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Les diagrammes suivants ilEustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 IFrom the Qvabterlt Journal of the Geolooical Society for May 1866.] ■*^yj' ■■ >ii#^i*f y^ ON THE * CONDITIONS OP THE DEPOSITION OF COAL, MORE ESPECIALLY AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE COAL-FORMATION OF NOVA SCOTIA ^ ^ AND NEW BRUNSWICK. BIT J. W. DAWSON, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., PKINCH'AL OF M'OIMi COLLEGE, MONTREAL. \ c I] II] II ON THE , , CONDITIONS OF THE DEPOSITION OF COAL, MORE ESPECIALLY AS ILLUSTRATED BYTHB COAL-FORMATION OF NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK. BY J. W. DAWSON, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Principal of M'Gill College, Montreal. [Pl,ATE8 V.-XIII.] Contents. I. Introduction. II. General Considerations relating to Piiysical Conditions. 1. Physical Characters of the several Coal-formations. a. The Upper Coal-formation. b. The Middle Coal-furmation, or Coal-measures proper. c. The "MiUstone-grit" for- mation. d. The Lower Carboniferous Marine formation. e. The Lower Coal-measures. 2. Physical Conditions attending the Deposition of the Coal- formations. 3. Geological Cycles. 4. Summary of facts relating to the mode of accumulation of Coal. III. Details of the Character and Fossil Contents of the several Beds nf Coal, as exposed in the South Joggins Section. 1. Introduction. 2. Logan's Section. a. Division 1. b. Division 2. c. Division 3. d. Division 4. rV. Remarks on the Animals and e. f. h. Division 5. Division 6. Division 7. Division 8. remains occur in Plants wiiose the Coal. 1. Introduction. 2. Coniferous Trees. 3. Sigillariae. 4. Calamodondron. 5. Caluinites. 6. Astorophyllit»s, &c. 7. Filices. 8. Megaphyton. 9. Lepidodendron. 10. LcpidophloioB. 11. Cordaites, or Pychnophyllum. 12. Sporangitos. 13. Tissues in the Mineral Charcoal. a. Bast tissue. b. Vascular bundles of Ferns. c. Scalariform vessels. d. Discigeroua wood-cells. e. Epidermal tissue. 14. Rate of growth of Carbonife« rous Plants. 15. Bivalve Shells. 16. Spirorbis carbonarius. 17. Crustacea. 18. I'ishes. 19. 7jand-animals. V. Ajipendix: Descriptive List of 'Carboniferous Plants found in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 06 PUOCKEBINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL 80CIETT. [DeC. 20, § I. Introdtjction. In several former papers presented to this Society, I have endea- voured to illustrate the arrangement of the Carboniferous rocks of Nova Scotia, and to direct attention to their organic remains, the structures found in their coals, and the evidence which they afford as to the mode of accumulation of that mineral. The present paper is intended as the summing up and completion of these researches, with the addition of the new facts resulting from a careful study of the microscopic structure of more than seventy beds of coal occurring in the South-Joggins section, and of the fossil plants associated with them. These results will, I hope, throw much additional light on some of the more difficult problems connected with the theory of the accumulation of vegetable matter in the Carboniferous period, and its conversion into coal. The subjects to which I propose to direct attention may be con- veniently arranged under the following heads : — (1) G.'neral considerations relating to the physical, conditions of the Carboniferous period in Nova Scotia. (2) Details of the character and contents of the several beds of coal in the Joggins section, arranged in the order of Logan's Sectional List. (3) Remarks on the genera of animals and plants whose remains occur in the coal, and on their connexion with its accumulation. § IT. General Consiberations kelatino to Physical Coneitiohs. 1. Physical CM rasters of the sevco.l Coal -format tons. — The total vertical thickness of the immense mass of sediment constituting the Carboniferous system in Nova Scotia may be estimated from the fact that Sir W. E. Logan has ascertained by actual measurement at the Joggins a thickness of 1 4,570 feet ; and this does not include the lowest member of the series, which, if developed and exposed in that locality, would raise the aggregate to at least 16,000 feet. It is certain, however, that tlio thickness is very variable, and that in some districts particular members of the series are wanting, or are only slenderly developed. Still the section at the Joggins is by no moans an exceptional one, since I have been obliged to assign to the Carboniferous deposits of Pictou, on the evidence of the sections exposed in that district, a thickness of about 16,000* feet ; and Mr. Brown has estimr.ted the Coal-formation of Cape Breton, exclusive of the Lower Carboniferous, at 10,000 feet in thickness f. When fully developed, the whole Carboniferous series may be arranged in the following subordinate groups or formations, the limits of which are, however, in most cases not clearly defined : — a. The Upper Coal-formation. — It consists of sandstones, shales, and conglomerates, with a few thin beds of limestone and coal. Cala- mites Snel-ovii, Annularia galioides, Conlaites simplex, Alethopteris nervosa, Pecopteris arboresmis, Iktdo.rylon materiarium,, Lejridojtfiloioa pan>us, and Slt/illaria saiteUata, are among its characteristic vege- table fossils. • Qu/irt. Jonrn. Oeol. Noc. vol. i. p. .'{2t). t lOid. vol. vi. p. lib. 1865.] D A W80N — CO A L- FORM ATION . 97 b. TJu Middle Coal-formation, or Coal-measures proper. — This serios includes the productive beds of coal, and is destitute of pro- perly marine limestones. Beds tinged with peroxide of iron are less common in this formation than in any of the others. Dark-coloured shales and grey sandstones prevail, and there are no conglomerates. Sigillarias and Stigmarice of many species are the most conspicuous and abundant fossils, but Ferns, Cordaites, and Calamites are also extremely abundant, and all the genera of Carboniferous plants are represented. Many beds, especially those in the vicinity of layers of coal, contain minute Entomostraca, shells of the genus Anthracomya (Naiadites), Sjnrorbis carbonariua, and remains of ganoid and placoid fishes. c. The "Mill8tone-grit'* Formation. — This name, though not in all cases lithologically appropriate, has been borrowed from English geology to designate the group of sandstones, shales, and conglome- rates, destitute of coal, or nearly so, and with few fossil plants, which underlies the Coal-measures. In its upper and middle part it in- cludes thick beds of coarse grey sandstone holding prostrate trunks of coniferous trees {Dadoxylon Acadianum). In its lower part red and comparatively soft beds prevail. d. The Lower Carboniferous Marine Formation. — The essential fea- tures of this formation are thick beds of marine limestone, charac- terized principally by numerous Brachiopods, especially Productu^ Cora, P. semiretlcnlatus, Athyris subtilita, and Terebratula swfflata*, with other marine invertebrates. Associated with these limestones are beds of gypsum, and they are enclosed in thick deposits of sand- stone, clay, and marl, of preeailing red coloiirs. e. The Lower Carboniferous Coal-measures, or Lower Coal- measures. — In some localities these resemble in mineral character the true Coal-measures. In others they present a great! thickness of peculiar bituminous and calcareous shales. They usually contain in their lower part thick beds of conglomerate, and coarse sandstone which in some places prevail to the exclusion of the finer beds. The characteristic plants of these beds are Lepidodendron corru- gatum, and Cyclopteris Acadica, with Badoarylon antiquius, and ^Alethopteris heterophyllaf. They also contain locally great quantities of remains of fishes, and many Entomostracans, among which are Leaia Leidyi and an Estheria, also Leperditia subrecta, Portlock, Beyridua coUkulus, Eichw., and a CythereX, probably new. The last two groups are equivalent to the " Sub-carboniferous " of some American geologists ; but independently of the objection to the use of a term which would seem to imply a formation under, and distinct from, the Carboniferous, and of undetermiaed age, I find in Nova Scotia no reason, either palsBontological or stratigraphical, for any greater distinction than that implied in the term Lower * See Davidson " On Lower Carboniferous Brachiopoda from Nova Scotia," Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xix. p. 158. t Dawson, " On the Lower Coal-measures," &c.. Quart. Jour;. Geol. Soc. vol. XV. i>. ()"J. Prof. Jones has kindly determined these species. 98 1»R0CRBDIN08 OF THE OEOLOOtCAt SOCIKTV. W^^- ^^t Carboniferous. Tho Lower Coal- nieiisu res are, it is true, more distinct in their flora from tho Middle Coal-measures than tho latter from the Upper Coal-formation ; but still many species arc common to tho two former, and tho difFeronco is small as compared with that between the Lower Carboniferous and tho Upper Devonian. Tho Devonian rocks are also in f'lis region unconfonnablo to tho Carbo- niferous, having been disturbed and altered i)rior to tho deposition of tho latter ; while no want of conformity, except of the local character hereafter to be noticed, occurs in tho Cnrboniferous. 2. Fhjfsical Condititms attendhvj the Deposition of the Coal-forma- tions. — The conditions of dei)o.sit implied in the mineral character of tho several formations above described, would appear to be of three leading kinds : — (1 )The deposition of coarse sediment in shallow water, with local changes leading to the alteniation of clay, sand, and gravel. This predominates at tho beginning of the period, recurs after the deposition of the marine limestones in the formation of tho " Millstone-grit," and again prevails in tho Upper Coal-formation. (2) Tho growth of corals and shellfish in deep clear water, along with the precipitation of crystalline limestone and gypsum. These conditions occurred during the formation of the Lower Carboniferous Limestone and its associated gyj^sum. (3) The deposition of fine sedi- ment, and tho accumulation of vegetable matter in beds of cojil and carbonaceous and bituminous shale, and of mixed vegetable and animal matters in the beds of bituminous limestone and calcareo- bituminous shale. These conditions were those of the Middle Coal- formation. Within the limits of Nova Scotia, these conditions of deposition ap- plied, not to a wide and uninterrupted space, but to an area limited and traverser! by bands of Silurian and Devonian rocks, already par- tially metamorphosed and elevated above the sea, and along tho mnrgins of which igneous action still continued, as evidenced by the beds of trap intercalated in the Lower Carboniferous*; while about the close of the Devonian period still more important injections and intrusions of igneous matter had occurred, as shown by the granitic dykes and masses which traverse the Devonian beds, but have not penetrated the Carboniferous f. There is evidence, however, in the Carboniferous rocks of the Magdalen Islands and of Newfoundland, and in the fringes of such rocks on parts of the coast of Nova Scotia J and Now England, that the area in question was only a part of a far more extensive region of Carboniferous deposition, the greater part of which is still under the waters of the Atlantic and of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. There is ample proof that most of the coarser matter of the Car- boniferous rocks was derived from the neighbouring metamorphic ridges ; but much of the finer material was probably drifted from more distant sources, 'i'here seems no good reason to doubt that in the Carboniferous period, and especially in those portions of it in * Duwson, Quart. Joum. Oeol. Soc. vol. i. p. ,'i2*.l t Dawson. Canadian Naturalist, 1861), p. l\'J \ Jukcs's 'Nowfouiidland ;' 'Acad. G( ', n. IK ■ologv,' 1865.] DAW80N — COAL-FOHMATION. \)\) which tho aroiis now under conwdcration wore in the condition of shallow sous or swampy flats, the greater part of the Laurentian and Silurian districts of North America existed as land ; while the great number of Coal-formation plants common to Europe and America may indicate tho exidtcnco of intermediate lands now submerged. From such lands, undergoing waste during tho long Carboniferou - time, the materials of the shales and finer sandstones may have beeu derived. Taking this view of the source of the sediment, we should infer that the time of tho formation of the marine limestones was that of greatest doi)rcs8ion of the land, when the local ridges of older rock were mere reefs and islets, and when sediment from more distant lands was deposited only at intervals. We should also infer that the time of the formation of the coal-beds was that of greatest elevation, when the former sea-bottoms hud become land-surfaces or flats, exposed only to occasional inundation, and when rivers were bearing downward from large continental regions great quantities of fine silt. Fnrther, the conditions of tho Millstone-grit and of the Newer Coal-formation must have been of an intermediate character, re- quiring wide sea-areas receiving great (]uantities of sediment, and on this account, as well as because of their shallowness, unfavourable to maiine life, while the areas of vegetable growth were also of limited extent. It would also follow that when the Lower Coal-measures and conglomerates were formed, the land was slowly subsiding ; that in tho time of the marine limestones it attained to its. greatest depres- sion, and long remained nearly stationary ; that in the Millstone- grit period there was re-elevation, and that in the period of the Middle Coal-formation and Newer Coal-formation there was again subsidence, slow and interrupted at first, but subsequently of greater amount. From the absence of Permian deposits it may be inferred that elevation again took place at the close of the Carboniferous period, to such an extent as to preclude further deposition in the area in (piestion ; while the red sandstone and trap of Mesozoic age indicate the recurrence at that time of conditions somewhat similar to those of the beginning of the Carboniferous period. The general phenomena of deposition above indicated apply to all the Carboniferous areas of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and, so far as known, to those of the Magdalen Islands and of Newfoundland. But, as I have pointed out in * Acadian Geology,' numerous local diversities occur, in consequence of the interference of the older elevated ridges with the regularity of deposition. In some places the entire Lower Carboniferous series seems to be represented by con- glomerates and coarse sandstones. In others, the Lower Coal- measures, or the Marine Limestones, or both, are extensively deve- loped. These local differences are, on a small scale, of the same character with those which occur on a large scale in the Northern and Southern Appalacliian districts and Western districts of the United States, and in the different coal -areas of Great Britain and Ireland, as compared with each other and v. ith the Carboniferous districts of 100 pkockkd;ko8 of tiik oKOLOoiOAii sociKi'Y. [Dec. 20, America. On tho whole, howovor, it is apparent that certain grand features of similarity can be traced in tl^ distribution of the Curbo- iiiferoub rocks throughout tho northern hemisphen;. It is further to bo observed that in Nova Hcotia and Now Bruns- wick, as well us in Eastern Canada, disturbances occurred at the close of tho Devonian period which have caused the Carboniferous rocks to lio uncunformably on those of the former ; and that in like manner tho Carboniferous period was followed by similar dis- turbances, which have thrown the Carboniferous beds into synclinal and anticlinal bends, often very abrupt, before the deposition of tho Triassic lied Sandstones. These disturbances were of a different cha- racter from the oscillations of level which occurred within the Carbo- niferous period. They were accompanied by volcanic action, and were most intense along certain lines, and especially near the junc- tion of the Carboniferous with the older formations. I have noticed an apparent case of unconformability between uiembers of tho Carboniferous system near Antigonish*. In the county of Pictou the arrangement of the beds suggests a possil .0 unconformability of the Upper Coal-formation and the Coal-mea- suresf. In New Brunswick Prof. BaileyJ has observed indications of local unconformability of tho Coal-formation ,»ii^ the Low^er Carboniferous. But the strict conformability of all the members of the Carboniferous series in the great majority of cases, shows that these instances of unconformability are exceptional. In the section at the Joggins, more especially, the whole series presents a regular dip, diminishing gradually &om the margin to the middle line of the trough, where the beds become horizontal. The most gradual and uniform oscillations of level must, however, be accompanied with irregularities of deposition and local denuda- tion ; and phenomena of this kind are abundantly manifest in the Carboniferous strata of Nova Scotia. I have described in ' Acadian Geology' a bod in the Pictou coal-field which seems to be an ancient shingle-beach, extending across a bay or indentation in tho coast-line of the Carboniferous period§. At the Joggins many instances occur of the sudden running out and cutting off of beds !