^, '^.^^ lAAAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 i.l 11.25 125 Hi 116 m; lio "^^ iinii ^ i;£ 12.0 1.8 \A 1 1.6 V] /^ ^;; 7 /^ '•^" >.1<^ '^ ■ i*\'b^. EASY LESSONS IN Canadian History. Pago 1. 3. COMPILED ny I). R. COLEMAN, M. A. ^ -.'■'„ ^ • • - t • • • * • o 4 • • •• • • • • ,, • • • . % • cy ■ • » • J BELLEVILLE. "The Daily Ontario" Stoam Printing Esta'jiishment* 1877. 17. 26, S9. J- *' mi- u ^ 0*0 o « <' • 6,0 « o e c .y « o • O f o « » o •• • • 1 ' • • • * • ' • • • • I • c _• o J s v o 'e. • • -l" s^el'i !' . • , CONTENT R. Cliai>tcr I.— Early Votages. ■ > Page -Discovery OF Canada. 1. TI. — Viceroys op Canada.- Champlain.— Found- ing OF Quebec. — Indian Tribes. ... 3 III— Champlain's further Discoveries and Explorations.— Jesuit Missions.— The Company OP ** One Hundred."— The Fur Trade. — Capture op Quebec. — Death of Ghamplain.— State op Country after Champlain's Death.— Founding op Mon- treal;— Indian Massacres. — Hubons De- stroyed.— French Missions .-First Bish- op OF Quebec. — Earthquakes in Canada. 7. IV.— Canada a Royal Government. — Discov- ery OP the Mississippi.— Hostilities Between the French and English Col- onies.— Invasion OP Canada.— Capture OP Port Royal.— Queen Ann's War. . 17. v.— Campaigns.— Washington.— Braddock.— DiESKAU.— Wolfe.— Montcalm.-Capture op Quebec. — Close of French Rule ix Canada.— Treaty of Paris 26. VI.— British Rule inCanada.— American Inva- sion.— Capture of Montreal. — Ameri- can Defeat at Quebec— Surrender at YoEKTOWN. — Revolutionary" War End- ed. t— Peace of Versailles. — United Empire Loyalists. — FufST Royal Visit to Canada. — Division op the Province into Upper and Lower Canada. . • .39. CONTENTS. t'haptcr Vn.— Col. SiMCOE, First Govpjrxor of L'iu'Er Canada. — Francis Gore, Esq. — The Grammar Schools. — Sir Isaac Brock. — War of 1812. — Battle or Queenston Heights. — Death of Gen, Brock.— Cap- ture OF Ogdensburg. — Battle of York. Naval Engagements, — Battle of Mo- raviantown. — Death of TEcuMSEH.-BiiT- TLB OF Chateaugcay.-Battle ofCurys- <: ler's Farm. — Lundy'sLaxe. — Close cf -Treaty of Ghent. . , . the^War.- rayo VIII.- 50. -Progress in Canada after the War. — In- ternal Improvements.— Education. — Cholera. — Incorporation of Montreal AND Quebec. — Rebellion in Upper Can- ada. — The "^Caroline." — Reunion of the Provinces. • G;'> IX.- Kingston the Capital.— Lord Sydenham Governor-General.-Montreal Becomes the Seat op Government. — Fires in- Quebec. — Educational Advancement. — Immigration.— Lord Elgin. — Riots.— Seat of Government Changed to Toron- to AND Quebec Alternately. — Fires in Montreal. — Railways. — Ottawa the Permanent Capital. — Atlantic Carles- Visit ofH. R. H. the Prince op Wates. Victoria Bridge.— Confederation. . 78. X.— The Dominion op Canada.- The "British North American Act.'— Sir John Young, Governor-General.— Princb Arthur. — . The Red River Troublw.— Makitoda.— Fenians. — British CoLrwBiA a»d Van- couver Island join thb Uiriox, — Lord Dufferin, Governor-General.— Hon. A. Mackenzie, Premier of thb Dominion.— V^ ice-Regal tour. — The International Exhibition AT Philad'^lphi A. .... 93. PREFACE. 50. g:j 78. This little book was prepared with a view to the wants of the Deaf and Duml). In the instruction of this peculiar class of learners, experience teaches that in all elementary books intended for their use, the language em- l4oyed should be simple, and tlie sentences short, clear, and distinct. In tlie present work it has been the aim of the author to ful- fill these conditions. The authorities used in the compilation of these Lessons, were the valuable histories of HoDGiNS, Boyd, Miles, ( French edition ) and Jeffers ; and while much has been omitted, including almost the entire political history of the country, the narrative and text of these authors have been closely followed. Trusting that the work may meet the approval of teachers and others interested in the education of deafmutes in Canada, it is respectfully subniittccl to their judgement. Belle vi" 1877. 93. *0 ' '. *t /■ EASY LESSONS IN CANADUN HISTORY. CHAPTER I. EARLY VOYAGES. — DISCOVERY OF CANADA. Lesson I. America, or the New World, was discovered by Christopher Cuhmibus, a native of Genoa, Italy. He sailed from the port of Palos, in Sppin, in 1492, and landed on the Island of San Salvador, one of the Bahama Group in the West Indies. In 1497, John Cabot, a Venetian Merchant, sailed from Bristol, England, and discovered Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island. Verazzani, a Florentine navigator, sailed along the Atlantic Coast in 1524, and called the country New France. In 1534, Jaques Car- tier sailed from St. Malo, in France, and ex- plored the coast of Newft)undland. He then sailed into a large baj^^ which he named " Bay of Chaleur," by reason of the great heat there experienced. After landing on he Gaspe coast, he erected a large cross, 30 > et high, bearing an inscription showing'the sovereignty of France in America. Having thus discover- ed Canada, he returned home. CANADIAN illSTOilV, Lesson II. 'In May, 1535, th'3 king of France sent Car- tier on a second voyage to the Ne*v World, with three ships and 111) men. On the 10th day of August, he sailed into a large gulf which he named "Gulf of St. Lawrence," because he entered it on the day dedicated to that Saint. On t^ '> 15th, he discovered a large island, which iie called L'Assomption. The name of this island was afterwards changed to Anticosti. He then entered the St. Lawrence river and sailed till he reached the mouth of the Sa- guenay. Here he first met the Indians, who told him that the country was called "Canada.'* Cartier continued to sail up the river, and he discovered and named numerous islands,among which were the Isle aux Coudres, (from the abundance of hazel-nuts found there,) and the Isle of Bacchus, now called the Island of Orleans. At the latter place, on the 7th of September, Cartier was visited by Donnacona, an Indian chief, who lived in the village called S'tadacona. The French were kindlv received by the Indians, and many presents were inter- changed between them. The lower town of Quebec now occupies the site of Stadocona. Lesson III, On the 19th of September, Cartier proceeded up the river, and on the 2nd of October reached an Indian village called Hochelaga. There was a beautiful mountain near by, which CANADIAN HISTORY. 3 jrit Car- rld,with [)th day hich he luse he b Saint. island, lame of aticosti. 'er and he Sa- ls, who anada.'* and he ,a,mong )m the md the ind of 7th of iacona, called jceived 3 inter- Dwn of 3na. seeded ctober lelaga. which so deliijhted Cartier that he named it Mount Royal This name was afterwards chai-ged to Montreal, and given to the city which now occupies the site of Hochelaga. Cartier now returned to St. Croix, where he spent the winter. In the Spring, he set sail for France ; taking with him, as captives, Donnacona and four Chiefs, whom he had treacherously seized. He reached St. Malo in July 1536. The French King was pleased with Cartier's discoveries, and sent him on a third voyage to Canada, in May, 1541. He reached the St. Lawrence in August, after a stormy passage, and spent the autumn in exploring the country. During the winter, his men suffered much from cold and scurvy. In the spring of 1542, he returned to France from his third and last voyage, and died soon after reaching home. CHAPTER IL VICEROYS OF CANADA. — CHAMPLAIN. — POUND- ING OF QUEBEC. — INDIAN TRIBES. Lesson IV. The first viceroy of Canada was Lord Rober- val, who embarked from France with three vessels and 200 colonists. He sailed up the St. Lawrence river as far as Cap-Rouge, where he disembarked and spent the winter. The scurvy attacked his men, and alx>ut fifty of CANADIAN KISTOKY. them died from its efFects. In the spring, he set sail for France. The next viceroy of Canada was the Mar- quis de la Roche, who embarked from bVance in 1598. Many merchants now came to Can- ada, and built storehouses at Tadoussac, near the mouth of the Sa At Qui^bec was made tlie wecond permanent settlement in America; Jainestown, in Vir- ginia, havintr been founded in the previous year, 1G07, by the Eni^lish Ca[>tain Newport. During the winter of 1608, a con.sf)iraey was formed among the colonists to kilKMiamplain. One of the traitors revealed the plot. The ringleader was hanged, and the conspirators sent as prisoners to France. Lesson VI. " [ The principal Indian tribes of Canada were the Algonquins and the Hurons. The terri- tory of the former extended along the northern bank of the St. Lawrence, as far as the Ottawa, which was called the river of the Algonquins. The Hurons occupied the coun- try between the Ottawa river and Lake Huron. Hochelaga was their chief village, as Stadacona was that of the Algonquins. The country south of the St. Lawrence, from Lake Erie to the Richelieu, was occupied by the Iroquois. The Algonquins and Hurons were friendly toward each other, and were in constant war with the Iroquois, This tribe was' calhd the " Five Nations " because it was made up of the Onondagas, the Cayugas, the Senecas, the Mohawks, and the Oneidas. They were very powerful, and a terror to their enemies. In 1717, they were joined by the Tuscaroras, 6 CANADIAN HISTORY. a tribe froni North Carolina, and afterwards knowri as the " Six Nations." Champlain made an alliance with the Algonquins, who promised him a safe pas*«age through their country, if he would assist them against the Iroquois. Lesson VII. ■i'':":i In 1609, the Algonquins called upon Cham- plain for aid. He innnediately jtuned them with a body of troops from Tadonssac, and the allies sailed uj) the Richelieu to Lake Champlain. They next entered a small sheet of water, now called Lake George, where they came uj)on the encampment of their p'^emy. The allies gained an easy victory, on acv^^unt of the tire-arms of the French. After this battle, Champlain returned to Quebec, and thence s t sail for France. Dur- ing the following year, he returne:ssoN XL The office of yiceroy was now abolished, and Champlain was appointed governor. Shortly after, a war broke out between France and England. Sir David Kertk was sent in 1628, by Charles I. to conquer Canada. He destr(»yed some of the company's ships, and burned the village ofTadoussac. He then summoned Quebec to surrender. Champlain refused, and Kertk (English, Kirk) withdrew his ships without attacking him. On his way down the river, he captured some vessels with food for Quebec. This loss caused the colon- ists great suffering. Next year, Kirk* again appeared before Quebec, and Champlain sur- rendered it, with the whole of Canada into 10 CANADIAN HISTORY. the hands of the English. Cham plain was taken to England, but poi>n released and sent to France. The treaty of St. Germain-en- Laye was made on 29th of March, 1632. By this treaty, Charles 1. King of England, re- stored Canada, Cape Breton and Nova Scotia to the King of France. Lesson XXL England regarded the loss of Canada with indifference. The only settlements consisted of some houses at Quebec, with a few trading huts at Tadoussac, Montreal and Three Rivers. During the year of peace, Champlain was again appointed Governor, and the ** Company of One Hundred associates " received its for- mer privileges. At the same time, Paul le Jenne, styled " the father of Jesuit missions," sailed to Canada. In 1633, a fleet was again prepared, which carried out a large amount of property, and the colony was again becoming prosperous. Schools for children were opened m Quebec, by Father Lalemant. Two years later, Rene de Rohault, a Jesuit, founded a college at Quebec, and also a school for the Indians. The forts in the neighborhood of the settlements were strengthened. The fur trade revived, and an extensive traffic was carried on between the friendly Indians and the settlers at Montreal, Three Rivers and Quebec. f CANADIAN HISTORY. u Lesson XIIL ChaIvIPT.ain did not live long aft er returning to Canada. In October 1635, lie became ill, and died on the 25th December. During his sickness he was frequently visited by the Jesuit fathers, and in his last moments he was attended by Paul le Jeune, who had been his friend and companion. His remains were fol- lowed to the Church by a large number of col- onists, soldiers and converted Indians. After the funeral services, his body was placed in a stone vault, above which was built a small chapel. But this chapel was afterwards des- troyed by fire, and for many years the exact spot of his burial remained unknown. In 1856, some workmen accidentally discovered the vault, and, within it, the bones of the founder of Quebec. The name oi Champlain will ever remain illustrious in the history of the country for which he labored faithfully during thirty years of his life. I I 12 CANADIAN HISTORY. CHAPTER III. state of country after champlain s death. Founding of Montreal — Indian massa- cres. — HURONS DESTROYED. — FRENCH MISSIONS. — FIRST BISHOP OF QUEBEC. — EARTHQUAKES -■- >■'■■" . IN CANADA. . ? ,:' ... ,";;■;•;; '"Lesson XIV. ';.;,; After the death of Cham plain, Charles de Montniagny was apjjointed governor in 1636. Trade was now languishing, and there was little progress in the colony. But the Jesuits were very active. The Hotel Dieu was founded at Quebec, in 1639, by the Ursuline nuns. In 1640 the island of Montreal was ceded, by the king of France, to a company of fifty per- sons, for the purpose of establishing r- convent. Two years later, De Maisonneuve erected a few buildings on the site of Hochelaga, and called the place Ville Marie, which was the founda- tion of