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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent le mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mioocorr hsowtion tut chart (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) APPLIED IM/OE In t653 East Main Strtvl RochMl»f, N«w York 14609 USA (716) rtZ - 0300 - Phon. (716) 2M - 5909 - Fox CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES Hon. Lomt roBWM, MtNitfn; R. G. McComnu., Dmrnr MiHinn. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY I MEMOIR W\ Na 70^ Ghlookal Snm Upper Ordovician Fonnations in Ontario and Quebec BT A. P» FocrstM OTTAWA GOVKBNHBMT PxiMnMO BCUAV 1916 No. 1591 i! ;:l I HOM P E BlMi Index to colours and signs O* I *J^,£;:,««i-. IV iRLw. flHMC «JU/a -< />^ MM< •frwU ^ M' MwwMMdai- ■J U i^ai^iM iln Aa* «iMv «w farW. kPCBioNi N MiNisK*. NGM'CoNHru.DiruTvMiNKU*. •lOUMICAL aURVtV jk«.«M ru ""«•« k»M tallT iiMl mavmcKa'ima.sponA ilMi«« » IB' CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES Hon. Louis Codbru, Ministbr; R. G. McConnell, Dbputt Ministbr. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY I MEMOIR 831 No. 70, Geological Series Upper Ordovician Formations in Ontario and Quebec BY A. F. Foerste OTTAWA GOVBRNUBNT PRINTING BUREAU 1916 No. 1591 CONTENTS. Preface. Pagb CHAPTER I. Upper Ordovidan of New York state 1 Nomenclature 1 Fauna S Utica 5 Lorraine 6 A provisional terminology for the New York upper Ordovidan strata 12 CHAPTER n. The Lorraine and underlying formations in Ontario and Quebec 14 Quebec and Eastern Ontario 14 Nicolet River section 14 Chambly Canton 41 Mouth of the Riviere des Hurons 43 St. Hilaire 45 Petite Caroline 48 St. Hugues or Yamaaka river 50 St. HyacMthe 53 Breault, on B£cancour river 56 St. Augustin, southwest of Quebec 57 Montmorency falls 58 Relative stratigraphic position of some of the Quebec Province horizons 59 Navan 62 Vars 62 Hawthorne 65 Ramsay station 66 Concluding remarks 67 Western Ontario 67 Between Georgian bay and Lake Ontario 71 Toronto 71 Weston 74 Relative stratigraphic position of certain Lorraine exposures in southern Ontario 76 Workman brook, southeast of Meafotd 78 u Pack Manitoulin itUnd 82 South of Clay cliff 82 Sheguiandah road, 3 miles louth of Little Cunent 85 Bats Lake road, south of Little Current 89 Indian village, southwest of Little Current 91 Tamarack point 91 Gorrel point, northeast of Gore bay 91 General observations on the Lorraine of Ontario and Quebec 93 CHAPTER in. Richmond formation in Ontario and Quebec 96 , Waynesville and Whitewater 96 Western Ontario 97 Manitoulin island 97 Northwest of Kagawong 3| miles lOS Northwest of Kagawong 1| miles 106 Southwest of Kagawong on Gore Bay road 107 South of Kagawong 108 Kagawong falls 109 South end of Kagawong HO Northeast of Gore bay HI South end of Gore bay HI West side of Gore bay 112 Northeast of Gore bay 112 Nortnwrest of Gore bay 113 South of Honora 114 Road west of Indian village southwest of Little Current .... 115 Crossroad southwest of Little Current 116 Bass Lake road, south from Little Current 118 Northwest of Manitowaning 120 Southeast of Manitowaning 122 Southwest of Wekwemikong 123 Northwest of Wekwemikong 124 Clay cliff 124 General remarks on the Richmond of Manitoulin island. . 126 Between Georgian bay and Lake Ontario 127 Workman brook, southeast of Meaford 127 South of Mountain lake, northwest of Meaford 128 Cape Rich road, north of Meaford 129 Oakville 130 Streetsville 132 Concluding remarks 136 Eastern Ontario and Quebec 138 Vara 138 Edwards station 140 iii Pagb General obtervatioM on the upper Richmond ct Vara and Edwards lUtion 140 Ntcolet River section 141 Riviire det Huron*, 4 mile* northeast of Chambly basin. . 150 St. Hilaire 152 St. Hugues 155 Snake island, Lake St. John 155 Anticosti element in the Richmond fauna 159 Queenston formation 162 Western Ontario 162 Between Georgian bay and Lake Ontario 162 Oakville 162 Northwest of Meaford 164 Correlation of Queenston strata with upper Richmond strata on Manitoulin island 168 Eastern Ontario and Quebec 172 Vars 172 Nicolet River section 173 General remarks on Queenston shale 174 CHAPTER IV. Distribution and range of species 177 Table of geographical distribution and geological range of species 178 List of localities 266 Index 271 ILLUSTRATIONS. Figure 1. Portion of Quebec, showing fossil localities 15 2. Sketch map of the east bank of the Nicolet river between 2 and 4 miles southwest of Ste. Monique, showing rock exposures 16 3. Vamaska river, southwest shore near St. Hugues, Quebec.. 52 4. Plan of river bed below dam at St. Hyadnthe, Quebec 54 5. Portion of eastern Ontario showing fossil localities 63 6. Portion of western Ontario showing fossil localities 72 7. Portion of Manitoulin island showing fossil localities 83 8. Diagram illustrating supposed equivalence of the Queenston formation of Meaford with the Upper Richmond (White- water and Saluda) formations on Manitoulin island 169 PREFACE. The provinces of Ontario and Quebec offer a fertile field for geological investigation. The problems involved often are of more than local interest. Their solution would be welcomed not only by the geologists of Canada, but also by those of the neigh- bouring states on the south. One of these problems is the geological history of the later Ordovician strata in Ontario and Quebec. This problem in- volves not only the unravelling of the order of succession of these strata, and their correlation with formations elsewhere, but also the determination of the conditions under which these strata were deposited, the source of the faunas which inhabited the seas at the time of their deposition, and the direction of migration of these faunas. All of these lines of investigation have received attention, and to give due credit to the numerous investigators would re- quire a voluminous bibliography. Billings, Whiteaves, Nichol- son, and Ami have made many contributions to our knowledge of the fossils. Logan, Bell, Ells, and Low made valuable con- tributions to our knowledge of the stratigraphy. Grabau has given special attention to the conditions under which the sedi- mentb were deposited, while Ulrich and Schuchert have followed the lines of migration of the faunas. The investigations recorded on the following pages, therefore, are merely an attempt to seek additional information which might serve in the future solution of the problems involved. While engaged on the study of the Cincinnatian faunas of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, the writer found the "Geology of Cincinnati," by John M. Nickl«"s, a most valuable handbook. This pamphlet, published in 1902 as part of the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, contains numerous ' ts of fossils, and embodies all that was known at that time regai ig t^^ir vertical distribution within the area indicated. It ./as based upon the investigations of numerous collectors, whose con- clusions had been subjected to critical analysis by Ulrich as well vi aa by Nickles. At the time this pamphlet was published, the Cindnnatian rocks were divided into three major divisions. In descending order, these were: Richmond group. Lorraine group. Utica group. The first name, Richmond, did not involve any comparison with New York formations. The second and third names, Lor- raine and Utica, were expressions of an opinion that the middle and lower parts of the Cindnnatian measures, as here defined, could be correlated with certain well-known New York strata, whose faunas were described in the "Palaeontology of New York." To the writer, this correlation never appeared very obvious. The very abundant fauna of the lower and middle parts of the Cindnnatian section of the Ohio valley is but scantily represented in New York state, while the characteristic Utica and Lorraine faunas of New York find representatives in the Cindnnatian areas at only a few narrow horizons. The two faunas appear to have been deposited in two basins, which most of the time must have been quite distinct. For this reason it was deemed inad- visable to retain the New York names for the Cindnnatian groups. Therefore Orton's name, Eden, was revived for the lower group, and the name Maysville' was proposed for the middle group, as typically exposed in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. However, if the New York and Ohio later Ordovician forma- tions be regarded as having been deposited in distinct basins, it becomes a matter of interest to determine to which of these two basins the later Ordovician deposits along the northwestern shores of Lake Ontario belong. These deposits evidently occupy an intermediate position, geographically, between the Lorraine and Utica areas, east of Lake Ontario, in New York, and the Rich- mond, Maysville, and Eden areas in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. Moreover, the labours of Ulrich demonstrate that the Rich- mond of the Mississippi valley and thence westward contain faunal elements quite distinct from the typical Richmond of the Ohio River valley. It becomes a matter of interest, therefore, to trace the boundaries between the Ohio and the Mississippi > Science, Vol. XXII, p. 149. I90S. basins during Richmond time. This interest is inert, wd by the fact that the western Richmond is known to extend ^ far east as Lake Michigan, on the eastern border of Wisconsin, the north- eastern part of Illinois, and also as far as the southwestern corner of the same state, along the Mississippi, while the Ohio Rich- mond extends westward across half the width of the state of Indiana, along its southern boundary. Is it the Ohio or the Mississippi type of Richmond which occurs on Manitoulin and Drummond islands, and on the southern shores of Georgian bay ? To which type of Richmond do the deposits along the southern shores of Georgian bay, and west of Toronto belong ? Again, ever since the investigations on the Anticosti fauna by Billings it was known that Richmond strata occurred on Anti- costi, and it was regarded as practically certain that Richmond faunas existed also on Snake island in Lake St. John. Can any considerable portion of the Anticosti type of Richmond be traced to Snake island, or even farther westward ? The St. Lawrence valley has long bee-, known to contain numerous exposures of strata apparently referable to the Utica and Lorraine of New York. At the western extremity of these later Ordovician areas, a short distance east of Ottawa, the ex- posures are only about 115 miles distant from the Lorraine gorge in New York. To what extent do the Lorraine and Utica ele- ments of the New York faunas dominate in the apparently cor- responding strata along the St. Lawrence valley? These are some of the problems awaiting solution. It will be more conducive to a proper understanding of the following pages, however, to state that the writer, in his field work, at- tempted as much as possible to confine himself to a study of the distribution of the Richmond strata, and the order of succession of their faunas. All observations on the underlying Lorraine faunas were made merely while seeking outcrops of Richmond strata. The territory covered was so larg~ that concentration on the Richmond part of the problem was considered desirable. The field work was in the nature of a reconnaissance. It was desired to locate those territories which would promise the best results when the later detailed investigations were under- Uken. It mutt be evident, therefore, that the following pages are to be regarded aa merely preliminary to further Mudy. It should be emphasixed that in these pages it is attempted merely to indicate to what extent it is possible to discover the elemenU of the Lorraine faunas of New York and of the Cindn- natian faunas of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky in the upper Ordovidan sections of Ontario and Quebec. It is not attempted n the presert state of our knowledge to impose either the New Vork or the Cindnnatian names of divisions and subdivisions of upper Ordovidan straU on Canadian geology, but merely to state to what extent progress in correlation of the various straU in these different states and provinces has been made and where the uncertainties still lie. The writer is under great obligations to Mr. R. W. Brock for enabling him to carry on these investigations under the auspices of the Canadian Geological Survey. It was with his encouragement that these investigations were begun, and it is hoped that they may prove of some service even in the prelimin- ary stages of the work. The writer is also under great obliga- tions to Dr. Ulrich and Dr. Bassler who have always placed their extensive knowledge of American Palaeozoic rocks at the writer's disposal. He is also un<^er obligations to Miss A. E. Wilson for the laborious work in preparing the fosul lists at the end of this report. upper Ordovician Formations of Ontario and Quebec. HAPTER I. UPPER ORDOVICIAN OF NEW YORK STATE. NOMENCLATURE. The state of New York was a pioneer in the classification of Palaeozoic strata into divisions and subdivisions, in the develop- ment of a nomenclature adequate to indicate the various degrees of division, and in the publication of a sufficient number of illus- trations of fossils to make possible the ready identification of each of these divisions. The result is that the classification of Palaeozoic strata proposed for the state of New York became a standard for all other states, and was adopted also in Canada. It cannot be said, however, that in the naming of the various subdivisions the claims of priority were adhered to slavishly. This was shown, for instance, in the discarding of the t<.rm Salmon River, proposed by Conrad in 1839. This term included about the same series of strata as that for which the name Hudson River was long used in New York geology. In the Annual Re- port of the Geological Survey of New York for 1838, Conrad recognized the following divisions: Saliferous rock o( Eaton (including the Medina red sandstone). Olive sandstone and slate cut through by Salmon river in Oswego county. Black limestone and shale of Trenton falls, embracing the Birdteye and Calciferous sandrock of Eaton. In the Annual Report for 1839, Conrad used for these divisions the following terms: Niagara sandstone, red (including the Medina). Salmon River sandstone, olive. Trenton group, including Trenton limestone and slate; Mohawk limestone; Grey limestone and sparry veins; Grey calcareoUi» sandMone. The following foMiU were lUted from the Stlmon River •andttone: PUrim* taring ( - Byttetiytkia rtJMa) Pltriiua pUntilcta ( - Oidoplufiu pUniOatui) Pkrintamodict»U{- UpdictcptU moMoHi) CyrttUi** trnahu The same clarification of the strata waa i»ed by Conrad in the Annual Report for 1840. Anyone familiar with New Vork atratigraphy will recognue the fact that Conrad applied the term Salmon River to the ,' ate later included by Hall in the Hudson River group. In describing Cyclonma biUx. from Richmond, Indiana, he pvea iu horiion as limestone of the age of the rocks of the Salmon River series. New York. None of the other geologists followed Conrad m his use of the term Salmon River. Vanuxem, in the Annual Report for 1840, employed the term in a very different sense, or at least with a very restricted appUcation. ThU u shown by the following classification: Medina landitone (called i«d tandttooe at Chwtga In the Knav^l Report for 1839). Salmon River wnditcne (Indudli^ only the practically unloeeiUferou. Mndttone forming the faUs of the Salmon rhrer, and correspond- ing itrau elsewhere). ___ x Pulaild ihal-a (shalea of Salmon river of former reporU). Frankfort elate. Black tUte or shale (Uter called Utica by Emmona). Trenton limestone. Birdseye limestone. Mohawk limestone. ^ In this classification the name Salmon River was retained for that part of Conrad's section in which, as a palaeontolopst, he was least interested, and all the fossiliferous part of the Sal- mon River section was used to form the new division, the ^«to5^ shales. This was done notwithstanding the fact that Conrad based the adoption of the name Salmon River upon the presenc* of a distinct fauna which he himself began to describe, and which Var.'Tem was obliged to name in order to designate what waa meant by the ternx ri^iaski. Pulaski was the largest vUlage on the Salmon rivtr. 3 The term Frankfort was applied to ttraU expoted in th« Trenton Falls ba n, so far to the east of the MCtions along the Salmon river, that it ii not known yet whether any repretenutive of the true Frankfort ahale occur* at far west at Otwego and Jefferton counties. That Vanuxem had no clear knowledge as to where to draw the line between the Frankfort and the Pulaski shales is shown by his reference of WhiuH's quarry, near Rome, to the Frankfort. In the final report, published in 1842, Vanuxem adopted the following t«>munology: Medina. Grey landttone of Otwego. Hudion River group. PuUski. Frankfort. Utica. Trenton. In this list it will be noticed that he used the term Grey sandstone of Oswego, in place of Salmon River sandstone of his 1840 report, ignoring his own use of the term Red sandstone of Oswego for an entirely different formation in 1839. The term Hudson River group was made to include both the Pulaski and the Frankfort shales, but omittmg the Grey sandstone of Oswego, which was placed above the Hudson River. This application of the term Hudson River to strata in western New York has proved most unfortunate cince the type localities of the true Hudson River group, along the Hudson river, in eastern New York, belong not only to an entirely different basin of deposition, but to a much lower horizon, the ■ pical Hudson River group consisting almost entirely of Trenton shales, and, therefore, lying below, rather than above the Utica shale. What- ever may be considered the value of the term Hudson River, when applied to Trenton strata in the type areas, along the Hudson river, there can be no hesitancy in declaring the term improper for the upper Ordovician strata in the more western area, east of Lake Ontario, which belong to a much higher horizon. The name Utica, for the black shale overiying the Trenton, was adopted in 1842 both by Vanuxem and Emmons. In that part of the final report, publishwi in 1842 by Em- mons, the following classification was adopted: Grey sandstone. Lorraine shales. Utica slate. Trenton limestone. In this list the term Lorraine was adopted in place of Pulaski shali b'^use at Lorraine, in addition - t^^-^^^^- ^ seen those lower strata which are not exposed at Pulaski. Me r>^5entrinduded under this term all of the straU rangtnK «,rn X b^e of the unfossiliferous grey sandstone secUon at Salmon Wverlalls, and at corresponding horizons elsewhere, down to the Sp of the Utica slate, as exposed in the Lorrame go^ge. In th« Z^ the term Lorraine has the same significance as the term Su?«,n rL, as incorrectly applied by Vanuxem to uppe Ordovician strata in the areas adjacent to Lake OnUno^ Hence the term Lorraine should replace ^»>^ J^"" ""^^j^, ^"^'esT- formerly applied incorrectly to strata above the Utica. m west "" T^lTe u°ue'significance of the term Hudson River w^ not fully appric trd u:;'l Dr. Rudolf Ru^emann Publ^^ed his stud.^ on the "Lower Siluric Shales of the Mohawk Valley, m 191^ Then it became exident that three basins of dep^.tion may be Jecc^ized in^hat part of New York crossed by this vaUey. In heTa^^^^n basin along the Hudson river no strata aWe the lower Trenton have been recognized. In the middle basin, ex tSng weltward from the vicinity of the Hudson river, the ;::' mass of shales all belongs to the Trenton with t^e«- ception of the comparatively insignificant mass called by Rued^ upper Ordovician strata overlying the Utica, tlie name Hudson River is entirely inappropriate, and no excuse exists for its fur- ther retention with that significance. FAUNA. UTICA. The Utica of New York is more restricted in its distribution than formerly supposed. According to Dr. Ruedemann it does not enter the Schenectady and Levis basins in the eastern parts of that state. Nevertheless the Utica fauna may be re- garded as an Atlantic invasion, the location of the channel ad- piitting this invasion being still unknown. The typical Utica of New York includes the following characteristic species: Climacograptus typicalis. Dicranograptus nicholsoni. Clossograptus quadrimucronatus short, long-spined variety. Leptograptus anneclans. Mastigograptus simplex. Afastigograptus Unuiramosus. PUuTograptus linearis. Cyalhophycus reiiculatum. The following species are rare in the underlying Canajoharie (Trenton) shale, but become dominant forms in the Utica: Climacograptus putillus. Lasiograptus eucharis. Triarthrus becki. The following species are equally common in both shales: Leptobolus insignis. Lingula curta. Fissile black shales, lithologically identical with the typical Utica of New York, are widely distributed in Canada. They occur along the channel north of Manitoulin island, in Lake Huron, and thence southeastward to the southern shores of Georgian bay. East of Toronto, at Whitby, they are exposed along the northern shores of Lake Ontario. Numerous exfwsurea occur in the vicinity of Ottawa and thence eastward. Along the St. Lawrence valley they occur northeastward as far as Beau- the Macastey black shales. Oeygites canadensis is In the lower part ^^ '^^'l^Xu7sL^^^^ and Triar- present At higher ^^-at.ns J^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ (/,ru5 gtober occur. The first t ^^^^ .^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^j distributed - ^a"^^^_^^^^^^ of the Canadiar. deposes Utica of New York ^^^^^ \ -^ ^^^ ^ difference in age. in a different bas n. P^^**''^' '"^^ej o,der than the typical the lower Canadian ^-k sh^l- ^'"^^^^^.j,, black shale, as "^^Z rgiaJbU'rof. Raymond pro^sed the name CoUingwood shales. LORRAINE. U is unfortunate that ^^^-f^'lZ^^Z:^'^^^'^^^ ignored and that f--;J;S^XkT^^^^ currency m the geolo^' not only ^^^^^^^^^^.^ ,,«,., hat the other states, and of Canada. ^incethepalaeontological term Lorraine has come mto general u^e smce t p ^^^ ^^^ labours of Conrad in reahty f ^^hf ^^J,;,,, ^^s no doubt as the classification of New York rocUa^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ to what strata he .ntended Y^^'^^^^^^ever. the term Lorraine Salmon River. As a matter oHact n ^^ ^^^ has grown into general - -^ ^^^e Jo^^ ,^, ,i,, ,, ,hat of liS'^Srtrrrrbectmes important to determine 3ust whW the name Lorraine .mpl.es ^^^^^^_ ^.^^ ^ork. At the village of Lorra.ne, m jen ^eastern comer the following fossils occur .n the creek m the northe of the village: Heterocrinus columnals. Glyptocrinus columnals. Cornulius of straight free type. Pholidops subtruncata. Dalmanella of Usludinaria group. Glyptorthis crispata. Rafinesquina alUrnata. flat form. plectambonites sericeus. Cataiygo. trratica. Byssonychia radiala. Clidophorus planul/itus. Colpomya faba-pusilla. Cuneamya scaplui-brevior- CUftodoiUa lorrainensis. ModiolopHs of amcenlrica group. Lyrodesma poslstriatum. ArckinactUa pulaskiensis. CyrtoliUs ornatus. Hormotoma iradUs-stMaxa. Trinucieus concentricus. Calymtne sp. At a moderately higher horizon, 2 miles eastward, on the road to Worthville, the same species as in the preceding list are found, with the addition of Ischyrodonta curta Sinuites canceUata. At a slightly higher horizon, at Worthville, the following are added to the list, still associated with Trinucieus concentricus: Rafinesquina nanJa. Modiolopsis modiolaris. Orthcdesma nasutum. At still higher horizons, east of Worthville, Ischyrodonta curta, associated with Modiolopsis modiolaris, and Orthodesma nasutum, becomes more common, and P^finesquina mucronata is added to the list. Still higher horizons are exposed at the Bennett bridge, about a mile down stream from the Salmon River falls. Here the following species occur: Rafinesquina alUmata. Rafinesquina mucronata. (No PlectambonUes or Dal- maneUa was noted.) Byssonychia radiata. Pholadomorpha pholadiformis. Orthodesma nasutum. Lyrodesma poslstriatum. Archinacella pulaskiensis. The highest fossiliferous strata occur within ■\ short distance of the base of the Salmon River falls. Here the oUowing species occur: Glyptocrinus columnals. Pholidops subtruncafa. (Dalmanella and Plectambonites absent.) Rafinesquina mucronata. Rafinesquina aiternata. Catatyga erratica. Byssonychia radiata. Modiolopsis modiolaris. Pholadomorpha pholadiformis, Ischyrodonta curta. Clidophorus planulalus. Lyrodesma poststriatum. Cyrtolites ornatus. Isotelus sp. (No Trinucieus.) To the preceding lists of fossils from the immediate vicinity of Jrr^ne aTthence eastward as far as Worthvdle where tlZZ^concntricus still is present, the following may be added from the "Paleontology of New York/ Volume 1: Buthotrephis subnodosa, central parts of group. DitAotraptus peosta, olive or green slates of group. LSLiLaUs. soft argillaceous shales in lower P^« »' ^»"P; D^manella centrUineata (young of common form belongmg W ""^Z^^inaria group in the higher parts of SJ-P' ^^"^ ^'"^ "Orthis testudinaria, TrinucUus, and cnnoid columns ). Zy,osXTuirypa Increl^scens •X.corr^ detenn.nat.on) shale. ModlSp^^anodontcides, upper arenaceous part of the group. CynuOonola paraUela, soft shaly parts of group. Ortkouras lanuUosum. r :^„.,i„ In this list, Diplograptus peosta {pr^st^s, P^^^'^\^^ rectilateralis, and Zygospira sp.. P'-^^aWy came from t^^^^^^^ shaly parts of the group, in the gulf """-^^h^^^^t rrWeu Xe since it is ev^aent that TrinucUus was reg-ded by H^ Z ranring into the higher parts of the group. As a matter o^ Z^tZucUus, Dalmanella, and PUctambomUs ^re unkno^ at presenUrom the horizons in the upper part of the group ^ SS f om Se vicinity of Bennett Bridge and thence eastward roTeSaZn river to the gteat falls, nor are they known ^'om ^'ufvalenl ex^ures elsewhere in New York ^ 1--;,'.^ ^^^ Sail used the expression, "higher parts of the g"-""?' J° ^\5° include also distinctly lower horizons than those exposed at the Bennett bridge. . During this ascent in the geological scale, from the creek withbTe limits of Lorraine village to the highest foss.hferou9 Tata at h base of the Salmon River falls, no stnkmg htholy- [«! changes are noted. Th-. quantity of arenaceous matenal Se^ rather gradually, and this continues into the pract.cally 1 unfossiliferous sandstone section forming the Salmon River falls, so that there appears no lithological reason for regarding the Salmon River Falls sandstone as a distinct formation. It is merely the upper less fossiliferous part of the underlying Lor- raine section. Moreover, no abrupt faunal change is noted any- where. The disappearance of certain species and the introduction of others occur usually singly, so that no faunal break can be utilized in the discrimination of subdivisions of the Lorraine. The Pulaski section, as exposed east of Pulaski, as far as the railway bridge, a mile east of town, corresponds to that part of the Lorraine section seen in the vicinity of Worthville and thence eastward for about a mile. The following species were found east of Pulaski: i ComuliUs sp. ModiolopHs modiolaris. 1 Lintula sp. Ortkodesma puiaskient*. .. Schitocrania filosa. Cymatonota pholadis. > Dalmanella of tettudinuria Ischyrodonta curta. ", group. Clidophorus planulatut. ' PlectamboniUs sericeus. Lyrodesma poststriatuK. ^ Rafinesiuina (Ulemata. Cuneamya cf . eUiptica. ; Rafinesquina nasuta. Archinacella pulaskiensis -J Rafinesqui:;a mucronata. CyrtoUtes ornatus. i ComuliUs sp. Trinucleus conctntricut. ' Byssonychia radiata. Calymene sp. i Colpomya faba-pusilla. To this list of fossils from Pulaski, the following may be added from the "Paleontology of New York," Volume I: Bulhotrephis subnodo^a, central parts of group. Plerinea demissa, higher parts of group. Cymatonota paraUda, soft shaly parts of group. Hormotoma gracilis-sublaxa, throughout the group. Clathro^Mra subconica, central parts of group. Archinacella pulaskiensis, argillaceous and calcareous parts of group. Sinuiles canceltala, rare in lower shaly parts, common in central parts. Trocholites ptanorbifatnis, central parts. Orthoctras coralliferum, shales and sandstones of group. Orthoceras lamellosum. Ormoctras crebriseptum, si:aly calcareous strata of group. In this list the various references of the fossils to lower, middle, and higher parts of the group may be of little value, 10 rince in the immediate vicinity of Pulaski, i^omiher^^^y ZZe one mile east of town to the «cpoeures a -le ^o^J^eam west of town, the rocks dip westward at a rate only -"ojf^^^ CthanTrate of fall of the stream, so that the total thickness of the section exposed is only moderate. °' ^It Muite eS that the preceding lists of fossds from the vicinity of Lorraine. Worthville. Pulaski. ^en"«" B"^^' ILd the Salmon River falls, do not suggest the P/«^"^« ^^/^ ^i.i,mnnH auna within the Lorraine formation of New York. !;S^ ^e rurrrn« of Pholadomorpha pholadiformis at Ae Bentett Bri^eTocality be regarded as sufficient to identify the uo^r Lt of the Lorrine as Richmond, even when unsupported bv^heTeince of o ".er fossils elsewhere regarded as typica of *u J • hZld As will be noted later, strata closely resembling S:^orSne -d «.n^ining PHoladon.orpha pkol^iformis SSnSy underlie the WaynesviUe division of the Richmond In ^^tle provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and appear to tfc* ^uld £ found, the shales at the bottom were idenufied '^ ^rdTtX'inv'.tigations of this lower part of the Lor.^ section within the gulf, were made by the wnter. Some yeare So D^^Tors Ulrich and Ruedemann went the entire length of Seguirqu te an arduous undertaking, -d came to the condu- lion that the entire section, up to within a short distance of the S of Lorraine village, corresponded approxi-ately to the Zen division of the Cincinnatian series of rocks. The ove^ wL strata however, including those from the level at Pu aski irthe top of ^e fos^iliferous zones at the Salmon R-er faUs rpi'rrt be later ^han any pa. cj Ue^^^^^^^^ anH anoarently correspond to MaysviUe strata, i "c "hw^ rorizcns conining rkolodomorpHa P^oMiforrms^^^ muc^ higher than the Eden, but perhaps not sufficiently high to be ^ 11 included in the Richmond. This suggests the division of the Lorraine into at least two divisions, an upper and a lower one, the lower including the Eden part. For the upper division the name Pulaski can be retained, but the lower, Eden, division cannot be identified with the Frank- fort, now that the fossil content of the Frankfort has been worked out by Dr. Ruedemann.' The Frankfort shale, at its type local- ity, holds an impoverished Utica fauna with some Trenton ele- ments retained which are not known in the Utica. Dr. Ruede- mann lists from the typical Frankfort the following species: CUmacograpius typicalii. Rhynchotrema inaequivaUt. Prasopora sp. Camaroloechia sp. Lingula sp. Modiolopsis sp. Leptobolus insignis. Cf.SerpuliUs Umgissimui, Murchiton. Orbiculoidea tenuistriala. Orthoceras sp. Dalmanella Usludinaria mut. Triarthrus buki. DinoTthis pectinella. Trinud*u$ eoncentrieu*. No strata containing Dinorthis pectinella, Rhynchotrema inaequivalve, or Camarotoechia have been found in the lower part of the Lorraine gulf. A form of Climacograptus having the thecae and growth of C. typicalis, but the dimensions of C. putU- lus, occurs in the black shales south of Allandale, a short distance west of the mouth of the Lorraine gulf, but these strata are re- ferred to the Utica. The following fauna was^collected here: Climacograptus typicalii var. Leptobolus insipril. Clossograptus guadrimucronattis- Zygospira sp. postremus. Orthoceras tp. Uastigograptus cf. teuuiramosus. Trtartkrus becki. ComuliUs sp., attached laterally. Trinudeus conceutrieus. ochitocrania filosa. Triarthrus becki, Trinucleus concentricus, and Clossograptus guadrimucronatus-postremus, range up the stream to the mouth of the gulf. The graptolites were determined by Dr. Ruedemann. No evidence of the presence of typical Frankfort shdes has been secured so far, and, therefore, the correlation of any part of the shales in the Lorraine gulf section with the Frankfort is re- garded as inadvisable. This leaves the Eden part of the Lor- > Tbc Lower Siluric Sbalc* of the Mohawk vaUey, N.V. State Bull. 162, pages 34-37. 13 raine «ction without a name. Even if the Fr n.fort beds be ot later age than the Utica, this does not estabhih the age of the lower Lorraine shales as Frankfort. Moreover, unt.l better evidence than any adduced so far is secured, the frankfort may be regarded as above the Utica but below the typical Eden. Since Dr. Ruedemann intends to make a special study of the Lorraine of New York, the writer will leave the lower Lorraine division unnamed. At present, the typical Frankfort is unknown west of Rome, w^ich is 45 miles distant from the nearest exposures of the strata immediately overlying the Utica in the area east of Lake Ontario. A PROVISIONAL TERMINOLOGY FOR THE NEW YORK UPPER ORDOVICIAN STRATA. According to the preceding observations it is not unlikely that the term Lorraine does not property include the Frankfort, since typical Frankfort shales may not occur in the vicmity of the village of Lorraine. It certainly was not mtend«l to include under this term the grey sandstone exposed at the Salmon River falls and at Oswego. It will be noted that Vanuxem «" his final report, also excluded the "Grey ^ndstone of Oswego from the Hudson River group, although recognizing its position below the Medina. However, the lithological change from the top of the fossiliferous part of the Lorraine into the overiying unfossiliferous sandstone is so gradual that there seems no good pason at present known, for placing the sandstone in a different formation although this sandstone might be regarded as an upper division of a single formation, also including the typical Lorraine If the term Lorraine is to be retained, as a substitute for Salmon River, when the latter term is used in its original sense, it seems necessary to extend the significance of the term Lorraine up- wSl^least sufficiently to include the "Grey sandstone of T the term Salmon River is not to be used in its original ex- tended sense, then there is no reason why it should not be utilized in its i^tricted .ense. as employed by Vanuxem in 1840 If the "Red sandstone of Oswego" represents a higher horizon than 13 the "Grey sandstone of Oswego," then the latter term certainly does not have priority, and the term Oswego cannot supersede Salmon River as a designation for the unfossiliferous sandstones at the top of the Lorraine formation, as here extended. This gives the following classification for the New York TocVi here under consideration: Medina. Lorraine [ Salmon River landstone. Pulaski shales and sandstones. Lower Lorraine shales, unnamed (Near Eden of Cincinnatian). Unnamed group / Frankfort. Utica. Trenton. In western New York, the Queen"- on red clay shales inter- vene between the Medina and the Lorraine; at various localities in Ontario and Quebec, the lower or Waynesville division of the Richmond intervenes between the Queenston and the Lorraine; and the Salmon River sandstone is absent, so that in Canada the succession becomes: Medina. Queenston ! Whitewater and Saluda divisions of the \ Richmond. Waynesville division of Richmond. Utica shale of New York. Cotlingwood . Trenton. Pulaski. Unnamed division (Near Eden of Cin- cinnatian). This classification retains objectionable features; but it represents an effort to preserve as much as possible the terms proposed by the early investigators of New York geology, without discarding the term Lorraine which has grown into such general use. 14 CHAPTER II. THE LORRAINE AND UNDERLYING FORMATIONS IN ONTARIO AND QUEBEC. QUEBEC AND EASTERN ONTARIO. In attempting to trace Lorraine strata northward, into C Jda .TelV^ed equivalents of the Pulaski ^^--P^" to have a wide distribution, far greater than m New Yort ZlnerZ exposures, of sm.ll area, occur at ^anous 'ocalvt.^ .«it of Ottawa. aTfar east as Vars. in the province of Ontario. SUu- oTcur also at various localities east of Montred^.n- duSng Chambly Canton, and St. H.laire. About halfway bew^n Montreal and Quebec. U>rraine strata occur on the lower ^Z:!l Nicolet and B6cancour rivers^ ''/■^'^X^^^ fitl l^rraine strata along the southern side of the St. Lawrence river aLtt i far east i the city of Quebec, but these exposur^ hIvI'nTSen seen by the writer. Sufficient, however, is known Jo inSri^a^ide'areal distribution of the Lorraine east of Ottawa and in the province of Quebec. NICOLET RIVER SECTION. The relations of these Lorraine strata to the overlying In the upper part of the Lorraine Pholadomorpha pholadtformts L forTsimilar to Moiiolopns concentrica .r. ,r^^ ciated with Pterinea demissa. At this upper or ^^f^T^'f ~ hoS>n no PUctamboniies sericeus was noticed, although it is IS found in the lower part of the overlying Richmond and also at lower levels Ip. the Lorraine. Dalmanella also is not recorded as present from the upper part of the Lorraine section, unless it occurs at the extreme top; it is very abundant, however, from those parts of the Lorraine which underlie the Pholadomorpha zone. Figure 1. Portion of Quebec, showing fossil localities. The following species have a considerable range throughout the Lorraine along the Nicolet river: Hettrocrinus columnals. Glyptocrinus columnals. Cornulites, straight free form. Rafinesquina mucronata. Rofinesquina altemata, flat form. Zygospira cf . modeita. Pholidops subtruncata. Byssonyckia radiata. Cymatonota sp. Clidophorus praevolutus. CUnodonta lorraintnsii. Archinacella pvlaskiensit. Sinuites canceUata. Lophospira cf . bowdeni. 16 Figure 2.''. Sketch map of the east bank of the Nicolet river between 2 and 4 miles southwest of Ste. Monique, showing rock exposures. 