|, and Mr. Brown has figured a number of instances of this kind in the Coal-formation of Sydney^. They are of such a character as to indicate the cutting action of tidel or fluviatile currents on the muddy or sandy bottom of shallow water. In some instances the layers of sand and drift- plants filling such cuts suggest the idea of tidal channels in an estuary filled with matter carried down by river-inundations. Even the beds of coal are by no means uniform when traced for consider- able distances. The beds which have been mined at Pictou and the Joggins show material differences in (juality and associations ; and small beds may be observed to change in a remarkable nanner, in • Quart. Joum. Gool. See. vol. i. p. 32. t Ibid. vol. X. p. 42 ; Acadian Geology, p. 249. Report on Gfeology of Southern New Brunswick, p. 118. Quart. Joum. Qool. Soc. vol. x. p. 4r». || Ilrid. vol. x. p. 12. Ibid. vol. vi. p. 125 ft seg. 1865.] D.VWSOX — COAL-FOllMATION-. 101 m their thickness nnd in tho matcriuls associatod witli thoni, in tracing thoin tt low hundreds of fo<'t from tho top of tho clitt' to low- water mark on tho bouch. 1 have no doubt that, could wo trace thorn over Hufflciontly largo areas, they would all be found to give place to sandstones, or to run out into bituminous shales and limestones, according to the undulations of tho surfaces on which they were deposited, just as tho peaty matter in modern swamps thins out toward banks of sand, or passes into tho muck or mud of inun- dated flats or ponds. 3. Oeological Cycles. — The foregoing considerations bring, in a very distinct manner, before us two different, and at first sight irreconcile- ablo, general views which we may take of any given geological period. First, we must regard every such period as presenting during its whole continuance the diversified conditions of land and water with their appropriate inhabitants ; and secondly, we must consider each such period as forming a geological cycle, in which such conditions to a certain extent were successive. As we give prominence to one or tho other of these views, our conclusions as to the character of geo- logical chronology must vary in their character; and in order to arrive at a true picture of any given time, it is necessary to have both before us in their due proportion. We know that tho marine animals of the Lower Carboniferous seas continued to exist in tho time of tho Coal-formation, and that some of them survived until the Permian period, proving to us the exis- tence of deep seas oven in that age which we regard as specially characterized by swampy flats supporting land-plants. In like man- ner we know that some of tho species of land-plants found in tho lowest Coal-measures continued to exist in tho time of the Upper Coal-formation, proving that there was some land suitable for them throughout the epoch of tho deep-sea limestones. Kegarded from this point of view, any exceptional bods with land-plants in tho marine parts of tho formation, or beds with soa-shelis in the parts where land-conditions predominate, acquire a special interest ; and so likewise do regions in which, as in some parts of the Appalachian Coal-field, the marine limestones are absent, and those in which, as in some parts of the Western States, marine conditions seem to have continued throughout tho whole period. In Nova Scotia, so far as my present knowledge extends, tho marine limestones of tho Lower Carboniferous cut ofl^ the flora of the Lower Coal-measures, apparently by a long interval of time, from that of the Middle C *i • formation ; and in like manner the fossils of the marine limestoii^s cease at the time of tho Millstone-grit, and only in one instance, that of a small bed of limestone near Wallace Harbour, partiallj"- re- appear in the Upper Coal- formation*. I have, however, iiscortained that tho Marine Limestones may be divided into an upper and a lower member, and that there is some reason to suppose that in some parts of Nova Scotia, where tho true Coal-measures are not developed, the upper member may in part, at least, represent themf. * Acad. Geol. p. 183; Quart, Jourii. Geol. Soc. vol. ii. p. 133. t Quart. Jouru, Oeol. Soc. vol. xv. pp, «>j et seq. My friend Mr. C. F. Hartt, who 102 PROCEEDINOO OP THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [DcC. 20, On the other hand, I have not as yet been able to bridge over tlio gulf which separates the flora of the Lower Carboniferous Coal- measures from that of the Middle Coal-formation, an interval which may include much of the " Lower Coal-measures" of ftogers in the Pennsylvaiua Coal-field. Turning to that broader view which takes the prevalent conditicTis of each portion oi the period as characteribuc, notwithstanding the local existence of dissimilar conditions, we not only find, as already stated, that the sequence in Nova Scotia coincides generally with that in other par la of America and in Europe, but that, viewed in this aspect, the Carboniferous period constitutes one of four great physical cycles, which make up the Palffiozoic age in Eastern America — and each of which was characterized by a great subsidence and partial re-elevation, succeeded by a second and very gradual subsidence. Viewed in this way, the Lower Carboniferous conglo- merate and Lower *^oal-measures correspond analogically with the Oriskany Sandstone, the Oneida and Medina Sandstones, and the Potsdam and Calcifcrous. The Carboniferous Limestone correspo:flds with the Comiferous Limestone, the Niagara Limestone, and the Trenton group of limestones. The Coal mciisures correspond with the Hamilton group, the Salina group, and the TJtica Shale. The Upper Coal-formation corresponds with the Chemung, the Lower Helderberg, and the Hudson-River groups. The Permian is not represented in Eastern America; but as developed in Europe it clearly constitutes a similar cycle. These parallelisms, which deserve more attention from geologists than they have yet received, may be tabulated thus*: — Tabular View of Cycles in the Palaeozoic Age in Eastern America, (The several formations are arranged in descending order.) Chancter of group. Lowt'r Silurian. Upper Silurian. DsTonian. Carbo- nifiTous. Shallow, subsidinf; marine area, filling up with sedi- ment Elevation, followed by slow Bubeidence, land-surfacea, &c Marine conditions: fnrn>a- tion of limestones, &c. . . Subsidence ; disturbances ; deiwsition of coarse sedi- ment ► HudMon-Eiver group. *• Utica shale . . Trenton, Black ■i B.MidChasy \ limestones. \ Potsdam and y Oalciferoug j aandstones. Lo ver Kelder- berg group. Salina group. . Niapara and Clinton limestones. Oneida and Meditut saudb tunes. Chi-mung gr, . Hamilton gr. .. Comiferous limestone. Oriskany sand- stone. Upper Coal- formation. Coal-mea- siures. Lower Carbo- niferous lime- stone. Lower Coal- measures and conglomerate. In the Permian of Europ?, the Stinkstein, the Rauchwacke, the Zechstein, and the Rothliegendes might form a iCJb. parallel column. has more recently studied the Marino Limestones, has obtained facts which Rcem to indicate the possibility of a more minute subdivision than any liitJierto attempted of these beda. * Dr. Storry Hunt iias directed attention io them in a paper " OnBitumenH," ' Silliman's Journal ' ['J], xxxv. p. KUJ, and in tlie ' Geology of Canada,' 1803, ). 027 ; and Dana refers to them in his 'Manual of Geology.' Eaton and Ha'' lad previouHly noticed these jmrHllplisnip. 1865.] DAWSO.'T— COAL-FORMATION. 103 Of course such parallelism nright be variously expressed by reckon- ing a Bmallor or larger number of groups. Independently of these different modes of statement, however, I believe that the basis of such comparisons exists in nature, and that it will prove possible to subdivide geological time into determinate natural cycles, the parts of which are analogous to those of similar cycles. A further question to be solved is, whether such cycles corresponded in all parts of the world, or whether, as is more likely, the earth might be divided into areas in which in each cycle elevation and subsidence were contem- poraneous. So far as the present subject is concerned, I merely desire to show that the Carboniferous rocks of Nova Scotia represent a, complete cycle of the earth's history, and correspond in time with the Carboniferous of Europe, and in value with the other great divisions of the Palseozoic age. 4. Summary of facts rdatiny to the mode of accwmulation of Coal. — With regard to the more special subject of this paper, I would rather invite attention to the details to be presented under the next head, than make any preliminary general statements. It is, how- ever, necessary to notice hero the several views which have prevailed as to the probable accimiulation of coal by driftage or growth in situ, in water or on land. I have already, in previous publications*, stated very fully the conclusions at which I have arrived on some portions of this subject, and I would now sum up the more import- ant general truths as follows:— (1) The occurrence o{ Stigmaria under nearly every bed of coal, proves beyond question that the material was accumulated by growth in situ, while the character of the sediments intervening between the beds of coal proves with equal certainty the abundant transport of mud and sand by water. In other words, conditions similar to those of the swampy deltas of great rivers arc implied. (2) The true coal consists principally of the flattened bark of Sigillarioid and other trees, intermixed with leaves of fenis and Cordaites, and other herbaceous debris, end with fragments of decayed wood constituting " mineral charcoal," all these materials having manifestly alike grown and accumulated where we find them. (3) The microscopical structure and chemical composition of the beds of Cannel-coal and earthy bitumen, and of the more highly bituminous and carbonaceoub shales, show them to have been of the nature of the fine vege<^able mud which accumu- lates in the ponds and shallow lakes of modern swamps. When such fine vegetable sediment is mixed, as is often the case, with whales, it becomes similar to the bituminous limestone and calcareo- biturainous shales of the Coal-measures. (4) A few of the under- clays which support beds of coal are of the nature of the vegetable mud above leferrcd to ; but the greater part are argillo-arenaceous in comi)08ition, with little vegetable matter, and bleached by the draimif^o from iLom of water containing the products of vcfjetablo decay. They are, in short, loamy or clay soils, and must have been suftirieiitly above water to admit of d' ainage. The absence of sul- * " Oil the Struct uros of Coal," Quart. Journ. Gcol. Soc. vol. xv. Air-breathers of tlie Coal Period, Montreal, 1803, p. 18. t2 1^' 104 PROCEESnirGS OP THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [DoC. 20, phurets, and the occurrence of carbonate of iron in connexion with them, prove that, when they existed as soils, rain-water, and not sea- water, percolated them. (5) The coal and the fossil forests present many evidences of subaerial conditions. Most of the erect and prostrate trees had become hollow shells of bark before they were finally imbedded, and their wood had broken into cubical pieces of minerbl charcoal. Laud-snails and galley-worms {Xylohins) crept into them, and they became deus or traps for reptiles. Large quan- tities of mineral charcoal occur on the surfaces of all the larger beds of coal. None of these appearances could have been produced by subaqueous action. (6) Tliough the roots of Sigilhria bear some resemblance to the rhizomes of certain aquatic plants, yet structu- rally they are absolutely identical with the roots of Cycads, which the stems also resemble. Further, the SigiUarm grew on the same soils which supported Conifera, Lepidodendra, Cordaites, and Ferns, plants which could not have grown in water. Again, with the ex- ception, perhaps, of some Pinnularice and Asterophi/llites, there is a remarkable absence from the Coal-measures of any form of properly aqimtic vegetation. (7) The occurrence of marine or brackish- water animals in the roofs of coal-beds, or even in the coal itself, affords no evidence of subaqueous accumulation, since the same thing occurs in the case of moueiii submarine forests. For these and other reasons, some of which are more fully stated in the papers already referred to, while T admit that tae areas of coal-accumu- lation were frequently submerged, I must maintain tht.t the true coal is a subaerial accumulation by vegetable growth on soils wet and swampy, it is true, but not submerged. I would add the further consideration, already urged elsewhere, that, in the case of the fossil forests associated with the coal, the conditions of submergence and silting-up which have preserved the trees as fopsils must have been precisely those which were fatal to their existence as living plants — a fact sufficiently evident to us in the case of modern submarine forests, but often overlooked by the framers of theories of the accu- mulation of coal. It seems strange that the occasional inequalities of the floors of the coal-beds, the sand or gravel ridges which traverse them, the channels cut through the coal, the occurrence of patches of sand, and the insertion of wedges of such material splitting the beds, have been regarded by some able geologists as evidences of the aqueous origin of coal. In truth, these appearances are of constant occur- rence in modem swamps and marshes, more especially near their margins, or where they are exposed to the effects of ocean-storms or river-inurdations. The lamination of the coal has also been adduced as a proof of aqueous deposition ; but the microscope shows, as I have elsewhere pointed out, that tliis is entirely different from aqueous lamination, and depends on the superposition of successive generations of more or less decayed trunks of trees and beds of leaves. The lamination in the truly aqueous cannels and carbo- naceous shales is of a very different character. It is scarcely necessary to remark tliat in tlic above summary I 1865.] DAWSON— COAL-PORMATION. 105 have had reference principally to the appearances presented hy the Coal-formation of Nova Scotia, and that I have no wish to under- value the admirable researches on this subject of Brongniart, Goepport, Hawkshaw, Beaumont, Binney, Rogers, Lesquereux, and others, whose publications on this subject I have read with interest, and have tested in their application to the phenomena presented to me in the coal-fields of Nova Scotia. I may add that in my opinion the phenomena of the Stigmaria-imderclays, to which attention was first directed by Sir W. E. Logan, furnish the key to the whole question of the origin of coal, and that tho comparisons of Coal- deposits, by Sir Charles Lyell, with the " Cypress-swamps " of the Mississippi perfectly explain all tha more important appearances in the Coal-formation of Nova Scotia. . . § III. Details op the Chabactek and Fossil Contents of the sevebal Bebb of Coal, as exposed in the South Joggins Section. 1. Introduction. — Under this heading I propose to state all the facts bearing on the origin and mode of formation of the several coals, obtained either by careful study of their outcrops on the ground, or by subsequent examination, with the aid of the microscope, of speci- mens collected from them. I shall follow the order of the detailed section published by Sir W. E. Logan in 1845*, including the ad- ditional points observed by Sir C. Lyell and myself in 1852, and by myself in several snncessive visits t, but giving in minute detail only the coals and their associated roof-beds and underclays. The rand- stones and shales which constitute the mechanical filling-in between the beds of coal I shall group together in the shortest possible manner, rcfoniiig to the published sections above-mentioned for details. I shall, however, mention every case of the occurrence of beds holding erect trees, ond of Stigmaiian u /Jerclays, as well as of beds of bitumi- nous limestone and highly carbonaceous shale. I regard the former as being truly land-surfaces, as well as the coals, and the latter as accximulations of vegetable mud or muck which imply the contem- poraneous existence in their vicinity of swamps anr'. forests. 