Montreal. In 164f3, two ladies of for- tune founded the Hotel Dieu at Montreal. The Iroquois again made war upon the Al- gonquins and Hurons. They had defeated the latter tribe, and were now emboldened to attack the French. The Governor, therefore, erected a fort at the mouth of the Richelieu river to prevent their advance. The Iroquois attacked the fort, but being defeated, were willing to make peace with the French and their allies. I CANADIAN HISTOHV. il H. e ■» >. -s s (k I Lesson XV. MoNTMAGNY was ROW removed from office, and M. d' Aillebou^t became his successor in 1648. During the administration of the fov' mer, the Jesuit missionaries extended their labours among the Indians. They found the H> rons most willing to listen to them, and several thousand were baptized, rnd induced to live in villasfes. The converted Indians first m,et for christian worship at the village of St. Joseph, on Lake Huron. In the same year, a dreadful slaughter of the HuTK)n8 occurred. The Iroquois were resolved to exterminate then), and suddenly attacked their unprotected villages. St. Joseph was destroyed, and 400 families massacred. The good father Daniel, whilst performing religious service, was also put to death. The Iroquois next fell upon the villages of St. Ignace and St. Louis, and put to death men, women, and children. At St. Louis, two missionaries, Brebouf and Lalemand, were tor- tured to death. Other settlements were visited by the cruel Iroquois, who spread desolation and mourning throughout the land. Lesson XVI. The Hurons were now filled with despair, and fled in all directions. Some escaped to the Eries and Ottawas. Others fled to the Manitoulin Islands, while others joined the Iro- quois and beggeil for mercy. About 400 of 14 CANADIAN HISTORY. this unhappy tribe sought aid from the mis- sionaries, and were conveyed to the village of Lorette, near Quebec, where their descendants are still to be found. The Iroquis were now masteis of the country, and the French re- mained blockaded in their forts. About this time, the British colonists In New England sent word to the French that they desired to form a union with them. The governor, d'Ailleboust, replied that he was willing to do so, if the English would assist the French to subdue the Iroquois. But the English, not wishing to make enemies of the neighboring Indians, refused the alliance. Intoxicating liquors were now introduced among the Indian tribes by some traders at Tadoussac. Drunk- enness became frequent, and injurious to the colony. The Indian chiefs saw its bad effects, and petitioned the governor to imprison all natives found guilty of this offence. Lesson XVII. In 1C51, D'Ailleboust was succeeded by De Lauson, a member of the Company of One hundred Associates. But he was not a sue cessful governor. The Iroquois renewed their attacks upon the French, and gave the colony much trouble. M. de Maisonneuve was sent to France for further aid, and returned in 1653 with 105 men. In consequence of this reinforcement, and through the labors of the missionaries, peace was again restored to the • jif^j w* tftm i - CANADIAN HISTORY. 15 colonists. In 1655, the French attempted to establish a colgny among the Iroquois, and missionaries were sent to found a church. Mis- sions were established among the Ouondagas ; but this movement excited the jealousy and suspicion of the other tribes, and they refused to receive the French into ^heir territory. A collision occurred, and three Frenchmen were scalped by the Oneidas. The French retaliated and seized some Iroquois braves. The conse- quence was that a bloody Indian war once more desolated the country. Meanwhile, the little colony which had been formed among the Iroquois, escaped in safety to Montreal Lesson XVIII. . The successor of M. De Lauson was the Vis- count D'Argenson. who was appointed gov- ernor in 1658. The day after he landed, the Iroquois massacred some Algonqu ins under the ^ guns of Quebec, and then escaped. Their ob- ject '^'^as to attack and destroy the settlements at Montreal, Quebec, and Three Rivers; but having been defeated at the Long Sault Rapids, they desisted from their purpose. In 1659, M. de Laval arrived at Quebec to pre- side over the Roman Catholic Church. Fif- teen years later, he became the first bishop of Quebec. DArgenson was relieved by Baron DAvangour, who became governor in 1661. The colony was now reinforced by 400 troo[)S, who were sent out by the French king, Louis il CANADIAN HISTOHV. XIV, under M. D'Monts. Still, the Iroquois continued to give the settlers great annoyance, and the latter were compelled to work in the fields with their arms always near. The sale of intoxicating liquors was agam creating dis- order in the colony, and Laval hastened to France to secure power to check its commerce. On his return, he founded the Quebec Semin- ary in 1603. This injer Heimepin,, who wrote a history of the expedition. After his arrival, he rebuilt the fort at Cat^raqui of solid stone, and then hastened on with hit* party to the West, Above Niagara Falls, La Salle built a vessel of 60 tons, and carrying 7 guns, which be called, the " Gritibn, " This^ was the first vessel built on Canadian waters. In this vessel La Salle, with forty men, sailed to Lake Michigan, where he established a trading post. The "^ Griffon " was sent back with a cargo of rich furs, but was never heard of afterwards. La Salle continued to explore the country , and, readiing the great river, he- proceeded down to the Gulf of Mexico He- named the country along its banks, " Louisi- ana," after Louis XIV, King of France. Aftei- an absence of more than two ycars^ he returned to Quebec. Lesson XXIV. In 178^2, Frontenae was recalled, and M. de la Barre arrived as Governor. The French popukition of Cianada at this time was about- 10,000. The English were in possession of CANADIAN HISTORY. 21 fav- to He *€fat itb Ithe 'in^ ter lot' New York, and the Iroquois found it more profitable to trade with them than with the French. Hence, the peltry traffic was drawn from the St. Lawrence, and turned into the hands of the English. Many complaints were made by the Canadian Colony, but the Iro- quois heeded them nut. At length, a petition was sent to Paris asking aid, and sometime afterward, 200 soldiers were sent out from France to punish the perverse Indians. De la Barre, in command of the troops, marched up the river to Lake Ontario, where he intended to enter the Seneca Country; but he was com- pelled to return to Quebec on account of sickness and want of food amons: the soldiers. By reason of this failure, De la Barre was re- placed by the Marquis de Denonville, who was selected on account of his distinguished valor. Lksson XXV. The new Governor at «nce made preparation for buildiug a fort at Niagara to prevent communications between the British ajid the Iroquois, In 1686, ho received word from the Governor of New York, that the Iroquois were the subjects of England. ]>en(mville denied this claim, and replied that the Fiench had possession of the country long before the British came to New York. The Ir-oquois, encouraged by their English neigh bors,attacked the French forts at Chambly, on the Richelieu, and Frontenac, at Kingston. A fatal disease 22 CANADIAN HISTORY. M ■ill 111; broke out in the garrison at fort Niagara, and many soldiers died. The survivors abandoned the post, and \ u was soon after destroyed by the ^ idians. In 1689, a large number of Iro- quois laid waste the Island of Montreal, with great slaughter, and carried off 200 prisoners. The French were seized with terror, blew up Fort Frontenac, and hastily abandoned their outposts. French Canada was thus reduced to the forts at Montreal, Quebec, and Three Rivers. ,,,:;:;<:,,• , , ,; . Lesson XXVI. After these disasters, Denonville was im- mediately recalled, and M. de Frontenac a second time appointed Governor. His object was first to save the colony from the dangers which surrounded it, and afterwards to restore to the French the extensive fur-trade which had been turned to New York. He had brought out, on his return from France, numer- ous stores and troops, and he at once made preparations to invade the British settlement. One expedition was sent from Montreal, in 1690. which surprised the town of Schenectady in New York, massacred the inhabitants, and burned the houses. Anotaer expedition, starting from Three Rivers, fell upon the village of Salmon Falls, in New Hampshire, which was completly destroyed. A. third ex- pedition was despatched from Quebec to Casco Bay, in Maine, where a fortified post was at- . tacked and captured, and many of the garrison CANADIAN HISTORY. 23 slain. Thus the French, under the guidance of an experienced and energetic leader, were saved from the ruin which had threatened them. The Governor had secured the fur- trade of a wide region, and restored the in- fluence of the French. Lesson XXVII. Meanwhile the British were not idle. In May, 1690, a convention of representatives from all the English colonies was held at New York. At that convention, it was agreed that two expeditions shouM be sent against Canada ; one to attack the French settlement by land, and the other by sea. Sir William Phipps took command of the fleet, which sail- ed from Boston against Quebec, 'and General Winthrop, of Connecticut, led the army, which marched against Montreal. But sickness among his troops, arid want of provisions, compelled the latter to return without accom- plishing anything. The fleet, however, was more successful. Port Royal and other places in Nova Scotia were taken; several French posts on the coast of Newfoundland and the lower St. Lawrence were captured, and Front- enac was not aware of his danger until thu British had reached Tadoussac. He hastened from Montreal to Quebec, strengthened tho defences, and refused the summons to sur- render. Phipps landed about 1500 troops and some pieces of artillery, but, meeting a Ill 84 CANAUIAN HISTORY. /, determined repistance by the Frencli, he was compelled to re-embark the soldiers, leaving his cannon in the hands of the enemy. Lesson XXVIII. i In 1691, a large l)ody of Iroquois, assisted by the English, advanced along the Richelieu to attack Montreal, but they were repulsed. The Governor was now enifaged in re-building the fort at Cataracpii, and in strengthening Quebec, so as to make it the strongest fortress in America. By his skill and courage he compelled the fierce Iroquois to cease from their attacks, and thus enabled the inhabit- ants, once more, to attend to the cultivation of their lands. In 1096, Frontenac, anxious to put a fin^l stop to the war which had so long been carried on, determined to invade the territory of the Iroquois. He therefore col- lected a force of 2300 colonists and friendly Indians at Fort Frontenac, crossed to Oswego, and thence marched into the country. But he found the villages deserted, and, not being able to overtake the Iroquois, he returned to Canada. At length, a treaty of peace between England and France was signed at Ryswick, in 1697, thus ending the Colonial War, known as King William's War. ' • Lesson XXIX. In 1698, Count de Frontenac died at Quebec, aged seventy-seven years. He was ■« CANADIAN HISTORY. 25 was saving ■jsisted lelieu nilsed. ilding hening brtress igQ he e from nhabit- iivation mxious had so ^ade the ore col- friendly ^8wego, But he t being irned to between Lyswick, , known died at He was succeeded by M. de Callieres, Commandant of Montreal. In 1701. a temporary peace was made between all the Indian tribes. At this time, also, Callieres sent an hundred meti and a Jesuit missionary to found a trading post at Detroit, or the "strait" between Lakes Huron and Erie. Two vears after, the Governor died, deepl}'^ regretted by the people. At the request of the colonists, the Marquis de Vaudreuil re- ceived the next appointment. The number of French now in Canada was about 15,000 ; while the British colonists in New England could muster sixty thousand men able to bear arms. The English, therefore, made constant efforts to persuade the " Five Nations " to break their treaty with the French, but the Indians, through the influence of the Jesuits, refused to do so. In 1708, a council was held at Montreal, which determined *^hat an attack should be made upon the English, who were intriguing with the Indians. Lesson XXX. A sudden descent was accordingly made upon the village of Haverhill, on the Mer- rimac river, in Massachusetts. The French and Indians set fire to the houses, and mas- sacred the inhabitants, sparing neither women nor children. This attack, with others of the same nature, aroused the anger of the English colonists, and a plan was formed to march against iMontreal and Quebec. A ^- 26 CANADIAN HISTORY. large force was collected, and General Nichol- son, at the head of 4000 militia, marched from Albany toward the frontier. At the same time, a fleet under Sir Hovenden Walker,, with several regiments of veteran troops, sailed from Boston to attack Quebec, After reaching the St. Lawrence river, the fleet was driven on rocks and shr)als, and almost totally destroyed. General Nicholson, hearing of this disaster, retreated, and the country was once more at rest. At length, in 1713, "Queen Ann's War " was brought to a close by the Peace of Utrecht. By this treaty, the King of France ceded Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay Temtory, together with all claims over the Iroquois, to England, Canada, however, was retained by France, V CHAPTER V, campaigns. — washington. — braddock. - diesk au. — wolfe. — montcalm.