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Les diagrammea suivants illustrent la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 »W»OCOrV RBOIUTION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2| ""^rnif i0p^ supplem; TO WEEKLY R OP TMK DEPARTMENT OF TRADE CHINA AND JAPAN REPOR ON THE TRADE OF By Mr. RICHARD GRIGG ComminMoner of Cotntntrrct^ FOREWORD By Sir. GEORGE E. FOSTER, K.C.M.G., M.P. Minitter of Trade and Cammtrce OTTAWA inXMKNT PRINTTNn BFKE/\TT 1914 SUPPLEMENT TO WEEKLY REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND COMMERCE REPORT ON THE TRADE OF CHINA AND JAPAN By Mr. RICHARD GRIGG Commiuubli-.h thit wts-k n s|Hriul Tnulo liiillitii with Cliiiiii «ml .fiipnn a* it* ■^iiLjfi't. In tho winter nf lOUI, 1 inHtriirtt-d the Comtiiixiiiiinor of ('oiimHTi-.', Mr. 1( (iriKif. to proccol to Chiim iniil Jiipaii aii'i lii.il i- siirh i-xiiiiiimitiin:. and Kutht-r mirh iiifiirmatiiiii iix win purtim-iit in rfhitmn t.i tho iHw^ihilitif* of inmimTiiul intcr- chaiiKf Iti'twccn thtMp coiintriiit untl Cntiaiia. Mr. tiriiiK spfnt minic wn-kn in the pm-fcution ot hJH n-ni-archrr*. anil the 'x-mAx of hi^ wc.rk \* partly i-inboiiii-d in the ri'piirts piibli-hiMl lu'ri'with. A wide circnlatiiiii is hcinn Riven t.. this huliftiii Hnii>mf tho produfcru and huMiness nii'ti of Canada in the holH- that it will intcri'»t thciii in the pres<-nt and ooniin^r portsihiiitii's of trade witli these two ancient and intereNtiiiR ennntrie*. I'pwards of five hundred million |ieople inhahit Chinn and Japan in a vuot ntn'teh of iahind and etnitinent fai-iiiff our westeni front door. Between lie* a faeilo oeean now Ix-iiiiniinir to quiver Iwneath the swift keols of rapidly inerea-iinR mereantilo fleets. The eable, wirele** teleRrapliy, frecpient postal nervice and inereni»in(r personal tra-el arc shorteninK the diHtaneo and dispelling tho iRnoranee that have hitherto kept us so wide api'rt. Already these nations have a seaborn commeree of one billion dollars and this is constantly inereasinff. They now import more than I.tOO.OOO.OOO worth of Roods from foreiim lands, not more than ll.OO per head of their population. The immense undeveloped resourees of CI.. no guaranteo o "leld of wonderful activity in the ncnr future. Tn coal and iron she possesses very important elements of productivity. Gradually trunk lines of railway are piercin„- the rich interior and opcningr up resources hitherto sealed to enterprise for lack of transport. Law and order and financial reconstruction are slowly but surely beinK established and hindrances to exchange bein^ removed. With better conditions and the immense human labour force of China mr- id more directed to improved production in all lines the growth in her pure? .« power will soon swell the volume of imports far beyond the present paivi-y T.I cents per head of h.-r population. It is difficult to forecast what under fairly favourable conditions will he the importini; nower of China twenty-five or fifty years hfnec, and surely Canadian business inr •. must woik in reference to a future so littie remote. Japan has within a few decades become absolutely transformed so far as productive industry and commeree arc concerneP|KN>iU) uiir weitern gato-w«ya and which the Panaroa caiin) haa briiUKht K) nuu'h ttcurcr our raxtoni purt*. Tlii>3r iiiUKt ittutly | (iMfihilitii*), not only from inforinntion glvaiictl for thfiii by th(* iK't'iirtiiK'nt uf Trmk' and ( 'uiiiiim-dh*, hut uIno uti tht> Hpot unj throiiRh rh'Vpr n'priwntiitivti «( thfir own. Other iiutiuiiii nrc awukriiiiig to thitw- pnai>ihilitu>a and wo c-aniiot afford to b«* hihind the Im-kI in a fur-mfitig and i>yKti'inutio inti'lllKcnt pumiit thcritif. It !« with a view to >tiniidiito mid dirct-t thouuht in thcMO dircftiona t!"it I coiniuund a careful atiidy of Mr. (Iriux'x ropurt. GKOrUJE K. FOSTKll, lliniiitcr of Trade and Commercab OtUwa, July, 1014. «li'/'tiV/..\i' lU Hi.'/. All' KtI'VHT Dki-aktmknt or Trade *nu Commiw r, Ottawa, Juno 30, 1014. Tlon. Omo. v.. FofiTKB. M.P., ]|iuii)U>r of Truilu and Cnnunrrcc, Ottawa. 8m,~Tn •cconknoo with ymir iiistriictiong I proci<<-di— would in the imnHHliute future constitute the mo^t imiM.rtiuit of Canadian intere»ts. In view of the fa<-t that such export has been almost entirely carried on from the United States wirts of Se ttle, Tocomu. Portland and San Francisco, I proeewled to thece citicH conferrinir with the prineipnl exiwrters there and took ship from San Francisco en April 1», arrivinR at Yoko- hama May S. An interview took place in thot city, with tho Canadian Trade Com- missioner, inspection of his office occurred, gubsopiently on my way to llonn Kong i called at Kobe, Nagasaki and Shanghai, where I met tho gentleman in tnurgc of the office of the Trade Commiasioner at that place, inspeitol tho office and procecrotr()n and Ciiliforiiiu. and also in Ilonpr Konfc, Canton, Shantrhui, Tientsin and I'ckinff, and the perusal of numerous books, reports, and the publications of the (Jhinese Miiritiino Customs, I am satisfied that a development of trade in the North Pacific n-ill occur and that Catmda will enjoy an important proportion of that trade. Ilavini? rcirard to the problems in course of soluti(m on both shores of the Pacific, under con- litidiis which in effect shorten the distance which separatt>9 them by lessening the time taken in traversing it, it would appear that the attention of Canada will be directed ill Krciitcr measure to the Pacific coast and the problems which so immediately affect lii'r wc-ti'in people. The presence in the Orient of ministers in connection with trade representing the late Administration is still remembered, and the visit of the pres<'n*. Minister of Trade and Commerce was warmly welcomed. The devehipment of China in regard to her understandinf? of the need for western methods and Roods, tofrether with the rapid Rrowth of population and manufacture in Canada demands that inter- vals should not he too Iour lietween the visits of ministers or leading oflneers of the Canadian Service in order that chanf^iu); conditions in rejrjird to trade may be duly ■et forth with some decree of authority for consideration in Canada. I have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient servant. R. GRICtC. Commissioner of Commerce BVl'l'lEMKST TO WEEKLY REPORT CHINA. EFFECT OP PANAMA CAXAI. OS WKSTliHX CAVADA. Altliouffli a prc:?eiitatioii of the possiWe offwt of tlio cuiiul mi L'omiiicrrp ia not iu direct line with the pro.-»pecta of Caiuulian trade with China, except in refj'ird to competition which may result from its use, yet the subject is one of great interest til western Canada and it is never certain what the exact result of the oponiuR of a new trade route may be as regards development of commerce in any given direction. It is now ex^jcctcd that tliis year will see the opening of the canal. Adviintage was therefore taken of conference with men whose experience and capacity has placed them at the head of great commercial houses eondueting the tra76 236,163 Coal tons. Cotton and manufacturers of 2,IM0 7,278 ii9,r:« 8,621 2,494 300 38,782 2,310 Diug«, dyes, chemicals, &c. 51,442 109,704 Fish- Herrings, pitkled bhls. 58,8a 42,795 4.3,142 29,472 Other fish Metals, minerals, Ac— (lold bearing quartz, dust, &C. Ibti. .Machinery— Sewing machines. ..... . No. 359 2,166 4,344 Lead, pig »». 560,«I2 1,212,022 Silver, nietallie, co'td in ore 4c ozs. Steel, manufactures of 921,670 477,612 1,631,014 3,596 3 5''3 1,001,976 29,028 5,242 Others metals, kc Milk and cream, condensed lbs. 607,070 9,905 1,663 7,200 16,114 146 510 2,709 1,858 3 ;«.'4 80,833 Provisions- Cheese Wood- Planks and boards M ft. Other lumber. 17,646 9 4,640 275 Other wood . 5,e tish. The average price for dry salted herring from British Columbia, both to China and Japan, is about $25 i>er ton (gold) more or lost, according to the state of the market. Persons who have entered the business in Uritish Columbia have lost money on their transactions, the margin of profit being extremely small. The same con- dition of affairs exists regarding the shipment of salted salmon. The fish are of the cheaper variety and are dried, salted and shipped in wooden boxes cuiitaiiiiMg alu.ut .56 fish to the box. four boxes going to the short ton. Last year a considonil)lp snle of this tish occurred at the net price of ** cents per fish f.o.b. Vancouver, wliich would work out at about $20 per ton. This is not encouraging and instances are quoted C3958— 2 10 TlfADK AM) COilUKRCK whore the Japanoso, who chiefly handle the trade, have lost money. Dry Mltcd siilinnn IS put up in liirRc quantities in the sea of Okhotsk nnJ iu Northern Siheria as well as on Sajthalien Island. The prospeet of sellinK dioap salmon in China and Japan does not appear to be cneouraKMiK Several canneries are beinjt operated in the northern part of Jnpan and on SaRhalien Island. There are also throe canneries near the mouth of the Jvanit.-h.itka river. The fish ehiefl/ put up there are of the kint an imjiortant factor is found both in the production by flour mills so sitiiiited as to be able to send their lower grade of flour westward and also in the fji.'ilitir's of railway traiisi>ortation to shippinp ports on the Pacific. Inquiry at Vi:inipc!,' indicated that the important mills situated in Manitoba would prefer to sciul their cheaper Rrade of flour eastward for shipment, more particularly durinff the summer months when lake and rail transportation to ocean shipping points is availiil''. It does not appear therefore necessary to deal with the production of this province in an estimate of the quantity 'vbiih will be available, but a certain pro- portion of the product of mills in the provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia may be expected to desire a market in the Orient. Owinjr to the low purchasing power of the Chinese consumer the market v ill take only inferior frrades of flour and this is perhaps fortunate because Canada will have nothing but the best and while there is a local market for hiph Rrades it is hardly possible to sell the lower (trades except for export, and the quantity of these produced varies in accordance with the character of the yearly wheat crop. PRODUCTlOy OF WKSTKRN' PROVINCES. Accordinff to a list taken from a source of considerable authority for the .year 101-2, althou(,'h not alleged to be complete or free from errors, the number of mills situated in the three western provinces is 82 and their capacity as follows: Saskatchewan, 7,420 barrels per day; Alberta, 7,:U."> barrels, aii.I British Colum- bia, 1,180 barrels; a total of 15,945 ha rels. Many of these arc small mills producing 50 to 2rppiKMF.\T TO wr.KKir ItEPORT 11 The ol)Jpftion to Ina.liiiR h report with tabulated fijfuros is rpolizod, hut in order ill fJioTT lioth the pri'Rross of the triido nnd its flurtuatioiis it is thoiipht ncenssnry tn produce the record of shipmouts from the Tiiited States over twenty-one years and ;o give values which appear in the foUi.wiiijf table : — Expoins OK WiiKAT-Fi.oirR fhom (Tnitkii Statt-s to China and IIoxc Ko.vo. (Taken from Unili'd Slates figures.) Yearn ended June 30. To Chin*. To HimK Kong. Total Cliiiia :inil Hongr KoiiK- ToUl Value. iy9a 1894 B1>1». 16,059 23,717 36,244 l."«,87n 18,270 19,:-)0,132 .5.s;«,(K.8 7.'»7.318 825,612 92-2,312 9.t9,IIJ3 1,221,314 l,4l0,.-.34 1,.322,527 1,398,893 1,402,4:50 1,272,119 1,007.761 926,180 1,082,626 979,296 892,151 668,6!I2 1,003,529 1,191,073 1,301,306 Bl>l>. 566,191 fi(l7,.325 V73,5ii2 839,491 994,412 9.58,1 r.2 1,320,514 1,512,970 1,513,854 1,610,145 1.692,007 1,557.169 1,317,348 1,460,194 2,867,178 1,502,3!I3 958,924 689,935 1,296,267 2,2:«2,2li5 1.42!), 120 t 2,126.270 l.8.8«,i;i>i 2,199.016 2,388,231 3,3!14,341 3,!r.'.-.,o;j2 4,I3.5,5«) 4. ."02,1181 4,0:VI,785 4,4Vi,945 4,917,861 5,11,5,2(10 4,278,989 3,92,-),701 10,070,124 .5.888,102 3,784,116 2,883,813 5.035,287 8,735,585 5,620,324 1S95 ISiHi 1897 1898 189!). 