aiiJ !.iniliM>^. liMi. l.ii , ]M|Ilt iiiill'f, '^I'l ; iyp« eaiiy ilwei;ini.'« ami l>lf" ui,i>s-h..m-.'», 2.1.-.. 2:W. Vi.ifVi.nl-, ■!7:i,277; lairs, :i|-., :(lii:. -..;.. in cai» Mill ii'Xiili! niai'liiiicry i.ia.l.!. 3:1:1, :i-):l; 41.'i, ■>7it ; ►ilk lllaiii.i', :i'' 1, 377 ; llr~t i.-any, :!'■'. ■■^7, tB<'i.M-i..-. :is"i, :is7. :< 'i. :W' 410 ; Ciiitiiii'i.i C..iii|May lur I ■;.>:. 1114, .'m'.i 41 14-4 1 1 1. 4.>9 (',,1.1 ii"i-s. ii-J, '.!n; . iif, -J-J?, ■J-.is, '^-'0, »M; iMVW.'li.V, 2.-i!>, 'Jiii; (S>. 4l'>, .177 ; fi.lliiiK ii>.ll'<, I Rii 7!) ; ti'Xiilf iii.'.Mi- I :jliS, 411". 4ii4. 4"7.. I I (•..m;iiv»»im>etsat, :i7:) ; I'ljii.-u j i,..ii'iiiiiK iiiaiii.fai-li.ivs ill I'lMiii-^ylvaiiia f^' l>liil..».ililii.'Hl 1115 Island, i-liiiiliiiililiiiL' In, rA, iiiilU ia, im livi, l:;ii: iniutiai: i.i Iiap.Tlilakiai:, ii'M, '^H ; liri.^k ami ill.', '21^. --1 ; ln'o.-.iinki.iw a I'ty >if Arts in, I'ii'lV ill, 1^'i, ■)S4; makiOK of. 2ii.>, 42.1, 4'.;i,4«-2, 4P.'., 1-J^ 178, 1S7, , mi, 3,1, IW, 114, 1'i:i; iM-iiw .if cnlioa in, 3~n. Hii-i ; Hr-' ''ii'il^. ?.<.I4- lirst clien.ical wnrks, 4.17; iiiv.i"iiu.'n ut luaa.iraclnivr.H in, 41J ; l.att.Ts i.u 4J1 ; \va«.'H at. 444; li^aili'-rinakini;, 44.i, 44/, 4iH. ■i"i , moli.llicinanul'acti.res in, .'i."il,ri,Vi. .•i.j,H, ^''j". ■"■''- 6SJ; lli-,^t !).■ en>;iu«and.:oin|.ai.yin, .),..; nr^^ Blnaiii enaiii.'s, 07.1, .'.77 ; inu-nn. ,.f m...J.'ls al, pr,.|i..-.M, .'.M i iin|...i-l» .'I, 2'io. 2^ , 2.4, ..,4, 'i7s 4.1.; 4Vi, (i-J'.l ; ..xi...iis..r. 70, .:!, Ill, H-l, 144,' wi '2.12, ill."), :'H1, :i40, 341, 3j4, 37b, 441, 44,V. 44.1, 4.12, .OUU, 07a. PHn,.f.ineB, ■"*!', l>ii Iron. iS.M- !i'0!»,i I'i,,,. Ilist iu Kn;;lan.l, 20. 47«, in Am.Mi.M, 47s, .'.o4, nIS, (il'i, Plll-liiirc, li.st |nv«- in, 1711 ; .'urly iiianufa.-tiir.'H .if. 24.1. 2.12. 41.'i. 4ti2. •"..>" •' " JMtisll.'IJ, Mass., 102, 12S, Plvmonth, Ma-.,, 37, Hn, 97. 123, 124, 2s:l, ;iUl, ;io2. 42H, 4S:), 4SS, 4112. Poll' lio.its. 7.1, ■')7!i, I'.iri.T ami al.', 2.-.0, 260. Ml, 21.'.. {'<■<•■ Hkkh)- • I'oillan.l, M.. ,4". OM, 12il. 1711, 4:r,. p„il.in..illli. N. II., SO, i8, lt.>, lis 27'.', 2S.1. 431. .^22, Pol p.Mirl, an.l soup ftslies, V'-, 4.17 414. .1:12, IJIH. P,:u.My, is, 27. 32, 220, 223,220,22.1,2,10, 231. 