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CASSELL'S 
 
 LESSONS IN FRENCH. 
 
 vr 
 
 LOUIS PASQUELLE, LL.D. 
 
 BEVISEO BT PROFESSOR DE LOLMB. 
 
 Corrected according to the 7th Edition (1877) of the 
 
 Dictionary of the French Academy, and 
 
 considerably enlarged by 
 
 Peofessob E. ROUBAUD, B.A. (Parte). 
 
 flttt(ort?eI» in tfn Department of e&ucatfon of ®ntar(o. 
 PART I. 
 
 THE ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTT-THIRB THOUSAND. 
 
 CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited: 
 
 LOHDOS, PARIS, NEW YORK dt MELBOURNE. 
 
 THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, Limited: 
 
 [AU BiaHTS aXSEBTXD.] 
 
i 
 
i 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 ONE HUNDKED AND FIKST THOUSAND. 
 
 In the latest edition (1877) of their Dictionary, the 
 French Acailemy having modiiied the npelling and 
 accentuation of a largo number of words, the Pub- 
 lishers have thought necessary to have their French 
 Lessons revised and corrected, as .suuie of those changes 
 have a bearing upon the accidence. 
 
 The work done has, however, not been confined to 
 tliese modifications: a chapter on the place of the 
 personal pronouns; one on the way to render in French 
 the English gerundial infinitive; other on French 
 past participles used substantively, und several Exer- 
 cises, both French and English, have been added to 
 the First Part, in which several Chapters, especially 
 those on the agreement of the Past Participle, and 
 several Exercises, have also been revised, improved, 
 and enlarged ; other numerous modifications and im- 
 provements being introduced where needed. 
 
 The Second Part has been increased by a Chapter 
 on tiie formation of the feminine of nouns, by a list of 
 the French and one of the Anglo-French Homonyms 
 and Paronymes, the two latter with a view to meet 
 the requirements of those Students who wish to pass 
 
u 
 
 th. Ex.,„i,«u„.., of „„. (r„ive«i,ie, which l,„v. „.. 
 o<l„o«l <,„„,„o„, „„ u.i» „„,j..„t in thd,. Kxa„,i„, . 
 
 ..«,,„..,,,,,, „.„„ „ ,,,,„ _^,^, ,1^^ ^^^ .; . -. 
 
 ' t " ;:, ""; ';""^™" "f ''-•"lc-a,l.,o,. to U,„ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Thk following Lessons, wl.ich u,,,Kniml originally in tho 
 pageH of tlH, Popular Educator, l.avo rec.i^■.,l sucl. 
 high enco.niu.nH fron. thoHo who, l.y tlu-ir own tnmi.Uvl 
 exertions, have leanuHl from thoni to rea.l ,nul write 
 the French Language, and with the help, ,K,rim|.H of 
 the "Sixpenny Lessons in French," to speak it, t'hat 
 the Publishers have been encouraged, in issuin.^ a 
 new (.(htion, to have a complete revision made of "ho 
 ^vork. This service has been pei-forme.l by Professor 
 De LoLME, who has gone carefully through the book 
 and made numerous improvements, B.nd, where needed' 
 corrections therein. ' 
 
 The First Part consists of a series of Lessons, pro- 
 ceeding giadually from the most simple to those which 
 are more difficult, and leading the student gradually 
 and insensibly to a knowledge of the structure and 
 icUoms of the lan^ruage. This is greatly aided by easy 
 Exercises, consisting of idiomatic French phrases to 
 be turned into English, and vice versd, the one set 
 fornnng a kind of key to the other. To each set of 
 exercises are prefixed rules and examples, and a 
 vocabulary of words to be used in the exercises. 
 
 The Second Part contains a Systematic Gra,nnu.r 
 ol the French tongue, including its Etymology and 
 
VI 
 
 Syntax, each rule being ilh«ti.ated by passage, b-cn. 
 the most d.sti„guished French write.., exhibfting Z 
 
 rtreu:;,::"^---"-— '-4-. 
 
 JnVZ T,"""'"^" *"» fo™ a poetical as 
 well as theoretical introduction to that which, next 
 
 *' f^ 7*''^' '°»8»«. - aa most im,„rtant of al 
 r ™ '^"'^ • "'' " ""y he added that the work 
 
% 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 'hongs, 
 
 Sect. I. The Letters, Vowels, Consonants, ] 
 Nasal Sounds, &c. 
 The Article : Present Indicative of Avoir 
 The Article continued 
 The Article used Partitively 
 The Negatives: Present Indicative of Avoir 
 Negatively 
 
 Idiomatic uses of Avoir 
 
 • • • 
 
 Pronouns and Pronominal Adjectives. 
 
 . Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns . 
 . Plural of Nouns . 
 
 Plural of Pronouns, the Article, and Posses 
 sives ... ... 
 
 Agreement of Adjectives ; Feminine of do. 
 
 Agreement of Adjectives ; Plural of do. 
 
 Place of the Adjective ; Relative Pronoun £n 
 
 Plan of Exercises in Composing French ; List of 
 Words for such Exercises . 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives . 
 
 Superlative of Adjectives ; use of Hucore 
 
 Adverbs of Quality; Quels, Que, &c. . 
 
 Relative and Conjunction ; Numbers . 
 
 Idiomatic Expressions relating to Time 
 
 The Four Conjugations of Verbs 
 
 Idioms of the Verbs ^voir and ^i;»r 
 
 Stems and Terminations of the Verbs; Present 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Irregular Verbs; their Present Indicative 
 
 II. 
 III. 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII 
 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 XV. 
 
 XVL 
 
 XVII. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 XXIL 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1 
 u 
 
 13 
 16 
 
 16 
 19 
 20 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 29 
 32 
 34 
 
 37 
 45 
 
 48 
 50 
 52 
 55 
 57 
 59 
 
 62 
 65 
 
VIU 
 
 Sect. XXIV. 
 
 XXV 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 XXIX. 
 XXX. 
 
 XXXI 
 XXXII. 
 XXXIII. 
 XXXIV. 
 XXXV. 
 XXXVI. 
 XXXVII. 
 XXXVIII. 
 XXXIX. 
 XL. 
 XLI. 
 XLII. 
 XLIII. 
 XLIV, 
 XLV. 
 XLVI. 
 
 XLVII. 
 XLVIII. 
 XLIX. 
 L. 
 LI. 
 LII. 
 LIII. 
 LIV. 
 LV. 
 LVI. 
 
 Interrogative form of Present In(iica,tivc ; 
 Article contracted with d 
 . Idiomatic use of some Verbs ; Imperative .' 
 1 lace of the Pronouns 
 Bespectivo place of the Pronouns, &c* 
 Exceptions to Eules on the Place of Per- 
 sonal Pronouns 
 Use of the Article; Monsieur, Madam, &c 
 Use of the Article continued : Present Indi- 
 cativo 
 
 Relative Pronouns ; Present Indicative 
 . Idiomatic Use of Mettre, Fairc, Hcc. 
 Impersonal Verbs 
 
 Place of the Adverb ; Present Indicative 
 Indefinite Pronoun On ; other Idioms 
 Reflective Verbs ; Present Indicative . 
 Reflective Pronouns used with Verbs . 
 Uses of some Reflective Verbs 
 Use of Reflective Verbs continued 
 Reflective Verbs Conjugated with En '. 
 The Past Indefinite Tense . 
 The Past Participle, and its uses .' , 
 Use of the Auxiliary Verbs 
 Idiomatic Expressions; Comdien,' Mener &c 
 Uses of Reflective and Impersonal Verbs 
 The Passive Verb; uses of Zc instead of 
 Nouns, &c. . 
 
 Idiomatic Expressions : Alkr, Pjre, &c. 
 Impci oonal Verbs and their uses 
 Impersonal Verbs continued . \ 
 Object relating to some Verbs 
 
 The Past Definite in the Four Conjugations 
 The Past Definite of Irregular Verbs, &c. 
 The Imperfect in the Four Conjugations . 
 Iho Imperfect of aU Verbs 
 The Past Anterior and the Pluperfect' 
 Idiomatic Constructions in Regimen, &c. .' 
 
 PAGE 
 
 68 
 70 
 73 
 75 
 
 77 
 80 
 
 . 83 
 85 
 87 
 90 
 92 
 94 
 96 
 100 
 102 
 104 
 106 
 108 
 111 
 113 
 116 
 118 
 
 120 
 
 122 
 
 124 
 
 126 
 
 128 
 
 130 
 
 132 
 
 135 
 
 137 
 
 130 
 
 141 
 
PAGE 
 
 . 68 
 
 0. 70 
 
 . 73 
 
 . 75 
 
 r- 
 
 ■ 77 
 ;. 80 
 
 • 83 
 . 85 
 87 
 90 
 92 
 94 
 96 
 100 
 102 
 104 
 106 
 108 
 111 
 113 
 116 
 118 
 
 Sect. LVII. 
 
 I.VIII. 
 
 LIX. 
 
 LX. 
 
 LXI. 
 
 LXII. 
 
 LXIII. 
 
 LXIV. 
 
 LXV. 
 
 LXVI. 
 
 LXVII. 
 
 LXVIII. 
 
 LXIX. 
 
 LXX. 
 
 LXXr. 
 
 LXXII. 
 
 LXXIII. 
 
 LXXIV. 
 
 LXXV, 
 
 PAOB 
 
 143 
 14o 
 
 146 
 148 
 150 
 
 Idiomatic uses of Tensrs of Verbs 
 
 Idiomatic Thrasos ; Changer, Tardcr, &c. 
 
 Kulcs for the Plural of Compound Nouns . 
 
 The two futures, Simple and Anterior 
 
 Irregularities of the Future 
 
 The Two Conditionals; tho Conditional 
 Present . . , - „ 
 
 Idiomatic Phrases ; Faire, h, la, ks, &c. 
 Idiomatic Phrases ; Faire continued . 
 Idioms; Faire used Reflectively and Im- 
 
 personally 
 
 Idioms relating to Avoir, le, &c. 
 Idioms relating to Avoir and ^pomcr 
 Idioms relating to Words of Dimension, 
 
 Weight, &c 
 
 Idioms relating to Mettre, &c. . 
 
 Tho Imperative in the Four Conjugations . 
 
 The Imperative and Infinitive ; Idioms, &c. 
 
 ations. 
 
 Sub- 
 
 LXXVI. 
 LXXVII. 
 LXXVIII. 
 LXXIX. 
 LXXX. 
 LXXXI. 
 LXXXII. 
 LXXXIII. 
 LXXXI V. 
 LXXXV. 
 LXXXVI. 
 LXXXVII. 
 LXXXVIII. 
 LXXXIX. 
 
 A* 
 
 The Subjunctive in the Four Conjug 
 Use of the Subjunctive 
 Use of the Subjunctive continued 
 The Imperfect and Pluperfect of the 
 
 junctivo 
 
 Government of Verbs . 
 Government of Verbs continued 
 Government of Verbs continued 
 Complement of Adjectives . 
 Government of Prepositions 
 The Demonstrative Pronoun Ce . 
 
 Idioms relating to tho Pronouns Ce and Que 
 Government of Verbs, &c. . 
 
 Complement of Conjunctions 
 
 Regimen of Verbs, &c. 
 
 Idioms relating to the Article, Adjcctiv 
 
 Idioms relating to Pronouns, &c. 
 
 Some Peculiar Idioms 
 
 Some Peculiar Idioms contfrixied 
 
 !, &c. 
 
 155 
 157 
 
 159 
 161 
 163 
 
 164 
 167 
 169 
 171 
 172 
 175 
 177 
 
 180 
 
 182 
 
 184 
 
 186 
 
 188 
 
 190 
 
 193 
 
 195 
 
 197 
 
 199 
 201 
 203 
 205 
 207 
 209 
 
Sbct. XC. 
 
 XCI. 
 
 XCII. 
 
 XCIII. 
 
 XCIV. 
 
 xcv. 
 
 X 'VI. 
 XCVII. 
 
 XCVIII. 
 XCIX. 
 
 c. 
 
 CI. 
 CII. 
 
 cm. 
 
 Idioms relating to Tenir 
 
 Idioms relating to £trc 
 
 Some Poculinr Idioms. 
 
 Some Peculiar Idioms continued' 
 
 Peculiar Idioms continued 
 
 Idioms relating to ^.«^,,^,,,;r' 
 
 Idioms relating to J?., Entendre, &c. . " 
 
 tir''"* ^''""^'^'' '''' Verbal Adject 
 The Present Participle continued " ' 
 Practical Summary of Rules on the' Pasi 
 
 -I articiplo 
 
 The Preceding Summary continued ." " 
 The Past Participle used substantively " 
 Examples Illustrating the Various Uses of 
 the Principal Conjunctions . 
 
 List of the Usual Abbreviations employed 
 in French . f j ^ 
 
 PAOE 
 
 • 211 
 . 213 
 
 • 215 
 . 217 
 
 220 
 222 
 224 
 
 226 
 228 
 
 231 
 234 
 238 
 
 239 
 
 244 
 
PAOE 
 • 211 
 
 . 213 
 
 . 215 
 
 . 217 
 
 • 220 
 
 . 222 
 
 . 224 
 
 226 
 228 
 
 231 
 234 
 238 
 
 239 
 
 244 
 
 Lessons in French. 
 
 Section I. 
 
 THE LETTERS. 
 
 The French alphabet contains twonty-five letters, as follows 
 L, eh, h, cf; G z/u,i/;H, a,h ; I, ve ; J, zhec ; K, kuh ; t 
 
 VV, called in trench double V, might be added as manv 
 
 The alphabet is divided into vowels and consonants 
 IHE \owELs.— The vowels are six in number, namely:— 
 a e i o u y. 
 
 The Consoxants.— The remaining letters of the alphabet 
 mneteen in number, are called consonants, namely- '''1'"^^^'' 
 
 b c d f g h j k 1 m n p q r s t V X z, 
 ^^rLT.rf^'%'^ into labials, dentals, gutturals, and liquids. 
 
 1 here are:-! our labials, VIZ., two sonant, A, t^,- two surd v r. 
 -1 ivc dentals, viz., two sonant, d, z .• two surd, t, s ; one » 
 times surd, sometimes sonant, viz., ^-y-Fivo simnlc suttS 
 sTrd Strari:'' {)'■ *^-r-?'--0 ^^ .^-oScfmrnd' 
 
 voweTs namiv'^''/"'''''-'-^'^'""^ '''' «^>^*««" '^^'^P^^^d 
 
 siofoTtiirvo'icr'"'' '"■''"'' ''^^ ""'' ^^""^'^'^ ^y «"« «™- 
 
 In the three following, ii, iau, iu, the a must be sounded bv 
 Itself, and separately from the other letters ^-^unaea oy 
 
 The Diphthongs. -Thore are six diphthongs, namely :_ 
 ^^ '^ io ua \x6 ui. 
 
 1 '^^^^""^ *^'i' ^"^"^ because, though pronounced as one svl 
 laWe the so'.nd of both vowels is distinctly heard ^ 
 
 iai iau ieu oua oue oui uai ueu. 
 These diphthongs are thus divided into syllablos :~ 
 
 i-ai i-au ieu ou-a ou-^ ou-i uai ueu 
 The Nasal Vowel SouNDs.-There are certain sounds, 
 
'"" em im • ' ' * — 
 
 »" «" 1 2 c'r *"" "'" J" 
 
 V- surj"- '- *»• «■« "™ »;;;;a.aT,,,:::, , ,„„ 
 
 lan ien jqjj 
 nants arc called nquids/nl^;:i;".fL'i^-;;;"'^ti^^^^ of the conso- 
 
 I'HEXCH ACCENTS 
 
 rhore are thi-oo accents, v£ ?!""''* °"^^' ^^^ «P<->cific purponcs 
 V '"^"^'I the Acute accent (*]„,«, ^, 
 " Cu-ciunflex;; J " | 
 
 ^ow^t SbTrnVir ^"^'^ -- *^« -ll , .., ,,,. ,,^^ 
 
 Whcn^ foSr.? ;^rLV'"f °r *^« — 1« «. ^ and . 
 
 ''Thtl-ircu *^^' ^'"'' '^"""'^ ^" 
 
 accent8,Tnd?s^uid w't? is JJ?! ''"'^" °^ ^^^ acute and ffravo 
 that the letter over wh ch " is^'i,^,?; '^^^'^P* ^- It indSS 
 
 Age, Bete, Biiche, Cdte oh. ^r.,. 
 The « ' *^«-lee, T6te 
 
 alaopoiStaZ'nStihf '^*-^ ^"^ Pronunciation, but thev 
 word« in which thej''a,rwr£^-e ^PeHmgof many of tZ 
 morly spelt esfo.J'er, aZe,e^,t ' ^^'^^ '^^^' ^'^^^'' ^^ero for- 
 
 other mark, or si^*; arfusel, Set ^'"* ^"""^^-*'^'^' -tain 
 Cedilla, Diasresis, Hvi^ben i 
 
 The Cedilla M i. v ^"'* Apostrophe. 
 
3 
 
 . fan?!.*" iri " ^ ''f"^^^*^ "f t^o dots placed over the vowel« 
 ^ «, and M It Hhows that the vowol over which it iVnlnonT' 
 pronounced soi,,,rat..ly from the, prcccdinl' vowel h sK.' 
 ihK, m r..;ility, a distinct syllahh' as- ' '""'*'''«t- 
 
 Niiivcto, i)ronounce(l Na ivete 
 c Jnt/wisrail" " ^'"^ '^"='^"*''^ -ark/which is used to 
 BelleH-lettres, Oh.i.ci, Demi-kilon,6tre. 
 
 Tho Ai.(,sTRo..»K (•) i,s like a conin.!., and is used to show 
 
 :^th !r;3'r So!*;;!! ---' ^^^- -^'^^ ---^ 
 
 L'ami instead of Le ana. L'honinie, instead of Lo Iiomme 
 n JfiL rf""'"''"' 7 '' ^'^^^ '='*"*^'l «" account of its peculiar 
 
 A-t-ellc': Tarle-t-on? A-t-il? 
 
 NAME AND S )UNU oP THE VOWELS. 
 
 A, a— name, «A—ha3 two distinct sounds, viz •— 
 A short sound, as in the English word/«^. * ' 
 A long sound, as in the English word mark. 
 yl has the short sound represented hy the English word fr,, 
 when It begins or ends a French word. ^"&"«'^ word/a< 
 
 Sme ^TS"'- V'^' I ^'•^"^'^- ^'or^uru^ed. English. 
 7r xx. ; '■'"• ' ^^"^ ^-^ra Mmried Woman. 
 
 ^ has the long sound represented by a in the Enelish worrl 
 
 aSj^'"^*'f P'°e'""'='^^ ^« tJ^'^ fir«t letter of the Frlnct 
 alphabet, and also when under the circumflex accent 
 
 +>,? V r^l!^' ^o^e^e'-. 'lot to pronounce A a like the sound of 
 m the tollowing examples, namely :— p^oioufeea, 
 
 Age Ah-zh Affe. | GrAce Grah-s /'a.o^r. 
 1 his vowel IS sometimes under a grave accent thn<. a n 
 voila ; but its sound is not mate "y ! Jcted tSr^by -^' ^^' 
 
 wo7d'l;j: ™'' "^'' ''''^^' ^^^^ '^^ ^^"^^« "^' i'^ t^e English 
 
 diffpJnf"'^'* more than any other btter, namely :-in five 
 different ways, and hence it has five different names viz -I 
 
 ^silent, e mute or unaccented, d acute, ^ grave, ^circumflex. 
 
 E, e, Silent.— When final, and in the middle of words be 
 tween two consonants, . is silent, as in the following word^ !^ 
 
 Abaque A-bak ^6a<n« | Contmance Confnans ^ttt<«(Zc • 
 also between J or G and a or ., as in Je..n. fieorges ' 
 
 J!i, e. UNAccENTEn.— Name, «A; has two sounds Ist +>,«+ 
 of . m Lr, when final of monosyllables, as in J.^^^^- when 
 
"^\ 
 
 b.'for« ,;,,, 1 ''' " consonant, also hofor w , / ' *^"^ "^ "•'/ "' 
 
 Ex.!.pfe.s.."-^^-^'"-.^^'/ -.nd, like t ho En,l,, ,.,.,;, 
 Arrive Ar-eev-f.)i a ■ , 
 
 ^"/f -■" '"* S.1 iiir-""' '*» «'« '«".- .. tale 
 , ihis vowel leeeivos >,„♦ , • 
 
 " t English word /.Sr^ufd 'prolong'' f ^ ^^^ ^««ers .. 
 Abime Ab-eem Abyss , ^T ^^'"^Plos: 
 
 9, O.— The has in Fr«r.,T, ^^ ^^^®* ^^^nng-tAace 
 
 -•EXAMPLES OP THP Ru^. T, ^ ^^'P- 
 
 Mot "::-- °';- -"|-» r«oo».r- 
 
 ^Ya-^oSri"'- »-^--;.,fir,ette.tl; t^e 
 
KxAMI'LEs : 
 
 Bucho liush Zof;o/ «W.!Fiate Flute i^/„t, 
 
 of Latlr tSh'f .1'r' ^^^'"/«"«^'"^' ^. ^'-^''opt in a few M;,rds 
 
 i IS also pronounced like the letters ce in ih^. 1?^ r i. 
 Af^. when it icjiu, or .«,/, a word n ml ..1.. / ^"^^''^ '"''''^ 
 
 Hystdme SecHs-tahn ^s><f;„ 
 
 Name and Sound of the Conhonants. 
 
 soun'd^fThoV^irSS ^"^ ' ^''^^ *^^« ^^«- has the 
 men doubled within a word, only one b is sounded, viz ... 
 
 Abbesse Ab-ess ^jj,,^ 
 
 At the end of proper names h is always sounded ' 
 
 anJ-tSTe HwTitS^^^^^^^ * -"ont. 
 
 take the nasal soSnd of .« ^ '"'"' "" "^''^ ^^^'i' "^^^ely, onl, 
 
 ;..S'and~™' 'SerZ:f f '^' "^^^^'^^ '""^^^^ "'^"^^l^. 
 the consonants ., /, Tand Tlt^Z\Vi """f ''' '^^^ ^^«« ^^^«^e 
 A- in the English'wordTiF/, Ale?; •- ^'^ '""'^'^ «^ ^^^ ^^"er 
 Cala^it^ Ka-la-me-teh (7a^a,«%. , Classe Klahss Cla.,. 
 
 and : Sta'therfrsoSxd'o'f ?S,t^ *^-^ ?.^"^ ^^^-e «, o, 
 «^«. namely :_ ^'^ ""^ ^^^ ^^"®^ * ^ the English word 
 
 Oedre Saidr Cedar I Po^o i t. 
 
 Wi. ^ ' *''^*'^® Fas-sad i?Von< 
 
 Avec A-vek Trv#»- ' i?! ^ •'^ ' 
 
 D. d.-TIus letter generaUy has the sound c. .3 letter d in 
 
ffio English word dted U ■ 
 
 "•,|«oj.«r ruitne^ ^"'' '* » """'iHy silent wh.n /?„^/ „ 
 
 «rfo/„.„,.rf,. I„V°;; " ■« iwmotimoB Bound,.,! .1 '"' -^ '" 
 / is silent whon i( ™ S""' """I "«»/, «-U,r„ "'"° '" "lo 
 
 ""B"Tfte..Hl • T •" '■™''"-- »" "SS 
 
 «nd is joined ^SV^*^ ^^'n^encin/Vl^h „ ?' ^^^^^'^^ ^o^-d 
 Neufanimaux v,,, . «'*>t^ere,t8 
 
 ^ G. g.-Before the vowe^ " T""! ^'■"'' "» ''««^*. 
 
 00%??^^ P~-"nced o!ZtT' '""^ '^'•^' ^« •• 
 Jiamberg " Ko-boor, etc 
 
 P.*„ .. Nurembero " ^amber, etc. 
 
 "OH, -and^:!"" '" P™unci.Hon, as'f f, M™°:*^ ^» 
 
i.y th.. two ],.,■,„,; ,//. ,^;;„T:jy'!"^^ '""^ " •*"♦' -"""i «vi....s,,,t..d 
 
 T ,,. , W"''it •» pronounced Abeo. 
 
 In th.« word there is no Hound wl.at,.ver of the /.. 
 
 Jamais Zha-n.ay i;.,,, , j,,^^, ,,^^ ^^^^ ^ 
 ..vS^.^r^'^'" ^^■""" ^"'« "'« ^^""'i '>f the E„,.h-«h .I- t all 
 
 In a few wordn. ^ fillall So^T "'^^ '^'^' ^^-'^ ' "« ''^ ^iq-cJ^ 
 ing viz^ :-«., ..;; • ;:l;';,:"-^ combmations like the follow! 
 
 En.iLi^:r^]?-„S'i/::-^^^^ 
 
 aOf en j« ' ^ • 
 
 A** o '"' on, un 
 
 usuau/iT'vilt''" ^"'^ «^ --d«. final con^on^lnts arc 
 Prends as if printed Pren. and pronounced Prahn. 
 
 or We! U "irelTeS^^^^^^^^^ '^^''^"'"^ ^^^ a vowel 
 sound, that another ; Kid be iHH P,''?"^"^^'^^ ^'^th a nasal 
 beginning of the next h^^ LmcjJ :!'" P^^^^^^^^tion to the 
 
 Mon ami as if printed Mon-namee. 
 
 soxfn'do57aShen1f fchVso^,^^^ '^ "^^'^«' ^^ - -'-»>' 
 «nal, it i's geneiSy silent PfoZt ^h f T .^"fe'^^«^- ^^'^en 
 
 followed by «, which is then almost H -s sUen f ^'"'™"^ 
 It is often ioppef or ^earlvT-' TT'' ^^^^»o>meur 
 
 words dissever and £ an^fiT ?.^ '""".'^ °* * ^" *he English 
 word -o'" 'n Wv 1 ^1' ^"'^i.he soft sound of a in fb« WpSii!}, 
 
 ; , ;■ ' ^quiviiunt to the Eneiish Jetfpr <. t+ i, "liT^ 
 «^/c^ Am*«^ sound whenever itH initial^ "*' *^^ ^'^'"^ 
 
I 
 
 '.cr.:,-:-:"' --■— 
 
 foll,.vvin» Z, . *'"' ''"«l'«fi -. and s "'""■'•' "••^'"".to 
 
 JWt.Ml^ „ ■'^"Mi^^h ,v .n thu 
 
 <«'mti. II /"r-Hooftl . 
 
 CiiitiuH /V(>-s.„„|, ''/"Ijtinfii,. 
 
 '■ "'-'V"" ^"-f'^k '«-i. Kfs,"' •»i,'i;'Sy'"r: 
 
 E.xc^s ,,, ' " ^'^^ following woi'd •— ^ ' 
 
 ,;'''' '^"^ ^'"^^'^h letters ^., in tho toll ■ ^""'"'^ 
 Ex..rinier -^^ ' ^^° following word •— 
 
 4 Like English .,, in the Ll ^'''"^ ^"'•'•'^^^- 
 
 ""*^**V' .r,T,...«ciy:-- ^ '" P^'0"«nciation, has 
 2, 2.-zt'l!!!nv''! "^^^'""^^^ Auzommes. 
 
 ^g with a consonant, is silent. 
 
t 
 
 1 1„> 
 
 11 Hr. 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 letter. r^^u^"-l^zrZu:^::iv '' 'T'" "^ "'-^^ 
 
 COMl'Ol'NI) VOWELM. 
 
 "». <"''.• <«,»«,».,<.„,;•,„,,. „„'"!'■"•'.''.". '--...'..v.r.; 
 
 UII'lITUONGS. 
 
 There are six diphthongs, namely :-(«, u- ,0 «« «/ „; 
 >/ i-cfS'th"' ''r.'^'"'^ the letter Hu the English \vord 
 
 hiatus between^trrFia""? lt-akr"S '^""'^ ^■^^^"^"* "">' 
 */.?>^fZ;;;"'' ^""°'^' ^^-^'' •• ^™t-'. ritie. Lie, /'.V.rf. 
 of ^•EaJlniS;,^^^- :'" "" ^^"'^^•^ - - th^ 1-t syllahle 
 Vl.lon veo-lonh rw»,. 
 
 latter is £ ttSe^s LT ?S E^li^tt^d ^^ ^ •' ^'^^^^ 
 Condmte Konh-d'weet Conduct. | Puissance P-nee-sahns Pov^a-. 
 
 Iho ^j^/<< diphthongal combinations of th... ..,...„:.. ,. 
 
 m th^same word, are thus divided, to show' th^ir pi^inua^ 
 
I' ' 
 
 iai 
 iau 
 itni 
 
 OllJl 
 
 10 
 
 iai 
 i-au 
 i-eii 
 oil -a 
 
 ou-6 
 
 oii-i 
 
 II ai 
 
 u-eii 
 
 oo-eh. 
 ooe 01' wee 
 nay. 
 mih. 
 
 ouai 
 
 «»eu ou-eii "°-'^y- 
 
 °"^- oi-le ZT 
 
 "o-eh. 
 
 Tie «ound of , *^T ™"' 'o™™- 
 
 The soimd of.;,;" "Z'- ' ' """ " "™ '""' "' "•' 
 
 '^ i f '«KrSr ^r?°^'™ "". and 
 
 IS iike the sound of fh,. iM" '^^^esented bvtho 
 »«-eci with an effUt is r ^''^ 't ^^^^^ 
 ..,;J n ^'''.""fJ'of «o^, .«« S , .'""^^ ^^'^^ nose 
 
 " ,f « to .po.i» Z " *« J-J .sh WO.J 
 
 pies 
 
 Concemin" ti,r "" "fW 'o «peat S ' ™,Enfflish word 
 «mon,be-°'d%S « "»'»"• ">« S«*r°£ at °T 
 
 nasals. ^ '" * and «'« followp,?!. 
 
 dejtroyod. "^ "» «' »-<i « are doubled .1 
 
 !• |"K» £F S^" 
 
 T»r" Jmbecile ^n,, . 
 
 ^"-bay-seel 
 
 ^fayd'-sanh 
 
 Sanh 
 
 Fanh 
 
 Panh 
 
 Sanhptom 
 
 Lanhx 
 
 Bonhb 
 
 May-zonh 
 
 Unhbi'.^ahn 
 
 IM. 
 
 In. 
 
 Em. 
 Aim. 
 
 AiN. 
 
 Ym. 
 
 Yn. 
 Om. 
 On. 
 Ujf. 
 Vn. 
 
 imbecile 
 
 ^fedecin 
 
 Sein 
 
 Paim 
 
 Pain 
 
 Symtome 
 ■Lynx 
 Pombe 
 Maison 
 
 Humblement 
 
 Aucun 
 
 ^"U-Ui -J 
 
 0-kunh 
 
 Foolish. 
 
 Physician, 
 
 breast. 
 
 Hunger. 
 
 Bread. 
 
 Lynx. 
 
 Shell. 
 House. 
 Humbly. 
 Ani/. 
 
oo-eh. 
 ooe op wep 
 uay, 
 mill. 
 
 word are tiius 
 
 ented bv the 
 ■'"^ "" in the 
 '^'t to speak 
 
 ' that of an 
 
 '''s o>i/i, and 
 'I'd conquer^ 
 
 the letters 
 iglish word 
 nose, 
 to be weli 
 
 ' are not 
 isality is 
 th exam- 
 
 3ry few 
 
 11 
 
 and «« ire sounded likf;.' ^'' ^^'"^^""dis, in which urn 
 
 ^'ASAL UIl'HTHOXOAL (SOUNDS. 
 
 lari 
 
 ien 
 
 ion 
 
 uan 
 
 uin 
 
 ouan 
 
 oin 
 
 ouin 
 
 divided into i-an 
 
 )> i-cn 
 
 )) i-on 
 
 )) u-an 
 
 ), u-in 
 
 )> ou-an 
 
 t> ou-in 
 
 >) ou-in 
 
 and pronounced eahn. 
 
 » eanh. 
 
 » eonh. 
 
 » uahn. 
 
 » uanh. 
 
 )) ooahn. 
 
 ti oo-anh. 
 
 >> oo-anh. 
 
 LIQtlUs. 
 
 from that wUch they mnJ^lH- w,™ " T"?? T>' '"*""' 
 
 4SS, wlrdrrn™'!";/!!''' ' **'« '■' «"1 « "» "i- in tho 
 
 Digmt€ Dee-gnee-teh /),v,,„-^. 
 
 The exceptions to this method of pronouncino-To i.t. 
 
 tho.ei„„hfch,:sSi.t„rc^4;Ter' ""•■ """ - 
 
 Section II. 
 
 lino. fo™ZtS,7eniit ^^e" f " """' '" ""> ™^"'". « «»■ 
 
 Le fils, </te son. t i. «ii« <» j 
 
 3. There are xn French only two genders, the masculine 
 
12 
 
 and the feminine fS 4 I v 
 
 ^^-CL-, e.,,.. ^ -e of these two 
 
 I«i l>hune, </,e ^,,„ , La feuille, ^/,e K 
 
 4- AVOIH, TO HAVK, I.x THE PhesES. ''"'"*'' ''' '^'''••" 
 
 . ADirmatively, 
 
 EUe a ""'^ '"'•'• 
 
 Nousavons, ^^J«*- 
 
 Vous avez v T'''- 
 
 Ellesont,f. fj'^^"'^- 
 
 Ai-je ? 
 
 Astu? 
 
 A-t-il ? 
 
 A-t-elle ? 
 Avons-noiis ? 
 Avez vous ' 
 Ont-ils ? ni.' 
 Ont-elles ? f 
 
 Interrogativdy. 
 
 Have 1 1 
 Haul thou ; 
 
 Has she ? 
 
 Harve we .? 
 
 Have I/O a? 
 
 Have the}/? 
 
 Have they .? 
 
 •5- The e of th., ■'• Ont-elles "f ^««'Ae'^.? 
 
 eomesbcforaavotfoT°"? J^ ^'^ «Med when /f'''"^' 
 
 Pam, m. firmrf. 
 J^"me f. ^,^. 
 
 4^-?ine, f. oafe. 
 ^ie, m. wheat. 
 
 Boulanger, ni. 6a/l«.. 
 ^heval ni. horse. 
 
 Faring, f. flou,.. 
 f ?'ei-e, ni. iro?/;„-. 
 Livre, ni. boo/c. 
 
 r^^We, f. table. 
 
 ^jande, f. meat. 
 ^in, m. ioine. 
 
 viande. 12 rf '"?'» «' 'a plume 1 1 t •^;"' Mademoi- 
 
her denoting an 
 "" of these two 
 
 ae 
 
 ie lion, 
 the paper. 
 'c ivooci. 
 the lioness, 
 the leaf, 
 'he door. 
 
 -VDICATIVE 
 
 ativehj. 
 
 Have II 
 Hast thou f 
 Has he i 
 Has she ? 
 Harve ive ? 
 Have I/O a? 
 Have they I 
 Have they } 
 that 23ronoun 
 
 I'son singular 
 
 followed by 
 
 >iic, must be 
 
 "ned by two 
 
 hey dancing f 
 
 eat, you have 
 ''Ve the water, 
 ythechildhus 
 e tlie pepper. 
 
 It. 
 
 t, only. 
 
 u.hle. 
 
 a. 
 
 meat, 
 
 'nt. 
 
 Q. vinegar. 
 
 A-t-il la 
 i-nous lit 
 .lo pHin. 
 ■no et lo 
 ^Hdemoi- 
 jer a la 
 '• Avez- 
 
 13 
 
 vous I'eau et le sel P U Oni Ar^„oV 
 
 «e], et I'avoino. 15 Avm,« nous 1? t^T' "^"V^'«"« I'oau, lo 
 la mo a lo the, lo WmJgi^erie sel 17' a/^"?' ^'^°"'^'^'"^' 
 Non Madame vous ave. seulemert le vL trTet' h". • ','' 
 19. Avez-vous la table:- 20. Oui, Madame; ;^Tlataby.''''^'• 
 
 KxEltCIHE 2. 
 TO KE THANSL.VTED INTO FKE.VCH. 
 
 ^\tZlZ ^J^t Tl^ iS:^^^ ^ ,^- the wheat. 
 «Hlt. o. Has he the oats* 6 Vo V ^"^l^^\'"«-"'it ''md the 
 oats. 7. Have we the wiiea^V l' Yon )!'' "■^M^^'^'l has tho 
 the flour. 9. Who has tbo «,if •. ,n t ^''''^ ^^^ ^^'^^''t and 
 meat. 11. Pla e we ho v^ ol; ,, ^^{ ^}"'-^ ^he salt and the 
 12. No, 8ir, the brother hVsf'- ^'''' '"'^ ^^"^ "^^^^'^'^ 
 horsor 14. ThobSLsfT, r''"^^^^^^^ ^^- ^^'^o has the 
 and the penh IG nJ "iliss .)'''••, ^•^- ^^'''^ ^^^ the book 
 niiUorhas the hook 17 laVrvo.f '.l ^f i^' J-^^' ""^ ^he 
 yir, I have only the book \vl }.^ ^1^^'"'' '^'^' '^ ^^- ^o, 
 have the table, 'the pen^and tie bl'ot? '■'" *'^ *'''^^^^ -^'^- ^^^ 
 
 .Skctio.v Tir. 
 
 Una singular. co,L nciuL wi?h a .on '' \''°''^ ^^ ^he ..r«.«. 
 [§ 1^ («) (9)]. "°^ '''th ^ consonant or an h aspirated 
 
 mo^ein^wU&l'owerertr' ^''^ "---^^"0 words com- 
 with th? piposition ' ™"^'' ^^'^ ^^'t^^^*^ ^« '^"t blended 
 
 con„«led by'tho i^i'Sion dS H°7t,n') ^ '"■" ™'''' '°'°« 
 
 L.m„„t.oclV. fJj^Kr, 
 
 Miscellaneous Exajim.es. 
 
 V«.zlaIettrodoIas.urdu^v£t..^ 
 
 A-t-il le livre de la dame 2 iJ^l^at'S''^'"'"^' 
 
Argent, «,., sihrr 
 /,^0's, in. n-ooct. 
 
 <^oton, m. co«o«. 
 
 14 
 
 EXEUCISE 3. 
 
 },"»•, ni. /eatha-. 
 
 J^o'n. m. W. 
 ^Hbit, ,n. cort^ 
 Inline, f. woof. 
 
 Montre, f. «,«^^,/,_ 
 
 •rortecriivon m 
 
 I'^iir f. »,-^^p, 
 
 %l''\'^^>rn. shoe. 
 railleur, m. tai/or 
 
 monlrod'onll,, 1. "°"'"' "■'or? 2 O,,,- ., , 
 
 i«» 'to ^u t t-„ tX" *"? '!■« t'oM Sch ■■■ / 4r, tto 
 fto tailor', shoo:- r 1, ° i''™'' IWcil-cam / ,?'°!«<ly 
 
 , — jAer o Joather 
 
m. ipen- 
 
 I- (lofd. 
 'J'-'iyon, 
 (ise. 
 
 f. sister. 
 ■ silk. 
 
 ^'""0. JHi la 
 avez-vous le 
 . du medecia 
 '" du boiiW 
 portocraj'on 
 portecrayon 
 '• Vous avez 
 do drap du 
 8010 du tai]. 
 .oordonnier 
 '«»y. J'ai lu 
 • a arg-ent 't 
 'odecin a la 
 la robe do 
 idamo, elJo 
 ame h 23 
 24. Qui 
 •■ 26. La 
 
 j^avo the 
 rJio Jady 
 rave you 
 '• Havo 
 f^n table. 
 5r knife, 
 cil-case. 
 ster has 
 'enter's 
 eking f 
 las the 
 ie mil- 
 ive the 
 Yes, 
 father 
 
 15 
 
 Section IV 
 
 -ords used in a paiiitit.lSo 8ud/ wS. ^'^ ^^^''^"^'^ ^^^'^r? 
 known in Eriglith when w;;l n, • '^^^ '"^>' «'''nemlly bo 
 
 them [^ 14 (11), ,s 78 (i)J. '^ °' ''^'^ ^« «^- ™'^y ^o prefixed to 
 
 Du pain. „ , 
 
 De la viands. "vr""' °'' ^""'^ 'j'-cat/. 
 
 De I'argent. -'J/mi, or j<o;«e meat. 
 
 ,, m, -n, -^/o^f^, or some money. 
 
 the- E^^Liits-te*-' H •(r;^'o'-f — '» 
 
 Un homme. . w v ;j. 
 
 Une feninie. ^ '««"• 
 
 B '«wt;tinri?»i;i;l««^ W„™ u. and u^ 
 
 D'un livre, m. nf ^ 
 
 D'une maison, f ?£ °^ fj'^^^ « ^^ooh 
 
 A \vu,.„ i-L . ^^J or from a house. 
 
 tenceltVc^rrr:^;:;^^^^^^^^^ an interrogative sen- 
 before the ve;b ; and iSeXterXr' /J ^'^^"Jd ^^- P'^cod 
 tenses, and after the auxilkrv tn 1 ^^^ '"'^''^ ^" ^^plo 
 
 must be placed ao-reein'l wTti 1? ''"'"P?""^ tenses, a pronoun 
 ber and pLon [§ 76 (l^fsjf ^ *^' nominative in gender, num- 
 
 Lemedecina-t-ilde I'argent' 
 
 Mp, ?!:i'^'^'' •'^■t-il de la viande? 
 Mes fr^res sont arrives; les votres 
 
 sont-ils partis ? 
 Cela est-il vrai ? 
 
 Avez-vous du pain ? 
 
 ^IlSCELLANEOUS ExAMl'LEs. 
 
 -ffas theplysieian mow,, t 
 am the butehcr meat > ' 
 M,j brothers have un-ived; 
 
 arc yours (jonci 
 Is tmt true / 
 
 Hnre ,iou bread ? 
 You have bread, 
 
 cheese. 
 Has your bi-othcr 
 
 butter ? 
 Docs thatbehmj to your brother t 
 Js theirs here I 
 
 '''^Jlllfl^^icia.;s sister r^pcr 
 
 butter, and 
 a pound of 
 
 U soeur du mifdecin a-t-eJle du 
 papier etdel-encre? ' ''\ „„, ^„, , 
 
 artidJ^; t S.^^SSSrf eJirvt^-^' ^^T^'-' ^^«t the 
 sense. ^ "^^^'^ ^'■^^i noun used in a partitive 
 
 Acajou, ni. mahotiany 
 Acier, m. steel. " " ' 
 Aujourd'hui, to-day 
 
 Exercise 6. 
 
 Beurre, ni. butlc-. 
 Biere, f. beer. 
 Boeuf, m. 6ec/. 
 
 < 'afc, ni. coffee. 
 Cuiller, f. spoon. 
 D6, m. thimble. 
 
16 
 
 Kncre, f. in^ ' , 
 
 ^ils, m. SO)!. i^J^e, m. hook i^""io. f-p^. 
 
 Giint, m. i//yi,e. ^'^P'^r. m. paper Th- ' ^"^^^ 
 
 ^"^> m. tea. 
 
 «;t-ello uno Iconic' dt '"r^^,*, '^^ P'^Pi^r! "^J ''tZ, «-*-« 
 d argent. 9. Le boulanger . f if ," ""'^ '"ontre dS e? uHj 
 I;e boulanger a du the et du. 5' " '''" «» ^^ ^^ bi^eP ,n 
 a-t-elle uno 
 
 3tte d'argent 7-^' t , '^"•''"c a 
 
 H. Votre frero a-t-il du- 
 aujourd'huiv ifi n • \r^'^- ^^o bouchor a f ,-i !i , "^^ ''t 
 
 ello a un livre 2-; \ . ?, S'lnt h 24. Non Mnn^" ^'^- ^'^ 
 erayon d« medecin. P^"'"' ^ «r. 27. Vous a;e. l-pj^^o-' 
 
 Exercise 6 
 
 Pioce of cloth. ,"S,*« Mor cloth? " Th.7f-f ';"<»■. 
 
 table." IS Vr.c u- 1 . ^'' "as vour firiinr,^^ ^es, bir 
 
 gster a gioveV\;^-' ^0 has a maho^Tn/af ^ J "jJ^W 
 Has the bookse]If.;\,' . ^' ^"'' "7 sister has a sill, , "^^ ^^^^ 
 
 .to^f-tcP^Y-T»-^^^^^ ■ 
 
 Skctiox V. 
 ••'»i pL° Snt" "°"'™'° "-^««-. «. .-.phccd Wc the vcPb 
 
 T t . ' 
 
 J? n'ai paslechev.il 
 VousnWzpa^la'i.i^,^ 
 
 
 ■ { 
 
Plume, f. p,n. 
 »ucre, m. awjar. 
 I'm, m. wine. 
 *;ptre, your. 
 ^'^u, m. tea. 
 
 'i'%"r. i'ai une 
 » de pain ^ 4, 
 
 librairo a-t-ii 
 • Votro soeur 
 ' ti or et un de 
 ibiere? lo 
 frcVo a-t-il dii' 
 ^ 3. La dame 
 'no cuiUer et 
 «e la viando 
 «« do b(x)uf. 
 ronsieur, il a 
 deein f 20. 
 ^I- Qui a dii 
 ere. 23. La 
 nsieur, mais 
 
 152 le porte- 
 
 I pound of 
 ad, butter, 
 iilor has a 
 'S, Sir, the 
 'er watch? 
 gold pen. 
 iG cotton, 
 knife and 
 Yes, Sir, 
 ttahogany 
 Has your 
 'Ve. 21. 
 s, Sir, he 
 iias your 
 ^ and the 
 5 6). 
 
 be verb, 
 
 17 
 
 2. When the verb is in a compound tense [§ 46 (7) ] the first 
 negative ne is placed before the auxiliary, and the second 
 between iho auxiliary and the participle. 
 
 Je n'ai pas eu le cheval. / have not had the horse. 
 
 Vous naveii pas eu ia maison. You have not had the home. 
 
 3. It will be seen in the above examples that the e of ne is 
 cbded, when the verb begins with a vowel [§143]. 
 
 4. When the words ni, neither ; rien, nothing ; jamais, never ■ 
 personne, no one, nobodij ; occur, the word ne only is used, and 
 those words take the place of pas [§42 (6)]. 
 
 Je n'ai ni le livre ni le papier. / fuive neither the book nor the mner. 
 Avez-vous quelque chose ? Have you amjthimi ? 
 
 Ppr"<ln """"V' r^*?- ^'^ '"'^•e noth ing, or not anythimj. 
 
 Personne n'a le livre. No one has the book. 
 
 Vous n avez jamais le couteau. You. never have the knife. 
 
 5. A noun used in a partitive sense (Sect. 4, Rule 1), and 
 being the object of a verb, conjugated negatively, should not 
 
 fI -Pr^^^^^ ^^ *^'' "'■*'''^''' ^"* ^y th« preposition de only 
 LS 78 (7)J. 
 
 Nous nV.vons pas d'argent. We have no money. 
 
 Vous n avez pas de viande. You have no meat. 
 
 6. Quelqu* un some one, any one ; [§ 42 (9)] quelque chose. 
 somcthuig, anything; should only be used in an affirmative or 
 interrogative sentence, or in a sentence which is negative and 
 interrogative at the same time. 
 
 Avons-nous vu quelqu'un ? Have we seen ami one ? 
 
 Avez-vous quelque chose ? Have you anythimj f 
 
 I«i avons-nous pas quelque chose ? Have we not 'something ? 
 
 7. In a negative sentence, ne— personne signifies nobody, 
 not anybody ; and ne— rien nothing, not anything. 
 
 Je n 'ai entendu personne. / have heard no one, not am/one. 
 
 Vous n avez nen. You have nothing, or not anythinrj. 
 
 8. Avoin, TO HAVE, IN THE PRESENT OF THE INDICATIVE. 
 
 Negatively, 
 
 Je n'ai pas, I have not. 
 
 Tu n'as pas, 
 
 II n'a pas, 
 
 Elle n a pas, 
 v,.„„ .,r„,.' 
 
 Nous 
 
 Negatively and Interrogatively. 
 N'ai-je pas ? Have I not ? 
 N'as-tu pas ? Hast thou not / 
 N'a-t-il pas ? Has he not ? 
 N'a-t-elle pas ? Has she not ? 
 N'avons - nous Have tve not? 
 pas? 
 You have not. N'avez - vous Have you not / 
 
 Thou hast not. 
 He has not. 
 She has not. 
 n avons We have not. 
 
 J 
 
 pas 
 
 tfse. 
 
 pas, 
 Vous n'avez 
 
 pas, 
 ns n out pas, TJiey m. have 7Wt. N'ont-ils pas ? Have they m. not t 
 iiUes n ont pas They f. have not. N'ont-elles pas? Have they f. not f 
 
 MiSCELLANEOrS ExAMl'LES. 
 
 Has the tailor the button? 
 The tailor has not the hntton. 
 He has not had the eloth. 
 He has had neither the cloth nor 
 the leather. 
 
 Le tailleur a-t-il le bouton ? 
 Le tailleur n'a pas le bouton. 
 n ii'a pas eu le drap, 
 II n'a eu ni lo drap ni le cuir 
 
Al-je de la vianrle ? 
 ^ouHnavon8JamaL,lecaf^(R.5). 
 
 is 
 
 Ami m. frkiul^ 
 Angieten-o. , ^v,- 
 
 AuHsi, aho. 
 Autre, o</j«.. 
 Chapelier, m. hatter. 
 
 ^oton, m. cuiton. 
 
 ExEitci.SE 7. 
 
 JDrap, ,„. (,/,,^/, 
 ^" tout, miv. at an 
 
 Histoire. f. ^/^^^ 
 
 -^"i'c I neat} 
 ^'tj^ave no meat, 
 f^je we anything i 
 
 Ni, conj. neUier, „.^ 
 n,. I ^,' ^^nithhuj. 
 
 (■/<««;;. '""- Sole, f. silk. 
 
 1 I O.I, "v" ^^""-ni-wz^. V'}-^'^''^'^- velvet. 
 
 dost"' tZT' ""^P-5ovoIot*tt"4«"-o on" 
 du velours, et rfo ;"^"^^*"d u'a pasd'ara-pnt J^ • ?,' ^'^"» 'i do 
 douxboutonsd'a^4ntp'n°V^" *«»* 12 LHaS"''' ^^• 
 
 ranee? 10 v.." y?*^« anu. jg. Avoz-vou' 
 
 1 H f)i Exercise 8 
 
 mahogany tabb ''n "Xf ^'^^ table? 8. Yc?^?^°^i. 7. Has 
 
 "nil the Iadv'<i ,Z{a ' ""''"'ii. I have tb. „k ■'?" *» 1*)'- 
 
 flS 
 
 ^"- -^ our brother 
 
19 
 
 has my cousin's book. 27. Has he the taUor's coat ^ 28 W« 
 Ims not the tailor's coat. 20. We have ShlThe cloth n^^ 
 
 Section VI. 
 1. The verb avoir is used idiomaticallv in French witli «b.. 
 
 sf'sottSm'Sr *'"^' '""• "'°'' >'°°". f-. Ssii, 
 
 J'fti (luelquo clioso, 
 II a chaud, 
 Elle a faini, 
 Nous avons honte, 
 Vous avez peur, 
 lis out tort, 
 Aveii-vous raison ? 
 J'ai sonjnieil, 
 
 SomcthinO in the viatter with inc. 
 
 He IS tear III, 
 
 She is huiifffi/. 
 
 We are ashamed. 
 
 Yoa are afraid. 
 
 They are uyrong. 
 
 Are yoiirifjhti 
 
 I am sleepy. 
 
 .J: A "?""' whether taken in a generator in a particular 
 
 Bread is necessary. 
 He has the bread. 
 
 US diflerent forms [§77 (1) (2)1. 
 
 Le pain est ndcessau-e. 
 
 II a le pain, 
 o A , , -""^ ""* f''« oreaa. 
 
 6. A noun, preceded by the article le, retains that irfiVl^ 
 
 fi^'i' TlT'^'Z' ^"t ^ "oun taken irapartUhV fen e 
 
 (Sect. 4, 1), takes after ni neither article nor preposition 
 
 Je n ai vu ni I'arbre ni le jardin, / have seen neither the tree nov 
 
 Nous n'avons vu ni arbre ni m'fip'Zi neither tree nor 
 
 V A l/arden. 
 
 .A- f^ ^^^' *^^^" ™ ^ partitive sense, and preceded bv «n 
 adjectivo, takes merely the preposition de [§ 78 (3)1 ^ 
 noun^^" following adjectives are generally placed before the 
 
 Cher, rfmr. Jeune, youruj. Meilleur, ie««.. 
 
 Grand^rea<, larffe. Joli, pirtty. Petit, smafL 
 
 Gros, large Mauvais, bad. Vieux, old. 
 
 Vilam, ugly. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Beau, handsome 
 Bon, good. 
 Brave, worthy. 
 
 Avez-vous quelque chose ? 
 Je n'ai rien (litei-ally, I have no- 
 thing). 
 Voire frere a-t-il chaud ? 
 II n'a ni froid ni chaud. 
 Votre sojur a-t-elle faim ou soif ? 
 Mien a pas faim, mais elle a honte. 
 V otre ami a-t-il sommeil ? 
 Mon ami n'a ni sommeil ni peur. 
 
 Avez-vous raison ou tort ? 
 Avez-vous du lait ou du vin ? 
 Je n'ai ni lait ni vin [R. 3]. 
 Avez-vous le lait ou le vin ? 
 Je n'ai ni le lait ni le vin [R. 3]. 
 — vs.", vous de beau drap ec de 
 bon cafe ? 
 
 Is anything the matter' roith von -> 
 Nothing is the matter with me. 
 
 Is your brother warn ? 
 
 He is mithei' cold nor warm. 
 
 Is your sister hungry or thirstii ? 
 
 She ts not hungry, but ashamed. 
 
 Is your friend sleepy/ 
 
 My friend is neithn' sleepy nor 
 
 afraid. 
 Are you right or wrong ? 
 Have you milk or wine I 
 I have neither milk nor wine. 
 Have you the milk or the wine? 
 I have neither the milk nor th e vtine. 
 Have you handsome cloth and 
 good coffee f 
 

 20 
 Mma, hut. 
 
 
 "■"SI: '■ -«-: 
 
 *i5'' ■■'■ **. 
 
 moil 
 
 tori 
 
 h 
 
 yon cousin. lo/Avrin '"'"'i ''^^^-vous F " is^" y°"? "^vez n 
 Exercise lo. 
 
 nil 
 
 tutton. ^y_ ^^ 
 
 j:i^!£:!-unsi,,.rrrr^ 
 
-", >iot/ii,i!i. 
 ■tf Jii. w)-ott(/, 
 
 '". Kdft. 
 
 "»t'il, J.i. */,,.. 
 '■'V>.'/. '' 
 
 ? '^ n''i j)a« so,n. 
 
 ,, f ^cn'ni ni 
 ' "' '" honto ni 
 V^o'isn'avezni 
 
 Jailolivrodo 
 °" io inarteau 
 )i io in..rttau 
 -^- Avex i,i„j, 
 ' ^0 gros xivrc 
 '*''% ni le petit 
 
 ^^eepy, but I 
 »ave neither 
 3r thirsty or 
 *f »■>:• 7. Is 
 '^« '« right, 
 •'•^'^•cl, but 
 'ivo neither 
 "fine cloth 
 *" nor the 
 "».v good 
 good Sir. 
 ood bread, 
 ■r sleepy." 
 ' -^"ngry." 
 «ave not 
 '? 24. I 
 'th coat? 
 ailor the 
 % gold 
 0. Some 
 
 brforc the verb.* The«e pronouns assumo the gender of the 
 nouns which they rPj)r(iNf'nt. 
 
 .TcT v.7h!" '" """**■'"" ■ ^"', """ "'<^ '*'^ 't'"/^ •' 
 
 Voyoi.H iioiiH la fourchette ? /Vo'rr W //,f /;,/.^ ' 
 
 >ouH la voyoriH. IKrm//. 
 
 'J. The vowol of tin: pronouuH le and la is clidea bd'orc a 
 verb commencing with a vowel or an // mute [§ U;{] 
 WvouH le bAton ? //„,,, ,,„„ ^/,, ,^ ..^.^ 
 
 Avon:s.uoUH la uaiiiie ? Horv we the cam'/ 
 
 { i;v «nrr'""V'?'''''V'"' °*°°' '"• "»»• ^- "'■" •■ too. '•'• ta. 
 
 I. r////; son, m. sa, f. /us, /in; atnco in L'cndcr wifi, «v,.. i ; . 
 
 possessed, that i« with the noun'folh.win'^'hl^i [§ i^ a\'f' l"' 
 
 3Ion imj.itre, m. M>, de,L ^^^" 
 
 IlaHa<ravato.f._ He ha. fiis cravat. 
 
 1 vmvei??! ?"""?'■ "r" '" ^^'^ «'"^"^"'-' c-ommonoing with 
 used [§22 (3)]. ' """''"""' ^"''"' "°°' *°°' »°^ '« 
 
 fi in, J- ^- Jia.<* he thii friendship y 
 
 used w^thoiffvSlw-''"?"*' °'"'^" ^°*'^®' ^'""•' l«»r, </,./,-, are 
 
 8ingui:;*[r22 (iT" ' "'"" '' "'^" ^^"^"' ^" ^''^ 
 
 Notre argent, m. awrmaafw. 
 
 Leurterre,f. Their he, at. 
 
 ««s, can never be prefi.xed to nouns. The article nreroflincr 
 
 ZVZZ^CilToT' '^^ ^"^"^^^^^ Parfotth'em ta£f 
 Ihl E^-- .1 °''J^^,* possessed ; mien, tien, sien vary for 
 
 pre'sXeTonoun^'" ^""'^' '•^' ^« ^^^ ^^'^ ^^^^ ^"^ - 
 EUeHlVowfl ^' "•"'"• ^ ^'"'^ ■'"""• ^""'t- <^»d mine 
 
 IVIlSCKLLAXKOUS EXAMPLES. 
 
 Votre ami a-t-il le mouton ? 
 
 n I'a, elle I'a. 
 H ne I'a pas. 
 
 N'avez-vous pas I'encrier d'ar- 
 
 gent? 
 Nous ne Tavons pas. 
 
 ■as your friend the sheep lor 
 muttom ^ 
 
 He has it, slie has it. 
 
 He /las it not. 
 
 Have you not the silver in/cstand f 
 
 ,.;jiT.»c£^ffi»%t5^a"X'»sr''^"'^« 
 
22 
 
 Avez-yous votro fusil ou lo mien* 
 Jonalnilovotrenlloniien 
 
 Wlo i.'u lii U Hiennc ni la v6tre 
 Votrcfirrcnula-t-iliutH' 
 
 Y'i'L' !/„ii it nut! "^ 
 
 "«•■* notyuiirbivther itf 
 
 i lilt, 111. </,/,^. 
 i'owHon, rti. y(«A. 
 i orcolaino, f. fAt«a. 
 Woi'i. ni. aofa. 
 Tout, «//. 
 
 l^-"f, in iaT ;""*'7'-'r. "1. (VOX-. 
 
 J '^ ,P"«- o. (iuol ,nuuton avoi vouh P /"p ' ■^/'^f '''■^•••'•, il no 
 
 do porcokmo. 16 AvL vo s 1^ • '''^''^', ^•^- ^^ '' '^ J<^i Plut 
 
 Quol(iu'un a-t-il rna mont ■c'^dV^l ^^ ^x/'''' •> '" ^""n- 20. 
 sonnonol'a. 22 0.iW. , ^r ^'- ^on, Monsieur ner 
 
 "ayon. •* ^^- -^ "1 son joli mipoii' ot son bon 
 
 1 tr ExEHC'ISK 12 
 
 i I V.3 you my knife and myiovk^\ f^^' «'"°^ '''^^- ^' 
 Jviuto nor your fork. 9 Who iu,« fi '}''" ""^^^r your 
 
 10 
 
 Thobakorhasit anil r T *'^' -"^^ 
 • P If ThJ,l "' '^"^ I hfivo mine. 
 
 jkop 12. 1 bt;:;^^^;;: ;ou;^';;^x^- ,^^; ii-voy^^m^n; 
 
 14. I am not hun-n-v T ,ui lu- \ . ^^- ^o you hun<>-rv'^ 
 not ashamed ? iYn^ T f^'^y 'V^d sleepy. U. Aro"?ou 
 17. Is your relation z^^htt'ir^" ^ l^T^' ,^? ^ '- -l" 
 °"'- 19. Has he mv ?hini rlT«h ^ 1^- My relation is right 
 has neither your eh L 5 «h '"" ""^ "'^^•'^ J^'^ife ? "0 Ho 
 
 china plate. ^ 2 . h"; anv on? J'*^"^,^'!^''^^ ^^nife ; he hasyour 
 o"o has it, but your brotLr'haTvou?'' FT' ^^^ ? 22.^No 
 you mmo or his? 24 T V^n, ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^oat. 23. Have 
 -ahogany chest of drawer. p'T He y.''-'!"'' ^^^ ^^^- 'he 
 " ♦ Thp ,.. • - J''- -^^^ ^e It not, he has the 
 
 pn.,„f«^r.!«f«"vo adjective mu,t, ii F"re^ch^p-: ~^~~1^^ 
 
 1, -. it}]. -^i, lu J! reacu, be repeated before every 
 
at 
 
 mahogany Bofa. 27. Has the tinman my plato P 28. ilo has 
 not your plate, ho has mine. 2!). Wliith Hofa havo you P ao. 
 I havo my niulhoi's Hoia. 31. I havo noithof his nor yours, I 
 havo mine. 
 
 Section VIII. 
 
 1. Tho (lomonHtrativo adjoctivo ce, m. cette, f. t/iin or ffiaf, 
 IH always placud bot'mc a noun, or hct'oio an adjeitivo folU)wod 
 by ita noun; it agreos in gondor with this noun [§ 21 (1)]. 
 Avez-vouH ce i)arai)hiie ? m. Jfaie i/ua thin (or that) umbnlla » 
 ^'avoz-vous pas cette boutoille? f.Hair you ml this (or titiit) bottle / 
 
 2. Before a word masculino singular, commonoing with a 
 vowel, or an /i muto, cet takes tho i)laco of ce [§ 21 (1)]. 
 
 N'avez-voug pas cct argent ? Jfair ynu not thi» (or that) money f 
 Vous avez eu cet honneur. Yon have had thin (or that) homnir. 
 
 3. Whon it is doomed nocossjiry to express in French tho 
 difforonco existing in Englisli between tho words thts and 
 thai, the ad\.'rb.s ci and \k may bo placed aft(.'r the nouns 
 [§ 'iJ '-')]. 
 
 .le niii pus ce parasolct, j'ai ce / hare not this j^ntmsul, I hare that 
 
 parasol la. p<(i-asol. 
 
 i. Tho demonstrativo pronouns, celui, ni. celle, f. thin or 
 that, lire used to rejiresent nouns, but are never joined with 
 thi'ui like adjectives [§ ;i7, § .'18 (1)]. 
 .I'ai mon parupluie et celui de / have mi/ umbrella and i/oiir 
 
 votre frere. hrotherV, i.e., that of your 
 
 brother, 
 Vous avez ma robe et cello de You hare mu dress and my sister's 
 
 ma 8(Bur. i.e., that of my sister. 
 
 6. Tho pronouns celui, celle, with the addition of the words 
 ci and Ik, are used in the sense of thin one, that one, the latter, 
 the former [§ 38 (1)]. They agree in gender with tho word 
 which they represent. 
 Vous avez celui-ci. mais vous You have this one (the latter), but 
 
 n'avez pas celui-lll. you futve not that one {the 
 
 former). 
 
 6. Tho jironouus ceci and cela are used absolutely, that is, 
 without a noun, in pointing out objects; they have no plural- 
 Nous n'avons pas ceci, nous We have not this, we have Huit, 
 
 avons cela. 
 Ceci ou cela. This or that. 
 
 MiSCELLANEOrS EXAMPLES. 
 
 Have you that man's book? 
 I have not his book, I have mine. 
 Has t/ic cook tliat umbrella ? 
 He has not this umbrella, he Ims 
 that umbrella. 
 
 Avez-vous le livre de cet homme? 
 Je n'ai pas son livre, j'ai le mien. 
 Le cuisinier a-t-il ce parapluie ? 
 II n'a pas ce parapliue-ci, il a ce 
 
 parapluie-la (R. 3). 
 Avez-vous celui de votre frfere ? 
 
 Je n'ai pas celui de mon frfere, 
 j'ai ceiui de ma soeur (R. 4). 
 
 Have you your brother's? Le., 
 that of your brother. 
 
 I have not my brother's, I have 
 my sisters; i.e., t/iat of my 
 brother, that of my sister. 
 
 L._l 
 
Avez-you8oelui-ciouceIiiiI;N9 
 
 24 
 
 §,"f"erobeavez.vous?f 
 J ai celle-ci. . * 
 
 Avez-vousceciouceIa(R6)' 
 
 EXEKCISE 13 
 
 Ardoiae, f. sUtc. 
 «alai, m. broom. 
 
 BouteiUe, f. fo«fe 
 Dame, f. /arf„ 
 
 {have this {one). ^ ' 
 ^a^eyoxUhisoi'tlm? 
 
 stranger, m. s^ra/if^er, 
 
 ^ait, m. wi7X'. 
 
 " omuie, f. poultry. 
 
 Malle, f. trunk. 
 Parasol, m. jo,,,v«(,^. 
 
 Fromage, m. cheese. Plus l"?' '"'^• 
 Jardmier, m. aar ^irl' ^^ linger. 
 
 I. Votro frerp n * ,"i 
 « a un encrier dp n7<^ T" ^°"'^^^ •i'argent P 9 n ,. 
 
 n ai pa, votre bouloillf ,-ai 'l. ^;^°"? ™ Iwuteille" n r 
 
 ^. Avez-vous quelque chose P 25 " No^n at '''°?'^^ "'^ foim. 
 
 J^on, Monsieur, je n'ai 
 
 1 TTnc. 1. Exercise 14 
 
 you the 8ti,ni:i"!,\^^«^- tWs (one) nor th«wL'!n«r.that 
 
 I'e 
 
 -AntSVjf^^^^^^^^ iO Th7e-r.^ ^-*^-'«- 
 
 or that T'lo\t t"^^ dish. ] i. Ha"' i^lTZ\}^^^ « «"^er 
 bread or ttt /^^^:^^r this norlh f.'^ Tg'^ ^^ Po^Jtry 
 baker's good bread. S fe' °^^*^»«r this nor that ^ ., *^^' 
 have not vm,r. -fll ^^- ^^^e vou mv rrvffL ' ^^ has the 
 Wo„*i y°"*^ cotton Darasni V u ^ ^°"0" Parasol ^ ifi t 
 ■ttas the ffardennr <. i parasol, I have voursiiL-^ , "• ^ 
 leather t?unk,Q^\l^^^tr"nkP 18 Thp 'i^^""^'^^- 17. 
 
 bas your Ste. but s!Sl' o'^^ ^ ^^^-^ ^bl'^ f 20" No\". '^ 
 you mine or hs? 22 T T' ^'^. y«"r brother's 21 w'*^ 
 the stranger's 9i w \bave neither yours Tn^ », -V ^^^^^ 
 24. Hehaftw;bnVo*\^««kthis bittrn^isLbave 
 
 - «• ^- Have you a lead ini^t'andTTe!' 
 
rthat one? 
 Matter nw the 
 
 mi 
 t? 
 
 tni-stmul. 
 1. stranger, 
 
 1- umbrella, 
 oultry, 
 
 'e I'a plus, 
 I'etran- 
 rer [R. 4J. 
 ifipojiu do 
 "• II n'a 
 
 ^VOZ-VOUS 
 
 e soie et 
 n. Je 
 .12. Le 
 iliere-ei, 
 poulet h 
 'Z-V0U8 y 
 il de la 
 volaille, 
 nage ou 
 elui du 
 a faim, 
 je n'ai 
 
 •rother 
 '1- that 
 
 Have 
 iter's, 
 iher's, 
 silver 
 )ultrv 
 > thia 
 3 the 
 16. I 
 17. 
 as a 
 body 
 lave 
 lave 
 jm? 
 
 26. 
 
 26 
 
 No, Sir, I have a china inkstand f?7 Wiio ♦!,« i. 
 
 and yours is wrong, 
 nor her velvet hat. 
 
 •izi V -'x ,-" ^^y t'other is right, 
 6\. Your sister has neither her satin hat 
 
 TJie stocking, the stockings. 
 The voice, the roicen. 
 The nose, the nonen. 
 
 Xouns ending with au, eu. and ceu, 
 
 Section IX. 
 
 PLUKAL OF nouns (§ 9). 
 
 lea horaraes, les femme,. 3.,,, ,„„_ «, ,„„.„, 
 
 Le bas, les has. 
 La voix, les voix. 
 Le nez, les nez. 
 
 3. 2nd ExcKPTioN. 
 take X for the plural. 
 
 Le ituT's Hex,?''"'- ^i' ^'< ^^'^ ^««<*- 
 
 •*«c tow, the voics. 
 X for /hi ^xcEi'TioN The following nouns ending in ou take 
 Jinn / P"'u V ^y°". >'^'^'^; caillou. pebble; chou °"'W 
 
 Lesbijou.x,le8cailloux,leschoux. The^^jewds, the pebbles, the 
 
 L€8hiboux,lesgenoux,le8Joujoux. Thfowls%he knees, the play. 
 
 things. " 
 
 ^^S^^'^S^.^S^J^^ ■- ail 
 
 sous-baux ' ""''' ^^' ^'^'^ ^ur-holes, the labours, the 
 
 under-leases. 
 J^ Sth Exception. Nouns ending in al form their plural in 
 
 P 1 A 77 , — o-n......... The general, ihv generals. 
 
 f 
 
 ni 
 
26 
 
 ;«^ fom fheir'pS irSSllarw" ' ""' '^' ' ""^ «*«"^ ««"«' 
 Les cieux, les yeux, lea aieux. Theheavcm th.. „ 
 
 i. or tuither rules see § 9, S 10 nnrl s 1 1 ^t ^v. c 
 
 s » b iu, ana § 11, of the Second Part. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 I^s Anglais out-ils les chevaux 
 
 till general ? 
 Lesgeneraux n'ontpas les bijoux. 
 
 Lesenfantsont-ilslescailloux' 
 Les yeux de I'enfant. ' 
 
 Les tableaux de cette &lise 
 Avez-vous des oiseaux "> 
 Avez-vous les encriers' d'argent 
 •lemasoBur? , 
 
 'lle'tSf'^l-'-I-J-! 
 
 5%e i/«iemfe hare not the jeioels 
 
 fn-e the children the pebble f 
 Ihc child's eyes. 
 
 The pictures of that church. 
 Maie you. any birds / 
 
 Bftril, m. trt/v£7. 
 
 Bas, in. stock i 11^1. 
 
 Chocolat, m.ch'ocolate. 
 
 Bijou, m. jewel. 
 
 Chou, ni. cabbage. 
 Dans, in. 
 Enfant, ni. child. 
 Fer, m. iron. 
 Fils, m. son. 
 General, m. genei-al. 
 
 EXEUCISE 15. 
 
 Gilet, ni. waistcocit. 
 triand, adj. laruc, 
 
 lireat. 
 .Tiirdin, m. garden. v.iseau, m bird 
 Joujou, m. plaything. Petit, a.ff".w/ 
 J-^nie, m. veyetable. Paire f Uv 
 Marchand, .. .«.- Poivr^, nff^,, 
 
 *'«''^- Rien. ,w<Aj%. 
 
 Mauvais, e, had. 
 Meunier, m. miller. 
 ■ftlorceau, m. piece. 
 Oiseau, m. bird. 
 
 1. Avez-vous les marteaux du ohavnPTifin^o o xt 
 les marteaux du marechal T V „ 'P^°*'5^^ 2. Nous avons 
 martoaux de bois ? 4 Ik o nt di' 'n^fechaux ont-ils deux 
 generaux ont-ils 4s chevLxP fV''''^'^"-^ ^" ^^^- ^- I^es 
 Mamerea lesbijouTdW d^; •'^i'i' """^^^^^^^^s- 7. 
 enfants ont-ils leursloufoux Pf 1 ^''°- ^^ '^ «*^^- »• Les 
 leurs oiseaux,. n.ais^ TSlet^^Jujrx^i S "'"">* r? 
 a-t-il uno paire de bas de laine P i n t A® niarechal 
 
 paires de bas de laine. 11 w2lLr ,^° "^a^-^chal a deux 
 12. Non, Monsieur, fai cLud n A " '"''''•^^V^ ?»» ^oid P 
 
 a un morceau do pain et dmx h«rL^ * • ^"- ■'^^ meunier 
 a-t-U du cafe, du the du chornlnf f a^ *'*"'''' ^l. L'epicier 
 the et du caf6, et le chocolat eft 1^" ^r'' ' '^'- ^^ * d" 
 23. Qui a deVargentr94 Jen-arn«'fH^' '''\'' °^'"-^"hand. 
 pap er. 26. Avez-vous d^ U Aier^^ o^'^v^'- "^^'' ^'""^ ^u 
 
aYeul, ancetm 
 
 the ancestors. 
 Second Part. 
 
 ■he yeneraVs 
 
 t thejeicels. 
 '2icbblesi 
 
 hurch. 
 
 silver ink- 
 
 ifver Jcwfh 
 
 the murhlc 
 
 !, had. 
 II. miner, 
 n. piece, 
 bird, 
 sviall, 
 lir, 
 
 pepper, 
 t-ce qne, 
 
 ng, 
 
 us avons 
 ils deux 
 
 5. Les 
 iurs. 7. 
 
 8. Les 
 .'ont pas 
 larechal 
 a deux 
 
 I froid? 
 e ou du 
 ez-vous 
 imes de 
 fils n'a 
 leimier 
 'epicier 
 
 II a du 
 chand. 
 j'ai du 
 Auvaijs 
 
 27 
 Exercise 16, 
 
 1, Have you my brother's horses? 
 brother's horses, I have 
 
 2. I have not your 
 your cousin's hiils. 3. Have the 
 bliicksmiths good iron ? 4. The blacksmith has two pieces of 
 iron. 5. Have you two pairs of stockings ? 6. I have one 
 pair of stockings and two pairs of gloves. 7. Has your sister 
 the gold jewels ? 8. My sister has the gold jewels and the 
 paper plaj-tliings. 9. Have you the cabbages in your garden ? 
 10. We have two cabbages in our garden. 11. Have you the 
 silk hats? 12. The generals have the silk hats. 13. Have 
 you coffee or sugar ? 14. We have neither coffee nor sugar. 
 15. Are your brothers ashamed ? 16. My brothers are neither 
 ashamed nor afraid. , 1 7. Who has two barrels of flour ? 18. 
 The miller has two barrels of flour, 19. Have the birds bread ? 
 20. The birds have no bread, 21. Has the merchant tea, 
 chocolate, sugar, and pepper ? 22. He has sugar and pepper, 
 but he has neither tea nor chocolate, 23. What has your 
 sister ? 24. She has nothing. 25. WTiat is the matter with 
 your brother? 26. Nothing is the matter with him? 27. Is 
 he not cold? 28. He is not cold, he is warm. 29. Is he 
 wrong ? 30. He is not wrong, he is right. 31. Have you two 
 cloth coats ? 32. I have only one cloth coat, but I have two 
 satm waistcoats. 33. Who has my brother's letter ? 34. Your 
 sister has it. 35. Your sister has it not. 
 
 Section- X. 
 
 1, The plural form of the pronoun le, him or it ; la, her or it, 
 IS les, them, for both genders. Its place is also before the verb : 
 
 Vous les avez. Les avez-vous ? You have them. Have you them l 
 Nous ue les avons pas. We have tliem not. 
 
 2. The plural of the article, preceded by the preposition de, 
 of ox from, is des for both genders. 
 
 Des livres, des plumes. 
 Des fr^res, des soeurs. 
 
 Of ov from the hooks, oftliepens. 
 Of or fi'om the brothers, of the 
 sisters. 
 
 3. The same form of the article is placed before plural nouns 
 used in a partitive sense [Sect. 4, R. IJ. 
 
 J'ai des habits. / luive clothes. 
 
 Vous avez des maisons. You have houses. 
 
 4. Rule 5 of Sect. 5, and Rule 4 of Sect. 6, apply also to 
 plural nouns used partitively. 
 
 Nous n'avons pas de livi-es. We hare no books. 
 
 Vous avez de bons crayons. You have f/ood pencils. 
 
 a. The plural form of the possessive adjectives, mon, ton, 
 Bon, notre, votre, leur, is mes, my ; tea, thi/ ; ses, his, her, its; 
 noB, our; voB, your; lours, their, for both genders. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 t 
 
 J 
 ■& 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 'ill 
 
m 
 
 Mes frdres, mes soeurs. 
 Nos hvres, nos plumes. 
 
 2S 
 
 ^fJ>l'others,m,>/ sister,. 
 Ourbook^, our pern. 
 
 ■^"■'- Fern 
 
 {*8 miens, Les niiennes min^ r ^^' ^''"'- 
 
 Vos maisons et les miennea ™"rs, Les leurs, theirs. 
 
 Les siens, les v6tres, et les n6tres J?"''-^^^. anrf his. 
 
 Ces hommes, ces femmes. n... 
 
 usre rrere a-t-il mes chevanv ' i u- 
 II n'a ni 1p« va..„„ _. ,cneyaux . ( ^a^ .yo«,. tro«^«. np horse. ? 
 
 II n'n rX\ ./ " '"^^ chevauj 
 
 nt'^'f^'l^nosvoisins? 
 ^i ne les a pas. 
 
 v-eues ae ma cousine ? 
 ^"r'mr* l'^ "?^^""^« '^i oelles 
 Avons-nousclesmarteaux' 
 Avez-yous les habits dig enf.n+« ^ 
 
 Avee.vom oeux-oi on ceux-la? 
 
 Shchas neither mine nor my cou 
 »in's,shehmher(ncn. ^ 
 
 Have we hummers ? 
 
 ^OM Aai.e «o hammers. 
 
 19'^ have prett}, pencils. 
 
 Have you the children's clothes t 
 
 I have not the children's" lotkJ 
 
 You have the ladies' hats 
 
 I Hnve you these or those i 
 
 . . EXEKCISE 17. 
 
 ^a^:"^^^:s^te- few. 
 
 ChanddL ^L^'*- ,, Ferblanc, m. «,•„ X,f l?"'e, adj. f. 6,«e,.. 
 
 -i^-^dell., .. ca;wfe. Fusil, m. «»,«,^. 
 
'»,V sistert, 
 '■ pen«. 
 
 &c. [Scot. 7, 
 
 nes, ^Atrec. 
 es, ours. 
 9> theirs, 
 
 mine, 
 
 is, 
 
 urs, 
 
 ave ces for 
 
 omen. 
 
 ^«^, makes 
 rely tnkos 
 
 ose of your 
 
 ^' his, 
 'hbours ? 
 
 ns or my 
 
 ''■n'Vcou- 
 
 ' my cou- 
 
 'otkes f 
 clothes. 
 
 rhk. 
 
 ttress, 
 
 hetteii; 
 
 kman. 
 
 travel- 
 
 29 
 
 ^ 1. Avez-vous les marteaux des marechaux? 2, Oui Mon- 
 sieur, jo les ai. 3. Ne les avez-vous pas? 4. Non, Monsieur. 
 nous ne les avons pas. o. L'ouvrier les a. 6. L'auberffiste 
 a-t-il vos chovaux? 7. L'aubergiste n'a ni mes chevaux ni 
 les votres, il a les sicns. 8. Le mcdccin a-t-il des livres P 9 
 Oui Monsieur, il a de bons livres. 10. N' avez-vous pas mes 
 meilleures plumes? 11. Si, Monsieur, j'ai vos meiUeures 
 plumes, les miennes, et celles de votre cousine, 12. Le voya- 
 geur a-t-il do bons fusils? 13. II n'a pas do bons fusils, il a 
 des fusils defer 14. Le matelot n'a-t-il pas mes matelas de 
 
 ^"? • ^^- V .w ^?^ ^ P^'- 16- Qii'a-t-il ? 17. II a les matelas 
 de Lome do 1 obemste. 18. L'ebeniste a-t-il des tables d'acaiouP 
 19. Uui, JMadamo, il a des tables d'acajou ot dos tables de 
 marbro Wane. 20. Avez-vous mes chaises ou les votres ? 21 
 „n ^rf "^ ^^^ ""'^^^^^ "^ ^^^ miennes, j'ai celles do r6beniste'. 
 22. N avez-vous pas sommeil P 23. Non, Monsieur, ie n'ai ni 
 sonuneil ni fami 24. Le ferblantier a-t-il vos chandeliers de 
 tar P 25. Non, Monsieur, il a ccux du marechal. 
 
 EXEUCISE 18. 
 
 1. Have you my tables or yours ? 2. I have neither vours 
 nor mine, I have the innkeeper's. 3. Have you them'p 4 
 No, teir, I have them not. 5. Has y^tir sister my horses ? 6. 
 Yes, bir, she has your two horses, and vour brother's 7 Are 
 you right or wrong P 8. I am right, I am not wrong. 9, Has 
 the tinman my silver candlesticks or yours? 10 He has 
 neither j-our silver candlesticks nor mine. 11. What has he ? 
 12. He has the cabinet-maker's wooden tables. 13. Has he 
 your mahogany chairs P 14. No, Sir, ho has my white marble 
 tables, lo. Have you these tables or those? 16. I have 
 neither these nor those ; I have the cabinet-maker's. 17. Have 
 
 ?'r§'*°'lx.P''!'"^ ""^^^^ • '^- ^'°' S^^' ^"<^ I Jiave good pencils. 
 19. Has the traveller iron guns? 20. Yes, Sir, he has mine. 
 yours, and his. 21. Has he not your brother's P 22 He has 
 not my brother's 23. Has the workman my iron hammers? 
 2i. ies, Sir, ho has them. 25. Has my brother your pens or 
 niy cousin's? 26. Ho has mine and yours. 27. Have you the 
 children s clothes? 28. Yes, Madam, I have thom. 29. Have 
 you your sister's hat ? 30. I have my cousin's, f, 31. Is any- 
 thing the matter with your brother? 32. He is cold and 
 hungry. 33. Have you horses? 34. Yes, Sir, I have two 
 ftorsos. 3o. I have two horse-hair mattresses and one wool 
 mattress. 
 
 Section XI. 
 
 AGKEEMENT OF ADJECTIVES— FEMININE OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 1. The adjective in French, whatever may be its place,* 
 agrees in gender and number with thn nnnn «rh5r>li if n,,<.i,-fio<. 
 
 i. 
 
 ^ Is 
 
 ♦ For the place of a.^jective3 see Sect. 13, and Eu]e 5, Sect, 6. 
 
'''V^ 
 
 30 
 
 Adjecti 
 
 ffn/arjjon aimable. ° lemmine. 
 
 ■j>^ (miinble ho,, 
 ■^n amiable girl. 
 
 •Jne fiUe aimablo. 
 
 „„^„, --.. ^v,,ti,i,jif, 001/, 
 
 -^ diligent boy. 
 A diligent girl. 
 
 4. ExcEPTiovfi I, A' ^. ^ ^digent girl. 
 
 S"' 3-- ss. I? ?:. ... 
 
 Chretien, chrS^' ''?«'^««- Baa' ^"''®- -Wo^. 
 5. Adjectives endina- in f .k ^°''°- *'««^. 6'// 
 
 ' tr::r '- « «°^^^^^^^^^^^ '""^ --- 
 
 ^ «€?o coat. Une robe neuve 
 
 ^n homme heureux 4 "*'" «^''fs«. 
 
 ^ happy ,,um, yne femme heureuse 
 
 6- The adfectivps h„ , ^ ^''t>m woman. 
 
 A mute ; tt,"C? "^-Itao coie„'in°l,?5 """"l "-J 
 8. Conjugation op the Pu,, 
 
 THE J:'KE8E.\T op thp T., 
 .^. ^TH«,TOBB. '"" ^^^°^^^™ OP 
 
 I am. 
 Thou art. 
 He is. 
 
 Je suis. 
 Til es, 
 II est, 
 EUe est, 
 Nous somines, 
 v^ous #tes, 
 «« sont, ni. 
 ■«i"es sont, f. 
 
 She is. 
 
 We are. 
 
 You are. 
 ^hey are. 
 ■Phcy are. 
 
 MismMNEocs Examples. 
 
 Es-tu?" ^"J// 
 
 Est-il ' r ' ''^'^* ^ 
 
 Est-eUe? i'"''/' 
 
 §™es-„oa,? J,S.;, 
 
 Jites-vous' ^'t ?ie/ 
 
 Sout-ils' ■ ^'•'^ .'/««/ 
 
 Sont-elles' ^rethcyi 
 
 "-^'^^ • ^»-e they i 
 
 Avez-vous ,m .« — -"^« J^xampxes. 
 
 «ecoutuinen'e8tnai.«n.i "„:• ' 4-*^^^ <^'^fom ann^.^, ? 
 
31 
 
 Votre plume/, est-elle bonne ou 
 
 mauvaiso ? 
 Ma sceur est tres vive [R. 5], 
 Votre niaisou est-elle meilleure 
 
 que la niienne ? 
 La maison de nia soeur n'est pas 
 
 si bonne que la v6tre. 
 