17 The more exact distribution of the various species, as far as known, is given in the following detailed account of the Nicolet River section. Of course, thr citations of Heterocrinus and Clyptocrinus columnai-. can have no value excepting as they indicate an impress* produce*! by their frequent occurrence. In the absence of the heads of the crinoids, the finding of the columnaU does not warrant the use of these fragnien»» of the stems in correlation. The Nicolet river enters the St. Lawrence from the south at a place about 9 miles southwest of Three Rivers, Quebec. The section al)out to be described may be reached from Ste. Monique station on the Nicolet branch of the Intercolonial railway. From this station a road leads southwest and in a distance of li miles joins a road roughly parallel to the Nicolet river. The river road follows a southeast course and li miics from the point where the road from the railway station joins, it reaches a strong easterly bend of the Nicolet river near the home of Honore Auger. Directly opposite the Honore Auger home, the Queen- ston red shales are exposed and a short distance southeast- ward, at a bluff along the bend of the river, the contact between the Queenston and the underlying, richly fossiliferous Richmond strata, is exposed. Detailed sections were measured from the base of the Queenston, through the fossiliferous Richmond and down into the underlying Lorraine. The Queenston is regarded as also of Richmond age. In the following accounts of the Nicolet River sections the detailed description of the immediately underlying richly fossiliferous strata definitely known to be of Richmond age is reserved for a later section of this report (pages 141-150). The following sections are a study only of the vertical distribution of the fossil life. No attempt was made in the field to secure an accurate record of the lithological character of the strata. Such statements as here are recorded are based chiefly on memory and indicate only the chief characteristics of the strata involved. In the case of the Nicolet River section, first described, it may be added that the argillaceous shale in that part of the section which extends from layer Y to layer W, is more or less calcareous, and at certain levels tends to merge into an impure limestone. By far the greater part of the underlying 18 ;,ti at:i «nsib.s of soft clay shale, with only occasional hard, impure limrst J layers interbedded. Toward the lower part of the _.ioi., beginning near layer I, these shales become more sandy and all of the basal part of the section consists of comparatively thin-bedded sandy shales or shaly sandstones. Section No. 1, at Bluf Southwest of Home of Honore Auger. Thickness Total feet, thickness.' Red shales underlain by blue shales, forming the basal part of the Q-Menslon ( Upper Richmond) Mainly argillaceous shale with some interbedded limestone forming the Upper part of the Waynes- ville (Lower Rich-mond) Section 57i 57| (W) Zone \V, top of Strophomena hecuba zone 2 S9| Limestone J "^ Base of exposure at southern end of cliff. Pnx-ecding from this cliff due southward along the base of the hill at the eastern edge of the field, the mouth of a narrow, steep gully is reached, giving an excellent exposure of part of the preceding section, and also exposing some of the underlying strata. The description of this gully section, section No. 2, follows. Section No. 2, Along Gully, South of Section No. 1. Thickness Total feet, thickness. Mainly argillaceous shale with some interbedded limestone corresponding, stratigraphically, to the lower part of section No. 1. All of the strata in this section No. 2 Ulong to the Waynesville member of the Richmond 22 (VV) Zone VV, top of Strophomena hecuba zone 2i 59J Mainly argillaceous shale 36J 9o (T) Zone T. highest horizon for Catosygo A«osed in section No. 2 54} 152 Argillaceous shale 2 154 Thin layer with Catazyga Aeodi abundant, Strophomena planumbona rare (S) Argillaceous shale with Catazyga headi abundant. Two siK-cimens of Rhynchotrema perlamellosum occurred in a loose sl.ib at this horizon, associated with Strophomena planumbona and CatazyRa headi. It is probable that this slab was practically at its original level. This zone S forms the base of that part of the section which may be referred definitely to the Waynesville division of the Richmond. The immediately underlying strata are not yet definitely referred either to the overlying Richmond or to the underlying Lorraine strata 2 156 Shaly strata * ^^ Thin layer with Catazyga headi abundant Argillaceous shale ^ '"" Harder limestone with P/fctomftonj'tesJcrtfrtU common J 169J Shaly strata ^^ 182J Not exposed l^i ^^ Shaly strata with Cymatonota intermediate between recta and pholadis, near the middle 14 213 Bed poorly exix)sed 20 233 (R) Shales with Catazyga headi very abumlant, Byssony- chia radiata and with occasional specimens of Cyrtolites ornalus, Clathrospira subconica, and Byssonychia Si 238J The Catazyga headi horizon (R) may be found as follows: From the home of Honore Auger follow the road on the east side of the river southward to two barns on the west side of the road, 20 a short distance before reaching a low, wooded moraine. Take the lane passing between the barns and follow it westward until it passes down the hill at the margin of the river. The top of the hill here is fully 130 feet above the river. The horizon (R) occurs where the rapidly descending road approaches the northern end of the long, continuous, and very steep bluff exposures which line the river bank for more than a mile south- ward. Its vertical distance above the river here ■ 60 feet. This Catazyga headi horizon occurs 139| feet below the top of the highest horizon at which this species is seen and the species is found at numerous other levels at different distances below level (R). Zone (S), containing Strophomena planumbona and Rhyn- chotrema perlamellosum is the lowest horizon at which forms def- initely suggesting the VVaynesville phase of the Richmond are known to occur. Below zone (R) the rock assumes a very Lor- raine-like appearance and holds Lorraine forms. The affilia- tions of the strata between zones (S) and (R) have not yet been determined. The Catazyga occurring at horizon (R) is the typi- cal Catazyga headi, such as occurs in the lower part of the Waynes- ville section in western Ontario and in the middle part of the VVaynesville in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. It is not the Catazyga erratica of the Lorraine of New York, However, no other species definitely suggesting Waynesville affinities is known to occur in these beds. Along the wagon road mentioned at the end of the descrip- tion of the preceding section (section 3) the following strata are exposed, duplicating the lower part of that section. Section 4. Thickness Total feet, thickness. Argillaceous shale with Pterinea demisia and Byssony- chia 7 212i Thin layer with Hebertella common, Byssonychia few Argillaceous shale poorly exposed 23 235i Argillaceous shale with Pholidops subtruncata, Rafines- quina alUrnata, Byssonychia radiaia 3 238) (R) Top of argillaceous shale exposed at margin of bluff, south of wagon road, with Catazyga headi very com- mon. Also a few Rafinesquina alternata, Pholidops subtruncata 238| n-i. 21 The presence of Hebertella occidentalis in considerable num- bs rs, associated with Catazyga headi, was noted also in the area 18 miles east of Ottawa, at an exposure occurring about a mile west of Vars and a quarter of a mile north of the railway. Here also the Hebertella occidentalis horizon is regarded as underlying the more typical Waynesville zone, the latter being suggested by the presence of Strophomena fluctuosa along the creek about a quarter of a mile south of the railway where it crosses the same country road as that on which the Hebertella locality is situated. The layer (R) of section 4 corresponds to the layer (R) in the hill-side exposure, section No. 3, previously described. At and above this horizon, occasional specimens of Clathrospira subconica are seen. Below the layer (R) at various levels, the following species occur: Cornulites flexuosus of the Lorraine as figured by Hail, Psiloconcha sinuata or a distorted species, Eotomaria, Bylhocypris cylindrica, and Ctenobolbina ciliata. From the western end of the wagon road mentioned in connexion with the description of sections 3 and 4, a high, abrupt bluff extends more than a mile southward, up the river, forming its eastern bank. This exposure is so long and includes such a great thickness of strata, that the description will he divided more or less arbitrarily into parts, each part consisting of strata presenting some characteristic in common. In descending order the following zones are discussed in the ]^" t River section: 'omorpha zone. .s zone. Leptaena zone. Trinucleus zone. In the province of Quebec Pholadomorpha pholadiformis occurs both above and below the Pholadomorpha zone: above, it occurs at numerous localities in strata definitely referred to the Waynesville member of the Richmond; below, it occurs in the Proetus zone at the mouth of the Riviere des Hurons, east of Chamb' ' asin. The Pholadomorpha zone is merely that part of the section which lies below the lowest strata definitely referred to the Waynesville and above the highest strata contain- 22 ing Proetus chambliensis. Eventually it may be included def- initely in the lower part of the Richmond section. The Proetus zone extends from the highest strata containing Proetus chambliensis to the highest zone containing Leptaena i' uenusta. Occasional specimens of Proetus occur in the upper part of the underlying zone. At the mouth of the Riviere des Hurons, Strophomena t>'anumhofM occurs in this zone. The Leptaena zo..e extends from the highest strata contain- ing Leptaena invenustc to the highest strata containing Trinu- cleus concentricus. Leptaena also ranges through a considerable part of the underlying Trinucleus zone. The Trinucleus zone includes all of the Nicolet section known at present beneath the highest layers containing Trinucleus concentricus. Judging from the St. Hyacinthe section, Triar- thrus becki ranges through the greater part of this zone, although known only at its top in the Nicolet River section. It is not known at present what s*ratigraphi( value these faunal zones have, since not enough exposures at different local- ities have been examined to determine tueir vertical and geogra- phic range of variation. However, they express car present state of knowledge of faunal zones in the so-called Lorraine of eastern Canada. No unconformity or distinct lithological break has been no '-^ed in any part of the Nicolet River section, not even at the bast Ji the Queenston red shale, nor are the palaK>ntological breaks as sharply demarcated as the names of these zones might suggest. In describing a part of the section as Richmond and a part as Lorraine no definite line of demarcation must be as- sumed. Only those strata definitely referred for some reason to the Richmond are described as Richmond and the remainder are allowed to remain under the term Lorraine. Eventually the upper part of these so-called Lorraine strata, especially the Pholadomorpha zone, may be added definitely to the Richmond, but the meagre bryozoan evidence at present appears, according to Ulrich, to be against such a procedure. The first part of the long bluff section on the Nicolet river consists of those strata which contain Pholadomorpha pholadi- formis, and a species resembling Modir' psis concentrica. These 23 strata overlie the Proetus chambliensis horizons described under section 6. They are correlated provisionally with the upper part of the Lorraine of New York, as seen at Bennett Bridge and below the Salmon River falls. Section 5. Thickness Total feet, thicknen. (S) Lowest strata containing Strophomena planumbona and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum (Base of strata re- ferred definitely to the Waynesville member of the Hichmond) 156 Argillaceous shale exposed on the hilt-side, in section 3, previously described 82) 238) (R) Argillaceous shale exposed at margin of bluff, south of wagon road, Catazyga headi very common ) 239 Shaly strata with Zygospira modesta, Pholidops subtrun- cala very common, and Clidophorus praevolutus few; forming the top of the Pholadomorpha pholadiformis zone of the Lorraine, as identified in Ontario and Quebec 5) 244t (Q) Shaly strata with heavy sandstone layer, fine-grained, at the base. Pholidops common, DalmavUa, Ra- finesquina mucronata 3 2 ) Shaly strata with Pholidops subtruncata, and a form of Cymatonola bftiveen recta and pholadis 18) 266 Argillaceous shale, not accessible here, measured by dropping a weight at the end of a string, at the nor- thern edge of the long blulT. Sandstone layers, of the Lorraine type, occur in several conspicuous layers interbedded with the upper part of the shale and form a total thickness of about 2 feet in this part of the section. Total thickness of this interval 22 288 (P) Conspicuous sandstone layer at the base of the pre- ceding strata. A hard sandstone layer which has fallen from the cliff, apparently from some point between layers (Q) and (P), contains the following fossils: Zygospira modesta, Catatyga headi, Pterinea demissa, Whitella resembling obliquata,aindai Modio- lopsis resemblini; eoncentrica 24 (O) Thickness Total feet. thickness. Argiltaceous shale 9* 29^ At this level, various loose slabs of rock have fallen from the cliff, whose origin apparently is some- where below layer (P), but they may have come from a higher source. In these slabs the following Msociation of fossils occurs: Comulitts ftexuosus, Catazyga, and Pholidops; Catatyza and Hebertella ; Catazyga, Rafinesquina mucronata, Zygospira modesta and Cymatonota of rather large size for this genus; Catazyga, and Ctenobolbina cHiata; Zygospira modesta, Phola- domorpha pholadij ,rmis, Pterinea demissa, a Modio- hpsis resembling crmcentrica, and Calymene. Argillaceous shale, with the following species: Bryo- toans, Glyptocrinus coXumnais, Rafinesquinaalternata, ClidophoTus, Ctenodonta lorrainensis, Byssonychia radiata, and Isotelus SJ 303 At this level, loose slabs of rock occur, containing Hebertella, Rafinesquina mucronata, Catazyga headi, Ctenodonta lorrainensis, Byssonychia radiata, and Modiolopsis concenlrica. Argillaceous shale 2} 305| (Lowest heavy sandstone layer, opposite a large gla- cial boulder, forms the base of this interval). Argillaceous shale. (Base of another hard layer occurs at bottom of this interval.) t>| 312 Argillaceous shale. (Base of a hard iayer occurs at bottom of this interval) 5 317 Argillaceous shale 18 335 Argilhceous shale ^(>\ 381J Fossils in loose rock fragments at the base of the immediately overlying inter\'al: Crinoid columnals with radiating striu', Clyptocrinus colunmals, Rafi- nesquina allernata, R. mucronata, Zygospira modesta, Pholadomorpha phcladiformis. This horizon is 225-5 feet below the lowest horizon containing Strophomcna planumbona, and Rhyn- chotrema perlamcllosam, and while it is not certain that Pholadomorpha pholadijormis occurs at as low a horizon as this, it is at least possible. Very fresh talus along this interval, probably nearly at its original level, and containing Clyptocrinus columnals, Zygospira modesta, Rafinesquina al- ternata, large Cymatonota, and Clidophorus 27 408| ill: HiMliHi 25 Thickness Total feet. thickness. Argillaceous shale with the following fossils in loose fragments of rock, probably nearly in situ: Cornu- liUsflexuosui Lorraine form, Rifineiquina mucronata very common, Zygospira modesta, Catatyga headi very rare, Lophospira beatrice, and Ctenodonta lor- raineniis 51 J 4(50 Argillaceous shale with fossils of any kind very scarce, among these are: Glyptocrinus columnals, crin^id ^ulumnal with radiating stri.-e, Cornulites flexuosus, Catazyga scp'-'-e, Byssonychia, CUdophorus and Calyniem 4g 508 Argillaceous shale nearly unfnssiliferous 63 571 From the talus lying along the overlying interval, all evidently loose blocks fallen from some horizon fir above this level, the following fossils were collected: Rafinesquina allernala ami Cydonema bilix: Phola- domorpha pholadiformis, Modiolnpsis concentrica, and Calymene; Rafinesquina allernala, Slrophorr.ena planumbona. Sir. hecuba, and Calazyga. Argillaceous shale with few fossils, including Cteno- donta, Clidophorus, Orthoceras, and Calymene 60 631 Fossils very rare here. A moderate twist in the rocks, not a fault 18 649 Fossils rare; Clyplocrinus columnals and Pholidops in situ 29 678 Fossils rare, including crinoid columnals with radiating strise: Helerocrinus columnals, Pholidops subtrun- cata, Dalmanella, Pleftambonites sericeus large, Zy- gcspira modesta, Catazyga headi, tall Ctenodonta, Byss-ynychia radiata in situ here, Protowarthia 16 J 694J (Base of strata provisionally left in upper Lor- raine.) (N) Highest strata containing Proetus chambliensis, 538-5 feet beiow lowest Strophomena planumbona and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum horizon 694| The chief feature of that part of the section which lies between horizon (R) and the top of the zone in which Proetus chambliensis occurs is the presence of Pholadomorpha pholadi- formis and of a alodiolopsis resembling concentrica, in the upper third of this interval. Since Pholadomorpha pholadiformis 26 occurs in the Waynesville member of the Richmoiid in the Nicolet River section, ranging from 40 to 60 feet beneath the top of the strata referred to this member, it is possible that this species eventually may be found also in the interval between horizons (S) and (R), where st.aU occur whose affinities to the rocks above and below must be regarded as doubtful for the present. Since typical Modiolopsis concentrica associated with Pholadomorpha pholadiformis, ranges from the base to the top of the Waynesville in Ohio and Indiana, and even occurs in the Liberty member of the Richmond in those states, it is possible that the similar form found in the Nicolet River section also eventually will be found in the intermediate strata, between horizons (S) and (R). In that case the strata between (S) and (R) could readily be included in the same subdivision as those intervening between (R) and the top of the Proetus chamblien- sis zone, since they resemble the latter lithologically, consisting chiefly of argillaceous shale, while the Waynesville part of the section tends to be more calcareous, especially toward the top. It must be admitted, however, that there is no distinct litho- logical break at the base of the strata here assigned to the Waynesville. On the contrary, the transition from the more argillaceous and shaly strata below to more calcareous layers above is quite gradual and the strongly calcareous elements do not appear until quite a distance above the horizons at which undoubted Waynesville fossils make their first appearance. Hence, the lithology cannot be utilized in suggesting where the limits between Richmond and Lorraine are to be drawn, in this Nicolet River section. Those strata below layer (R), in which Pholadomorpha pholadiformis and the Modiolopsis resembling concentrica occur, are correlated provisionally with the upper parts of the Lorraine section of New York, as exposed between Bennett Bridge and the base of the Salmon River falls. It must be admitted, however, that this correlation is based upon very insufficient grounds, since such characteristic upper Lorraine species as Modiolopsis modiolaris, Orthodesma nasutum, and Isckyrodonla curta have not been found so far at this supposed Lorraine Pholadomorpha horizon, beneath the undoubted Waynesville strata, in the ur MBH 27 Nicolet River section, although Ischyrodonta curia is known in association with Catazyga erratica and Pholadomorpha pkoladi- formis, below a horizon containing Catazyga erratica and Ortho- dtsma nasutum at Weston, north vest of Toronto. Until recently, the presence of Pholadomorpha pholadifor- mis and of a Modiolopsis resembling concentrica would have been regarded as sufficient to identify the containing strata as Richmond. In Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky these species are not known in the Arnheim, but range from the lower part of the WaynesviUe member of the Richmond to the top of this mem- ber and into the lower parts of the overlying Liberty meml)er. It is .rue that Modiolopsis corrugata and Modiolopsis sulcata, which e\ idently are merely distorted specimens of Pholadomor- pha pholadiformis, were described by Miller and Faber, in 1892, as coming from near the top of the hil's or on the hills at Cincin- nati, Ohio, but the museum labels, accompanying the types, at Chicago university, give their origin as in Warren county, Ohio, and there is no reason for Lelieving that these Warren County specimens have come from any horizon lower than the WaynesviUe member of the Richmond. The reference of these strata in the Nicolet River section, below horizon (R), in which Pholadomorpha pholadiformis occurs, to the uppor Lorraine, is based ci'iefly upon the occur- rence of a few species of bryozoans in association with Pho- ladomorpha pholadiformis and Modiolopsis concentrica at several localities in the more western parts of the province of Ontario, quite remote both from the areas in the province of Quebec, here under discussion, and also from the typical Lorraine of New York. For instance, at various localities on Manitoulin island, including the exposures 2 miles northeast of the village of Gore ^^ay, various localities between 2 and 3 miles south and southwest of Little Current, and also the exposures along the shore between 2 and 3 miles north of Wekwemikongsing, strata, lithologically resembling the Lorraine of New York, occur below more calcareous strata in which an undoubted WaynesviUe fauna is present. In the upper part of these Lorraine-like strata, Pholadomorpha pholadiformis and a Modiolopsis resemb- ling concentrica occur, as in the corresponding zone in the Nicolet 28 River section. A similar succcssioH of faunas and of lithological conditions is noted also in the vicinity of Meaford, on the south- ern shore of Georgian bay. From this lower or Lorraine Phola- domnrpha zone, on Manitoulin island and near Meaford, a few bryozoans were collected and submitted to Dr. E. O. I'lrich. All of these suggested to him affinities with species occurring near the Bellevue horizon, near the middle of the Maysville, in Ohio, rather than with any known Richmond species. For the present, therefore, it seems necessary to identify the Lorraine-like strata, containiiig Pholadomorpha pholadifor- mis, on Manitoulin island, and along the southern shores of Georgian bay, as equivalent to Maysville, rather than to Rich- mond strata. Since similar conclusions were drawn by Dr. Ulrich regarding the stratigraphical position of the Pholado- morpha pholadiformis zone at the Bennett Bridge l(H:ality, in the Lorraine of New York, it seems possible to correlate the Lorraine- like strata of Manitoulin island and of the southern part of Georgian bay with the upper part of the typical Lorraine of N'ew'York. It should !)e noted, however, that at these localities in western Ontario, as well as in the Nicolet River section, the typical Lorraine species. Modiolopsis modiolaris, Orthodesma nasi'':- ", and Ischyrodonta carta, are absent. The first species II a ' .■.t also in the Lorraine-like strata of the inte mediate areas; for instance, at Strcetsville, and along the H umber river, west of Toronto, but Orthodesma nasiitum and Ischyrodonta curta are present in the Pholadomorpha zone at Weston, north- west of Toronto. If the correlation of the Lorraine-like strata, on Manitoulin island, near Meaford, and at Strcetsville, with the typical upper Lorraine of New York, be accepted provisionally, then the identi- fication of the lithologically similar Pholadomorpha pholadiformis containing strata ir; the Nicolet River section as upper Lorraine may be accepted more readily, since these strata in the Nicolet River section not only occur in a similar fjosition, beneath an u 'doubted Waynesville fauna, but also contain a fauna sufficiently similar to that of the so-called Lorraine of western Ontario to permit correlation with the latter. \m 29 It is quite evident that there i> not sufficient known regard- ing the fauna of the Pholadomorpha phokuiiformis zone in the Lorrainc-lilce strata of either the province of Quebec or that of Ontario to place the identification of this horizon with the upper Lorraine of New York and the middle Maysville of Ohio and Indiana beyond all question. However, since this fact has become apparent, no opportunity for sufficient further research to lead to conclusive results has been found, and the correlations here suggested are presented with all the elements of uncertainty which must remain until more data have been accumulated. It should Ije observed, however, that such few data as have been collected recently, in the vicinity of St. Hilaire and along the Riviere des Hurons, favour the Richmond, rather than the Lorraine age of some of the Pholadomorpha containing strata formerly regarded as Lorraine. At the former kxality, Streple- lasma ruslicum, Strophomena planumhona, and Str. Hecuba were found in this association, and the two species of Stro- phomena here cited occurred at the latter locality; so that it is becoming increasingly probable that eventually a considerable part of those Pholadomorpha containing strata will be referred definitely to the Richmond. Returning to a consideration of the Lorraine-like Pholado- morpha pholadiformis zone, below horizon (R), in the Nicolet River section, the following facts may be noted. Pholidops subtruncata, Raftnesquina mucronata, Clidophorus praevolutus, and Ctenodonta lorrainensis are abundant and range also to far lower levels. At certain horizons a form intermediate between Cymatonota recta and C. pholadis occurs. Catazyga headi also appears to have a great vertical range. It is abundant 77 feet below the Strophomena planttmbona horizon. The specimens in the loose slabs between 130 and 140 feet below the Strophomena planumbona horizon indicate the presence of Catazyga headi also at some interval below the 238^-foot level. Occasional specimens probably occur between 250 and 350 feet below the Strophomena planumbona horizon. The specimens near the 571-foot level may have dropped from a much higher level, but those at the 694i-foot level undoubtedly are in place. JO In the description of the still lower parts of the section it will be found that Catasyga headi has a very great vertical range, passing at still lower levels into Catatyga erratica. Owing to the steepness of the bluff along most of this line of outcrop, the fossils are found chiefly in the talus and their stratigiaphical value must be determined by the lithological character of the talus and the nature of that part of the bluff at which the specimens were collected, but, as a rule, the con- ditions here are very favourable for determining the general characteristics of the section. The dip of the strata along the bluff is so great that . he various layers usually disappear within a distance of several hundred yards, and often within a much smaller distance, depending not only upon the dip of the strata but also upon the height of the bluff. Specimens collected from loose material always are described as such. In the following continuation of the description of the Nicolet River section, the interval between the last mentioned layer (N) in the previously described part of tho section and the lowest Strophomena planumbona zone, at the base of the un- doubted member of the Richmond, is indicated. The layer (N) forms the top of the Proelus chambliensis division of the Lorraine. Since a part of this division is well exposed along the Richelieu river, at Chambly Canton, 15 miles east of Montreal, and no other much better section is known, it may also be called provisionally the Chambly member of the Lorraine, as exposed in the province of Quebec. SutUm So. 6 Thickneis Total feet. thickneM. (S) Lowest strata containing Strophomena planumbona and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum 156 Interval S38J 694| Top of Prottut ChanMimsis Zone of the Lorraint (N) Argillaceous shale with Glyptocrinus columnals, HeU- rocrinut columnals, Pkolidofs iubtruncata, Dolman- tUa, Rafinesquina altemata, Plectamboniks sericeus, Catatyga headi, Ctenodonta cf. filistriala, Byssony- 694» 31 (M) (L) 22 Thickno feet. ihia, Cttnodonta hrfainensis, Cymobmola nemr rtcia, Pttrinta dtmissa, Protlus ehamblumu fragmenti. This part of the MCtion it due louthwett of the home of Alfred Lambert, about a mile louth of the home of Honore Auger 33 Argillaceoui ihale with Clyptocrinut and IltUrocrinui columnatt, Pkolidops, Dalmanrlla, Plectamboniltt large. Zytospira modtsta, Catatyta, Bysionyckia radiata large, Clidopkorut ^nulalui, CUnodonIa lorrainensis, PUrinea demissa unall, ArchinauUa puUukitnsis, Sinuites canctUata, Calymene, and Protlus ekomblitnfU rather common 14 Thin layer full of Catatyta headi, 580 feet below lowest Rhynckotrema perlameUosum .>nd Stro- pkomena planumhona. Argillaceous shale with Catatyta keadi in place in the middle. Also Pkolidops, DalmaneUa, PUctambonius large, Zytospira modtsta; Prottus ckamblitnsis common Argillaceous shale with Hettrocrinus columnals. Pko- lidops, Catatyta, and with Prottus not rare 27 Argillaceous shrle with Catatyta keadi abundant near the middle, associated with Clyptocrinus columnals, Aspidopora {A. spinulosa, Ulrich, unpublished spec- ies from the Eden group in Ohio), Calymene, and large Isottlus. Near the base of this interval Catatyta is associated with the same Aspidopora, and Htterocrinus columnals, also columnals with radiating striae, Cornulites ftexuosus of the Lorraine type of Hall, and Dalmanella 42 Argillaceous shale with Aspidopora (spinulosa) not rare, Rafinesquina mucronata rare, Cornulites fiexuosus, and Dalmanella very common. At the base of this interval there is a limestone layer with Catatyta abundant, Plectambonites large and common, Byssonyckia, and crinoid columnals with radiating stri^ 22 Argillaceous shale with thin limestone layers con- taining large specimens of Plectambonites, and num- erous specimens of Catatyta keadi in the middle and upper layers. In the lower part the following species occur: Clyptocrinus columnals, columnals i Toul thickness. 7271 741* 763) 7901 832i 8S4i 32 Thickness Total feet. thickness, with radiating strix, and Catatyta. At the base of the interval Whitella resembling obUquata and Proelus chambliensis occur 34 888} Argillaceous shale with Glyptocrinut cotumnals, Dal- manella, Pleetambonites, Rafintsquina mueronata, Colasyga. Very large gneiss boulder here 24 912} Argillaceous shale with Glyptocrinut and Heterocrinus columnals, Cornulites flexuosus, DalmaneUa and Rafintsquina mucrimata very common, Pleetam- bonites, Zygospira modesta, Catatyga, Pkolidops, Calymene, and Proetus chamblitnsis 29 941} Argillaceous shale 40 981 } (K) Leptaena common in thin limestone layer, about an inch in thickness ... Highest horizon at which Leptaena has been found 825 -S feet below the lowest Strophomena planumbona and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum layer 981 J The chief feature of that part of the Nicolet River section which lies between layers (N) and (K), and which here is de- scribed as section No. 6, is the great vertical range of Proetus chambliensis. Between layers (N) and (K) this vertical range amounts to 287 feet, and here the species is most common, but occasional specimens have been found as low as 182 feet below the top of layer (K), giving a total vertical range of 467 feet for this trilobite. Section No. 6, therefore, includes that part of the Proetus chambliensis zone which lies above the highest known Leptaena zone. Rafinesquina mueronata has not been found lower than 50 feet below the uppermost Leptaena layer (K). Ctenodonta lorrainensis was not recorded below the 741§-foot level. A brachial valve of some species of Strophomena, 27 mm. wide, presenting an excellent cast of the interior, was found in situ near the 706-foot level. A lamellibranch suggesting Cuneamya and resembling Cuneamya scapha at least in outline, occurs near the Aspidopora horizons near the 800-foot level. Catazyga apparently ranges throughout section 6, but is especially abundant at the 741J, 810, 830, 854J, and 875-foot levels. Below the uppermost Leptaena layer (K), there is a 33 long interval, of nearly 400 feet, in which Catatyga is unknown at present, but it is found again at still lower levels. PhoKdops ranges to considerably lower levels than the base of section 6. Whether the crinoid columnals and the various species of Dalmanella, Plectamboniles, Zygospira, Sinuiles, Clidophorus, Byssonyckia, Cymatonota, Whitella, and CornuliUs, found in the Nicolet River section, have any diagnostic value in separating these strata into minor divisions has not been determined as yet. The Aspidopora spinulosa mentioned at several horizons, in the description of section 6, is a form regarded by Ulrich as having affinities with an unpublished species found in the Eden of Ohio. This conviction is confirmed by the presence of Deka' yella ulrichi which was identified by Ulrich from among material collected at the same horizon. DekayeUa ulrichi is one of the most typical fossils of the Eden of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, ranging throughout this group of strata, and usually occurring in great abundance. Hence the Proetus chambliensis zone of the Nicolet River section is provisionally correlated with the Eden. The same Aspidopora spinulosa occurs also in the expo- sures along the Richelieu river at Chambly Canton. Here it is associated with a form identified by Ulrich as Bythopora arc- tipora, another characteristic Eden form. These identifications by Ulrich also suggest the Eden affinities of that part of the Nicolet River section in which Proetus chambliensis is present. The abundant presence of Proetus chambliensis in these supposed Eden beds is of interest since a closely related, if not identical species, Proetus spurlocki. Meek, occurs in the South- gate member of the typical Eden in Ohio. This Southgate member forms the middle part of the Eden and lies above that part of the Eden in which Trinucleus concentricus is abundant. Moreover, Rafinesquina mucronata is closely nlated to, if not identical with that form in the middle Eden which was identified by Nickles, in his "Geology of Cincinnati," with Rafinesquina squamula James, although the types of the latter species were described as occurring at an elevation of 350 feet above the Ohio river, at Cincinnati, and, therefore, were found in the Fair- mount division of the Maysvillc. Pholidops subtruncata is much more closely related to Pholidops cincinnatiensis than ! ^ 34 its descriptive name would suggest, since the subtruncate out- line is not as constant a character as the specific name would suggest, even within the type area of that species. In the vicin- ity of Cincinnati, Pholidops cincinnatiensis ranges through the lower and middle Eden. The presence of Leptaena in the lower parts of the extended Proetus chambliensis horizon, along the Nicolet river, finds its counterpart in the presence of Leptaena gibbosa James, in the Economy or lower Eden member in Ohio and Kentucky which, however, is very different from the species found in the Nicolet River section. The brachiopoda appear to corroborate the evidence presented by the few bryozoans so far identified, so that the Eden age of the Proetus chambUensis beds may be accepted tentatively. It should be noted, however, that the Catazyga ranging throughout the Proetus chambUensis zone on the Nicolet river apparently is the Catazyga headi and not the Catazyga erratica, although a special study of these Catazygas should be made. Moreover, the collections belonging to the Canadian Geological Survey contain a specimen of Pholadomorpha and several specimens of a species of Strophomena resembling planumbona, whidi are labelled as coming from Chambly; and both species are known to occur at the southern end of the body of water known as the Chambly basin, at the mouth of the Riviere des Hurons. Here only the Proetus chambliensis beds are exposed, while the fossils mentioned have hitherto been regarded as characteristic Richmond forms. No very exact correlation of the Proetus chambliensis beds with any part of the typical Lorraine of New York is possible at present. None of the more characteristic forms belonging to the Pulaski division of the Lorraine, such as Modiolopsis medio- laris, Ischyrodonta curta, or Glyptorthii crispata Emmons, have been found in the province of Quebec. If the Proetus chamblien- sis beds have any equivalents within the Lorraine of New York, they probably will be found below the typical Pulaski beds, in the lower half of the Lorraine. Such bed ; are exposed within the gorge, northwest of the village of Lorraine, but the fauna of this lower part of the Lorraine section requires further study. J 35 In the following continuation of the description of the Nicolet River section, the interval from the lowest Slrophomena planumbona layer (S) to the highest level for Leptaena (K) is indicated. Section 7. Thickness Total feet, thickness. (S) Lowest strata containing Stropkomena planumbona and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum 156 Interval 825-5 Top of the Leptaena Zone of the Lorraine. Although the overlying zone is here called the Proetus zone, the range of Proetus chambliemis extends fully 182 feet below the top of the Lep- taena zone. (K) Highest level containing Leptaena of rhomboidalis group, in a layer, unmeasured, only a few inches thick. At this Leptaena hcaizon a large specimen of Pterotheca pentagona was found 981) Argillaceous shales containing Clyptocrinus columnals, columnals with radially arranged strix, Pholidops, large specimens of Plectambonites sericeus, By mychia radiata, and Sinuites. At the base, DalmaneUa and Rafinesguina mucronata occur associated with long crinoid stems 50 1 ,031| Exposures in the bed of the river, containing Pholi- dops, DalmaneUa, Plectambonites, numerous frag- ments of Proetus chambliensis, all near base 75 1 , 106) The following strata occur south of mouth of gully opposite home of Francois Cloutier: Argillaceous shale, with exposures chiefly in river bed. Heterocrinus columnals, CornuUtes flexuosus, Plec- tambonites large, DalmaneUa, Byssonychia radiata, and Sinuites canceUata 26 1,132) Fossils few. Clyptocrinus and Heterocrinus columnals, Cornulites flexuosus, Pholidops, DalmaneUa, Plec- tambonites, Sinuites, and numerous fragments of Proetus 31 1 , 163) ( J ) ( Lowest recorded horizon for Proetus chambliensis in the Nicolet River section, 1,007-5 feet below the lowest Slrophomena planumbona and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum horizon). Fossils few. DalmaneUa, and Byssonychia. Whitdla was found in place 5 feet below top of this interval.. 32 1,195) 36 Thickness ToUl feet. thickueat. (I) Foasib few. Heterocrinus columnals, Phoiidops, Dal- maneUa, Byssonychia radiala. Near the baie of this lection CotlocUma, suggetting Eden affinities, oc- curi 33 l,228i Argillaceous shale with DalmaneUa, Eolomaria, Sin- uiUs, and Calymene 24 1 ,252| Argillaceous shale with Heterocrinus columnals, Dal- maneUa common, Plectambonites, Byssonychia with numerous plications, and Calymene 28 1,280} Argillaceous shale with PhyUoporina common in a thin layer at the top, and Coeloclema in another thin layer at the middle of the section. Also Heterocrinus columnals, DalmaneUa common, Byssonychia radiata common, and Calymene 13 1,323| Argillaceous shale with few fossils. Heterocrinus columnals with radiating striae occur in overlying interval. Chiefly fine-grained sandstone. Even the shale here is sandy; this is true also of the over- lying shales as far as layer (I) and, to a certain ex- tent, even as far as layer (K) 31 l,3S4i Argillaceous shale with graptolites rare, DalmaneUa, Whitella,Sinuites,3\so!i\aiS£loTmoiCymatonota.. 32 1,386} Sandy shales with graptolites common, also with DalmaneUa, anA Byssonychia radiala 27 1,413} Argillaceous shale with Heterocrinus, DalmaneUa, Byssonychia, WhiteUa, Sinuites, Hormotoma sublaxa 32 1,445} (H) Second Leptaena horizon, thin layer, unmeasured, 1,289 -S feet below lowest Strophomena planumbona and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum 1,445} Argillaceous shale with DalmaneUa common, a very oblique form of Hormotoma suggesting sublaxa, and apparently with Catazyga very rare 22 1,467} Argillaceous shale with Corntdites flexuosus, Dalman- eUa, and Byssonychia 32 1,499} (G) Third horizon, unmeasured, with Leptaena common, associated with DalmaneUa common, and Plec- tambonites, Byssonychia few; 1,343-5 feet below lowest Strophomena planumbona and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum layer 1,499} Sandy shales, with DalmaneUa, Plectambonites 51 1,550} (F) Catazyga erratica horizon, thin layer, not measured, 1,394 -5 feet below lowest Strophomena ^anumbona and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum layer 1,550} 37 The chief feature of this part of the Nicolet River section is the great vertical range of Leptaeno :J though at considerable intervals. Between layers (K) and (G) the interval is about 520 feet, but Leptaena occurs also 125 feet, and 310 feet lower, giving a total of 830 feet for the known vertical range of this fossil in the Nicolet River section. Only two bryozoans were identified from this horizon. The Coeloclema suggests Eden affinities. The Phylloporina is a new species, with numerous pits and is most closely related, among described species, to Ph. trentonensis Ulrich. The graptolites, in the lower part of the section, belong to the group of Glossograptus [Orthograptus) quadrimucronatus, and have no diagnostic value since this group has a very long vertical range. The occurrence of Pterotheca pentagona, associated with Proetus chambliensis, at the top of the section, is of interest since the same species occurs in the Proetus chambliensis zone, also, along the Richelieu river, at Chambly Canton. Both Proetus chambliensis and Rafinesquina mucronala seem to be absent at all horizons below the upper part of the Leptaena zone. Catazyga erratica is known at present only from layer (F) at the base of section 7. It may occur slightly higher, but apparently is re- placed by Cataz^- ■ headi in all the higher parts of the Nicolet River section. distribution is quite disconcerting in all attempts at cot. el. j the so-called Lorraine of the Nicolet River section with ^ part of the typical Lorraine of New York, since in New York Catazyga erratica has a considerable distribution in the typical Pulaski member of the Lorraine. However, if the Proetus cliambliensis zone be regarded as below the Pulaski member of the New York Lorraine, then the Lep- taena zones of the Nicolet River section must belong to still lower horizons. The Leptaena zones of the Nicolet River section appear to be represented also in southern Ontario, for instance at the Don Valley brick-yards, in the eastern part of Toronto. Here Leptaena is associated with bryozoans regarded by both Ulrich and Bassler as of Exlen age. It has already been stated that in Ohio and Kentucky the only form of Leptaena known from Cincinnatian 38 strata below the level of the Richmond occurs in the lower or Economy member of the Eden. xt- w d- — In the following part of the description of the Nicolet River section the interval between the lowest Strophomena planumbona layers and the top of this part of the section is indicated. Section 8. _ . Thickness Total feet, thicknesf. (S) Lowest layers containing Strophomena planumbona and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum • • Interval '•''*♦ Trintuleus Concentrica Zone of the Lorraine. . . . 