2:W, 218, 40.1, PrHini.inis, .S« Boi'STirs and I'llESIirMs.l PriiM-s in 11121, :io, .»,'h IIki'k. Hulks, Chiton, Ikon, Labor. I.kaiiikk, .>^Ai.r Prinii.U', 1.V2-II14; lir-t In llio . iiw.,u.l pr.'s»».'at. lo.l;,ln.lian Hi flr.t o>as.,rsl.ip. 1(10; Hr-l oM'yrivlit R.'t. lol , fir.t p.'intini! ill H^islon, 1..2 ; pr.Oul.ii.Hl lu N..W V.irk KU.I Vi.'Kinia, 1.12. 17.i; liivl mnv.- pup.-r RlioHt, 1.13; llrst su.r.'ssful. 104; n.- ,.,.„ity ..r th» iL'Wspap.T, Hi.-.; c.mllli.iU of th.' pr.'ss in Kiiulau.l, I'i.i ; fii"' Pi''"'< i» ' '■''■'■ d.-l|.l.ia, l«7, l.is- in Now Voik, 1..:'; Hr-l n.-tt-|..ipors. in lli.i-p .■itifs, 171; H.iiJ. traiik- lia 172, l!<4; Hr-l PK"-" i" ronm-.tiioii, l..i; In ' .Maryl:iml, Vir^iina, and .■■o.illi Carol, iia, nn 1^7 i iu llli..a.- IsUmI ami .N^w J.t-.'V, 177' 187; in Ni.rlli Curolina, llplawa..', U • Ilia' HuJ V.Tin..nt. 178, 187 ; iu Maim, a.ol W.'si.on Siaips, 17!i, 18.1; 8,.w.t« (i.Toian Hi- Mo, 181 ; Hr-l liui;lish llil.l.', 183; li.e .lamp »,•( 18-,- .1. 'I'lMiuaii, Istl; Hr-l imii;ar,m", Iso; tr^ daily pap.-r». 187; M. C.i.vy and iriol.' sHli's. 18!); b.M.ksoll.Ts and l.iml.rs, 1!I0-1J3 ; lii.M-aiv ciiarariiT.ll lliocd »-, I'.i3, llH. Cr vhLm.m, 47. oil. ..I. tvl. i.'i, 8.-., Ml, 91. I'Kovii.K.Ni'H. popiihiliou ami sl.ippUii; of, M, .m , mills IU l(i:t, i:i.i : pr.M.iiii! in, 177. 187; ni»- n,ii,i.MiiiiMS 01, 2iH), JIH.2.'I, 222, :l:13, :IVI, sn, Si.i 4.11-404. ft(i4; ll.-l .■■ot.oi liiclury al, 401- 4U4 410,414, lu.'Uli.i- iu»iiu.ailuru», .MIl-ilU, Pumps, 492, 301,021,576. 57« Quadrant, the, 14 ; Godfioy's, 73, 53S, 676, Qni.rti mills, lio.'i. QilidMT. 107, !s7, MCx. ()iiori'ilr..n. Iir>iox|...rtof, 401. Umrn .ir liaud uiiU, V.\ HO; In America, 138, 14U, 121. Railroad propnspd, ri3!> ; Hist in United Stale*, ,'.'i3 ; Haiti more and Oliio, f,;)0. Kaviiliain, 47.1, 480, 4S2. U.'v..lnli..n, Hrsl act ol, 277; ils Influence np.'O iislry, 3S0, 3S;i, 3n4-:WiJ, '''"■-'- ^' o,'i, .■ , ■ . , , 1T7, 1-7 ; liin.' iH.k- 1,1 .li.-tiHiii^.', 2'.'; ti'xiilo arts and inaiorials in, :1:13, :):!4, .1:1 ', :iil, ,S4-| 'Ul 388, :tS!i. 31.!i, 401-404, 410, 414. 42o ; )l,-.'tco!t..n mill in, 4.11-104; Ifailier manul.o • t.i'-ts, 4:)<1 ; iron inim-s and \v,.rks, 4s.i. ..o|- 004 ,-i3.); cial disiMV.oed in. 40:); imp^ol^ ■ i, 64, f>;>, i-iO. 277. 374, 62a ; uxporlo of, lo2, 2.;- 2."iO, 4:t!>. Rililionsinalo, 3R1, 414. I)i,.limon.l,V.', 8:1.147, .'