 /a pmir pen yood or bad f 
 
 Ml/ mter is very lively. 
 
 la your house better Hum mind 
 
 My sister's house is not so good aa 
 yours. 
 
 Beau, bel, belle, lumd- 
 
 sonie. 
 Bon, m. f/ood. 
 Content, -e, pleased. 
 Cravate, f. cravat. 
 Dame, f. lady. 
 Encrier, m. inkstand. 
 Excellent,-e, excellent. 
 
 Exercise 19. 
 
 Fille, f. damjhter. 
 Habit, m. coat. 
 Heureux, -se, happy. 
 Ici, here. 
 
 Meilleur, -e, hettei\ 
 Neuf, -ve, new. 
 Parai)luie, m. um- 
 brella. 
 
 Parasol, m. parasol. 
 Petit, -e, small. 
 Paresseux, -se, idle. 
 Porcelaine, f, china. 
 Que, than. 
 Vjeux, vieille, old. 
 Vif, vive, quick, 
 lively. 
 
 1. Cetto (lamo ost-dlo contente ? 2. Non, Monsieur, cette 
 cW n'ost pas contento. 3. Votre fille est-elle vivo ? 4. Mon 
 his est tres vuf, mais ma fillo est paressense. 6. N'a-t-il pas 
 tort.-' G. tile n'a pas raison. 7. Votre cousine est-Pllo 
 heureusoP 8 Oui, Madame, elle e.t honne. belle et hourly 
 9 .\.t.cllo dcs amis.^ 10. Qui, Monsieur, ellc a des parents 
 ct dt^ amis. 11. A-t-elle une robe neuve et de vieux souliers P 
 12. Elle a de vicux souhers ct une vieille robe. 13. Votre 
 frerc n a-t-il pas un bcl habit [R. 6] ? 14. II a un bel habit 
 1"°^ ^fJ'^^Vf^- 15. Avez-vous de bonne viande. Mon- 
 sieur P 16 Jai de la viande cxcellentc. 17. Cette viande-ci 
 OS -el le mcilh^ure que celle-la V 18. Cellc-ei est meilirure que 
 cellc-la. 19. Voti-o ami a-t-i! le bcl encrier de porcelaine P 
 20. bon encner est boau, mais il n'est pas de porcelaine. 21. 
 Quelquun a-t-il faimP 22. Personnc n'a faim. 23. Les 
 gencraux sont-ils ici ? 24. Los gcncraux et les marechaux 
 enfants '^^ ^'^^ parasols et vos parapluies, et ceux de vos 
 
 EXEKOISE 20. 
 
 1. Is your little sistev pleased? 2. Yes, Madam, she is 
 pleased 3. Is that little girl handsome ? 4. That little girl 
 13 not handsome, but she is good. 5. Have you good cloth 
 and good Bilk ? 6. My cloth and* silk are here. 7. Is vour 
 sister happy P 8 My sister is good and happy. 9. Has that 
 physician s sister friends P 1 0. No, Madam, she has no friends. 
 jVV .V°"'",'?^'U^''°'^ ^ '2. My meat is good, but my cheese 
 18 oettei-. 13. Has tne bookseller a handsome china inkstand? 
 i4. He has a fine silver inkstand, and a pair of leather shoes. 
 „^v> /r® ^'i'i "^^ ^"^^ parasols P 16. I have your cotton 
 umbrellas. 17. Is your brother's coat handsome P 18. My 
 Brother has a handsome coat and an old silk cravat. 19. Have 
 
 iinnfl^^S.^***'^' *'^® possessive and the demonstrative adjectives, are re- 
 peated before every noun. Mon frfere et ma scBur, «iy brother and 
 
 mtw. 
 
 fl 
 
 ?*i* 
 
 B» 
 
82 
 
 you relations and friends ? 20 t i. 
 
 have friends. 21 Is thnf hn 1 ^ ^^^® "» relations, but t 
 
 handsome lady is'noIVrtV'lfg;,^^^^^ 22. & 
 
 '«4. Our china is },or,^o — J' _ f*^' "?^o you handsomn r.h;.,„ o 
 
 „„„, 23 ifovrviV"?^ 22. That 
 
 24. Our chma is handsome and^onr 5?"^^andsomo china ? 
 yours 26. Is not that little r^ir^v, ^"\^^ '^ better than 
 some little girl is nofther wj^'^nor^^^^^^ ^^- That hand? 
 the matter with hor? 90 «TT?^ ".^^ ^'^"■sty- 28 Whit ia 
 30. Is this gouZktof? tr °Thif "^^^^''"^ "- SSd 
 one IS better. 32. Have you it ? ?s t"^"' '' •^'"'^ ^"* ^^a 
 not your sister's. 34. I have noift ^ ^*''° ^*' ^"^ I have 
 your mother's. ^""^ "°^*her youri; nor mine, I have 
 
 Section XII 
 
 «ingufar nt^'TtXSfe^^^ "--' or two or more 
 
 ^oun or nouns, and SpTLTe ;iu?aT™^^ *^^ ^^^^^er oAhe 
 
 La'^Inte eTsa^flSrrn^bt^^^^ ^f ^^ ''"^ ''^>«^'^ «'-^ fin. 
 V08 jardins sent tr^s beaux rJ^fZ!/ "^ '*«-^'>^"- «^?^. 
 
 I-canifetlaplumesontbons T,STf ., "" 
 
 3- The plural of th f • • "^'^ ^'^'''"■^^ «»^ ^^« «-« i'oorf. 
 
 formed by^theadditionVrs'"' '' '^J^^"^^« - ^■«---% 
 
 Vous avez de jolies maisons v. j. 
 
 Ces demoiselles sont attenfciVes Thi^''^f^ ^'"'^^*- 
 
 4. The pluml of fh« V ^'"'*'^°"'^^^«^*"^^«'-«««e««... 
 
 fomedbySldtiiS^.^^^^ «* ^'^J-tives is generally 
 
 Ces &oliers sent attentifs Th . , 
 
 ™tS"„l"™-'-"' ' ""^ - - .ot changed for ihepW 
 
 Nos fruits sent mauvais. Ov«. a v 
 
 Vos oiseaux sent hideux. ?" // • '^ '*''" '^'^• 
 
 G TothAf. • .. ^'^^^ ''"•'^ are hideous. 
 
 ■i- *' '™™'- -"• = ■•« »<■« for ao p,„^ „„„„. 
 
 7 °'itr ""!•"'' '""• ^""•■** «- -*/- 
 
 plumlnJSrKTs'e,)].^'-™™"*-"''""^-'! into .wfette 
 I*s hommes sont egaux j^ 
 
 o. J? or more explicit r"'— ' - 
 Second Part. ^ '^ "^^"^ '^^^ ^o^" exceptions, see § 18, 
 
33 
 
 0. FUESEN 
 
 Nerjati 
 Je nc aula pas, 
 Tu n'es pas, 
 II n'eat pas, 
 Elle n'est pas. 
 Nous ne sommes 
 
 pas, 
 Vous n'etes pas, 
 Il8ne8ontpas,m. 
 Elle8nesoiitpa8,f. 
 
 V OP THE Indicative of firuE, to Be. 
 
 vebj. Neyntivdij and Iiitcrroijativefi/. 
 
 I am not. Ne suis-jo pus ? 
 
 Thou art not. N'ea-tu pas ? 
 
 JTe is twt. N'est-il pas ? 
 
 She is not. N'est-elle pas ? 
 
 We are not. No sommes-nous 
 
 pas? 
 
 You are not. Netes-vous pas ? A7r vou not f 
 
 TJuy arc not. Ne8ont-ilsi)as? m. Arc thci/ not t 
 
 They are not. Nesont-elle8pas?f.^j-e they noti 
 
 A m I not f 
 Art tl'ou not ? 
 Is he not ! 
 Is she not ? 
 Arc wc not f 
 
 SIlSCELLANEOl'S ExAMl>LE8. 
 
 Ave-'-vous des ^coliers attentifs ? 
 Mes ^coliers et mes ^coheres sont 
 
 tres attentifs et trfes studieiix. 
 Ces demoiselles sont-elles stu- 
 
 dieuses ? 
 EUes ne sont pas tr^s studieuses. 
 Ces rfegles sont-elles gent5rales ? 
 Ces pj incipes sont generaux. 
 Leurs habillements sont superbes. 
 Avez-vous peur de ces chevaux 
 
 retifs? 
 Vos mon tres d'or sont excellentes, 
 Lesmiennes sont-elles meilleures 
 
 que les vdtres ? , 
 
 Les \ 6tres sont meilleures que • 
 
 les mienues. i 
 
 : Hare you attentive scholars ? 
 My scholars (male and female) arc 
 very attentive and rei-y studious. 
 Are those youny ladies studious I 
 
 They are not very studious. 
 Are those rules yentral ? 
 Those 2>rinciples are (jencral. 
 Their clothes are superb. 
 Are you afraid of those restivi. 
 
 horses ? 
 Your (jold watches are excellent. 
 Are mine better than yours ? 
 
 Yours are better than mine. 
 
 Exercise 21. 
 
 Agi-^able, a/jreeablc. Laine, f. vmol, tco^llen. 
 Aine, -e, elde>'. Mai-oquin, m. morocco. 
 
 Allemande, f. Oer- Mauvais, -e, bad. 
 
 •nmn. Muie, f. mule. 
 
 Indulgent, -e, indul- Oisif, -ve, idle. 
 
 aent. Pantoufles, f. slipixrs. 
 
 Jamais, never. Personne, m. nobody. 
 
 Retif, -ve, restive. 
 Souvent, often. 
 Travail, m. labour, 
 Tr^s, vei'y. 
 Utile, useful. 
 Velours, m. velvet. 
 Vif,-ve, quick, lively. 
 
 1. Les chevaux de notre ami sont-ils retifs ? 2. Ses chevaux 
 no sont pas retifs, mais ses mules sont tres retives. 3. Les 
 chevaux et les mules de voire frere sont excellonts. 4. Vos 
 soeurs sont-elles tr^s vivos P 6. Mes freres et mes soeurs sont 
 trfesvifs. 6. Sont-ils souvent oisif s? 7. Non, Monsieur, mes 
 Bceurs ne sont jamais oisives. 8. Avez-vous peur de votre 
 frere? 9. Non, Monsieur, je n'ai peur de personne 10. Ne 
 sommes-nous pas indulgents? 11. Vous ctes indulgents, et 
 vous avez raison. 12. Ai-je vos livres P 13, Vous ne les avez 
 pas, vous avez ceux de mon frere aine. 14. Ne les avez-vous 
 pasP^ 15. Je ne les ai pas. 16. Avez-vous une bonne paire de 
 bus uo laine P 17. J'ai une belie paire de has do soie. 18. 
 Avez-vous les bonnes maisons ou les mauvaises P 19. Je n'ai 
 m les bonnes ni lea mauvaises, j'ai ceUes de ma cousine. 20. 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
84 
 
 Lo travail ost-il a.rroahl.. '- oi i . 
 
 not two restive horses P 4 No h.ff t V'^"'"''- 3. Have yoj 
 •>• Have you not two good pairs 'of !n I ,"''" "■ ^^^^^''^ '""lo. 
 good pair of cotton gloves and fl ^ ^^"^'^"^ «• I have a 
 Aro you not afraid of^ou; frS ndsT TT\^'^^ ^'^"^'^'«- 7 
 'ifraid ef my friends. 9. I am afmi.l J' ■?"','^"' ^ '"» "i-'vor 
 "ghtorwrongP 11. I an/rS 12 „""''"'^^- '»• Are you 
 
 eather f^^'"'' T "^^ "''^ «atin slippLt'J/"rV"" ^•^'*"*"^^"1 
 leather shoes and your velvr^f Ji!}. '*'• ^ ^avo your < 'd 
 
 pWdF 15. Thosl ladies ar^^^^^^^^^^ ^^-/f those ladies 
 
 I J- Has the Gorman lady your fatheri' T'^ ^^"^y ^^'^ "ght. 
 
 'She has neither his norVms !« ^ " '" ^"''^ ^7. 
 
 better than yours and than mine * >o k J^'^ ^""««« '""c 
 •il. His houses are old h../ +1! ' '^^^ his houses old}- 
 
 Have j'ou my brother's or mv sTstorv/ f-''\".° ^°"«««- 24. 
 
 hers and mv mother's. 26. Tro yo' s,-h i'" "^"^ "'"'^^^ ^''' 
 My scholars are very attentiVo J scholars attentive ? 27 
 
 those German ladies stSsVoOTr^'"^^^^^^ 28. Ai^ 
 
 very attentive. 30. Are ou often ^n7 T T'^'J' «*"^'«»« and 
 otten wrong. 32. Is labour aSeeaWe?^ \-^^V''' ^'r, I am 
 8 agreeable and useful. 34 We hav« f>f ^'"j^^"^^^' ^^''""r 
 them not. "*• ^« "a^e them, and you have 
 
 •Section XIII 
 
 fre,«e„X°.terpi'e??48M«].*» "°-» -«» -:. 
 Vous avez des amis fideles v^ i . 
 
 Ma soeur a des livres inst^ctifs ST.S^'-f''^^^-^'''^'^- 
 2 HM ,. . "^^ ^'^^ fMs instructive books. 
 
 been mSSgeTt! f 1?^?"^" ^iP^/^ *^^ "-- ^ 
 L o, K. 5J, and wiU be found [§ 84 (11) 1 
 
 ^se. nueeststu. r^^ur pretti, little (/irlis studmc^. 
 
 lS««tI7.it.l]. '-^^""^ Wfore every noun; pronoiliir^rverb 
 
Yon have nweet apphn. 
 There in ttcft ivau: 
 That Sjxtiiinh l<tilii Ikik k lame 
 r/iihl. 
 
 Almost all iidyetivcs ending Iti al, able, ible, ique, 
 
 35 
 
 3. The ttdjectivea which ure pluced after nounu are :— Ibt, 
 All participles,* present and past, used adjectivcly. 
 
 NonH avouH line histoire intcres- Wr Itavc an ititercdinn hiMnrti. 
 
 sun to. 
 Vous I "ez (les enf nts polis. Ymi have polite childmi. 
 
 4. 2nd: All such as express form, colour, taste; such as 
 relate to the physical condition of bodies ; such as denote the 
 matter of which an object is composed ; as also such as refer to 
 nationality, or to any' defects of the body fS 84 (2) (3) (4^ (f)] 
 ((J) (7)]. ^ ' ^ ' \ J \ I 
 
 Nos parents ont dcs chivpeaux Our rclatioiiH hare Hark hats. 
 noirs. 
 
 Vous avcz des pommes donees. 
 
 Voila de la ciru luolle. 
 
 Cette dame cHpaguolf a un en- 
 fant boiteux. 
 
 o. .'5rd: 
 and if. 
 
 Ces bonimes liberaux sent aim<?s. Thoi^c Hlnral men are foreil. 
 Voila un esprit raisonnable. That in a reammuUe mind. 
 
 Voiia un esclavc fugitif. Tluit in a finjitive slare. 
 
 6. Some adjectives have a different meaning according to 
 their position before or after the noun [§ 84 (14)]. 
 
 Un brave homme, a worth// man. Un hoipme brave, a brave man, 
 
 7. En is used for the English words Koine or an;/, expressed 
 or understood, b\it not followed by a noun ; en has also the 
 sense of it, of them, thereof, generally understood in English 
 sentences, particularly in answers to questions [§ 40 (17), § 101, 
 § 107 (2)]. 
 
 Avez-vou3 des souliers de cuir ? Have you leather shoes 1 
 J'en ai. / luive some, I have {of them). 
 
 Votre fils en a-t-il ? Has your son any / 
 
 8. An adjective used substantively, and having a partitive 
 signification (in a sentence containing the pronoun en), must 
 be preceded by the preposition de in the same manner as if the 
 noun were expressed [see R. 4, Sect. 6], 
 
 Avez-vous de bonnes plumes ? Have you good pens I 
 Non, mais j'en ai de mauvaises. No, hut I have had ones. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Avez-vous de beaux jardins ? 
 Oui, j'en ai de beaux [R. 7]. 
 Votre frere n'a-t-il pas des 
 
 souliers noirs ? 
 II u'en a pas, mais ma soeur en a. 
 
 r 
 
 aussi une lobe 
 
 Have you fine gardens ! 
 
 Yes, I have fine ones. 
 
 Han not your brother hlack shoes ? 
 
 He has none, but my mtcr lias 
 
 .lanie. 
 Has she not also a white dress 1 
 
 N'a-t-elle pas 
 blanche ? 
 
 » Some predent participles may, when used adjectively, be placed 
 before the noun they qualify. The past participle, Pr«^SendU, when 
 nsed adjectively, always precedes its noun. 
 
 M 
 
88 
 
 m 
 
 Oui, olle en k una 
 Non, elle n'en a pas. 
 Qm en a une ? 
 Qui n'en iv pas ? 
 Le boucher n'a-t-il 
 
 viiiiidefraJche? 
 II en a ; il n'en a pas. 
 11 en a beaucoup. 
 n n'en a giiero. 
 U on a ileu.x livrcs. 
 
 I>iv8 do la 
 
 ExEiicisE 23. 
 Rijou, m. Jewff. 
 lilanc, -he, white. 
 
 t'liAIe, m. uluiwl, - 
 C'outeau, m. knife. 
 I-rangais, -e, Freneh. 
 Gu^re, little, but 
 
 fiU/e, 
 Guitare, f. i/uitar. 
 
 I'm, ihe has wk. 
 
 ^o, the hm none, 
 
 yyhnhaaonej 
 
 Who hnn none! 
 
 Hcu, mi the butcher frt»h meatt 
 
 ^f flan smne ; he has none, 
 tic h(u miirh {of it) 
 He has hut little (<,f it). 
 He has two poll nils (of it) 
 
 f. 
 
 Lainc, f. wool. 
 
 l^Iadenioiselle, 
 
 Miss. 
 Alonsieur, m. Sir, 
 
 Mr., tjentleman. 
 Parent, m. relation. 
 •Soldat, m. solUivi' 
 Terre, f. land. 
 
 AnKiricain, -e, Ameri- 
 can. 
 
 Anuisant, -e, nmusimi. 
 Anglais, -e, En;/lish.' 
 Arabo, Arabian. 
 Aubergiste, ni. inn- 
 Kee/HT. 
 
 I3eaucoui),wuf/<,maH«. 
 Beige, lielyian. 
 
 1. Avoz-vous uno bonne iruitaro i* 9 n.,; i»r • 
 uno guitaro exeellcnto. 3 AvpI , ?, i i ^" ' ^^onmeur, j'ai 
 Madame, i'ai do bons hawV« ^^ "?^''°, ^""« ^'"'^•ts ^ 4. Oui 
 5. Votroieron'nl iKs r^^^^^^ blanche! 
 
 dpmoisollo, ello en a nn^do soio of „n '/T'^ " ^- <^'"' ^a- 
 
 chovaux anglais, franvai«, ot arS ^;,^'"'''^'^,«:'«t« " 'les 
 10. L'ami de votro Wo a Til ^i k-- '"/* ^° superbcs. 
 Monsieur, il en a 12 A inf ^""a ^^P"^ ^'""^'^ ^ Oui 
 II en a ^ussi 14 Fn „ "f " V^"'"' ^^^ ^'J^"^ d'argent h l"' 
 iln'onagulre. liYot^ltn^ruU^I 1'^- Non^Monsioir; 
 Monsieur? il en a 18 r^ ^^ ^ '^ '^^^ parents P 17. (.ui 
 d'acicr ou unT b"ue piumo d'o^/'^Io'^- ]" ""^ ^«n-e P'ume 
 nous en avons uno d'or 20 i ..- - , '''? * une d'ac or et 
 soldats P 21. II en Tde Ss brafer't 'i*''^ T ^'^ '^°"« 
 n ont-ils pas do bonne terro P 23 lis on ott ,1- ' ,f ^^"cains 
 Le marehand a-t-il dos rnntpn,,^ , • °°* " excellento. 24 
 
 couteaux du marehand ne sont n?t''l '" ^•T'''^'« ' 2.5. Le, 
 beiges. "^ ®°"' "» '^nglais m fran^ais, ils sent 
 
 Exercise 24 
 
 some ones. 5. Are the o^on^ a • ' ^^^' ^^^> be has hand- 
 they are not \vtngXr ar^ThT' 7^??^ " *^- N«' ^^^^^ 
 «haw ? 8. Yes, Sir I haveSie f L ^' ^^ave you a French 
 shawl. 9. Has vo.ir I'nTi, ' ^*^^^ * hatidsome French 
 
 10. He basnStiryors^Z"mfnrho"^^v^^^ '^ ^-^' 
 some steel knife. H. Has thrB^k; a .o^n/'' r^'^'^ ^''^^ 
 has an excellent French gnitl^ M ^Fhf ^"'*^' '„ ^'^- ^^ 
 14. Has the ffentl«isa" qI"-^- - t - ^^^ *° excellent one. 
 
87 
 
 haa noithor French nor AniLian liorsos, ho haa English horRM. 
 
 18. Who huH Ariihiiin hoiHCH I- 19. Tho Ariibiun hiis Honio. 
 '20. Hum tho Englishniiin any ;• 21. Tho EngliHhman haH Home. 
 •22. Has your friond'H wiHtcr a j?ood Htool pun h 23. My fi'iond'ii 
 Histor has ono, hut iriy relations have none, 24. Aro you not 
 wronfif, Sir h 20, \ oh, Madam, 1 am wronff. 20. Aro those 
 knivcH Kn^^li.sh ': 11. No, Sir, thoy aro Uolpian. 2H. Have 
 you rolationsh 29. \ havo two, anil thoy aro hero (iVi). 30. 
 JIa.s tho Knglisli liutchor moat'f' 31. \ or, Sir, ho han miioh. 
 32. llaH ho much money h 33. Ho haa hut littlo. 31. llaH tho 
 Holgiun general bravo soldiers P 35. Yes, Sir, ho has good 
 oncb. 
 
 Section XIV. 
 
 PLAN or THE EXEllCISES IN COMTOSINO I'llENCH. 
 
 Ilitherto tho student has boon occupied exclusively in ac- 
 quiring facts, forms, and princii)loH, and in ivdmhiliuij, by the 
 aid of tlu'so, Froncli into Knglisli, and again EngliHli into 
 Fronch. Following still tlio plan of tho work, let liim now 
 undertake the liighor Ijusiness of endeavouring to compose in 
 French. With this intent, let him take some of tho words 
 given for this purpose in the following li^is ;ind seek to in- 
 corporate them in sentences entirely - Ls own. The words 
 taken from tho lists are to be used nicreiy as things suggestive 
 of thouglit. The/o>v« which, in any given case, the sentence 
 may assume, should bo determined by tho models found in 
 tho Sections jn-eceding; for, e\ery sentence which the pupil 
 has once mastered in tho regular course of the Sections, is or 
 should be to him a model on which he may at pleasure build 
 other constructions of his own. Indeed, this constructing 
 sentences according to models, that is, shaping one's thoughts 
 according to the form- and idioms peculiar to a foreign tongue, 
 is the true and only sen ret of speaking and ivriting that language 
 well. The pupil, therefore, as ho passes along in the ordinary 
 course of the Sections, should frequently bo found applying 
 his knowledge in the way of actually composing independent 
 sentences. In this way he will soon acquire a facility and ac- 
 curacy in the langu<ige, which is hardly otherwise attainable 
 at all. 
 
 LIST OF WOHnS FOK EXERCISES IN COMPOSINQ. 
 
 The words in the following lists are given as suggestive of 
 thought. In conducting the exercise a particular word is 
 selected, as Belieur (Bookbinder), and tho student is required 
 to compose a French sentence containing this term. He is 
 duly notified, that he is at liberty to take any thought sug- 
 gested by the word, and to produce a sentence of any form 
 found in any of tho SoctioriH : regard beinsr had all alon" to 
 all the Rules, Notes, Exo^ptions, &c^, that may bear upon the 
 case. Thus, adopting as a model the sentence, Votre marchand 
 
38 
 to produce others of the like kind '' *"■' '"' '""> Wonvonr 
 
 tertc TS S„r^r,x°r": '°'^ ->• -> - 
 
 I.— Pkofessions ET M^TIPH« /P,.^f ■ 
 
 I Iniprimeur, m. jmnter 
 Joailher, m. javcUer 
 
 Eouv if''^"' '"/ «-^'»«/'«««<«' 
 
 i^Iarchaiul de chevau.x, muqui- 
 
 gnpn, jn. hor.sc.deahr ^ 
 
 Marechal fenant, i„. /«,,^;,.. 
 
 Moissonneur, ni. ,-«y3«. 
 ) Musicien, m. w(/«,W«/i 
 
 Naturahste, m. naturalist 
 I <Jrateur, m. orator 
 
 . Sr m «• •""''^ ""^ silversmith 
 i atre, m. shepherd, herdsman 
 i'enuquier, m. hairdresser 
 Philosophe, ,n. philosopher 
 
 Pr^dicateur, m. ^eooAo- 
 
 ^etre, m. priest 
 
 ^ffineur de sucre, de sel, refiner 
 , of sugar, of salt ' ^^ 
 
 Kamoneur de chemin^es, m 
 \ chimney-sweeper ' 
 
 • Keheur, m. bookbinder 
 
 ^avetier, m. cobbler 
 ^culpteur, m. sculptor 
 »ellier, m. saddler 
 SeiTurier, m. locksmith 
 Tapissier, m. uphohterei' 
 lemtuner, m. dmr 
 lisserand, m. wraw,- 
 lonneher, m. coopei- 
 V itner, m. glazier 
 
 Acteur, m. actirr 
 Apothicaire, m. apothecar,, 
 Artiste, m. artist 
 AumCnier, m. chaplain 
 Auteur, m. author 
 ^arbier, m. barber 
 :Bijoiitier, m. jeweller 
 ^lanchisseuse, f. washerwoirmu 
 ^^oucher,m. butcher 
 ;Bra88eur, m. breicer 
 Brodeuse, f. embroidei-er 
 Charbonnicr, m. coal-man 
 
 t- Chto^tier, m. carman 
 
 Chaudronnier, m. coppersmith 
 ChuTirgien, m. surgem 
 Cordier, m. rope-maker 
 Corroyeur, in. cmrier 
 Couteher, m. cutler 
 Couturidre, f. seamstress - 
 Couvreur, m. slater, tiler 
 <^ur6, m. vicar 
 Centiste, m. dentiu 
 grapier, m. draper 
 Scclfsiastique, m. clergyman 
 
 ^vfiirue, m, hi»hop 
 
 ^-^^^npier,m./n>,^«. 
 
 Fnuti^re, f. frnit-woman, ie 
 
 greengrocer ' ' 
 
 Gantier, m. glover 
 urayeur, m. engraver 
 
 Instituteur, m. Institutrice f 
 schwliimter, mistress ' 
 
 . II— L'HOMME {M(„A 
 
 , - -•"'-» , f- fiauohtei'-in-htw 
 step-davr/hter ' 
 
 Belle-m^re, f. mothei'-in-law 
 step-mother ' 
 
 BeUe-sreur, f. sister-in-law 
 
 Bm f !; '^•f!'''t.'Jrandfather 
 ■oni, f. daughter-in-law 
 
39 
 
 II' 
 I! fi 
 
 Descendants, m. pi. descendants 
 Enfance, f. childhood 
 fipoux, m. ) ^ 
 Lpouse, I. ) 
 Famille, f. family 
 Femme, f. looman, wife 
 Fian^ailles, f.p. betrothing 
 Fiance, m., fiancee, f. betrothed 
 Futur, m. Imdefiroom 
 Future, f. bride 
 Gendre, m. son-'^i-Iato 
 Grand-pere, m. tirandfather 
 Grand'niere, f. <irandmother 
 Jeune homme, m. young man 
 .Teune fille, f. young woman, girJ 
 
 i Jeunesse, f. youth 
 Jumeau, m., Jumelle, f. twin 
 Slari, m. husband 
 Marraine, f. godmother 
 Naissance, f. birth 
 Nourrice, f. nurse 
 Nouveau marie, m. bridegroom 
 Nouvelle mariee, f . bride 
 Orphelin, m., orjtheline, f. orphan 
 Parrain, m. godfather 
 Petit-fils, grandson 
 Petite-fiUe, gru nd-danghter 
 Veuf, m. widoiver 
 Veuve, f. ividoiv 
 Vieillesse, f. oJd age ^ 
 
 III. — Le Coups IIvmain {The Unman Body), 
 
 Artere, f. artery 
 Barbe, f. beard 
 Bouche, f. mouth 
 Bras, m. arm 
 Cervelle, f. brain 
 Ciiair, f . flesh 
 Gils, m.i>. eyelashes 
 G(Bur, m. heart 
 Gorps, m. body 
 G6te, f. rib 
 GAte, m. side 
 Gou, m. neck 
 Goude, m. elbo^o 
 Grtoe, m. skull 
 Cuisse, f. thigh 
 Doigt, m. finger 
 -:;^os, m. back 
 f-paule, f. shoulder 
 Epine du dos, f. spine 
 Favoris, m.p. whiskers 
 Foie, m. liver 
 Front, m. forehead 
 Gencives, f.p. gums 
 >Genou, m. knee 
 Gorge, f. throat 
 Handle, f. hip 
 y Jambe, f. leg 
 Joiie, f. cheek 
 Langue, f. tongue 
 Levre, f. lip 
 
 , Membre, m. limb 
 
 ftlenton, m. chin 
 
 Moelle, f. marrow 
 
 Moustache, f. mustache, mus- 
 I tachio 
 
 Muscle, m. muscle 
 ! Nerf, m. nerve 
 ; Nez, m. nose 
 
 Ongle, m. oiail 
 
 Orteil, m. toe 
 
 Os, ni. bone 
 
 Palais, m. palate 
 
 Paupicre, f. eyelid 
 , » Peau. f. skin ,. 
 
 )r wuc5rmn!M^i& 
 
 Poumon, m. lung 
 Prunelle, f . pupil of the eye 
 Bate, f. spleen 
 Reins, m.p. loins 
 Sang, m. blood 
 Sein, m. bosoin 
 Sourcils, m.p. eyebrows 
 Squelette, m. skeleton 
 Talon, m, heel 
 Teint, m. complexion 
 Tempes, f.p. temples 
 Trait, m. feature 
 Veine, f. vein 
 Visage, m. face 
 
 5 
 
 I' 
 
 if. 
 
 IV. — Maladies, Infirmit^s, &c. (Maladies, Injirmities, ^•c.). 
 
 Attaque, f. attack, fit 
 Baume, m. balsam 
 Bcgaicmcnt, m. siammeriiiy 
 Blessure, f. wound 
 C6cit6, f. blindness 
 
 Chancre, m. cancer 
 Gicatrice, f. scar 
 Coliquu, f. colic 
 Contusion, f. bruise 
 Grampe, f. a'amp 
 
40 
 
 Pislocation , f . ' dislocation 
 Em6tique, m. emetic 
 Enflure, f. sivelling 
 Enrouement, m. hoarseness 
 iiiitorse, f. sprain 
 Epilepsie, f. epilepsy 
 ijvanouissement, m. faintiv{} 
 Fievre, f. fever 
 
 Fievre nerveuse, f. nen-ous feve7' 
 tieyre scarlatine, f. scarlet fever 
 truerison, f. cure 
 Goiitte, f. ffout 
 Hydropisie, f. dropsy 
 Indisijosition, f, indisposition 
 
 Louche, adj. squinting 
 Walaise, m. indisposition 
 Mutisme, m. dumbness 
 Onguent, m., pommade, f. salve 
 Urdonnance, f. presa-iption 
 1 etite vcrole, f. smill-pox 
 1 ulmonie, f. consumption 
 Kemede, m. rernedi/ 
 
 KJuime, m. cold 
 
 Kougeolo, f. mrasles 
 
 burdite, f. deafness 
 
 ■Toux, f. couf/h 
 
 Ulcere, m. idcer 
 
 Vertige, m. dizziness 
 
 v.— Haku-lements {Articles of Dress). 
 
 Agrafe, f. clasp , ^.. „ „ 
 
 Aiguille, f. needle F V^i needle-case 
 
 Bague, f. rim Eventail, m. fan 
 
 -Bas, m. storkhu, l^''''' m- smell irif/.bottle 
 
 Basin, m. dimiL I ourrure, f. fur 
 
 Batiste, f. r& fer^'/r"'"^ 
 
 Bijouterie, f. jewci.ru oT^?' ^- -^1"^"^ 
 
 Bonnet, m. cap^ Garniture, f. trimming 
 
 Boucle, f. ftMr/^e ^ *' .'"■ *'^*^' 'Waistcoat 
 
 Boucle, f. /of/t oZ/tair rw,-; Grenat, m. garnet 
 
 .*v,u„o, 1. toot,, 
 
 J^alefon, m.s. draivers 
 Cemture, f. sash, belt, band 
 Cliaussons, m.p. socks 
 tjirage, m. blacking 
 Ciseaux, m.p. sdssors 
 Coiffure, f . head-dress 
 t^ollet, m. collar 
 Collier, m. necklace 
 Coton, m. cotton 
 Cravate, f. ci'avat 
 Crfipe, m. crape 
 
 Diamant, m. diamond 
 
 Dentelle, f. lace 
 
 Doublure, f. lining 
 
 Ecrin, m. casket, jewel-box 
 
 m^ee, f. stvord 
 
 Eperons, m.p. spurs 
 / Epingle, f. pin 
 
 Epingle h cheveux, f. hair-pin 
 
 m.p. ear- 
 
 ^antalon, m. s. trousers 
 Parapluie, m. umbrella 
 Parasol, m. parasol 
 Peigne, m. comb 
 Pendants d'oreilles, 
 
 penjlants 
 Perle, f . pearl 
 Poche, f. 2Mcket 
 Pommade, f. pomatum 
 Rednigote, f. frock-coat 
 Kobe, f. dress, robe 
 
 Robedechambre, t.dressing-govm 
 Satin, m. satin 
 Soie, f. silk 
 Tablier, m. apron 
 Taffetas, m. taffeta., sarcenet 
 Velours, m. velvet 
 Veste, f. jacket 
 Voile, m. veil 
 
 Antichambrfi f ^w^ -.i~„i— i * , ' ^ ^ 
 
 Ardoise. f. «iate ""^•^■^'^"'^'- ^^eual, m. ar^em^ 
 
 I Banc, m. 6ewcA» «ea« 
 
 'i.il 
 

 41 
 
 Barrifere. f. gate 
 
 Bibliotheque, f. library 
 
 Bourg, m. boi'ounh, market-town 
 
 Bourse, f. exchange 
 
 Brique, f. brick 
 
 Capitale, f. cajtital city, metro- 
 jxAis 
 
 Carillon, m. chime of bells 
 
 Caserne, f. barrack 
 
 Cave, f. cellar 
 ^ Chambre, f . chamber, room 
 
 Chambre ^ couclier, f. bedroom 
 
 Chapelle, f. chapel 
 
 Chateau, m. country home, villa 
 
 Chaumiere, f. hut, cottage 
 
 Chaux, f. lime 
 
 Chemin^e, f. chimney 
 
 Cimetifere, m. cemeter:: '"' -rck- 
 yard 
 
 Cloche, f. bell (la) ., '''jrch 
 bell, Ac. 
 
 Clocher, m. church steeple 
 
 Clochette, f. small bdl 
 
 Cloitre, m. cloister 
 ^ Cour, f. yard, court 
 
 Convent, m. convent 
 ^ Cuisine, f. kitchen 
 
 Douane, f. custom-house 
 ^ ficurie, f. stable 
 
 Environs, m.p. environs, neigh- 
 bourhood 
 ^ Escalier, m. stairs 
 I- fitage, m. stmy, floor 
 
 Faubourg, m. suburb 
 
 Ferme, f . farm 
 
 Fontaine, f . fountain, tvell 
 
 Four, m. oven 
 
 Goutti^re, f. gutter 
 
 gSndvJ^tTf "• h'-^*-^ 
 
 Grange, f. barn. 
 
 Grenier, m. gar-et 
 
 Haie, f. hedge. 
 
 Hameau, m. hamlet 
 
 H6pital, m. hospital 
 
 H6tel de ville, to^vn-house, city- 
 
 house, guildhall, city-liall,tovm- 
 
 hall 
 
 I Meuble, m. piece of furniture '- 
 I Meubles, m.p. furniture 
 Monnaie, f. mint 
 \ Mortier, m. mortar 
 
 ■ Palais, m. palace 
 
 ! Paroisse, f. parish 
 ! Pave, m. pavement 
 '■ Pepiui^re, f. nursei'y of trees 
 
 Persienne, f. blind, open shutters 
 
 Plafond, m. ceiling c~ 
 
 ■ Planche, f. board 
 
 j Plancher, m. flooi'^ 
 
 I Poele, m. stove 
 
 I Pompe, f. pump 
 
 I Pont, m. bridge 
 
 I Porte, f. doo7', gate ^ 
 
 ( Poste, f . jiost, post-office 
 
 i Poutre, f. beam 
 
 Prairie, f. \ ^ 
 
 Pre, m. ) 
 
 Prison, f. prison 
 
 Puits, m. well 
 
 Quartier, m. qttarter 
 
 Rampe (d'escalier), balustrade of 
 a staircase. 
 
 Rez-de-chaussee, m. ground ^. 
 floor 
 
 Sacristie, f. vestry 
 
 Salle, f. parlour, sitting-room 
 
 Salon, m. drawing-room, hall 
 
 Serre, f. conservatwy 
 
 Serre chaude, f . hot-house 
 
 Serrure, f. lock t. 
 
 Sonnette, f. bell L 
 
 Theatre, m. theatre 
 
 Toit, m. roof^ 
 
 Tour, f. tower 
 
 Tuile, f. tile 
 
 Verger, m. orchard 
 
 Verrou, m. bolt L 
 
 Vestibule, m. hall, entry 
 
 Vigne, f., vignoble, m. vine- 
 yard k 
 , Village, m. village *» 
 ; Volet, ni. loindow-shutter 
 ' Voftte, f. vault 
 
 
 VII. — Meubles {Furniture). 
 
 Allumette, f . match 
 Allumette chimique, f. friction- 
 match 
 Amadou, m. tinder 
 Armoire, f. cupboard 
 Baril, m. cask, barrel 
 Bassin, m. bowl, wash-bowl 
 
 Bassinoire, f. warming-pan 
 Berceau, m. cradle 
 Boite h, amadou, f. tinder-box 
 Bougie, f. taper 
 Bouilloire, f. kettle 
 Briquet, m. fire-steel 
 Cadre, m. frame 
 
 15 
 
 l 
 
 i 
 
42 
 
 : NaiJpe, f. tablecloth 
 Oreiller, m, pilloio 
 
 Canddlabre, m. chandelier 
 Casserole, f. saucepan 
 Cassette, f. box, casket 
 Chandelle, f. candle 
 
 Uiarbon de terre, conl 
 Chaudiere, f. boiler 
 Cotfre, m. chest 
 
 CorbeiUe, f. basket. 
 
 cnble, m, sjrce 
 
 Cruche, f pitchei- 
 
 Ciivier, m. <«/> 
 ^rap, m. s/<f?e< 
 Ecirnoire, f. skimmer 
 ijntonnoir, m. //^hh^; 
 ^ssuie-main, m. torvel 
 ^er u repasser, m. Jlat iron 
 lourgon, m. poker 
 i'oyer, m, Aear^A 
 lAmpe, f. lamp '"^ 
 Lar..terne, f, lantern 
 •LJti m. bed 
 
 lat de plume, m. feather-bed 
 Lumi^re, f. light 
 ■Lustre, m. sconce, luMre 
 
 Mortier, m. nwrtar 
 }f°"f e"es, f.p. ^^nffers 
 Woutardier, m. mustard-pot 
 
 Confitures, f.p. nresei^rpj, I'"*''. ™- ''"^^ »*««< 
 
 Cdtelette, f. cutM Saucisse, f. sausage 
 
 Jambon, m. ham ' ''^"■^""'^^'»^ &oupe maigre, f. vegetable soup 
 Mouton, m. mutton v ' ^- '^"'* 
 
 "■, p. amx or ails. ««)•///. r« ' ^ •/• 
 
 I ^anier, m. iasto 
 I Paravent, m. screen 
 
 iSiTe!T;/l^"'^'''^'^'^'^"- 
 
 ; Pierre k fusil, f.,/?,-„e 
 
 i pincettes, f.p. tongs 
 
 , Poele, m. stove 
 
 \^oe\e,t fniing-pan 
 Poivnere, f. pepper-box 
 .' Pot, m. >l-f«/e 
 I P"Pitre, m. </p«/l- 
 I ^ahere, f. salt-cellar 
 j oavon, m, soap 
 i Seau, m. pail 
 1 Serviette, f. »wijo/l-,« 
 I oofa, m. <(o/a 
 I Soufflet, m. ieZ/ows 
 I goup.iere, f. soup-tureen 
 I ^"crier, m. sugar-basin 
 
 lableau, m. picture 
 I Tablette, f. shelf 
 Tapis, m. carptt 
 , ^ire-bouchon, m. cwl-so-e^t) 
 liroir, m. drawer 
 J^aversin, m. bolster 
 
 Vprrc, m. glass 
 
 All, m., I) aulx or ails, mrlic 
 
 ^^Verge, f. asparagus 
 Avome, f. oats 
 
 Batterave, f. beet 
 f H m. wheat 
 Carotte, f. mn-oi 
 Celeri, m. celerg 
 Champignon, m. mushroom 
 Chou, m. m6W/e 
 
 Concombre, m. cucumber 
 
 Cresson, m. cress 
 
 Epinards, m.p. sptnocA 
 
 Feve, f. bean 
 
 Gram, m. ferw^ 
 
 Herbe, f. hei-b 
 
 Lentille, f. lentil 
 Mais, m. maize 
 Millet, m. millet 
 Navet., m. tumin 
 Oignon, m. mion 
 Orge, f. barley 
 
43 
 
 '111:; 
 
 Oseille, f. soiTel 
 Panais, m, parsnip 
 Persil, m. panlet/ 
 Plante, f. plant 
 Pois, m. pea 
 Eacine, f. root 
 Radis, m. radivh 
 
 Rave, f. radish (long) 
 Riz, m, rice 
 Sauge, f. sage 
 Seigle, m. rye 
 Tliym, m. thyme 
 Truflfe, f. truffle 
 
 X. — AuBRES Fruitiers, Fruits {Fruit-trees, Fruits), 
 
 Abrico*;. m. api'icot 
 Abricotier, m. apricot-tree 
 Amaiide, f, almond 
 Amandier, m. almond-tree 
 Ananas, m. pine-apple 
 Avcline, f. jilbert 
 Cha,taigne, f. chestnut 
 Citron, m. citron, lemon 
 Coing, m. quince 
 Datte, f. date 
 Figue, f . Jig 
 Praise, f. straioben'y 
 Framboise, f. rasjjherry 
 Groseille, f. gooseberry, currant 
 Melon, m. melon 
 
 Mftre, f, mulberry 
 i Nefle, f. medlar 
 I Noisette, f. hazel-nvt 
 1 Noix, f. nut 
 ; Orange, f. wnngc 
 \ Peche, f. peach 
 ; Poire, f. pear 
 \ Poirier, m. pear-tree 
 ! Pomme, f. apple 
 i Pommier, m. apple-tree 
 ; Prune, f. j^lum 
 : Priinier, m. plum-tree 
 ] Raisin, m. grape 
 ! Vigne, f. vine 
 
 Bouleau, m. birch 
 Chene, m. oak 
 ^corce, f. hark 
 Erable, m. maple 
 Frene, m. ash 
 Hetre, m. beech 
 Mflese, m. larch 
 Orme, m. elm 
 
 XI — AuHREs FoRESTiEKs (Fonst-trcis). 
 
 Peuplier, m. poplar 
 Ramean, m. bough 
 Sapin, m. Jir 
 Saule, m. ivillow 
 Tilleul, m. linden-trcc 
 Tremble, m. aspen 
 Tronc, m. trunk 
 
 XII. — Fleurs, &c. {Flowers, ^c). 
 
 Auricule, f. auricula 
 Chardon, m. thistle 
 Chevrefeuille, m. honeysuckle 
 Girofl^e, f . gillyjlower, ivall-Jlmoer 
 Jasmin, m. jessamine 
 Lis, m. lily 
 Marguerite, f. daisy 
 Mauvaise herbe, f. iveed 
 Myrte, m. myrtle 
 CEillet, m. pink 
 
 Ortie, f. viettle 
 
 Pavot, m. poppy 
 
 Pens^e, f. pansy, kcarfs-easc 
 
 Pied-d'alouette, m. larkspur 
 
 Primev^re, f. cowslip, primrose 
 
 Rose, f. 7'ose 
 
 Tournesol, m. sunflower 
 
 Tulipe, f. tulip 
 
 Violette, f. violet 
 
 XIII.— O18EAUX {Birds). 
 
 Aigle, m. eagle 
 Aile, f. wing 
 Alonette, f. lark 
 Autour, m. hawk 
 Autruche, f, ostrich 
 Bee, m. beak 
 Bticasse, f. woodcock 
 B^oassine, f. snipe 
 
 vagtail 
 
 Bergeronnette, f. 
 Caille, f. quail 
 Canaid, m. duck 
 Canari, m. canary-bird 
 Chardonneret, m. goldfinch 
 Chauve-soiiris, f. bat 
 Cigogne, f. stoi'k 
 Colombe, f. doiv 
 
 t 
 
 It'' 
 
 . ■ 
 
 t- 
 
Corbeau, m. mven 
 Corneille, f. croio 
 J^oucou, m. cuckoo 
 J^ygno, ni. aivan 
 i>inclon, m. turkci, 
 i;ai8an, m. phcmctnt 
 J:»eai, m. jay 
 Grive, f. tlirush 
 H«ron, m. heron 
 
 Linotte, f. linnet 
 Merle, m. blackbird 
 JJie, f. groose 
 
 Oiseaudeproie,m.iM.rfo/p,.c^ 
 
 44 
 
 I Taon, m. pmcocA 
 I assereau, m. spairow 
 ^erdnx, f. partridr/e 
 rerroquet, m. ^,to« 
 :i ;e, f. mnypie 
 Pjgeon, m. p?V/eo?i 
 Poule, f. km 
 ^'oulet, m. fA/r^e» 
 Koitelet, m. loren 
 Kossignul, m. nightimmle. 
 Kouge-gorge, m. jWirea*^ 
 Senn m canary-bird 
 Tourterelle, f. ««,.</e.c£.„« 
 vautour, m. vulture 
 
 XIV.-QuADRuriDEs {Quadmpcds). 
 
 ^gneati, m, landt 
 ^iau-eau, ni. badyer 
 t;astor, m. beaver 
 t:;erf, m. stay 
 
 ghevreuil, m. roebmk 
 l^cureuil, m. squii-rel 
 * uret, m, feiret 
 Hensson, m, hedgehon 
 I^PJn, m. rabbit 
 
 Li^vre, m. ^a?-e 
 
 liion, m. lion 
 
 I-oup, m. wo// 
 
 Mule, f. mule 
 
 Ours, m. 6m»' 
 Poulain, m. colt 
 Pourceau, m. hxj, mine 
 Renard, m. fox 
 Singe, m. monkeu 
 Taupe, f. mole 
 Tigre, m. <iV/er 
 
 XV.— 
 
 Anguille, f. eel 
 
 Baleine, f. whale 
 
 Brochet, m. /.t/tc 
 
 ^arpe, f. cai-p 
 
 yrevette, f. shrimp 
 Ecrevisse, f. cra2«/«A 
 ^sturgeon, m. st%rgeon 
 ilareng, m. herring 
 Harengsaur, m. red hen-inn 
 Homard, m. ;o6s<ej- ^ 
 
 •PoissoNs {Fishes). 
 
 Merlan, m. w^/dtno 
 Morue, f. codfish 
 Perche, f . ^ercA 
 Requin, m. sAarA 
 Saumon, m. mlmon 
 Sole, f. so^e 
 I Tanche, f. tench 
 Tortue, f. tuHle 
 Truite, f. froMi! 
 Turbot, m. turbot 
 
 .til' 
 
 XVI.— 
 
 Abeille, f. bee 
 ^^aigri^e, f. apidtr 
 CheniUe, f. caterpillar 
 J;^igale, f. grasshopper 
 Couleuvre, f. ac^c/ej; 
 Cousin, m. gnat 
 tjrapaud, m. toad 
 Escarbot, m. beetie 
 Fourmi, f. ant 
 Grenouille, f. frog 
 ^vnlon, m. cricket 
 uutpe, f. wasp 
 
 •Insectes, &c. (7«jfc^,, ^c.). 
 
 j Ifzard, ni. lizard 
 Limavon, m. snail 
 
 j Mouche, f. fiij 
 
 , Papillon, ni. buttei-flu 
 
 , Puce, f. flea '^ 
 
 , Punaise, f. bug 
 Sangsue, f. leech 
 
 Sauterelle, f. locust 
 , serpent, m. serpent 
 
 Teigne, f. moth 
 ! ^' t-r. in. Worm 
 
 Vip6re, f. i;tpc»« 
 
45 
 
 XVII.— OuTiLS {Tools). 
 
 Alfene, f. awl 
 Balance, f. scale 
 Beche, t'. spade 
 Brosse, f. Imtsh 
 Brouette, f. whed-harrow 
 Cachet, m. seal 
 Carabine f. Hjle 
 Charruo, f. plough 
 Chevalet, m. easel 
 Cire, f . wax 
 Cogn^e, f. hatchet 
 Colle, f . glue. 
 Compas, m. compasses 
 ^chafaudage, m. scaffold 
 Echelle, f. ladder 
 IJnclume, f . anvil 
 Etau, m. vice 
 Fauciile, f. sickle 
 Faux, f. scythe 
 Fleau, ni. Jlail 
 Fusil, m. gun 
 
 Hache, f. axe 
 Hame9on, m. fish-hoolc 
 Herse, f. harrow 
 Houe, f. hoe 
 Ligne, f. line 
 Lime, f. file 
 Meule, f. grindstone 
 Pain k caclieter, m. icafer 
 Pelle, f. ;iovel 
 Pince, f. croiuliar 
 Pinceau, m. brush, pencil 
 Poulie, f. pulley 
 Rabot, m. plane 
 Rouleau, m. roller 
 Sabliere, f. savd-box 
 Scie, f. saw 
 Serriue, f. lock 
 Tenailles, f.p. pincers 
 Truelle, f. troivel 
 Vis, f . scrsio 
 
 
 Section XV. 
 
 1. Adjectives and adverbs are always compared in French, 
 as they often arc in English, by means of adverbs. 
 
 Plus beau, plus souvent. 
 
 Handsomei', oftener. 
 
 2. The comparative of equality is expressed by : 
 
 Aussi— que, \ before an adjective, an adverb, or a pro- 
 
 As, or as much — as, J noun. 
 
 Aussi aime que son frfere. As much loved as his brother. 
 
 Autant de-que de, | before a substantive. 
 As much, or as many — as, J 
 
 Autant de crayons que de plumes. As many pencils as pens. 
 Autant de sci*. ice que de modestie. As much science as modesty. 
 
 3. The comparative of superiority is expressed by : 
 ^"f~^"*^' I before an adjective, an adverb, or a pronoun. 
 
 n est plus docile que son frfere. He is more docile than his brUher, 
 
 Plus de-que de, \ i^^f^^e , j^^un. 
 More — than, j 
 
 r 
 
 Plus de bont^ que de jugement. More goodness than Judgment. 
 
J'en ai tout autaiit que vous. 
 
 43 
 
 Vo«„ 4.0. ,»..i grand .,™™,„ y„ „ ,^ ^ ^ ' 
 
 " '■' -* '"" - •»" -'»■ -«'S- ^.■. ««» ..„1 
 
 P«.ta„lde; pa, .„.„„t „„ ; moin. d„_,„.de, ) .^^Sctrdt 
 A»< .« ..«4 or ,. „„„,y , &„ . /,„,,_«„„^ \ „7p«««™. 
 
 „ , pronoun, 
 
 ii n a pas tant de oourajre que rln //. a... . 
 
 ^, patience. *^ '^^"^ ''® ^"^ ^^'f* ««< «o much cmrwie as 
 
 n . ™... dW..„. „„ede W.„de. .-£'£ ..«, ^„ J. 
 
 MlSCELLAXEOl-8 ExAMl'LES. 
 
 Avez-vous autant tic livres an «>.... 
 
 glais que de livres italiens? n\ fZaf Ti''' .^'"^^''^ ^°"*» 
 
 J'en ai tout autant tT ^^"'"'* *wX» .^ 
 
 J'ai autant de ceux-ci (uio ,1p / 7*''V«»< <?» w««.j/. 
 
 ^ c.ux-la. 'i"° '^'^ ^/'«"c «^ many of these as of 
 
 11 est aussi heuieux (uie vous rrli , 
 
 Avez-vous plus d'assiettes ?mn ,lo u " "' ^'"^'^'^ "■' ■"""■ 
 
 plats? «««'ettesquede Have you more plates th<t,v dishes f 
 
 Ja^plusdeceux-ciquedecelles- /A«.o«^eo/.;^.^„„^,,,,, 
 Es^U^plus complaisant que ses /.,.„,,., ^. 
 
 Le Frun9aiB a-t-il moins de le- /^iK ; 
 
 gumes que de fruits ? , bhW^'T'' •^«'*«- *'Wto- 
 
 n a moins de livres que de n> nu- mhJ^J" ^"^'[^ ' 
 
 scrits. ^ "^-'^"- ^Ij^^f^'^er books thun vmnu- 
 
 ;d?»- ^« -- -e Atso^^nyoftheseasof 
 Bn a-t-d ™o.s que votre fr.re? ^ £|^ ,,.,.„, ,^, ^^^ 
 II en a tout autant. brother ? ^ "'^ 
 
 Me has quae as many. 
 
 Exercise 25. 
 «Ieu, -e, blue. Fe,, „ • 
 
 Courage, m. course. Fromage T' cA.... ^an"8crit, m. mnnu- 
 
 Verre, m. r/Iass. 
 
47 
 
 1. fites-vous auKsi content quo mon frerc ? 2. .Te suis nussi 
 content quo votre hviv. 8. Votre i)eie a-t-il antant do couragt! 
 quo do modostio ? 4. II a moins do modcstio que do f^ouragc. 
 5. Lo librairo a-t-il iiutant do nianuscrits quo d'cstam^jcs 'r G. 
 II a plus do cellcs-ci quo do ceux-lu. 7. A-t-ii autant d'amia 
 quo d'ennemis r 8. 11 a plus do ceux-ci que do ccux-li. 9. 
 A-t-il autant do pain quo do fromage P 10. II a tout autant 
 do celui-ci que do celui-l^ 11. Le marcchal a-t-il plus do 
 chevaux quo votre fierei' 12. II en a plus que mon p^re et 
 plus que mon frore. 13. N'avcz-vous i^as froid? 14. Non, 
 Monsieur, jo n'ai pas froid, j'ai tres chaud. 16. Avcz-vous 
 deux manteaux do drap h IG. J'on ai un do drap ot un de 
 velours bleu. 17. N'avez-vous pas plus de verres que d'as- 
 siottesP 18. Nous en avons davantage.* 15). Lo marechal a-t-il 
 plus de fer que d'acier ? 20. II n'a pas autant de celui-ci que 
 do cehu-la. 21. II a moins do celui-ci que de cclui-la. 22. 
 Les HoUandais ont-ils do beaux jardins P 23. Lours jardins 
 sent tres beaux. 24. Les jardins des Italicns sont plus beaux 
 que ceux des Espagnols. 
 
 ^, 
 
 Exercise 26. 
 
 1. Are you more attentive than your sister ? 2. I am not 
 BO attentive as your brother. 3. Have you more courage than 
 my brother P 4. I have quite as much. 5. Has the black- 
 smith as much money as iron P 6. He has more of the latter 
 than of the former [Sect. 8, R. 5]. 7. Has ho more modesty 
 than the Spaniard P 8. Ho has more. 9. Ho has more than 
 your friend's sister. 10. Are you not cold, Sir? 11. No, Sir, 
 but I am afraid and sleepy. 12. Has the Dutchman more 
 cheese than the Italian P 13. He has more cheese and more 
 money. 14. Have you as much English silk as Italian silk P 
 15. I have more of this than of that. 16. Who has more friends 
 than the Spaniard P 17. Your friend has more. 18. Has the 
 Spaniard as much of your money as of his P 19. He has less 
 of mine than of his. 20. Have wo more silk cloaks than cloth 
 cloaks P 21. We have more of these than of those. 22. Have 
 you good cloaks ? 23. Yes, Sir, I have good cloaks, good hats, 
 and good leather shoes. 24. Have you more plates than 
 dishes P 25. I have not more plates than dishes ; but I have 
 more glasses than plates. 26. Are you not very cold P 27. No, 
 Sir, I am neither cold nor warm. 28. Has your carpenter 
 wood P 29. Yes, Sir, he has wood, money, cheese, and meat. 
 30. Wbo has more money than the carpenter P 31. The Dutch- 
 man has more. 32. Who has more engravings than books P 
 33. The bookseller has more of these than of those. 34. Are 
 you as attentive as your friend P 35. I am more attentive than 
 my friend. 
 
 I) ' 
 
 
 • Davantage means nuire. It is not generally placed before a noun; 
 it may be used mstead of plna at the end of a sentence. 
 
m 
 
 Sectiox XVT. 
 
 COMI'ARIHON— E.VCOKE, <S:c. 
 
 1. The superlative absolute is formed bv placini? trin fnr* 
 or blen. ver!/, before the adjective [§ 16, 12]. ^ ' °'*' 
 
 No'fr'll'fn'^'l'f ''^'■' fu^ *'-^« "t'les. These mndhsticks are ver,, u»eful 
 Notre tailleur est bien obligeaut. Our tailor is very ohligS 
 
 le'^lJlii tnTif '''* ''!-''*T. \\ *°T'^ by adding the article 
 19, 1% IM, to a comparative [§ 15, 10], •' ^ 
 
 3. Encore is used in French in the sense of wore mm more 
 ^Zk;"'''-"^^ affirmatively and interrogativd;;!;::; 
 
 Avez-vous encore du caf^ ? 
 J'ai encore du caf6. 
 J'en ai encore. 
 
 Have you any mme coffee ? 
 
 I have more (or some vurre) coffee. 
 
 I have some more, or sotne left. 
 
 orL!J V^"° '' "'"^ '" *^' '"""'^ °* ""^ ""^ ""»''' ^^^ «'• »»>re, 
 
 Je n'ai plus de livres. 
 Je n'ai plus de chocolat. 
 
 5. Ne— guire means but little, but few. 
 
 I have no mm-e hooks. 
 I have no chocolate left. 
 
 Je n'ai gu6re d'amis. 
 Je n'en ai gufere. 
 
 / have hit few friends. 
 I have hutfexo—but little. 
 
 6. The pronouns moi, toi, lui, eux. are used instend nf +i,n 
 nominative pronouns je. tu. il. hs. Ster que folio W a com 
 parative, and when the verb is understo-.d ""'''^"^s a com- 
 
 Vous etes plus heureux que moi. You are hapnier than I 
 Vousavezplufi dem^rite que lui. You have SrJ^tthan k,. 
 
 MiSOET.r.AXEOV 
 
 Votre marchand est bien obli- ! 
 
 geant. 
 
 Voila le meillcur de ces gardens. 
 Nous avons encore des amis. 
 
 Vous avez encore du credit. 
 Avez-vous encore une piastre ? 
 Le ma9on a-t-il encore des 
 
 bnques ? 
 H n'en a plus, 
 ll n'a plus de briques. 
 n n en a gii^re. 
 
 U n'en a plus gu^re. I 
 
 Je n'ai gu6re de livres. I 
 
 S EXAMI'LES. 
 
 j Your nwchant is very oblitjinff. 
 
 \ That is the hest of those horn. 
 I We have some mwc (or still) 
 I friends. 
 
 I You have still (or ijet) credit. 
 ! Have you a dollar left? 
 Has the mason more bricks f 
 
 He has no more— he has none left 
 He has no more bricks. 
 He hm hut fcxo. 
 He has but few left. 
 I have but few books. 
 
I il 
 
 49 
 
 A vez-vouB pluR de courage que lui ? 
 II a moins de courage qwe moi. 
 Coinbien de piastres avcz-vous 
 
 encore 
 
 Hare you ware rovmije than he i 
 He fins less nnimffe than J. 
 How many dollurs have you still, 
 or have you left f 
 
 ExEuciSE 27. 
 
 Beaucoup, mueh. Nevcii, m. nei>hew. Savant, -p, learned. 
 Uoyer, Boyer. Nioce, f. niece. Sceur, f, sister. 
 
 Correct, -e, correct. Nouvelles, f. p. news. Xante, f. aunt. 
 Credit, m. credit. Quel, tvhich, which on^. Tons, all. 
 Dictionnaire, m. die- Salade, f. salad. Ville, f. tmm, city, 
 
 tionary. 
 
 1. Votre dictionnaire est-il tr^a correct ? 2. II est plus cor- 
 rect que celui de Boyer. 3. Votre lictionnaire eat le plus 
 correct de tous. 4. Quel est lo plus beau de ces jardinn? 5. 
 Celui-ci est le plus bej.u de tons les jardins do la ville. 6. 
 Avez-vous encore de I'argent ? 7. .Te li'ai plus d'argent, mais 
 j'ai encore du credit. 8. Avons-nous encore de la salade 'r 
 
 9. Nona n'en avons plus. 10. Nous n'avons plus de viande. 
 11. Qui en a encore r* 12. Mes freres et mes soeurs en ont 
 encore. 13. En avez-vous encore beaucoup h 14. Je n'en ai 
 plus guere. 16. Votre tante a-t-elle plus de robes quo votre 
 niece? 16. Ello n'en a pas beaucoup. 17. Votre ncven est-il 
 plus savant que votre niece? 18. II n'est pas aussi savant 
 qu'elle. 19. Elle eat plus savantc que lui. 20. Avoz-voua 
 encore froid? 21. Je n'ai plus froid, j'ai bien chaud. 22. 
 N'avez-vous plus de nouvelles ? 23. Je n'en ai plus. 24. En 
 avez-vous beaucoup ? 26. Je n'en ai guere. 
 
 EXEKCISE 28, 
 
 1. Has your brother a very good dictionary ? 2. His dic- 
 tionary is not very correct. 3. Has your father more courage 
 than he ? 4. Ho has much more courage than your nephew. 
 0. Have your brothers credit ? 6. They have but little credit, 
 but they have money. 7. Is your aunt obliging ? 8. My aunt 
 is very obliging. 9. Have you still books, pens, and paper? 
 
 10. I have no more books, but 1 have still good pens and 
 excellent English paper. 11. "Who has still paper ? 12. I have 
 no more, but mj' brother has some more. 13. Have you any 
 news, 8ir? 14. No, Madam, I have none to-day. 15. Have 
 you as much wood as my brother's son r 16. I have more 
 than you or he ? 17. Are you still wrong ? 18. No, Sir, I am 
 no longer {plus) -WTong, I am right. 19. Are your sisters still 
 hungry ? 20. They are neither hungr;^' nor th' sty, but they 
 are still sleepy. 21. Is your niece as learned as he P 22. She 
 is more learned than he and [qtte) his aunt. 23. Have you no 
 news, Sir? 24. No, Madam, I have no more news. 25. Who 
 has news ? 26. I have no more. 27. Have you them all ? 28. 
 les, Sir, 1 have them all. 29. Has your aunt much of it left ? 
 30. She has but little more of it. 31. Has your brother any 
 more English horses ? 32. He has no more. 33. He has two 
 
 il.' 
 
 
 !,!• 
 f 
 
 tell 
 
so 
 
 Section XVII. 
 
 Combien de flours avez-vous » 
 J ai beaucoui) Jo Heurs. 
 VouH avez trop ile loisir. 
 Votro s«ur a .issez de temps. 
 H n a pas d'amia. 
 Je n'ai jamais vu de lion. 
 
 How mam/ fiowcm have i/ouf 
 
 IfMve imny Jloioer», 
 
 FoM have too much leisure 
 
 Your sister has time cmu,',h. 
 
 He has no friends, 
 
 I have never seen any lion. 
 
 „ rp, " ""^''"■' <"="» ««y lion. 
 
 with the article le. ll, les [H 4] ""■ ^^'"'^"'^ 
 
 SerbTenSamit^ complaisance. You h.ur >naeh ki.lness. 
 
 Ahe has mani/ friends. 
 
 f^thiHff, not anything, tako de bofom an aijoctive.' ^' '**°' 
 
 ^*«^'« ""^"'£/ knot anythiwj) good. 
 
 Quelle serviette avez-vous ' Wh^t l ■ i 
 
 Quollesboursesvotreamia:t-il? KjuSt'Sfer' 
 
 5. Que is used for ivhat before a verb. 
 
 Qu'avez-vous ? wi„. . ,, 
 
 *ynat IS the matter with you t 
 
 ^^rylSt^iol^^it^ wor^fS'^ot&^^^r ^-' ^- ^'^ 
 and equivalent to'u-Ai.A one, w hie horns "^ ^'^''^ """"' 
 
 Lequel votre fils a-t-il ' 
 •Lesquelles avons-nous ? 
 
 J^fVA (o>i<') has your son 9 
 Which [ones) have we i 
 
 _ "■" v^"^ai rtuve we f 
 
 quIiqSes'^rX SqS^sZe's "^^^ °^"", ^^^ « >-' -- ^ 
 the same meaning.^ pffleiS^^''^''^™ ""'f absolutely, with 
 S- ■*'^«8ieurs means s.w«^, and is invariable. 
 i^Danois a-t-il auelni,A«pojm.r?"-' «■ ., _ 
 ii en a quelques-unes.' " "" ^,^''^^^'>^ a few apples} 
 
 n en a plusieurs. ^e Aoa a /w. 
 
 ■nc «as several. 
 
SI 
 
 MiSCELLANEOl'S EXAMPLES. 
 
 Combion do poires avez-vouu ? 
 Nous avons beaucoup de poires. 
 NoUH cii avoiiB beaucoup. 
 NouH avoiis uHftez de cerisei. 
 NouH n'en avoiin pas nssez. 
 Vous n'ftvc/ gu^ie de pt^clies. 
 Votre jardinier a bieu des p^ches. 
 N'avez-voUH pas de neclies? 
 J'ai beaucovip de peches et d'abri- 
 
 cots. 
 Le boucher at-il quoltiuo chose 
 
 de boil ? 
 II a quebiue chose de bon et de 
 
 mauvais. 
 II n'a rieu de bon. 
 
 Quelles poires /". avez-vous? 
 NoUH avoiiH celles de votre sd-ur. 
 (.^uel habit w. avez-vous Y 
 Nous avuus celui du tidlkuir. 
 Qu'avez vous de bon? 
 Jjeqtud avez-vous? 
 LesqutlK votiv fiere a t il? 
 
 How many pears have you t 
 
 We lutve Duini/ ptarn. 
 
 We have iiiani/\of them). 
 
 We have rhoTica eunuyh. 
 
 We have iwt enough 't\fthem). 
 
 You /uive hut fei Hiic/u., 
 
 Your (jurdemr as wnni/ i>, irhea. 
 
 Have i/oii no p icliat 1 
 
 I have manypt >.ch andapi coti. 
 
 Has the butcher m I'hinff :ot)dl 
 
 He has something iiood atul ktj. 
 
 He has not anjithin;/ (iiothitir/) 
 
 flood. 
 Whot or which imtrs have you t 
 Wf have your sister'n. 
 Which or wh<it cunt have inni f 
 We have the tailor's. 
 What have you yooU f 
 Which (one) have you ? 
 Which (lines) has ymir hrntherf 
 
 ExEUCisE 29. 
 
 Abricot, m. apricot. Fleur, f. Jlower. romme, f . apple. 
 
 Ananas,m. pine-apple. Jardiu, m. garden. Pomme de terre, f . pO' 
 
 Beurre, m. hutter. L<?guine, m. veyetahle. tato. 
 
 Cerise, f. cherry. ]Maga8in,m.wa?'cAo((ife. Prune, f. />/«>». 
 
 Kpicier, m. tjrucer. Oncle, m. imcle. Sucre, m. suyar. 
 
 Etrang-er, m. -6re, f. Poire, f. pear. Tli«', m. tea. 
 
 foreiyn. I'oivre, m. pepper. 
 
 1. Combien de pommes do terre votre frfere u-t-ilP 2. II 
 n'on a pas beaucoup. 3. L'epicior a-t-il beaucoup do sucre 
 dau8 son magasin •' 4. II n'en u guere, niais il a beaucoup de 
 beurre et do poivro. 6. Votre jardinier u-t-il beaucoup de 
 cerises ? 6. II a plus de cerises que de prunes. 7. Les prunes 
 sont-elles mcilleures quo les cerises f* 8. Los cerises sont 
 ineilleures quo les i)rune8. 9. Avez-vous quclqucH poires 
 mures y 10. Nous en avons quelques-unes, nous avons aussi 
 beaucoup d' ananas et d'abricots, 11. Votre oncle a-t-il quelque 
 chorie de bon dans son jardinr' -12. II a quelque chose do bon 
 et de beau. 13. II a de beaux legumes et de belles fleurs. 14. 
 Avez-vous des fleurs etrangercs i' 15. J' on ai quelques-unes. 
 16. Lesquelles avez-vous r' 17. J'ai coUes do votre frcre et 
 celles de votre jardinier. 18. N'avez-vous pas aussi les 
 miennes ? 19. Non, Monsieur, je ne les ai pas. 20. Qui on a 
 beaucoup F ii. rersonnc n'on a beaucoup. 22. J'cu ai quel- 
 qiies-unes. 23. Avez-vous assez de the 'i 24. J'en ai assee. 
 25. J'en ai plus que lui. 
 
oa 
 
 1 . 
 
 ,1 
 
 Mil 
 
 Exercise 30, 
 
 1. Has your gardener many vegetables P 9 v^o c- i. ,. 
 many. 3. How many gardens has h«P I' u 'V^""' ^® ^^^ 
 
 your b™thcr.»'r>?o\t:''Sd°'Sh It^^^r' "»^ 
 
 of aUk, and a great deal of JL"" ffHalTS', "J^'V*""""^) 
 tting good in (rf™.) hi, j°^, ,6 hA^"'™" ".">'■ 
 
 but my brother has no more Tv wl' ^ ^'''''t '*'" ^a")'. 
 24. He has large C^r^Toachts W^'l^-^'^^r ^«« '^«^ 
 you? 26. I ha've the betCches ,^7 ^«'^>,^'"''^ ^^« 
 anythmg good in his warehouse '^ 28 Ho )f ^^^'H'^^^^^rit 
 m his warehouse, but he has soLfJ,7n* ¥'■ "°.*^'"8^ §^°od 
 29. How mat^y pUatoefb %r or " f„eTv .0 if f'^^"" 
 many. 31. Has he good A-tLS" qo u "i!' ^''^ "^* 
 vegetables. ^33. Is he right or Sonlt " J\^? ^"? g«od 
 you are wronff. 35 He h«a rl^i+ik *?• , , "^'^ ''^ "g^t. but 
 the booksellcr^s. "'^ "''*^"'^ *^^« ^««k nor that! he has 
 
 yECTION XA^III 
 
 juncikS\"irs<''rrvrSd'i?r'' "f ' •"/ «■« ~- 
 
 repeated before every verbTpTn^g Z fS\TL7" '^ 
 
 2. Ne, before the verli inri «». , j?j. 
 sense of o«/y, i«,f, '^'^'^^' ^°^ *»'*« a^t^^r it, are used in the 
 
 Je n'ai qu'un ami. /A«r. 6«< .,,/„,„^ 
 
 Vous avez I'un et I'autre. You have both. 
 
 r§23?0 27!r' '"" """'^'-^ ^-^'^'^-H^ AS FAK AS TWENTY 
 
 . Ordinal. 
 Premi -er, m. 6re, f. /-/rsi. 
 
 I Second, m. e, f. ) 
 ( Deu-xi^me, f Second, 
 
 Tn)i^.«me, ^^^^ 
 
 uuatneine. tp- •■ 
 
 Oinqui^mt, JFHM^ 
 
 Sixi^me, ^^^^ 
 
 Un, m. une, f 
 
 Deux, 
 
 Trois, 
 Quatre, 
 Cinq, 
 Six, 
 
 Cardinal. 
 
 One. 
 Two. 
 
 Three. 
 
 Fo-o: 
 
 Five. 
 
 Six. 
 
f^ ^<Ji 
 
 58 
 
 
 Cardinal. 
 
 Ordinal. 
 
 Sept, 
 
 Seven. 
 
 Beptifeme, 
 
 Seventh, 
 
 Huit, 
 
 JEiffht. 
 
 Huiti^me, 
 
 Eighth. 
 
 Neuf, 
 
 If inc. 
 
 Neuvieme, 
 
 Ninth. 
 
 Dix, 
 
 Ten. 
 
 Dixieme, 
 
 Tenth. 
 
 Onze, 
 
 Eleven. 
 
 Onzieme, 
 
 Eleventh. 
 
 Doiize, 
 
 Twelve. 
 
 Douzifeme, 
 
 Twelfth. 
 
 Treize, 
 
 Thirteen. 
 
 Treizi^me, 
 
 Thirteenth. 
 
 Quatorze, 
 
 Fourteen, 
 
 Quatorzi^me, 
 
 Fourteenth, 
 
 Quinze, 
 
 Fifteen. 
 
 Quinzieme, 
 
 Fifteenth. 
 
 Seize, 
 
 Sixteen. 
 
 Seizieme, 
 
 Sixteenth, 
 
 Dix-sept, 
 
 Seventeen. 
 
 Dix-septieme, 
 
 Seventeenth. 
 
 Dix-huit, 
 
 Eighteen. 
 
 Dix-luiitieme, 
 
 Eif/hteenth, 
 
 Dix neuf, 
 
 Nineteen. 
 
 Dix-neuvieme, 
 
 Nineteenth. 
 
 Vingt, 
 
 Twenty. 
 
 Vingtieme, 
 
 Twentieth. 
 
 In French, o is z6ro. 
 
 5. The cardinal numbers are used in French for the day of 
 the month, except the Jirst, for which the ordinal nun^ber 
 premier is substituted ; — 
 
 Le dix aoilt, le cinq juillet. The tenth of August, the, fifth of July. 
 Le premier du mois prochain. The first of next month. 
 
 6. The verb 6tre, to be, is used in mentioning [§ 27 (1)] the 
 day of the month. U'he verb avoir, to have, is also, but more 
 rarely, used : — 
 
 Quel jour du mois avons-nous ? 
 Nous avons le vingt. 
 Quel jour est-ce aujourd'hui ? 
 C'est aujourd'hui le dix. 
 
 7. Before the word onze, 
 [§143]:- 
 
 C'est aujourd'hui le onze dC' 
 cembre. 
 
 What day of the month have wef 
 We have the twentieth. 
 What day w /( to-day I 
 To-day is the tenth. 
 
 the article le or la is not elided 
 
 MiSCELLANEOU 
 
 L'ouvrier a-t-il les memes outils 
 
 que vous ? 
 Les maisons que j'ai sont-elles 
 
 aussi belles que celles que vous 
 
 avez ? 
 Combien de francs avez-vous ? 
 Je n'ai quo dix francs, niais mon 
 
 fr^re en a plus de vingt. j 
 
 Avons-nous le quinze du mois ? 
 
 We have {it is) 
 December. 
 
 8 Examples. 
 
 the eleventh of 
 
 Has the looi'hnan the same tools 
 
 as you i 
 Are the htyuses which I hare as 
 
 beautiful as those which you 
 
 have ? 
 How many francs have you ? 
 I have only ten francs, bnt my 
 
 brother has moi-e than twenty 
 
 (of them). 
 Have we the fifteenth day of the 
 
 •month ? 
 No, Sir, we hare only the eleventh. 
 
 Non, Monsieur, nous n'avons 
 
 que le onze. 
 Lequel de cea deux volumes Which of those two volumes have 
 
 avez-vous ? 
 J'ai I'un et I'autre. 
 Avez-vous la premiere place ou 
 
 la dcuxiomc ? 
 J'ai la premiere et mon fr6re a 
 
 la deuxi^me, 
 
 you ! 
 I have both. 
 Have you the first or the second 
 
 place I 
 I have the first, and my brother 
 
 has the second. 
 
Aujourd'hui, to-day. 
 Cannene,f. ciniuimon 
 Centime, m. centime 
 
 —the 100th part of 
 
 a franc, 
 Combien, how much, 
 
 hoio many. 
 Cravate, f. cravat 
 Demi, half. 
 
 04 
 
 Exercise 31. 
 
 ISvrier, m. February. 
 
 .Franc, m. franc. 
 
 Histoire, f. histnni. 
 
 Italieji, m. Italian. 
 
 Kilogramme, m. kilo- 
 gramme—about two 
 pounds. 
 
 Menuisier, m. joiner. 
 
 Mousseline, f. muslin. 
 
 (Euvres, f. wwks. 
 Outil, m. tool. 
 Ouvrage, m. work. 
 Place, f. 2)late. 
 Quart, in. quarter. 
 Septembre, m. Sep- 
 tember. 
 Volume, m. volume. 
 
 1. Le cheval quo vous avoz est-il bon ? 2. II est meillonr 
 
 cmjato do sole on ma cmvate df mo3ino l 8^ J'^Truno"? 
 M "ns&ur 1-; .^''■'''^''' V"t kilogrammes do cannelle ? 10. Ton 
 
 times, mais mon'am?Trux frane'^ ^S^^IT^T^C^ 
 vingt-cmq centimes? 14. Qui Monsfei r^lL • I ^^"'' 
 
 centimes. 15. N'ost-oe V^^^S^' ^^^^^^^ 
 
 19 VnfrnVX^ i-11 .1^- ^on, Monsieur, o'est le onze 
 
 1 la d kfeSe ^f-^V^. f ^'"^^ro Place P 20. Non, Monsieur, 1i 
 
 22. Ouaionsieul-iTra wTouJ "^23 'Sfo "^ ^'^"^f ? 
 dix volumes? 24 Non, MonsSf il n^en alu'nSVsS^ 
 J ai lo sixieme volume des oouvres de T\rnl,-«T.a ^f i • * 
 
 volume de Thistoire de FrancT do Michelet. ' * ^' P''"^'"" 
 
 Exercise 32. 
 
 Hr many fo?umS S s';!^^ 'T^/?^ ^^^"™^^ " 
 fifteen. 9. Has the joiner rerd?/, A fb/ ^^« j^'^^y. it has 
 Miehelet's history of KL i/xl «■ 'T'^t "^^^""^ «^ 
 second volume (of it) VI % J ^^^>"\he has read the 
 
 (3,2. He has oTy tl vdum''erorth;m"i3''l'^^'^ "^^'^^^ 
 
 ^oth coat or myjelvei coat? 14 We have bS' ^n W^' 
 
 have this and fHnV in rr r . 'lave DOtnu lo. VVrt 
 
 We W two S J« "iTh"""'"'° ^^^^>'«"^ '' 
 merchant ? 19 HeZs twenf v «,• on "^^^ ''"^™^« ^^^ th« 
 
 Nn T, T l^'l'i- „ ,^2. Are you not ashamed to-dav? 23' 
 
 twenty.fiWTen;i^e^^16r'2Jo"siZt1ta■ .'^ ^"^\^- ^'^^ 
 
 *w. .^^o, oir, Out 1 have fifty centimea 
 
66 
 
 26. Have we the sixth of July? 27. No, Sir, we have the 
 fourth of March. 28. Has your uncle six childi-en ? 29. No, 
 Sir, he has only one. 30. Have you ten kilo'^rammcs of meat ? A^ 
 31. I have only five kilogrammes. 32. Is the butcher's raeat^^'"'"^ 
 good? 33. It (elle) is not very good. 34. How many kilo- 
 gi-ammes have you (of it) ? 36. I have only two, but my 
 brother has four. 
 
 i 
 
 • 
 
 1 ' 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 ■j 
 1 
 
 
 i1 f 
 
 Section XIX. 
 
 1. For the time of the day, the verb 6tre is used imperson- 
 ally m French, in the same manner as the verb to be is used in 
 English for the same object. The word heure, sing., heures, 
 plur., represents the English expressions, o'clock, or iiiiw, and 
 must always be expressed. 
 
 Quelle heure est-il ? 
 II est une lieiu'e. 
 II est dix heures. 
 
 What o'clock {time) is it ? 
 
 It is one o'clock. 
 
 It is ten, it is ten o'clock. 
 
 2. Midi is used for tivclvc o'clock in the day, and minuit, for 
 midnifjht, or twelve at night. Douze heures is never used 
 except in the sense of twelve hours. 
 
 Est-il midi? Est-il minuit ? Is it noon? Is it midnight f 
 
 3. Un quaxt, et demi [§ 83 (2)], answer to the English 
 expressions, a quarter, half past, after, &c. 
 
 II est neuf heures un quart. It is a quarter past nine. 
 II est midi et demi. It is half past twelve. 
 
 II est une heure et demie. It is half past one. 
 
 4. Moins un quart, moins vingt minutes, answer to the 
 Enghsh expressions, a quarter to, twenty mimites to, &c. 
 
 II est dix heiu-es moins un quart. It is a quartet' to ten. 
 II est neuf heiu-es moins dix minutes. It is ten minutes to nine. 
 
 5. The word demi, preceding the word heure, does not vary, 
 but is joined to it by a hyphen. Placed after it, it agrees with 
 It in gender only [§ 83 (2)]. 
 
 Une demi-heure. 
 Une heure et demie. 
 Trois heures et demie. 
 
 Half an hour. 
 
 An hour and a half. 
 
 Three hours and a half. 
 
 6. The verb avoir is used actively [§ 44 (2) (3)] in French in 
 speaking of age, and the word an, year, is always expressed. 
 
 Quel 4ge avez-vous ? 
 J'ai plv.s dc vingt ans. 
 
 How old are you f i.e., What age 
 
 have you ? 
 I am more than twenty. 
 
 7. Plus de, moins de, are used for more than, leas than, 
 before a number : — 
 G 
 
 , t 
 
 
 
86 
 
 v«„„ . , . linen) / 
 
 Vous en avez moms de six aunes. You have le,8 t/mn ,u dh of it. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 II n'est pas encore deux heures. 
 
 fcst-il une heure et demie ? 
 
 II est niidi un quart ou midi et 
 
 demi. 
 II est huit heures moins un quart. 
 Quel dge votre fils a-t-il 't 
 n n'a que dix-huit ans. 
 Votre beau-fr^re n'a-t-il pas plus 
 
 de dix-ueuf ans ? 
 Ma belle-sceur n'a jias moins de ' 
 ^ dixhuit ans et dein?, 
 Est-il plus de dix heures a votre 
 
 montre ? 
 II n'est que neuf heures a ma • 
 
 pendule. 
 Votre fils est-il plus &ge ciue le ' 
 
 mien? j 
 
 n est plus jeune que le votre. 
 
 It is not i/et two o'clock. 
 
 Is it half past one f 
 
 It is a quarter or half past twchc. 
 
 It is a (quarter to cii/ht. 
 
 How old M i/our son ? 
 
 He is only eighteen years old. 
 
 Is not your brother-in-hm more 
 
 than nineteen years old( 
 My sister-in-law is not less than 
 
 e>{/hteen years and a half. 
 Is it more than ten o'clock hii 
 
 your watch ? 
 It is only nine by my clock. 
 
 Is your son older than mine f 
 
 He is youiufe^' than yours. 
 
 Exercise 33. 
 
 ite'X In. ^H^i^T'' ^- ''''"- ^r'^'' y^r-' 
 
 Beau-'fr6re, m. Irro- CeKt "^'•'' "• '^^' 
 
 ther-in-law. Cinquante, lifty, 
 
 iieau-hls, m, son-in- Cousin germain, m. 
 ,, '""'• , , first cousin, 
 
 Beau-p^re,m./a<Ae;-- Enfant, m. child, 
 ■ulll', . , Fevrier, m. February. 
 Belle-mere, f . moihei-- Pendule, f . clock 
 
 in-law. 
 
 Indienne, 
 calico. 
 
 f. pointed Tard, late. 
 
 Maintenant, now. 
 
 Mers, m. March, 
 
 Mfetre, m. metre ~ a 
 French measure about 
 three French feet,* 
 
 Mois, m. month, 
 
 Ruban, m. ribbon. 
 
 n minttna^f ? f Tl"^' omquante ans. 5. Quelle heure est- 
 
 certainderP^«P I S ^\'''' >^^^^f, Passees. 7. lites-voua 
 
 fl «l,^^ r u ^- '^"J' ^Jonsieur, j'en suia certain. 9. Est- 
 
 1 plus de deux heures d votre montre ? 10. II n'est que midi 
 
 12"JeT'a?'^„ /'• ^'""T^ P'"« ^^«^^^ ans,mrenfant 
 IZ. Jo nui pas encore quatre ans. 13. Avez-vous nlus do 
 
 lo, tombiendaunoado ruban votre beau-pere a-t-il? 16 II 
 na guero do ruban, il n'en a qu'une demi-aune. 17. F,8t.il 
 midi momajin^quartP 18. II eat plus tard, Monsieur, il est 
 
 +1,13® Fi'euch initre is exactly .39.371 inches Eu"li8h measure • if ,« 
 aS%Tfnchr *'^ ^'"'''''^ "^^ by about -ftXTor'il 
 

 57 
 
 midi un quart. 19. Quel jour du inois avona-nousf' 20. Nous 
 avons le six octobre. 21. N'est-ce pas lo huit fevrier quo . . . 'r 
 22. Non, Madame, c'cst le huit mars. 23. Combiori do jardins 
 a voire cousin germaiu ? 24, II n'en a qu'un, mais il est tres 
 beau. 25. 11 en a plus de dix. 
 