2. Logan's Section (order descending), a. Division 1. — This ex- tends along the coast from Shoulie Iliver to the vicinity of Ragged Reef, being nearly horizontal at the former place and gradually assuming a decided south-west dip towaK^s the latter. It is 1617 feet in vertical thickness, and constitutes the upper part of the " Upper Coal-formation." It occupies the centre of the great syn- clinal of the western part of the Cumberland coal-area, and presents the newest beds of the (•arboniferons system. The rocks are thick-bedded white and grey sandstones, passiiig in some places into conglomerates with quartz pebbles, and inter- stratified with reddish and chocolate shales. The sandstones pre- dominate. Fossils are not numerous in these beds. Those found are Dadoxi/- * Report of Progress of Canadian SiiiTcy, 1845. t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. x. ; also Acndiaa Geology, p. 128 ct seq, 108 PBOCREDIWOS OF TffB GEOIOOIOAL BOOnSTT. [DeO. 20, Ion materianum, of which there are many drifted trunks in the sand- stones in a blackened and calcified condition, Calnmites Sxickovii, O. Outii, Calamodendron approximatwn, Lepidodendron undulatvm, Ltptdophloios parvus, and Stiymarh ficoides. As in the Upper Coal- formation of Pictou, trunks of Conifers and Calamites are the most abundant fossils. b. Division 2. — This occurs at P.aggcd Reef and its vicinity. Its thickness is 650 feet. It constitutes the lower part of the Upper Coal-formation. The rocks are white and grey sandstones with occasional reddish beds, and red and grey shales. The sandstones and shales are nearly in equal proportions. Underclays, or soils supporting erect plants, probably Sigillance, occur at two levels. Fossils are not numerous. Those collected were SigiUaria scu- tetlata and Stiymana Jicoides, Calamites Suckovii, Sphenopteris hymenophylloides, Alethopteris Jotwhitica, Cyclopteris heterophylla (?), Beinertia Ooepperti, and portions of the strobiles of two species of Lepidophloios, namely Lepidophyllwn laiweoJatum and L. trinerve. c. Division 3. — This extends in descending order from the vicinity of Eagged Reef to M'^Caim's Brook. Its thickness is 2134 feet. It includes tb upper part of the "Middle Coal -formation," and is perhaps equivalent, in part at least, to the Upper Coal-measures of Great Britain, and to the Upper Coal-formation of American authors. It includes 1009 feet of sandstone, almost all of which is grey, and 912 feet of grey and reddish shale and clay. It contains 22 beds of coal, all of small thickness, and most of them of coarse quality. Below I give each bed of coal in detail, with its roof and floor and its fossils ; and the intervening mechanical beds in brac- kets. The thickness of the roofs and floors is included in that stated for the inter\'ening beds. ft, in. ' (Carbonaceous sliale, grey understone, with Stigmaria mid groy shale) 7 {Grey argillaceous shale. Coal 1 inch 1 Grey argillaceous underclay, Sfigmaria. The roof holds abundance of Alethopteris lonchitica. Tho coal is coarse and earthy, with much epidermal and bast tis3ue*, vascular bundles of ferns, and impressions of Siyil- laria and Cordaites. It is a compressed vegetable soil or dirt-bed, resting on an argillaceous subsoil with rootlets of StiymarU(. (Grey and roddiwh sandaloneH and grey and rod shales witli ironstone nodules) 281 (> ''Rctldish argillaceous shale. CVW 1 inch l Coal-group 2 ...- Carhonnceous shale 4inciios,.. I 6 Von/ 1 inch j ^ Ri'ddisli underolay, S^iyinurin. *• For explanation as to the nature cf these and oUier strMcturen in the coal, see under ,0 v., below. •■■ft' 1865.] SAWSOir — COAL-FOBHAIIOjr. It contains Cor- Coal-group 3 ...\a The coal is ooarso, earthy, and shaly. daiteSf fern stipes, and bast tissue. (Reddish shale and grey sandstone, the latter seen in the cli£Pto thin out and give place to reddish shale) Grey sandstone. jOM 1 inch Grey and reddish sandy understone, Stigmaria. The coal is coarse and shaly. No fossils were observed, except stumps and rootlets of Stigmaria in the underclay. (Reddish grey shale and grey sandstone) 6 r Reddish grey shale. CoaI-group4 ... • Coal 2 inches [ Grey and reddish argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria The coal is coarse and earthy. No fossils were observed, except Stigmaria rootlets in the underclay. This and the last coal are to be regarded merely as fossil vegetable soils or dirt-beds. (Grey sandstone and grey and reddish shale. One underclay, and erect Calamitea in the lowest bed) 239 R {Grey argillaceous shale. C3al!2 inches 2 Grey argillo-arenaceous underclay, Stigmaria. The v.jal is filled with leaves of Cordaites horassifolia, dividing it into thin papery layers. The underclay has many large branching roots of Stigmaria. (Grey shale and sandstone) 19 r Grey arenaceous sliale. Coai-groupG ... -I Coa/ 3 inches 3 [ Groy argillo-arenaceous underclay, Stigmaria. This coal is composed of flattened bark of Sigillaria, of which there are many layers in the thickness of the bed. The species are not distinguishable. (Grey sandstone and shale. One underclay with Stigmaria) 12 6 ' Groy argillaceous shale. Coal 1 inch. Grey argillacous underclay, Stigmaria, 1 ft. 6 m. Coal-group 7 ,..\ Coal 2 inches. Grey argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria, 4 inches. Coal 1 inch. Grey argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria 2 2 This is an alternation of thin coarse coals or fossil vege- table soils with Stigmaria subsoils. The roof-shale con- tains erect Calamines, which seem to have been the last vegetation which grew on the surface of the upper coal. (Grey and rcddisli snndstones and shales) 73 I Red and grey shale. Coal 1 inoh 1 Grey hard underclay, Stigmaria. Tliis coal contains flattened trunks of Sigillaria scuiel- lata, or an allied species, and of other Si^illarioe, also 107 ft. in. 53 9 1 6 2 108 I'ROCKKDINGS OF THE 6E0100ICA1 SOCIETY. [DgC. 20, ii abundance of vasculor bundles of ferns and portions of epidermal tissues of different plants. ft. in. Coal-group 9 (Grey sandstone and red and grey shales, fffigmaria m tho upper bed, and prostrate Sigillaria and Cordaites in some of 1 he sandstones and shales) . . . 490 (Grey argillcccous shale, ironstone nodules. Cort/3 inches 3 Argillo-arenaoeous underclay, Stigmaria. Coal-group 10... Tho roof of this coal holds prostrate Sigillarice of three species and Cordaites horassifolia. The coal is hard and shining, with impressions of flattened Sujillarice, also of Cordaites, AsterophfUites, Carjjolites, and vascular bundles of ferns. (Underclay and reddish grey slmle) 6 ^Reddish grey shale. Coal and coaly shale 8 inches. Grey argillaceous underclay, nodidcs of ironstone, and Sfigntaria 2 feet. fofl/, stony and compact, 2 inches 2 10 [ Grey argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria. The roof-shale has obscure impressions of plants, appa- rently petioles of ferns. The upper conl is thinly laminated and full of leaves of Cordaites and ferns, among which is Alethopleris lonchiiica. The lower coal is compact, resem- bling cannel, and has many vascular bundles of ferns. It seems to bo composed of herbaceous matter macerated in water and mixed with mud. (Grey sandstone and shale with nodules of ironstone) 23 (Grey pvgillaceous sliale. Coal, shaly, 3 inches Arenaceous underclay, Stigmaria. An erect ribbed Sigillaria appears in the roof-shale. The coal contains many flattened tSlgillano', also Trigonocarpa, Cordaites, and vascular bundles of ferns. (Arenaceous undcrstone with ironstone nodules and Stigmaria, and carbonaceous slia le) I Carbonaceous shaie. Cval2 inches Argillaceous underclay, ironstone, and Stigmaria. This coal is hard and laminated, with many vascular bundles of ferns upon its surfaces. (Grey sandstone and grey argillaceous shale) 12 r Grey argillaceous shale. Coal-group 13... -^ Cual7 inches [ Grey argillaceous underclay, ironstone, and Stigmaria. The roof contains erect stumps, not distinctly marked. The coal has indications of bark of Sigillaria, and is hard and shining, with a coarse earthy layer in the middle. (Grey shale) Coal-group 14 (Grey shale, as above. Coal 4 inches 7 7 3 9 7 .20, . in. I) 3 1865.] DAWSON — COAL-rOJRMATlOX. 109 I Coal-group 14... <{ Grey argillo-arenaceous underolay, ironstone, and ft. in. Siiffinaria 1 6 Coa/2 inches 2 ^ Grey argillaceous underclay, ironstone, and Stigmaria, Tho upper coal has impressions of bark of trees and Cordaites, especially in its upper part. (Grey and reddiwh shale and grey sandstone, with Stig- marian soils at two levelH) 52 'Grey shale. Carhonaceoits xhale 2 inches. Coal-group 15... •< Argillaceous underclay, ironstone, and Stigmaria... 1 Coall inch 3 I, Argillaceous underclay, ironstone, and Stigmaria.... The npper shaly bed is a coal interlaminated with shale, which enables tho nature of the coaly matter to be ascer- tained. It contains flattened Sir/iUance of several species, Catamites, Cordaites, Ci/pentes, leaves of Siyillaria, and Lepidophylla. The clay parting is the roof of the lower coal, and contains Cyperites and Cordaites. It has been converted into an underclay by tho growth of Sigillaria upon it in tho formation of the upper bed of coaly shale. The lower coal is compact, but showed an impression of a Calamite. (Grey sandstone and grey and reddish shale, ironstone nodules) 16 Coal-group 10. r Grey argillaceous shale. Coca and carbonaceous shale 2 inches. 1 Beddish argillaceous underclay, ironstone, and Stig- 2 mana. The roof supports an erect tree, a SifjiUaria 8 feet high and 1 foot in diameter. It is also rich in Cypentes*, Cor- daites, and Calnmites. Tho coal contains Calamites and and also discigorous tissue of Conifers or SigiUaria. (Grey sandstones and reddish and grey shales, with several Stigmarian underclays and coaly films or thin vegetable soils. One of the undcrcluys sup- ports large] stumps of Sigillaria, with Cy^^'^rifcs, Cordaites, and Lepidodcndron in the be 1 mound their bm^es) 38 G ' Red and grey argillaceous shale. Coal 1 inch. Grav ".rgillo-arenaceous underclay, Stigmaria, 4 ft. Coa2 4 inches. Carbonaceous shale 4 inches. Coall inch 4 10 ^ Grey arenaceous underclay, Stigmaria. The upper layer of coal consists in part of leaves of Cor- daites. The middle layer has much Cordaites and Cyperites. (Underclay and grey shjxlo) 2 3 (Grey shale, as above. Codi'6 inches 3 Grey arenaceous underclay, Stigviaria, * By tliis term I continue, for convenience, to designate the leaves of SigiU lari(£. Coal-group 17... • no PBOCXXDDrofl or thx aiolooioal socistt. [Deo. 20, Ooal-groupl9... Coal-group 20. 222 Coal-group 20a* Coal-group 22. (Grey nandstone and nhale with one Stigmarian soil Hupporting erect ntumps of Sigillaria) 68 3 9 (Orejaandrtone, ard redandgrejahale. Stigmarian fl. in. soils at two leTelfl) 26 ' Reddish shale. • CotU 1 inch Red argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria. The roof contains an erect SigiUaria. The coal and that of the previous bed were not well seen. (Grey sandstone and red and ffrey shales, with many drift-trunks and erect Sigularia at four levels)... ' Orev shale. < Coal 1 inch Red and grey underolay, Stigmaria 36 This coal contains much Cordaites. (Grey and rod shales and grey sandstone. One Stig- marian soil, and resting on it carbonaceous shale with Cuperites) 16 ''Gray shale. Coal 2 inches. Underclay, Stigmaria, 2 inches. Coal 1 inch. Underclay 1 inch, Stigmaria. Coal 3 inches , Argillaceous underclay, ironstone, and Stigmaria. Those coals contain mineral charcoal, showing scalari- form and epidermal tissxiea. Tho coals are impure, and were probably concealed at the time of Sir W. E. Logan's visit. (Sandstone and red and grey shale, with one Stigma- rian soil) 93 (Red sliale. Coo/ and carbonaceous shale, 2 inches Grey argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria. In tho bed above the roof-shale are erect Calamites. The coal is an uneven or irregular bed, and consists of flattened SigiUnrim, Cyperites, Cordaites, and ferns. (Ghrey and reddish sandstones and shales, with drift- trunks of Ladoxylon materiarium, Sigillaria, and Calamites) 3,'M {Grey and red shale, nodules of ironstone. Cou? and carbonaceous shale, 2 inches Grey argil! o-aronaceous underclay, Stigmaria. This coal consists of flattened bark of Siffillaria with Cordaites, and vascular bundles of ferns. It contains also remains of fishes. Among these was found a tooth of Cte- tiopttfchins. The underclay includes stumps of Stigmaria, as well as rootlets. 3 2 2 Total thickness of Division 3, according to Logan's measurements 2169 8 d. Division 4. — This division of tho section extends from M'Caim's Cove to the end of the high clifl' beyond " Coal-mine Point." It * I designate in this way coal-groups not noticed in Logan's section. 1866.] vKyraojx — ooal-vormatiok. Ill Coal-group 1 ... ■ oorrespondB to the lower part of the Middle Coal-formation, and probably to the Lower Coal-formation of some American authors. ItB thickness, according' to the measurements of Sir William E. Logan, is 2539 feet. It is remarkable for the prevalence of grey sandstones and grey and dark-coloured shales. It constitutes the part of the section re-examined by Bir C. L3 ell and myself in 1862 ; and in the memoir which I subsefjuently published it is divided into 27 groups or subdivisions. For facility of reference these groups are indicated by the Roman numerals in the following pages, beginning with the highest group, xxvii. XXVII. ft \n ■ Bituminous limestone and caloftreo«bituminous shale 4 feet. CoaH foot I 6 Grey argillo-arenaoeoua underclay, Stigmaria. The roof has Nautdites carbonarius anu If. ei \gatu8, Spi- rorbis mrbonaritu, scales of Mhizodus, and obscure vege- table fragments. The coal contains flattened Sitjillario!, Cordaites, Aletliopteris hnchitica, Cyperites, Calamites Nova- scotica, and many vascular bundles of ferns. (Grey sandstone and tbale with six underclays and erect Sigillaria at two levels; also a thin shale with Naiadites, Cythere, Calamites, and Cordaites. One of the sandstones has scales and tooth of a large fish (? lihizodus) and plants covered with Spirorbis) 50 'Grey argillaceous shaU. Coal 1 inch. Clay 3 inches. Coal 1 inch. Coal-group 2 ...•{ Clay 1 inch. Coal 1 inch. Shale 4 inches. Coa^ 3 inches 1 2 ^ Grey argillo-arenaceous imderclay, Stigmaria. The roof has numerous vegetable fragments and flat- tened Si, and remains of insects) 10 Coal-group r Coaly shale. 15...^ r ■ • Coal G inches j_ Arcnac?oiis undercltiy, Stigmaria. The erect trees above mentioned arc rooted in the roof of this coal. It contains Cyperites, LepklophyUa, Trigonocarjpa of 2 species, SphenophyUum,Alet1ioptens hncldtica, Cordaites, i.nd AsterophylUfes. Taere are shells of Spirorhis ou some ox' the plants. The coal contains layers of bark of '^{giUaria and leaves of Cordaitss, and much bast tissue, with scalari- form, uniporoiis, and reticulated tissues, probably of Sigil- laria. (Sandstones and shales; erect Cahwiitcs and Stig- maria) {Grey shale. Coal 4 inclies Argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria. The roof contains Calamttes, Sigillaria, AletJiopteris hn- cldtica, Pinnitlaria, Lepidodendron, Cyperites, Spornngites, and Spirorhis. One Sigillaria extends 30 feet without branching. The roof siipports an erect tree. The coal i." filled with flattened ptoms of Sigillaria lying in different directions, also flattened Lepidodendra ; and in its mineral charcoal it has beautiful porous and scalariform tissues. 6 21 Coal-gronp IG. XIV. (Crrey sandstone and grey and red shales. Many prostrate trunks of Sigillaria and Lepidodendron, one underclay. and erect trees at one level) Shale with tlie aspect of underclay. Coal and coaly shale (5 inches Argillo-iirenuceous underclay, ironstone, and Stig- maria. 08 This bod was not well exposed, and aflbi-dcd no fossils. (Grey sandsiono and shale with one underclay) li't (Grey shale. Coal and co:ily sliiili' .'] inches Argillo-arciiaceous underclay, S/ig/Ktria. The roof has vogctalde fragmcuti and Corduites. The G w 1865.] DAWSON — COAL-FORMATION. coal is hard and coarse, and contains flattened broud-iibbcd Sigilkiria, Conlaites, and vascular bundles of ferns. (Shale and sandatona, erect trees at one level) Coal-group 18.. Coal-group 19. ' ■■'•'■''" xiii.^.;; ::_,„;;;::"■ -'•■ Grey shale. 7 Coal 8 inches Argillo-arenaceous underclay. The roof has an erect SlgiUaria. The coal is shaly and laminated. It contains much Oordaites, also Lepidodendron, Calamites, and Alethopteris lonchiHca. In one layer thero are NaiadUes, Sjiirorhis, and scales of fishes. (Grey sandstone and shale in several beds, Stig- maria) ■ Argillaceous shale. Coaly shale 4 feet. Bituminous limestone 2 feet 6 inches. _Ooal 1 inch The roof has Naiadites, scales and teeth of fishes, Cytliere, and Spirorbls. The coal is hard and coarse, with vascular bundles of ferns and prostrate Sujillarice. (Shale and sandstone) ••. i Coaly shale 1 foot. Bituminous liirostone 1 foot 6 inches. Coa^and clay partings 2 feet 4 inches The roof has Naiadites, Spirorbis attached to plf^nts, and small rhombic fish-scales. The coal alternates with lime- stone at the top, and contains remains idophhto8, also many largo-furrowed trunks, probably old Sif/lffaricv or Lepidodendra, XII. (Sandstone, shale, and ouloareo-bituminous shale with three underclays) {Calcareo-bituminous shale. Coaf end coaly shale 1 inch Argilio-arenaceoua underclay; Stigmaria. This bed was not exposed. ' ' .^ (Underclay and shale) > .'.• {Grey shale. Coal and coaly shale 8 inches Argillo-arenaceous underclay, Stigmaria, The roof has Aleihopteris loneMtica, Cordaitet, and pe- tioles of ferns. Tho coal shows bast tissue and remains of SigiUuna and Calamites. (Qrej sandstone and shale, with erect Siffillaria at four or five levels, and two Stigniarian under- olays) • iGrey shale. Coafy shale 4 inches Argillo-arenaceous underclay, Stigmaria, This bed was not exposed. ft. in. 26 1 5 8 J • » (Shale and sandstone, with Stig marie) {Grey shale. Co(u 8 inches Argillo-arenaceous underclay, Stigmaria. ■ ^ This bed was not well exposed. (Grey sand.stone and shale, with bituminous shale and limeutone, and erect Cuhimittm) 117 8 4 13 3 04 XI. u: ;j Coal-group 28. f Calcareo-bituminous sliale. • Coal and coaly shale 7 feet. Underclay, Stigmaria, 4 I'eet, Coaly shale 1 Ic t. Coal a inches Arcntvoeous underclay, Stigmaria. This group is a series of thin couly layers and underclays. Tho roof has Nahulltes carionarius and N. elongaUis, also Cythere and scales of fishes. The coal contains bast tissue and different kinds of scalariform and epidermal tissues. In the lower bed is a coaly stump and an irregular layer of mineral charcoal, arising apparently from the decay of similar stumps. (Grey and carbonaceous sliale and grey sandstone)... ( Underclay, Stigmaria. \ Coal and coaly shale o feet. Undcrclav (5 feet. Coal, noaly shnlc, and ironstone, foot. Coa/4 feet Argillaceous uuflorelay, Stigviaria. 12 6 Coal-group liy... ■■ 29 21 18^5.] • DA'WSON— COAL-POKMATION. 