1,550* (F) Catatyga errattea horizon ■■■,■■■;,■ ii. . *« Sandy strata with very few fossils, chiefly i)flima»*Ha 75J 1,626 (E) Top of Fourth horizon with i«/)to«»Ki common l.wo Interval with sandy shales as above, with Leptaena common, at various intervals, both in the sandstone and in limestone. Byssonychia radiata common. There are a few limestone layers in this part of the section. The sandstone layers are thin-sheeted.. . . 50 1,670 Same sandy shale as above. Talus from a gully 37 L"^ (D) Thin layer, unmeasured, with Trinudeus m pUce; associated with Glyptocrinus, Heterocnnus colum- nals. Comulites flexvosus, DalmaneUa, and Plectam- boniUs. This is the highest level at which Trtnu- cleus is known at present in this section, 1.557 feet below lowest Strophomena planumbona and Rhyn- chotrema perlamellosum layer ■■■ ■■ Sandy shales as above, fossils few. DalmaneUa, CM- ophorus, Hormotoma sublaxa ^0 Sandy shale with a few crinoid stems, and Dolman- ^^ ^ ^^^ gUa * (C) Thin layer, unmeasured, with Triarthrus becki rare, associated with Calymene, 1,658 feet below lowest Strophomena planumbona and Rhynchotrema per- ^ ^^^ lamellosum layer ' ' ^ Sandy shales with DalmaneUa and Tnnucleus 46 i .sou (B) Thin layer, not measured, with several good specimens of Uptaena associated with Cymatonota pholadts, TrinucUus, and Calymene, 1,704 feet below lowest Strophomena fOanumbona and Rhynchotrema per- ^ ^^ lamellosum horizon ' 39 Thicknen Total feet. thickneM. S«ndy shale with rfJiMKfnw and l7(i/tfM«i«tfa 00 1,930 Sandy shales 75 1,995 (A) Sandy shales with TrinvcUus associated with very poor specimens of CaUuyia and Ltptatna; also with Daimandla and Aspidopora 44 2,039 Thin layer, unmeasured, with Trinueleus common, some having long p>nal spines 2,039 Sandy shales and sandstones not well exposed for col- lecting: too steep. Dalmanella 50 2,089 Sandy strata as above. Dalmanella, Trinueleus with long genal spine 41 2,130 Somewhat more argillaceous strata. Dalmanella, Pkciambomles, Clidopkorus, Trinueleus 32 2,162 Sandy shales with Dalmanella, Clidopkorus, Cteno- donta conaaoa 42 2,204 Sandy shales, fossils few. Dalmanella, Trinueleus common 68 2,272 Sandy shales, fossils few. including Trinueleus 52 2,324 Sandy shales, fossils few 80 2,404 Sandy shales, fossils few, Dalmanella common, one specimen 20 mm. wide 75 2,479 Sandy shales, fossils few, including Trinueleus 34 2,513 (A strong fold or anticline occurs at this point in the section, 2,357 feet below the lowest Slropkot^tena planumbona and Rkynchotrema perlamellosum layers, or 2,513 feet below the base of the Queen- ston shales.) The chief feature in that part of the section which under- lies the Catazyga erratica horizon is the presence of Trinueleus. As a matter of fact, the highest level for Trinueleus known at present; is 140 feet below this Catazyga erratica horizon, but it very likely will be discovered eventually at still higher horizons. The present knbwn range of Trinueleus, to the base of the actually measured part of the Nicolet River section, is 800 feet, but it undoubtedly has a ver considerable range below the linuts of this part of the section. Triarthrus beeki is known in the Nicolet River section only at an horizon about 188 feet below the C « 42 northwestward, along the western shore of the river, to the point where the river enlarges for H miles, forming Chambly basm. The strata show very littte dip. Towards the dam. for a distance of several hundred yards, the strata consist chiefly of shale, penetrated almost horizontally by a dyke. Farther west, toward the entrance of the river into the basin, considerable more fine-grained sandstone is interbcdded. but fossils are not so abun- dant here. Most of the fossils were collected along the eastern half of the shale exposure. These shales have a dark grey or greyish black colour, and at certain horizons are richly fossili- ferous. The fauna undoubtedly is much greater than that here listed, since the list here given is the result of only two hours of collecting. Clyptocrinus columnaU. Htttrocrinus columnaU. Ctossotraptus (Orthoiraplus) guadHmucronatut-aptro*tmatus. Aspidopora spinnlosa ^not deacribed). Bylkopora (arctipora according to Ulrich). Columnalt with numerous radiating stria. PhoUdops stMntHcata, common. DalmaneUa ap., teen only in the tandMones, wertward. PUclambimUes sericeus large, very common. Rafinesquina mucronata, common. Rafinesguina altemata, 32 mm long, and very flat. Catatyt Im 1 I <.f h river. Here Pholadomorpha pkoladiformis was fi L - ..• V ., la. -d in the siime slab with Pkolidops sublrun- catus, Cw-'f-hvrv. praevolutus, Ctenodonla lonainensis, and runcialis. Pholadomorpha pkoladiformis oc- . . xpoiuref north of the bridge, \mong the I .the 8f ' jng bend in the river, near its mouth. i-'-d":' ' Rafinesquina allernata, Plec- 1 .,./a nuiiata, and Pterinea demissa. .i 'holadomorpka ckamhliensis (No. 2069 .u .. arv., Can.) described by the writer from lilt' ' Technoy ■ > • curred v > ii other fosii- I' ■ ' ' are Do rm >■ -L tamhon' . • - C' < It -. - •! in Collet ., ^n of the Cham, !y are . be regarded merely as another of the various s\ ;,onyni. ct i-h uidomorpka pkoladiformis. It is certain that the latter species ha^ a tjreat vertical range in the so-called Lorraine of Queliec. The specimens of Slropkomena planumoona found at the mouth of the Riviere des Hurons rannot be dis- tinguisheti from typical specimens found in the Richmond in the Cincinnatian areas of Ohio and Indiana. In this respect the specimens differ from those figured by the writer in the Bulletin of Denison University (No. 8404 in Coll. of Geol. Surv., Can.) the latter being more convex and somewhat triangular anterioriy. The Pterotkeca pentag.ona described by the writer from the Chambly area unquestionably came from the Tecknopkorus quincuncialis zone. The types of all of these forms probably were obtained not on the western side of the Richelieu river, at Chambly Canton, but on the eastern side, at the mouth of the Riviere des Hurons. . , .• It is evident that the presence of Pkoladomorpka pkoladu formis and Slropkomena planumbona in horizons as low as the Proelus zone will make the recognition of the latter almost impossible where only small exposures with meagre faunas are at hand. Since also a form resembling Modiolopsis concentrtca was found in the Proelus zone in the Chambly area, it is evident that a meagre representation of the Proelus ckambliensts fauna 43 may have a decided Richmond aspect to one familiar with the Ordovician faunas in tho Cincinnatian areas of Ohio and In- diana. As far as Slrophomena fdanumbona is concerned, however, it should \v: remf-mbered that this species is represented already in the Trenton of Kentucky by the closely similar form described by the writer as Slrophomena ulrkhi, hence similar forms are to be expected somi where within the great mass of strata inter- vening l)etween the Trenton and the Richmond, at least in other areas, although unkncrwn from these intermediate strata in the region surrounding Cincinnati. ST. BILAIRE. St. Hilaire station (Figure 1) is on the Grand Trunk railway, about 18 miles northeast of Montreal. It is on the eastern side of the Richelieu river, 8 miles northeast of Chambly Canton station. From the sUtion a road leads off southeastward up the hill, for a distance of three-quarters of a mile, and then turns southwards r.ither abruptly. About half a mile southeast of the station, along the northeastern side of the road, the shallow drainage ditch exposes dark grey or blackish argillaceous shales, containing the following fossils: Hettrocrinus columnals. Cornuliles sp. < -Lorraine form of TentactUiUs ftexuosut. Hall). Pholidops sublruncaia. / idimaneUa. Zygospira modesta. Bytson hia radiata. Oidophorus planultUus or p'oevoltUus. Ctenodonta torrainensis. Cymalonota recta. Ptiloroncha inornata. Plerinea demissa, 15 mm. high. JUiylimya cf. radiata or compressa. Rkytimya with outline suggesting Cuneamya scapha, but with no distinctly defined lunule; median sulcus \e^-. oblique, shell higher, and more abruptly truncated than in Rk. producta; no radiate granulose lines. Pholadomorpha pholadiformis. Cyrtoliles ornatus. Ctenobollnr^fi cUiata. Ceratopiis oculifera. 46 M s . i It may be said that this fauna definitely belongs below the Strophomena planumbona horizon, as exposed in the Nicolet River section.and is regarded, provisionally, as below the Waynes- ville member of the Richmond. It is regarded also as definitely above the horizons at which Proetus is so abundant. This would place the road side exposure southeast of St. Hiiaire station somewhere between the Strophomena planumbona hori- zon at the base of the Waynesville member in the Nicolet River section and the top of the Proetus horizon, 500 feet beneath. After the most careful search, no specimens of Trinucleus were found in the Nicolet River section above an horizon located 1,500 feet below the Strophomena planumbona level. In these circumstances it is difficult to believe in those identifications of Trinucleus in which apparently it is found associated with fossils indicating a much higher horizon. Unless enough of the specimen is at hand to certify undoubtedly to its trilobitic character, it is necessary to remember that everything which suggests the pitted border of a Trinucleus is not to be accepted at once as a genuine trilobitic fragment. This statement would be unnecessary if it were not for the fact that an unusually large-celled disk-shaped bryozoan occurs at and above the Cham- bly horizon, whose weathered surface occasionally resembles at first sight the pitted surface of Trinucleus, and the imprint of which is even more deceptive. Hence the occurrence of Trinu- cleus in any strata belonging to the Chambly or Proetus chamb- liensis zone is to be received with considerable scepticism in the absence of specimens whose origin is undoubted. In the "Geology of St. Bruno Mountain," by John A. Dresser, published in 1910 as Memoir No. 7 by the Geological Survey, the following fossils, collected at St. Hiiaire by R. Harvie, are identified by Dr. E. O. Ulrich: PaUschara beani (James). Pholidopt cincinnaliemis Hall. Rafinetquina ( ?) sp. nov. Byssonyctua, cfr. B. suberecta Ulrich. CUnodonla, sp. nov. Near C. pectuncuhidet, and C. nngulala. Ctenodonta, sp. indet. Small, of the C. leoata group. ClidophoTus, sp. nov. Near C. platmlaUu (Conrad). 47 Psiloconcha sinuata Ulrich. Psttoconcha, sp. nov., var 1. Psiloconcha, sp. nov., var. 2. Pholttdomorpha pHoladiJormis ? (Hall). A fragment. WkiUUa, sp. nov. . (Near W. guadrangiUaris.) Wkitella, sp. nov. (Near W. slerlingemis and W. obliquata.) Isoldus, cfr. I. tit<^ (pygidium). Ctenobolbina ciliata (Emmons) var. In the Nicolet River section, species of WhiteUa, near Wh. guadrangularis and Wh. obliquata occur not only above the Strophomena planumbona horizon, but also between 85 and 130 feet below the Strophomena planumbona horizon, associated with Pholadomorpha pholadiformis. Similar Whitellas, however, occur also at much lower horizons; for instance, at 730, 1,000, 1,200, and 1,300 feet below the Strophomena planumbona horizon, and WhUellas are very abundant in the Trinucleus zone below the dam at St. Hyacinthe. Hence the presence of Whitellas having a Richmond fades in the St. Hilaire area does not necessarily establish the horizon as definitely of Richmond age. In the report on "St. Hilaire (Beloeil) and Rougemont Mountains, Quebec," by J. J. O'Neill, published in 1914 as Memoir 43 by the Geological Survey, Canada, the following fossils from St. Hilnre station determined under the supervision of Professor Charles Schuchert are recorded: Stomatopora. Sp. undet. Paleschara beani James. Tubiculous annelids. Camulites richmondensis Miller ? Pholidops subtruTicala Hall, or Ph. cincinnatiensis Hall. Rafinesguina allemata Emmons. Zyiospira modesia Hall. Plerinea demissa Conrad. Byssonychia suberecla Ulrich. Psiloconcha sinuata Ulrich. Psiloconcha subovalis Ulrich. Psiloconcha inomala Ulrich. itodiolopsis concentrica Hall and Whitfield. Pholadomorpha pholadiformis Halt. Wkitella, three species, undet. Rhytimya radiala Ulrich. 48 Cymatonola semistriata Ulrich. Cymatonota recta Ulrich. CUnodonta peclunculoides Hall. Ctenodonta, sp. undet., of the C. levata group. Clidophorus n.sp., near C. ptantUatus. Cyrtolitts omalus Conrad. IsoUlus gigas DeKay ? CtenoboUnna ciliata Emmons ? n In these lists, it is probable that the new species of Rafines- quina is the form described recently by the present writer as Rafinesquina mucronata. The Psiloconcha sinuata may be the form recently described as the variety borealis of that species. The Clidophorus near planulalus may be the form recently de- scribed as Clidophorus praevolutus. The Ctenodonta near C. pectunculoides and C. cingulata probably is the form recently described as Ct. lorrainensis. With such long lists of fossils it might appear that the identification of the horizon at St. Hilaire should be an easy matter. Unfortunately most of the fossils listed appear to have very long vertical ranges and so their value for more exact identification of horizons is lessened. As far as may be judged from these additional lists, the St. Hilaire strata correspond to those Pholadomorpha pholadiformis horizons in the Nicolet River section which are beneath the lowest Strophomena planum- bona and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum horizon at that locality. Apparently similar strata are well exposed along the Riviere des Hurons, several miles southwest of St. Jean Baptiste, and in the St. Bruno Mountain area, judging from the collections in the possession of the Geological Survey. PETITE CAROLINE. Rougemont station is located on the St. Cesaire branch of the Central Vermont railway, about 24 miles east of Montreal, and 11 miles east of Chamblv Canton station. From here a road proceeds 2J miles northeastward to Petite Caroline station (Figure 1). Near a farmhouse about a quarter of a mile before reaching this station, there is a considerable exposure of horn- 49 stone on the western side of the roaH, the volcanic area lying farther westward. This homstone has been quarried sufficiently to reveal a number of fairly fossiliferous horizons, and no doubt if the collector were present while quarrying is going on a con- siderable fauna could be collected. The following specimens were secured from the solid rock, to avoid the possibility of pick- ing up fragments carried here by glacial action. Clyptocrinus cotumnaU. Heterocrinus columnaU. CotumnaU with radiating striae. Cornuiites flexuosus, Lorraine form of Hall. Dalmanella, common. Plectambonite$ tericeus, very common. Rafinesquina altemala, one specimen. Leptaena sp. of the rhombcidalis group. Catasyga headi, very common. Eotomaria. Calymtne, common. In the Nicolet River section, Leptaena occurs 825, 1,290- 1,345, 1,480, and 1,700 feet below the Strophemena planumbona horizon. The highest horizon for Trinucleus so far discovered occurs 1,560 feet below this Strophomena planumbotia horizon. The fauna so far collected does not warrant the definite a.ssign- ment of the Petite Caroline locality to any of these Lepalena horizons, but provisionally it is placed near the rap of the Trinucleus horizon since Leptaena is fairly common at the 1,676- foot level in the Nicolet River section and ranges through several hundred feet of the Trinucleus zone as exposed at St. Hyacinthe. In the report on "St. Hilaire (Beloeil) and Rougemont Mountains, Quebec," Memoir 43 of the Geological Survey, published in 1914, the following fauna, as identified by Professor Charles Schuchert, and found in the locality one-fourth of a mile south of the Petite Caroline station, are recorded: Crinoidat columnals very abundant. Dalmanella testudinaria Dalman. Plectambonites seriuus Sowerby. Catatyga anticoteienns Billings ? (probably erratka Hall.) Clidophorus, sp. undet. Calymene calUcepkala Green. TrinucUus conteiUricus Eaton. 50 ST. HUGUES OR YAHASKA RIVER. St. Hugues (Figure 1) is 39 miles northeast of Montreal, on the St. Hyacinthe and St. Guillaume branch of the Canadian Pacific railway, and 12 miles north of St. Hyacinthe. A short distance northwest of the station, a road passes southwest to- wards the Yamaska river, and half a mile from the railway it reaches the river road turning oflF northwestward. The river road is in a bad condition but serves to lead the visitor to the river banks about a mile down stream, where the best exposures in this vicinity are found. The locality is a little more than a mile below the mouth of the Chibouet river, on the northeastern side of the river, directly opposite a point where a road comes down the hill from the western side of the river. The rock is chiefly shale and argillaceous limestone. Here the following foR.<;ils were found; occasionally all of those here listed occur in the same slab. i: Crinoi'^ columnals. Di^mantlla "lestudinaria," very common. PlectamboniUs serictus, large. Leptaena intenusta Foerste. Catatyga enatica. Clidopkorui, sp. nov. resembling neglectus in outline. Lyrodesma postitriatum. Cyrtolites omatus. Calymene sp. Triarthrus becki, common in certain layers. Trinudeus ccncentricus, common in certain layers. Recently, Mr. R. Harvie, of the Geological Survey, has made a special study of the exposures on the western side of the Yamaska river, from the ferry landing west of St. Hugues for a distance of about 2 miles northward. Fossils were collected at three localities. Locality A ia located at the bend of the river about a mile north of the feny landing, and is about opposite the locality from which the fossils listed above were collected. Locality B lies about a quarter of a mile farther upstream, and nearer the crest of an anticline whose axis crosses the river about a third of a mile below the ferry lunding, as indicated upon 51 the accompanying sketch map (Figure 3). Hence locality B represents fossils from some horizon lower than that at A. Locality C, about 2 miles below the ferry landing, lies south of a syncline intervening between localities A and C, and its relative position with reference to locality A is unknown. The following fossils were collected by Mr. Harvie at the localities mentioned. Ixx»lities. Co^ocUma commune DalmoneUa "lestudinana" Glyplorthis sp PUdambonites sericeus Leptaena inveuusta Catatyta erratica Byssonyckia radiata Colpomyafaba Cymatonota pkoladis WkiteUa rotund form WMteUa complanala Clidophorus planulatus Arckinaedla pulaskietuis Sinuites canceilata Plerotheca sp Isoleltu with genal spine 20 mm. long. Triartkrui becki TrinucUus coticentricus From these lists it is evident that the localities at St. Hugues correspond to the TrinucUus zone, as exposed in the Nicolet River section. The Coelocletna is found also in the Leptaena zone in the Nicolet River section and its presence suggests Eden affinities. The presence of Plerotheca in the St. Hugues area is noteworthy, since in tlw Nicolet River section this genus was represented by a specimen occurring at the top of the Leptaena zone. Only fragments of the Glyplorthis are known and these represent a more coarsely plicated species than Glypt- orthis crispata, Emmons. > I 52 ii 1 Scs/»m^*'^ , Cm^r Cmrdin # Figure 3. Yamaska river, southwest shore near St. Hugues. 53 ST. HYACtNTHE. St. Hyacinthe (Figure 1) is 30 miles northeast of Montreal. The main part of the town is on the western side of the Yamaska river, and south of the Grand Trunk railway, but a bridge crosses the river east of the town and connects with the station on the St. Hyacinthe and St. Guillaume branch of the Cana- dian Pacific railway. Exposures begin southwest of this bridge, a short distance beyond the mouth of two streams entering the river from the southeast, and extend as far as a dam crossing the river south of the town. Fossils were collected in the river bed itself, in a single limestone layer located near the northern limit of this line of exposures, and about 15 feet from the eastern margin of the river at low water. Here the following fossils were found. HeUrocrinus columnals. Dalmanrlla "testudinaria" very com- mon. Byssemyckia radiata, voy common. Cymatonota pholadis. CUonyckia curta (sp. nov.) Lyrodesma posUtriatitm. Mndiolopsis, small ■peciet. Cyrtolites subplanus. Lopkospira sp. nov., with tall spire TrinucUus coucentricus, very com- mon. I Recently Mr. R. Harvie, of the Geological Survey, has made a study of that part of the exposures in the bed of the river which begins at the western angle of the dam and continues down the river a short distance beyond the highway bridge, where the measured part of the section terminates at a major fault, in- dicated upon the accompanying sketch map (Figure 4). The rocks dip down stream, away from the dam, so that the bottom of the section is at the dam, and the highest part of the measured section is at the major fault. Several minor faults and dykes of igneous rocks are present. The total thickness of the section is 720 feet. Fossils were collected at the localities 1-7, within 10 feet (above and below) of the points indicated by the numbers at the head of the accompanying list of fossils. The direction and amount of dip of the strata investigated by Mr. Harvie also are indicated on the map. 54 fouil lotmlitMm fmultr— — H-B-tr. »-»-ttofm. tt-tntarxteo-noftrutt/iickn—t w~. — '* "S" "S S" Figure 4. Ptan of river bed below the dam at St. Hyadnthe, Quebec i^m^ 55 lAit 0/ Fostils Found in tht Section Immedialety Below tkt Dam at St. Hyacintht. Locality number 1 20 2 110 3A 150- 220 3 230 4 340 5 460 6 560 7 DiiUnce above baae of Mction 640 Ohiocrinut cf. ifniciUatns Ulrich X Lingnla X X X DalmaneUa "testudinaria" Dalman . . X X X X Lepiaena invenusta Foente X X X X X Catatyta erratica Halt Zytospira moduta Hall Byssonyckia radiaia Halt X X Clionychia curia Foente (ip. nov.) . . X Colpomya faba Conrad X X X X X X X X X X X X Clidophonu planulatus Conrad Clidopkorus brtvit Foente (»p. nov.) X X .... Lyrodesma poststriatum Emmona. . . . Cuneamya uapha-brerior Foerste X ArckinaceUa ptdaskiensis Foente X X X X X « X X Sinuiles canceUata Hall X X X X X CyrMUes cf. parvus Ulrich TrinucUus concenlricus Eaton X X X Triarthrus becki Green X X Calymene caUiuphala Green From this list it is evident that the tauna collected by Harvie belongs to the Trinucleus zone of the Nicolet River section. Moreover, the major fault at the top of the measured part of the section cannot have been attended with a very great throw, since the fossils collected by the writer farther north, and listed as coming from the northern limit of exposures in the river bed, evidently belong to the same fauna. The most striking feature of this section at St. Hyacinthe, compared with the corresponding section on the Nicolet river, is the great range of Triartkrus becki. As a matter of fact, however, Triartkrus becki and Trinucleus concenlricus range in New York sUte downward into the Trenton, so that the extended S6 range of Triartknu becki at St. Hyacinthe would not be note- worthy, were it not for the limited range of thia species in the Nicolet River section. The presence of an Ohiocrinus of the lenicukUus type also ib of interest, since the specimen found can not be distinguished from the species of Ohiocrinus found in the Eden straU at Tamarack point, west of Little Current, on Manitoulin island, in Lake Huron, and the latter differs from Ohiocrinus geniculatus, Ulrich, from the lower Eden, at Cincinnati, Ohio, only in its larger size. The Cabuyga is of the erratica type, and the general fauna resembles the Lorraine of New York sufficiently to indicate that the Trenton must lie at still lower horizons than anything exposed at St. Hyacinthe. Cyrlclites parvus Ulrich, occurs in the upper part of the Cynthiana formation at Covington, Ken- tucky, opposite Cincinnati, Ohio. BRBAULT, ON B^CANCOUR KIVER. Breault station (Figure 1) is located 75 miles northeast of Montreal, and 14 miles southeast of Three Rivers, on the Three Rivers and Arthabaska branch of the Grand Trunk railway. The village consists only of a few houses, and a road leads north- eastward to a gully entering the B^cancour river less than a mile from the station. Exposures occur at various points in the bottom of this gully, and the following fossils were found toward the upper part of this set of exposures. Glyptoerinus columnaU. Heterocrinui columnab. Cododema commun* (determined by Ulrich). DalmanrUo "uaudinaria." ayptorthis tp. Byssonyckia radiata. CUdophonu. Modiohptis. Triarthrus becki. TrinucUu* coHunlricus, comniMi. Much better exposures occur one-eighth of a mile down the river from the mouth of the gully, and elsewhere along the stream, but have not been studied as yet. 99 The Breault locality probably corresponds to the Trinuckus zone as exposed in the Nicolet River section, and as exposed also along the Yamaska river, northwest of St. Hugues and at St. Hyacinthe. ST. AUCU9TIN, SOUTHWEST OF QUEBEC. (Figure 1.) F'^ty-six milej northeast of the Breault locality on the Bto' .cour river, is St. Augustin, a railway station on the north shot . of the St. Lawrence, about 12 miles southwest of Quebec. East of the railway station, argillaceous shales with graptolites are exposed. West of the mouth of the creek which serves as an outlet for Lac Calvaire, the graptolites are accompanied by Dalmanetla. Directly south of the west end of Lac Calvaire, along the railway, the following fossils are found: Graptolites common. Crinoid cotumnak. HaUopora tigilt&rioidu. Hemipkraima sp. (determiiwd by Ulricb). DalmotMa, very common. PledambeHiles sericeus, large, rare. Plectamboniltt plicalelius, common in certain iaycn. Zytospira. Rkynchotrema, large form like increbescetu. Trinucleus sp. with long genal tpinei. Triarthriu b4cki, not rare. About an eig^ rh of a mile farther eastward, one-third of a mile before reachii j the contact with the Sillery, a conglomerate is exposed, containing the following species: Slreptdasma. DalmaneUa. HeberteUa. PlectambomUt serictus, large, common. Rkynckolrema. This conglomerate is believed to belong to the Trenton, and the overlying argillaceous shales to horizons corresponding If l5 I I t i i * St to the lower part of the Cincinnatian section in Ohio. It is recognixed, of course, that a much more extended examination of these beds must be made before definite correlation of these shales east of St. Augustin with Cincinnatian strata be accepted. There is a possibility of these shales turning out to be Trenton, but their Trenton age could not be recognized from the few fossils secured. The total thickness of these shales must be at least several hundred feet, and they certainly belong below the lowest strata so far studied along the Nicolet river, thus greatly augmenting the totol thickness of strata supposed to have equiva- lents in the Cincinnatian section. It is becoming evident that Trinucleus concentricus and Triarthrus becki either range through considerable parts of both the lower "Hudson river" and Trenton rocks, or that they are represented in both series of strata at least by closely similar forms, so far not differentbted in the field. Under these con- ditions it will probably require a very careful collecting of the graptolite and bryozoan elements in the fauna to determine the age of the argillaceous shales east of St. Augustin. MONTMORENCY FALLS. (Figure 1.) The same statement may be made regarding the exposures 6 miles northeast of Quebec, at the Montmorency falls. Here several hundred feet of fissile black shales, such as usually are regarded as representing the typical Utica, rest against the more or less faulted Trenton, and are overlaid, southeastward, along the railway, by softer clay shales containing graptolites and Triarthrus becki. Until recently, no one would have doubted the Utica age of the fissile black shales or the Eden age of the overlying strata, but now, apparently, owing to the study by Dr. Ruedemann of lithologically similar strata in the Mohawk valley of New York, the age of these Canadian strata is once more sufficiently in doubt to make further investigation desir- able, although the Utica age of Montmorency Falls shales is provisionally taken for granted. bL In view of the considerable exposures of shales along the St. Lawrewre near Quebec, overlying undoubted Trenton lime- stones, it seems possible that the total thickness of strata in the province of Quebec, corresponding to the Cincinnatian section in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, not including the Queenston shales, may equal 4,000 feet, and including the Queenston may equal 5,000 feet. RELATIVE STRATIGRAmiC POSITION OF SOME OF THE QUEBEC PROVINCE HORIZONS. The following is a crude .ti tempt to indicate the relative position of the various faunas discussed in this report, using the Nicolet River section as a standard of comparison. Being only a first attempt, based upon data so far secured, it is, of course, subject to considerable error, but nevertheless may serve as a guide to future research. No attempt has been m itie to indicate the relative positions of the St. Augustin, and Monlmorci.cy Fails faunas, but both are regarded as belonging far below the base of the Nicest River section. feet — Base (>f Queemslon. feet — Top of Zyfospira keniuckuusis tone, at top of NicoUl Rimr section; exposed also 1) mtlet aouthweat of Van and 2 miles southwest of Hawthorne. 55— 100 feet— Erratic blocks northwest of St. Huguet. at St. Hilaire, 1) mile* southeast of the village and at Riviire dea Huront, at Strophomtna ktcuba zone. 100— 156 feet— Blocks on hiU-dde east of St. Hilaire, at Stropkom4na planumbena tone. Probable horizon also of the Slro^ phomena fhutuosa zone west of Vara. 245— 400 feet— At St. Hilaire southeast of sution, in Pkoladomorpka zone. 700—1,000 feet— At Chamt^ Canton, and mouth of Kiviire des Huron iu Proelus mm*. Here belong also the exposures 2 milen northwest of Vars, and west of Hawthorne. 1,700—2,050 feet— At St. Hyadnthe, St. Hugues, and Breault, in TriniuUus zone, including also Triartkrus and Leptaeua. The Pttile Caroline locality probably also belongs here. Referring now to the published geological maps of the territory here discussed, the Montreal, Quebec, and Three I? m 11 a Rivers sheets, it will be noticed that these determinations fall in very well also with the structure as already unravelled by earlier investigators. The Ordovician area south of the St. Lawrence river is folded in a direction approximately but not strictly parallel to the Appalachian folding farther southeastward. At present, however, the evidences of this folding are chiefly local, and few of the axes of either the synclines or of the anticlines have been traced for long distances. Only in case of those synclines which are occupied by rem- nants of the formerly widespread red Queenston shales, do the published geological maps of this area give any suggestion as to the width and length of any of these synclines. The most western of the Queenston red clay shale areas mapped in the province of Quebec enters the area of the Montreal sheet (No. 571) from the north. The centre of this area crosses the St. Francis area about 4 miles southeast of Pierreville. The syncline evidently has a southwesterly direction, and in the map the Queenston beds terminate at the David river, about 8 miles north of St. Hugues. Recently, however, the red Queen- ston shales were struck in the borings for gas in the vicinity of St. Amable, between 4 and 6 miles north of St. Hyacinthe, on the western side of the railway. Here fully 1,000 feet of Queen- ston beds have been penetrated, and since only glacial deposits cover these beds their original thickness probably was greater. Connecting the St. Amable localities with the Queenston red shale area, as mapped on the St. Francis river, the syncline should cross the Yamaska river in range III, about 2) miles northwest of St. Hugues. As far as known, no exposures occur here. The most western exposures mapped by Harvie are about 2 miles west of the mouth of the Chibouet river and belong to the Trinucleus zone of the Lorraine. Moreover, the dips in this area indicate a syncline about 1} miles west of the Chibouet river, and a small anticline about half a mile from the mouth of this river. However, at St. Hyacinthe the rocks dip distinctly south- east, while the axis of the Pierreville syncline is known to be north- west of St. Hyacinthe, suggesting a narrow synclinal structure I i^ 61 here, possibly not exceeding 7 or 8 miles in width. The eastern boundary of the Pierreville syncline is indicated by the presence of the TrinucUus division of the Lx)rraine at St. Hugues, St. Hyacinthe, and east of Rougemont mountain. The axis of a second syncline occupied by Queenston strata crosses the Nicolet river in the vicinity of Ste. Monique, and according to the map the Queenston shales continue for a dis- tance of 11 miles southwest. About 2 miles southeast of Ste. Monique these Queenston shales are underlaid by fossiliferous strata dipping northwest and the syncline terminates at an anticline whose axis lies about 3 miles southeast of Ste. Monique. Between the southern end of the Nicolet syncline and the northern end of the Pierreville syncline there probably is an anticline, the evidence for which is buried by glacial deposits. The width of the Nicolet syncline may not exceed 7 miles. Northeastward the Queenston shales occupying the Nicolet syncline are not indicated beyond the Gentilly river, but a third syncline is indicated on the Quebec sheet. No. 37S, by a Queenston area beginning about 2 miles west of Forestdale on the Gentilly river and extending northeastward for a distance of 21 miles crossing the Petite Riviere du Chene. The indentations of Ordovician strata in the Archaean outline north of the St. Lawrence river north of Grondines and Les Ecureuils may indicate prolongations of the Nicolet and Du Chene synclines. It will be noticed that the Pierreville, Nicolet, and Du Chere synclines have a more northerly direction than the St. Lawrence and Champlain fault. Apparently the resistance offered by the Arch«ean mass north of the St. Lawrence river to the thrust of the rocks from the southeast produced first folding and then faulting. Farther southward in the province of Quebec, the Nicolet and Pierreville synclines may terminate in shallow troughs not including the Queenston. So far the evidence for this is not very clear, but the presence of Richmond strata east and south- east of St. Hilaire Station, and on the Riviere des Hurons, 4 miles northeast of Chambly basin, accompanied by the presence of the Trinucleui zone of the Lorraine at St. Hugues, St. Hya- U li II ji I 62 cinthe, and east of Rougemont mountain at lea»t lends colour to such a suggestion. The trough of the Pierreville syncUne apparently rises toward St. Hilaire and Chambly. Synclinal structure, judging from the Montreal sheet, dominates the structure of the Ordovician area as far as the Napierville area, 25 miles southwest of Chambly Canton. NAVAN. Navan station (Figure 5) is nearly 1 1 miles east of Ottawa, on the Canadian Pacific line to Montreal (Figure S) ; the village is at the crossroads less than a mile northeastward. Con- tinuing along the same road northeast of the village, exposures of the CoUingwood black shale with Triarthrus spinosus are met. This shale, formerly identified with the Utica of New York, overlies the Trenton limestone, but t!ie contacts are not seen here. Nearly 2 miles northeast of Navan station, a crossroad turns off southeastward, between concessions VII and VIII, and exposes more of the CoUingwood black shale, both north and south of the railway. Half a mile south of the railway, between lots 13 and 14, at a road comer, the basal beds of the strata regarded as equivalent to one of the lower horizons in the Cincinnati group, consisting of brownish argillaceous strata containing Plectam- bonites sericeus, are found. Dnlmanella and Triarthrus becki occur li miles southeast of this road comer, at the bridge acroM Bear creek, along the road leading southeast to Vars. These lower strata correspond to the tower Eden of the Cindnnatian sections in Ohio and neighbouring states. YAKS. Two miles and one-half southeast of the road comer at which the towest exposures regarded as having equivalents in the Cincinnatian section of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky occur, at a road crossing between concessions VII and VIII, and U miles south of the bridge mentioned in the preceding lines, there are several good exposures of clay shales interbedded with fine- UktiUlk '! I 63 [Ill 64 grained, harder, siliceous, shaly layers. The locality may be reached also by going from Vars station (Figure 5). IS miles east of Ottawa, on the Grand Trunk railway, first three-fourtijs of a mik westward along the railway track and then a mile •orthwestward, to the road crossing mentioned above. The strata are richly fossiliferous here. Some fossils were collected at a bridge, west of the road crossing; others were found south of the crossing. The following h a list of the species seen: Gtypltcrimts columnaU. Bryocoan impretHoiis. Dalmandla sp. Rafinesqmna mneronata PUctamboniles sericeus. Zygospira r\odesla. Pkolidops sublruncata. Byssonychia radiala. CUdophorus praevoltUus. CymaUmola pkoUMs, near Tuta, Ulrich. Cantamya cf. ne^ecta Hall, non Meek. Lyrodesma poslstriatum. Ptilonyckia Hnuata. RkyHmya jronirfwo. Eotomaria nearest eanalifera. Acidaspis free cheek. Calyment sp. Proetus chanMiensis. BylhocyprU cytindrica. CKnofrotMno cf. ciliata. The horizon at which these fossib were obtained is regarded as considerably below the lowest strata containing Pholado- morpha pholadiformis and ModiolopHs concentrica. On the other hand, it is regarded also as distinctly above those horizons in the Cincinnatian sections iii which L*^»to«»»a occurs associated with Trinucleus and Triarthnu. For the present, it is correlated with the upper part of the Proetus horizon, as exposed at Cham- bly. Along the Nicolet river, this horizon belongs about 600 feet below the lowest Strophomena planumbona zone, which occurs at the base of the straU there correlated with the Waynes- ville of Ohio. Three-fourths of a mile southeast of the road comer last discussed, south of a stream crossing, there is another fossU locality. It may be reached by going from Vars three-fourths of a mile westward, along the raUway track, and then nearly half a mile northwest along the road. At this locality, sandj', shaly, fine-grained strata occur interbedded with clay, on both sides of the road. The following Hpecies were found; J 65 CUdophonu pratfotutiu. Pterinea demissa. ProttMS chatHblunsis. Glypiocrimut columnals. Kafinetquima mucronata, PUctamboniUs itrictus. PMUops tubtmmtata. No difference could be noted between this fauna and that at the croeeroad, nearly a mile northwestward. Howe\-er, at this more southern locality there are also numerous loose blocks in the field east of the road, and some along the road itself, which are regarded as residual blocks from some higher horizon, brought in contact with rocks belonging to the Proetus zone by faulting. These blocks contain the foibwing species: Catatyta headi. Pkolidops subtruneata. CUdophonu praevolutus. Clathrospira iubcomica. PUclamb^. 