 Exercise 34. 
 
 1. How old is your brother-in-law 'r 2. He is liftv years 
 old. 3. Is your sidter-in-law older than mine ? 4. No, Sir, 
 uiy sister-in-law is younger than yours. ,5. Is your son' 
 twenty-five years old ? 6. No, :Mudam, he is only sixteen. 
 7. What day of the month have we to-day ? 8. We luive the 
 eleventh. 9. Have you the twentieth Volume of Chateau- 
 briand's works ? 10. No, Madam, we have the eleventh. 1] 
 mat o'clock is it, Sir ? 12. It is only twelve o'clock. 13. Is 
 it not later? 14. It is a quarter to one. lo. It is a quarter 
 past five. 16. How many yards of this hoUand {toi/e de Hoi- 
 lande, i.) have your'. 17. I have ten ells and a luilf. 18. I 
 have six metres of it, and sixteen yards of Italian silk. 19. Is 
 your mother-in-law^o;mger than your father-in-law ? 20. 
 She is younger thanlro:*' 21. Are you twenty years old ? 22. 
 No, Sir, I am only nineteen and a half. 23.' Arc you sure 
 (mlr) that it is ten o'clock ? 24. Yes, Madam, I am sure of it. 
 •lo. Is it twenty minutes to ten ? 26. No, Sir, it is a quarter to 
 twelve (micU). 27. How many houses have you :- 28. I have 
 only one, but my sister-in-law has two. 29. Have you mine (f .) 
 or yours P 30. I have neither yours nor mine, 'l have your 
 son-m-law's, 31. Has your mother-in-law five yards of that 
 prmted calico ? 32. Sho has only two yards of it. 33. What 
 o'clock is it by (a) your watch h 34. It is half past four by 
 my watch. 35. It is more than seven o'clock by mine (n la 
 mknne). 
 
 ;*' 1 
 
 Section" XX. 
 
 THE FOrU CONJUGATIONS OF VEllBS. 
 
 1. The four classes or conjugations, into which the IVunch 
 verbs are divided, are chiefly distinguished by the endings of 
 the present of the infinitive [§ 45]. The first conjugation ends 
 111 er ; as, chanter, to sing ; donner, to i/ive ; parler, to speak : 
 chercher, to seek. 
 
 The second conjugation ends in ir ; as, ch6rir, lo cherish ; 
 punir, to punish ; mwair, to provide ; finir, tojinish. 
 
 The termination of the infinitive of the regular verbs of the 
 third conjugation, is evoir ; as, devoir, to owe ; recevolr, to 
 receive; that of the irregular verbs is oir, as valoir, to bo 
 worth. 
 
 Thu fourth conjugaiiuu cuds in re; as, rendre, to render ; 
 lendre, to split ; tendre, to stretch ; vendre, to sell. 
 
 2. A verb preceded by another verb (other than the auxili. 
 
 . ii { 
 
m 
 
 58 
 
 aries avoir and «tre;, or by a proposition (other than en), Js put 
 m tliG present of the infiuitivo :— -" i' 
 
 H va travailler oii lire. He is r/oing to work or to read. 
 
 3. In French, verbs are often connected uiih otherb ])v pre- 
 positions not answering literally to thoso which accompany the 
 same ^;orbs m English. They also often come t-?cther wif 1, ,ut 
 proposrLio.^s. The student wiU Gnd in § 125, axid foUowing of 
 the becoy,..! Part, lists of verbs, svith the prepositions which 
 tliey rc|a.re after then. 
 
 4. The following i.:,:'uib art, followed by the preposition de 
 when thoy come before , , verb : (j 128) avoir besoin, to want ; 
 avoir coutume. to be acei>MoinH ; avoir dessein, to intend, to 
 design ;B.yoii' Qixne, to hav, r. risk, a :km-e ; avoir honte. to be 
 ashamed ; ^yon mteutioii, c, i'iriteu.ion, to intend; avoir le 
 temps, to have tone or leivnr ; avoir lo courage, to have couruqe ; 
 avoir peur. to be <tfmi:i ; avoir raiaon, to be right ; avoir regret 
 to regret; avoir tort, to ho wrong ; avoir Bujet, to have reason '; 
 avoir sorn, to take care. 
 
 Get enfant a besoin de maugo! 
 Vous avez honte tl- courir. 
 
 That child 2oanta to eat. 
 Yoa are asliuiaed of ranning. 
 
 MiSCELLAKEOUS ExAMl'LES 
 
 Ai'ez-vous quelque chose k dire ? 
 
 Je u'ai rien a dire. 
 
 Voire suiur n'a-t-elle rien h 
 
 ecrire '. 
 EUe a deux lettres h, Ecrire. 
 A-t-elle le temps de les ecrire ? 
 EUe n'a pas dessein de les Ecrire. 
 EUe n'a pas I'intention de Ics 
 
 ejrire. 
 EUe n'a pas envie de les ecru-e. 
 Avez-yous peur de danser ? 
 Je n'ai pas honte de danser. 
 Votre cousin a raison de sortir. 
 N'avez-voua pas soin d'e'crire ? 
 Avez-vous le courage d'aller a la 
 
 guerre ? 
 
 Have you anything to say ? 
 
 I have nothing to say. 
 
 Has your sister nothing to write f 
 
 She has two letters to write. 
 Has she time to write them ? 
 She does not intend to write them. 
 She docs not intend to write them. 
 
 She has no desire to ivrite them. 
 Are you afraid to dame ? 
 I am not ashamed to dance. 
 Your cousin is right to go out. 
 ■Do you not take care to write? 
 Hai-3 you the courage to go to the 
 war ? 
 
 Exercise 35. 
 
 cSmf/'m^ f.^ Fatigu^,-e,<»-erf,wa.^. Mars, m. March. 
 
 |unamp, m. fieut. Journal, m. newspaper. Ne— rien nothina 
 
 Danser, todawe. JuiUet, m. July ^ vlse i mm 
 
 S±r^7'' '"'*^^- ?^^'^' •"• ■^««^' sS, siTen. 
 
 t^l^Xm-T S'''/'''T^- - Travailler, to work, 
 
 fIZT.^£- ^I-«l-Mo«-:^ labour. 
 
 , 1- yotre beUe-mfere a-t-eUe quelque chose a fairo P 2. EUe 
 na rienafaire. 3. A-t-eUe deux pages a ecrire? 4. Non. 
 
so 
 
 raicOQ d'en acheter un. 9. Votro petite fille a-t-elle tesoin de 
 dormirP 10: Oui, Monsieur, elle a besoin de donnir, elle est 
 fatiguee. 11. Avez-vous penr de tomber? 12-. Je n'ai pas 
 peur do tomber. 1?. Le jardinier a-t-il lo temps do travailler 
 dari' les champs? 14. II n'a pas envio de travailler dans Ics 
 clsamps. 15* Vos champs sont-ils aiissi grands que los miens ? 
 16. lis t!ont plus grands que les votres. 17. Avez-vous honte 
 do marcher 'i 18. Jo n'ai pas honto de marcher, mais j'ai honto 
 de daniior. 19. Quel ago a votre ills P 20. Ilasoizeans. 21. 
 Avons-nous le deux mars ou le cinq juin ? 22. Nous avons le 
 vingt-huit juillet. 23. Est-il midi? 24. Non, Monsieur, il 
 n'ost pas encore midi, il n'est que onze heures et demie. 25. II, 
 est encore de bonne heure. 
 
 1' 
 : TO-cl 
 
 Q,,y^ Exercise 
 
 "^ 1. '\^at has your brother-inJaw fft-do ? 2. Ho has letters 
 ^write. 3. Does ho want ta work ? 4. Yes, Sir, he wants 
 work. 6. Docs he intend to read my book? 6. Ho does 
 not intend to read your book, he has no time. 7. Is your sister 
 ashamed to walk ? -^ My sister is not ashamed to walk, but 
 my brother is ashamed to dance. 9. Has your cousin anythin, 
 TO say? 10.. My cousin has nothing to say, she is afraid t 
 speak (j»»We»-). 11. Is it late? 12. No, Madam, it is not late, 
 it is early. 13. Have you a wish to read my sister's letter (f.) P 
 14. Have you the courage to go to the war ? 15. I have not 
 the courage to go to the war. 16. Is your sister right to buy 
 a silk dress (f.) ? 17« Yes, Sir, she is right to buy one. 18. Does 
 that child want to sleep ? 19. No, Sir, that child does not 
 want to sleep, he is not tired. 20. Has your brother's gar- 
 dener a wish to work in my garden? 21. He has a wish to 
 work in {dans) mine. 22. How old is that child ? 23. That 
 child is ten years old. 24. What is the day of the month ? 
 25. It is the ninth oiJVIarch. 2G. Are you afr.aid to walk? 
 27. I ajjj not afraid to walk, but I am tired. 28. Have you 
 time toread my brother's book,?, ^29. I have time Wread his 
 ^ook. 30. Hae^he joiner a \^ii'lo speak ? 31,>^e has a wish 
 ^o work and to read. 32. Is your son afraid of falling ? 38. 
 He is not afraid of falling, but he is afraid of working. 34. 
 What o'clock is it ? 35. It is twelve (noon). 
 
 I 
 
 
 If I t' 
 
 Sectiox XXI. 
 
 1. The expressions avoir besoin, to tvant ; avoir soin, to take 
 care; avoii." honte, to be ashamed; avoir peur, to be afraid,' 
 require also the preposition de before a noun. Those idioms 
 mean literally, to have need, to have care, &c. : — 
 
 Avez-vous besoin de votre ixhrel Do i/ou tmnt your brother? 
 
 J'ai soin de mes effets. / take care of my things. 
 
 H a honte de sa conduite. He is ashained of his conduct. 
 
 Elle a peur du ohion. She is afraid of the dog. 
 
 
 
ill 
 
 60 
 
 2. As these expressions require the preposition de before 
 thoii- object, they will, of course, rcqiiiro the same propoHition 
 boforo the pronoun representing that object :— 
 
 J 'ai besoin de vous. / want imt. 
 
 J'ai soin de lui. / take care of him. 
 
 De qui avez-vous besoin ? Whom do yon ivant ? 
 
 De quoi a-t-elle besoin ? What does she want 1 
 
 3. When the object is not a person, and has been inciit:o led 
 before, the pronoun en takes the place of the preposition de, 
 and that of the pronoun representing the object : — 
 
 Avez-vous besoin de votre clieval ? Do iion want your horse ? 
 .fen ai besoin, I want it. 
 
 4. The expressions 6tre f4ch6, to be sorry ; «tre 6toim6, to be 
 nstonishid ; 6tre content, to be sathjiedy require the preposition 
 de before a noun or pronoun [§ 86] : 
 
 .Te suis fach^ de son malheur. I am soi-ry for his misfortune. 
 
 Je 8U1S etonng de sa cojuluite. / am astonished at his conduct. 
 
 Je sins content de lui. / am pleased with h im. 
 
 5. Etre f&ch6, in the sense of to be angry., requires the pre- 
 position centre before a noun or pronoun referring to a person. 
 Vous 6tes filch^ centre moi. You are angry with me. 
 
 6. For rules on the government of adjectives, see § 87, and 
 toUowing sections. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Avez-vous besoin d'argent ? 
 
 .I'ai besoin d'argent. 
 
 Je n'en ai pas besoin [R. 3]. 
 
 En avez-vous besoin ? 
 
 J'en ai besoin, et men frere en a 
 
 besoin aussi. 
 Avez-vous besoin de votre frere ? 
 J'ai besoin de lui.* 
 De quoi avez-vous besoin ? 
 J'ai besoin d'un dictionnaire. 
 Avez-vous soin de votre livre ? 
 J'en ai soin. 
 
 Avez-vous soin de votre pfere ? 
 J'ai soin de lui.* 
 Votre frSre est-il i&ch6 centre 
 
 moi? 
 II est ikoh6 centre votre scbiu". 
 Avez-vous peur de ce chien ? 
 J'en ai peur. 
 De qui avez-vous honte ? 
 Je n ai honte de personne. 
 Avez-vous besoin de quelque 
 
 chose ? 
 Je n'ai besoin de rien. 
 
 Do ymi want money ? 
 
 I want money. 
 
 J do not want any. 
 
 Do you want any ? 
 
 I want some, and my brother 
 
 wants some too. 
 Do you want your brother ? 
 I want him. 
 What do you want? 
 I want a dictionary. 
 Do you take care of your book f 
 I take care of it. 
 
 Do you take care of your father f 
 J take care of him. 
 Is 2/our brother angrti xoith me ? 
 
 He is angry with your sister. 
 I Are you afraid of this dog f 
 
 I am afraid of him. 
 I Of vihom are you ashamed f 
 
 I am ashamed of nobody. 
 
 Do you want anything'! 
 \ 
 ' / want nothing. 
 
 • The word en should be avoided as much as possible iu relatioa 
 to pergous. »«»»iiuu 
 
61 
 
 Besoin, m. vatd, need. 
 i^oncluite, f. conduct. 
 Doniestique, in. sermnt. 
 J'Iflfets, m. thi lifts, clothes. 
 Vjtoi\n6, -e, adonished. 
 Facli6, -e, .toJT//, amjry. 
 
 EXEUCI8E 37. 
 
 -e, mart/, 
 
 Fatigu^, 
 
 tirctl. 
 Giu(;on, ni. bnii. 
 Jeune honnuti, 
 
 younfj man. 
 Lire, to read. 
 
 m. 
 
 Parler, to sjHak. 
 Keposer, to re»t. 
 Soin, 111. care. 
 Travailler, to work. 
 Meux, old. 
 
 1. Qui a besoin de pain? 2. Personne n'en a besoin. 3. 
 N'avez-vous paa besoin de voire domestique P 4. Si, IMonsienr, 
 j'ai IjLboin do lui.* 5. Voire jardinier a-t-il soin de votrt^ 
 jardin f 6. Oui, Jilndame, ii en a soin. 7. A-l-il bicn soin do 
 sou vienv p^re ? 8. Oui, IMonsieur, il a biou soin do lui. 9. 
 Votre gan.on a-t il honte de sa conduite P 10. Oui, Monsieur, 
 il en a honto. 11. Avez-vous peur de ce cheval-ci ou de 
 celui-lk ? 12. Je n'ai peur ni de celui-ci ni do celui-l&. 13. 
 Notre domestique a-t-il soin de vos efEetsP 14. II en a bien 
 soin. 15. Avez-vous peur dc parler ou de lire? 16. Je n'ai 
 peur ni de parler ni de lire. 17. fitcs-vous etonne de cetto 
 affaire ? 18. Je n'en suis pas etonn6. 19. En etes-vous fache? 
 20. Oui, Monsieur, j'en suis bien fache. 21. Avez-A'ous besoin 
 do ce garden? 22. Oui, Madame, j'ai besoin de lui. 23. 
 N'avoz-vous pas besoin de son livre ? 24. Je n'en ai pas 
 besoin. 25. Avez-vous envie de travailler ou de lire ? 26. Jo 
 n'ai envie ni de travaiUer ni de lire, j'ai en vie de me reposer, 
 car je suis fatigue. 
 
 ExEucisE 38. 
 
 1. Do you want your servant ? 2. i'es, Sir, I w8T>t him. 
 3. Does your brother-in-law want you ? 4, He wants me and 
 my brother.* 3. Does he not want money P >i.- ''^'^ does not 
 want money, he has enough. 7. Is your brothe I'y for his 
 conduct P 8. He is very sorry for his conduct, and very angry 
 with you. ♦. Does he take good {bien) care of bis books? 
 10. He takes good care of them. 11. How many volumes has 
 he? 12, He has more than you, he has more than twenty. 
 18. [What does the young man want? 14^^e wants lus 
 clothes. 15. Do you want to rest {vous reposer) ? 16. Is not 
 your brother astonished at this? §17. He is astonished at it. 
 18. Have you a wish to read your brother's books^. -^f9. I 
 have a wish to read them, but I have no time. ^0. Have you 
 time to work ? 21. I have time to work, but I have no time 
 to read. 22. Does the young' i- 'other take care of his things? 
 23. He takes good care of t^^t 't: 24. Is that little boy afraid 
 of the dog ? 26f He is not ifraid of the dog, he is afraid of 
 the horse, 26. Do you want bread ? 27. I do not want any. 
 28. Are you pleased with your brother's conduct P 29. I am 
 pleased with it. 30. Has your brother a wish to read my 
 
 • Repeat t .e preposition de. 
 
 i3-^(^jLj:_ci^^J:_|_j^ 
 
 -4ji.xc^v\<, 4^^., 
 
 '' 5 
 
 "<f 
 
 ^, \ 
 
 
\ 
 
 62 
 
 SzVs that f:untr::nZ:' l^ '^""^ ^°?'^' ^« " --ry. 
 
 Do you want niy dictiSrv ? 3^ T " „ Y^ >»« /riendB. 34. 
 your brother's. """a^y t^ dft. I want your dictior^fiT-,. . 
 
 Section XXII 
 iu«uthJ,^^:^iSf ^:^«;S7^c^^^^ the con. 
 
 the part remaining - a bVir.^L'lSrvtb 2' '' ""^'^^^' 
 
 which it beloC [§™. ^"'^'' *' *^« conjugation tl 
 
 3. Paiitiotple Present. 
 Fin-Iasant Rec-evant 
 
 Jftmshinu Recfiving 
 
 4. Participle Past. 
 Finl Ro^u Rend-u 
 
 Received Bendered 
 
 ^ 
 
 (7' 
 
 s- 
 
 Chant-ant 
 Singing 
 
 Chant-6 
 Sung 
 
 Rend ant 
 Rtnder iq 
 
 Finiahcii 
 
 Je 
 
 Tu 
 
 n 
 
 >...w« jienuerea 
 
 fin -la 
 
 finish 
 clier -is 
 chei-ishest 
 fourn -It 
 furnishes 
 
 req -ols 
 
 receive 
 
 aper? -ols 
 
 2>erceivest 
 
 per9 -oit 
 
 gathers 
 
 c no -evens 
 
 d -evez 
 
 ojyg 
 de? 
 cfcr 
 
 rend 
 
 render 
 
 vend 
 
 .'Uest 
 
 tend 
 
 tend, 
 
 ent( ' 
 
 hear 
 
 perd 
 
 lose 
 
 -B 
 
 '>ivent mord 
 bite 
 
 -ons 
 
 -ex 
 
 -ent 
 
 chant 
 sing 
 pari -es 
 
 donn -e 
 
 gvves ju,r,, 
 W0U8 cherch -ons pun -issona 
 
 ,j *^^'^' punish 
 
 V0U8 port -ez sais -Issez 
 
 caii'^y gQj^e 
 
 Ila aim -ent un -lasent 
 
 love, like tmite 
 
 thetS: rSltl^tv brrenl '^^ ""^^^ *°™ ^ French. 
 
 from The' SSi;i?pLSTbt''l*^^ •'"'^-*-^ -- > for. .d 
 Ex.: chan^anrirrl'^^;?^^^^^^ az .t. 
 
 a W ail t? • .^glr^e^'' '"'^' ^ ^" ^'^^ -S"^^-. ^"t in 
 
 ceptiSe^^LTiStr onr^^^^^^ ^^-^ (- 
 
 of a few verbB) [95 ??) S bv 11 ^ff '"^ 2^ *^*^ indicative 
 a personal pronoin or ce or on ^IT^J^"" 'i'^J^'^*' ^^^^n it is 
 
 teLes, and^ behveen th^' aSary and Z 'V"^ ^ ?'™P^« 
 Componnd tenses. ai«"»ar} and the participle in the 
 
6S 
 
 Chantez-vous bien ? 
 Avez-vous bien chant«5 ? 
 N'avez-vouB pas bien chants ? 
 
 [Sect. 5, R. 2.] 
 Ne chantez-vous pas bien ? 
 Votre p6ro parle-til bien ? 
 
 [Sect. 2, H. 6-Sect. 4, R, 4.] 
 
 Do you siwf well t 
 Have you amuj well f 
 Have you not sung well! 
 
 Do you not sing well ? 
 Doea your father speak well f 
 
 10. The verb porter moans fo carry. It means also to wear, 
 in speaking of gann.ats; apporter means to bring, and em- 
 porter to carry away ; aimer means to love, to HI to be fond of, 
 and takes the preposition k before another verb 
 
 Quel habit p rtez-vous ? 
 
 Je porte un h ihit de fli ip noir. 
 
 Qu apporte votie frere ? 
 
 [Sect. 2, R. 6.] 
 II apporte de I'argent h son ami. 
 
 What coat do i/<,u wearl 
 I wear a coat of black cloth. 
 What does your brother bring i 
 
 He bluings money to his friend. 
 
 11. A noun used in a general sense [§ 77 (1)] takes the article 
 le, la, r, ' les. 
 
 Aimez-vous ^oeuf ou ! e mouton ? Do you like beef or m utton f 
 Je n aime m jceuf ni le mouton. J like neither beef nor mutton. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Chantez-vous .ae chan^ n ita- Do you sing an Italian tona 1 
 henne ? 
 
 Nous chantons des ons We sing German songs. 
 
 allemandes. 
 Portez-vous ce livre fi I'homme ? Do you carry this book to the man ' 
 Won, je le porte ii mon frfere. ; JVo, / carry it to my l/rother. 
 Emportez-vous tout votre argent ? 'Z>o ywi carry away all your 
 
 morusyi 
 
 Jen emporte seulement vme I cai-ry away only a part of it. 
 partie. . .7 x- ^ 
 
 FiniBsez-vous votre le9on aujour- ' Do yo(. Ihmh your lesson to-daui 
 dhiu? 
 
 Noua la flnissons ce matin. 
 N'aimez-vous 1 is les enfants at- 
 
 tentifs? 
 Je les aime beaucoup. 
 Ne recevez-vous pas beaucoup de 
 
 lettres? 
 Nous en recevons beaucoup. 
 Vendez-vous beaucoup de mar- 
 
 chundises ? 
 Nous en vendons beaucoup. 
 Votre frfere aime le boeur et le 
 
 mouton. 
 
 We finish it this morning. 
 
 Do you not like attentive children i 
 
 I like them much. 
 
 Do you not receive muny letters? 
 
 We receive many letters. 
 Do you sell many goods t 
 
 We sell many. 
 
 Your brother likes beef and mut- 
 ton. 
 
 Exercise 39. 
 
 ,^^1^}"^^ hwea/ter- put a hyphen between the stem ond the UrmimHon oj 
 
 '-■'■'-■•~i~--ci-.i iii -.r.e vocahidarics. Th<: number iniitcaii 
 
 Aim-er, 1. to love, to Assez, enough. 
 like, to be fond of. Autre, other. 
 
 nifHuaiea ihe cmjugaiion.j 
 
 Ohapeau, m, hat. 
 Ch^r-ir, 2. to cherish. 
 
 li- 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 'Ii: 
 
 '.1,1 • 
 
64 
 
 III 
 
 Oheroh ej- 1. to aeek, 
 
 to look for. 
 Oompttgiioii, m. com- 
 
 jMinion. 
 iJaino, f. fadt/, 
 I)e bonnu lieiiro, earli/. 
 J)-i;voir, ."{. to dur, 
 iJoiin-er, 1, to i/iec. 
 Fin-ir, 2. to finish. 
 Fourn-ir/2. to/urn Ink. 
 Gard-er, 1. to keep. 
 
 Ou6ro, but littk. 
 HabitH, m. p. clothes, 
 
 Oarmenta. 
 Lecture, f. readiiui. 
 MaiH, but. 
 Rfaison, f. /lume. 
 Jl.iichand, m. mcr- 
 
 diant, 
 MarclmmlisoH, f. p. 
 
 l/omtn, 
 N(3veu, m. tiephetp. 
 
 Non seiilernont, onlyi 
 I'aille, f. MtraiD. 
 Perd-rc, 4. to lose. 
 Tort-er, 1. to cniri/, 
 
 wear. 
 Koc-evoir,3.«rt receive. 
 Sou vent, often. 
 ToujouiH, alwujis. 
 Travail, in. labour. 
 Trouv-er, 1. t<jfind. 
 Vend-ro, 4. to tell. 
 
 1. Votro mfero aime-t-oUe la lecture? \li. in 2 Oni 
 Mademoiaollcs olio I'uime l.euucoup plus' quo sit soour 3 
 
 do Hoio, ct JO porto un chapeau do paillo. 6. Cetto £xxm 
 anne-t-ello sen onfant« ? 6. Qui, Monsiour, olio Z oS. 
 7. Fourmssoz-voua dos marchandises k cos marchands ? 8 Jo 
 
 do"lW. n? '"r^""^>«'^« '^ ««« marchands, ot ils mo dounont 
 do 1 argont 9^ Vos compagnona aiment-ils Ics boaux habits F 
 lu. ll.J 10. Nos compagnoiiH aimont los boaux habits ot les 
 tons l.vros. 11. Chorohcz-vous men freroP 12;- ()ui Mon- 
 siour, 10 lo clK rcho, mais jo no lo trouvo pas. 13. Voti-o froro 
 pord-il son temps ? 14. II perd son temps et son argent. 15 
 
 IZmuvlT l7 T" °'''' 'T^' ■ ^^A ^°"« 1" Pardons 
 ires souvent. 17. Devez-voua beaucoup d'argc nt ? 18 J'en 
 
 dois asacz, mais jo n'en dois pas beaucoup. 19. Vendez-vous 
 
 yos deux maisons k notro medt'cin ? 20. Jo n'on vonrquCe 
 
 ,ie garde I'autre pour ma belle-s^ur. 21. Recevezfvous de 
 
 1 argont auiourd^u ? 1«. Nous n'on recovons guero 23 
 
 Votre monuisier finif -U son travail do bonne heuro P 2i. II le 
 
 flmttard 25. A quollo houro lo finit-il P 26. II lo finit t 
 
 SL% xninuS. '^- "^'"^ ^'"'^'^ ^' ""^^« ^ ^ ^''^•^^^^ ^^^' 
 
 ExEJtCISE 40. 
 
 I. Does your companion like reading? 2. My comnanion 
 does not hke reading. 3 Does your ffther like ^od fool^:" 
 [K. 11.] 4. He likes good books and good clothes.* <« Do 
 you owe more than twenty dollars ? 6. 1 only owe ten but 
 my brother owes more than fifteen. 7. Are^Z wroAg to 
 finish your work early? 8. I am right to finish mSio SSlf 
 and you are wrong not to (^.- «e i;«*) finish yours. 9 dHoiL 
 receive much money to-day ? 10. I receive but mtle^i^ 
 Do wo give our best books to that little child ? 12. We do not 
 give them, we keep them because (parce gue) we want them. 
 13. Do you sell your two liorsesP 14. We do not seU our two 
 horses, we keep one of them. 15. Do you finish your woTk 
 ^s moni^ng (,««.i«)P 16 Yes. Sir, I Lish it thil morZg 
 eaily. i7. Does your brother-in-law like fine clothes? 18 
 
 Eepeat the article. 
 
M 
 
 X 
 
 Yei, Madam, ho likes fine clothes. 10. Do you seek mv 
 BophftwP 20 Y««, Hir, wo sook him. 21. Do.m h.> Ioho his 
 time F 22. Ho loses not only his timo, hut he loses Iuh nionov. 
 23. How much nu.n-y has he lost to-day P 21. Ho h.is lost 
 moro th,m ten dollars. 2.',. Doos your joiner finish y.mr 
 House K 26. He finishes my house and my brother's. 27' Do 
 you sel good hats ? 2^. We sell silk hats, and silk hats aro 
 good [K. 11]. 2!). How old is your com >. anion h 30. \\v is 
 twelve years old, and his sister is fifteen. 31. Lots vour 
 brother like meat P 32. He likes meat and hroud. 33' Do 
 you reeoive your goods at two o'clock 't 31. Wo receive them 
 at halt past twolvo. 36. Wo roceivo them at ten minutes to 
 one. 
 
 Section XXIII. 
 
 1. Thoro are in French, as in other hmgungos, verbs which 
 are called iiTegular, hecauso th(>ir stem is altered instead of 
 being mvanablo, as in the regular verbs ; or hecauso they have 
 not the endings i)eculiar to their conjugation [§ G4]. 
 
 2. Many irregular verbs have tenses which arc conjugated 
 
 3. The singular of the present of the indicative of the iiTo. 
 gular verbs, is almost always irr<igular. 
 
 4. In verbs ending in oyer, uyer, the y is changed into » 
 before an e mute [§ oOj. *■ o 
 
 6. PUESENT OF THE INDICATIVE OP THE luilEGULAU VeHHS. 
 
 Aller, 1. to (10. Envoyek, ] . to send. Venik, 2. to come. 
 Jevais, l!/o, doifo, J'euvoie[K.4.]/»e/(<A(/« Je vioiiH, I come, do 
 or am yoiiuj; said, or am aeiidimj ; come,mumcominij; 
 
 Tu vas, 
 II va, 
 
 Nous allons, 
 Vous allez, 
 lis vont. 
 
 Tu euvoies, 
 II envoie, 
 Nous envoyons, 
 Vous envoyez, 
 11b envoient [K. 4]. 
 
 Tu viens, 
 H viout. 
 Nous venons, 
 Vous venez, 
 Us viennent. 
 
 6. All verbs ending in enir are conjugated like venlr. 
 
 7. The student will find in § 61 the irregular \ orbs alpha- 
 beticaUy arranged. He should always consult that table when 
 meeting with an irregular verb. 
 
 8. The expression, ^ la maison, is used for the English at 
 home, at his or her house, &c. 
 
 Le chinirgien est-il d la maison ? 
 Mon fr^re est a la maison. 
 
 Is the surf/con at home f 
 My brother u at home. 
 
 Q T"!,, 
 
 '^pOSlLiGIi 
 
 . ^ Ciie^ placed before a noun or pronoun, 
 
 answers to the English, i the house of, with (mmmns: at the 
 residence of), am^ny, &c. [g 138 (3)]. ^ 
 
 t 
 
 ,^^H 
 
 'i 
 
 1 
 
 
 ! 
 
 .. . 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 II 
 
 ■kI h. 
 
 1 
 
66 
 
 Chez moi, ohez lui, chez elle. At my house, at his house, at her 
 
 house. 
 Chez nous, chez vous, chez eux, At our home, at your house, at 
 m. chez elles, f. their house. 
 
 That is, literally, at the house of me, at the house of him, &c. 
 
 Chez mon pSre, chez ma sceui'. At my father's, at my sister's. 
 
 10. Tho word avec answers to the English with. 
 
 Le papier est sur la table avec vos The paper ^U on the table with 
 
 plumes. your pens. 
 
 Venez avec nous, ou avec lui. Come xoith us, or with him. 
 
 11. The word y means to it, at it, at that plaee, there. It is 
 generally placed before the verb, and refers always to some- 
 thing mentioned [§ 40, § 100. § 101]. 
 
 Votre saur est-elle chez vous '/ 
 Oui, iMonsieur, elle y est. 
 
 Is your sister at your house f 
 Yes, Sir, she is there. 
 
 12. Ju French, an answer cannot, as in English, consist 
 merely of an au.Kiliary or a verb preceded by a nominative 
 pronoun; as. Do you come to my house tc day? I do. Have 
 you books ? / have. The sentence in French must be com- 
 plete ; as, I go there ; I have some. The words oui or non, 
 without a verb, would however suffice. 
 
 Venez-vous chez moi aujourd'hui? Z)r you come to my house to-day ! 
 
 Oui, Monsieiu*, j'irai. Yes, Sir, I will. 
 
 Avez-vous des livres chez vous ? Have you books at home ? 
 
 Oui, Monsieur, nous en avons ? Yes, Sir, we have. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Oil est le colonel ? 
 
 II est chez son fr6re ain^. 
 
 N'est-il pas chez nous? 
 
 Non, Monsieur, il n'y est pas. 
 
 Madame votre mfere est-elle h, la 
 maison ? * 
 
 Non, Madame, eUe n'y est pas. 
 
 AUez-vous chez nous, ou ohez 
 lui? 
 
 Xous allons chez le capitaine. 
 
 N'est-il pas chez votre fr^re ? 
 
 Non, Monsieur, il est chez nous. 
 
 N''envoyez-vou8 pas vos habits 
 chez vos scem's ? 
 
 -Je les envoie chez elles. 
 
 N'allez-vous pas chez ce mon- 
 sieur ? 
 
 Je n'y vais pas, jen'ai pas le 
 temps d'y aller aujourd'hui. 
 
 IVhere is the colonel f 
 
 He is at his eldest brother's. 
 
 Is lie not at our house ? 
 
 No, Sir, he is not. 
 
 Is your mother at home ? 
 
 No, Madam, she is not. 
 
 Do yo^i go to our house, or to his 
 liouse ? 
 
 Wc go to the captain's. 
 
 Is he not at your brother's ! 
 
 No, Sir, he is at our /to use. 
 
 Do you not send your clothes to 
 your sisters' f 
 
 I send them to their house. 
 
 Do you not go to that gentle- 
 man's ? 
 
 I do not [R. 12], / hare not time 
 to go there to-day. 
 
 * Tho ■p>.or.r>U .'« 
 
 word Monsieur, Madanie, or^Mademoiseile, to the word repre- 
 senting their interlocutor's relations or friends. 
 
67 
 
 All-er, 1. ir. to i/o. 
 Ami, m. friend. 
 jlssoci^, m. partner. 
 Capitaine, m.captaln. 
 Demeur-er, 1. to lire, 
 
 dwell. 
 Gilet, m, waistcoat. 
 
 Peintre, m. painter. 
 Relieur, in. bookbinder. 
 Rest-er, 1, to remain, 
 
 lire. 
 Russe, Russiati. 
 Ven-ir, 2. ir. to come, 
 Voisin, e, neighbour. 
 
 Exercise 41. 
 
 HoUandaiB, e, Dutch. 
 
 Horloger, m. u-atch- 
 maker. 
 
 Magasin, m. ware- 
 house. 
 
 Maison, f. house. 
 
 Matin, m. morninfj. 
 
 1. Oil allez-vous, mon ami ? 2. Je vais chez Monsieur votre 
 pere, est-il a la maison ? 3. II y est eo matin. 4. D'ou venez« 
 vous? OT- Nous venons do chez vous et de chcz votre samv. 
 6. Qui est chez nous ? 7. Mon voisin y est aujourd'hui. 8. 
 Oil avez-vous I'intention de porter ces livres F 9. J'ai I'inten- 
 tion de les porter chez le Cls du medecin. 10. Avez-vous tort 
 de rester chez vous P 11. Je n'ai pas tort de rester a la maison. 
 12. L'horloger a-t-il de bonnes montres chez lui ? 13. II n'a 
 pas de montrea chez lui, il en a dans son magasin. 14. Chcz 
 qui portez-vous vos livres F 15. Je les porte chez le relieur. 
 16. Allez-vous chez lo capitaine hoUandais ? 17. Nous n'allons 
 paB chez le capitaine hollandais, nous allons chez le major 
 russe. 18. Est-il chez vous ou chez votre fr^re? 19. II de- 
 meure chez nous. 20. Ne demeurons-nous pas chez votre 
 tailleur-' 21. Vous y demeurez. 22. D'ou vinnt votre peintre F 
 23. II vieut do chez son associc. 24. Oil portez-vous mes 
 souhera et mon gilet ? 25. Je porte vos souliers chez le cor- 
 donnier et votre gilet chez le taiUeur. 
 
 Exercise 42. 
 
 1. Where does your friend go? 2. He is going [Sect. 22. 
 R. 6] to your house or to your brother's. 3. Docs he not in- 
 tend to go to your partner' sjl^ 4. Jle intends to go there, but 
 he has no time to-day. 6. Wlipf^o you want to-day ? 6. I 
 want my waistcoat, which {qui) is at the tailor's. 7. Are your 
 clothes at the painter's? 8. They are not there, they are at 
 the tailor's. 9. Where do you live, my friend ? ^H): I live at 
 your sister-in-law's. lik-Is your father at home? tftr-No, 
 Sir, he is not. 13. Where does your servant carry the wood ? 
 14. He carries it to the Russian captain's. 15. Does the gen- 
 tleman who {(jiti) is with your father live at his house? 10. 
 No, Sir, he lives with me.' 17. Is he wrong to live with you ? 
 18. No, Sir, he is right to live with me. 19. Whence {d'ou) 
 comes the carpenter Pr 20. Ho comes from his partner's house ? 
 21. Has he two partners ? 22. No, Sir, he has only one, who 
 lives here (Jci). 23. Have you time to go to our" house this 
 morning? 24. Wo have time to go there. ^^25. We intend to 
 go there and to speak to your sister. 26. Is she at your honse r 
 27. She is at her (own) house. 28. Have yon bread, butter, 
 >iftd cheese at homo ? 29. We have bread and butter there. 
 30. We have no cheese there, we do not like ciieose. 31. T.s 
 your watch at the watchmaker's ? 32. It \elle) is there. 33. 
 Have you tv/o gold watches ? 34. I have only one gold watch. 
 
68 
 
 Section XXIV. 
 
 tivo li^^motlTn/7''\''^ *^^ P'-'^^^^^^f theindica. 
 have only resylhblothor''' ^'«^:^«' ^^^^^^ in that person 
 22. 9] is not .Xwod Tn T''/i"*°''''l8'''*^^ form [Sect, 
 expression elce que* is proZdIo thV'ffi' intprrogativ^s the 
 (5) (6)]. prohxed to the affirmative foi-m [§ 95, 
 
 Est-ce que je vends du drap ? i)o / sell rlnfh ? 
 
 Est ce quo Je joue souvent \ S f ^a/'S? 
 
 ^r^';7iL7o^^'X;' /"■"'"' "^ "^'^ indicative of avoir, to 
 oive ■ ^vn^X fni' : ''^°' Pouvoir, to be able; devoir ^o 
 
 Est-ce que je vous envoie des livres ? Z)o / send imn hnni-. i 
 Est .e que je commence .^ ,arler ? :g: f ^Sr^^^! 
 
 of, que lisez-v'ou3 ?^" f^.^'fr'^S^ ' "'^ ^' '''^' ^"«*^^ 
 
 5. IVTERROGATIVE FoKM OF THE IXDICATIVE PkESEXT OF 
 
 do I go, or am I 
 goinn ? 
 Vas-tu ? 
 Va-t-il V 
 Allons-nous ? 
 Allez-vous ? 
 Vont-ils? 
 
 I send, ovani I 
 
 sending/ ? 
 Envoies-tu ? 
 Envoie-t-il ? 
 Envoyons-nous ? 
 Envoyez-vous ? 
 Envoient-ils ? 
 
 do I come, or ctm I 
 coming ? 
 Viens-tu ? 
 Vient-il ? 
 Venona-nous ? 
 Venez-vouB ? 
 Viennent-ils? 
 
 R m, ,. , , "• viennent-Us? 
 
 into au b,Se a noIZttll *^° ^^^P-^*-" ^ - --t-ctod 
 or an . aspiratot "^^^^^^^J^^ ^^ ^g^ (Sff ' 
 41 ez-vous au bal ou au marcho ? Do you go to tke Ml or tke InJL f 
 Jool-^^'' "^'""'^ "' «^ ^^ ^^«'-^''.- ^ I'^oole. «. or to 
 Nous aliens a l-dgHs^et a I'^cole. IFe go to ckurchjnd to school 
 
 Est-ce que votre frere eal nrrfirf 0*1°® Rue nu-ans i, it tUt. 
 understood) that your mI ^.^^a^^L'lf V.!?f Sl^..*".^"*^ «« ^ « ('™e 
 i-'ioi'sa w express astonishment. "" *"'" "''"" " b-'Kcraiiy eui- 
 
«oS>..?r^'^"® ^*^' "'''''"' somewhere, anywhere; nuUe part, 
 
 OA est voire neveu, or Oi voire 
 
 neveu esi-il ? 
 n est quelque pari, 
 II n'est nulle part. 
 
 Where is your nephew ? 
 
 ■He is somewhere, 
 He is nowhere. 
 
 MlSCELtANEOUS EXAMPLES 
 
 Vous allez a I'eglise aujourd'hui. " 
 Esi-ce que je commence mon 
 
 travail ? 
 Est-ce que je parle anglais ? \ 
 
 Est-ce que j'envoie ce livre a 
 
 men frore ? 
 Allez -vous au marche demain ? 
 J y vais apres- domain. 
 Enyoyez-vous vos enfants a 
 
 1 ecole ? 
 Je les envoie chez le professeur, ' 
 Je les y envoie cette apr^s-midi. 1 
 Ou vos habits soni-ils ? ) 
 
 lis sont quelque pari, 
 lis ne sont nulle pari. ' 
 
 Est-ce que je demeure chez vous ? 
 Est-ce que je mange trop ? 
 
 Exercise 43 
 Absent, e, absent. Cuir, m. leather. 
 Adresss, f. address. Depuis, since. 
 Banque, f. bank. Ecole, f. school. 
 Banqnier, m. banker. Ecolier, m. scholar. 
 Billet, m. nofe. Eglise, f. church. 
 
 Uia.peher,m. katta-. Marche, m. market. 
 Concert, m. comcrt. Noir, e, black. 
 Couper, 1. to cut. 
 
 1. Ou <>st-cequo jo vuis? 2. Vous allez chez le chapelier 
 
 et S ;:;S:;^ ^^^"le '" ^^"^^^ ' '■ Vo.- aUoz u la Equ" 
 cc au conceit. 5 Est-co quo jo couijo votro bois? 6 Vous 
 ne coupoz ni mon boia ni mon habit. 7. Est-ce que jo v>oZ 
 un chapeau vert? 8. Vous ne portez pas un chapoiu veS 
 vous en porez un noir. 9. Votre^colier\ain Sue par^? 
 10. II va a reghse, a I'ecole et au marche. 11. Ne vS/ ms 
 Chez le peiTuquier ? 12. II no va nulla part. 13 No port?; 
 r; '?f N'TlIn'"" '^ cuir rouge P L J'en porte ^otS 
 ^TJ\ 1 • .»^i<5z-vous pas chez le banquier ? 16. Je no vais 
 pas choz lui, U est absent depuis hier. 1?. Vient-il k k tonm.e 
 
 A-t-il enyie d'aller au concert ? 20. II a grando envio d'v 
 
 Fo?/ f/o to r^Mj-cA to-da?/. 
 Do I beyin my work ? 
 
 Do I speak Erujlinh ? 
 
 Do I send this book to my l/rothcr J 
 
 Do you go to market to-mo^i'mo ? 
 lyo there the day after to-morro70. 
 Do you send your children to 
 
 school ? 
 I send them to the professor'' s. 
 I send them thm-e this afternom. 
 Whei'e are your clothes ? 
 They arc somewhere. 
 They are nmohere. 
 Do I live at your house ? 
 Do I eat too much / 
 
 Perruquidr, m. hair- 
 
 dresser. 
 Point, not. 
 Poste, f. post-office. 
 Rouge, red. 
 Vert, e, yreen. 
 Village, m. village. 
 
70 
 
 EXEKCISB 44. 
 
 1. Do I wear my large black hat ? 2. You wear a hand 
 some green hat. 3. Does the banker go to the Tatr- dresser's 
 
 nfld r'°^/ .i- P^^r ^^''' this morning Doe L 
 
 ntend to go to the bank this morning ? 6. He does not inf^nd 
 
 L^VostTffic^^S^?'^- /• ^f>'- -nd jwtttTr^to 
 ine post-othcej' 8. I do not send them, they are not vpf 
 written (ecntes) 9. Do I send you a note Kw. Y^u send mo 
 a ticket, but I have no wish to go to the concert Hi Do^s 
 your brother go to school to-morrow? 12. He goes ftWo? 
 
 0-day, and remains at home to-moiTow. 13. Do fl there ^ 
 14. You do not go anywhere. 1-5. Where do vou go ? 16 T 
 am going to your brother's, is he at home ? K He s no?' at 
 home, he has been absent since yesterda3^ 18. Does vou brother 
 hve m this village? 19. He docs not [Sect. 23 12lhe lives 
 at my nephew's. 20 Are you wrong \o go to school ? I? 
 No, Sir, I am right to go to church and to school 22 D 
 you wish to come to my house? 23. I like to go to vou J 
 house, and to your brother's. 24. When are you^comlnl ?o 
 Zw rl' r'- To-niorrow, if I have time. ^ 26. oTes^he 
 
 comiL 40 WW^'"''"'*""''"" '^^^^- '-^9- He is not^•et 
 coming 30. What are you sending to the scholar''^ 'U T 
 
 am sending books paper, and clotl J to him. I2 Whet " is 
 3'r Itis th^re" '' "'°°'- ''■ '' *^^ -^-^ - ^^- X-e ? 
 
 Sectiox XXV. 
 
 2. The verb venir is used idiomatically, in French to indi 
 
 3. Aller trouver, venir trouver, are used in the sense of fo 
 
 Venez me trouver a dix heures. Come to me at tm o'clock 
 
 4. Aller chercher means to go for, to go and fetch .•_ 
 
 ri^i.^J^Sr h ^n^'l^''"!: , ,. Oo and fetch the physkian. 
 
 Je vais chercher du aucro et du cafd. / am going for coffee and sugar. 
 
 0. Envoyer chercher, means to send for lo send ami fetch :— 
 
 T)"I""T'' -^~'';""' ^^" JJjarcnana. Send for the merchant 
 
 J ehvoie chercher des l*^gume«. / send for vegefAbles! 
 
71 
 
 tivo arp'xvS T^ ««<^«"d persons of the plural of the impeia- 
 tivo aie, with few exceptions, the same <is the correspondine 
 persons of the present of the indicative. The pronouns nous 
 vous, are not used with the imperative. ' 
 
 7. PtURAL OF THE ImPEHATIVE OF Al.LEK, EnVOYEK 
 AND VeNIU. ' 
 
 Votre frere vicnt tous les jours. 
 Vous allez a Tecole tous les matins. 
 
 You7' brother comes every day. 
 You fjo to school every mai-ning. 
 
 .;1. 7°"*' ""• *°V*/' *\fo"owed by le or la and the noun in the 
 Sre a noun"' ^"' '^' English expression f/u- whole comfng 
 
 II reste ici toute la journ^e. He remains here the whole day. 
 10. A day of the week or of the month, pointed out as the 
 
 Venez huidi ou niardi. 
 
 Venez le quinze ou le seize avril. 
 
 Covi^ on Monday or Tuesday. 
 Come on the fifteenth or sixteenth 
 of Ajn'il. 
 
 II. When the occurrence is a periodical or customary one 
 She £y : 1 '' ^""^""'^ *° *^° ^^^ "* *^^ ^''^ °^ thete of 
 
 n vient nous trouver le lundi. He comes to us Mondays 
 n va rouver votre pfere I'apr^s- He goes t^ your faSn the after- 
 """'• noon. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 Je vais parler a M. votre pere. 
 Nous venons de recevoir tic I'ar- 
 
 gent. 
 Que venez-vous de faire ? 
 Je viens de d^chirer men habit. 
 Votre frere va-t-il trouver son 
 
 ami? 
 
 II ya le trouver tous les jouis. He f,,.-s (o hi.n even/ dan 
 
 II vient me trouver tcu. leslv ndi.. He \-.,,s to me Z-y Monday 
 
 f^71TJT^t' ^f ^"'8'"* • 1 ?" ^"' ^^ '^nd fetch ZZT"' 
 Je n en vais pas chercher. | / do not. [Sect. 23. 12 1 
 
 Arabes7"' '"" " '^^"'' ' ^"^ *'"" '"^'^ ^'"' ^'•«*'''- ^^^ ' 
 
 Allez-vous Chez cette dame lundi ? | Do you yo !> tha. 'miy\ house on 
 
 f V S^!!*.'i^^1Zl"«': "^^"^2: \ i inSdCo there ,n Tuesday 
 Medi'.' " ■""""""■ ^^ "'-' . '■ <i^iteruUy „o there on Wedrm- 
 
 II va a IMglise .e dimauche. ' He X to chu,^ «, 6'« W«^,. 
 
 lam goitig to speak to your father. 
 We hare just received money. 
 
 What hive you Just done ? 
 
 IhiiJu.*fy.-imycoat. 
 
 Doci i,on,-l,'c,ti;crgo to his friend ■ 
 
 
72 
 
 Exercise 45. 
 'Dimnnche,m. Sunday. Jtardi, m. Tuesday. 
 
 Mercredi, m. Wednes- 
 day. 
 
 Musique, f. music. 
 
 Prochain, e, next. 
 
 llest-er, 1. to remain, 
 to live, 
 
 Saniedi, m. Saturday. 
 
 Teinturier, m. dyer. 
 
 Vendredi, m. Friday. 
 
 Ann^e, f. year. 
 
 Apprend-re, 4. ir. to Ecossais, e, Scotch. 
 
 (earn. Eon-re, 4. ir. to tm-ite. 
 
 Apr63-mub,f. afta-noon. Eriseign-er,l. <o<cacA, 
 Comiiienc-or, 1. to Excepts, eoccei^t. 
 
 commcTic;. Irlandais, e, Irish. 
 
 t'Ompiigne,f.co?n,/)a?i(o??,.Jeudi, m. Thursday. 
 Coniiiussanues, f. ac- Journt^e, f. day. 
 
 quamtuuves. Luiuli, m, Monday. 
 
 Dcmaui, to-mo7-row. Malade, aick. 
 
 •> ^- ,S"'''^^''^-'*'°"8 ^aire? 2. Jo vais apprendrc mcs leeons. 
 6. JN alloz-vons pas ccnro a vos connaissances ? 4. Jo ne vais 
 ecnrc a personne. 5. Qui vient de vous parlcr ? 6. L'Jrlandaia 
 viont de nous parler. 7. Quand I'ficossaiae va-t-ello vous 
 enseigner la musique P 8. Ello va me I'r-nsoig-ncr I'anneo pro- 
 chame. 9. Va-t-olle commencer mardi ou mercredi P 10 EUe 
 ne va commencer ni mardi ni mercredi, olle a I'intention de 
 commencer jeudi, si elle a le temps. 11. Votro compagne 
 va-t-elle a 1 oglise tous les dimanches ? 12. Elle y va tous las 
 dimanches et tous les mercredis. 13. Qui allez-vous trouver? 
 14. Je ne vais trouver personno. 15. N'avez-vous pas I'inten- 
 tion de venir me trouver domain ? 16. J'ai I'intention d'aller 
 trouver votre teinturier. 17. Envoyez-vous chercber le 
 rnedecm ? 18. Quand je suis malade; je Tenvoie chercher. 
 19.^ Keste-t-il avec vous toute la journee ? 20. II ne reste chez 
 moi que quolques minutes. 21. Allez-vous a i'ecole le matin ? 
 . • '^J ^'^" ^e inatin et I'apr^s-midi. 23. Y allez-vous toue les 
 jours P 24 J y vais tous les jours, excopte le lundi et le 
 dimanche 2n. Lo samcdi je reste chez nous, et le dimanche 
 je vais a I'eglise. 
 
 ExEucisE 46. 
 1. What is the Irishman going to do ? 2. He is going to 
 teach music. 3. Has he just commenc.^ his work p 4 He 
 has just commenced it. 5. Who has just written to you ? 6 
 Ihe dyer has just written to me. 7. Does your little hoy "o 
 to church every day P 8. No, Sir, he goes to church on Sun- 
 days and he goes to school every day. 9. Do you go for the 
 physician P 10. I send for him because {parce que) my sister 
 IS sick. 11. Do you go to my physician or to j-ours P 12 I go 
 to mine, yours is not at heme. 13. Where is ho? 14 He is 
 at your father's or at your brother's. 15. Do vou intend to 
 send tor the physician ? 16. I intend to send for him. 17 
 Am I nght to send for the Scotchman P 18. You are wrong to 
 send tor him._ 19. Do you go to your father in the afternoon P 
 ^0. 1 go to him in the morning. 21. Does your brother go to 
 your uncle's every Jlonday P 22. He goes there every Sunday. 
 U. Are you going to learn music ? 24. Mv niece is going to 
 ni^"i^'*' ^* s'le has time. 25. Am I going to read or to write ? 
 
 hou.so every day P 28. Ho cornea to us every Wednesday. 
 
73 
 
 29. At what hour? 30. At a quarter to nine. 31. Does 
 he come early or late ? 32. Ho comes at a qiiartor past nine. 
 33. What do you send for P 34. We send for wine, broad, 
 butter, and cheese. 35. What do you go for ? 36. We go for 
 vegetables, meat, and sugar. 37. Wo want sugar every morn- 
 ing. 
 
 Section XXVI. 
 
 PLACE OF THE I'KONOUNM. 
 
 1. The personal pronoun used as the direct [§ 2 (2), § 43 
 (4)] object of the verb,* is in French placed before the verb, 
 except in the second person singular or in the first and second 
 persons plural of the imperative, when used affirmatively. 
 
 H me voifc, il I'aime. He sees me, he loves him. 
 
 n nous aime, il vous aime. He loves us, he loves you. 
 
 2. The personal pronoun representing the indirect object of 
 the verb [§ 2 (3), § 43 (5)] answering to the dative 'of the 
 Latin, and to the indirect object of the English with the pre- 
 position to expressed or understood, is also in French placed 
 before the verb : — 
 
 II me parte, il lui parle. He speaks to me, he speaks to him. 
 
 n nous donne une fleur. He gives us a flower, f 
 
 H vous parle, il leur parle. He speaks to you, he speaks to them. 
 
 3. The personal pronoun is placed after the verb in the im- 
 perative affirmative : — 
 
 Aimez-les, parlez-leur. Love them, speak to them. 
 
 4. The words en and y follow the a'jovo rules : — 
 
 J'en parle, j'y pense. / spmk of it, J think of it. 
 
 6. The pronoun used as the indiicct object of a verb, 
 answering to the genitive or ablative of the Latin, and to the 
 indirect object, which in English is separated from the verb by 
 a preposition other than to {k), which, of course, it follows, is 
 in French always placed after the verb : — 
 
 I speak of him, of her, of them. 
 I remain with you and with them. 
 
 objects of verbs, must be re- 
 
 Je parle de lui, d'elle, d'eux. 
 Je reste avec vo^z et avec eux 
 
 6. All pronours used as 
 peated : — 
 
 Je les aime, je les r; specie, je / lom, respect, and honour them 
 les honore. 
 
 MlSCELLAKEOUS EXAMPLES. 
 
 M'entendez-vous ? 
 
 Je ne vous entends pas. 
 
 Les entendez-vous ? 
 
 Je les vols et je les entends. 
 
 II nous aime et il nous honore. 
 
 Do you hear or understand me ? 
 I do not understand or heofr you. 
 Do you hear them ? 
 I see thrm, and understand them. 
 He loves and honours us. 
 
 * The young student will easily distinprnish the personal prononn 
 used as the direct object of u verb, by the fiict that there is in English 
 no preposition between the verb and this i)ronoun. 
 
 t The preposition to is understood. He gives afiovier lo ut. 
 
 m 
 
74 
 
 AFo i)arlez-vou8 do votre ami ? 
 
 •Jo V0U8 parle de lui [R. 61. 
 Xous parlez-vous de ces tlames ? 
 
 Je voiis parle d'ellos. 
 Ne leur parlez-vous pas ? 
 Je n'ai pas envie de leur parler. 
 Parlez-lui— ne lui parlez pas. 
 
 AUez k lui, courez a lui. 
 Parlez -leur— ne leur parlez pas. 
 
 Bo you njKuk to mc of your 
 
 friend f 
 I speak to you of him. 
 Do you KjKak to uh about those 
 
 ladies / 
 I speak to you of them. 
 Bo you not speak to them >■ 
 I have no wish to speak to them. 
 Speak to him or her— do not 
 
 speak to him. 
 Go to him— run to him. 
 Speak to them— do not sjKak to 
 
 t/iem. 
 
 Exercise 47. 
 Arbrrm" ?S^^' ^ompagnon, m. com- Pens-er, 1. to think. 
 
 AVIS, m. advice. Deji, already. Pommier, ni annle- 
 
 OenBieT,m.cherry.tree. Ecri-re, 4. ir to ^oritc. <w ^^ 
 
 Lommumqu-er, 1. to Exemple, ra. example. Respect-er, 1. to re- 
 
 comtnunicate. Nouvelle, f. n«f«. sped. ' ^' ''' "^ 
 
 m,!;,-^"^''*T' ^"' ^i^'"'' ^ ^- ^^ ^^^'^ l"i ^''^"»e et lui coni- 
 muniquer cette nouvelle. 3. Allez-vous lui parler de moi P 4 
 Je vais lui parler de vous ot de votre compagnon. 5. Lour 
 onvoyez-vous de beaux arbres? 6. Jo leur envoie des pom- 
 miers, des pomers, et des cerisiers. 7. Ne m'envoyez-vous 
 pas des cerisiers t 8. Je ne vous en envoie pas, vous en avez 
 aeja.^ J. Avez-vous raison de leur parler do cette affaire « 10 
 Je n ai pas tort de leur parler de cette affaire. H. Venez i 
 nous, 12. Vonez nous trouver cette apres-midi. 13 Allez- 
 ]T«nr! T't t«'^«i««.io"r8P 14. Jo vais les trouver tous 
 loa soirs. 15. Leur donnez-vous de bons avis ? 16. Je leur 
 donne de bons avis et de bons exemplos. 1 7. Nous parlez-vous 
 de vos Boeura ? 18. Je vous parlo d'elles. 19. Ne nous parlez- 
 V0U3 pas de nos fr^res ? 20. Je vouq parle d'eux. 21. Ne lea 
 aimez-vous pas?^ 22 Nous les aimons ct nous les respectons. 
 £6. Fensez-yous a ce livro, ou n'y pensez-vous pas ? 24. Nous 
 y pensons et nous en parlons. 25. Nous n'y pensons pas. 
 
 Exercise 48. 
 1. VVhon arc you going to write to your brother ? 2 I am 
 going to write to him to-morrow morning. 3. Do you intend 
 to write to him every Monday? 4. I intend to write to him 
 every luesday. 5 Have you a wish to speak to him to-day P 
 6 1 have a wish to speak to him, but he is not hero. 7. 
 
 rf ^ ,1 ^^'' ^"■' ^ ^P'^'^k to tl^em about (de) this affair. 
 II. Do they give you good advice? 12. They give me good 
 advice and good examples. 13. Do you go to your sister every 
 U^^ \ ?.^ t'' ^^^ every morning at a quarter to nine. 
 
 if). iJoeS she hkp. fr> hoo ^m.VN •,,«„ 6 If; ov- i--i_-- j 
 
 t'« T fK- TT-w^^ "?"; ^7- ^0 y°'^ think of this affair? 
 18. 1 think of It the whole day. 19. Do you speak of it with 
 
78 
 
 {aveo) your brother? 20. We apeak of it often. 21. Do you 
 Bend your companion to my house? 22. I send him every 
 day. 23. Are you at homo every day ? 24. I am there every 
 morning at ten o'clock. 25. Do you like to go to church h 
 26. I like to go there every Sunday Avith a companion. 27. 
 Do you speak of your houses? 28. I speak of them (««). 
 29. Does your brother speak of his friends ? 30. Yes, Sir, he 
 speaks of them (d'eux). 31. Does ho think of them? 32. 
 Yes, Sir, he thinks of them (a eux). 33. Does ho think of 
 this news? 34. Yes, Sir, he thinks of it (y). 36. I love and 
 honour them. 
 
 Section XXVII. 
 
 RESPECTIVE PLACE OF THE PK0N0VN8. § 98. 
 
 1. When two pronouns occm-, one used as a direct object 
 of the verb (accusative), and the other as the indirect object 
 (dative), the indirect object, if not in the third person siiigiilai* 
 or plural, must precede the direct object [§ 98 (1)]. 
 
 Je V0U8 le donnc. / (jive it to you. 
 
 11 me le donne. He yivea it to me. 
 
 II nous le donne. He gives it to us. 
 
 2. When the pronoun used as an indirect object [dative. 
 Rule 2, Sect. 26], is in the third person singular or plurai, it 
 must be placed after the direct object [§ 98 (2)]. 
 
 Nous le lui donnons. We give it to him. 
 
 Nous le leiu donnons. Wc give it to them. 
 
 3. The above rules of precedence apply also to the impera- 
 tive used negatively : — 
 
 Ne nous le donnez pas [R. 1]. Do not give it to us. 
 Ne le lui donnez pas [R. 2]. Do not give it to him. 
 
 4. With the imperative used affirmatively, the direct object 
 precedes in all cases the indirect object [§ 98 (5)]. 
 
 Donnez-le-nou8. Oive it to us. 
 
 Montrez-le-leur. Skoio it to them. 
 
 5. En and y always follow the pronouns ; en follows y when 
 both are used in the same sentence : — 
 
 Je lui en donne. I (five him somi: 
 
 II nous y envoie. He ^endf us thithei: 
 
 II nous y en a envoy«5. 
 Envoyez-leur-y-en. 
 
 6. Present of the Indicative or the Irregular Yeuks. 
 
 Voir, to see. Vouloir, to wiU, to PouvoiE, to be able, 
 
 be willing. 
 Je vois, I see, do see, Je veux, / toill or am Je puis, / can, I may, 
 
 or am seeing ; willing ; I am able ; 
 
 Tu vois, Tu veux, Tu peux,* 
 
 * After the verba pouvoir, to l« oble ; oser, to dare ; savolr, to 
 fcnoui; the negative pas may be omitted. 
 
 He has sent some to us there. 
 Send some to them there. 
 
 J m' 
 
'-trmrnmrBSmP^i 
 
 n volt, 
 
 Nous voyons, 
 V0118 voyoz, 
 Us voiont. 
 
 76 
 
 II veut, 
 Nous voulons, 
 Voim voulez, 
 lit veulent. 
 
 n peut, 
 Noil- pouvone, 
 Vous i)ouvez, 
 lis peuvent. 
 
 7. The lihovo verbs take no pi-cposition boforo another verb. 
 to, when tho latt(.T means in ordn- to. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Voulez -vous nous le tlonner ? 
 Je veux vous le prcter. 
 Pouvez-vous me les doiiner ? 
 Je ne puis vous les tlonner. 
 Votrefr6ropeut-illeluienvoyer? 
 II ne veut pas le lui envoyer 
 Qui veut le leur preter ? 
 Personnc ne veut le leur pr^tc . 
 Euvoyez los-nous. 
 Ne nous les envoyez i^s. 
 Donnez-nous-en. 
 Ne leur en envoyez piia. 
 Envoy ez-le -leur, pour les con- 
 tenter. 
 Je vous y en enverrai. 
 Je puis vous I'y envoyer. 
 
 I Will you (live it to us ? 
 I tmll lend it to you. 
 Can you (jive them to me ? 
 I cannot (jive them to yon. 
 Can your brother send it to him .? 
 He will not send it to him. 
 ^'Hio luill lend it to them ? 
 " one will lend it to them. 
 •Nr.tZ them to ns. 
 i'v not send them to ::„. 
 '' ije us some. 
 : >o rwt send them any. 
 '■'end it to them to satisfy them. 
 
 I will send you some there. 
 I can send it to you there. 
 
 EXEKCISE 49. 
 
 Commis, m. clei-k. GuiNre, hut little. Poisson m m 
 
 ^s^;::^' '• '''- ^'T'''^ ''' "°'^^^' ''^"^^: "■>^"^- 
 
 (luanuante. t. milliiwr. Pret-irl /n //-..// 
 
 Croi-re 4. ,r^ote^,-m'.Montr-er, 1. to show. Semah ^ f S 
 
 Dette, f. debt. Oubli-er, 1. to fonjet. Souvent often 
 
 D-evoir, 3. to owe. Pay-er, 1. to Jayf Yoy:S:Amey. 
 
 In/; Jr^^^'"'-'"'- ^*'°''^'" '^^ ^i^™ ^ mon frere ? 2. Je puis le 
 es lnvov.Tr t ^ ^'^'^ I' ^T ^T""''- '■ Voulez-vou^ous 
 vover Ties i/h rnnT'^'^'^'^'o^" modes peut vous les en- 
 montre 7 ll ^^^t^'^^^-^T ? 6. Je les vois et je les lui 
 fTl A ^^^t^'ous peur de nous les preter? 8 Je n'ai 
 
 rpSnrTo'j7n"'"-' '• Nepouvez^ousnousenvoye; 
 n vf,?n 1 '^ "° P"'^ "'^"^ <^^ envoyer, je n'en ai ffu^re 
 
 II. Voulez-vous leur en parler ? 12. Je veux leur en mrlfir 
 
 Je^^iens lef'^^ T f V--" «- -^ent les voirr\l' 
 Je viens les voir tous les matins, ct tous les soirs 15 Ne 
 
 1 ur erisr"' -pt' ^' "°*r "'''^^ - ^°i«^-> 16.! 
 
 leur en parle, mais ils ne veulent pas me croire 17 Est en 
 que je vois mes connaissances le lundi P 18. Tous les vovez 
 tous les jours de la somaine. 19. Von« en-o'l^ /"L ^H~ 
 aargent que le commis de notre marchand P ' 2o7Elie» m'en 
 
 I 
 
n 
 
 onvoiont plus quo lir" 21. En cnvoycz-vous au libralre P 
 Ti. Je lui (11 onvoio >, laiul jo lui on dois. '23. N'avcz-vous 
 pas tort do lui cu onvoyor i' 24. Jo ne \\\m avoir tort do payor 
 nie.s dettes. 25. Ila vous en donii.-ut, ot ils vutis en protont 
 quaiid vous en avoz bosoin. 
 
 EXKUCISE 50. 
 
 1. Will yon send us that letter P 2. I will send it to you, 
 if you V ill road it. " 1 will road it if [ni) I can. 4. Can 
 you leudmo your pou P 6. I can lend it f., you, if you will 
 take caro of it [Sect. 21 (3)1 6. May I speak to your father P 
 7. Vou may speak to him, he is her. 8. Arc you afraid of 
 forg'etting it P [Sect. 20 (4; ] 9. I ani not afraid of forgettins 
 it. 10. Will you send tli i to him P 11. I intend to send 
 them to him, it I have tiim . 12. Do you si^uak to him of your 
 joum-v? 13. I speak to him of my journey. 14. I speak to 
 thena oi it. 16. Can you communii ate it to him P 16. I have 
 a wish I ' communicato it to him. 17. Do you see your ac- 
 quaintanccH every Monday? 18. I see thorn every Monday 
 and every Thursday 19. Where do you intend to see them ? 
 
 20. I intend to see them at your brother* t and at your sister's. 
 
 21. Can you send him there every day '^ 22. 1 can Kind him 
 there evory Monday, if he wishes {/il '•> veut). 23. ( m you 
 give them to mo ^ 24. 1 can gi^' thtim to you. 25. Who will 
 lend them books P 26. No one llcnd them any. 27. Your 
 bookseller ia willing- to sell tliuni good books and t>ood paper. 
 28. Is he at home P 29. Ho ih at bit brother's. 30. Are you 
 wrong to pay your debts P 31.1 u right to pay them. 32, 
 Will you send it to us P 33. T am willing to send" it to you, if 
 you want it. 34. Are you vvilling to give them to usP 35. 
 We are willing to give theiu to your acquaintances. 36. Have 
 you sent some to them there P 37. Yes, I have sent some to 
 them there. 
 
 v\ 
 
 Section XXVIII. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULES SET FORTH IN THE TWO FOREGOING 
 
 SECTIONS. 
 
 1. The personal pronouns, when used as direct objects, are 
 placed after the verb in a simple tense, after the past participle 
 in a compound tense, and expressed as follows, viz. : — me by 
 moi, thee by toi, him by lui, her by elle, us by nous, you by 
 vous, them (m.) by eux, them (f.) by elles, 
 
 1st, when the verb has several direct objects, whether they 
 are all pronouns, or nouns and pronouns : — 
 
 Je connais elle et eux, 
 J'ai vu elle et sa soeur. 
 II regardait tantot vous, tantAfc 
 
 moi. 
 Je blftme vous et non lui. 
 
 I know her and them. 
 
 I have seen her and her sister. 
 
 He looked vjjvj at '"qu thai at tns. 
 
 I blame you, not him. 
 
 m 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 Corporalion 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
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 (716)873-4S03 
 
 
 'V 
 
 ^ 
 
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b A 
 
 ^,v 
 
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 z 
 
 4^ 
 
 ^A 
 
 ^ 
 
n 
 
 I i^ 
 
 2ndly, when the verb is accompanied by n» . . . que referring 
 to the pronoun : — • 
 
 Je ne crains que lui. I fear him onli/. 
 
 lis n ont vu que moi. They saw me only. 
 
 2. The porsonal pronouns iu the dative case are expressed as 
 above, and placed after the preposition k, which jf course is 
 put after the verb in a simple tense, and after the past parti- 
 ciple iu a compound tense, 
 
 1st, when the verb has several objects in the dative case, 
 whether they are all pronouns, or nouns and pronouns :— 
 Je parle k vous et A, lui. / apeak to you and to him. 
 
 J'ai 6crit d, elles et a leur frere. / lorote to them and to their brother, 
 
 2ndly, when the pronoun direct object, and the pronoun in 
 the dative case are of the first and second person : — 
 
 II te confiera ^ nous. He will entrust thee to ua. 
 
 Le roi m a envoy^ A vous. The king has sent vie to you. 
 3rdly, when the direct object is a pronoun of the first or second 
 person, and the dative one of the third :— 
 
 Votre frfere vous presentera il Your brother will introduce you 
 ^"^' to them. 
 
 \ otre oncle nous a envoy^s h elle. Yotir uncle has sent vs to her. 
 
 4thly, with the following verbs : aller, to yo .■ courir, to run ,- 
 accourir, to run up ; boire k, to drink to ; penser, songer, to 
 think ; venir, to come ; revenir, to come back, to come again ; 
 6tre, m the sense of to belong ; appeler, to call ; rappeler to 
 call again, to call back ; attirer, to attract ;— f 
 
 She ran up to him. 
 This horse belongs to me. 
 5thly, with idiomatic verbal expressions, such as, avoir affaire 
 to have to do or to deal with ; avoir rapport, to concern, to bear 
 upon; avoir ^gard, to consider, to show regard; avoir recours 
 to have recourse; prendre garde, > beware, to fake care t'o 
 mind; prendre int^rfit, to take interest in; fpire attention to 
 pay attention, to notice, &c. ; — ' 
 
 Nous aurons recours a toi. We will have recourse to thee. 
 
 II faut prendre garde a soi. One must take care of one's s^lf. 
 
 Je n ai pas fait attention a elle. / did not notice her. 
 
 6thly, for the sake of emphasis, in elevated stylo :— 
 Sa«hez-le bien, je parle k vous ! Know it well, T s^mk to you ! 
 
 7thly, with all reflective verbs :— 
 
 Le ministre s'adressait i^eux. The min ister used to apply to them. 
 Le tailleur ne s'^tait pas fi^ jl eux. The tailor had not trusted them. 
 
 Elle courut k lui. 
 Ce cheval est k moi. 
 
 • Ne . . . que has no influence on the position of the pronoun ^ 
 Lllrnlir* "^^"^ *° "=- J® °® I'ai vu que deux fols, I Zc 
 
 twice onl 
 
 when 
 him 
 
 ^--Ff ^ flguratiyely, attirer is preceded by its pronoun object :-Sa 
 conttaivtly brought reproachm upon him. 
 
1} 
 
 79 
 
 8thly, when the verb is accompanied bj' ne . . . oue. Teferrinff 
 to the pronoun :— • '^ 
 
 Je ne parle qu'd voiis 
 
 IIb n'avoient ^crifc qu'il elle. 
 
 / speak to you on! if. 
 
 They had uritten to her only. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examfles, 
 J'ai charg^ elle et hii <le le faire 
 
 II saura bien emprchcr vous ct 
 
 fees autrep ennemis de lui 
 
 nuire. 
 Us no connaissent que moi ici. 
 Mon cousin p dcrit a toi et a ta 
 
 soeiir. 
 I-e ministre a prcmis A, nous et 
 
 & eux qu'elle Herait graciee. 
 
 Votre pfere vous confiera il moi 
 
 pendant le voyage. 
 Mon fr6re m'a envoy*? jl vous 
 
 bier. 
 Je ne veux pas t'cnvoyer i\ lui. 
 H ne me confiera p.is b, eux. 
 II taut songer a soi. 
 Cela a rapport a vous. 
 II lie se fie pas ii toi. 
 Je declare a vous, H vous, quo 
 
 cela est faux ! 
 Prenez gi.rde a vous ! 
 H n'ecrira qu'a eux. 
 
 I have ordered hei' and him to do 
 
 it. 
 He will know well how to prevent 
 
 you and his other enemies from 
 
 injur inf/ him. 
 They know mc only here. 
 My covsin has xirUten to thee and 
 
 to thy sista: 
 The minister has promised to na 
 
 and <rt them that she would he 
 
 jxirdoned, 
 your father will entrust you to 
 
 mc duriny the voyaye. 
 My brother sent me to you yester- 
 day. 
 I will not send thee to him. 
 He will not entrust mc to them. 
 One must think of one's self. 
 That eoncei'ns you. 
 He does not trust thee. 
 I declare to yon, to yourself, that 
 
 that is untrue I 
 Mind, take care of yourself / 
 He will write to them only. 
 
 Exercise 61. 
 
 Bit, told. 
 
 ^crirai, %oill wi'ite. 
 Ecrit, wi'itten. 
 En, dans, in. 
 
 Adress^, addressed, 
 
 sent. 
 Aper(,'u, pei'ceived. 
 Appuye, supported. 
 Associe, m. partner. 
 Aussitot, as soon. 
 Avait, had. 
 
 G&lomwU, slandered. „., 
 
 Calomnies, f. calum- Ici, hnv. 
 
 nies. II faut, one should. 
 
 Presente, should in- 
 troiluee. 
 
 Pr^sentiez, should in- 
 troduce. 
 
 / 7 ---- VIl'UIKl,, 
 
 En cas de besoin, in Reconnu, recognized, 
 case of need. Regardds, looked at. 
 
 Fois, f. times. 'Remnrqne, remarked. 
 
 (ieneral, m. general. Roi, king. 
 
 S'adressa, applied. 
 
 Seide, single, one, 
 
 Comtesse, f. countess. Nous nous fions, we Terminer, to settle 
 
 Confie, entrusted. 
 Connais, kn/no. 
 Connaissait, knew 
 Courut, ran. 
 Credit, m. credit. 
 
 trust. 
 Nui, injured. 
 Parce que, because. 
 Pour que, ) in order 
 Afin que, ) that. 
 
 Tout,a«. 
 Tuteur, m. guardian, 
 Une t'ois, once. 
 Ville, f. town. 
 Vu, seen. 
 
 1. J ai vu lui ct son pfere. 2. Nous avona reconnu sa m^re 
 et ello. ^ 3. Tu as calomnie moi, ello et eux. 4. Avoz-vous 
 remarque la comtesse et luiP 6. lis ont appuy6 toi et ton 
 
 • When ne . . . one does not refer to ftiAnmnnijn t* i^n.. ,,- ,'^fl„on/.a 
 on the place of tbe latter .-Mle ne m'a parW q^e de son file X 
 •poke to me of nothing hut her sm. *« «4uo uo aon ma, »iw 
 
 A • 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 21 
 
 1 1 
 
 I 
 
 ■ g r 
 
 !lt 
 
 
I: 
 
 80 
 
 oouBin de tout leur credit. 6. Je ne connais que lui ici. 7. II 
 ne vput voir qH'ollo. 8. En irois mois, tu no m'lXH ('crit q\ui 
 deux fois. 9. II ne voiis u loprardes qu'uno soulo fois. 10. 
 Votro ooinmis n-t-il ecrit a voiis ct a votn- UHsocic ? 11. Qui, 
 il a t'crit plusiouiK foiH i moii associO ot ii moi. 12. Vos 
 ciilomnios ont nui h olio, si lui ct h moi. 13. lis nuus onvoiont 
 a V0U8 pour tormint-r cette affaire. 14. Votro m6ro vons n 
 adressfi il moi pour que jo vou.s prescnto a oux. 1;5. Mou tutcur 
 m'a confie a cllo parce qu'il no connait qu'ello dans ootto villo. 
 16. Nous courdmos k lui aussitfit que nous reumes ap tcu. 17. 
 A'otre fr^re aura recours a vous, en ca8 de besoiu. 18.' Le rui 
 s'adrossa k oux plusieui-s fois. 19. Prends garde a toi. '20. 
 EUe n'u parle qu'a vous. 21. Faites attention a eux. 
 
 EXEUCISK .02. 
 
 1. Have you seen her and her father f 2. Hast thou recog. 
 nised his mother and him ? 3. Have they slandered thco, him, 
 her, and me? 4. We have seen the baroness and him. 6. 
 They have supported your tinolo and you with all thoir credit. 
 6. I know only them (/.) here. 7. We are willing to see them 
 (m.) only. 8. In a j^ear she wrote to mo only once. 9. In throe 
 hours you looked at me but once. 10. My clerk has written to 
 you and to your partner. 11. Have you spoken several times 
 to them (wj.) and to the prince ? 12. Why have you injured 
 her, him, and me ? 13. Have they sent you to rjie to settle 
 our affair? 14. Your fajiher has sent mo to you, that you 
 should introduce mo to her. 15. The general had entrusted 
 me to them because ho knew only them in that town. 16. My 
 mother ran up to me, and told me she had always thought 
 of me. 17. This concerns me. 18. We trust them' (»j.1. 19. 
 One should take care of one's self. 20. I will wri*^ v ou 
 only. 21. They have paid attention to UB. 
 
 Section XXIX. 
 
 USE OF THE ARTICLE (§ 77). 
 
 1. The article le, la, les, as already stated, is used in French 
 before nouns taken in a general sense : — 
 
 Les jardins sont les ornements des Garden; arc the ornaments of 
 villages et des campagnes. vHla4,es and of rural districts. 
 
 2. The article is also used in French, as in English, before 
 nouns taken in a particular sense : — 
 
 Les jardins de ce village sont su- The gardens of this rillagc are 
 perbes. superb. 
 
 3. It is also used before abstract noims, before verbs, adjec- 
 tives, or any other part of speech used substantively :— 
 
 La paresse est odieuse. Idleness is odious. 
 
 T«t jsiinesse a cot pas toujours Youth i not aiwaya tractable. 
 docile. 
 
81 
 
 Le boira ot le miinger soiit nt^ceB- Enting and drinking are nrCK- 
 
 HairiH h la vie. gari/ to life. 
 
 ].«>H niiiis, IcH si, leh car nirt't«'nt Jiut's, iff, for's »tnnil in the vaji 
 
 tout. of fveriith inrt. 
 
 4. Thi' niticli' JH used iH'foro the immfs of couiitrii'S, pro- 
 vinecs, rivers, winds, and mountains [77 (3) (4)] : — 
 
 La France est plus grande que Fi'anre is larffei' than Itali/, 
 
 ritalie. 
 I^v Normapdie est tres fertile. Normandij is reri/ fertilf. 
 
 fi. The nrticlo is used lioforo titles : — 
 
 Le general Cavaignac. (kncral ('uraiijnui'. 
 
 Le jnar^chal Key. Marshal Ney. 
 
 G. In respectful nddveps or discourse, the words, Monsieur, 
 Madamo, Mademoiselle an? iilaeed before titles and designntinns 
 of relationship : — 
 
 Monsieur le president. (Mr.) Presideivt. 
 
 Madamo la comte-sse. (Madam) Countess. 
 
 IMadcmoiselle votre 8(«ur. (Miss) pour sister. 
 
 7. The plural of Monsieur, Madame, and Mademoiselle, is 
 Messieurs, Mesdames, and Mesdemoiselles. 
 
 8. The student should ho careful to distinguish a noun taken 
 in a generrtl or in a i)articular sense from one taken in a parti- 
 tive sense [§ 78]. 
 
 Partitive sense. 
 Nous avons dea livres, 
 We hare books, i. e. some books. 
 Vous avez 6cnt des lettres, 
 You have im'itten letters, i. e. some 
 letters. 
 
 General or particular sense. 
 Nous aimons les livres, 
 We like books. 
 Nous avons lea li^Te8, 
 We have the books. 
 
 Misf. LiANEOUK Examples, 
 
 Till niodestie est aimable. 
 
 I,<e courage est indispensable au 
 
 g^n^ral. 
 Lea fleurs sont rornement des 
 
 jardins. 
 Les fleurs des jardins de ce ch&- 
 
 teaiL 
 Avez -vous I'intention de visiter 
 
 la Franco ? 
 J'ai I'intention de visiter I'ltalie. 
 Le capitaine Dumont est-il ici ? 
 Le major Guillaume est chez lui. 
 Voyez-vour Madame votbe mire ? 
 Je vols Monsieur votre frire, 
 Mon f rire n'aime pas les louanges. 
 
 Modesty is amiable. 
 
 Courage is indispensable to the 
 \ general. 
 
 Flmvers are the ornament of gar- 
 I dens. 
 
 The .flowers of the gardens of thii 
 . villa. 
 
 Do you intend visiting France ? 
 
 I intend visiting Italy. 
 Is captain Dumont here f 
 Major William is at home. 
 Do you see your mother ? 
 I see your brother. 
 ' My brother is not fond of praises 
 
 ExEllCIME 53. 
 
 Aim-er, 1. to be fond Capitaine,m.caj)(am. Etudi-er, 1. to study. 
 
 of, to like. Caporal, m. corporal. Fleur, f . flower. 
 
 Apjport-er, 1. to bring. Deineiur-er, 1. to dtoell, Fr&iae, f. strawlm'ry. 
 Bois. m. tvood, forest, live, Tr&mhoiae, f.ratpberrp 
 
 i ' ( 
 
 • • » 
 
 I i 
 
 i. / 
 
82 
 
 Legume, m. vegetable. • Lundi, m. Monday. 
 Loin, far. P6che. f . peach. 
 
 Trune, i. plum. 
 
 1. Aimcz-rons lo pain on la viandn ? 2. J'fiimo lo pain. In 
 viando ct lo fruit. 3, Avons-nous dos pochcs dans notro jar- 
 i^I *' ^°"^ ^' '^^'""^ ^"^^ pechos, dos fraiscs, dos framboisos 
 et dos corisos. 5. i^ronsicur votro {rhro aimo-t-il los corises P 
 6. 11 n'aimo gucro lea cerises, il pr"f5ro los prunes. 7. Avez- 
 vous des legumes ? 8. Jo n'aimo point los legumes. 9, Nona 
 n|avons ni legumes ni fruits [Hoot. 6. 3, 4]. 10. Nous n'aimons 
 ni les legumes ni los fruits. 1 1 . AUoz- vous tous los jours dans 
 lo boia do Monsieur votro froro > 12. Jo n'y vais pas tous lea 
 jours. 13. Votro seour apporto-t-oUo los flours ? 14. EUe los 
 apporto. 1.5. Madame votro m6ro apporte-t-ollo des flours? 
 16. Ello en apporto tous les lundis. 17. Voyez-vous lo general 
 Bertrand? 18. Jo no lo vois pas, jo vois lo caporal Ducheno. 
 19. Jlesdomoisolles vos aciours sont-ellos fatiguees ? 20. Mes 
 soours sont fatiguees d'etudier. 21, Monsieur lo president est- 
 u Chez lui ? 22. Non, Monsieur, il estchoz Monsieur le colonel 
 Dumont. 23. Demenrc-t-il loin d'ici ? 24. 11 no demeure pjis 
 loin d'ici. 25. Od demoure-t-il ? 26. II demeure chez Mon- 
 sieur lo capitaino Lobrun. 
 
 Exercise 54. 
 
 1. Does your sister like flowers ? 2. My sister likes flowers, 
 and my brother is fond of books. 3. Is ho wrong to like 
 books ? 4. No, Sir, he is right to like books and flowers. 6. 
 Have you many flowers in your garden ? 6. Wo have many 
 flowers and much fruit. 7. Is your cousin fond of raspberries ? 
 8. My cousin is fond of raspberries and * strawberries. 9, Is 
 the captain fond of praises ? 10. He is not fond of praises. 
 11. Has the gardener brought you vegetables? 12. He has 
 brought mo vegetables and fruit.* 13. Is ho ashamed to bring 
 you vegetables ? 14. He is neither ashamed nor afraid to sell 
 vegetables. 15. Is your mother tired ? 16. My mother is not 
 tired. 17. Is your brother at colonel D.'s? 18. He lives at 
 colonel D.'s, but he is not at home at present (« present). 19. 
 How many peaches have you ? 20. I have not many peaches, 
 but I have many plums. 21. Docs Capt. B. like peaches? 
 