— capture of quebec. — close of french rule in canada. — treaty of paris. Lesson XXXL After the return of peace to Canada, there came also prosperity. In the year 1721, Quebec contained 7000 inhabitants, and Mon- treal 3000 ; while the population of the whole CANADIAN HISTORY. 27 Colony numbered 25,000. Governor Vaudreiiil gave his attention to the education of the people, and encouraged them in the cultiva- tion of their lands ; farms were laid out along the St. Lawrence below Quebec ; the country was divided into 82 parishes, and a census of the people taken. He extended the fortifications of Quebec, and directed that JJJontreal should be strejigthened. Thus was he employed when, after a rule of twenty-two y ars, he died at Quebec in 1825. In the fol- lowing year, Vaudreuil was succeeded by the Marquis de Beauharnois, who held office for twenty years. The Indians were now be- coming reconciled, both by the kindness of the French, and by frequent intermarriages. In 1736, the Colony contained about 40,000 inhabitants. Lesson XXXIL Meanwhile,the Governor of New York erect- ed a fort and trading post at Oswego, to secure a larger share of the fur trade. To prevent this, Beauharnois rebuilt the fort at Niagara, and also constructed new ones at Ticonderoga, and at Crown Point on Lake Champlain. These acts saved the fur trade to the Fi ";nch, and Montreal became the center of traffic. The Marquis de la Jonquiere, Admiral of France, was appointed Governor in 1746 ; but he was captured on his outward voyage, by an English Heet, and made a prisoner. When this ill news reached France, the Count de la 28 CANADIAN HISTORY. ■/ Galissoniere was appointed to fill the vacancy. This nobleman took steps to expel the British fur-traders from the Ohio Valley. In 1748, be sent out a body of 300 men to take posses- sion of that country, and to mark the bound- aries of the French territory. He also erected a chain of forts extending from Ohio to Mon- treal, including Detroit, Green Bay, Niagara, Toronto, and Ogdensburg. ^ Lesson XXXIII. La Jonquiere, having been released, reached Canada in 1749, and with him came Francoiw Bigot, who was appointed Intendant of all the French possessions in America. The new Governor was very active in attending to the defence of the colony, but he was avaricious and dishonest. He retained 6he money in- tended for the Home Government, and thus became immensely wealthy. The Intendant Bigot, also, accumulate British troops toiled op that steep ascent, 300 feet high. At day-break, they had safely gained the Plains of Abraham, and were ranged in line of battle, Montcalm had been deceived by the tactics of the English General. He had sent a large pari of his army up the river to Cap Rouge, where he thought the British would land. Finding, t*(> 1 CANADfAN niSTORV. tl7 his great surprise, that Wolfe's army had reached the Heights in his rear, he made instant preparation for attack, and ordered his men to advance. ^ • Lesson XLIV. 'f On the 13th of September the two armies met, and a desperate struggle followed. Both Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded, but the British were at last victorious. In Wolfe's army, which numbered 4828 men, with one small gun, the loss was 55 killed and 607 wounded ; while the French loss amounted to about 1500 in killed, wounded and prison- ers. Thus was this memorable battle fought and won ; and thus did France lose her j)ower in Canada, where she had ruled for more than one hundred and fifty years. Quebec capitu- lated on the 18th of Sept, 1759, and the flag of England has ever since floated from its heights. The garrison was allowed to march out with the honors of war, and was then to be embarked and sent to France. Wolfe died on the field of battle ; his body was conveyed to England, and buried at Greenwich. Mont- calm died on the morning after the battle, aged 47. He was buried at the Ursuline Convent, Quebec. Here, in 1827, a monument was erected to the memory of these illustrious commanders. '' ^.: ^ p 88, CANADIAN HISTORY. ! Lesson XLV. After the death of Montcalm, Chevalier de Levis tgok command of the French forces. In the spring of the following year, he de- termined to make a final effort to recapture •Quebec. Accordingly he marched from Mon- treal with 10,000 men. General Murray, the English Governor, moved out of the city, with not more than 3000 troops, to meet him. A battle ensued, in which Murray was defeated- with great loss, and compelled to retreat within the walls. The French, encouraged by this victory, prepared to besiege the city; but on the approach of a British fleet, they with- drew. The whole British army, 16,000 strong, under General Amherst, now marched against Montreal. Resistance was useless; and De Vaudreuil, the French Governor, offered to capitulate. To this, General Amherst agreed , and on the 10th of Feb., 1768, Canada was ceded to the British crown by the Treaty of Paris. French rule in America was now en- ded. The whole country from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the far west, except the islands of Miquelon and Langley, which were reserved by ihe French as fishing stations, passed into the hands of the British. i I CANADIAN HISTORY. 39 CHAPTER VI. BRITISH RULE IN CANADA. — AMERICAN INVASION. CAPTUBE OF MONTREAL. AMERICAN DEFEAT AT QUEBEC. SURRENDER AT YORKTOWN. — RE- VOLUTIONARY WAR ENDED.- — PEACE OF VER- SAILLES. UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS. FIRST ROYAL VISIT TO CANADA. DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE INTO UPPER AND LOWER CANADJk. Lesson XLVI. f The population of Canada, at the time of the Conquest, was about 80,000, including nearly 8000 Jidians. The colonists were al- lowed the free exercise of the Roman Catholic religion, and the possession of property belong- ing to their Church. Pardon was granted to all who had been enojaged in the war, and they were to have the same privileges as British subjects. The Indians also, who had fought against the English, were to remain unmolested in the possession of their lands. During the late desolating war, the country had been exhausted ; and agriculture and other arts languished. Many of the inhabit- ants were ruined by the refusal of the French Government to honour the paper-currency issued by Intendant Bigot. This corrupt officer, it is said, defrauded the people to the amount of fifteen million dollars. Cu his re- turn to France, he was thrown into the Bastile, and afterwards banished. 40 CANADIAN HISTORY. Lesson XLVII. The first Governor General of Canada under the British, was General Murray. General Gage was appointed Governor of Montreal, and Col. Burton, of Three Rivers. At Quebec was established a court, which sat twice a week, for the trial of criminals. About this time, an Indian Chief, named Pontiac, belonging to the Ottawa Tribe, form- ed a plan for overthrowing the British, and driving them out of the country. He was a warm friend of the French, and had assisted them in all their battles with the English. A simultaneous attack, by separate bodies of Indians, was made on the ten British forts situated between Niaojara and Lake Michioran. He captured seven of these ; but Niagara, Detroit, and Pittsburg successfull}'^ withstood the assailants. At the latter place, Pontiac's forces were routed, and he at last fled the country. He took refuge among a distant tribe of Indians, where he was afterwards killed in a quarrel. Lesson XLVIII. In October 1763, George III issued a pro-' clamation abolishing the French laws in Canada, and substituting those of England. In November, Governor Murray called to- gether a new Council. It consisted of the two Lieutenant Governors at Montreal and Three CANADIAN HISTORY. 41 Rivers, the Chief Justice, the Inspector Gen- eral, and eight of the most prominent inhabit- ants. Only one French Canadian was appointed a member; an injustice which after- wards caused much trouble and dissatisfaction. The first news-paper in Canada, the "Quebec Gazette," appeared on the 21st of June 1764. It was published by William Brown and Thomas Gilmore who brought a printing-press from Philadelphia. The first Montreal paper, also called " The Gazette," appeared in 1778. In 1765, a great fire in Montreal destroyed one hundred and eight houses, and three years later a second fire consumed r»inety more. Lesson XLIX. All the colonial officials were now chosen from the British population, which did not exceed five hundred persons in the whole province. The French Canadians were looked upon v/ith contempt, and frequently treated with great injustice. Governor Murray took their part, and saved them from many in- dignities. In consequence of this, the English officials in Canada endeavored to injure the Governor General, and have him removed. Complaints were made to the home govern- ment, and General Murray was recalled. On his arrival in England, an investigation was held, in which he was cleared of all blame ; but he never returned to Canada. In 1766, ii CANADIAN HISTORY. the Honorable Guy Carleton was appointed Governor. He also was a friend to the French Canadians, and somewhat relaxed the rigor of the colonial government. His mild ad- ministration encouraged the inhabitants, and had a good effect upon the trade and wealth of the country. Lesson L. In 1770, Governor Carleton was summoned to England to report on the condition of the- colony ; M. Cramahe being left in charge* during his absence. His report was favorably received, and the British Ministry resolved to ask Parliament to pass such laws as would make the French inhabitants more reconciled to British rule. Accordingly, an act was pass- ed enlarging the boundaries of Canada so as to include Labrador to the east, and the Ohio Valley to the west, and all the country north as far as Hudson Bay. By an act of Parlia- ment, French Canadians were allowed to sit in council and hold other offices ; and equal rights were extended to both Protestants and Roman Catholics. Moreover, a council of not less than seventeen, composed of both Ejiglish and French colonists, was to be appointed to» assist the Governor in his administratiom It was enacted also that Judges should be seiectol from colonists who understood the laws of France, and that the French langjiage' should be usediin^ courts of justice. tiANAblAN HISTORY. 43 Lesson LI. 'Governor Carleton returned to Canada in 1774 and resumed his office. The new laws passed by the English Parliament had quieted Canadian disturbances, and rendered the in- habitants well satisfied under British rule. About this time, the Thirteen British Colonies in the south were beginning to waver in their allegiance to the King. These colonists, by permission of the Home Government, had long enjoyed the right of managing their own affairs, and were now unwilling to submit to the Mother Country. This spirit of rebellion against the Sovereign resulted in a long and bloody war, known as the American Rev- olution. On September 5th, 1774, the first American Congress met in Philadelphia to adopt measures of resistance. Addresses were sent to the people of Canada, asking their assistance. The appeal was in vain ; and in September 1775, the American insurc;ents determined upon a double invasion of Canada. One army under General Arnold, was sent from Boston, by way of the Kennebec River, to attack Quebec. The other under General Montgomery, who 'had fought under Wolfe, marched against Montreal. Lesson LII. On his way, General Montgomery surprised the important forts at Ticonderoga and Crown 44 CANADIAN HISTORY. Point, on Lake Champlain, and made prison- ers of Uie garrison. He also took the posts at Isle aux Noix, St. Johns, Chambly and Sorel. The American Congress again issued addresses to the people of Canada, inviting them to join the victorious army; and many of the col- onists, both French and British, flocked to its standard. Governor Carleton, who could only muster a small force of French militia, besides his 800 British troops, was now in Alontreal. On the I7th of September, Montgomery sent Colonel Ethan Allen, one of the commanding officers, with a detachment, to surprise and capture the city; but his troops were defeated, and Allen himself being captured, was sent to England in irons. Montgomery at once moved his army to the attack. Governor Carleton, seeing that further resistance would be useless, quietly withdrew his troops by night and re- treated toward Quebec. The Americans im- mediately took possession of Montreal. Lesson LIIL Meanwhile, Colonel Benedict Arnold set out from Maine with 1000 men. After ascending the Kennebec River, he marched through the forests towards Quebec. His men suffered untold hardships through want ot food and sufficient clothing, and were obliged to eat dog's flesh, and the leather of their cartouche boxes. Arnold reached Point Levis, opposite Quebec, on the 9ch of November, and during CANADIAN HISTORY. 