.!),'.. Mil. 60,-. 609. Hittenlions.., l)i , 77, :!l.i, 409, .V21, 0.0. K,,i'he-tcr, N. v., 122, l:>7. , ^ , , ,.,, . K.diiuK and slittiiiK mill", fi"' '» England. 480 , Hr-t in N.nv KiikI.mkI. 4UI : in Massa.liii-. 11-, 4s:t-484, 48.-., 4Sb. 4,s'.), 4iU, 4'Ml. .i2.-. ; iii lili ;"■ l-liind, fio;i ; in Connt>i'icnt. ."07, ,')I3, oil)...-. ; In V.rmont, S23; iu Ktw Vmk, .'.:)ti, t>2j ; .0 N,w J.'rs.-y, lOll, 541, 54.', 54,'), fl4H, 62.; 111 P,.nnsvlvania, 5.-,0, o/.S, ,^.i.i, 6.18, .m 5.8; ■ . 6*7 .■.'..0, ."(:12, .WS, 62.'i ; iu Viri;:iiia, li'Mi, Oo.i; in 'N..rtli Car..liiia, 61.); pruliiliil .d, 4!.l, ..o., 624, 62.); sti-aiii, ..78, Uowl.>y Mass., Hrst fnllini? mill and (.'otii l.^a- nnlaomio at, 3o:i, 3o4, :to.-, ; ii..n w..rks hi, 4-... Hum. iiianulamnra of, .05, 2.j0, 2.0, (oea U;cii..- 1,1 N.l). Kunilord, Count, 550. Uiitii-oian soci.'iy, 77. ,•,,■,« — Unm-.'y, Jaln.•^ nautical Invflutions of, 7.1, 70, .., 84; liiiprov.'d iiiiil macliiu.My. 113. 144, 14., l,'i.l ; pt.'ain .'nuon.'s, ■'.114, ,'i!i,'i. ,,,,,,. Kii— ia L'oods, impoittttiuua of. 337, 411, 412, 4,'t', 627, 62:1. ,,l Uf>.'K,) Sal!'ni!"3",'''40,"42, 117, 12.1, 120, 1^7, 192, 20;., "It 234 282, :io:l, 420, 4:l.i, 4:U. 4:i2, 470, 4s7. Riilioi'i, N,'.I., 69, 108, 138, 220, ^^S 314. Sal.'Ui, N, ('., 207. H,.i.»lmry,ronu., 49.'),.'ill, .131, SAi.r. iiiiinufai'lnro ot, in Km,'Iaiid, 21. Z'-l. 2-". 287; Hrst iu AniPricu,27, 2.s ; litlie ns.'il l.y iI.h natives, 270; rlKlit of makliiw n'-.MVf.l, 2-1; works in Ni'W Kuxland. 27!), 282, 28:1, 28.1. 2», ■ill); in N.'W York. 2!-4, 285, 2.s6. U93 ; Impor- taiion for llio fl-li.'ri»» allow.'d. 2s.'i ; work- in K.'W J.Ts.'y, 290, 291 ; iu I'lOiii-vivania, 2!'2- ..., ; In Virginia an.l .Maryla.nl. 27, 28, :I3. 27!<, '2S0 592; ill Carolina, 2s7. 61.1. 020 ; In Wi-i- tir)i c.inntry. 292-294, 614; siMiiciiy of, i.ii-l price at dillVreut liiues, 261, 2b:l, 28.i, 2'Jl, 2:'2, 2'.i5; duty on, 295. Sale Lake, Hrst pr.'«« »t, ".80. S,.ltp.'trp, 114. 382. 383, .-.92. flOfl, 010, 019, R2o Sand, llr^t caslinns lu. 4^4; inaguelic, dml Iroo and sl.'i'l iiia.lH li-oin, 514. Rhus cul.. tics,. oik'in of ili.- term. 303, Savaunali, 178. Is,', l;)ii, 275, 3 .8. saw mill". .8"" Mii.l.s.i Ijawa, ui»Duf»cliire ul, 11).