1900 litOl 1902. 190;) 19IM 1905. 1906. liW 1908 1909. 1910 1911 1912. 19ia A STKADV INTRKA.SK. It will be seen from the above table that a steady increase in export occurred from 1803 to 1907. and it may be pointed out that the latter year provided the largest recorded export, althouKli a eonsidcrale drop occurred in the three succeeding years. The years VMo and liWtj show short shipments which are probably due to the fact of the Chinese boycott of American goods as a protest against the provisions of the Exclusion Act. For a considerable time breadstuff from the Pacific coast was tabooed in the iliddle Kingdom. President Roosevelt's ilessage to Congress and the lleturn of the American Boxer Indemnity, conciliated Chinese feeling and doubt'.ess accounts for the largo import in the year 1007. Pronounced trade depression, together with a satisfactory rice croj) wcurrcl in 11M)9 and 1910, and the llomr Ivong Tdeyrnpli of December 31, 1909, refers to the .serious falling off in the importation of American flour into Hong Ivoiig. In subsequent years the exports recovered and reached normal level. Considerable sticks were held in Hong Kong with commitments forward for January and February of 1912. A wet sea.son interfered with Chinese milling, and late in 1911 mills were at a standstill for want of giiod raw material In 1913 Hong Kong trade reviews referred to the first importations from (^nnada. In that year, however, disturbances owing to revolution stopped trade for two months, and even though flo\ir was needed in China it was impossible to ship taking the risk of the flour being looted. An objection to tables pn viding figures for each yeai in cases where they are intended to be used for comparative purposes, is found in the fact that fluctuations due to c- ~r wnditions. over-stocking, etc., frequently affect the value of the compar- 6395. 2i 12 TllADE AXO CO\l.VKIUB ison. It is therefore thought better, where poBsible, to present such fijnircs in three year averages, and thia 18 accordingly done in the following tulile:— AvEHAOE Exports op Fun k from United Stiitoa to China and Hong Kong (in three year periods). 18!»3 to 18!»i\ inclusive mil to IH'.W, „ 18!W to liWl, 1902 to l'J04, litDJ to l!t07, I'.HW to 1!)10, 1!)11 to 1U13, !)»l,80j I, I.K.I, 11-.' t. I,iui'>,4ri0 H l,:-tf7, when both an overstocked market and disturbed conditions brought about a reduction in export, which again reached the normal during the following three year period. The exports of flour from Canada to China and Ilong Kong for four years arc as follows : — 1910. mil. 1U12. 19ia Flour BbU. 25,315 16,648 «2,07B 63,549 It must be borne in mind that the above figures although covering direct exports from Canada do not cover Canadian exports via Seattle, which are believed to be considerable and for wliich United States figures obtain tha credit. These returns are •11 taken as at pt. -t of shi|)ment. The Canadian Pacific Railway at present provides the only transportation link between the i)lains and the Pacific coast and traffic passes over a single line with heavy grades, but this condition will shortly undergo a radical change. Not only are two great lines— the Grand Trunk Pacific and the Canadian Northern— on the point of completion and designcnl to provide additional transport facilities between the Pacific and the plains, but the Canadian Pacific Railway, with the foresight and enterprise which characterize its policy, is now spending large sums both in the completion of an alternative route via the Crows Nest Pass by doubling its main line, and by the construction of an important tunnel which will greatly improve its grades, and it is probably not too much to say that the total transportation capacity will shortly be increased to three times its present anioui. . AMKRICAN FLOIB EXPORT TRADE MOMNO .NORTH. Conference with established houses in San Francisco brought out the fact that such firms are turning their faces to the north and arranging for representation by branch houses at Vancouver. The reason of this is not far to seek for it is apparent that the export trade is moving northward. It has left California and is now largely centred in the ports of Tacoma. Portland and Seattle, but the causes which operated in moving trade northward from San Francisco arc operating in moving trade still further north. Twent.y years ago the export of wheat and flour to China was almost confined to San Francisco, but an important change in the economic character of the State of California has arisen from a variety of causes. Among them may be stated the creation of a home market due to a large in'^ux ot population, .partly as the result of foreign immigration and partly arising from residents in the eastern and northern States who seek the milder Californian climate. A change may also be noted in the SLl'l'LEUtM TO UfAA'tr Rtl'OllT 13 cliurautur of the produce of Colifornia. Laud which formerly Krcw wheat is now pro- ducing fruit — u more proBtablo croj) — and the net result is thiit Calit'urniu has been converted in the matter of wheat and flour from an exporting State to an importinij State, and the business of San Francisco in this respect is a thinir of the past. The States of Washington and Oregon have taken up the trad^ which California has aban- doned, but the same factors which operated in the case of California are operatiiiM; in the ear'c of tho two northern States and an increasing quantity of the Canadian pro- duct is already being shipped at Seattle. The probabilities, therefore, point to Van- couver and Prince Rupert as succeeding to the export business at present enjoyed by Seattle and Portland exactly as those cities succeeded to the exiwrt business of Cali- fornia, and for the same reason. I'RFI-KR C.\NADI.\N PKonifT. An interesting point is found in the fact that tho American flour which was formerly exported from San Francisco was of excellent colour but not so stront? as flour ground from Canadian hard wheat. The Chinese, seeing no other and pleased with the colour, remained contented with American tlour until they begun to rcci'ive Canadian through Seattle. When they complained of the slightly darker colour their attention was drawn to the larger percentage of gluten. For a time their conserva- tive habit and the high value they attach to a "chop" (trade-mark) caused them to prefer tho American flour to which they had been accustomed, but they are gradually changing in this respect and now say that if they have to choose between strength and colour they will abandon colour and prefer strength. The following table from a Canadian source gives an analysis of Canadian and Washington wheat, together with approximate values f.o.b. Vancouver and Seattle: — ANALYSIS OF CANADUN AND fMTED STATES WHEAT. Wheat. Abrorptioi). Wet Gluten. Dry Gluten. Value (Approximate). Canadian. Na 1 Northern ..2 . 1.8 m4 .. 65% «5% 8.5% 65% 41% 40% 14% 13 7% 13.3% 13.3% Hlct*. bush. f. o. b. Vancouver. «2ctg. 813, the United States duty on Canadian flour was 2!> per cent ad valorem, equal at the then price of flour to about $l.i'0 per barrel, but in that month the United States tariff was reduced to n flat rate of 45 cents per barrel, wIhtl- upon buyers of flour in the western States began to order the Canadian product, and the trade which has resulted both in car lots and by ship from Vancouver is increas- ing and shows signs of permanence. 14 Tit.xnr «.\7> rnuinjiff! I yf. OK KI,OI R IM'RKAHISO. Thnt tlie hnhh of iiHinjr flour U inrrnMiiitr uni'inn thr- Chiiipsn nHmiU of no doubt. Ill tho womlcrfiil idiim-sti.in mid activity in tlip utrt't-ts of their cities gtreuiiiH of cu»- iDinoM niii.v bt' HfiMi visit iiiy: tlie iiuiiutuus shops mul nwtLiurinitH for the purpose of buying inexpensive dumplintrs iind cakes mude witli Hour. Thiri is not entirely new, lut tho demand for flour lor sueii pun>' s.-s hin hitherto joen met by the product of tho sinuU native roller mills worked by donkeys and prcKlueinir a coarse and inferior flour, and tlu; presence of o better quality has jrrentl.v stimulated consumption. In support of the statement that the Chinese are forniihK th' habit of usinx flour, it may '.said that in the year Iftli' in Manchuria the croiw of all cereals were not trood and in cons<>(iuence the imports of flour via Darien re;iel\ed 4'),()(rt) tons; but during the year 1!>l;} the import was .lii.OOO tons, being port of u total imported in Manchuria of r.iO.fKM) tons. The apparent conclusion to be drawn from the ob-jvc is that the habit of using flour compelled by a year of poor crop* continue*! during a normal yield, disobieing to some extent the diet of millet which had formerly pre- vailed, and the Chinese did not revert to their former diet. IIONCl KO\0 TIIK msTRinrTINO CKNTRK. The principal distribution point in the Orient is found at IFonff Kong, a beautiful British city of 4r.0.iHM inhabitants, fciivemed as a Crown colony, enjoying a great carrying trade and with a surprising list of shipping lines of all natioiuilities trading to and from all parts of the world and re;tcliing the interior of China by means of her great waterways. .\n important portion of the business of Ilong Kong is found in transhipment of goods destined more particularly for India, Ceylon, the Straits Scvtle- mcnt.s. Siam. French I, do-China, Malaysia and the Philippines. The administrative reports addressed to His Excellency the (lovernor of Tlong Kong are interesting and comprehensive, but evince a singular lack of inforniotion regarding trade except only in the matter of shipping. Tho dimensions of ihe trade may be judged, however, from the foct that in the year 1011, 54'3,570 vessels of Sfl.l7f>,ir>:{ tons entered and cleared at the port, Oipial to over 10,000 ships each week. Of these, ocean-going ships represented IS per cent, river steamers 18.4 per cent, steamers not exceeding 00 tons, 7-2 per cent, and trading junks, 56-4 per cent, but the movements of fishing junks ore not included in these figures. nF.M.AXn AFKF.CTED BY RICE CROPS. Tlie following extract from a report by the Colonial Secretary, headed " Trade and Shipping," and dealing with flour and rice, may be of interest. As Ilong Kong is a free port no customs houses ore maintained, and no accur.ite figures of exports and imports are therefore available. A great deal of the flour arriving in large liners is distributed oil over the Orient after discharge into the holds of smaller vessels: inil. "Flour— Our returns show a great increase of 4fl,-C per cent. The failure of the southern crops is general, os evidonc-^d by the high prices which have ruled on the markets for the last half year, and has of course, been the reason of the decline." Hvi'n.KVKsr ri) \\i:i:Li.y itf.i'ouT 15 While it U appuriiif from tlio Hnuri"* produced tliut ii Rreiit iiuTpiMp hue occurred ill the ex|N>rt of Hour to tht> Oriint, it will iilwi 1k< dh-iTVi-d tinit widii fliictiintioiis ill cxiKir* have hapiiciicd, dt-iM'iKliiiK lurjcely uinm the chunuttr of tlio rioe «!ri>ii which in China constitutes the staple food of the ix-oplc. The ii'K'^tion nnminii whether there urc indications of n ehiin(te ia the huhits of the I'liintse lLiidiii« to a hirgt comumption of wheat Hour. It must be rcnieniljcred that the prin.ipal industry of I hina is aKriculture and that the vast mass of her enormuuH p.ipulatiou is intfMRcd in that occupation. These people largely consume the food stuff prodmed hy their farms and are not likely fir a lon« time to change their diet, and in view of the fact that transi)ort to [Hiints distant from waterways is mainly either hy mule, or wheelbarrows or on men's hacks, it will ho seen that until ruiUvays are built in China the limits of transportation are quickly reacluxl. A change, however, in the dietary habits of the jwipulntion found in the coast cities and at points accessible hy riv'-r transport, which constitutes a mere fringe of the great mass of Chinese, w )uld be quite sulHcient to tax the resources of western Canadian production. The present— and it is to be hoped temporary— condition of the Chinese government is a great discouragement to trade, for stable government is essential to its progress. PI'R( ll.XSRg TIIROlGll ( OM IMIAIXIKEM. Attached to the great merchant house's in China arc otliccrs known as compra- dires. The. giving a ri'iijfh idea of the wheat irroiiiid by niudeni ond native tnlHH in Muinhii'io. ANM'AI, WIIKAT AND FLOIH TRADK OK MANCIII RIA, lOOO. Trade Ccnt«n and Trade Koutee. Wheat gruund liv ateani niillt. Wlieat Rrtmnd by native niiUa Foreign flour im|H>rt<'d. Native fliMir imported. Native tlimr exixrtMl. Harliin Dintrict ( Riiuian) Rimh. 3,000,000 M'.i:i,200 y.iMio 2Ul,Wi« Biuh. Bbli. BbU. BI>U. Mniriita (Chiniiie) .. Kirin (Chin««i) Tie-linic (•la|>an in Manchuria) TieliiiK (CliinMw) 70,000 Miimlmria Ui Silx'ria All (JimUiiiiii |»irt« 22,r>»i !M7,M1 251,323 TotnU 4,7!0,Hfl,2\2 78« •I.OlCi 4,473 t«71 1911. 