119 This is a group of unusually thick botls, indicating long fl. in. (luicscenco. The roof includes laminaj of coal, some of them composed of the bark oH ^lyillaria catenotdes, also an erect ■■ ■ tSi(fillaria rooted in the coal below. The coal and coaly shale exhibit remains o( Si(/iUaria, Cordaites, Lepidophi/llum, and , „" Vjiperites ; and one layer has many hard pyritized fragments ,' ..r^ of wood. The mineral charcoal has vascular bundles of ferns, coarse scalarifonn tissue, and porous tissue. The underclay lests on a bed with 27aiadites. (Underclay, Stigmaria, and grey and carbonaceous slialea) 18 (Shale and coaly layer s, CiaM feet 4 O- Argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria. The roof has obscure fragments of plants and stumps in the state of mineral charcoal. The coal shows impressions of flattened trunks, probably SigUlaria?. This coal contains a great variety of tissues, especially bast and scalariform of different kinds, and epidermal. My measurements in this ,^ part of the section differ somewhat from those of Sir "W. E. Logan, who, I suppose, had not a good opportunity o£ ex~ ,., amining the two last coals. Tho coal 29« is now mined by , an adit from the shore, called the " new mine." (Sandstone and shale. One sandstone has many large "^ ' ... erect SigillaricB, some of them with rough and furrowed bark) ...v 35 0^ ''Argillaceous shale and ironstone. ; Coal 4 inches. ' Underclay, dark-coloured, 2 feet. " ' ■ ' ;■ ..'I' Coal and coaly shale 2 inches. . ,, ■ ., .,',, 'i ■'^'■.,',.'t.:i Coal 3 inches. . . " \ Coaly shale 2 inches. Coal 1 inch 3 ^ Soft argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria. , • -' •. : i The roof has bark of SujUlaria preserved in ironstone. Tlio coal is pyritous, and consists of layers of mineral char- coal alternating with bright coal ; it has obscure impressions of plants and bast tissue in the mineral charcoal. . ' Coal-group30...- Coal -group 31... X. (Grey shale and sandstone. One imderclay, and erect Calaviites and Sigillaria at two levels) 19 fOtrey sandstone. I Coal and coaly shale 1 foot. J Underclay, Stigmaria, 1 loot. Coaly shale G inches. Coal '2 inches ^ Argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria, The roof contains Shjillarice, and the coal has flattened imprcssialy shale 2 feet 4 inches 2 4 Argillo-arenaoeous underclay, Stigmaria. ' This is a series of thin coaly bands alternating with shales. The roof contains trunks of Sigillaria, Cordaites, Alethoptens, and Cyperites, The coal has numerous flattened trunks of Sigillana. (Grey and reddish sandstone and shale. Five under- claya, one with a film of coal and erect Sigillaria! at two levels) 149 {Coaly shale. Coal 1 inch I Argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria. The roof has flattened trunks and vegetable fragments. The coal is a mere soil, with remains of Sigillaria and Cor^ daites, and vascular bundles of ferns. (Red and grey sandstone and shi\le) 45 iGrey shale. Coal and coaly and grey shale (underclay). Argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria. These layers, though not of sufficient importance to be measured as coal-bands, are most interesting as furnishing examples of what may be termed rudimentary coal-beds. Each layer is plainly composed of prostrate trunks of Sigil- laria resting on Stigmarian underclay, and mixed with Cor- daites, Aletliopteris lonchitica, and vascular biindles of ferns. In one layer is a stump in the state of mineral charcoal. In another there are coprolites, scales of fishes, Spirorbis, and fragments of Crustaceans. In a reddish shale above these beds there is a patch of grey sandstone interlaced with Stigmarian roots, as if the sand had been prevented from drifting away by a tree or stump. (E«ddish and grey sandstones and shales, witli throe or more underclays, Iiaring their coaly layers holding Sigillaria. Erect Sigi/lnria at two levels) 240 ^Underclay, with ironstone and Stigmaria, j Coal and coaly shale 2 inches. Coal-group S-l...-^ LndercLiy, with ironstone and Stigmaria, 4 feet. I Cba/ and coaly shale 2 inches ,. 4 4 ^Argillo-arenaceous underclay, Stigmaria, Only obscure vegetable fragments were observed. (Grey and reddish sandstone and shale, with Stig- maria) ,,,„ 13 10 1865.] DAWSOir— COAt-rOEMATIOir. 121 C TJnderolay with Stigmaria, ft. in. Coal-group 35... ' Cooly shale 3 inches 3 [ Bed and greenish underolay, a few rootlets. The coaly shale contains many leaves of Cordaites horassi- folia, (Bed, grey, and dark shale, sandstone, and bitu- minous limestone. Three underclays and erect trees at one level) 67 9 IX. ^Bituminous limestone. Coaly shale and coal 3 inches. Coal-group 36. . . - Beddish shale and ironstone, 2 feet 6 inches. Coal 3 inches 3 ^ Argillaceous imderclay, Stigviaria. The roof has Stigmaria in situ, and has hcen a soil or underclay. It also contains Cythere, fish-scales, coprolites, and Sjairorbis. In the upper coaly shale are prostrate car- bonized trunks. (Beddish and grey shale, sandstone, and bituminous limestone) 21 6 f Bituminous limestone and shale. Coal 4 inches. Underclay 1 foot 6 inches. Coal 6 inches. Coal-group 37... ■{ Underclay 1 foot. Bituminous limestone 3 inches. Shale 3 inches. Coallinch 3 U ^ Underclay with Stigmaria. The roof has Stigmaria, also fish-scales, Naindites, and Cythere. The shales are pyritized. The coal shows only obscure fragments of plants ; but Sigilhrice in the state of ironstone occur in some of the clays. viir. (Bed and grey sandstone and shale. Two under- clays. Many shells of Pupa vcttista occur in one of these, about 1 2 feet below the last coal) 83 VII. ''Calcareo-bituminous shale. Coal 1 inch. Coal-group 38. . . - Bituminous limestone 6 inches. Coal 2 inches. ^ Underclay passing into chocolate shale, Stigmaria, The bituminous limestone and shale contain Cythere^ Naiadites ehngatm and N. carhonarius, coprolites, Spiro) his, and Stigmaria. The lower coal has Sigillaria elegans, S. scutellata (?), S. Brownii, Aletliopteris loncTutica, Oordaites horamfolia, and vascular bundles of ferns. (Bed and grey shales and sandstones, and one grey limostone with Cythere. One underclay. Many drift trunks, among which are Sigillaria and Lejiidoph'oios) , 123 G 122 PR0CKEDING8 OP THB OBOLDOICAL SOCIETY. [DcC. 2 «. ^ ........ r Red and grey Hlmle, with ironstone. „ . on JCofl/^inch Coai-group.>.^...< Qj,gy underclny, with Stigmaria, resting on bitu- [ niinous limestone, with Stigmaria and Ci/fhere. This thin coal consists of a layer of flattened trunks, pro- bably of SigillarUi, with a quantity of mineral charcoal. ft. in. OJ (Red and grey shales. One bed with erect Calamites, another with erect Sigillaria) 00 ,.'< Coal-group 40. . . « 'Orey shale and ironstone. ' £ituminoiM limestone and shale, with coaly films, 7 inches. Underclay 1 foot. Coal 1 inch. . ; Coaly shale 3 inches. Underclay 1 foot. Bituminous limestone inches. Coal and coaly shale 2 inches 3 7 Argillaceous imdcrclay, ironstone, and Stigmaria. The bituminous limestone and shale have Naiadltes, Ctfthere, Spirorhis, scales of fishes, and coprolites, and a large spine of Gip'acanthus, also roots of Sflr/niaria. The upper underclay holds carbonized erect trunks. The lower coal has vascular bundles of ferns and Corduites. The roof supports erect stumps. (Underclay with i rf)nstone nmlules) 6 j Underclay as above. Coal -group 41 ... j Calcai-oo-l)it>miinous sliale and films of cort^ 3 4 ( Argillaceous underclay, SV/V^mflnrt. • — • ••'-- The bituminous limestone has Naiadlfea carhonarivs, Ci/there, coprolites, and tSpirorhls. The roof has prostrate Higillarim converted into coaly Itiyers. The underclay has distinct stumps of Stif/mana. (Shales with Stigmaria and ironstone, sandstones, bituminous lime.stime, and carbonaceous sliale at bottom) . ...: 14 4 (Bituminous limestone. Coal '•] inches. Shale 1 foot. Coal-group 42... -^ Cort/1 foot. • ' '■_ l^nderclay, Stigmaria, 1 foot. ' 6W 2 inches 3 5 ^ Dark argillaceous underclay, Stigmaria. The roof contains j\^aK/e.s', Cgthnr, and coprolites. The -. coal is coarse, ])yritous, and shaly, and has bark of ,Slifill '1 Tho nnmbor of coals rockoned mny vary according to the manner in which tho Hoveral laj'crs aro ffroiiped; but as arranged in tho above sectional list it amounts to eighty-one in all. Of these, 23 aro found in Division ',i of Logan's section, being the upper member of tho Middle CoiJ-formation ; 40 aro found in Division 4 of Logan's section, being the lower member of tho Middle Coal-formation ; 9 occur in Division (5 of Logan's section, or in tho equivalent of tho Millstone-grit. In the latter group few of the coals were suffi- ciently well exposed to enable a satisfactory examination to bo made. I hav(^ grouped the remains under three heads — External Forms of Plants, Microscopic Structure of Plants, and Animal Remains — and have arranged the forms under each in tho order of their relative frequency of occuri'cnce. Table ahowing the Relative Frcquenci/ of Occun'ence of Genera of Plants and Animals in the Coals of the South Jorfyins. Names of Fossils. I > riuHfs. Sigillaria occurs Cordaitos „ Pilices {mostly AM fio- pterh hmchitica) „ Lepidodendron and Lepidophloios ... „ Calamites „ Carpolit«8, &c „ Asterophyllites „ Calamodendron „ Sfrucfures. Vascular bundles of ferns „ Ba^ttmno {Sit/ilfaria) „ Epidermal tissue {Cordaifes, &c.) ... „ Scalariform ( Si'gil., Stiff., Lepido(f.,&.c.) „ Discigerous ( Siqillaria and Dadoxi/ion , &c. ) „ Bcticulated ( Calamo- dehdron, Ferns, &c.) „ Ani)nah. Fishes {Palrenniscus, Ell hod us, &c.) ... ,, Naiadites {Anthra- conu/a, kci.) „ Spirorbh carfionarhm „ Ct/fhcre „ TnscotsC?) ,, Ileptiles {Dendrer- peton, &c.) , Pupa i'etmta and Xylo- oius siffillarite „ in Division 3. 23 coals. Division 4. 4U couls. } } I } 13 1.5 4 2 1 8 2 G 1 1 34 2('. 17 1.J 12 9 2 1 22 l(i ('» 9 S Division 6, 9 coals. 1(> l(> 1() 13 .3 1 I Total. 81 coals, 49 41 23 ICi 1«) 11 3 30 20 12 11 10 3 18 17 U\ 14 3 1 1 w 1865.] 1)A.W80W — COATi-POnMATION. 127 It will bo obsorvod that, whether wo regard tho external forms or tho internal Htructures i>resorvo(l, tho i)rc(lominiiiit plants aro Slrfll- lana, Corduites, and Ferns, with Lephlodemlron and Calamites. Tho substance of tho coal itself, bo far as its Htructiiro is preserved, may bo said to bo principally composed of biirk of Slgillaria and loaves and stonis of ferns and Conltutea. In regard to tho propor- tions in dift'erent i)arts of the series, little difference exists, except that Coi'ifaites and Cahtmlfes are ratlicr more abundant in tho upper coals, and fjepldodendron in tho lower, while the middle of tho series is tho headtiuartors of ISk/ilhiria and ferns, llemains of acpiatio animals occur in connexion with a large proportion of the coals, more especially in tho middle of tho series. This may bo explained in connexion with tho theory of growth of the coal in situ by tho follow- ing considerations : — (I) It was necessary to tho preservation of th(i vegetable matter composing a bed of coal that it should bo sub- merged and covered with sediment. (2) On the submergence of a swamp covered with standing trees and other vegetation, these would prevent tho passage of strong currents carrying coai'so detritus, and tho area would bo covered with fine sediment deposited in still water and under conditions favourable to certain kinds of aquatic animals. (3) When tho currents carrying detritus were sufficiently powerful to u])root and swoop away tho forests and the brakes of Ccdamiies, they would also remove or disturb the vegetable soil. It follows that wo should expect tho more important coals to bo covered -with fine sedi- ment containing animal as well as vegetable remains, and that beds roofed with sandstone or coarse shale must either have been of small area or sparsely covered with trees at tho time of their submergence. This accounts for the otherwise anomalous circumstance that the evidences of aqueous conditions in association with the coal are pro- portionally more abundant in the middle than in the upper part of the Coal-measures. We may now proceed to consider the genera of plants and animals separately, in their relation to tho growth of coal. 2. Coniferous Trees. — Four species of coniferous trees, referable to the genus J)ado,rifi(ni,\\avo been found in the Coal-formation of Nova Scotia. They are known to mc only by the microscopic structure of their wood ; but on the e\'idence afFordcul by this I have named and de- scribed them as new species*. One of them, I). anti(/uius, is closely allied to I). Withaml of Groat Britain, and, like that species, belongs to the Lower Carboniferous Coal-measures. Its structure is of that character for which Brongniart proposed tho generic name " Pn1(foa'i/Jon.'''' It has not yet lieen found at tho Joggins. Another species, D. Amdianum, is found abundantly at the Joggins in tho condition of drifted trunks imbedded in the sandstone of the lower part of the Coal-fonnation and the upper part of the Millstone-grit series. The third species, /). »i(ift'ri(iriv»i,iH very near to /). Brond- Unijii of Oreat Britain, tind in.iy i)ossiblv bo only a Viiriety. It is especially al)undant in the sandstone of tho Upper Coal-formation, in * Descriptions referred to hero and in subseciuent jiages will be found in •' Synopsis of the Flora of tho Carboniferous Period," Can. Nat. vol. viii., and in the Appendix. 128 i'llOOKKDINOS or THE GEOLOOICAL SOCIETY, [DoO. 20, which vast numbers of drifted trnnks of this spocips occur in somo l)luces. Tlio fourth spccicH, D. annulatum, prosonts a very pt>culinr htructure, pr.^biibly of generic value. It has nltomate concentric rings of discigcroua woody tissue, of the character of that of DadoA-i/lon, and of compact structureless coal, which either represents layers of very dense wood or, more likely, of corky cellular tissue. In the latter case the structure would have afflnities with that of certain (Jnctacete und of Cycads, Though coniferous trees usually occur as decorticated and pros- trate trunks, I have recorded the occurrence of one erect specimen, in a Nundatonc a little above the " Muin Coal," at the Joggins. It jnobably belonged to the species lust named. Tissues of coniferous trees are very rare in the coal itself, ^[ost of the discigerous tissues found in the coal belong to Sitjllhtna und Cdfomodemh'on, From the abundance of coniferous trees in sandstones above and below the coal, and their comparative ubHcnco in the coal and coal-shales, it may be inferred that these trees belonged rather to the uplands than to the coal-swamps ; and the great durability and small specific gravity of coniferous wood would allow it to be drifted, either by rivers or ocean - currents, to very great distances. I am not aware that the fruits of pine trees occur at the Joggins, xuiless some of the Trlijonocarfxi aro of this character. Nor has any foliage of those trees been found ; but at Tatmagonche, in the convinuation of the Upper Coal-formation, there aro leafy branchlcts Avhieh 1 have named Amuca rites (jracilis, and which may possibly have belonged to Dudo.vijhn materiariiim. Tho casts of pith-cylinders known as SternbeiyicB aro abundant in some of the sandstones, especially in the Upper Coal-form atioii. 1 have shown that in Nova Scotia, as in England, somo of these sin- gular casts belong to Dadoxylon* ; but as the pith-cylinder of Shjil- Idvia and of Lepklopldoios was of a similar character, those which aro destitute of woody investment cannot be determined with certainty, though in general tho transverse markings are more distant in the StendjenjM of IShjUlana and Lepidopldoios than in those of IJado- A')jlon. In Plate V., and in Plate YI. fig. 14, I have given illustrations of the coniferous plants above referred to. 3. ShjiUarkc. — 1 have catalogued or described no !ess than twenty- one species belonging to this family, from the Coal-measures of Nova Scotia. They may be arranged ui.hr the following provisional genera : — (1.) Favclakia, Sternberg .... '^igillaria clegans, Brongn. tessellata, Bronr/n. (2.) llnrriDOLEris, Sternberg . . I — Bretoncnsis, Dawson. — scutellata, Brongn. Schlothoimiana, Brongn. SauUii, Brongn. Dournaisii, Brongn. Knorrii, Brongn. * Procci'dinj^s ol' tli.' Ainorican Ai^sociation, lft."57, C'luuulinn Naturalist, vol. ii. ruiH!r on Slructurcb of Cual, (^lart. Juurii. Ucol. Soc. IbGU. 1865.] DAW90W — COAt-FORMATTOX. 