^, 41)2, 494. J. 176, fiTg Jfiey's, 73., 6SS, 578. tof, 4r,l. i;i, UG; In America, 138, in ; first ia United St;Ue«, Oliio, 030. •» I, 277 ; iirt luBucncc upi'D ;n4-:>'jij. iiildiiiL' in, .M, .'..1, T)'!, !'i_. ; l:iii; iiriutiiii: in. 1"", 1~" ■ lidt ; tirlck Mini linn> k- M«kiu« ami cli.'tillin^.'. 'JV'; t.Mi.iis in, ;i:!:i, :i:U, xi<, :■■!!. jii;i, 4,)|_4(i-l, 410. 414. -l-:'' i 411I-H14 ; Icatlii'i- iniuuil.i • iinf» iiiiil work!', 4!-ii. .V'l- jviMed in. 4ti,J; inip"ii* • |'. , ti'^it ; uxiiorlo of, U'-, --- 14. 47, .w.'i. .'jDn. cn,-. 609. ,!tii, 400, .'j'JI, J70. , l:i7. nills, first in Eni■ , Oi'i ; iu Viri;:uiii, lioii, 0";i ; I, 01.) ; iiruhiliil id, 4yl, 511T, fiillinu- mill Hnd ('otli h^.i- )ii4, :liij ; iiiin wurki -ti, 4- :. of, .O.J, iJO, :270, i,hei) Uiciii- 1. r. tical Invontlonn of, 7.1, 71^. 77, II niiicliini-ry, 113, 144, 147, ■tiiiouV of,' 337, 411, 412, 4;i0, m. 609. ■-' 117, 1'2.'>, 126, 1^7, 105, eoo, 4J0. 4:111, 4:il, 4:K, 470, 4s7. ■■., Ills, i-JO, aif, 314. I.'], .111, .131. of, in Knulnnd, 21, 2<2, 2-1, ricii, 27, 2,'' ; liuU' usi'd by ci.e ht of niaklnii n-iMVi'd, 2»1 ; iKliind. 270, 282, 2(t3, 280. 2>>. ■k. 2!'4, 2><."i, 2.S6. 203; Impor- iiTloB nllowi'd. 2'>'i ; work- In , 201 ; iu I'l'nii-vlvauiii. 202- Hud Marvhmd, 'J?. 2S, 33, 2TM, ■iilin«, 2>7. 010. Ii20; in Wi-i- i-204, 614; Hiiuriiy of, iiiil timcH, 2bl, 2b3, 2».'>, 20l, 2:'2, .1. >■ »t, ".SO. 3S3, .102. nofl, 616, 61!), B20 •> In. 4^4; iiotgneilc, Hml Iroa rom. .114. h .if Ho- li-rm, 30s. ■. 1011, 27.'i, 3 ',8. lll.l.K, ' I ul, 10.1, 4W2, 491J. INDEX. 701 Scitnato, MaHS., 41, D7, 117, 434. Pciiniiti>, U, 1 . .102. gcolcOi lri~li, 331, ;«2, 34,1. SiT.'Ws, ,'i04, 560, Seville.", cai'lv iniprovomr'nts in, 476, 477, 4Sn, 4S7 ; miUHifiii-inri' of, 402,403, 404,406, 532, 5(iS, 620; prii'o of. 525. SoiviuiiH and lahoiors in 16th coutnry,19; dress of. in colonial linit-, 331, 413. p.Mvinh' >ilk made, .3.'i6, 301, 302, 303, 414, 419. SeuOiig til:icliines ojiposed, 23, Slnep, lir>t in the colonies, 304; propagation of, eiii'oura.^Hd, 310 312, 313, 313, 321, 34,1, 370, 3^1, 383,406, 417; meriuo breed introduced, 417, Stie.t iron, 402, 840, S71, 503 ; ware, 5,10, .175. Slieeiin^s mid iiliirtiut,'s, 340, 412,413; first cot- ton, 4ii4, 413. Shirts, scaiTily of. 303, 305. SiiiiMu-ii.niMi, 30-02; ilrst In tlio colonies, 37 ; in Massaeliiiseiis, 37-40, 5S, 87, 00, 01 ; iu 5Iaine, 44-40; in Connectient. 