45 the night of the 13th he crossed the river, landing at Wolfe's cove; but his approach was already known to Colonel McLeod, the vigi- lant commander, and he failed in surprising the city. He then marched up the north shore of the river to Point aux Trembles, to await the arrival of Montgomery from Mon- treal. Their united forces, amounting to rearly 2000 men, again marched against Quebec, now to be assaulted for the fifth time. The forces of Governor Carleton amounted to no more than 1800 men, composed of regulars, armed seamen and Canadian militia. The Governor, however, refused Montgomery's summons to surrender. The American commander at length determined upon a night-attack, and issued orders to prepare for storming the city. Lesson LIV. Before dawn on the morning of the 31st of December, 1775, the assault began. The be- seiging army was formed into two divisions ; one, under Colonel Arnold, advanced on the east side of the city, while Montgomery led the other on the southern side. The British, were prepared, and Montgomerj^^'s troops were mowed down by a tremendous fire of grape- shot. He himself was killed, and his divis- ion forced to retreat. On the other side. Col- onel Arnold's division was attacked in the rear by a detachment from the city, and 400 of his man ^ were compelled to surrender^ 46 CANADIAN HISTORY. !' i Arnold, having received a severe wound, had quitted the field. The Americans had about 100 killed and wounded, while the loss of the British was less than twenty. Arnold wa^ now appointed to the chief command in Can- ada ; and he kept up the seigc, during the win- ^'^'T, at a distance of three miles from the city, xiavmg, however, lost many men by disease, he fell back, in May, 1776, to Three Rivers^ He was closely pursued by Governor Carleton and compelled to abandon his stores and artillery, which fell into the hands of the British. •/>• I Lesson LT. In the mean time. Congress was not idle. It sent additional forces to Canada in June, 1776, and again issued friendly addresses to the Canadian people. But the inhabitants were now beginning to regard the Americans as enemies rather than friends, and refused to listen to their appeals. Efforts were also made to induce the Iroquois to forsake the British, but without success. Under their chief, Thayendinega, or Joseph Brant, they remained faithful to the English, and fought with them through the whole war. About this time a fleet, having on board nearly 8000 German and English troops, under the command of General Burgoyne, arrived in Canada. Colonel Eraser, with a detachment of 1800 men, was at once sent forward to CANADIAN HISTORY. 47 Three Rivers. Here he defeated the Ameri- can forces and compelled them to evacuate the province. General Burgoyue pushed on in pursuit, and captured Crown Point and Ticonderoga ; but afterwards, coming upon the army of General Gates near Saratoga, he met with a severe defeat, and was obliged to surrender, with GOOO men, in October 1777. In the following year, Sir Guy Carleton returned to England, and was succeeded by General Haldimand. Lesson LVI. • The war of the American Revolution was now .drawing to a close. In October, 1778, Lord Cornwallis, with an army of seven thousand British, surrendered at Yorktown, in Virginia, to General Washington, at the head of 12,000 Americans and French. At the Peace of Versailles, Jan 20th, 1783, the independence of the Thirteen United States was recognized, and thus the long contest between Great Britain and her colonies was ended. By this treaty, the boundaries of Canada were changed, so that Quebec and Montreal were within a short distance of the frontier ; Lake Cham plain and Detroit passed out of the hands of the British. During the late war, no less than 25,000 people, loyal to Great Britain, were obliged to leave their comfortable homes in the states, and flee for refuge to Canada, Nova Scotia, New Bruns- 48 CANADIAN HISTORY. m \ i wick, and the West Indies. The Iroquois Indians, also, wore compelled to leave their encampments and hunting grounds in New York, and accept a home in Upper Canada, which the British government freely gave them. • Lesson LVII. The American colonists who, at the close of the war, fled from the states and remained true tc Great Britain, were called the United Empire Loyalists. As an acknowledgement of their services and devoted loyalty, about 16,000,000 dollars were distributed among them as a compensation for their losses. Eacn one also received a free gift of land in Upper Canada, together with farming implements, subsistence for two years, and a promise of 200 acres of free land to be given to each of their children on attaining the age of 21 years. Most of them lived to old age, re- spected and honored by the community. At the same time a large number of discharged soldiers received extensive grants of land, and with their families, settled in the neighbor- hood of Prescott, around the Bay of Quinte, and along the shores of Lake Ontario. In 1783, the population of Canada was about 125,000, of whom 10,000 or 12,000 were United Empire Loyalists. In 1784, the Iroquois Indians received grants of land, and were established on the banks of the Grand CANADIAN HISTORY. 49 River; between Lakes Erie and Ontario, and also upon the River Thames. Lesson LVIIL of 21 re- A.t In 1785, Governor Haldimand returned to England, and Henry Hamilton, a prominent member of the council, directed the govern- ment. In the following year, Hamilton was superseded by Colonel Hope, who held power until the 23rd of October, 1786. On that day. General Carleton, lately raised to the peerage as Lord Dorchester, arrived at Quebec as Governor General. In 1787, the Duke of Clarence, afterwards King William IV, visited Canada, while in command of the Pegasus, an eighty four gun ship. The province of Canada was now advancing in prosperity; but the inhabitants, on account of the dissim- ilarity of British and French habits and laws, desired separate governments. Accordingly, in 1791, after much Jiscussion in Parliament, the Province was divided into Upper and Lower Canada. By this act, it was provided that a Legislative Council and Assembly should be established in each province. The Council was to be composed of life-members appointed by the king: in Upper Canada of seven, and in Lower Canada of fifteen gentle- men. The Governor General was to divide the two provinces into electoral districts which were to return representatives to the Assembly. In Upper Canada the members of 50 CANADIAN HISTORY. ihe Assembly m ere not to be less than sixteen; f in Lower Canada not legs than fifty, > ) 11 On December l7th, 1792, the first Parlia- ment of Lower Canada was opened at Quebec by Lieutenant Governor Clark, in the absence of Lord Dorchester. The Legislative Assem- bly consisted of fifty members, and the ^\ Council of fifteen. On the same day, Colonel Simcoe, the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, opened the Parliament at Newark, (now Niagara.) It consisted of sixteen members in the Legislative Assembly, and seven in the Conncil. At thin latter Prirliament, an act was passed for building gaols and court-houses in the province. The English laws and trinl by jury wore also in- CANADIAN HISTORY. 61 9 DP , OF NE. Ct ** vu i" V ' I ^#.i ■*>..« J'- - bee y nee '£ am- i the X mel • of at ) of Hy, • ittcr din?: The o in- troduced during the session. In this year, the Duke of Kent, (father of the Queen,) visit- ed Canada in command of the Royal Fusiliers. Simcoe gave to the Thames River its name, and selected on it a site for a town which he called London. He desired it to be the future capital of the province, because Newark was too near the frontier; but Lord Dorchester was in favor of Kingston. They finally agreed upon York (Toronto) which became the capital in 1796. Lesson LX. T r... In 1793, f^lavery was abolished in Upper Canada. About the same time, the first newspaper in this Province was published at Newark. In 1796 j Governor Simcoe was ap- pointed governor of St. Domingo; and the Hon. P. Russel, President of the Council, became, for a time, his successor. By him the second session of Parliament was held at York, which was at this time inhabited by only twelve families. Next year President Russel was superseded by General Hunter, as Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada. The "Upper Canada Gazette" was begun at York about the year 1800. Governor Hunter died at Quebec on the 21st of August, 1805, and was there buried in the English Cathedral. The Hon. A. Grant, President of the Council, directed the government for a year until the appointment of Governor Francis Gore. Dur- ing his rule, public schools were established 52 CANADIAN HISTORY. i I ii! in every district of the Province, and parlia- ment granted money to pay the salaries of Grammar School Masters. The census of Upper Canada was first accurately taken in 1811, showing the population to be 77,000. .'..::■.->;•■ •. Lesson LXL In 1792, a monthly mail was established between Quebec and New York. In 1795, the harvest in Lower Canada was so scanty that Lord Dorchester prohibited the exporta- tion of grain from the Province. In July 1796, the Governor sailed for home; and the following year General Prescott was appointed to succeed hira. In 1799, Prescott was replaced by Sir Robert Shore Milnes as Lieut. Gover- nor of Lower Canada. At this time, a weekly mail passed between Montreal and the States. In 1803, slavery was declared to be incoDsist- ent with the laws of the Province; and all the negroes, over 300 in number consequent- ly received their freedom. In 1793, the Rev. Dr. Jacob Mountain was appointed the first Protestant Bishop of Quebec. The home government were anxious to establish a church in Canada, and in the year 1804, the first English Cathedral was built in Quebec on the ruins of the RecoUet church. About this time, Parliament passed an act to establish free schools throughout the parishes of Lower Canada, which were to be supported by the funds of the Jesuits. Acts were also passed CANADIAN HISTORY. 53 for the better regulation of pilots and ship- ping, and to improve the navigation of the 3t. Lawrence from Montreal to the Gulf. Lesson L^ I. Ir. October, 1807, Sir James Craig arrived in Canada as Governor General. He was an able military officer, and was therefore sent out in anticipation of a war ith the United States. The first steamboat on the St. Law- rence River was seen in 1809. It was built , by John Molson, a merchant of Montreal, and called the Accommodation^ The second Cana- dian steamboat, named the K^wi/tsure, was also built by Molson, and made her first passage from Montreal to Quebec on the 4th of May, 1813. Governor Craig, on account of failing health, returned to England, and was replaced by Sir George Prevost as Governor General of British North America. At the same time, Major General Sir Isaac Brock, the hero of Upper^Canada, succeeded Lieutenant-Govern- or Francis Gore. The relations between England and the States were now becoming more unfriendly, and war was imminent. A military bill was passed in parliament, author- izing the Governor to call out two thou- sand unmarried men from eighteen to twenty- five years of age, to serve in the army. To this call the Canadians responded with promptness ; showing their loyalty and devo- tion to the British crown. Large sums of 54 CANADIAN HISTORY. money were also granted for drilling the militia, and for placing the country in a proper state of defence. ' ^^ * Lesson LXIII. .1 It' In June 1812, war was declared between England and the United States. Governor Pre vest set out at once to examine and strengthen the frontier. All American citi- zens living in Canada were notified to leave the Province in fourteen days, and no vessels were permitted to leave the ports. The Gov- ernor also issued appeals to the inhabitants to unite in the defence of their country. In order to secure the assistance of the Roman Catholics, he agreed to restore to their church the rights it had enjoyed before the conquest. At this time. Lower Canada contained a population of about 200,000, and Upper Can- ada, 80,000. The regular forces in the colony amounted to only 4500 men, of whom no more than 1450 defended the Upper Province. But the United Empire Loyalists, in large numbers, came promptly forward and offered their services to General Brock. In Lower Canada four battalions of militia were raised, and one regiment of Canadian Voltigeurs. Lesson LXIV. Canada was first invaded on the 12th July, by General Hull, who crossed the Detroit CANADIAN HISTORY. 55 een •nor and citi- eave ssels Glov- Lants In pman lUrch uest. led a Can- Dlony m no vince. large ffered ower raised, 3. July, Detroit river with 2500 men, and took possession of Sandwich. He there issued a proclamation inviting the assistance of the colonists, and immediately advanced to attack Amherstburg. Here he was promptly met by General Brock with 300 regular troops, 400 militia, and 600 Indians under the brave Tecumseh. Hull re- treated across the I'iver to Detroit, where, on the 16th, he was attacked by the Canadian army, and, after a short resistance, compelled to surrender. Thirty three pieces of cannon were captured, and Hull, and his whole army of 2500 men, were sent to Montreal as pris- oners of war. Meanwhile, the British ^lad gained another success in the West. On fthe 17th July, Captain Roberts, under the direct- ion of General Brock, advanced from St. Joseph's and captured the American Fort Machilimakinac (or Mackinac), situated on an island lying in the strait between La,ke Huron and Lake Michigan. Lesson LXV. The Americans now determined to make a great effort upon the Niagara frontier. Early in October, more than COOO troops, under the command of Colonel Van Rensellaer, were collected on the bank of the river, for the purpose of invading Canada. On the 13tb, the American Commander sent over a detach- ment of 1000 men, who attacked the British i ■ *t :i; \ .1 . ' 1 . 