120 (2.) RnmnoLKPis (continued) (3.) SioiLLARiA, Brotign, Sigillaria piKiliydormii, Bronjn, • lloxuosn, L. ij- JI. ? cloiigatii, Ih'ongn. roniformis, Brongn, Urownii, Dawson. loDvigata, Brongn. planicosttt, Dmvson. catonoidcs, Dawson. striatn, Dawson. omincns, Dawson. (4.) OiATHRAuiA, Brongn Mciiurtli, Brongn. (5.) LRioDEnjtA, Ooldcnh Sydnensis, Dawson, (Asolanun, Wood). (6.) SYRiNaoDENDRON, Stemh. . . organum, L. Sf JI. Of these, seven are probably new species, and the remainder can bo identified with reasonable certainty with European species, 'riio difforchccs in the markings in different parts of the same tree are, however, so great, that I regard the greater part of the recognized species of Slgillaria: as merely provisional. Even the generic limits may bo overpassed when species are detcmiiued from liand speci- mens. A fragment of the base of an old trunk of ^igilhiria proper would necessarily be placed in the genus Leiodenno, and a young branch of Favxdaria has all the characters of the genus Chthvaria. It is, however, absolutely necessaiy to make some attempt at generic distinction among the diverse forms included in the genus Sigillaria ; otherwise it will bo impossible to reconcile the conflicting statements of authors as to the dimensions, habit of growth, foliage, roots, and fructification of these singular plants ; — such statements usually ap- plying to one or more of the subordinate generic types. I shall therefore notice separately, and with especial reference to their function in the production of coal, the several generic or subgeneric forms, beginning with that which I regard as the most important — namely, Sigillaria proper, of which, in Nova Scotia, I regard tlio species which I have named S. Broivnii (figs. 15 to 20, PI. YI.) as the type. Other spe ;ies are represented in tigs. 21 to 28. In the restricted^ genus SigiUaria the ribs are strongly developed, except at the base of the stem ; they are usually much broader than the oval or elliptical tripunctate areoles, and are striated longitu- dinally. The woody axis has both discigcrous and scalariform tissues, arranged in wedges, Avith medullary rays "s in cxogens*; the ])ith is transversely partitioned in thcmannor of Sternhergia ; and the inner bark contains groat quantities of long and apparently very durable fibres, wliich I have, in my descriptions of the strucLures in in the coal, named " bast tissue." The outer bark was usually thick, of dense and almost indestructible cellular tissue. Tho trunk when old lost its regular ribs and scars, owing to expansion, and bccamo furrowed like that of an ol There are some beds at the Joggins, holding erect trees in situ, which show that Sigillarice sometimes grew singly or in scattered clumps, either alone or amidst brakes of Calamites, In other in- stances they must have grown close together, and with a dense un- dergrowth of ferns and Cordaites, forming an almost impenetrable mass of vegetation. From the structure of SigillaricB I infer that, like Cycads, they ac- cumulated large quantities of starch, to be expended at intervals in more rapid growth, or in the production of abundant fructification. I adhere to +Hp belief expressed in previous papers that Brongniart correct in r'ing the Sigillarice as botanicaUy allied to the IS Cycadacece, ant. ' iVe recently more fully satisfied myself on this point by comparib .8 of their tissues with those of Cycas revoluta. It is probable, however, that when better known they wUl be found to have a wider range of structure and aflinities than we now suppose. There are some reasons for believing that the trees described by Corda under the names of Diphxylon, Myelopithys, and Heterangium, and aloo the Anabathra of Witham, are ISigiUariie. Much of the tissue discribed by Goeppert as Aratwarites carbonarius is probably also SigiUarian. 4. Cdlamodendron. — The plants of this genus are quite distinct from Galamltcs proper. A Calamodemlron as usually seen is a striated cast with frequent cross lines or joints ; but when the whole stem is preserved, it is seen that this cast represents merely un internal pith- cylinder, surrounded by a woody cylinder composed in part of scalari- form or reticulated vessels, and in part of wood-cells with one row of large pores on each side. External to the wood was a cellular bark, and the outer surface seems to have been simply ribbed in the manner of Sigillaria. It so happens that the internal cast of the pith of Calamoderulron, which is really of the nature of a Stembeiyia, so closely resembles the external appearance of the true Calamites as to be constantly mistaken for them. Most of these pith-cylinders of Calarnoiiendron have been grouped in the species Calamites approxi- tmitus ; but that species, as understood by some authora, appears also to include true Calamites*, which, however, when well preserved, can always be distinguished by the scars of the leaves or branchlets which were attached to the nodes. Galamodoulron ■would seem, from its structure, to have been closely allied to Sigillaria, though, according to Unger, the tissues were dif- i * See fleinite, " Stcinkolilenfornitttion in Sachsen." 1 i; ^ 1865.] BAWSOK — COAL-PORMATIOX. 135 fercntly arranged, and tho woody cylinder must have been much thicker in proportion. Tho tissues of Calamodcndron are by no means infrequent in the coal, and casts of the pith are common in the sandstones ; but its foliage and fruit are unknown. (Fig. V>\, PI. VII., a to c.) 5. Galmnites. — Nine species of true Calamites have been recognized in Nova Scotia, of which seven occur at the Joggins,the most abundant being G. Suckovii and C. Cistii. The Calamites grew in dense brakes on sandy and muddy flats. They were unquestionably allied to Equi- setacece, and produced at their nodes either verticillate simple linear leaves, as in C. Cistii,or verticillate branclilets with pinnate or verticil- late leaflets, as in O. Suckovii and G. nodosus. The Calamites do not seem to have contributed much to the growth of coal, though their remains are not infrccjucnt in it. The soils in which they most fre- <|uontly grow were apparently too wet and liable to inundation and silting ui) to be favourable to coal-accumulation. I have elsewhere shown that some of the species of Gulamites gave off numerous ad- ventitious roots from the lower parts of their stems, and also multi- plied by budding at their bases*. Of the genus Equisetites one species has been found in Cape Breton; but it has not as yet been recognized at the Joggins. (Fig. 88, PI, XII.) 6. Asterojihifllites, &c. — Five species of AsteropliylUtes, one of An- nidaria, five of Sphenopht/Uum, and three of Pinnularia, have been found in Nova Scotia. I place these together as probably allied plants. The Pinntdarice were apparently slender roots, with thin epidermis, cellular bark, and a central axis. Tho others were pro- bably low plants growing in wet places. I am not aware that they contributed to any great extent to the accumulation of coal ; but as their tissues were scalariform, similar to those of ferns, it would not be easy to recognize them. A beautiful specimen of Spheno" phyllnm emaryinatiim from New Brunswick, in tho collection of Sir W. E. Logan, has enabled me to ascertain that its stem had a simple axis of one bundle of reticulato-scalaiiforra vessels, like those of Tme- sipteris as figured by Brougniart. These curious plants were no doubt cryptogamous, having a habit of growth like that of liJrpiise- faci'd', leaves like those of ferns or Marsiliuccce, and fructification.' arul structure like those of Li/copodiacea'. They were closely allied to AMerophifUltes and Annidaria. 7. Filices. — Of the numerous species of ferns in the Carboniferous rocks of Nova Scotia, only a very few have been recognized at the Jog- gins. Tliis may in part be due to tho soft and crumbling character of the shales ; but aft»,; 9. Lejpidodmdron. — Of this genus nineteen species have heen re- corded as occurring in the Carboniferous rocks of Nova Scotia. Of Iheso, six occur at the Joggins, where specimens of this genus are very much less abundant than those of Sigillaria. In the newer Coal- I'ormation Lepiclodendra are particularly rare, and L. undulatit7n is the most common species, Tn the Middle Coal-formation L. rimo- sum, L. dichotomum, L. i- ,«?, and L. Pictoeiise are probably the most common species j and L. corrugatum is the characteristic Lepi- dodendron of the Lower Carboniferous, in which plants of this species seem to be more abundant than any other vegetable remains whatever. To the natural history of this well-known genus I have little to add, except in relation t© the changes which take place in its trunk in the process of growth, and the study of which is important in order to prevent the undue multiplication of species. These are of three kinds. In some species the areoles, at first close together, become, in the process of the expansion of the stem, separated by in- tervening spaces of bark in a perfectly regular manner ; so that in old stems, while widely separated, they still retain their arrange- ment, while in young stems they are quite close to one another. This is the case in L. corrugatum (PI. XI.). In other species the leaf-scars or areoles increase in size in the old stems, still retaining their forms and their contiguity to each other. This is the case in L. undxdatum, and generally in those Lepidodendra which have very large areoles. In these species the continued vitality of the bark is shown by the occasional production of lateral strobiles on large branches, in the manner of the modem Eed Pine of America. In other species the areoles neither increase in size nor become regularly separated by growth of the intervening bark ; but in old stems the bark splits into deep furrows, between which may be seen portions of bark still retaining the areoles in their original dimensions and arrangement. This is the case with L. Pictoense. This cracking of the bark no doubt occurs in very old trunks of the first two types, but not at all to the same extent. I figure three examples of these peculiarities in mode of growth : — Lepidodendron corrugatum, Dawson. — I quote in the Appendix my description of this species, and may refer to the figures in Plate XI. for further illustration. I do not know any other species in Nova Scotia which has the same habit of growth ; but L, ocidatum and L. distans of Lesquereux show a tendency to it. The present species is exclusively Lower Carboniferous, and occurs on that horizon in New Brunswick, in Pennsylvania, and, I believe, also in Ohio ; though the beds holding it in the latter State have been by some regarded as Devonian. L. tinduhtum, Sternberg. — I think it not improbable that several closely allied species are included under this name. On the other hand, all the large-areoled Lepidodendra figured in the books must have branches with small scars, which, in the present state of know- ledge, it is impossible to identify with this species. I suppose that L. chgans resembles the present species in its mode of growth, at least if the large-scarred specimens attributed to it aie really of the same 188 PHOCEEDINGfl OF TUE OEOLOOICAL SOCIETY. [DcC. 20, 1' I I species. L. dlchotomum (=L. Stenibergn) also resembles it to somo extent. (Fig. 41, Tl. IX.) L. Ptetocme, Dawson. — This sppoies I doscribed as follows, from )roung stems, in my "Synop-sis of the Coal-l'lttnts of Nova Bcotia: " — "Arooles contiguous, prominent, separated in young stems by a narrow line, long-oval, acumiiiato ; bnnultli to Icngtli as 1 to \^ or less ; lower half oblifjuely wrinkled, especially at one side. Middle line indistinct. Loaf-scar at upper end of aieole, small, triangular, with traces of three vascular points, nearly confluent. Length of areolo about 0*5 inch." Additional specimens from Sydney sliow that in old trunks of this species the arcoles do not enlarge, but the bark becomes sjdit into strips. I have reason to think that a now species from Nova Scotia which I have described in the A.ppendix, L. persotuitum, agrees with it in this respect. (Figs. 37, 38, and 39 PI. IX.) The Lepidodendra resemblo each other too closely to admit of good subgeneric distinction. The groxmds on which the distinction of iSot/enaria and Aspidiana is founded aro quite worthless, tho ap- parent position of the vascular scars in the areoles depending on accidents of preservation much more than on original differences. The genus Knorria includes many peculiar conditions of decorticated Lepidodendra. In regard to tho accumulation of coal, Lepidodendra, when pre- sent, appear under the same conditions with Siifillarice, tho outer bark being converted into shining coal, and the scalariform axis appearing as mineral charcoal of a more loose and powd(;ry (]uality than that deiived from tSiyillaria. On the planes of lamination of tho coal the furrowed bark of old trunks can scarcely bo dis- tinguished from that of old Siyilhirio'. 10. LepidophJoios. — Under this generic name, established by Stem- berg, I pro])03e to include Ihoso Lycopodiaceous trees of tho Coal- measures which have thick ' .anches, transversely elongated leaf- scars, each with throe vascular points and placed on elevated or scale-like ])rotuberanecs, long one-nerved leaves, and largo lateral strobiles in vertical nnvs or sjjirally disposed. Their structure resembles that of Lepidodendron, consisting of a Sternherijui pith, a slender axis of large scalariform vessels, giving off from its surface bundles nf smaller vessels to the leaves, a very thick cellular bark, and a thin dense outer b&rk, having some elongated cells or bast tissue on its inner side. llcgarding L. laria'nnm of Sternberg as the typo of the genus, and taking in coimexion with this the species described by Goldenbcrg, and my own observations on numerous specimens found in Nova Scotia, I have no doubt that Lomatophloios cramcanlis of Corda, and other species of that genus described by (ioldonberg, Ulodendroa and Bolhrodemlrnn of Lindley, Lepldodendron ornaiissimum of Ikong- niart, tind Ihlonia punttata of Geinitz all belong to this genus, and differ from each other only in conditions of growth and preservation. Several of the species of Lepidostrobus and LepidophijUum also belong to LqndopMoios. 1865.] DAWSON — COAL-FOBMATION. 139 i The species of LepidopJiloioa are readily distinguished from Lepi- dodendron by the form of the arcoloe, and by the round scars on the stem, which usually mark the insertion of the strobiles, though in barren stems they may also have produced branches ; still the fact of my finding the strobiles in situ in one instance, the accurate resem- blance which the scars bear to those left by the cones of the lied Pine when borne on thick branches, and the actual impressions of the radiating scales in some specimens, leave no doubt in my mind that they are usually the marks of cones ; and the great size of the cones of Lepidophloios accords with this conclusion. The species of Lepidophloios are numerous, and individuals are quite abundant in the Coal-formation, especially toward its upper part. Their flattened bark is frequent in the coal-beds and their roofs, aflbrding a thin layer of pure coal, which sometimes shows the peculiar laminated or scaly character of the bark when other charac- ters are almost entirely obliterated. The leaves also are nearly as abundant as those of Sifiillaria in the coal-shales. They can readily bo distinguished by their strong angular midrib. I figure, in illustration of the genus, all the parts known to mc of L. Acadianus, and characteristic specimens of other species. One of these, L. parvus, is characteristic of the Upper Coal-formation. ( Vide riate X. & Plate XI. fig. 61.) 11. Cordaites or Pychnophyllum. — ^This plant is represented in the Coal-formation chiefly by its broad striated leaves, which are extremely abundant in the coal and its associated shales. Some thin coals are indeed almost entirely composed of them. The most common species is C borassifo/ia, a plant which Corda has shown to have a simple stem with a slender axis of scalariform vessels resem- bling that of Lepidophloios ; for this reason, notwithstanding the broad and parallel-veined leaves, I regard this genus as belonging to Lycopodiacem or some allied family. It must have been extremely abundant in the Carboniferous swamps ; and, from the frequency of its being covered with Spirorhis, I think it must either have been of more aquatic habit than most of the other plants of the Coal-forma- tion, or that its leaves must have been very durable. While the leaves are abundant, the stems are very rare. I infer that they were usually low and succulent. Much of the tissue found in the coal, which I have called "epidermal," probably belongs to leaves of Cordaites. In the Upper Coal-formation there is a second species, distinguished by its simple and uniform venation. This I have named G. sim- plex. 12. Sporangites. — ^To avoid the confusion which envelopes the clas- sification of Carpolites, I have used the above name for rounded spore- cases of Lepidodendron and allied plants, which are very frequent in the coal. A smooth round species like a mustard-seed, is exces- sively abundant in the Lower Carboniferous at Horton, and probably belongs to Lepidodeiulron cornujatum, with which it is associated. A species covered with papilloe, S. papillata, constitutes nearly the whole of some layers in coal 12, group xix. of the preceding Section. 140 rHOCBEDINaS OF THK OEULOOICAL SOCIETY. [DCC. 20, vt H li U I have no indication as to the plant to wliich it may belong, except that it is associated with Cordaites. (Figs. 80 «fe 81, PL XII.)