 22. He likes peaches,* plums, raspberries, and strawberries. 
 
 23. Are you going into {dam) your brother's wood ? 24. I go 
 there every morning. 25. Is general L. here ? 26. No, Sir, 
 ho is not here, he is at your cousin's. 27. Does your friend 
 General H. live far from here ? 28. He does not live far from 
 here, he lives at his brothev's. 29. Have you fine flowers in 
 your garden ? 30. We have very fine flowers ; we are fond of 
 flowers. 31. Do you give Ihem to him ? 32. I give them to 
 you. 33. I give you some. 34. I give them some. 35. Give 
 us some. 30. Do not give us my. 
 
 The stndsnt miist not forjfet ihat tbc article is repeated before 
 every noun. 
 
b& 
 
 H apnrcntl Ic francjais, ranglais, 
 rallemaiid ct ritalieu. 
 
 Section XXX. 
 
 USE OP THE AKTICLE CONTINUED. 
 
 1. Adjectives expressing nationality will, according to R. 3 
 of the last lesson, lo preceded by the article :— 
 
 lie learm Frimh, EnuUsk, Ger- 
 man, and Italian. 
 
 2. After the verb parler, tlio article must bo omitted before 
 an adjective of nationality used substantively : — 
 
 Votre frure park esijagnol et por- Your brother sjKuks Spatmh 
 tugtiis- and Pvrtwjacsc. 
 
 3. The article is not used in French before the number 
 which follows the name of a sovereign. This number (unless 
 it be Jirst) must be the cardinal, and not the ordinal [§ 27 
 (2)] '• — 
 
 VouB avez I'liistoire do Henri You have the hiatwy of Henry 
 quatrc. the Fourth. 
 
 4. A noun placed in apposition with a noun or pronoun is 
 not in French preceded by un, une, « or mi, unless it be quali- 
 fied by an adjective or determined by the following part of tho 
 sentence. 
 
 Votre ami est mt^decin. Your friend is a physieian. 
 
 Notre frcre est avocat. Our brother is a barrister. 
 
 Votre ami est un bon medecin. Ycttr friend is a r/ood physician. 
 Notre frere est mi avocat celebrc. Our brother is a celebrated bar 
 
 ristiT. 
 
 6. Present of the Indicative of the Iuueol lau Veubs, 
 
 A?TREm)UE, to Icai'n. Conna!tke, ioiHow. Savoir, to Avioiy. 
 J'apprends, / learn, do Je connais, / knoto Je sals, / know or 
 
 learn, or am learniny; or do kn<nv j do know ; 
 
 Tu apprends, Tu connais, Tu sais, 
 
 II apprend, II connait, II sait, 
 
 Nous apprenons, Nous connaissons, Nous savons, 
 
 Vous apprenez, Vous connaissez, Vous save^, 
 
 lis apprennent. lis connaisseut. lis savent. 
 
 6. Connaltre means to bo acquainted with ; savoir, to know, 
 is said only of things. 
 
 Connaissez-vous ce Fraucais, cet 
 Anglais, cet Allemaud et cet 
 Espagnol ? 
 
 Savez-vous le fran9ais, I'anglais, 
 rallemaud et I'espagnol ? 
 
 Do you know that Frenchman, 
 that Enylishman, that German, 
 and that Spaniard i 
 
 Do you know French, English, 
 German, and Sjxinish ? 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Le capitaine G. sait-il le fran9ai8? 
 II ne lesait pas, mais il I'apprend. 
 Connaissez-vous le Docteur L. ? 
 fe ne le oounaitt \m, iatm je sain 
 oil il demeuid 
 
 V ! 
 
 Does captain G. knoio French ? 
 He does not know it, but learns it. 
 Do you know Dr. L. ? 
 I am not acquainted with him. 
 but I know where he lives. 
 
 I* r. 
 
 ill 
 
 I, ■ 
 
 h 
 
\ 
 
 84 
 
 ( 'e mongieur est-il peintre ? 
 
 Non, il est architecte. 
 
 Co moiiHieur eat un arohiteoto 
 
 (liHtiiigiK^. 
 Ce Fran^ais parle greo et arabc. 
 
 II purle grec, iirabe et italieii. 
 
 Avez-vous vii (JharleH dix, frore 
 do Louia dix-huit t 
 
 la that (/entlenian a jHiinter f 
 
 No, he U an atrkitcrt. 
 
 That (lentlcmati iandMmjuightl 
 
 architect. 
 That Frenchman upeakt Greek 
 
 and Arabic. 
 He »i}eakn the Greek, Arabic, and 
 
 Italian lamjnagcn. 
 Have i/oii neen Charlen the Tenth, 
 a brother of Lituigthe Eiyhteenth f 
 
 Exercise ')'). 
 
 A\lemtiUi\,e,(rerman. Hougrois, e, Hnni/n- 
 Ancieii, ne, ancient. 
 Anglais, e, English. 
 Chinois, e, Chinese 
 Danois, c, Danish, 
 
 Dane. 
 Grec, (lue, Greek. 
 
 Quatre, four. 
 
 rian. Husse, Rniuiian. 
 
 Langue, f. lantjuatje, Suedois, e, Swedish, 
 
 RIodeme, modern. Swede. 
 
 Folonais, e, Polish, Tapissier, in. uphot 
 
 Pole. sterer. 
 Quatorze, fourteen, 
 
 I. C'onmiisspz-vou8 co Monsieur':' 2. Oui, Madame, jo lo 
 connais fort bion. 3. Savoz-vous de quel pays il est y 4. jl 
 est hongrois. 5. rarlc-t-il allemand'r C. II parlc alloniand, 
 polonuis, russe, suedois et danois. 7. N'est-il pas moducin? 
 8. Non, Monsieur, avant la revolution il etait capitaino. 9. 
 Avez-vous envio d'apprcndre lo russoi' 10. J'ai envio d'ap- 
 prendre lo russo et le grec moderne. 1 1 . Connaissez-vous Ics 
 messieurs qui parlent a votre sceurJ' 12. Jo no les connais 
 pas. 13. Savez-vous oCi ils demeuront Y 14. lis domeurent 
 thez le tapissier de votre frere. 15. N'avoz-vous pas I'histoiri! 
 do Louis quatorze, dans votre bibliothequo 1' 16. Jo n'ai 
 ni cello de Louis quatorze, ni cello de Henri quatre. 17. 
 Avez-vous tort d'apprcndre lo chinoia? 18. Jo n'ai pas tort 
 d'apprendre le chinois. 19. Vos compagnons apprennont-ils les 
 langnes anciennos f 20. Ils savent plusicurs langues anciennes 
 ot modemes. 21, Varlez-vous anglais P 22 Jo sais I'anglais 
 ct jo le parlc. 23. Connaissez-vous 1' Anglais que nous voyons ? 
 24. Je no le connais pas. 25. II ne mo connait pas et je ne lo 
 connais pas. 
 
 Exercise 56. 
 1. Docs our physician know French ? 2. He knows French, 
 Englisli, and German. 3. Docs he know the French physician Y 
 4. He knows him very well. 5. Are you acquainted with 
 that lady? 6. I am not acquainted with her. 7. Is sho a 
 German or a Swede ? 8. Sho is neither a Gennan nor a 
 Swede, she is a Russian. 9. Do you intend to speak to her ? 
 10. I intend to speak to her in (en) English. 11. Does sho 
 know English ? 12. She knows several languages ; sho speaks 
 English, Danish, Swedish, and Hungarian. 13. Is your 
 brother a colonel t* 14. No, Sir, he is a captain. 15. Is your 
 upholsterer a Dane? 16. He is not a Dane, ho is a Swede. 
 17. Are you a Frenehmaa ? 18. No, Sir, I am a Hungarian. 
 19. Do you know Chinese? 20. I know Chinese. RuRsian, 
 
8ft 
 
 anrf modern Greek. 21. Are you wrong to learn languagflHP 
 T2,. I am not wrong to learn languagcH. 23. I)() you know 
 tho Knglishman who lives at yovir hrother'w P 24. I am 
 acquainted with liim. 2.'). I am not accpiainted with him. 
 26. Jo you like books ': 97. I am fond of book.s. 28. IJuvo 
 you a desire to learn Rus&ian :- 20. r have no desire to loarn 
 Russian. 30. Have you no time P 31. I have hut little time. 
 32. What do you learn l" 33. AVc learn Latin, (ireek, French, 
 and Geniuin. 3 J. Do you not leani .Spanish:- 3*3. Wo do not 
 learn it. 
 
 Sectio.n XXXI. 
 
 HELATIVE PMONOIN8 (§ 38). 
 
 1. Qui, used as nominative, and having an antecedent, may 
 relate to persons or to things : — 
 
 Lea fleurs <iui soiit dans votre The fiomrs ichlrh are in your 
 jardm. <jarden. 
 
 2.- Qui, having an antecedent, is used as indirect object, /. e. 
 with a preposition, but only in reference to persons :— 
 
 Je conimis le monsieur a qui vous I know the ytntleinan, to whom 
 venez do purler. you have Just sjxiken. 
 
 3. Without antecedent, qui is used only in reference to per- 
 gonn, as subject and as object, with and without preposition :— 
 
 Qui est la? . Who is there! 
 
 Nous ne savons qui est arrive. We do not know who has urrired. 
 
 .To sais (le qui vous parlez. / know of whom i/ou are speakiny. 
 
 .Te consulterai qui je vouilral. / shall consult whom I like. 
 
 (iui votre frere voit-il ? Whom does your brother see ! 
 
 De qm parlez-vous ce matin ? Ofwhomdo you speakthis morning f 
 
 4. Que may bo »iid of persons or things. It can never be 
 understood, and must bo repeated before every \'erb fSoc, 
 18. 1]. J I 
 
 Jjea ijorsonnes que nous voyous. The persons whom we see, 
 Les langties que nous apprenons. The lanyuayes which we leant. 
 
 5. Ce qui, ce que are employed iovthat which, or its equivalent 
 u/iat : — 
 
 Ce qui est vrai est beau. What is true is beautiful. 
 
 Ce que vous apprenez est utile. T..at tvhich you learn is useful. 
 
 Trou vez- vous ce quo vous clierchez > Do you find ivhat you seek! 
 
 C. Que answers to the English pronoun ivhat, used absolutely 
 before a verb : — 
 
 Que pensezvous do cela ? What do you think of that f 
 
 7. Quoi is generally preceded or followed by a prejwsition, 
 and relates only to things : — 
 
 De (luoi voulez-vous parler ? Of what do una wish to snenJc i 
 
 A quoi pensez-vous ? Of what do you think f 
 
 Quoi de plus aimable que lavertu? What is more amiable than virtati 
 
 i' 
 
 ill 
 
 U: iii 
 
 
86 
 
 8. Lequel, m. laquelle, f. lesquels. m.p. lesquellea. f.p. 
 
 which, or which om [Soct. 17. «], or which omn, roliito to nur- 
 Bona or thmga. Thoy may bo proceiiod by ii proposition : — 
 Leciuol avez-voiiH apporto ? }VhUh viu huic you broayht i 
 
 UiKiuol i.arluz-voiiB ? Of which one do you »pmk t 
 
 9. Dont, «/ which, or uf whom, whose, iiKiy rolato to porsons 
 or things, ui tho niasculino or foniinino, Mingular or plural. It 
 Clin novcr bo used absolutoly, and must always bo procodod bv 
 an imtccodont. ■> r j 
 
 Lcs fieui-s (lont vous mo parlcz. The.liowcrs ofwh irk yuii gimtk to me. 
 liCS iloinoisullos doat votro sujur The noaiujludica of whom ijour sinter 
 vous park'. apiaks to you. 
 
 10. PllESENT OP THE INDICATIVE OF THE IllUEOULAK VeKKS. 
 
 Di-KE, 4. to my. Fai-ue, 4. to mikc, to do. Mett-he, 4. to put. 
 Jo falH, / m<(ke or do, I 
 am iiuikiinj or doiinj; 
 Tu fais, 
 II fait, 
 
 Nous faiHons, 
 Vou8 fiiitcs, 
 lis font. 
 
 ■Jo dis, / say, do say, 
 
 or am sayini/; 
 Tu dis, 
 II dit. 
 
 Nous disons, 
 Vous ditos, 
 lis disunt. 
 
 Je mets, / put, do 
 pid,ovamputtin(j; 
 Tu mots, 
 11 mot, 
 
 Nous inottons, 
 Vous mottez, 
 lis mettent. 
 
 MiSCELLANEOL' 
 
 Connaissoz-vous lo monsieur (^ui 
 
 l)arle il notro cousin ? 
 Je connais celui qui lid parle. 
 Comi)renez-vous co que je vous 
 
 dis? 
 Qui vous a parlti do cctte affaire ? 
 
 L' Anglais dont vous parlez est ici. 
 
 L'Espagnol dont la scour est ioi. 
 Que faites-vous ce matin ? 
 Que dites-vous a notro ami ? 
 Nous faisons cc que vous nous 
 
 dites. 
 Pour (pii faites-vous cet habit ? 
 Do quoi parlez-vous i voire fr6re? 
 
 8 ExAMl'LES. 
 
 Do you kiww the i/c)Ukman who 
 
 sfieaks to our cousin '( 
 I know the one ivho sjieaks to him. 
 Do you understand what I say to 
 
 you ? 
 Who has spoken to you of this 
 
 affair I 
 
 The Enijlishnumof whom yousi^ak 
 is here. 
 
 The Sjxmiurd whose sister is here. 
 What do you do this morniw/ / 
 What do you say to ourfriuuif 
 We do that which you say to ua. 
 
 Nous faisons ce (jue nous pouvons. 
 Nous parlons do ce dont vous 
 parlez. 
 
 For whom do you niake this coat ? 
 Of what do you speak to your 
 
 brother ? 
 We do what we can. 
 We siwak of t/uit of which you, 
 
 speak. 
 
 ExEUCISE 67. 
 
 Arriv-er, 1. to amve. Habillement, m. dress, Plaisu-, m. pleasure. 
 
 Avec, with clothes. Presque, almost. 
 
 Coffre, m. trunk. Hcllandais, e, Dutch. Rien, nothinff. 
 
 gommand-er.l. to ordc?-. Linge, m. linen. SouUer, m. shoe. 
 
 Ecossais, e, Scotch. Monaievir,m.(jentleman. Vrai, e, true. 
 Enfant, m. child. Nom, m. name. 
 
 1. Qui counaiBHez-vous f 2. Nous connaissons lea Hollandais 
 dont vous nous parlez. 3. Quelles le9on8 apprenez-vpus P 
 
i ' 
 
 1 ,' 
 
 87 
 
 4. Noun apprr>non« hn \oqnr\n qiio votiH noun ircomniftndez. ft. 
 Co qu'il voiiM (lit cHt-il vnii h 0. C.i (jiic vouh noiiH ditos est 
 vrai. 7. I)<! qui nouH parlez-vouH r- 8. Nouh vouh parlons dr« 
 fccouHuiH qui vicmiont d'univor. I). Savez-vous qui viont 
 d iirnvcr P 10. Jc Hiiis (|uo lo monmcur <iuo votro fn re ctiiinait 
 viint d'arrivcr. 11. (imi font vob wiuih }• 12. Kilos no font 
 l)roHquo rion, olios n'ont i>roHquo rion a fiiiro. V,i. Quo niottoz- 
 vouH dans votro ooflVo 'r 14. Nous y mottons oo quo nouH 
 avons, noH habillomontH ot notro linKC !*>. N'y mottoz-vous 
 pas vos soiiliors h 16. Nous y niottons Ics souliors dont nous 
 avons bosoin. 17. Do quoiavoz-voushosoin P 18. Nousavons 
 besom do to quo nous avons. 19. Cot enfant sait-il oo qu'il 
 fait P 20. II sail oo qu'il fait ot oo (pi'll dit. '21. No voulez- 
 vous pas lo lour diro p 22. Avoc bcauooup do plaisir. 23. 
 *aitc8-vous vi) que lo inarohand vous commando p 24. Noub 
 faisons ce (lu'il nous dit. 25. 11 parlo do co dont vous parlez. 
 
 E.xEUcisE 68. 
 1. Have you what (re i/oitt) you want ? 2. Wo have what we 
 want. 3. Is tho gontUiman whom you know lioro P 4. Tho 
 lady of whom you speak is hero, 5. Is sho jtist arrived P 
 [Sect. 25. 2.] (j. Sho is just arrived. 7. Do you know that 
 gentleman P 8, I know tho gentleman who is speaking with 
 vour father. 9. Do you kr,ow his name ? 10. I do not know 
 his name, but I know whe;e ho lives (demenre). 11. What do 
 you do every morning P 1 2. We do almodt nothing ; wo havo 
 very little to do. 13. Does the tailor make your clothes P 
 14. IIo makes my clothes, my brother's, and my cousin's. 15. 
 Do you know what you «iy P 16. I know what I say, and 
 what I do. 17. Do you know tho Scotchman of whom your 
 brother speaks P. 18. I know him well. 19. What does ho 
 put into his trunk P 20. Ho puts his clothes. 21. Is that 
 which you say true P 22. ^Vhat I siiy is true. 23. Dc you 
 understand that which I say to youP 24. I understand all 
 that you say. 25. Of whom docs your brother apeak P 26. 
 He speaks of tho gentleman \' ' ^se sister is here. 27. Is your 
 brother wrong to do what h< u ^s ? 28. Ho cannot bo wrong 
 to do it. 29. What aro you doing P 30, I am doing that 
 which you do. 31. Where do you put my books? 32. Into 
 [daus) your brother's trunk. 33. Is your brother here ? 34. 
 He is not here. 35. He is at my brother's, or at my father's. 
 
 Section XXXII. 
 
 I. The verb mettre is used in tho same sense as the English 
 to put OM, in speaking of garments. Mettre le couvert, means 
 to lay the cloth, or set the table : — 
 
 Quel cbapeau mettoz-vous ? 
 V otre frcfe iiict son habit noir. 
 Le domestique va mettre le 
 couvert. 
 
 Whnt hat do ijou put an ? 
 Your Moihttpulavuhia blarkcoai. 
 The servant w yoirvj to lay the 
 cloth. 
 
 I i\ 
 
 • 
 
 » 
 
 j5 .1;: 
 
88 
 
 [ 
 
 2. our moftns tn tnkr off, to tak>- turnif, to tulsr ont : - 
 
 M<uiiloinL-Hti<niootf mm cliapfiui. Mii nmtiiit t,ikr» off /,,h hoi. 
 Ote« CO livni do la tabic. Tnkeiimiiilhiittumkfromth, Inl.lr 
 
 Na t-oni»M6t<5 ledliier? lliuc t/i,if not tukrn (umii Ihr 
 
 iliiinrr f 
 
 3. Tho verb faire is mod bct'oro another voih, in the bchmo of 
 
 10 hnvf, to cfiHUf : — 
 
 Votre fr6ro fait il bAtir iino JJotn mmr hi-othn- hmr it fioiue 
 iiuiiBon? t,iii/tt 
 
 11 vu fait bAtir |>1um <rimo. I/c has mon than oiu built. 
 
 4. It may ho used in the Mimo wenHo btforo itH own inliiii 
 tivo : — 
 
 Jo fai» faire un habit do dnip. / hair a cloth n^tt moili. 
 Voud faitoH fairo dcH houUith de Yoii hmr Imthrr shi^s mndr 
 ciiir. 
 
 •'». Vouloir [Sect. '11. G] follow.d by dire »« used in th<; st-nsc 
 
 of to iiii'iiii ; — 
 
 tine voidez vous dii-o? Whot do i/oii „i<ini ,' 
 
 Quo veut dire votre mumt What d<m i/oiir mtn- iintm ' 
 
 M1SCKM.ANK01 
 
 Ne niettcz-voiis jmih vom liabitn? 
 
 J'ai i>eiir de leu gi\ter. 
 
 Xe iH)rte7,-viiiiH janiairt votre 
 
 habit noir ? 
 .Te le metn tons lea mmiediH. 
 Pounjuoi n'litoz-vous |iaH votre 
 
 inanteau ? 
 J'ai tropfroid, j'ai pour de I'liter. 
 
 Faites-VQi's raccoininoder voh 
 
 soiiliers .' 
 Je fais raccoinmoder mes habits. 
 Jo fais faire une paire de bottes. 
 Je fais crcuscr uii puits. 
 Que veut dire votre f rere ? 
 Que veut dire cela ? 
 ("ela ne veut rien dire. 
 Otez-vous vos souliers et vos bas? 
 
 Je n'6te ni les una ni les autros. 
 I* diner est nret ; le doniestiijuo 
 
 va niettre le convert. 
 ^'ouleE•voub oter lo couvert ? 
 
 Jp vais niettre le couvert. 
 Je vais 6ter le couvert. 
 
 s I'iX.VMI'I.KH. 
 
 ■I)o lion not lint on iionr (iotht» < 
 I II III II f milt of n/xiiliini them. 
 Do lion nettf nrnr imnr l,lii,k 
 
 I'lHlt ! 
 
 f pnt it on evet'ji Sntuvitaii. 
 Why do lion not take off noni 
 
 r/iHtk f 
 I mil too cold, f am n/riiid A> 
 
 take it off. 
 Do you have yonr n/toe.- mended I 
 
 I have my clothen mended. 
 
 I have a jxiir of hoota made. 
 
 I have a ivell diuj. 
 
 What doe.1 yonr brother mean 1 
 
 What does that mean > 
 
 That meam<i nothinii. 
 
 Do you take off your shoes and 
 
 stoekim/K > 
 I take off' neither these nor those. 
 Dinner is ready ; the senant is 
 
 fioiny to lay the cloth. 
 Will yon take aicay the things 
 
 from the table ' 
 J am i/ninfl to lay the cloth. 
 I am ijoinij totokcaicaythe things 
 
 KxKUcisE 59. 
 Apothicaire, m druff- Cave, f. cellar. Diner, m. dinner, 
 
 !>'f- Oreus-er, 1. to diy. Fadie', s,soiry,angr!/. 
 
 Auros, after. Dimanche, m. Sunday. GAt-er, 1. to tpoil. 
 
m 
 
 (•rand, .■, fniyn. 
 Afantoiiii, 111. rtiiiiH: 
 Noir, c, Utiik. 
 
 KhccoiiiiiioiI or, I. 
 ntnul. 
 
 Tout. A riiciirf. I'mm'' 
 liiatrti/. 
 t" I 'iiifoniic, III. innfiivm 
 VuloiiiH, (II. nhxt. 
 
 .1. r-., gcm-ral N. niot-il mm unifonnoh 2. II „.■ I., ni. I 
 lK..nl. .{. 1 ourquoi i,« poi-tuz-v.mB r"int v..tio nmnt..,,!. noir - 
 
 ouH I,.H mat,n« V 0. I,, no I.-h m.U qu- Iph .linnuull 7 
 11 <Ht mid. ; In domostKiun mot-il In couvnit P 8. II nn In tnrt 
 )m« nncorn ; ,1 v,i In mnttn tout .\ I'luMirn. !). I,n dinnr ,,"7 
 11 ims piTt:- 10. Ln domostiqun Ato-t-il In noiivnrt h 11 I| 
 
 tiop dm.id. U J.«.ttM.vou8 ftiiro un Imbit dn drai) V lo .In 
 fais f«uo un h.ih.t do drni, ot un gilnt d., H„tin n„ir. Hi Xn 
 tii.tM.yo.iH point ruccon.modor voa iMintoulloH <in voIoui-h :- 1 7 
 >o taitc's vouH pas creuHor uno civo P 18. .In f..i« ccuHnr un,' 
 K|andn cavo. IS). Q,,,, vout dim r«pothinairn :- 20. 11 v" 
 
 no qu . a .oHom d'argont. 21. Havnz-vouH nn qun cnla nu 
 duo r 22. Cela vnu d.ro quo votro frero nst ianho nontrc vouh. 
 \Lt7'"''T'\ "'"W" ^° '"''"'•" ^"t'-^' "'"ntnauP 21. J'a 
 i^r j'i;[Xud " "' """ ^ ^'■""'^ *'"''**• '^'''- '^' '''''' '''''««•' 
 
 EXEUCISE GO. 
 1. Do yoii tako off your coat P 2. I do not tak.; oil' ir.v 
 
 littlo boy take oft his shoes and stockings ? fS 21 U) 1 (j 71,. 
 
 7 Do sThaf 'lif ^vfr"\t» p"t thc^i oi.^.gaiV(i.!:;. ;. 
 
 /. Does that httio girl l,»y th.! cloth P 8. She lays tho doth 
 every day a noon (mufi). 9. Does she take away the ting 
 after dinner P 10 She takes away the things ovry daV. U 
 Do you intend to have a coat made P 12. I int. rd to have a 
 coat made. 13 I am going to have a coat and a vest male 
 14. Dons your brother have his boots mended P 15 II,. has 
 tlum mended. 16. What does your son mean P 17. I do not 
 
 Whnr?"* fo T"'- ^?L ^' ^' ""^y ^''th 'no or with mv 
 WW -m r ^ >« neither angry with you nor with your 
 bi-othcr 20. Is ho afraid to spoil his coatP 21. He is not 
 Htmd to spoil it 22. Does the"^ druggist want m^ne^P "5 
 frn Jr Tl,"^""* ;."''^?y- . 2*- ^^^ y«"r «i«ter taken mv hook 
 
 mnV l? i-"^ ^°";^' '^T 'J^' ^ ^^"^ t^^'" »« ^^^^n^e the^• hurt 
 me K- >«^ >„an. 28. Do you intend to have a house built P 
 
 coat V 1?"'\;" ^^"^ '^r ^"^'*^ ^^- ^°^'« the tailor spoil vour 
 coat/ 31 JIo docs not spoil it. 32. Who «pn,-la y— -lutho^ ■■' 
 
 waai^at&r? *^"'"- " ''• ''^'* ^-t doVou wear ^ ' 35."t 
 
 ■ i 
 
 * > t 
 
 Mil 
 
 1; 1 
 
 t 
 
 f 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 •: i i 
 
 I-? . 1 ! 
 
 li> 
 
 f 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 • s 
 
 i t 
 [ 1 
 
90 
 
 Section XXXIII. 
 
 IMPEIISONAL VEUMH.* 
 
 1. The impersonal verb is conjugated only in tho third 
 person singular. Its nominative pronoun il, it, is used abso- 
 lutely, i.e. it represents no noun previously expressed. 
 
 II pleufc aujourd'hui. It rains to-day. 
 
 2. The impersonal verb assumes the termination of the class 
 or conjugation to which it belongs. Some verbs are always 
 impersonal, and will be found in § 64. Others are only occa- 
 sionally so, and if irregular, will be found in the personal form 
 in the same § 64. 
 
 3. Present of the Indicative of the Impeksonal Verbs. 
 Y AVOIR, to he there. Pleuvoie, to rain. Neiger, to snow. 
 
 II y a, there is, thei'e II pleut, it raim, it II neige, it snows, it ia 
 are. is raining. sno^oing. 
 
 Greler, to hail. Geler, to freeze. Degeler, to thaw. 
 
 II grdle (§ 50), it hails, T].%k\e(%m),itfreezes, l\A^Qh\6(%m),itt1iaivs, 
 it is hailing. it is freezing. it is thawing, 
 
 4. II y a means there is, or there are, and may be followed by 
 a singular or by a plural noun [§ 61]. 
 
 II y a du gibier au ma ch^. There is game in the market. 
 
 II y a des pommes dans votre There are apples in your garden. 
 jardin. 
 
 5. In relation to the weather, the verb faire is used imper- 
 sonally in the same manner as the English verb to be. 
 
 II fait beau temps aujourd'hui. It is fine weather to-day, 
 II fait chaud, il fait froid. It is warm, it is cold. 
 
 MiSCELLANEOtrS EXAMPLES. 
 
 Does it rain this m/yrning ? 
 It does not rain, it snows. 
 It is going to rain this morning 
 Does it not freeze this morning ? 
 It does not freeze, it is foggy. 
 
 Is there any sugar at your house ? 
 
 There is a great deal at my bro- 
 ther's. 
 
 Arc there several persons at my 
 house? 
 
 There are more than one hundred 
 persons. 
 
 Is there nobody at church f 
 
 Pleut-il ce matin ? 
 n ne pleut pas, il ncige. 
 n va pleuvoir ce matin. 
 Ne gfele-t-il pas ce matin ? 
 II ne g^le pas, il fait du brouil- 
 lard. 
 
 Y a-t-il du Sucre chez vous ? 
 
 II y en a beaucoup chez men 
 fr^re. 
 
 Y a-t-il plusieurs personnes chez 
 moi? 
 
 II y a plus de cent personnes. 
 
 N'y a-t-il personne i I'^glise ? 
 
 * By impersonal verbs is simply meant those verbs which are used 
 only iii the thiiil person 3iuj|iuar, as they have, properly spcuking-, no 
 wersonal subject ; for though il is used, it is neuter, being derived from 
 tiatin illud, and it should not be confounded with the maBCuline pro< 
 uouu li, which is derived from ille. 
 
91 
 
 n n'y a encore personne. 
 Est-il trop t6t ? 
 Au contraire, il est trop tard. 
 Fait-il froid ou chaud auiour- 
 
 d'hui? 
 II fait chaud et humide. 
 Fait-il du vent ou du brouillard ? 
 II fait un temps bien dtJsagr^a- 
 
 ble. 
 
 There is as yet nu one there. 
 Is it too soon f 
 
 On the rontrar]/, it is too late. 
 Is it cold or warm to-day ? 
 
 It is wann and damp. 
 Is it windy or foggy i 
 It is very disagreeable weather. 
 
 EXEKCISE 61. 
 
 Assemble, f. assem- Couvert, e, cloudii. 
 -D&'^y^^' . ^<=urie, f. stable. 
 
 Bibhoth6nue,f.iJ6»-a7'?/. Epais, ae, thick. 
 Brouillard, m. fog. Foin, m. huy. 
 Chambre, f. room. Gibier, m. gan 
 Cinquante,X/i?^. Humide, da»ii.. 
 
 Manuscrit, m. vianu- 
 
 script. 
 Veau, m. veal. 
 Vent, m. wind. 
 Volaille, f. poultry. 
 
 .nLS''VT^-f -w "^^ aujourd'hui? 2. II fait un temps 
 superoe. 6. J?ait-il tres beau tempa auiourd'hui P 4 II f^nt 
 un tempB couvort et humide. 6. Pleut-il beaucoup ce' matin ? 
 b. 11 ne pleut pas encore, mais 11 va pleuvoir. 7. Fait-il du 
 vent oudu brouillard? 8. II ne fait pas de vent. 9. Le 
 brouillard est tres epais. 10. Combien de personnes y a-t-il a 
 lassemblee^ II. n y a plus de deux cents [Sect. 19, 71 per- 
 
 ll^v^^.l^ .^,^o^T,'" ?^^ teaucoup de manuscrits dans votre 
 bibhotheque .-> 13. II n'y en a pas beaucoup, il n'y en a que 
 cmquante-cinq. 14 Fa t-U trop froid pour vous dans cette 
 chambre ? 15. II n'y fait ni trop froid ni trop chaud. 16 Y 
 a-t-il beaucoup de foin dans votre ecurie ? 17. II y en a assez 
 pour mon cheval. 18. Restez-vous k la maison quand il pleut ? 
 19. Quand il pleut je reste a la maison, mais quand il fait beau 
 temps jevais Chez mon cousin. 20. Y a-t-il de la viande au 
 marche.P 21. II y en a beaucoup, il y a aussi du gibier. 22 
 U y a du veau, du mouton et de la volaille. 23. N'y a-t-il pas 
 aussides legumes etdes fruits P 24. II n'y en a pas. 25 II v 
 en a aussi. ^ ' 
 
 Exercise 62. 
 1. Are you cold this morning P 2. I am not cold, it is warm 
 this morning. 3. Is it foggy or windy ? 4. It is neither fogi?v 
 nor windy, it rains in torrents (a verse). 5. Is it going to rain 
 or to snow P 6. It is going to freeze, it is very cold. 7. It is 
 windy and foggy 8. Is there anybody at your brother's to- 
 Tn^T J' ^ brother is at home, and my sister is at church 
 10. Is there any meat in the market ? 11. There is meat and 
 poultry. 12. Is it too warm or too cold for your sister in this 
 room 1^ 13. It is not so warm in this room as in your brother's 
 library 14 Are there good English books in your sister's 
 noraryr' 15. Ihere are some good ones. 16. Are there 
 peaches and plums in yov.r garden? 17. Thoro aro many. 
 tV;V, -Z^" ^^°^^^° ** y^"'^ brother's when it snows? 19 
 When It snows we remain at home. 20. Aro there ladies at 
 your mother's? 21. Your two sisters are there to-day. 22. 
 
 t i *\ 
 
 li 
 
 
 J- : 
 
 
 
 P; 
 
 ; :* 
 
 i: 
 
 ."'■" \ 
 
 
 !: 
 
 li 
 
92 
 
 Have you time to go and fetch them P 23. I have no time 
 this morning. 24. Is your horso in the stable P 25. It is not 
 there, it is at my brother's. 26. Does it hail this morning? 
 27. It does not hail, it freezes. 28. What weather is it this 
 morning ? 29. It is very fine weather. 30. Is it too warm ? 
 31. It is neither too warm nor too cold. 32. Is it going to 
 freeze? 33. It is going to snow. 34. Does it snow every 
 day ? 35. It does not snow every day, but it snows very often 
 {soHvent). 
 
 Section XXXIV. 
 
 I'LACE OF THE ADVEKB (§ 132). 
 
 1. In simple tenses, the adverb generally toUovvs the verb, 
 and ia placed as near it as possible : — 
 
 Your clerk writes verii weU. 
 That i/oungladif reads veri/badlii. 
 
 2. When a verb is in the infinitive, the negatives ne and 
 pas, ne and rien, &c., may be placed before it : — 
 
 A'otre commis (Scrit tres bien. 
 Cette demoiselle lit tr^s mal. 
 
 Ne pas parler, ne pas lire. 
 
 Ne jamais mentir ; ne rien voir. 
 
 Not to speak, not to read. 
 Neve^' to tell a lie; to 
 nothing. 
 
 see 
 
 3. The adverb assez, enough, tolerably, precedes generally the 
 other adverbs. It precedes also adjectives and nouns : — 
 
 Vous ^crivez assez correctement. 
 Vous avez assez de livres. 
 Cet enfant est assez attentif. 
 
 You xorite pretty correctly. 
 You have books enough. 
 That child is attentive enough. 
 
 4. Voici means, here is ; yoUk, there is : — 
 
 Voici le liwe que vous aimez. Here is the book which you, like. 
 Voiia le monsieur dout vous There is the gentleman of whom 
 parlez. you speak. 
 
 6. Dans is used for in or into, when the noun which follows 
 it is preceded by an article, or by a possessive, demonstrative, 
 or numeral adjective [§ 138 (2)] : — 
 
 Le ' layon est dans le pupitre. The pencil is in the desk. 
 Mettez cette lettre dans votre Put this Utter into your trunk. 
 malle. 
 
 6. En is used for to, in, or into, coming after the verbs to be, 
 to go, to reside, followed by the name of a part of the earth, a 
 country, or province : — 
 
 Notre ami est en France. 
 Vous allez en Italie. 
 
 Our friend is in France. 
 You go to Italy. 
 
 7. The preposition k is used for the words at or to, in or into, 
 before the name oi a town, city, or village, preceded by the 
 verbs mentioned above : — 
 
 II va a Pari* le mois prochain. He u going to Paris next riumth. 
 
9S 
 
 8. The fame preposition is used in the expressions, k la 
 campagne, k la ville, k la chasse, k la pfiche, &c. 
 
 Nous allons a la campagne. We <jo into the country. 
 
 V 0U8 n nllez pas A la ville. Yov do not no to the ritii. 
 
 .le vais a la chaNse et u la peclie. / r/n hvvthui ami fishimt. 
 
 Induativk Phesent oi' THK luHEfiii.Au Vehus, 
 
 foNDiii-RE, 4. to ron- Ecri-re, 4. to write. Li-re, 4. to vend 
 duct. 
 
 .Tc conduis, / com/urt, J'^cris, I urite, do Je lis, I read, do read, 
 do conduct, or am urite, or am uritino ; or am read ina ■ 
 conductmn : 
 
 Tu conduis; Tu eciis, Tu lis, 
 
 II conduit, II ticrit, 11 lit, 
 
 Nous conduisons, Xous ^crivoiis, Nous lisons 
 
 Vous conduisez, Vous ^crivez, Vous lisez, ' 
 
 Us conduisent. Us t^crivent. lis lisent. 
 
 MiSCELLANEOlS ExAMl'LES. 
 
 Does your relation write well ? 
 He ivrites well enough and 
 
 rapidly enough. 
 We hare books enough. 
 We are attentive enough to our 
 
 lessons. 
 Thei'e is the young lady of whom 
 
 you speak. 
 Is not your horse in the field ? 
 
 V'otre parent ecrit-il bien ? 
 11 «5crit assez bien et asscz vite. 
 
 Nous avons assez de livres. 
 Nous Bommes assez attentifs a 
 
 nos lemons. 
 Voilil la demoiselle dont vous 
 
 parlez. 
 Votre cheval n'est-il pas dans le 
 
 champ ? 
 II n'y est pas, il est dans le jardin. 
 AUez-vousen Franco cetteann^e? 
 Nous allons a Paris et a Lyon. 
 Oil conduisez-vous oe jeune 
 
 homme ? 
 Je le conduis en Allemagne. 
 Demeurez-vous d la ville ? 
 Nous demeurons a la campagne. 
 Allez-vous souvent a la chasse ? 
 Nous allons quelquefois a la 
 
 p^che. 
 
 Exekci.se 63. 
 Associ^, m. partner. Fort, very. 
 Campagne, {.country. Peche, f. fishing. 
 
 Canif, m. penknife. Prusse, f. Prussia ^, ,, ,„,„,. 
 
 Chasse, f. hunting. Rapidement, rapidly. Vite, quickly. 
 Commis, m. clerk. Rend-re, 4. to return. Voyage, m. journey. 
 
 1. ^crivez-vous encore la mcme le^on ? 2. Jo n'ecris plug 
 la meme, j'en ecris une autre. 3. Votre commis ecrit-il 
 rapidement P 4. II ecrit fort bien, mais il n'dcrit pas vite. 5. 
 N'avez-vous pas assez d'argent pour acheter cette ten-e P 6. J'ai 
 assez d'arpent, mais j'ai I'intention de faive im voyage en 
 Franco. 7. Voilu votre livre, en avez-vous besoin P" °8. Je 
 n en ai pas besoin, j'en ai un autre. 9. Avez-vous encore besoin 
 de mon canif P 10. Je n'en ai plus besoin, je vais vous lo 
 
 It is not there, it is in the garden. 
 Do you go to France this year ? 
 We go to Paris and to Lyons. 
 Whei'c do you take this younc/ 
 
 man ? 
 I take him to Germany. 
 Do you lire in the town / 
 We live in the country. 
 Do you go often hunting ? 
 We sometimes go fishing. 
 
 Suisse, f. ^oitzerland. 
 Terre, f. farm, estate. 
 Ville, f, to\on, city. 
 
 i 
 
 . (. 
 
 ail 
 
I 
 
 rendre. 11. Notre • cousin demeure-t-il k la ville P 12. line 
 demeure plus k la ville, il demeure k lit campagne. 13. Aimo- 
 t-il a aller k la chasse ? 14. II n'aime pas a allor il la chasso. 
 15. II va tous les jours a la pecho. 16. Notro associe est-il a 
 Pans ou a Rouen i- 17. II eat a Marseille. 18. Ou avoz-vous 
 I'lntention de conduiro votre fils ? 19. Je vais le conduiro eu 
 Italie. 20. Demeurez-vous a Milan ou t\ Florence ? 21. Je 
 ne demeure ni a Milan ni a Florence, je demeure a Turin. 22. 
 Votre ami demeure-t-il en Suisse Y 23. 11 no demeure plus ori 
 Suisse, il demeure en Prusse. 24. Votre domestiquo est-il a 
 reghse ? 25. Non, ]\[onsieur, il est a I'ecole. 
 
 ExEUCisE 64. 
 1. Does your clerk write as well iis your son ? 2. Ho writes 
 tolerably well, but not so well as my son. 3. Have you books 
 enough in your library ? 4.1 have not books enough, but I 
 mtend to buy some more. 5. Here is your sister's letter, will 
 you read it ':' 6. I intend to read it. 7. Does your son like to 
 go fishmg > 8. He likes to go fishing and hunting. 9. When 
 does he like to go fishing l-- 10. When I am in thp country. 
 11. What do you do when you are in the city? 12. When I 
 am in the city, 1 read and learn my lesson. 13. Do you intend 
 to go to France this yearP 14. I intend to go to Germany 
 15. Will you go to the city if it {a'il) lainsH 16. When it 
 rains I always remain.at home [R. 1], 17. How many friends 
 have you in the city ? 18. I have many friends there. 19 
 Are there many English in France? 20. There are many- 
 English in Fiunce a nd in Italy (Italie). 21. Are there moi4 
 English in Germany than in Italy? 22. There are more 
 English in Italy than in Germany. 23. Is it fine weather in 
 Italy ? 24. It is very fine weather there. 25. Does it often 
 freeze there ? 26. It freezes sometimes there, but not often. 
 27. Does that young lady read as well as her sister P 28. She 
 reads better than her sister, but her sister reads better than I. 
 29. Is there any one at your house? 30. My father is at home. 
 31. Is your brother-in-law absent ? 32. My brother-in-law is 
 at your house. 33. There is no one at home to-day. 
 
 Section XXXV. 
 
 1. The indefinite pronoun on has no exact equivalent in 
 Enghsh. It may be rendered by one, we, you, they, people, &c 
 accordmg to the idea to be expressed. On * has, of course, no - 
 antecedent, and sometimes refers to a particular person [§ 42 
 
 On doit honorer la vertu. We should honour virtue. 
 
 On nous apporte de I'argent. Money is brought to us. 
 
 2. As may be seen in the last example, on is often the nomi- 
 native of an active verb, which is best rendered in English by 
 the passive voice [§ 109 {!}] :— 
 
 • • Although generally expressing plurality, yet on, which is only used 
 ftp Bubjeot, alviays governs its verb in the third person singular. 
 
95 
 
 Un raconte des histoires smgulieres. Simjidar historic^ are related. 
 On r^colte beaucoup be bl^ en Muck wheat is harvested dp-own) 
 i^ ranee. j,j Fraiice. 
 
 3. Avoir lieu, answers to the English expression, to take 
 
 ffvttCO .' — 
 
 Cela a lieu tous les jours. That takes place every day. 
 
 4. Au lieu de, answers to the English, iustcad of. The verb 
 which lollov.s it must, according to Rule 2, Sect/L'O, h« nut in 
 tlie infinitive : — 
 
 Au lieu d etudier, il joue. Instead of study, mj, he plays. 
 
 5. Devoir, to owe, is used before an infinitive, like the English 
 verb to be, to express obligation : — 
 
 Je dois lui ecrire demain. / am to write to him to-inorrow. 
 
 JVous devons y aller demain. We are to r/o there to-morrmo. 
 C. Recevoir des nouvelles, means, to hear from .•— 
 
 Devez-vous recevoir des nouvelles Are you to hear from your sister 1 
 de votre soeur ? j j < . 
 
 7. Entendre parler answers to th<,> English phi-asc, to hear of 
 
 or about : — -^ 
 
 Do you often hear of your friends? 
 
 Entendez-vous souvcnt parler de 
 vos amis ? 
 
 MiSCELLANKOlS ExAMl'LES. 
 
 Que dit-on de nous dans la ville ? What do they say ofns in the eitii ' 
 
 On ne parle pas de vous. People do not speak of you. " ' 
 
 ^e mange-ton pas tous les jours ? Do not people eat every day '» 
 
 On mange quand on a faim. People cat when they are humjru. 
 
 On trouve beaucoup d or en Cali- Much gold is found in California. 
 forme. ■' 
 
 Dit-on quelque chose de nouveau ? Do they (people) say anything new ? 
 
 On ne dit rien de nouveau. Nothing new is said. 
 
 A-t-on re^u des nouvelles de Has anything been heard from 
 
 George? | Gewgei 
 
 On n a pointentendu parlerdelui. ' Nothing has been heard of him. 
 On n a pomt re^u de ses nouvelles. They have not heard frmn him. 
 ^evez-vous 6crire a notre ami ? i Are you to ivrite to our friend ? 
 
 Je dois lui ecrire demain. ' ' 
 
 Le concert doit-il avoir lieu 
 
 soir .' 
 
 j / am to write to him to-morrow. 
 ce Is the concert to take place this 
 evening ? 
 It is to take place this mwning. 
 \ I come instead of my bi'other. 
 ' He dances instead of walking. 
 
 11 doit avoir lieu ce matin. 
 Je viens au lieu de mon frere. 
 11 danse au lieu de marcher. 
 
 Exercise 65. 
 
 Afrique, f. ^/noa. Fourn-ir,2.to/MrnMA. Part-ir, 2. to depart, 
 
 Alger, Algiers. Habits, m.p. clothes. to set out, to leave. 
 
 Apport-er 1. to h'lng. Malade, ill. Prochain, e, next. 
 
 Uemam^ to-morrow. Mois, m. month. Sav-oir, 3 ir. to know. 
 
 s-iRman<.,m.ttiam(;rta. Or, m. gold. Voyage, m. journey. 
 
 1. Vous apporte-t-on de I'argent tous les jours? 2. On ne 
 
 m'en apporte pas tous les jours. 
 D* 
 
 3. Vous fournit-on dei habits 
 
 W^i 
 
 li , 
 
 ' 'I 
 
 51 I 
 
 
 :!j 
 
96 
 
 quand vous en avez. besoin ? [Sect. 21.] 4. On m'en foumit 
 toutes les foia {every tinie) que j'en ai besoin. 5. A-t-on besoin 
 d 'argent quand on est malade ? 6. Quand on est malade, on 
 en a grand besoin. 7. Avez-vous rc(,'u des nouvelles de mon 
 fils? 8. Je n'ai point rc(;u de sea nouvoUea. 9. Ne dit-on 
 pas qu'il est en Afriquiji^ 10. On dit qu'il doit pavtir pour 
 Alger. 11. Quand doit-il commencer son voyage? 12. On 
 dit qu'il doit lo commenccr le mois prochain. 13. Ce mariago 
 a-t-il lieu aujourd'hui on domain ? 14. On nous dit qu'il doit 
 avoir lieu cotte aprea-midi. 1.5. II aura lieu a cinq beures et 
 demie. 16. Avez-vous envie de vonir an lieu do votro frere ? 
 17. Mon fr^ro doit venir au lieu de notre cousin. 18. Avcz- 
 voua r intention de lui dire ce qu'il doit faire? 19. II sait co 
 qu'il doit faire. 20. Savez-voua ce qu'on dit de nouveau ? 
 21. On ne dit rien de nouveau. 22. Trouve-t-on beaucoup d'or 
 en Californie ? 23. On y en trouve beaucoup. 24. Y trouve-t-on 
 aussi dea diamants ? 25. On n'y en trouve point, on n'y trouve 
 que de I'or. 
 
 EXEKCISB 66. 
 
 1. What do people say of me ? 2. People say that you are 
 not very attentive to your lessons. 3. Is it said that much 
 gold is found in Africa ? 4. It is said that much gold is found 
 in California. 5. Do they bring you books every day ? 6. 
 Books are brought to me [R. 2] every day, but I have no time 
 to read them. 7. What should one do {doit-on faire) when one 
 is in ? 8. One should send for a physician. 9. Do you ser 
 for my brother ? 10. I am to send for him this morning. 1 1. 
 Do you hear from your son every day ? 12. I hear from him 
 every time that your brother comes. 13. Does the sale (venfe, 
 f.) take place to-day ? 14. It takea place thia afternoon. 15, 
 At what time {heure) does it take place ? 16. It takes place at 
 half paat three. 17. I have a wish to go there, but my 
 brother is ill. 18. What am I to do ? 19. You are to write 
 to your brother, who, it is said {dit-on), is very ill. 20. Is he 
 to leave for Africa? 21. He is to leave for Algiers. 22. Do 
 you come instead of your father ? 23. I am to write instead 
 of him. 24. Does the concert take place this morning ? 26. 
 It ia to take place this afternoon. 26. Do you know at what 
 hour ? 27. At a quarter to five. 28. Is your brother coming ? 
 29. My brother ia not coming, he has no time. 30. Are you 
 angry with your brother? 31. I am not angry with him. 32. 
 Is anything new said ? (Is there anything new P) 33. There is 
 nothing new. 34. What is said of hira ? 35. Nothing is said 
 of him. 
 
 Section XXXVI. 
 
 PRONOMINAL VERBS (§ 44 (6), § 57). 
 
 1. A verb is called pronominal when it ia conjr,gs.tod with 
 two pronouns of the same person, i.e. the usual nominative 
 pronoun and the pronouns me, te, se, &c. [§ 67.] 
 
97 
 
 In these verbs, the second pronoun is in fact only the obiec- 
 
 o^irT^ direct or indirect, which, according to Rules 1 and 
 i, beet. 26, 18 placed before the verl 
 
 T.,.^;v,^^^r- T^^ cxpress-lst, an acti.xi performed and suffered 
 bj the subject, and are then called promminal reflective verbs. 
 
 n se flatte. 
 Us se louent. 
 
 Heflattcru himself. 
 They praise tkcmselrcs. 
 
 2nd, an action reciprocated between two or more subiocts in 
 which case they are only used in the plural, and are called l-o" 
 nominal reciprocal verbs, as :— ^ '^n' tuuea p) o- 
 
 fW^n°fTf«f'^^^°"'-^'""i'''''*™' We shall help each othei-. 
 
 Ces enfants s entr'aiment. These children love one another. 
 
 Jl^' *? *';?''" '*"''"y confined to the subject; these are 
 caUed naturally pronominal verbs, and are expressed in EnkUsh 
 by transitive or intransitive verbs as the case may be •— 
 
 Je me souviens de cela. 
 Son oiseau s'envolera. 
 
 / remember that. 
 
 Her bird will fly away. 
 
 3. The reflective form of the verb, which is much more fre- 
 quently used m .^rench than in English, often answers to the 
 passive form qo common in the latter language :— 
 
 Cela se voit tous les jours. i ^^^^ '" ^^'^'^ ^^'^m t^i/— literally, 
 
 ^ .. I. J. , \ That sees itself every daii. 
 
 Cette marchandise se vend fa- ( That merchandise isea^^ih, sold 
 
 cuement. \ That merchandise sells itself easily. 
 
 Cela se fait ainsi, i ^^'^'^^ '^ *>«« thus. 
 
 \ That does itself so. 
 
 \^tJl^ i?''^ *®. P?'^®'"' literally, to carry one's self, is used 
 idiomaticaUy for to do or to be m speaking of health :— 
 
 Comment vous poi tez-vous ? 
 Je me porte tr^s bien. 
 
 How do you do ? 
 I am very well. 
 
 5. S'aaaeoir [4 ir. see § 64], to sit down, is also a reflective 
 verb : — 
 
 Votre fr^re s'assied. 
 
 6. Se promener mi . 
 health : — 
 
 Je me prom^ne tous les jours. 
 Je me prom^ne d, cheval. 
 
 Your brother sits down, 
 to walk, to ride, &c., for pleasure, or 
 
 / take a iwilk every day. 
 I take a ride. 
 
 7. Marcher, aller ^cheval, aller en voiture, signify to walk 
 or to ride, when we wish to express simply the manner of pro- 
 gressing : — '■ r j •■ f^" 
 
 ^0^8'"''°"^ ''eaucoup tous les Do ymi wnJk mvM every day ? 
 
 I ride on horseback and in a 
 carriage. 
 
 Je vais & cheval et en voiture. 
 
 fill 
 
 f . 
 
 
 ? ^H 
 
 i ;■ 
 
 
 ''■ 
 
 
 'fl 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^^^^1 
 
 ; 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 ^'1 
 
 f / 
 
 ffl 
 
 ■ >;^^H 
 
 
 ! ''^H 
 
i 
 
 91 
 
 8. CoNJfOATlON OP THE PRESENT OF THE InDICATITE OV 
 
 THE Pronominal Vemhb. 
 
 Se promen-eb, 1. to S'asse-oib, 3. ir. to8it 
 walk or ridv. down. 
 
 Se port-ek, 1. to be 
 
 or do. 
 Je me porte, /a»i or Je me promfene, I take Je m'assiedsj/stYrfoivH 
 
 do; 
 Tu te portes, 
 II se porte, 
 Nous nous portons, 
 Vous vous portez, 
 lis se portent. 
 
 a walk or ride ; or am »ittii¥j down; 
 
 Tu te promenes [§ 30], T\i t'assieds, 
 II se promene, II s'assied, 
 
 Nous nous promenons, Nous nous asseyons, 
 Vous vous promenez, Vous vous asseyez, 
 lis se prominent. lis s'asseieut. 
 
 also § 
 
 9. The reflective pronouns in the imperative of pronominal 
 verbs follow Rule 4 of Sect. 26, and Rules 3, 4, of Sect. 27, and 
 97 (2) (3) :- 
 
 Asseyons-nouM asseyez-vous. Let ua sit doion, sit dovm, 
 Ne nous asseyons pas. Lit us not sit down. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 A quoi vous appliquez-vous ? 
 .Te m'occupe tie mes affaires. 
 .Te m'adresse ii mes amis. 
 Vous adressez-vous k voire pere ? 
 Je m'adresse si lui [§ 97 (4)], 
 Comment se porte Monsieur votre 
 
 pfere ? 
 II se porte passablement bien. 
 Pourquoi ne vous asseyez-vous 
 
 pas? 
 Jem'assieds(iuand je suis fatigue. 
 Je n'ai pas le temps de m'asseoir. 
 Vous promenez- vous tous le^. jours'. I 
 Je me promene en voiture au- 
 
 jourd hui. 
 Nos amis se promfenent-ils a 
 
 cheval ? 
 N'aimez-vous pas A marcher ? 
 J'aime beaucoup a aller d cheval. 
 Aimez-vous a vous promener ? 
 Asseyons-nous, s'il vous plait. 
 Ne nous asseyons-nous pas ? 
 Ne nous asseyons pas, il est trop 
 
 tard. 
 Combien ce drap se vend-il le * 
 
 m^tre ? 
 II se vend vingt-cinq francs le 
 
 m6tre. 
 Comment cela s'appelle-t-il ? 
 
 Comment vous appelez-[§ .50 (4)] 
 vous ? 
 
 To what do yon apply yourself? 
 
 I occupy myself with my affair.^. 
 
 I apply to my friends. 
 
 Do you apply to your father ! 
 
 1 apply to him. 
 
 Hoio is your father ? 
 
 He is tolerably well. 
 Why do you not sit doion f 
 
 I sit doivn when I am weary. 
 
 I have no time to sit down. 
 
 Do you take a xvalk every day ? 
 
 I take a ride today (in a car- 
 riage). 
 
 Do your friends take a ride to- 
 day? 
 
 Do you not like walking '!■ 
 
 I like riding much. 
 
 Do youlikewalking( for pleasure)? 
 
 Let u^ sit down, if you please. 
 
 Do we not sit down ? 
 
 Let us not sit dovm, it is too late. 
 
 How much is that cloth sold a 
 
 yard ? 
 It is sold twenty-Jive francs the 
 
 metre. 
 Hmo is that called ? What is 
 
 the name of that '!■ 
 What is your name ? Hoxo do 
 
 you call yourself? 
 
 * The English indefinite article a or an before a noun expressing 
 measure is rendered into French by the definite article le, ISf when 
 mentioning a price. 
 
Banquier, m. banker 
 (^heval, m. horse. 
 Comment, how. 
 Drap, m. doth. 
 Fatigii(<, e, wcari/, 
 tired. 
 
 09 
 
 Exercise 67. 
 Magnifique, magniji- Pied, m. foot. 
 
 cent. J'orter, I. to mrri/,wear 
 
 Watm, m. morning. Quelquefois, mne- 
 Alieux, better. times. 
 
 Oblige, e, ohlir/ed. Quitter, 1. to leave. 
 i'art-ir, 2. to set out. Voiture, f. can-iage. 
 
 1. Comment ce monsieur s'appeUe-t-il 'f 2. Je no sais com. 
 Tin mT^^'' 1?- ^^"« T^' °« B'appelle-t-ell pas L ' 
 i;il ?'•! V ^"'''' ^"f: '^PP'^"" ^^- •^- Monsieur voire p^re se 
 porte-t.a bien ce matm? 6 II se porto beaucoup mieux. 7. 
 
 finni ^ iT ^'""P' aujourd'hui? 8. II fait un temps magni. 
 lique, nallez-vous pas vous promener? 9. Nous n'avoni ni 
 troTfiHl''?'*"'- ^0-Nepouvez-vous marcher? H Josuk 
 
 1C8 matms ? 13. Je me prom&ne tous lea matins. 14. Com- 
 ment vous prom enez- vous P 16. Quelquefois a pied ot quel- 
 quefois en voiture. 16. A qui vous adressez-vous quand vous 
 avez besom d'argent P 1 7. Je madresse i mon banquier. 18 
 We ^oulez.vous pas vous asseoir? 19. Nous vous sommes 
 bien obliges. 20. Ce drap se vend-il fort bienT 21 Tso 
 vend fort Cher. 22 Xe devez-vous pas aUer T a canpagne 
 
 aujourd hui ? 24. II doit partir demain matin. 25. Ma smur 
 80 prom^ne tous les matins ^"^ 
 
 Exercise 68. 
 
 n J;,.'^°^^ ^'''"'' 'i'*^JT^\^ ^''^'^J* ^^y ^ 2- She takes a walk 
 
 every moi-ning 3 She hkes riding on horseback and in a 
 
 carriage 4. What is that little girl caUed ? 5. She is caUed 
 
 „ .J^^ "°* *'^^* gentleman called L. P 7. No Sir hn ia 
 
 r^Iv^'broTht^i' ^'^"'^ " if^vf^l^- «•• How is your SothVp 
 9. My brother is very weU, but my sister is net well. 10 
 
 to dlv^^'lf W^r ^^"&?*Ti ^^- ^^^y ^^« t°^«^"Wy well 
 to-day. 12. Will you not sit down, gentlemen ? 13. We are 
 much obhged to you. Madam, we have not time. 14. Does that 
 .nl^A ^'^ ^. n^- ^^ ''^ ""'^y ^^"- 16. How much 7s that 
 ;« T« ?f V'"'^ ^^'T^*'1 ^ 1^- ^* ^« ««ld six francs a vard. 
 18. Is It fine weather to-day? 19. It is very fine weather 
 will 5-ou not take a walk? 20. I have no timJ to walk If 
 
 banW°°'9f Tyv"''i,^'.^*^''.*?P^>'^ 22. He applies to his 
 vTl 0? •JA,^'^^'"''*^^''.^* ^°'"^- 24. No, Sir, he is at 
 f^i^^ri f • T^l? '^°^'.^*^ intend to go to France? 26. Ho 
 mtends to go to France m one month. 27. Is your sister to 
 eaye to-morrow morning P 28. She is to leave to-day if (,'i/) 
 It 18 fine weather 29. What do people say of this? 30 
 
 w2J^ t? waxk; o2. I am not too much fatigued, but I 
 5r T HlT'^-^*'' ''^^'l- ^T^\^« i'^'^ ^^^ walking%r riding? 
 like lalkfuK *^ '^ "°°'^ ^°"'- ^^- ^ ^'^ ^°* 
 
 I 
 
 « ( 
 
 'I i 
 
 ^ '.'( 
 
 l» 
 
% 
 
 100 
 
 Section XXXVII. 
 
 1. The reflective pronoun is often used to express possession, 
 instead of the possessive adjective. In such casus the article 
 takes the place of this adjective, before the noun» [§ 77 (99)]. 
 
 Vous chauflFez-vous les pieds? Do you wmnn your feet '! 
 
 Je me chauff o les mains et les i)ied8. / tvarm my hands and feet. 
 
 2. Se souvenir [2 ir. See § 62], b6 rappeler [§ 49 (4)], cor- 
 respond to the English verb to remeinbcr. Se rappeler takes a 
 direct object, besides its reflective pronoun, wactliur the former 
 is a noun or a pronoun :— 
 
 Vous rappelez-vous ces demoiselles? Do you remember those young 
 
 ladies I 
 Je ne me les rappclle pas. / do not remember thcin. 
 
 3. Custom seems, however, to sanction the use of the prepo- 
 sition de between the verb se rappeler and an infinitive : — 
 
 Nous ne nous rappelons pas d'en We do not remember havinfj been 
 avoir m prives (Condillac). deprived of it, 
 
 4. Se souvenir takes the preposition de before a noun or 
 pronoun as well as before an infinite : — 
 
 Voussouvenez-vousdecetteaffaire? Do you rcmetnher that affair ? 
 
 Je ne m'en souviens pas. I do not remember it. 
 
 Je me souviens de lui avoir dcrit. I rememberhavingtm'ittentohim. 
 
 •"5. Se coucher, corresponds to the English verbs to retire, to 
 go to bed : — 
 
 Je me couche de bonne heure. / retire early. 
 
 6. Se lever [§ 50 (6)] means to rise, to get up : — 
 
 Je.me 16ve au point du jour. I rise at the break of dav. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Vous coupez-vous les ongles ? 
 Je me coupe les ongles et les che- 
 
 veux. 
 Vous coupez-vous les doigts ? 
 Je me coupe souvent les doigts, 
 
 quand je taille ma plume. 
 Vous rappelez-[§ 50 (4)] vous les 
 
 malheurs du frferode votre ami? 
 Je me rappelle ses malheiu-s. 
 Je me les rappelle distinctement. 
 Je me rappelle de I'avoir vu. 
 Vour souvenez-vouB de cela ? 
 Je ne m'en bouviens pas du tout. 
 A (][uelle heure vous couchez-vous? 
 
 Do you cut pour naih f 
 I cut my nails and hair. 
 
 Do you cut your fingers f 
 
 I often cut my finger's, when I 
 
 ■mend my pen. 
 Do you remember the misforttinea 
 
 of your friend's brother ? 
 I remember his viisfortunes. 
 I recollect them distinctly. 
 I remember having seen him. 
 Do you remember that ? 
 / do not remember it at all. 
 At what hour do you retire ? 
 
 * This form is only used with nouns referring to the Tarious parts of 
 toe human body. 
 
101 
 
 Nous nous coHchons tous leu jours 
 
 (lu coucher du soleil. 
 Nous nous levons do meilleure 
 
 heure quo vou», — au lever du 
 
 soleil. 
 II so Ihve h cinq heures du matin, 
 
 et il se couche ^ dix heures et 
 
 demie du soir. 
 
 Wc yo to bed every day at auntct. 
 
 We rise earl'er than you,— at tun- 
 rite. 
 
 He rises at five o'elork in the mom- 
 imi, and goes to bed at half past 
 ten in the evening . 
 
 Associ^, m. partner. 
 
 Hois, m. wood. 
 
 Boucher, m. butrhei: 
 
 Chari)entier, m. car- 
 penter. 
 
 De meilleure lieure, 
 earlier. 
 
 Doigt, m. finger, 
 
 Fer, m. iron. 
 
 EXERCIHK 69. 
 
 Feu, m. fire. 
 Main, f. hand, 
 Parfaiteint'ut, pei'- 
 
 fectly. 
 Terruquier, m. hair 
 
 dresse : 
 I'oele, n.. stove. 
 Pouce, m. thumb. 
 Promesse, f. promise. 
 
 Se brftl-or, 1. rcf. to 
 burn one's self. 
 
 Se chauff-er, 1. ruf. to 
 iraiin oiw's self. 
 
 Se souvenir, to remem- 
 ber {see Venir, § 62). 
 
 S'occup-er, 1. to occupy 
 one's self. 
 
 Travaill-er, 1. toworh: 
 
 1. Le pprruquier se coupe-t-il le pouce ? 2. Non, Monsieur, 
 il se coupe lea cheveux. 3. Lo charpentier ne se coupe-t-il pas 
 la main h 4. II no se coupe pas la main, il coupe le bois. 5. 
 Ne vous rappelez-yous pas cetto dame f 6. Je me rappelle cette 
 dame et ces messieurs. 7. Do quoi vous occupez-vous Y 8. 
 Nous nous occupons de nos affau-es. 9. Vous souvenez-vous 
 des fusils de votre p^re P 10. Je ne m'en souviens point du. 
 tout. 11. Cette petite fille ne se brule-t-elle pas P 12. Ellene 
 se briile pas, il n'y a pas de feu dans le poele. 13. Pourquoi le 
 boucher ne so chauffe-t-il pas? 14. Parcoqu'il n'a pas froid. 
 15. Ces enfants se levent-ils de meilleure heure que moi P 16. 
 lis se couchent de bonne heure, et lis se levent tons les matins 
 a six heures. 17. Votre associe ne vout-il pas s'asseoirp 18. 
 II n'a pas le temps de s'asseoir, 19. Vous souvenez-vous de vos 
 promesses P 20. Je m'en souviens parfaitement. 21. Ne vous 
 chai;ffez-vou8 pas quand vous avez froid P 22. Je ne me chatiff e 
 presque jamais. 23. Ne so couche-t-on pas quand on a som- 
 meil ? 24. On se couche quand on a sommeil, et on mange 
 quand on a faiui. 25. Quand on so porte bien, se Ifeve-t-on de 
 bonne heure P 26. Quand on se porte bien, on doit {should) se 
 lever de bonne heure. 
 
 EXEKCISE 70. 
 
 1. Do you rise earlywhen you are well? 2. When I am 
 well, I rise every morning at five o'clock. 3. Do you remember 
 your cousin L. P 4. I remember him perfectly well. 5. Do 
 you go to bed early ? 6. We go to bed at ten o'clock. 7. Does 
 not the tailor bum his fingers P 8. He does not bum his fingers, 
 his iron is not warm. 9. Does the carpenter cut his thumb P 
 10. He cuts neither his thumb nor his hand. 11. Why do you 
 not warm yourself P 12. I do not warm myself, because I am 
 not cold. 13. Is it not very cold to-day P ' 14. It is not cold 
 to-iay, it rains. 15. Does your hair-dresser rise at sunrise? 
 10. The carpenter rises at sunrise and goes to bed at sunset. 
 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 ■ ii 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 n : 
 
 . (,. 
 
 I-" 
 
 1 
 
 '.6 " 
 
 i :n| 
 
 Mm 
 
 13 ■{ 
 
102 
 
 fT. Uo you rise earlier than I 18. Wo hho every inorninj? at 
 Uiin break of day. 19. Do you lut your Imir often"':' 20. I cut 
 my hair and my nails every month. 21. Do you remember 
 that gentleman ? 22, I remember him very wfll. 23. I do not 
 remember him. 24. Do you cut your finn^ers when you mond 
 a pen P 2.5. I cut my hand when t work. 20. Do you remem- 
 ber what you learn ? 27. I do not remember all that {tout ee 
 que) I learn. 28, Do you know if your father is well P 29. 
 He ia very well to-day. 30. Is not your mother well P 31. She 
 is not very well. 32. Do you rtJinembor your friend's misfor- 
 tunes P 33. I remember them. 34. I romember that. 
 
 Section XXXVIII. 
 
 1. The verb tromper, used in the active voice, corresponds to 
 the English verb to deceive : — 
 
 n trompe tout le monde. He deceives everybody. 
 
 2. Used reflectively, se tromper means to be mistaken, 
 literally, to deceive oiw't self : — 
 
 On 86 trompe bien gouvent. One ia often mistaken. 
 
 3. Ennuyer [§ 50 (2)], used actively, means to weary the 
 mind, to tease, to bore : — 
 
 Cet homme ennuie ses auditeurs. That man wearies his hearers. 
 Vous nous ennuyez par vos de- You tease, or weary ua by your 
 mandes. questions. 
 
 4. S'ennuyer has no exact correspondent in English. It 
 signifies generally, to be, or to become mentally weary of a thinq 
 or place. To be dull {weary) : — 
 
 Nous nous ennuyons ici. You are weary of being here. 
 
 Vous ennuyez-vous a la cam- Are you weary of being in the 
 pagne? country? 
 
 5. Je m'eimuie means in fact, / am mentally weary, I want 
 change, amusement, occupation, &c. : — 
 
 Je m'ennuie partout. I, find no anmsement aPfihferc. 
 
 6. S'amuser answers to the F.nglish expressions, to '•/. vc 
 one's self, to take pleasure in, to spend one's time in, to ;v ■' ■ „ s, 
 ment in, to enjoy one's self : — 
 
 Nous nous amusons a la cam- Wc enjoy oiirselvts in the countru. 
 pagne. 
 
 Vous vousamusez a des bagatelles. Y<m spend your time in trijtcs. 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 0>' ■. ".J 
 
 aui;, 
 
 11 se trompe bien rai-ement. 
 Ne vous trompez-vouB pas fr«5- 
 quemment P 
 
 J ■ ipe savvent soi-meme 
 uci.ihaii a tromper les 
 
 »n\Kjis ne se t^( -.ipc-t-il 
 
 We often deceive ourselves lohilc 
 seeking to deceive others. 
 
 Is not your clerk mistaken f 
 
 He is very rarely mittaJcfin. 
 Are you not frequency mistaken / 
 
103 
 
 Tout le monde est 
 
 tiomper. 
 C*! marclinnd trompe tout le 
 
 monde. 
 Sn conveiBatlon nous cnnuie. 
 Vo iH cnnuyez vos amis par vos 
 
 I'lainteo. 
 Est-ce quo je ne vous ennuio piiH ? 
 V'ous ennuyez-vous cliez nous ? 
 
 je 
 
 Je rn'ennuie a la ville et 
 
 m'anuise ft la cnmpagne. 
 A quoi voiis amusczvous ? 
 Je m'amuse iX lire do I'allemand 
 
 •ujet A 80 Every one iittpttohenmhiKtn. 
 That mrirhant deceiret evei'pfHxip. 
 
 His cnnvei'Mttion wearies us. 
 
 You weary iiour frienils by your 
 eompfaints. 
 
 Do I tint weary you f 
 
 Are you weary of rciiiainitii, with 
 val 
 
 I herome weary of the ctti/ and 
 find amusement in the country. 
 
 In what do you amuse yonrsefff 
 
 J amuse myself in reading Ger- 
 man, 
 
 Quand, when. 
 Quelquefois.oomrtime*. 
 Recev-oir, 3. to receive. 
 Kevenir, 2. ir. to come 
 
 bark: 
 
 Exercise 71. 
 Apprentl-ro, 4. ir. to Knnuy-er, 1. to tire. 
 
 learn. Eutend-re, 4. to hear 
 
 Ban(iuier, m. Itankei: Ijingue, f. lam/uai/e. 
 Client, m. client, cus- Malade, ill. 
 
 toixer. Memoire, m. bill. „,„ „ 
 
 Demeur-er,l. todu-rll. Pr^f^r-er, 1. to prefer. Tromp-er, 1. to deceive 
 
 1. Aimez-vous ii domeurer ii la campiignc :•' 2. Je prefero la 
 campagno a la villc. 3. Vous eixnuyez-vous souvoiit a la cam- 
 pagno Y 4. Quand jo rn'ennuie k la campagne, je reviens h la 
 ville. 0. Ko(;oit-on dcs nouvelles du General Ti. ? 6. On 
 n cntend pas parler do lui. 7. Vous trompoz-vous quolquofois P 
 8. lout lo mondo so trompo quelquefois. 9. Lo banquier 
 trompo-t-il 80S clients? 10. II no trompe ni ses clients ni ees 
 amis, il no trompo personno. 11. Ne vous trompez-vous pas 
 dans ce inemoiro l" 12. Jo no mo trompe pas. 13. Vous 
 amusez-vous a lire ou a ecriro ? 14. Je m'amuse & apprendre 
 lallemandet lo frari^ais. 16. Avez-vous tort d'apprendre lea 
 languesi' 16. J'ai raison do les apprendre. 17. Vous ennuyez- 
 vous souvcrit ? 18. Je rn'ennuie quand je n'ai rien a faire. 19. 
 A quoi vous amuscz-vous quand vous etes k la campagne .'' '20.* 
 Nous nous promenons le matin, et nous travaillons le reste do 
 lajournee. 21. Vous portcz-vous toujours hkn? 22. Nous 
 sommes quelquefois malades. 23. Envoyez-vous chercher 
 le medecin P 24. Nous I'envoyons chercher. 25. Je vais le 
 chercher. 
 
 Exercise 72. 
 1. Are you not mistaken P 2. I am not mistaken. 3. Is 
 not the banker n utaken? 4. He is not mistaken, but his 
 clerk IS certainly {certaincment) mistaken. 5. Does he not de- 
 ceive you P 6. Ho does not deceive me, he deceives nobody. 
 7. Are you not wrong to deceive your father ? 8. I do not 
 intend to deceive him. 9. Does not the merchant make a mis- 
 take? 10. He makes a mistake in the bill which ho writes. 
 
 11 Mn vou lil.*p fV»rt pj-.. ,«*-... «« *i- _ _^i — n m .^ -r t. . . 
 
 11. _„ ^t.ii i!..f. , cotriv vt inc Liiy .- 12. 1 proicr tno 
 
 city ; 1 soon become weary of the country. 13. Does not that 
 child weary you by his questions P 14. Does not that long 
 
 II. i 
 
 r 
 "I 
 
 ; 
 
 1 i^^H 
 
 1 *^ 
 
 m 
 
' m 
 
 104 
 
 story (recit, m ) weary you? 15. It does not weary me, it 
 amuses me. 16. Do you amuse yourself when you are in the 
 country P 17. I amuse myself, I learn French and Italian. 
 IS. Are you not weary of remaining at your uncle's? 19 I 
 am never wearj'of remaining there. 20. Is your brother often 
 mistaken.'' 21. Everybody is sometimes mistaken. 22 Does 
 his conversation weary you ? 23. On the contrary, it amuses 
 
 bLrt.J%^.Tt'*^T""^'''''^>™- '^•'- Nothing is heard of 
 h m Sect 34]. 26. Is your sister well ? 27. No! Sir, she is 
 111. 28 Do 1 weary you ? 29. You do not weary me. 30. Am 
 t« w' .V T?^- ^*." ^'' pot mistaken. 32. Is he often mis- 
 oT V i- T^ " °^''" mistaken. 34. Do you not rise late ? 
 35. No, bir, I rise early. 
 
 Section XXXIX. 
 
 1. The pronominal verb, se passer, is used idiomatically in 
 the sense ot to do without. It is followed by the preposition 
 ae when it comes before a noun or a verb : 
 
 Vous passez-yous de ce livre ? Do you do mtkout that hook ? 
 Je ne puis m en passer. / canyiot do witlwut it. 
 
 2. Se servir, [2. ix see § 64], to make use of, also requires the 
 preposition de before its object :— ^ 
 
 Je me sers de votre canif . I use vour penknife. 
 
 Je ne m en sers pas. I do mt me it. 
 
 x.tJ'J^'' ^T^f example of the two rules above, shows that, 
 when the object of those verbs is a thing, it is represented in 
 the sentence by the pronoun en :— " 
 
 Je m'en sers, je m'en passe. / use it, I do without it. 
 
 4. The pronoun * used as indirect object of a reflective verb 
 It representing a person, follows the verb [§ 97 (4)] ;_ * 
 
 Je puis me passer de lui. / can do mthout him. 
 
 Je m adresse a vous et a elle. I apply to you and to her. 
 
 5. S'endonnir [2. ir. see § 64], to fall asleep, and s'iveiUer 
 <o «M;rtAe, are also reflective :— "ovciuer, 
 
 ^%^cht''^ ^"''"^* "^""^ ^^ ""^ ^■^"" "^'"'-^ "^ '00^ CIS I go to 
 
 '^^m^iit''''^^^ ^ ^'"^ ^^'"'■^^ ^^ ^ "'^^^'^ «* ^^ o'clock in the 
 '""'•'m' morning. 
 
 iJi ?'^PP''°*'?®,''' ^'i'"""' "^^"''^ *o approach; s'^loigner, to draw 
 back, to leave, take the preposition de before a noun Their 
 object, when a pronoun, is subject to Eules 3 and 4 above :— 
 Votre fils s'approche-t-il dufeu? Does your son draw near the lire ? 
 I ne s en approche pas. fie does not come near it. 
 
 IlB^loigne Jemoietd e vous. He goes from me and from you. 
 
r, I" 
 
 106 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Vous servez-vous de ce couteau ? , 
 Je ne m'en sers pas, il ne collie , 
 
 pas. I 
 
 De quels couteaux vous servez- ' 
 
 vous ? I 
 
 Nous nous servona de couteaux | 
 
 d'acier. i 
 
 Pouvez-vous vous passer d'ar- 
 
 gent? 
 Nous ne pouvons nous en passer. 
 Vous passez-vous de votre 
 
 maltre ? 
 Nous nous passons de lui. 
 Vous adressez-vous a ces mes- 
 sieurs ? 
 Nous nous adressons a eiux et k 
 
 vous. 
 Vous vous endormez facilement. 
 Je m'eveille de tres bonne lieure. 
 Pourquoivous approchez-vous du 
 
 feu? 
 Je m'en api^roche parce que j'ai 
 
 froid. 
 Nous nous dloignons du feu. 
 Nous nous en ^loignons. 
 Nous nous approchons de notre 
 
 pfere. 
 Nous nous approchons de lui. 
 
 Do you me that knife ? 
 
 I do not use it, it does not cm. 
 
 What knives do you use ? 
 
 We use steel knives. 
 
 Can you do without money > 
 
 We cannot do idthout it. 
 
 Do you do icithout your teachei' ? 
 
 We do without him. 
 
 Do you ajyply to those gentlemen ? 
 
 We apply to them and to you. 
 
 You yo to sleep easily, 
 
 1 awake very early. 
 
 Why do you come near the fire ? 
 
 I come Tiear it became I am cold. 
 
 We go from the fire. 
 
 We go from it. 
 
 We go near our father. 
 
 We go near him. 
 
 Aussi, aUo. 
 Au8sit6t que, as 
 
 soon as. 
 Canif, m. penknife. 
 Demoiselle, young 
 
 lady. 
 Domestique, m. ser 
 
 vant. 
 
 Exercise 73. 
 
 Encre, f. ink. 
 Fenetre, f. ivindow. 
 Feu, m. fire. 
 Fourchette, f. fork. 
 Heure, f . hour, o'clock. 
 Moins, less, before. 
 Oblige, e, obliged. 
 
 Ordinairement, gene- 
 rally. 
 Plume, f. pen. 
 Pourquoi, why. 
 Pret-er, 1. to lend. 
 Quart, m qua/rter. 
 Taill-er, 1. to mend. 
 
 1. Pouvez-vous vous passer d'encre ? 2. Nous pouvons nous 
 en passer, nous n'avons rien a ecriro. 3. Vous servez-vous de 
 votre plume ? 4. Je ne m'en sers pas ; on avoz-vous besoin ? 
 5. Ne_ voulez-vous pas vous approcher du feu f 6. Je vous 
 suis bien oblige, je n'ai pas froid. 7. Pourquoi ccs demoiselles 
 s'eloignent-elles de la fenetre ? 8. Ellcs s'on eloignent par- 
 ce qu'il y fait trop froid. 9. Cos enfants ne s'adrcssont-ils pas 
 u vous ? 10. lis s'adressent a moi et a mon frerc. 11. A quelle 
 heure vous eveillez-vous lo matin? 12. Je m'eveille ordinaire- 
 ment ^a six heures moins un ^uart. 13. Vous levcz-vous 
 aussitot que vous vous eveillez ? 14. Jo me leve aussitot quo 
 je m'eveille, 15. De quels livrea vnup, .sorv.??;-voun ? 16. Je 
 me sers des miens et des votres. 17. Ne vous servez-vous pas 
 de ceux de votre frere? 18. Je m'en sers aussi. 19. Les 
 plumes dont [Sect. 31, E. 9] vous vous servez sont-elles bonnes P 
 
 i ! 
 
 , 1 
 
lU 
 
 106 
 
 20 Pourquoi voti:e ami a'eloigne-t-il du feuv 91 ti - 
 
 Exercise 74 
 
 it/i'^ntTtftndZ?er'f'^ 2. I cannot do without 
 book ? 4. I want to us^ff ^l°ii ?"* 7*^" ^^'^^ *« "se my 
 knife does your brother u^eT /Tri'"'^ ^* *" "?^^ ^' ^hat 
 and my brother's fork 7 Wiu'v^^f ^T, '"^^ ^"^'^'^'^ ^""^^ 
 
 17. He .pp,ie.-to t SdtZSht* ^ff^" ."n' 
 not apply to mpP 10 u«„ "'.> orotner. 18. Why does he 
 
 you. V. DoTpLwake^S;:;e'r;iSte^ 
 eai-ly when I go to bed earlv 99 wl™."^^^ ^^- ^ *^ake 
 23. i go to sfeep became JL tired^2^4 '^a/'" ^'° *5 '^-^P^ 
 go near your father? 25 I nm w' * •^^x^*' 5'°" '^^''^^^ *» 
 26. Can you do without us? 5? W ^^''^"^ *« approach him. 
 butwe cfn do without ;our brothT^ Tg^^* ^^ -^^hout you, 
 brother's horse? 29 Nn^L l,,^' , ^^-.^^ you want my 
 
 ^r4S,fAj -"--"« E^in„i'= 
 
 Section XL. 
 
 expressions to go Ja^^to'kZ ^^' ^''''''^^P^^ds to the English 
 2. Inb:cative Pkesent op the Vbhh s'ex Al.er, xo Go 
 
 , AWAY. ' 
 
 Je m en vais, / ao mnon • xt 
 
 Tut'envas,' AT^oin^ ^alLT'^ '" We rjo awa, ; 
 
 ""*'"" ^°"*' The'i!'go'away. 
 
 S. The same Tensk Cox,uoatku Lvtekkooative.v 
 
 ^tSZi^ ^^/^oa-./ Nous en aliens. Z>o «. ,0 «,«,, . 
 T'envas-tu? Art thou going VoTen alle. n 
 
 aenvat-xl? /-Ae^ro^n^a.^.^, s'envont-ils? ^,. ,Ae^ ^o.>v 
 
 arvayt 
 
lor 
 
 4. Be f&oher, to be or become angry, requires the preposition 
 centre or de before the noun or pronoun following it : 
 
 Se fftche-t-il centre voire frere ? Does he become angry against 
 
 your brother ? 
 II 86 fache centre lui. He is angry with him. 
 
 Vous vous fftchez d'un rien. You get angry at nothing. 
 
 5. Se r^jouir, to rejoice, is followed by the preposition de :— 
 Je me rejouis de votre bonheur. / r^oice at your happiness. 
 
 6. Se plaire [4 ir. see § 64], to take pleasure, to delight in any- 
 thing, to like to be in a place, takes k before its object : 
 
 Je me plais 4 la campagne. I like to be in the country. 
 
 Je me plais a ^tudier, k lire. I take pleasxire in st udying, in reading. 
 
 7. Se d6pdcher, se hater, to make haste, take de before their 
 object : — 
 
 D^p6chez-vou8 de finir vos lemons. Make haste to finish your lessons 
 lourquoi ne vous d^p6chez-vous Why do you not make haste? 
 
 
 pas i 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Le marchand s'en va-t-il aujotu-- Does the nurchant no awau to- 
 
 d'luu? (lay I 
 
 Nous nous en aliens demain. Wc a re goimi a way to-moirow. 
 
 Je m en vais quand je suis fatigue. / go away when I am tired. 
 
 Peurquoi vous fachez-voiis centre Why do you get angry with him '! 
 
 II se plait a jouer, il n'etudie He takes pleasure in plainm/, he 
 jamais. , never studies. ' ' 
 
 Veus plaisez-vous chez ves pa- Do you like to be at your relations ' 
 rents ? 
 
 De quel veus r^jouissez-vous ? At what do you rejoice ? 
 Nous nous r^jeuissens de vetre ' We rejoice at your success. 
 succ^s. ' 
 
 Nous nous en r^jouissous. 
 Peurquoi veus d^pechez-vous ? 
 Nous nous ddpechons d'ecrire. 
 Nous nous plaisens en Angleterre. 
 Nous ne nous plaisens pas d Paris. 
 Nous ne nous y plaisens pas. 
 Veus plaisez-veus & New York ? 
 Nous nous y plaisens. 
 
 We rejoice at it. 
 
 Why do you make haste ? 
 
 We make haste to lorite. 
 
 We like to be in England. 
 
 We do not like to be in Paris. 
 
 We do not like to be there. 
 
 Do you like to be in New York f 
 
 We like to be there. 
 
 Exercise 75. 
 
 Ambassadeur, m. am- Jou-er, 1. to play. Prochain, e, nfxt. 
 
 bassador. Malheur,m.nnVw-^(o?<'.Retourn-er,l.toj-e<Hn( 
 
 Arnvde, f. arrival. Midi, m. noon. Semaine, f. iveek 
 
 Autrui, m. others. Mieux, better. Tante, f. aunt. 
 
 (Jeur-u-, 2. ir. to run. Parce que, bemuse. Turc, turque, Turkish. 
 .lamais, never. 
 