56 CANADIAN HISTORY. position at QueeLston. He then crossed in person with a reinforcement, and his troops gained the heights. But General Brock ad- vanced hastily with a small force, and endeavored to retake this position from the Americans. While cheering on his men to the attack, he was unfortunately struck by a fihot and killed. His Aide-de-camp, Colonel Macdonnell, was also shot down. The British troops became discouraged and retreated ; but in the afternoon, a body of 800 men, under General Sheaffe, came to their rescue. The attack was resumed ; and after half-an-hour's fighting, nearly 1000 Americans surrendered. The British loss was 70 men. while the enemy lost 400 killed and wounded. Upper Canada deeply mourned Sir Isaac Brock, and erected a monument to his memory. Lesson LXVI. In November, the American General Smyth, with 4500 men, attempted to cross the Niag- ara river above the falls, but was driven back with loss. The British were also successful at Ogdensburg : Captain McDonnell crossed the St. Lawrence on the ice; attacked and drove out the garrison, and took some cannon and a quantity of stores. In the same month. Gen- eral Dearborn advanced from Lake Champlain, but was met and defeated by Colonel de Sala- berry. At sea, however, the Americans were more successful. With larger ships, carrying CANADIAN HISTORY. 67 in more guns and men, they captured several British vessels; but on land, they were driven back at all points. In January, 1813, the British Colonel Proctor defeated the A- mericans near Detroit, and captured their leader. General Wilkinson, with 500 men. In the meantime, the enemy had prepared a fleet at Sackett's Harbor, under the command of Commodore Chauncey. In April, General Dearborn embarked a lorce of 2000 troops in this fleet, and sailed to York. The capital was held by General Sheaffe with only COO men. The Americans, after landing, advanced to the attack, and the British were obliged to abandon the town. Two hundred of the latter surrendered as prisoners of war, and the artillery and stores fell into the hands of the invaders. . i ■ i v-;- Lesson LXVII. General Shea,fle was censured for this defeat, and before long he was superseded by General de Rottenburg. In iVla}'-, Commodore Chauncey and General Dearborn attacked Fort George at the mouth of Niagara river. This Fort was gallantly defended by General Vincent with 1000 regulars and 300 militia, but he was compelled to fall back upon Queenston. Vincent then called in the garrisons at Chip" pewa and Fort Erie, and, after destroying those ^ laces, he retired to Burlington Heights. General Dearborn immediately sent forward 1 1 I I ill 58 CANADIAN HISTORY. Generals Chandler and Winder to destroy the British army collected at that place ; but the}^ were unsuccessful, and retreated in disorder, with a loss of two generals and 116 men prisoners. About this time. Sir James Yeo arrived from England with a reinforce- ment of several naval officers and 450 seaman. Yeo and Governor Prevost at once proceeded to Kingston to prepare the fleet for action. It was now determined to make an attack upon Sackett's Harbour, while the American fleet was absent at the west end of the lake. Accordingly, on the 27th of May, the British squadron of seven vessels, having on board 1000 men under the Governor General, left Kingston and steered across the lake. But the expedition was a shameful failure, and the fleet returned to Kingston without hav- ing accomplished anything except the destruc- tion of a few houses. • Lesson LXVIII. Another attempt was now made by the Americans to capture Petroit, and regain the Michigan territory. General Harrison had advanced to the Miami rapids, and was await- ing reinforcements. The British General Proc- tor, with over 2000 regulars, militia and Indians, proceeded to attack the enemy; but the American General, having entrenched hia army, was able to maintain his ground. The CANADIAN HISTORY. 59 British, however, fell upon the reinforcement which was marching to join Harrison, and took 500 prisoners. This loss crippled the Republicans, and saved Detroit from all pres- ent danger. The British were also victorious on Lake Champlain. Two vessels of the en- emy were taken at Isle aux Noix, and the magazine destroyed at Plattsburg. But the tide of victory was now turned; and our troops were to meet with some severe defeats. On the 10th of September, a squadron of nine vessels under Commodore Perry attacked the British fleet on Lake Erie, under Captain Barclay, and captured every vessel. In this engagement the American loss was twenty- six killed and ninety-six wounded; while the British lost all their officers and one third of the crews either killed or wounded. Lesson LXIX. In September, 1813, General Harrison with a reinforcement of mounted riflemen from Kentucky, attacked Detroit. General Proctor was driven out, and compelled to cross the Detroit river. He retreated up the Thames,' but was so closely pressed by the Americans, that he was obliged to turn and fight. A stand was made at Moravian Town with 800 British, and 500 Indians under the brave Tecumseh; but resistance was useless. Tecumseh was killed. Proctor fled, and his 60 CANADIAN HISTORY. army retreated in confusion to BLirlin£;ton Heights. The Americans, encouraged by their success, now formed a plan against Montreal. One army of 6000 men under General Hampton was to march from Lake Champlain, and an- other, 8800 strong, under General Wilkinson, was to sail from Sackett s Harbour. Hamp- ton pushed forward, on the 26th of October, toward Montreal. At Chateauguay, he was met by a body of 1000 Canadian Militia under Colonel Salaberry, who checked his advance. A battle followed, in which Hamp- ton's forces were defeated and compelled to retreat towards Plattsbursf. Lesson LXX. iv.. :'^ Wilkinson's force now entered the St. Law- rence, and sailed down the river. At Williamsburg, a detachment of 2000 men was landed to disperse the Canadians who harass- ed their passage. The Americans were led by General Boyd; while the British forces, num- bering only 1000 men, were under the com- mand of General Morrison. On the 11th of November, the battle of Chrysler's Farm was fought in an open field. The Americans com- menced the attack, but after two hours hard fighting, they were compelled to seek their boats and cross to the south side of the river. The British loss was 22 killed, and 106 wounded and missing; while that of the en- CANADIAN HISTORY. 61 emy was 102 killed, and 236 wounded. Hampton and Wilkinson's armies were thus defeated and disheartened by the bravery of the British and Canadian forces at Chateau- guay and Chrysler's Farm. 'General Wilkinson proceeded down the river in his boats toward Montreal, but hearing of Hampton's retreat, he abandoned his designs against that city, and retired to PJattsbnrg. Thus ended the invasion of Lower Canada, and the campaign of 1813. Lesson LXXL :', 'i The campaign of 1814 opened on the 31st of March at La CoUe Mill, eight miles from the foot of Lake Cham plain. Here Colonel Williams with 1500 British was attacked by General Wilkinson with 4000 troops. The Americans were defcited and driven back to Plattsburg. In May, the fort at Oswego was taken by the British General Drummond; but this success was followed by a defeat at Sack- ett's Harbour. Fort Erie was also taken by the Americans. At Chippewa, in July, a battle was fought between General Riall with 2400 troops, and General Brown at the head of 4000 Republicans. The British fought bravely; but were compelled to retreat toward Burlington Heights. After this, on the 25th of July, General Riall, having been reinforced by General Drummond with 800 troops from 62 CANADIAN HISTORY. York, advanced upon the Americans at Lun- dy*s Lane near Niagara. The battle commenc- ed at 5 o'clock p. m., and continued until half-past 11. At midnight the enemy gave up the contest, and retreated to Fort Erie. The Americans lost 1,200 killed, wounded, and prisoners; while the loss of the British was 900, including General Riall, who was captured. This was the hardest fought battle in the whole campaign. Lesson LXXII. i I On the loth of August, General Drumraond atteriipted to retake Fort Erie, but failed. In September, the besieged garrison, under Gen. Brown, sallied from the fort and obliged Genera-l Drummond to retreat towards Hamil- ton. Shortly after, the British General was joined by a reinforcement of newly-arrived troops from England, and again marched upon Fort Erie. This time he was successful ; and the Americans, on the 5 th of November, were compelled to evacuate the fort and retire a- cross Niagrara. This was the last act of the war. Peace was restored by the Treaty of Ghent, which was signed on the 24th of De- cember, 1814. At the close of the war, which lasted three years. Upper and Lower Canada were very much exhausted. During the cori- test, however, the colonists gave the strongest proofs of their loyality to England. Party spirit was hushed; and all political parties II *ifc- . CANADIAN HISTORY. 63 at Lun- >minenc- jd until ny gave rt Erie, ounded, British ho was it battle joined in a film determination to defend the honor of the country's flag in Canada. The militia were now disbanded, and a pension of £6 per annum was voted to each man disabled by service. Small sums of money were also granted to the officers, and to the widows and orphans of those killed in the war. '■> CHAPTER VIII mraond failed. under obliged Hamil- ral was arrived id upon ul ; and ir, were tire a- of the aty of of De- which ■^anada le con- 'ongest Party parties PROGRESS IN CANADA AFTKR THE WAR. — * INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. — EDUCATION. — CHOLERA. — INCORPORATION OF MONTREAL I AND QUEBEC. — REBELLION IN LOWER CAN- ADA. — REBELLION IN UPPER CANADA. — THE CAROLINE. — RE-UNION OF THE PRO- VINCES. IK. Lesson LXXIII. In 1815. a sum of £20 000 was granted for opening a canal from Montreal to Lachino. In the Upper Canadian Parliament, £1700 was voted for the erection of a monument on Queenston Heights to the momory of General Brock. In April, Governoi Prevost departed for England, and was succeeded by Sir George Drummond. The latter remained in Canada only one year, and, in May, 1816, was replaced by Sir John Coape Sherbrooke, who had been Governor of Nova Scotia. In the same year, 6#^ AHOXSIH NViayKVO common schools were established in Upper Canada, and .£6000 was set apart for their support by Parliament. The first bank in Canada was opened in Montreal in 1817. The failing health of Governor Sherbrooke induced him to resign, and in 1818 he was relieved by the Duke of Richmond, The new Governor arrived in July, and was received with great satisfaction on account of his high rank. He brought with him his son-in-laW' Sir Peregrine Maitland, who had been ap- pointed Lieutenant Governor of Upper Can- ada. In the following summer, after a tour through the province, his Grace was seized with an attack of hydrophobia, resulting from the bite of a tame fox, and died on the 27th of August. Lesson LXXIV. /i-i-j. The country was now making progress in many directions. Emigration was encouraged, and thousands of people came from England, Ireland, and Scotland to seek homes in the Dominion ; wild lands were surveyed ; canals and roads were laid out, and money voted by Parliament ^or their completion ; steamboats were employed to navigate the lakes and rivers ; education was encouraged, and religi- ous liberty enjoyed by the people of all denominations. In 1824, the Welland Canal between Lakes Erie and Ontario was begun, having been projected by the Hon. William Merritt in 1818. ^ CANADIAN HISTORY. 65 Jpper their nk in 1817. )rook9 B was le new ceived 3 high in-law ' m ap' r Can- El tour seized g from le 27th After the death of the Duke of Richmond, the Hon. James Monk became Governor of Lower Canada. He remained in that position a year, and was superseded by the Eail of Dalhousie, who arrived in June, 1820. In July, 1821, the Lachine Canal was com- menced by a Canadian Company, and the buildinof of the Eideau Cand between King- eton and Ottawa was contemplated. The lumber trade was. now increasing, and hund- reds of ships were employed in exporting Canadian wood to Great Britain. In conse- quence of this extensive traffic, settlements were rapidly springing up on the Ottawa river and in other remote regions of the province. ■■;7 7'wl J - '>' '..'I ress in iraged, igland, n the canals ,ed by mboats and religi- of all Canal begun, Villianv »3 Lesson LXXV. In 1824,an immense riatbottomed ship, nam- ed the Cohimbus, was launched at the Island of Orleans, and sailed to England with a load ( f timber. The next year a still larger vessej, the Baron Renfrew, was launched at the same ])lace, and sailed with a cargo of lumber. These two vessels are the largest, except the Vamhrhilt and the Great Eastern , that have over crossed the Atlantic. Shortly after, Dalhousie sailed for England, leaving the charge of the government in the hands of Sir F. N. Burton. The census of 1824 gave the population of Lower Canada as four hundred and tvventy-thice thousand six hundred and ■■ CO CANADIAN HISTORY. ,. thirty. In this year also, the Uiuvorsity of McGill College was established in Montreal. In 182G, subscriptions were made for the erection of a monument to the memory of Wolfe and Montcalm; and the pillar now standing at Quebec was finished the next year. At the same time, work on the Rideau Canal was commenced at the expense of the Impe- rial treasury. The Earl of Dalhousie was now promoted to the military command of India, and Sir James Kempt was sent from Nova Scotia to succeed him. In 1830, Kempt re- turned to England, and was replaced by Lord Aylmer. ,. Lesson LXXVI. ■i .