40-.'j4. 00, 01 ; iu Khodu Isliind, 54, ,15, 5S 00, IM ; iu New llamp- fliire, .5.1-5S, 00, 01 ; in New York. :17, .1:i-U,H, 01 ; in New .Jersey, 6S, 00, 01 ; in I'enusylva- niii, 00-71,01 ; in Delaware, 77, 7S ; in .>iarv- land, 7.'*-S2, 91 ; in Virginia, 27, .30. S2, K3, 01 ; in Carolina and mp,'ired with tohaeco, 32ii ; with linen, 301; In Carolina, .322, 323, ,350, 300; in Louis- iana, 357; iu fleorula, :i,17-350. 304; iu Con- iieclicul, 380-361, 414; In lihode Island, 301 ; 111 Massachusetts, ,162 ; in I'ennsylvania, New .ler^ev, aud Delaware. 302-364; h(Minties and ineinfnins for, .357, .35N, 360, 361, 362, 303; ex- p'l'ts of raw, ,3:)7, :I57, 35s, ;l")9, 360; Hlalnres, 357. 35S, 3iiO, 3iil, :iii3, .377 ; IhrowluK mills and tlirowslers, 320, .357, ;!.")0, .302. 570; fahrics of doine-tic, 32'l, 3.17, 300, .301, 302, :tO:), 364, 414, 417, 41S, 410; stockings, first, .300, 361; cum- paiiy Incorporated, :ioi. Silk urass, 20, 27, .33, 310 ; royal rohe of, ,33. hilver, iisfil befiire iron. 465; eaily L'otices of, ill Ani.'rica. 406, 471, 475, 493, 404, 513, 532, 533, 5.10, 610, til, 610; first coined iu Aii6, 5uU, 510, aU.1, 52», 551, 608, 57.3, 575. 5S4 SunU' mills, 144, fi78, Society of Arts in Loudon. elTeeto of its rewards and preniinins in Kiii.'iand,04, 376, 384, 458, 4.'. l ; I>reiiiiiinis lor colonial prodiuiions, viz , vii.es, 270 ; iiidit'o. 340 ; ceclnneal, ,3,'.o ; silk, ;i5,S, 300, 301, 302, oo;t ; hemp, ;o;S; sundry inventions, 402 ; saud-ir.-u and drill plow, 515 ; co ha it, Ac, &c., 019 ;—in Pf-nnxijlranid, iiistitiiieil, 4m ; its pieniliinis andeO'ris, 3"p5, .(ilO, 407 4o;i. 4.10.400; —ill Stto Y',rk, .307, .369. 371, 4,15. 5.12 ; to esui- blisli and promote maiinfaetnres recoiiimeiiili-il, Ss2, os3, 3:11 ; formed in Hoston, 345 ; iu Ueor- Kia, 3S3; iu New .lersey, 411. Society, Anierican 10iilo,.ophical. 70, 151, 1S6, 103,' 201, 200, 270, 302, 363, 3'i4. 576, 577, 578, 579, 5SI1, 5S1 ;— /("l/'l/. the, 22, 50, 193, 247, 24!i 286, 2S7, 420, .100, 514. 515. Sole leather, 372 455. 40ii, 40I, SOL'TII Cakoi.ina, sliipliuildiuu in, S4-'i6, 91 , mills In, 114, 115, 14S. 140: priiitiuK in, 176 ],s7; lirickmakini;, 220; hrewinn ami Oisiil- liu^.'. 