1912. ToUl. 431,943 605,272 Bbli. 827, 107 8.595 10,824 11,112 213,2t)2 1,911 399,.130 11,701 2,981 1,487,214 Bbln. 1,073,.')90 11,812 29,241 2,.^><8 484,724 5,;M9 579,2(13 11,480 3,402 2,201„')96 FLOrn IMPORTS FROSI JAPAN. Tho most interesting nguica In tbc- above tuble are tlio.-te relating (o Japan, wiiero a greatly enlarged export to Chino has occurred. It will be seen that the export for 1912 represents an increase of 127 per cent in value upon the previous year. It does not appeal probiiblo that this rate of incrpitse can be niaintiiined in view of the increasing con.sumption of Hour in Japan, and the ditticulty in obtaining the capital SI I'i'u.VKsr TO nt:f:Ki.Y Ki.iitHT 17 liicLwary ill orJor to Imilil millx, ami it »houlil be mneiiii)crc.| tliut . iiliirK<' diffi'torH (jroully ri-irrH tlit- dii-.iiiiiointiiii,' rt-^iilt of IhhI yciir'n work- ihW. wliii'h idio\v» II net In-, ot' tn<'l«, J-.'..'i.«ii'." Ill tlif .iiHt. of u larK.' mill built a f.w years ajio at \\»un Komb, tlio lo-^ idl.K.a imrtly to l„. due to tin- iiiip..«Ml,ility of di-po^ii- < ,,ffal !■. caiiir «o -rriou- that tlio liiill wax ilowd. till) mai-hiiifry rfiiiov.-d, ami fli. ...iildiiiK d, votid tn ollur piirpo,,-. The writ.T vi-itrd a larK.- mill at llarl.in. .Mandiuria. wli.-ro . uiiipLiint^ vv.w mado of tlu' im lORsil.ility of irlitainiinr wlu-at fr uii loi'al Mourc«-i. A carKo of wheat had U-eii ohtaiiii'd from Aii».ralia and iiupiiry \va» in the market for a earw" of t'anadiau whput. tlllXINK MII.MMI. The followiiijc is an evtraet from an inter\ iew in Shaiuhai with an nutho.ity upon ChiiirHe milliiif;: — "VilhiBi! mills srriiid in the most primitive -way. There are seven modern inillK III Shanghai, two at WooMeh on the (irand Cmial. one at ChinKkiantr. one at \\uhu, and three at llaiikow. The eapaeity of the China tloiir mill referred to is 2.IX'- haii» of :,(! poumU for tw. ..ty-four hour.. The eap.ei.y ,f all modern mills in Shanghai is about :.'(>,i>im( l,a;.g of M pounds eac-h per day. There arc no li(,'ure- as to native pr)duetioii and it is now .ery small in ShaiiK- hai itself althou.th iniiiossible to .stiniat.- in villa^fes. Importataioii of foreijni flour boRan tliir.y years anc, and eame from California to Cuntoii. It was appreciated for c^olour and was used for swe. tmeats anroduce from the land, mid yet maintains its productive capacity. A system <,f irri;;uti,,n is univ rsal where it is possible to raise water, and this is commonly cffc.ted bv irrJL'Htion pumps driven by foot or hand-power. The area cultivated by an averajre farmer would probably not exceed two or three acres of irritrated land. A process which is cssentiid to Chinese production is the meth..d of trcatinsr the soil; for centuries human waste has been d(-v.,tcd to niaintaiiiinpr the fertility of the land and to the production of food. At Shaiifrliai there are no main sewers althouirh provision is miulc for the discharpc of storm wat.'r. but the (^hinese compete for the privilege of reiiiovuijt iii^ht soil, and the city lately received a sum of .$<|-t OOO in one year In this respect Knormons quantities of silt come d.,wn the (rreat rfvcrs and • Published by the Democratic Printing Co.. Madison, ■|i!ii>r«)p« of rioe diirinir the -iiinnu-r Inht ii thinl crop .if Ronic y u dilution of niirht«)il: nnd ft muat bo roim>mlM-n>liiyofh in China and •lapan, nnd thin nuitter interests Caniuliaiis IwH-ause the alternative food will prob- ably 1m' wheat flour, .. product for which Catuida donires as wi le a rantfo of marketit IIS posoiblo. In tho ("biiioi'e (•iti<'s visited a oonsonsiis of opinion was that the eonmiiTV;>tion of tlour in Cbiiui was not only inereusini; but is destined to still further and (treater iuereaso, but tho neiitletucn who cxprrssetl this opinion were not so much eonoeniod ns to whore the wheat would neodcd, nnd it is CRKOntinl that nil points of view nfft-otinff the (piestion should bo not forth. Of alt countries in the world, China probably takes front rank in the risk of attondinK any foreoest, and this report is written with n full realization of tbcl fact. srrpr.iKa from mancki-iua. For many years pn^t it hai> lioen freely allowed that Manchuria will (trow such quantities of wheat that even though the Chino-e alternate their rice diet with flour to an extent wnich will creatly increase the demand for the latter, yet tho imixirt of Alia riean flour will ,imx) bushels. This ini);)it be so if Manchuria produced nothiusr else; but larRo areas arc devoted to millet, which is the stiiple food of tlie people, to tho soya bean with an cver- incrcasing export to foreign countries, and in the south to maize. Whatovcf the present production of wheat in Manchuria may be, there ran be no doubt that it has iilrendy seriously v,.rtaib'd tho import into China of flotir from the I'nitcfl States of America, and, presumably, from Canada, and any increase in cultivation (nnd it is increasiuB) will lend to n further diminution in that import. Moreover, in n very short time Manchuria will not bo the only part of China to be considered. In 1!)10 I travelled throuorti the iif I'liern pni incos of Sbansi, Sliensi and Kansu with their fertile bu ss soil, the preator part of wbicli was under wheat, wih< ro flour could be bouftht for 1-1 rnxh a ratty of 73 pounds, or for 2 shillinfrs (T^O cents). Farmers tlu^re tidd me tl f wheat us a crop did not pay them; but when tho railway from Ilonau Fu throueh Shensi to Lan-ehou Fu in Kansu. now l)oin(r constructed by Bel(rians, is completed, wheat will pour into the other provinces of China and will probably swamp the import -of foreign flour nltoRether." •Sanchurta, Its People, Resources and Recent History. Methuen ft C^T^xwidonriSll"! HI m.r.vr.\r to \\'f:f:Ki.r Kr.nnnr If OVLTIVATION or 1>\\ MCAMS. Th« Mttmnto that • prem>nt prtifliK-tioii of iU,0)''),n«M) liiiiiht>l>« of whcut may Im ••..rivcrt.il into mMVXin.tKIO ha* h*-.-!! rciN-ntol until it ii olnioHt mi'i-ptnl m nn iirtii-lo if fitith. Hut KomrthihK of Ihf -iinii' «<.rt htt« b of Hour «'xpor»» to China appPArt to in.li.'tit.- that n-nlir.iition w a» fur off R« pvcr. A partial i-xplnnutinn of thin lou'lition iniiy |M>rliii|M Im> found 111 till, rt-mnrkiiblo rxpan«i.>n of the pr.Kliii ti >n iiml i-xport from Munrhiiri.i of tlu- >«.y.i bcnn. A monoffrnph hy th« ChiiioM* Maritime Cuntoni*, (ii«t«iaii<-aki-, nmotiy tlum bh-ndiuK with wh.'.it flour anil miv.i. fmlilcr for rMtfli', moro o«pr<'iaIly .ovs und it \a very larifiW uh«I in «ionp i.ianufartiin'. Amnn^ otlu-r nw. nrc the manufui'tim' of toili-t powilow. pnint niln. liibrirnnt and lijfhtiiijt oiU. The kan trado was nn niii-i.-ni and flonri»hin>r indimtry ill Manohiiria. For iTtitiiri.-n bcnnpuke wa« u««l in »uh-tr.ipiial nvions nn n fi-rtiliwr. In 1Hr. Iimih, tlio firnt con- »id<>rabl.> trial nliijiniiut wan made to Knulnnd. Oil niilU bewail iixiiin tho bean to tho pxcliinion of ootton i««.d. liii(«^«d. c-t.-.. nful tlif di-mund iiifreisH to nuih an pxtrnt that for tho M-nnon l(>ii!>-HI fifty stoamprn w.-ro i-barti-rod to load bpans at Darii'n and Vladivo took. 3n0.mj(>i) sterling l)PinK fontrai-tod for in r)ppoml«.r alonp. The inorease in thp produption of the «oya boan in China han bpon pliPnompnal lie following table of i-xport ahowg: — ' M the followincr TOTAL EXPORT (iNCLUDINd RtMMPORT) Or SUVA BKANS ANO rROmCTS TIIKUKDr FROM CHINA. Picul = l.Xli pound*. Year. Quantitiu*. 1904.. 11H».. JWiO . 1(107.. IJIOH . I'JIW.. mio.. imi.. I!il2. 8,."a.\8«)^ 5,'.HB.41li } 6,!t!»!l,Mij r.,n(>s,ri»«) i;t,2:j7.ooii \ 2ft,.SI,t,.W7 I ls,Kir.,.ii4\ 22.18.'»,llli« \ l!l.Oai,177J Avcrop. fur V.I ilirw \rtm Pi«4 l\aw,liii7 l'i,."!N;,.-,i.5 14,s,.,li)2.3 2N,!l!C.>.li41 .W,."«:',iH4 41.!NI1.4, 100.3 .%4.02.'»,Hf)4 4.-.,l.-..-),53!i 7.fi90,M7 ."O 12.2:«,03fl 32 12,214..SX5 60 l:t,2«tiTe yeMi are tho-e f.immhe.1 l.y the .NL.riti.iif CusfmiH, l«„.rl .,", av. r'^„T? esch year. ' '•'"'^ "' It has been thought convenient to .show in tlio seooiul eohimii of tiie tabk- for comparative purposes, the average quantities in three .year periods, and it wii'i be seen that a eertain amount of fliietiuitioii oeeurred for viirioiu r.>ii<..n= in tlir nimiml produi'tion, yet tli-" pereeiitaRe of increase in tlie period l!tl()-1912. over lihM-inofi hn.« been 287 per cent. Althou)rh t!ie most rapid progress was attained in the ycirs 19i)C-li)09, reaching the maximum in the latter year, a steady development is shown and even on the large fitfures referred to nn advance of 34 per cent is reached ' 63958~3J 20 TK.ini: \\n commkrce There are no fifrures showinc production or consunriition of nny nrticle ii: China, hut till f.xport fifc'urfs indiciito tliat Japun has tal«cn less of the Soya hoan iniduot us a fertilizer in latu your-. jHissihly owinR to the hiwer purehns^inj; power of the far-iur, lint ccinipciiriation luo* oeeurred in other niuriiets. In 1!>11, the trade outdistanced tea as second on tlie list of China's exports. FOttKUiN DEMAND FOR BEANS. Accordinf,' to the Chinese Year hook, liii:!, an estimate of the bean produetii.n of ifanthuria in normal years was compiled by the South Mamhurian Railway Co., in l!K)!t, and shows a total of l.l«l!),HK) tons in that year, the ahnve tigures illustrate the great inii)ortancc of this industry. The Monograph nmneil, in referring to the trade, says : — " The prosperity of llanchuria depends upon it, for the beau trade gives employment to an army of workers, boatmen, carters, niillhands, etc., not to mention the fanners themselves, who, by extending the area of cultivation, are winning virgin soil to civilization. The railways depiiid for their freights principally ujion beans and their products, the great gain in purchasing puwiT of the .Manchurian farmers due to proKts made in recent years has stinuilatrd the import trade in ati extraordinary degree. " The ea^er competition to secure beans in Europe shows no sign of slack- ening. The .Mnnchurian product is raised under ideal conditions and by the cheapest possible labour, and the general impression prevailing seems to be that the bean trade has a good future before it. If the Mongolian plains arc ever developed as they should he a.s pasture for vast herds of cattle, these beans are close at hand to provide ideal fodder for fattening the stock." The considerable space devoted to the staple crop of Manchuria and its manifold uses appears justified by its direct bearing upon the prosi)ects of an enlarged Canadian export of flour, and with regard to the northern provinces referred to by Sir Alexander, Ilosie, it must be remembered that the tlour at present produced there is ground by snudl Chinese mills and all native flour is coarse in grain, bad in colour, and not likely to compote seriously with the Canadian product. Moreover, it i-s to be presumed that flour constitutes at least part of the local consumption of foodstuffs, and unless com- IHMisation can be found by increased production (a condition not in accordance will" that observed in other parts of China), it woiild apparently follow that the effect of lessening tl ^ supply even if a distant market were found, woidd be to increase the price at point of production. As in the case of Manchuria, the working out of the problem is likely to be remote in time and sid).icct to disturbing factors. It Would appear that Manchuria has a more profitable crop than wheat and it is oi)cn to serious (piestion whether a floc,|irxiniiitp Av*'riip-, liMXi, 11H17, 11K18. Ajipruxinist« Ar)Ta(fH, VM), lillO, I'.tll. Di'Uifhtic wivaiiU Pill' j ployej by Chinese. , . |*! to 1«-.M |i..r an 1*12 to 860 |*-r annum $12 to .