<\yi*'j Unfriendlv feelinor had now arisen between the Canadas, on account of the proportion of import duties claimed by Upper Canada- The population of this province had rapidly in- creased; and one-fifth only of the whole reve- nue was deemed an unfair allowance. The dispute was referred to the Home authorities, who, to settle all differences, proposed a union of the two Provinces. But this was unanimous- ly opposed both by the Parliament and people of Lower Canada. Troubles had also arisen in Lower Canada between the Gove aor and the Legislative Assembly respecting the pnbh'c money. The latter claimed tliat they should have the manaijement of all revenues arisinix from import duties, sales of land, timber, CANADIAN HISTORY. V'7 &c., wliile the Governor insisted that this right belonged to himself as the representa- tive of the Crown. For four years no progress had been made in settling these difficulties. In 1828, discontent had become so great, that 87,000 of the inhabitants petitioned the King, complaining of the conduct of successive Gov- ernors, and urging the claims of the Assembly. The petition was referred to a Committee of the British House, who recommended that the receipt and t .penditure of the whole pub- lic revenue should be placed under the super- intendence of the Canadian Assembly. This suggestion gave great satisfaction to the Lower Canadians. Lesson LXXVII. 1 In January, 1831, Governor A3lmer opened the Lower Canadian Parliament, which was composed of sixty French-Canadians and twenty-four English-speaking members. In his speech, the Governor said that the British Government would pass an Act giving the management of all the Provincial revenue in- to the care of the Assembly ; reserving to the Crown all money arising from the sale of lands, the cutting of timber, and other minor sources. But the Assembly would listen to nothing IcoS than a surrender of the whole rev- enue into their hands. Many of the mem- bers became greatly excited, and even threat- ened to rebel and join the neighboring republic rri M \t\ i i38 CANADIAN ItlStORV* if the Government I'efused their claims. The British population, satisfied with the liberal concessions oi the Home Government, sided with the executive ; while the French-Can- adians supported the Assembly. During the next year a serious riot occurred at the Mon- treal elections, w^hen the military were called out and fired into the crowd, killing three per- sons and wounding two others. The excite ment became intense, and the whole blame was laid by the French-Canadians upon the Governor and his Council. During the sum- mer, the first Asiatic cholera broke out with fearful violence, and in a short time spread over the whole of Canada. j; Lesson LXXVIII. The English Ministry, in order to pacify the Lower Canadians, continued to make conces- sions. Lord A3dmer, at the opening of Par- liament in 1833, endeavored to calm the ex- cited feelings of the opposition, but without success. The Assembly refused to grant sup- •plies, and 155,000 dollars had to be paid out of the military fund to carry on the Govern- ment. In this year, difficulties again arose be- tween Upper and Lower Canada, respecting the division of revenues ; and in consequence, a proposition was made for uniting Montreal to the Western Province. But this was re- fused by the Assembly of Lower Canada. The cities of Quebec and Montreal were incor- CANADIAN HISTORY. G9 poratcd in this year, and the lirsb election of Mayors took place. Organizations were form- ed in these cities, which repudiated all inter- ference of the British Government in the local affairs of Canada. In 1834, the Asiatic cholera again ravaged the Upper and Lower Provinces with more disastrous effects than be- fore. The last Parliament of Lower Canada met in Feb. 1835. The Hon. L. J. Papineau was elected Speaker; and the members stated thoir wants to Governor Aylmer,insisting that tlie Legislative Council should be henceforth elected by the people. A petition was also drawn up and sent to the King, complaining of the arbitrary conduct of the Governor. Lesson LXXIX. In 1835, Lord Aylmer was succeeded by the Earl of Gosford. The new Governor was in- structed by the Home Government to con- ciliate the French party, and to allow the Assemblj^'s claim to the control )f the entire revenue ; but, on the other hand, an Elective Legislative Council was to be refused, as well as the surrendering of Crown Lands. These terms were rejected by the Assembly, and it was now plainly seen that a compromise was impossible. The members of the Lowei House again refused to vote supplies ; the Legislative Council, indignant at the attempt to overthrow it, rejected every bill sent up from the Assem- bly, and the Governor soon after prorogued w 70 CANADIAN IIISTOIIV. Paiiiamont Thus, political excitement rose to an extreme height, and an armed collision was expected. In 183G, Gosford was instruct- ed to make a final effort to pacify tlie Assem- bly, and secure supplies for carrying on the Government. Accordingly, Parliament was assembled in September ; but the members re- mained firm, and refused to do anything untd their claims were acceded to by the British GoveTi-.r:iont. This was the last effort made to settle the difficulties between the Assembly and the Executive, and Lord Gosford witli deep regret prorogued the House. Lesson LXXX. The Rebellion was now begun. In June 1837, meetings were held in Lower Canada, in which it was resolved to separate from the mother country. Papineau, Speaker of the late House of Assembl}^ took the lead of affairs, and proceeded to organize and drill an armed force. This example soon spread to other counties ; and in some parts of the Province, British authority was entirely disregarded. Governor Gosford now applied to Sir Colin Campbell, Governor of Nova Scotia, for two regiments, and also to Sir F. B. Head for some of his Upper Canadian troops. The first skirmish occurred at Montreal. The '' Sons of Liberty " were put to flight, but no lives were lost. The Government now issued war- rants for the arrest of Papineau and other • CANADIAN UISTOUV. 71 leaders m tlic reLcllion. Nine were soon taken, but the master-spirit escaped. Papi- neau and otiiers had escapod to St. Dc'nnis and St. CharJes on the Richelieu, and, in No- vember, Sir John Colborne, Commander-in- Chief, sent Colonels Gore and Wetheral, with . detachments of troops, to attack these villages. Gore met with such resistance at St. Dennis, that lie was forced to retreat, after he ■ had lost six men killed and ten wounded. , But Wetheral succeeded upon St. Charles, and drove out; the rebels,who lost 300 of their num- ber. In December, Gore took possession of , St. Dennis without opposition, as a panic had ,, spread among the disloyal inhabitants, and ^ their leaders had already fled to the neighbor- ing Republic. Thus, in a short time tho rebellion was quelled in Lower Canada. Lesson LXXXL ■ft Ml LS fs r Turning to Upper Canada, we find tho same troubles which had caused the rebellion in tho Lower Province. In 1829 the inhabitants of Toronto' pres'^nted a petiti -n to tho Home Government, praying that the control of the judges might be taken fi om the Executive, and that a local Government might be grant- ed to the country. In 18.30, the members of the Assembly asserted their 7'ight to manage the whole Provincial revenue ; and in tho fol- lowing year this right was granted. In 1832, W. L. Mackenzie was sent to England with a '2 CANADIAN HISTORY. petition from 24,500 colonists, askinc;, among other things, that the Legislative Conncil bo made elective. Governor Colborne was superseded at his own request in 1835, and was succeeded by Sir Francis Bond Head. While at New York, on his way home, Colborne received despatch- es appointing him Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian forces, and he returned to take charge of the trooi)s in Lower Canada. Gov- ernor Head was not popular in the Upper Province. The House of Assembly sent an address to the King, charging the Governor with want of candour and truth ; that he dis- regarded the will of the people, and that he appointed to the chief offices men who had no sympathy with a large number of the colonists. DiiHculties increased, until, for the first time in Upper Canada, the supplies were stopped in 1836. V . Lesson LXXXIL *i At the beginning of 1837, Mackenzie was holding disloyal meetings, and keeping up a correspondence with the malcontents in Lower Canada. It was about this time that the troops were sent down to quell the insurrec- tion in Lower Canada, ^and the Western Province was left unprotected. Mackenzie resolved to take advantage of this ; to march upon the cajntal, siczc it, and after vvards pro- claim a Republic. The rebels assembled near Toronto, and made an attempt to capture the CANADIAN HISTORY 73 city ; l)ut they were routed at Montgomery's tavern by a militia force under Col. McNab. Mackenzie and other leaders fled U> the States. In the London district there was another at- tempt at insurrection, but Col. McNab, who had marched thither, dispersed the rebels. But there was now danger from another di- rection. Mackenzie had collected a number of men at Buffalo, and with these he was about to invade Canada. Van Rensellaer was placed in command of the force. He took possession of Navy Island, in the Niagara river, and fortified it. Here, volunteers were invited from Canada and the United States, and the number soon amounted to 1,000 men. Col. McNab now arrived at Chippewa with 2,500 militia who were prepared to resist any at- tempt at landing. The steamboat Caroline was employed by the rebels in conveying stores and troops to the island. Lesson LXXXIII. i le ;h le On the 28th of December, Col. McNab in- structed Lieutenant Drew to select a crew and attempt to capture the Caroline, The * Lieu- tenant found the vessel on the American side of the river, and immediately boarded her, al- though fired upon by her guards. Five of the guards were killed, while Drew lost none kill- ed, and only three wounded. Finding it im- possible to tow the boat to the Canadian side. 74 CANADIAN HISTORY. on account of the strength of the current, sh& was set on fire in mid-stream, and allowed to drift over the Falls. At this time General Scott was sent by the American Government to prevent men and supplies from reaching Navy Island from the American side. In con- sequence of this, Van Rensellaer evacated his position in January 1838. Various bands of men were collected at Detroit, Sandusky, and Watertown, to invade Canada, but all thdr efforts were in vain. ^ .,., .^^ In March, 1838, Sir F. B. Head was ra- called, and Sir George Arthur appointed Gov- ernor in his stead. Five hundred prisoners^ were now in the gaols at Hamilton and To- ronto. Two leaders were executed, others; were sent to the Penitentiary at Kingston,, wh^^ . ome were released. On the night of tlie ^Oth of May, the steamer Sir Robert Peel^ while on her way from Prescott up the river, was plundered and burned by a gang of dis- guised men under a noted desperado, named Bill Johnson. ; / , ■ ; , = ;;: :-j- Les-jn LXXXIV. ,.,;. ,,, ^ ,^. , A final invasion of Upper Canada was at- tempted in October, 1838. One body of invaders landed at Prescott,. and took shelter in a stone windmill. Here they were attack- ed by the Canadians, and af^^r a long struggle they surrendered. In this figit, the "patriots"' lost more than Vrty killed, and tl.e Canadians* GANAfilAN HISTORY. 75 thirteen. At the same time, another body of rebels crossed the Detroit river, took Windsor, burned a steamer*, and murdered two men. They then proceeded toward Sandwich, but wei e met by Colonel Prince, with a detach- ment of militia, who attacked and scattered them, killing twenty one, and taking four prisoners, whom he ordered to be shot as soon as brought to his camp. Courts-martial were now held at Kingston and London. The chief prisoners were hanged ; some, on account of their youth, were permitted to return home, •while more than 150 were transported to the 'penal settlements of New South Wales. Ten imen were executed at Kingston for the at- tack at the Windmill ; while three suffered 'death at London for the depredations and 'murders committed at Windsor. The exiled rebels were allowed to return about five years rafter this, on account of the intercession of the Assembly. Thus ended the " Canadian Re- bellion." ... ,^ ;, ,„,,, . ' Lesson LXXXV. :■■::'' ,•."■■ ■'. at- of ilter Lck- pts lians* In Lower Canada, Lord Gosford was recall- ed in 1838, and Sir John Colborne appointed his successor. Martial law, which had ^^cvail- ed during the rebellion, was discontinued in May ; and in the same month arrived the Earl of Durham as Governor-General. He had been sent to inquire into the strtc of affairs in the two Provinces, and report to the British Parliament. The Earl wished to be- « ' 7G CANADIAN HISTORY. gin his government by acts of peace and good- will. He proclaimed a pardon to all who had engaged in the rebellion, except eighty of the ringleaders, who were banished to the Bermudas. He also made a tour through the Canadas and did much to restore tranquility to the country. In his able repojt to the Home Government, he proposed that the two Provinces should be united in one Govern- ment. This proposition was afterwards adopted. All lovers of our country must hon- or the Earl of Durham as the originator of crood government in Canada. In November, 1838, the Earl desired his recall, and he was succeeded by Sir John Colborne as Governor- General. On the day of Lord Durham's departure,a second rebellion broke out in Low- er Canada. After several skirmishes, Governor Colborne attacked the rebals under Robert Nelson, at Napiersville,and completely scatter- ed them. The rebels were also defeated at Beauharnois by the Glengarry men. This was the end of the second Lower Canadian Rebellion, which lasted seven days. Twelve of the leaders were hanged. ;.M.vi i.C Lesson LXXXVL In October,1839,Mr. Charles Poulett Thomp- son arrived at Quebec as Governor-General. He was a gentleman of great ability, and was sent out to procure the consent of Upper and Lower Canada to a union. Sir John Colborne CANADIAN HISTORY. 