* 13. Tissues in the Mineral Charcoal. — On these I have little to add to the statements in my paper of 1859, " On the Vegetable Structurts in Coal"t. These tissues may be arranged as follows : — a. Bast tissue, or eloivjated cells from the liber or inner bark of SigiUarioD and Lcpidodendron, but especially of the former. — This kind of tissue is abundant in a calcified state in the shales associated with the coals, and also as mineral charcoal in the coals themselves, and in tho interior of erect Si(/illarice. It is the kind of tissue figured by Urongniurt as the inner layer of bark in Siyillaria elegarn, and very well described by Biuney (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii.) as " elongated tissue or utricles." Under the mioroscojio many specimens of it closely resemble tho imperfect bast tissue of the inner bark of Finns sirohus and Thuja occidentalis ; and like this it Bcems to have been at once tough and durable, remaining in fibrous strips after the woody tissues had decayed. It is extremely abundant at the Joggins in tho mineral charcoal of tho smaller coal-seams. It is often associated with films of structureless coal, which represent tho dense cellular outer bark wliich, in the trunk otSigillaria, not only surroimded this tissue, but was intermixed with it. (Fig. 02, PI. XII.) h. Vascular bundles of Ferns. — These may be noticed by all close observers of the surfaces of coal, as slender hair-liko fibres, some- times lying separately, in other cases grouped in bands half an inch or more in diameter, and imbedded in a loose sort of mineral ehaicoal. "WTien tioated with nitric acid, each bundle resolves itself into a few ecalariform vessels surrounded with a sheath of woody fibres, often minutely porous. This structure is precisely that of macerated fern- stipes ; but, as already stated, there may have been some other coal- plants whose leaves presented similar bundles. As stated in my for- mer paper " On the Vegetable Structxires in Coal," this kind of tissue is especially abundant in the coarse and laminated portions of tho noal, which we know on other evidence to have been made up, not of trunks of trees, but of mixed herbaceous matters. (PI. XII. fig. 67.) c. tScalariform vessels. — These are very abundant in the mineral charcoal, though the coarser kinds have been cruphed and broken in such a manner that they usually appear as mere debris. The sca- luriform vessels of Lcpidodendron, Lepidophloios, and JStir/maria are very coarse and much resemble each other. Those of ferns are finer, and sometimes have a reticulated structure. Those of Sif/il- laria are much finer and often have the aspect of wood-cells with transversely elongated pores like tliose of Ci^cas. Good examples of these are figured in the paper already referred to. (Sec also Plate XI. figs. 54, &c.) d. Disciijerous wood-cells. — These are the true bordered pons * It much resembles the spore-cases of Fkmirigif ex gracilis, as figtired by Cnr- ruthers, ' Gool. Mng.' vol. ii. I suppose Ibis to b« a strobile of Lepidophfoiof. t Quart. Jouru. Qeol. Soc. February' 1860. 1865.] DAWSON — COAL-FOBMATION. 141 characteristic of SIffilhma, Calamodendron, and Dadoxylon. In tho two former genera the disks or pores aio largo and irregularly ar- ranged, either in one row or several rows. In tho latter case they are sometimes regularly alternate and contiguous. In tho genus Dadoxylon they are of smaller si/e and always regularly contiguous in two or more rows, so as to present an hexagonal arcolation. Dis- cigcrous structures of JiSifjiUaria and Calamodendron are very abun- dant in the coal, and numerous examples were figured in my former paper. I have indicated by tho name Iteticidated Tissue certain cells or vessels which may eithc bo reticulated scalariform vessels, or an imperfect form of discigerous tissue. I believe them to belong to Stigmana or Cahmodendi'on. (Figs. 57 & 68, PI. XII.) e. Epideninal tissue. — This is a dense cellular tissue representing tho outer integuments of various leaves, herbaceous stems, and fruits. 1 have ascertained that the structures in question occur in the leaves and stipes of Cordaites and ferns, and in the outer coat of Carjwiitts and Sporamjites. With this I may include the obscure and thick- walled cellular tissue of the outer bark of Si;/iUa)'!a and Lepidodm- dron and other trees, which, though usually consolidated into com- pact coal, sometimes exhibits its structure. I would here emphatically state that all my observations at tho Joggins confinn tho conclusion, which I arrived at many years ago from the study of the coals of Pictou and Sydney, that the layers of clear shining coal (pitch or cherry coal) are composed of flattened trunks of trees, and that of these usually the bark alone remains ; further that the lamination of tho coal is due to the superposition of layers of such flattened trunks alternating with the accumulations of vegetable matter of successive years, and occasionally with fine vege- table muck or mud spread over the surface by rains or by inundations. In connexion with this, it is to be observed that the density and im- permeahiUty of cortical tissues not only enable them to endure after wood has perished or been resolved into bits of charcoal, but render them less liable than the wood to mineral wfiltration. 14. Bate of Growth of Carboniferous Plants. — Vciy vague state- ments are often made as to the supposed rapid rate of growth of plants in the Carboniferous period. Perhaps the most trustworthy facts in relation to this subject are those which may be obtained from the coniferous trees. In some of these (for instance, Dadoayhn materi- arium, D. annulalum, and D. antiqtdns) the rings of growth, which were no doubt annual, are distinctly marked. On measuring these in a number of specimens, and comparing them with modern species, I find that they are about equal in dimensions to those of tho Balsam-Fir or the Yellow Pino of America. Assuming, there- fore, similarity in habit of growth and extent of foliage to these species, we may infer that, in regard to coniferous trees, the ordinary conditions of growth were not dissimilar from those of Eastern America in its temperate regions at present. When, how- ever, we compare tho ferns and Lycopodiacece of the Coal- formation with those now growing in Eastern America, we see, in tho miich greater dimensions and luxuriance of the former, evidence of a much I if I 149 PR0CEE0IWO8 OF THB OEOLOOICAt BOCIKTY. [DoC. 20, V I Ul. more moigt and oqunblo climate than that which now Buhsists; Id that wo may suppose tho fjjrowth of such plants to hovo been more rapid tlian it is nt prcHcnt. Theso plants would thus load us to infer a wann and insular climate, perhaps influenced by that sup- posed oxceas of carbonic acid in the atmosphere, which, as Tyndall and Hunt inform us, would promote warmth and moisture by im- peding terrestrial radiation. With this would also agree tho fact that the Conifers have woody tissues resembling? those of tho pino trees of the milder climates of tho soutlieni hemisphere at present. If we apply these considerations to SvjiJlarhi, wo may infer that the conditions of moisture and uniformity of temporatiiro favourable to ferns and Ljicopodiaceip. were also favourable to theso curious plants. They must have been perennial : ond the resemblance of their trunks to those of Cyciuls, together with their hard and narrow leaves, would load uh to infer that (heir growth must have been very slow. A similar inference may be drawn from tho evidences of very slow and regidar expansion ])roscntod by tho lower parts of their stems. On tho other hand, the distance, of a foot or more, which often intervenes between the transverse rows of scars, marking pro- bably annual fructification, would indicate a more rapid rate of growth. Further, it may be inferred, from the stnicturo of their roots and of their thick inner bark, that these, na in Cycads, were re- ceptacles for great quantities of starch, and that the lives of theso plants presented alternations of starch -accumulation ond of exi)en- diture of this in the production of loaves, wood, ond abundant inflo- rescence. They would thus, perhaps for several years, grow very slowly, and then put forth a great mass of fructification, after which perhaps many of the individuals would die, or again remain for a long time in an inactive state. This view would, I think, veiy well har- monize Avith the structure of these plants, and also with the mode of their entombment in the coal. From the manner of tlic association of Calamites with erect SUjil- Inriev, I infer that the former wore, of all the ])lants of tho Coal-for- mation, those of most rapid disseminaticm and growth. They appear to hove first taken possessitm of emerging banks of sand and mud, to have promoted the accumulation of stKliment on inundated areas, and to have protected the exposed margins of tho forests of S'ui'dlance. In applying any conclusions as to tho rate of gi-owth of Carboni- ferous plants to the accumulation of coal, we must take into account tho probable rote of decay of vegetal)lo matter. When we consider tho probable wetness of the soils on which tho plants which pro- duced the coal grew, the density of the forests, and tho possible excess of carbonic acid in the atmosphei-e of these swamps, wc must be prepared to admit that, notwithstonding the M'armth and humidity, the conditions must hove been favourable to tho preservatitm of ve- getable matti'r. Still the hollow cylinders of bark, the little frag- ments of decayed wood in the form of mineral charcoal, and the detached vascular bundles of ferns, testify to an enormous amount of decay, and show that, however great the accumulation of coal, it 1865.] DAWSOX COAL-rOBUATIUN. 143 roprcBents only a frnction of tho veptotnhlo matter which was actually produced. It has boon ostiniatcd that it would rotjuiro oip:)\t foot of compact vogotablo matter to produce ono foot of coul*; but if wo reckon tho whole vogotablo matter actually produced in tho procesH, I Hhould 8upj)OH0 that fivo times that amount would bo far below tho truth, oven in tho moHt liivourablo ciusoh ; while* tliero in ovidenro that in the Carboniferous ptu-iod miniy I'un.'HtH may have llourished for centuries without producing an inch of coaly matter. lo. Bivalve Shelh. — All tho Lamellibranchiato shells, which are 8o numerous in some of tho shales and bituminous linuiwtones rV the Joggins that some of tho befls may bo regarded as composed of thorn, belong to ono generic or family group. They arc tho ho- callod ^lodiolas, Unios, or Anodons of authors. I proi)osed for them some years ago tho generic name of NaUtdites, and described six species from tho Coal-measures of Nova Scotia, stating my belief that they are allied to Unionhliv, ond that their nearest analogue may bo the genus By»so-anndonta of D'Orbigny, found in the lliver I'a- panaf. Mr. Salter, however, to whom I sent specimens, regards those shells as belonging to his new g;onora An(hracomi/ii and Anthra- coptera, the former being supposed to be allied to Mii(idce%. iloro recently Giimbel and Geinitz havo described similar shells from Thuringia as belonging to tho genera Unio and Anodon, and regard my Nautditea carhonarius (Anthracoj^tera carhonar'm of Salter) as a JJreissena^. As these shells nwarmed in tho Avaters of the Coal-for- mation estuaries or lagoons, facts tending to the elucidation of their habits and affinities aro important with reference to tho coal ; I would therefore make tho following remarks in elation to them : — (I) Under the microscope, tho shells ot tho thicker species, anNaia- dites carbon(trlus,])vcHontan internal lamellar and subnacreous layer, a thin layer of vortical prismatic shell, and an epidermis — these structures being entirely similar to those of (7nionidpears, and in this tho prisms are in some instances placed obliquely. These thin shells, however, show evidence of an epidermis. (2) The ligament was external, there seem to havo been no teeth, tho shell was closed posteriorly ; but there aro indicaticms of a byssal sinus. Mr. Salter describes tho epidermis as wrinkled posteriorly ; but this, with tho exception of tho rings of growth, appears to me to result from pressure. Tho shells arc cquivalve, and havo the external aspect of Unionidie or MytiUdiv. (3) I know of no instance in Nova Scotia of the occurrence of those shells in the strictly marine limestones, nor havo any properly marine forms of MoUusca been found with Nautdltes in the Coal-measures. (4) Tho nuwlo of their oceurrenco precludes the idea that they were buirowers, but favcmrs the belief that they were attached by a l)y!':sus to sunken or floating timber. On tho whole I think that the bnlance of probability is in * Danii's M;iniiiil, [t. "U7. t Supplement to Ai'udiun Ooolopy, 18(3(\ . . ' X Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc. vol. xix. p. 71). § Koues Jalirbuoh, lb04. Geological Mugazine, May 1865. 144 I'ROCEKDINGS OP THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [DoC. 20, i^l :t ■. . f favour of the conclusion that they were brackish-water or fresh- water shells, aUied to Mytilidce or to embryonic Unionidce. ] 6. Sjiirorbis carbonanus. — This little shell, which I described as a Spirorbis as long ago as 1845*, is apparently not specifically distinct from MicroconcJms carbonaritis of the British coal-fields. Its micro- scopic structure^is identical with that of modem Spirorbes, and shows that it is a true worm-shell. It is found throughout the Coal- formation, attached to plants and to shells of Naiadites, and must have been an inhabitant of enclosed lagoons and estuaries. Its occurrence ca SujUlarice has been used as an argument in favour of the opinion that these trees grcAV in sea- water ; but, unfortunately for that conclusion, the Spirorbis is often found on the inside of Siyil- ?a)'m-bark, showing that this had become dead and hollow. Beside this, the same kind of evidence would prove that Lepidodendra, Cor- da lies, and Ferns were marine plants. Sp' rbes multiply fast and grow very rapidly ; and these little shells no doubt took immediate possession of submerged vegetation, just as their modern allies cover fronds of Laminaria and Fucus. As I have not met with a description of this little shell, I may state that it is dcxtral, with 2| to 3 turns. It is attached through- out its length, and when not compressed presents a somewhat deep umbilicus. It is closely marked with beaded or unequal trinsverso ridges. It has when young a close resemblance to Sp. caperahis, M'Coy, from the Carboniferous Limestone of Ireland ; but this species has only two turns, and is sinistral. 17. Crustacea. — It appears in the table above that as many as four- teen beds of coal exhibit in their roots shells of minute Entomostraca of the genora Ci/there and Baivdla ; and these occur in such quan- tities that considerable beds of shale and bituminous limestone are filled with their valves. Professor Jones regards the species as marine or brackish-wator ; and the same remark will, I presume, apply to the cnistaccan DiplosUjlus Dawsoni, and a fragment of Eiiruplerus described by Mr. Salter from Coal no. 8 of Division 4 of the Section, Of the small Entomostracans there arc several species, which Professor Jones has now in his hands for determina- tion. No Estherians have yet been found in the Coal-ibrmation of Nova Scotia ; but I have specimens of Leaia Leidyi from the Lower Carboniferous of Plaister Cove, and an undetermined Estheria from the same horizon at Horton Bluff. It IS to he observed that Naiadites, (^pirorhis, and Cy there con- stantly occur associated in the same beds ; and the conclusions as to habitat applicable to any one of these genera must apply to all. 18. Fishes. — liemaiTis of fishes occur in connexion with eighteen of the coal-beds at the Joggins, usually in the roof-shales, though detached scales, teeth, spines, or coprolites are of occasional though rare occurrence in the coal itself, especially where the latter passes into coarse coal or carbonaceous slialc. Ojie thin bed, no, (> of Division 4 of the Section, is full of remains of sniull fishes. It is hard and Uiminated, and roofed with a calcareous bed full of remains * Quart, Jtjuru. Uool. fcjoc. vol. i. p. li'2(i. 1865.] DAWSON — COAL-FORMATION. m of aquatic animals. It has a true Stigmarian underclay. I suppose it to have been a swamp or forest submerged and occupied by fishes •while its vegetation was still standing. It contains remains of fishes yjt the genera Ctenoptychius, Diplodus, Rhizodtts, and Palceoniscus. It also contains Cytherej Naiadites, lad Spirorbis. In the other beds which contain fish-remains, most of these consist of small Lepi- doganoids, but there are occasional teeth and scales of large species of lihizodus, and also teeth and scales of Selachian fishes of consider- able size. 19. Land-animals. — The Coal-formation of Nova Scotia has afforded the remains of ei ^rht species of Keptiles or Batrachians, belonging to thegeneraHylonomus,Bap?ietes,Dendrerpeton,Ht/lerpeton,{\XiAEosau- rus ; of one Myriapod, Xyhbius sigillarm ; of one land snail, Pupa vetusta ; and of one insect. All of these, except one of the reptiles, have been found at the Joggins. I have nothing in regard to them to add to what I have already published in my Memoir on * Air- breathers of the Coal Period,' V. Appkxdix. Descriptive List of Carhoniferoxis Plants found in Nova Scotia and New Brunswiclc. [Abridged and corrected from " Synopsis of the Carboniferous Flora of Noviv Scotia," Can. Nat. vol. viii.] * Dadoxylox, linger. 1. Dadoxylon Acadianttm, spec. nov. PI. V. figs. 4-0. Large trees, usually silicified or calcified, with very wide wood- cells, having three or more rows of small hexagonal areoles, each enclosing an oval pore ; cells of medulliuy rays one-third of breadti> of wood-cells, and consisting of twenty or more rows of cells super- imposed in two series. Rings of growth indistinct. M. C.f, Joggins, Port Hood, Dorchester (/. W. D.). 2. D. MATERivmuM, spcc. nov. PI. V. figs. 7-9. Wood-cells less wide than those of the last ; two to rarely four rows of hexagonal disks. Medxillary rays very numerous, with twenty or more rows of cells superimposed in one series. Rings of growth slightly marked. Approaches in the character of its woody fibre to D. BrandUngii : but the medullary rays are much longer. Some specimens show a large Sternbergiaii pith, with transverse partitions:}:. Vast numbers of trunks of this species occur in some sandstones of the Uppe-' Coal-formation. M. and U. C, Joggins, Malagash, Ilotou, &c. (J. W. D.) ; Glace Bay (7/. Pooh) ; Miramichi {G. F. Muttheiv). * The illustrations are principally from photographs by my son Gkjorgo M. Dawson, and for the sake ot economy have boon confined to small and charaotcr- istio portions of the specimens. t U. C, M. C, and L. C, mdioato the Upper, Middle, and Lower Coal-fov- miitions. i Canadian Naturiilist, 1857. 