68 ^^J^f^^°ii^ '"^'^ '"** ^""^ "*^ .urrounding Toronto. Eastward, this MaysvUIe bryozoan element is even more spar- ingly represented in the Pulaski of New York. The lamelUbranch fauna of the Pulasld of New York apparently finds dose relatives in the strata which intervene between the top of the Fairmount and the base of the typical Bdlevue, at Hamilton. Ohio. This appears, however, to have been a southward migration of a northern fauna rather than a northward migration of a southern one. In general, the faunas of those Canadian strata which most nearly approach the Maysville in time, appear to have been nwthem faunas, possibly also in large part of northeastern origin. There is no evidence of the presence, in Ontario or ST' '^' * J * *yP'*^' ^°""* "°P«' Fairmount, Corryville. or Mount Auburn members of the Maysville, as represented in the Cincmnatian areas. It is doubtful whether the typical Lorraine of New York has any wide extension in the area west of the Frontenac axis in the province of Ontario. Such typical upper Lorraine forms as Orthodesma nasutum, and Ischyrodonta curta are known withm this area, only from Weston, 3 miles northwest of Toronto, although Hall figured a specimen of Ischyrodonta curta from Grimsby, along the southern shore of Lake Ontario; but this must have been an erratic specimen. Modiohpsis modiolaris another characteristic upper Lorraine form, is not known from any part of Ontario. The only characteristic New York upper Lon-ame fossil found also in the supposed Lorraine of Ontario IS Phohdomorpha pholadiformis, but the value of this fossil in identifying the Lorraine in Ontario is destroyed by the fact that It occurs in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, as well as in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, also throughout the Waynes- vil e member of the Richmond. In these circumstances, the only reason for identifying any of the strata, in Ontario, which contain Pholadomorpha and which occur beneath undoubted Kichmond strata, with the Lorraine of New York instead of the Richmond of Ohio, is the fact that Dr. E. O. Ulrich determined the bryozoans in the Pholadomorpha zone of the so-called Lorrame, which occur beneath undoubted Richmond strata on k^ 69 Manitoulin island, and at corresponding horizons near Meaford, on the south shore of Georgian bay, as of middle Maysville rather than of Richmond age. It is, therefore, chiefly these bryozoa which suggest the Maysville age of those Phokdomorpha-con- taining beds in the province of Ontario which have the lithologi- cal aspect of Lorraine strata. In making these statements, however, I wish to emphasize the fact that only a few species of bryozoans were found in these supposed Lorraine strata in Ontario, and that further collections might modify considerably conclusions based on the few species of bryozoans hitherto collected. These further collections of bryozoan material I have not had the opportunity, so far, to make. The element of doubt as to the correctness of the correla- tion of the upper part of the Lorraine-appearing strata in On- tario with the top of the Lorraine in New York is incroa.sed also by the presence of some of the other fossils associated with PItoladomorpha in these strata. For instance, north of the rail- way bridge at the southeastern end of Streetsville, 18 miles west of Toronto, Opisthoptera fissicosta, a typical Richmond form, is seen in the upper part of the Lorraine-like strata, and Stro- pkomena sulcata another typical Richmond form, occurs at least 50 feet lower in the section. In fact, the Lorraine-like Phnlado- morpha zone at Streetsville may Ix; referred definitely to the Richmond. This upper Loi raine-like zone appears to contain a consid- erable fauna and it is exposed at a sufficient number of localities in southern Ontario to invite further study. In the valley of the Humber river, on the western side of Toronto, there must be some good upper Lorraine exposures since a considerable num- ber of species from this locality are representetl in the collections of the Royal Ontario National Museum at Toronto. Exposures occur also at other localities northwest of Toront i, along the southern shore of Georgian hay, and on Manitoulin island. However, I have had no opportunity to give these more than a very superficial examination. In Kcneral, it may Ix? stated that while it is not regarded as impossible that Pholtulomorpha may occur in strata of Maysville as well as in those of Richmond age, it is probable that further research will place at least the -•f1 II 70 upper part of these m<^n^ Lorraine Pholadomorpha.conUixmtig ,trau ...ore or lc-«s definitely in the Richmond. The lower parts of the supposed 1-orraine of <>^*"7 "« r." exposed at numerous localities near Toronto on the^^^'Ltf^* of rVporgian bay. and on Manitouhn island. These require, LZ much Lther study. Indeed^heir -tudy can ^arcely be. said to have begun. Enough has been «*n to .nd.a»te tha they contai.. a c.,..>idcrable fauna, mcludmg bryozoans^ Th^ print state- of knowledge scarcely --'^^ ^/J^f^^^ ° correlate these lower strata will, defimte parts of the N« v York Lrraine section. Th. possibili. ''f --'^""V .^rrate of the southern Untano Lorra.ne wUh a part «' ^^c. I^rrame a, exposed in the province of .Juebec ,h suggested by the ex pLurrfn the Don Valley brick- vards. in the eastern part of iTonto Here there is a zon. at which a Uptaenaoi the ^Zouialis group is a.socuaed with ^^''f -V^" f [f^J"^ Trinucleus con.entricus. Th.s as.soc.at.on of fos. Is '«. »» «n«'y su^estive of that between 1.395 and 1.550 f.n^t below the lowest hoS containing StropHon,-na planu.to^ ^"^Th; tSt'S perlamellosnm, in the Nicolet R.ver section. The .-> oc^^ bryozoan fauna suggests Eden and lower Maysv.l e affin.tu^ It is possible that when these faunas are carefully collected they may ^ound distinctly separable into an upper. M-y;^;»J- »"^ Slower Eden. zone, bnt so far the bryozoans have been collected ndiSm^U. and it is fortu-jate t^at they have at.ac^ sufficient attention on the part of local collectors to have l^n pres^rxed at all. Evidently much remains to be >earned rega.d- fng the supposed Lorraine strata of the province of Ontario^ At present thechief point of interest so far suggested by previous ftudrppea-^tobeSeiactthattheLorraineofOnta^^ much more in common with the Eden and Maysville of Ohio, Tnd anHnd Kentucky, than with the I.,rraine of the province of Quebec, while it presents scarcely anything which rn.ght ^ calkd characteristic in common with the ^yP'cal I^n;ame of New York, unless the exposures at Weston, northwest of Toronto, are regarded as an exception. .. „ Cauxzyga erroXica has a very restricted vertical distribution in tne Loiraine of Ontario. GlypioriUs cnspala is unknown 71 there. Even such common New York form* as Pholidops subtruncata, Arckinactlla fmlaskiensis, Clidophorus f^nulatus, Cdpomya faha-pusilla, and Clenodonta hrrainensu, either are ab«;nt or are sufficiently rare not to have lieen found as yet. Calcareous strata are more common in the Lorraine of Ontario than in the typical Lorraine of Niw York, and it is in association with these calcareous strata that the bryozoans become more numerous. It is chiefly the bryozoans which suggest the affinity of the Canadian representativts of the Lorraine with the Maysville and Eden of Cincinnatian areas. BETWEEN GEORGIAN BAY AND LAKE ONTARIO. TORONTO. So numerous are the outcrops of the upper and lower Lor- raine-like strata in the vicinity of Toronto, within a radius of 20 miles (Figure 6), that eventually a very interesting fauna will be collected. It is quite evident that no serious study of these faunas nas been attempted as yet, since only a few of those species actually collected have been carefully identified. Considering the close vicinity of the Don Valley brick-yards to Toronto, it is remarkable how little definite information is at hand regarding the vertical range of any of the species found at that locality. To unravel this will require the close attention of some one located sufficiently near the quarry to examine the material from each level in succession, while different parU of the quarry face are cut away. At one horizon in the Don Valley brick-yard, Leptaena rhomboidalis cf. variety invenusta, occurs associated with Catatyga erratica and Trinucleus concentricus. Associated in the same layer are various bryozoa among which Dr. E. O. Ulrich identified a species of Aspidopora and one of Bylhopora, both suggesting Eden affinities, and also Hallopora communis and Spatiopora maculosa, both suggesting lower Maysville relationship. In the same manner, a miscellaneous collection of bryozoa submitted to Dr. Ray S. Bassler, from the Don Valley brick-yard quarry, by Prof. W. A. Parks, included a mixture of Eden and a »«C«OCOPr RBOWTION TBT CHAIT (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) \2a lit |U Iti ■ 16 u tmm 2.0 1.8 ^^ ^ r JPPLIED IM/^GE I ^ '653 EotI Moln Sir..! ^ ('16) 2Sa - S9S9 - Fo, II fil -ii 72 Figure 6. Portion of western Ontario showing fossil localities. s ■» 73 Maj^ville forms. The various members of the Maysville forma- tion, in Ohio, in the order of their succession, from top to bottom, are: Mount Auburn. Corryville. Bellevue. Fairmount. Mount Hope. The following species were identified by Bassler from the Don Valley brick-yard quarry: Atactopora maculata Fairmount member of Maysville horizon at Cin- cinnati. Hattopora dalei Mount Hope and Fairmount members. Hattopora subplana Mount Hope member of Maysville. Arthropora shafferi Upper Eden to Corryville member of Maysville. Perenopora vera All Eden and Mount Hope member of Maysville. Bythopora arctipora All Eden. DekayeUa ulricki All Eden. Aspidopora sp Eden form. Chilopordla sp Eden form. StiimaUUa sp Eden form. Notwithstanding these careful determinations by Dr. Bassler, it is impossible at present to make even a suggestion as to where the line is to be drawn, within the Don Valley brick-yard, between the Eden and Maysville. There is no lithological change to be noted in the quarry face, suggesting an important time break, and none of the horizons for any of the species have been determined. Dr. Bassler determined also the following species from some unknown locality near Toronto: Spatiopora cf. maculosa. . . .Fairmount member of Maysville. Palesckara cf. beani Eden formation. From Weston, 3 miles northwest of the northwestern bound- ary of Toronto, he identified Bythopora gracilis Fairmount to Arnheim, tho latter being the lowest member of the Richmond in Ohio. Hattopora sp Maysville formation. 74 The upper zones of the supposed Lorraine strata in the vicinity of Toronto, are exposed on the Humber river, west of Toronto, as already indicated. The fossils found here belong to the Pholadomorpha pholadiformis and Modiolopsis cf. con- centrica zone, but they have not been studied as yet. Whitella hindi, from the vicinity of Toronto, which was de- scribed by Billings, probably came from the upper Lorraine as exposed along the Humber river. Diplograptus hudsonicus from the Hudson river, on the lake shore at Toronto, and from Weston, was described by Nichol- son. The best specimens are said to have come from flags brought to Toronto, probably from some quarry on the Humber. Along theHumber the Pholadomorpha zone in the upper part of the Lorraine is exposed, and at this horizon on Manitoulin island Diplograptus vespertinus Ruedemann, is widely distributed. At the Leptaena horizon in the lower Lorraine, at the Don Valley brick-yards, Climacograpius {Mesogrcptus) putillus was identified by Ruedemann. Without having access to the types of Diplo- graptus hudsonicus it is impossible to identify this species, but it seems possible that it may have been Diplograptus vespertinus or some other variety of Diplograptus quadrimucronatus. WESTON. The village of Weston (Figure 6) is located about 3 miles northwest of the present northwestern boundary of Toronto. West of the middle of the village a bridge crosses the Humber river, and exposures extend from this bridge for about a mile southward. One of the bluffs on the west side of the river has a vertical exposure of about 20 feet and another bluff on the east side exposes about 40 feet of rock and shale. The clay shale largely predominates, but the fossils can be detected most readily in the interbedded rock layers. The following species were identified from the strata exposed along the river bank in a total section - obably not exceeding 40 feet. PUctambonites sericeus. Catatyga erratica. Rafinesquina alternata, fiat form. PUrinea demissa. Rafineiquina mucronata. Byssonychia radiata-borealit. 75 ModiohpsU concentrica. Pholadomorpha pholadiformis. Colpomya faba. CymatoHota lenior. Ischyrodonta curta Lyrodesm posstriatum. Cyrtolites omatus. Ciathrospira subconiea. Cyclonema Mix. Loxoceras with vertical colour mark- ing on inner layers of shell. Endoceras sp. Calymene sp. Arthraria, 5 inches in length. A'x>ut half a mile southwest of the bridge at Weston, along the pike following the western side of the Humber valley, and 60 feet above the level of the exposures in the river bed at the bridge, a small tile ditch at the margin of the field exposed rock containing numerous specimens of Catazyga erratica as- sociated with a typical specimen of Orthodesma nasutum Conrad. The presence of Ischyrodonta curta and Orthodesma nasutum in association with Catazyga erratica and Pholadomorpha phola- diformis appears to establish the presence of the upper Lorraine of New York in these exposures along the Humber river, at Weston. The Ischyrodonta curta was found on the western side of the river where a vertical exposure of about 8 feet of rock occurs a short distance down stream from the 40-foot bluff expo- sure on the eastern side of the river. Several specimens occurred in the same layer with Catazyga erratica, Pholadomorpha phola- diformis, Byssonychia radiata, Colpomya faba, Clidophorus planulatus, and Lyrodesma poststriatum. The Cymatonota lenior occurred just beneath. The species of bryozoa identified by Dr. R. S. Bassler from the vicinity of Weston, namely Bythopora gracilis and HaUopora sp., and regarded by him as suggestive or Maysville age, probably came from the Pholadomorpha zone in the so-called Lorraine at Weston. Several species of bryozoans, recently collected by the writer from this zone at Weston, failed to show any definite Richmond affinities. Hence the possibility remains that the lower part of the Lorraine-like strata forming the Pholadomorpha zone in Ontario may be of Maysville age, an age also favoured by Dr. Ulrich for the Pholadomorpha zone at the top of the typical Lorraine in New York. 76 lU %i m ii'' RELATIVE STRATIGRAPHIC POSITION OF CERTAIN LORRAINE EXPOSURES IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO. Eventually it probably will be possible to determine more exactly the relative stratigraphic position of the various Lor- raine exposures in southern Ontario. For the present the follow- ing data must suffice. At Streetsville the fossiliferous Richmond strata immediately beneath the red Queenston shales atta an elevation of about 525 feet above sea-level. At Oakville, about 9 miles almost directly southward, the highest fossiliferous layers beneath the Queenston shales are about 330 feet above sea-level. If the same rate of dip occurs between Weston and Mimico, a distance of about 6 miles, then the strata in the river bed at the Weston bridge should occur at the lake level at Mimico, while the Orthodesma nasutum horizon, 60 feet above the river bed exposures at the Weston bridge, should occur near the railway level at Mimico. According to well borings, the Trenton at Mimico is reached at 376 feet below sea-level, and the Trenton at Clarkson, 9-5 miles southwest, is reached at 538 feet below sea-level. At the same rate of dip any rock at the level of the railway at Mimico should occur about 250 feet below the highest exposures of the fossiliferous Richmond rock beneath the Queenston at Oakville. If the same dips prevail in the Toronto area, then the top of the exposures at the Don Valley brick-yard, about 5 miles northeast oi' Mimxo, should belong stratigraphically about 170 feet beneath any rocks which occur at railway level at Mimico. If the preceding calculations have any value at all, the fol- lowing conclusions may be drawn: At Streetsville, Strophomena sulcata is rather common in some of the layers exposed at the foot of the bluff west of the Credit river, northeast of the home of William Crozier, about IJ miles south of the Coral zone exposure, opposite the middle of the village. According to crude Locke level measurements, this Strophomena sulcata horizon occurs about 72 feet below the Coral zone exposure. Correcting for the dip, an interval of 50 feet appears ample. 77 The Orthodesma nasutum zone of Weston should occur about 200 feet below the Strophomena sulcata zone at Sfeetsvilie, and the Ischyrodonta curta zone at Weston may occur 80 feet below the Orthodesma nasutum zone at the same locality, making allowance for the dip. The top of the exposure at the Don Valley brick-yard should be 170 feet beneath the Orthodesma nasutum zone at Weston, stratigraphically, or 90 feet below the Ischyrodonta curta zone at the same locality. The exact horizon for the Leptaena in- venusta horizon at the brick-yard is unknown at present, but it certainly occurs some distance below the top. The interval from the top of the exposure at the Don Valley brick-yard to the top of the Trenton is estimated at 470 feet, giving a total of 790 feet from the base of the Coral zone to the top of the Trenton, and a total of 835 feet from the base of the Queenston to the top of the Trenton. In the Beachville well this interval between the Queenston base and Trenton top is given as 695 feet. At Clarkson, a well passed through 800 feet of these strata before reaching the Tren- ton, but did not begin as high as the base of the Queenston. At St. Catharines, about 35 miles south of Toronto, a well passed through 868 feet between the Queenston base and the top of the Trenton. Probably the estimate of 835 feet given above for the total thickness of the strata between the base of the Queenston and the top of the Trenton in the Toronto area is at least ap- proximate. The thickness of the Utica part of this section is not definitely known. Estimating it at 150 feet, the interval between the Queenston base and the top of the Utica becomes 685 feet. Moreover, the top of the Don Valley brick-yard exposures in that case should be about 320 feet above the Utica. According to these measurements, Pholadomorpha phola- diformis has a known vertical range of 330 feet in the Toronto area. How much farther down it may occ is unknown, but if the top of the Don Valley brick-yi.rd exposure occurs only 170 feet lower than the Ischyrodonta curta horizon at Weston then it is worth while remembering that Pholadomorpha is Hi 78 '4 I i I i i unknown at the brick-yard, and the Trinucleus fauna, which is a distinctly lower fauna, occurs here. In the upper part of its range Pholadomorpha occurs in strata unquestionably Richmond. In the light of recent discoveries the strata at Streetsville as far down as the Strophomena sulcata horizon are also regarded as Richmond (see page 133). At Weston the Richmond base is not definitely located as yet. The underlying horizons, in which Catazyga erratica, Orthodesma nasulum, and Ischyrodonta curta occur associated with Phola- domorpha pholadiformis are regarded still as debatable ground, left for the present in the Lorraine, since in New York they un- questionably belong in the Lorraine. Possibly the uppermost parts of the Lorraine section of New York, as represented at the Salmon River falls, include strata belonging stratigraphically above the Ischyrodonta curta and Orthodesma nasutum horizons, and correspond to those strata at and above the Strophomena sulcata horizon at Streetsville which are referred here to the lower Richmond. In a similar manner future investigations may be expected also elsewhere to add to the Richmond division a part of the strata at present left in the upper part of the Lorraine on account of lack of evidence demanding their reference to a higher horizon. The considerable vertical range of Catazyga erratica in the Toronto area a'so deserves some attention. At the Don Valley brick-yards it occurs at least as low as the middle of the exposures. Estimating the interval between the top of the brick-yard ex- posure and the Orthodesma nasutum horizon at Weston at 250 feet, the vertical range of Catazyga erratica in the Toronto area certainly exceeds 280 feet and may equal 500 feet. In the Meaford area, specimens of Catazyga, identified as erratica, occur as high as the lowest beds containing Strophomena planumbona, and it is only in the overlying beds that Catazyga headi has been identified with confidence. WORKMAN BROOK, SOUTHEAST OF HEAFORD. Along Workman brook, about 3 miles southeast of Meaford, (Figure 6), there are almost continuous exposures of strata re- i.Si 79 sembling the Lorraine, but there is no great variety of fossils present, and the bryozoans appear to be confined to few species. The base of the strata definitely referred to the Richmond is placed provisionally at the 325-foot level above the lake, where Catazyga occurs associated with Strophomena planumbona (see page 127). The upper part of the underlying strata also eventually may be referred to the Richmond, but at present the bryozoan contents suggest an earlier age. At 288 feet above the lake, according to Locke level measurements, Orthoceras is common, associated with numerous specimens of a species of Stigmatella. The same species of Stigmalella occurs in the over- lying strata as far up as the Strophomena planumbona layer. Farther down stream a fence crosses the brook, and between this fence and a small wooden bridge across the brook, between 260 and 265 feet above the lake, the following species were found : Vtrtical range at Ciruittrtati. Spaliopora aspera Basal Bellevue. Discotrypa cf . elegans Basal Bellevue. Stigmatella, tubercular form, cf. nickUH.. . .Basal Bellevue. Down stream from the small wooden bridge, between the 220 and 215-foot levels, Stigmatella and Discotrypa cf. elegans were found. Taeniasler meafordensis was very abundant in a thin layer a short distance farther down the brook. At 208 feet above the lake Stigmatella was present. At 203, a large Rafinesquina and a single well preserved Catazyga erratica were seen. Loose specimens of the Stigmatella occur as low as the 200-foot level. The bryozoans so far mentioned suggest the presence of lower Bellevue beds between the 200 and 325-foc': levels along Workman brook. At 191 feet above the lake, gasteropods are fairly abundant in a thin layer. At the 167-foot level, Catazyga erratica occurs associated with a large form of Plectambonites sericeus; and Rafinesquina mucronata, and a variety of Orthodesma canaliculatum occur at the 154-foot level. The only bryozoan found between the 167 and 189-foot levels was a species of Eridotrypa. The level of the driveway at the bridge crossing the brook at the pike ..»■ ■ \i \ m: 80 is 142 feet abcve the lake, according to the Locke level, between this l42.foot level and the lower Catatyga errattca horizon, at 167 feet, the following species were found: Vertical ranie at Ciftcinnati. If-'Z... ::;::;. ;S:.l^™"- SX^Tr^:::.::;::; -'j-^^^. ucfHnTji~ Above the Fairmount. Petenopora comprtsta ""o^' The following specimens were found loose at the bridge levels along Workman brook. HSlZ":TioUior na^osa Belowthe Bellevue .t Ci„ncin«.tl. The bryozoans collected between the bridge level and the lower Catazyga frratica horizon, according to Dr. E. O. Ulricn. sZgest lower Bellevue affinities. They belong above the Fair- mount and below the ordinary Bellevue as seen at Cmcmnat.. but 1 found intercalated in the lower part of the BeUevue ^ exposed at Hamilton. Ohio, where the Bellevue .s much thicker thS nt Cincinnati. This interca:ated basal Bellevue m the Hamilton area appears to represent an invasion from the north. Lying loose in the bed of Workman brook, at various levels above the bridge horizon, are slabs ^^ ^'^'^^'^^^^^f^^' quite angular and evidently not transported far, in whuii Pho^- Imorp^ pkoladiformi. and a form of Mod^olop.s^ longing to the concentrka group occur. In Ohio, these fZs have long been regarded as characten ^ ol the lowe Richmond, being especially common m the '-^"J f^^' Ancient division of the Waynesville member. Along Work- man orook. and a* various other localities in Canada however, these or closely related f-"^^. -'%%y/™'^ in strata whose bryozoan elements according to Dr. Ulnch suggest a lower Bellevue age. To one familiar with the stratigraphic succession in Ohio this proves very disconcerting I musTfrankly acknowledge that I should like to see the bryozoan evidence very much increased before accepting the conclusions 81 to be derived from the few species known so far without a certain hesitancy, and so, I have no doubt, would Dr. Ulrich. The correlations here suggested are merely tentative, and are based upon such meagre evidence as is at hand. Most of my notes on the Workman Brook section have been lost. The preceding account contains mont of the infortirition which i'' still at hand. To these notes it is possible to add only a few g ne-al impressions which remain in memory. In the vicinity of the bridge across Workman brook, the strata have a Lorraine-like aspect. This aspect continues for a short distance below the level of the abutments of the bridge, the latter being estimated as standing about 132 feet above lake level. Here the comparatively unfossiliferous, Lorraine-like, arenaceous, fine-grained, thin-bedded limestones, interbedded with clay, rest upon a section in which clay shale predominates very largely. Intercalated with these clay shales are occasional, even more thinly bedded, but coarser grained limestones, which contain an Eden fauna, similar to that found at various localities beneath the Pholadomorpha zone on Manitoulin island. Des- cending the creek, the lower two-th; perhaps half a mile southeast of Boucher point at loca'ity 10. The base of the gully is located south of the pike. The rocks exposed in the gully 82 ll'Si belong to the Pholadomorpha zone or the upper part of the supposed Lorraine section. The base of the more richly fossili- ferous part of the Richmond occurs 150 feet above the railway, and the latter is about 165 feet above the lake, according to the Locke level. The richly fossiliferous part of the Richmond evidently corresponds most nearly to the VVaynesville member, as exposed in Ohio and Indiana, and the underlying strata have a Lorraine-like aspect and belong to the series which on Mani- toulin island contain Pholadomorpha pholadiformis. In the Workman Brook section at locality 7 the occurrence of Catazyga at the 349, 325, 203. and 167.foot levels is noteworthy. Of the Catazygas, those occurring at the 167, 203, and 325- foot levels resemble erratica in having a broad shallow depression along the median parts of the brachial valve, but the pedicel valve is not distinctly flattened along the median parts. The Catazyga at the 349-foot level, is the species keadi. If the Calazyga at the 325-foot level, where it is associated with Stro- phomena planumbona, were a typical form of Catazyga headi, then Catazyga here might prove a diagnostic fossil in the Mea- ford area, the typical Catazyga keadi sugff.sting Richmond affinities and the forms resembling Catazyn' erratica suggesting Lorraine affinities. However, I was unable to recognize the form at the 325-foot level, which I regard as a Waynesville horizon, as distinct from the Catazygas at the 203 and 167 foot levels, for which the associated bryozoans appear to suggest Lorraine affinities. MANITOULIN ISLAND. SOUTH OF CLAY CLIFF. mi W' Along the eastern margin of ManitouHn island (Figure 7, locality 8), at Clay cliff, 3 miles north of Wekwemikongsing, the richly fossiliferous Waynesville beds are well exposed far above Uie level of the lake and the Waynesville rubble covers the entire underlying slope as far as the margin of the lake (see pages 12" ''6). About a quarter of a mile south of the high W'^yncB. ..e cliffs there is a much lower abrupt exposure, 30 feet 83 1 84 in height, in which the prevailing clays are interbedded with siliceous limestone layers, some of which weather into strata resembling the so-called Lorraine sandstones. Here Plectam- bonites sericeus, a small Rafinesquina, Hebertella occidentalis, Dalmanella, Zygospira modesta, Cyrtolites carinatus, Ctenodonta cf. filistriata,Lophospiratropidophora, Cornuliles, Pterinea demissa, and Calytnene are found. From this locality, Dr. Ulrich identified the following species of bryozoans: Vertical range at Cincinnali. Arthropora sp. Bythopora dendrina Upper Fairmount. Dekayia peUiculata Upper Fairmount. On the basis of the bryozoans here collected, Dr. E. O. Ulrich refers these strata to the Maysville, somewhere near the Bellevue bed. Apparently two horizons are present, since among another series of bryozoans collected at the same locality he identified: Vertical range at Cincinnati. AmpUxopora persimilis Lower Eden. Arthropora sp. BaUopora communis All Eden. Hallopora sigiilarioides All Eden. Coeloclema commune All Eden. DekayeUu ulrichi All Eden. Eridotrypa sp. Stigmatella sp. cf. clavis Eden. This confusion of evidence apparently suggests the presence of two formations within the short vertical range of 30 feet, but no Hthological changes indicating a break were noted. Of course, this part of the section requires detailed study. Going half a mile southward along the shore toward Wekwe- mikongsing, the horizons intervening between this bryozoan zone and the base of the Waynesville are exposed, since the dip of the rock is southward. The upper part of this inter- vening zone includes fine-grained, arenaceous limestones which have a strong resemblance lithologically to the Lorraine of New York. In these limestones Pholadomorpha pholadiformis and ■ r s i1» 85 a form of Modiolopsis resembling concentrica occur associated with Byssonychia radiata, Pterinea demissa, Lyrodesma post- striatum, Clidophorus planulatus, a large Ctenodonta belonging to the pectunculoides group, Cyrtolites ornatus, and a graptolite identified by Dr. Ruedemann as Diplograptus foliaceus-vespertinus. The peculiar dumb-bell impression, described by Billings as Arthraria, is represented by specimens about 4 inches in length. This is one of the best collecting grounds for the Phola- domorpha zone fauna on Manitoulin island, although excellent specimens occur also in the talus dropping from the cliffs at Gorrel point, 2 miles northeast of Gore bay. SHEGUIANDAH ROAD, 3 MILES SOUTH OF LITTLE CURRENT. The Collingwood black shales merge so gradually into the overlying softer, more argillaceous, and lighter coloured shales, on Manitoulin island, that it is difficult to determine exactly where the line at the base of the Eden is to be drawn. This difficulty is increased by the great scarcity of fossils, at least of diagnostic fossils, near the supposed base of the Eden, on Mani- toulin island and along the southern side of Georgian bay. The richly fossiliferous zones of the Eden south of Little Current occur fully 100 feet above the typical Collingwood shales. To Dr. Ulrich, Dr. Bassler, and Prof. Nickles the bryo- zoans collected in these Eden zones on Manitoulin suggested the presence of the upper part of the Economy or the lower part of the middle or Southgate divisions on the Eden. The Eden fauna is not known west of Lake Huron, but it is present around Toronto, and appears to be present also in the lower half of the Lorraine, below the Pulaski zone, east of Lake On- tario, in New York, and in the lower parts of the so-called Lor- raine in the eastern part of Canada, east of the Frontenac axis. It is so sparingly represented in Canadian areas that it must have been a southern invasion there from the areas surrounding Cincinnati. Within the eastern limits of Little Current, on Manitoulin island, the base of the Collingwood shale is exposed near the upper margin of the hill and black shale exposures occur also on the 86 hill tops in the western part of the town. Various exposures of black shale are seen along the lake road from Little Current to Sheguiandah. About 2i miles from Little Current, the road turns directly southward, and at this point the shale becomes less black in colour, does not split so readily into large thin sheets, but is more likely to break into small angular fragments, appar- ently much more argillaceous than the underlying Collingwood shale. The top of the Collingwood shale is placed about 200 yards south of the bend in the road, and here occur the last specimens of Triarthrus becki. Above this horizon (locality No. 9, Figure 7) Leptobolus insignis, Orthoceras, and a small Primitia are more or less common for a vertical distance of 33 feet. Dalmanella comes in at 26 feet from the base, and be- comes common at 37 feet, and, associated with a Diplograptus near peosta, probably a new species, continues to 33 feet above the Triarthrus horizon. Here the first trace of cnnoi- dal limestone is found. Up to the 70-foot level, limestone layers are scarce, and they do not become common until the 102-foot level is reached. Between 102 and 107 feet above the Triarthrus horizon, thin limestone layers are abundant and are very fossiliferous. Bryozoan fragments are com- mon. The following species were identified by Dr. Ulrich, Dr. Bassler, and Prof. Nickles, having been submitted to them conjointly: Am^xopora pernmUis. StigmattOa clavis. HaUopora sigiUarioides. Hemiphragma vihttfieldt. Coeloclema commune. Arthropora cleavdandt. Perenopora vera. This evidently is the same fauna as that found immediately north of Clay cliff, nearly 3 miles north of Wekwemikongsing, along the eastern shore of Manitoulin island. It apparently is a middle Eden fauna. Dalmanella is abundant and rather large. Byssonychia vera is not rare. A small Calymene is present. The exposure is at the top of Burnett hill, 3 miles south of Little Current. . A short distance southward, there is a road crossing, and the remainder of the section here described lies along the crossroad, westward between localities 9, 45, and 49 in Figure 7. Owing 1 87 to the low gradient, the Locke level measurements are of little value. Rocks litholoirically resembling the Lorraine make their appearance at the 158-foot level; here Rafinesquina alter- nata and Byssonychia radiata are found. From the 180-foot level, the following bryozoans were identified by Dr. Uirich: Arthropora sp. Bythopora dendrina Upper Fairmount and Corryville at Cincinnati. Bythopora gracilis Upper Fairmount and higher in the Maysville at Cincinnati. Immediately above, at the 183-foot level, a specimen of Pholadomorpha pholadiformis was found in rock evidently belonging to the same stratigraphic unit as the bryozoans cited above. No other exposures are seen until the lower part of the richly fossiliferous Waynesville member of the Richmond is reached near the road from Little Current to Bass lake, at 278 feet above the Triarthrus becki horizon. The association of Pholadomorpha pholadiformis with bryo- zoans suggesting a much older age than the Richmond is note- worthy. Since both of the associated forms of Bythopora range upward from the upper Fairmount in the Maysville at Cincinnati, their testimony does not differ greatly from that given by the bryozoansalong Workman brook, which suggest a horizon for the Pholadomorpha zone corresponding to the lowest part of the Bellevue. The following are the details of the section referred to above, given in descending order: Thickness Total feet. thickness. Top of argillaceous limestone with Streptelasma and Stro- phomena sulcata. This part of the section belongs to the Waynesville division of the Richmond, an unknown dis- tance above its base. (For overlying strata see page 117 of this report). The exposures are immedi- ately east of the road from Little Current to the middle of Bass lake, in lot 5 in concession IV 278J Interval. This interval was measured along too low and long a gradient to have value 95 278J Thin horizon with Pholadomorpha pholadiformis interval 2 183J t ! P I 88 Thickness Total feet. thickness. Thin horiion with Bylhopora gracilis and dendrina - • Interval •■ " 18H Thin horiion in Lorraine-like strata with Rafinetquina otter- nata and Bytsonyckia radiala • • • 1 » I ..25 1581 Interval " ! Clay shale and sandstone '• *'*■'» Sandstone layers with large DalmaiuUa in the more cal- careous layers ^ ' Exposures poor ^" The base of these exposures occurs at the intersection of the Sheguiandah road with the road between lots 10 and A. Notexposed •• ^ "^ Eden limestone layers including the following bryozoans, de- termined by Ulrich: AmpUxopora persimilis, HaUopora sigillarioides, Cotlodema commune, Hemiphragma vhit- fieUi, Perenopora vera, and StigmateUa dasis or nana, and a rather large Dalmandla, Byssonychia vera, CyrtoliUs carinatus, Sinuites cancMata, Cdymene granulosa 5 107 Clay shale with very little interbedded limestone 59 102 First trace of limestone, crinoidal, only a lens an inch thick and a few feet long, occurs at base of this interval Dalmanella, Diplograptus peosia 5J *3 An unknown small rhynchonelloid, same species as at Tamarack point, occurs at the base of this interval .... . ■ Diplograptus peosta, DalmaneUa, LeptoMus, and Bythocypris 5| 37 Dalmanella, LeptoMus, Orthoceras, Bythocypris in dark and fairly fissile shale '* ^^ LeptoMus 5* ;°* LeptoMus, Orthoceras, and Bythocypris 4 *! Less fissile dark shale ^ *' Diplograptus peosta, Leptobolus, Orthoceras, Triarthrus becki, 200 yards south of bend in road ••• 1 ^^ Black shale, greyer and less fissile than the underlying Collingwood shale ' ' ColUngwood shale In this section, only a 5-foot zone in which Eden clay is interbedded with richly fossiliferous limestones, is present. The underlying clays, greenish and softer above, and darker and more fissile below, have a total thickness of about 100 feet. These lower clays are also referred to the Eden section, but upon very little evidence. Only the lower half of these clays is fos- 89 siliferous, these fossils are confined to few species, and these species are not necessarily of Eden age. The interval between the exposed 5-foot section of Eden limestones at the top of the so-called Eden, and the lowest recognized Richmond strata is 170 feet; but this interval probably includes additional Eden strata at the base and undoubtedly includes additional Richmond strata at the top. How much of this part of the intervening section may be included in the Maysville is unknown at present. BASS LAKE ROAD, SOUTH OF LITTLE CURRENT. The direct road to the middle part of Bass lake goes from Little Current at first southwestward and then southward, reaching McLean hill about IJ miles from the town. The road to Honora and West Bay turns off at the foot of the hill, and from this road corner southward (locality No. 11, Figure 7) there is a continuous exposure of clay shale for a vertical distance of 82 feet. From this point to the 100-foot level, thin layers of limestone are interbedded in the clay, and in these limestones occur the same Eden bryozoans as those listed from along the Sheguiandah road. Above this level, for some distance, the hill-side is covered by a talus of sliding material. At the lS6-foot level there is a limestone layer about one foot thick, forming a rather conspicuous outcrop along the wind- ing road. From the exposures between the 156 and 145-foot iayers. Dr. Ulrich identified : Arthropora sp. Bythopora dendrina. Bythopora gracilis. The last two species were identified also between the 145 and 136-foot levels. This evidently is the same fauna as that collected west of the Sheguiandah road, about 70 feet above the Eden bryozoan zone in the section described in the preceding pages. To Dr. Ulrich these forms resembled most those found at the top of the Fairmount member of the Maysville. The form of Modiolopsis resembling concentrica occurs at the 157-foot level. A shallow road side spring occurs at the 168- foot level. Between this level and the 1 73-foot level, this Moi. lopsis is rather common in loose slabs that have come a short 3"! Il 90 ■*«' tance down the hill-side. The slabs have an appearance like that of the Lorraine, and continue rather plentifully up to the 182-foot level. These Lorraine slabs are common in the talus covering the lower parts of the hill, and contain Rafinesquina altemala, Pholadomorpha pholadiformis, Modiolopsis of concentrica group, Pterinea demissa, and Cyrtolites ornatus. The base of the Waynesville is not well exposed, but belon-^s at about the 21S-foot level. The following are the details of this section along the road from Little Current to the midd'e of Bass lake, at McLean hill, measured in ascending order. Thickness '' . tal feet, thickness. Strata regarded as the base of the known Waynesville division of the Richmond, and as probably the hori'on for HeberUUa insculpta, which is found only in loose blocks below this level. (For description of overlying strata see page 118 of this report). Interval 27J 215 Thin horizon with Trematis loose Inter>-al _• 5J 187J Lorraine-like sandy limestone. At the bottom of this interval occurs a shallow spring along the road where it ascends the hill in a southwesterly direction. Modio- lopsis concentrica occurs within S feet both above and below this spring 1* 182 Lorraine-like sandy limestones 11 168 Thin horizon with Modio/opjii resembling coBcen/rJca Highest limestone with Daimanella 1 157 Interval with Bylhopora dendrina and Bythopora gracilis 11 156 Interval H 145 Interval with loose slabs of Lorraine-like looking siliceous limestones containing Rafinesquina alternata \\ inches long, Modiolopsis concentrica, Pterinea demissa, Cyrtolites ornatus ^2 134 Interval 11 112 Clay with thin limestone layers containing Hallopora onealli, DalmatuUa and regarded as equivalent to the Eden limestones in the Shegin ' ndah road section 18i 101 The thickness of the overl> mg Eden limestone sec- tion has not been accurately determined. Clay shale 82i Where Honora road turns o£f westward from road to middle of Bass lake. &, 91 In this section there is apparently an inter\al of 114 feet which might be referred to the Maysville. Although very uncertain, this estimate, made along a steeper gradient, probably is very much nearer the truth than the estimate of something less than 170 feet, as made from the previously described section along the Sheguiandah road between lots 10 and 11 in concession XI, and between concessions IV and V farther westward. An estimate of 110 feet for the Eden, and 110 feet for the Maysville, probably would not be far from the facts. The Eden limestones are well exposed also IJ miles north of Sheguiandah, where the road to Little Current runs in an east and west direction. A mile north of Sheguiandah, the unfos- siliferous clay shales beneath the Eden limestones are well exposed. INDIAN VILLAGE, SOUTHWEST OF LITTLE CURRENT. Slabs of rock belonging to the Maysville formation, in- cluding Modiolopsis concentrica, are found also where the road to Honora turns westward from the north and south road passing between lots 15 and 16, west of the Indian village, 3i miles southwest of Little Current (locality No. 48, Figure 7). Near the foot of the hill, immediately south of this road corner, clay and sandy limestone, with bryozoans, occur. The road corner is 137 feet below the top of the solid limestone which contains Calapoecia and Columnaria along its upper surface, and which is regarded as belonging just beneath the Gore Bay Columnaria horizon (page 99). The exposures are too poor to be of value for getting a good section here. TAMARACK POINT. Eden limestones are well exposed just above eastern shore of Tamarack point (locality At this locality various bryozoans were col- identified as the following Eden species: Pertnopora vera. Stigmalella nana. Hormotoma gracUis-anf, ^ta. Sinuites cancellata. Lepidocoleus jamesi. Primitia centralis. The fossiliferous lake level along the No. 12, Figure 7). lected which Ulrich Amplexopora perstmilis. Artkropora cleavdandi. Aspidopora rf. arealata. Bythopora arctipora. Hallopora sigUlarioides. DekayeUa ulrichi. 