264 ; vine trowiii);, 271, 272, 275, 270, 277 , (^altmakinif, 2S7, 610; textile arts ami mate rials In, viz., silk, :122, 359, :ioo ; ludiK'o, cochi- neal, Ac,, 31S-:i.1ii ; colt. Ml, .351-:156 ; lirst coltou j:iii, 35:t, ;i54, 417 ; household immniaciures, 4i:i; lir.-t Auriciilinral Socieiy In, 410; medal for .Sleri no sheep, 417; leatherniakiiig in, 448, 440, 450, 401 ; iron mines ami works in. 017- 622; imports of, ,374, 400, 029; exports of, 3:!7, 348, 349, 351, 354, 350, 359, 449, 450, 461, 620, 628. S.iwer, Clirlst.iidier, 1S1, 1S2, 212, 310, 555. Spreie, searciiy of, 3ii5, 474, 475. .s^piiiiiiiia euro lira fed and enOnccd. 209, 303, "11, 310, 320, .340, 308, :iiiO, 378. 300; amoni; tloj Hindoos and American IndlKiis, ;t07 ; pru f, 317, .302, 4011: schools, .33:1, .3:14, 345, 375, 419; matches, ;t72, 414 ; machinery, early, ;i:i2 ; im- proved, ;)31, 375, 370, 3,S3, 307-310), 401, 403; ArkwriKlit's, 3,s4. 3;i7-:)09, 410. Spiiiiiin.i; wheel, origin of, ;t:(2 ; for linen first in- trodiii-t'd Into America, 331 ; mauulaciure of, 340, 375, 415. 50,s. COO. Spriiik'tield, 207, 419, 4s7, 40.1. Stamp act recommended, 3:18 ; passed, is.",; pro. visions of, 2113 ; eOecls ,0' Its repeal, .070. Sleamhoats, first In United .States, 75, .177 ; first Western, 568, .177 ; — nii/liit«, early ones, 400, 502, 510, .121, .1:14, 547,568,576, 577, 605; llrst hnilt iu America, 5.34, 676, 577 ; early factories of, .108, 578; various luodiUcatious u'f, 76, 492, 530, ,147, 577, 634, .195. Bteel manufacture, antiquity of, 460; In India, .116; iu France, li!6 ; Iu Kn^'iaud, 506; first In America, 506; In Massachusoits, 3s2, 4ie2 400, 498, 62) ; ill Couiii'Cticut, .100, 510, 51:1, 514, 61:1, 02) ; In New York, .128, .132, 5:17 ; in Nevr Jersey, 542, 540, 650, 625; In I'enusyl valiia, 658, ,16:1, 570, 533, 02.1; in Maryland, .lo:) ; in Vliiriiiia. 3,M, 0110; iu North Carolina, 610; prohibited, 4o1, 625 ; method of hardening and sol'iuniuK, 402 : imports uf, 4U6, 62.1, 620; du- ties on, 5(0. StereotypiUK iuveuted, 212 ; first in United States, 214. Steven", John, 67, 6:19, 59.5. Stockini; looms, 360, 402, 416, 418. Stovi's, 430, 4:i7, 52:i, 520 ; iamb, .■i55 ; Franklin's, 550 ; air tight, X)^; liutliracite, 562, 504 ; Willi talo lU-hls. 502. Sniiar col.inies, complaints of, 345; art, the, .''65, :0i7 ; canes, early meutiou of, 28, 610; mlllt first In Loiitsiiiiia, 351 ; work for, 5uO, 679 ; re- fineries, 340, 574 Sulphur reHiiInK'. 