146 PKOCEEDINOS OF THE OEOtOOIOAL SOCIETY. [DeC, 20, 13 i i I s Kr 3. D. ANTiQuius, spec. iiov. PI. V. figs. 1-3. Wood-cells narrow, thick-wallcd, two to three rows of pores. Medullary ro)s of three or four series of cells with twenty or more superimposed, nearly as wide as the wood-colls. Rings of growth visible. This species would belong to the genus Pnlo'oxylon of Brongniart, and is closely allied to D. Witliami, L. and H., which, like it, occurs in the Lower Coal-measures. L. C., Horton {Dr. Hardhuj). 4. D. AXNULATUM, spcc. uov. PL V. figs. 10-13. Wood-cells with two or three rows of hexagonal disks. Medul- larj' rays of twenty or more rows of cells superimposed, in two series. Wood divided into distinct concentric circles, alternating with layers of structureless coal representing cellular tissue or very dense wood. A stem G inches in diameter has fourteen to sixteen of these rings, and a pyritized pith about 1 inch in diameter. This is probably generically distinct from the preceding species. - M. C, Joggins {ki'u' W. E. Lor/an ; J. W. D.). AiiAucARiiEs, Unger. Araucaeites gracilis, spec. nov. PI, VI. fig. 14. Branches slender, 0-2 inch in diameter, with ; ('aly, broad leaf- bases. Branchlets pinnate, numerous, very slender, with small, acute, spirally disposed leaves. U. C, Tatamagouche {J. W. D.). SiGiLLARiA, Brongn. 1. SiaiLLARiA (Favui.aria) ki,egans, Brongn. PI, VTI. fig. 20. Abundant, especially in the roofs of coal-seams. .); Sydney (if. J5/'otm). 2. S. (Fav.) TKGsLrxATA, Brongu, S[. C, Joggins and Pictou (J. W. I).); Sydney (Ji. Brown). 3. S, (Bhytidolkims) scuTKLLATA, Brongii. PI. VF. fig. 2r>. M. and U. C, Joggins (Ly///; ./. IT. I).). 4. S. (Kn.) ScuLoriiKiMiANA, Brongn. M. C, Joggins (/.v/(// ; J, ir, Z>.), T). S, (Rir.) Saullii. Brongn. M. C, Sydney {li. Brown); Joggins {Lydl -, J. W. I).). 0. S. Bhownii, Dawson (Quart. Journ. (leol. Soc. vol. x.). P]. VI. figs. 15-10. M. C, Joggins (J. IT. 7J.). 7. S. uExii'OHMiH, Brongn. M. C, Joggins {Li/cll ; J. W. D.) ; Sydney (iJ. Brown). 1865.] DAW80N — COAL->FOBMATION. 147 8. S. LAEVIGATA, Brongn. M. C, Sydney (JS. Brown); Joggins (J. W. D,). 9. S. PLANicosxA, spec. nov. PI. VI. fig. 21. Scars half hexu ^onal above, rounded below ; lateral vascular im- pressions elongate; central small, punctiform. Ilibs 1*1 inch broad, smooth externally, longitudinally striated on the ligneous surface. Slight transverse wrinkles between the scars, which are distant from each other about an inch. Allied to S. lcevi(/ata, but with very thin bark. M. C, Sydney (B. Brown). 10. S. CATENOiDES, spcc. nov. PI. VI. fig. 22. Cortical surface unknown; ligneous siu'face with puncto-striate ribs 1*1 inch in breadth, and with single oval scars half an inch long, and an inch distant from centre to centre. A very large tree. Perhaps, if its cortical surface were known, it might prove to be a large Syrimjodendron. M. C, Joggins (J. Smith) ; Sydney (22. Brown). 11. S. STRIATA, spec. nov. PI. VI. fig. 23. Ribs prominent, coarsely striate, 0*35 inch wide. Scars nearly as wide as the ribs, rounded, hexagonal, 1 inch distant ; lateral vas- cular marks narrow, central large. On the ligneous surface scars single, round, oblong ; bark very thin. M. C, Joggins (/. TT. i?.). 12. S. ? A small erect stem, somewhat like S.Jlexuosa. M. C, Joggins (J^. TF. D.). 13. S. (Clathrahia) Mknardi, Brongn. M. C, Sydney {11. Brown) ; U. C, Pict.m (/. W. D.). 14. S. (AsoLANUs) Sydnensis, spec. ■• v. PI. VII. fig. 28. Ribs obsolete; cortical and lignetjiis .surfaces striate; vascular scars two, elongate longitudinally, and aliki^ .). ' ^ 4. T. AVELLANUM, spec. nov. PI. XII. fig. 77. Allied to T. ovatum, L. & H. ; three-ribbed, size and form of a filbert. M. C, Joggins (J". TF". J9.) ; Hjdney (Ji. Brown). , '; i,- 5. T. MINUS, spec. nov. PI. XII. fig. 75. Half the size of T. Hoolceri, and similar in form. , j M. C, Joggins (J: Tf: i?.). . 6. T. EOTUNDUM, spec. nov. t"» Small, round-ovate, slightly pointed. - -^ M. C, Joggins {J. W. D.). • ; ' '■ 7. T. NCEGGERATni, Brongn. ' . ., Newer Coal-formation, Pictou {J. W. D.). - I IIhabdocarpus, Goepp. and Bergm. 1. Rhabdooarpus ?, spec. nov. Ovate acuminate, less than half an inch long. M. C, Joggins {J. W. D.). i 2. R. INSIGNI8, spec. nov. PI. XII. fig. 69. ' ''■ ■ 1-5 inch long, ovate, smooth, with about seven ribs on one side, and the intervening surface obscurely striate. The iioture of this fossil is perhaps doubtful; but if a fruit, it is the largent I have seen in the Coal-formation. U. C, Pictou (.7^. W.D.). ,.._ . A' ' 1805.] DAWSON COAL-POllMATION. 151 Calamites, Suokow. 1. Calamites Suckovii, Brongn. This species is one of the most common in an erect position. It has verticillato branchlots, with pinnate linear leaflets. M. C, Sydney (72. Broivn) ; Joggins (Lyell; J. W.D.) ; Grand Lake (C. F. Hartt) ; U. C, Pictou {J. W. 2>.) ;' Coal Creek (C. B. Matthew). 2. C. CisTii, Brongn. M. CJoggins {J. W. D.); Sydney (E.Brown); Grand Lake (Ci?: Hartt) ; Bay de Chaleur (Logan) ; Coal Creek (G. B. Matthew). Often found erect. Its leaves are vertieillate, simple, linear, striate, apparently one-nerved, and 3 inches long. 3. C. cANNJSFOiiMis, Brougn. M.C.fJogginB (Lyell; J. W.D.); Sydney (E. Brown). 4. C. RAMosus, Artis. ^ " > •• . Possibly a variety of C. /S'«cA'owt. M. C, Joggins (J. W. D.) ; Sydney (E. Brown). 5. C. VoiTzii, Brongn. (Q. irregularis, L. & H.) M. C, Joggins (J. W. D.). Often erect ; has large irregular adventitious roots. This species is regarded by Brongniart as probably belonging to Calamodemlron. G. C. DUBius, Artis. M. C, Sydney (ii. Brown); Joggins (J. W.D.; Logan); U. C, Pictou (J.W.D.). ; .^ A 7. C. NovA-scoTicA, spec. nov. PI. XII. fig. 89. ...u? ,' . '• \' M. C, Joggins (J. W. D.). Ribs equal, less than a line wide, striated longitudinally. Joints obscurely marked, and with circular areolos separated by the breadth of three to four ribs. Bark of moderate thickness. ^ • :; ' 8. C. NODOstJs, Schloth. ■ ' ; This species has long slender branchlets, with close whorls of short rigid leaves. M. C, Sydney (E. Broivn) ; Grand Lake (C. F. Hartt). » ; j , •J. C. AKENACEUs (?), Jjiger. * , ; ; This species is mentioned with doubt in Lyell's list. j '■-••■■, /,.',<■- Equisetitkb, Siornberg. Equisetites curta, spec. nov. PI. XII. fig. 88. Short thick stems, enlarging upward, and truncate above ; joints nximcrous; sheaths as long as the joints, with unequal acuminate keeled points. Lateral brunches or fruit with longer leaf-like points. Has the characters of Equlnetites ; but its afiinities are quite uncertain. M. C, Sydney (E. Brown). M 2 /. 'A ■ "It' It |:-^1 152 PROOBEDINGS 09 THB OEOLOOICAL BOCIRTT. [DeO. 20, AsTEROPHYLUTBs, Brongn. 1. AsiEBOPflTLLITES FOLIOSA, L. & H. M. C, Joggins (/. W. D.) ; SyduOy {B. Brown). 2. A. EQUISETIFOBMIS, L. & H. M. C, Sydney (B. Brotvn) ; Pictou (/. W. D.). 3. A. oBANDis, Stemboi^ ? THo specimens resemble this species, but are not certainly the same. Logan's specimens have termintd spikes of fructification. M. C, Grand Lake (C. F. Hartt) ; Bay de Chaleur {Logan) ; Sydney {Bunbury). 4. ASTEBOPHTLLITES, sp. A species with tubercles (fruit) in the axils is mentioned in Lyell's list as from Sydney. I have not seen it, but have a specimen from Mr. Brown similar to A. tvhercuUUa, Sternberg, which may bo the same. 6. A. TRiNERVis, spec. nov. PI. XIII. fig. 90. Main stem smooth, delicately striate, with leaves at the nodes. Branches delicately striate, with numerous whorls of linear nearly straight leaves, 0-5 inch long, twenty or more in a whorl, and show- ing two lateral nerves in addition to the median nerve. This and A. equisetiformis would be placed by some authors in Annvlaria. M. C, Sydney (B. Brown). Annulabia, Sternberg. • ' Ankulabia oalioides, Zenker. M. C, Grand Lake(C. F. Hartt) ; U. C, Pictou (/. W. D.) ; Bay de CSialeur {Logan) ; Sydney {B. Brown). Sphenophtllttm, Brongn. , 1. SpHEKOPHYLLUM EHARGINATUlt, BrOUgU. M. C, Sydney (if. Brown)-, Grand Lake {C. F. Hartt); Bay do Chaleur {Logan) ; Pictou {J. W, Z>.), 2. S. LONGiFOLiuM, Gcnuar. . ^ U. C, Pictou {J. W. D.) ; M. C, Sydney {B. Brown). 3. S. SAxiFBAGiFOLiUM, Sternberg. Elongate much-forked variety, closely allied to S. hifurcatum, Lesquereux. Bay do Chaleur {Logan). 4. S. ScnioTHEiMii, Brongn. K. C, Syiaey {Bunbury). 5. S. ERosuM, L. and H. M. C, Sydney (J3u»ftMr»/). The last two species are regarded by Geinitz as varieties of S. emarginatum. A specimen of the last-named species in Sir William 1865.] DAWSON— COAI-FORMATIOK. 168 Logon's collection shows a woody jointed stem like that of Astero- phyllites, gi^dng off branches at the joints ; these again branch and bear whorls of leaves. The stem shows under the microscope a Bingle bundle of reticulated or scalariform vessels like those of some ferns, and also like those of Tmeaipteris, as figured by Brongniart. This settles the affinities of these plants as being with ferns or with Lycopodiacece. PlNNULARIA, L. & H. 1. FlNNULARIA CAPILLACEA, L. & H. M. C, Sydney (jB. 5rown). 2. P. BAMOsissiHA, spec. nov. . r More slender and ramose than the lost. M. C, Joggins {J. W. D.). 3. P. CBAssA, spec. nov. Branching like P. capillacea, but much stronger and coarser. L. C, Horton (C. F. Hartt). All these are apparently branching fibrous roots, of soft cellular tissue with a thin epidermis and slender vascular axis. Perhaps they are roots of AsterophylUtes. Genus N(eggebathia, Sternberg. 1. NCEOOERATHIA DI8PAR, SpCC. UOV. PI. XIII. fig. 91. A remarkable fragment of a leaf, with a petiole nearly 3 inches long, and a fourth of an inch wide, spreading abruptly into a lamina, one side of which is much broader than the other, and with parallel veins running up directly from the margin as from a marginal rib. It appears to be doubled in at both edges, and is abruptly broken (tff. It seems to be a new species ; but of what affinities, it is im- possible to decide. Bay de Chaleur (Sir W. E. Logan). 2. N. FLABELLATA, L. & H. M. C, Sydney {B. Brovni). Cycloptkris, Brongn. (including Cychpteris proper, and subgenera Aneimites, Daws., and Nenropteris, Brongn.). 1. CrCLOPTEUIS nETEROPHTLLA, Gocppcrt. M. C. and U. C, Joggins (J. W. D.). 2, C. (Aneimites) Acadica, Dawson, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 5. PI. VIII. fig. 32. Stipe large, striate, branching dichotomously several times. Pinno) with several broadly obovato pinnules grouped at the end of a slender petiolule, and with dichotomous radiating veins. Fertile pinnae with recurved petiolules, and borne on the divisions of the main petiole near their origin. This plant might be placed in the genus Adiantites, Brongn., but for the fructification, which allies it 154 FROCEEmNOS OF THE OEOLOOICAL 80C1ETT. [DoC. 20, .1 1 *v with such foms ns Aneimt'a. It has a very largo frond, the main petiole being somctimos 3 inches in diamoter, and 2 feet long before branching. Flattened petioles have sometimes been mistaken for Cordaltes and Schizopteris. It is a characteristic plant of the Lower Coal-measures. L. C, Horton (C. F. Jfartt); Norton Crock, N.B. (C. F. Matthew). 3. C. OBLONGIFOLIA, Oocppert. A little larger and coarser than Oocppert's figure. U. C, Pictou {J. W. I).). 4. C. (Neuropterts) oBUQrA, Broiign. M. C, Sydney (li. Dvown) ; Grand Lake (C. F. Hartt). 5. C. (?Neuropteris) inoens, L. & H. M. C, Sydney (B. Broivn) ; Grand Luke (C^ F. JIartI). 6. C. OBLATA, L. & H. M. C, Sydney {It. Brown), 7. C. FiMBRiATA, Lesquorcux. M. C, Sydney (iJ. Brown). 8. C. nispiDA, spec, nov. PI. XIIT. fig. 92. Pinnate ; pinmiles obovate, diminishing in size towards the point, •decurrent on the petiole; veins slender, distant, forking several times ; under surface covered with stiff hairs. M. C, Sydney (B. Brown). 9. C. ANTiQUA, spec. nov. PI. XIII. fig.. 1)5. ' L. C, ? Hebert River (J. W. /).). ''" Tripinnatc ; petioles slender ; pinnules oblong, obtuse, decurrent on the i)etiole, not coiitiguous. Terminal pinnules much elongated : venation simple, divergent. This jjlant approaclies more nearly to the peculiar species of Ctichptfria found in the Devonian, than any of the others I have seen in the ('arboniferous. ' ,■ ,/ / Neuropteris, Brongn. ■■:-'•"'':' 1. Neuropteris rarinervis, Bunbury. ' ' M. C, Sydney {B. Brown) ; Grand Lake (C. F. Jfartt) ; Bay de Cha- leur (Lof/ayi). 2. N. perei.egans, spec. nov. PI. XIII. fig. 93. • , ! M. C, Sydney (B. Broivn). llesembles N. elexjans, Brongn., but has narrower pinnules, and nerves less oblique to the midrib. The pinnules were thick and leathery, rough or cellular-netted above, and showing the venation only on the underside. 3. N. cordata, Brongn. (and var. «u//M.s-^//'o7/ft). ■"••'•/• j.^.i The ferns referred lo this sjiecies are identical with N, hirsuta of Lesquereux. They abound in the Middle and Upper Coal-fornui- tions, and have larger pinnules thun any of the other ferns. A 1866.] DAWSOW—COAL-FORMATIOIC. 105 single terminal pinniilo in my collection is 5 inches long. The sur- face is always more or less hairy. M. C, Sydney (B. Brown) ; U. C, Pictou (J. W. D.). 4. N. "VoLTZTi, Brongn. A single imperfect specimen like this species, but uncertain. M. C, Pictou (J. W. D.). 5. N. oiaANTEA, Stemb. M. C, Sydney (iJ. Brown) ; Grand Lake (G. F. Hartt); U. C, Pic- tou (J. W. D.). ' . 6. N. FLEXuosA, Stemb. M. C , Sydney {R. Brown) ; Joggiis {J. W. />.). 7. N. nETEROPHYLLA, Brongu. M. C, Sydney {R. Brown) ; U. C, Pictou (J. W. D.). ' "' " ^ 9. N. LosHii, Brongn. Bay de Chaleur (Zof/rm). 10. N. ACTiTiFOLiA, Brougn. M. C, Sydney (ZyeZ^s ?/»<). - , : 11. N. CONJUGATA, Ooepp. 11" i , Id.. C.J Sydney (Brown's liift, Acad. Geol.). 12. N. ATTENUATA, L. & H. M. C, Sydney (/. c). 13. N. DBNTATA, Lcsq. ' ' M. C, Sydney (R. Broivn). 14. N. SoRETii (Brongn.). M. C, Sydney (R. Brown). 15. N. AURicuLATA, Brongn. • M. C, Sydney (/e. 5roi«/0- 10. N. CYCLOPTEROiDES, spcc. nov. PI. XIII. fig. 94. Pinnate ; pinnules contiguous or overlapping, obliquely round- ovate, attached at the lower third of the base ; nerves numerous, spreading from the point of attachment. Allied to JV, ViUiemi, Brongn. M. C, Sydney (R. Brown). Odontopteris, Brongu. 1. Odontopxeris ScuLOinEiMir, Brongn. M. C, Sydney (E. Brown) ; Bay do Chaleur (Logan) ; U. C, Pictou (J. W. D.). 2. O. suBCUNEATA, Buubury. M. C, Sydney (R. Brown). IM l>JtOCj:EDlNUH OV TIIK UKULUOICAL 80C1ETV. [DcC. *20, i '(■■ I [ ill i •■ I- '. " 1^ > «!(?! is; ■•* 'fip DroryorTERis, Gutb. DrcTTOPTKRis oin-iuuA, Bunbury. AT. C, Hydnoy (R. Brown). IvONCiiopTKKiM, Unwign. ' LoNcnoPTERis TENUIS, spcc. nov. PI. XIII. fig. 103. IMimuto or bipinnato ; pinnules contiguous ut Iho base, nearly at ri^'lit angles to petiole, oblong elongate, obtuse. Network of veins very delicate. Allied to L. Jirlcii, lirongn., but with smaller, more elongate pinnules and finer veins. I suspect this to bo a thick-loaved Panpteris, showing a coarse cellular reticulation on the upper surface. M. C, Hydnoy {it. lirown). , . . Sphenopteris, Brongn. 1. Sphenopteris munda, spec. nov. PI. XIII. fig. 07. Like S. Diifnilfisonli, Brongii., or S. in'o/nhiris, Sternberg, in habit ; but the pinnules are obovate, docurrent, and few-vciued. M. C, Grand Lake (C. F. Ham). 2. S. nvMENOPiiYLLOiDEs, Brongn. "■ ^ .' - M. C, Sydney (7;. Brown) ; U. C, Joggins (J. W. D.). ' ^.'-l 3. S. LVTioR, spec. nov. PL XIII. fig. 08. Petiole forking at an obtuse angle, slender, tortuous ; divisions bipinnate ; pinna; with broad, rounded, confluent pinnules ; veins twice forked, ■with son in the forks of the veins. In habit like IS. latlfolia, Brongn., S. Newhern/i, and iS. Kquamoxo, Lesq. M. C, Grand Lake ( C. F. Uartt) ; U. C, Pictou (J. W. D.). 4. S. DECiPiENS, Lesquercux. M. C, iiydnoy (R. Broivn), 5. S GRACILIS, Brongn. M. C, Joggins (J. W. D.) ; Grand Lake (C. F. Hurtl). G. S. ARTEMisi.nFOMA, Brongii. M. C, Grand T.akc (C. F. Hartt) ; Sydney {R. Brown). 7. S. Canadensis, spec. nov. PI. XII F. fig. 99. General aspect like S. Ihenhuihausi^ but secondary pinnides with a margined petiole, and oblong pinnules divided into three to five olituKo points. It is not unlike h. mar(/inata, from the Devonian of ►St. John. Bay do Chaleur (Z/0(/rt») ; Sydney ? (i^. ^/otcn). 8. S. JjESQiTERErxii, Kcwbcrry. U. C, ^ydnvj (R. Brown). ' 9. S. MiCROi.ouA, Guttbier. * , ' ; M. C, Sydney (7e. i?/wu). • 10. S. oBTUsiLOBA (?), Brongn. • M. C.,Bay dc Chalcur (Ao^ro/). i-l 1865.] DAWSON — COAl-FOBMATIOy. 167 PnYLLOPTERis, Broiign. rnTLlOPTERIS ANTIQUA, SpCC. nOV. PI. XIII. fig. 96 Pinnato ; pctiolo thick, woody ; pinnules oblong, pointed, attached by the middle of tho base; midrib strong, extending to the point, giving olF very oblique ne^Tcs, which have obliquely pinnate nervules not anastomosing. A remarkable frond, which, if not tho typo of a new genus, must belong to that above named. M. C., Sydney (It. Brown). Alethoptgris, Storaborg. 1. Alethopteris LONCHiTiCA, Sternberg. M. and U. C, Joggins(/. W.D.); M. C, Sydney (B. Brown); Grand Lak'i (C. F. Uartt). Very abundant throughout tho Middle and Upper Coal-formations, jind 80 variable that several species might easily bo founded on detnched specimens. 2. A. HETEROPHYLLA, L. & H. V L. C, Parrsborough {A. Gcsner). \i. A. Grandini, Brongn. M. C, Sydney (It. Brown). 4. A. NERVOSA, Brongn. M. C, Sydney (R. Brown) ; Bay de Chaleur (Lo(/nn) ; U. C, Pictou (./. W. D.). 0. A. MURiCATA, Brongn. M. C, Joggins, Bathurst (Li/dJ) ; U. C, Pictou (J. W. J).). ('). A. PTEROiDEs, Brongn. (A. Bron^jnartii, Goeppert). L. or M. C, Bathurst (LyeWs list). 7. A. Serlii, Brongn. M. C, Sydney (R. Brown) ; Bay de Chaleur {Loyan). 