92 GORREL POINT, NORTHEAST OP GORE BAY. tf '. 1 »« From the village of Gore Bay, Manitoulin island, the road along the top of the cliff leads northeast to the line between concessions XIV and XV, and then turns abruptly eastward. A short distance south of this turn, a path descends the bluff, very steep for about 10 feet; and then at an easy grade for the remainder of the way to the lake. It ends at the northern end of a long stretch of high clay banks. The clay banks here consist of clay shales containing numerous graptolites identified by Dr. Ruedemann as Diplograptus foliaceus-vesperlinus, and some of the fine-grained siliceous limestone slabs which have slipped down the steep hills contrtin Pholadomorpha pholadiformis and a Modiolopsis resembling concentrica. It might be possible to get some estimate of the thickness of the Maysville formation here. The graptolite-bearing clay shales are overlaid by a section in which thin limestone layers full of bryozoans, and other fossils, are interbedded with the shales. At one point, southward, these limestones form a small promontory, marked on the Geological Map No. 60S, as Gorrel point (locality No. 13, Figure 7). From these limestones, Dr. Ulrich, Dr. Bassler, and Prof. Nickles identified the following bryozoans and ostracods: Arlhropora cUavelandi. Bylhopora arctipora. Bythocypris cylindrica. JoneieUa crepidiformis. Primitia centralis. This is evidently an Eden fauna, and stratigraphically it occupies the same position as the bryozoan horizons at Tamarack point, south of Little Current, along the Sheguiandah road, and one-fourth of a mile south of Clay cliff in the Cape Smith area. From some higher level, at Gorrel point, slabs containing Pholadomorpha pholadiformis have fallen down the cliff. The occurrence of Diplograptus foliaceus-vespertinu in the underlying clay shales is of interest since it indicates the 93 presence of this species in the Eden as well as in the Pholado- domorpha zone of the Maysville. It will be jmembered that this mutation was listed from the Pholadomorpna zone along the shore between Clay cliff and VVekwemikongsing. The Diplograptus resembling peosta, listed from the lower part of the clay shales along the Sheguiandah road, was identified by Dr. Ruedemann also from the Trinucleus horizon on the south- ern shore of Georgian bay, one mile east of Fields, a station west of Collingwood. Along Workman brook, east of Meaford, this Trinucleus horizon occurs 25 feet above the lake and here is regarded as lower Eden. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE LORRAINE OF ONTARIO AND QUEBEC. From the preceding observations it becomes evident that the richly fossiliferous Waynesville horizons of both Quebec and Ontario are underlaid by horizons, lithologically resembling the Pulaski part of the Lorraine, and containing in the upper parts, at least, the laniellibranch Pholadcmorpha pholadiformis. In addition to this a Modiolopsis resembling concftntrica frequently is present. Catazyga is abundant at various horizons in this Lorraine-like zone in the province of Quebec and in the eastern part of Ontario. It has a considerable vertical distribution also in the vicinity of Toronto, but near Meaford it is confined to four thin layers, and in one of these it is very rare. On Mani- toulin it is unknown in the Lorraine-like strata, occurring only at the base of those richly fossiliferous limestones which here are referred definitely to the Waynesville member of the Rich- mond. Pterinea demissa, Byssonychia radiata, Lyrodesma post- striatum, and Cyrtolites ornatus are comparatively common, but occur both in Richmond and Lorraine rocks on Manitoulin island. Associated with this Pholadomorpka pholadiformis and also in the immediately underlying horizons there are bryozoans ranging between the top of the Fairmount and the base of the ordinary Bellevue in typical Cincinnatian areas. In Ontario the Pholadomorpha zone shows somt affinity, therefore, with the middle part of the Maysville formation, as exposed in Cincin- 94 natian areas. For local purposes, the term Wekwemikongsini beds has been proposed for this part of the Ordovician rocks of western Ontario. Below this Pholadom<,rpha zone comes a section of thin lime- stones interbedded with clay, both containing a fauna which may be correlated with the Eden of Cincinnatian areas. Along Workman brook, east of Meaford, and also at various localities near Toronto, there is a considerable thickness of similar strata beneath the Pholadomorpha zone which can be assigned to the Eden formation. It is not so certain whether the clay shales underlying the richly f.Tssiliferous Eden bryozoan horizons on Manitoulin island are to be correlated with the Eden. These lower clay shales contain a very noncommittal fauna apparently, but judging from the exposures at Meaford they may be included in the Eden at least tentatively. For these strata, extending fiom the top of the thin limestone section, containing an abundance of Eden bryozoans, down to the top of the black Collingwood shales, containing Triarthrus, the local name Sheguiandah beds, has been proposed. Any further subdivision must be based upon a much fuller knowledge of the contained fauna than we now possess. When these upper Ordovician exposures in southern and western Ontario are compared with the Eden and Maysville of Cincinnatian areas, great gaps will be noticed. Most of the Eden forms so far identified from Ontario, have a considerable vertical range in Cincinnatian localities, but such evidence as they offer is in favour of a middle Eden age. There is no evidence so far at least of the presence of the lower strata included in the Eden at Cincinnati. While strata from the lower or Fairview division of the Maysville may be present in Ontario, the evidence Sfj far favours the view that the Fairview here is absent and that the upper Lorraine horizons of Ontario wedge in between the Fairmount and Bellevue divisions of the typical Maysville in Cincinnatian areas. No one acquainted with the faunas of the Cincinnatian rocks can fail to be impressed with the general absence of many of the most familiar upper and lower Mays- ville brachiopoda, bryozoans, and other forms of Cincinnatian .iiii'. iz 9S areas in the approximately corresponding strata of Ontario. Note for instance the general absence of such familiar forms as Platystrophia laticosta, PI. ponderosa, Plectorthis plicatella, PI. fissicosta, and of species of Strophomtna of the planoconvexa group. The epicontinental seas within which the Ordovician strata were deposited, evidently wt*re much more basin-like in character than formerly supposed. The record preserved is much more f ragmen* ' than formerly suspected, and is broken of*en at much more irequent intervals than formerly w '.d have been admitted. Under these conditions exact correlation usually is possible only within very narrow limits. The readiness with which the minor formation names were formerly carried over wide expanses of territory is fast disappearing. While this may ;:rove an inconvenience to the elementary student, it is in the interest of the advance of exact science. It is doubtful whether the use of the term Lorraine in connexion with these upper Ordovician Ontario strata can be of great value. The-" are too mnny differences and too few re- semblances between the Lorraine faunas of Ontario and the typical Lorraine fauna of New York. The use of the terms Maysville and Eden for the strata exposed in Ontario eventually may prove much mo: appropriate, since there appeals to be a fair prospect of securinf? sufficient bryozoans from the supposed Lorraine strata of Ontario to permit their correlation with the Maysville and Eden formations of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, at least in a general way. How sharply it will be possible to discriminate between the Mays- ville and Eden in the various Ontario sections can be determined only by further study. However, numerous exposures occur within easy reach of Toronto, and eventually no doubt a much greater mass of evidence will become available. I ,»• CHAPTER III. RICHMOND FORMATION IN ONTARIO AND QUEBEC. WaynMvllle and WhUewat«r. If the Pholadomorpha pholadiformis horizons are to be regarded as of lower Bellevue or middle Maysville age, then the immediately overlying richly fossiliferous strata, which are of upper Waynesville age, must be regarded as the lowest of the Ohio Richmond beds found in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The Amheim and lower part of the Waynesville member of the Ohio Richmond are absent. The upper part of the Waynes- ville, however, is widely distributed between Manitoulin island in the northern part of Lake Huron and the vicinity of Toronto, north of Lake Ontario. This Waynesville fauna is not found west of Lake Huron, and the Waynesville cont -nt becomes less in the approximately equivalent strata in the eastern par* ' Ontario, east of the Frontenac axis. The lower Richo'ond fauna of Ontario appears to be a southern invasion from the areas around Cincinnati. Mingled with the Waynesville forms, how- ever, are other species which probably are of northern origin. The typical Whitewater and Saluda fauna of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky is so sparingly represented in Canadian areas, even in the region extending from Manitoulin island to the vicin- ity of Toronto, at least as far as the number of characteristic species is concerned, that it seems much more probable that cer- tain species in the Saluda fauna entered the Richmond areas around Cincinnati from the north than that they entered Cana- dian areas from the south. These forms include such species as Beatricea, Tetradium, Columnaria, and Calapoecia. In general, corals and other massive lime-secreting organisms are to be regarded as characteristic of southern faunas, and suggest Gulf of Mexico rather than Boreal invasions; however, the wide dis- 97 pereion of the foMiU here mentioned and their large and vigorous growth northward, during Richmond time:*, HuggcMts the pos- sibility of a iffcrcnt centre of distribution during the deposition of the Richmond. That the general Richmond fauna of Ontario and Quebec did not enter by the St. Lawrence channel is suggested by the very different combination of faunas found in the Richmond of Anticosti island. WESTERN ONTARIO. MANITOl LIN ISLAND. Everywhere on Manitoulin island (Figure 7) the richly fossiliferous VVaynesville zone begins with a horizon in which the typical Richmond fossil, Hebertella insculpta, is more or less common. It frequently is associated with Catazyga headi, a form ranging far below the typical Richmond in the province of Quebec, but whose value as a diagnostic fossil depends on the fact that on Manitoulin island no form of Catazyga has been found in strata underlying the Hebertella insculpta horizon. Hebertella insculpta occurs at the base )f the richly fossiliferous Waynesville horizon, also 6 miles northwest of Meaford, along the road following the wistern side of Nottawasaga bay. This locality lies 85 miles southeast of Manitoulin island. No specimens of Ciiazyga headi were noticed here; however, 3 miles southeas of Meaford, on Workman brook, Catazyga headi, associated with Strophomenu planumbona, occurs at the base of the richly fossiliferoiis Waynesville, but with-'ut the presence of Hebertella insculpta, and several horizons c > .taining Catazyga occur at still lower levels at this locality. Neither Hebertella insculpta nor Catazyga headi have been discovered so far at the base of the richly fossiliferous Richmond at the various localities west of Toronto, along the northern shores of Lake Ontar«" although a form of Catazyga occurs a considerable distance below the top of the Lorraine-like arena* ceous limestones, containing Pholadomorpha pholadiformis, a mile down stream from the railway bridge southeast of Streets- ii Vi W.I ■ l'^i= 98 ville. Catazyga headi was listed by Spencer, in the Canadian Naturalist, in 1882, from the material found in the old lake beaches at the west end of Lake Ontario, near Hamilton, but the exact horizon from which these drift specimens of Catazyga came is unknown. Catazyga headi is abundantly represented at the base of the richly fossiliferous Wayn.-sville in the extreme eastern part of Ontario, cast of Ottawa, and also at various localities in the province of Quebec. In the latter province, it is abundant at this horizon along the Nicolet river, 18 miles south of Three Rivers. It occurs also among the Waynesville material on Snake island, in Lake St. John, about 125 miles north of Quebec. However, at these eastern localities, at Ottawa and in the province of Quebec, Catazyga headi ranges far below the typical Richmond, into strata regarded as Lorraine, as may be seen in the Nicolet River section. Heberlella insculpia, a characteristic Richmond fossil, however, is unknown between Ottawa, Three Rivers, and Lake St. John although the fossil which is commonly associated with it in the Lake Huron areas, Catazyga headi, occurs through- out this area and as far east as Anticosti island, about 370 miles farther eastward than Lake St. John. Associated with the Heberlella insculpta and Catazyga headi at the base of the richly fossilferous Waynesville, on ManitouUn island, are the following species: Slreptelasma rustkum. Sirophomena huronensis. Columnana alveolata. Rafinesquina alUrnata. v ery flat Protarea papiUata. Phctambonites sericeus. QUapoecta huronensis. Rhynchotrema perlameUosum. Rhombolrypa quadrata. Zygospira modesta. HeberteUa occidenlalis. Plerinea demUsa. Platystrophia clarksviUtnHs. Cyclonema bilix. These associated fossils, however, are not confined to the Hebertella insculpta and Catazyga headi horizon, but range upward for variable distances into the overlying part of the Waynesville some extending their range even for considerable distanced into those Richmond beds which overlie the Waynesville member. The lower or Waynesville part of the Richmond, on Mani- toulin island, is by far the richest of the Richmond deposits 99 in fossil remains, and many species, especially among the brach- iopoda, appear to be confined to this lower part. Between Gore Bay, Kagawong, and Little Current, a con- spicuous coral reef, from 1 to 3 feet thick, containing Colum- naria alveolata and Calapoecia htironensis, frequently is found between 35 and 45 feet above the base of the Hebertella in- sculpta horizon. For this coral reef the name Gore Bay reef has been proposed. This reef serves locally as a convenient horizon marker. It has been found that, while most of the fossils which begin their range at or near the Hebertella insculpta horizon reach the Gore Bay Columnaria reef, many of these species do not extend their range beyond this horizon. Among the latter may be mentioned: Protarea papillata, Constellaria polystomella, Rhombotrypa quadrate, Crania, scabiosa, Rafinesquina alternata with very flat form, Plectambonites sericeus, Strophomena htiron- ensis, Str. nutans, Str. neglecta, Str. planttmbona, Str. sulcata, Platystrophia clarksvillensis, Zygospira kentuckiensis, Helicotoma brocki, Spyroceras hammelli, and various gasteropods and pelecypods not identified. A scrutiny of this list suggests the presence here of an upper Waynesville fauna. Such forms as Hebertella insculpta, and Catazyga headi make their first appear- ance in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, at the base of the upper or Blanchester division of the Waynesville. Strophomena nutans, Strophomena neglecta, and Zygospira kentuckiensis are first seen a short distance above the base of Blanchester division. Among the various species, on Manitoulin island, which begin their range in that part of the Richmond section which underlies the Gore Bay Columruiria reef, but continue also above the latter, may be mentioned: Stromatocerium huronense, Girvanella richmondensis, Tetradium huronense, Streptelasma ruslicum, Columnaria alveolata, Calapoecia huronensis, Hebertella occidentalis, Rhynchotrema perlamellosum, Zygospira modesta, and various gasteropoda and pelecypoda not identified. Appar- ently these are all forms which managed to continue existence in muddy waters. They are such forms as frequently are found in argillaceous and arenaceous deposits. In Ohio, Indiana, and 100 Kentucky they frequently are found in muddy and sandy strata in which all other species have become rare. Columnaria alveolata and Calapoecia huronensis have a considerable vertical range, but the horizon at which they occur in sufficient abundance to form the conspicuous Gore Bay reef evidently is an important palsontological horizon, since it marks Rirhl^^H'?^'^""."/ ^ considerable part of the underlying Richmond fauna Moreover, it appears to be above this horizon that Beatncea undulata, Columnaria calycina, and various thick- walled gasteropoda, such as Liospira helena, a large Belleropkon. and a large Bucanta or Salpingostoma come in. All of these speoes from above the coral reef apparently are such forms as could live in rough, muddy waters. In general, the fauna in the strata immediately above the Oore Bay Columnaria reef appears to be a meagre one At least, very few species have been listed from this zone except such forms as uebertella occidentalis, Rhynchotrema perlamellosum, and Zygosptra, which appear to be able to survive under ver^ adverse conditions. ' I v.i^V''"^ '"^^'o*^' °" ^" ^^'^ ^"'^ ^e«t '°ad 3 miles sout. . Little Current, Strophomena vetusta and Ceraurinus marginatus occur just above this Gore Bay reef. In Ohio. StroplmZ vetusta .s represented in the Blanchester division of the Waynl^ vme by an ear y form, but the range of the more typical specimens begins in the Liberty and extends into the Whitewater. Ceraur- tnus margrnatusxs unknown outside of Manitoulin. but the closely related species ara«n««5 meekanus, occurs in the Whitewater nlrth"^? wt ?'°- ^' Manitowaning, at the Clav cliff north of Wekwemikongsmg, and on Rabbit and Club islands east of Mamtoulm island, a species of Beatricea, usually referable Mr. R ' °f u'''" '""^'^ ^•''"'^ ^PP^^' ^° belong above the Gore Bay reef horizon. In Indiana and Kentucky Be-'ricea IS especially common in the Saluda division of the Richmond, and in the immediately underlying beds which carry a White^ water fauna In Indiana. Columnaria alveolata and Calapoecia ZTT" ^'^,^''t'".o'-« abundant at the base of the Saluda than at any other horizon. 101 While the exact correlation of these strata on ManitouHn island, above the Gore Bay reef, with any of the divisions of the Richmond in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, must remain more or less in doubt for the present, until more information can be secured, it seems quite evident that their horizon is distinctly above that of the Waynesville of Ohio. Provisionally they may be referred to the Whitewater, possibly to that part of the Whitewater which in southern Indiana is quite arenaceous, and, excepting at a few horizons, is quite unfossiliferous. For this part of the Whitewater, the term Saluda was proposed some years ago, and while the reference of the strata immediately above the Gore Bay reef, on Manitoulin island, to the Saluda may be rather lithological than palaeontological, this reference accords most nearly with our present state of knowledge on the subject. It may be stated that a day's examination of the coral zone and overlying strata west of the bridge north of Streetsville junction convinced Dr. Ulrich that the general fades of the fauna suggested Whitewater affinities. The coral reef at Streetsville appears to correspond stratigraphically to the Gore Bay coral reef on Manitoulin island. Another conspicuous zone, between Gore Bay, Kagawong, Honora, and Little Current, on Manitoulin island, is a Strom- atocerium huronense reef which usually is found between 25 and 30 feet above the Columnaria reef, but which occurs farther eastward at greater intervals. It probably would be more accur- ate to say that this Stromatocerium forms reefs at various horizons, but that these various horizons occur sufficiently near each other within the same vertical zone to make their reference to the same general reef possible. Since r* .s Stromatocerium reef is well exposed at various localities in ihe vicinity of Mudge bay, at the head of which the village Kagawong is situated, the name Mudge Bay reef will be suitable for it. At this Mudge Bay reef horizon, Tetradium often is common, sometimes in fact more common than the Stromatocerium. It is the interval between the Gore Bay and Mudge Bay reefs which usually presents such a meagre fauna, as already stated, although 102 <," l;. locally, especially near the eastern end of the island, the lower parts of this interval appear to be richly fossil! ferous. Immediately above the Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef, at Kagawong and Gore Bay, a rich pclecypod, gasteropod, and ostracod fauna, but not consisting of many species, comes in. Among the pelecypods, Ortonella hainesi suggests the White- water age of the strata involved. Near Weisburg, in Indiana, Ortonella hainesi occurs in the Whitewater strata immediately underlying the Saluda, the latter being probably only a local arenaceous phase of the Whitewater. Among the ostracods, Leperditia caecigena and Primitia lativia also suggest the Saluda age of the Mar.itoulin strata here considered, but in Ohio and Indiana they appear to range from the Saluda to the top of the Richmond. If the Saluda in southern Indiana be regarded as merely a local arenaceous phase of the Whitewater as typically exposed in the more northern parts of that state, the reference of certain fossils in the Manitoulin Island section to the Saluda, and of other fossils in the same strat'. to the Whitewater will be seen to be in substantial agreement. Among other fossils occurring above the Mudj. Bay Stromatoceriu:n reef are Cy' jnta ponderosa, Ctenodonta iphi- genia, a large Archinr _, and various species of Lophospira. Among those species which continue their range upward, from below the Mudge Bay reef, are Girvanella richmondensis, Tetra' dium fiuronen-e, Hebertella occidentalis, Zygospira modesta, Byssonychia radiata, and Pterinea demissa. All of these are forms which are capable of continuing their existence in muddy waters, judging from the frequency with which they are found in dolomite, fine-grained sandstones, and indurated clays. The total thickness of this upper part of the Richmond, from the Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef to the base of the Mani- toulin dolomite, varies apparently from 45 to 60 feet, at most localities on Manitoulin island. Although the Gore Bay and Mudge Bay reefs can be traced from west of Gore Bay to the vicinity of Little Current, their exact equivalents farther westward at Manitowaning, and thence eastward to Wekwemikong and Clay cliff, cannot be determined so readily. Perhaps this is due to the fact that at these eastern II 103 localities coral reefs occur at more than two horizons so that it IS difficult at present to decide which of these eastern reefs are to be correlated with those farther west. Possibly none of the eastern reefs coincide exactly with the latter. For instance, at Manitowaning, Hehertella insculpta is exposed within 6 feet of the lake level. Occasional specimens of Columnartaoccnr even at this low level, and continue thence upward. The first specimen of Tetradium was noted 21 feet above the level of the lake, and at 26 feet Calapoecia huronensis IS common, associated with some Columnaria and Tetradium Between 49 and 71 feet, Beatricea undulata comes in at various horizons, associated with Cyrtodonta ponderosa, Liospira helena, and other forms which in the vicinity of Kagawong and Gore Bay are found above the Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef. Corals are not common until the level of 74 feet above the lake is reached where Columnaria is common, and is associated with smaller numbers of Calapoecia and Tetradium. At 100 feet above the lake is the top of a massive Stromatocerium reef, for which the name Manttowaning reef has been proposed. The question now arises: Which of these reefs corresponds to the Gore Bay reef? Judging from the fossils in the zones above and below, this IS the Calapoecia horizon, 26 feet above the level of the lake If Beatrtcec^ suggests the Saluda horizon, its occurrence above the Calapoecia horizon in the eastern part of Manitoulin island would be in agreement with that fact. Which of the Manitowaning coral horizons represents the Mudge Bay Stromatocerium horizon ? Possibly the Columnaria horizon, 74 feet above the level of the lake. If the overlying beds were better exposed it might bfi possible to verify this correlation since certain characteristic fossils usually occur in the beds abov ^ the Mudge Bay reef. Because the Manitowaning Stromatoc^tum reef, 100 feet above the lake, consists of an abun- dance o, Stromatocerium and is about the same distance above the Hehertella tnsculpta layer, it does not follow that the Manitowan- ing reef is identical with the Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef It is quite certain that different massive growtl-., including under this term Stromatocerium, i etradium, Calapoecia, and Columnaria predominated at different localities along the same reef zone, so 'HI I *" 104 that Tetradium at one locality may be replaced by Stromatocenum at another. At Clay cliflF, 3 miles north of Wekwemikongsing, the top of the Hebertella insculpta zone is 114 f^et above the lake. The thickness of this zone probably is several feet. Thirty feet above this horizon, Slromatocerium is very abundant. This has been called the Cape Smith Stromatocenum reef. Strati- graphically it appears to correspond with the Calapoecia reef at Manitowaning, and with the Gore Bay reef farther westward. This conclusion, however, may be an erroneous one, since southwest of Wekwemikong there is a massive Stromatocenum reef overlying 9 feet of strata in the lower half of which Beatricea undulata, Calapoecia huronensis, Columnaria alveolata, Colum- tiaria calycina. an abundance of Tetradium huronense, Cyrtodonta ponderosa, Ctenodonta iphigenia, Liospira Helena, and other fossils occurring above the Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef in the Kagawong and Gore Bay areas, are found. It evidently is not safe to insist on close correlation between widely distant sections until the faunas have been worked up better. Even at this early stage of investigation, however, it may be asserted that, whenever present, the first conspicuous coral reef, found above the Hebertella insculpta horizon, marks the top of the Waynesville phase of the Richmond, on '/lanitoulin island, and that the immediately overlying strata inaugurate the Saluda or Whitewater part of the Richmond. From this first conspicuous coral reef upward, as far as the base of the Manitoulin dolomite, all of the section is to be correlated with the Saluda or Whitewater member of the Rich- mond. At numerous localities on Manitoulin, where the strata between the Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef and the base of the Manitoulin dolomite are well exposed, minute ostracods, including Leperditia caegigena and Primitia lativia, are common. These characteristic species are especially common in the upper Saluda of southern Indiana and at some localities on Manitoulin island have been found within 2 feet beneath the base of the Manitoulin dolomite, which here forms the lowest member of the Silurian section. If'^ 105 NORTHWEST OF KAGAWONG. (Locality No. 34, Figure 7.) About 3| miles northwest of Kagawong, along the road to Maple point, the base of the Manitoulin (Silurian) dolomite is exposed along the road. Nearby, a small wet weather stream plunges over a falls east of the road, and the Richmond strata are well exposed. The locclity is probably near the southeastern comer of lot 6 in concession XV, and here the following section was measured : ThickncM feet. Manitoulin dolomite (Silurian) with Ortkis fiabellites Interval, at top of Richmond, poorly expoied 4 Solid limestone with Tetradium and Stromatocerium common 6) Solid limestone lOJ Poorly exposed 23 Limestone 1 Long gradient along the road, with no exposures 32 (Road level at top of falls). Solid rock 1} Conspicuous Gore Bay coral reef, with Columnaria and Calapoecia. . . 3 Solid limestone, at top of WaynesviUe member o} Richmond 19 Limestone 4 Rubbly argillaceous limestone, but presenting too steep a face to expose the fossils well 19 Strata with Protarea, HeherteUa iruculpta, and Strophomena 2| Strata with Protarea papillata 1| Base of Richmond sectk>n at the falls. This section presents the total thickness of the Richmond as at present identified on this part of Manitoulin island. The base is characterized by HeberteUa insculpla. From this level to the Columnaria (Gore Bay) reef, the strata are referred to the upper part of the WaynesviUe section of Ohio and Indiana. This gives a thickness of 46 feet. The overlying part of the Rich- mond has a total thickness of 81 feet. It is poorly exposed and contains few fossils excepting at the Tetradium reef, near the top. It is referred to the Whitewater including under this term also the Saluda. »•' 106 A short distance south of the laat 'ocality, a road leads off eastward toward the western sho» • ^■. Mudge bay. Here the following Richmond section is exposed: ThtckncM feet. Manitoulin dolomite (Silurian) with OrthU ftabeUiles, Rhipidomella hybrida, and DalmaneUa elegantula. Softer argillaceous limestone at the top of Richmond 8 Tetradium reef, not measured separately from the underlying stone. . . . Massive harder limestone lo Not exposed 26 Lin-.sstone with bryozoans 3 Not exposed 4} Stromatocerium (Mudge Bay) reef 3 Limestone in part, section poorly exposed 8| Not exposed 241 Columnaria (Gore Bay) reef, with Calapoecia, Rhynckotrema perlamd- losum and Plalyslrophia darkmUensis 3 Interval at top 0} WaynesviUe member of Richmond, with argillaceous limestone at the top and softer layers below 17 Limestone with Strophrmuna, Platystrophia clarktviUeHsis, and StrepU- lasma rusticum 5J Softer argillaceous rock with StrtpUlasma rusticum, Strophomena 8 Here 30 feet of rock underlies the Gore Bay Columnaria reef, but the HeberteUa insculpta horizon, belonging immediately beneath the lowest Richmond seen in the preceding section, is not exposed. The overlying part of the Richmond has a total thickness of 90 feet. The Tetradium reef at the top corresponds with that in the preceding section, but the Stromatocerium (Mudge Bay) reef, 33 feet above the Columnaria reef, is not exposed here. Somewhere near the southeastern corner of lot 6 in concession XII, the Stromatocerium (Mudge Bay) reef is seen 58 feet below the Manitoulin dolomite. The reef here has a thickness of S feet. The Tetradium reef is not expoted. NORTHWEST OF KAGAWONG. {Locality No. 36, Figure 7.) A mile and a half northwest of Kagawong, where the road to Maple point ascends the hill, the following Richmond section is exposed. 107 TUckncM fMt. Manitoulin dolomite (Silurian) Strata at top of Richmond not expoaed 60 Solid limestone with StromatoceriHm, forming reef (Mudge Bay reef) 3 Interval measured along a very long and low gradient 8 Greenish clayandrocksimilar to thatalongthe road from Kagawon^ to Providence bay. Fossils rare. Zytospira modesla 9 Thin greenish argillaceoui shale. Fossils few 4 Columnaria common, associated with Caiapoecia, Slreptelasma, and forming the Gore Bay reef. Also Hebertella ouidtntalis, Platy- strophia clarksmllensis, and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum 3 Interval at top of WaynesvUle member of Richmond 5 J Solid limestone with Columnaria, Strophomena, and HeberleUa ocei- dentaUs 4 Clay and argillaceous limestone, poorly exposed 10 Harder blubh limestone with Slreptelasma aP'^ Strophomena 6 Soft argillaceous limestoiie rubble with St. .ptelasma, Strophomena, Platystrophia clarksvillensis, and Rhynchotrema perlamellosum 8 Here also the base of the known Richmond of Manitoulin island, with Hebertella insculpta, is not exposed: 33 feet of the Waynesville division of the Richmond is exposed beneath the Gore Bay Columnaria reef, and 87 feet of Richmond rock overlie the Waynesville level. The Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef appears to be only 21 feet above the Columnaria reef, but this may be due to the difficulty of getting accurate measurements with a Locke level along a long and very low gradient. SOUTHWEST OF KAGAWONG. {Locality No. 37, Figures 7 and 8.) A mile and a half southwest of Kagawong, along the road to Gore Bay, the following section was measured : Thickness feet. Limestone, soft at the base, forming upper part of Manitoulin dolo- mite (Silurian) exposure SJ Richly fossiliferous limestone 21 Thinner bedded limestone at base of Manitoulin dolomite 13 jj Upper layers of the Richmond, containing Rhytimya kagawongensis, Leperditia caecigena, Bythocypris cylindriea, and Primitia lativia. The thickness of these layers is 3 108 m ThickncM feet. Not expoied 44 Thin horizon with bryoioans and ■ large Cyrledonia Strata not exposed 6 Whitish limestone with HeberltUa oceidenlalis, Cyrtodtmta pon4»ma, Clenodonta iphitenia, OrlontUa hainesi, a large Arckinaeetta, and various species of Lofhospira, Cyrtocttas (Cyrtorhinocerast) tafo- wontensii 4 Solid limestone with Stromatocerium probably representing the Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef of the sections northwest of Kagawong . . 