 1. Vous en allez-vous bientot ? 2. Je m'en vais la semaine 
 prochaine. 3. Peurquoi vous en allez-voua ? 4, Parce que io 
 ne me plais pas ici. 6. Vous plaisea-vous mieux chez^rJtre 
 tante qu'ici ? 6. Je m'y plais mieux. 7. N'avez-vous pas tort 
 
 I - 
 
108 
 
 de V0U8 en aUer si t6t ? 8. J'ai raison de m'en aUer 9 N« 
 V0U8 r6joui88ez-vou8,pa8 dG8 malheurs d'autSi P 10 Noub n« 
 
 18 To '^ i • ^ ^y"^^ plaisez-vous pas k courir et i iouer ? 
 18 Je me plais u jouer et mon frere se plaft a lire 19^ Vou. 
 
 rejouis 21. Ne vous plaisez-vous pas en Ameriaup ? 99 To 
 m'y plais beaucoup mieux qu'en France iA Vnfl - r ® 
 
 Exercise 76, 
 ^ !. At what hour does your friend go away ? 2 He i^npa 
 away every morning at nine o'clock. 3. Do you e^ awav 
 with («...) him ? 4 I go away with him when I hafo t^e^ 
 Lr oT- rt' ^r*^ ^"^ ^"^«^ y°"^ letterP 6. I mX; 
 brohoip Tnl^- J- ^''' *^" gardener get angry ^ith his 
 
 niake Lste fu^t Tf ^' ^^T?* ^™ ^'^^^ ^^ ^oes nS 
 maKe naste. 9 Make haste, my friend, t is ten o'clock 10 
 
 S'^to 8ta"l2" D^ ^"*^ k ' V ' ^« *« P%. VutT do iot 
 iiKe to study. 12. Do j^ou hke to stay at my house? n T 
 
 motheV^^i?T- • •'• ^!y««Ple<'^Bed'^HtthJarr?.al'ofyoui 
 mother? lo. I rejoice at it. 16. Is not vour brother wrX 
 
 to fo aThJm^: 'Ts Do';<?' "•"^'* ^^^ go/away! he hi m2 
 
 tuntf 'iri do\o?"r-;oLirr^ '*2o%^re£:ar'^^- 
 
 success. 21. Does not y'our brotherlaw ncaVtTe L . ' 22' 
 He goes from the fire, he is too warm. 23. Does that vnnnt 
 lady get angry with you? 24. She gets arSrv atTrj/owJ 
 rwn. 25. Do you like to be in Paris'-' 26 I HUpI i .if ^'^' 
 27. Can you do without me to day ? "28 We oannof ^l'. •^^' 
 out you-make haste to finish Jour work (^.SS '^ 29 D^ 
 
 ^tjSZy^^'-'^-^^^^^^' ■''•Yet 
 
 Section XLI. 
 
 THE PAST INDEFINITE. [§ 117 ] 
 
 .I'aiparW,je,„i,a,Tiv6, I Mve „«kn, I have arrived. 
 
 i, The past indefinite is uafld to exiireo. on op*!„^ „„^.-. , 
 
 couipleted,butpeiiormed at a time of^wWc^a paS i. noTyet 
 
109 
 
 elapsed, or at a time entireh' past, but not specmed. f? 117 
 
 (1H2)]:- 
 
 J'ai vu votre pere ce matin. / sato your father this morning. 
 
 Je no V0U8 ai pas encore parle. / have not yet spoken to you. 
 
 3. The past indefinite may also be used, when the time is 
 specified [§ 117 (3)] :— 
 
 Jo lui ai ecrit la semaine demiere, I wrote to him last week. 
 Je lui ai envoye une lettre le I sent him a letter last numth. 
 mois dernier. 
 
 4. In this tense and in other compound tenses, the adverb is 
 generally placed between the auxiliary verb and the participle 
 [§ 132 (3)] :- 
 
 Vous nous avez souvent parM. You have often spoken to tis. 
 Je ne I'ai pas encore vu. / have not yet seen him. 
 
 5. The adverbs aujourd'hui, to-day; demain, to-morrotv ; 
 hier, yesterday ; polysyllabic adverbs of manner ending in 
 ment, and long adverbs generally, do not come between the 
 auxiliary verb and the participle, but follow Rule 1, Sect. 34. 
 See § 132 (5) :— 
 
 Vous avez lu demierement. You read lately. 
 
 6. The impersonal verb y avoir [Sect 33, R. 3, 4], placed 
 before a word expressing time, corresponds with the English 
 word, ago : — 
 
 J'ai re^u une lettre il y a hmt jours. / received a letter eight days ago. 
 Vous avez achete ime maison il y a You bought a house a year ago. 
 un an. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Vos neveux nous ont parl^. 
 Nous avons parle k votre pere. 
 Le tailleur a-t-il fait mon habit ? 
 Le boulanger a mis son chaneau. 
 Le cordonnier a ote ses souuers. 
 
 Votre frere a dit quelque chose. 
 Qu'a difc votre soeur ? 
 N'avez-vous rien dit k mon cou- 
 sin? 
 Je ne lui ai rien dit. 
 Je ne I'ai jamais rencontre. 
 Je ne lem- ai jamais parle. 
 Qu'avez-vous fait aujourd'hui ? 
 Hier nous n'avons pas travaillt5. 
 Leur en avez-vous souvent parle ? 
 
 Je leiir en ai souvent parl^. 
 
 Je ne le leur ai pas encore dit. 
 
 N'avfiz-voiis ima assez ^crifc ? 
 II m'a ecrit il y a longtemps. 
 II nous a repondu il y a im mois. 
 
 Your nephews spoke to us. 
 We spoke to your father'. 
 Has the tailor made my coat ? 
 The baker has put on his hat. 
 The shoemaker has taken his shoes 
 
 off. 
 Your brother said something. 
 What did your sister say ? 
 Have you told my cousin nothing? 
 
 I have told him nothing. 
 I have never met him. 
 I never spoke to them. 
 W/iat have you done today 
 We did not tvork yesterday. 
 Have you often spoken to them 
 
 about it? 
 I have often spoken to them about 
 
 it. 
 I have not yet said anything to 
 
 them about it. 
 Have. you. not inrittm. /•■nniigh ? 
 He wi'ote tome a long time ago. 
 He replied to us a month ago. 
 
 ! ' I 
 
 *' ■■ t 
 
 I 
 i 
 I 
 
110 
 
 Exercise 77. 
 Avooat, m. barrister. Gallon, m. 6oy. 
 Cela, ceci, that, thin. Hier, yenterdai/. 
 git, from dire, said. Journee, f. dwj. 
 Etudi-er, 1. to study. Lu, from lire, read. 
 
 Mis,/7'ommettre, puton. 
 Pliint-er, 1. to plant. 
 Poirier, ni. pear-tree. 
 Soulier, m. shoe. 
 
 rant- ^ „/ "^ Tt-' ^ . ' "^""' *3ouiier, m. shoe. 
 
 Gant, m. olove. Ministre, m. minister. Vu, /»-o,« voir, seen. 
 
 1. Qui vous a dit cela? 2. L'avocat mo I'a dit. 3 Lui 
 avez-vous parle de cette affaire '^ 4. Jo no lui en ai pas encore 
 par e. o. L avez-vous vu dernierement ? 6. Jo I'ai vu il v a 
 quelques jours. 7. N'avez-vous pas eerit hier ? 8. Nous av^ns 
 lu et ecnt toute la journee. [Sect. 25 (9).] 9. N'avez-vous 
 pas ote V08 gants et vos souliers P 10. Je n'ai pas 6te met 
 gants, mais j'ai 6te mon chapeau. 11. Lo tailleurn'a-t-il pas 
 mis son chapeau? 12 Oui, Monsieur, il a mis son chapelu 
 13 Qu avez-vous fait a ce petit gar(,'on ? 14. Je ne lui ai rien 
 lait 10. Ne lui avez-vous point dit que je suis id h 16 Je 
 ne leiui ai pas encore dit. 17. Qu'avez-vous otudie ce matin? 
 
 18. Nous ayons etudie nos le(,-ons et nous avons lu nos livres 
 
 19. Le J ardinierdu ministre a-t-ilplantele poirier? 20 II I'a 
 plante ily a plus de huit jours. 21. Avoz-vous achete un 
 habit de drap noir ? 22. J'en ai achete un. 23. L'avez-vous 
 porteaujourd'hm? 24. Je ne I'ai pas encore porte. ■>.5 \ous 
 avous mis nos souliors et nos has ce matin. ^ 
 
 Exercise 78. 
 1. Have you studied to-day ? 2. We have no time to study 
 we have read a page. 3. Have you not written to my brother "^ 
 4. I have not yet written to him. o. Has not the German 
 written to my mother ? 6. He has not yet written to hei'T 
 SoiVT jti''^ «iy mother that I have taken (pris) thi 
 book? 8. I have not yet seen your mother. 9. What have 
 
 i7jT l^l' "r^"^- ^«- ^^'« h^^« done nothing 11 
 Have you taken off your coat ? 12. I have not talcen off mv 
 
 bro hot/' ? K^^- \\\^^ ^^% ^°°'^«^"^'^- written to vo7r 
 brother.-' 14. Ho wrote to him a long time ago. 15. Did he 
 write to him a month ago ? 16. He wrote to him more than a 
 year ago. 1 7. Have you planted a pear-tree ? 18. We have 
 planted several 19. Is it too cold to (pour) plant trees I' 20 
 
 muAZrif^^V'^Y' ^'' '^' ^'^^^"^^ done t^- your 
 little boy? 22. He has done nothing to him 23 Has an v 
 
 one done anything to him. 24. No o^ne has donelnXg t^ 
 him. 2o. Is anything the matter with him ? 26. Nothing is 
 
 ia^ Is'nT t^'^-. ''• ?^«/«^: fether put on his bl!ck 
 hat ? 28. No Sir, ho has not put on his black hat. 29. What 
 has your brothor said? 30. He has said nothing. 31 Has 
 your sister to d you that ? 32. She told it me. 33. D d you 
 not work yesterday ? 34. We did not work yesterday wo had 
 nothing to do. 35. Your little boy has done nothing to- 
 
Ill 
 
 Section XLII. 
 the past pauticiple [§ 131], 
 
 1. The past participle, which in French forms a part of 
 every compound tense [§ 4G (8)], is susceptible of changes in 
 its termination. 
 
 2. The student will find in the table of the regular verba 
 [§ 63] the different terminations of the past participle of these 
 verbs, and in § 04 those of the past participle of the irregular 
 verbs. 
 
 3. The feminine of past jwrticiples is formed by adding e 
 mute to the masculine. 
 
 4. The plural of a past participle not ending with s, is 
 formed by the addition of that letter to the singular, masculine 
 or feminine. 
 
 5. The participle past, accompanied by the auxiliary verb 
 avoir, never agrees with the nominative or subject "[§ 131 
 
 Les demoiselles out cliante. The tjotim/ ladies mna. 
 
 Ces messieui-s ont lu toute la Those tjentkmcn read the whole 
 ]ourn6e. day. 
 
 6. The participle past, having fitre as its au.\iliary verb, 
 assumes in its termination the gender and number of the* 
 subject [§ 130 (2)] :— 
 
 Ma fiUe est arriv^e c-- matin. Mydawjhter arrived this morning. 
 Nos frferes ne sent pas venus. Our brothers are not come. 
 
 7. The participle past, accompanied by the auxiliary verb 
 avoir, agrees in gender and number with its direct object 
 [§ 2 (2), § 43 (4)], when that object precedes the auxiliary 
 [§ 130 (4)] :- ^ 
 
 Les dames que nous avons vues. The ladies whom we have seen. 
 Les lettrcs que nous avons lues. Tlie letters which we have read. 
 
 8. When the direct object (accusative) follows the participle, 
 no agreement takes place [§130 (5)]: — 
 
 Avez-vous vu les dames ? Have you seen the ladies ? 
 
 Avons-nous lu les lettres ? Have we read the letters ? 
 
 9. A participle past never agrees with its indirect object 
 {dative or ablative) [§ 2 (3), § 43 (5)] :— 
 
 Les dames h qui nous avons parle. Theladiestowhomwe have spoken. 
 
 * When VOU8 is used as subject in addressing one person, although 
 it governs the verb in the second person plural as in English, yet it 
 requires ibs adjective or past participle to be in the singular. Thus • 
 vons gtes aim^ (you are loved) indicates, by the past loarticiple being 
 in the singular, that one person only is referred to ; whilst vou8 etes 
 aimes, with the past participle in the plural, points out that vous 
 refers to several people. 
 
 The pruuuims of the first and second persons, singular and plural, are 
 common gender, and may therefore govern their adjective or past 
 participle, in the masculine or in the feminine, according to the gender 
 of the noun to which they refer. 
 
 ' t 
 
 1 •! 
 
Ill 
 
 IS' :- 
 
 112 
 
 10. Tlio participle past used adjectively, that is. without an 
 ISo'lin'' J ' ''■' *^^ '■"^" ""^ *^' mljoctivo [§ 67 (3). § 
 
 Des livres bien imprimes. Wtll printed hooU 
 
 11. Tho past pailiciple, hnviiiR for object the relative m-o- 
 noun en, remains invariable [§ l.'il (H)] ;_ ^ 
 Avez-you.s apport/. de.s plumes ? " Hare p,m hrouoht pens < 
 
 J en HI apportt?. / hare h-ouoht smL ' 
 
 12. The presence of en does not, however, ijrevent the 
 
 ofieTrTiaf (12)']?-''"^''' "^^" '''' l-"-'^'^^'.v a direc? 
 
 Le« plumes que j en ai apportees. Tin pern nhivh J lane Iruuyht 
 
 from it. 
 
 iVIlSCELLANEOVS ExAMVLES, 
 
 Vos sceurs ont-elles ecrit ? 
 EUes n'ont pas encore ^crit. 
 Les lettres que nous avons 
 
 ecrites. 
 Avez-vous ^crit vos lettres ? 
 Je les ai lues, je les ai ecrites. 
 
 Have your sisters written? 
 The.)/ have not i/et written. 
 The letters which we have written. 
 
 Les avez-vous apportt^es ? 
 .le ne les ai pas apportdes. 
 Avez-vous appeld ces dames ? 
 Je ne les ai pas appelees. 
 Qui avez-vous vu ce matin ? 
 Nous avons vu ces demoiselles. 
 Nous let avons vues. 
 Nous ne leur avons 2)as parle. 
 Avez-vous des livres reliefs? 
 J'ai des livres broches. 
 
 Avez-vous achetd des iwmmes ? 
 J'en ai acliet^. 
 Nous en avons achete. 
 Nous les en avons persuades. 
 
 Have yov, written your letters ? 
 I have read them, I hare jvritten 
 
 them. 
 Have you brought them ? 
 I have not biwu/ht them. 
 Have yon called those ladies ? 
 / have not called them. 
 Whom,liave youseen this morn infi? 
 We have seen those young ladies. 
 We have seen them. 
 We hare not spoken to them. 
 Hare you any bound booh? 
 I have unbound {stitched, in paper 
 
 covers) books. 
 Have you bought apples ? 
 I have bought some. 
 We have bought some. 
 We have persuaded them of it. 
 
 Exercise 79. 
 Achet-er,l.^o6M?/.[§50 Hit, from dire, 4. ir. 
 , (o)-] said. 
 
 Wt^}\ \- '" ^«^^- »onn-er, 1. to give. 
 [§ 50 (4).] Entend-re, 4. to hear. 
 
 Apport-er, 1. to bring. Examin-er, 1. to ex- 
 Bourse, f. 2nirse. amine. 
 
 Broch-er 1. to stitch. Expr^s, onimrpose. 
 Cass-er, 1. to break. Fleur, f. Hoover. 
 tommission, f. errand- 
 
 1 . Nous avez-vous apporte nos habits ? 2. Nous ne les avons 
 pas encore apportes. 3. Les avez-vous oublies P 4. Nous ne 
 les avons pas oublies, mais nous n'avons pas eu In temps de les 
 apporter. 5. Pourquoi n'avez-vous pas appele les marchands ? 
 0. Je les ai appeles, mais Us ne m'ont pas entendu. 7. Avez. 
 
 Gard-er, 1, to keep. 
 Gravure, f. engraving. 
 Oubli-er, 1. to forget. 
 Rec-evoir, 3. to receive. 
 Reli-er, 1. to bind. 
 Revenus, m. p. iiwome. 
 Tasse, f. cup. 
 "Vu, from voir, 3. ir. 
 seen. 
 
1! Iil 
 
 113 
 
 rous entendu cette musique ? 8. Je I'ai entendue. 9. N'nvM- 
 vous pas vii les jolies flours quo j'ai apport^es ? 10. Je Ics ai 
 vues ; a qm les avez-vous donn^es ? 1 1 . Jo no les ai donn6o8 a 
 personne, je les ai gardces pour vous. 12. Avoz-vous Inep 
 examine ces gravures ? 13. Je les ai bien examinees. 14. Les 
 avez-vous acheteesP 15. Je ne les ai point aehctees. 16. N'avez- 
 IZl^"?^ rZ ^-o^ r^'^^us-" 17. Jo no les ai point encore 
 rei,us, 1». J^a domestiquo a-t-elle casse ces tasses !- 19 EIlo 
 les a cassoes. 20. A-t-ello casse des tasses expres!- 21* EI1<' 
 n en a pas casse expres. 22. Avez-vous achettj des livres "relies 
 ou broch^s ? 23. J'ai achete des livros relies. 24. Nous avez- 
 vous dit ces parolesP 25. Nous vous les avons ditos, mais vous 
 les avez oubhees. 26. Jo n'ai pas oublie votro coninnssion. 
 
 Exercise 80. 
 1. Have you seen my cups:- 2. I have not vet soon tliem. 
 3 Have you brought mo my books :- 4. I have not forgotten 
 them, I have left them {laiss-er, 1.) at my brother's. 5 Has 
 your mother called your sisters r 6. She has not yet called 
 c^ il V,?^'^ ,.^'^^^"°* ''O^'iyo" this news? (.;;oMw//f.) 8 
 She has told me this new?. 9. She has told it me. 10. Have 
 you forgotten my errand ? 11. We have not forgotten it, we 
 have forgotten your money. 12. Where have you left your 
 purse . 13 We left it at the merchant's. 14. Have you bo Jgh 
 the beautiful {be/le,) engravings which I saw at your book- 
 
 ITVJ,^ c} ^^''^.""^ '^''" *^^"^- 16. Has your mother 
 bought them ? 17 She has bought books, but she has bought 
 no engravings. 18. Has that little girl broken my cups ? 19. 
 She has broken them on purpose. 20. Does that lady receive 
 her income every month 'r 2 1 . She receives it every six months, 
 ^i. Is the house which you have bought large:"' 23. I have 
 bought no house. 24. Did you receive a letter from your 
 father yesterday P 25. I received a letter from him four days 
 f^^K -^6. Haw you spoken to those ladies? 27. I have spoken 
 to them. 28. Have you given them flowers ? 29. I have given 
 
 ^r!Z'^^^ ^'S- i^- .^' *^" ^°<^^« ^h»*=^ you have bought 
 bound ^ 31. No, Sir, they are in paper covers. 32. Have you 
 examined that house ? 33. I have not examined it. 34. Your 
 brother {en) has examined several {plmivurs). 
 
 Section XLIII, 
 use op the auxiliaries (§ 47). 
 
 auxilitiylnf (!)]:-"' ^^ '' ^'^ ^'^^ ''"'^" *^^^ '^""^ ^^ 
 Nous avons dcrit a notre banquier. We have written to our hanker. 
 
 2. Almost all intransitive verbs take the auxiliary avoir 
 when they express action:— » v", 
 
 Nous avons couru, marchd, parl^. We have run, walked, spoken. 
 
 3. The compound tenses of a few neuter verbs, expressing 
 
 m 
 
 '.•f» A 
 
 m 
 
 u^i 
 
114 
 action, are, however, conjuffated with Atr« viV • oii« 4 
 
 Jo suis # nu en France " t . 1 *"' ' '!"' ^'"'" '''"»« ' 
 
 iULiirianct. I nns born in France. 
 
 Votre Mro a-t-il «orti ce matiu ? ^«. ,,,,,, „,,,^,, ^„^ ^„^ ^, ., 
 
 Votre frire est-il sorti ' T.T''"Tl 
 
 r rm ^"«"™. Is i/our brother f/one out? 
 
 Iho pustmdLfinitoof tho verb «tre r4 ir 1 (V«iAtA c . x ■ 
 U8ed instead of tho pretorito indofinito oYXi fj? ,1 .ni^ 
 when Hpeaking of a place where one /... bec^ with thrdfi w' 
 
 MiSCELLASliOl a EX4.M1.LES. 
 
 Av»-vou. «« au bal Mcr au , Z,Wy„„<„„tt, Mil l„t «,* 
 
 Ei;. ,. ... Che. .o„ «„ et jh'e. ; rsrr&wtK,' 
 
 Ou_v„.„ ,«„ e.UlU all.. »e j "^f^- .'.<«■ ..,. «,-. 
 Ellec,tall&troimr„cou,i„e. \ SAeTsZ U, >^ cousin',. 
 
 Navez-vou3 pas sorti aujoiir- 
 
 dhiu? 
 .Te n'ai pas encore sorti, 
 Ou est Monsieur le g^n^ral ? 
 Je ne sais pas, Monsieur, i'l est 
 
 sorti. 
 Oil ce monsieur est-il nt$ ' 
 II est n(5 a Paris ou a Lyon. 
 Votre niece a-t-elle ^t€ voir son 
 
 frere ? 
 Elle a €t^ le voir hier. 
 
 Elle est all^e le voir hier. 
 
 l>id you not go out today i 
 
 I have not yet been out. 
 
 Where is the geno'al ? 
 
 I do not know, Sir, he ia gone out. 
 
 Where was that gentleman born ? 
 ^ewas bom in Paris or Lyons 
 J>id your niece go to visit her bro- 
 ther ? 
 
 She went to see him yesterdau 
 (and IS back). " 
 
 She ivent to see him yesterday 
 (and ts not back). 
 
 naltre. to he bom ,_r!of?i^l!^t''^?i^'*.'^?.*^*l» t^e past participle of 
 lady (is)' was bom in Endand -—vrt^r. 'V-iii"'^ ?^ -a-Hgieterre, " That 
 hrothi>r\is) waPb^infZiZ ^^'^ ®^' ^^ ®^ France. My 
 
116 
 
 EXEUCISE 81. 
 
 l|ijoutciie,fJtW(7/tT,//, Ma(,-on, m. vumoit. 
 Chiipelier, ni. hatter. MagiiHin, in. wanhomc. 
 tspagiie, f. Stmin. Maliule, nick, or ill. 
 Eto, from etre, 4. ir. , Marcliandise, f. mcr- 
 f>fen. rhandise. 
 
 Orfevrc,m. fjuldmnith. 
 Tart-ir, 2. if. to set out. 
 lUitowrn-er, 1. to re- 
 turn. 
 Sort-ir, 2. ir. to r/o out. 
 
 Horloger, m. watch- Nt', /rom Naltre, 4. ir., Venu, 'from venir. 2. 
 
 ir., come. 
 
 maker. Cdrn. 
 
 1. A quelle houro vutro 8cx?nr cst-ollo venuo P 2 Ell(3 est 
 vcnuo a hiiit hcures moina un quart. 3. Cos demoiselles sont- 
 olios no(;3 a Itouen ou u Caen P 4. Ellcs no sont noes ni i 
 Kouon ni t\ Caon, ellcs sont noes u Htrasbourg. 5. L'horlo"or 
 cst-il Chez lui :" 6. Non, Slonsieur, il est allc ii son maL^arin 
 7. A-t-il etc a Paris cette anneo 'i 8. Qui, IMadamc, il y u 6tc 
 9. Y a-t-U achete dos marchandiscs ? 10. II y a achcte do la 
 bijouterie. 11. Avez-vous etc trouver mon p6re ? 12 .T'ai 
 etc lo trouver. 13. Votro chapelicr a-t-il sorti aujourd'lmi '^ 
 14. II na pas sorti, il est malado. 15. Lo macon est-il k la 
 maison.'' IG Non, IMadamo, il est sorti. 17. Quand ost-il 
 sort! .- 18. II est sorti il y a uiie heuro. 19. Votre ohapolier 
 est-il arrive aujourd'hui ou hier ? 20. II est arrive hier a 
 qiiatro lieures du matin. 21. Notro taillour a-t-il etc voir son 
 pcro aujourd'hui '( 22. II est parti pour Lyon. 23. L'orfev^o 
 do mon cousin n'est-il pas parti pour TEspagno ? 24 Non 
 Monsieur, il est retournc en Allemagno. 25. iMa seour a cte i 
 leglisG ce matin, ct die est allco u recole il y a uno demi- 
 heure. 
 
 ExEiiciSE 82. 
 1 . Is the physician at home ? 2. No, Sir, he is not at homo • 
 ho IS out. 3. Have you been out this morning h 4. No, Sir' 
 I have not been out ; I am ill. 5. Is your sister's littlo girl 
 out ^ 6. Yes, Sir, she is out ; she is at my brother's. 7. At 
 what hour did the hatter arrive ? 8. He arrived last eveninc 
 at nine. 9. Did the jeweller go to Paris or Lyons this year ? 
 
 10. Ho went to Pans six months ago, but ho isback {deretour) 
 
 11. Did you go to my brother or to my sister ? 12. I have not 
 had time to go to them. 13. Where was that gentleman born ? 
 
 14. He was bom in England, in Exeter, or in Portsmouth. 
 
 15. Was not your sister born in Paris P 16. No, Sir, sho was 
 born m Madrid, in Spain. 17. Did you tell me that vour 
 brother had bought a good house P 18. He has bought a very 
 good house in London. 19. Do you know at what time the 
 watchmaker arrived? 20. Ho arrived this morning at a quarter 
 to five. 21. Has ho brought much jewellery? 22. He has 
 not brought much jeweUery, but he has brought many watches 
 {nwntre, t.). 23. Has he been in France or in Germany » 24 
 He has been in France, in Germany, and in Switzeriand 
 {bmsse). 2o. Is your sister in {a la maison), Sir? 26. No, 
 Sir, she is out; she is gone to church. 27. Did she go to 
 school yesterday? 28. She went to school and to church. 
 29. Is she there now? 30. No, Sir, she is back. 31. Is the 
 
 \' . 
 
 :i , 
 
 I 
 
 1 * 
 
B 
 
 116 
 
 hatter arrfvrrl ? 32 Vn« <,•_ i,„ • . , 
 
 inorning. ""^""^ jesttrday at n.no o'clock in tho 
 
 Sectiov XLIV. 
 Hion. ?r";° •*' *'"P' -"-^P-J« -ith tho Engh-Hh oxproH. 
 
 ''Zntr':,* lS*r """ ^"'^ ^'-^ "'■'' ^'"' '-« '•" ^«/^ / 
 
 Combiou .10 foiH y avez.vou« //o,„ „,«„^ ,,,„,, ,„,, ,^^,^ 
 
 .1. Ju.,tfoa i, u,cj tor *„„>,, „,/,„( ai.,.,„„, 4c. 
 
 ..u.q..'.uave..v„„.^«. «-»,./„r «„«;,„„ to,,, 
 
 1. Ju.,»» queU. h.„r, (,« „,/„„ ,„„,,, ^^„„, _,,,^ ,_^^_, ^__^_^ 
 
 vXVa. '"""" ""^ ""•' >■'" <"" ^»« "«■« ' 
 
 MlSCELLANEOl-H EXAMl'LE.S. 
 
 n :S'allJt'qurprris" *'^"' • ; i^ •^«'- ^^ ^r 'mother, jo,.^ 
 Ju|qu^l quelle heure avez-vovs ! HmvTtcdid you write ? 
 
 J ai ecrit jusqu'a minuit. 
 D oil viennent ces Allemandes ? 
 l-lles viennent d' Aix-la-Chapelle 
 x^ar ou Hont-elles veni^r^s' 
 
 Elles Boutve^s pa^'linixelles. ! Tk^^'lSlA'ZZ 
 
 I wrote until midniqht. 
 Whencecome those German ladies' 
 rhey come from Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 >r /iic/i way did they come / " 
 
117 
 
 Moncz-vouH cetto i>etite Hllo i\ 
 recolo ? 
 
 Je no I'y nione piiH, jo ly ..orto ; 
 
 ellc est troi) imtito pour inur- 
 
 chcr. 
 Anienez-vous voh onfiintN? 
 Poitez-voiu une lettro tV la postc? 
 
 J'emmene mon oljcvul, j'emporto 
 ma moiitre. 
 
 U<> you tnh: {lead) thin little oirl 
 
 to school .1 
 I do vnt lead her t/inr, I ram/ 
 
 fier t/tere; nhc U too ijoiinn io 
 
 walk. 
 Do you briny your childrm » 
 Do you take a letter to the post- 
 
 offlce ! 
 
 I I'rimj amty my horse, I briiiti 
 (iicay my watch. 
 
 Bniit, m. noise, 
 Prap, 1)1. rhth. 
 E16ve, m. pupil, 
 Fils, in. Hon, 
 Fin, c, Jine. 
 
 ExEucisE 83. 
 M;hcrc. Vied, m, foot. 
 
 Loin,/ar. Qxiitt-cr/l o lea ir 
 
 1. I't' ji'imo hoinmc cst-il alio Inin '^ '> n »,• * iw . . 
 
 loin, il nVstHllo ,1,,. iusVuTpars -f vi f ^."V"^ ^^'''" 
 do Inuit, ponninoi^no les^emmoncz von' 'pas ' 'I 'i? ^'V'"^' 
 lad..H, ils no pouvent marcher 5 Comment lenavrA"'"" 
 amenes m't 6. Je les ai amenes .n Sre 7 In^T 
 houro nmenez-voua le medecin •- M hv ^ \ 7. A quelle 
 
 par Ami™, ot iin/ Rouen 15 IVn^ ' . "" ''™' '■™"» 
 
 voile:- 16. A r.p°S deC'o£Z''''''?rB-,;r .,?',""'• 
 
 -3. Avez-vous amene votre lille a pied ou a chevar^ 24 ", 
 
 ExEUcisK 84. 
 
 tho;o"7v;n? '^•f iT' r"-^^^:i: '"London? 2. He lived 
 inore ton >eai,-,. -5. How far is the phys cian pone * 4 The 
 
 Sh' him" T' He'ha" ^."^^T'^- I ««« ^^ ^"'^^ j'i« -n 
 
 IS not too Jittle to walk, hut she i<i m 1 1 xr„.,„ / , 
 
 your horse P 12. We'Sf]^^^i two horleV'l wi?vf 
 
 Which way did-your' hrother coS frrGermarr^lo He 
 came by A.x-la-Chapelle and Brussels. 2h Do y"Vintend"o 
 
 if 
 
 ft; - 
 
 ■f! r 
 
118 
 
 take your son to school this afternoon ? 22 T do nnf ir,* «n^ +^ 
 
 S?""24lre'i^*t?o ^^r'\ ''■> that'i"i^^\To*t : 
 
 ^nl f 1 -^ ^ ? ^* *^'''^ ^™ '" a carriage ? 26. Mv brothnr 
 Waken my horse .nvay. 27. Have you brought tLphysl' 
 
 I do no wS Jf %*^'l.^°°'^ t« ^hf eh ? 30. I have another, 
 offipp" Q? T i . • ^f7° y^'^ **^^®» ™y letter to the post^ 
 34 T wrnf .T *?^Sotten it. 33. How late did you write ? 
 34 I wrote until midnight (minnit). 35. Whence do vnnr 
 sisters come? 36. They come from Paris '^''^^<'° '^^ ^""'^ 
 
 Section XLV. 
 {See Section 36.) 
 1. Pronominal verbs take 6tre as auxiliary [§ 47] •_ 
 
 nIsIZ7 son? ilfr«'"^- P'"7«««"^ ^cc, taken a ^calL 
 
 amis se sent flattes. Ourfricids have flattered themselves. 
 
 con;-utSed"?v^th^A,.TFr"'^ ^T"' "? pronominal verbs are 
 conjugated with fitre, their past part ciple aaxees with fbo 
 direc object when that object precedes the auSiarv and i^ 
 
 an indirect object [§ 131] :_ p^uuuuu oe a airect or 
 
 ""mreZ.'*" '^**'^^' ^'''^'- ^"^ ^- /««-^c^ yourselves, 
 Elles .. sent donn. la main. ^W^;. (^) eac, other 
 
 La^vohaire qu'il s'est donn.e est TkT^e he Ju. yiven to 
 
 himself ts beautiful. 
 
 ..Sr^ij'ec^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 othUre!S^S a7a=lii;-' I-^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^ - 
 II a plu, U a neig^ il a gele. It rained, it snowed, it froze. 
 
 their J^optrXTy^J' ^--' P-erve 
 
 II lui est arrive u„ malheur. ^ misfoHunehashappenedtohim. 
 pass/? '^" *""!'' ^° '"^^^ T^^«^»Vne«;m«AcWa.««io«<A/ 
 Y a-t-il eu beaucoup de monde ? TFere there many people there ? 
 var^Mfrilti))]^!!* '' ^" impersonal verb is always in- 
 
 Les pluies ^«'il y a eu eet ^te. T^ rains which we have Imi 
 
 this summer. 
 
119 
 
 Les Italiennes se sont-elles pro 
 
 meneea ? 
 Oui, Monsieur, elles se sont pro- 
 
 menees. 
 Nous nous sommes aper9us de 
 
 cela. 
 Voire mere s'est-elle bienportee? 
 Vos sceurs se sont-elles assises ? 
 Ce tte marchandise s'est-elle bien 
 
 vendue ? 
 Vos enfants se sont-ils appliques 
 
 a I'etude ? ^ 
 
 lis s'y sont appliques. 
 Nous nous sommes donne de la 
 
 peine [§ 131 {!)]. 
 yuel temps a-t-il fait ce matin ? 
 N'a-t-il pas fait beau temps ? 
 Quel malheur vous est-il arriv^ ? 
 
 Que de peines il s'est donn^es ! 
 Vous est-il arrive quelque chose? 
 II ne m'est rien arrive. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 I>id the Italian ladies take a 
 
 walk 1 
 Yes, Sir, they have taken a walk. 
 
 We perceived that, or we took 
 
 notice of that. 
 Has your vwtho' been well / 
 Did pour sister's sit down i 
 Did that vierchandise sell well ] 
 
 Did your children apply to study ! 
 
 They applied themselves to it. 
 We gave {to) ourselves much 
 
 trouble. 
 Whatwcatherwas itthis morning^ 
 Was it not fine weather i 
 What mis/wtune has happcMd 
 
 to you ? 
 What pains he has taken I 
 Has anything happened to you ? 
 Nothing has happened to me. 
 
 Exercise 85. 
 
 Acier, m. stee?. Grel-er, 1. pec. to ^at7. Se port-er, 1. ref 
 
 , _. to 
 
 be or do. 
 Se tromp-er, 1. ref. to 
 
 be mistaken. 
 Se serv-ir, 2 ir. ref. to 
 
 iisc. 
 Se vend-re, 4. ref. to 
 
 sell. 
 
 S'adress-er, 1. ref. to lloliaii^daisre' Dutdu 
 
 apply. Neig-er, 1. pec. to 
 
 ft aperc-evoir, 3 ref. rnoto. 
 
 tnperreite. Peine, f. trouble. 
 
 Sasse-oir, 3 ir. ref. Plu, frmn pleuvoir, 
 
 to sit down. rained. 
 
 S ennuy-er, 1. pec. [§ Plume, f. pen. 
 
 50J, to grow weary. 
 
 1. A qui vos samrs se sont-elles adressees? 2. Elles so sont 
 adressees a moi. 3. Ne se sont-elles pas trompeos ? [Sect. 38. 
 I.] 4. Elles se sont tromp6es. 5. Vous 6tes-vous apercu de 
 votre erreur? 6. Je ne m'en suis pas apercu. 7. Vous Ws- 
 rC'inf "" ^ ^^J^^J^^ ?. 8- Nous nous y sommes ennuyes 
 tmi?? ^'(^\^^ P"^ demoiselles se sont-elles ennuyees chez 
 vous? 10. Elles s'y sont ennuyees. 11. De quoi vous etes- 
 vous servie pour ecrire, Mademoiselle ? [Sect. 39. 2 1 12 Je 
 me suis servie d'une plume d'or. 13. Ces ecolieres ni se sont- 
 elles pas servies de plumes d'acier ? 14. Elles se sont servies 
 deplumes d argent. 15. La Hollandaise s'est-elle assise P 16 
 jyiene s est point assise. 17. Lui ost-il arrive un malheur? 
 IS. 11 ne Im est rien arrive, elle ne se porte pas bien.' 19. Ne 
 sest-elle pas donne [§ 131 (1)] de la peine pour rien? 20. 
 Letto soie ne sest-elle pas bien vendue? 21. Elle s'est tres 
 ^fyT^^'^r'^^:^:'-^' P- fe'f teau temps touto la jour- 
 
 ce matm P 26. Non, Madame, il ne leur est ri^n arrivl. 
 B 
 
 i 1* 
 
 h:i\ 
 
120 
 
 J . Exercise 86. 
 
 hailed and snowS ^''A^s invS^n^V^* '^T^' '^"^ ^^ has 
 boy? 4. Nothing has hfppened^/o l? ^^^^^f^ to your little 
 5 Did your sistfr sit S ^ fy ^^'i 'eV ^^ '%? ^f^' 
 sit down, she was ill. 7 r),-,q +>,af i ii. ?, °- ^"^ <iid not 
 very well, we have sdd it al 9 D 3^ ''" ^'". " «• " ««W 
 (erreur)? 10. We perceived it n {^ ^'''^'^" ^^^^ ^''ror 
 mistaken in this affair? 12 %hl ^^^""^ ''°* ^o"'" "sters 
 
 Were not your cousS weary of'ginTfnTht ""*f ^^^ ^^- 
 . They were wparv nf i^^,-^ ^ oemg m the country? 14 
 
 youLedToTS ;2'Sfrcts7 'iTT". ''• ^^^^^ ^-« 
 my brother used a^silve? pen 17 Lvn"''"* ^ ^"^f P^°' ''^"'l 
 knife (eauif)? 18. I havered it ^gVZ T^^^^ P*^"' 
 to you? 20. Nothing has hannon'pH ?* ^^^* ^^^ happened 
 mother been well? 22. She iS "o^l. *^ ""*"" 21. Has your 
 brothers j^ ^o their s^udi^s^^tJo' r-^'t S ''''' ^r.^ 
 to their studies, and have finishpri fr- " i *' ^^^^ applied 
 weather was it this morSL ? 2fi Tf"" ^''''^"'- ^S- What 
 27. Has your sister taSn mnplf / J^^- ^^^^^ ^^° ^^-^'-ithor. 
 She has t'aken much trouWerr.^ IT^^"" '"^ ^^'^ ''^^^^ 28. 
 ladies walk? 30. They walk/d t? ^^^^^ .29. Did the Dutch 
 did they walk? 32. K tllkS o^T™"^" 31. How far 
 33. Have you given etXler the h' *nd '' \T\^'''''^'^''- 
 hands. 35. Those ladies flatterPfl f^ , ^*- ^^"^ «h«ok 
 [beaucoup). nattered themselves very much 
 
 Section XL VI. 
 
 THE PASSIVE VERB (§ 55) 
 
 in'alMt: ClT, \^e'^Xt&,^'r''^^ '^ *^« ^^ .tre 
 model (§ 55). ^ participle of an active verb. See 
 
 ^^''^n^L^Sut^^^^ and number with 
 
 Ces vieUlards sent respectds. ' Thnt ni / 
 
 Cesenfants sent aim^sde tout le rw /fvT'* "^''^ *'^«?'^'^^^<^- 
 
 actl Jt: fhTLlXlrlli^^^^^^^^^ --« *« P-^er the 
 the passive in English rtc^ ... J^^ expressions which are in 
 
 by the active orStlvorAaTrs^ ^"*« French 
 
 Cette maison est a louer ou a - ^^-' '~ 
 vendre. 
 
 Ma soeur est a plaiadre. 
 tet homme est a craindre. 
 
 36, r^f ''''^'^'^"^ ^- fs««*- 
 
 ^R.'2]!"'"^ se trompe [Sect. 38, 
 
 ^35? R. 2].° "^^* ^'* "'"'' f^'"*- 
 Oa nou3 a dit «e|» iSect. 36, R. 2J, 
 
 ^to Ao?we w to be let or sold. 
 
 ^y sistei' ia to be pitied, 
 jliat nan is to be feared. 
 J- flat man in railed H, 
 
 That man is vmtaken. 
 
 They say that it is so. 
 
 We have been told that. 
 
if I " 
 
 HI. : 
 
 121 
 
 4. In an answer to a question [see Sect l"^ P tot +r. 
 noun le corresponds in signification to S' l^ v l^' *^° ^'"'- 
 
 Ces enfants sont-ila ftinifiaV ^ ^» , 
 
 lis ne le sent pas ' i'i' ^''°'' '^'^'^^'^ ^oved ? 
 
 Ces demoiseUes sont-eUes s«>„r« y ^'^^ «''e »o< («o). 
 
 Elles ne le sent H °'"'' " il' ^^"'"'^ V^^^g ladies sisters? 
 
 f. , ^ J hey are not. 
 
 le.t o^iraSf t'olts"'.'/?^™^^'' "«"" - ^^P^-^^d by 
 equivalent being iS'?Lt.aS/rj^^^^^^^^^ """^^^^' ^^e English 
 stood :_ ^ ^® '*''' *'''' or M^y expressed or under- 
 
 fites-vous la sc«ur de men ami? Are you the sister of r.y frierul i 
 
 ■I am (she). 
 
 est-elle ap- 
 
 Leur conduite 
 
 prouv^e ? 
 Elle n'est approuv^ede personne. 
 Cette dame est-elle estimee et 
 
 respectee ? 
 Elle n'est ni estimee ni respectee. 
 
 Ces marchandises sent a vendre. 
 Ces enfants sent bien a plaindre. 
 frt?e ' ^^^^"^^^ <=liose a men 
 On ne lui a rien dit. 
 
 elTe^r^ comment cela s'ap- 
 
 Madame, ^tes-vous maitresse ici' 
 4e ne le sms pas, Monsieiu-. 
 l!-tes-yous la maitresse de la 
 
 maison? 
 Je la suis. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 re- 
 
 re- 
 
 Is their conduct appi-oved? 
 
 It is approved by nobody. 
 Js that lady esteemed and 
 
 spected ? 
 She M neither esteemed mr 
 
 spected. 
 
 Those goods are to be sold (for 
 sale). ^•' 
 
 T/iose children are to be pitied. 
 
 ZSrT^ ^'"^ *"^ ^' ""'y 
 
 Nothing has been said to him. 
 ^0 you know how tfutt is called ? 
 
 Madam, are you mistress here / 
 
 I am not (so), Sir. 
 
 ^re you the mistress of the house? 
 
 Auteur, m. author. 
 
 ' I am (she). 
 
 Exercise 87. 
 I-ou-er, 1. to let, to 
 
 ^^^ieur,m.bookbinder. 
 o appel-er, 1. pec. to be 
 
 called [§ 50 (4)]. 
 Souvent, often. 
 Us-er, 1, to wear out, 
 Vend-re, 4. to sell. 
 
 Blam-er, l". to blame, praise. 
 ^roi-re,4.u-.to believe. Pun-ir, 2. to imnish 
 
 PnuiMiaf 4 V0.7IS '• ^.'^""I'onssonl-ilaaim&des 
 
 .';■ ! 
 
 
 .•( 
 
122 
 
 S^/fp ^^A ^PP'^"^«'«. par* «e8 amis. 13. Cot auteui est-il 
 estime ? 14 II est estime de tout le mondo. 15. Le iardin du 
 rcheur est-il a yendre ou a louer ? 16. On dit qu'il es' Ti louer 
 17. Le menuisier a-t-il fait faire un habit ? 18. li en a fait 
 tau-e deux. 19. Les habits que vous avez achetes sont-ils uses 
 (jivorn out) P 20. lis sont uses, j'on ai fait faire d'autres. 21 
 l)it-on que nos amis sont aimes do tout le monde ? 22 On ne 
 le dit pas, car on ne le croit pas. 23. Les dames que nous 
 avons vues a 1 eghso hier au soir, sont-elles soeurs ? 24 Elles 
 ne lesont pas, on dit qu'elles sont cousines. 25. On dit auo 
 1 oacier qui vient d'arriver s'appelle S. 
 
 Exercise 88. 
 1. Are you blamed or praised ? 2. I am neither blamed nor 
 praised. 3. Is not your cousin esteemed by evervbodv ''' 4 
 She IS esteemed by nobody. 5. What has been said of my 
 brother ? 6 Nothmg has been said of him. 7. Do you know 
 If your brother's house IS to be let? 8. I have been told 
 (on ma dU) that it is to be sold. 9. Is not an idle person to 
 be pitied ? 10. The idle man is to be pitied. 11. Is your son 
 sometimes punished at school? 12. He is always punished 
 when he is idle. 13. Are your scholars praised when they arc 
 diligent (^*^^.«^)? 14. They are praised when they aredili- 
 gent, and they are blamed when they are idle. 15. Is that ladv 
 esteemed and respected ? 16. She is loved, esteemed, and re- 
 spected by everybody. 17. What has been told you? 18 Wo 
 have been told that your brother is respected by everybody 
 19. Madam, are you lAIr. S.'s sister? 20. No, Sir, I am not! 
 ^1. Madam, are you pleased with your son's conduct ? 22 No 
 bir, 1 am not, for he is blamed by everybody. 23. How is 
 S ol^^Jf'w^ ^^"^ ""^^^^^ 24. It is said that he is called 
 T ■ o^TT* ^^ 5"*^"^ brother's name ? 26. He is called 
 
 James 27. Have you been told that my brother is arrived? 
 28. We have been told so. 29. Are the goods which your 
 brother has bought, for sale ? 30. They are not for sale. 31 
 Has the bookbinder had a coat made ? 32. He has had a coat 
 made. 33. Is his other coat worn out ? 34. The coat which 
 he bought last year is worn out. 
 
 Section XLVII. 
 
 r^J;f ^^A**"? co«ipound tenses of the verb s'en aller, to go away 
 [Sect. 40. 1, 2], the pronoun en will of course keep its usual 
 place, after the other pronouns and before the auxiliary It 
 must never come between the auxiliary and the participle :"— 
 
 Je m'en suis all^ / went away. Nous nous en We went away. 
 .. sommes alUs, 
 
 „„* '''^^1 P'^epositiona used after passive^rb^are de auduar -iz de 
 ^JTf^^ l*^'' P'^^^i^ejerbs expressing mental action. Ky'o ^ suit 
 aime de mes parents. I am hved hy my parents; p^r iii any other 
 CMe and to avoid the repetition of de,%.3., Oetfe maison a Itl 
 workmpn- 11 a A+ a'kiV.IT ~ j I — =■"••"» '/'"' fi^-t!;tr xoas Utah uy iiiijjlisft 
 
 n-^wfc' ^i,a et6. blame d'une mani^re nevferepar son nape 
 B« hat htm hlamed, in a severe manner by his father. * ' 
 
123 
 
 Tu t'en es all^, Thou wentest 
 
 away. 
 n s en est alle, ffe went away. 
 
 You went away. 
 They went c >my. 
 
 Vous vous en 
 
 etes alles. 
 lis s'en sont 
 
 ^Z^A. iSZ^lSway. 
 toLX4i'hf;y;,tS^!?"^"^ '^ "*^^^- «* dress, answers 
 
 Mon habit ya bien. My coat Jits or mts well, 
 
 to iec^^^l "■ *'' *^^^' * ^^^ ^"'^^^« *« t^^ ^"gli«h ^0 .e«V, 
 
 Ce chapeau ne vous sied point. That hut does not become you. 
 to ^'v/ o'?*^" ^^ ''°^ corresponds in signification to the English 
 
 / have tried my waistcoat, it fits 
 A. . me 'Well. 
 
 [§10?*3)] ;!-*'" "'"^ ^° ^"'"•^^ *«^ appai-tenir, to belong 
 
 A qui est cette maison ? i ^^ ^ohom does that home belono i 
 ■cii^ „„* ^ . I Whase house is that f 
 
 Elle est a mon cousm. it is my cousin's. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 A q^ueUe heure vous en etes-vous At what hour did you go away i 
 
 J'ai essaye mon gilet, il me va 
 men. 
 
 all^? 
 Je m'en suis all^ a neuf heures. 
 Vous en etes-vous allies tron 
 
 tot, Mesdames ? 
 Nous nous en sommes allies 
 
 trop tard. 
 Cette robe vous va-t-elle bien ? 
 Elle ne me va pas bien. 
 Get habit vous siedil fort bien ? 
 
 Je I'ai essay^, mais il ne me va 
 
 5>as bien. 
 ui va bien. 
 H me g^ne, il me serre trop. 
 Cette .obe ne lui va pas bien. 
 Ces livres sont-ils k vous ou a 
 
 moi? 
 Us ne sont ni 4 moi ni k vous, 
 
 A qui sont-ils done ? 
 Les livres de qui avez-vous ap- 
 port^s ? ^ 
 
 J'ai apportd ceux de mon Mre. 
 
 EXEHCISE 89 
 
 Foncd, e, dark. 
 
 I went away at nine o'clock. 
 Did you go away too soon, ladies ? 
 
 We ivent away too late. 
 
 Does that dress fit you well ? 
 It does not fit me well. 
 Does that coat become you very 
 well .? " 
 
 I have tried it on, hut it does not 
 
 .fit me. 
 It fits him well. 
 It hurts me, it is too tight. 
 That dress does not fit her well. 
 Are those books yours or mine ? 
 
 They belong neither to me nor to 
 
 you. 
 Whose are they then ? 
 Whose books have you brought f 
 
 I have brought my brother's. 
 
 Beau-fr^re, m. 
 
 brothcr-in laio. 
 Botte, f. hoot. 
 Clair, e, light. 
 ^ourt, e, shwt. 
 
 Uioit,e,narrow,tight. Mieux, better. 
 
 ,,■■-:. Neuf, ve, new. 
 
 LrSn-er, 1. to hurt, to Od, where. 
 
 press. Serr-er. 1. to »r«w. 
 
 OUet, rn. mistcoat. Ten-ir,'2. ir. to hold. 
 
 Ifjrge, wide. Vers, towards, about. 
 
 m 
 
 in 
 
 ■? i 
 
124 
 
 1. Vos bottes ne vont-elles pas bien P 2. Elles ne me vm.f 
 
 EUes sont trop etroitcs et trop courtos, elles me Jnent 5 T « 
 cordonmer s'en eBt-il alle ? 6. II ne 's'en est pas encore al^e 
 IheosfTyZr^^'' compagnes de votre seen? s'en sont-elL; 
 Q T ?;, K-; ®^ ''^'^ ^°"* ^^^^^8 vers sixheuresde I'apr^s.midi 
 9 L habit que vpus tenez, est-il h vous ou u votre frSe? 10 
 II nest m u.lui m u moi, il est il mon heau-frere 11 T„; 
 va-t-il bien? 12. II lui va fort bien, et il lui sied bien 1? 
 
 2lwto ^VT- • ''■ .V'^M' faireV FrancT'ou en 
 
 votrrsSur? Ifi n^"^"' .'?"* '' ^^^'^ 'l'^^ "* Mademoiselle 
 votre soeur ;- 16. lis sont u moi. 1 7. Votre gilet va-t-il mien v 
 que celui de votre beau-frtu-p ^ i s ti ,v,^ „„ v nueux 
 
 iQ \7-^+^^ I, vw. r^ ^^' ■'^^ ™<5 va beaucoup mieux 
 
 ly. Votre habit ne vous eeno-t-il nns P 9ft ti „^ ^ "ueux. 
 
 «oO me gene, il est de l^rucoupTop la'rgo" "si'Z iZ^ 
 
 9^ Til \ „^«t-e"e trop ulaire ? 24. Elle est trop foncee 
 26. Les coulours foncees ne me sieent jamais. ^ 
 
 Exercise 90. 
 1 . Are your friends gone away ? 2. Thev are nof v^t o.r,r,« 
 
 Tawav ?' T Shi ^"^; '• ^'"^* ^'- <i^" "uJmoC 
 lonr llffio • ; ^ '^^''* f'^^y ^^^^y *J^i« morning. 5. Did 
 your little sister go away late? 6. She went away too soon 
 7. Does your sister's new dress become herP 8 It does S 
 become her. 9. Why does it not become her? 10 D^rk 
 
 ftSTfe'p"°ir te ]'' ""' i!^^* ^°^°"- become your 
 orotners wite? 12. They become her very well 1? Ata 
 
 your new hoots too narrow or too wide P 14 Thev'ai-e neither 
 
 too narrow nor too wide, they fit very well. 15^ DoeTvoS 
 
 brother's waistcoat fit him? 16. It fits him, but ifdoes^S 
 
 become him. 17. Light colours never become him 18 T. 
 
 your coat too t ght for you P 19. It is not too Tight f^r ma It 
 
 18 by far too wide 20. Whose house is that P 21 It S m v 
 
 fa her's and brother's 22. Whose books have you brouSt 
 
 &erT"27 Wot /'"' ^''"^^t' "^y brothel's andTy 
 sister s 24. WTiose dresses are those ? 25. Thev are mv 
 
 mother's my sister's, and my cousin's. 26. Wnot thZ 
 German books yours ? 27. Thev are tinf Tn^C,<r"+^ 
 fripTid's 9S ir-,y 4^1^^ ■^"'^y »re not mine, they are my 
 
 mend 8. 28. Are those pens yours or mine P 29. Thev arp 
 neither yours nor mine, they are my brother's. 30 Doerthis 
 hat fit you? 31. Yes, Sir, it fits me, but it does not become 
 me. 32. Is your hat too small P 33. It is too large (S) 
 
 Section XLVIII. 
 
 , 1. The verb falloir [3. ir.], to be necessary, is alwaVs uspd 
 impersonally. See table, § 64. y, « aiwajs used 
 
 n faut, il a fallu. Itismcmary, it was or kas been 
 
 II fftut audier tous les jours. ItTmSari> to study every day. 
 
125 
 t1,^■R^^''4'°^'^^"^'^^^^J■^'*'^ imperscnal pronoun for eubiect 
 
 yZ^!Zfll rl"""'" fr^q"«"tly used construction of this 
 
 h. ?; J*^!?^'^ ^^ "^^'^ '" *^^ signification of to want to need to 
 be mdcr the necessity of hnvmj :■— ' ' ^° 
 
 II ine faut un livre. j need a hook. 
 
 n lui faut de 1 argent. ffe is in ivant of money. 
 
 s,,J;-nY^''" «"«< is used in the last acceptation, and has for 
 sub ect a noun the latter, which in the corresponding French 
 sentence is indirect object, is preceded by 4 :_ " 
 
 II faut uu livre a ma sceur. My sister must have a book (needs 
 
 a book). 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 ^TtuSr'^'' ™' ^''"^"' '^ ^""* I ^f^P'J" ^««^««^^ ii ^ necessary 
 II faut aller a r^glise et a I'dcole. It is nectary to go to church and 
 Ti *„, A i V , . 'to school. 
 
 II Teur fan di " 1'.r..nf a 1 1?''' ^^ ^^^^ ^''«'**. o^ ^«^ ? 
 
 Sit! ^ *"" '^^ ! ^-^^^ ^^^'^ °^ »»«< A«^-e »«<»^y w 
 
 V^ous faut-U cinquante francs ? | D^p\oant or must ycnc have 
 n me faut cinquante-cinq francs. i/m^|/S? or / n,ed fifty -five 
 Combien d'argeut faut-il a votre UrSk,«o;i.yrfo..2,oMr /«<*«. 
 
 EXEHCISE 91. 
 
 of a franc -n^A e ^ x. Ouvrage, m. work. 
 
 nv.V • Dette, f. (^eJ;. Pav-er 1 hp^ f&nn 
 
 Chirurgien,m.sM}-f7eoM,. Envoy-er, I. ir R 50 mi' L^^,'. ''^ ' 
 
 Combien ? Ao,. «,«cA/ (2)f to 'send ^^ ^ Pein^f &. 
 
 W many ? pin-ir, 2. to;?ne«A. qSd,whZ 
 
 travaiUer ^'"f f t^f tl^r^^'^^^^ 2. Aujourd'hui il faut 
 S^r^ r f:,. ^- ^■^-^^^'^"^^eaucoup travaiUer pour finir I'ou- 
 !!! g-^^^^''"^^' *• li '^ fnUu travaiUer toute la joumee.' 5. 
 
 lif 
 
126 
 
 Quand faut-il ^criro h notro ami ? 6. II faut lui ecrire aujour . 
 d'hui. 7. Mo faut-dl aller trouvor mon pere ? 8. II vous faut 
 aller le trouver, il desire vous parlor. 9. A-t-il besoin f'.o quelquo 
 chose h 10. II lui faut des livres, des plumes, et do I'encre. 
 11. No lui faut-il pas aussi do I'argent ? 12. II lui en faut 
 beaucoup pour payer sea dettes. 13. Vous faut-il encore quel- 
 que chose i- 14. II ne me faut plus rien, j'ai tout ce qu'il me 
 faut. 15. Ne faut-il pas du papier a votre soeur ? 16. II ne 
 lui en faut pas davantage.* 17. Que faut-il envoyer au 
 chirurgien ? 18. II faut lui envoyer de I'argent, il en a grand 
 besoin. 19. La modiste a-t-olle tout ce qu'il lui faut? 20. 
 Elle n'a pas tout cc qu'il lui faut. 21. Combien vous faut-il ? 
 22. II mo faut cinq francs. 23. Ne vous faut-il pas davantage ? 
 24. 11 no mo faut pas davantage. 2.'). Que lui faut-il pour sa 
 peine P 26. II demande nn fnno vingt-cinq centimes. 
 
 ExejIcisk O'Z. 
 1. What must we do ? 2. You must bring your book and 
 learn your lesson. 3. Is it necessary to write to your brother 
 to-day :•' 4. It is not necessary to write to him. 5. Has it 
 been necessary to speak to your father ? 6. It has been neces- 
 sary to speak to him. 7. Is it necessary to go to D. to-day ? 
 8. It is necessary to go there (i/). 9. Must I go to your sister ? 
 10. You must go to her, she wishes to speak to you. 1 1. How 
 much money must your brother have ? 12. He must have ten 
 francs fifty centimes. 13. How many books does your sister 
 want ? 14. She must have many books, f ".e reads {lit) much. 
 15. What will you send to the surgeon? 16. We must send 
 him our horse; his own {le sien) is ill. 17. Must he not have 
 paper ? 18. He must have some ; he has letters to write. 19. 
 Must he have much ? 20. He must have a quire {main, f.). 21. 
 Do you want anything more ? {See No. 13, in the French exer- 
 cise above.) 22. I need something more. 23. I need nothing 
 more. 24, Must you have one hundred francs ? 25. I must 
 have ten dollars. 26. What does the surgeon want ? 27. He 
 must have money to {pour) pay his debts. 28. Has the tailor 
 all that he wants ? 29. He has not all that he wants. 30. The 
 milliner has received all that she wants. 31. What must you 
 have for your trouble? 32. How much do you want? 33. 
 How much do we want ? 34. What must I do ? 35. You must 
 write a letter. 36. What must she write? 37. She must 
 write four pages. 38. She must go to church. 
 
 Section XLIX. 
 
 1. The verb seoir [3. ir. Sect. 47, R. 3], is also used imper- 
 aonally : — 
 
 II ne 70US sied pas de parler ainsi. It does not become you to speak thus. 
 
 _ 2. The verb convenir [2. ir. see § 64], to suit, is at times used 
 
 impersonally. It then signifies to be suitable, advisable, &c, :-— 
 
 II convient de lui Ecrire. It is advisable to vxrite to him.. 
 
 ♦ This adverb, in modem usage, is not employed with a noon. 
 
127 
 
 . 3. The irregular verb valoir [sec table, § 64] con-esponds in 
 signification to the English expression, to be worth :— 
 Cette maison vaut cinq mille That home is worth Jive thou- 
 francs. sand francs. 
 
 4. Ne rien valoir means to be good for nothiug ; ne pas 
 vaiOir grand'chose, to be worth little, not to be good for much. 
 
 Ce (Irap ne vaut rien. TJutt doth w (jood for nothing. 
 
 Notre maison ne vaut pas Our home is not mod for much. 
 grandchose. 
 
 5. Etre riche de . . . means to be icorth, to possess ; when a 
 person is the noniiuative of tlie verb, valoir is never us(d 
 in this sense. 
 
 Cette peraonne est riche de cinq That person is worth five thou- 
 mille piastres. sand dollars. 
 
 6. Valoir mieux, used impersonally, means to be better; 
 valoir la peine, to be worth the while :— 
 
 ^^ JiV** "If"" travailler que It is better to labour than to be 
 u etre oisif. ij/g 
 
 Cela lie vaut pts la peine de It is not worth the while to speak- 
 parler riuand on n a rieu ii dire. when one has noth ing to say. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 n ne vous sied pas de nous faire 
 
 dea reproclies. 
 II ne vous convient pas de parler 
 
 de la sorte. 
 II ne nous convient pas d'y aller. 
 
 It does not become you to reproach 
 
 us. 
 It is not suitable for you to speak 
 
 so. 
 It does not suit us to go there. 
 How much is your garden worth? 
 It is much more valuMble than 
 
 yours. 
 It is not worth as much as mine. 
 
 Combien votre jardin vaut-il ? 
 n vaut beaucoup jilus que le 
 
 v6tre. 
 II ne vaut pas autant que le 
 
 mien. 
 Notre maison ne vaut rien. 
 Votre habit ne vaut pas grand'- 
 
 chose. 
 Cela ne vaut pas la peine. 
 Ce cliftteau psut valoir cent mille 
 
 francs. 
 De combien votre oncle est-il 
 
 riche ? 
 n eat riche de deux cent mille 
 
 francs. 
 Ne vaut-il pas mieux lire que 
 
 jouer ? 
 
 Exercise 93. 
 
 AssMT-er,!. to assure. Coviiem,m. knife. Pouv-oir, 3 
 
 Au juste, precisely. Marche, m. market. able. 
 Autre chose, some- M^rit-er, 1. to deserve, Reproch-er, 1. 
 
 thing else. merit. proach. 
 
 Cass-er, 1. to break. Montre, f. watch. Tout au plus, at most 
 
 Ccntame, t. about a i^cgUguncc, f. neglect. Va, from aller, to go. 
 
 hundred. Nt^gociant, merchant. Vingtaine, f. about 
 
 Chaine, f. chain. twenty. 
 
 B* 
 
 Our house is good for nothing. 
 Your coat is not good for much. 
 
 That is not worth the while. 
 That villa may be worth one hun- 
 dred thousand francs. 
 How much is your uncle worth ? 
 
 He is worth ttvo hundred thou- 
 sand francs. 
 
 Is it not better to read than to 
 play? 
 
 ir. to be 
 
 to re- 
 
128 
 
 I. Vous sied-il de nous reprocher notre n^gligonco P 2 
 mo 8iod de V0U8 fairo des reprochcs quand vous lo meritez 
 
 Vous <:onvinnf.i1 H'dllnr' i^fr^,„r^^ ,~.^„ s-:. o ^ xi 
 
 II 
 
 Vous conviont-il d allor trouver mon frero ? 4. II no mo con- 
 vient pas d aller lo trouver, j'ai autre chose a faire. 6 Com. 
 ?f o7'/o?n'''VP Peut-il valoir ? 6. II pout valoir uno vingtaine 
 R ^^^y ir ™^"^ *^''^"''«- 7. Valcz-vous mieux que votro 
 irero ." 8. iMon frere vaut beaucoup mieux quo moi 9 Co 
 couteau no vaut-il pas plus que lo votre? 10. Le mien est 
 Xp ^'o ^n"' davantage. 11. Combien votro montro vaut- 
 ?i Ti i^ ^ ,"^ vaut pas grand'chose, elle no va pas bien. 
 
 I J. 1)0 combien lo ncgociant cst-il richo ? 1 4. Je no puis vous 
 le dire au juste, il est richo d'uno contuino do milk francs. 
 10. JNe vaut-il pas mieux restor ici quo d'allor au marcho '■' 16 
 
 II vaut mieux aller au marche. 17. V^otre chaino d'or vaut^ 
 elle plus que la mienne ? 18. Elle vaut tout autant. 19 Elle 
 ne vaut pas grand'chose, elle est cassee. 20. Cela vaut-il cin- 
 quante francs ^ 21. Cela vaut tout au plus deux francs. 22 
 Avoz-yous demande au marchand co que cela \ ut '-' 23 Jo 
 
 Exercise 94. 
 1. How much is my house worth? 2. It is worth about 
 twenty thousand francs. 3. Is that horse worth as much as 
 JwnnffV, ^ A lior«^'«7?rthtwo hundred dollars, and 
 that one three hundred 5. Is it worth the while to write to 
 your brother? 6. It is not worth the while. 7. Is it worth 
 the while to go out when one does not vish to walk ? 8 Tt 
 IS not (ncn) worth the while. 9. Does it suit you to write to 
 my brother to-morrow ? 10. It does not suit me to write io 
 1 i Tf i '* ^x^''??^ ^'^"^ *° reproach me with mv neglect ^ 
 
 n" ^*\«,^?'"^^"»'^toWame(iW,««.) you when you deserve it. 
 13. What IS that man worth ? 14. I cannot tell you exactlv 
 about fifty thousand francs. 15. Is that cloth good ? 16 No 
 
 ?iTne?'M''YS\""'''l"^- 'hi' ^'""^ ^"" ^'^*h ^« "^"^h as 
 mine? 18. Yes, feir, it is worth more. 19. Will you eo to 
 
 ?/hTh"'1 '^; ^"' ?'"' ^ ^V' ''"^''^^S else to S ^21 
 to Lo eariv 9^^ t« "market early than late ? 22. It is better 
 to go eaily. 23. How much may your horse be worth ? 24 
 It 18 not worth much, it is very eld. 25. Is your watch better 
 than mine ? 26 It is not worth much, it doe^s not go 27 Is 
 ttiat book worth two francs ? 28. It is worth one, at most. 29 
 Have you asked your sister what that book is worth ? 30 T 
 have not. [Sect. 24 R. 12. Sect. 46 R. 4.] 31. What must I 
 
 horse?" Sfi H?L™"1/-n fT ^^- ^^' ^« "°* «>ld ^is 
 horse ? 36. He has sold it, but it was not worth much. 
 
 Sbctign L. 
 1. When the verbs prendre [4. ir. see § 64], to take : voler. to 
 :vb, .0 ma,; aonewr, to hay; demander, to ask for /payer,' to 
 pay, are followed by one object only, or by several objects in 
 
t ,^ 
 
 129 
 
 Avez-vous pris le livre ? 
 Avez-vous paye le libraire ? 
 ;^ vez-voiis demands voire argent ' 
 L ttvez-vou8 demandd ? 
 
 f?omT/''**ii°v' these Objects, if nouns, must nothr separated 
 
 ^ave you taken the hook ? 
 -«ate you paid the boohidler f 
 Have you asked fm- your money f 
 Have you asked for him f 
 
 of indirLt obfJct f- ' ' ^ P'''"''""' ^'^"'"'^ tho fo™ 
 
 J'ai pris le livre a men frfere. / have taken the look fro,n my 
 
 J'ai pay^ le livre au libraire. / S'^^,^ ,,, ,,„,^^„^. 
 
 Jeleluiai.ay...c. /£SLA..y«... 
 
 J>v^^°^'' '■' "^^ ^^«° »" the sense of .« ,•«,«,,. ^b,-, to 
 J'ai demanded ce monsieur. / asked for that gentleimn. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Vous a-t-on voy vos livres ? 
 
 On me les a voids [Sect. 35, 1, 21 
 A-t-on payd les souliers au cor- 
 
 donnier ? 
 On ne les lui a pas encore payes. 
 v^u a-t-on pris a voire pere ? 
 
 On lui a pris son argent. 
 
 Ne vous a-t-on rien payd ? 
 On m 'a payd prescjue tout. 
 J ai achettf des livres au libraire. 
 Qui avez-vous demande ? 
 J'ai demand^ men frere alnd. 
 Avez-vous demand^ de I'argent 
 
 A voire ami ? 
 Je ne lui en ai pas demmde. 
 
 Has any one stolen your hooka 
 
 from you f 
 They havi heen stolen from me. 
 Has the shoemaker been paid for 
 
 the shoes ? 
 ^Jifnot yet been paid for them, 
 tv hat has heen taken from your 
 
 father ? 
 
 His money hxs been taken from 
 him. 
 
 Has nothing been paid vou ? 
 I have been paid almost all. 
 ^bought hooks from the bookseller. 
 Whom have you asked for ? 
 j_inquiredfor my eldest h-other. 
 Haw you asked your friend for 
 
 money i ■' 
 
 I have not asked him for any. 
 
 Exercise 96. 
 
 Cm;oS."«i«f • vSut Ti- R«.--^ements,m. p. 
 
 ^i^'¥^P' P^^^S: nl^Ztli^ome 
 
 Ugnme,m.vegetable. B^eZd-re, 4. to retnm. ^°y««^"'-' '"•^'•«^'«'?«-. 
 
 1. Que voud a-t-on nrisP ') On tt,'.,. riri- -n-- ^;- 
 cmyonsetmoncanif "s. Sav-ezrvoVq^i^^^^^t^.'S T 
 Je ne connais pas celui qui me les a pris, mais ie safs" on'tl 
 demeure aci. 5. Avez-vous demande vos l^rr? \. Je lela! 
 
 €i 
 
 i • i 
 
 i f 
 
 
lo lui ai paye. 23? No 
 24. Je lo lour ai paye. 
 
 2. I have paid him my 
 
 130 
 
 demand68 i mon cousin. 7. Vout les at-il rendus P 8. II me 
 lo8 a pay68. 9. Vous a-t-onvol6 beaucoup de fruit cette ann6oP 
 l^".^*? "^'* ^"'*' ^^^ legumes, mais on no m'a point vole 
 do fruit. 1 1 . Avez- vous paye votro chapeau au paysan P 12. 
 Je no lo lui ai pus pay6, jo I'ai paye au chjipdior. 13. A qui 
 avez-vous domandc dos ronseignements P 11. J'en ai demandc 
 au voyagour. 15. Savoz-vous qui viont de frappor i\ la porto ? 
 16. Cast M. L., qui vous dcmando. 17. Qui avoz-vous 
 domando? 18. J'ai domnnde votre fr6ro. 19. Votre frfero 
 a-t-il paye toutcs ses dottos P 20. II no lus a pas encore payees, 
 parce qu'il n'a pas rG(,'u sos revenus. 21. Lui avoz-vous paye 
 
 ce quo vous lui avoz acli(!te ? 22. Jo - ^ y- 
 
 leur avoz-vous pas paye votre loycr P 
 25. lis nous ont paye notro maison. 
 
 EXEUCIKK 06. 
 
 1. Have you paid your landlord P _. „ ^.„„ „„„ 
 
 rent. 3. Have you paid him for tho windows wWch* you have 
 broken P 4. I have paid him for them. 5. Has the hatter 
 paid tor all his hats P 6. Ho has not paid for them, he has 
 bouglit them on credit (a credit). 7. Do you pay what you 
 owe, every day ? 8. I pay my butcher every week. 9. Have 
 you paid him for his meat P 10. I have paid him for it. 11. 
 For whom did you inquire this morning P 12. I inquired for 
 your brother. 13. Why did you not inquire for my father? 
 14. I know that your father is in England. 15. Has the hatter 
 been paid for hiS hats P 16. Ho has been paid for them. 17. 
 Has your money been taken from you ? 18. .My hat has been 
 stolen from me. 19. Have yon asked your brother for your 
 money ? 20. I have asked him for it, but he cannot return it- 
 to mo. 21. Has he no money? 22. He has jnsf paid all his 
 debts, and ho has no money loft {de reste). 23. Have you 
 asked your father for money P 24. I have not asked him for 
 any, I know that ho lias none. 25. From what bookseller 
 have you bought you,- books P 26. I bought them from your 
 bookseller. 27. Are you wrong to pay your debts P 28. t am 
 right to pay them. 29. Who is inquiring for me P 30 The 
 physician is inquiring for you. 31. Who knocks P 32. Your 
 shoemaker knocks. 
 
 Section LI. 
 
 THE PAST DEFINITE. (§ 116.) 
 
 1. The past definite may be called the narrative or historical 
 tense of the French. It is used to express au action entirely 
 past, definite and complete in itself. The time may or may not 
 be specified, but every portion of it must be elapsed. 
 
 Men frire partit hier pom- Paris. My lyrother Uft yesterday fm- 
 
 ^u?^^hl^^!^}^l^^ ^^^^"^ ^® ^^ ^minopfm resolved to make h'- 
 ••"•-; ut^iitiii. soti It, cviiqutrror. 
 
 2. Th student will bear in mind that the past indefinite 
 
131 
 
 [Sect. 4 1] may bo u8«kI for tho past dofinito. T3io past definite 
 Rowoyer, may novor bo used for tho indofinito. frconv. "!.' 
 tion the indein.to is proforred to tho definite, us the iSr 
 would appear too formal [§ 117 (3)1 ■— 
 
 hJih^^J^ ?"'f ^''il'^" """"y genoraily bo rendered in Enfflish 
 
 L^^fiKvTl,*- 5"-Pr* '^"^"**^ '"'' "°^^^ t.e rendered S 
 Ji.ngli8h by tho participle present of the verb preceded by tea,. 
 
 J'allai a rdgliso hier matin. I went or did go tochurch yntnday 
 
 mo)'nin{/. 
 4. Teuminations op the Past Definite op the Folk 
 toNjuoATioNS, Soo Scct. 22, and § 60. 
 
 Je chant -al 
 
 aan/f 
 Tu pari -as 
 
 apokmt 
 II donn -a 
 
 gave 
 Nous cherch -fimes 
 
 KOIlf/ht 
 
 Vous port ates 
 
 carried 
 11b aim -drent 
 
 loved, liked 
 
 fin -iB 
 
 finithed 
 
 ch^r -Is 
 
 chei'ishedst 
 
 foum -it 
 
 furnished 
 
 pun -imes 
 
 punithed 
 
 Hais -ites 
 
 seized 
 
 un -Irent 
 
 re9 -ui 
 
 received 
 ap. ■<; -ug 
 perniredst 
 per? -ut 
 collected 
 con9 -times 
 conceived 
 d -ates 
 
 d^9 -urent 
 
 deceived 
 
 5, It will bo seen that the 
 fourth conjugations are iiii^o. 
 
 MiSCELLANEOlS EXAMPLES 
 
 On nous parla de vous hier. 
 Le banquier nous donna de I'ai'- 
 
 gent 1 ann^e dei nifere. 
 Le banquier nous a donn^ de 
 
 I'argent. 
 Le professeur nuus parla de vous 
 
 Tann/'o derniere. 
 II nous i)ary de ses amis et des 
 
 n6tres. 
 Pendant notre voyage, il nous 
 
 raconta ses aventures. 
 II nous a raconta I'histoire do sa 
 
 vie. 
 
 rend -Is 
 
 rendered 
 
 vend -l8 
 
 Boldest 
 
 tend 
 
 tended 
 
 entend 
 
 heard 
 
 perd 
 
 lost 
 
 mord 
 
 bit. 
 
 -it 
 
 -imes 
 -ites 
 -irent 
 
 wnunations of tho second and 
 
 The}/ spoke to us of you yesterday. 
 The banker gave us money last 
 
 year. 
 The banker has given ns mcmey. 
 
 The professor spoke to us about 
 
 you last year. 
 Bespoke to ua of his friends and 
 
 of ours. 
 During our Journey he related to 
 
 us his adventures. 
 He related to m the histaru of 
 
 his life. ■' 
 
 EXEKCISE 97. 
 
 Pendant, during. 
 Pri-er, 1. to Imj. 
 Propridt^s, f. p. jwo 
 
 perty. ,j^^^, -ci , ». i ei . lo 
 
 Kemeroi-eT,ltothank. Semaine, f. loeek. 
 S^chapper, 1. ref. tc Soldat, m. soldier 
 
 escape. Tard, late. 
 
 Trop t6t, too soon 
 
 Se couch-er, 1. ref. to 
 
 go to bed. 
 Sejour, m. stay. 
 Selev-er, 1. ref. to rise. 
 
 Aine, e, elder, eldest. 
 Avec, with. 
 Derni-er, ^re, last. 
 Habillement, m. dress. 
 Lorsque, when. 
 Neuf, ve, neu\ 
 Ordinairement, gener- 
 ally. 
 
 r^iLV o^^"^""'' ''^'^'l^f ^ea^coup d'argent la semaine der- 
 nifereP 2. E en re<}ut beaucoup. 3. Aussitdt que vous aper- 
 
 < .s 
 
132 
 
 cates votre fr^re, ne lui pariates-vous pas? 4 D&s nu^ ,'« 
 
 vous donna do VarlZ't^X r:ZlZ':^^^^^^^ ^H^ }' 
 vuauvresr IW- J e ne les ai pas encore trouvpo n y ^""''*' 
 perof 1^. Je lea finis alors et le le mvai n vw 
 
 Exercise 98. 
 
 I'J^ "^^*^i<i yo'i receive last week? 2. We receivod fttu/ 
 francs from your friend, and twenty-five from /our brother^ 
 3 Did you take your son to church with you v^sterdav ? 4 f 
 did not take him there (u) H \Krh«+ a-^ >esteraay t i. 1 
 fi WTt. i^c* ^^'' °- »Vhat did you lose last vear ? 
 
 10 ThevsSp of V *^'y/P«^^ of your brother yesterday ? 
 ^Ve yo?? ^ 12 He^ '''''* ""^ ^°^^ ^^- ^** did thi physician 
 |urSii^-"S^ 
 
 tmvenS P', ^'vf-^ ^> ^* ^'^ ^^^ KSJ ' 1 ' H^: ?h" 
 tra\eller related his adventures to you P 20 F« rfilnf7J^!i, 
 
 your b.jthe. d„lXt% L^;;?!'? ^S'X»?„t o1 
 have thanked him mTOT,,fi:^"'''* >'''"'■ '"*»■•' 28. I 
 
 Section LII. 
 «J"J^® terminations of the past definite of irregular verbs 
 
 llirS^ 'J iT.5T!^!>.£?' ,- a few instance^ thVS'«: 
 ^ *-j — Tf^ lo uiutiiaicu or altered : 
 
138 
 
 \voiH, to have. 
 
 J' e-us 
 Tu e-UB 
 II e-ut 
 Nous e-umes 
 Vous e-fltes 
 lis e-urent 
 
 £tbe, to he. 
 
 f-UB 
 f-US 
 f-Ut 
 
 f-fimes 
 
 f-utes 
 
 f-urent 
 
 VoiE, to see. 
 
 v-ls 
 
 v-is 
 
 v-it 
 
 v-imes 
 
 v-lites 
 
 v-lrent 
 
 Lire, to read. 
 1-us 
 
 1-UB 
 
 1-ut 
 1-ftmeB 
 l-ates 
 1-urent 
 
 nni f '°*' t*'^®' '* ""^^ ^^ per(;eived, take in this tense a 
 new stem, e-us. f-us; 6tre and lire, though belonging to the 
 voi n^T *r;.' *f^' the terminations of the 3rd, and voir, a 
 verb of the 3rd, takes the terminations of the 2nd and of the 
 
 T^n'/^*1^'''"«°!*^''''''''*^"' '*'''" ""^ t^« '^erb is.^s stated in 
 JNo. 1 ot this Section, mutilated, altered, or some letter is added 
 ims may be seen in the verbs :— 
 
 to it. 
 
 Venir, 
 to come. 
 
 Prendre, Craindre, 
 
 Je 
 Tu 
 II 
 
 Nous 
 Vous 
 lis 
 
 v-lns 
 
 v-ins 
 
 v-int 
 
 v-fnmes 
 
 v-intes 
 
 v-inrent 
 
 CONNAITRE, CoNDUIRE, 
 
 totnke. to fear. to know. to conduct. 
 
 pr-is craign-lB conn-us conduis-is 
 
 pr-18 craign-iB conn-UB conduis-lB 
 
 pr-W craign-it conn-ut conduis-it 
 
 pr-imeB craign-lmes conn-tuneB conduis-lmes 
 
 pr-ltes craign-ltes conn-tites conduis-ltes 
 
 pr-lrent craign-irent conn-urent conduis-lrent 
 
 rra^tiJ'^Mt^,^^ conjugated all verbs ending in enir; like 
 cramdre, coimaltre, and conduire, those ending in indre. altre 
 and uire ; and hke prendre, those composed of this verb and a 
 prefix ; as, comprendre, Burprendre, &c. 
 
 6. We would at all times refer the student to the table of 
 ^regular verbs, § 64, for those tenses of the irregular verbs 
 with which he ig lot familiar. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Ne conduisites-vous point votre 
 fils en Espagne 1 annee der- 
 niere ? 
 
 Je I'y conduisis et je I'y laissai. 
 
 Aussitot que vous vites votre 
 
 frere, ne le reconnfttes-vous 
 
 pas? 
 Je le reconnus aussitot 
 
 l'aper9us. 
 Le pharmacien ne vint-il pas 
 
 vous voir ? 
 II Vint me voir; il fut bicn 
 
 etonne de trouver chez inoi un 
 
 de ses anciens amis. 
 Ne prltes-vous pas conge de vos 
 
 amis, hier? 
 Je pri? conge d'eux, et je les 
 
 priai de m 6crire. 
 
 que je 
 
 Did you not take your son to 
 Spain last year > 
 
 I took him there and left him 
 
 there. 
 As soon as you saw your brother, 
 
 did you not recognize him f 
 
 I recognized him as soon as I per- 
 ceived him. 
 
 Did not the apothecary come to 
 see you ? 
 
 He came to see me ; he was much 
 astonished to find one of his old 
 friends at my house. 
 
 Did you not take leave of your 
 friends yesterday^ 
 
 1 took leave of them, and begged 
 them to write to me. 
 
 if. 
 
134 
 
 EXEHCISE 99. 
 
 Accompagn-er, 1. to De mon mieux, m 
 accompany. ^lell as I could. 
 
 Aril f' "' ^?* •• , B^3 que, «« soo« as. 
 
 Amicalement, kmdli/. ficoU'er, m. scholar 
 
 Arnvee, f. arnval. Histoire, f. histm-y. 
 
 Attend-re, 4. to wait Inforra-er, 1. to in- 
 
 for. 
 Ausecours, to the as 
 
 sistancc. 
 Conge, m. leave. 
 Cour-ir, 2. ir. to run 
 
 Peintre, m. painter. 
 bans, without. 
 Secour-ir, 2. ir. to suc- 
 cour. 
 Se depech-er, 1. ref. to 
 , -. .^ _,„ Tiiake haste. 
 
 T ^Z""- ,■ . . Se hkt-er, 1. ref. to 
 Lu, from lue, 4. ir. , to hasten. 
 
 I'f"^- S'ennuy-er, 1. nee to 
 
 Notaire, in. notary. become weary. 
 
 temT,s?°2 m"r «>""y^rent-ils hier d'attendre si long- 
 
 fiuTs- perdi L "p'Slt'^^^^ d'attendre si longtemps, qu'^fa 
 
 parent LicaIetK;^^;,,n^^^ ^ Je^s 
 
 tZ\^:?\ ?• ,^' lates-vouspas la lettre de votre fS 
 avant hier ? 6. Je la lus et je I'envoyai ti mon oncle 7^! 
 
 mWm^Sfi ^"^^^*"* q'^e V0U8 eutes apercu mon frere ne 
 m mfoi^tes-vous pas de son arrivee P li Je vou^en infor! 
 
 vinrent-ils hier vous pri^^de L'accompa'gneTr ^^^7 
 vovir ir-Nf ' '> r ^'^^"^^^'^^ Bans^me parler i: 2"; 
 m?ref 18 T«^l,-r-^'*'l-^ei''' P^« "" *^Weau I'annee der! 
 ftaHpn « t ji f ^.P«'^°is un tableau d'histoire. 19. Le peintre 
 Itahen a-t- 1 fini son portrait ? 20. II le finit hier 21 Tl r! 
 
 de s.^.y t"?i .- -^s £r^.^;^if- St 
 
 Exercise 100. 
 1. Did the notary accompany you vesterdav p 9 tt 
 pamed me as far as Umue cL) yolvTotl^^^ '?• Heaccom- 
 compamon take leave of you yesterdav ? 4 w * ,^'^ ^'^"^ 
 me this morning. 6. Did vou rpad w. /" ^t *°°'' ^«^^« "* 
 I have lent you? 6. I S^t the d J. hJ'^^^ ^^"^ ^''"'^ ^^ich 
 Ai^r). 7. At what time did the „'"?'^°"'^ yesterday [avant. 
 
 8. He came at half. pasT nine 9 H^t«fl°T f ^' '"°™"^? 
 portrait ? 10. He minted n'li a ' J® ^"'''^^f^ ^our father's 
 Is not yet fini;hS " I? Dif vo7rJ.f °'^^' ^"* *^^ P^^rait 
 lief when you saw him n dan^r ? 12"? tir^If^''^' ''■ 
 him. 13. What did vn„ ^^ v, ■'■ ™stened to succour 
 
 nn I- . j; ^iiuiner 8. ly. Do vou pmnt unhiV's—-^-' - • ' ~ 
 -. X pamteu last year an historic^ pictir'^^l DTy^ur 
 
 Is,HjI. 
 