77 :*al. '^as md who had requested his own recall, immediate- ly sailed for England, where he was honorably received, and elevated to the peerage as Lord Seaton. Meanwhile, Mr. Thompson convoked the special council, and explained the wishes of the British Government concerning the union of the Canadas. The Council at once passed a resolution giving their consent. The Governor then proceeded to Upper Canada. Arriving at Toronto, he opened Parliament, and endeavored to gain its consent also to the proposed union. A Union Bill was accord- ingly introduced, which passed both Houses in January, 1840. The Bill was afterwards sanctioned by the Queen, and on July 23rd, 1840, the Provinces of Upper and Lower Can- ada were united under one Government. For the judicious manner in which Mr. Thompson had brought the Provinces to consent to the union, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Sydenham of Kent and Toronto. In this year, Queen's College, Kingston, was founded, and Victoria College, at Cobourg, incorporated as a University, , , '■i-t' :; -.'i! J*?:,^'^ 'f-'r •;\: * i\ "t V T 78 CANADIAN HlSTOIlY. ■■J' CHAPTER IX. (S ' i- i i KINGSTON THE CAPITAL. — LORD SYDENHAM GOVERN- OR-GENERAL. — MONTREAL BECOMES THE SEAT OP GOVERNMENT. — FIRES IN QUEBEC. — EDUCA- TIONAL ADVANCEMENT. IMMIGRATION. LORD ELGIN. RIOTS. — SEAT OF GOVERNMENT CHANG- ED TO TORONTO AND QUEBEC ALTERNATELY. ,: FIRES IN MONTREAL. RAILWAYS. — OTTAWA THE , PERMANENT CAPITAL. ATLANTIC CABLE. VISIT OF H. R. H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. VICTORIA BRIDGE.- -FENIAN INVASION. — CONFEDERATION. Ai' 3H". Lesson LXXXVII. Under the new government, Kingston was selected as the capital in 1841, and there Lord Sydenham took up his residence. In this year, the Lieutenant-Governorships ceased ; and the Governor-General became the sole representa- tive of the Queen in Canada. The elections to the new Leorislature were held in March, and the first united Parliament of the Pro- vince was opened in June 1841. On the 4th of September, the Governor-General was severely injured by a fall from his horse, and died on the 19 th of the same month. He was b.uried in Kingston in compliance with his request. The news of his death was received with deep grief throughout Canada. By his wisdom he had introduced measures for the extension of education, the regulation of the currency, aijd for the improvement of trade nai commerce. Sydenham's successor, Sir CANADIAN HISTORY. 79 Charles Bagot, arrived at the capital in Jan- uary, 1842. Ill health, however, compelled him to resign his office, and he was about to return to England, when he died at Kingston in May of the following year. Sir Charles Metcalfe, who had distinguished himself as Governor in India and in Jamaica, succeeded Sir Charles Bagot. In 1844, the seat of Gov- ernment was changed to Montreal, where the Governor-General took up his residence during the summer. In this year Mr. George Brown commenced the publication of the Toronto Globe, . ,,. ';, , -,. ,,.,. ,. ^ :. - . .,, Lesson LXXXVIII. >ir In 1845, a large portion of Quebec was de- stroyed by two extensive tires in May and June,by which 24,000 people were deprived of their homes. Great Britain subscribed £100,- 000 sterling to the relief of the sufferers, while Canada nobly contributed £35,000 currency in addition. Bad health compelled Lord Met- calfe to resign his office m November of this year, when the Earl of Catlicart, commander of the forces in Canada, was appointed Admin- istrator. About this time, the Ministry pro- posed to pay all losses incurred during the rebellion in Upper Canada, b}'^ the fund aris- ing from tavern and other licenses. This was agreed to by the French -Canadian party, on condition that like losses in Lower Canada should also be paid. Accordingly, Parliament 80 CANADIAN HISTORY. Hi p:anted £9,586 in part payment ot Lower Canadian losses. In 1846, common schools were extensively tstablished throughout the country, and the present educational S3^stem introduced, chiefly throu^^h the creditable ex- ertions of the Chief Superintendent, Dr. Ryer- son. On the 30th of January, 1847, the Earl of Elgin, the successor of L>rd Metcalfe, arriv- ed at Montreal. During this year, the famine and fever, which had spread over Ireland and Scotland, drove multitudes to seek a home in Canada. So gi-eat was ihe immigration, that up to August, 70,000 people had arrived at Quebec. Lesson LXXXTX. Parliament was again convened in January, 1849, and Mr. Lafontaine introduced a bill to pay the balance of Lower-Canadian Rebellion- Losses. A stormy debate followed. The opposition contended that if the bill passed, rebels as well as Loyalists would be paid for their losses ; and that it would be unjust to compel Upper Canada to pay any proportion whatsoever. Excitement increased, and the old feeling between the French and English races again broke out with much bitterness. Nevertheless, the Bill was carried in the As- sembly by 4.8 to 32, and having passed the Upper House, it was assented to by Lord Elgin on April 26th, 1849, On leaving the Parliament House, the Governor was insulted CANADIAN HISTORY. 81 I by the crowd ; and in the evening, a disorder-' ly mob set fire to this building, which, with the valuable library, was completely destroy- ed. Eioting was carried on in the city, and several Reform members were maltreated, and their houses injured. Finally, the militia were called out, and fired upon the mob, kill^ ing one man. In consequence of these dis- graceful occurrences. Lord Elgin tendered his resignation to the Queen ; but the Home Government approved of his conduct, and re- quested him to continue in office. To this he consented ; and in a short time, tranquility was restored. Addresses now came pouring in from all quarters upon the Governor-Gen- eral, expressing confidence in his Administra- tion, and regret for the scenes he had witness- ■ . ■ ■ ' ■ '- • ' ' ■ ■ ' ' ■ ■ •■ ■ ' ■ -^ .= ■• Lesson XC. \ In consequence of the late riots, it was re- solved to remove the seat of Government from Montreal, and for the next two years to meet in Toronto (its name had been changed from York in 1834). After this, Parliament met al- ternately at Toronto and Quebec every four years. In 1851, railways began to be con- structed. The first lines constructed we- j the Great Western, the Northern, and the Grand Trunk. Numerous lighthouse had also been erected in the St. Lawrence River and Gulf to insure navigation. In this year, the corner- H ; |- HI It lit M 82 CANADIAN HISTORY. stone of the Normal School Buildings was laid by Lord Elgin,and Trinity College was found- ed. Canada now made a very creditable display at the Great World's Exhibition held at London. Monti eal was this year desolated by a terrible fire,which deprived ten thousand people of their homes. In July, 1854, a Re- ciprocity Treaty was made between British North America and the United States. This treaty allowed to Americans, with certain ex- ceptions, the use of British sea-fisheries ; it per- mitted the mutual exchange of numerous arti- cles, free of duty, between Canada and the United States, and it opened the navigation of Canadian canals to the Americans, while the Canadians were permitted to navigate Lake Michigan. In this year. Lord Elgin was re- called and was succeeded by Sir Edmund Head. The former returned to England, and was afterwards appointed Governor-General of India, where he died in 1863. "" ' ' ' Lesson XCL :i/ In 1856, the Great Western and the North- ern Railways were in operation, and the Grand Trunk was completed to Montreal. In 1857, a distressing accident caused deep sad- ness in Canada. The steamer Montreal was destroyed by fire while on her wf»y from Quebec to Montreal with a large number of emigrants. Two hundred and fifty lives were lost by this catastrophe. The Canadian Gov- CANADIAN HISTORY. 83 ernment now established a weekly line of ocean steamships to England. During the session of Parliament in this year, a resolution was passed praying Her Majesty to select a Canadian city, suitably situated, to become the permanent seat of government, while at the same time, $900,000 was voted for the erection of buildings. In the following year it was announced in Parliament that Her Majesty had been pleased to select Ottawa (formerly By town) as the Capital of the Can- adas. The new Canadian decimal coinage came into circulation during this year, and Victoria Bridge, crossing the St. Lawrence at Montreal, was nearly completed. In June, the Prince of Wales' Koyal Canadian or Hun- dredth Regiment was raised in Canada, and was embarked for England to serve in the Imperial army. / r , . ,, . Lesson XCII. • i On the 19th of August, 1858, the Atlantic cable was successfully laid between Ireland and Newfoundland, and messages of congratu- lation between the Queen and President Buchanan were transmitted by it. There was great rejoicing in the chief cities of Canada and the United States But there was some flaw in the cable, which rapidly became worse, and in a few days communications entirely ceased. During the session of Parliament in 18o9,an 84 CANADIAN HISTORY. "i ; I i: I address was voted to Her Majesty, respectfully inviting her to visit Canada and open the Vic- toria Bridge, wliich was now near completion. At this time the announcement was first made of a project in England to unite all the Brit- ish American Colonies in a Federal union. Trade and commerce had continued to increase since 1857, and the customs-duties of 1859 ex- ceeded those of 1858 by about $100,000. On the 20th of February, 1860, the Canadian steamer Hungarian, from Liverpool to Port- land, was totally lost off Cape Sable, with all on board. On the 23th of the same month, Parliament met at Quebec, and, on the same daj'', Spencer Wood, the Governor's residence, was destroyed by fire. During this session, a despatch was received from the Duke of New- castle, expressing Her Majesty's regret that she would not be able to accept the invitation given the year before, but that His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales, would be pre- sent at the opening of Victoria Bridge. (' I Lesson XCIII. n- . Extensive preparations were now being made all over the country to give the Prince of Wales a fitting welcome* The sum of $20,- 000 was voted b}'- Parliament to pay the expenses of his reception. He sailed on tne 10th of July, 1860, from Plymouth, in the war steamer Hero, with a fleet of war vessels ^ ei|cort. He reached St. John's Newfpund- CANADIAN HISTORY. 8 o land, on the 23rd, and Halifax on the 3()th of the same month. At both places he was re- ceived with great demonstrations of loyalty. Leaving the Beet at Halifax, he crossed to St. John's New Brunswick,on tlie 2nd of August, visited Fredericton on the 4th, and reached Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, on the 10th. Again taking ship, he sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec, which he reached on the 18th, and where lo3^al addresses were present- ed by both Houses of Parliament, and the Speakers were Knighted by the Prince. On the 25th, His Royal Highness reached Mon- treal, and^after a brilliant procession, opened the Victoria Bridge with grand ceremonies. \ Ottawa was reached on the 31st. Here, on September 1st, he laid the foundation-stone of the New Parliament Buildirigs. Leaving Ot- tawa on the 3rd, he visited Brockville, Kings- ton, Belleville, and Cobourg, and arrived in Toronto on the Gth. Lesson XCIV. ;ne At Toronto, the Prince received a magnitl- cent welcome. Five thousand children sang the National Anthem; large and beautiful arches spanned the landing place and princi- pal streets; buildings were illuminated and tire-works displayed at night. The Prince left the Capital of the Western Proviqce on the 12th of September^ and visited London, Hamilton and Niagara Falls^ All along the IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET {MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 UIM |2.s ■SO ■^~ IliH sSf IS US. Ill 2.0 m VI u 1 U 11.6 <^ 71 ^'^ ^ o ^/,. ^i^/ /I / /A m v fV N> ?^ 4(^ ■4^ i'^^ 4. \ 86 CANADIAN HISTORY. I i 1 1 !1 road addresses were showered upon him, while hearty cheers greeted his arrival at, and de- parture from, the numerous stations of the Grand Trunk. At Windsor, the Prince re- ceived the last Canadian address, and at once crossed to Detroit. He then made an exten- sive tour south and west, visiting Chicago and St. Louis, and returning eastward by Cin- cinnati, Pittsburg, and Baltimore. He reached Washington on the 3rd of October, and was cordially received by President Buchanan. The Prince afterwards visited Richmond, Philadel- phia, New York, and Boston, in all of wt ich places vast crowds assembled to show their good will and respect for the eon of our Gracious Queen. He finally sailed from Port- land for England on the 20th of October, after a royal progress such as was not before wit- nessed in the Western Hemisphere. Lesson XCV. In 1861, began the terrible civil war be- tween the Southern and Northern States in the neighboring Republic It was carried on for four years with great slaughter, and resulted in the defeat and surrender of the Confederate armies. The census of 1861 showed the pop- ulation of Upper Canada to be 1,396,000; while that of tne Lower Province was 1,111, 000. In August of this year, died William Lyon Mackenzie, who was chiefly noted as the leader of the Upper Canadian Rebellion CANADIAN HISTORY. 