4 This places the Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef 59 feet below the base of the Manitoulin dolomite. The richly fossili- ferous zone above this Stromatocfium reef, and the ostracod horizons just beneath the base of the Manitoulin dolomite are noteworthy. SOUTH OF KAGAWONG. {Locality No. 38, Figure 7.) m Half a mile south of Kagawong, the road to Providence turns abruptly eastward, toward West or Honora bay. Here the following section is exposed : Thickneai feet. Massive limestone with interbedded shaly material containing Heber- lella oecidentalis and CtenodoiUa iphigtiua 8 Not exposed 9 Spirorbis cf. cindnHaUensis, Rkytimya kagawongentis, Lyrodetma sp., Leperditia caecigena, Primitia lataia 5) Cyrtodonta and Lopkospira S) Shaly limestone and clay 4 White limestone with Cyrtodonta ponde-'osa, llodiolopsis, Uchyrodonta, OrtontUa hainesi, Lopkospira, ArMnacella, Ortkoceras, Heberh-'S oecidentalis, and brjozoans 9 Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef 4 Here 41 feet of strata, belonging to the Whitewater division of the Richmond, are known above the Mudge Bay Stromato- cerium reef. The level for the base of the Manitoulin dolomite belongs at least 18 feet above the top of the section. The level 109 for the Gore Bay Columnaria reef should be somewhere near the level of the bridge at the mill south of Kagawong, but it is not expooed. It is evident that the ostracods occur here at a very much lower horizon than along the road to Gore Bay, southwest of Kagawong. In fact, they occur at several horizoni in different parts of Manitoulin island, indicating a considerable totol vertical range. In this connexion, the light green clay and rock fragments, with ostraco " Leperditia caecigena and Primitia lativia, near lot 23, alon^ the road from Kagawong to West Bay, concession XV, need further examination. Similar light green clay was seen northwest of Kagawong, below the Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef, but the ostracods elsewhere on Manitoulin island occur usually above this reef. KAGAWONG FALLS. (Locality No. 39, Figures 7 and 8.) The following section is exposed below the falls at the mill south of Kagawong. It belongs to the Waynesville division of the Richmond. Thiclcne* Top of bluflF. fggj_ Interval. The top of WaynesviUt member of Richmond is somewhere within this interval 34 Thin horizon with Stropkomena Interval 31 Thin horizon with one Catatyga, also several Strophoniena sulcata Interval 2 Thin horizon with a small specimen of Calapoecia, and Bucania cf. capax Interval 1 Thinkarizon with Strophomenasukala Interval j Thin horizon with Stropkomena sulcata and Hormotoma HeberteUa insctJpta, Catazyga headi common at the base, rare above, also Protarea 3 Thin horizon with Vanuxemia, several Interval 3 Thin horizon with limestone with Stropkomena Hebertella insculpta in lower half. Also Streptelasma. Base of Way- nesville member 54 Clay and a few fine-grained saiiuy limestone layers 10) » 110 Here the vertical distribution of Hebertella insculpta through an interval of 11 J feet should be noted. The total thiclcneaa of the known Waynesville is about 20 feet, but there is no doubt tiut a part of the overlying strata, stratigraphically, also belongs to the Waynesville. The loose blocks along the creek at the base of the section contain Columnaria alveolata, PltctamboniUs serkeus, Rafines- quina alternata, a very flat form, Hebertella occidentalis, Rkyn- ckotrema perlamellosum, Zygospira modesta, Zygospira kentuck- iensis, and Pterinea demissa, in addition to the species already mentioned from this locality. Ij: SOUTH END OF KAGAWONG. {Locality No. 40, Figure 7.) Another exposure of Waynesville rock occurs directly south of the main part of the village, where the road from Kagawong to Gore Bay ascends the hill. Here the following section is exposed: Thickress feet. Argillaceout lii.mtone near lop of WaynesviUt member of Richmond; with Columnaria rare, alio with Zygospira modesta 5J A large nodose branching Ptilodictya, accompanying numeroui Hebertella occidentalis 5} Streptelasma riulicum and Sirophomena common 5 J Strophomtna nrt 5J Streptelasma, Plectambonites, Sirophomena planumoona, '^ r. huronen- sis, Sir. nutans. Sir. sulcata, Plalystrophia clarksviUensis, Zy- gospira kenluckiensis, and Pterinea demissa 5| Sirophomena few 5j Rubbly argillaceous rock with Streptelasma dispandum, and Str. rusti- cum, Plectambonites, Sirophomena neglecia. Sir. sulcata, Cyrto- donta, Helicotoma brocki, rare JJ Rubble rock without identifiable fossils. Here there are evidently 38i feet of rock belonging to the Waynesville division of the Richmond. The total thickness of this division is probably about 10 feet greater. The basal beds, with Hebertella insculpta and Catazyga headi, were not noticed. Ill NORTHEAST OP GORE BAY. (Locality No. 41, Figure 7.) Northeast of Go-^ Bay, along the road following the top of the blulf, in conctMion XIV, the following fossils occur above the Stromalocerium reef: GirvaneUa richmondensis, Streptelasma rusticum, Hebertella occidentalis, Cyrtodonta pondero^a, Ctmodonta iphigenia, and Byssonychia radiata. It is evident that the Cyrtodonta horizon above the Mudge Ba> Slromatoceriutn reef is well represented in the area extending froi./ Kagawong to the west of Gore bay. Judging from the fosiiils, beds equivalent to the Cyrtodonta horizon occur also &t Clay cliff, on the eastern sides of Cape Smith, on the eastern side of Manitoulin island. Southeast of the village of Gore Bay, along the road ascend- ing the hill northeastward, toward East Bluff, Primitia lativia occurs immediately above the Mudge Bay Stromalocerium reef. All of these horizons belong in the Whitewater division of the Waynes ville. SOUTH END OF GORE BAY. (Locality No. 43, Figure 7.) At the southern end of Gore Bay, is the fairground. South- west of the fairground, the base of the Manitoulin dolomite is exposed along the brow of the hill. Between these two localities, the following section was estimated, but as there is considerable dip, and the exposures are not continuous, there is opportunity for considerable error. Thicknen Manttouiin dolomite (Silurian). Upper Richmond strata not exposed 25 Solid limestone with a few specimens of Stromalocerium near the middle 12 Not exposed well 25 Mudge Bay Stromalocerium reef, with a few specimens of Telradium, in front of the fairground 3 Vi 112 The few specimens of Stromalocerium about 30 feet above "t RT idge Bay Stromalocerium reef, may represent the upper 2 'radium reef, 4 feet below the Manitoulin dolomite, northwest ^ Kagawong. All of the Richmond exposures at this locality belong to the Whitewater member of the Richmond. WEST SIDE OF GORE BAY. {Locality No. 44, Figure 7.) The Gore Bay Columnaria reef is well exposed along the brow of the hill west of Gore Bay, but it was impossible to secure a fairly reliable estimate of the interval between the Gore Bay Columnaria reef and the Mudge Bay Stromalocerium reef. It is assumed to equal fully 30 feet. Five feet above this Colum- naria reef, Streplelasma dispandum, which is a large mutation of Streplelasma rusticum with strongly divergent sides, is seen, and half a foot farther up, Columnaria is associated with Calapoecia, Streplelasma dispandum, Prolarea richmondensis, also the variety papillata, and Rhynchotrema capax. Columnaria occurs at various horizons as far as 11 feet above the Columnaria reef, and Rhyncho- trema capax is found at this locality 14 feet above the reef. The Columnaria reef is the base of those Richmond strata which over- lie the Waynesville member of the Richmond and which are referred to the Whitewater member. Four and a half feet below the Columnaria reef, in the Waynesville member, Strophomena is common and the following fossils are seen between this level and the exposures 11 feet below the reef: Streplelasma rusticum, Prolarea richmondensis, Strophomena of the planumbona type, Hebertella occidentalis, Platystrophia clarksvillensis, Rhynchotrema perlamellosum, Zygospira modesta, and Isolelus. NORTHEAST OF GORE BAY. {Locality No. 13, Figure 7.) The base of the known Waynesville section, of Manitoulin island, is not exposed at the last described locality, directly west of Gore Bay, but at the exposures near Gorn ' point, about 2 113 miles northeast of Gore Bay, Hebertella insculpta is found in loose slabs, associated with Plectambonites, Strophomena planum' bona, Strophomena huronensis, Platyslrophia clarksvillensis, Rhyn- chotrema perlamellosum, Streptelasma, and Columnaria. These slabs, although loose, evidently came from the base of the Waynesville > ' Manitoulin island, Hebertella insculpta being confined 'o i'la; hnrizon in this area. NCRTIiWEST OF GORE BAY. (Locility No. 46, Figure 7.) Nearly 2 miles northwest of Gore Bay, along the road be- tween concessions XII and XIII, the following succession of strata is seen. The intervals, measured along the road, are practically worthless, since the measurements were made along long and low gradients where the dip apparently was considerable. Thickness Total feet, thickness. Top of hill. Uppermost horitons of the Whitewater member of the Rich- mond not exposed. Tetradium rare, Cyrlodonla ponderosa, Ortonella hainesi, Clenodonta of. cingulata, Bucania cf . capax, BeUerophon cf . mohri, Lophospira 3 Interval measured along a very long gradient 12 J Thin horizon with Rhynchotrema capax Interval measured along a very low gradient 10 Caiapoecia common, Columnaria common, Streptelasma and Rhynchotrema capax 3 Columnaria, Hebertella occidentalis, and Rhynchotrema capax at top of Waynesville member of Richmond 7J Interval 2 Thin horizon with Columnaria 3 Interval 3 Argillaceous limestone with Columnaria and Rhynchotrema. 4} This section exposes the Gore Bay Columnaria reef very well. Its thickness is estimated at 3 feet. The richly fossili- ferous strata at the top of the section are regarded as equivalent 1^ 114 TJ^nl^'^^v ^°f •'•^^'■°"« st'-ata. containing Cyrtodonta ponderosa Md Ortonella hamest, a short distance above the Mudge Bay Slromatocertum reef, in the sections near Kagawong The measured interval of only 22J feet between the top of the C^/«m- narm reef and the base of the overlying richly fossiliferous horizon evidently is too small. The Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef is not exposed here, but a quarter of a mile westward there IS a conspicuous Tetradium reef at a lower elevation above lake level, but probably corresponding stratigraphicalh- to the same horizon as the Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef in ;.e Kagawone ^ctions and at the fairgrounds at the south end of Gore Bay A Slromatocertum reef is exposed also on Barrie island, between lots 5 and 6, in the southern part of concession V. East of the aarr^e Island bridge a variety of Byssonychia richmondensis was SOUTH OF HONORA. (Locality No. 47, Figures 7 and 8.) On the eastern side of Honora or West bay, about a mile south of Honora village, on the road to West Bay, the following section is exposed: Thicknen Manitoulin dolomite (Silurian) top not exposed ^T^' Top of Richmond, not exposed Massive limestone with a few specimens of 5/ro«atocerf«m.'.!. 2 Bryozoans common , Thin, whitish limestone A Not exposed, long low gradient .......!...!. .f Mudge Bay Stromatocenum reef with a few Tetradium. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. [ 4 In this section, the Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef is well exposed and forms a conspicuous reef. The upper horizon, at which a few specimens of Stromatocerium occur, may corres- pond to the Tetradium reef, or the Manitowaning reef, as exposed northwest of Kagawong. All of the Richmond strata at this locality belong to the Whitewater member. I-I I 1^ 115 ROAD WEST OF INDIAN VILLAGE SOUTHWEST OF LITTLE CURRENT. (Locality No. 48, Figure 7.) Three miles southwest of Little Current, the road to Honora and West Bay passes a straggling Indian village. Half a mile west of the village the road turns south between lots 20 and 21, and continuing along this road for half a mile southward, to the point where it ascends a steep hill, the following section is ex- posed: Thickneai feet. Manitoulin dolomite (Silurian). Interval, at top of the Whitewater member of the Richmond 8 Fine-grained, whitish limestone with Cyrtodonla species and Byssony- chia radiata SJ Br>'ozoans abundant, the same species as those found southeast of Honora, in the preceding section 2 Limestone. In this 20 ft. limestone section Heberlella occidentalis and Byssonychia radiata are common, and one large Pterinea demissa was found 20 Interval along a hilly part of the road, difficult to measure with a Locke level 17J Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef, with a few specimens of THradium . . 6 Interval 32 J Massive limestone with Columnaria and Calapoecia represented by a few specimens at the top. The top of this limestone probably corres- ponds to the Gore Bay Columnaria reef, here very poorly repre- sented. A Rhynchotrema perlamellosum also was found at about t'. level in the limestone 8J Expos at lop of WaynesvilU member of Richmond 14 Solid n .oive limestone weathering to rotten soft limestone, with Streptelasma 5 Argillaceous limestone 12 Argillaceous limestone and rubble 31 Fairly solid sandy limestom ' -ing this section, see page 87 of this report). In this section the basal part of the known Waynesville section with Hebertella insculpta and Catazyga headi, is not exposed although over 30 feet of rock may be definitely referred to the VVaynesville bed. The basal part of the bed appears to be practically unfossiliferous, a condition observed at numerous other localities on Manitoulin island and along the southern shores of Georgian bay. The Gore Day Columnaria reef app^r- ent y may be detected. The Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reel is very well represented, although the interval of this ^tromatocenum reef above the Gore Bay Columnaria reef may not have been correctly determined, owing to the very long and 9 il frN. 118 low gradient. There is no trace of the upper, or Manitow- aning Tetradium reef, so well exposed at some localities north- west of Kagawong. The most interesting feature, however, is the horizon with Leperditia caecigena and Rhytimya kagawongen- sis at the top of the Richmond section, just beneath the Mani- toulin dolomite. This horizon corresponds to that just beneath the Manitoulin dolomite, H miles southwest of Kagawong, along the road to Gore Bay. This horizon belongs above the upper, Tetradium or Manitowaning reef. The horizon with Leperditia caecigena, Primitia lativia, and Rhytimya kagawon- gensis, immediately south of Kagawong, however, belongs be- tween the middle or Mudge Bay Stromatocerium reef and the upper, or Manitowaning reef. The fossils mentioned evidendy have a considerable vertical range. BASS LAKE ROAD SOUTH FROM LITTLE CURRENT. {Locality No. 11, Figures 7 and 8.) Along the road from Little Current southward to the middle of Bass lake, Richmond strata are exposed where the road ascends McLean hill, about 2 miles southwest of town. The exposures are between lots 5 and 6, in concessions VI and VIL Thickness feet. Limestone in place near top of WaynesviUe member of Richmond, but fossils few. Columnaria and Caiapoecia occur loose, but are believed to have been in situ at or just above the b?se of this level, at the Gore Bay reef horizon * One specimen cf Sitophomena resembling nutans in outline, near top ^^ of section , " ' Sirepulasma, Crania scabiosa, Strophomena of fdanumbona and huron- rnsis types, Zygospira modesta, some specimens approaching kentuckiensis, Rhynchotrema perlamellosum, all in situ. Near the middle and top Strophomena sulcata occurs • • ■ • Rhynchotrema capax occurs on large loose slabs of rock at this level ^^ Interval • ■ ;. ." V Beneath this interval occur slabs of limestone, loose, witn Strophomena huronensis rather common and with occasional specimens of Cyclonema bUix. The horizon with Hebertetta inscvlpta and Catatyga headi probably was just beneath at,;. y*fi 119 lie ds es Thicknesa feet this level. This may be inferred from the slabs which con- tain these fossils and which are fourd loose at various lower intervals, evidently dropped from their original level. Interval , Beneath this interval occur loose slabs with Rafinesquina alternata, HeberteUa insculpta, Cyctonema bilix, Belkrophon, and Cornulii -.'. Interval ". At the base of this interval occur loose slabs with Strophomeita huronensis Inte- al 1 At the base of this interval occurs a loose slab with HeberteUa insculpta, Slrophomena planumbona, Slrophomena huronensis ' Interval ], At the base of this interval was found a loose slab, with Rhynchotrema perlamellosum, and Slrophomena huronensis Interval ""' jji At the base of this interval Catatyga headi was found loose. In the overlying 22 feet of this section, the following fossils also wer« found loose: Streptelasma, Calapoecia, HeberteUa ocddenUUis, Platystrophia clarksviUensis, and Cyclonema bUix. Specimens of Trematis, occurring in a sandy, Lorraine-like rock, also occur loose at the base of this section. Interval . At the base of this interval HeberteUa insculpta was found in loose rock. Inter\'al, composed chiefly of Lorraine-like sandy rock 14 Shallow spring along the road, where it ascends the hill in a south- westerly direction. (For description of underlying strata see page 90 of this report). This section is interesting chiefly in showing that the basal parts of the known Waynesville section of Manitoulin island are present here, as inferred from the presence of Hebertella insculpta and Catazyga headi. Moreover, Slrophomena huronensis, be- longing immediately above, also occurs. It may be remembered from the previously described section, that these fossils were not found a mile farther southward, where the lower parts of the Waynesville ssction are practically unfossiliferous. The Gore Bay Columnaria reef probably was present in this vicinity, although it can not be definitely located at present. This is inferred from the presence of numerous specimens of 120 Columnaria alveolata with some of Calapoecia farther south* westward, in the fields along the road between concessions VI and VII, near lot 6. They are not infrequent on the southern side of the road, in the open field, after plowing. NORTHWEST OF MANITOWANING. {Locality No. 50, Figures 7 and 8.) A short distance northwest of Manitowaning, in lot 42, there is a steep gully descending the steep escarpment near the shore, formed by a small stream which may be traced back from the shore to the road leading from Manitowaning to Sheguiandah. It strikes this road a short distance west of its junction with the Providence Bay road. In the angle between the two roads is the conspicuous Manitoulin dolomite promontory known locally as "The Rock." East of the rock, a short distance west of the Providence Bay road, a conspicuous Stromatocerium reef, the Manitowaning reef, is exposed. It is scarcely necessary to state that elsewhere this reef may be characterized, not by the presence of Stromatocerium, but by the great numbers of Tetradium. In fact, different parts of a reef may be characterized by different species. This change of dominant species at different points along the same reef, was true of Palaeozoic life as much as of that of the present seas. The following section extends from "The Rock" eastward to the Stromatocerium reef, ''mmediately west of the South Bay road, and then continues farther northward across the western edge of the viU.ige where there is an area of no exposures, and descends the stream already mentioned, passing through the steep gully to the margin of the lake: Thicknett feet. Manitoulin dolomite (Silurian), base not exposed. Interval at top of Whitewater member of the Richmond not exposed 56 5/romo«o«rtttm (Manitowaning) reef * Interval not exposed Clay * Limestone Solid limestone, no fossils seen ' 121 ThickncM Thin horixon with CUnodonta Columnaria common. Tetradium and Calapoecia alao present. Po»^ libly the equivalent to the Mudge Bay coral reef horiion 1 Solid limeitone _? Sirepttlasma, Calapoecia, HeberuUa euidentalu, targe coar«e BeUero- phon, Liespira keUna . Solid limestone with Beatricea undJata, StrtpklasiHa. Tetradium. Rkynchotrema perlameUosum g. Chiefly clay, forming a flat, with the overlying strata giving steeper outlmes Flat field surface, with no exposures, probably clay. .......... j Solid li lestjne orming top of bluff at gully, with Beatricea uudiiiata at top. and with Streptelasma and Tetradium at lower levels. Practically covered Z. Zygospira kentuckiensis, Cyrtodonta ponderosa, and Ortiioceras. . ! Poorly exposed limestone -I Thin horizon with Beatricea loose Nodose branching Ptilodictya, similar to that found south of Kagawong. Also Zygospira kentuckiensis i Limestone with Byssonychia radiata A Soft argillaceous rubbly limestone i Blue argillaceous rubbly limestone with Afodiofctiwi,' 'and numerous specimens of Zygospira kentuckiensis 4 Rubble limestone with Streptelasma. Zygospira kentuckitnsis. Cyrto- donta ponderosa, Orthoceras 2i Solid limestone with Calapoecia • Solid limestone with Slrepulasma, Tetradium.' Calapoecia' common. Zygospira kentuckiensis. Byssonychia. Regarded as equivalent to the Gore Bay reef horizon 2 Girvanella richmondensis. Columnaria. Calapoecia, one Cyrtodonta ponderosa at top of Waynesville member of Richmond. . I Interval ,? Pterinea demissa and Modiolodon in solid limestone. ............... 1 Blue rubble limestone with Tetradium 1 Covered . Columnaria, lihombotrypa quadrata. Hebertella occidentalis, Platy- strophia larksviUensis, Byssonychia radiata in rubble limestone. . 1 Clay and rubble limestone with Streptelasma and Rhombotrypa \\ Rhombolrypa quadrata common ' ' ' 1 Interval ,? Columnaria. Streptelasma, Hebertella insculpta. and Platystrophia "" h Thm horizon with Arthraria bulavata or dumbbell impressions fully 4 mches in length I i 14 122 Thicknesi feet. Slrtpulasma, Colutnnaria, Khomhotrypa quadrala, H$berklla insculpta, Platystrophia clarkniUensis 1 Chiefly covered. Clay with Sirepttlaima, Cdumnaria, and HeberUUa insculpia ' Lake level- SOUTHEAST OF MANITOWANING. : is-. ||;!i»- (Locality No. 51, Figures 7 and 8.) Two miles directly southeast of Manitowaning, across the bay, where the road to Wekwemikongsing ascends the hill, the following section is exposed, presenting some features which are covered up in the Manitowaning section by the soil. Thickneu feet. Manitoulin dolomite (Silurian). Strata at top of Whitewater member of the Richmond, not exposed. . 22 Argillaceous limestone with Byssonychia radiata, Rhytimya kagawongen- sis, Leperdilia caecigena, Primitia lativia, Bytkocypris cylindrica and unknown plant-like black remains 5) Interval • 71J At the base of this intt. val there is a flat plain. J, , aval 12 Beneath this interval occurs the top of massive rock c issed by road. Intet-val 22 At the base of this interval occurs a flat plain, with aliandoned house on north of road. Interval 22 At the base of this interval is the gate into Indian reservation. Interval 5 Lake level. This section suggests the presence of Rhytimya, Leperditia caecigena, and Frimitia lativia above the Stromatocerium (Mani- towaning) reef horizon, which is typically exposed east of the "Rock," at Manitowaning. The top of the massive rock crossed by the road, on the Indian reservation, in the preceding section, probably corresponds to the top of the bluff at the gully north of the lighthouse in the Manitowaning section. 133 It will be noticed that there is no definite equivalent to the Cape Smith Stromatocerium reef in the Manitowaning section. This reef belongc beneath the Beatricea zone. The horizon where this reef should occur is somewhere within the massive rock forming the 3 feet of the bluff at the steep gully in the Manitow- aning section. This would place it about 45 or 48 feet below the Manitowaning reef. Moreover, there is no equivalent in the Manitowaning section for the Gore Buy Columnaria reef. The nearest approach to such a reef is found between 2Si and 28 feet above the base of the section, where Columnaria, Cala- poecia, and Tetradium are rather more common than elsewhere in the section. This would give an interval of about 21 feet between the Columnaria horizon and the base of the Beatricea zone at which the Cape Smith reef should come in. The total thickness of the Waynesville bed might be in excess of 26 feet, however, since the vertical range of Hebertella insculpta sometimes is fairly considerable at the base of the Waynesville section, as identified on Manitoulin island. SOUTHWEST OF WEKWEMIKONG. (Locality No. 52, Figure 7.) Two miles southwest of Wekwemikong along the road from Mocasset Landing to Smith bay, the following section is exposed where the road rapidly descends the hill. Thickneu _ , feet. Top of section at this locality. Limestone belonging to the Whitewater member of the Richmond. . 24 Thin horizon with Beatricea undulala Interval j Beneath this interval occurs the top of the Stromatocerium reei (Cape Smith reef). Interval ^ Stromatocerium, Girvanella, Beatricea undulata, Tetradium common and large, Columnaria alveotata and calycina, Calapoecia, Strepte- lasma rusticum. Cranio scabiosa, Zygospira kentuckienas, Cyrio- donta ponderosa, Ischyrodonta, and Ctenodonta iphigenia, Archin- acella, Bucania cf. capax, Belkrophon cf. mohri, Liospira Helena, and Lophospira tropidophora 5 Interval at top of Waynesville member of Richmond '. 4 Zygospira kentuckiensis common through at least 5 124 Thi» section is of interest chiefly for indicating the horizon of Beatricea. It ranges both alwve and below the Slromaloctrium reef. Below this reef a short distance there is a Tetradium reef, with a considerable number of Columnaria and Calapotcia. This horizon is again very well exposed at Clay clifl on the eastern side of Cape Smith, but in walls too vertical for favourable study. NORTHWEST OF WEKWEMIKONG. {Locality No. 53, Figures 7 and 8.) Northwest of Wckwemikong, along the road leading up the hill, numerous loose specimens of Richmond fossils are found. The locality is interesting as a collecting f^round for some of the Waynesville species, including Hebertella insculpta, Strophomena huronensis, and Protarea. Slromalocerium, Strep- telasma rusticum, Tetradium, Columnaria alveolata, a very flat form of Rafinesquina, and Cyrtodonta ponderosa also occur. CLAY CLIFF. {Locality No. 54, Figures 7 and 8.) The best known locality for collecting Richmond fossils undoubtedly is Cape Smith. The exposures are known as Clay cliff, and occur 3 miles north of Wekwemikongsing, halfway to the northern termination of Cape Smith. The locality may be reached most conveniently by a boat capable of entering shallow waters. The walk along • ' >■ shore is across large boulders. A woodland road permitting the u.^c of wagons extends within a mile of the cliffs, and a good path extends the rest of the way to the southern termination of the much lower clay cliffs ex- tending to the south of the conspicuous ones to which the name usually is confined. The lower, more southern exposures just mentioned belong to the Maysville and Eden sections. The more conspicuous Clay cliff belongb chiefly to the Richmond. At least, only the Richmond strata are well exposed here, the under- lying Maysville strata being covered up by talus which has 12S fallen from the Richmond strata. Even the Hebertella insculpta layers are well exposed and. at higher horizons, also the Colum- nana reef, and the Stromatocerium reef; but the still higher parts of the Richmond formation are not present here. The locality IS not favourable for a study of the vertical distribution of the contamed fossils, since most of the fossils are found in the talus However, it is an excellent collecting ground. The following meagre facts are presented. A vertical wall of limestone forms the top of the Clay Cliff section. At its base, there is a conspicuous Stromatocerium layer. According to the measurements of Prof. Arthur M Miller, the interval from the Stromatocerium reef to the top of the bluff or cliff is 31 feet. A very large branching bryozoan is common about 16 feet above the Stromatocerium reef. The highest layers containing Hebertella insculpta occur 29 feet below the Stromatocerium horizon. In the talus thert is an abundance of forms which are known from immediately below the Stroma- tocerium reef southwest of VVelcwemikong. These forms include the large thick walled species of Cyrtodonta ponderosa, Cteno- dontatphtgenia, Bucania, and Bellerophon, also Liospira Helena and the like. Most species found in the talus cannot be referred definitely to any ho.izons. except in a very general way. The following is a list of the fossils found here: StrrpUlasma rusticum (camadenns). Telradium huronensis. Cotumnaria alveolala. Columnaria calycina. Calapoecia huronensis (cribriformis) . Prolarea ritkmondcnus (also var. papiUala). Stromatocerium huronensis. Cornuliles. Spirorbis cf. cincinnatiensis. Batostoma. ConsttUaria polystomeUa. Rhombotrypa quadrata. Crania scabiosa. DalmaneUa tmaW, not jutosa. Hebertella insculpta. Hebertella sinuata. Hebertella occidentalis. Strophomena planumbona. Strophomena huronensis. Rafinesquina aiternala, very flat form. Platystrophia clarksvillensis. Zygospira kentuckiensis. Cyrtodonta ponderosa. Modiolopsis. Ortonella hainesi. Rhytimya kagawongensis. Ctenodonta iphigenia. Ctenodonta cf. madisonensis. Opisthoptera ftssicosta. Byssonychia praecursa var. Plerinea demissa. Archinacella. 126 r>i Spyroctrat hammdli. Cyrloceras (Cyrtorkitoctrasf) lysander. Cyrtoceras (Cyrtorhitoeeras?) postumiiu. Discocerasf BiUingtites. Oncoceras. Leperditia caedttna. Bythocypris cylindriat. VaUatotheca manitoidini. CyrioUtes omatus. Oxydiscus. Bucania cf . capax. BdUrophon cf. mohri. Clalkrospira subconica. Liospira Helena. Lophospira near bowdeni. Cydonema bilix. Orlhocerat piso. Endoceras. To the Richmond faunas mentioned on the preceding pages may be added the following: Licrophycus hudsonicus described from Manitowaning bay. Cyclocystoides huronensis described from the Beatricea unduUUa horizon on Rabbit island. Vanuxemia bayfieldi described from the upper Richmond on Bayfield sound. Cyrtoceras ligarius described from the Richmond on Drummond island. BUlingsites newberryi, although described from Anticosti island, is cited also from the Ordovician (Rich- mond) exposures of Cape Rich. (For the underlying Lorraine-like strata see page 82). •i 1 I GENERAL REMARKS ON THE RICHMOND OF MANITOULIN ISLAND. The Richmond strata of Manitoulin island probably were deposited near a shore-line. Sandy clays, with very few fossils, are present at many horizons. In fact, they predominate at some localities, and the rapid manner in which the strata change from richly fossiliferous to practically unfossiliferous zones along the same stratigraphical levels, suggests shore conditions. This does not imply the immediate presence of the shore or very shallow waters. Wave and ripple-marks were not noticed at the localities so far examined, and there are no coarse sand- stones or conglomerates. Judging from the prevailing fine- grained sandy and argillaceous strata, the waters probably often were muddy. Certain types of life, such as the bryozoans and crinoids, were poorly represented, excepting locally and for very limited horizons. Estuarine or delta deposits may have prevailed towards the north and the northeast. When these 127 deposits, by some change of currents, were swept farther south or southwest, the conditions for marine life here probably proved less favourable. BETWEEN GEORGIAN BAY AND LAKE ONTARIO. At the localities northwest of Meaford, only the Waynes- ville member of the Richmond was identified among the more fossiliferous strata underlying the red Queenston clay shales. The Saluda and Whitewater members appear here to be represented by the lower half, if not by all of the Queenston red clay shales. This is true also at all of the localities southeast of Meaford, along the southern shores of Georgian bay, so far investigated. No trace of the Gore Bay or Cape Smith coral reefs overlying the strata identified as Waynesville, was noted, and of the overlying faunas present on Manitoulin island, only the ostracod fauna, to be described later, is well represented at certain horizons in the Meaford area. The same statement might be made regarding the Richmond exposures along the northern shores of Lake Ontario, near Oakville. Here the Queenston red clay shales also rest directly on fossiliferous strata all of which appear to belong to the Waynesville division of the Richmond. The following are more detailed statements regarding certain Richmond localities in the area indicated above. WORKMAN BROOK, SOUTHEAST OF MEAFORD. Along the lower part of Workman brook, about 3 miles southeast of Meaford (Figure 6), there are almost continuous exposures of strata resembling the Lorraine (see page 78). At the higher horizons, as indicated by the following notes, fossil exposures belonging to the Waynesville member of the Richmond are found. Catazyga headi associated with Cyclonema hilix and a large Hebertella occurre dence p. >erired by the bryozoans is of little value. On the contrary i. form the most satisfactory diagnostic fossils in strata be^onginfr to the Cincinnatian series. The real trouble is that, scj far .1 sufficient number of species, whose evidence is unequivocal ! not been found. E/.riF.RN ONTARIO AND QUEBEC. VARS. Ea^i of ". va, in rhe vicinity of Vars (Figure 5), tho Queen lO 1 .; ,•♦'•»?«» „; , opear to rest directly upon strata which "^la; \n cr<- 1. „iih the Waynesville phase of the Richn 1. 1 ' lO resembling kentuckitnsis, occurs in thehigi I lOPs. (1. =: strata immediately under the Qucenston shales. J the ■'■.■ ones are present anywhere in eastern Ontario, ihey arc nor exposed. At a lower horizon Strophomena fluctuosa is associated with Catazyga headi, Pholadomorpha pholadijormis, Modiolopsis concentrica, Plerinea demissa, Bys- sonychta radiata, and numerous other fossils. This, the most interesting fossil locality in the area east of Ottawa, is found west of Vars. The Strophomena fluctuosa locality may be reached by going from Vars half a mile directly west along the railway, to the first road crossing, and then turning southward for a quarter of a mile to the point where the road crosses a small brook. The exposures lie westward^along the brook. Fine-grained limestones are abundant in places, and the breaking of a considerable quantity of rock probably would result in the finding of a considerable fauna. The follow- ing species were observed : 1^' ComuUles sp. PkoUdops subtruncata. Crania sp. Lingula ip. Rcfintsquina allemata, 30 mm long. Plectambonites seriuus. Strophomena fluctuosa. Catatyga headi. Zygospira modesta. Zygospira cf . kentuckietuis, Clidophorus planulalus. Byssonyrhia radiata. Modiolopsis cf. concentrieA Modiolodon poststriaius. 139 Ortkocerat ip. Catymne caUktpkala. IsoUlus sp. Bythotypris cylindrica. WkUeUa t^iumbcnata. Pkoladomorpha pkeladijormu. Rkytimya sp. Pltritua dtmissa. Lophotpira cf. bowdeni. In the Nicolet River scrtion. the highest level for Catatyga keadt is 100 feet below the highest Zygospira kentuckimsis horizon, which occurs just beneath the base of the Queenston red clayshale series.and the lowest specimens of Strophomena plan- umbona are found 60 feet below the highest Calazyga headi horizon. Pkoladomorpha pholadiformis ranges from 70 feet above the highest Calazyga headi horizon to about 130 feet below the lowest Strophomena planumbona horizon. PlectamboniUs comes tn about 40 feet above the highest Calazyga headi horizon, but It IS of large size only among the Calazyga layers, and at lower levels. From these data it is assumed, provisionally, that the Strophomena fluctuosa horizon, half a mile west of Vars, belongs somewhere near the base of that part of the Waynesville member of the Richmond sectic/ii in which Strophomena planumbona is found. Associated with Calazyga headi, in the Nicolet River section, this would be somewhere between 100 and 160 feet below the Zygospira kenlurkiensis horizon, which occurs there also just beneath the base of the Queenston shales. A third of a mile south of the Strophomena fluctuosa locality just described, there is a crossroad. This crossroad is about three-quarters of a mile southwest of Vars, between concessions VII and VIII. anri between lots 25 and 26. A short distance west of this crossroad, a farm lane, formerly an open road, leads diagonally southwards toward a distant house. A short distance before reaching this house, fully half a mile from the crossroads. man> weathered red limestone blocks are seen along the side of the lane. These evidently are residual blocks which have not been transported far from their original location. Ihey contain the following fossils: Hebertetta occidenlalis. Zygospira kentuckiensis, very common. Byssonychia radiata. Pterinea demissa. f 140 At this locality are seen the first exposures of the Queenston shales on going southward, and the reddish Queenston clays fill the soil from this point for several miles southward, along the road between concessions III and IV. To any one familiar with the contact between the richly fossiliferous part of the Richmond section and the overlying Queenston red shales, as exposed in the Nicolet River section, the fossiliferous limestone blocks here mentioned would at once indicate that horizon at which Zygospira kentuckiensis is most abundant, namely, immediately below the Queenston shales. The greater part of the richly fossiliferous Richmond section, which here is correlated with the Waynesville member of the Ohio area, and which should intervene between the Strophomena fluctnosa horizon, at the base, and the Zygospira kentuckiensis horizon at the top, is not exposed in the vicinity of Vars. In the Nicolet River section this missing interval includes the Strophomena hecuba and Strophomena sulcata zones. EDWARDS STATION. Boulders of the richly fossiliferous Zygospira kentuckiensis beds, associated with Queenston red shale fragments, occur also at a bridge 2\ miles southwest of Edwards station (Figure 5). The locality may be found by going from Edwards station nearly 2| miles southwest, and then over half a mile southeast- ward, to a bridge. Evidently, the original line of outcrop must have been farther northward, since the fossiliferous boulders certainly have been moved to their present position by the glaciers. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE UPPER RICHMOND OF VARS AND EDWARDS STATION. The strongly reddish colour of the limestone boulders containing Zygospira kentuckiensis at the localities here described, southwest of Vars and southwest of Edwards station, suggests that these limestones may have been interbedded with red clays. In other words, they may have been located in the basal 141 parts of the Queenston red clay shales. Such a position would not be anomalous, considering the fact that the Queenston shales themselves are regarded as of upper Richmond age. They pro- bably represent widespread estuarine deposits along the southern margin of the Laurentian highlands. They are known from the western margin of the Saugeen peninsula which separates Georgian bay from the main body of Lake Huron as far eastward as Streetsville. They line the southern shores of Lake Ontario. They occur in eastern Ontario, east of Ottawa, and in the province of Quebec extensive deposits occur northwest of St. Hyacinthe, north of St. Hugues, south of Ste. Monique, and as far east as the B^cancour river, a short distance south of the St. Lawrence. In this entire mass of strata, fossils are found only locally, chiefly toward the base. Possibly the red limestone blocks southwest of Vars and of Edwards station were located within the basal part of the Queenston section. No fossiliferous equivalent of those Manitoulin Island strata, which are correlated with the Whitewater, occurs in eastern Ontario, and in Quebec fossiliferous equivalents are represented only by the Coral zone on Snake island in Lake St. John. NICOLET RIVER SECTION. Fossiliferous Riclnaond strata are exposed in the already partly described section along the Nicolet river in the province of Quebec (Figures 1 and 2, pages 15 and 16). Here the fossiliferous Richmond beds are overlaid by a considerable thickness of unfossiliferous clay shales, the basal part of which is of a bluish colour while all of the overlying part is of a strongly reddish colour, and on the basis of its lithological appearance is correlated with the Queenston red clay shales of southern Ontario. In the Meaford area, south of Georgian bay, the Queenston red clay shales are regarded, on the basis of included fossils, as of upper Richmond age. In order to indi- cate the local change in colour of the Queenston section at its base, where it comes in contact with the underlying richly fossili- ferous beds, belonging to the Waynesville member of the Rich- mond, the following notes are added: i 142 f Thicknen feet. Queenstou red clay shales; only the basal part expoaed at Section No. 1 ; the remainder is exposed along the river banks northward and evidently has a considerable thickness. The gas wells northwest of St. Hyadnthe have penetrated fully 1,000 feet of these red clay shales. Reddish and bluish clay interbedded 5 Bluish clay 3 Indurated clay rock i Bluish clay with indurated clay rock at base 3) Bluish clay, forming base of Queenston 40 No fossils have been found in any part of the Queenston at this lo- cality, but in the vicinity of Meaford,, south of Georgian bay, the Queenston contains fossils regarded as of upper Richmond age. Richmond {Waynesville pumber). Richly fossiliferous strata, de- scribed in section 1, following. 1^1 It is a familiar fact that the red colour more or less character- istic of the Queenston section is frequently absent in its basal members. Frequently the latter are blue for distances varying from a few feet to 50 feet or more. In the following notes on the fossiliferous strata in the Nico- let River section which have been correlated with the Waynes- ville member of the Richmond, three more or less overlapping sections are described as they appear within short distances of each other in the eastern bank of the Nicolet river, 2J miles southeast of Ste. Mcnique. Letters have been assigned to several of the more conspicuous horizons by means of which it will be possible to correlate the strata in these sections sufficiently to form some conception of the character of the strata which might be expected in a single continuous section. Where certain fos- siliferous zones are too thin to be measured during a preliminary survey, such as the present one, the list of fossils present is in- serted at the proper horizon, but no thickness of these very thin fossiliferous horizons is given (Figure 2). 143 SeetioH No. 1, at Bluff Southieesf of Home of Honore Auier. Thiclcnew feet. Queenston red day shales, basal part only, underlaid by Queenaton blue shales. Richmond strata, referred to the Waynesville member. Top of section (Y) Thin limestone at top of fossiliferous Richmond with Zygospira kentuckiensis very common, also a speci- men of Byssonyckia Argillaceous shale 2 Limestone with Zygospira kentuckieHtis large, and also Byssonychia i Argillaceous shale 4 Thin horizon with Zygospira and Byssonychia Argillaceous shale 2 Thin horizon with Byssonychia common Argillaceous shale with thin limestone breaking into thin layers 5 Thin horizon with Zygospira kentuckiensis and bryo- zoans Argillaceous shale with thin limestones like those above 7 Thin horizon with Zygospira kentuckiensis, Byssonychia, bryozoans Argillaceous shale ^ Thin horizon with Byssonychia, gasteropoda, Zygospira kentuckiensis Argillaceous shale with thin limestone, several Zy- gospira, and many gouged out cavities several inches long and half an inch deep on the upper surface of the limestone layers, as in the Lorraine south of Clay cliff, in the Cape Smith area of eastern Mani- toulin island 4} (X) Argillaceous shale with some limestone, containing Ptertnea demissa, large, some of the specimens over 2 inches in height; Byssonyckia, Pholadomorpha pholadiformis, Lophospira bouideni 7J Argillaceous shale 1 Thin horizon with Plerinea demissa Argillaceous shale 3 Thin horizon with Lop!u>spira bowdeni common, bryo- zoans Argillaceous shale with Whitella, Pholadomorpha pho- ladiformis, Plerinea demissa, Lophospira bowdeni. . 5 Tote! thtckneas. 6 8 13 20 26 30i 38 39 42 47 .< .1 (W) !&* 144 ThickncM Total feet. thickneM. Arfp\Uceo\iB shale with bryozoans, and with both Pterinea demissa, and Lophospira bawdeni very com- mon 6 S3 Argillaceous shale with several layers of limestone .... 