3S3, 606, 616, 619. Swedes, arts among, 77, 105, 110, 13:i, 1 14, 227, 25s, 270, :U5, 443, 5.10, Swords, 502, 501. Tacks, hnids, ,\c,, first cut, 35», 604 ; lukiihluerjr 4ss, 498, 504. i 702 INDEX. Tavntries, (list ill X.nv EnslaiiJ, 431, 432, 435, 41ti •1-.4, 4ti-2; ill N'mv York, 4:W-412, 4V,, 4ii-2 ; ill iii'W JiTsi-v, 44i, 4t.i, 4.)i!, 4ij-j; iu I'eiiusyl- VMiiia, 443. 44:>, 441), 4U1, 4ti'J ; iu Di.'linviiro, 4.il ; in iMiiryliuiil, 42' , 44S, 40'2 ; iu VirKiuia, 427, 428, 4l)2, tiOi) ; ill Ciiroliliii, 44S, 4.JII ; iu Ki'iuiicky, 4ii2 ; io Oiiio, 4il2 ; Ini^uu'ss of. luo- ii,i|i..lizo(l, 440 ; iu Uuilcd Stiiiea, ISIO und IS.W, 4ii2 ; I'lirly liiws ivspoctiU),', 4,'i.). 13S, 441, 443. Till-, p ti'li, aud turiioiiliup, 2"), 2ti, UU, 32S, 330 i»i'e Navai. sroKKfi iiiul Uuu.ni'ies). Tauoion,47i), 481,482. 4i)8. ^ _ Tax.itiou, early resistanco to, 240, 328, 36.), 3iO, 372 ; lecoiiiinoDilud, 33S. 3iij ; light of asserted, 37il ; of ininii|j;iauts, 318. Tea, ttrst uko of, 2.J9 ; duty ou, 3Vj ; use of aban- doiii-d, 379. 3M4. Tea k.'til.", Ilrst cast Irou, 4SS; copper .and wrouglit ivuii, 4SS. ■)4S. T'doscope. llio, 17 ; flr«t made in Ainenca, .'i/R. Tk.v.ni;><^kr, tirst priiitiii!,' in, 17S) ; nalt iu. 294; irou ami dial iiiiues and worlis in, t)13-U15. Tkxas, lirst priutiuif in, laO. TiieiidolilH, the, .Wl. Tliread, 31, 348, 387, 3SD, 414, 419 (see Sewiko Silk I. , . ,„, ThrPHiiiujf, early mode of, 32 ; machines, 001, Tlivowins mills »nd throwsters, 320, 3J7, 359, Tilt liaiuiuers and plating forges, 491, 527, 65S, Tlmlier. definition of. 99 ; denominations of, 105. Tin. iu France, 18 ; EuKland, 21, 81, 487 ; iu Aino- rii-a, 471, 522. 528; plateniakiiis:, SI, 3S2, 4'JS, 575 ; ware factory, Brst, 518, 809. Toliacco in Virginia, 28, 30. 31, 34, 83, 322, 324, 428,599; iu Pennsylvania, 70 ; iu Marylaud, 79, 322. 599 ; pipes, 220, 229. .')02. Tonnage of Mas^aclinsetts, 40, 47, 4S, 49; of lilaiuo. 48; of Connecticut, 51 ; of New Hainp- Bhire, ,W, 58; of Kow Vork, 60. 83; of I'euu- Kylvania, 71. 78; of Marylaud, SO; of all the col. lines in 1747, 90; in 1770. 81; of Uniied Stales in 1792, 92 ; duties ou, 41, 54, 82, 71, 72, 78 92. Trad' >sinpu and moclianics encouraged, 314, 313, 323, 324, 378, 408, 429. 442. Traveling in Kngland foruiorly, 19, 20 ; in Ame- rica, 104. 