135 
 
 Bister beg you to accompany her ? 22. She beffffed me to ac 
 company her. 23 Did you send for the notJ/^stZlsyon 
 Sl^"\';'"i ^^^^'\' 24- I sent for him. ^ Sr When S 
 
 nnisnea it ? 34. I have not yet finished it. ' 
 
 Section LIII, 
 the impeiifect (§115). 
 
 ♦hi"/^®-'?P'^''l^'^*°^ simultaneous past tense maybe called 
 the descriptive tense of the French The action which 2 
 
 o?S"''' k*^; '^*r*^"" ^^^'^ i* describes is imperfec 
 of a' ^ ^i:,*;r^-"T^l^^Sinning, duration, aEnd 
 En^i . ''^''^^l^l^^r.ed It may often be rendered in 
 
 Jite lea^gneSlsXtl^^ £ ^^^ *^^ P^^^^P^^ P—t 
 
 "^tteJentr? ""'*''' '^""^'^ ^°"' ^^^^^ ««-<mf/ </ns ^omen^ t.Ae« 
 Je^^^s^is hier quand olle m'a / S/" ..«, Men 
 '^'- she called me. 
 
 2. The imperfect is also used to express an action which is 
 customary or often repeated. It may then be rendered in 
 
 SSng\e?b?-l""' ""' P^^^^'^ ^^^«^^ *^^ infinSrof'tio 
 ^be"^=r f ^^ -- ^= - -«o .,,. ... 
 
 S'e= jruifir °^- r Sir' '^ '''- ''' 
 
 3. The imperfect can seldom be rendered in English by the 
 past tense which takes did * as an auxiHary. The past definite 
 n^3.77if'P''''?! '"^ meaning to the English imperfect com- 
 p ^ed of the past tense of to be, and the participle present. It 
 SdrdbylS? ^*^^ infinitive of the leading verb pre- 
 
 J'allais a la chasse hier matin 
 quand nous nous rencontrAmes. 
 
 J'allai i\ la chasse hier matin. 
 
 I was ffoinffa hunting yestei'day 
 morning when we met {did 
 meet). 
 I went (did go) a hunting yestei'- 
 day morning. 
 
 4. The imperfect is formed from the participle present, by 
 changing ant mto ais, &c. [§ 62]. ^ 
 
 I . 
 
 :r'M 
 
136 
 
 TFRMmATIONS OP THE ImPEHPECT TeNSE OP THE FOUR 
 
 Conjugations, 
 fin -Issals lec -evais rend als 
 
 S/"S T''"'''''r ^^raulei'inn 
 cnei -18BMS aperc -evals vend -ala 
 
 Sn ^8^1^ r'«^"-''^'ri«^«'<w< idling 
 rourn wsait perc -evalt tend alt 
 
 aim -alentun -Issaient d^c etmL\tm^ i^^ ^ 
 were loving were uniUru, vl. -evalentmord -aient 
 J were umting were deceiving were biting 
 
 I^riSCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES 
 
 •^Vo^'^Sl"""^^ '"^ '"''^PP^rta / was sinyin, when they h^unht 
 
 3. 
 
 Je 
 / 
 
 Tu 
 
 Thou 
 
 II 
 
 He 
 
 Nous 
 
 We 
 
 VoU8 
 
 You 
 
 Us 
 
 Theu 
 
 c7\4,nt -als 
 was singinf/ 
 pari -als 
 wast speaking 
 donn -alt 
 was giving 
 cherch -Ions 
 were seeking 
 port -lez 
 were carrying 
 
 ^ votre lettre. 
 J'aimais autrefois aiire las iw^tes 
 
 anglais. 
 J'dtais dans votre chambre lors- 
 
 que vous etes entre. 
 Je parlai hier toute la matinee. 
 
 Je parlais hier a votre p^re, 
 lorsque votre ami nous ren- 
 contra. 
 
 Je cherchais votre p6re. 
 
 me your letter. 
 I used to like Mnu^'ly to read 
 
 the Emjltsh poets. 
 I was in your room when you 
 
 came in. "^ 
 
 / spoke yestei'day the whole 
 
 7norning. 
 I was speaking to your father 
 
 when your friend met usyeater- 
 
 I was looking for your father. 
 
 Autrefois, formei-ly. 
 Bruii, e, brovni. 
 Chambre, f. room. 
 Crayon, m. pencil. 
 
 pas, almost 
 
 Exercise 101. 
 
 Ecolier, m. scholar. Presque 
 
 Mcri*-.-er, 1. to deserve, none. 
 
 Jjoir, e, bluck. Eetrouv-er 1 /n ¥}«^ 
 
 Dei^e^ur.;';- T'^i., S""*^^^' ^- '^'^^''- «^S ' ^' ^ ^""^ 
 
 Si. ' '" ^''"' ^;7,^r°' ™' ^'"^ l^^'"^' ™- '^oi,e. 
 De nouveau, again. ' *^®'*» ®» df^en. 
 
 trouvSVl^£t;re%iff^^^ «^^« ^«"» v°»« 
 
 mien. 3. N'aimL voTs pSttux T^J!! '' ''r'^"^' ^" 
 autrefois? 4. J'aimais IpL^f ■ •^"''J^. *1"® ^® mouton, 
 mouton. 6. Ne venSez vour^cT' ^' " ^j J"^'"^^^ ^™^ !« 
 vous demeuriez a Paris P fi tP« teaucoup de livres, lorsque 
 j'^tais libraire 7. Le i i,rafre a t iWent i^""^"'^?' P^^^ l^^ 
 ce matin P 8.11 a xmlTLl^^onZ^ ^^^'''''''''^ ^^ ''''''y''^^ 
 9. Vendiez-vous beannmm 5f E ^^- '''■?y°"« aujourd'hui. 
 libraire f l^Jo n'en vendJ/^''^'™" ^°"«*1"« ^'«"« «tiez 
 
 chiez-vous? 14 Tfi P>,orr>T,o; 1- • l-s- Que cher- 
 
 I'aviez-vou perdu? U^T^T""- ^"^\ ^t ^^P»^« l^^^d 
 L'avez-vous ?etrouveP 18 l^v"^ P''*^^ '*'P>''^« ^'^^ 17. 
 perdu de nouveau 19 (V w,?*''^'' '"*'"°"J^' '"a^^ .t« I'ai 
 boT, nninP on tV- .r^- ^e boulanger vous foumissait'il d« 
 --_ ^„.n. ^0. X. Quus en lom-uissoit d'excellent. 21 Pul 
 
137 
 
 nissiez-yous souvent vos ecoliers ? 22. Jo les punissais quand 
 lis lo mentaient. 23. Oil etiez-vous ce matin quand ie vous 
 cherchaisf' 24. J'etais dans ma chambre. 25. Je finissais 
 mon theme. 
 
 Exercise 102. 
 1 . Who was at your house this morning ? 2. My friend G 
 was there, and was looking for you. 3. Did you speak to mv 
 father yesterday P 4. I was speaking to him when they 
 hrought me your letter. 5. Did your father use to wear a 
 white hat when ho lived in London ? 6. He used to wear a 
 black hat, and my brother wore a black coat. 7. Were vou 
 singing when my father came P 8. No, Sir, I was finishing my 
 exercise. 9. Had you lost your pencil this morning? 10. I 
 had lost it, and was looking for it when you spoke to me. 11. 
 You used to like reading (/« lecture), did your sister (used to) 
 hke It also P 12. She liked it also. 13. What song were vou 
 singing this morning ? 14. I was singing an Italian song. 1 5. 
 Have you been afraid to speak to me P 16. I have never been 
 atraid to speak to you. 1 7. Have you brought my book P 18. 
 I have not brought it. 
 
 Section LIV. 
 
 THE IMPEKFECT {cOHtinmd) . 
 
 1. The imperfect of the indicative of every French verb 
 regular or irregular, ends in ais, ais, ait, Ions, iez, aient. ' 
 
 2. No verb of the first conjugation, er, is irregular in this 
 
 3. The only irregularity four.d in the imperfect indicative of 
 the irregular verbs of the second conjugation, ir, is that, iss is 
 not inserted between the stem and the ending : as, ven-ir je 
 ven-ais ; cour-ir, je cour-ais ; cueill-ir, je cueill-ais. 
 
 4. The irregular verbs of the third conjugation, oir, change 
 this termination into ais, &c., like the regular verbs of the 
 same; as, aav-oir, je sav-ais ; av-oir, j'av-ais. Exceptions: 
 Be-oir, to become; voir, to see; and thoir compounds, and 
 dechoir [see § 64]. 
 
 S- The changes which the stem of the irregular verbs of the 
 fourth cr ujugation undergoes, in this tense, axe too various to 
 admit of a complete classification. We, however, offer the 
 following : — 
 
 Prendre, to tofe. tcuiR^, to wnU. Cratndre, to/mn 
 Jepren -ais, etc. ecriv -ais, etc. craign -ais, etc. 
 
 CoNNAlTRE, to know. CONDUIRE, to conduct. 
 
 Connaiss -ais, etc. Conduis -ais, etc. 
 
 6. Like prendre and ^crire are conjugated, in this tense, 
 those verbs m which prendre and crire appear in composition : 
 as, comprendre, je comprenais : souscrire. ie aongorivai's.— 
 Like craindre and connaltre, those ending in'indre and altre • 
 teindre, je teignais ; paraltre, je paraissais.— Like conduire' 
 
■ I ' 
 
 ■ ) 
 
 138 
 
 thoso ondinu' in ire • as lira ta. u«-i * . 
 
 jeluisals; direjekisail &c^ "• ^*»"' J« ^ai'ais ; lulre. 
 
 J^^Mettre and its compounds, and 6tre are regular in this 
 
 irregularities: as, venanrvaTant^iC»^/i •"""'" *^« ^^'"^ 
 connaiaaant. conduisant Sin ^''*' ^°"^ant, craignant. 
 ««cA««^ """uwanc. -i^xceptions: avoir, «yrt«^; savoirl 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Of what was our friend afmid f 
 
 De ^uoi notre ami avait-il peur' 
 n^n avait peur de rien. 
 
 frl're?"""' ^*' *'^'°'" *'^ '"^^ 
 Nous avions besoin de hii 
 
 drgttf'^'"'"*-"*''^^'^^^*^'" 
 II en avait grand besoin. 
 Quelle voiture conduisiez-vous ' 
 ±;our qm me preniez-vous ' 
 Je venais vous trouver quand ie 
 
 vous rencontrai, •' 
 
 A qui t$criviez-vous ce matin ? 
 
 //e ?tfrts afrnid of nothinff. 
 JJiU you not tmnt my brother J 
 
 We wanted him. 
 
 Did not the merclutnt want money f 
 
 He had great need of it. 
 miat carriage were you driving t 
 ^or whom were you taking me ? ' 
 i was coming to you when I met 
 
 To whom wei'e ym jritinri thi» 
 
 JMcrivais a ma scaur et A mnn . ''^'''''^' ^ 
 fr^re. * '*"' ** ^ mon ( / wm ^ortiiM, to my mter and to 
 
 iny orothei; 
 
 EXEHCISE 103 
 
 Autrement,oi?/te?-M)tge. p^che. f ^,;»w m- i 
 
 bav-oir, 3. ir. to know. Ven-ir 2 ir /^ . 
 Se tromper, 1. to be Z^v^'^^t.* '"'"'' 
 mt.tofe«. vite, qu-cldy. 
 
 Chasse, f. hunting. 
 Di-re, 4. ir. to say. 
 Moms (au), at least. 
 Montre, f. watch. 
 Mort, e, dead. 
 Offens-er, 1. to offend. 
 Ouhh-er, I to forget. 
 
 Par- 
 
 Je peignais un tableau d'histoi^e T^ST""' '' '"^^'^ '^ ^■ 
 turier teignait P 8 II teiffn^^f ri„ /' ^ j ^f "^^ 'l"^ ^ot^e tein- 
 9. De qutlle coulelir les telgSf^^^ ^^t«'l«- 
 
 noir, et la soie et la toUe tn^vert 1 1 rA } *^-^°^'* ^"^ ^^^P ^n 
 Polonais a I'ecole lorsmip U!^ • ^Jonduisiez-vous le jeune 
 duisais mon ms ai&r? g/^^^j^- ^^,^^«"?tre P 12. Jo^ con! 
 lisais des Kvres que ie venaL d'.lL^^^ \' = ^^-^^"' • 1*. Je 
 pas que ce monsieui et^^rLrt? f J^v ^' ^^^iez-vous 
 
 "uu anpsKcui oi tne iiiuioative. "•■^""'ij J- onijr uaeu la the pi^eseut 
 
1. Were 
 hous3 P 2. 
 was afraid 
 falling? {do 
 
 139 
 
 VRlait au moins deux cents francs. 19. Ne valait-il paj mioux 
 rester ici que d'aller a la chasse ? 20. II valait beaucoup mieux 
 Bller a lecole. 21. Quo vous disait votro ami? 22. 11 me 
 disait que son frere est rovenu d'Espagno. 23. N'alliez-voua 
 pas ii la chasso toua les jours lorsque vous demeurioz h, la cam- 
 pagne ? 24. J'allaia souvcnt a la peche. 25. Mon frere allait 
 tous les jours a I'ecolo quand il etait ici. 
 
 Exercise 104. 
 you afraid this morning when you camo to our 
 I was afraid. 3. (Jf what were you afraid '( 4. I 
 of the horse. .5. Was not your friend afraid of 
 ■ tombcr. Hoc Sect. 20, K. 2. 4.) 6. He was not 
 atraid of falling, but he was afraid of making a mistake {de se 
 trompcr. See 2. in Exercise above). 7. Were you taking your 
 son to school P 8. I was conducting him to school. 9. ^Vhat 
 colour was the dyer dyoint,- the silk P 10. He was dyeing some 
 red and some green, i i. Was ho dyeing his linen cloth black 
 or green P 12. He was neither dyeing it black nor green, he 
 was dyeing it pink [rose). 13. What was the gentleman read- 
 ing P 14. He was reading a letter which ho had just received. 
 15. Were yo^' cold when you camo herep 16. I was cold, 
 hungry, and thirsty. 17. Were you not ashamed of your con- 
 duct 'condiiite) ? 18. I was ashamed of it. 19. Whither were 
 you going when I mot you ? 20. I was going to your house. 
 21. Were you driving your brother's carriage? 22. I was 
 driving my own (la mienne). 23. Were you writing to me or 
 to my father P 24. I was writing to your friend's cousin. 
 
 Section LV. 
 
 THE PLUI'EUFECT AND THE PAST ANTEUIOK (§ 118, 119). 
 
 1. The pluperfect is composed of the imperfect of the auxi- 
 liary, and of the past participle of the leading verb : j'avaia 
 parl^, I had spoken ; j'^tais venu, / had come. 
 
 2. This tense describes an action or situation which took 
 place before another, but without depending upon it : — 
 
 J'avais ddjeun^ quand il entra. I had breakfasted when lie came in. 
 
 3. It is also used to express a habit, an act often repeated, 
 if it used to take place after another : — 
 
 Des que j'avais fini ma tftche, je As soon as I had finished my task 
 m en allais. T used to go away. 
 
 4. Finally, it is employed to represent an action entirely 
 completed, which took place at a time entirely elappod, and, in 
 this sense, is the equivalent of the corresponding English 
 tense : — 
 
 J'avais d68ir6 voyager. I had desired to travel. 
 
 5-. The- past anterior '\s formed from tlio past definite of the 
 auxiliary, and the past participle of the leading verb : J'eua parl4, 
 I had spoken ; je fus venu, I had come. 
 
 I 
 
 iiii 
 
140 
 
 follow, the former. SZenL^'onfi ^^'y^^^'P^^^^^^^tely 
 by this tenso is not a custor^rt T^ rAu . ^^*'°" expressed 
 F^oeeded by k peii^l /.l^SfZ-X ^^« P"«t«"terior is often 
 
 MiSCELLANEOrS ExA-PLES 
 
 Aviez-vouseusoindevosoffets? ^arf ^^ou taken care of .our 
 
 J'en avals eu soin. \ itT/i . 
 
 N'aviez-vous pas eii beaoin A^\iJ^^^^'^'^'^^'^<^'>'eofthem. 
 moi ? ^ "^^"'^ ''® '^"'^ .'/"« ««« wanted we ? 
 
 •'''v^t fr'L^""" ^^^ ^°"« «* '^^ : ^5f -««^^^ Uou ana your 6ro- 
 ^'r:f:r.f,ir «« ^'^ntention j ^ac^^^y-oa «o« intenvkd to speak to 
 
 VIP i ^ 
 
 de me jmrler ? 
 D|s que vous efites fini votre 
 
 lettre, ne la portates-vous pas 
 
 a la poste ? ^ 
 
 Pes que vous aviez fini vos 
 
 lettres ne les portiez-vous pas 
 
 a la poste ? 
 Des que vous ffttes arrivt?, ne 
 
 commenvates-vouspasa^crire? 
 
 U6s que vous t^tiez arrive, ne 
 
 commen9iez-vous pas a ^crire ? 
 
 Exercise 105 
 Malade, ill. 
 
 me i 
 \ As sa n as you had finished your 
 tette. did you not can-y U to 
 the post-office ? 
 
 ^* *.T, "? ^°"'' '^««'« w«-e 
 
 Jinished, did you mt take them 
 
 to the post-office ? 
 As soon as you had ai-rived, did 
 
 >lou not commence writing l 
 As soon as you used to arrive, did 
 
 you not commence writing i 
 
 Arr6t-er, 1. to stop. 
 Bal, m. hall. 
 Bourse, f. purse. 
 Dangereusement, 
 
 danmrously. 
 Biner, m. dinner. 
 Egar-er, 1. to misla 
 Invit-er, 1. to invite 
 
 Mu8icien,m. musician 
 Oubli-er, 1. toforr/ct. 
 Part-ir, 2. to set out. 
 Perd-re, 4. to lose. 
 
 Eetrouv-er, 1. tofi)id 
 
 again. 
 Se couch-er, 1. ref. to 
 
 ffo to bed. 
 Se lev-er, 1. ref. to rise. 
 
 — ^? • "" '"*"=• sse lev-er. 
 Remont-er.l.tom-«rf Sort-ir, L> ir. to go out 
 ■' Spectach , m. ^/rty/. 
 
 qu^iSi?^Lr?arrt'?^r^^'*f ^"^^ / '^^ - 
 frere etait m irt ? 4 On m'avaitTf m n'*;' -.^1' ^^ ^'^« ^«tr« 
 malade. 5. Ne vous cou^Mpf L ^^'^ ^^^^ dangereusement 
 vous aviez fin^ vos Lcons . « "t^.^^' ordma rement des que 
 j'allais au spectacle 7 li^- «' ' ''"''- J® ^^« ^''^'^ fi°ies, 
 quefitos-vorhierausL? 8^"a ^°P« /^t^^ .fi^i vos lemons 
 j'allai au bal 9 Cette petite fi^K ^ if ^'' ^"« ^^^^ 
 dormir ? lo Elle avS iff • ? a^'^it-eUe pas envie de 
 
141 
 
 mais je I'ai retrouvce. 20. Votro cousin etait-U narti » 9, 
 II netait pas encore parti. 22. igtait-i" sorii P 23 il 6ta t 
 Borti avec ma mere. 24. (J(j ctait il «11n v '>V ti '/•/,,' 
 Chez men frfere, qui I'avait inv-ii fdjier '^' ^^ '*"'* ""^ 
 
 EXEKC'IHB 106. 
 
 bo r?'r S ^fnrrw ^^ «««- ^" '^"^"'^^ -^ 'oTr 
 
 Were vou told Zf *' ^'^^' '°^° ^« ^^'^ ^^^^^ '•end it 5. 
 «!.« t.n *°^'*,*^'^* your sjstorwas ill h 6. I was told that 
 she had been danecrouHl^' ill 7 t»;,i i , "'^ 
 
 had done with your pen -^ 8 T L V^r'^r.'" '^^''^* >'«'^ 
 9, How many oYyourhoolf; have'ToutisLid'' "i^YhJ^i 
 
 U\frottr"^s^.alch '4Jedt ^ r^wt^SS J?" I^ 
 
 came yesterX;.^^^! ha'l^Xrhr'^^^^^^^^ 
 
 s'jiSher p"^r^L"«?"l- • ''• ^ ^'^'l toldlim^'lr' a* he 
 ^tm here P 26. ^o. Sir, he is gone, ho went this morning at 
 
 Section LVI. 
 
 tal^in^sfea'dttir"'*"'^*'?.^^^^^^ '« often urdbyTh" 
 rrentn instead ot that given m the rule. When an intorrn.rn 
 
 tive sentence commences with oil, w/>ere • a ^e uiT n^^i 
 
 wh^ch; combien. how mnck, how i,/; and qland 11; T^e 
 
 noun may bo placed immediately after the^erb T is 'con 
 
 :SeSvr^r:s^Sfe^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Oil sont nos amis et nos parents ? Whe^^e are our friends and rela- 
 
 Que fait votre corresnondant ' TVh!^^ ■ 
 
 iresponuant. What is your cm-respondent 
 doing? 
 
 "^renS/"""^ ^'' ^""^^^ ^ ^<}-^^.Pouffiven the child theplaij. 
 ''FhVmTev'""'^' ''''' ^^"-'^ ^Zjr ''^^ ''' '^^ '^^ 
 foUow^eS'bv'^'refjh?''' ^''''^'' ^^' ^'^''^ ^^'^ ^^e latter is 
 
 ¥^ 
 
 Ik, 
 
142 
 
 nim f 
 
 MiSCELLANEOr.S ExASri'LFS 
 
 aU^s mpaaVoTrr ■ VJ , "" ^'^""^ iicnuemen mean j 
 aues messieurs vos TTAm are »/(,«r 6ra<A«-» ^/on^/ 
 
 mon- 
 
 Hov' irutny children has that oen- 
 
 tltiaan I 
 Have you paid your merchant 
 
 jw the cwn ? 
 IjKtid the tailor for mi/ coat. 
 Had lion not asked the child for 
 
 that ( 
 
 Dernier, ire, last. 
 Tres, nmr, vcarlii. 
 Jiend-ro, 4. to return. 
 Serrurier, m. lock- 
 smith. 
 Serviette, f. napkin. 
 
 Oh sent 
 
 freres ? 
 Combien d'enfants a ce 
 
 sieur ? 
 Avez-vous i)ay^ le ble' a votre 
 
 march and ? 
 J'ai pay^ mon habit an tailleur 
 N aviez-vous pas demand^ cela il 
 
 1 enfant? 
 
 Exercise 107 
 Accompagn-er, 1. to Cliaine, f. chain 
 ^l^fompany. Cliapeau, m. hat, 
 
 Aim:, e, eldest. bomiet. 
 
 Associe, m. partner. Cinqnante, fiftij. 
 Aubergiste, m. land- Clef, i.key. 
 
 BoSellle, f. lottlc. ^'°""'^' ™- ''^'^ 
 
 en'Citte"* T S^Zlt ^'T^^ ^^™^^^^ ^ 2. lis etaiont 
 
 .ompaln^^^^^^ 
 
 6. Quehsaientvos amies lorsque vous les avez qSleT? fi' 
 
 enyiG de les lui envoyer, car elles sont caSsSs lb Ceh vS' 
 il lapeme d'envoyer ces bouteilles a I'aubCTirist; p oo J^ f " 
 valait la peine de les lui envover car il V,'!!^^ -C ^^- ^''^* 
 Avez-vous demande des serv^etS rvo Je p'^e /' 22^''t ''= 
 pas voulu lui en demander. ^ ® • ^^^ "^^ ° ^i 
 
 Exercise 108, 
 
 1- What was the locksmith savinff to vmi P o tt 
 mg that he has brought mv C •? TW L ^e was say- 
 
 you taken to the polt-office? 4 I h«^r+nt ""^ ^'"''' t'^''^ 
 
 for you, and four for my father 5 Wb J5'V'^'°N*^'« 
 
 who has brought thatkVer P 6. k £ aJ'mv'fftf '' "^^ 
 
 you wish to SDcak to bim P t t • v 7 r °?>^ father s, do 
 
 which I brought from EnJ«i" ^S"^ *° '"'^'^ him a letter 
 -or, +i,B _ ""^"'' ^f 9^? -c^ngland. 8. Have vou rfitume-^i <^- *hif 
 man the aionoy which he had lent you P Q. I ha^T xitm^ned 
 
148 
 
 it to him. 10. Did you wiHh to sond your brother the kov of 
 your room:" 1. I had a wi«h to nond it to him. 12 \v2 t 
 worth the whjlo to give your brothor that book ? 13. It wa.s 
 worth tho while to giyo it to him, for (cor) ho wanted it. 14. 
 Was It worth tho while to send these bottles to the druggist 
 him'"iri^ 15. It was worth the while to sond theSf to 
 him IG. mere 18 the landlord? 17. He is in England. 
 18. How many children has the locksmith P 19. He has ten 
 20. How many book.s has the physician':' 21. Ho has five 
 
 let?er7 2^ tT' f ' S''^'. ^""^ ^'^^''' ^^^ gentleman that 
 letter;' 23. I have forgotten to give it to him. 
 
 Skction LVII. 
 
 .JiJ^"" ^^i"''^ ^^'"-'^ i'^''"''''' *^° ^'erb Ht the end of such 
 sentences as the following, when the Hub.ject is a noun :- 
 
 Dites-.noi oil demeure M. H. Telf me where Mr H lives 
 Je ne sais ou est mon l^bre. I do not know where my fathe,- is 
 bavez-voua ou est George ? Do you know ivhei-e Gemyehi 
 2 In speaking of a state, condition, or action, commenced 
 m the past, the iren-h use the present of the indicative 
 when such state or action is still going on, when they mention 
 
 Combien de temps y a-t-il qu'il Hmo Img has he been heref 
 
 6Bu ICl ; 
 
 II y a deux heures (ju'il dcrit. Hehas bee rnvritinr, these two hours 
 ^aris """^ *^ '"■' ^ ^' has lived in Paris one nS. 
 
 II y a deux ans qu'il voyage. He has been travellimj these txm 
 
 years. 
 
 3. When, however, the state or action has ceased when it is 
 mentioned, the past is used in French, in the same manner as 
 in iiinglisn : — 
 
 Combien de temps avez-vous de- Hmo Img did vmi live in L. ? 
 meure a L. .' 
 
 ^'I'^l wiTv°'' ^^^^-^""^ '^PP"^ ^ow many months did yon learn 
 
 1 aiiemand .' German ? 
 
 11 y a un mois que je ne I'ai vu. It is a month since I saw him. 
 
 4. Combien y a-t-il Combien de milles y a-t-il ... Quelle 
 
 di8t.mce y a-t-il 7 answer to the English expressions, How far 
 
 -^°^^ *"««y miles is it JFhat is the distance ? 
 
 Combien y a-t-il de Paris a Londres ? How far is it from Paris to 
 
 London ? 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 Combien de temps y a-t-il que haw lomj have you had that 
 vous avez oette maison ? I house i 
 
 rZl^^^'^A T "1"^ °°"^ ^'^^^'^^^ ^^ ''«^« ''«<^ <t these two years. 
 cTtte^minT^' avez-vous eu | Howlmgdidyou have thdthouse? 
 
 Nous i'avons eue dix ans. \ We had it ten years. 
 
 T^lTtll ™P' Ji^"*"'^ que; JJott; long ha, your brother been 
 votre fr^re apprend le grec ? I learning Greeks 
 
144 
 
 aHoulogne? ^ "^ ^ " ''e ^'''al" ^ -W^« /«r ,. it from Calais to 
 ilyj^^ lieues .e Calais ^It^^S'Loucs fro. CalaU to 
 
 Afflch f ;• ExEKCisE 109. 
 
 An m 'annt'o.' f. jiear. F^ml' o7iml ka'T''' '"• P'"''' 
 
 ^tl^>. :/"^^^^'' iK-/"f -•t/n..n^itK^^^ '' 
 
 CVg.hague. f.j;,: Mot, r"*:«?A"'- '''^""^' ^^«««- 
 
 torro 7. Sav,.-UroV do;r,oi.rM " I?.'^"? ?/ ? ^"^^'^■ 
 autrefois ii Jioiien; io no sais 3 n.s ii V ' " fl'™cnrait 
 9. Y a-t-il longtem^s ilZTLsici'^'Tu "''""S^"'^"*- 
 deux moia quo nous sommoa ,Vi ii n .'• >' '^ Pl"8 de 
 a-t-il quo vj,u8 avez co v^-U ' 12 11 v"^''" '^' ^'"^^'^ ^ 
 
 14. II y a tiois cent six lieues de PnW^ .\ v- . , Vienno ? 
 
 loues do Vienno >a Copenhaguo L5 Y ViT{ '^J'^^'^^^^ 
 la compagnie est venioP 16 ' II v ,, r^)t \ J^'^"'^.^ 'l"^ 
 qu'ello est ici. i7 v a f u\nr,ri ^ ^'"^ ^'^ ^^"-^ ^eures 
 affiche:^ 18. II y a plus do ZST^' '^"^ ^^V« «vez lu cetto 
 
 EXEKCISE 110. 
 
 9. Have you been waitinVlonl fnr ;^^l ^T! ""^ "^^ brother's, 
 waiting 4 it „,ore Jfcyefr f How '\ ' ^'^^'^ ^^«" 
 been learning Greek P 12 He hn« i«»? 1 ^''- ^ ^?' J'^"'" ^on 
 years. 13. How lonir has vou? hZl \ ^f^}^S it these two 
 
 He has had it more than si^mon hi if h '' T^^^- ' ''■ 
 Paris to Lvons? ifi ' "J"^ '""^"18. l,). How far is it from 
 
 from ParisloLjLs '• I'r LTfarlSJ^'^? T", ^^^*f ^ '^'^^^^ 
 to Geneva than km Lyons to Turin ?' ^i?Vt ^f^'^ ^^^^ 
 Lyons to Turin than from Tvnto I V. " is farther from 
 
 did your father live in Gem^ P 2o''HrHv.] -• ?°" ^°°^ 
 two :,ear^, and in England six monthf ' ?' i^-- -r ^1^'^^ 
 iivx- nx RomeP 22. We lived there~mo"re tS;;' a y^^^^g^ 
 
14ft 
 
 Hection LVIII 
 
 changer d W/deThitau'*! 7''^ ^7 "'« proposition de 
 fc. ; changer d'ivls. T^^^^l '".^f. ^T^'Z '''"'' '"< 
 to move, to chan,r homes; ohL mt d^ W^^*"" ^^ "'**«°"' 
 Changer de climat. to r,o'Tfrt'',T!': ''^"T^ ^^, ms. 
 changer de nom, to chamc IJ. * Z' ""**"nf, climate; 
 
 coivo t}mt tho n^un foiwrn! , T"' >^ ''*'"^''"t ^''I' I'^^rl 
 P08«esHive adjectiv "lik . Z mn ^ ^^'' v ""^'-'-^J'^J V a 
 by the preposition de :-- ' " ""-" *^"fe'^'«Ji w^ntence, but 
 
 Wm 1/011 chanric i/(,„r mat ? 
 Jfxtt iientleman has cham,ed his 
 2 rh name. • " 
 
 tapoSr»nd°;rd5b'" t s *■"/"?■'"■ ^-'«. -i 
 
 <o M7*A /or .•_ i'^^'=e<»ea by an indirect object, moans to long, 
 
 i ^o«// «o see her. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Have !/mi not taken another amrt- 
 ment ? *^ 
 
 Voulez-vous changer d'habit ? 
 Cc monsieur a change de nom. 
 
 fementT^^"^*°«^^''^I'I^- 
 Nous avons chang^ de maisons. 
 
 dSe ^ '*'*"^^ '^^ ««n- 
 
 Contre mioi avez-vous chanR^ 
 ^ voire cheval ? """Kts 
 
 J'ai besoin de monnale, pouvez- 
 vous me changer cette pi^re 
 de vingt francs ? ^ 
 
 Ce gar^on a beaucoup tardg. 
 
 II nouB tardait d'arriver. 
 
 II leiir tardait de revoir leiirs 
 amis. 
 
 n me tardc de revoir la France. ' 
 
 We have changed houses. 
 ^>^ this tiimtp franc pk re f 
 
 ««8, e, firrcy. parce que, because. 
 
 The boy tarried very much. 
 
 We longed to arrive. 
 
 They longed to see their friends 
 
 again. 
 I long to see France again. 
 Exercise 111. 
 
 Pass^, 6, past, last. 
 
 Pays, m. country. 
 
 Rentr-er, 1. to come in 
 again. 
 
 Vie, f. life, condvct. 
 
 Visage, m, counte- 
 nance, face. 
 
146 
 
 1. Get homme n'a-t-il pas chanee de via P 9 n <. «v 
 
 men souvent. 9. Pendant le combat, ce ieune soldat n'a t il 
 pas change de visage ? 10. Iln'a poiAt chLge de vSage l"l 
 Ce malade ne devrait-il pas changer d'air? 12 Le mMerin 
 
 filo nnn-u, ^u"'' ^^^ ^' ^^''"^^ contre un blano. 1 5 
 
 hnT^^ Hvez-vous change ? 16. Je I'ai change avec le ieune 
 homme qui demeurait ici le mois passe. 17 Le march3 
 peut-i me changer cette piece de quarante francs ? ^8 II ne 
 ^urait (camot) vous la changer, il n'a pas de monnaL 19 
 Avoz-vous la monnaie d'une feminee (chauffef^aZZ^i lo' 
 Combien do scheUings y a-t-il dans une g^inee " %1 II v en ; 
 vjngt e un. 22. Votre petit garden no tfrde-t-il p^tsareKr^ 
 
 ItaliJVt^ JrrSde l^-aSr- '-"-'■'' ^^ ^'^"^ - 
 
 EXEIICISE 112. 
 1. Why do you not change your coat ? 2. For a verv c-onrl 
 reason (ramn i), because I have no othe^. 3. Ha7 f our 
 father changed houses? 4. No, Sir, but we intend to do so 
 dt/? -^T^y "-^^^'-row. 6 Has that chUd changed his con! 
 duct ? 6. He has changed his conduct, he is vefv eood now 
 {mamtenant). 7. Was not your brother afraid did not SS 
 countenance change? 8. His countenance changed but he 
 was not afraid 9. Have you not changed roomsTSirff )p 
 10. I have not changed rooms, my room is very good 1 1' T)o 
 you not long to be in France? 12. I long to be there ' 13 
 Does not your mother tarry too long? 14 She is verv lor,; 
 m coming 15. Have you cWged tL forty franc W^^ 
 I have not changed it yet ? 17. Why have you not changed t P 
 18. Because your father has no change. 19. Have v!u th« 
 change for a guinea? 20. No. Sir, I have only wX sWUinJs^ 
 
 hundred" ™27 wS ''.' *^T ^ ^ ^'''^'' ^2. There a iTe 
 nunared. 23. With whom have you exchanged your horse" 
 24. I have exchanged it v/ith my brother 25 T Vm^f " 
 changed it for a white one. ^ ^' ^ ^^^^ ^^• 
 
 Section LIX. 
 
 nf\7^^ have given in Section 9, rules for forming the nlural 
 of nouns K,. have m accordance with our plan !f not Z 
 sentmg too many difficulties at once defeired nnt?1 fhl ^ 
 
 pTu'nSr *' """ '"' *' '°"»««°"*™^ p"^. '; s: 
 
 2. When a noun is composed of two substantives or of « 
 substantive and an adjective, both take the maS of tl; pW 
 
 :?„S';i V'" ^"^"^^ « ^'W place, chief placTnn 
 ^a„t-t^Tc, des caais-wgree, u Uyer-vat, tiger-cats [§lo (1) '{i)]. 
 
147 
 
 f,-i" f?^«' ?°^r'«!:' *^o nouns are connected by a preposi- 
 tion, the first only takes the mark of the plural- un chef 
 d We. des chefs-d'oeuvre, a master-piece, nLtT-picTs [§ lo 
 
 uA^' ^^^7^?''^ composed of a noun and a verb, preposition or 
 adverb, the noun only takes the mark of the plural iaase. 
 droit passe-droits, inJHstlce, wjustices [« 10 (6)1 
 
 5. Words composed of two verbs, or of a verb, an adverb 
 jmda preposition are invariable : un We Wou. ispIsBe- 
 partout, master-key , master-keys [§ 10 (8)1 passe- 
 
 f J"i^^ ^^^% ?f™ l^?^'*- ^' ^- 4] that the name of the ma- 
 terial always follows the name of the object, and that both are 
 united by the preposition de. The name of the pr v's on ^r 
 occupation also fo lows the noun representing the individuTinJ 
 the same preposition de connects the two : un maltre d'mnes 
 
 marchaiid de fanne, a dealer in four [§ 76 (12), § 80 (4)1 
 
 7. The name of a vehicle, boat, mill, &c., always precedes 
 the noun describing the power by which it is impelled or the 
 fhTnfM" ^^''} it is adapted r the name of aK^rtment 
 that of the use to which it is appropriated. The cinncS 
 preposition is^ : un moulin k vapeur. « steam-miU; un bateau 
 
 i m?rfr; V'^T^''"' "^ "jo^lm k eau. a water-miU^ x^^X 
 a manger, the dtmng-room [§ 76 (13), § 80 (5)]. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Lille et Arras sent lea chefs-lieux I Lille and Arras are the chut 
 des^departem^ents du Nord efc \ places of the dTparlnJus ofZ 
 
 du Pas-de-Calais. 
 
 Les chemins de fer at les bateaux 
 i\ vapeur sont tres nombreux 
 en Am^rique. 
 
 Cette maison contient un salon, 
 line salle a manger, una cui- 
 sine, et plusieurs chambres a 
 coucher. 
 
 Les moulins a vent sont plus 
 communs en France que les 
 moulins a eau ou si vapeur. 
 
 , -Noi'thandofthePas-de-Calais. 
 Railroads and steamboats arc 
 very numerous in America. 
 
 That house contains a drawing- 
 room, adinimj-room, a kitchen, 
 and seve7'al bed-rooms. 
 
 Windmills are more common in 
 France than water or steam- 
 mills. 
 
 EXEKCISE 113. 
 
 Dessin, m.drawiwj. S«mun-ir,.2.ref. to «ro- 
 t-ngag-er 1. to engaxje. vide one's self loith. 
 l<airebat-ir, 2. <o/<«i;e Vapeur, f. vapour 
 . . . . built. steam. ' 
 
 Ordinaire, u^ial. Voile, f . sail. 
 
 Koue, f. wheel. Voiture, f. carnage. 
 
 Voyag-er, 1. to travel. 
 1. Faut-il un passeport pour voyager en France P 2. II en 
 taut un. 3. Les Anglais se munissent-ils de passeports nour 
 
 en Angloterro. 5. Aimez-vous k voyager en chomin de ferP 
 b. J aime imeux voyager en chemin de fer que sur les chemias 
 
 Armes, f.p. fencing. 
 Bat-ir, 2. to build. 
 Bouteille, f. bottle. 
 Cabriolet, m. gig. 
 Chat-huant, m. 
 
 screech-otol. 
 Chauve-souris, f. bat. 
 
US 
 
 n^rS deVs::!;:ru?K^^" passe-partout? 8. Je 
 
 9. VoLfrere eS v^ei^^ parC bale?;:' ^'' '^1« '''^^''^^'^■ 
 
 venu par un bateau T v?Ses 1 1 a" . ''^^'''' "^ ^^•. ^^ ^«<^ 
 
 quatre chevaux? 12 Non mII- °"^ °°® ''°^*"^« ^ 
 
 cabriolet i un cheval t^ VoJLSTa Tnl^^^''""' '^."'"^ 
 
 vapeur ? 14. H a faif hijf,-,. T ,.'" °**^ ^" moulin i 
 
 I'autre k eau. 1? Votre rl. '""^ """""r- ^'"" ^ ^^"t «* 
 
 d'armes ? 16 Non, Monsieur Sf^°'"^^"*"" '"^'^ "° "^'^^^^^ 
 
 un maitre de danse ?7 P^^-v ^^'^ »\"iaitre de dessin et 
 
 avez-vous? 18 Z'ls i ^°°'^^^,^ ^^ ohambres 4 coucher 
 
 bouteiUe devinP 20 Non T' ^'"^' .^^- ^^^^-vous uno 
 a vin (i.i«..S/) rf8ir''^i^^°°«''^"^'"^i« r^uunobouteille 
 
 22. No^n, mais joUls k|-cWeI?oSr"23'"j'al"'"'"^-?«^ 
 a quatre roues. "»"vui souris. ^J. J ai une voiture 
 
 EXEKCISE 114. 
 1. Is your father iii England ? 2 ATr. c,v u • • ^ 
 with my brother 3 Havo fS /"i ' ®^^' ^® ^« "» France 
 Sir,theJhaveTkentw? 6*i7i,*^'''"P^««I'^^^^ 4. Yes, 
 port to t^ravel in AmerTci P 'e.Vo grbuHt'" ^'"' * P^^^' 
 have one to travel in Italv 7 T« +1? ' ' x , '^ necessary to 
 to Dover iI)ouvrcZ /'Td'^^^^^ 
 
 railroad froWparis^o BrusS T^S^XTp lO V' *^^^^ ^ 
 from Paris to Brussels anH n^J'Z ii < . ^"- ^^^^^ is one 
 your brother bo^ a l^^^fT ^f™ '" ^^^^l" ^^- ^^^ 
 built a steam-milh 13 ATeX^piL--^"' ?,',"■' ^"* '^« has 
 14. No, Sir, but there ^e manv ZT ^'''}-'^^ ^ America ? 
 Does your cousin leam drawTn J ?« nTd «*^^"ir l^^' l^- 
 cannot find a drawinff-malter 17 V. ft /^ "?* ^^^° ^*' ^^ 
 the dining-room ? IS.^N^Sir he is in fbh*'"""^"""^*^^ ^^ 
 Is your cousin in his bedSoom'^ 20 '""J^^^^^l'^S-room. 19. 
 21. How many rooms arPtWo \ ^^' S^^' ^^ is out (ior^j). 
 
 25. Have you seen those Ister-piecesV 26 Y^^^^^ 
 seen them. 27. Have von a^^t K^T V ^J^\ . ^^' ^^^' I bave 
 department ? 28.Th?vrs S* ttm C 1^^' fi^^^' '^^ *^« 
 two.horsegigP "o I have a foSorse o"*^ *i? ^' ^''^ * 
 brother a two-whe. i carriage p 32 W«T ; ^^' ^^^ ^^^^ 
 (« deux places). ^^^^^ge • -^2. He has a two-seat carriage 
 
 Section LX 
 
 THE TWO FUTURES, SIMPLE AND ANTERIOR (§120) 
 
 wiJAafas!t"oL:eronT^"'" *'^ ^^^"^'^ ^-«^ -ds 
 verl^n'o^^^nSi^^^^^^^^^^^ -/'^e in-egular 
 
 sent of the infinitive by addW to !f f^' ^-""'^ ^'""'^ ^^^ P^^- 
 indicative of the verb aloS rR i a^ f '"^'uP *^^ ^^"^ P^-^^ent 
 
 0* u. ..0 .nu-u, and e in the fourth, a. ^dlf b^ seerf bebw T-"^ 
 
Je chanter -al 
 
 shall or will sing 
 Tu parler -as 
 
 Shalt or tvilt speak 
 II donner -a 
 
 will or shall give 
 Nous chercher -ons 
 
 shall or will seek 
 Vous porter -ez 
 
 s^?'^ or ?i>i7/ carrt/ 
 
 Us aimer -ont 
 
 sAa;^ or will love 
 
 -a 
 
 -ai 
 -as 
 -a 
 
 ons 
 -ez 
 -ont 
 
 149 
 
 3. C0N.Tr0.TI0N or THE F.T.KK SxMP.. OP THB RBOr.A.C 
 
 V EKIIS. 
 
 finir -ai 
 
 ch^rir -as 
 
 cherish 
 
 fournir-a 
 
 punir -ons 
 
 punish 
 saisir -ez 
 seize 
 unir -ont 
 
 aries, avoir, 6tre ;— -ii'iurc oi one ol the auxili- 
 
 J'auraifini; je me serai flattd. /«,.J, , ,^, ^ j^,^^^^^^^ 
 . „ flattered myself . 
 
 botref^ltSinltV:'^^^^^^^^^ into French, should 
 
 pn,ewordemployen\td4;"rb ^"inSl^t/"'" *'•? 
 18 always equivalent to thf. vnvK 7 • 7 *^^^ ^^***^^ ^^^^ i* 
 should not be rendered hvflJ*. ""''^-^^ ^" ^' "-''^^''»9, and 
 present of vouS :~ ^ "'' ^''*"'' °* *^^ ^^»'^' ^^^ ^^^ the 
 
 Ne VOUlez-VOUS pas lui ecrirp V n^;; w 
 
 pas im ecrire ? Wf you mt {are you not willing 
 to) write to him? 
 
 recevr -ai 
 
 receive 
 
 apercevr -as 
 
 perceive 
 
 percevr 
 
 collect 
 
 concevr 
 
 conceive 
 
 devr 
 
 owe 
 
 ddcevr 
 
 deceive 
 
 rcndr 
 
 render 
 
 vendr 
 
 wll 
 
 tendr 
 
 tend 
 
 •Jn tendr -ons 
 
 hear 
 
 perdr -ez 
 
 lose 
 
 mordr -ont 
 
 hite 
 
 Quand parlerez-vous il ce mon- 
 sieur ? 
 
 Vous fournira-t-il des provisions ^ 
 lis ne recevront pas leurs re- 
 venus. 
 
 ^^^^en^irez-vous pas vos propri^- 
 
 Que voulez-vous? 
 Que veut lire votre fr^re ? 
 Apporterez-vous des pomnies ' 
 Wous amenerons nos enfants. 
 Vous apporterez des legumes. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 When xoill you speak to that gen- 
 tleman ? 
 
 Will he furnish you provisions ? 
 
 ^hey will not receive their in- 
 come. 
 
 Will you not sell your property .? 
 
 Abreuvoir, m. vmter- 
 ing-place, 
 
 Appel-er, 1. [§ 50 (4)] 
 to call. 
 
 Apr6s-midi, f. after- 
 noon. 
 
 Ayoine, f. oats, 
 wheat 
 
 Exercise 115. 
 Chateau, m. villa. 
 Colporteur, m. pedlar, 
 
 hawker. 
 Donner a manger, to 
 , feed. 
 
 Ecurie, f. stahle. 
 Foin, m. hay, 
 
 What do you wish to have? 
 What will your In-other read ? 
 IV III you bring apples? 
 We will bring our children, 
 you will bring vegetables. 
 
 Cach 
 
 Gel 
 
 Men-er, 1. [§ 50 (6)] to 
 
 take to, to lead. 
 Recolt-er, 1. to gather 
 
 m a ci'op, to harvest 
 Sem-er, 1. [§ 50 (6)1 to 
 
 sow. 
 
 promen-er, 1. 
 
 iet er, 1. [§ 50 (4)j freeze. 
 
 to seal 
 
 er, 1. [^50 (5)] ^. rrM7fi)iX%i 
 
 ride f 01' pleas uri 
 
 or- 
 
loO 
 
 in ill 'tli /-en XoS: "^f o""*^"^' ^'' ^'^""^^^ 
 fhfivalP R T-Ti ^"^ en apportera. o. Ou menerez-voua co 
 maneorP ^^ Jf^l'^,"}^"^^^^ " 1 >curie 7. Lui donnerez-vous a 
 manger.-' 8. Je Im donnerai du foin et do I'avoino 9 TiH 
 
 l-dieiez- [§ 50 (2) ;^o^e] vous ce quo vous devez ? 12. No voulez 
 vou pas vous promener P 13. Jo mo promcWai cftL apSt 
 midi. 14 Vous promenercz. vous a pied ou a cheval '-^ 15 Tn 
 mo promenerai a cheval, et ma scour so promenorlon voitu/o 
 16. Marcherez-vous boaucoup dans votro voyaffe a Paril? I?' 
 Nous no raarcherons pas du tout. 18. N-appefw fS 60 mi 
 
 w^. • l^^ ^^ ^''^^ ""^"^ P^^ '^^ chateau P 21. Nous I'acho- 
 
 ^erons SI nous pouvons. ,22. Ne gelora-t-il pas [§ 60 (5) cetto 
 nuit f 23. Je ne le crois pas, if fait trop chaud 24 N^ 
 semerez- [§ 50 (6)] vous pas tout le ble qu^e vous recolLe^? 
 2o. Je n en semerai qu'une partio, jo vendrai le rosto 2fi T„ 
 cachotterai mos lettrcs ot je les porterai a la posto " 
 
 E.\E11CI8E 116. 
 
 i'lJ^^^l^.^^ *^® gentleman caU his ch'MrenP 2 Hn will 
 
 iSShTslftLLTl^VTwSdelnr'^ ^'"^ r' ''^' ' 
 <■ 1X7-11 ""^^""""r o. " e Will riae m a camajre to-morrow 
 
 fho^ tT "^* ^^y "^^ ^^*^'^'« ^''^^^^ ^ 8. I fha 1 not buy 
 10^ 'h. ^f«.°o money 9. WiU you not caU the pedlar ? 
 
 0. I do not wish o cal him ; I do not wish to hnyJyS 
 
 Id. Will It not freeze to-morrow P 14. It will froft/P fr^ mn^ 
 
 7 \^n von V«l« °°*- f ^ o»t« ; I ^ill SOW wheat there. 
 U. WU you take your sister to school? 18. I wiU take h^r 
 there this afternoon. 19. Will you not take vonr «-l f 
 market? 20r I wiU not take him there 21 WUl not the 
 gardener take his horse to the watering-place? 2" Ha ^fn 
 take him there. 23. WiU you give oa?st your horaf? T" 
 
 26 I wm br,™ v^- . '^- ^^^^^ >^"" ^""^ y«"r son S you ? 
 9s w -S v""^ him to-morrow. 27. WiU he bring his horse ^ 
 28. He will bring his horse and carriage 29 W)iV^ 
 carry that little child ? 30. He is too Xo {tuJlllt ^3? 
 
 pi; 'ojr 3^ wiir\^^^ p^^^^^^'^ '^- ^-^% sou 
 
 pS offic; ? \ i -iT* ^;'^.' ''7*'?* ''^^y t^« letter to tbo 
 post-oflice ? 34. I will seal it and give it to him. 35 W 'i 
 
 water! "'^ "^"'''^ ''• ' "^ '^^^ "^^ ^-d gi^? -im sTm^ 
 
 Section LXI. 
 
 iiikegularities op the future. 
 
 1. The two irregular verbs of the first conjugation aller to 
 Kip^'"' '" ''"'' "^^" ^" '^' *"turc Wj'envel^S 
 
161 
 
 Iho i „■; the nSiveYn the S ' ,w ""P".""''''. '"PPW" 
 1 preceding ^f^C Hltuii' °°"''°°"^"' «-"°«=- '"= 
 
 4W7/, vouloir fo h^. ,.nT "'"^ J® ^lerai. Falloir, ^o ie «eces. 
 fau'draTe^^vo j;a^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^; *;--y.. n.ake a 
 
 «fe ^-/^ffiw, make je verrai ie rpvprj? '» '-^"^ ''®^°"^' ^° 
 makes je pourrai aTfrrnoi/Jt^" !^^' ^o^^O"". '' <^^ «4^, 
 
 j'aurai: ' ^'^°"' ^^ '^'^*''' "^^^e Je saurai, and 
 
 verb AlVe foufrcomWti '°^ '? ^ ^^'^.^ds, are the only 
 future: je seraHe femS °^ '''^''^ ^^^ ^^regular in th^ 
 
 an^adlerb "oft^f i?.^° "°^ '°>^i°^' ^^^ "««d in Freneh after 
 
 futurity is impHed^- ^ ^^'* ""^ *^^ indicative, when 
 
 Quand vous verrez ces messuViira Tir*« 
 
 D68 que vous aurez rfci Tette ^^f ^°^* «^^ ^^^n^'^*^^"^*- 
 lettre... ^ ^®"® ^s soon as i/ou have received 
 
 this letter 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Nous irons en France et en Italie 
 JNous vous enverrons chercher, 
 JNe viendrez-vous pas nous trou 
 
 ver'i 
 
 M> I I. " *"•*■'<*"«-<; mis year. 
 
 We shall go to France and Italy. 
 
 We shall send foi' you. 
 
 ^^11 you not came to us ? 
 Ne nous assierons-nous na.^ "> \ vt,^ir .. ^ . -. 
 Quand ils viendront iCai m. nt T* "^^ *** '^'^^ 
 ^ lettre. ^ ' ^ *'"^' "'^ j ^'^J^**'^ <^<^'«^' ^ «*«/; Aaw my 
 
 Will that be worth the while to go 
 there ? " 
 
 Will that coat fit %oell ? 
 
 It will be necessary to send them 
 momy. 
 
 Cela vaudra-t-il la peine d'y aller ? 
 
 Cet habit ira-t-il bien ? 
 
 H faudra leur envoyer de I'argent. 
 
 Exercise 117. 
 
 BSofsL. &Ti Si f P^r'"«**-re.4.ir. toper- 
 
 Connalt-re, 4. ir. to gomfooi^^'K^'^'*' 
 
 JL Ne viendrez-vousjpasjious voir demain? 2. J'irai -ons 
 
183 
 
 voir, si le temps lo permol. 3. N'enverrez-vouR pas c>i r.-}u->r 
 
 le medecin, si voire fils etf. malade? 4. ,)'c I'lrat oherchcr ;noi- 
 
 memo. 5. Quand je serai fatigue, jo marclierai p'us lentenxmt. 
 
 b. yuand yous connaitrei, sa demeure irez-vous ■evoirj' 7. 
 
 J iiui levoir aussitot que jo saurai oii il demeuro 8 Ne le 
 
 verrez-vous pas aujourd'hui - 3. Jc i- orrai cette apn^s- 
 
 midi. 10. No pourrez-vou.i point nous ioumpagnor? 11 Jc 
 
 le ferai avec beaucoup Je plaisir. 12. Nf leur .iverr • -vous 
 
 pomt des fraises ? 13. Je leur ot^ enverrai ^uai) I lea mienncs 
 
 seront mures. 14. .Ve faudra-t-il pas leur ecriro bientH " Ih 
 
 tiuand nou3 aureus joqu des nouvelles do leur parfnt, ii faudri 
 
 lodrfecnjr, 16. Quo ferons-nous demain ? 17. Xous iroE-< a 
 
 la cha»' A 18. N'ire;?.vouT pas chez votre pere P 19. Nous 
 
 irons ceilv.Ti.;rac.::t. 20. U'-omd votre guitare sera arrive©, la 
 
 preterez-Too,5.- :,>:}. Jo no pourrai la preter. 22. A quelle 
 
 henre partu'.. ,«ua Jerrain ? 23. Je partirai i cinq 1 oures du 
 
 matin. 24. No loi tnez- vous pas ce soir? 25. Je n- sortirai 
 
 pas, et ie tuc ooucherai de bonne heure. 
 
 EXEUCISE 118. 
 
 1. Will you send for the physician P 2. I mil send for him 
 tlvv.s afternoon. 3 AViU not the little girl go and fetch apples ? 
 4. ohewill send for some. 5. WiU you not sit down when 
 you are tired? 6 We will not sit down, we have no time. 
 7. What wiU your brother do when he is tired ? fR. 5 1 8 He 
 wUl do what (ce qiC) he can. [R. 5.] 9. Will it be worth" the 
 while to (de) ^ieio him ? 10. It will not be worth the 
 whUe, for (c«r) he will not come. 11. WiU it not be necessary 
 to speak to the merchant? 12. It will not be necessary to 
 speak to him 13 WiU it be necessary for us to take pass- 
 ports ? 14 It wi be necessary (il le faudra). 15. Will not 
 your little boy walk more slowly when he is tired ? 16 When 
 he 18 tired, he will sit down. 17. What wUl your sister do to- 
 morrow ? 18. She will go to church and to school. 19 Will 
 9^® A?r?i ''°°'^ \?^^ 2^- ®^^ ^^11 "ot be able to come 
 .Lw ?^ ^oT T\ "^^ ^° ""^ horseback ? (Irez-vous a pied ou a 
 cheval?) 22. I shaU go on horseback. 23. Why do vou not 
 go in a carnage ? 24. Because my carriage is in London. 25. 
 men wiU you see them? 26. I shaU see them as soon as I 
 Ml" J '• . , *"^y *^°™® *° 0""^ house to-morrow ? 28 Thev 
 will do so with much pleasure. 29. When you see that gentle- 
 man, wiU you speak to him ? 30. I will not speak to him. 31 
 When you have written your letters what will you d = 32 
 I BhaU come to your house. 33. When you have r< ^at 
 book, wiU you send it to me ? 34. I wiU send it to v 5 
 
 WiU you send it fn-day ? 36. I wUl send it tc -.lorr. " 37' 
 They wiU come tc v a to-morrow. 38. WiU yoi; ^... .,- those 
 beautiful flowers^ 9. Yes, madam, I shaU g, . V iaem to- 
 morrow. 40. I shall be at your father's to-niehi ; ^ ^alf-nasf 
 seven. 41. The taUor will make vour coat, and wU , " 
 
 you in a week. 
 
 it to 
 
108 
 
 Section LXII. 
 
 THE TWO CONDITIONALS (§ 121) 
 
 of the verb avoir viz ^T^i„ „T.°* *^^' ™l>erfect indicative 
 
 2. Every verb in hi Sn^^'l*'*' '°'''' '^^- ^'^''^■ 
 has in this^tense the abovrtSruSr ' "^'^^'^^^"'^ '"'S^^^' 
 
 3. 
 
 CoNaUOATION OP THE CONDITIONAL PkESENT 
 
 Regvlak Verbs. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 recevr- -als 
 
 receive 
 apercevr -als 
 
 pei-ceive 
 
 percevr -ait 
 
 collect 
 concevr -Ions 
 
 conceive 
 devr -iez 
 
 oioe 
 
 rendr -ais 
 render 
 
 vendr -ais 
 sell 
 
 tendr -ait 
 
 tend 
 entendr-ions 
 
 hear 
 perdr -iez 
 
 lose 
 
 Je chanter -ais finir -ais 
 should or would si)^ jinUif, 
 
 \ P/'/'l^'" -^^^ cherir -ais 
 shmildst or icouldst cherish 
 speak 
 
 .„ ^jT''^^ -alt fournir-ait 
 
 would or should f/ive furnish 
 Nouschercher -ions punir lots 
 
 8hould or womW seek puniih 
 Vous porter -iez saisif iez 
 
 lis aimer -aient-^unir -aient dt^cevT «i«nt ,"""= 
 should or «;o«Wfow «„,-^e "' Jeceire * "'"'"'l". ■^*®°' 
 
 sent of ono of the «i7i.C '°™i"; from the conditional pre. 
 of the leading verb [§ mp)]"!!?'' ""' """ "■" »"<■ P«"4le 
 J'a»«i. ,™., i, „e .e„i. fl.«,; /.W. W ^,„,^ ^ ,,„„„ 
 fi m;,„ X „ X have flattered myself. 
 
 ™t and the in,p,i„t of ^ iSL.fv:'j,Udtered*l ""■ 
 
 ieK.""""' '^ "'"■ « Vfc «.!»„»&/„,*,,,' fc»a 
 
 Si j'^tais a votre place i'irais reTOf' ■ 
 
 Piace, J u«is. // /^ere m yourpkice, I would go. 
 
 jitlSCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 
 
 . Jnri^Ai??.''^^««^. « nous We^^uld go hunti,^ if we had 
 
 avion 8 le temps. 
 Je lirais, si j'avais des livres ici. 
 
 ^Paris™^"^^ «e porterait mieux a 
 Nous nous passerions facilement 
 
 uc Cx- HVT6. 
 
 \rirT?^*""" pas mieux lui 
 
 time. 
 
 I would read if I had books here. 
 I would prefer walking to riding. 
 
 Your mother ivould be better in 
 ^arts. 
 
 ^bolP'^^ ''^^^'-^ '^" ift^AoMf that 
 Would it not be better to wnte to 
 
 nVtn t 
 
184 
 
 Would it not be necessary to write 
 
 to him ? 
 I would sit doion if I were tired. 
 That coat would Jit me well if it 
 
 were broad enough. 
 
 S'ennuy-er, 1. ref. [H9] 
 to be or become weary. 
 
 Se port-er, 1 ref. to be 
 or do, 
 
 Se tromp-er, 1. ref. to 
 be mistaken. 
 
 Voyage, m. journey. 
 
 Ne faudrait-il pas lu'i 6crire ? 
 
 Je m'assi^rais, si j'^tais fatigu^. 
 Oet habit ni'irait bien, s'il ^tait 
 assez large. 
 
 EXEHCISK 119. 
 Iiiterromp-re, 4. ir. to Peut-6tre, perhaps. 
 
 interrupt. S'amus-er, 1. ref. to 
 
 Invit-er, 1. to invite. amuse one's self. 
 Mett-re, 4. ir. to put S'approch-er, 1. ref. to 
 
 <"*• come near. 
 
 Mouill-er, 1. to wet. S'eloign-er, 1. ref. to 
 Ot-er, 1. to take off. go from. 
 
 1. Quel habit mettriez-vous, si vous alliez a la chasse ? 2. 
 Je mettrais un habit vert. 3. N'oteriez-vous pas vos bottes, si 
 elles etaient mouillees? 4. Je les oterais, et jo les ferais 
 secher. ^ 5. Si' vous aviez froid, ne vous approcherioz-voua pas 
 du feu ? 6. Je m'en approcherais certainement. 7. Votre 
 petit garden ne s'on eloigncnait-il pas, s'il avait trop chaud P 
 8. Ils'en eloignerait bion vita. 9. Vous ennuieriez-vous ici? 
 10. Je ne m'ennuierais pas, je m'aniuserais a lire. 1 1 . Ne vous 
 tromperiez-vous pas, si vous faisiez ce calcul ? 12. Je me 
 trompeiais peut-etre, si j'etais intenompu. 13. Viendriez- 
 vous si on vous invitait F 14. Je viendi-ais avec beaucoup de 
 plaisir. 15. Ne vous porteriez-vous pas mieux, si vous lisiez 
 iiioins ? 16. Je me porterais beaucoup mieux. 17. Ne faudrait- 
 il pas lui parler de votre affaire ? 18. II faudrait lui en parler. 
 19. Combien d'argent vous faudrait-il? 20. II me faudrait 
 miUo francs, si je faisais ce voyage. 21. Ne vaudrait-il pas 
 mieux lui parler que de lui ecrire ? 22. II vaudrait mieuy lui 
 ecrire. ^ 23. Si vous etiez k ma place, que feriez-vous ? 24. Si 
 j^etais a votre place, je lui paierais ce que je lui dois. 25. Si 
 j avais le temps, je porterais volontiers vos lettres a la poste. 
 
 EXEKCISE 120. 
 
 1. Would you not read if you had time? 2. I would read 
 two hours every day if I had time. 3. What coat would your 
 brother put on if he went to church ? 4. He would put on a 
 black coat. 5. Would you put on a black hat ? 6. I would 
 put on a straw hat {chapeau de paille) if it was warm. 7. Would 
 you not draw [Sect. 39, 6] near the fire if you were cold ? 8. 
 We would draw near it. 9. Would you not take off your coat ? 
 10. I would take it off, if it were wet. 11. Would you go to 
 my father's if he invited you? 12. I would go to his house 
 and to your brother's, if they invited me. 13. Would you 
 put on your boots if they were wet ? 14. If they were wet, I 
 would not put them on. 15. How much money would you 
 want, if you went to England ? 16. We would want three 
 thousand francs. 17. Would you not be better if you lived 
 i^fmeurcr) in the country ? 18. I should not be better. 19. 
 Would It not be better to write to your brother ? 20. It would 
 be better to write to him. 21. Would you read the book if I 
 
155 
 
 lent it to yont- 22. 1 would certainly read if o-x Tt 
 
 you write to him ? fe iLlld^ZJVV'' ""^ ^^T' ^''^^^ 
 Would your sister be mLlkei P 28 Shn? "L""^ ^.'l ^7. 
 taken, she is very attentive 9Q tI ''°"^'^ "°* ^« "lis- 
 
 five,w-ouId you be better? 30 T J^i 1°'' f r-^i "^"^"^"S '^t 
 Would you prefer going on foot"? 32 T In^ ^' }'^^'': ^'^ 
 
 Section LXIII. 
 
 have made, to besneak • fi.i«lo„ *, ' ^' ^'^ ^^^ ^aire, to 
 
 la cuisine ^o Sf faSrcuK °C°f T' ^^J----^^^; faire 
 ^0 <5oi/; faire rdtir toZa.T^hitl I '» *'''^''^" ^*^^« bouiUir, 
 
 gilets. racoommoder vos You have had your wautrnats 
 
 mended. 
 
 an in JnitiJe'fJ ''*'''^'' °^ '^« ^^^^^ ^^"^«. ^^en it precedes 
 Leslivres que vousavez fait venir. Th.hooks which you kave sent for 
 
 faire W/^-' ^''•^'?^/'^^/ faire attention, ^oi^^y «««j^io„ • 
 laire tort, to mjure ; faire mal faim Hh «,«i / i '^ auenuon , 
 before a noun : — ' °" °**'' ''^ ^«' '^ require 4 
 
 Nous avons fait peurdcesen- 
 
 fants. 
 Vous leur avez fait mal. 
 
 We hive frightened those chil- 
 dren. 
 You h^ve hurt them. 
 
 
 -JIlSCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 
 
 W^«« you have your shoes mended f 
 
 Ferez-vous racoon .:7,vder vos sou- 
 liers? . - „, 
 
 ''tlt^Z'. "^ '^^^* «^ ^'-- ^ n^^ ^-pea.1- a .e. coat if I 
 Tl nA BoU%.,. f-,v- 1- • • I '""* money. 
 
 viande? ^°*re JSTow yow cooied yow j»cai! / 
 
 K 
 
 i! 
 
 
 '^-^^^dC 
 
1S6 
 
 Fejez-vous chauffer, votre bouil- 
 lon? 
 
 Voua lui avez fait mal au coude. 
 
 VouH ra'aviz fait mal au pietl. 
 
 V'ouB avez fait peindre votre 
 maiHon. 
 
 Will imi warm i/our h'oth ? 
 
 Yuu have hurt his libow. ' 
 
 Yoii have hurt mi) font. 
 
 You have had iiunr house painted. 
 
 EXEKCISE 121. 
 
 Gravure, f, enrfraniig. Poignet, m. nrist. 
 
 MftQon, m. mason 
 March-er, 1 , to step, 
 
 tread. 
 OO, where. 
 
 Tete, f. head. 
 
 Tout 4 1'heure, byand- 
 hy. 
 
 Travail, m. work, la- 
 bour. 
 
 Bfttir, 2. to hnild. 
 Bouillon, m. hrnth. 
 BraSj m. avm. 
 f'uismier, m. cook. 
 
 l'ij)aule, f. shoulder, _ _, 
 
 Gigot (Ic mouton, m. Pied, m. foot, 
 leg of mutton. 
 
 1. Quand ferez-vous batir uno maison ? 2. J 'en ferai bfitir 
 une I'annee prochaine, si je re9ois men argent. 3. Avez-vous 
 fait bouillir ce gigot de mouton ? 4. Je I'ai fait r6tir. 6. Le 
 cuisinicr a-t-il fait chauflor votre bouillon P 6. II ne I'a pas 
 encore fait chauffer, mais il le fera chauffer tout k I'heure. 7. 
 N'avez-vous pas fait venir des livrjs P 8. Nous n'en avons imn 
 fait venir, mais nous avons fait venir des gravures. 9. N'avi ... 
 vous pas fait pc ur ii ces petites fiUes P 10. Nous lei. . avons fait 
 peur. 11. Ferez-vous attention a votre travail ? 12. J'y ferai 
 attention. 13. Avez-vous fait mal u cette petite flUe P 14. Je 
 ne lui ai pas fait mal. 15. N'avez-vous pas fait mal i ce 
 chien? 16. ,)e lui ai fait mal. 17. Oil avrz-vous fait mal d, 
 votre fils P 18. Je lui ai fait raal au bras et i la n);f in. 19. Ne 
 lui avez-vous pis fait mal av, pied P 20. Je lui m fait mal k 
 I'epaule. 21. A qui ce ir'^.'.'on i-t-il fait malP 22. II n'a fait 
 mal a personne. 23. Vous ai-je fai't mal au pied P 24. Vous 
 m'avez marche mr le pied et vous r avez fait mal. 25. La tete, 
 i'epaulo, le brt , o poig- ot et la n n me font mal [R. 5]. 
 
 Exercise 122. 
 
 1. "Will vou havp TOur coat mended ? 2. I will not have it 
 mended, .j. Wii. yoar brother h,'. o his Loust painted? 4. 
 He will have it paiuted next year. '>. Will you not hive a 
 coat made P 6.1 would have one maf'^ if I had money. 7, 
 Have you hurt j'our brother P 8. ' ...._•-• 
 
 trodden on his foot. 9. Doe" his ar 
 
 Sir, his shoulder, arm, and v 
 son pay attention > his woil" 
 it, ";e has nothin^j else {rien 
 hurt your hand or your elbow 
 
 lavo hurt h:m, I ha\e 
 
 pain him P 10. Yes, 
 
 lair im. 11 . "Will d *■ your 
 
 12 fe will pay atten ion to 
 
 re *«) to do. 13. Have I 
 
 14. Y(ju have hurt my fi'':^er8 
 
 (doiffts). 15. Does your cook understand cooking p x,,. He 
 
 understands cooking. 17. Has the cook roasted that leg of 
 
 mutton i 18. He has boiled it. 19. Has he not warmed it P 
 
 20. He has not had time to warm it. 21. Has the physician 
 
 Bent for engravings ? 22. He has sent for books. 23. Have 
 
 you hurt his elbow P 24. I have not hurt his elbow, but hi.° 
 
 imad. 26. Have I not hurt your fingeifl P 26. You have hurt 
 
16? 
 
 my wrist. 27. Whoro have you hurt your son P 28. T hav« 
 not hurt )uni. 20. Would the cook hoil that meat if h« had 
 tuno ." lit). Ho \v.;uM uut boil it, hu would roast it. 31. When 
 will lio warm your broth h 32. He will warm it by-nnd-hy if 
 he has time. 33. Jf you liad trodden on my foot, would you 
 not have hurt me J- 34. I should certainly hayo hurt you. if 1 
 hud trodden on your foot. 
 
 Section LXIV. 
 
 1. Faire connaiBsance, to become ox get acquainted, requires the 
 l.r(!iK,«tion avec bofor.^ it.s obj Faire un mUle, faire un 
 
 voyage, faire un tour de promenade, mean to qo, or travel a 
 mile, to ffo OH ajoiirnei/, <o ("^'^ " loalk : — 
 
 Nousuvons fait vingt milles ^ We tmvelU 
 cbeval. htrrsehack. 
 
 twenty miles on 
 
 2. Faire ses adieux, faire des emplettes, faire des progr^s 
 faire dea questions, faire du feu, correspond in signification to 
 the English expressions, to bid farewell, to make purchases, to 
 improve, to ask Questions, to make <i fire : 
 
 J'ai faiC mes adieux a mes parents. / hid farewell to my relatims 
 Avez-vous fait du feu dans ma Have you viade a fire in mv 
 chambre ? room f 
 
 t. Faire aortir means, to send out, or to order out; faire 
 entrer, let in, to bid come in ; faire attendre, to keep xvaiimg .•— 
 
 Vous 1 jz fait entrer dans ma You made them come into viij 
 
 chamb. room. 
 
 Vous avez fait at tendre men pere. You bept my father waiting. 
 
 4. Faire son possible, to do one's lust, requires the preposition 
 pour. Faire semblanfc, to pretend, faire usage, to n> -keuse, are 
 loUowed by de : — 
 
 Nous avons fait notre possible We have done our best tome d. 
 pour reussir. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 Nous avons fait connaissance avec We became acquairUed with them. 
 
 eux. 
 Vous avez fait vingt lieues en dix 
 
 heures. 
 Nous f erons un tour de promenade. 
 Je lui ai lait plusieurs questions. 
 Us nous ont fait leurs adieux. 
 
 Vous nous avez fait attendre. , ^o-i* ittruv tw wuinag. 
 Cet enfant fait semblant de | That child pretends to be asleep 
 
 dormu'. | 
 
 Vous faites semblant de lire. ' You pretend to h- reading, or do 
 XT . 1 ., , \ as if you were reading. 
 
 voir. I 
 
 You travelled twenty leagues in 
 
 ten hours. 
 We shall take a ivalk. 
 I asked hivi several questions. 
 They have bid farewell. 
 You kept us waiang. 
 
 
 ■imm. 
 
mn 
 
 ExKnnsE 123 
 Ai«e, ylad. 
 
 Aliment, m. food. almn. 
 
 Credit, in. rredit. LiiiHH or, 1. Uj leave, let 
 Demand-er, 1. to tuk. Mendiant, m. beggar. 
 Dorm-ir,2.ir.<o«/er/,. Ntfgociant, m. mer- 
 htude, f. stud}/. chant. 
 
 aire raumOnc, to give Quart, m. qua)'ier. 
 Rarement, teldo,ii. 
 IWuBsir, 2. to mirreed. 
 Riz, m. rice. 
 
 to 
 
 Se fach-er, 1. ref 
 become ungrjf. 
 
 8ieurf"f'r«n' bien uiHe de fairo connaissanco avoc ce mon- 
 sieur Y >. J en serais hien aise. 3. Co choval I'ait-il unn linim 
 
 minntes 6- Leur avoz-vous fait don questions h 6. Jo lour 
 on ai fait.* 7. QuoUos questions lour avc.-vous faitos ? 8 jI 
 lour ai domando s'lLs avaiont fait des cmpletten 9. Vos clbvol 
 font-il8 des progr6s dans lours 6tudos h 10. lis n'en font Z 
 beaucoui,, ils.vionnont rarement a r,'cole. 11. Si vous et^oz 
 choz vous, foriez-vous soniblant do dormir ? 12. Jo no ferais 
 cortainoment pas h, ,nl,lan( do dor.nir. I,"]. Pourquoi mSl. 
 V0U8 pas entrer co mendiant ? 14. Ma m.^l•e vient de u tS; 
 1 aumone 15. Le negoeiant fait-il usage de son credi G 
 
 i« TW v""^^^- 17. DequelsaUmonts ce malade fait-il usage ? 
 18. II fait usage de riz et de bouillon. 19. Faites-vous vSro 
 possible pour reussir? 20. Jo fais tout mon possuT 21 
 ^2''T;T«\ft-°?'' ?''«,«'l?^t«. «" I'" avez-votis fait sortir ? 
 attendreP 9a v"^' °" lis 6taient. 23. Vous avons-nous fait 
 2? fiflLf •••^T."T^''•'^^^^*^"«"'^'•° PluBieurs heures. 
 id. Bi vous faisioz attendro cos dames, eUes so facheraient. 
 
 Exercise 124. 
 
 S Dn^riwt* child pretend to read P 2. He pretends to read. 
 3. Does not that gentleman pretend to sleep P 4. He does not 
 S^:f H'^P' ^' sleeps Wly (reelloLt) 6 WiU you 
 Ihadt^e '^''w'"""^' i- I-«"iddo8oWhpleasure^ii 
 Bician PR T L^^'^'/^'l v''^'"" acquainted with the phy. 
 sicianP 8. I have not yet become acquainted with him 9 
 How many questions have you asked («) tho chUd ? 10 I 
 aBked him many questions. 11. Have you asked him if ho 
 had studied his lesson ? 12. I did not ask him. 13. Wil not 
 that little girl do her best to learn her lesson P 14. She wH 
 do her best to learn it. 15. Of what food do you makeTse 
 when you are ill ? 16. We make use of bread ami rko ^7 
 ?.f7n^°"J°'^?"'T°-*° ^^^ ^^""^^^^ t« yo"'^ mother P 18 1 had 
 ?9 te wTo'ri'l,^ ^"^'^'^^^ *° ^° *" ^' ^ ^°"«« this afterioon 
 bookseller 9? ^""^ ^""^ ^fT^ acquainted ? 20. With the 
 Dookseller. 21 Do you not keep those ladies waiting P 22 
 I do not keep them waiting, they are not ready (prA 23 
 
 Zo Have you left your children in your room? 26. I have 
 not done ^ (le). 27. Have you sent them outP 28 I have 
 not sent them out, I have let them remain whe-^ they were 
 
 • Se« Sect. 42, 11, and § 135 (7). " 
 
160 
 
 your best to como to-inoriow h U 1^vU)A , I /°" *^° 
 
 Section LXV. 
 ^IJl^^^^^u^a in the «on.. of pla.in, the part of, or 
 
 U fait le grand Heigneur. He ptay, the great lord, 
 
 i. Falre iiko moans ^o matter, to cotK^m, to help .•_ 
 Cela ue fait lien. i^i.^* ■ . 
 
 Cela ne vouh fait hen ri" '^ ^^l^tter. 
 
 nen. jTwC j/* mdhma to you, does not 
 
 Je mo siiis fait ttlMpcKm t i • 
 
 Jomcsuis fSTaireu e,,airo {^'f '^^^^''^ « Ar«««. 
 ,i„ i>.*.„„ "" "'''^'' ""»- I'^i'^o ^ have had a pair of boots made 
 
 de bottes. 
 Jo mo Kuis fait rascr. 
 Noub nous soramos fait couper 
 
 Jo mo buib luit mal au doi^t. 
 
 for inc. 
 \have had my beard shaved, 
 yyc have had our hair cut. 
 
 - I have hurt my finger. 
 
 1. ijo.sides tho iiibtuucos mentioned TSccf Ti T? ^^ *„.— • 
 used unporsonally in many idiomatic eipSion's f-1^^' '*^ " 
 
 II fait jour ; il fait nuit. 
 
 II tait do la boue ; il fait de la 
 
 poussiore. 
 II fait clair do luno; il fait obscur, 
 II fait bon ici ; il fait cher ici. 
 
 It ia daylight; it is night. 
 It IS mnddy ; it is diiitty. 
 
 It is moonlifjht ; it is dark. 
 
 It IS comfortable here ; it is dear 
 here. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Ce jeune homme fait lesavaut. | That youri^manplays the learned 
 
 Cola ne me fait rien. 
 Que pouvons-nous y faire ' 
 Mon fr^re s'est fait orfevre. 
 Pourquoi vous faites-vous raser' 
 Je me feral couper les cheveux 
 Je me smsfait batir une maison. 
 JN0U8 nous sommes fait mal A la 
 
 n 
 
 tSte. 
 comrner 
 
 so faire tard. 
 
 f^ait-il chei ivre k Paris ? 
 n fait bea\ oup de boue. 
 
 man. 
 
 That ia nothing to me. 
 What can we do to it ? 
 My brother haa turned goldmith. 
 Wky do you get shaved ? 
 / will have my hair cut. 
 IhaiJe had a house built fm- me. 
 ire have hurt our heads. 
 
 It is beginning to grow late. 
 Is it dear living in Paris 't 
 It is very muddy. 
 
 m^ 
 W 
 
160 
 
 ' Exercise 12/5. 
 AWlument, aW- Donree., f. p. p^^ovi- Onvnev,m. workman, 
 ^tis^m. v^cchcrnic. EClknt, m. «.„^.„,. rS^onnJ^i/SZ, 
 
 Chagrine, e.',../ ImfeSLnt. o, /.- ' XS' "^ ""^■ 
 pertinent. vitrier, m. f/?a.-/«.. 
 
 «,.Va ^^^"'^"o^ f.*:* o^vrier fait-il Ic malado ? 2. II fait lo 
 malade parce qa'il n'a pas onvio de travaillcr. 3. Cot 6tudiLnt 
 
 tou. 0. bicd-il a CO jcuno hommo do faire le maitre ici v r 
 11 no sicd a pcrsonne de fairc I'impertinent. 7 Cela fait ii 
 
 W /. -f • ^^'^^ q^flq'ie chose h cos vignerons ? ] 0. Cola no 
 iZs U™^'^" *"'''*• ^^- N'etes-vous pas bien chagrini dS 
 
 ?4 yi V •■ *M^ '?*"'°'''^ "^ «^«*-il P'18 fait bifoutior« 
 14 Non, Monsieur, il s'est fait peintre. 15. Get artisan «; 
 
 «'2'fn?f' nV'*Vf V ^^- ^^'''^ ^^^ tanneur etsonfrero 
 
 le ohetoux''*i8'Mle^"l'^''%"? '?''■'''' P'^^ *-* ^-Per 
 IBS cnevoux. is. i,iie r, les est fait oonper. 19 Kp vmis 
 
 ?> T fS f' ^T""* ^^"■'^•. 21- Ne fait-il pas dair do limJ? 
 
 Fa^t-il bon vivro on Amc-nquc ? 24. II fait tres bon vivre en 
 Ameriquo, los denre.,s y sent k bon marche. 
 
 Exercise 126. 
 
 T.kv^'?^!^! "? th«t/entleman play tho learned man P 2. He 
 P y!w l!''"'^ ^""^ ^°°^ •'^* *h« «a™e time (« /« /■«,,) 3 hoe? 
 not that boy pretend to be ill? 4. He pretends to bo ill 
 
 ItJ T^^^' .*o° '^^™ "«^ too cold here. 15. Will vou 
 
 S ^iTwm '"' • /'• I ^^^"^ ^^- ^^^ «"t yesterday Lr 
 T"t«1 T " ^'''!J "?* ^" ^''™o, it is beginning to grow latT^ 
 1 d. Is It not very dark out ? (dehors.) 1 9. It is not d^^k 15 i^ 
 moonhght 20. Has not thL glazier turned goldsmith ■^ '2' 
 t^!t .nT* *'^''^ f Wsmith, ho has ^.med soldier 22". Does 
 S Ar« r T' ^^otJ«^^, 23.. That does not concern S 
 24. Are you not sorry for that ? 25. I am sorrv fnr if w t 
 cannot help it. 26. Why do you get sL'^dT I7 Be ause' I 
 SThavenoT'J';. ''• ^-« ^^^ "O* hurt those cSen J 
 No. SirTut" I S.*t™^ ^: ,^r ^r ^-* >•- arm ? . 31. 
 hurt her hand p" 33/ She ha\ hurt ho^kand^Td T-SeT 
 
Ifil 
 
 Section LXVI. 
 1. Avoir mal means to hnre a pnw or nchr n om-n \v\. 
 
 „ . . «'i"'teDe. My head does not ache. 
 
 J ai une douleur au bras t a^..^ • . 
 
 Q rri, , ""'auDras. I nave a pai7i in mp a/rm. 
 
 avoir chaud [Sect. 63, R 6] :_ ' ^**^'' ^^°"^ ^'^o*'* ^"'i 
 Vous ave. les armes a I'a mai„; You have your arms in your 
 J'ai chaud aux mains et aux pieds. My tZds aruifeet are ^rm. 
 
 or omit the article \Yhn^ t^J^ Enghsh uso a or an, 
 
 the noun, un^ine.^or drdes! h^TSJ!" '-^'J*^^^^- P^^^^^ 
 Cettc dame a I'esinit iusto Thr,t i„a i 
 
 even u-hen ...fentag ,„ f^^b""' o'f indivM°,afc' "' ''"""''• 
 
 tete. "'ai a la y ^se 6o;/s Aaw A m rt their heads. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 W ayez-vous pas mal au pied? 
 tette demoiselle a mal a la tete 
 ^ avez-vous pas mal aux dents?" 
 iUon frere a mal aux dents 
 
 „ .*.«* cmA u»:;ilt 
 
 Men cousm a mal au c6tt5. 
 11 a des douleurs de poitrine. 
 
 Qu'avez-vous a, la main ? 
 
 Je n'ai rien k la main. 
 
 J'ai chaud aux mains et frojd 
 
 aux pieds. 
 Vos swurs ont le poftt d^licat. 
 t/es messieurs ont le nez aquilin 
 
 Hare you not a sore foot ? 
 Ihat young lady has the headache. 
 JJo not your teeth ache i 
 My brother has the toothache 
 My cousin has a pain in hisside. 
 
 j What have you in your hand ? 
 I j^ J^ ^'^^ ''tatter with your 
 
 \^J^^^ nothing in my hand. 
 I ^„ jj '^ *^^ *"""«>' '^'^ith my 
 ATp hands are warm %nd my feet 
 
 Your sisters Jmvc a delicate taste. 
 J-hose gentknien have Hainan 
 noses. 
 
>s<i 
 
 Bleu, 0, blue. 
 Bouche, f. mouth. 
 Dent, f. tooth- 
 Doigt, m. .P'niier. 
 Gorge, f. throat. 
 
 162 . 
 
 Exercise 127. 
 
 Mai de gorge, m. sore Noir, e, black, 
 
 if'-roat. Vied, m. foot. 
 
 Mai doreille, m. lar- Presque, almost. 
 
 Ti/' ■ <. Teint, m. complexion. 
 
 JMemoire, t, memoi-i/. Visage, m. face. 
 Niece, f. niece. Yeux, from ouil, ei/cs. 
 