«72 i«r annm,, «t2 f. . S72 i«t aiinnin i ntlln With iMianl with lu>.irrl an/l ufi'^t. K,.n..l _...li .....I. 1.' I I I niiin with lK>ar(l with Uurd and ami Imlgin^. Ulginif. Lhinmo eiiiployecl by | forfigners »24 to »90 l*r 824totl20|)<-ranmiin annum. Trailen, Chinese work-! I """> tlStogSlijieran ?4S to KM iHTanmini Gardt'niT* employed byi Cliine.se nuni withlMiaid and liKlgitig., with hoard and] with lioard and lodginif. l'"l(,'i"K. *30to$I20per annmn *3llto .«120i>eraiinum S with Ixiard and liKlging. Gardii'iTi employed byl foreigners j Vnskillol Iatx>iir em- PIojmI liy foreigners.. ' IfnukillcHl lalioiir em- ployed by Cliintsc. . Onlinary competentl niechanicB— j Blacksmitlis and titters. 15c. to 70c. per Labourers lOc. to 50c, jier Carpenters and joiners . 10c. to 37c. jjer , - - . - W8 to <5« with l\t\ pir annum with Uiaid andj with |ier annum $51 to $fiO jierannuni $.">4 to .*iO jier annum I with lodgings. i with liKlgings. $18 to $:{fi |i»r annum $18 to Jiifi |ier .annum $18 t j $3t! |ier annum with b. ard and "••*^ » ' • — :*»• i -i - i lodging. 30c. to 76c. per day. . with board and with board and lodging. I lodgings. ,30c. to 75c. jier day 12ic. to 50c. |>er day. 15c. to 30c. (ler day. 30c. to 75c. [H-rday. 15c. to 30c. jier day -. ... ... .. ,„ . ,J5c. U) 37k-. per day 2oc. to 37ic. iier dav 25c. to 37ie. is-r day day with iKiardi with board andl with board and with lioard and and liKlRing. | lodging. | Unlging. lodgin". 10c. to 2.W. peri25c. to lidc. i«r day 25c. to 30o. per day 25c. to 30c. per day day with board] with board audi with board and with lioard and and l.Klging. lodging. lodging. lodging. (Above ligurc's are in gold.) WAGKS AM) COST OF LIVINC. It will be noticed that tlie increase in the niininuiin rates imiinly occur in the year 1!K)«. Inciiiiries from other sources indicate tliat nia.xinuiin rates apply nu.ro trcnerally than formerly. As an illu^.trati<)n of this it may he stated that the rates paid in Slianf;hai for un.-killed laJHiurcrs ten years a-o was ii!|.7."> (Kold) per niontii with food provided. Tlie rate is now !f;5 per month witli food provid.'d. Masons and carpenters were pai cents. Such figures Bcem small to Western eyes, but they ore not snuiH in iierccntage gains, and it must be ronieinbered that they indicate a progressive condition, whicii, applied to a va.-t poindation, will produce important results. In eom.non with the rest of the world the cost of living has increased in China but the general opnuon is that, e.\cept in the interior, inciease in Wf.ges has ntoro than compensated for the increase in cost, uud this fact offers some eucourage'meiit to the desire for greater variety iu diet. TltAOE l.VD COililERCB Lumber. AX IMPORTANT MARKET. T1.0 pr.Klmti,.n .,f IiM„l„.r in Uriti.h Coh.inbm has so fur boeii largely governed b> the .lenumd of ti... .ottler on the plains for building pnrposes. and although export has taken piaee from the States of Washington, Oregon and Califoniia it has not so lar interested British Columbia producers to any considerable extent. The exhaustion of i.uropean sources of supply is fast bringing about a ravenous condition in a market which IS constantly increasing. A large demand for lumber has proceeded from Aus- tralia which country during the past twenty years has absorbed four times the quan- . ^''im„ f ." ?"" 1"."'»'7. *"•>'« to Europe. The I'anama canal seems likely to bring an mportant change ,n this res„..ct; nearly all the lumber of the Pacific region i! highly suitable for huropem, consumption, but under present conditions it is impos- ^hl i;,*^'. f '°'''^ ^ with pitch pine in Europe. The average cariying charge for th s luml>er from southern I nited States ports is approximately $1(), and the charter rate for Pac.hc const hr ranges fron. $1.-. in cargo lots on sailing vessels to $1!) for parcel shipments by steamer. By sailing vessels the added insurance is fully 7 c^nts, Willie m steam vessels extra insoraiice is but one-third of 1 per cent According to information nrinrded by a leading Eur. .van firm in China that country takes about 75.000.000 feet of Oregon pine per annum, nearly all o second- class and mixture of '-merchantable" and - common." Canada would get „ prefer- ence at equal prices on the ground of quality, but prices are said to be too higk The firm giving the infonnation handles about two-thirds of the trade and last year nnported 57.500000 feet, and another firm named to the writer do mo^i of the balan" The system of trade is a combination with a large number of partners in the interioi and their stores are tied to the parent house. Notwithstanding the destructive opeTa- t^ons of the w-^ute ant there is an important market for lumber in China as soon as Canada is ready for it. From another source a statement was made that the market in Il^ng Kong for Oregon pine .9 estimated at 11,000.000 superficial fe^t per ^2 and Manilla takes m addition to that quantity, 5,000,000 feet. Ore^n pinfis chiefly used for houses and ships. Thickness: 1-inch. 11-inch. U-inch 2-inch 2J Jnnl, q ;„„i; 4-inch, 5-inch and O-inch. Also 12 x 12, 14 x 14, l(i x 16 20 x^ ixTo! f^' '*' ■ ment. (12 x 12, 1-inch thick.) ' '^ '*'' ^*^ * ^0. 24 x 24. port measure- IMPROVED BUILDINO CONSTRITTIOX. A greater portion of the above is consumed in Hong Kong, but there is a con SKlerable export to Canton and other Chinese ports. If C.nada desires this trade she •should send samples The settlement of government problems seems likely to result in better houses and arger use of lumber. Average price wholesale in Hong Konl 13 about 3 cents (gold) per superficial feet. Price at time of inquiry was 4 cents but this isconsidered high depending upon stock in port. Price in ship was $22 'gold per 1,000 feet, w-Uh great difficulty in getting tonnage. United States f.o.b. price waa »12 gold per 1,000 superficial feet, freight .$11 at time inquiry was made, ^im lar intoriiiation was obtained from an imrortant and reliable house with an addition that China has practically no tiinl.e; of her own and the consumption of imported timber must tend to grow as with the growth of f.,reign ideas the buildings continue to improve in construction and durability. The average having price is $18 irnld per l."«" ^'■Pcrfi'.i.l i.ot. landed in Hong Kong, but the pres'ent buying price (24th May, Viloj IS ifaa gold. «r/'/'/.A;.i/t'.vr to \vi:i:ki.y rkpokt 23 T' -^'o! T '''**''" "• ^'''"-"' ^''''''''^'a'l export of lumber to Chi.m and Ilonj Ko,ur T n.t«l Rtntc. export, of wheat, flour and lumber are shown in the f^Wi"; tile,;!! K.XPOBTS OF WUKAT, WHEAT-FLOIK A.N„ WOOD (tl. 8. PROOUck) FKOM LNITKD STATBI TO CHINA AM) IIONO KOX(J. . (Years ended June M.) Classification. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. CJuanlity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Wheat Bush. Wheat flour Bbls. Wood— Logs and other round tluib.T. .• I-«mber— Planks, h ds and deals M.Ft. Shingles M. Shooks— »<« No. Other Staves HnadinK Other lumber 105 968,924 34,551 S " ibiiiio' t 103 3,784,115 1,006 407,395 10 811 14,885 iio64 689i935 • 2,883,813 2,400 770,961 14 13,674 65,766 4,972 376' 55,707 1,296,267 95,864 S 47,4!f8 5,03,5,287 27,851 1,073,099 2,232,665 s 27,875 8,735,586 41,793 4(H,843 210 2,164 80,209 111,450 1,212 1,493 69,122 6 '46^254' 280,289 38,719 60 31,7.% 57.054 23i;,190 !.22,32S >i,:K)1 !H»,478 15.7JKJ U,)II3 «,ll!l Detailed information reffardinR partieulnr trade, obtainable bv officers resident m Japan and Chnia i.s not attempted in this report, but will be foun.I in the Weekly Reports issued by the Department of Trade and Commeree and c,.ntril.ut,Hl by the Trade Commissioners stationed at Yokohama and Shaufthai. Chanjces have t-.ken place m regard to both these offices. The Canadian Trade Commissioner of sL.S died, and as a temp..rary matter the Trade Commissioner at Yokoliama was placed m charge of the offices at .Shanghai. This arrangement did not i-mve satilcto,^ and the service is now being reorganized. " RKF.ATIOS.S BETWKEN- EAST AND WKST. Mr. Archibald Rose, of II.M. Consular Service, and recentiv stationed for four- teen .years at various points in China, has written an excellent report for the Indian Governinent headed "China: An Kconon.ic Im.uiry into her IWations withhe British Kmpire,'* and m .lealing with the question of comparative cost of minufac ture he quotes a statement made by an American gentleman interested in the iron industry, who says: — ^ * lu uie iron '•The general conditions on the Pac^ific coast are quite fair, but are handi- capped by the high cost of labour in maniifacturinn- .„ thit it is ,,„it sible to sell any of our manufactured goods in the Orient. We arc still" 1,',",'^' mg our Hankow pig iron on an e.xt.Misive s.nle. A new fe-.tnre b... K. iu hnportation here of Chinese ore. Wc expect to brin^'I.ul'S J' iit^'v ^ to be manufac nred at Trondale, State of Washington, and we are a !,' n^ another large steamer of S,G(K) tons to engage in this busin,^ - l"»l<.,ng " It IS surprising that merchants appear to be uncr,n.-crn."l as to the crisis in exchange which is closins tlie do..ir to .-,.ir export- to \ i ■'■y"^"'' '^^'i"'' ___theirj.xports t"K<>^«^ J venture the prediction with entirc"c!mfi.lH'ce"h!;; • S.G.P.I. Delhi, No. 1026 F.D.— 14-1-14. ~ ' I 24 rU.lDH .l.VO COVilKKCE if the price of Hilvcr continues for thirty years the entire >t, .1 and iron indus- try of (,r«.t Uritain i.iul the rniti-d States will have removed to China. The rate of wafres there lahour !I0 |H'r cent." he iine-tiftoenth the rate at Pittsburg and the efficiency of r,..„ ■'" !" T •'rT'^'*'i "^ *■"» "f int",str,al reh.t.,ins hetwcrn the Kant and tlie We^t. Side by .idc with Chinese naturnl r.-sour.-es and oee.m tiMn^port facilities lies an abundant supply of cheap and ctticient labour, const.tuti..^' the str.mMot factor in international comp<.titi.,n. There are however ,.erta,n .l,.;,b,litics: capital in China is scare, d dear and there is a ot the KU 1,1s and their .•i,s„„„ar.v price., the monopolies and interference of the state and the lack of indivi.lual responsibility which may bo larpely attributable to the Confucian doctrines und.TlymB the family and communal lite, with the ensuinir n-- strietions on freedom of trade and competition. The conclusion Tea.>hesed to him in China, and has so direct a bear- ing upon t anadian interests, that it merits the fullest attention in n report such as the present. If the description of industrial conditions on tbo Pacific coast is justified It must follow that tlu-y apply also to Pritish Columbia. It will bo renienibored how- ever, that the remarks refer in the main to the production f iron and do not 'apply with e wo,i1,1 I,..M tho f„n™ost |M,siti„n niiist hav llio l)t>t inturiiiatiun aihl tlu- best men. The cmnipr.ial w,,rk of the r,,n-uls is hki'ly tu bwomc iinTfasin-ly iiniM.rtaiit and iiierensiiinly dimciilt, if tiioy would act US the eyes and oars of our Imperial eoninieree". It will be ncees- .-aiy tor .■onuncreial e>v>ei-t^ to valine the eoiisuniintf powers and the expnrtinjr Piipaeities of the Chinee hinterland in relation to foreijrn trade and for sueh men a knowl.d^'e of the Chinese laii>,'Mane and Chinese eiistonis is an ash interests will kee tou-h with ehanKinjf eonditions and that they will realize that their position .