8. A. GRANDis, spec. nov. PI. XIII. fig. 100. Bipinnato ; pinnae broad, contiguous, united at the base ; veins numerous, once forked, not quite at right angles to the midrib. Upper pinna) having the pinnules confluent so as to give crenato edges. Still higher the apex of tho frond shows distant decurrent long pinnules with waved margins. A very large and fine species of tho typo of A. Serlii and A. Grandini, but much larger and different in details. Its texture seems to have boon membranaceous; and fragments from that part of the frond where tho long simple pinnules are passing into tho compound ones might bo mistaken for an Odontopteris. Bay do Chaleur {Logan). Pecopteris, Biongn. 1. Pecopteris arbouiscens, Schloth. Seems to have been an herbaceous species with a very strong r i tf ® 1 1 h 168 PROCEEDINGS OV THE OBOLOaiCAL SOCIEir. [DeO. 20, petiole. It occurs in an orect position in a sandstone on Wallace lliver. M. C, Sydney (It. Brown); F. C, Pictou (J. W. D.); Wallace Kivcr (Vr. Creed). 2. P. ABBREviATA, Brongn. M. C, Sydney (E. Brown); Salmon llivcjr, U. C, Pictou (J". W. D.), Very common both in the Upper and Middle Coal-tbrmations. 3. P. RiGiDA, spec. nov. / • •. . Similar to F. arhore^m'ns, but much smaller, and with finer nerves. U. C, Pictou (,/. W. D.). 4. P. TTNiTA, Bron^. Certain pinnulcH of a frond are sometimes swollen as if covered with fructification below ; and in this state they resemble P. arrfuta, Brongn. The sori are seen in other specimens, and arc largo, round, and covered with an indusium as in Aspidhnn. M. C, Sydney {It. Brown) ; U. C, Pictou (J. W. D.). 5. P. PLiTMOSA, Brongn, M. C, Sydney ( R. iJroH'n). 0. P. poLYMORPHA, Brongn. M. C, Sydney (K. Brown). 7. ^. ACUTA, Brongn. M.C...»ictou(/. Tr./J.). 8. P. LONGiFOLiA, Brongu. In Bmihun/s Unt, from Sydney. 0. P. T.^NiopiKRoioES, Bunbup-. M. C, Sydney (7?. Broit'/i)- 10. P. CYATHEA, Brongr. M. C, Sydney (ie. Bmt'/i). 11. P. iEQUAtis, Brongn. M. C, Sydney (7^ B/wh). 12. P. SiLLiMANi?, Brongn. In LyelV"! list, from Sydney. 13. P. VII.L08A, Brongn. M. C, Pictou ( /vV^/V.'- asO- 14. P. BucKLANDi, lirongn. M. C, Sydney (Browns J id). 15. P. 'iREOPTKROinES, Hrougii. • • M. C, Sydney (Brown* list). \ y h 1865.] DAW80W — COA L-FORSIATION. 159 16. P. DECURRENS, Lesq. Has pinniilca moro crowded, decreasing towards the npex, but may bo a variety. M. C, Sydney (i2. JBrown). > 17. P. PiucKENETii, Stcr \ , M. C, Sydney (R. Brown). • - * Beinektia, Goeppert. ' Beinertia Gcepperti, spec. nov. PI. XIII. fig. 101 . Bipinnate ; pinnso broad, contiguous, obtuse, with thick pinnules. Pinnules rounded above, obovate below. Midrib thick, oblique, dividing above into a tuft of irregular hair-like veins. M. C, Grand Lakt (C F. Hartt) ; Bay de Chaleur {Loyan) ; U. C, Joggma (J. W. D.). ' v !'^' Hymenophyhiies, Goeppert. ; ' Htmenophyllites pentadactyla, spec. nov. In general habit like Sphenoptens microloha, Goepp., but with pinnules divided into from four to seven obtuse cuneato lobes, each with one vein. M. C, Sydney (iZ. ^rown). Pal.t.opteris, Geinitz. 1. PAiyi^oPTERis Hartii, spcc. nov. PI. VIII. fig. 35. Stem or leaf-bases transversely wrinkled with delicate lines : scars transversely oval, slightly appendaged below ; vascular sears confluent. Breadth 1'4 in. ; length 0-6 in. M. C, Grand Lake (C. F Hartt). 2. P. AcADicA, spec. nov. x. VIII. fig. 36. Stem or leaf-bases longitudinally striated ; scars transverse, tint above, rounded and bluntly appendaged below ; vascular scars in a transverse row. Breadth of scars Ow inch ; length 0-5 inch. U. C, Pictou (J^. w.n.). • Catjlopteris, L. & H. Several small erect stems at the Joggins seem to bo trunks of ferns, but are too obscure for description. PsARONius, Gotta. , Trunks of this kind must be rare in the Nova Scotian coal-field;i A few obscure stems surrounded by cord-like aerial roots have been found, and probably are remains of plants of this genus. V. Mkoapuyton, Artis. 1. MEGAPni'TON MAGNIFICUM, spoc. UOV. PL VIll. fig. 34. stems large, roughly striated longitudinally; scars contiguous, orbicul&r, deeply sunk, nearly 3 inches in diameter, and each with a bilobate vascular impression 2 inches broad and an inch high. M. C., Joggins (./. H''. /).). 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [DeC. 20, 1"! m i i I' r > ^ i 1. ■ 2. M. HiTMiLE, spec. nov. PI. VIII. fig. 33. Stem 2*5 inches in diameter ; leaf-scars prominent, flattened, and broken at the ends, 1 inch wide. Surface of the stem marked with irregular furrows, and invested with a carbonaceous coating. An internal axis, nearly 2 inches in diameter, with a coaly coating, sends off obUquely thick branches to the leaf-scars. This is a ver»/ re- markable specimen, and throws much light on the structure of Me.). 8. L., sp. like TETEAGONUM, Goepp. Obscurely marked, but a distinct species, unless an imperfectly preserved variety of L. tetragonum. The areoles are square, with a rhombic scar at the upper corner of each. L. C, Horton (J^. IT. 2?.). , 9. L. BiNERVE, Bunbury. M. C, Sydney {B. Brown). 10. L. xuMiDUM, Bunbury. I think it probable that this species belongs to the genus LepUh- phloios ; but I have not seen a specimen. M. C, Sydney (iJ. i5rou;n). 11. L. ORACiLE, Brongn. In Brown's list in ' Ac. Geology.' Probably a variety of the next. M. C, Sydney (li. Broivn). 12. L. ELEOANs, Brongn. In Bunbury and Brown's lists. M. C, Sydney (ii!. i?rowH). * In certain stntt^s of prcHcrvation, the lateral ribs of the leaves liecoine obso- lete; and in others the central disappears, in which nUiUi the resemblance to L. hinerve is very close. 102 PROCEKDINGS OP THE GEOLflGICATi SOCIETY. [DeO. 20, y f. I 1 ' ■ --'C f 13. L. PLUMABIUM, L. & H. M. C, Sydney (InBrotviCs list), 14. L. sELAGiNoiDEs, Stomb. !M. C, Sydney (in Brown^s list). 15. L. Harcouktii (Withara). M. C, Sydney (in Brown's list). 10. L. CLYPEATTTM (?), Lcsqx. , ^ M. C, Sydney (B. Brown) ; U. C, Joggins {J. W. D.). ' ' : " * 17. L, ACULEAXUM, Stcmbcrg. M. C, Sydney (ie. i?mfn)- . , 18. L. PLicATUM, spec. nov. PI. IX. fig. 38. Leaf-areoles much elongated ; breadth to length as 1 to 5 or 6, transversely rugose ; central line indistinct. Leaf-scar rhombic, with three vascular points ; scars in old stems separated by rugose bark, and somewhat elongate. M. c, rictou (/. ir. Z>.). • 19. L. PERSONATUM, spcc. nov. PI. IX. fig. 39. Areoles ovate acuminate ; breadth to length na 1 to 3 or 4, con- tiguous in young stems ; central lines distinct ; lower oart of areole with transverse lines. Leaf-scars ovate, with two marks above and two below ; leaves slender, 1 inch long, one-nerved. M. C, Sydney (7^. y//v»*''«). Halonia, sp. Halonia, L. & H. A specimen probably referable to this genus from Grand Lake, in the collection of C. F. Hartt. : I i Lkpidostrobus, Brongn. { 1. LePIDOSTROHCS VARIABILIS, L. & H. • The most common species. M. C, Sydney {B. Brown) ; Pictou and Joggins (J. W. D.). 2. L. sauAMOsi's, 8j)ec. nov. PI. 10. fig. 46. 2 to 3 inches long, 1 inch thick; scales large, broadly trigonal, acute. Allied toL. trif/onole/tis, but larger. Probably a cone of Lcjiidoj'hloius. M. C, Grand Lake (C. l'\ Hartt). 3. L. L0XGIF0LIV8, Spec. nov. Long-leaved, like Lrpidodemlron lonqifolinm, L. & H. M. C, Joggins (J-. W.D.). 4. Lepiuostrobcs, sp. Acute trigonal leaves, small. M.C., Joggins (/./r. /A). T). Lepidosirohi's, sp. Koimd, with obscure scales and remains of long leaves. L. C, Hortou (./. W. I).). 1865.] DAWSON — COAL-FORMATION. 163 0. L. TRiaoNoiEPis, Bunbury. M. C, Sydney (i2. J3row»). - » Lepidophyllum, Brongn. 1. Lepidophyllum lanceolatum, L. & H. , M. C, Joggins J U. C, Pictou {J. W. D.). 2. L. TBINERVE (?), L. & H. Two-nerved or three-nerved, like L. trinerve, L. & H., but nar- rower. Both the above are parts of Lepidostrohi . U. C, Joggins {J. W. D.). 3. L. MAJU8(?), Brongn. M. C, Sydney {B. Brown). 4. Lepidophyllum, sp. Broad ovate, short, pointed, one-nerved, half an inch long. U. C, Pictou. 5. L. INTERMEDIUM, L. & H. M. C, Sydney {B. Browii's list). Halonia, Lepidostrobus and LepidophyUxmi, including only parts of Lepidodendron and Lepidophloios, are to be regarded as merely provisional genera. Lepidophloios, Sternberg. 1. Lepidophloios Acadianus, spec. nov. PI. X. fig. 45, PI. XI. fig. 51. Leaf-bases broadly rhombic, or in old stems regularly rhombic, prominent, ascending, terminated by very broad rhombic scars having a central point and two lateral obscure points. Outer bark laminated or scaly. Surface of inner bark with single points or de- pressions. Leaves long, linear, with a strong keel on one side, 5 ' inches or more in length. Cone-scars sparsely scattered on thick branches, either in two rows or spirally, both modes being some- times seen on the same branch. Scalariform axis scarcely an inch in diameter in a stem 5 inches thick. Fruit, an ovate strobile with numerous acute scales covering small globular spore-cases. This species is closely allied to Ulodendron majus and Lepidophloios laricinus, and presents numerous varieties of marking. M. C, Joggins, Salmon lliver, Pictou (J. W. D.) ; Sydney (R. Brown). 2. L. prominulus, spec. nov. PI. XI. fig. 52. Leaf-bases rhombic pyramidal, somewhat wrinkled at the sides, truncated by regularly rhombic scars, each with three approximate vascular points. M. C, Joggins (/. W. D.). 3. L. parvus, spec. nov. PI. XI. fig. 5(>. Loaf-bases rhombic, small, with rhombic scars broader than long ; 164 PR0CKKDIKO9 OF THE GKOLOOICAL SOCIETY. [DcC. 20, iUv vascular points obscure ; leaves linear, acute, 3 inches or more in length, with a keel and two faint lateral ribs. Cones large, sesailo. U. C, Pictou ; M. C, Joggins (J. W. D.) ; M. C, Sydney {R. Brown). 4. L. PL,iTYsTioMA, spoc. uov. PI. X. figs. 47 & 48. Leaf-bases rhombic, broader than long, little prominent; scars rhombic, oval, acuminate, slightly emarginato above; vascular points two, approximate or confluent. M. C, Sydney {B. Broivn) ; Joggins {J. W. D.). . 5. L. TETEAGONUS, SpCC. HOV. PI. X. fig. 49. Leaf-bases square, furrowed on the sides ; leaf-scar central, with apparently a single central vascular point. M. C, Joggins (/. Tf. Z>.). DiPLOTEGiUM, Corda. DlPlOTEGIUM KETUSTTM, SpeC. HOV. PI. XIII. fig. 102. The fragments referable to plants of this genus are imperfect and obscure. The most distinct show leaf-bases ascending obliquely, and terminating by a retuse end with a papilla in the notcli. Some less distinct fragments may possibly be imperfectly preserved speci- mens oi Lej)ido(lendro)i or Li'pidojphhios. M. C, Joggins (/. W. Ih). Knoiiria. Nearly all the plants referred to this genus in the Carboniferous rockb are, as Goeppert has shown, imperfectly preserved stems of LepidodendroH. In the Lower Coal-formation many such Knorria forms are afforded by L. corrwjatum. , ^ . . Knorria Selloxii, Steniberg. This appears differen *^^ from the ordinary Knorrm ; its supposed leaves may be aerial roots. It has a large pith-cylinder with very distant tabular floors, like Sternheryia, M. C, Sydney (i?. 5rou;«). CoRDAiTEs, Unger. (PixnNOPnYLLUsr, Brongn.) 1. CoRDAiTEs noRASsiFOLiA, Corda. M. C, Pictou {IT. Pooh); Grand Lake (C. F. Jfartt); Sydney {It. Brown); Joggins, Onslow (./. W. D.); Bay de Chaleur {Lo(f(in). Verj' abundant in the Middle Coal-formntion. 2. C. SIMPLEX, spec. nov. Ijcavos similar to the last in size and form, but with simple, eqnal, parallel nerves. It may be a variety, but is characteristic of the Upper Coal-formation. M. C, Grand Kiver (C. F. JIartf) ; V. C, Pictou (./. W. J).). 1865.]' DAWSON — COAL-FORMATION. 165 -= •• ' -• Cardiocabpitm, Brongn. 1. Cardiocarpum flfitans, spec. nov. PI. XII. fig. 74. Oval; apex entire or notched; surface slightly rugose ; nucleus round ovate, acuminate, pitted on the surface, with a raised mesial line. M. C, Joggins {J. W. D.). 2. C. zi5i.oTUMj spec. nov. PI. XII. fig. 73. Nucleus as in the last species, but striate ; margin widely notched at apex, and more narrowly notched below. M. C, Grand Lake (C. F. Hartt). 3. Cardiocarpum, sp. like C. »n leaf enlarged. 38. plicatum, portion of old stem ; 38 a, areole of branch, these areoles bemg placed in contact on such voung branches. — peraonatum, leafy branch ; 3'J a, mrger stem with areoles ; both from photographs, two-thirds the natural size ; 39 b, areole, enlarged ; 39 c, leaf, natural size. — deeurtatum, from a photograph, two-thirds the natural size ; 40 a, areole, enlarged. — undulatum, portion of old stem, showing enlarged areoles, fur- rows, and two cone-soars. 42, 43. Portions of old stems, probably of L. rimomm or allied species. Plate X. Fig. 44. Portions of old stems, probably of Lepidodendron rimomm or an allied species. Lepidophloios Acadiamis, stem with marks of cones, from a photograph, one-half the natural size ; 46 a, portion of stem with areoles, from a photograph, two-thirds the na«"-'l size; 45 6, decorticated stem, natural size ; 45 c & (2, opposite - of the same stem, reduced, to show the difl'erent arrangement o, the cone-scars; 45 e, part of a leaf, natural size ; ib f, g, h, areoles from different parts of stem. Strobile of Lepidophloio» ; 46 a, transverse section of a similar strobile ; from photographs, two-thirds the natural size. 47 i 48. JjepidophloiosplatysfigmAi, from a photograph, two-thirdw the natural size ; 47 a 4 48 a, areole of the same, natural size. 49. tefragonns, from photograph, two-thirds the natural size; 49a, areole, two-thirds tlie natural size. Plate XI. Fig. 50. Lepidophloios parvus, Htem with areoles and scars of cones ; 50 a, group of leaves ; both from photographs, two-thirds tlie natural size ; 50 b, areole, natural size. 51. Cross section of Lepidophloios Acadianus, showing the outer rind and woody axis, one-tenth the natural size; 51 «, scalariibrm vessels of axis, magnified ; 61 6, transverse section of port of the axis, showing the vascular bundles which proceed to the leaves, and the difllerent diameters of the outer and inner circles of vessels ; 51 c, smaller por- tion of the axis, showing one bimdle of vessels. 52. Lepidophloios prominulus, portion of east, from a photograph, two- thirds the natural size ; 52 a, areole, natural size. 63. Lepidodendron corrugafvm, young branch with cone ; 53 a, branch with leaves; 53 c, older branch with areoles beginning to separate; 63 d, variety with alternate areoles; 53 f, variety with areoles in vertical rows ; .').'$/, g. old trunks, witli widely separated areoles; 5.'{ h, pho- tograph of branch; ■').'}/, Knorriie, or ilecorticated Ktnte; 53 k, irag- nient, showing rainiflciition ; 5.'{ /, bark with nreoles in transverse rows; .on m, spore-case, natural size and n:ngnified ; 53 n to r, areoles in various states; .'').'J.s. leaf, enlarged. 54. Scalariforiii vc.hwI of Jjipidodtndron. &6, „ „ Sfigiiiarin. 1866.] DAWSON — COAL-FORMATION. 169 Plate XII. Fig. 56. Scalariform veaael of Lepidophloios. 57. Tissues of Siaillaria. 68. Vessel of Sphenophyllum. 59. Tissues of Calamodendron, 60. Tissues of Calamitea, 61. Scalariform tissue of Ferns. 62. Bast tissue of Siaillaria. 63. Cells of Dadoxylon Acadianum, 64. Cells of D. materiarium. 66. Cuticle of Pinnularia. 66. Vessel of Sphenophyllum, 200 diameters. 67. Vessels and colls from vascular bundles of Ferns, 200 diameters. (58. Tissues of Sigillaria, 200 diameters. 69. Bhabdocarptis insignia. 70-72. Cardiocarpum, spp. 73. C. biaectwn. 74. C. fluitana, 75. Trigonocarpum minus. 76. T. Sigillaria. 77. T. avellanuvi. 78. T. intermedium ; 78 a, nucleus of do. 79. T. Naggerathi. 80. Sporangites papillata ; 80 A, nat. size. SI. S. gla/ira ; 81 6, nat. size. 82. Fragment of Anfholithes. 83. Stipmaria with scars in rhombic areoles. 84. Stigmaria with bark divided by vertical furrows (var. alternant). 85. Stigmaria with large sears in elongated areoles. 86. Stigmaria with elongated scars (Knorria form). 87. Stigmaria another variety, resembling Diplotegiiim. 88. Equisefites curtus. 89. Calamitea Nova-scoiicus, Figs. 54-04 inclusive are drawn to a imiform .scale of 90 diameters. Figs. 83 to 87 are taken from photographs, and are two-thirds the natuml size. Plate XIII. Fig. 90. AaterophylUfea trinervia \ 90 a, portion of leaf enlarged. 91. Noeggerathia dispar, one-half natural size. 92. Cyciopteris hispida ; 92 a, portion of pinnule magnified, showing hairy surface and impressions of nervures. 93. Neuropferis perelegana ; o, portion magnified, showing venation. 94. cydopteroidea. 95. Cyciopteris antiqua. 96. Phyltopteris antiqua ; 96 a, portion magnified, showing venation. 97. Sphenopferis munda ; 97 a, portion magnified. 98. latior ; 98 a, pinnule magnified, showing venation and sori. 99. Canadensis ; 99 a, pinnule magnified, showing venation. 100 and 100 a & A. Pinnules of Alethopteris grandia; 100 a, portion mag- nified, showing venation. 101. Beinertia Goepperti; 101 a, pinnule magnified, showing venation. 102. Biplotegiumretusum; 102 a, leaf-scar magnified. 103. Lonchopteria tenuis ; 103 a, portion enlarged, showing character of sur- face. 'U KM a.1' ' . Jo urn . f e 'x . S o c A'^ol . XXI I ?2 .V » L 't: r 'i t of WJ m yi , jj;. f 1 i - i • : - ' ' 1 i 1 "1 1 ., ,i|. . 11 10 KM Wi Mw; FLS !■' ifii V. /i Is' r'rt.nr.ari imv> j\'T'j or de:ti,sh r.MF,R: "i , L v^. ij u a.t-t..j oum LTttoi boo \ o.l. -^^v^— . . ^ . . - , i h i- O-'aa.r Zsc. Soc .Vol.XXi: ,?., ' i:..:iJ-r.s l :, S -F/.iiJiOv M . g- Tf ,K irth S.-CV iiiiji COAL-PLANTS Ox BRITISH N . A Ivl.:, RILA IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^< ^^. & ^ LO I.I 1.25 ■ 50 ™5^ lU U£ 12.5 2.0 1.8 U 111.6 <^ /a ^l 7, /^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SB0 (716) 872-4503 ^r o" €P.

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