 1. Ce jcune hommc a-t-il mal a la gorge ? 2. Oui, Monsieur, 
 
 tl ""^ ^?J T^ "^K'} ^ '"''^^^ ^* ^«^§^«- 3. Avez-vous souvent 
 malalatete? 4. J'ai mal a la tete presque tous les jours, o 
 N avez-vous pas mal au bras ? 6. J'ai mal au bras et a la 
 mam. / . Votre sceur a-t-elle mal h I'oreillo ? 8. Oui, Madame, 
 elle a mal a 1 oreille et mal aux dents. 9. N'avez-vous pas 
 troid a la tete ^ 10. Non, Monsieur, mais j'ai froid aux doigts. 
 11. N avez-vous pas froid au visage? 12. Non, Monsieur! le 
 n y ai pas froid. 13. Ce monsieur a-t-il le nez aquilin? 14 
 II a le nez aquilm et la bouche grande. 15. Cette demoiselle 
 a-t-elle de belles dents ? 16. EUe a de belles dents et de beaux 
 ymix. 17. Ce petit garden a-t-il les pieds petits ? 18. II a les 
 pieds petits et les mains grandes. 19. Votre niece n'a-t-elle pas 
 les yeux bleus? 20. Non, Monsieur, elle a les yeux noirs. 21 
 Vos ecohers se sont-ils fait mal au visage ? 22. lis se sent fait 
 mal a a poitrine. 23, Vos filles ont-elles une bonne memoire ? 
 24. Jilles ont la memoire exceUente. 25. Ces ItaUonnes n'ont 
 pas le temt frais. 
 
 EXEKCIHE 128. 
 
 1. What is the matter with your hand ? 2. I have had a 
 sore hand tnese ten days. 3. Has your brother sore fingers ? 
 4. He has sore fingers and a sore hand. 5. What has your 
 brother m his hand ? 6. He has a pen in his hand. 7 Has 
 your httle boy a sore throat ? 8. He has a sore throat. 9 
 Has not your eldest sister the toothache ? 1 0. She has not the 
 toothache, but she has a sore finger. 11. Why does not the 
 soldier walk ? 12. He cannot walk, he has a sore foot. 13 
 Have you not sore feet ? 14. My feet are not sore. 15 If 
 your hnger were sore would you write ? 16. If I had sore 
 fingers I should not write. 17. If your brother had the head- 
 ache would he study his lesson ? 18. He could not study his 
 lesson if he had the headache. 19. Has not that gentleman 
 pains m his chest ? 20. He has pains in his chest and in his 
 Q^^V i\ ^^^ 5'""^ ^^**^^ S"'l ^^^ck eyes or blue eyes? 22. 
 bhe has black eyes and a fresh complexion. 23. Has not your 
 daughter the toothache ? 24. She has the toothache and the 
 ear-ache. 25. Are not your hands and feet cold ? 26 Mv 
 hands are cold, but my feet are warm. 27. Have not those 
 ladies aquihne noses ? 28. They have aquiline noses and a 
 fair complexion {le teint beau). 29. Has your sister large 
 hands? 30. No, Sir, my sister has small hands. 31. Have 
 not those little girls hurt their heads? 32. They have not 
 hurt tiicir lieads, liwy have hurt their faces. 33. "That little 
 boy has black hair {cheveux). 
 
168 
 
 Section LXVII, 
 
 fn Vv,^^*' beau-VouB avez beau, corresponds in signification 
 to the Enghsh expression, it is in vain for you to, ,L ma»do 
 J«y^ ^^, what yoa like. It must be followed ^the infiS 
 
 Vous avez beau dire, 11 ne viendra It is in vain for you to speak, 
 *^ ■ yoV' ■'nay say what you like, he 
 
 ■mil not come. 
 
 rr.tJ'^^^^^' ^^^^^ f" '^^'•'•y. have, in French, a different 
 meaning. Maner, conjugated actively, can only have as S 
 ^t2 i\^^ person performing the ceremony, or giving one 
 S«Hv.\>, *^' "^^"^'t- '"^ "^^"^^^^ ; ^Pouser takes, as its noS^^ 
 win 'i!^ contracting parties only, and must always be f™ 
 lowed by a direct ob ect. Se marier, to get mJried and 
 
 S.^ler-'''^"^"*"^ ^'''^^'^^' '^''' *^ «^™^ nomSe as 
 
 M. L. a mari^ sa fiUe avec M. G. 
 M. G. a ^pous^ la fiUe de M. L. 
 
 M. G. et Mile. L. sent mari^s. 
 Men fr^re va se marier. 
 
 Mr. L. has married his daughter 
 
 to Mr. G. 
 Mr. G. has married Mr. L.^s 
 
 daughter. 
 
 '19'' f • "■n'^^^issL. arcmai-ried. 
 My brother is going to be mar- 
 ried. 
 
 mki ^— ^^ ™®° ^™" ^^ equivalent to the English, a friend of 
 
 ^tmieT' ^ ^P°'''^ "°^ ^^ ""^^ ^''y friend has married a friend 
 "'™^^^- of mine. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 lis ont beau dire et beau faire, ils 
 ne rempecheront pas de se 
 marier. 
 
 Vous avez beau lui faire des re- 
 montrances. 
 
 L'^vcque de B. a mari^ ma soeur. 
 
 Le capitaine G. a dpous^ ma 
 
 cousine. 
 Quand il se mariera, il nous in 
 
 vitera d, la noce. 
 Votre cousine est mariee avec 
 
 men cousin, 
 Votre cousine a ^pou86 un de mes 
 
 cousins 
 
 Whatever they nmy say or do, 
 they will not prevent his marrti- 
 ing. 
 
 It is in vain fw you to remon- 
 strate with h),n. 
 
 The Bishop of B. has manned my 
 sister. 
 
 Captain G. has manned my cou- 
 sin. 
 
 When he marries, he will invite 
 us to the ivedding. 
 
 Your lady cousin is married to 
 my cousin. 
 
 Your lady cousin has married a 
 cousin of mine. 
 
 t"""3-, X a . \ ('onsinofmine. 
 
 sc^uiT * ^'''^ ""' '^' ™'' ^*S '"^'''''^ ^ »«»'''-^rf « sister 
 
 '**»^**'''- I of mine 
 
 of mine. 
 
 EXEKCISE 129. 
 
 Dev-oir, 3. ir. to owe, Parent, e, relation. 
 
 to be about. Princesse, f. princess. 
 
 iipoux, pi. couide ; Prochain, e, ?u;xt. 
 v.c«^., s,^ i/uuiiytr. , man and wife. R^dment m renim,'„t 
 
 Demoiselle, f. youm, EvSaue. m. hi^hn^ s-?.-7. " 'I!!'!.!^""'''^' 
 '""^- infanterie,f.i7^nVri/. VieUlard, oWwan"'" 
 
 Ain^, e, elder, eldest. 
 Archeveque, m. arch- 
 bishop. 
 Cadet, te, younger. 
 
164 
 
 If 1 
 
 epoux ? 6. L'Irchevgque de Paris w - ^ " ' ^ '"-'H^ ''' '^"'^'^ 
 aussi marie Mile. L. ?* 8 I1 1^ il^°'^"^'- ,7- N'a-t-ilpaa 
 
 capitaine au 256me rgffimentS. • * ■'^"^ ^ ^P°"8e M. L., 
 t-il paa tori; de se SS p"^ '^2 J?"'' ^^^ ^e vieillard nV 
 mais a a tort d'epouser cette demoisellp ^ ^f.' n * '^".'^ ""^"e^' 
 cesses vont-elles se marier" 14 FuS; ^^- ^"'^"'^ ««« Pri^i- 
 cham. 15. Qui leg mariera p ir t • ' '^ "^aneront le mois pro- 
 
 17. Qui doivent eUe^dpoSeV ^ 18 I^lFf^'^^' ^'' ^^^^r^- 
 ct la cadette M G IQ tI" ^^-..^.^^"^.e ^oitepouser M.W 
 une de vos parmtes? '20 Sn^Z^'Z' ^^ "^-'-'^ ^'' ^Pons6 
 mes cousines. 21. Qui ft cpS J^^^'-'T'.'^ ^ ^P0"«^ ^Ae do 
 mes sceurs. 23. NW von. r , ""T"' " ^2. C'est une de 
 un de vos Hvres et nnP !f;? ^f ^ ""^ <^^ "^^^ livres :- 24 J'ai 
 4 une de vos soeuls " ^'' P^""^''^- ^5. Je viens de parler 
 
 . -. Exercise 130. 
 
 is in 'iSrltlTatfo^^^^^ '^f ^- "^ 2. Yes, Sir, it 
 not your father maSy'yVur si to Mr ?T^?'^ ^- ^^^^ 
 will marry her to Mr.*^L 5 iTLntaS" W ^^ • ^°' ®^^' ^« 
 Sir, ho is not yet married hJht ^-ul ^- earned P 6. No, 
 
 7. Whomdoes\.eTnSftoma^r;"^8'Hr^^^^^ "^"* >--' 
 cousin of mine, who is at mv hZfV - ^^ intends to marry a 
 
 themv 10. m; eldest brother? f^f!- ». Who will marry 
 
 youryoung-estLti"?r eJr^^lJrs^^^^^^^ ''■ ^' 
 
 13. Is she going to be marriprJ P i/^ ou ' ^^^ '^ not married. 
 
 IS [Sect. 61: oj ?ld enouTh (i' ,'t ®Y,"^4f ^"I -^en she 
 J. marry? i-'e. He maS^ed a JXr nf • Whom did Colonel 
 have they been marriTdTsect 57 .IP ^f -rru^^- .^^^ ^^"ff 
 married two years. 19. Is not th^-f 1 ^\ ^^^^ ^^^« been 
 ^ned ? A She is wrong to marrJ Z \f/ '^'"'^ '' ^'' 
 Who married General S. and mS 7 22 Th p- ^°"°?- ^l- 
 married them. 23. Did not tbl At^Wi.- 1 ."^ ^^^^^p of Arras 
 couple? 24 Tho Arnhvl ^J^Ji^'^^°Po*Yorlv-marrvthat 
 WiSnot yourIu\^tn.y^^26VetlirT"^ ^^^- ^^^ 
 not your sister at home"^ 28 L sl '^l"'^-* ^^.^P'' 27. Is 
 aunt of mine 9q To ^' . , ' '^"' ^^e is with fc/ws'i -m 
 
 , He IS not married. 33. irCa S W "-^^ '"''"^^'i • «2. 
 
 marned last week, ao.' He mfi MiS™' " '*• ^^^ ^^^ 
 
 Section LXVIII. 
 
 1>IMENSI0X, WEIGHT, ETC. 
 
 The pr'^o^lrS prSlif ffr'"*,*?''^-' -"'>i«t. 
 there is no verb in thrwlrf Ti.'^°"" «^ dimension. Wl,en 
 
166 
 
 Cette muraille a dix pieds de That wall is ten feet hiah. 
 hauteui-. ^ 
 
 That iveJl is one hundred feet deep. 
 
 Ce puits a cent pieds de profon- 
 deiir. 
 
 Une table de quatre pieds de A table four feet lona. 
 longueur. 
 
 The verb 6tre is also used, in which case the preposition de 
 
 precedes the number : — 
 
 Cette table est longue de quatre This table is four feet long. 
 
 2. In sentences where sizes are compared, and the verb dtre 
 IS used, the preposition de is placed before the number express- 
 ing the cacvss : — 
 
 Vous etes plus grand que moi de 
 deux pouces. 
 
 You are taller than I by two 
 inches. 
 
 3. When the price of an article is mentioned, the definite 
 article! is used before the noun expressing the measure, weight 
 &c. When the remuneration, or rent, &c., for a definite space 
 of time IS mentioned the preposition par {per) is used : 
 
 Le beurre se vend un franc la Butter is sold [at] a franc per 
 
 livre. pound. ^ 
 
 II gagne six francs par jour. He earns six francs per day. 
 
 4. The same preposition is used when we speak of the num- 
 ber of times any occurrence takes place in a given space of 
 time : — 
 
 Je vais a la poste deux fois par I go to the post-office twice a day. 
 ]our. " 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 La canelle se vend deux francs la , Cinnamon is 'old [at] two francs 
 
 livre. 
 Cette sole vaut six francs le 
 
 metre. 
 Ce clocher a cinq cents pieds de 
 
 hauteur. 
 Cet etang a huit pieds de profon- 
 
 deur. 
 Une chambrc de quinze pieds de 
 
 longueur, svr fr>:-huit del 
 
 largcur, et hull , a-.-.x tvi.-. i 
 De quelle taille es \ut\-e frere? 1 
 Sa taillij (!«t do cinq j.ieds huit 
 
 pouces. 
 Notre ami est-il gi ' on pet)»? 
 n est de tiiillc inoyt'ime. 
 Votre inuinon . nt phis haute que 
 
 la mieune I' cinq piedj. 
 Je vais a I'^cole deux fob par 
 
 jom-. 
 
 a pound. 
 That silk is worth six francs a 
 
 metre. 
 That steeple is five hundred feet 
 
 high. 
 That pond is eight feet deep. 
 
 A room fifteen feet long by eif/hteen 
 feet broad arui eight feet high. 
 
 Hoio tall is your brother ? 
 
 His hdght is five feet eight inches. 
 
 Ts ourfnrnd tall or shwt ? 
 
 His height i$ hiiddliiig. 
 
 Your house is higher tliau mine 
 
 by five feet. 
 I goto school twice a day. 
 
 *•< 
 
 II nouH p.'! 
 semaine. 
 
 ?&t^ par He pays its ciyhi franca a week. 
 
Metre, m. metre {'39^'^ 
 Eti(jlUhinchea),yard. 
 Pouce, m. inch. 
 Profondeur, f. depth. 
 Semaine, f. ^veek. 
 Taille, f, heUiht, size. 
 
 166 
 
 .Exercise 131. 
 Bon nxATche, cheap. Grandeur, f. dzr 
 Cassonade, f. brown Hauteur, f. heii/ht. 
 
 Hargeur ' 6 hlalZt'''^ ""'K'' *^f. ^°"Sueur el douze 
 >.,„> r^^;,^' A 1 ^"^^^^ grandeur est ce 1 vre F 8 II a dix- 
 
 ? VoC'al^onTsr^n' ^T*^ f ^ ^^^^^"^ '' ^^^ "iViur. 
 eat nln« l^!i \, /^^ P^?"^ ^°"S^"^ que celle-ci ? 8. Elle 
 
 Elle se vend trois francs le metre. 20 La cassonadV »« fi 
 
 JornhfiiT'i .'^'- « ^'- ^^^« «^ vend a bon marche 2' 
 e^cS nl ■ ^'**''' ecrivcz-vous par semaino ? 23 Je Jon 
 
 Exercise 132. 
 
 S s'^Xt bTo'r *9 V^" ^^ ' ^ ''i' tweSy!Jve tt'de?; 
 ^na SIX teet bioad. 9. How much is that cloth sold a motrp'^ 
 10. It 18 sold [at] sixteen francs a metre. 11. How mS do 
 you receive a week for your work P 12 T rpV^iv^ fifl ^ 
 a week for mv work U KmJ r;„ l 'a recen/e fifty francs 
 
 month for Ts board (penl'J n?^ \T Z'''' ^''''''^ ^''y ^ 
 am taller than he bv the whole hflnd 1 7 To „..+ , 
 
 ty forty 21 WW^- '' ■^'' ''T ■ 20- It is Lty felt long 
 
 ilS'th-ini 2S X '" ^°'" ^1^'^;- 22. He is tall, hf 
 a laiier inan I. 23 How many books do you read » x^^ch 9 
 
 lound? 2fiV r'^^'Tr?- • 2^- Ho^vmucKb"J?er Jd per 
 In, 1? t ■^""*''' '" ^^''^•i C**J t^« fr^nes per pound oV Do 
 you know how much your s^on earns a day ? 2^8 Te earns as 
 much as yours, he earns ten francs a day. 29. How mS is 
 that s Ik worth a metre ?_ SO. It is worth six f 1™^ metrJ 
 
 .; --.__- ... . autvii vxiuc a -any. isi. Does \'Our 
 
167 
 
 son go to the post-office evory day ? 
 times a day. 
 
 35. He goes thither six 
 
 Section LXIX. 
 
 prcssious. Mettre k ni6me de, to onabh ; mettre pied ^ terre 
 to ahght, to land; mettre le pied, to set one's f oof mtttJ^l 
 
 J;,l t/ ^®"^®,* ^a''"' ^0 «/'e^^«-; mettre 4 I'ombre to put in 
 the shade; mettre un habit k I'endroit. ^ VenyeiB o JflZ 
 coat right side out, wrong side out, &c.7~ ^®°^®"' '" ^"^ "« « 
 
 i'/wM) the 
 
 Nous I'avons mis a meme de 
 
 connaitre la verite. 
 II a mis cet insolent a la porte. 
 
 We enabled him to 
 truth. 
 
 He turned that inwknt person out 
 of doors. 
 
 i. J;. J!l!wrfiZ*''^ reflectively, i.e., se mettre. means to 
 to table- L^JLl '"M ''^^' f* "'®"'^« ^ table, to sit down 
 ILfpasZ^^^'' '" '''^''' '' '""''^ ^'''^'•^' '^ ^-'^ one's self 
 
 n se met a I'ombre, au soleU. ffe places himself in the shade, in 
 
 the Sim. 
 
 to tyt .'^^"'''' ^"^^''''"^ ^^ '''' infinitive, means to conunence, 
 
 lis .se mirent a pleurer. They commeneed weeping, 
 
 rr^hl^y}^-^^' .^,^* frangaise, are used elliptically for k la 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Ce cavalier a mis pied a terre. 
 
 Vous n'osez mettre le pied chez 
 lui. 
 
 ThMt horsenmn has alighted from 
 
 his horse. 
 You dare not set your foot inside 
 
 his hovse. 
 
 Mettez cesenfants a I'abri de la Shelter those ehildren from the 
 
 piuic. rain. 
 
 1 W? ""' '''*'' '"^"*'"" ^ '^Zt^"' ^* ^""'^ '^""^' ''''^ 
 
 ^ranSatr "" ""'* *""^°"" ^ TMt gentlenian alu-ays dresses 
 
 Hi. L ^ousmtmes.tablea ^^^SS^,, , 
 
 lux iieuies. ^p,, oV/ori'. 
 
 Ces enfants. se mirent k rire. Those children, commenced lamjh^ 
 
 -a • 'iW^ 
 
 pST'ouvra^eT ""**^""'"^ ^^,?; ^^ ^^ -^ .'^--^^ ^ 
 
 Je vais me mettre en pension. / will comm^t,^. hoa^.dvn'^ 
 
 ''vova^fe "" """"* """''" ^"^ ^^ "''« ^ot«^"«o:"c(;;«mT«ce our 
 
 vuj(»Ke. journey. 
 
168 
 
 A I'italienne, after 
 the Italian fashion, 
 
 A merveille, exceed- 
 ingly well. 
 
 Couvert,5'ecSect.32,l 
 
 Exercise 133. 
 
 D^fend-re, 4.to/w6j<i. Etudi-er, 1. to study. 
 Eflfets, m.p. thi7igs. Mise.f.mettre.rfreaaed. 
 Entr-er, 1. to come in. Pluie, f. rain. 
 Etourdi, e, giddy per- Ri-re, 4. ir. to laugh, 
 son. Tablier, apron. 
 
 1. Avez-vous defendu a cet homme de mettre le pied chez 
 voub ? 2. Je le lui ai defendu. 3. Avez-vous mis ces effets h, 
 
 I abri de la pluie ? 4. Je les ai mis k I'abri de la pluie et du 
 vent. 5. Avez-vous mis votre frere an fait de cette ailairo? 
 6. ye ne Ten ai pas mis au fait. 7. Ne 1' avez-vous pas mis k 
 meme d'etudier ? 8. Je I'ai mis h meme de s'instruire, s'il 
 le desire. 9. Voulez-vous mettre cela de cote ? 10. Je vais le 
 mettre au soleil. 11. Votre ami n'a-t-il pas voulu entrer ? 12. 
 
 II n'a point youlu mettre pied a terre. 13. Votre teinturier 
 n a-t-il^pas mis son tablier a I'envers ? 14. Non, Monsieur, il 
 1 a mis a I'endroit. 15. N'avez-vous pas mis cet etourdi a la 
 porte? 16. Nous lui avons ferme la porte au nrz {in his face). 
 17. A quelle heure vous mettrez-vous a, table? 18. Aussitot 
 que le couvert sera mis [Sect. 61,5]. 19. Cet homme se met-il 
 bien i* 20. II se met toujours k I'anglaisc ou k I'italienne. 21. 
 Ces enfants ne se mirent-ils pas a plourer ? 22. Au lieu de se 
 mettre a pleurer, ils se mirent a rire. 23. Pourquoi nc vous 
 mettez-vous pas a ecrire? 24. II est temps de se mettre a 
 table. _ 25.^ Ces Siciliennes sont-elles bien mises ? 26. Elles 
 sont mises a merveille. 
 
 Exercise 134. 
 1. Did the gentleman alight this morning ? 2. No, Sir, he 
 would not alight, he had no time. 3. Have you put that in- 
 solent person out of doors ? 4. No, Sir, but t forbade him to 
 set jus foot in my house. 5. Did you shelter those little 
 children from the rain? 6. I sheltered them from the rain 
 and the wind. 7. Have you enabled your son to study medi- 
 cine {la medecine) ? 8. I enabled him to study medicine, if he 
 wishes to do so. 9. Have you put on your coat inside out ? 
 10. I have not put it on inside out, but right side out. 11. 
 Did you put yourself in a passion? 12. No, Sir, I did not 
 become angry. 13. Did you sit down to table at four o'clock 
 yesterday ? 14. We sat down to table at six o'clock. 16. Do 
 you intend to commence boarding? 16. I intend to board 
 with Mr. L. {chez M. L.). 17. When do you commence your 
 journey ? 18. We commence our journey to-morrow morning. 
 19. Did your son commence laughing ? 20. No, Sir, ho com- 
 menced weeping. 21. Why do you not commence working? 
 22. Because I am going to commence reading. 23. Does that 
 lady dross after the English fashion r 24. She dresses after 
 the Italian fashion. 25. Are those ladies well dressed ? 26. 
 They are extremely well dressed. 27. Will you not place 
 yourself m the ^hade? 28. I will place myself in 'the sun, I am 
 vary cola. 2S. Is your coat inside out r 30. No, Sir, it is right 
 
169 
 
 Bide out. 31. Is tliis the right side of this cloth (I'endroit)? 
 i; \'^ S""" T'^u'f ^^'^ {Venver,). 33. Are you not dressed 
 after the English fashion Y 34. I am di-essed after the Italian 
 tashion. 3o. You are well dressed. 
 
 Section LXX. 
 
 THE IMPERATIVE, 
 
 Conjugation of the Impebattvf of the Regular 
 
 -e 
 
 Qu'il 
 
 THE Imperative 
 Verbs : — 
 
 fin -iB 
 
 Jlnish 
 
 ch^r -isse 
 
 lethimcherinh 
 
 fourn -iBsons 
 
 let us furnish 
 
 pun -issez 
 
 punish 
 
 sals -Issent 
 
 let them seize 
 
 -s 
 
 ref -ois rend 
 
 receive render 
 
 aper(j -olve vend -e 
 
 let him perceive let him sell 
 
 perc -evons tend -ons 
 
 let us collect let us tend 
 
 cone -evez entend-ez 
 
 conceive hear 
 
 d -oivent perd -ent 
 
 let them owe let them lose 
 
 Chant 
 sinr/ 
 
 pari -e 
 let him speak 
 Donn -ons 
 let us give 
 Cherch -ez 
 seek 
 Qu'ils port -ent 
 let them carrij 
 
 2. The second person singular, and the first and second per- 
 sons plural of the imperative are the same as the first person 
 singular and the first and second persons plural of the present 
 ot the indicative. The pronouns are dropped :— 
 
 Je parle, parle ; je finis, finis. I speak, speak; I finish, finish. 
 
 3 Exceptions: -Those persons of the imperative of avoir 
 to have, are : aie, ayons, ayez ; of 6tre, to he, sols. Boyons. 
 Boyez ; of Bavoir. to know, Bache, sachonB, sachez; and aller 
 va, and vaB before y and en. 
 
 4. Vouloir has only the second person plural, veuillez. have 
 the goodness to . . . 
 
 ^^\7^% Fi<5^ch imperative has no third persons. The 
 linghsh form let hxm, let her, let them, is rendered in T^rench 
 by the third persons of the present subjunctive :— 
 
 OnSirt^: ^^i ^*«i speai. Qu'Us entrent. Let them cov.c in. 
 Qu elle fimsse. Let her finish. Qu'eUes sortent. Let them <jo out. 
 
 6. A droite, ^gauche, con-espond in signification to the 
 English to the right, to the left :— 
 
 Allez a droite ; a gauche. Go to the right ; to the left. 
 
 7. For the place of the pronouns in connection with the im- 
 perative, see Sect. 26, R. 1, 4 ; Sect. 27, R. 1, 2, 3, 4. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 Prenons la premiere rue a droite. ; Let us take the first street to tin 
 
 Ne cherchez plus a le tromper. 
 Sachons nous contenter du ne- 
 
 cessaire. 
 i sites ;.-ieii actcmjion a oe uue 
 
 vous dites. 
 
 right. 
 
 Seek no longer to deceive him. 
 
 Let m knot!) hci to content our- 
 selves witii. n.ec.:iisaries. 
 
 Pay great attcM'.m to what you 
 say. 
 
 
170 
 
 Dites toiijoiu-8 la vdritt^. 
 Allans! Messieurs, d^peohez- 
 
 VOUB. 
 
 Tenez, Monsieur, voU4 voire 
 
 argent. 
 Veuillez accepter ce present. 
 
 Exercise 135. 
 
 Ahvni/8 tell the truth. 
 
 Come I pentlemen, no ike haste. 
 
 Here, Sir, here is your money. 
 Be sokiiidan to accept this present. 
 
 faute, wit /i out 
 
 Rtinport-er,l. tobring Sans 
 
 Sack. fail. 
 
 Remett-r'>, 4. ir. to Se serv-ir, 2. ref. to me. 
 
 ddiver. Tiers, m. third. 
 
 Renvoy-er, 1. to send A errez, 3. ir. from iw'r, 
 
 Ixick, to see. 
 
 dites-lo-liT 
 
 9. Parlej; h;t 
 
 10. Ay.-'r r-iU 
 
 11. Olieisstja 
 
 Clef, f. key. 
 Crayon, m. pencil. 
 In8titutrice,f.^ertf7ier. 
 Ob6-ir, 2. to obey. 
 Partie, f. part. " 
 Pr^cepteur, m. tutor. 
 Promett-re, 4. ir. to 
 promise. 
 
 1. Envoyez chercher le medecin, votre petit garcon est 
 malade. 2. Nous I'avons deja envove chorcher. a. Vous 
 n'avcz pas besoin de votre crayon, pretez-le-moi [Sect. 26, R. 
 4 ; Sect. 27, R. 4]. 4. Je ne puis vous le preter. ie m'en 
 sers. 5. Donnez-le-moi ou me lo pretez (§ 97 (7)1. 6. Je I'ai 
 jpromis a vf^rro institutrice. 7. Si vous ne le lui avez pas dit, 
 itot quo possible. 8. Ne le lui dites pas encore. 
 ■ [§ 40, 17] la prochaine f )i8 que vi us le verrez. 
 ' ce, mon ami, votre pere ne tardera pas a vcnir. 
 , . votre precepteur. 12. Je lui obeis toujours. 
 13. Donn>7-!(;i.en une bonne partie. 14. Je lui en ai deja 
 donne plus d j deux tiers. 15. Avez-vous porte cette clef au 
 serrurier? 16. J'ai oublie de la lui remettre. 17. Ptitez-la- 
 lui sans faute cette apres-midi. 18. Veuillez me dire oil 
 demeure M. G. 19. Prenez la premiere rue a gauche; il 
 demeure dans la deuxi^me maison h droite. 20. Allons, Mes- 
 demoiselles, depechons-nous. 21. Menez-les-y le plus to't pos- 
 sible. 22. Ne me les rapportez pas. 23. Renvoyez les-moi 
 demam. 24. Portons-les-y. 25. Ne les y portona pas. 26 
 Pretez-les-lui, mais ne les lui donnez pas. 
 
 Exercise 136. 
 1. Give a book to the young man. 2. I have already given 
 him one, and he does not read it. 3. Lend it to him, if you 
 will not give it to him. 4. I will not lend it to him. 5 Make 
 haste, young ladies, it is ten o'clock. 6. Have the goodiiess lo 
 give me a .pen. 7. I have given one to your brother. 8. 
 Obey your father, and speak to your sister 9. Will you not 
 send for the letter ? 10. I will send for it. 11. Send for it as 
 soon as you can. 12 Do not do so [le), but write to my 
 cousin. 13_. Come, children {mcs enfants), learn your lesson. 
 14. Give him s.-mc [§ 40, 17], or lend him some [§ 97, (7)1. 
 
 i.v oW^T\^^^^ ^f *"' '^^ ^^'^ ^^') t™«- 16. Have patience, 
 my child, the merchant will soon come. 17. Send it to him 
 It you cannot give it to him. 18. Write to him this afternoon 
 
 ,^ fo? M* i / ' - ^'''-'^- ""*^ *« ^'^^ ^^ I ^-^ time. 20. Let 
 U8 take the first street to the left. 21. Take the second street 
 
 
171 
 
 to the right. 22. Tuy attention to what your brothir says. 
 23. Let I i tell the truth. 24. Let us read that beck to-day. 
 25. Pay your debts as soon as possible. 26. Let us obey our 
 tutor. 27. Take thi ko> to him. 28. Bring mo ba^ k tlio 
 books which 1 have lent you. 29 Do not bring them back Jo 
 mo, read thi r.i. 30. Let uw have i)tttieui:'', we shall hav( 
 
 money. 31. l.ct ua speak tu them, th(;y iiio at i uer'a. 
 
 32. Toll them that I intend to write to them to-ni(j. . morn- 
 ing. 33. Go to church this afternoon. 34. Bring mo back 
 myletti.s. 35. Do not carry them there, but brin^ 1' m to 
 m<' as soon as possiblo. 
 
 Lot 
 
 SecTioN LXXI. 
 
 1. A verb 1 llowing another verb in tho imperative, is put 
 in tho infinitivi (according to general rule, Sect. ".0, 2). The 
 conjimction, which often comes between the two verbs in 
 English, is not used in French : — 
 
 AUez parler au musicien. 
 AUez faire votro ouvrage. 
 Coure \ oir ces messieurs. 
 
 Go and apeak to the mimcian. 
 
 Go and do pour work. 
 
 Run and see thone aentlemen. 
 
 2. Prendre garde, to tah care, to take heed, when followed by 
 another verb in the infinif 've, means to tal-r care not to : — 
 
 Prenez garde de tomber. Take care not to fall. 
 
 3. Prendre le demi, means to go into mourning ; prendre la 
 peine, to take tin h-ouhle ; prendre les devants, to go on before ; 
 prendre un parti, to f ' •■ a determination ; prendre du caf^, du 
 th6, &c., to take coffa. a, &c. 
 
 MiscEtLANEous Examples. 
 
 Send for the upholsterer. 
 Go and fetch iiour umbrella. 
 Run arid see your father. 
 Let vs take care not to hurt our- 
 selves. 
 Take care not to tear your clothes. 
 
 Envoyez cherchcr Ic tapissier. 
 Allez chercher votro parapluie. 
 Courez voir votre p6re. 
 Prenons garde de nous blesser. 
 
 Prenez garde de dechirer vos 
 
 habits. 
 
 N'avez-vous pas pris le deuil ? 
 Prenez la peine de vous asseoir. 
 Prenez du th^ ou du caf^. 
 Quel parti avez-vous pris ? 
 
 Have you not pid on mourning 1 
 Take the trouble to sit down. 
 Take tea or coffee. 
 What resolution have you taken f 
 
 Attend-re, 4. to ex- 
 pect, to ivait for. 
 
 Chocolat,m. cAoco^aie. 
 
 Courrier, m. courier. 
 
 Croi-re, 4. ir. to be- 
 lieve. 
 
 D4ch!r-er, 1. to tear. 
 
 Exercise 137. 
 
 G4t er, 1. to spoil. 
 Gouverneur, m. go- 
 
 vernoi'. 
 Lorsque, when. 
 Port-er, 1. to wear. 
 Quelquefois, some- 
 
 tlTrieS. 
 
 Kobe, f. dress. 
 
 Se tai-re, 4. ir. to be 
 
 silent. 
 Soin, m. care. 
 Tach-er, 1. to stain, to 
 
 spot. 
 Tomb-er, 1. to fall. 
 
 1. Allez voir mon fr^re, il a quelque chose a vous communi- 
 quer. 2. Courez leur dire que je les attends. 3. IVIon fr^re a 
 

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 172 
 
 pris hien garde do dcchircr ees ha hit « ± v , 
 a-t-elle pri, garde de tacheJ'i robe ? s'" Elle ^ vS ^XT 
 tombor. car on tombnnt olio l'nii™i+ „a*' i J? P ' ?*"'® °« 
 ont-ello. pris leSp 7 Piw •^^^^^•. ^- ^es potitos fillos 
 Pour qui ?ronot ^; s p de^;il^"'o TZlll'l '. ^T^""^" ^• 
 ^..^^o. ,0. Prono.-vons du ho on dn oaKt ti'" rv"" 
 pronons dn tho ot du onft'. 19 vt' " ''• ^""8 
 
 15. Ilapn-sTpartide^Sre^ * J^ ""^-^^ P"«^ 
 
 jo crois quo vous avoz rlLn is P P""'"**™' '"^ '■"*^*^' «> 
 
 la poin?. 20 Votrroo^'r alui^r ^ l2s Sovant" "Sl ^J? 
 na pu prendre lea dovants 99 tvj'oJ^ "*^^anis. 21. II 
 prendre son pai-ti ? 23 Jo n'ai n.s wTT' ^'^^^^ ^^ 
 Avez vous pris lo the LrfZ)^ ^ 25 Nni i' P''"'^'* ^^ ' 
 (o»r) le the, nous avouB pris le cafe ? *'"' ^'^^ P"' 
 
 EXEHCISE 138. 
 
 hasN^^n^re'^oft^t'^iTn:^^^ 2. Ho 
 
 speak to your sister shoTaHs l^.'V'^X^^' °"Vi?i ''° '^"^ 
 take a oup ((?ff«.w) of tea? r, T >,oZ • i' . , ^^'" >'"" "ot 
 What haJo U iid t^your ittle S ^'"1 It" Y/ft «' 
 take care not to tear her dress 8 jti «= V J '^ *''''* ^^'^ *« 
 
 that book. 9. My son has ji bro^ht *' Vnarh *^ ^'^ 
 his tea ' 11. Ho has nof vof f.^blM 1^ x • . ^^^^ "^ ^akon 
 
 -ha. ho„r ,10 yo°,Zl:Tj:l : t"f "^Z'llJt'- ^' 
 SIX o'clock. 14. Do voutAke ton nr nTffL * u ^^^ /'I'^e tea at 
 'f':/^>h>rr) ? 15. We take coffee IG f« ''"'•^''* ^"^ *''"^"'' 
 
 before P 17. He has not hefn !.'> 1. 5" J'^"/- ^ouncr gone on 
 resolution havf you taken p 10 T )° ^° ?,^«^«^^ 18. What 
 to study mv lesson 20 H«vJ }T^ *^''^" ^^^ resolution 
 books ?^ 2l.Iha;e taken Sire ^noVtot" ^^11 ""^^ *" *^^^ ^^^^ 
 has your brother deteSedr 23 He haVi?' -^^.i "^'^ 
 main silent; 24. Have you taken mv^;„t, otTh?^ l\'''- 
 my brother's part. 26. Are vou ri^ht fn ;.i \- ^'^^'« t^l^'en 
 I am right tolako his paftrbeeausThe sS Tt ' ^'^^ 
 not afraid to take his nart ? 9Q t / ^' . r^' ■^''® yo>i 
 
 part. 30. Will you tS your sister^ "t"^'^''^.*° ^J^^ ^is 
 will take my sister's part ^2 PnlL ^ J* "'' T"^'^ ^1. I 
 not know your lesson 33 I wt '"'''? y^"" ''°°^' ^^^ ^o 
 also that yLTre mTfriend u7.,"^^ ^"T"' """^ ^ ^^^^^ 
 wants us. ^ ^ "^°'*- ^*- ^^* "» K^ *« our father, he 
 
 Sectiox LXXII. 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
173 
 
 2. Covn-oATrox of the Pufsent ok ihb SiB.irvcTiTF op 
 THK KKon.AR Verbs. 
 
 nafT ma,>, v„;j nuu, lin>x>> >na„ ncrhr 
 
 Que tu pari -en ch.^r -Isses aporc-olves 
 
 fnaUho,, ma>,r,t ,,H-r,k nwimt rl,n-i,h uwmxt iwrrrhr 
 rL' S"" • ■* f-'urn-liwe per,; -olve 
 
 Que nous cherch -lona pun -laslons cone -evions 
 mail piniiKh mai/ rnnrciic 
 sais -IsBlez (1 ' -evlez 
 
 ?««?/ .-Wcf? wiffv own 
 
 un -Issent cleg -olvent 
 mat/ unite majt dcreicc 
 
 That we mn/i seek 
 Que vous jtort -les 
 That 1)011 mail rar^y 
 Qu'ils aim -ent 
 
 That they may fove 
 
 rend -e 
 may vernier 
 ven<l 68 
 ninyest net I 
 tend -e 
 itKiy fnul 
 ciitend-loiu 
 may hear 
 perd -lez 
 may foge 
 mord -ent 
 may bite 
 
 ^J'J^^?'''!^^i ^<'"i»?:ation, the subjunctive is in the sin-u 
 -iXt^:^'''^'^ ^^^^^- Execption:X 
 
 perBons of the imperfect of the indicative. Tho Xrd^DerZ 
 
 tT Fxc^ntt; ^•'•^•^^P-^r.^ P--n - theTndicatlvr ,"" 
 Rent. Lvceptions : avoir, Mil,iunctive. nous avona vou« nLl 
 lis aient ; savoLr. noun sachions. vous Sez Ss sachS 
 «tre, nous soyons. vous soyez. ils sclent ; faSe nous fLsionV 
 
 chaxite; finissant. je finisse ; rendint/je rende • sSS' ! 
 sache ; craignant, je craigue. ' ^*°°*°*' Je 
 
 .iuncti^ t js^r^di; Not;,,?:.? ?.,,rr*„S'^ 
 
 Acqu^rir 
 
 Aller 
 
 Apercevoir 
 
 Avoir 
 
 Boire 
 
 Concevoir Mourir 
 D^cevoir Mouvoir 
 Pevoir Percevoir 
 Etre Pourvoir 
 
 Faire Pouvoir 
 
 Prendre 
 
 (and 
 its com- 
 pounds) 
 Recevoir 
 
 Savoir 
 Tenir (and 
 its com- 
 IKJunds) 
 Valoir 
 
 Venir 
 
 (and 
 its com- 
 pounds) 
 Vouloir 
 
 7. The past of the subjunctive is formed from the subiunr 
 tive present of one of the auxiliaries avoir At™ o^!i .1 ' I 
 participle of the leading verb [§ 4?] :'_ ' **'*' ^""^ ^^^ i'""* 
 
 Que j'ttie parW, que je sois venu. That I may have spoken, thai I 
 
 may have romc. 
 nJlu^ '''''' v'^ P"* '" ^^"^ subjunctive, when it is preceded bv 
 
 5 ^iirl^nFTr^ '°°""J' ^•^"'"^"'^' doubt.Sre s«?- 
 
 6 [§ 123 (4;] ' •''' "^''^^^'ty- '•^e^^^t. fear, apprehension. 
 
 J:s™^s.mps.;£Sss:r:J.'-^ 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 I. 
 
 174 
 
 second muHt bo preceded by ne, which, liowcvc, , l.a.s no n.-ni 
 tive aenso § 123 (.5\ § l.H (4) (o) (.i)] ; - 
 
 J fiin iifmiii fi.st /'<, /■«//. 
 
 Jo criiiiis (ju'il iiL' tdinbc. 
 
 10. Alter craindre, fo fan- , apprthender. to oppnh.„d; 
 avoir peur, to bv >,jruid ; trembler, tu (,in,hh, pas is u^d in 
 cormectiou with ne, when wo wish for the accomplishment of 
 thc" jiction or occiirren(;o expressed by the second verb [§ 134 
 
 MlSCELLANEOUfS ExAMl'LEH. 
 
 Lo rn6.1ecin vout-il quo je boive Dofs the pfqfskian m»h me to 
 
 116 1 oftu : drink v'uttv ' 
 
 .InjonsenH que vous alliez le I romcnt thnt',/o„ i/o to are f,im. 
 
 Nous doutons que voub arriviez 
 
 a tenqts. 
 •Te craiuH <|m> votro maitre no 
 
 vous punisse. 
 Je craiuH que votro maitre ne 
 
 V0U8 imnissc pas. 
 Je m'utonne qu'il ne sache pas 
 
 cola. 
 J'cxige (jue vous lui donniez cola. 
 Voulez-vouH qu'il aillo a la 
 
 chtissc '' ' 
 
 Que voulez vous <juc je diso ? 
 
 J'aimo mieux quo vousmepayiez. 
 
 We (loitht yovr UD'irinij in time. 
 
 I fear lest pour master mail 
 j punish i/(ni. 
 
 J fear that //our master may not 
 I punish you. 
 
 I / am astonished that he does not 
 I knoio that. 
 
 I require you to ijive him that. 
 
 Do you wish him to yo huntiny.f 
 
 What do you wish me to (that I 
 
 should) say ? 
 I would rather have you to pan 
 
 me. 
 
 ExEuciSE 139. 
 Artisan.m.wcrArmfc. Empech-er,l.<o prca«<. ObtS-ir, 2. to of^u 
 Atelier, m. worksluyp. Force, f. stretiffth. Rempf-ir, 2. to fulfil 
 
 Au-dessus, abore. Fortement, very much. Rue, f, street 
 Bracolet, m.ln-acelet. Mag&Bm,m. tvarehouse. Scierie, {.sau-mill 
 Dejil, already. M Jsain, e, ur healthy. Tomb-er, 1. -o fall. 
 
 1. Que voulez. vous que nous fassions ? '2. Je desire am 
 vous tassioz attention a vos Etudes. 3. No craignez-vous ma 
 que la pluie ne vous emp^che do sortir? 4. Nous craignons 
 fortcment que la pluie nenous cmpecho do remplir nos enWe. 
 ments. 5. Doutez-vous qu'il soit choz lui maintenant ? 6 
 Je doute qu'il y soit, il est deja dix heures. 7. Exigez-vous 
 qu .1 parte de bonne heure ? 8. Je m'etonne qu'il ne soit pas 
 deja pnrti. 9. Aimez-vous mieux que je vous rendo ces brace- 
 letsr 10. J aime mieux que vous me les payiez. 11 T^otre 
 voism cramt-il que son enfant ne sorte ? 12. II craint qu'il 
 ne tombe dans la rue. 13. Ne desirez-vous pas que vos Aleves 
 vous ob^issent? 14 Je souhaite qu'ils m'obeissent et qS 
 -rr"~!l"' """'i^ ptofesseura. 15. Ne craiguez-vous pas que 
 cet artisan ne tombe malade? 16. Jo crains qu'U ne tombe 
 
'M 
 
 nialaJe, car poii al' I'er idi tr?-- malsain. 17. Xp regretttz-vons 
 pus qu'il soit oblige ue travailler!- 18. Je rcgrette qn'il soit 
 oblig6 do travailler au-dosstis dc ses forces. 1 9. No d^sirez- 
 Vv^iis paH qu'on lui app;(>nno cetto noavello ? 20. Je desire 
 qu'on In lui apprenno lo plus lot possible. 21. Votre p^re ne 
 yeut-il pas que vous achotiez iin mapnsin ? 22. II vent que 
 j'ach6te une scierip. 23. DoHirpz-vous que je vous quitte ? 24. 
 Je desire quo vous restioz avoc moi. 25. Jp veux que vous 
 partioz re matin. 
 
 Exercise 140. 
 1. Do you wish me to speak to the mechanic ? 2. I wish 
 you to tell him to (rf<) come here to-monow morning. 3. 
 What do you wish me to do!'' 4. I wish you to bring mo li 
 book. 6. Do you not wish mo to read your letter ? 6.1 wish 
 you to read it and (que) give it to my sisters. 7. Does not 
 your sister fear lost tho rain may prevent her going out P 
 8. She fears that tho rain may iJicvent oiir goinj? out. 9. Do 
 you doubt that your father be at homo now •' 10. I doubt I'.is, 
 being thoro. 11. Do you require mo to do my work now i- 12. 
 I wish you to do your work before going out {nrrrtif dc norfir). 
 13. Do you not regret his being obliged to work? 14. I do 
 not regret his being obliged to work. 15. Are you not 
 astonished that ho knows that? 16. I am astonished' that he 
 knows all. 17. Do you require mo to pay him to-day ? 18. I 
 wish you to pay him to-morrow. 19. What would you have 
 me do {see No. 1 of the above exercise) ? 20. I will have you 
 pay him immediately, 21. Do you fear Ics* the master punish 
 \ our son ? 22. I fear that ho may not punish him. 23. What 
 would you have me say ? 24. I would have you say the truth. 
 25. Does not your father wish you to buy a house ? 26. Bo 
 wishes mo to buy a storehouse. 27. Do you wish ue to leave 
 you? 28. I wish you to go away to-morrow. 29. Do you 
 wish mo to stay with you ? 30. I wish you to stay here. '31 
 Do you wish mo to tell him that news P 32. I wish you to teli 
 it to him. 33. Do you wish your childr<»n to obey tneir 
 teacher ? 34. I wish them to obey him. 
 
 Section LXXIII. 
 
 use of the subjunctive. — continued. 
 
 1. A verb preceded by ono of the impersonal verbs, il faut, 
 it is necessary ; il importe, it matters, it is important ; il con- 
 Vient., it is proper, becoming ; il vaut mieux, it is better; il plait, 
 it pleases, suits ; il se peut, il peut se faire, it may be ; il est 
 juste, it is Just ; il est bon, it is proper ; il est n^cessaire, it is 
 necessary ; il est important, it is i-nportant ; il est temps, it is 
 time ; il est indiBpensable, it is indispensable ; il est k propos, 
 t^ is proper ; il est f&cheux, it is sad, it is a pity ; :1 est urgent, 
 it is urgent, or by another verb or expression implying neces-' 
 sity, will, or propriety, must be put iu the subjunctive [§ 123 
 
Yoli mii»t remnin here. 
 It isjiixt fioii Ih; rewarded. 
 
 176 
 
 II fiviit que V0U8 restioz ici. 
 il eot jiiHte (1110 vmiH hovoz \4 
 
 positive and affirmativo sensed- ' '""^ "^ho,-, having a 
 
 "vTendS"" '^"''^ ^«"* - 'i"'" ^' '>-•'«/« th.t he co,ncs or 
 
 -ti.^So^;:nr'ii;;J,i^ «f l -^ - ?« al.ovo eon. 
 indicative or tin, subj^inc.tivt? mood \1 ""''^'* **>' "'"""• ^he 
 II n'est nullemeiit certain (lu'il // ,„ / . 
 
 18 always used :— ' ^ ^'' ("^^J- the subjunctive 
 
 Quoi que vous fassiez, quoi que Whnt„,:., 
 vous disiez. ' ^"® yvhatcver t/ou may do, whatever 
 
 r ^^,, . Pou mail mil. 
 
 wiUbetdTf/a! UO" '" *'^ ^«^'^™--* «^ eoniunctions 
 
 Que faut-il que votre sceur fasse 
 Faut-il que je lui ««crive ? 
 
 efcrivie"'"""'''''''^"' ''°"'' ^"^ 
 II est temps que vous lui donniez 
 
 son argent. 
 N'est-i! pas Mcheux qu'il soit 
 
 arnv^ si tard ? 
 n est certain qu'il est arrivg. 
 11 n est i>omt certain qu'il se soit 
 
 blessf or qu'il s'est bless^. 
 £u*;^^!?'i"l^"'i^i3"'«!^'^-e. 
 
 MlHCKLLANEOlS EXAMPLES. 
 
 jr/zfJl! ?/,,<«< „„„,. ,;^^^ ^^ ^ 
 
 i»/i/«< / wite to him 1 
 
 It jsneresmri, for you to write to 
 
 /J is cerUiin that he is arrived 
 
 hi^elf'^''' <^«< he has hurt 
 Bemainhere until he comes. 
 
 "FB. j-roiiaed that yov finish in time. 
 .- . Exercise 141. 
 
 Sl^^^^^^'^.^^rfitor. Ordre", m. o,-rf«- 
 Emprunt.er, 1. to,or. Oubli-er"i.",?:^^.,,, 
 ^omt, m.point, dff/ree. 
 
 f^S}-er,l.toreffulate. 
 i5^tisfal-re, 4. ir. to 
 
 satisfy. 
 So couch-er, 1. ref. to 
 
 retire. 
 
 Foum-ir, 2.tofurv.i8h Pmfrl'"'-^'"*' *''''''''• '•''>''■ ' ' ' "^ 
 I-inge, m'. ^S'^'*^" ^"^^ «!"«. i^^'^^'rf^'^ Se lov-er, 1. ref. to 
 Manqu-er, 1. to want. ^ TT- 
 
 *• yue laut-il que 10 diap P on*! 
 vous avez entendu. "^ 3. Ne *;•„/•/""* 1"^ ^'O^Sfl'siezce que 
 histoire P 4. H n'es r J nf ^^^ *1"^ J« Anisse cette 
 
 ne8„ pas n^cessaire que vous la flni«s,-«r 
 
177 
 LT ni"'/ ^"" ^ I'''"P"\q"f J« satiBfasse mes creanciers P G. II 
 
 • " "^/.*' i"'"t P'"< 'I'lil lait oublie. H. Est-il certain 
 que votro trere se floit oublie k un tel point :- 1 2. e t eit 
 qu, ses oubhe. 1... ,1 est bien faJheux qu'il h.: s^H o 'b li" 
 
 attaires/ 1 ,. Jo resterai jusqu'i c ^uo vous les nycz replees 
 lannllo.' l<. H famii,,^ (j,„. ^q^j, j fournissiez wourvu 
 
 quo V0U8 en aye.. 18. No vaudra-t-il i«ts mL™ que v^riu 
 
 T'irva^dniT"'' ''"'' '■'' '\^'^''^*"- '"""^»- .iu'n":Hs;w..e 
 
 1.'. ii vaudra nu(;ux que nous lu en Dretioiw 20 Qiw fanf il 
 
 S "^22 'N'sr-,- -'; " '■•'"* 'I'- -- P-^iefee linge"ch;z 
 nioi 22. J< est-il pas tomps qm, je mo coucho > 23 II est 
 
 te^nps quo V0U8 V0U8 oouchiez.^ 24. Faut-il quo jo mo li-vo ? 
 2o. II faut quo vous vous levicz. •• 
 
 Exercise 142. 
 1. What mu. ' our friend do? 2. Ho must remain H our 
 house until I c-onje. a. What must our neighbour do? 4 He 
 must put his affairs in order. 6. U it not riiht that you should 
 pay j.our creditors? 6. It is right that I should 'pay them 
 7. Is It time for your httle boy to go to school P 8. It is tfmo 
 for him to go to school, it is ten o'clock. 9. Must I Vrite^o 
 your coirespondent to-day or to-morrow ? 10. You muTwri o 
 wr l«-"r''°^.'""^'^^"8^- ^1- I« it "«t a pity that y"; 
 
 letter \\ M' ■ I "^^^essary for your mother to finish her 
 letter f 14. It is not necessary that she finish it. 16 Is it 
 certain that your son has forgotten his money? le. It a 
 certain that he has forgotten it. 17. It is by no means certain 
 that he has forgotten it. 18. Must von furbish monrv to tW 
 njech^ic ? 19. I must furnish him" some, he hr no'n 20 
 Whatever you may do you will not succeed (ramir). 21 
 
 tc^Z' qI' t? *• { ^^ ^? >'°" ^ 23. You must write 
 
 o b^ ill 2fi T^^'°" ""'^ °^' *° ^' '^ ^ 25. I do not wish yoa 
 to be ill. 26. Do you require me to tell you that ? 27 It ia 
 necessary that you tell mo aU. 28. Do you wish me to eo to 
 
 rVt"'^ ' . ' •• ' -"'^^ J-°" \' ^' '^^'^ 30. MusTi gefup ? 
 31. You must rise immediately {d r instant). 32. Must vour 
 brother retire ? 33. He must go to bed immediately 34^ ij 
 18 time for him to go to bed, it is twelve o'clock. 
 
 Section LXXIV. 
 
 USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. — CONTINUED. 
 
 ga«er and parier, to bet; penser, to think; wuih^tofeel; vofa; 
 
178 
 
 ren,Ie .4" vl^ ''""•"^' '"" "- ^ >jnt a man .,.o ,,„ . , 
 
 Je crois que le concert a eu lieu / tr ! 
 
 Je ne pense pas ,ue notre 1 ^ ^^ ""^ "^^ ''^* 
 
 vienne. ^ "°*'^® "mi / jfo „o< thinl- *i, * 
 
 cela par'cceur. "' ^Pl'^-^^drez / w that you mUearn th^f . 
 Je ne pense pas qu'il n,„-a„„ , ^<^rt- ^"^ *^ 
 
 prendre toL cet pafSr'^' ^'^Z'?^ ^^'■'^' <^«< Ae can t^ 
 
 - ..^ wuiB pas 
 a vos ddpens. "" 
 
 «,"/ ".™" P*« 1"e V0U8 r^ussis 
 siezagagnervotre^^e. 
 
 Jmjme carafe qui contientun 
 
 himaeJfl* ^^ "« «i 
 
 ^^-— — — — ______^^^^ — "ny^ / l/«7. 
 
179 
 
 B'.XEUcisg 143. 
 
 cS^a'XL^r'- ""XT'' '"• "- «\"»«:oir. 3. ir. ref. 
 
 to nit doim. 
 Borte, f. kind. 
 Suffl-re, 4.ii. f,, xujgice. 
 raiuieur, in. Uninvr. 
 Tiird-er, 1. u, uirri). 
 
 Cristal m. cr,,»tal. ,•?*,,„(. 
 
 Debout, «to,w//„/,. Pamsol, m. ;,„nM„/ 
 
 Dur-er 1. towearja^t. Portier ,n ^X? 
 
 Litre, m. /;^re. a6o„« "X';,. ' "^ ™'"^ 
 
 }.. I'ensez-vjus quo ce dnip dure lonLHemns v •> i 
 qu'il durere bien, car il est fort '^'' ,/ , .f ^'"P" ' -^- -J" <roi8 
 poilior tardo a rentm " 4 Ti?i • V.'«>''^-^«V« quo notre 
 
 deux litre" 4 IWex vm"!. ^ '" ""' ^'' ''.''*"^' 'l"^ ^^"ti^nt 
 
 16. Quelpai-asol pcnsez-vous niu mC-ter'- 17 K ^ '*"*^"'- 
 prcter lo meilleur que iW i« T V '' '^? P*^^»se vous 
 Kiisncv sa vi«v 11? L"" ■ ' ^"^ tanneur reussini t-il Ti 
 
 Pensez-vous que cet argent suffiHe a votre p^rj '( n \. • ' 
 rLd "^g" J, "-•• ^^'••^f-- a-> -fn'slieu^^-co'i^^^^ 
 n aura pas lieu. ""ujouranui. 26. Je crois qu'il 
 
 EXEKCISE 144. 
 1. Do you believe that the concert has taken «!«,.« v o t 
 believe that it has taken place. 3. Do vo^SeVe th«f 
 sister's dress will wear wellp 4 I think fw-! -n ^'°" 
 weU, for the silk is very good 6 Do vL J • '* 7"7^«r 
 friend will succeed in earning a livelihood " 6 7U^' T 
 
 that the tanner grows rich at mv exuense i- s T fV.;„i *i- . ? 
 
 enriches himself at the expen^e^f Si 9 Doef^hl"* ^^ 
 
 chant grow rich at my father's expense ? 10 He ^ow! ri^C 
 
 at your expense. 11 What kinrl nf n v.«. iie grows nch 
 
 (.««U,...F) P 12."l m'Sta'^a h u^e'^hi^Z'te^n^roor 
 13. I have a good house which has twelve rooms 14 vS 
 kind of a decanter do you seek? 15 T hJ^^ u- 1 1 ,?* 
 three litres. 16^ I ha^?e on'ewhich Lolds tvtirest'^ffi 
 It to you. 17. What coat wiU you send mo ? 18 T wS J 
 you the best I have, take care not to s^ta it IQ T '"'^ 
 think that the student will learn all that b "he^rf P 9^° r^^" 
 not think that he will learn it 9i n^ ^ v ,^ ^ .^P' ^ ^^ 
 will comeF 22. I belSetiat he wfu (Smetor ^o^'^i5° 
 
 IZ '^'f '""f '''''' ^'^^^^ depend: uponen4 f IcnS? 
 that he depends UDon vnn 95 p„„. _"*V . '^^- ^ ™?w^ 
 
 I«nd upon- meF " 2e; i-thiik IhS' he"' d^S.r.llS;;'";^ 
 
180 
 
 urnhrellH h 30.' I will 3 it ?n\. • u " ,""* '^'"'^ '"« Y^^^ 
 
 ".ylTothor reJin «nc".W-^ >'"' ,7^^P'"««'««-c-. 31. boon 
 down. 33. Do vo" tSm^\ =. , ""^ *^"^'' ""^ ^''"'^ *« sit 
 -uain Btandin^ "arf w^k\rtSirZ; eol.^ ^^'^"'^ >"" ^ 
 
 Skction LXXV. 
 
 THE IMPBKPECT ANI, |.,xrBKFBCT OP THE 8UUtNCTIVB 
 
 B«e. B.eB. t. proceld b a v3 with H cZ'fl^^ 
 
 ■sions, BBiei, ssent. 'ircumflox acceut, 
 
 2. C0N,C0AT,0N OK THE ImPEKKECT or THE St'B.UNCT.VB 
 OF THE ReoILAK VeKHS. "•'^^^.THB 
 
 iiniH -Be 
 
 chtiris -BeB 
 witjhttst cherUh 
 
 Quojuohantas-Be 
 That I might »huj 
 Quo tu parlas -Bes 
 That thou mightegt 
 
 Qu il doana -t 
 T/irt< A« mifiht (jive 
 Que nous cherclms 
 
 -BlonB 
 
 A^f we m/V/A< «ef^■ niiyht punish 
 Que V0U8 portas saisis Blez 
 
 -Ble* 
 yA<i< yoM miiiht might Keize 
 
 iTA 'J'.L*''"** ■■«°' "Wis -aent 
 -f ^a< <A('^ might love might unite 
 
 fourn! -t 
 fitight furninh 
 puiiis -Blons 
 
 re^us -ae 
 might receive 
 aiieiyug-ses 
 mightent j)er- 
 
 reive 
 Iier^ft -t 
 
 might gather 
 conyus -Blons 
 
 '«|V/A< coin'cive 
 dus -Blei 
 
 rendiH -Be 
 »«(£///< /•(•»«/«• 
 vcndiH -Bei 
 niyhtait sell 
 
 tend! -t 
 'night tend 
 cntendis-Blona 
 
 might hear 
 l)erdi8 -Bles 
 
 might owe might lose 
 
 d^^us -sent 
 might deceive 
 
 inordiH -Bent 
 might bite 
 
 S T»„-a ♦ • . "iignioice. 
 
 singulL''ont^eLtTn1liSi;ftr/,^ ^^'^^ ^^^^-^ P^-" 
 viz., Be for the first person « nil*'''' ^f^'^l^g tenninations, 
 
 for the first plural Bie.fnr ilJ "' T ^"""^ ^^"^ second ; bIom 
 4. The thCpers?n* iZi^ tT^' T^ ^^'^ ^^' third. ^ 
 flex accent on thelastvovfcl S LT""^ ^^' P,"*"°» ^ "«'"'"• 
 of the preterite indicat?v7„r,? ^^ ^""^^ ?*''°'^'^ P^'"«o» singular 
 rule has no exce^S ' ^ '^'"«'°*'' '*« «"«' « '"*" *• This 
 
 Tu alias, fallasse; 
 Jiniase. 
 
 tu finis, je 
 
 5 A„ ., , ^. -fniohedst, I might finish. 
 
 stem tfthe tlgr"v°StnTh^' f A°«" ^-^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ 
 to the .mperfect^of the Bubjun^^^^^^^ P"'* *^'^^'^' «PP'j' «q»«% 
 
 poL?o7tKritfti^^^^^^^^^^^ '^ ^T^:' '-- *h« -- 
 
 and the past PHrtic^l tt S^'trr:-""''^ ^'°^'' **'«' 
 ^^vLif"^ ^' ^'^« J« f««e That I might have fi^^^d: thai 
 
 That I might ha ve fin 
 I might have come. 
 
181 
 
 7. All tho rulcfl given on the uso of tho subjunctivo in tho 
 thre.! i.n;c,.(linK MrtioiiH, iipply, of couiw, to thi- iuiiKTfoct and 
 pluiHrtcct <<f tliiM nioo<l. 
 
 «. In tlu' Niiiiu- manner an tho prcsont or futuro of tho 
 imJieutiVii of th.' liiBt part of a stntence govcrnM, under tho 
 Bbovo mentioned rules, the verb (jf the second part, in tho 
 present or ptint of tlie subjunctive ; so the imperfect an<l other 
 iMist tenses ..f tlio indicative, and the two conditionals, go\em 
 tho verb in the second part of the sentence, in the imperfect or 
 pluperfect of tho subjunctive :— 
 Ne fnllait-il {las que je lui parlawe? 
 
 II faudrait (jue jo lui donuasae ce 
 Uvn. 
 
 Was it not nfrnmari/ that I 
 
 n/wiilU n/Hdk to him f 
 It would be mvt»mrif for me to 
 
 yive him that took. 
 
 Voudriez-vouB (pio je donnasso 
 
 un coupde baton a cet enfant ? 
 Je voudrais que vous tirassiez un 
 
 coup do f U8il 8ur cot oiseau. 
 Exigericz-vouH (pie nous revins- 
 
 sions de bonne heure ? 
 Que voudriez-vous (jue ces 
 
 homines iissent ? 
 Oue vouliez-vouB que je fisse? 
 II faudrait que j'eusse mon 
 
 argent. 
 Je ne voulais pas que vous 
 
 moiu-ussiez de froid. 
 EUe craignait gue vous ne mou- 
 
 ruBsiez de misfere et de fiiim. 
 Voudricz-vous que je jetasse un 
 
 coup d'ooil 8ur ces papiers ? 
 
 MlSCEI.LANEOlS ExAMI'l.KS. 
 
 that 
 
 Would i/ou wink me (<> rjiic 
 
 child a blow with <t at irk f 
 J would wish you to Jire imur (jun 
 
 at that bird. 
 Would you require un to return 
 
 early f 
 What would you wish ihnne men 
 
 to do I 
 What did yon winh me to do f 
 It would be ueirmiry for me to 
 
 hare my monry. 
 I did not with you to die with 
 
 the cold. 
 She feared lent you miyhtdie with 
 
 want and hunger. 
 Would you wish me to cast a 
 
 ylance uj>on thene pa]>er» / 
 
 ExEutisE 145. 
 
 BioMBe, f. tcoodcock. lvrog\ie,m. drunkard, lleta lirsement, m. re- 
 
 Bord, m. shore. Lievre, in. hare. coicry. 
 
 Charg-er, 1 to load. Mer, f. gfa. Sante, f. health. 
 
 Coup, m. blou'. Perdrix, f. partridye. Se rend-re, 4. ref. to 
 
 Coupdefusil, m.«A^><. V 06te, m. po.ft. repair. 
 
 Coup d'ooil, m.fV«H(T. liessembl or, 1. to re- Tir-er, 1. to fire 
 
 'iiem.\-\x»i, half -worn. semble. ahoot. ' 
 Fouet, m. tvhip. 
 
 1. Voudriez-vous quo j'achetasse un habit ii dcmi-use ? 2. 
 Je voudniis quo vous en achetassicz un neuf. 3. Voulait-on 
 quo CO soldut malade se rendit a son pa.ste? 4. On voulait 
 qu'il 80 rendit i\ son regiment. 5. Faudrait-il que jo de- 
 meurasae au bord do la mer ? 6. II faudrait pour le retablisso- 
 ment de voire sante. que vous vous rendissiez en Suisse. 7, 
 No pensozvous jjas quo cet enfant ressomblo u su mbie '( 8. Jo 
 ne ponso pan qu'il lui ressomblo. 9. A qui rosscmble-t-il P 10. 
 II rossemblo i sa sceur ainee. 11. Consentiriez-vous quo votro 
 niiG GpuuBttl cot ivrogne? 12. Voudriez-vous que nous 
 mourussions de miuftre ? 13. Je craignaia que ces damea ne 
 
 ,.* ,|:- 
 
I 
 
 183 
 
 mouruMflnt [§ 123 (5), Sect. 72. 01 de fioi,l m v i 
 
 HJ :noii fuml ,:.t,iit ,harir4 *"• 'fo ""'raw lur cette Wcaase 
 
 2«. Jo voudmu que v«u« lui donnu«HiJ do«^ cJipa do foict 
 
 EXEKCISK 146. 
 1. What would you hnvo mo do^ -i T iv,^,.i,i 1 
 a glan..o upon thi« lottor 3 Would vou S n "T' •■°" ,?"' 
 dog MowH with a stick V 4 I ^fdd iiZvou ,^"'' h* 
 hofHo blowH with a whip 6 wZd v,^. . • " '^"■" ^'"*' 
 
 atflvo o'clock P 6. IwouldV^S vo^ Tel'irourir^T 
 do not think ho rescmh es iny futlier 9 VV'^hnm j'^' ,"• .^ 
 
 tho Hea-shoro 17 \v..iii,i „ .. u ~ «"» ^wu lo awcii on 
 
 IS T,., 11 .1. »^"»»1 y«J'« have mo dio w th hunu-orf 
 18. I would not have you dio of luinKor. 19 Would v"m, fct 
 your brother die with cold? 20. I would not hnvn^K- T 
 with cold or wjinf •)! v\ *. * wouui not have him dio 
 lui toiu or want. 21. Vhat would you have vour Hon Hnw 
 22. I would have h m loam his lessons y< wJ.i 1 '*°", °° • 
 him learn rrormin ? 24 I won d w!; J • 1 "!^ J'°" ^'^^'^ 
 Spanish 25. Have you'fir Jn'^tTt^^^^^^^^ 
 
 go^'u7? Is'S w"id >"• '^''^'' ^' be'nec"esVL me"o" 
 w ri •. 1 " ^°"''^ ^® necessary for vou to ao ot.f 90 
 Would It bo necessary for me to remain here*- fn Tf ?a 
 be necessary for you to go to chTrch {f" wf V Ir^"^^ 
 wishh 32. I wished you t write to mP U ^^^* '^''^ >:°" 
 me to buy a coat half worn o^t" \<i T • t '.4°'^ 5'"" "^^"^ 
 good hat. ^*- ^ ^*'''^^<* yo" to buy a 
 
 Section LXXVI. 
 
 OOVEKNMEXT OF VERBS (} 125). 
 
 ,,„,„, „„„ „„j, (,„„j^ ^^^^ other' verba. We hare 
 
188 
 
 ■ hi!." ^^''^^""o^'nK vt'ibH, oxtractod fi-on> tho list 8 VJii 
 
 Aller, 1. ir. r.i ;/,i. 
 Vomuter,!. to hill ml. 
 (.'ourir, 'J. ir. to nm. 
 iMi^fiier, I. Ii> diiijn. 
 DtJsirer, 1. to iie»iir. 
 Devoir, 3. to owr. 
 Kuvoyer, I At: to M-iiii. 
 EajHirer, 1 . t„ h»tw. 
 
 Fill loir, 3. ir. U» l>f nc- 
 
 riHmrii. 
 Muiicr, 1. to frail, take. 
 reimer, 1. to think. 
 Poll voir, 3. 'ir.tol>ciib/r, 
 Prt^ferer, 1. to pn/i;: 
 rr^teiidre, 4. toprcti nil. 
 
 •Siivoir, .'i ir. to know, 
 
 fHouliniter, 1.^* with. 
 
 Viiloir micux, 'A. ir. 
 
 to lir l»tti r. 
 Veiiir, 2. ir. to come. 
 Vouloir, 3. ir. to 
 vinfi, ti'ill. 
 
 MlsiELLANEors ExAMl'LKS. 
 
 C-omiiteE-vouH diner avec nous ? , Do you intend to dine with us f 
 
 Jo viiw diuer cliuz inoii ptre. 
 Ne voiilez-vous i«h donner i\ nuiii- 
 
 Ker a ce cliieu ? 
 Ddsirez-vouH montor dmiH inii 
 
 clmmbro ? 
 Je ytiiihre dcHcendro ohez votre 
 
 pere. 
 
 Deineiire-t-il en Imut ou en bus? 
 1 referez-vouH deineurer au rez- 
 
 <lO-chilU88(ic ? 
 
 Je ddsiro demeurer au iiremier 
 
 etivgc. 
 Nous i)r«$f«<ron8 louer le second 
 
 etage. 
 Nous esperons louer una chambro 
 
 uu second. 
 
 lam itonuj to dine at miifather't. 
 Will you not feed that doy / 
 
 Di) you wi»h to yo up to my room f 
 
 I jtrefer to yo down to your 
 
 father n. 
 l>*x:ii he lice uttove m- Mow » 
 iJojion prefir to Uve on the i/round 
 
 floor ! 
 
 I wi»h to Uve on thejirgt story. 
 
 We prefer to take the secotul 
 story. 
 
 We hoj)e to rent a room on the 
 second story. 
 
 EXEIUIMK It". 
 Com,l^*;fl '/"*1- / ?».*»'»*'''>^«<«'>'.«6«i-f. Salle, f. jMirlonr 
 
 Dejeftn-er, Itolieak- Lou-er, 1. to rent,' let, 
 rJ. , Pinc-^r, 1. to play. 
 
 Demain, towMMvw. Plaisir, m. fa^mir, 
 *.n bas, down stairs, pleasure 
 below. 
 
 1. 
 
 play. 
 Troisi^me, third 
 
 story. 
 Violon, m. violin. 
 
 Combien do chambres comptcz-vous louor' 2 Nous 
 rt?SS.:""-rv ""?.?" rezl-ehau«s^.e et Jn.x cabt 
 couchei^ au second ? 4. Nous preferons demeurer au rez-de- 
 
 • This riJe does not am)lv to lmi.orKr.nal '"»-'- ".t-.-i- v ,.„~ ~, 
 
 T Mayolw take tfie preposition de before an infinitive. 
 
 ( 
 
 . 
 
 !l: 
 
 til 
 
 ,1 
 
 ,, ... .t 
 
 .J 
 
 11 
 
 |!;i 
 
 N 
 
 1 
 
184 
 Pr&? ^^^^Z^'ZZir''' !J'-'' ^--^^^ nous au. 
 
 leur dire? 10. Je veux lea nwL^l /• ^"^ voulez-vous 
 
 fairc!^ 13. pSTz-voSsX-^ ''"^'"^^^^ 12. J'csp6re le lu 
 
 Nous preferons dmeurer tC 1? 5'"* "^ ^° ^'^« '^ l^' 
 docc joune faisan? 16 Non« ^ J ^r*" pensoz-vous faire 
 bea-A.4rc. 17. No savez-von «%?•''"' ^V^voyer a M. votrc 
 
 piano? ^20. EUe Lt toucl^er I'S^Z' f'^-""^ ^"••^"- ^u 
 21. No savez-vous pas 6criro ? %^T ""^ ^"''*''' ^« ^^ h«rpe. 
 compter. 23. SavlXmTioLrt f """' v ''°"' ""^' ^'^^re ^t 
 Savons pas en jouei- ?" C sn^fh -f ^"'^""'^ ^4. Nous'ne 
 mont au rez-de-chaussct ' ^^^^aitons trouver un apparte- 
 
 EXEKCISE 148. 
 
 2. Ho^XnTL^ST^^^^^^^^^^^ t^e ^-und floor? 
 
 many rooms does your Ton ?Sn^^n^\'"r,°"'^ '*°''y- 3- How 
 take two rooms on^ho second stoJv 5 't ^,: "" l'^^^"'^« *« 
 on tho second floor? 6 He SpW^ / ^?^« ^o Prefer to Hvo 
 floor. 7. Doesyourfather wish In *° ^T ^^ ^^"^ ^^""nd 
 to-morrow? 8. He intend^ fT.L *''°"''' ^"^ ^^"n^'' ^^th «a 
 ». DoyoupreferTol^^e^p^^^^^^^^ two o'clock, 
 
 to live up stairs. U BoesvourBi^Lr^^^^^ 10. I prefer 
 
 piano ? 12. She knowVhoi to nW on ^hT ^"^" *^ ¥^^^-^' "° ^^^ 
 do you intend to live (deZioJ)^^ ^^ w^^'-T' .^^- ^^^^^^^ 
 your father's. 15. \\Ku r,'^^ l*' ^'"'^^rid to live at 
 go down to your fatWs^ 1? ^l n^y.room ? 16. I will 
 ground floor? 18. I w7sh to ive .n ^T ^''^ J*^ ^"'"^ °" the 
 it necessary to stay here P 20 Tf T *?^ """^"'^ «°or- 19- Is 
 21, What i you ffi of foinl* witTfrZ"^.'\^*.^>' ^^^'^• 
 think of giving it to my son 2'3 WhlfV"'''" ^''"^ ^ 22. I 
 say to that gentleman '/ 24 I wis^on A^^'J -^^'^ "•« *« 
 a favour. 25. Do you wish to send fhf l^ ^"™ *« ^° "^o 
 mother? 26. I wish to Tnd it to her «h/^'-,r* *° >'«»'' 
 not your sister play on the violin ? i 4., "^ '' '"' '•^''- Can- 
 violin but she ^nVy on the guitar 20' "^1^"°* ^^'^^ °" "'<^ 
 w.sh to ive up stairs? 30. She prefeis livS"''/'*"'" '''^'' 
 'i. Will you not do mo that favo?^ V2 T ^'-n T"- '*'"'■'*• 
 
 'Section LXXVII. 
 
 OOVEKNMENT OP VERB8.-C0NTINUEI>. 
 
 1. Many v(>rlis ir, v^on-h •;,.- • • - - - 
 
 i"g. by m^8 of the'prepfsi on ".!« /'^i! "^^'F ^'^^'bs f^How. 
 pieposition de, of, where the correspond- 
 
185 
 
 lowmg verbs, extracted from list, §%irbdone'to''ihiJ'clt'- 
 Achever to fuhk. Dire, to ot^. Vrier to f.Pr, 
 
 S^= iE5l= ^?Ff^ 
 
 lS3-» 5SH~'- S^s 
 
 Miscellaneous Exami'les. 
 
 pas 
 
 Pourquoi n'achevez-vous 
 
 d appreudre ce metier ? 
 Nous brftlons de coutiniier nos 
 
 etudes. 
 II ne cesse de nous tourmenter. 
 Me d^fendez-vous de faire du 
 
 bien a cet homme ? 
 Ne negligez pas de lui faire une 
 
 visite. 
 
 Me promettez-vous de faire une 
 
 visite k mon ami ? 
 Je vous prie d'aUer tout droit 
 
 cnez vous. 
 Je vous conseille do venir par le 
 
 chemin de fer. 
 Ne manquez pas de lui faire mes 
 
 compliments. 
 L'avez-vous menace de le fran- 
 
 l)er? * 
 
 J'ai refused de lui faire credit. 
 Me proposezvous de lui confier 
 cet ai;gent ? 
 
 Je vous conseille de le lui con- 
 ner. 
 
 JVvite de lui reproclier ses 
 fautes. 
 
 I Wfii/ do i/ou ml ,tini 
 I that trade f 
 We burn to continue ovr ntudics. 
 
 He docs not reaxe tormentim/ ug. 
 Do lion, forbid mi/ doiny r/ood to 
 
 that man > 
 Do not neylcct imyinghim a mit. 
 
 Do you promise me to pan n visit 
 
 to mi/ friend f 
 I hea you will (JO straiijht home. 
 
 I advise you to come by the rail- 
 road. 
 
 Do not fail to present mv compli- 
 ments to him. 
 
 Have you threatened to strike 
 
 him '! 
 
 I refused to r/ive him credit. 
 
 Do you propose to me to trust him 
 
 with this momy? 
 I advise you to trust him with it. 
 
 I avoid to reproach him with his 
 faults. 
 
 Arros-er, 1. to icater, 
 Arrosoir, m. loater- 
 
 ino-pot. 
 Au contraire, on the 
 
 contrarii. 
 
 Exercise 149. 
 
 Gard-er, 1. to keep. Se rend-re, 4. ref 
 Jardmier, m. gardener, repair. 
 Lendemain, m. next Tout droit, straight 
 
 to 
 
 day. 
 Oubll-er, 1. to forget. 
 
 vv,.w,„,;,. »JUDU-er, 1. toforoet. 
 
 Corng.er,l.to correct. Kend-re, 4. todoti 
 Faire part, to com- rende^- ' 
 
 municate 
 
 Veille, f. eve, day be- 
 fore. 
 Voie, f. conveyance, 
 tvay, or modcoftra- 
 , veiling. 
 
 cxirdTilre'avwT'"''''-' P^'^ '^'^ ^^^o P 2. J'aurais tort do 
 Ltsaei ae lire avant de savoir ma lecon. 3. Avpz-vous dof.^ubi 
 
 i« filr^Tft'^o'' ""^ ^%^^roHev. 5. Pourquoi a-t-il nc-liie do 
 
 desfrrfaire m'f f 8 %-f V\? Wer;'"-osoir. 't%l 
 uesire laire M.. t.Y 8. II bnillede continuer I'^tude de la 
 
 
18G 
 
 mfnSv VXT^n^Vr-'l ^^- ^- -^t- ^ CO 
 pas refuse de rondre cTserv^col v^^^^ • ■ ^ ^- N'avez-vous 
 
 tort de rofuscrTL luTreX rZZ- •'• '^'"""^"^^ 
 vous conseille de prendre / 14 T-, ^" "^^ ''^-'^^ "°"» ^^^^Z" 
 la voie du bateauT vapeur uIZ'T '""'""^ de prendre 
 por cct enfant ? 16 jffii'mL ™-Jo»8 menace do frap- 
 vous refuse de venL des r^ZT^^- "^^ "^ '<'"'>*^'^- ^7. Avez- 
 refuse de lui en ?Sre feSS it'V' ""'^ '^^^^ ^ ^«- J'"> 
 do se rendre a la maison p 20 T. r" AT^-^ou^ dit i mon fils 
 
 21. Vous proposezTuTde vfnirt vd£"d '^jgr t' J"*' 
 nous proposons de venir le lendemain 2S Vnfi •^°"" 
 
 se propose-t-il do gardcr le secret? 24 Ti . "* compagnon 
 part de cela a tout le monde '^ ^'^P'''^ '^^ *^"^ 
 
 Exercise 150. 
 mother ordered the gardener to waf or C" ^''/" ^'"'^ 
 
 toko th. ,tairf 7o No S^lS, S^ if' r', r '» 
 
 stage (dilinenpp t ) i , V '* ' ? ®, *°^^ *^™ *» take tho 
 
 faults H 18 T f^o you neglect to reproach him with hio 
 
 strike him. 21 Do not f Ji i^ /O- I nave threatened to 
 
 sister's friends ^r?^ noffeu" *^?/ ^°"P"™^"*« *« "^ 
 23. Have you refusedVselU,^ jSd f "o^ ThlTrlrt 
 
 27. Dr;;u"forbid him t'o'-comfp"l8'"r h ^'^^^/'if-.T^^^^^- 
 writing. 29. Have von ffli^Tf/ ^*''° forbidden his 
 
 have n^ot faiIedro^^^"L 3/ /KT' ^^'T " ^«- ^ 
 
 32. Do not neglect^o Se to me 33 tTv'^^ P'^: ^'°"- 
 
 fethor. 34. ^0 not ce^e to wS 35 Tin v.™ */" ^° *° ^^ 
 
 Chnstmas Eve. 36. I have toTd him tfcoSh'j day aft'r^ " 
 
 Section LXXVIII. 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF VEUHS.— CONTINUED. 
 
 1. 3Iany French verbs govern thoir n^^i^n4. i, 
 
 prepositions, while the con-espondinLr fLS v^' "^*.°' °^ 
 
 preposition before their obS Of J ^ T^^ ""^^"""^ °o 
 
 thnfr «K,v^* *v "- _,^'^^" oDject. other French verha o-nvp-n 
 
 ...... ,h.vusu prepositxoas different from those u^s^dS 
 
I«7 
 
 but hlvet^Jt"^^?;,?; fJ!'"""'"' ■>*« » ■""'« to fWh, 
 Co^ifi/rS- "?„X7''''°°-^'^' S'.rprochc„le,to„^ 
 
 o ^r , . feurvivre ii, to survive. 
 
 .ii:t.?rirA?.:t*^"' """"* "w-" i-po,i. 
 
 F^hciter de <o con. Remercier de. to 
 ^mtulalefov. thank fm-' 
 
 tT^mirde, tor/neve for. Eire de to Iminh nt 
 
 VvomvlAtoA M.^"' ^'' '''''''' ^«»Ser a, to think of. 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Se passer de, to do 
 
 without. 
 S'inforiner de, to in- 
 
 N'avez-vous pas abus^ de notre 
 
 patience ? 
 Nous en avons abus^. 
 Vous avez d^sob^^i avos parents. 
 Vous pardonnerez k vos ennemis. 
 Vous penserez constamment a 
 
 vos devoirs. 
 Vous y penserez constamment. 
 PJe nez-vous pas de nos erreurs ? 
 JNous n en nons point. 
 Ne ressemble-t-ilpas a sonpfere' 
 
 Have you not alusedour}xitience ? 
 We have abused it. 
 You have disobeyed your parents, 
 xou wiUfoTf/ive your enemies. 
 You mil think canmnthi of 
 your duties. ^ 
 
 You mil think of them romtantlu 
 Do you not lavph at our mistakes ? 
 nedo n^t laugh at them, 
 noes he not resemble his father- ] 
 
 Exercise 1-51 
 
 Arrangement, m. ar- Conduite, f. conduct P^Jnfrn ™ • . 
 
 ramjement. Devoir m duh/ v ^^■' '"• i^'«^«-. 
 
 Circonstance, f. cir- FaX £/««?'• ^'f>'^^^<^»h m. ndffh- 
 
 cumstanci' -mLiI ' •''*""■ bour. 
 
 CceCm."tW ^Sr' '"^ '^^'^f'"- Sf-Uier, m. saddler. 
 
 Complaisance, f. kind- Ne-pius, n. nwre. ^ S^S"' '' '''■ '" 
 
 ^' NouveUe. f. news. SucclC m. success. 
 
 I. Let arrangement vous convient-il ? 9 ti ^„ 
 
 / -^tu eu som de son p^re, et lui a-t-il ob^ip 
 
 QufpeSISCr.^^di^'Sir*?^.^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ' your opinion o6ot 
 
 itiondet— 
 
 Jl 
 
 ii 
 
188 
 
 les en romercie de tout mon Lur ^''7/"i»Pl«»«^nco P 16. Je 
 f61icite do voire snccts? Ts Tl mVn ^ h^'-f^'' ^0"8 a-t-il 
 V0U8 pas ri de notre malheur? S) Vn '^'"*^- ^^- ^"^^«2- 
 nous ne rions jamais Ts malhnnJ; v I "-^^ "''°"« ?«« ""• 
 souvencz.vous pis des nou vf>£ n, • ^ '""*'""': ^1 • Ne vou^ 
 .To, ..e m'en .ouvims plus 23 ?oti' T' ^' "PP"^''^ ? 22. 
 •lefondu de , dire d. SS proVaif" ^ff 1?^" "^f ^'^ 
 2'i. Nous nous sommcs infonn^^T" A * ; ^ ™^ ^ *^ ddfendu. 
 cottc aflfain.. mtonncs do toutos los circonstances do 
 
 , „ EXEKCISE 152. 
 
 not your conduct displease vou? m S. ^ P^ti-^^^^e. 3. Does 
 not please them. S.^Vhy Kve ^o. nnV t ^^I '°"'^"^t ^«e« 
 '■ I have obeyed him S 7 lu ^ °^^>'^^ -^'""^ ^^^ther? 
 ,«takesP 8.^hav™eS;'laui?rvr"fi.-^M'*tmy 
 
 (). 
 
 mistakes? 8' I havP nnf 'lo 'I ^r'*^ ^'°" "«* ^a»8- 
 the youno- m^n Unlo^ ^M^^"^ ^.' >'"»^ mistakes 9. Has 
 has not laugS^t'S mttl-ef T gf:'^ "'^^^^ ^ »« He' 
 at j-pur cousin's misforSs » 12 l£ ^^'''"'fi^^^^^ '""^hed 
 misfortunes. 13. Do you ever LSi^.,?*'' ^""^^^'^ «* ^is 
 others .» 14. We never Rnrh^^ "^-'A^^ misfortunes of 
 
 15. Do you remember thoTsson\Xi,^^ 
 
 16. I do not remember it rr 17 n^.« If?* y^'^^^^^ 
 resemble her mother f IR khh ^'- r^*"* *hat young ladv 
 
 19. Have you 2nked yt r frie^ t?^^"'^^,^ '^^^ ^^^^^^^^ 
 have thanked him for it 21 w!a his kmdness P 20. I 
 
 to read that book P 22 Sh; St T'J^-^"?"*^"'' forbidden you 
 Whv do vni, n!^f +• • "^ ™^ forbidden it (me Va) oi 
 
 wit? all '^yi^:^J:^T^:vrzM .^s^^-^-them 
 
 20. Ithink'of them (y) evervTv 27 ? ""^ ^'°"'' ^""^^'^'^ 
 lated your friend p 28 T v.„ ^* , ^ave you congratu- 
 cess. ^ 29. Have you not s^rTS"^"*''^ ^^ ^'^ hffsuC 
 never slander iCighbo.^ 3? Do^rf/ff ^™^" ' ^O. T 
 32. It suits me, but it does not !nii ^% J?^' ^^""« «"^t y"» ? 
 house suit the painter ? 34 it si tHS.*^''' ^\ °°^« t^^^* 
 too small for me. '*^ ^'"^ ^^ry ^'eU, but it ia 
 
 Section LXXIX. 
 