87 rhile de- the 3 re- once tten- )and Cin- iched was .The ladel- nY ich their f our Port- after wit- be- ;e3 in on for iulted derate e pop- S,000 ; 1,111, illiam ed as >ellion of 1837-38, but who was nevertheless, an honest man, and a well-wisher of his adopted country. In October, Sir Edmund Head w^as succeeded by Lord Monck. Shortly after the arrival of the new Governor General, the coun- try was thrown into great excitement, on ac- count of the affair of the British steamer Trent. She was boarded by the officers of an American war-ship, who forcibly seized two commissioners of the Southern Confederacy, Messrs Mason and Slidell, when on their way to Europe, but who were carried to the Northern States and cast into prison. This act gave great offence to the British Government, and hostilities seemed inevitable. Troops were hurried to Canada ; the fleet at Halifax was strengthened.; gun-boats were sent up the St. Lawrence to protect the lakes, and the Can- adian volunteers were called out. After some delay, the American Government saw fit to surrender Mason and Slidell, and quiet was once more restored to the country. Lesson XCVL • On the 14th of December, 18G1, occured the lamented death of the Prince Consort. This sad event caused deep grief throughout the nation, and enlisted the sympathies of all in behalf of our bereaved Queen. Lord Monck opened Parliament on the 21st of March 1862, and in May a new Cabinet was formed under the leadership of John Sandfield Macdonald. 88 CANADIAN HISTORY. During this year, Canada lost two of her prominent men, the Hon. William Merrit, the projector of the Welland Canal, and Sir Allan McNab, who had served his country,! n peace and war, with fidelity. The war in the States had caused much money to flow into Canada, where live stock, of all kinds, was readily ibought by the Americans, at good prices. Wages were also r^ood, and the farmer, mechanic, and merchant were in a prosperous condition. In the World s Exhibition, at London, Canada was well represented, and carried off many prizes. Another terrible disaster happened t his year *o one of the Canadian Steamships. The Anglo Saxcn was totally lost at sea, with 200 passengers and the crew. In this year also, died the noble Earl of Elgin, formerly the Governor General of Canada, and who had recently won fresh laurels in India and China. Lesson XCVIL In 1864, several events occurred which threatened to disturb the peaceful relation be- tween Canada and the United States. There was a large number of Southern refugees in Canada, and many of these had established themselves near the frontier, where they couH annoy peaceable Northern citizens. During the summer, two American steamboats on Lake Erie, were seized by these Confederates, for the double purpose of liberating some Southern prisoners confined on Johnson's Is- CANADIAN HISTORY. 89 land, and of (Vstroying the Northern shipping on that lake. The steamers were, however, soon abandoned. Again, on the 29th of Octo- ber, a band of men crossed the line from Canada and attacked the town of St. Albans, in Vermont, killing one man, and wounding .several others. After plundering the banks they re-crossed ,the line into Canada. Four teen of these raiders were at once arrested, and sent to jail in Montreal, but were afterwards discharged. To prevent further acts of this nature, the Canadian Government called out 2,000 volunteers to guard the exposed points on the frontier. On the IGth of February, 18G5, Parliament met, and both Houses adopted resolutions in favour of the confeder- ation of all the British American Colonies. Messrs. Macdonald, Cartier, Brown and Gait were deputed to go to England to advocate the measure. In the maritime provinces. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick adopted the scheme, but Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island withhold their consent. Lesson XCVIII. on tes, lome Is- The American Civil war had now come to a close. On the 2nd of April, 18G5, General Lee evacuated Richmond, the capital of the Southern Confederacy, after a dreadful three days' battle ; and, on the 9th of the same month, ho surrendered the remnant of his army to General Grant. On the 14th of April, Abraham Lincoln, President of the —Kaea MLimg^LAjJi w wi mt * I iP' 90 CANADIAN HISTORY. United States, was assassinated, wliilc in his box at the Washington Theatre. The last confederate army surrendered on the 26th of April, thus ending the greatest civil war which the world probably ever witnessed, and which had cost hundreds of thousands of lives, with untold misery to millions. In the winter of 1865, rumors reached Can- ada of an intended Fenian invasion. The object of these societies, or brotherhoods, was the independence of Ireland^ and the overthrow of the British Empire. At the close of the American war, they were enabled, not only to increase their numbers, but also to obtain large quantities of arms and munitions of war. Many prominent Americans subscribed largo sums in aid of these vagabond societies, while disbanded soldiers and military officers joined their ranks. So much were they encouraged, that they paraded the streets of American cities and towns in large numbers, and openly made preparations for the threatened invasion. Lesson XCIX. The Canadian Government at once took steps to defend the country, if an attack should be made ; and, on the 7th of March, 1866, issued a call for 10,000 volunteers. On the 0th of April, a body of Fenians, numbering some hundreds, sailed from Portland for East- port, on the borders of New Brunswick, for the purpose of invading that province. Find- ing British troops confronting them, however, CANADIAN HISTORY. 91 they did not attempt to cross the line, but abandoned the enterprise. On the 30th of May, another effort was made to invade Ca- nada from Buffalo, where a large number of armed Fenians had assembled from all parts of the States. On the 1st of June they crossed the Niagara river in boats, and took possession of the village of Fort Erie. Finding no oppo- sition at that point, they commenced their march inland toward the Wclland Canal, which it was their intention to destroy. In the meantime, news of the crossing had spread throughout Canada, and troops from Toronto and Hamilton were hurried to the front. On the 2nd of June the volunteers came upon the whole Fenian force at a place called Ridge- way, and a battle ensued, in which the Cana- dian loss was forty in killed and wounded, while that of the Fenians was at least as great. The latter fell back upon Fort Erie, which they finally evacuated the next morn- ing, and recrossed the river. Lesson C. an The Fenians did not again attempt invasion of Upper Canada, but now collected in large numbers on the frontiers of the Lower province. On the 8th of June a body of these marauders crossed the line at St. Albans, and ventured a short distance into Canada, robbing farm houses, and plundering whatever came in their way; but, being without discipline, they speedily straggled back again. For some 9S CANADIAN HISTORY. I . weeks after this, feints were made at difJurcnt places on the frontiers, and the Canadian troops kept upon the alert ; but the American Executive at last took a proper view of its duty, and their arms being seized, the Fenian army melted away. Thus ended the Fenian war in Canada, which had cost several valu- able lives, much anxiety, and much expense to the Province. A monument has since been erected, in the Queen's Park, Toronto, to the memory of the gallant men who fell at Ridge- v/ay. The trial of the prisoners took place in October, when several of them were condemned to be hanged ; but, through the clemency of Her Majesty, this sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life in the Provincial Peni- tentiary. Lesson CI. ti On the 8th of June, 18G6, the Provincial Parliament commenced its first sitting in the new and magnilicent buildings at Ottawa. In July, the Atlantic Cable was finally and successfully laid, and almost the first message transmitted was the announcement of peace between Prussia and Austria, who had been engaged in a short but bloody war, resulting in the defeat of the latter. On tlie 14th of October, a di'eadful fire occurred in Quebec, resulting in the destruction of 2500 houses, several lives, and three million dollars worth of property. On the 7th of February, 1867, th^ Bill for Confederation was brought before the ritish Parliament, under the title of the CANADIAN HISTOllV. 93 "British North American Act." It r.i])ldly passed both Houses, and received th(3 Uoyal assent on the 28th of the same month. This Act declared that the four provinces of On- tario (Upper Canada), Quebec (Lower Canada), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, should be federated under the name of The Dominion of Canada, and that the census of each province should be taken every ton years. The 1st of July, 1867, Avas appointed by Royal Procla- mation as the inauguration day of the New Dominion, and it was generally welcomed throughout the country with great rejoicings. CHAPTER X. THE DOMINION OF CANADA. THE " BIllTISH NORTU AMERICAN ACT." — SIR JOHN YOUNG, GOYERNOR- GENERxVL. PRINCE ARTHUR. — THE RED RIYER TROUBLES. MANITOBA. FENIiNS. BRITISH COLUMBIA AND VANCOUVER ISLAND JOIN THE UNION. — LORD DUFFERIN, GOVERNOR-GENERAL. HON. A. MACKENZIE, PREMIE?. OF THE DOMINION. — VICE-REGAL TOUR. THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT PHILADELPHIA. Lesson CII. By the " British North American Act," Roya,l authority was to be represented in the Dominion by a Governor-General, to whom was given power to appoint in the provinces, 94 CANADIAN HISTORY. Lieutenant-Governors, who should hold office durinor five years. The Act also constituted one Parliament for the Dominion, consisting of a Senate and a Hous of Commons ; the former to be composed of seventy-two sena- tors, appointed by tlie Ciown, for life, namely twenty-four for Ontario, a like number for Quebec, twelve for New Brunswick,and twelve for Nova Scotia. Additions may be made to the number of the Senate, but the whole number must not exceed seventy-eight. The Speaker of the Senate is appointed b^ the Crown, The House of Commons, according to the Act, consisted of one hundred and eighty- one members, elected for five years, namely : eighty-two for Ontario, sixty -five for Quebec, nineteen for Nova Scotia, and fifteen for New Brunswick. The House of Commons chooses its own Speaker. To each province was given that form of government especially desired by it. In On- tario the Legislature consisted of only one House of eighty-two members, styled the Legislative Assembly of Ontario; in Quebec it comprised two Houses, the Legislative Council of twenty-four, and the Legislative Assembly of sixty-five members. The Assem- blymen of Ontario and Quebec were to be chosen for fou)* years, and the several Parlia- ments of the Dominion and Provinces were to meet every year. ' CANADIAN HISTOUY. 95 to Lesson CIII. The first Governor-General of the Dominion was Lord Monck, and the formation of the first Privy Council wcs entrusted to Sir John A. Macdonald. Hon. W. P. Ilowland was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, and the Hon. J. S. Macdonald its first Premier. During the summer of 18G7, the elections for the several Parliaments were held for two (lays, and on the 7th of November the first Dominion Parliament assembled at Ottawa. The first Ontario Le^^islature met on the 27th of January, 1868. In November of this year, Sir John Young, afterwards Lord Lisgar, arrived from England as the successor of Lord Monck. In April, 1869, a Bill passed the Dominion Parliament requesting the cession of the North- West Territory from the Crown, and granting £300,000, sterling, to be paid the Hudson Bay Compan}^ in exchange for its right of possession. During the summer, H. R. H. Prince Arthur arrived in Canada to join his regiment, and afforded Canadians another oppoitunity of showing their regard for the Royal family. Early in the year, surveying parties were sent out to Fort Garry for the purpos of laying out portions of that country in tow ships and lots, preparatory to its further settlement. This movement excited the fears and jealousy of the occupants of that country, and when the Hon. W. Macdougal went out, in Septem- ber, as Governor of the North- West, his entry into the territory was resisted by armed mea. 9G CANADIAN HISTOUY. Lesson CIV. Durin;^ the remainder of tlie year, the Red River troubles increased. The authority of tlic ]}ominion Parliamsnfc was contemned, and Fort Garry oecu[)ied by the rebels, on the 3rd of November. A National Committee was fori )d by tliem, consistinf:^; of twenty-four men, under Louii Riel and M. La[)ine, and several Canadians were cast into prison. One of these ]n'isoners, 'lliomas Scott, was shot in a brutal manner on the 4th of Marcli, 1870, and intense excitement sprea^l throughout Canada. On the 4th of May, the North- West 'J'erricory was tormally ceded to Canada by the Home Government. Meanwhile, an expe- dition, composed of British regulars an