-an only be seeured by the hi-h standard of tlieir repre.eiitatives in a Held of ontirmoiis value and of world-wide cnniiietition." Chinese Students. The treatment of Chinese students in Canada was the snbjeet of ..omnient and may have a i,rejudit frie„dl.v and responsible s„ure,. ..mphasizes thi, point of view. It will be rememl^ered also that a ref.'reiK'c was made on iniRe l> to the cffeet of the Chinese hoyeott on I'nited States prodii.-ts in the years ISMC, and llMMi It 13 stated that more than 1,000 Chinese students are at present in the Knit^i States and 4(Mi in (Ireat liritain. The relation between the presenee of these students III various eonnfri.s and the fur.-ro development of trade in China is elearlv reeoKi.ized and ..rfranized efforts are put forth to induce Chinese .stu.i...it^ to po to these eountries. A Chinese enjiineoi- trained in the Cnited States will naturally turn first to that eountry. not only from feelinjrs of friendship hut also because ho is familiar with the products of the I'liitid States. Ifnpleasantness even arises i,, the case of students passing tlirou;,'h Canada to the Tnited States. A recent oceiir- renee 19 ve|>.,rtcd where u yoiiiis Harvard graduate, private secretary to a di-tin- ttuished Chinese official, was treated in a manner eaiisiii}; the greatest possiMo irritation. Sueh occurrences are six.ken of as frerpiently happenimr, and while the writer is perfectly aware of anr,ther side to these stories, y.'t he woul.l urjre in the interest of trade that evry effort should be made to minimize the effect of conditions applying to the class of men concerned. A VATIVK PRKSS. It may be pointed out in relation to possJMo cases of friction tliat while a fexv years npo China was without .t native press. ter of towns:— retains .... Foreign. Chinpse. T;li>-u:in(u .....■...'..........'.'.'..[ ^ *^ K.TifClli,' * Ticnts n •; "' Mukil,.,, '.]'.]'.'.'.]'. " ^^' Tainimf'j ' ' ' H.TUkow ■ ■ ^* Ankliur ■■...........'.........'..'.'. " S< och. TRAnE I.VO COVMERCa JAPAN. with ttsf , ' .rh..^ d'^-harKo,! ,„ n.s,K.ct of tl.is fascinating co.n.try oorrr.pon(lc.d X Ion i . r I "' """""' "'"' "■"■"*"'• **"*'-^^'""' ""■*'""''' °f n..n.suroMM.nt ilv V V ' ; n ren>„r!i,.I,I.. oontrn.st to o,Mditi„„s whirl, prevail in China Wj u- t o,.an on .h.iy 11. 1!,,:;. „„,1 frnnnatod on A„«...st 2-J. Jm-rinK .rtv-two .lapan t,.r iundm-ss whi.-h is net liMy to hr forjfott.Mi It 1. oftni stated bv Kuropoans who hav,. residod in Jaj.an that a visitor .micklv If ev don... .t plpnon.onal oeononno proKr,.ss on tho part of a p..,ple of rt-n arin as i:U,21!)_presont emigration from Japan mlj thoretore Ik, considered as a negligible quantity and the natural increase is about eoull to tho present combined immigration and natural increase in tlie ca«e of Canada. Th^ number of foreigners alleged to bo residing in Japan foxcontimr rM.;„«,„\ \ i m 1007 to 7,040. These figures include ofiTeial..,. m7sL;iTriera:rd pi^rlnr^Sln THE AWAKE.SINC: OK A NATIOX. The ^ocoijd half of the last century saw the awakcing of the nation from a peace- ful dream of .00 years and it became apparent that the feudal system must terSte and that the c.u.ntry should bo l)rouglit under the uniform administration nt 111 central govornmout. In ISr.S the late Emptor, on his a,..ossi.;;;' to th ' M r„"ne^2 tho fnllowing oath; — •n'lic, iook " That a doliborafive assembly sliould bo formed and all m,.-isMr„a A^ -a j by public opinion. That tho uncivilised customs of f,^o g, Z , fJ'^f'^ br..ken through and the impartiality and justice displS'/^ TLtbL' S „„t.,rp ho adopted as a basis of action and that intoll..cr ..,„i 1„„. • T V, soug^.^..roughout the world in order to est^M" ' ^l^" ' iS'^lf^'tS '€ Slfl'I.KMLST TO WEEKLY REPOItT w At licavy post in tlif (,|u'ratioii!) both ot iieaco and war thin ideal ha>i been »tondiiy follow.-d with tho result that the world has watehed its proRress with interest and sympathy, altliough with limited understanding in many quarters. It is siiior- taut nuirket is offered for a (treat vnriily of eommorlities iiotwith^tiiiKliiitf tlic iidv.iiic . in the inniiufaeturiM;? industries r)f the country. Tlie trade of the empire duriiitt il-,u decade endiiiii 1!»1-' is shown by the followiiiK h'KUrcr*. which also jrive the valic in each ease per bend of the populiitio:!. It will be seen that the iiuTcasc has been nearly R!> per cent, and tliat in each of the years except I'.itMJ and 11H)!» there has been a siil)- stantial excess of imports over exports. TOT.XL VAM KS OF K\Pr)RTS .VM) IMI'nins or MKIirilANniSK. WITH IMIOI'OIITIIN I'KIl IIKXD OK TOTAL rolMI.ATION. Year. Yen. 2Sft.602,-4,K92 43a.412,N73 3-»,24.'i,(i73 41.%112,.5U 45)i.42H,!HKi 44T,43:t,KS8 1912. 52(i,981,H42 1903 1904 incs 1906. 1907 1908 190!t liltO 1911. Kxixirta Total \'alue. Prr Heud. Iin|H>rts IVr Total \'ain,-. Ht-ail. 19 « 70 « 74 8'SO 8 Mi 7 63 8-22 809 8'66 10 07 Yen. 317, 1.^^, "lis 371,360,738 4K8,.').'f8,017 418,784, 108 4!)».4ti7,3lfi 4 :0,LV)7.4(i2 394,198,843 464,233,808 513,805,705 618,092,277 Yen. 79 7-87 10 25 8 70 10 13 8-80 7-84 9 11 9 95 n 83 Total if Kx|>(>rt* and ]in|MirtM. Total Value. Yen. fi0fi,6."<7,9fl0 6110,621,634 810,071,627 842,rAjy,0O0 926,8811,219 8i4,.')o:t,i:<5 H07,311,:i,-)4 92-.',662,804 !NiI,2:Kt,.193 ,14.-,i»7l,ll9 Per Hea 18 10 18 61 21 !»0 Yen =49 8c. .u .^'"j"-T'' Tl'e^aluespf the exix)r^ represent prior to 1904 the prifo at the port of -hipment Mid in that and Hiibsef|uent yearB the p-i(.e and packing chargt'ii. 2. The valuen of tlie imioits r.-pie,e„t prior to 1809 the original price only and in that ,ind subsecnent years the cost, i«ckinK charges, freight and all other exi*n8es incurred up to the lime of arrivkl at destination. 3. The figures for 1910 do not include the amount of trade lietween .Japan proixrand Korea which was carried on in hepteiiit>er and Kulwcquent months of the same year. It will be noted that the consumption of gocxls per capita incrcii^eil from yon 6.7!» to .ven ll.^:!. prc-^ciitiii!.' valuable testimony to the purcbasiiisr power of the market. The lollowiiii; table indicates the tiirures in the two prccediii}; ,Ie.M(les:— TOTAL VAUKS OF KXPOllTS AND IMPOUTS OF MKHCIIAXnlSK, WITH IMMl'llliTMN |>i:it IIKAD OF TOTAL POPrLATlOV. Year. flR'i.S.... 1 1.S('2.... / 189.3. . . . ( 1902. . . . Exports Total Value. Per Head. Yen. Yen. .'<6,268,020 097 91, lu:;,:..* i -^22 89,712,805 ; 2 17 2.i8,:W3,0«>5 I .'>'61 In.iMtrta Total Value. 2S.414.S42 7l.32i:,080 88,2.57,172 271,731,259 Per Head. Yen. 7r, 1 74 213 5 90 fiit.Tl of Kxjiorta and hii{K)rt8, Total \*alue. Yen. 64.712..»C2 16LM-'8„«:f4 177,97i',037 530,034,224 Yen — 49.8 cents. Per Head. 1 73 3 Wi 4 '.'10 11 51 28 TRADE AND COilVF.KCE .,. I ?i*'li'"I!T!? '"/•""r"'"!'*!"" i" If*" mnrkcd in the first decade .Uv in the second and third, but the showing i« .ufficicntly remarkable. COMMKRCTAL PRlKIHKSS. Ill or,I.>r to .how the advance over thirty years it may be »aid that the total trn.l,. of Japan in the year ISKJ wa. yen tU.Tli'.Sd:.', the jn-r capita l,.!,,^ y.-n 1.73 un.l the total trmie of 101.. was yen l.U5.«74.U!. with a p«T capita re.ult of ye" lU-i) an >n.T..,s,. of 1 of the pe.plo by faeilitatinjr the stiipply of capital for aurieultural purposes, and to that end tho Ilypothic Hank of Japan, the Hokkaido Colonial IJank and atrrieultiiral and indus- trial bankx were established. The tirst-nanied hank, having a cnpital of .veil KMHMl.lKMl, »as established in ISlHi, ami in 1!»U its capital was iniTeisel to vin I'lMtlMM"". of which yen ir).(HX),(MM» has been paid up. It was desi^rned for (lie purpose of niakiiitJ biiiK term loans at a low rate of interest on niort^'ajfes of iininovalple iiroperty, sucti loan.s to he redeenicil by annual instalments over a piriod of years to be asrewl upon. The bank is authorized to receive deposits eipnil to the amount of its paid-up capital. It is further permitted to issue mortifajre debentures to an amount not exceedill^' leu times its paid-up capital. The Agricultural and Industrial banks have each u capital of not less than yen :.'IK),(K)0. The business carried on is that of loans upon tl" security of residential land or buildings, in certain eases to make loans without security aiitl to make loam uiioii agricultural or marine jiroducts (jr iiulustrial luanufai'turt's. With the objeet of aidiiiif these banks the (lovcrninent delivered to the perfectoral nutliorities a pro- portion of the amount provided in the budjret for takiuj,' up the shares of the Agri- cultural and Industrial banks in the rcspe the ("o-operative So( icties I.aw was issued for tho encouragement of co-operative societies, and concentrated small capitals by nuthods of self-help, with the object of ^pplyiuR them for various industrial purposes, espe- cially for agricultural purposes. Tlie^e societies are inakintf rapid protrress. mid in 1012 their number reached O.f.H:). Tn 1(»10 the (ioveriiment gave facilities for' lending at a low rate of interest by the Japan llyixithie Bank for the work of adjustnii'iit of land under cultivation, such adjustment generally having relation to roads, boundnrie.9 bridges and irrigation; and to co-oiierative societies „ portion of the pdstal savings' retained by the Deposit Section of the Finance Department was allocated. Mannfactnres. FACTORV STATISTICS. The growth of manufacturing industry has be-n important, and the following table indicates the number of factories worked by niotois of various kinds, such as fiteam, gas, petroleum, water, with the number of o[)eratives, from l!»t>-J-llin/und also the number of factories not worked by motors, and tho total number of operatives employed. 1902. . , 1!X:3 . 1801... 1!K).">... llKMi... 1907. . l!h!,-. . 1»)!>... Will... 191 1 . . . Year. XiiniN'r of Fat-tories wcrked liy motors. ,!l!ll 741 ,ono ,3.c. 21 p7 i;i7 72:1 731 756 Xamb**r of FacturiKs not workt'd by motors. 4,.s;iO 4,.'). 13 5,2.14 ri.44I o,7(« .5,731 5,773 K,7ll.) <1,7!I2 6,473 Tot.'xl Numbtr of F.'ictories. 7,S21 8,274 •I !»..71 "il2,177 r,4.'i^Mi-2 (i4»,'(i7ii C'.»2,221 7l7,llil 793,885 KINIW or rAtT[.IMB»l AND WACIM, Kind* uf KnterpriM. Niimbw Number KBctiwiPi. 1 0|i.T»tiv«. Avrnun Silk Filatiira .... Silks, liittim, wiiiiiiiiK, nckvinir, I N»chin«.» nnd Inm K»ct.jri« Cliem.cal Kuct^.ri™, inelii,li„ff Winer, I^.ath.1I0 71,UIM r8.r,7.T 4«,471 Mal«. Female. ^Mt. 44 ns 63 44 60 S..n. as as 23 23 27 21 27 Ren^icent. INf-nRASK IX POWER OPKRATKD ESTABLI.S1I.M15XTS. It Will be seen fr.im tl.e above table that the numl.er „{ f.n* • power increased in tl.o decade ending Ji.ll ulLrTT- ^r,""*^ ox>cmoA by number of factories where i...wor wainot r™,,;!!.'^ • '' ," .""" ^ "'"'''' t^at the worked by power i„ the v Lr m7a ' Z^J:: T''' t"'^^' *''"' "^ ^-'-i- about the same proportion. A clprrat velv "m^ '"'"'"'■""'' ^"' P'-"''"'''^ '" cent has occurred in the numl.r o^fa t^^'w X.t '"w^r" ^"7* T- '" '"'^ »"' operatives employe.! amounts to .59 ,K>r cent and 1!^ T'"* .t""! '""ca.se in greater nun.l.er .f these are on.plo,4d^TrLtorl^ wTrLd^;;Twt ""* '^ '" *"" In rcKiird to cotton, t may be iiointol ,.,.♦ ♦),„» 1 P^wer. mills are in existence, but by far /,;*;. „\,^;'"'''''^''/r*^^^ "^ ^^^^ «'"«» modern mills ,x.s..e..in« the mo^t porf.^rl^ Cr'"wetit ""''." '""^ ''' ment for l.-52.8:!2 persons, and the balance of "l .^' ;« hT. -^^ T''^"^''' "'"'''"y- blenehing, knittiuR. &c. The phraseology !ed in" hi r "^ '^''"•*" «'"""'«■ in this re,«rt. and it will be noted i'tV^de tL LdiroTcre!:-"r/'" '""•"'"•^'^'J found article, us di.ssin.ii.r as ,a,K.r, Iac.,uer hJih 1 r "' ^""'""^^ «"> provides empioymct for :.'7,!..-.;! persons, and the next' lir.'rof '""i"" '""""^''^ture vided by the nuinufnctnro of explosives w th 15 SorLi/ru ^"JP "•^''"'""t is pro- mills with 10.117 operatives. " "•"'''"Kves. followcyi by paper Rates of interest on borrowe.I moiiev have i)een hiuli nwl 1..