1 54 Argillaceous shale s-ith one specimen of Stropkomena kecuba, Byssonychia, Pterinea demisii, and Wkitella. At this level a species of Bytkopora, not meeki, is associated with Hailopora subnodosa. A species of Clatkrospira also occurs at and within 15 feet above this horizon 3} 57) Argillaceous shale with Stropkomena kecuba large and very common, HeberteUa occidentalis large, Pkola- domorpka pkoladiformis and Cyrtolites omatus 2 59} Thin limestone layers with Plectambonites sericeus of medium size, HeberteUa occidentalis i 60 Base of exposures at water level at southern end of cliff. Holopea sp., and Clatkrospira subconica were found somewhere in the lower part of this section. Section No. 2, Along Gully Soutk of Section No. 1 (page 18). Ill n?4 In this section layer (W) corresponds to the top of the Stropkomena Hecuba horizon in section No. 1; layer (X) is at the top of the zone in which Pterinea demissa is common. Thickness ToUl feet. thickncH. Glaciated strata, rather hard rock layers 3 Argillaceous shale 3) Thin horizon with Bryozoans common in clumps Argillaceous shale 1 Thin horizon with limestone layer with gouged out markings on top surface Argillaceous shale 2| (X) Thin horizon with Pleiinea demissa very common, Lophospira bowdeni Argillaceous shale with Lopkospiri 1} Argillaceous shale with Byssonyckia, Pterinea demissa very common, Lopkospira bowdeni 2) Thin horizon with Wkitella very common Argillaceous shale ) Argillaceous shale with Byssonyckia, Pterinea demissa, Lopkospira bowdeni 3 Hard limestone layers | Argillaceous shale with Pterinea demissa 1) III 145 ThickncM Total feet. thickncM. Thin horizonwith Plectamboniles sericeus common Argillaceous shale 1) (W) Stropkomena hecuba large and common, Pterinea de- miua 2) 59J Stropkomena hecuba, triangular form not rare 1 60i Thin horizon with one specimen of Streptelasma rusti- cum, several of Plectambonites sericeus Argillaceous shale 2 62) Thin horizon with Stropkomena kecuba, not triangular in form, Plectambonites sericeus, Pterinea demissa .... Hard rock layer Argillaceous shale ) 63 Thin horizon with Wkitella Argillaceous shale without fossils 4) 67) Thin horizon with Plectambonites sericeus common Argillaceous shale 1 68} Argillaceous shale: Plectambonites large and common both at top and bottom of this interval } 69 Argillaceous shale without fossils 3) 72) Argillaceous shale with Byssonyckia, Wkitella, small Liospira 2 74) A succession of hard limestone layers, the most con- spicuous in the section, and containing a few traces of trilobites 3 77) Argillaceous shale with practically no fossils 5) 83 (V) Thin horizon with 5' limestone ) 103) Argillaceous shale 7J 111 Heavy limestone layer followed by clay shale with interbedded thin limestone layers, not well expoaed 17) 128) Hard limestone ) 129 Thin horizon with Colosyca A«an(Iing api>roximately to tiie Strophomena hecuba zone in the Wayaesville member of the Richmond as exposed in the Nicolet River section. The presence of StrepteUuma rustieum in association with Strophomena is interesting since StrepteUuma is not a common fossil in that part of the Richmond exposed in western Quebec and eastern OnUrio. This Richmond horizon stratigraphically occurs above the so-called Lorraine exposure occurring along the same road but nearer St. Hilaire, but how much above the latter is unknown. It is evident that the general aspect of the fauna here is Lorraine, with only a few Richmond species added. At the Lorraine fossil exposure the shales are black and thin bedded. On ap- proaching the Richmond exposure, the shale becomes inter- bedded with brownish, more arenaceous rock. Overlying the fossiliferous Richmond beds, farther southeastward, on the road to Mont St. Hilaire village, is a section similar to that at the cement bridge across the Riviere des Hurcns 3| miles southwest of Mont St. Hilaire village, at which no fossils are found. i i 1 W: 154 At the point where the pike three-quarters of a mile southeast of St. Hilaire turns abruptly southward, a less travelled road leads off northeastward along the western margin of the vol- canic plug forming Mont St. Hi'aire. On the eastern side of this road the homstone formed by the volcanic mass is well exposed, but no fossils were seen here. Less than a mile from the pike, this road comes to an end in a farmyard, but a wood road continues in the same general direction along the hom- stone front of the mountain, and then angles northwestward toward the railway station which is known as St. Hilaire East. Along this road a loose rock fragment, possibly not in situ, con- tained Catazyga keadi and Streptelasma rusticum. This asso- ciation of Streptelasma rusticum with Catzayga keadi was noted also in the exposures along the Nicolet river. The horizon there is above that of the lowest strata containing Strophomena plan- umbona, and, therefore, the rock fragment east of St. Hilaire East is assigned to the lower part of the Waynesville member of the Richmond as exposed on the Nicolet river. In one of the homstone boulders, used for the constraction of the wharf at St. Hilaire East, said to have been hauled down from the western side of the mountain, Catazyga headi is associated with a large Pterinea demissa and a well preserved specimen of Rhynchotrema perlamellosum. This association also indicates the lower part of the Nicolet River phase of the Waynesville member. F"rom limestone boulders hauled down from the fields east of St. Hilaire station, west of Mont St. Hilaire, but not from the vicinity of the homstone contact, the following species were obtained. CaUuyga keadi. Strophomena planumbona. Plectambonites striceus. Fafinesquina altemala. Byssonychia radiata. Pholadomorpka pholadiformis. These fossils also indicate the lower part of the Nicolet River phase of the Waynesville member. The Zygospira kentuckiensis horizon of the Waynesville bed is unknown so far in the St. Hilaire region, but no thorough exploration of the territory has been attempted as yet. ^! : I 155 ST. HUGUES. The presence of the Waynesville member of the Richmond somewhere north of St. Hugues (Figure I) is indicated by glacial bou\deTscontaimngStrophomenaplanumbona,Slrophomenahecuba, and Cyclonema Mix. In one block, Streptelasma rusticum, Catatyga headi, and Platystrophia clarksviUensis are associated. Rafinesquina aUernala is associated in another block with Strep- tdasma rusticum and Calazyga headi. St. Hugues is 37 miles northeast of Montreal, on the St. Hyacinthe and St. Guillaume branch of the Canadian Pacific railway; and 12 miles north of St. Hyacinthe. The origin of the erratic Richmond blocks in the St. Hugues area is unknown. However, they could have come from within a short distance northward since the geological map of the area indicates that a syncline crosses the Yamaska river a number of miles below St. Hugues, retaining the Queenston red clay shales within the trough of the syncline. On each side of the central axis of this syncline, fossiliferous Richmond strata should be present. SNAKE ISLAND, LAKE ST. JOHN. Lake St. John is about 120 miles northwest of Quebec. Roberval is situated on its southwestern shore, and Trenton limestones extend from this village for several miles northward, toward Blue point. Fissile black shales, usually regarded as Utica, occur near the northern end of the line of outcrops, and also south of Roberval, east of the Ouiatchouan falls. All of these strata dip eastward at rather low angles. Snake island lies 2 miles directly east of Roberval. The island is about a mile long, from north to south, but is only a few hundred yards wide. Outcrops occur only in a small patch along the south* eastern shore, near the northern end of a rocky beach, but most of the fossils occur in loose and more or less rounded fragments of rock which cover the beach for a distance of 400 or 500 feet along the shore, and for 50 to 160 feet inland, as far as the most distant points reached by the waves in the roughest weather. A second area covered with fossiliferous rock fragments lines the / # 156 shore a short distance north of mid-length on the eastern side of the island. At the small patch of exposed rock, on the southeast shore, the dip is eastward at about 5 or 10 degrees. The bedded rock does not rise more than 2 feet above lake level, the surface being glaciated. The glacial striae are approximately north and south in direction. In winter the ice freezes tight to the rock and pulls it loose. The waves break up the ice and throw it upon the shore; here the ice melts later and releases the rock. The rock which is in situ contains: Streptelasma rusUcum, Colum- naria alveolata, Calapoer.ia huronensis, Lyopora goldfnssi, Tetra' dium huronense, Stromatocerium huronense, and Streptelasma divaricans. It is probable that the loose specimens of Beatricea undtdaia, and those of Ortonella hainesi which occur in the same rock fragments as Catapoecia huronensis originate at about this same horizon. The horizon containing the above named fossils apparently corresponds to the Gore Bay coral zone of Manitoulin island, and belongs above the Waynesvilte member of the Richmond. It is correlated provisionally with the Whitewater member. It is evident, however, that another horizon must be present below water level. The rocks from this source are knov/Ti only from the fragments tossed un by the waves. These strata contain quite a diflferent fauna and some of the loose rock fragments are distinctly different lithologically from the actual exposures on the island. They are thinner bedded, more com- pact in texture, and bluer in cclour. From the loose fragments coming from these lower horizons the folbwing species were obtained : Rhombotrypa quadrata. Strophomena, of the plaummboHa type, with about the same triangular outline a* tho«e identified a* fluctitosa at Vara, east of Ottawa, but without any evidence of concentric fokU. Sirt p l u mena reiembling stUcala. Platyttrophia. ctarksrilUnsis. CaUuyt^ head*; the propoaed variety borealit evidently has no standing whatever. O rl kod tt mc camaUciUattim. fi- 157 liodiohpsis cf. concentrica. Pholadomorpha pkoladiformis, Ctenodonta cf . alherHna. Anhinaeella, CyrtoUte: ornatus, Oxydisciu, Liospira micula, HeUeo- toma. These fossils, notwithstanding the low eastward dip of the few layers of rock seen in situ, are regarded as belonging to a lower horizon than the coral zone which forms the actual exposures on the island. They occur lower also at all other localities in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, so that, no matter what their range may be elsewhere, in these provinces they indicate a lower horizon than the Coral zone. This horizon is correlated with the Waynesville member of the Ohio Richmond. Other fossils found in the same rock fragments, from beneath the coral zone, but not considered so diagnostic, are : Crania scabiosa. Crania with very fine concentric striae. Crania with very fine radiating striae. Crania with coarse radiating striT\ malting a much smaller angle with the horizontal, owing to tti^tonion resulting from pressure. 158 HormoUmaT a form without the wrlace ttria, Md. therefore, not identifiable generically. LiMpira. reiembling miaJa in the clowd umbJUcut, but without any railed line differentiating the inner reflexed lip or calloiity from the remainder of the shell. Lopkospira bowdeni. Lophospira tropidopkora, the type of thii ipeciei appean to be * Sckiiolopha, but the Snake Island specimens do not preserve any indicp.tion of a lonR narrow slit along the peripheral angle. SinuiUs canuUata. Oxydiscus. Orthoceras. Caiymene aiUice^fuia. IsoUltu. Loose specitnens of Rhynckotrema, resembling in the dis- tinctness of their concentric striations perlamellosum, occur entirely iree from the rock, but they are somewhat crushed and may belong to the series of Rhynckotrema increbescens found m undoubted Trenton limestones several miles north of Roberval, on the western shore of Lake St. John. This lower Richmond fauna is quite rich, and breaking up the boulders found on the island would no doubt increase the number of species considerably; but sufficient is at hand to indicate the presence of the Waynesville member of the Rich- mond, or rather that phase of the Waynesville which has been found at various localities in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario as far west as ManitouUn island. The upper coral horizons, with Stromatocerium and Beatrices are known not only in the eastern part of Manitoulin but also on Rabbit and Club islands, off the eastern coast. These coral horizons are dis- tinctly higher than the Snake Island horizons fumishmg the broken up blocks of Waynesville limestone above mentioned. It is an interesting fact that at present no outcrops of this coral horizon are known nearer to Snake island than Streetsville, west of Toronto, and Manitoulin island. This coral zone is not present on the Nicolet river, nor in the Vars section, east of Ottawa, nor on the Saugecn peninsula, between Collingwood and Owen Sound. It is unknown at corre«po«iing horizons 159 in New York, but possibly is represented on Frobisher bay. northwest of Labrador, and at other northern areas. The same species of coral have an extensive vertical range on Anticosti island. There probably was free connexion between Anticosti, Lake St. John, and Manitoulin island during the deposition of the coral zones in late Ordovician times. By far the most widely distributed zone of the fossiliferotu Richmond, in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, is the fossili- ferous Waynesville zone below the Gore Bay or lower Saluda coral horizon. The coral zone has been identified at almost every locality on Manitoulin island at which the proper horizon was exposed. Between Georgian bay and Lake Ontario it is absent excepting at one locality, namely, Streetsville, west of Toronto. It appears to be absent also in New York, since no clear evidence of the presence of Columnaria in situ in that state has been presented, so far. The coral zone reached Indiana and Kentucky, and the striking feature of this migration is its presence only on the western side of the Cincinnati geanticline, excepting in central Kentucky, where in an extremely limited area it crossed the gean- ticline, appearing as far east as Ophelia, 4 miles north of Rich- mond. THE ANTICOSTI ELEMENT IN THE RICHMOND FA UNAS. On comparing the Richmondian faunas east of the Frontenac axis, in the extreme eastern part of Ontario, and throughout the province of Quebec as far northeast as Lake St. John, 120 miles north of Quebec, with those of the Anticosti section, the presence of a few characteristic Anticosti forms may be noted. Among these are the Stropkomena fluctuosa, from the section east of Vars ; the Stropkomena hecuba from the Nicolet River sec- tion and the Lyupora goldfussi from the Lake St. John section. When the faunas on Anticosti have been fully described and il- lustrated, the number of characteristic Anticosti species found m the Richmond strata farther westward at the various localities m 'i 'J "i If ' 160 in the province of Quebec and in the eastern part of Onurio, east of the Frontenac axis, no doubt, will be greatly increased. A close comparison of the faunas east of Ottawa, on the Nicolet river, and on Lake St. John, with those from the various divimona of the Richmondian on Anticosti island, as worked up by Profes- sors Schuchert and Twenhofel, does not show as ckjse a resem> blance as was at first expected. StTophomena fiuctuosa has such a great range on Anticostt, that at present it has little diagnostic value in identifying parts of the more western exposures with the lesser divisions of the Anticosti section. No close resemblance between the fauna west of Vars, east of Ottawa, and any part of the Anticosti section can be noticed. With the single exception of Strophomena fiuctuosa, the resemblances are with Richmond faunas along the northwestern part of Lake Ontario, and around the northern part of Lake Huron, rather than with those of Anticosti. I am rather inclined to believe that the Vars Richmond fauna belongs below the lowest published Richmond fauna on Anticosti. The vertical range of Strophomena Hecuba on Anticosti is more restricted than that of Strophomena fiuctuosa, although equalling about 400 feet. Although Rhynchotrema perlameUosum has an almost equally extensive range on Anticosti, it is exceeding- ly rare in the lower half of the Strophomena hecuba zone. Strep- Ulasma rusticum, on the contrary, is listed only from the lower half of this Strophomena hecuba zone. I am inclined to regard the Nicolet River Richmond exposure as belo-Ar the base of the Charieton division of the Richmond, but how far below is quite another question. It may be lower than any Richmond fauna so far listed from Anticosti. The general facies of the Richmond fauna on the Nicolet river is western. Notwithstanding the presence of Strophomena hecuba, the general fauna resembles that found at Vars, east of Ottawa, and in the areas between the northwestern part of Lake Ontario and the northern part of Lake Huron. This is suggested also by the presence of Stropho- mena sulcata, a form not identified so far from Anticosti. Lyopora goldfussi is listed by Twenhofel from the Charieton formation in Anticosti, It is listed by Lambe also from Clay cliff, on the eastern side of Cape Smith. Streptelasma rusticum ik 161 is listed only from tlie lower, or English Head division of the Richmond, on Anticosti. Tetradium is not listed at all from Anticosti. Columnaria halli is not listed below the lower part of the Charleton division. Columnaria aloeolata is mentioned first about 200 feet above the base of the Charleton. Colapoecia cribriformis is listed from the lower part of the Charleton, but Cala- poecia anticostiensis begins its range in the underlying English Head division. Beatricea begins its range near the middle third of the Charleton. From the general aspect of the fauna I am inclined to cor- relate the coral zone of Snake island (see page 156) with the Char- leton division, rather than with the English Head division of the Richmond, as exposed on Anticosti. This inclination is somewhat strengthened by the presence of Ceraurinus marginatus immediately above the Gore Bay coral zone 3 miles south of Little Current, on Manitoulin island, and the presence, on Anti- costi, of the closely related Ceraurinus icarus which begins its range near the base of the Charleton division. The underlying part of the Richmond, on Lake St. John, as far as known from the fragments to.-«ed up by the waves, is regarded as belonging very low in the English Head section, if represented on Anticosti at all. In this connexion, the absence of Dinorlhis subquadraia in all of the area between Lake St. John, Lake Ontario, and the northern part of Lake Huron should be noted. Any close comparison of the Richmond faunas of these more western areas with those on Anticosti can not fail to demonstrate great differences. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the west- ern areas belonged to basins quite distinct from the Anticosti basin, notwithstanding the fact that various Anticosti species succeeded in entering the more western territory at various times. The presence of Strepielasma angulatum, in association with Dinorlhis subquadraia, and the great abundance of 2i/iy»- chotrema perlamellosum in the lower part of the Charleton section, suggest the possible connexion of the Anticosti with the Manitou- lin basin by way of some northern passage during the deposition of this part of the Richmond. The presence of such a temporary northern channel is suggested also by the distribution of Lyopora 162 I." I it'ii lit iotdfussi, as given by L. M. LAmbe. Endoceras anticostimau Billings was cited by its author also from Lake St. John, but it is doubtful whether this species is sufliciently distinct to suggest the presence of an additional Anticosli element in the Lake St. John fauna. After the publication of the later studies of the Anticosti faunas by Twenhofel a much better basis for comf>ari8on will be at hand. The ol)ject of the present notes is to emphasize the comparatively small, strictly Anticosti element in the Richmond of localities east of the Frontenac axis, even as far east as the Nicolet river and Lake St. John and to contrast this with their general western aspect. That coral reefs may occur at any hori- zon, and in themselves have no diagnostic value, we already know. It is only the associated fauna which may be diagnostic. Oueefuton Formation. The very meagre Queenston fauna along the southern shores of Georgian bay, and the single species of ostracod found at Oakville along the northern shore of Lake Ontario represent faunas which entered a sandy delta deposit from the southwest. The ostracod element, at least, appears to be a typical repre- sentative of the Saluda of Indiana, and of a part of the Whi'e- water in Ohio. ■t ft J.-- *■( it til- WESTERN ONTARIO. BETWEEN GEORGIAN BAY AND LAKE ONTARIO. OAKVILLE. Oakville (Figure 6) is a \'illage near the shore of Lake On- tario, about 20 miles southwest of Toronto, and about 10 miles directly south of Streetsville, the locality at which the Rich- mond formation is so well exposed. The reddish and purple Queenston shales are well exposed northeast of the village, on the hillsides. Here the type of Drepanetia canadensis was found by Ulrich. A considerable 163 Wayitesville fauna occurs here directly beneath the Qucentton red clay shales (see page 130). In the October number of the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, published in 1890, Mr. E. O. Ulrich briefly dcscrilH-d Drepanella rickardsoni, var, canadmsis. Since this description is so brief as to almost escape attention, it is given below. "A variety of D. rickardsoni, differing from the typical form of the species mainly in the more regular character of the super- ficial reticulation of the test, occurs at Oakville, Ontario, in purple shales, referred by the Canadian geologists to the Hudson River group. It might l)e called var. canadensis." It is not stated upon what basis the Canadian geologists referred these strata to the Hudson River group, or where this reference was published, but, whatever their reasons may have been, their reference was correct, since the term Hudson River group was used by them to include the equivalent of all the Ciiitinnatian strata, of which the Richmond group forms the upper part. Ulrich's views regarding the Hudson River age of the Queenston shales unquestionably were based upon the evidence offered by his new variety of Drepanella, since typical Drepanella rickardsoni is abundant at the type locality on Cowans creek, northeast of Clarksville, in the western part of Clinton county, Ohio, in strata belonging to the Whitewater division of the Richmond. In the Catalogue of Types in the U.S. National Museum, the Canadian specimens are listed as Drepanella rickardsoni canadensis, Ulrich, Lorraine (Ord.), Oakville, Ontario, Canada. In this catalogue, however, the term Lorraine includes those Cincinnatian strata for which the name Maysville has been proposed recently. Used in this sense, the Lorraine formation underlies the Richmond, in southwestern Ohio Evidently this single species of ostracod had not at the time of publication of this catalogue been considered sufficient to demonstrate the Richmond age of the purple shales at Oakville. 164 r- > I'. : ' !i il « ■]. NOBTHWEST OF MEAFORD. The dittance from Oakville to Meaford is about 90 miles, in a northwf.sterly direction. Within this intermediate area no \-ery detailed examination has been made for fossils in the Queen- •ton shales, but the brief examination given to the exposures along the railway, from Cataract tc Credit Forks and Inglewood, did not offer encouragement for !uture long continued search for fossils in the Queensto.i sectioi. Between Collingwood and Cape Rich, however, the Queenston shale is known to be richly fossiliferuus, at certain horizor s, and at numerous localities The first discovery of this fact was made in the summer of 1911, when in comp.in\ with E. 1 vVhittaker, the writer found seviral rather richly fossiliferou- zones at a locality 8 miles noithwest of Meaford at IfKality 26 (Figure 6). The locality is immediately south of the crossroad , half a mile south of the eastern end of Mountain lake. ' i may \>c : earhed most readily by taking the road from Meaford to Owen Sound for a distance of 3 miles, and turning off northward for a distance of 7 miles. South of the crossroads, the land rist»s. Th.' section begins at the top of the hill, and extends north to the crossroad, where there is a school house, then east along the other r. )ad for a distance of almost a mile, where the road turns first southward, and then curves eastward down a short and steep ravine. The section ends along the stream following the southern side of the ravine, the description being given in descending order. ThickncM feet. Top of hill west of lot 36 in concession VIII, half a mile south of Mountain lake. Queenston red clay shales, forming the upper part of the Richmond section; top of Queenston not exposed 57 Greenish clay with thin white limestone containing Bythopora delica- liila, Zytospira species, Byssonyckia radiata, Pterinea demissa, Drepanella canadensis, Eurychiiina striatomartinaia, Leperditia eaecitena, Primitia lativia, Leperditella cf. glabra 9 Road crossing with school at southwest corner of section 37, in concession VIII. Along road between sections 36 and 37 in concession VIII occurs the same fauna as in the overlying beds, interval 12 Ml -: ' ■:■-■* Hi. 165 ThickiMH fMt. Fartiwr out alone Mme road, the Mme (Mtracod* occur atwxiatcd with Zytptpira. Wave marked layer at bate, interval . J} Eaat to itrong turn in road toward the louth about a mile east of the Mhool houae 51 A few whitiih beda intcrbcdded in the red clay thalaa contain Zygoi' pira, rather rare 51 Reddish and greeniah clay ihalet with lome interbeddcd reddiah land- ttonc along road going down hill louthward 44 Greeniah shale* and sandstones forming the base of the Queeoston section of the Richmond 9 Top of richly fossillferous part of WaynesvilU member 0/ the Richmond (dcacribed as locality IS on page 12<>;. Starting from the top of the same hill, as in the case of the section just dcscril>cd, west of lot 36 in concession VIII, but going southward instead of northward, the following section is presented. Thickness feet. Top of hilt. Interval ocrupied by red Queenston clay shales 7 Thin stratum of white unfossiliferous material Interval 28 Same ostracods as on north side of hill, but not as abundant, nor in as thick a section. Moreover, they occur in small greenish fragments of rock, not in tUn limestone layers. The horizon still belongs in the Queenston and appears to be about 22 feet above the upper fossiliferous layers occurring on the north side of the hill, and described in the preceding section 3 Similar fossilifei^us horizons are exposed along the same north ar.d south road west of concession VIII, at locality 27, less than 5 miles south of locality 15. Here the base of a massive Silurian limestone, belonging to the lower part of the Mani- toulin dolomite section, is exposed along the southeast margin of lot 25 in concession IX. This massive limestone is underlaid by greenish clay, below which is reddish clay, and underneath the latter there is a thin limestone layer rising strongly north- ward so as to come in contact with the overlying massive lime- stone. In this inclined limestone layer, typical Leplaena thorn- hoidalis of the Silurian type, and not Leptaena richmondensis, 12 / Mioracorv rbowtion tbt chart (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) |u ■ 2£ |2J l» ^^ ■iH tit ■ M |2j2 lit |a« la 1^ 1 ■ 2.0 1.8 ^1^1^ A APPLIED IIVHGE 1653 Eait Uoin Sir**! RochMttr, hww York 14609 USA <716) ♦82 - 0300 - Phont (716) 2M- 5989 -Fob t • .■ 166 "^.A #i^ occurs. Judging from this single locality, the top of some of the red clay shales, locally, belong to the basal part of the Mani- toulin dolomite section, representing material washed along during Silurian times from neighbouring Queenston red clay shales which are of Richmond age, but the redeposited material containsfossilsevidentlyofSilurianagebelongingapproximatelyto about the same horizon as the overlying ManitouUn dolomite. Beginning with the Silurian limestone layer, in which the Leptaena rhomhoidalis was found, the following section occurs following the road on the eastern margin of lot 24 in concession IX. Thickness fee:. Manitoulin dolomite, a single basal layer, with Leptaena rhomboidalis, dipping strongly southward 1 Interval chiefly covered with rock fragments from the overlying Mani- toulin dolomite, but occupied evidently by the top of the Queen- ston red clay shale of the Richmond 44 East and west road between sections 25 and 24. Red clay, chiefly covered with rubble from the Manitoulin dolomite farther up 23 Red clay 5 Poorly exposed _ Hi Thin limestones interbedded with greenish clay, both containing Bys- sonychia radiata, Byssonychia of richmcmdensis group, Pterinea demissa small, Eurychylina striatomarginata, Bythocypris cylindrica, Leperditia caecigena, Primitia lativia, and numerous fragments of bryozoa 2 Ostracods numerous, in thin limestone layers 5 J Thin limestones and greenish clay containing Byssonychta radiata and Leperditia caecigena 2 Poorly exposed ' Thin limestone layers in greenish clay, with DrepaneUa canadensis common at the top, Byssonychia radiata and numerous fragments of bryozoans near the middle, the ostracods being common also in the lower part ^^1 Red clay shales belonging to the lower half of the Queenston section. If the preceding sections be correlated, by assuming that the greenish horizons at which the ostracods and other fossils are fairly abundant are practically the same, then the following general section of Queenston strata in the Meaford area (Figure 8) results, in descending order. 167 Thicknets fott Manitoulin dolomite (Silurian). Upper part oi Queenston red clay shales 55 Os -acods and other foaiils, in thin limestone layers icterbedded with greenish clay 35 Lower part of Queenston red clay shales ] ] ] 45 Greenish shales and very fine-grained arenaceous layers, unfossiliferous and resembling the strata usually identified as Lorraine 10 Similar strata wilh fossils few 20 Top of the aore richly fossiliferous Richmond horizons in which Strophomma huronensis is common, and which are definitely corre- lated with the Waynesville member of the Richmond. In some sections the reddish colour sets in only a short distance above the richly fossiliferous Richmond horizon, ao that the total thickness of the Queenston section in this part of Ontario, including the greenish clay shales at the base, may equal 195 feet. More accurate measurements may be made at other localities. At the section 6 miles north of Meaford, west of the Disciples church on the road to Cape Rich, at locality 28, the Queenston red clay shales are underlaid almost immediately by greenish clays and interbedded limestones which are quite richly fossili- ferous, and the base of this fossiliferous section, here referred to the Waynesville, is distinctly defined by a thin horizon contain- ing Heberlella insctdpta. At locality IS along the road entering the gully a mile farther northward, neither the top nor the bottom of the so-called Waynesville zone was distinctly defined. He- berttUa insculpta was absent. None of the horizons could be said to be richly fossiliferous, and all fossils were scarce between 9 and 30 feet beneath the level of the red Queenston shales. In the same manner, neither the top nor the bottom of the so-called Waynesville zone is clearly defined in the gullies between 2 and 3 miles southeast of Meaford. Hehertella insculpta is absent. Catasyga occurs at the 167, 203, 325, and 349-foot levels above the lake (Locke level readings). The first specimen of Strophomena planumbona is seen at the 325-foot level, and the red clay makes its appearance at different distances above the fossiliferous beds. The general impression produced by the / I 168 various sections is that of an invading WaynesviUe fauna which established itself only locally and for a very short time, and which was followed by a period during which chieHy red clays were deposited. CORRELATION OF QUEENSTON STRATA WITH UPPER RICHMOND STRATA ON MANITOW-IN ISLAND. The fossiliferous horizon with the Queenston red day shale section containing DrepaneUa canadensis, EurychiKna strtato- marginata, Leperditia caecigena, and PrimUia lattvta, appears to correspond to the Saluda division of the Richmond, as recog- nized in southeastern Indiana. At least, Eurychthna strtato- marginata, Leperditia caecigena, and Primitia lativta are known to occur in the Saluda of Indiana, this being the type horizon for the first two species and the third species is abundant there. Moreover, the nearest relative of DrepaneUa ricUrdfonucanaden- sis, as already stated, occurs in the Whitewater beds of Clinton county. Ohio, and it is very probable that the Saluda merely represents a southward more arenaceous zone in the lower part of the Whitewater bed, or an arenaceous phase of the greater part of this bed. •. j • At the time when the Saluda bed was first described, in Indiana, it was regarded as lying above the Whitewater, since there is a thin Whitewater fauna below the typical Saluda in southern Indiana. If. therefore, a Whitewater fauna oast anywhere in Ontario, it would not be in opposition to the known order of succession in Cincinnatian areas to find this >yhitewater fauna, or at least a part of it, below the ostracod horizon m the Queenston shale. . _ A number of facts favour such an mterpretation. For instance, on Manitoulin island there are no red clay shales corresponding to those belonging to the Queenston section. However, tiiere are ostracod horizons which apparently may be correlated with those found in the Queenston beds along the southern shores of Georgian bay. These ostracod horizons occur in the upper part of the Richmond sections, not only above the horizons here referred to the Waynesville division. ill. I 169 but also above horizons which might be correlated with the Whitewater, or, at least, with the lower part of the Whitewater. One of these localities is IJ miles southwest of Kagawong, on the road to Gore Bay. Hen Leperditia caecigena, and Primitia lativia occur within a distance of 3 feet beneath the base of the Manitoulin dolomite. Fifty-two feet lower, there is a 4-foot section in which OrUnutta hainesi, a familiar species in the White- water beds of Ohio and Indiana, is abundant, immediately over i.V. Kagawong Manibouhn Sfnomstootrtum Cof^lff^ef ^ianitouhf Mant^jjm Dohmite! '^rmmom i mm Skrom^tocmrntm Str tmiusem. CmmrMtn M^nitouttn / fttyhmjf^ Stromatoeerrvm demtrictm 'he Queenston shales for a thickness of nearly SO feet is not reddish. (For the underlying i>artE of this section see pages 142 and 143.) GENERAL REMARKS ON QUEENSTON SHALE. In view of thf fact thac the lower part of the Queenston shale section on the Saugeen peninsula, between Collingwood and Owen Sound, has lieen proved to be of Richmond origin, and in view of the probability that practically all of the Queenston shale belongs to this Richmond section, as far as can be judged from its similar lithological features, a few comments on the Queenston shale of the Quebec province may be added. In the first place the fact that throutrhout this province the first fossils found below the Queenston shale belong to the Zygospira kentuckiensis zone should be noted; next, the great thickness of the red shale section, its uniform lithological charac- teristics, and its considerable geographic distribution. Since it is preserved chiefly in broad synclinals, it is probable that it once extended over much of the country where it now is un- known. There is a large patch of Queenston indicated on the Three Rivers and Quebec sheets, from 25 to '^0 miles east of Three Rivers. Another large patch is mapped south and south- east of Three Rivers, and this patch was examined hastily both along the Nicolet and B^cancour rivers. Another patch crosses the St. Francis river, 30 miles southwest of Three Rivers. Re- cently, well borings have determined the presence of fully 1,000 feet of red Queenston strata under the glacial drift area northwest of St. Hyacinthe. Then, after a long interval, co-^e the exposures southwest of Vars east of Ottawa, the outcro, along the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario, thence northwest- ward to Cataract Junction, and, after another long break, the shale appears in the Saugeen per'nsula from CoUingwood to Owen Sound and northwestward. On Manitoulin, the strati- graphical equivalent of the Queenston section is present ; how- ever it does not consist of red shale but chiefly of bluish or brownish clay, interbedded with limestone, and contains a t:m I i ^ i 175 considerable number of eaaily identifiable Upper Richmond foMik. As already noted, t Streetsville the Queenston belong! above the rich coral horizon of that locality. Since this coral horizon is regarded as of Whitewater age and is correlated with that coral horizon which, on Manitoulin island, lies at the base of the strata there referred to the Whitewater, it is evident that at Streetsville none of the Queenston is older than the Whitewater. At most other localiti i, for instance at Oakvilic, and near Meaford, the Queenston iosts directly on Waynesville strata, and at these other localities the deposition of red shales may have begun before the close of the Waynesville. The Queenston shales appear to be merely the estuarine representatives of a part of those marine strata which elsewhere are known under the term Richmond formation. At Streetsville, the coral zone has a vertical extent of 13 feet. The associated fauna here suggests Whitewater affinities, agreeing in this respect with the faunas beginning with the Gore Bay coral reef, on Manitoulin island. At Streetsville, at least 20 feet of clay shale with some interbedded argillaceous rock overlies the coral zone. The base of the red coloured clay shales included in the Queenston appears to be at least 10 feet higher, so that the base of the red Queenston shales at Streetdvillc is at least 43 feet above the base of strata correlated with the Whitewater. At all of the localities northwest of Meaford, however, there not only is nc trace of a Whitewater fauna beneath the red clay Queenston shales, but even the upper part of that part of the Waynesville section which is ciposed at so many localities on Manitoulin ifland, appears to be missing. West of the Disciples church, on the J. A. Dix farm, 6 miles north of Meaford, only 14 feet of fossiliferous strata are found above the lowest horizon containing /' lella insculpta, which here is regarded as the base of that part ae section which can be referred with some con- fidence to tne Waynesville. The upper part of this section passes so gradually into comparatively unfossiliferous clay shales that it is difficult to believe that the lower part of the 1 tter does not represent the upper part of the Waynesville section. I «■« 176 Near the baae, these clay nhales are bluiah or greenish, but be- tween 10 and 20 feet above the fossiliferous Waynesville horizons, the red coloured shales begin to alternate with the bluish clay shales, until farther up the red colour prevails aimost to the exclusion of the bluish or greenish colours. In other words, the lower part of the red coloured Queenston clay shales at this locality may correspond stratigraphically to the upper part of the Waynesville member of the Richmond. This is the case apparently also in the vicinity of Oakville, along the northern shore of Lake Ontario. May it not be possible that farther southward, in New York, where no representatives of the Richmond are known, that the basal part of the Queenston red clay shales may replace even the lowest strata referred to the Richmond in western Ontario? In this sense of the term the name Queenston does not represent a definite series of strata with a definite base and top. The base, at least, probably changes in horizon more or less from place to place. Nevertheless it is a very convenient lithological term. There appears to be no very good reason, however, why this term should be confined to the red coloured &hales, to the exclusion of the lithologically similar unfossiliferous bluish coloured clay shales immediately beneath. 177 CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTION AND RANGE OF SPECIES.' All of the eiaential data contained ir the preceding pages, relating to the geographical distribution, and the geological range of the species listed have been tabulated in the following tables. The localities indicated by numbers in the locality column are given in the list at the end of the table. The refer- ences of species to the subdivisions of the Lorraine and Rich- mond which have been denned in the Ohio valley, are in some cases more or less provisional, and represent the author's opinion in the light of his pref "^nt knowledge of the faunas. > Thm Ublc* havi biea cor- piled br Mia A. B. WUbmi (ram the dau KMUnd throucb- oat tb* pnotdiof PMM. /' / 178 «l ! O O «-« O O «-« Q ^4 v4 ^ to S X i u is , II II la Oi § 179 MMMMM MMMM MM ^ O * lO <© » C4 V) <^ eo t«) t«) ;i:99s;ss;i SSS8SS222„.Ssa ea & •2 .S n . I 1"^ / - ! 