129. 292, 294. "i41, .5.)9, 588. Trip iinniiners, first, 4S8. 487-492, 494. Type I'onuding, first iu America, 182, 211-214. irMBREI,i.A9, first In England, 20. Cuion of colonies, first, 297 -.—fkiieral, proposed by Kraiikiin, 174. Duiiod company for promoting American manu- factures, 385, 421, 079. Vbsski,, first built Id America, .")7 ; In Massnchu- t-stts. 38; on Lake Erie, 85. 87 ; on Lake Ouni- inended by C.ingress, 380; worn undyed, 331, 3.13; machinery not to be exported, 378, :)98, 409 ; factories, 392, 418, 420, 421 ; first incorpo- rated, 421. Worcester, 101, 127, 207, 221, 362, 306, 401, 420, 454, 493, 494. ZalTre and smalt, premlams for, 819. ?.iuc ores, 493, 622, 641, 643, 648, 688. briokmakiiiKin, 28,220; 26, ao, 232-2:i:f. 242 ; 1 r- liniakiiiK, 27, 2S, 3.!, 27i), s and inaioiiiil", ;U0-:122, !), 412, 413, 41."i, 4Ui ; l.ii- 427, 42S, 4ti2 ; irou niiin's .iil.i-WJi) ; ucm-iiiiiKiruitiiiii 37!) ; inipiirta of, ;!."), 3J2, 12, ti()7, -BOS, 029; expuin IS, 279, 322, 324, 337, 3.'j1, i. :, 230, 187, 291, 351, 379, ). I, M6, f)19. u UiiitPil States, 401, 403, , n-M. :>n. 112, 433, 43.'). g, flrst, 27, 304, 312, 317, raut, Z:\ ; prices of, 317, 41, 44, 49, .10, Bl, Si), .lO, (II, 109, 129, 133. 1 J4, 2U0, ), 274, 2S8, 297, 3ti3. 404, 407. 69. 70, 36j. s, 407. 1 tlje paw Rin, 35.5; early stablishcs gua factory, !>\i^ 18, 3Sn, 497, 4ns, f)21. 78, 111, 143, 144, 14.-., 178, 41,'5. 462, G03, 609. II, 26.'), 207, 20S, 270, 271, ■t8 uf, 269, 274, 276, 2hj. 247, 243, 283, 287, 471, 472, land, 81,478, .'543: in Mas- 497: in Coijneclicnl, lIsS, nil, 504; in IVunsylvan a, in Virginia, 6oU ; in Korili itlng in, 179 ; lead ore lu, killing, 311. ution, 394, SO.!, rds, 3S1, 3S2, 383, 353. .397, Cabtw, Cotto.i and Wooi.i. ■atjed ("ee SnKEP) ; exporta- 1,30.1,317,321, 423; liy par- ses of, 392, 413; preniiuuH faclure of In England, 81, 9 and Hulland, 1.'), 306; d.i- oUl, 304, 310, 329, 3;19, 340, .•183, SS.I, 392, 404, 413, 414, 192; firKt noticed liy parliu. of prohibited, 327 ; reoni- IS8, 380; worn undyed, 3.'il, It to bn exported, 378, 3I1H, , 418, 420, 421 ; flr»t iucorpo- 207, 221, 362, 306, 401, 420, >nilnma for, 619. 41, S45, 546, S68. SUPPLE3IENTARY INDEX TO VOL. I. AIVORD, C. A., New York, 651. Bruce, GF.oRnE, New York, 152, 214, 63.1. IVnts and .