^ particularl;. in cscs where small nmo„„,s wer^ I'orr ,w ^'J'"' " '^'^^^^ throuKhoiit the country reached a miixinium of 11 n,., ,.„„* ' '""*'"''* "^ flii^coiint to 7J per cent in 1.11. an,: r.^chi,,, „> ir ce "in Ton 'Z?';""'/" '""'• '""'"^ Hank of .Tnpan wms 7 per cent in lOOS, 41 ,H>r ecu i , J, I 1 , '■ """'"' ^^ "'« for national foreign loans contracted at va^n.r^ t di .l ' ul '" T''' '''"' '""^ from 4 per cent to 5 per cent. *' '"■ '"''"""l "a^icfl varied i:xPA\sm\ OF ixmsTRv. The expansion of industry in Japan hns „ dir-n-t int-r-t f r a- ways: l-.rstly Tl.e nn^jration from the countrv 'to he t .wns t.f "t '""' '" '''" consumption of food and to minimize its production and pT, i 1 ." '""''•''*'' ''"^ a share of the enlarged requirements, l^^ £LI:t'^S^ZZ^^:'l r fitnrrt:ut:\T to vf.kki.y rkpoki jt. tin.e whon her d.-voloped industriox will demand « forriKt. outlet for their product, •IHJ «mner or later < an.dinn manufuefurer. will rcaliw thn .teadyiiiR cffeet of an "f purely Kk-bI b».:,„.MM. which ..verwork plant* at one |..riod and leaven them half Idle at another; a rcalir.atmu of this fact i^ likely to precede the urgent nwd f,.r a fomgn market «.m.I«r to that which vuh felt in tho United State., and will certainly ariHo in ( anada. whc-ii a combination , f natural renourcM. water-,H.wer- and iv.piila- on brinK nU.ut their natural re,ult. When that time arrive-, as W ..ertainly will the power of c„.„,vtitio„ in the production of ma, '.ctured k,„m1s by a ,H.„,,le cm' nmndiiK ampl.. resources m cheap labour b.^omo , a subjct of profound interest ami the object of the tables shown ha* been to throw some li«l,t on probabilities in' this res,HH-t. Japan is a country rich in the in.lustry an.l sobriety of her iM-ople but with her iinm,^,ato resour«.>s seriou-ly lessened by tho burden of war and the e'nter- pr.so of ...dustr.a advance. The ditReulty to-day is to obtain ...pital which is not ava.lnblo ,„ s„rf,c.ent volume in Japan. This condition is likely to prevail fo" a .•on.iderable p,.r,od and o,H.rates to che<.k .levelnpment. but notbi.;^ can cheek the •leniand for food on the part of a population inereasii^j at the rate of r>etent observers cannot l>e onsidered as likely t.) encuraKe the su'plv of much needed capital for industrir." development, and Japan is by no means the only country desirinir to attract money. Competition for that commo.lity never fails. According to tho Stali.it. applications for British capital amouufed in the first quarter of tho current year to eiOS.r,o.->,(M)0. Of these issues tho British Colonies took £47,000 000 and Canada's share was £24,448,000. All the world wants money. r.OWKH WAdK-i AND JIOHK OPKHATIVKS. A contlitioii that is found to be universal in countries wlin-.. labour is abundant and rates of wanes are low, is that more persons are einoloye.l to do a ri.Nod amount of work than Would be required in a country w.'iere wages are liisrli. and it is extremely difficult to over ne a lial.it of this kind roote.l in pcuerations ,,f practice. It has been said that tho Japanese borrow liberally from Western experinice and possess the merit ot beiiiR jjoud imitators, but they (•aiiiiot poss.-ss thcnisclv.s „f methods which tend to expiiiid their industry without als,, a.'Muiiiuir m.'tliods whi.'h tend to check the deve!opni( nt of its competitive power. Knowledge o<" Western niethods is not Cfm- fiiied lo cniployers. and conioinatious or (juiMs f,,r various purpn.,s are not new in the Orient. Attempts ar<' certainly to be made having for their objct the increase of w.iffes and to raise the standard of living based upon the exampl,. „f trade unionism in other countries. The effect of such proceedings will l>e to iriininiize the Japanese power .1^ • n.!,,,. liou ..nd to cnlarKe the .(apanesc demrud tor Western goods. That emnlovers reaVizn these facfs is obviou.s from their roluctaiico to continue the eniplovnicnt of highly trained Europeans. For a long time it has he.-u said that the .Japanese en-iso Westerners of proved capacity and pay tliem well f.r a period „f three yeirs "ind •ItMtt: AMt VOilMKHt K V. ..fur ■"■«" '"I"' -. "•" I'"liti.-«l nii.lMtiuM. will n..t f..il t„ ,.x,,l.,it tl... (IK.NKRnrs TBKATMKNT OF KM I'l.oVKKS. .....n^"u"l"r"\T!:"'I "^■*''" "^'"') '"""' """''■ '" ''"^'"■' ■•""'""^•'•'' ^'■''- «^-"'-""'* trout- I...t of tho <-.„u ...ny oWM.MK It wu. nw,vr,l l,y pl.i!.„„hr.,pi,. motivr. an.l l.,.,.„,L of thw .cMmnu.Mt tl... .l.ro-torH l.uilt ,,.o,k.| work. u„.l ho„Jd and f...l t I'ir , "r^Hv I Educational work — OiHTiitivert' >u-Iuh)I. KindcrKurtca. Iceturcu and rp'-itation«. School for fiiimlc opcTiitivog. Publication of poriodicul«. Female ctii|uctte. ArraHyemvnh for fhe Hid; the injured and the deceas, d- Wicf by the "Kyosui Kumi.ii" (Mutual IWIcf I.,.,prc) Kelicf by the company. Arrangement, in connection will, food, eh.thinu and dwetlu.gs^ Pomutories for t'u- fcmals orKTativcs— Xursorics Dorinitorios for the male operatives— Tenements Delivery offices of rice and euudrie«-Co-operntive society. caiiilnrn arranijements — lutirmaries. f^aundrieg. Sanatoria. ro]it:ipiou9 diseases hospital and baeterioloRieal labor'.fnrc Arrui^rements for pivinsr patients the benefit of a eha i-,'. ', f Mir Arnwuemenh for the recreation and comfort of the operuUre.-- ' ' Kocreatioii halls. ' Holidiiy (ratherinirs. Comniittee of welfare. ,'^tipiiort for the children of the operatiies— Pecuniary assistance for brinpinsr .>p the operatives- infm,.- AnnuHii system, savings and remittance io families. ' Nothinir more perfect can bt> imnifined th-in tlm ,,. welfare, the instruction and the amnsemeVt o th .p. hT"""" ;"".''- ^"^ »'•« thousand nf both sexes. Thr. cmrnn- in n,u .• "^'""'\'"'' »"n"benn..r sovera! rpn and ha^ been highly .successful. Uvin "larTdlvidendr s,"'"'"' ^7"'^ *•'""'' of 50 yen are considered pilt-clKcd. and the r m.rl^t pr .^ ro T "^ *'" •^"•"'^ ^■"'"^■ 28 yen in 1904 to a maximum of 281 yen in 1907, but tood at 117 "!":." mi"""" '^ SI rru:\if:\T to iif;/;*/-) uri'oRT 33 Mnny of tlio gitl upvrativoi arc (unm-rB' dauKhten, wliu cuu rurvly b« iiiducrd til »tuy iiiiirt' tliiiii ihrw ytsxr*. Whun tlu-y lmv«- mynl frum ltM» to .Vn* yi'u tiny nturii til tlii'ir |H'lt> ami with tliii* duwi-r thpy hoi*) to murry. Tln'y work olt-vcii iioiii'. with III) iiitt'rtiiiKiiiiiii of halt' uii l.'iur at U a.m., ut Vi oVIcirk niiU at •'I.:))) |).iii., iiiiikiiiir I'i hiiim ui-tiiul Work. WuKi'n >.iiik« from 'Mt to |o ocii |M>r ilny (1 nni ciiiiuU 1 I'l'ut) riMiiiK to 50 sell m'r iliiy for r .o highly nkillctl imtkouk. In tlio cuih.' of iiiulo oiK'rutivi'H wiiKi'K uvi'riijfi" f>''-** wii por iliiy. Hoth hcxch arc proviilcil witli iiiry iiuurti'm ill lioriiiitorii") with iiii'ili>'al attiiulniu'c, fotxl, aiutiix'iiU'iit and iii!\idi-(i for iiiarrii.-d |k'o|>Io at from U to H .vm ,h-' month. tHfril'I'LTY IN uirfAIMNO LABorR. The milU arc hcinK (■iilari;<'d hut ii tturioun dittimtlty oriit' in olitaininu ii|H'ra- tivi'H and the udmirahlu ai'coniinodation |iriividti| i» |irotmlily i '^f in part to thl> ni>i>d. Thf liHiiiiM in oiK'ratiou wrn- working iiimn roarsi' xhcrtinK fur Silicria, MHiicho-tiT and China, (la**!'!! yarnn wi'ri' iM'inn mu'ci'sitfully produi-fd li'it not on a lar»fi' m-ali'. Till' Very intclliKi'ii* .lapanf^o maiiaici-r ndinitt<>d that ninrc MpimtivcK wvtv cniphiyi'l for tho htuno wori, i;in in Lancanhiro, hut nothiiiK di'tinito I'niijd hi- ohtaini'd a^< to voniparativu cost ol prudnition. ('on.itant (*|H'rativr» fan- not lx> ki'pt lonir cnoUKh to ucipiiri' n hiirh di>;;rct> of nkill, and this fart ('iin»titiiti"< a strioui* handii'ap upon the industry. A litrikiiiK diffi'rt'uri' liotwi'i'n tlii' inilU vi^iti'd and Kurii|M>an cotton niilln is miticod in the fact that, having plenty of »i>aee at their dis|K)»al, the eoinpiiny ha* heen ahle to di->|ienM with two-Htury huildiuKii. Mule opinninif innehines are not enipioyeil hy thi* ennipaiiy, franuM lii'iuK all of the rin^ type anil the count* are from M to 40. In another larne mill, produeinir eount» •!'> to S<>, the comiwny paid h dividend for tho luilf year ending .June ;!0, l!»i:t, at the rate of 10 ikt ei'nt imt annum. 'I'he riuR frame i* pri'ferred in milln. The ohjeetiim to the mule are: (1) Uneven quality, (i) Output lens than riuif. ('•)) More space in mill re) More coniplicutt-d — cannot be worked hy (fi'l*- (*•) RiiiK yarn commands a better price. The ten noticed that the increase in production (jreatly e.xcei2. . 1903.. 19IH. 1905. l!M)B. 1907. 1!I08. VMY.t. Total Output of Yam. 1910. 1911. 1912. Bale. 645. -:32 801,738 t>'X,,-ll2 9()."),53fi 94.'>,l(i5 n«:<,4»<2 K7.S,.'i70 l,02.-),244 1,13»,7»*0 :,12!l,'.1!7 l.Sji.-iy.t Amount of Export. Bale. 2n8.,^'^3 209.17-' l»7,4Sl 307,21)1 2.')7,.307 2 ?!f..472 Hi7,.'i42 2-'W.S78 347,f.:« 2«.\(»I9 374,;i.;2 Averagp I'rice of Averatre Price of Yarn. Raw Cotton. Yen. Yen. »! 10 2r. 00 100 42 2.'i (10 9S 01 24 8<; 102 1.') 26 -.-I.-. 1 III ,52 32 32 129 (W 25 41 131 7fi 30 23 ITO n» 30 to 108-27 27 4.-) 122 X. ■Mt H 134 10 .37 <:0 It-* 43 37 '.!:! 144 40 31 29 U«l«==400 1lw, Yen =49 80. 34 Tlt.lltl-: t \7> COMMKKrF. WACES AND EFFICIENCY. Profess r ■'. •[\\,rx,u: Editor of tlie Jiipuu Yoar Rook, deals with the wages of . .ipaiiose ,,,,;.... ;,] .,oir relative etHeiowy, and expresses the opinion that .. M.UKh tlM..v .,..ori,>r to tlie operatives in tlie British and United States mm, y.t the ditterc-nee in capaeity is less tiian the present ditference in wages. It will be „een however, that important pro-ress is hvm» ma.le in respeet of increased ^^i,;^,.s. mul tii..re is no reason to suppose that this progress will not eontimie to apply m he future as it has done in the past. It seems prol.able that faetory acts for the hoT.kn " '""^.T-V"" "^ ^"7";''' r'"^'-"*'^'-^ ^i" ^'""-tLv fi>'-i '» Plaee in the statute books of .In!.:.M. \\h,le many of the l„r«er works are admirable in their construction and appliances, this cannot be s.id o, all of them, and complaint ot the compound s.\ stem IS very Bcneral. On .July l!i. i!»i(». the Timc^ published an admirable special number headed " The jiapanese Kn.p.re. Hy the cr.urtesy of tlie publishers the present writer has before urn a copy ot tins report in book form. Tl,e comprehensive ebaraeter of the informa- tion Mtforded may bo judged fr,.m the fa.'t that the book c-mi.rises 4;J9 pages and is tlie work ot lea.hng authorities on the respective subje.'ts dealt with. The editor tiad V,: .ed Jap.n for a somewhat similar j.urpose fourteen years before and could leretorc^ speak with authority of the progress whi,.h bad o.-curred between the two >,ts. AF.nv of the cou.-lusions agreed with the observation of the present writer, hut ,t ,s ,p„te ini,>oss,ble. withm the limits of a report sueh as the present to provide matter on the same scale as that which appears in the Tim., edition. A quotaticjn from this number may bo presented, as follows: ," Till- .lapan,.se have discovered that the progress of industry- cannot depend wholly upon cheap h.bour. Experien.-e. skilled training, steady application and .' I'l';..t.iul an» reference is made to tlie need of capital ikilled labour and the maintenance of the qualitv of products I5aron Sliibus;.wa. a gentleman distinguished as a leader in Japanese industry and who speaks with the authority of prolonged and wide experience, coutribnt J „„ article to the May number of the Ja.an Ma.azino, V.no. frl.m wlii;h the fo lowing quotation is taken: — '"'"iok '■Our industrial advancement is encouraging, but furnishes us with no reas.m for cessation ot careful attention. Mechanical processes are graduaHy superseding manual crafts „„d subsidiary occupations, until we hlTuZ almost every manufacture to be met with in Kurope and America, but the scZ of our operations ami the extent of our output cannot be compared with indu ! rial centres abroad. \\o are niainly lacking in skill of nianipulution, .Sec- ti.ai of execution and caiiacity for output. It^rJtc CAPITAI. INVKSTED I.N COTTON' JtH.T.S. The following table gives the gross amount of capital invested i„ eotton mill, number of spindles worked daily, quantity of raw and dnned cotton, production of cotton yarn, average number ot male and female o,,er,.ives enipb.ved .biily, an ual working days, daily working hours, average wage of male and female operatives HH'I'LI-.MF.M 10 WHHKI.Y ni.VORT 3S (OTTON l.NDI STUy OF JAl-AN. Year. 11102. . . v:m. . . I'.m. . v.m. . . VMi. . ]!li)7... 