180 11 ^ ' t ! r^t 181 HMNMMMMMMM M MM ; M • M M M ■n. M : *• •* • M S;?S!SS:}:S«SS5S;S|gS; 2SK;;93SRS8 §SSS2222SS2g|s SRSSSSSSsI 3 s 13 1 .s ■ 1 1 r 182 1:^^: 1^^^ •J5 «0 1 1 ■g »}tUIO|Op iii]nd)niejv t uowiaanO «pni«S aHiAODXe^ psu^apan noiuoH aniAiXeiv uapa psagspnn eopn pooMSinnoD uotuux .« I WAV jwsg ssqsnQ jjjoA *3N e MMMMM MMM s^issssss;^^ nil 1 ilii I 3 r IIP ^^1 183 M M M MMMMM- M MMNMM M M M %9 % !S 1^ 9(93(9;; ; :% .;; i^5lS«9S5 = S;SS5 9 I I S a U J 184 {:^:i 4i 185 MMMMMMMMHM -M M M M M M N M s;s;ss SSS54i559S5SJS}B 22S35 »».■<> lO lO 2SSS32«SH3SS=22S5BSSS ssss I I 1 t^jn. 186 r IM,. 187 MMMMMM,^ MHMMMMMMMMM MM MM 8SS5SSS : SS35S?«S;S!SS5i555iSS;!?«"^ i8ssss« sssssggnsss-.sgssss} i J I I 188 > I I * : npuoiop noMOMnO 3|nAMnX«M paugspan noipoH IRA^'W u»P3 pMi9»pan aosuoH wpn pooMAnnoD uotnaJX V9/A. j*»a saqwiO I 1 I S9;s' 8t S S m S ^1 il HD 5 w) ^ m X I I ^ Hi I 1° 5 .Ji u to 189 ^ 190 I I atiumiop li u oi wm nO ■pn|*S ^I I (5 »n!AwaX»M pMigapun noiuoH 9nv»*<»w «»pa pwgapun noiHOH wnn pooAlninoD oojnaii »»»iW iwg aaqanO 1«>A*»N i I J — -! 5^ « * « ' »>er>»o o\ 5«?-3«"»'-aaS5s5595SSSR r>* ^ ^N t/) i/> 1 OS M tt) C 1^ S ^ 8ii OH I lii^ u u IBif:V i ' "1 " ;: f ; 4 192 I ■ .A I 1 ! a)nuo|op iti ao^snawiQ «pni«s »nV«»n^»M pau^apon uoxuoH ai|iAsX«(^ ospg psutfapiin nozuoH K>nn poA i^'N I M « ^ W5 00 ^H CS ^ v4 I S " •s 9 .s I 8 193 M M M M M M mmmmm'-|mmm mmm M M M M M M M :;;;;;;;;; M ;;; M SS -'^52*5!S°'a2'' : : : : »M cs «s es es «s »h ! : : : ! i i : : : jS'^a- • •••tit' — I i ■3 i J * I ^ I II / i=^l 194 m 6 a)iuio|op Qiinotnivtv Is uoxuasnQ epni«S »n!AO(i't«M psugapun oozuoH 3|I!AsXei^ nap3 psngspun DOZUO{{ Kjpn pooiii3aiiio3 D0)U3JX »WM »8«3 asqsnQ VOA *'N I (A B tS »* ■* 1^ 1-^ S 3 8 s . •o lis I < < n n ea CHZi i*'^=; I9S SSS '41 n CM t* so s- S!3SS S««S, ^ r* « Ov W W a i3 i- ji MM ^ ■£ 196 »)IUIO|Op iniu6)inB{^ .tS " nowiMitQ »pni»S snutauX*^ psugspun uozuoH 9I|!A*i(«W nap3 psogspun aozuo{{ Mpn pooASni]]03 U0)U9JX 1 § Vi»M l»i^ aaqanO 1 «0A '^'N cu s « s •p J -? a 3 3 s « S §•§ |as 2 "a ISii fk 197 14 198 If 1^8 . a a}tuio]op inin6ini«)V ki uoxmnanQ «pn|«s a|l!At3uXey\\ paugspun nozuoH 3[]iAsXe}^ uapg psn^apun uozuoH ^fiC\ pooM8u!||03 ao)U3JX »saM J««3 osqsnQ V°A A'N o >~ CO Q ^ e M M c>4 lA in « « O. 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M M M M M H A. #^ M <0 t» 00 WS 'J' -« 00 0> "H « _-Wl t» -. « ass o m " 2 « >« V 2 2 "^ 12 2 1^ n 2122 -«•« »H»< V : o Jill a e a a t~ rt ?^ »" - M ^ II n n n n «0 I a ■ji 226 »liuioiop nnnd)iu«i^ Is DO)IUMn5 «pn|8s am^iaaXv^ psugapun 9||1AlX8I^ «»P3 pra^pnn nozuo^ «opn pooMSatf[o O. ^ M l#> S . — i- 2 \ \ * ' s .t s? >« w> «N m 00 9> N 0 ^ "^ f«3 >0 ,;SSKKg----;55;K2!C?S;2S:-5:-S5g^ ill > c e ^ o a M CO 0) g g i o o o ^ JZ JS s- s- s- o o o ."2 3 "o 658 ' (N '» »4. « f m m ^ ^ « „ « 9' i o U M j« a ^ 3 e i 3 O ? a. u !^ 230 S »inuo|op uiind)ju«)\ ki i uoituMnQ «pni«s 3||iAsauXe^ p3ui)9pan uozuoH »|]iAfXei\ u»P3 pauyspun UOZUOH BMin pooA9ui]|03 noiiiajx :m == a, J S J»M WB3 oaqanQ jjiOA *'N I MMMMMMMMM ^* t* to l« ^ f^ .s i <3^ ■ IS. o Y IH if b •"i s a 6 a 5 I 231 M M M M M M M WMMNMMNMMX^ :82 00 vo ^ S^ M (s «« " 'N ^- ^ lO iS ^ CN t*> fO »o « ^^ ^^ ^^ 91* mm ^^ ^^^"vV'f^lO § 3 I •S .3 "0 tj "d .S• I S 3 3 o S I I I u o o 232 mm' pi 5 g. 5,?. 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W5 be s go •& « HH 261 M M M M K M M M — "^ l» ( •^ t» Ov -" g, >n m Is II n Q. 3 §•8 II tt 262 ^ stiuioiop s s uoisusanQ epniBS 3|ItA83uXT!W pauyspun UOZUO}l 3||IASXCI^ U3P3 psuyapun UOZUO({ BOpfl pOOMSuiIIOQ uoiuajx il J! 1S3M isrg aaqanQ JJJOj^ MSN Ha \0 0» O f^ CN ■2 I i = o \ 1 & • S 0) 3 £ 5.S ea 263 M M M MM M M M M M M M M 1 5 Sjsi 2«S;S|2S§3«SSSgSS! a .3 § § 3 3 S JS ■SUJ. g J 5 s D 5 B n ii B ^ Si •a "d I .a II I "a •s:5:i V C C J a. 0. -In 264 i to I I •3 3)!UI0|0p Di]nd)iuc(^ uo^susanQ epn|cs ailiAsauXB^W ugapun uozuo(4 ailiAsXe)^ uapa paugspun uoziJo}4 BDpfl poo«Su![|03 uojuaix 1 6 •c 3 § IsaAV r~ 1^ 00 00 eg -t rrj f*5 **5 u^ ^ 10 jseg aaqanO IJOA A^SN 1 1 2 § = H ■s ti *6 265 O r«. r- w «s f*) 3: X ^ . o "u a T3 us -■ 'S. 266 LIST OF LOCALITIES. NEW VOBK STATE. 1. Lorraine, Jefferson county. 2. Two miles east of Lorraine, Jefferson county. 3. Worthville and neighbourhood, Jefferson county. 4. Bennett Bridge, one mile down (west) from Salmon River falls. 5. Near base of Salmon River falls. 6. General—from Lorraine village eastward to Worthville, Jefferson county. 7. Pulaski village to railway bridge, one mile east of the town. 8. Lorraine gulf, northv/cst of Lorraine village, Jefferson county. 9. South of Allandale, a short distance west of mouth of Lorraine gulf. 10. New York — gencial. If;, QUEBEC. 1. Nicolet river, east bank, 2) miles due south of Ste. Monique station, 14 miles south of Three Rivers. 2. Loose at 18. 3. Chanibly Canton, along west side of Richelieu river, IS miles south-ast of Montreal. 4. A quarter of a mile south of Petite Caroline, along the road to Rougemont, 26 miles east of Montreal. 5. Snake island, 2 miles east of Roberval, in Lake St. John. 6. St. Hilaire, along road southeast of station, also east of village centre, 18 miles northeast of Montreal. 7. Petite Caroline station, same as locality 4. 8. St. Hugues, 39 miles northeast of Montreal, IJ miles northwest of station, on Yamaska river. 9. St. Hyacinthe in bed of Yamaska river, south of railway ' <' .t » northeast of Montreal. 10. Breault, J mile east of station, on west bank of Becancou v: '•>» southeast of Three Rivers. 11. St. Augustin along the railway, east of the station, 12 miles ooj.nwest o.' Quebec. 12. Montmorency falls, along the hill-side southeast of the falls, 6 miles northeast of Quebec. 13. Boulders at locality 6, from the hill-side due east of St. Hilaire station, Quebec. 14. Loose at 5, Quebec. 15. Boulders at locality 8, Quebec. ;!i 267 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 2S. 26. Nicolet River section No. 1, east bank, 2} miles southwest of Ste. Moninue station (see locality 1). Nicolet River lection No. 2, along gully, south of section N . 1. Nicolet River section No. J, bill-side section, south of gull ■, at western end of long farm lane. Nicolet River section No. 4. Between 3 and 4 miles north of Robcrval on west shore of Lt Ice St. John. Nicolet River section No. S. Nicolet River talus at section No. 5. Nicolet River section No. 6. Nicolet River section No. 7. Nicolet River section No. 8. Riviire des Hurons, 4 miles northeast of Chambly basin. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ONTARIO— East.' Vars, IS miles east of Ottawa. The localities lie chiefly along the road crossing the railway one mile west of the station. Navan and along the road for 2 miles northeast, 11 miles east of Ottawa. Northwest of Hawthorne, along the railway about 3 miles east of Ottawa. Southwest of Ramsay Station, about 2J miles, and then southeast half a mile at a small bridge; southeast of Ottawa. Loose blocks at locality 1. Loose at locality 3. Boulders at locality 4. Eastern Ontario — general. One mile west of Ramsay station, 5 miles southeast of Ottawa. ONTARIO — WEST.' On the south side of Georgian bay, Two miles southeast of Meaford. at mouth of Workman brook. Streetsville, along the Credit river, 17 miles west of Toronto. Toronto. Toronto— Don Valley brick-yard, at northeastei n margin of city. Toronto — unknown locality. Weston about 3 miles northwest of the northwestern boundar>- of Toronto. Workman brook, between 2 and 3 miles southeast of Meaford. South of Clay cliff between 2 .-ind 3 miles north of Wekwemikongsing, Manitoulin island. This is the Lorraine exposure, south of locality 54, which is the Cape Smith locality of Billings. Burnett hill, 3 miles south of Little Current along eastern road to She- guiandah, Manitoulin island. wMti^''on';L°,",'^'"i^ *"'.' ^^ P*** *'' '', "'^ " ">« ''"' °' division between eastern and 268 20. Gully south of the Collingwood pike, half > iiile eatt from the mouth of Workman brook, 2) miles east of Meaford. 11. McLean hill, 2 miles southwest of Little Current, along western road to Sheguiandah, Manitoulin island. 12. Tamarack point, north of Honora on northeast margin of West bay, Manitoulin island. 13. Gorrel point, 2 miles northeast of Gore bay, Manitoulin island. 14. Fielos, wcHi of Collingwood, and about 12 miles east of Meaford. 15. Eight miles northwest of Meaford, west of the lake shore road to Cape Rich, in the eastern part of lot 36, in concession VII. 16. Manitoulin island, general. 17. Gore Bay reef, a coral reef in Richmond strata, typically expoaed between Gore bay, Kagawong, and Little Current, Manitoulin island. 18. Localities 18 and 49 have been treated as a single locality. See 49. 19. Loose at locality 7. 20. Rabbit island, 5 i lies south of James bay off eastern shore of Manitoulin island. 21. Club island, 10 miles south of James bay, off eastern shore of Manitoulin island. 22. Scromatocerium reef or Mudge Bay reef, a reef in Richmond strata, typically exposed, between Gore bay, Kagawong, Honora, and Little Current. 23. Kagawong and Gore bay, two localities on Manitoulin island, about 10 miles apart. 24. Two miles southwest .if Wekwemikong, on the road to Manitowantng, on Manitoulin isL.id (see section 52). 25. Oakville, about 20 miles southwest of Toronto. 26. Localities IS and 26 have been treated as a single locality. See 15. One mile west of section 15; exposure half mile south of Mountain kike extending along the roads on the western and northern margins of lot 36 in concession VIII. 27. West of concession VIII, 4 miles northwest of Meaford and less than 5 miles south of locality 26, south of a church at the crossroads between concessions VIII and IX 'd lois 24 and 25. 28. Six miles from Meaford, west of the roo. to Cape Rich, west of Notta- wasaga bay. John A. Cox farm, lot 32, concession VII. 29. Cape Rich, north of Meaford, 9 miles. 30. Loose at locality 50. 31. Loose clocks at locality 39. 32. Loose slabs in the neighbourhood of locality 48. 33. East of Banie Island bridge, Manitoulin island. 34. 3} miles northwest of Kagawong, southeast corner of lot 6, con. XV, on road to Maple point. 35. Northwest of Kagawong, south of locality 34. 36. li miles northwest of Kagawong, 269 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. H mileti louthwMt of Kagawong, on road to Gore Bay. Onc-hair mile south of Kagawong, aouth of the mill at the falti. Below the falls at the mill south of Kagawong. Directly south of Kagawong village, where the road to the mill aaceadt the hill. Northeast of Gore- Bay, about 2 mil." , at conceuion XIV, along tht road on top of the bluff. Southeast of (wire Bay, along the road leading toward Eatt bluff. South end of Gore Bay village. West side of Gore Bay village. Along east and west road, 3 miles due south of Little Current. Nearly 2 miles northwest of Gore Bay alongan east and we« road between conceseions XII and XIII. Eastern side of West bay about a mile south of Honora village, at a steep hill on the road to West Bay village. Southwest of Little Current southwest of Indian village, on north and south road. Three miles southwest of Little Current on east and west road. This section is about 1) miles in length. From "The Rock" southwest of Manitowaning. northward to gully north of lighthouse. Two miles southeast of Manitowaning, where the road to James bay ascends the ste !p hill. Two miles southwett of Wekwemiltong, along the road to Manitowaning (see section 24). Northwest of Wekwemikorg, loose, along the road leading over the hill. Three miles northeast of Wekwemikongsing at Clay cliff. This is the Cape Sn.ith locality of Billings. Bayfield sound, south and west of Barrie island. Drummond island. Loose at locality 11. Lot 23, concession XIV, road between Kagawong and West Bay. Loose at locality 2, Streetsville. One mile up Credit river from Streetsville at bridge north of Credit Junction. At mouth of Workman brook, 2 miles southeast of Meaford. Road between concessions VI and VII, near lot 6, south st from Little Current, Manitoulin island. Humber river, in northwestern part oi Toronto. Loose at locality 13. 271 INDEX. Allandale, New York II Ami. H. M V, U Anticoati fauna vii, 160 " UUnd 98, i39. 160 Arnki m formation 27, 96 Auger, Honor'; 17, 147, 173 Barton,D.C 170 Bass Lake road, Manitoulin island 89, 118 BaMler, R. S. Dr viii, 37, 71, 83, 86, 92 Beachville 77 Bear creek 62, 172 Beauport 3 B^ancour river 14, 41, 36 Bell, R V Bellevae formation 93 " * Cincinnati 67 • • Clay cliff 84 • • Ohio 28,68 • « Vorkman brook 79,80 Bern "tt Bridge 7, 26, 28 Billings, E V, vii, 74, 85 W. R 66 Birdseye limestone 1 Blanchester formation 99, 1(X) Blue point 155 Boucner point 81 Breault 36 Brock, R. W viii Burnett hill 86 Calciferous formatii ■ 1 Calvaire, !ac 37 Capt Rirh roa.!, north of Meaford 129 Cape Sit ••'' 92, 111, 124 " ' Stromatocerium reef 104, 123 Chambly 64 * !jain 42 « Canton 14, 30, 37, 40 • East 151 " member of the Lorraine, Quebec 30 Charleton formation 160, 161 Chilbouet river 50 Cincinnati 34, 94 Cincinnati geanticline 159 Cincinnatian faunas, '^hio v, 94 " formation, Ohio vj, 10, 62, 94, 163, 168 272 Clarkson, Ont ^*75 C'ay F'p • ■ '.'.'.62. ■l02,ld4,hl,i24, 160 Club island jqq Collingwood formation, Little Current ............[...... 85 " shales '//\ g (.j Conrad, T. A ..........'.'.'. "it Coral zone. Snake island ifii " " Streetsville ........[...[... isi 136 Corryville formation !!!!..!!! 68 Cowans creek, Ohio 163 Cox, John A .................[... 129 Credit Junction 133 " river 76 132 Crozier, Wm \ "75' J34 Cynthiana formation, Kentucky 41 56 O. David river gO Dix, I. A .......'.'.'.'.['.'.'.'.[['.'.'[I 175 Don Valley brick-yards 37 76, 71, 75, 77 Dresser, J. A ' 4(j Drummond island vii Du Chene syncline .1 .......[[[..... . 61 E. Eaton, N. Y 1 Economy formation, Little Current ..'..'... . . . ". . . . . ' . . . . 85 " " Ohio 34 38 Eden formation !!!!!.!!!!."! vi lo' 94 " " Cincinnati '!.!.!!.'."!!.!..!!. ' '94 " ' Gore Bay 92 « " ti"'? *^V."^."f-; '.■.■.■.■.'.'.8'sV86,'88, 89, 91 Manitoulm island 55 " " Meaford .......'.'... 128 " " Montmorency falls 58 " " Navan g2 " I Nicolet river '. '.'. ■.■.■.■.■.■.'.■.'.'.■.'.'.'.34; 37, 41 Ohio., 33,38,56,70 Ontario 70 " " Tamarack point 91 " " Toronto 71 " " Workman brook 81 Edwards station i^n Ells, R. w ". .'.'.'. .'.■.v.;'.'.'.;.;;;'.".;'.'.'.'.'.'.' v, lli Emmons, E 3 jq English Head formation .......! ■.!'.!!...... . 161 F. Faber, C. L 27 Fairmount formation !.!!!.!.!] ! !33* 68 93 " " Cincinnati .!!!!!.!!!!..'. '67 • " Little Current 89 " Ohio :.::;;:::::: 68 273 Fauna, New York state S Forestdale 61 Fort Ancient formation, Ohio 1 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..!!..!!! ! 80 Fossils, list of ...'.'....'........ i78-26S Frankfort formation ..................'...'..'.'.,.. 2 U Frobisher bay ...'.....!!!.....'.'..!! 'l59 Frontenac axis ..........'.'.'.'.'..'..'. .67 159 G. Gas, Quebec 50 Gentilly river gj Georgian bay ■.■.'. '.vii', S,' 28) '69,' 71,' M,' 136, I'ea, 170 Gore Bay 27 " coral zone. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '. '. '. [ '. .iii,' V56, 161 northeast of 111^ 112 " northwest of ' 113 * reef . .' ; :99; ioi; 109, iu, 117, 123 south end of j 1 1 " west side of . . . 112 Gorrel point, northeast of Gore Bay 85 92 Grabau, A. W '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ' v Greens creek 66 Grey sandstone of Oswego 3 Grimsby ^g Grondines ........'......'. 61 H. Hall, James 2, 8, 68 Hamilton, Ohio 80 Ha'^w. •* '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.\'.'.'.'.['.]l'.'.'.'. .46', SO, S3 Hawthorne 55 Honora, south of 114 Hudson river 74 " River series 2 3 " Breault '.'.'.'.'.". '58 " oakviiie ;:.:: i63 Humber river 28 69 74 Huron lake .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.S, 98, '16O I. Illinois yji Indian Ladder shale 4 " village, Manitoulin island ] US Indiana v, vii, 27, 44, 99, 100, 102, 159, 162, 168 J. Jefferson county, N.Y 3 K. Kagawong 169 " falls 109 " northwest of lOS, 106 " south end of 110 : " °f-i ;...:..:::;:::::::: io8 southwest of 107 Kentucky '. . '. v, i27| 99,' Voo, 159 274 Pagb Labrador 159 Lake St. John section 159 Lambe, L. M 160, 162 Les Ecureuils 61 Levis basin 5 Liberty formation 27, 100 Little Current 27, 85, 100 " " southwest of 91,115,116 Localities, list of 266 Logan, Sir Wm v Lorraine formation vi, 12, 14 " " eastern Ontario 62 • " New York state 4, 6, 23, 26, 28, 68, 70, 75, 78 • village. Low.A. P Nicolet river. Ontario and Quebec, general observations on Riviere des Hurons St. Hilaire western Ontario 67, 14 93 150 153 137 6 M. McLean hill 90, 118 Manitoulin dolomite 108 " " Gore Bay Ill " " Kagawong 105 " " Little Current 116 " " Manitowaning 120 « " Meafot-1 165 " island vii, 5, 27, 28, 56, 69, 81, 82, 93, 137, 156, 161, 168 " " Richmond formation 97 Manitowaning 100, 102, 103 " northwest of 120 " reef 103, 118, 120 " southeast of 122 Maysville fauna 67, 137 " formation vi, 28, 93, 163 " " Clay cliff 84, 124 " " Gore Bay 92 " " Little Current 89,91 • " New York 171 " * Nicolet river 41 Ohio 70, 73 " ■ Ontario 69,70,94 • " Toronto 71 Meaford 28, 69, 78, 93, 94, 127, 136, 137, 175 " northwest of 164 Medina red sandstone 1 Michigan lake vii Miller, Arthur M 27, 125 Mimico 76 Mississippi valley vi 275 Mohawk limestone Montmorency falls Mount Auburn formation Mount Hope formation Mountain lake * " northwest of Meaford. Mudge Bay reef " " Gore Bay Pace 1,2 58 68 68 !64 128 .101, 102, 106, 107, 108, 112, 114, 117 102 N. Navan 62 New York state, list of localities 266 " " " upper Ordovician of 1 _" " strata vi Niagara sandstone 1 Nicholson, H. A v, 74 Nickles, John M v, 33,' 85,' 86, 92 Nicolet river 14, 98, 173 " River section 14, 49, 55, 57, 64, 65, 66, 70, 141, 159, 173 ■ syncline 61 Nomenclature, New York state 1 o. Oakville 76, 130, 136, 162 Ohio V, 27, 28, 33, 44, 80, 99, 100, 102, 140, 162, 163, 168 " River valley vi O'Neill, I.J : . : .40. 47 Ontario lake 71, 136 ,160 Ophelia, Kentucky 159 Orton, E vi Oswego 12 " county 1, 3 Ottawa vii, 5, 14, 98 Ottcrburn park 152 Ouiatchouan falls 155 Parks, W. A 71 Petite Caroline 40, 48 " Riviere du Chene 61 Pierreville 60 " syncline 61 Pulaski formation 2, 9. 11, 14, 93 • " New York 68 0. Queenston formation, eastern Ontar -> 172 " " Edwards static 1 140 • " general remarks on 174 • « Meaford 127,164 • * Montmorency falls 59 " * Mountain lake 128 276 Page Queenston formation, New York 13 " • Nicolet river H.'lY.Hi, HI, 173 • " OakviUe ...!...... 130 • ' Ontario lake 127 • " Streetsville 76 ! " Vars .'138,172 western Ontario 136, 162 R. Rabbit island jqO Ramsay station 66 Raymond, P. E ...\'. ................... .. 6 Red sandstone of Oswego 3 Richelieu river 'l^l'''['l''''''^['^36l 'iY, 41, 152 Richmond fauna 10 ' " Anticosti element in 159 " formation vi, 28 " " Bass Lake road '1I8 " between Georgian bay and Lake Huron, con- cluding remarks 136 " Cape Rich 129 " aay--ff :.:. 124 correlation of with Queenston 168 " eastern Ontario 138 " Georgian bay 127 " Gore bay 112 * Kagawong los, 106, 107 Little Current 87, 89 " Manitoulin island 126 " Nicolet river 17, 22, 26, 141, 160 OakviUe 163 " Ohio 44, 80 " Ontario 69, 96 lake 127 " Quebec 96, 138 St. John lake 161 " Streetsville 76, 132, 136 " Toronto 78 I Vars ;6S, 160 ^ " and Edwards station, general observations. 140 Workman brook 82 " Indiana 2 Riviire des Hurons 2i2/43, 48, 150 Roljerval 155, 153 Rome 3 Rougemont 48 Rucdemann, R '..'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. a[ 5, io.'ssi Yi, 85, 92, 93 St. Amabte " Augustin " Bruno mountain. " Catharines 60 57 48 77 277 St-Hilaire 14, 45, *152 " * mountain 152 • Huguei :::::::.::::: 50, iss • Hyacinthe 40, 53, ,73 " Jean Baptiste Ij 151 • John lake. .... vii, 6, 98, 'iM. 159, 162 Lawrence and Champlain fault gl ■ " valley .............'..." vii 5 Ste. Monique ' ' J4 {^2 Salmon river. ' 1 River falls ■.".".■. ".7, U, 26, 78 ■eries 1 ^ 171 Saluda formation 100 101 ! ' I"**'*""-.-. •.-.• • ■ ; ■.■.■.■.■.■.■..idi," 104. '162,' 168 Manitouhn island 170 " " Meaford 127 Schenectady basin ..............'. 5 Schuchert, C '.'.'. v,"47 49 160 Section, Bass Lake road ' 90' ng • Cape Rich 129 • Gore Bay .■.■.'.■.■.■.'.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.111, 113 Honora II4 • Kagawong. '.'.■.■.■.; iosl iM.ioHm. 110 Falls 109 " Little Current ilS 116 • Manitowaning ! ! ! ! ! ! ] ! 120) 122 • Meaford . . 164, 166 Mountain lake 129 • Nicolet river i42, 143, 146 • No. 1, Nicolet river, at bluff southwest of home of Honore , , , . . . A"8*'' 18,173 2, " alon^ gully south of section No. 1 18 ^ 3, ' hillside section, south of gully 19 • ' t' - ::;::::::::: It • 6, - • 30 « 7. « • . 35 " Sheguiandah road 87 " Streetsville 132 " Wekwemikong 123 Sheguiandah beds 94 . " road ...[..[...[[... 85 Smith, Cape 92 111 124 Snake island, Lake St. John vii, 98, 155, 161 Southgate formation, Little Current «S r . « Ohio .'.■.■.'.■.■.■.■.■:;;.■.'.■:.■.' 33 Species, distribution and range of 177 Spencer, J. W 9g Streetsville 28, 76, 97, l'01,13'l','i32,' 1371 'iss,'m, 175 Synclmes, Quebec 60, 61 T. Table of formations, Canada " • Maysville, Ohio. 13 73 » 278 Pagb Table of fortnatioM, New York 1>3, 13 • • Quebec 59 Tamarack point 56, 91 Toronto vii, 71, 93, 94 Trenton falls 1 " formation 1 • • Breault 57 " * Mimico 76 • * Montmorency falls. 58 • • St. Hyacinthe 56 • • St. John lake : 155 Twenhofel, W. H 160, 162 U. Ulrich, E.O. .V, vi, vjii, 10, 28, 33, 37, 40, 46, 68, 71, 8 J, 81, 84, 85, 86, 89, 91, 92, 101, 131, 133, 149, 163 Utica formation vi, 2, 10 ' * Montmorency falls 58 • • New York 5 St. John lake 155 " • Toronto 77 V. Vanuxem, L 2, 3, 12 Vara 14, 21, 62, 138, 159, 160, 172 W. Warren county, Ohio 27 Waynesville formation 13, 93, 96, 159, 170 « " Bass Lake road U9 « " Clayclifr 82 « • Kagawong 105, 107, 110 • « " falb 109 « • Little Current 90,115,117 « • Meaford 127, 167, 175 • ■ Mountain lake 128 • * Nicoletriver 14, 20, 21, 26, 142, 149 • • Ohio 101 • « Rivi*re des Hurons 150,152 ■ • St.Hilaire 152,153 " « St.Hugues 155 • St. John lake 157 Vars 21,138 Weisburg, Indiana 102 Wekwemikong 102 Wekwemikong, northwest of 124 " southwest of 123 Wekwemikongsing 27, 100 Weston 27, 73, 74 Whitall's quarry 3 279 Whitby '**°f Whiteavc, J. F !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! v Whitewater formation ^ I ' Georgian bay 170 • ' JJ"?*5,"« JOS • « Jl*?'""** 127 . S.*"";- ••..• 162,168 Whittalcer.E.! ^^"•**^"« »«• "»• }" Wilson. A. E... ..■.■.■.■.■:.■:::::;;; ISI Worlcman brook m' "oi ' oi"o7 f3» WorthviUe ■...........■■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■..'.'.!;; 7 Y. Yamaaka river 40^ 50^ 5, , i. - ft , •1, PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The Geological Survey was established in 1842 and "Reports of Progress" were issued, generally in annual volumes, from that date to 1885, the first report being that for the year 1843 pub- lished in 1845. Beginning with the year 1885, "Annual Reports" (new series) were published in volumes until 1905, the last being Vol. XVI, 1904. Many of the individual reports and maps pub- lished before 1905 were issued separately and from 1905 to the present, all have been published as separates and no annual volume has been issued. Since 1910, the reports have been issued as Memoirs and Museum Bulletins, each subdivided into series, thus: — Memoir 41, Geological Series 38. Memoir 54, Biological Series 2. Museum Bulletin 5, Geological Series 21. Museum Bulletin 6, Anthropological Series 3. In addition to the publications specified above, a Summary Report is issued annually; and miscellaneous publications of various kinds including Reports of Explorations, Guide Books, etc., have been issued from time to time. Publlcatloni iMued 1919-191S IndiidT*. \M MlMOIl 1. Mbmoib 2. MiMOIB 3. Mbmoik 4. Mbmoib 5. Mbmoib 6. Mbmoib 7. Mbmoib 8. Mbmoib 9. Mbmoib 10. Mbmoib 11. Mbmoib 12. Mbmoib 13. Mbmoib 14. Mbmoib 15. Mbmoib 16. Mbmoib 17. Mbmoib 18. Mbmoib 19. Mbmoib 20. MEMOIRS. G*oletical S*ri*t I. Geology of th« Nipiion baiin, Ontario, 19fa-bv Alfred W. G. wIImd. Gtoioguat Series 2. Geology and ore denoeitt of Hedley mininf dlatrict, Britith Columbia, 1910— by Charle* Camiell. Geelctical Series 3. Palconiacid fiihet from the Albert ihalet of New Bruniwick, 1910— bv Lawrence M. Lambc. Ceolopcal Series 7. Geolog[icai reconnaiitance along the line e( the National Tranicontinental railway in weatem Quebec. 1911— byW.J.Wilion. Geological Series 4. Preliminary memoir on the Lewee and NordentkiOld Rivera coal diitrict, Yukon Territory, 1910— by D. D. Caimea. Ceotogicttl Series 5. Geologry of the Haliburton and Bancroft areaa, Province of Ontario, 1910— by Frank D. Adams and Alfred E. Barbw. Geological Series 6. Geobgy of St. Bruno mountain, Provinct of Quebec, 1910— by John A. Dresier. Geclopcal Series 8. The Edmonton coal field. Alberta, 1911— by D. B. Dowling. Geological Series 9. Bighorn coal baain. Alberta, 1911— by G. S. Malloch. Geological Series 10. An instrumental nurvey of the shore- lines of the extinct lakea Algonquin and Nipisaing in south* western Ontario, 1911— by J. W. Goldthwalt. ropotraphical Series 1. Triangulation and spirit levrJIing of Vancouver bland, B.C., 1909, issued 1910— by R. H. Chapman. Gei^ogical Series It. InsecU from the Tertiary lake deposits of the southern interior of British Columbia, collected by Mr. Lawrence M. Lambe, in 1906, issued 1911 — by Antoa Handlirsch. GeiUogical Series 14. Southern Vancouver iaiand, 1912 — by Charles H. Clapp. Biological Series t. New species of shells collected by Mr. John Macoun at Barkley sound, Vancouver island, Britiah Columbia, 1911- by William H. Dall and Paul Bartsch. Geological Series 12. On a Trenton Echinoderm fauna at Kirkfield, Ontario, 1911— by Frank Springer. Geological Series 13. The clay and shale deposits of Nova Scotia and portions of Ne« Brunswick, 1911 — by Heinrick Ries assisted by Joseph Keele. Geological Series 28. Geology and economic resourcas of the Larder Lake district, Ont., and adjoining [.ortions of Pontiac county. Que., 1913 — by '.lorley E. Wilson. Geolopcal Series 19. Batliurst district, New Brunswick, 1913— by G. A. Young. Geological Series 26. Geology of Mother Lode and Sunaat mines. Boundary district, B.C., 1914 — by O. E. LeRoy. Geological Series 41. Gold fields of Nova Scotia, 1914— by W. Malcolm. MiMon 21. Gtohtkal S*rUi IS. Th« nolofy •>*<) ot« depocin of Phomix Boundaiy dittrict, Britkh Columbia, 1912— by O. E. L«Roy MtMOn 22. CtUfieal Strut 27. PrelimiiMry report on the wrpcntine* and MtocUted rocki, in ioutb«rn Qticbcc, 1914 — by J. A. DreoMr. Mbmoii 23. GtoUtical Strut 23. Geology of the coatt and Ulandt between the Strait of Geonia and Queen Charlotte iound, B.C., 1914— by J. Austen Bancroft. Mbiiou 24. Ctohpcal Striti 16. Preliminary report on the clajr and thala. dcpotitf of the western provinces, 1912 — by Heinrich Ries and Joseph Keele. MiMOii 25. Gtohtteal Strut 21. Report on the clay and shale deposits of the western provinces, Part II, 1914 — by Heinrich Ries and Joseph Keele. .^BMOii 26. Ctoiotual Striet 34. r.Tilogy and mineral deposits of the Tulameen district, B.C . 19r^by C. Camaell. MBMon 27. Ctolotical Strut It. Report of the Commission appointed to investieate Turtle mountain, Frank, Alberta, 1911, isauad 1912. MBMOn 28. Ctolotical Striti 19. The Geology of Steeprock lake, Ontario— by Andrew C. Lawson. Notes on fossils from limeetoite of Steeprock lake, Ontario, 1912— by Charles D. Wakwtt. Mbmoik 29. Ctolotical Stritt 32. Oil and gas prospects of the northwest provinces of Canada, 1913 — by W. Malcolm. Mbmoii 30. Ctolotical Stritt 40. The basins of Nelr>n and Churchill rivers, 1914— by William Mclnnes. Mbmoib 31. Ctolotical Stritt 20. Wheaton distria, i uKmi Territory, 1913— by D. D. Caimes. Mbmou 32. Ctolotical Strict 25. Portions of Portland Canal and Skeena Mining divisions, Skeena district, B.C., 1914— by R. G. McConnell. Mbmoir 33. Gtolopcat Stritt 30. The geokigy of Gowganda Mining Division, 1913— by W. H. Collins. Mbmoik 34. Ctolopcal Stritt 63. The Devonian of southwestern Ontario, 1915^by C. R. ''tauffer. Mbmoib 35. Gtolofical Stritt iQ. Reconnaissance along the National Transcontinental railway in southern Quebec, 1913 — John A. Dresser. Mbmoib 36. Ctolotieal Stritt 33. Geology of the Victoria and Saanich HMp-areas, Vancouver island, B.C., 1914 — by C. H. Clapp. Mbmoib 37. Ctolotical Stritt 22. Portions of Atlin district, B.C., 1913-- by D. D. Caimes. Mbmoik 38. Ctolotical Stritt 31. Geology of the North American Cor- dillera at the forty-ninth parallel, Parts I and U, 1913— by Reginald Aldwortn Daly. Mbmoik 39. CtoMical Stritt 35. Kewagama Lake map-area, Quebec, 19!l— by M. E. WOson. MBMOtt 40. Ctolotical Strict 24. The Archaean geology of Rainy lake, 1914 — by Andrew C. Lawson. Mbmoik 41. Ctolotical Stritt 38. The "Fern Ledges" Carboniferous flora of St. John, New Brunswick, 1914 — by Marie C. Slopes. Mbmoik 42. Antkropolotical Striet I. The double-curve motive in north- eastern Algonidan art, 1914 — by Frank G. Speck. Mbmoik 43. Ctolotical Strict 36. St. Hilaire (Beloeil) and Rougemont mountains, Quebec, 1914— by J. J. O'Neill. Mbmoik 44. Ctolotical Strut 37. Clay and shale deposits of New Bruns- wick, 1914— by j. Keele. Mbmoib 45. Antkropolotical Strut 3. The ' iviting-in feast of the Alaska Eskimo, 1914— by E. W. Hawkea. MlMOil 4«. MlMOII 47. MiMOII M. MlMOII 49. Mbmoii SO. MlMOII 31. MiMOII S2. MlMOl MlMOl MlMOII 5S. MiMOII 56. MlMOII S7. MiMOII 58. MiMOII 59. MiMOIA 60. MiMOII 61. MiMOII 62. MiMOII 63. MiMOII 64. MiMOII 65. MlMOII 66. MiMOII I 67. MiMOII 168. MlMOII l69. MlMOII I 70. MiMon 71. S3. 54. AnthrcftUtUal S*rUt 7. ChMiAaitioii o( Iroauotaa radteili •nd Mibiactiv* pronominal prafixM, 1915 — Ity C. M. BirbMU. Ctolotieal Striti 39. Clay and ihaJe depoaiu of tha waatani provincca. Part III, 1914— by Hcinrkh Rica. Antkrcfelotical Striti i. Soma mytha and talaa of tha OJibwt of loutheatlcrn Ontario. 1914— by Pau< Radin. AnlhropctDtical Strut 4. Maledta talaa, 1914— by W. H. Mechling. GtolotUal Stritt SI. Uppar Whita Rivar diatrict, Yukon, 191S— by D. D. Caimaa. Gtohticat Strits 43. Gaolofv of the Nanaimo map-araa, 1914— by C. H. Clapp. Cttltptal Stritt 42. Gaolofical notaa to accompany map of Sheep River gaa and oil field. Alberta, 1914— by D. B. Dowtine. Ctolotual Strits 44. Coal fielda of Manitoba, Saikatchewan, Alberu, and eaatem Britiah Columbia (reviaed edition), 1914— by D. B. Dowling. Bidoiical Stritt Z. Annotated liat of Sowering planta and femi of Point Pelee, Ont., and neighbouring diatr{cta,1914— by C. K Dodge. Ctologitai Scriit 46. Gcokwy of Field map-area, Alberta and Britiih ColumbU, 1914— by John A. AlUn. Gtehtieal Striti 5tf. Geology of Franklin mining camp, B.C., 1915— by Cha*. W. DrySale. Ctdcfital Stn»s 50. Corundum, ita occurrence, diatributioa, exploitatiun, and uaea, 1915^by A. E. Eiarktw. Ctotopcal Striti 49. Tesada iaiand, 1915— by R. G. McCos- nell. Ctdotical Striti 55. Coal fields and coal raaourcca of Canada, 1915— by D. B. Dowling Gtelotieai Striti 47. .*uitaig-Antigoniah diatnci, 1915 — by M.V. Willianu. CtoUgieal Striti 45. Mocee Mounuan district, aouthern Alberta (second edition) \V\ — by D. D. Caimea. AtUhropcloiical Striti 5. Abnormal typea of speech in Nootka, 1915— by E. Sapir. Antkropototicai Striti 6. Noun reduplication in Comox, a Salisn language of Vancouver island, 1915 — by E. Sapir. Gtoloiical Series 52. Preliminary report on the clay and shale deposits of the Province of Quebec, 1915 — by J. Keele. Gtoiogical Seriet S3. Cliy and shale deposits of the western provinces, Part IV, 19lj— by H Riea. Ceolotical Seriei 54. Clay and shale deposits of the western provinces, Pnrt V, 1915— by J. Keele. Geological Series 49. The Yulcon-Alaska Boundary between Porcupine and Yukon rivers, 1915— by D. D. Caimes. Geological Series 59. A geological reconnaissance between Golden and Kamloops, B.C., along the line of the Canadian Pacific railway, 1915— by R. A. Daly. Geological Series 57. Coal fields of British Columbia, 19:5— D. B. Dowling. Anthropological Series 8. Family hunting territories and social life of the various Algonkian bands of the Ottawa valley, 1915— by F. G. Speck. Artthropological Se-^s 9. Myths and folk-lore of the Timis- kaming Algonquin and Timagami Ojibwa, 1915 — by F. G. Speck. Mbmoii 72. Ctohfical S»ri*$ 60. Th« MtMian wtib o( MontrMl, I9IS— by C. L. Cumniin|, Mbmou 73. Gtclopcat Strut il. Th« PtciatocciM and Rcctnt dcpotiu of the liland of Montreal, 1915— by J. Stanalitld. Mbmom 74. Gtoloncal Strut «l. A liat of Canadian mineral occurrtncaa, 1915— by R. A. A. JohnMon. ^^ Mbhoii 7S. AnihropolotUal Strut 10. Decorative art of Indian tribes of Connecticut, 1915— by Frank G. Speck. Mbmou 76. Ctotopcal Striti 61. Geokigy of the Cranbrook map-area, 1915— by S. J. Schofield. Mbmoib 77. Ceotopeal Strut 64. Geology and ore depoaiu of Roealand, B.C., 1915-by C. W. DryKlale. Mbmoib 78. Gtoloncal Stritt 66. Wabana iron ore of Newfoundland, 1915— by A. O. Hayaa. Mbmoib 79. Gtoloncal Strut 6S. Ore depoaita of the BMverdelt map-area, 1915— by L. Rein«:ke. Mbmoib 80. Antkroptlopcal Strut It. Huron and Wyandot mythokigy, 1915-by C. M. Barbeau. Mbmoib 81. Ctolontal Stritt 67. CMI and gaa fiekls of Ontario and Quebec, 1915— by Wyatt Malcolm. Mbmoib 82. Ctolopcal Stritt 6t. Rainy River district, Ontario. Surfidal geology and will, 1915— by W. A. Jobneton. MUSEUM BULLETINS. Tha Museum Bulletins, published by the Geological Survey, are num- bered consecutively and are given a series number in additkm, thus: Gcotogical Series No. 1, 2, 3, etc.; Biok)gical Scriee No. 1, 2, 3, etc.; Anthropological Serieti No. 1, 2, 3, etc. In the case of Bulletins 1 and 2, which contain articlea on various subjects, each article has been assigned a separate series number. The first Bulletin was entitled Victoria iitmorial Uuttum BuUtHn; subsequent isf ' es have been called Siuttum BulltHni. nn— by F. A. Bather. 1 1. Note on Merocrinus, Walcott — by F. A. Mvs. Bull. 1. Gtoloncal Stritt 1. The Trenton crinoid, OtUwacrinua, (/wH 1913). W. R. Billing - - - ■ — Gtoloncal Stritt i Bather. Gtoloncal Stritt 3. The occurrence of Helodont teeth at Roche Miette and vicinity. Alberta — by L. M. Lamba. Gtoloncal Stritt 4. Notea on Cyclocystoides— by P. E. Raymond. Gti^ncal Stritt 5. Notes on some new and old Trilobites in tl ■■ Victoria Memorial Museum — by P. E. Raymond. Gtolo:: X Stritt 6. Description of some new Asaphioae — by P. E. Raymond. Gtoloncal Seritt 7. Two new species of Tetradium— by P. E. Raymond. Cttoloiical Seritt 8. Revision of the species which have been referred to the genus Batbyurus (preliminary report)— by P. E. Raymond. Gtoloncal Series 9. A new Brachiopod from the base of the Utica— by A. E. Wilson. Geological Seritt 10. A new genus of dicotyledonous plant from the Tertiary of Kettle river, British Columbia^ by W. j. Wilson. Gtoloncal Seritt 11. A new species of Lepidostrobus— by W. J. Wilson. Ceohticcd Series 12. Prehnite from Adams Mund, Admiralty inlet, Baffin island, Franklin— by R. A. A. Johnston. Biolotical Series. 1. The marine algse of Vancouver island — by F. S. Collins. Biological Series 2. New species of moUusks from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada— by W. H. Dall and P. Bartsch. Bioloncal Series 3. Hydroids from Vancouver island and Nova Scotia — by C. McLean Fraser. Anihropolotical Series I. The archaeology of Blandford town- ship, Oxford county, Ontario— by W. J. Wintemberg. Mus. Bull. 2. Ceolotical Series 13. The origin of granite (micropegmattte) (Isttui 1914). in the Purcell sills— by S. J. Schoneld. Cedoiical Series 14. Columnar structure in limestone — by E. M. Kindle. Geological Series 15. Supposed evidences of subsidence of the coast of New Brunswick within modem time — by J. W. Goldthwait. Geological Series 16. The Pre-Cambrian (Beltian) rocks of southeastern British Columbia and their correlation by S. J. Schofield. Geological Series 17. Early Cambrian stratigraphy m the North American Cordillera, with discussion of Albertella and related faunas — by L. D. Burling. Geological Series IS. A preliminary study of the variations of the plications of Parastrophia hemiplicata. Hall — by A. E. Wilson. Anthropclogical Series 2. Some aspects of puberty fasting among the Ojibwa — by Paul Radin. Mus. Bull. 3. GeologUal Series 19. The Anticosti Island faunas, 1914— by W. H. Twenhofel. Mus. Bull. 4. Geological Series 20. The Crowsnest volcanics, 1914— by J. D. MacKenzie. Mus. Bull. 5. Geological Series 21. A Beatricea-like organism from the middle Ordovician, 1914 — by P. E. Raymond. Mus. Bull. 6. Anthropological Series 3. Prehistoric and present commerce among the Arctic Coast Eskimo, 1915— by V. Stefansson. Mus. Bull. 7. Biological Series 4. A new species of Dendragapus (Dendra- gapus Obscurus Fleming!) from southern Yukon Terri- tory, 1914— by P. A. Taverner. Mus. Bull. 8. Geological Series 22. The Huronian formations of Timiskammg region, Canada, 1914— by W. H. Collins. Mus. Bull. 9. Anthropological Serus 4. The Glenoid Fossa in the skull of the Eskimo, 191S— by F. H. S. Knowles. Mus. Bull. 10. Anthropological Series 5. The social organization of the Winnebago Indians, an interpretation, 1915 — by P. Radin. Mus. Bull. U. Geological Series 23. Physiography of the Beaverdell map- area and the southern part of the Interior plateaus of British Columbia, 1915— by L. Reinecke. Mus. Bull. 12. Geological Series 24. On Eoceratops Canadensis, gen. nov., with remarks on other genera of Cretaceous homed dino- saurs, 1915 — by L. M. Lambe. Mus. Bull. 13. Biological Series 5. The double-crested Cormorant (Phala- crocorax Auritus) and its relation to the salmon industries on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1915— by P. A. Taverner. Mus. Bull. 14. Geological Series 25. The occurrence of glacial drift on tht Magdalen islands, 1915— by J. W. Goldthwait. Muf. Bull. 15. Mut. Bull. 16. Mus. Bull. 17. Mus. Bull. 18. Mus. Bull. 19. Mus. Bull. 20. Mus. Bull. 21. Geototical Series 26. Gav Gulch and Skookum meteorites. 1915— by R. A. A. Johnston. A HthropolottaU Series 6. Literary aspects ot North American mythology, 1915— J^ P. Radm. Geohgical Series 27. The Ordovician rocks of Lake Tlmis- kaming, 1915— by M. Y. Williams. Geohtical Series 28. Structural relations of the Pre-Cam- brian and Palxozoic rocks north of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence valleys, 1915 — by E. M. Kindle and L. D. Burling. Anthropolotical Series 7. A sketch of the social organization of the Nass River Indians, 1915 — by E. Sapir. Geohgical Series 29. An Eurypterid horizon m the Niagara formation of Ontario, 1915— by M. Y. Williams. Geological Series 30. Notes on the geology and palaon- toloey of the lower Saskatchewan River valley, 1915— by E. M. Kindle. UNCLASSIFIED. Report on a geological reconnaissance of the region traversed by tht National Transcontinental railway between Lake Nipigon and Clay lake. Ont., 191(>-by W. H. Collins. ' ' Report on the geological position and characteristics of the oil-shale deposits of Canada, 1910— by R. W. Ells. A reconnaissance across the Mackenzie mountains on the Pelly, Ross, and Gravel rivers, Yukon and North West Territories, 1910— by Joseph Keele. Summary Report for the calendar year 1909, issued 1910. Report on a traverse through the southern part of the North West Terri- tories, from Lac Seul to Cat lake, in 1902, issued 1911— by Alfred W. G. Wilson. Report on a part of the North West Territories drained by the Winisk and Upper Attawapiskat rivers, 1911 — by W. Mclnnes. Report on the geology of an area adjoining the east side of Lake Timis- kaming, 1911— by Morley E. Wilson. Summary Report for the calendar year 1910, issued 1911. Summary Report for the calendar year 1911, issued 1912. Guide Book No. 1. Excursions in eastern Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, Ktrts 1 and 2, 1913. Guide Book No. 2. Excursions in the Eastern Townships of Quebec and the eastern part of Ontario, 1913. Guide Book No. 3. Excursions in the neighbourhood of Montreal and Ottawa, 1913. Guide Book No. 4. Guide Book No. 5. Manitoulin island, 1913. Guide Book No. 8 Excursions in southwestern Ontario, 1913. Excursions in the western peninsula of Ontario and Toronto to Victoria and return via Canadian Pacific and Canadian Northern railways; parts 1, 2, and 3, 1913. Guide Book No. 9. Toronto to Victoria and return via Canadian Pacific, Grand Trunk Pacific, and National Transcontinental railways, 1913. Guide Book No. 10. Excursions in northern British Columbia and Yukon Territory and along the north Pacific coast, 1913. Summary Report for the calendar year 1912, issued 1914. Prospector's Handbook No. 1. Notes on radium-bearing minerals, 1914— by Wyatt Malcolm. The archseological collection from the southern interior of British Colum- bia, 1914— by Harlan I. Smith. Summary Report for the calendar year 1913, iuued 1915. Summary Report for the calendar year 1914, issued 1915.