11HI8... lilO'.t. . . lillO. .. I'.IU... Gross Antoiiiit (if Capital Iiivistwl. Average Qiirintitv i .Vuiiilicriif iif lUw A ! S|)incll.M |..ra. tiV(-H. -.1.W 117 14,37-. -, _- i,V2;"2 IH.IW 84,«!m,r)5i! i,3ot),i!)s: 4o,ir.7,oioi .•M,i;.t,4»j ni.iwr 3ii,il91,079i l,40l',y31 4lt,n2,53fjJ l,411,!m 5.5,284,4101 1,5 50,315,026 l,8i)«,(i01 61,6!I«,(I7U 1,901, 2!H» I 50,510,514: 44,1.37,a"« 12,1(*3 53,070, .MM! 46,lS7,M5j 13,032 51,707,(m 47,322,7»« 14,S70 4!),4Wi,(!ir) 42.K(>1,2C2 15,2(» 5H,72ti.lxmi 50,03 l,.Wl); IS, 431 (!(i,825,340 0'.,.-j«»,730 .■>«,.3!Mi.039 17,fi»S 55,074,015 10,021 : 1.I..JV.1. 'f. -H 1 Yin. 57.513 315 21 n-.'!23 .57,11)6 ;«'S 20 :!:«) .V2,U5 :'.o!i 2'l :i;!,s 53,72S 325 20 31-0 51l,2.Sl 327 22 .^so 62,001 330 21 410 .Vi.'IIU) 331 21 mi 70,K04 SZ* 21 4 JO 73,.'<21 313 19 420 71,028 311 19 410 y Wa;^Hs , "' Kcin.'ilo OlHT.I tiv.H. Yen. 20t> 200 212 220 240 2.VI 270 2tiO (1 270 280 th( Note— Ten = 49.8 cents. Kw.in = 8.26733 lbs. (avoirduiiois). The iiirrcnse in Ciipital iiivpsff"! .■.howii li.v tlio iilmvo talilo P'lunls TO por oont, nnd iKTc:is,'.l luimlii'i- cit spindles in work ptimils 4tl p,T n-wX, n (•iiiisi,!iT:ilili' quantity of Wiistp ci.tton (S,a.H4,!)l."> iiwim in 1!)11), anil of waste eott.m yarn (.-<>7.:!0S kwan iii that year) was produced. It will be noted tliat tl.p iiiiinli.T of workin-r days nro slightly reduced, the daily workinij hours are redui-ed 11 per e.^nt, and durin;? the period covered, the daily waRe of operatives has increased :!>! per cent, so far as repards money paid, but the daily hours worked in liUl averaiie ftJi (sii.irle siiift), as opiiKSt lOJ hours in 1!IIL>. and if the shorter period of work be taken into considera- tion, the increase in wiicre would be 'M per cent. ADVANCK IN A\ |-.IIA(;K DAIt.V WACIIS. The followinji table indicates the advance in aven;fie daily wapes, as apiilicd to a selected list of cniiduyinent duriuR ten years terniinatinjj in 1011. AVI:HAi^K DAIi.V \VA(:i;s UK rNPKIl.MKNTIONKII ( l.ASSKS OK I.AIIOI It. Kind of Eniployinent. 1 1902. 1 1903. Aprriculture, Ac- Farm l;OH)uri.r (Ma!'') " (I'Vma;,.) (lardt'iMT Fi-*ht'rrij:ili CI.>tl,in>'. ,tc.- Tail'ir (fiitiT ri.ist.M.r Stoiic-futter ^^awyiT Til. r.»>f.'- v.. ifk-layrT Brickiriuker . . . Scrneii anil (l(K>r maker l*.ilrt.r hanger Cal)iiutniuker HamefBiiiaker l!!,n:kriiiltli Printer Day-lalKiurer Yen, i Yen. I o:;:'3 o 313 ! ^ 0- 1904. 1905. . . I :M3: i;io .V.o, 373; Yen. i Yen. 3,30' 320 2o:t 0-2(Mi 530 .ViO^ 330 420, 1906. 1907. 1908. i 19. j 1910, ij9M 573 OSW ■Sen. ! 0-310! 210; 0-.i!K)| 0-400| ■i'en. Yen. i 0-3i;o o-3iio! O-2'.'O 0-2:«! 020 o'4ro I O'Hi' 510 041,' 081 3l(.i OliS,-*; aiO 0-31(i 0'3.3P 0-7411 770 ,300 0-390 .Vs, i :V8 ,")■,!;■! i;o,"i' o-i;ii-i 6S3' o-:^m; !ii,7:-.: (13 '• 0- 72.-1, ■ 0-4-3! i -.■>(« I .MO .-k1.s j 0-.54R ; rr,ol.T 370 ! 0-;i9i) lao, 740! 0.5151 0-.V.5I 0-,5i»| 0-5.351 6001 0-52:V .36;»| 0-400 0-.5901 (Wo: or,ol 58o| 04oi 7101 f.70 0-.'.30 0,540 520 0-58o| 0-.V.O; 3(«p| 0-4(tii| 001 (»i 0(!(i 5W 0-63O 0-71' 0-.5.ni 0-,5.Vi 0-500 0-.5.Vi 620 ; .'Wo 0-410 1)50 67)0 730 0040 730 820 0-5'*l lilO .580 ,590 030 .570 0-390 420 750 700 0-.S70 0-7.30 S70 9 10, 6!H)- 71o! 0-660 6S0 OV)' ll ... 440 4!I0, 810 81' !Mi< 7Sl 0-97( l-(Kyi 7411 0-7«er-han^'( r Cai-iinet-niakiT Blackn-nith Printer Day-labourer 1895. 1911. 0185 0-420 114 2.")0 0-291 830 0232 0-590 384 owm 0315 0660 0-200 0450 O'UQn .113 it5!» 307 325 380 0-304 283 0-291) 280 e-23(i 0-223 860 0-940 0-780 1 00 730 780 750 0-790 0-700 500 560 It will be seen that the percentage of increa.-i(> is much greater in the period of sixteen years ending 1911 than in the decade terminating in that year, that wages have (lonl)led in all ctise«, and in many instances the increase is considerably more than double. Foreig^n Trade. The total volume of the import and export trade in 1912 was yen 1,145,974 119 being an increase of 19-2 per cent on the total trade of the preceding year. Of this volume the imports reached yen 618.!(9-.>,277, an increa.so of 20 per cent on the preced- ing year's amount. Exports increased in a remarkable 5^,4i^^, raw iimtcrials. yen 290,- "■«*,- 12, and niiiiiufacturis for further use in manufaeturinji, yen l->-.',^(>.->.;((i,s, wliile tlio volume of vh„l|y manufaetured urtiele.^s amounted to veil li'l,lTO,;j(>i', beinjf a d.vn^ase of yn, .-..ISl.Oi'i. Tl.e .kvrease in tlie imports .^f wlu.Uy manufactured articles „nd the mereaso m nnports of provisions and raw materials were due to a sudden niereusc ni the importation of animal and venetable fibres and metal materials 111 .•onse.iuenee of the devel<,pment of textile manufactures, sliipliuilding and meehan- leal industries. Japan's trade relations with Great Uritain and her posses-ions amounted to :!i'-T per cent of the total foreit'ii trade. The udvaiiee in trade with (;reat IJritain was due to an inereaso in the e.xportation of waste silk, straw hrai.ls and eopiier to that country and in the importation of metal materials and maeliii.erv, wliile the favour- able eondition of the trade with British jiossessions was owiiiK to the inerease in export of cotton fabrics, knitted goods and coal to India, niat.'hes, marine products, cotton yarns and threads to lion!.' Koiiff, and coal to the Straits Settlements. Trade with the I'nited States, includinf? Hawaii and the Philippine Islands, con- stitutes 27-2 per cent of the total foreign trade. The greatest increase in the import of raw materials in 1912 is shown by cotton, which is cciuivalent to ;i2 per cent of the total import and shows an increase of yen 54,041, .'.92. Of the quantity imported :.2 per cent came from Uritish India, Wl per cent from America and iTper cent from China. The importation of iron material lias steadily increased as a result of progress in shipbuilding and mechanical manufacturing industries, the value of tliese imports in 1912 being yen .'■>«,4«.-.,2?2, and of these the principal articles were iron and steel, pigs, ingots, slabs, blooms, bars, rods, sheets, plates, pipes and tubes, of which 48 per cent were imported from Great Britain, 20 per cent from the United States and 19 per cent from Germany. The importation of metal manufactures of all kinds amoimted to yen 20,ft22,ft.'W, the principal articles being railway, house and bri.b'e building materials, insulated electric wire and nails. The import of various machines was valued at yen 28,4<)5,239, and of these the largest imports were dynamos, m<,tor3 and metal-working machines. The increased demand for paper and pulp for manu- facture in Japan led tn "n increase in their imiwrtation. Of beverages a -stibles both rice and wheat show an increased importation the former on ace ts appreciation in the home market and the latter on account of its incr. nand for flour manufacture. Of the otiier articles of import a remarkable ,, crease appeared in the importation of rape seed, skins and hides, animal foods and timber. 3S ruAnr: wn commhrce Fl.lCTl ATIONS IN- PllICKS. n.oro'^or'!o''"n*'r ^":!""*'""'^ i" f^ l'"<^^« "^ « •^^'''■'■ted list of commoJitics. which more or lo>s oonrern Canada, the followiiiff fi,nircs arc ffivpii :— VAMKS UV CIMDK CdVIMi IDITIKS nrPc.RTKP (VKARS KMIKI) l)K( KMBKR 31). Articif Ricp Whnat Wticat flour Sulttti Haliiion and tniut .. Jfiil.s or Mkiiw of bull, ox, cow anci l.iitfalo' ' J..i'.ithc>r, Hole ('aiit^tiu ffKla .*..'.', >Siil|iliato of amiiiDniu Cotton yarn " \* ' Ijrey uliirtiiigs and shfcetinKii. . '. vy hin- sliirtingD and shwtinK". .■■'.'. Cotton ItaliauK anil «atin.H ... Cotton print* Cotton velvctH and plnnhM . . '. Blanket!, and travelling rues (singie) Printing |>a|>er .. Iron, IMg Iron, l«r, lod, T, angle and the'like.'.'. Iron, galvanised wire lion, tinned plate or sheet ..."...' i Iron, iilate and 8h«^t .... Rails '\ Iron, pipes and tubes. , Lead, pig, ingot and slab. ...'..'. ' Iron nails " Insulated electric wires.. Railway carria^s and parts tlie'reof ! '.'. Bicycles and tricycU., Electric machinery .....'. Pnltt for ijajier manufacture! .... Condensed milk IflOn. Yen. 13,.'>8.'.,HI7 1.43l,l,S7 i,»i.><,;i-)i l,2u«l,M16 l,.fO!M31 5,il2:t,5()!l si;8,7:«) r),ri.">."),sx<» 2.17,017 l,2!t2,.')r)7 2,.«IS,1.<« 2,!iit!i,7U I,574,5.'« 2,348, l.>04 lIUO. Yen. 8.(;4 1,4.19 3,3:i,s,-j4;i I,7;,S 9,IMm,787 34»,187 S,4li»,!)2t! 1,'»H7,101 2,«««,00« 1,72i),3:K) 8(>.>,!)39 21.5,159 3,44<),815 3,r(li4,2(IO 7,72i:,754 2,280,930 3,294,814 4,ifi;i.;«9 l,.")!t.3,7.Vi 3,240,8(M 1,5.31,. 39S 2,780,441! I,G.17..«1 1,497,27.S 2,18.'>,229 2,191,921 3,l(i6,4ll,5 2,431,(>48 1911. Yen. 17,721,085 .'(,72«,S29 l,7('2,!)lil 7.1,(:S9 037,076 I,r)i»l,iH)4 l,2i«,'W2 10,j87,rM9 084, 4(« 5,33I!,.W3 1,703,010 3„l.i;),4.W 1,271 837 79.5, "')3 238,514 2,397,755 «,401,.:« 9,282,807 2,342, 2«i4 4.287,187 .'5.219,499 5,£(W,(i08 4,208,37(5 1,947,796 2,364,451 .%t>99,(i21 3.,'i35,305 2,998.709 5,711,207 2,750,518 2,(M6,074 Note.— Yen = 49-8 cents. 1912. Yen. 30,193,481 4,409,938 1,722,140 245,,'i31 1,591,984 1,241,790 l,lf>8,420 12,104,IM)2 G30,7;«! 1,01:9,379 1,2;«,408 3,119.197 42j,5.'8 i,ii3,in 14.->,fl<7 2,9.58,023 8,150,234 15,.39.>,270 .1.499,299 4,277,r>23 9,431,380 .1,9;t!»,3.17 4,9«i2,722 2,873,74j 3,449,.')02 5,;j,S8,379 3,131,804 3,110,233 4,15!l,6ai 4,379,8<;i 2,089,731 I.MI'lllMWT l.\( ItKASKS TO BK NuTKn. tity of ,o.,.is i„,portc.d.- This sh!„.hi "c cr- ", ,nr ,::! 7n '" "^"r- con.parut.vo purposes. A Lr^o i„oroaso mav 1,. note „ h" nri vVf , '^"'" ^"^ from .vouU'.OT ,„>r i o tJZ V7' "'^'\" '"'" case of wheat are mai.dy aeoounted for by t e '; ;;.,i f' J.r' ''^"^ '" "■« froiirht must also be taken into consideritioi, .w „ff V' '"'^' "'"' ■■8^<^'' "* money values „,„.v be accepted artSV to S'T '"'"""^ ^'^ ""Ports. While fact of their being approximate onl/l^J^t aCf be ^tXrl'''" ""'"''''' '''^ The following t-Mt' .shows exports to Japan for the .vc.-rs !!)11. 1013 niul lOH:- PRI.NCIPAL AKTKI.KS HXI-OHTKU »R.>M CANADA TO JAPAN (VKAIIS KNOKI. MAWIll 31). Articif 1911 'iuintity Bre.vlstiiffa:— Wlivat Wheat-flour Oual '...'.'.'.'.'[ t'littcn an'I infra, of Hiiigs, dyi chfinir.il.i &c . Ki-h: - Herrings, picklnd ijiilniiin, cunnMl " pink .'.' [uekliil Si-a tisli, ottipr, jiicklcd Other Ksh .' Metals, iiiiii|.rul.4, &i;. Aluiiiinnni in liars, &c Aluchiiieiy: — Sewing nmchiiies Other niaehinery Lead, pig \\ Steel, In fr». of ',',,[ Other nietalu, 4c .. Milk and cream cimih'nsed . .. Wood: — Lath.s, i>aling» and pickets . . , I'lankfl and boards Wood pulp Other wood All other articles .linsh. i .1!U«. .'iVins. ! "'■ i! .ni)is I .Ll)s. ilSb'ls. I 3,.'i9l5 i,siw 4r,SK5 ;iS08 4 13.521 8,«2r 5,»-.S 7,<)'.)4 110,411 13,215 4,,(«i' 5m I 2S!'. 74,840 10,4ii.S 10,230 33,3M9 10,000 30,477 1,500 4»5 33,2IS 7, ."105 I IICO 3,.S0i 73.7'l(i 7.-1II 7!.^.-.l 15,!i:i4 tiO B0,(i5« M, IH2 l"',7'i5 2a\7U 67,2."J7 54,!I78 3,1(70 12,471 11X1,88.' I 245,743 4,900 711 ,."«k;,1.->7 111,448 4,«13 i"),6:o Total exports ] | (JU) i,,sii IS4 I. 18,!»"! :. 4,371 55,147 4.-<7.."r).S 2,416 80,6.31 173,007 2,.543 9,486 3,028 83,558 446 !S,317 1,139,5!»8 It Mil bo ..o,M. th,U nlthonsh there are in.lie:,tinus of in>pr,.ve.uent, tile fisiires lead. ^aMU, and laths. ,$1(.,(MX), whieh d„ „ot appear in sub.se^.«.Hrs ... „HK.r AN.. K,..,n. ,.vr., .,.pav (vka,« em,kd dkckmbkb 31). NOTE—I-Uul = 133 3 lb.. Yen = 49.8 cent.. lUlO. Quantity Picul*. Whvul. From Australia BritiHli Aiiit^rica China Corea [ Uuitt'd States!.! RusHia British India! ! ! ! Oth' Countrir . . lOXl. Value Yen. I Q"?ntity riculs. Value Yen. Total. Flmir. From Australia . , British America. China United States . ! Other countries. . 95,741 31H,(k» ;t4,4iiL' .T5;t,4!li 1 818,203 Total. 6,08S l.S,804 61 277.089 1,877 431,830 1,217,231 ia-..704 l,43S..^i4a 64,!I21 5 3,338,243 1912. 60,087 1 17,084 840,729 123 212,2")7 2 67,737 3,448,201 672 908,624 3,728,829 1,024,288 37,272 74,760 261 1,614,.'«)7 12,642 298,906 I 1,739,238 6,904 7,139 2U0 280,934 2(K> 294,443 33,222 41,163 720 1,626,823 2.033 Quantity Piculs. 5,263 «,lfil 13,42:1 996.068 3,372 1 Value Yen. 23,0(i3 2li,2li3 6.\80;! 4,277,039 16,.'-ri5 6 4,40!t, JAPAN (VKARS KNDEI) JINE 30). CliMsitication . 1910. I liuanti'y. | Value. 1911. Wli^at WliBat-Hoiir .... W«»i»«l : — Xxiffs and other round timber. TinilHT:— Hewn UuKh. BbU j 127,498 217,758 Hawn LuniUr .— I'lankn, iKjardi) and dcils M ft. JtiintK an i acantliiig M ft Shingles j| ' ShooKs !....!. Box Other lumber IK.mi 917,910 15,101 11,9,51,'> lll,23H 75 132,rt4: 17; li.t.w: tjuttutity. Value. 707,9X2 71(1,317 (•,(i!,iV)» 2,7."i Hi, 504 020 14,r)33 190,723 3, £,2 NO FACILITIES FOR IIAXDLI.NU IX BII.K. A point of oonsidonible iiit.Tost in regard to the truiisport of wheat to .Inpan is found in the fu.-t that it all goes iu bags, and there appears to be- no faeili.y for ir^ nn'Jf !?'•'." •i';"'' ''^ * 'V "r."'" *''"^'"*"'-^- ^""•' "^ "'•■ "■"^■'-'•■^"l i» t"""ada and are now being built in considerable ni.jibers in Russia, and which exist in limited iiunibers but of lurso size in (ireat Uritain. The economy possible in handling wheat in bulk IS an important item, although in cases where the trade is limite.l the ques- tion of ship stowage has to be considered. In view of the readiness „f the .Tapane«o to adopt all methods of decreasing cost of foodstuff it seems likely that both I.npr.rters and ship owners will take ste- to avail themselves of methods presenting the Hghe-t measure of economy. •(•■"■>■ COST OF TRANSPORTATION. It will be seen from reference to the subject of competition in flour to China in the report on the trade of that eountrj- that an important factor in the general problem IS found in the cost of transportation from the point of loading o„ cars or ship to the port which m Japan is in no case far removed from the principal flour mills. Competition in the supply of wheat to .Japan may be expected from Aus rX India a^id Manchuria, probably as named in order of in.portan,.o. In view of this fact It IS oonvon.ent to set out the area from which Canadian wheat is likely to be drawn and this depends m some degree npon the relative distances and consequent freight rates east and west from a given Canadian point. The foliowine table Tives the m.lea,se from sele-.ted points to Vancouver and to Fort William, also the through rates for export and the rates to Vancouver: 43 TRADE .WD VOVmr.RCB CAN.»DI.\N rHErf:HT RATEH ON (m.\|N. ^.l-o 'irriu!LV"lu.rir"'" <''"P'^'>.«"'1 fl°"'-. i" «'>oad«. to Vancouver. f„, export; Mil.,, to \'iiiicuuv«r. 647 842 774 827 !»74 l.OHS 1,126 From To Vancouver. Thmugh, (1) Through. (2) 1 Miln u> Kort Wiliiani. '.(Iiniinton Ct-nte. 1!»4 23 22 23 26 2Hi 29 Cents. .15 ;k .t5 ar40 X 40 Centn. 37 37 37 37 xV2 x43j 1,257 IjKtIi bridge. . . , l,2li8 Mi-diuinH Hut . 1,178 Swift Ciirraiit 1.076 MoflwJHW 020 Kf^rin* 819 777 ,..^!r,;'sj?."i?!''' "<■' »«'."'i R»t, exclusive of handling. '*' t-On flour onl?!*^ *" Vancouver include free wharfage at C.P.K. uocks. but ar. Van- that couver show the ^rain rates to Fort William. a...l the.e are as folW::!.f' " """'"'^ ^"^ "°« From '■'nlgary " Kdmonton -< «''»• P«r 100 Ib«. " Li thbrlciKe . 23 " " Medicine Hnt . . 2" " " Sv. 'ft Current '.':.'. V^ " " MooseJ.tw 20 " •• " Hegina 1* " " 18 •' COXFERKNTK RATES FOR ,m EAN TRANSPORT. other^^wfdilSlThlJr^at'rtr^ T ''^'"^^' - P-portionnte rates, in „ , „ " "' vnroujrn rates to Eastern mar.cets, and are so rturarAnA »h^„ with by Joint export tS ?CS^lt,rd'o"tXrTl9n '^.Tl ''TT '' '''"'' 5 to No. W.m, dated February 2B. 1914 ' ' ""*^ '"" ^"PP'^^ent No. On the fir; £ named a note appears • t.nd note 7 runs in part as follows: " Bills of lading must show proportions of rates to Vaneourer B C " A footnote says in part: ' " ' at :nT.::st:::;rirt^-^^ o- on .ore via Wru;rand°i"„ir;^^^^^^ to eommodities for export nre .Mven in table as above. It will be noS th J !°"' T T """."'^^ '" ''"'oad' Vancouver is provided in No mw f,,,! T .■ *"''*"' "^"^^ ^or handling at .iv.. tl,o rail 'proporrionate rat I'l^ and '^1^ •'' '"'f °" ^''*'"' ^°- ^««1' heading of: ^' """ t*"® following note appears under the svi'i'LF.\n:\T m wkhki.y rkport ^ linn .'!"'"''"":' '"""I'i"". U'l cvnt. ,K,r ton of 2.000 pound- will bo clmwd for .UrANKNI? KIRM IN VANCOI VKR. t. <,..;• '" "'"' • ""'l'a"y. a .•"tilVr... urn-.l i» T..ki„ with a vi.-w o t .:;: 1 1':'"""",', •" t ""t" *■"■• """ •■"""•""^ "• ^' —•-. .1 . .;«.., v^i.„* l.i. « '""<'"•« r. l.M.i ati.l till- Nmi.M.nv.T prcs,. rofc-irini; t., Lis viMt stat.>.l tli .t Znt ^T'"r\"''"''' """''^ '"• '"'^"" "•«■"<' « '^vision of tho thr . 'h rnl on wheat and flour to Japan and China from Canada to iwrniit of ■■ 1 Z 1 / export bu«i„e.. than now obtain., and is roportS";., sa.vi.^l" '"'"'" "'"""'"' °^ " Vaneouvor could do a very larKo btwiness with ihe Orient if fn-icht rnto« wore adju«t.Kl^ At present it eo.t« $7 per .hort ton .f 2.0..; ,,, n. Is to S wheat from A berta points to .l„pan. The rail hanl ^ives l-I.."". and tbo steamer .roport.on .s *.!.:.0 when it is ,.arrie,l l,v vessels owne.l by eonfercnce hues, bnt when the wheat is eonsi^ned via steamers owned bv an v o er com! = ^rS^::---- - ^-'•"' -' ^'-^ -- •^■'"- " -»--'" exten7If* tL'^^'u "V'""?'"^". ""^ the fanners of Alberta nn.lerstood tho extent of the market that i. avadable in the Orient they would use all the .nfluenee they possess to have the rail rate to Vancouver equalised Japan produces some twenty million bushels of wheat but has to import JrZ h" V -r V '"'r' ^"-V' " '"''■ ^'"^* "^ ♦he in,portc.l wheat ha e^m^ from the Pac.fic Northwest States. Their wheat is soft wheat and the l^der Canadian wheat would bo much preferred, but in the Fnited States the ran- To pr'eteneV**'""'" "■'*" ""' ^''''"'*""*^ '■""'^'^ ^ railway-owned vVsels it 750 00 the C.u.a- aro known a. eontVron-enoi p. v.iiLr ,?'•'''/ •''"'. T^''''^'-^ »•'-"<"> "f what nmtoly $1 jht ton on whoa fnd '(■' »" "Pi'roxi- ftTc-ncc will prevent tlc™f;„ '" V" * ""'"'''''^ Pr.'v-nt,.! (..., far a. th , pr..- mU-m of what i. know^ r" n,e 1 r ^HaZZu? f-'^'' <:-''>'."ff'-t-I hv ,ho ^■ov. .an carriaKo all over the vor k a ISr f T^""^^'' '"""' ''■'^"■•"^"■' '" it mean, a eon.binatio,, of nh p owner^' t L rat^ l" '"' -"'"^"^'■'•-y- I" -T-'t. of ship owners and railways for ttl- pit ..^' T"' '".r"'': ""^- " con.I.ina,l,.„ bo cli^oouraKed by mean. ;f hi^he rate, Vl • • 'II'Th' ; '^T- """"»-•""'•" ^'"•H eonferenoe. "" " "'''''y °"'y ♦" »h'Pa not witlii., the «ary. in view of the eo.t o f uTn JfLT-""^ "•"' ""* *'''''"■' »'""' ">•> "'.oe.- havin« fixed dates of 1 .^ i J wiif ,'•/,';"''" f"'- -i^l' fa.-n,e' '^'7"'' '^'I'^'-t ""'' "'^" •'--• .tatenK.„t8 are open to question and wh retard 7^ tf. wf •'"'*''" ™*''" """' probably prove that the n.odern steamer carries fniLh/t ' '"^''"''""io" ^'-dd tho increased cost of bnildinff tho vessd '^"/t a / , " ^T, ''""* ""twithstnn,!i„« pa«8en,er «-o„„nodatio„ a "eotts Z ar in^^oZTn ''""T ^"'^•';''"* th« luxurious in building nmdern ships and th s L o rXH ^ /T'^'"" °^ *'"' "'°"^y >*■"■"' P08sessing a very intimate aequaintanoe wi"h he rh! .'"'*'' '"'''■ ""''^ P"^-'" an opinion of any val„o upo,? it al^l i may I h tor to rbminr'"';' !" !'^'"""'""« <'rete a fonn as possible rather than to deal with nrhiihlve T "' "' ''""■ a report such as this. 0,dy those whoso b s,T,e„ f s S 1 '^""'''.rT":'," '"""" '» >vhoso duty has hrou^fht them in eontaet with the s,,," V ^■'*'\/'-''"^l't tables, or dinary oomplioation The wri,er o/^L^'Jpon S'^tt'^eVtrt*'""" ^■''*"''^- op.n.on or do more than state tnc facts, as far as he has bin aL to i::^;.''" Conclugion. It is hoped that the special reports unon Pliitio o„^ t be considered as full of promise w^th rS to'To ^.l iTd^T^rrn "•'^'■/"r on the Pacihe. It must he remembered that n nnn„l ,»; '^ ^ ?' ""^ coming trade in the Orient face the WesternThc^es of Canada nn^t'l "/ """"'^ 500.000,000 people a moven.e. t in this vast Populatit whi:. ,'f: lil^' w :\:;?,''rf'" "^r"^*'"^ "' interests of the nations, Canada amon<, th«^ „ V " ' '''".Pf"^"""dly affect the her Pacific .-.board. Tmt d .nK,era,ic*^^nflr;ee' .H^^ '" "''"'t^ ^""''"' '^«"-- °f Of both the Chinese ami Japanese ^d ;nl'';w;b;"lr"r;rtt"'i^r kxnds of commoda.es does not ap,>ear open to question and fs a^ a id o ait^ upon probl..„,H „„w in .-.'.MrJo « 1 t. r"""'" "' '' '^' ''•"'■'"'^ will r..n,lor mm...fa-turo t,, - .! ^7'^" *''» '"»!""' '"^t. in the Cmm.lim, W.-t ...!;.t*ri:r:::l:;;:'::\^;:;;;;;;':;;i:-';;:/: ,,-,,,.,„,,,„ civilizntion. has rni.r.l. f„r tho firVth,,. tU ' ■tn|,k.,n..n(H ..f wsI.tii whit.. r,u-..s iH n« indis M tuM 1 . h i r 'r Th''''''.'"' "'■' "'"'"•"""■.v of the Che. words wh..,iu.r iiu. wh ,;„'„. r;::;)''' '"""■''"'■:' " •" ''*•• '" "• poly iu tho ..iviii..,i.,„ .,,i.,. th.;;:;.;;'!. ; : :;;;::r ;' " ^'^ \"r- feudal ..vmem xvhi..h had Kr w , m, dur ,^ m 1 ^"'"'''""'""-^ "f this ..hanRo. The havo sprung up out of contaet with he " • ,' ?• "" *•'"'•' ""«'"»: >'"" »<»• R. H. Curr--, Kaaaau, Bahamaa. Calombia. ^J'i ^tS'"*"''' "''o Tracey Hmoa, Medellln ?2lr'i5*.^rS'„4°diS:."°"o. Colombia. C. E. Sontum, Ombbend No. 4 ri,rt..i Norway. CabU oddr.,,, «i«J^«««"». South Africa. D. M. McKlbbln. Parkar w«»* * Bulldlno. P.O. B«r M» j^iS? f ^o^ E. J. Wllkln«,n, i^rtln' u^T^"- Bulldlnga. Durban. N^ui ^droWa CANADIAN HIQH COMMISSIONER'S OFFICB. , „^ U"'*** Kingdom. Mirri.KUKST TO wt.KKi.r nunnnr WIABOM 0A»ADIA1I TIADE IHTILUOMOI. (Abb«ri.,io„.-C.O.. Consul General: C. Con.ul; V.C. Vi«.Con.uL) Anitrit-Hnnfiry : Trieste, Britiih Conoul General. Belginm: Antwerp, British Consul General. BruU: Bahia, British Consul PanuBt: Colon. British Vice-Consiil. Panama, British Consul General. Pent: Lima, British Vice-Consul. Pertoral: Rio de Janeiro, British Consul General. Lisbon. British Consul CUlt: Valparaiso, British Consul General. Chiu: Harbin, British Consul. Colombia: BogoU, British Consul General. Ecnador: Quito, British Consul General. Egypt: Alexandria, British Consul General. Italy: Genoa, British Consul General. Milan, British Consul. Mezioo: Mexico, British Consul General Netherlandi: Amsterdam, British ConsoL Rutia: Moscow, British Consul. St. Petorsburtt. British Consul. Vladivostock. British Consul. Spain : Barcelona. Briti-sh Consul General. Madrid, British Consul. Sweden: Stockholm. British Consul. Switserland : Geneva, British Consul. Turkey: Constantinople, British Consul General. Turkey-in-Asia: Smyrna, British Consul General. ITrngnay: Monte Video, British Vice-ConsuL Venetnela: Caracas, British Vice-ConsuL 48 TRADE AND OOMMERCS PUBUCAHONS OP THE DEPABTMEHT OP TKADE AITO COHHEECl. Annnal Beport ^^■x L— Canadian Tbadb: Importi into and Exportg from Canada, (Itemued and General Statements.) Pabt II.— Canadian Trade: — 1. With France. 2. With Gennany. 8. With United Kingdom. 4. With United States. Part HI. — Canaoun Trade : — With Foreign Countries. (Except France, Germany. United Kingdom and United States.) Part IV. — Miscellaneous iNroauATioN: Bounties. Lumber and Staple Products. Revenue and Expenditure of Department of Trade and Commerce Statistical Record of the Progress of Canada. ™««rw> Tonnage Table. Trade Commissioner Service. Part V.— Grain Statistics. Part VI.— Subsidized Steausbip Service. Part VIL-Tradr or Forekjn Oodntrieb and Treaties and CoNviNnoHfc XontUy Beporti. Census and Statistics. Trade and Commerce. Weekly Beport. • , (Circulated within Canada onlg ) ''"t^ZatSr'*' °' ^"''' Commissioners and General Tr«l. KitceUaneoni Pnblioationt. Canada Grain Act Canada Year Book. Census Returns. SrDittT"'"""'' '"*"*^ ^'"•'^ -'' ^o™^ Oountri,^ Inspection and Sale Act List of Licensed Elevators.