 COMPtEMEVT OP ADJECTIVES (§ 85) 
 
 veib e?myeZtKg^ffi:a""*¥hV^ ^^'^T^^' ^ ^^ - « 
 
 ally. Z'';iTo&tVon^:tllt I?' t^*"' -d.^Person. 
 ment .^ '^ ^ connects that adjective with its enmni»_ 
 
 — ^ — 
 
189 
 
 nest n^ce«»aireaetravailler pour It is r^rres^nry to W,o,r in o^-d^ 
 
 to lire, 
 4 The follo%ving adjectives are connected with thoir comnln 
 mont by prepositions different ir French and English :-^ 
 
 Amoureux de, in fore 
 
 tvith. 
 iion il, yoodfor. 
 honito\xr,kindtoirar<U 
 VhM de, beloved bn. 
 Content dc, phased 
 
 with. 
 Cruel A, crud toivards. 
 Desole de, r/rievedfor. 
 
 dix- 
 
 Exact Ji, exact in. 
 FAch6 de, sorri/ for. 
 Inquiet de, ihieasn 
 
 afiont. 
 Insolent aveo, inso- 
 
 lent toimrds. ny.vu,u» 
 
 Ivve de, intoxicated Reconnais'sant 
 "■''^- grateful for. 
 
 Remplide, filled with. 
 SIiscELi.AVEors Examples. 
 N-etes-vous pas content .lo vos , Are you not pleased with your 
 
 M^content de, 
 
 pleased with. 
 Poli en vers, jxilite to. 
 I'ropre A, fit fur. 
 Rebelle A, ' rebel lion. i 
 
 toicurdi. 
 
 de. 
 
 progies 
 .T'cn 8uis fort content. 
 Votre domestique est-il exact a 
 
 remplir ses devoirs ? 
 Avoz-vous rempli de vin cette 
 
 bouteille ? 
 Avez-vous rempli d'argent votre 
 
 bourse ? 
 •Te Ten ai reraplie. 
 II est trfes facile de blAmer les 
 
 actions d'autrui. 
 II est glorieux de mourir pour sa 
 
 pnfrie. 
 
 pror/ress > 
 lam very much pleased with it 
 Is your .'servant exact in fuimimt 
 
 his duties! 
 Have you filled that Itottle with 
 
 wine ! 
 Have you filled your purse with 
 
 money J 
 I hare filled it with it. 
 It is very easy to blame the actions 
 
 of others. 
 It is glorious to die for one's 
 country. 
 
 "r..?'s..'?£'^ "• -^'^' ! ^i'r,="i.i-"' '" 
 
 Abatt-re, 4. ir. to cut 
 down. 
 
 Achat, m. purchase. 
 
 An&cher, t to pid I up. 
 
 Aubergiste, m. inn- 
 keeper. 
 
 Bois A brftler, m. fire- 
 wood. 
 
 Pommier, m. apple- 
 tree. 
 
 Prunier, m. plum- 
 tree. 
 
 Roi, m. k-inff. 
 
 Sci-er, 1, to saw. 
 
 Tonneau, cask. 
 
 summer than in winter. 
 
 Exercise 15.'J. 
 
 Chagrine, e, vexed. 
 Encre, f. iiik. 
 Fend-re, 4, to cleave, 
 
 split. 
 Gloire, f. plory. 
 Liberte, f. liberty. 
 Nettoy-er, 1. to clean. 
 Peuple, m. people. 
 
 rioL^p" ^o'™t1 Tn^'f 'V^ P"' amoureux de la liberte et de la 
 gloire f 3. II en etait amoureux. 3. Ce roi n'etait-il ms rh^rJ 
 de son peuple P 4. II en €tait cneri. 5 ^rnSnts ne 
 
 t\°ntV'%^"NSl'"*^ '^ '^T ^''^^^^ '■ ^^-'enlSm^ol 
 
 pagner « 8 vZ^l^T- 'r ^"c^ t' ""^ P*'"^^^ nous accom- 
 pagner . 8, J en suis desole. 9. Savez-vous de ouoi I'an 
 
 dS f '""P" '' *"""^'^» ^ ^0. II ra rempli de^;,-n. U 
 Do quo, ferez.vons remplir cette bouteUle, quand vous raun'; 
 fait nettoyer ? 12. EUe est dejk remplie d'encre 13 N^tes 
 vouspas bien fSch^ davoir fait abattre vos pommiers P H 
 J en su,8 bien content, car ils n'etaiont bona h rien. 15 NVst 
 H pa. necessrtirc do faive ariaolier ces pruniersP 16 II n'est 
 pas necessaire de les fairs arracher. 17. Est-il possfble de 
 
190 
 
 \r'Af«» "lu^err J4. 11 est ngcessaire de le faire soipr or. 
 
 Exercise 154. 
 
 I ™ t'Lffii grit? ptr •.'"tvsr.im/ ^- 
 
 fill that bottle ? 4. I wiU Vrl if fiii;^ .Wi h what will you 
 necessary u> have our wiod slwedP n Tf "^ '"''• "■ ^^ ^<^ "<^' 
 our fire-wood sawed 7 ¥0?^ „„,.i ?* I' necessarj-to have 
 
 necessary to hassle piumSe^^fred^ T'^t ^* "«^ 
 sary to.have some plum-trees cut down V HaVJv! "fin*''; 
 your friend's purse with silver? 10 r havo fi'ii^ ^. ^?^ ^",''^ 
 11. Are all y?ur bottles fiS with wine^' 1'^ '^^v*'' ^"^1i 
 
 SiS? t; i';^.tKVar«;rF^ ^iiod'?^i;SottS 
 
 want int 1^ ^ am giaa to have filled them with ink for T 
 isgoodfornothing 19 istSarLrn^^^^^ ^«- ^^ 
 
 fouS^tifit^i^o^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 you gratetm for those services ? 22. 'I am ffratpfnl f«wi,f 
 
 2fi Tf ifl r^^+ o , , " agreeable to travel in wintpr » 
 
 2I: It L%L'y t^bSettheL' travel in .inter as in^s^rj, 
 one's countrS' ? 29 Itfa Sorion«'f JV """^ f^^'T ^"^ ^'° ^^^ 
 country. 30. Have vou fi& f^ ' }T "f^ *'' ^'^ ^o^' one's 
 
 31 Ih'Lvefilledrwffit'^la' wSS "'*^ '* '^ 
 
 pull up all those trees P 33 If wm,n . v * ^"^ "^cessary to 
 them all up, for my warden Lv?r^ T* ^^ "f ^^sary to pull 
 Fourth (,i.) waXrvXhi^p?^^^^^^^^^ ^4. Henry \he 
 
 Section LXXX. 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF PREPOSITIONS, ETC. (§ 135.) 
 
 wiJhoSThe'irJfotLfS^^^^^ which foUow them 
 
 mrlier period) • devant /,S / •L"*^*"'' *">'•'' ("t "n 
 
 ^CBVU except ; oS besdes Zof' '°°°«"^t. ^««^/««^,' 
 
 noun^*y'^eaitf^r;;epS& f'^^.^' ^^^ ^^-r 
 de, far from; i flew dHSlSA ^VT °">.°"^ "Z^' ^o^^ 
 regard de. with °J"/S Tri^Ji H« ^/vr,**,^' H^ '^'"^ "/' ^ 
 
 «y / au deia de, that way of [§ 135, 2]. ' ^^ ' '"" '^'^^ 
 
i 
 
 to 
 
 jusqu'jl, (7* far as, &c. 
 
 W( love mid praise our chil- 
 dren. 
 
 That (larden is useful and agree- 
 able to our father. 
 
 Within or without the kingdom. 
 
 J 91 
 
 3. Others take 4:— quant k, as 
 [§ 135, 3]. 
 
 4. Tavo or more verba, adjoctivee, or prepositions mav in 
 1- rench have one object in common, provided they govern it in 
 the same manner or case : 
 
 Nous aimons et nous louons nos 
 
 cnfants. 
 Ce jarclin est utile et agreable a 
 
 notre pfcre. 
 An dedans ou au dehors di, 
 
 royaume, 
 
 5. When, however, two or more verbs, adjectives, or prepo- 
 sitions, coming together in the same sentence, do not govern 
 their object in the same manner, they cannot have one object 
 in common. Ihe object must then be repeiited, or replaced by 
 a pronoun, or another tum must be given to the sentence. The 
 tollowing sentences could not, therefore, be translated literally 
 into French: — 
 
 That man \s ,mfi-l to and loved by his family— I write to and 
 receive letters from my brother— To be exposed to or sheltered from 
 the ram. We must .say :— 
 
 Cet homme est utile a sa famille, 
 
 et il en est aim^. 
 J'<5cris des lettres i\ men fr^re, et 
 ^^ j'en re^ois de lui. 
 Etre expos^ k la pluie, ou en etre 
 
 a I'abri. 
 
 Utile and aiin6, ^crire and recevoir, exposi'and & I'abri, re- 
 quiring difterent prepositions, their object is repeated in the 
 second clause in the foim of a pronoun, as seen above. 
 
 Miscellaneous Exasiples. 
 Nous Bommes arrives avant la \ We arrived before the battle. 
 
 That man is useful to his family, 
 ana he is beloved by them. 
 
 I write letters to my brother, 
 and I receive some from him. 
 
 To be exposed to t/ie rain, or to 
 be sheltered from it. 
 
 bataille. 
 Vous vous asseyez toujours de- 
 
 vant moi. 
 Les avez-vous places sur la table ? 
 
 Je les ai places des.sous. 
 
 Je les ai mis sous la chaise ou 
 
 dessus. 
 lis demeurent derrifere notre 
 
 maison. 
 J'ai lou^ une chambre sur le 
 
 derrifere. 
 Nous occupons le devant de la 
 
 maison. 
 Je les ai rencontres derri^re 
 
 votre jardin. 
 Voiis avez achet^ cette teire A 
 
 I'insu de votre p6re. 
 
 J'ai pay^ ce jardinier a raison de 
 deux francs par jour. | 
 
 \ You alivays sit before me. 
 
 Have you placed them upon the 
 
 table I 
 I have placed tliem under. 
 J hare ^ ' them under the chair 
 
 or upon it. 
 They live behird our house. 
 
 I have rented a back room. 
 
 We occupy the front of the house. 
 
 I met them behind your garden. 
 
 You have botight that estate with- 
 out the knowledae of vour 
 father. 
 I paid the gardens at the rate of 
 two francs per day. 
 
 
192 
 
 Exercise 155. 
 
 Dedans, /««,rf.w./<Am. DeHsus, «6o.., „2x>n it. Zmo '"'""' '' 
 nors, out. Sur, «/xw^, a6o«^ 
 
 pas qu'il s'enrichisse, s'il vend ses mSndis'; isi C 
 Ziir.nn APP/f'^-'-^ ^'^ "'•'"'1»« " Hnsu d.s parents" 
 
 „^,'? f S ^^-i '^'^ '"•' "'"« '"''^"e a son insu. 13 NotrP 
 ami n est pas dans la maison, il est dehors 14 ri ^L^ 
 
 voTs ?' V'";' '^ -^^^ ",?«• 1 ->• Avez-vousl; IW'o" ^ 
 vous.-' 16. Je n'ai pas d'arcent sur mni i? n ' 
 
 vous sur le derriere ou sur Ic dfvant S rmaisou V ,TT" 
 demeurons sur lo devant. 19 La cuis nS „V n ^T 
 assiettes sur la table ou dessous ? 1^0 Kul T ^"V"*' ™" ^*-^« 
 les plats, les cuiUers%TZ"wcLS%rTatbTen?' 
 Combien ces pommes de terro vous coutent-elles ? 99 T« T 
 a. achetees k mson de cinq francs I'hectoHtre '2 . Ivez voS 
 tait reparer le dedans ou le dehors de la mRison p oi^ t- ■ i^"^? 
 reparer I'interieur et rexteriem- • ^^- "^ ''' ^^^' 
 
 Exercise 156, 
 
 behind our house. 12. ThS-e is no hm^s!f 1 i-^'/o^ody lives 
 Have you a knife about you? 14 I have no\-n?f ^"^V '^• 
 15. Do you carry a knife about you ^1^ T.?*^'"'* '"^• 
 knife about me. 17 Has not vm,r wv, "^''f ^^"^y » 
 
 18. He has no moner^ou Wm fg in^^'^ ^^°"* ^™ ? 
 pencils upon the tabgor underTt'? 20 7w l/'L^t '^'-^ 
 XrpT2.<ttU"it^tV"^'l h; e jr^iS Shat 
 
 a^tt of^v r ^^/« ^ouTe^utr?^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 upon the table, and the spoons undpr if 97 w ^ 'i''^^? 
 
lt»3 
 
 not the outside. 29. How much does that silk cost youP 
 30. I have bought it at the rate of five francs a metre. 31 
 Did you marry without your father's knowledge : .32. I mar^ 
 ned without his knowledge. 33. Have you sold my hooks 
 1 J "* my knowledge r 34. I sold thorn without vom- kuow- 
 loage. 35. I .sold them without luy sister's knowledge. 
 
 1: ■ 
 
 Section LXXXI. 
 
 THE DEMONSTKATIVE I'ltONOV.V CE (§ 105). 
 
 1. The pronoun ce answers to the English pronoun it, used 
 before the verb ^0 fe, or a verb followed bv to be, when the 
 latter is itself followed by a personal, a demonstrative, or a 
 possessive pronoun. In this case, the English personal pro- 
 nouns are expressed:-/ by moi. t/wn by toi. />e by lui, .,/,/bv 
 
 ellea "' ' °°"'' '^"" '*'' '^°"'' ""''' ^'""^ ''-' ®"*' ''"'^ ^^'^ ''>' 
 The verb is used in the singular, except before pf^rsonal pro- 
 nouns of the third person plural, and before possessive and 
 •lemonstrativo pronouns in the plural, in the inteiTogativo 
 torm, however, the verb remains in the singular even before 
 personal pronouns of the third person plural. 
 
 C'est moi, c'est lui, c'est elle. 
 Ce sent elles qui parlent. 
 Oe peuvent etre les miens. 
 Est-ce eux ? Est-ce elles ? 
 Sont-ce ceux que vous connaisscz ? 
 Nan, ce ne scut pas ceux que je 
 connais. 
 
 2. If the relative pronoun qui and another verb follow fitre 
 this second verb must agree in number and person with the 
 pronoun preceding the relative :— 
 
 C;est vous qui avez fait cela. It is you who have done that. 
 
 C est nous qui avons dfichir.^ cette It is we who have torn that si!k. 
 
 H016* 
 
 ^ 3. Ce is also the equivalent of the English pronoun if, used 
 impersonaUy ^nth the verb to be, when the latter is not followed 
 by an adjective* [§ 108 (o)] :_ 
 
 Ce fut en Allemagne qu'il trouva It loas in Oermanu that he 
 ^o^^mi. found his friend. 
 
 4. Celui qui, celle qui, ceux qui, m., celles qui. f are 
 
 equivalent to the English pronouns, ;%e who, she u-ho, the>, who ■ 
 celui que, celle que, ceux que, celles que. render he whom, &c'. 
 Celui ou celle qui chante. He or she who simjs. 
 
 r,l3^h ^^ iuiPei-sonaUy, and not followed by any of ^'-« words 
 mentioned above and in Sect. 82, has for subject ilf- ^ ' 
 
 It is I, it is he, it is she. 
 
 It is they who speak. 
 
 They may be mine. 
 
 Is it they / 
 
 Are they those yon knmo ? 
 
 No, they are not those I knmo. 
 
 II est vrai que je I'ai dit. 
 n est difficile de le croire 
 
 It is true that I have soiu „ 
 It is difflcult to believe it. 
 
104 
 
 ^^'8CELLAN£OU8 EXAMPLES. 
 
 H^Jr," 1"^ "°"'' "'''' '^^^'-ti" , /' it you who have warned u, o; 
 
 (\\\\ V0U8 en avons 
 
 de oelfi, ? 
 Cost nous 
 
 avertis, 
 RHt-cc vouH, nieHdamcH, que nous 
 
 iivons rencontrecH ? 
 Co n'cHt pas nous, ce sont eux 
 ^ <iue V0U.S avez vus. 
 Co u'cHt j)UH vouN, ce sont eux 
 
 qui ont fait cela. 
 C'est en Angloterre (lue je vous 
 ai vu. 
 
 Connaissez-vous ces deux Tortu- ' 
 gajs ? I 
 
 Je connais celuiqui parle il M.L. ' 
 
 , that } 
 
 I It 18 we who have warn^i you of 
 
 Is it >)on, ladies, whom we have 
 met ! 
 
 It is not we; it is thei/ whom mu 
 
 na ve seen. 
 It is mtiion ; it is they who have 
 
 none that. 
 
 It is in Eiujlattd that I have teen 
 you. 
 
 I>o you know those two Portu- 
 guese 1 
 I know him icho speaks to Mr, L. 
 
 Appel-er, 1. to call. 
 A toute force, hi/ all 
 
 means. 
 Avert-ir, 2. to tvarn. 
 Blessure, f. wound. 
 Combl-er, 1 
 
 1. to M- 
 
 ExEucisE 157 
 
 Connaissance, f. ac- Expliqu-er 
 
 quamtance. ^ain. 
 
 iJe jour en jovir, from Guerre, f. war 
 
 day to day. -HO, number 
 
 De temps en temps. Phrase, f. scntewe 
 
 from tune to time. l'r6hxd.er,l.to prelude 
 
 -, -. to over 
 whelm. 
 
 qui vouioz i toute ?orco iuTr^t' EspaSeT T "& n'^t'™'' 
 moi, c'est mon cousin. 5. NVst ca ^af i!.,- • ^ ^^*.P"^ 
 
 no™ ave. e,pir,„e ceirphS?- 20 E.l3 " ™rMr- ""' 
 qui demeurez au N<> 18? 21 fo ^w • ?' ^lonsieur, 
 
 22. Entendez-vous ces mus de^s ? 23^% w '^".^ ^ ^r^"^«- 
 chante. 24. Je n entpnT rfn! k- ^f • . J eiitends celui qui 
 
 ontendons ceZc\n"^Sir '"^ ''^"^ ^'^ J""^" ^^^ ^'^^"^ 
 
 Exercise 158. 
 
 you expect froir, dav t„ day P 4 It i» „„t ?i,i 'V'"^ "''°"' 
 poet. 6. I« it voa -who K^ don~ th ? ° V W " "■ "'' "■;- 
 .- you who have done it." YwL^lt in'i^^T^:," j^ 
 
19ft 
 
 Shim': 10 A ^^ '" l<"«s.uthat you bccnmo acquainted 
 wl. -f ■ u' ^* ^""^ ""t '" ^*»««'" ; it WHS in Ita v. 11 
 Was t you who wore calling us h 12. It wan not wo ; it il, 
 
 leadinli u ^' T V''* acquaintcl with the two I'olcs who arc 
 leaamgh 14 I know the ono who is near you. 15. Is that 
 
 k ndncsHP^ '/t? -""T'/ ^'ho^huve loaded my brother witii 
 
 "mowing hin, '^oV"^-?^' '^"'' ^'" ^"''"^ "«' t^"' l'l^''«"'-e 
 
 two Vais 0., ^f-.^* '' r* (^ ; 21. Do you not hear those 
 fL ^Jr I f ^ "^^ "'^t ^®'*'" "^^ O'lo who sings. 23. I hear 
 SS. mornti'P^'S- U^'' ''''',\^' J^- ^^^ oan^i, to our houJo 
 •'6 Was if vn„ i- ^*::'«« "?t I; I wan in Lor Ion then (alon). 
 .0. Was It you, Sir, who did us that favour ? 27. It was not 
 
 1 ; It was my sister. 28. Was it your son who wished bv 
 
 G rmr; %%' U t^'^'K ''/r' -t ^° = he is now i?. 
 uermanj . 30. Is it you who wrote that letter ? 31. We have 
 written no letter. 32. Who lives at («») No 20 ? 33 I Hve 
 
 .as nit 'iTi i- ^' '^ ^« ^^^"^ V«" have seen f Js i 
 *as not you whom I saw. 
 
 Section LXXXII. 
 
 bo^usS^'fiS'T"";*'* ir'^ """^ ^^' pronouns, il, elle. &c.) must 
 vLw 11 -,1' "'"'J^'yy coming before the verb /o be, or a 
 nln -"""""^ ^y '" *''7^*'" *^« ^^«er is followed by a proper 
 fh^l, "°""' j^!;"" adjective used substantively, pL.LTy 
 the dejniie mdefimU, or partitive article, or by I possessive oV 
 rfmo;«<r«<.r. «,/,Vc^i... When the wo^d used irrpposition 
 
 S^ Jh:'phiijWth'"\^° *'« *^'rd pei.on,The"ve?b'if;u°t 
 m tde plural, although ce remams unchanged [§ 105 (2) 
 
 C'est Henri. 
 
 C'est Louis et Marie. 
 
 C'est un Polonais. 
 
 Ce sent des Anglais. 
 
 C'est cette dame qui m'a parl€ de 
 
 vous. 
 Ce doit 6tre votre ami. 
 
 It is Henri/. 
 
 It is Louisa and Mar>/. 
 
 He is a Pole. 
 
 They are Englishmen. 
 
 It M that lady who spoke to me of 
 
 you. 
 It must lj€ your friend. 
 
 like thS tllfi-"' *^° "«?)i°at"? Of the verb fitre, in sentences 
 cauy attcr it. The verb m this case is not put in tho plural :— 
 
 Qu'est-ce que oes enfants ? 
 Qu'est-ce quel'Italie? 
 Qu'est-oe que le jardinage ? 
 
 What are those children I 
 What is Italy ? 
 What is gardening I 
 
 ««.if!?w '^ ?^i'" "- """^^^ °^ sentences in order to give 
 greater force to the expression :— *^ 
 
 Je SbI il t i™if ' ^'' ^^*''''- ^"^* °'-^ '■«*«' ffood hooks. 
 
 ofi 018 que oui 5 je oroig que non. / say yea ; I believe not. 
 
 Ill 
 
196 
 
 ■^iinTi; jr?.'?' *''"" '"" >«"■ »?»»" 'i' (/"*~» »*, .^ 
 
 C'est lo jardin de 1? France }/"* ; " ^"r'"''"- ' 
 
 ««r la rue ? * ""^ J"" ^7 »«< •'/«'*'• '"'"^^'lo look on the 
 
 No„.^c^eBt sur ,a cour -lu'elle ' ^ T^,,,, ,„ ,,, ^,^, 
 
 .le croiB ,,ue o«i ; je ooi. ,„e .on. / Mice so ; I Mieve ,u>L 
 
 Oui, Monsieur, co 
 
 Briser, 1. to break: 
 t'harron, nj. lo/ieel- 
 
 l(Tir//it, 
 
 Confitures, f. p. pre- 
 
 ncrveti. 
 l>oun-er, 1. to ,jive, 
 look. 
 
 enfanta quo vous avez surDris i voW , * ^^^ P*^ ^^ ^^^ 
 
 8ont lours freres. 13 Ne sont ill r.! *''°- '".^''^ ^ '2. Ce 
 Bont.pHs cousins; ils sont frtel ^ .V?'" '** ^^« "« 
 soieries:^ IG. Ce sont des mnl^!" ^- 9"^^*-<=° l^e ces 
 
 onvoycr. 17. N'eslce nas n^K n '"'^-.r ^" °° ^'^^°t do nous 
 
 vous aycz perdu F 20. Je crois quo oi' ^''•'1 K' "'f "'-'^'"^r que 
 le jardm quo .lo^ncnt vos fenfitr^s ? io Om-Af *'•''' P**" '*"'" 
 8ur lo jardin q. v,eg donnent 2^ v ; "'' ^onsiour, c'est 
 qui a fait cettc M -> 04 rf ;-■^,^'*■'^P^" "ot''^ ^h^iTon 
 25. Cesont no. n / .' u. iW •1,-^ P^\^? •!"» ^'^ fait«- 
 I'a faite. ' ' ""■ ^'^^«'' ^'^ « est le menuisier qui 
 
 E: 3HCISE W,. 
 
 strang^r.*^* ^^o'arTthe?w '' "^^ ' '• N°' «>-' «he is a 
 
 your lister P rA';^*.^'«r„5!!?£^'"^« ^^o are speaking to 
 
 ,. -^ g-:riiticmt;ii. 0. Are those the 
 
107 
 
 geutleinon whom you huvo invited? 0. It is thoy (eux) 
 
 7. Do you not know that man F 8. I know hiia very well ; ho 
 
 18 tho man who ha ' Htolen my wino. 9. What in Italy ? 10 It 
 
 18 the Kiirdfn of J.uropp. 1 ? . Ih not that the lottor which vou 
 
 mtended lo arry <. the post-oflico h 12. No, Sir, it iHanother. 
 
 1 J. Is ti,c city of Havre fine h 14. Yes, Sir, Havre is truly a 
 
 larpo arl htimliful city. lo. U not that tho man whom you 
 
 Jvu'-o caught Htoahng your fruit:- 10. It is not, it is another. 
 
 I/. I^not this tho cup that you havo bought? 18. Yos Sir 
 
 1 Dolieve so. 19. Do not the windows of your room look on 
 
 thostrcotP 20. No, Madam, they look on tho garden. 21. Do 
 
 not the windows of your dining room look on tho yard (cour) P 
 
 2L.>,o, Sir they look on tho lake (lac). 23. Is it that little 
 
 chiia who has taken your preserves h 24. It is his brother 
 
 and Bister. 25. What are those engravings h 26. They arc 
 
 engi-avingH which I bought in Germany. 27. Are those gen- 
 
 tlemen Scotch ? 28. They are not Scotch ; they are Italian. 
 
 29. Aro those ladies Scotch h 30. No; they are tho Italian 
 
 ladioH who came yesterdjiy. 31. WTiat is Marseilles P 32. It 
 
 isonooftho finest cities in (*) Franco. 33. Is it not your 
 
 tailor who luadu that coat P 34. It is not ho ; it is an English 
 
 tailor who made it. 35. It is your friend who broke iny 
 
 watch. "' 
 
 Section LXXXIII. 
 
 1. In French, as in other languages, when a verb has two 
 subjects in tho singular, it is put in tho plural [§ 110 (2)] :_ 
 L'oncle ct la tante sont arrivt^s. The uncle and aunt arc arrived. 
 
 2. When a verb has two or more subjects of different per- 
 sons, it 18 put in tho first person plural if one of the subjects is 
 ot the first person ; and in the second person plural if there is 
 no subject of the first. In this case all the subjects may be 
 summed up into one, viz., nous or voub, which sometimes is 
 only understood : — 
 
 ■^Vu4 at moi irons demain a la 
 
 chasse. 
 Vous et lui irez demain u I'^ole. 
 
 Sa mere et moi nous avons ecrit 
 
 octte lettre. 
 Toi, elle et ton frere, vous nc 
 
 faites que bavardcr. 
 
 You and I will go hunting to- 
 morrow. 
 
 You and he will yo to school to- 
 morroic. 
 
 His mot/ier and I hare written 
 that letter. 
 
 Thou, she, and thy brother do 
 nothing but talk. 
 
 3. The above examples will show that, when a verb has 
 several subjects, all of them pronouns, or partly pronouns and 
 partly nouns, the words moi, toi, lui, eux, are used instead of 
 je, tu, 11, ilB. 
 
 4. For further rules on this subject, see ill and 111, and 
 also the next section. 
 
 5. Gener corresponds in signification to the English to 
 trouble, to incommode, to disturb, to be in the way, to hurt, and to 
 
 
 m 
 
198 
 
 pinch {in speaking of 'Shoes and ffuvments) 
 constrain, or trouble one's self:— ' 
 
 Se gtoer means to 
 
 Est-oe que io vous efino ' a^ r • 
 
 1 J "uo genu . _4^ / j,j j,gy^ way I 
 
 M18CELLAXEOU8 Examples. 
 
 Oa irez-vous, ton frire et toi ? 
 
 Liii et moi irons en Angleterre. 
 V0U8 elle et lui, vous ach^terez 
 
 uu ble. 
 Eux et moi nous nous sommes 
 
 fait mal d, la tSte. 
 vous et lui, vous devriez vous 
 
 peter aux circonstances. 
 Lm et moi vous gfinerons sans 
 
 doute. 
 Ma coufline et moi, nous crai- 
 
 gnons de vous gflner, 
 Jeneme gfine jamais chez mes 
 amis. 
 
 Ne vous g6nez pas ; mettez-vous 
 
 a votre aise. 
 Nous n'aimons pas a g^ner les 
 
 autres. 
 Nous n'aimons pas a nous g6ner. 
 
 Where will your brother and mu 
 
 go I •' 
 
 He and I will po to Etvjland. 
 You, she, and Ac loill buy icheat. 
 
 They and I have hurt our heads. 
 
 You and he should adapt your- 
 selves to circumstances. " 
 
 He and F shall without doubt 
 incommode you. 
 
 My cousin and I fear to be in 
 your way. 
 
 I am never under constraint with 
 my friemls. 
 
 Be ttnder no constraint; place 
 yourself comfortably. 
 
 Wc do not like to ^incommode 
 others. 
 
 We do not like to incommode our- 
 selves. 
 
 . Exercise 161. 
 
 A i!.!Sf''*l? '""*•. NuUement, by no 
 
 Avro&t,mthaproJU. means. 
 
 ^ras, m. arm. Pardon, excuse me. 
 
 liconome, econ<mu:al. Place, f. room. 
 
 Prodigue, prodigal, 
 
 lavish. 
 Soci^t^, f. company, 
 
 society. 
 Tous deux, both. 
 
 voisSner 2 Vo!,^^"' longtemps id, nous craindrions de 
 
 etetr^s^conomes 5/kwtus pStort Sr'' "'"'' "^""^ 
 sieur F 6. Nous n'avons nuUeS e'n" e'dl leS? '^" TT 
 «e quo mon bras vous gSne, Monsieur? 8 v ;t '•.■^'*- 
 nous avons assez de place, Wus ne mn -' °' Monsieur; 
 devriez-vous pas vous nrlterTiv • f "^^ P^^" ^- ^'« 
 faisons, elle et moi, notre^ssiblo n '"''^^^^^t'^'^'^es ? 10. Nous 
 juune hommo per istet^/ dans sfr' 7"?^?^^^^. 11. Ce 
 persistons, lui et moi 13 v^L-^t ^^^^^"t'on!' 12. Nous y 
 ici P 14. Nous y peitons ton? J*''"'"?. ^T ^'"'^ ^ '''^^^ 
 g^6 dans sea affaires ZlrZ'Y/' ^t' ^'* ^"'"'"'^ ««*■" 
 16. II 6tait gen/ dans «iT --^ -f ^^ ''^""^'''' ^""^^^ of) ? 
 gSnez pas. Monsieur is ?'"'' '^ ^ ^"'' ^"- l^. No vous 
 19. Esiceque mon fr^l^- ^^ ""f^ ""^ ^^"^^ J^^^^S' Monsieur. 
 
 
199 
 
 
 vendons toujours si profit. 25. Votre peio, votre frere et moi, 
 nous avons achete dea marchandises. 
 
 E.VEKCISE 162. 
 
 1. Do my brother and I incommode you? 2, No, Sir; you 
 do not incommode us; we are veiy glad to see you. 3. Are 
 you not afraid to disturb your friend? 4. We are afraid to 
 disturb him ; he has much to do. 5. Is my foot in your way, 
 Sir? 6. No, Sir; your foot is not in my way. 7. Will you 
 and your brother go to Germany this year ? 8. He and I 
 intend to go there. 9. He, you, and 1 should write our les- 
 Kons. 10. Should not you and your friends adapt yourselves 
 to circumstances? 11. We should do so, if it were possible. 
 12. Do I not disturb you, Sir ? 13. You do not disturb mo 
 by any means. 14. Does not my little boy disturb you ? 15. 
 He does not disturb me. 16. He disturbs nobody. 17. Does 
 not your partner sell his goods at a loss? 18. Ho never sells 
 at a loss. 19. He and I always sell at a profit. 20. Do you 
 persist in your resolution ? 21. Your friend and I persist in 
 our resolution. 22. I never feel under constraint at your 
 house. 23. Be under no constraint (make yourself at home). 
 24. Are you not wrong to incommode them? 25. I do not 
 intend to incommode them. 26. We do not like to incommode 
 ourselves (to put ourselves out of the way). 27. My little boy 
 and I will, perhaps, bo in your way. 28. No, Sir ; wo are 
 very glad of your company. 29. Do I disturb you ? 30. No, 
 Sir; you do not disturb us. 31. Do I disturb vour father? 
 32. No, Sir; you disturb no one. 33. Excuse me. Sir, if 
 I disturb you. 34. Have you not been very lavish ? 35. No, 
 Sir ; I assure you that your son and I have been very econo- 
 mical. 
 
 Section LXXXIV. 
 
 1. When a verb is preceded by several nouns not connected 
 by et, it agrees with the last only, provided the nouns are 
 neariy sjmonymous, or emphasis is laid on the last :— 
 
 Son amour, sa tendrease pour sea 
 
 enfants est connue de tout le 
 
 monde. 
 Vos amis, vos parents, Dieu vous 
 
 rdcompensera. 
 
 2. When two or more nouns are connected by the conjunc 
 tion ou, the verb agrees with the last only : — 
 
 Hilt love, his tenderness for his 
 children arc known tc every- 
 body. 
 
 Your friends, >/our relatives, 
 God will reward ijou. 
 
 Charles ou George &rira k votre 
 ami. 
 
 Charles or Oeorge will write to 
 your friend. 
 
 3. When a noun and a pronoun, or two or more pronouns 
 ,^!...,. i,v,..j3 ,.u iii tn-.- liita priiiun;, ui'c juiiicCl oy 0U| tno vcro 
 b put in the first or in the second person plural according to 
 the rules given in No. 3, Sect. 83 ; — 
 
 u. 
 
200 
 
 Voiis ou moi partirons demain. 
 Ta soeur ou toi irez k I'^glise. 
 
 You or I will go tomorrow. 
 Your sinter or you will go to 
 ■tr , . church. 
 
 ni^'un^fr^^" "^''"' T JT^** ^y "^ repeated, or when 
 
 by m' S ni fw-''^' T""'' °' *^^ ^^'^ P«^«°"« represented 
 gKr :_ ' ^ "" *''' ™^y P''^^^'™ *^« action to- 
 
 Ni I'un ni I'autre ne liront. Neither the one nor the otiver will read. 
 Even in this case the verb may be put in the singular :— 
 
 ^ior(Aimr "'' ^'" '"" ^" ^S; '^ ''^"^ ^ *"^^ *«'• 
 
 ver'bl^t^ JSThe:Sya"r^r'^^^^^^ *^^ -^-' the 
 
 <Aw department. 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 ^'..l>?"il'^"*''en'onttrouvdle|iyrertAer <Ac o,ie im- the 
 
 vin bon. 
 L'lm et I'autre ont trouv^ le 
 
 diner mauvais. 
 Comment se trouvent Messieurs 
 
 vos freres ? 
 
 Ni I'un ni I'autre ne se trouvent 
 
 men. 
 L'un et I'autre se trouv^rent au 
 
 rendez-vous. 
 Ni Tun ni I'autre ne sera ^hi 
 
 president. 
 L'un ou I'autre y trouvera d, re- 
 due. 
 Lui ou vous avez trouv^ quelque 
 
 chose a redire a notre conduite. 
 ■Ni lui ni moi n'avons trouvt^ a 
 
 redu'e a la conduite de vos en- 
 
 fants. 
 
 . „._ ,^, „jp Qijigy 
 
 found the wine good. 
 Both found the dinner bad. 
 
 How do your h'othera do I 
 
 Neither is well. 
 
 Theu both went to the place of 
 
 meeting. 
 Neither will be elected president. 
 
 One or the other will find fault 
 xoith it. 
 
 He or you have found something 
 to blame in our conduct. 
 
 Neither he nor I have found any 
 fault tmth your children's con- 
 duct. 
 
 Auteur, m. autlwr. 
 Devoir, m. duty. 
 Ecriture, f. writing. 
 Eli-re, 4. ir. to elect. 
 
 Trouv-er, 1. to find, to 
 
 like, to fancy. 
 "Veill-er, 1. to watch. 
 
 ExKucisE 163. 
 Plutot, rather. 
 Rempl-ir, 2. to fulfil 
 ROti, m. roast meat. njui-er, i. 
 , - — ^,„,,. Secretaire, m.see?'etor«. Vie f life 
 Lxpos^er, 1. to expose. Se trouv-er, 1. ref to ' ^** 
 Int^r^t, m. interest. find one's self 
 
 I. Remplissez-vous bien votre devoir:- 2. Nous ne le rfltn 
 
 tZZ?^'T^^v'''''^ !■ Cherchent-ils?uneri'autrea 
 B^exposer P_ 4. Ni l'un ni I'autre ne cherchent h nrpQc^r io„„ l-t 
 
 ^x.A ijeuteke;. 0. M. votre p^re et M^e. voire mdre.setrou! 
 
.4^ 
 
 201 
 
 vent-ils mieux aujourd'hui ? 6. Ni I'un ni I'uutrc ne se trou- 
 vent mieux. 7. Avez-vous trouve a rcdire a mon ecriturc ou k 
 celle de mon secretaire ? 8. Je n'ai trouve a rediro ni k I'une 
 ni k I'autre. 9. Cet auteur ne trouve-t-il pas a redire & tout f 
 
 10. 11 trouve k redire a tous les livros. 11. Y trouvez-voua 
 quelque chose k redire ? 12. Ni lui ni moi n'y trouvons rien a 
 redire. 13. Lui ou moi, nous veillerons a vos intorets. 14. 
 Ni lui ni moi ne cesserons de veiller k la conduite de votre fils. 
 15. Nous y veillerons plutot quo d'y trouvcr k redire. 16. 
 Lui et moi nous nous trouvsimes ensemble au rendez-vous. 
 17. Vous y trouverez-vous I'un ou I'autre P 18. Nous nous y 
 trouverons Tun ou I'autre. 19. L'un ou I'autre sera-t-il elu 
 president? 20. Ni l'un ni I'autre ne sera elu. 21. Comment 
 liouvez-vous ce roti? 22. Je le trouve excellent. 23. Je 
 v: ;uve ce livi-e bon. 24, Je ne le trouve pas bon. 25. Je 
 trouve cela bien fait. 
 
 EXEKCISE 164 
 
 1. How do you like that book ? 2. Neither my sister nor I 
 like it. 3. Did your brothers find the dinner good ? 4. Both 
 found it very good. 5. Did the professor find fault with your 
 conduct ? 6. He did not find fault with it. 7. Neither he nor 
 my father find fault with my conduct. 8. Do they both watch 
 over your conduct 'r 9. They both watch over my conduct and 
 over my interests. 10. Have you both fulfilled your duty? 
 
 11. We have fulfilled it. 12. Have you not both criticised my 
 writing? 13. Neither has criticised it. 14. Do not your two 
 sisters do better to-day ? 15. One is doing better. 16. The 
 other is not so well. 17. Do not those ladies find fault with 
 every thing? 18. They find fault with nothing. 19. Will 
 either be elected prefect of the department ? 20. "Neither will 
 be elected. 21. How do you like this bread ? 22. I find it 
 very good. 23. Did your two friends arrive in time at the 
 appointed place? 24. Neither was there in («) time. 25. Do 
 you find fault with that (cela) ? 26. I do not find fault with it 
 (y). 27. Will you both expose yourselves to this danger? 
 28. We will not expose ourselves to it. 29. Do you find fault 
 with my secretary's conduct ? 30. I do not find fault with it. 
 31. Do you find fault with his writing ? 32. I find fault with 
 it; for it is very bad. 33. Will j'ou not watch over my 
 interests ? 34. My brother and I will watch over them. 35. 
 We will not cease to watch over your interests. 
 
 Section- LXXXV. 
 
 1. A verb having, as its subject, a general collective noun 
 [§ 3 (6)] preceded by the article, agrees with the noun [§111 
 
 La foule des pauvres est grande. The crowd of the poor is great. 
 
 2. A verb preceded by a partitive collective [§ 3 (6)] takes 
 the number of the noun following the collective, unless at- 
 
202 
 
 Une foulo de pauvres recoivent 
 ties secours. 
 
 tention U particularly directed to the collective itself [g m 
 
 A crowd of poor people receive 
 „ -.,,. , assistance. 
 
 &a:ard*?he':d?e£o?a^S' ""^'' "" "°"^'''«' « «"'«*-. 
 
 samernanLTaTttynXwrdVl^ " ''''" ""' ^ *^° 
 II me reste deux francs. / ,,,, ,,,j,^^^ left-or,mer.ny, 
 
 avocat. ' '^*''^'*"" ^^^^'^ ^^ ^fl'we, and has turned 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples 
 La plupart de mes hemes sent 
 
 consa«r(<es au travail. 
 La. foule des humains est voude 
 
 au malheur. 
 Ia plus grande partie des voya 
 
 geursle disent, et le r^p^tent 
 Nevouareste-t-ilquecela? 
 Voiia tout ce qu'il me reste. 
 Je ne saw ce qu'ils sent devenus 
 
 Je ne sais ce que vous deviendrez. 
 
 Most of my hours are devoted to 
 
 labour. 
 The mass of mankuia is devoted 
 
 to misfortune. 
 The yreatest number of travellers 
 
 say it, and repeat it. 
 Have you only that left f 
 That is all that I liave left. 
 I do twt know xohat has become oi 
 them. ■' 
 
 I do not know xohat will become oi 
 you. •' 
 
 Exercise 165. 
 Apprenti, m. appren- p^sol-er, 1. to desolute. 
 Aveu^lP hh„ri ^^"^^f^' ^- <« '««^ay. 
 
 Maigre, thin, lean. 
 Naissance, f. birth. 
 Rue, f. street. 
 S'appliqu-er, 1. ref. to 
 
 apply one's self 
 Savant, e, learned. 
 
 J J , --c..a,.iu, c, ivarnea. 
 
 2. Bea;;cSurltv7nu's'""3 ZT'-''l T ^— us voirP 
 4. Je ne ^ura^V voTs dim L ^".^'^^^ ^f^^^^ les autres? 
 deviendra ce vn ,nJ ^ ^,% ^" '^'^ ^°"* devenus. 5. Quo 
 
 viendrajamais^avant^ 8 rnrv'"-^ V l^ '^'' ^1"'" "° ^e- 
 reste P %. II ne^e reste ?,S'?vt *"^^^"^' •'^^''^■^°"« ^e 
 restera-t-il nnnnd !!!v./^ 1 51' !'" *«^^eau. 10. Combien vnu- 
 
203 
 
 dans son dtat ? 13. 11 y est devenu habUe. 14. Ce monsieur 
 est-il aveugle de naissance, ou Test-il devenii ? 15. II Test 
 devenu. 16. Savez-vous ce que sent devenus ces jcunes gens ? 
 17. lis sent dovenus medecins. 18. Ne savez-vous pas ce que 
 sont dovenus mes livres ? 19. lis sont egares. 20. Nedevien- 
 drez-vous pas boiteux si vous marchez tant h 21. Jo devien- 
 drai boiteux et maigre. 22. La foule ne s'est-ello pas egareo 
 dans ce bois ? 23. La foulo s'y est egaree, et n'a pu retrouver 
 son chemin. 24. Uno nuee do barbaros desol^rent lo jwys. 
 (Acad.) 25. Une foulo do citoyens mines romplissaient lew 
 rues de Stockholm. (Voltaikk.) 
 
 ExEiicisE 166. 
 
 1. Have not most of your friends become rich ? 2. Most of 
 them have become poor. 3. Has not that young lady become 
 learned ? 4.1 think that she will never become learned. 6. 
 Is not the American anny {aniu'v) very small? 6. The Ameri- 
 can army is small, but most of the American soldiers are very 
 brave {braves). 7. Can you tell me what has become of that 
 gentleman ? 8. I cannot tell you what has become of him. 
 
 9. Is your brother blind by birth (was your brother born blind) ? 
 
 10. No, Sir, he has become so. 11. Were you bom lame? 
 12. No, Sir, I became so three years ago {il y a). 13. Are not 
 most of your hours devoted to play {jeu, m.) ? 14. No, Sir, 
 they are devoted to study. 15. How much of your money 
 have you left ? 16. I have only twenty-five francs left. 17. 
 Do you know how much I have left? 18. You have only a 
 trifle left. 19. How much shall you have left to-morrow? 
 20. I shall only have six francs left. 21.1 shall only have two 
 francs left when I have made my purchase . 22. AVhat has 
 become of your grammar ? 23. I have mislaid it. 24. Do you 
 know what has become of my hat ? 25. You have left {laissS) 
 it upon the table. 26. Will not that gentleman become blind ? 
 27. He will not become blind, but lame. 28. Has your son 
 become skilful in his trade ? 29. He has not become skilful in 
 it. 30. What has become of him ? 31. He has lost his way 
 in the wood. 32. Did the crowd lose their way ? 33. Most of 
 the soldiers lost their way. 34. A cloud {mtle, f.) of locusts 
 {itauterelles) desolated our country. 
 
 n 
 
 Section LXXXVL 
 
 1. The article, the demonstrative and the possessive adjec- 
 tives, must be repeated, as before said, before every noun or 
 adjective used substantively, which they determine [§ 79, 90, 
 
 22]. 
 
 2. The prepositions i, de, and en arc repeated before eveiy 
 word_which they govern [^ 137). 
 
 3. The verb quitter, to leave {to quit), is said of persons and 
 places, and also of things in the sense of to abandon, to give 
 
 up :— 
 
 mi i 
 
204 
 
 ''rsZL'^"'"' ""'' P^'^^"*««* y'^-/?vejeft your relations an^ 
 Nous avons quitte nos Etudes. W, &tco,UinucU our .tu.ie. 
 
 thhig^S'"'' '' '""'^ '" ''''' ^« fe'^^^r'^^y ««id of persons an.l 
 
 Vous avez laisse votre livre «iir v,n, i^u . . , 
 la table. "^ ^"" '^•^'^ .'^'*«'* ^^A- m^,* </«« to///^ 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 pas quitte votre 
 
 pays et mes 
 
 N'avez-vous 
 
 ^ maison ? 
 J'ai quitte mon 
 
 parents. 
 
 J'ai laisso ma bibliothwiue en 
 iiurope. 
 
 ^'^1^°"%"^°"* I'as Jaisser votre 
 nls ici ? 
 
 •le n'aime pas a le quitter, 
 •J ai laiss^ votre lettre a son do- 
 mestique. 
 
 Mon p^re m'a laiss^ cin<inante 
 
 mille francs. 
 Lesavez-yous laissds tranqiiilles' 
 Je leur ai laisse le champ libre. 
 
 Ce malade a quitte le lit. 
 votre frere a quitte le barreau. 
 Je vous laisserai ce chapean a 
 ce 2>nx. 
 
 Have iiou not left your house ? 
 
 I have left my country and rela- 
 tions, 
 I left my library in £tirope. 
 
 Wm you not leave your son 
 
 ^ do not like to quit him. 
 
 1 left your letter with his servant. 
 
 My father left me fifty thousand 
 
 jran^s. 
 Have you let them alone i 
 I Uve left them a free clioicc 
 
 [jree room). 
 That sick man has left his led. 
 Your brother has left the bar. 
 i mil let you have that hat at 
 
 that price. 
 
 EXEHCISE 167, 
 
 ewww. army. 
 
 medecins. 3. Le caSaine r S ^«'?}'"f^rce, et sont devenus 
 
 7. Est-iUropieunepo«?quitter sesltudosrs TW? ^ •"'""• 
 il n'a que douze ans o a .°^'**'''""^s- »• H est trop jeime : 
 
 viaile? ,0. rSaie*cS?:p„X i«««ry!^^, je 
 ieunp hnmm.\,™ . ■. . "'"""P '''re » « cmrd 15 pi 
 
/ 
 
 906 
 
 pour cinqnante francs. 22. A quel prix me Ic laisserez-vouB ? 
 23. Jo vouH lo laisHorai pour di.\ francs. 24. Jo vous le laissc 
 a bon compto ; je ne saurais vous lo laisser a moins. 
 
 E.XEKIISE 168. 
 1. The son, daughti r, aud cousin havo left Paris. 2. My 
 father, mother, and sister have left mo here. 3. Do you like 
 to leave youi- countrj' r 4. I do not like to leave mv friends 
 and country, 5. My parents do not Uke to leave mo"^ here ; I 
 am too young. 6. Why does not your brother let his son speak 
 [Sect. 97, 4] ? 7. Because he has nothing to say. 8. Have you 
 let him alone ? 9. I have let him alone. 10. WTiy do you not let 
 me alone ? 11. I will let them alone. 12. Has your friend left 
 his bedh 13. He has not yet left his l)ed ; he is yet very ill. 
 14. Has Captain G. loft the army l- 15. Ho has not left tho 
 ai-my. 16. Has not that gentleman left the army for the bar Y 
 17. He has left the army for the bar. 18. My friend has left 
 the bar. 19. At what' price will you let me have this silk r' 
 20. I will let you havo it at two francs a yard. 21. Can you 
 not let me have it for less ? 22. I let you have it cheap. 23. 
 Will you let me have that book for twenty francs. 24. I will 
 let you have it for twenty-two. 25. I could not let you have it 
 for less. 26. With whom {a qui) have you left my book ? 27. 
 I left it with your sister. 28. Why did you not leave it with 
 my servant ? 29. Because he had left your house. 30. Do 
 you like to leave your friends? 31. I do not like to leave 
 them. 32. Where have you left your book ? 33. I left it at 
 my father's. 34. Has that merchant given up commerce ? 35. 
 He has not given it up. 36. Those peaches do not part easily 
 from the stone ; they are cling-stones. 
 
 Section LXXXVII. 
 
 1. The pronouns subject, je, tu, il, elle, nous, vous, ils, elles, 
 
 must be repr"+ed, when the first verb of the sentence is nega- 
 tive, and the second affirmative, when the verbs are in different 
 tenses, and when the different clauses are connected by con- 
 junctions other than et, ou, ni, mais [§ 96, 2] :— 
 
 H ne lit pas ; il ^crit. He does mot read ; he m^tcs. 
 
 Elle ne viendra pas ; elle est partie. She will not come ; nheis {/one. 
 
 2. The pronouns of the third jwrson arc often omitted before 
 the second verb in ca«;es not coming within the above rule. 
 The other nominative pronouns are also, sometimes, omitted. 
 We should, however, not advise the student to omit the latter 
 pronouns. It is always correct to repeat the nominative pro- 
 nouns. 
 
 3. The student will bear in mind, that the objective pronouns 
 must always be repeated. 
 
 4. Connaitre a answers to the English expression, to know 
 by .•— 
 
 Je le connais a sa d-marche. / l-nmo him hit his walk (rarriage). 
 
 n\ 
 
 \ 
 
 
206 
 
 Vo„svouaco„„ai«He.eapierreries. F.,..,v.;«rf^../,,,,,,V,„,,,,„,,. 
 
 MiscEixANEotrs Examples. 
 Je le counais, je I'aime, et je lid 
 
 rends justice. Gkesset. 
 
 II s (5coute, il«e plait, il s'adouise, 
 
 ilsaime. J. B. EouasjJAU. 
 
 A quoi coiinaissez-vous ce mon- 
 sieur ? 
 •Te le oonnais a son habit noir. 
 «'e le connais de vue. 
 J'ai reconnu ma mere d, la voix. 
 
 A quoi vous connaissez-voua? 
 
 'Je me counais en marcliandises ' 
 
 'le ne m> connais pas. I 
 
 II ne s'y connait point du tout. | 
 
 II s'y connait mieux que moi. ' 
 
 Je m'y counais aussi bien que ( 
 
 / hmo him, love him, and dojm- 
 tice to him. '' 
 
 He list em to himself, 18 p teased 
 with humc/f, adorm himself, 
 loves htmsilf. ■^' 
 
 % what do you know that aentle- 
 
 man ? 
 I know him by his black coat. 
 I kmw him by sight. 
 I recognised my mother by her 
 
 voice. 
 Of lohat arc you a judge ! 
 I am a judge of goods, 
 lani not a judge of it (of the,a). 
 He IS not the least judge of it (of 
 
 them). ■' 
 
 -^^^^"^"e'Vw^^/eo/ it (of them) 
 
 I am m good a judge of it (of 
 ' them) as he. '' 
 
 ExEucisE 169. 
 Artisan,m. mechanic. EtofFes rlnthi nf „;; n 
 Blond, e, light. £2 ^ Gracieux, se, graceful 
 
 Cheveux, ra. p. hair. Gestes, m.p. gestures. Tout, quite 
 
 demoiselle? 4 Je Kon Jis\r d'"'""?^'''"-^'.""'^ ^'^'^ 
 N'aune..vou. point^rnr\-ot^o"aSTtifrrie 1' " 
 
 cela P 1 , ^^""^^"^'i^- 10- Get orfevre no so connMit-il point A 
 cela:' 1 1- H ne s'y connait point du tout 19 Vm'.?"/ 
 naissez-vous arissi bien que le forjreron ^ \\ i^ ,J ^ "' 
 tout aussi bien ouo lui m xrt !? • '^^ '" ^ connais 
 
 Do6sio P tT t . . ^^"^ connaissez-vous point en 
 
 potsio.'' 16. Jo no my connais e-u^rp ifi t« -f^v • ^ 
 
 '■ous pas ce monsieur i .es gZ^ vihtoentj?' 19 TT""'" 
 
 zii^.f^r;^ '-f ? !»• /-- ■..es!:„//pivs 
 
 22. Neneu3W.in;r;^itr T^t vZ^SS 
 
 
207 
 
 «<onnaitre. 24. lis se feront oonnaitro pnr lours vprtns (thfy 
 iiill make theuiselrcs Icumvn). 
 
 EXEUCI8E 170. 
 
 1. Do you not know that man ? 2. Yes, Sir; I know him hy 
 his large [grand) hat. 3. By what do you recognise me F 4. 
 I recognise you by your walk. 5. Do you recognise my friend 
 hy his gestures ? 6. No, Sir ; I recognise him by his black 
 coat. 7. Do you know him well r 8. T know him by sight, 
 l)ut I have never spoken to him. 9. Are you a judge of iron 'r 
 10. No, Sir; the blacksmith is a judge of iron. 11. By what 
 will yon know your book ? 12. I shall know it by those marks. 
 13. Have you not known your friend by her voice ? 14. No, 
 IVIadam ; I know her by her light hair. lo. Have you told 
 your name? .16. I have not told my name. 17. Did you know 
 your sister's friend by her curled hair ? 18. I knew her by it. 
 19. Is the merchant a good judge of cloth 'i 20. He is a bettor 
 judge than I. 21. Is ho a better judge of it than the manu< 
 facturer'r' 22. He is quite as good a judge .• i he. 23. Is not 
 the goldsmith as good a judge of precious stones as you ? 24. 
 Ho is a better judge of them than I. 25. Of what are you a 
 judge? 26. I am a judge of nothing. 27. Are not your sisters 
 good judges of poetry 'i 28. They are not the least judges of 
 it. 29. Do you not know that young lady by her dress (robe) ? 
 30. T know her by her graceful carriage. 31. Have they made 
 themselves known? 32. They have made themselves known 
 by their merit {nurite). 33. Is not the workman known by his 
 work ? 34. The workman is known by his work. 35. He is a 
 judge of it. 
 
 Section LXXXVIII. 
 
 1. Quelque, wfu/f soever, however, some, ninj, followed by a 
 noun, takes the form of the plural. It is invariable when it is 
 followed by an adjective or an adverb [§ 94 (1) 2, 3] : — 
 
 Quelques livres que vous ayez. 
 Quelque bons qu ils soieut. 
 
 Whaterei' hooks yon nuiii have. 
 However good thei/ mag he. 
 
 2. Quel que, followed by the verb fitre, or some other verb 
 preceding 6tre, is written in two words, the first {quel) agree- 
 ing in gender and number with the subject of the verb r§ 94 
 (1)1]:- ^ 
 
 Quelles que soient vos vertus. 
 Quelle que puisse *itre sa resolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Whatever your virtues mag he. 
 Whatever his resolution may he. 
 
 3. The above examples show that quelque— que and quel — 
 que govern the subjunctive. 
 
 4. Tout meaning entirely, quite, nothing but, though an ad- 
 verb, takes the mark of the feminine and of the plural when it 
 precedes an adjective or past participle feminine commencing 
 with a consonant or an h aspirate : — 
 
208 
 
 L esijoranoe, toute firompeuHe 
 quolle ent, sort «ii inoiiis A 
 nouH moiier a la fin do la vie 
 par un ciiemin agitiable. 
 
 (La Bkivkre.) 
 
 Hupc, dmitfiiJ US it is, ae)'v>a at 
 Imst to romltict us to the ter- 
 mination of life by an aorre- 
 able road. 
 
 
 Ne le ferez-vous pas de bon irn' "> 
 il 8 est marie contre le gr^ ,le 
 ses jiarents. 
 
 Ha, chevolure voltige au gr^. dn 
 vent. o 6 « 
 
 Je sais mauvais gr.'- a votre fri^re 
 
 lie vouloir su intMer de mes 
 
 affaires, 
 •le lui en .sais bo» grc^. 
 .''espore que vcu« ne inc saurez 
 
 pas mauvais gr.^, si je ne voiis 
 
 eons pas. 
 O'est a mon grd le meilleur 
 
 enfant du monde. 
 
 MlWCELLANEors ExAMPLEH. 
 
 ^Vill iiou not do it wiUitKihi 1 
 He married agaimt the v'il/ of 
 
 /lis jxi rents. 
 His hair tl utters at the will of 
 
 the wind. 
 I am displeased with your brother 
 
 for wishing to interfere with 
 
 iiiil ufiairs. 
 I am thankful t» him for it 
 I hope that lion will 'not be dis 
 
 pleased with me, if I do not 
 
 uyrite to pou. 
 He is, to m?/ thinking, the best 
 
 chad m the vwld. 
 
 Exercise 171. 
 
 ing or not williivj. 
 Chambre, f, room^ 
 Gard-er, 1. to keep. 
 Lit, m. bed. 
 Malgr6, in spite of. 
 
 'fad. recommend. 
 
 ZTen ^' '" '"' '" tr''' ""■ ''''•''■ 
 
 to 
 
 2 T« n«T-''°"' ™''"''^'' ^^ " ^otre oncle de ce qu'il i dif f 
 
 vous en saurrie' meS?u r'grTI 7Z7 ?'' V T ' '' ^' 
 vous pas bon gre d'avoir gar^dlce sSp 6 S ^'"' -^T' 
 gr6 de Tavoir garde 7 Ne l^L !?? "^^ ^^^^ ^^'« ^O" 
 
 degarderlo siltnce " S tI i avez-vous pas recommande 
 
 9, Ce malade gardtt-illSriri'-rr T'^' ^' !f ^f'^"- 
 lit, mais il est tncore obS de earder la okn i?' ^^""t P^"' ^^ 
 chevelure est-elle bien nou^e p ^12 Vr m -• ^\ ^°*^^ 
 au gre du vent n Pa^^! " °°' Monsieur, elle vole 
 
 -TelegarderanifaiMnS" '■°"' ^"^re domestique .« 14. 
 
 «o ent ces dames, elles n. so2t as a mon J Jr^D^^r '^"^ 
 soient les suifps dn /^nff« "".i^ts a mon gie. 1/. Quelles que 
 
 intentions. 18 ToS befc'i? ''"? T 'i°° ^^^ ^' ^°« 
 are IQ V -o, ^ belle qu elle est, elle nest pas h. mon 
 
 f«1'«i4te'°"'^'o V"^^"''^^^"^' 20. Non/MonsiZ" 
 ^ * "^^ ^^ S^^"^'- 21. Bon gre, mal gre, il partira. 22: 
 
209 
 
 Mo gnrdorftz-voiis lo secret P 23. Jo vous le gardomi. 24. 11 
 chtingo d'opiiiion im gr6 dos 6venoment«. 
 
 EXEHCIHE 172. 
 
 1 . Will ho marry against hi8 father's consent P 2. Ho will 
 not marrj' against his parent's consent. 3. "Why aro you dis. 
 l.leased with mo P 4. I am not displeased with von'. .I. Is 
 your little girl's hair tied? G. It is not tied; it waves Iflnttr') 
 with the wind. 7. What do you think of my hoolc !■ 8. It is, 
 in my opinion, the beat book that I have read [Sect. 74, 3, 4]. 
 
 9. Will you not bo displeased with mo, if I do not come to-day "r 
 
 10. I dluill not bo displeased with you. 11. "Will you riot 
 read that letter P 12. However weU written it may be, I will 
 not read it. 13. Are those ladies handsome ? 14. However 
 handsome and good they may bo, they do not strike my fancy. 
 Id. Are you displeased with my brother P 16. No, Sir, I aiu 
 thankful to him for his intentions, whatever may be the con- 
 K('(iucnee8 of his conduct. 17. Will yc.u keep this secret (for 
 me)? 18. I will keep ii willingly. 19. Does your sister keep 
 her bed willingly p 20. She does not keep her room willingly. 
 
 21. Willing'iy or not, she must keep her room when she is ill. 
 
 22. Will you keep silent on this point P 23. I will willingly. 
 24. I am thankful to you for your good intentions. 25. Aro 
 you thankful to him for this («fe cela) P 26. I am thankful to 
 him for it. 27. Will the judge keep his servant P 28. He will 
 keep him. 29. Does he do his work to his fancy P 30. Ho 
 does it to his fancy. 31. Is your brother obliged to keep in 
 the house P 32. He is obliged to keep his bed. 33. Has ho 
 not left his room P 34. He has not yet left his room ; he is too 
 ill to leave it. 35. I should be under the greatest obligations 
 in the world to you, if you would do this. 
 
 
 Section LXXXIX. 
 
 1. Servir [2. ir.] is used in French in the sense of the Englisli 
 expression to help to : — 
 
 Que vous servirai-je ? 
 
 "v ous sei-virai-je de la soupe ? 
 
 Vous n'avez pas servi monsieur. 
 
 To what shall I help you ? 
 Shall I kelp you to so»ie soup f 
 You have not helped tliat gentle- 
 man. 
 
 2. Je VOUB remercie, / thank you, said in answer to an offer, 
 18 m French always a refusal. This phrase is never employed 
 like the English expression, / thank you for {this or that), to 
 signify a request. The French make use of other forms :— 
 
 Oaeral-je voub prier de , . . . Oser<U-je vous demander Je 
 
 vous prie de . . . . Je vous prierai de . . . . ; — 
 
 Oaerai-ie vous demander une 
 aile de cette volaille, xm mor- 
 
 csau de ee r6ti ? 
 
 / mil thank you for a wing of that 
 fmol, a slice of that roast meat. 
 
 3. 8'il vous plait, corresponds to the English, if you please. 
 
210 
 The vorbj, „«.„ i.por^onnlly in that sentence and in the fol. 
 
 la uyaiior. ^^ ^j^^^ot ,„it or pfrase me to f,n 
 
 «« yo« ^///rt/w, &c :_ P''"x>'>< oj moif/ you <,y,n», till / 
 
 MlMCEI-r-ANEOtrs EXAMPLES. 
 
 Qu'aurai-jo le pUisir do vmrn 
 
 servir ? 
 •To V0U8 demandcrai un morceaii 
 
 (le ce jambon. 
 
 Vou8 otfrirai-je un norceau de 
 oe rOti ? 
 
 Je V01I8 remercie, Monsieur ; ie 
 prondrai de preftSrenco une , 
 aile de cotte volaille. 
 ■N a-ton pas encore servi '' 
 Je yous souhaite le bonsoir. ' 
 
 J ai souhaitg le bonjour a Ma 
 
 dame. 
 Preiioz la peine de vous asseoir. 
 MesHieurs, veuillez entrer. 
 
 'F'l^^f'txhalfThmrth^ pleasure 
 1 V U thank !„>„, or / will troupe 
 
 Lilian J offer yo-i a dire of this 
 
 roast meat I ■' 
 
 Ithankijou Sir; I would prefer 
 > awim/o/that/owl. ^ "^ 
 
 /» Twt the dinner pet on the table * 
 J Wish iiou iiood ercninrf 
 J hare wished the lady a </ood 
 vuyrning. "^ ^ " 
 
 Have the goodness to sit down. 
 
 Exercise 173. 
 
 Perdrix' f -JTf ^,"- «"ffl«ainment, adv 
 
 Prf^^V ;^''^''"^'^- ^"'fficiently. 
 
 sire' ^'' '" "^^ ^'^"°^«' ^' ^^e. 
 
 Congfi, m. leave. 
 Cotelette, f. cuUet, 
 chop. 
 
 Mademoiselle, aurai-ie rhonnfinl' 2 suffisamment. 7. 
 
 cetteperdrix? 8. J J vous remer.i« \r"' '""^^^ ™« «»«' de 
 pi^f^renee un de c^ ortlS 9 V-«^^^^^^ je prendrai de 
 delasoupeP 10. Madame ?e Von; ^Ti"'"' "^""^ enverrai-je 
 11. Je V0U8 en demandTSi"' aprr ^^? T^^ '^"^^"^'^^"^^^ 
 cfitelette h monsieur. 13 Ces iL,i;/*'^°' presentez cette 
 
 Monsieur, je suis bien ai^e que v?us li Tro Jf t"'^" ''• 
 Monsieur, no voulez vmia r^o= . ^'^ouviez bona. 15 
 
 clients, MonsSr ™^? Stt^d"^ L m •• ''"^^ ^''--- 
 leur avfiv!.vn„= r,oJ o^.,i,./:"r maitena a la maison. 17. Ne 
 
 leur ai sou- 
 
 20. J'aidit 
 
 haite le bonsoir. lo T.»,,r ivJ^ - ^ '•■ i.°- ^e 1 
 " "^ '^^ ^" vous an adieu :- i 
 
..^ 
 
 211 
 
 Rdiom\ni..n fr^ro. 21. .rui j.riH congo d'tux. '.'2. Lcs avcz. 
 vouH i;no8 d ontror h 23. Jo lo8 on ai prien. t\. Mo8..-eur8, ou 
 a borvi, 25. Vcuilloz vous mcttre id. 
 
 EXEKCISK 174. 
 1. Madam, to what shall I help youi' 2. I will troiil.l.. von 
 for a Hhco of that ham. 3. Hhall I Bend you a winir of Uu! 
 low ^ 4. No Sir, I thank you. 5. I thank you, Sir (*\7 v,>„. 
 plan MoMieiir). G. Sir, shall I havetlu? pUaHuro of holpinifvou 
 to a shoo of this ham P 7. I thank you, sIr, I would prc/cr a slico 
 of thopartndgo. 8. Shall I offor yo,. i little of this boiled mc-at h 
 .'.I thank you. Sir; I have some. 10. Jladam, shall T send vou 
 Hlittlo oi this soup i- II. Much obliged to you, Sir Uee Ko. 
 U,m the above exercmr^. 12. Sir, will you have the goodness 
 to help this voung lady h i;}. With much pleasure, Sir. 14. 
 John, take this soup to the gentleman. 15. These ortolans an, 
 delicious. 16. I am very glad that you Uko them. 17. Is the 
 dinner on the table? 18 No, Sir ; it is not yet on the table. 
 19. It is too early. 20. Does it plej 80 you to go thoro ? 21. 
 It does not please mo to go to his house ; but I will ao, if vou 
 wish It. 22. Shall! go with you? 23. As you please. 24. 
 \V 111 not vour friend sit down 't 2.5. Ho is much obliged to 
 you; he has not timo to-day. 26. Have you wished your 
 triend a good morning P 27. I wished him a good evening. 
 28 Have you not bid him farewell P 29. I have bid him fare- 
 well. ^0. Have the goodness to sit down hero. 31.1 have 
 taken leave ot them. 32. I have ttiken leave of all my friends. 
 
 Section XC. 
 
 1. The verb tenir [2. ir.], to hold, often corresponds in signi- 
 hcation to the P^nglish vorh to keep ; tenir un h6tel, to keep an 
 hotel; teiUr table ouverte, to keep open table; tenir sa chambre 
 propre, &c., to keep one's room clean; tenir la porte, les 
 fenfitres ouvertes, to keep the door, the tvindow/i open ; tenir les 
 yeux ouverts, ferm^s, to keep one's eyes opened, shut ; tenir la 
 t*te droite, &c., to keep one's /wad upriyht ; tenir sa parole to 
 keep one's word; tenir compagnie k quelq'un, to stay or remain 
 tcith some or any one. 
 
 •2. Tenir un langage singulier, tenir des propoa . . . , des 
 diBCOurs . . . , would be rendered into English by to make use 
 oj singular language, to use peculiar expressions, to advance things, 
 
 Cejeunehommetientdes propos That young man says foolish 
 msenses. things. 
 
 3. Tenir is also used in the sense of being attached to, to be 
 tenacious of; — 
 
 Je tions a men argent, a la vie. lvalue (i.e., fiold to) my money, 
 
 T i.- ^ . . my life. 
 
 ■ - — *^ "'*'" Oi^iiiiuii. / am tenacious oj my opinion. 
 
 4. Tenir is also used of a colour which is fast or not ; 
 
 1^. 
 
212 
 5. Faire tenir is used in tlio sense of to forward, to send •- 
 
 bo^r'pSltt^i: """. ^'®° *®°"'' ««"J»S^ted reflectively, may often 
 be rendered by to remam, to abide by, to be satisfied with -1 
 
 "1-1 1- opimon. 7 am aatt^ed with your opinion. 
 
 MiSOELLAXEOVS EXAMPLES. 
 
 J»r. L. tient im hdtel sunerbp , ;i/,. /■ /.„ 
 
 'J'/wmi />*^Mii v.7«,<» ■* 
 
 les portes 
 
 chambre bien propre. 
 I'ourqiioi tenez-vous It 
 
 ouvertes ? 
 H fait si chaud que nous tenons 
 
 toutes les fengtres ouvertes 
 Tenez la tete droite et les veux 
 
 ouverts. 
 
 I'ourquoi ne tenez-vous pas votre 
 
 pai'ole ? 
 Tenez compagnie a votre soeur • 
 ^ elle est malade. 
 Votre ami tient des propos bien 
 
 singuhers. 
 Voiis tenez d s discours bien 
 
 legers. 
 U coiileiir de votre drap tien- 
 
 dra-t-elle ? 
 hwi avez-vouH fait tenir ce livre? 
 A quoi vous en tiendrez-vous ? 
 Je men tiendrai a ce que j'ai 
 
 dit, "^ 
 
 Pourquoi se tient-il toujours de- 
 bout ? 
 
 L'inorddule s'en tiendra-t-il au ' 
 prtJsent, qui doit finir demain ? ! 
 Massillon. 
 
 room very clean. 
 Why do you keep the dows open ? 
 
 It i« 80 warm that we keep all 
 
 the windoios open. 
 Keep your head tipriyht and 
 
 your eyes open. 
 Why do yau not keep your word' 
 
 Stay with your sister; she is ill. 
 
 Your friend makes use of very 
 
 sin(fulur expressions. 
 You use very liyht lanymije. 
 
 Is the colour of your cloth fa^t f 
 
 Have you sent him that book ? 
 What will be your decision i 
 I shall abide hyxohati havesaid. 
 
 Why does h^ always remain 
 
 standing ? 
 Wi\the unbeliever be satisfied 
 
 mth the present, which is to end 
 
 to-morrow f 
 
 Exercise 175. 
 Cocher m. coacA Wirt „. Indigpos^, e. i,ulis 
 Behoxxt, standimj. jjosld ' ' ^ 
 
 dS'^.).*-^-^"'**''- J'?«°l«nt.e, insolent. 
 J)e pr6s, closely. Lieu, place. 
 
 hn dehors, out, out- Malade, ill. 
 
 i-i , . Parfaitement, per- 
 
 <'euH, m. pi. people. fectly. ^ 
 
 Pr^fer-er, 1. to prefer. 
 
 1. Quel hotel votre fr&re tient-il P 
 
 Recommand-er, 1. to 
 
 recommend. 
 Regard-er, 1. to look. 
 Rue, street. 
 Sav-oir, 3. ir. toknoiv. 
 » enrhumer, 1. ref. to 
 
 yet a cold. 
 Vie, life. 
 
 '2. II tient I'liotel dc 
 
 o. u. uo 111 on tiendrai u co que ie vous ni Hif t x- 
 BHvez-vous pas a quoi vous en tenir'p t riVrfaiteme^'nt 
 
213 
 
 h quoi m'en tenir. 9. Pourquoi vous tonez-vous debout P 10. 
 Parco ([uc nous ii'avons pas lo temps de nous asseoir. 11. 
 N'avez-vous point defondu a ces jeunes gons do tenir de tels 
 proposi' 12. Je lo lenr ai defendu. 13. Votrc cocher n'a-t-il 
 pas tcnu un langage bien insolent ? 14. N'avez-vous pas peur 
 do vous enrhumer, en tenant les portes ouvertesi- 15. Nous 
 prcf6rerions les tenir fermees. 16. Votre niaitre vous recom- 
 mandc-t-il dc tenir la ti>te droite ? 1". II me recommande 
 do tenir les pieds en dehors. 18. Pourquoi votre ami no vous 
 tient-il pas conipagnie ? 19. Sa sreur est indisposee ; il est 
 oblige de tester avee elle. 20. Votre oncle ne vous a-t-il pas 
 tenu lieu de perey 21. 11 m'a tenu lieu de pere ct de mere. 
 22. Regarderez-vous de plus pros a cette affaire ? 23. Non, 
 Monsieur; jo m'en tieudiai a ce quo j'cn sais. 24. Co medccin 
 ne tient-il pas a son opinion ? 25. II y tient plus qu'il ne ticnt 
 k la vie de ses malades. 
 
 EXEKCISE 176. 
 
 1. Does that gentleman keep open table ? 2. He keeps an 
 
 hotel in Paris. 3. Why do you keep the windows open 'r 4. 
 
 "Wo keep them open because wo are too warm. 5. Has not 
 
 j'our friend kept his word? 6, He has kept his word; ho 
 
 always keeps his word. 7. Have you not told your scholar to 
 
 keep his head upright ? 8. I have told him to keep his head 
 
 upright and his eyes open. 9. Why do you not stay with 
 
 3'our sister ? 10. Because I have promised to go to my cousin's 
 
 this morning. 1 1 . Have you forbidden your little boy to make 
 
 use of these expressions? 12. I have forbidden him. 13. 
 
 Does he make use of insolent language? 14. He does not. 
 
 16. What will be your decision ? 16. I will abide by what I 
 
 told your father. 17. Have you forwarded that money to vour 
 
 friend? 18. I have not yet forwarded it to him. 'l9. Will 
 
 you forward it to him to-morrow ? 20. I will forward it to 
 
 him if I have an opportunity. 21. Why do you not keep 
 
 standing ? 22. Because I am weary. 23. Do you think that 
 
 the colour of your coat is fast ? 24. I think that it is fast ; it 
 
 (f/le) appears very good. 25. Will you not look closely into 
 
 your brother's affairs ? 26. I shall not look closely into them. 
 
 27. I will be satisfied with your opinion. 28. Are you not 
 
 tenacious of your opinion ? 29, I am not too tenacious of it. 
 
 30. Does not your physician adhere too tenaciously to his 
 
 opinion ? 31. He adheres to it. 32. Does that lady hold your 
 
 mother's place ? 33. She is a mother to mo. 34. Our cousin 
 
 is a father to us. 35. That physician does not value the life 
 
 of his patient. 
 
 Section XCI. 
 
 1. The verb 6tre enters into a gi-eut many idioms besides 
 those which wo have already mentioned : — 6tre en retard, lo 
 be Idle, lo tarry ; 6tre en etat, h, mdme de, to he able to ; fitre en 
 peine de, to be uneasy about ; 4tre en vie, to be alive, to live ; 
 4tre en chemin pour, to be on the way to; dtre au fait, au 
 
 i n> 
 
 if 
 
 ■ ' r 
 
214 
 
 courant de, (o befmnilwr with ; 6tre h. la veille de, to be on the 
 eve oj ; etre de trop, to be umwcenmnj, to be in the tcai/ ; fitre 
 men avec, to be on yood terms n-ith ; fitre brouill6 avec. to be 
 on bad terms xvUh ; fitre aux prises avec, to be in open rupture, 
 qmrrd, or battle with; dtre d'avis. to be of opinionfscv. ' 
 
 J^JSnw) ^/'?*^^ '^'i f^'"^"',*- '^^' ^^' '^ "«^^ ''' t^^« «en«C Of 
 appartemr, to belong. It is also employed in the sense of to 
 
 behove, to bcconw In the latter sense, it takes generally the 
 preposition de hefore another verb :— ' 
 
 ^^ nrochpiv"' '^ ^"^ ^^'"^ '^^' ''^- '^'^ '^ ^^'^^"^ .'/'>« to cmt (jmJcc) 
 (<.^TtL ■ 1 reproaches npon him I 
 
 est a vous a parler. n /« your turn to speak. 
 
 3. Y dtre is often used for to be at home, to be in :— 
 Votre pere y est-il ? /« your father at horn I 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Are we mt in tlie ivay here ? 
 We are not on good terms with our 
 
 relations. 
 We are familiar with all that. 
 
 Ne sommes-nous pas de trop ici ? 
 Nous ne sommes pas bien avec 
 
 nos parents. 
 Nous sommes au courant de tout 
 
 cela. 
 Je suis a meme de satisfaire si sa 
 
 demande. 
 Nous sommes broiullds 
 
 Ma sujur est a la veille de se 
 
 marier. 
 Nous sommes d'avis que vous 
 
 alliez lui faire des excuses. 
 Oe n'est pas il lui de nous re- 
 
 procher notre bonte. 
 A qui est-ce d, lire ? 
 O'est & ma sceur a lire ce matin. 
 
 Cette maison est a lui et a moi. 
 Elle est a moi, elle est a lui. 
 Ces souliers ne sent pas a nous, 
 lis appartieunent k notre fr^re. 
 lis Im appartiennent. 
 Monsieur* n'y est pas. 
 Madame y est. 
 
 Achet-er, 1. to buj/i 
 Arriv-er, 1. to arrive. 
 
 I am able to satisfy his demand. 
 
 We are not on good terms, wc arc 
 
 at variance. 
 My sist€7' is on the eve of her 
 
 marriage. 
 It is our opinion that you slwuld 
 
 yo and apologise to him. 
 It does not become him to reproach 
 
 us with our kindness. 
 Whose turn is it to read ? 
 It is my sister's turn to read this 
 
 morning. 
 That house is his and mine. 
 It is mine, it is his. 
 These shoes are not ours. 
 They belong to our brother. 
 They belong to him. 
 TJie gentleman is not at home. 
 ' The lady is in. 
 EXEHCISE 177. 
 Gmvure, f. engraving. Part-ir, 2. ir. to start, 
 Hpte, m. host. set out. 
 
 ^ZX^'^''''''''^''''' I;;b''aire.m.6oote?;er. PropSkire, m. fond- 
 
 ponaent. Mois, m. ^notith. lord 
 
 Cramd-re, 4. ir. to /ear. Montre, f. watch. Pun-ir. 2 to nunish 
 
 Embr,u-er,(s'),l.ref. ^"«"-' ^^ ^^ fore. 
 
 to embark. 
 
 * Monsieur, Madame, uot followed by a name are^onp™ntr 
 understood to mean tbe master and n„«tr«sB 7t +i,„ h"t'„'*Jvl*'!!5i^"j^ 
 tne^muy , tiiey are «o used especia ' !y byVanl when "sS^ktog" toTseri 
 
 
216 
 
 24. Nous somnies ii 
 25. II y a longtempa 
 
 1. Y a-t-il longtcmps quo vous ctos brouillcs? 2. II y a 
 
 plus d'un mois que jo suis brouillo uvoc lui. 3. Votrc ami ost- 
 
 il cncoro en vio Y 4. Non, Monsieur, il y a dix ans qu'il est 
 
 niort. 5. Votrc corrospondant est-il en chemin pour Paris ? 
 
 6. Je crois qu'il doit etre arrive. 7. Ce jouno hommc n'est-il 
 
 pas en retard ? 8. Oui, Monsieur ; il no vicnt jamais a temps. 
 
 .). Cos gravures sont-elles a vous ou a votro libraire? 10. 
 
 J^llcs sent a moi ; je viens do les achoter. 11. No craignez- 
 
 vous pas d'etre de trop ici ? 12. Nous sommes trop bien avec 
 
 notre h(jte pour craindre cela. 13. A qui est-cc a aller chercher 
 
 leshvres? 14. C'est a moi a les aller chercher. 15. Est-ce ii 
 
 vous de le punir, quand il le merite? 16. C'est a moi do Ic 
 
 punir, car je lui tiens lieu de pcre. 17. Ces maisons n'appar- 
 
 ticnnent-elles pas a notre proprietaire r 18. Elles ne lui appar- 
 
 tiennent pas. 19. Elles sont a notre correspondant. 20. A 
 
 qui sont ces lettrcs l-- 21. Elles no sont point a moi, elles sont 
 
 a ma cousme. 22. Cette montre est a lui. 23. N'etes-vous 
 
 point a la veillo de partir pour liOndres ? 
 
 la veille de nous embarquer pour Cadix. 
 
 que nous sommes aux prises. 
 
 EXEKCISE 178. 
 
 1. Are you able to pay him ? 2. I am not able to pay him ; 
 i have not received my money. 3. Are you on good terms 
 -.vith your bookseller ? 4. I am not on good terms with him. 
 o. I am on bad terms with him. 6. How long have you been 
 on bad terms with him v 7. It is more than a month. 8. Aro 
 you not able to satisfy my friend's demand 'i 9. I am able to 
 satisfy it {d'lj sat isfcnrc) . 10. Are you on your way to Naples ? 
 11. No, .Sir; I am on my way to Rome. 12. Is not your phy- 
 sician on the eve of starting for Montpellier r 13. lie is on the 
 eve of starting for Paris. 14. Am I in tho way hero ? 15. No, 
 h-ir ; you are not in the way. 16. Whose turn is it to speak ? 
 17. It 18 my turn to speak and to read. 18. Is it my place 
 {ri moi) to make apologies to him-' 19. It is your brother's 
 place to apologise to him. 20. Docs it become you to punish 
 that child? 21. It behoves mo to punish him. 22. Do you 
 hold the place of a father towards him ? 23. I hold the place 
 of a father towards him. 24. Is that coat yours ? 25. No, Sir, 
 it is not mine ; it is my brother's. 26. Have you broken 
 openly with him ? 27. We have been quarelling two months. 
 28. Is not that large house yours ? 29. No, Sir, it is not mine ; 
 it IS my sister's. 30. Does it become your brother to reprwich 
 him with his kindness ? 31. It does not become him to do it. 
 32. Whose turn is it to go and fetch the books P 33. It is my 
 place to go and fetch them. 34. Is the gentleman in ? 35. 
 No, Sir, the gentleman is not in ; but the lady (of the house) 
 
 Sectiox XCII. 
 
 1. Avancer, retarder, coiTcspond to the English verbs toaaiu, 
 to lose, to put forward, to put back, in speaking of a watch or 
 
216 
 
 clock, &c The preposition de is placed before the word ex. 
 pressing the variation :— woru ex- 
 
 ^^heure"*'" ''^''"^^ *^'""' '^'™'- ^•^' "'^"'^ '' '"'^ an hour too 
 
 uiieme. too fast. 
 
 iri''?eurP ^""'^"^' '^'""' ^r' '''^" '•'"'■^' ^'«'/ "» /"""• 
 
 1, "'^""-'»«iire. forward. 
 
 ^^^^2.JIettre [4. ir.] k I'heure, means to set right, to put rUjht, to 
 
 Mettez cette montre a I'heure. Set tlmt xoatch rUjht. 
 
 3. S'accorder, to agne, is said also of clocks, watches, &c. 
 
 MiSfELLANEOrS EXAMPLES. 
 
 Votre montre va-t-elle bien ? 
 Ellc retarde d'une demi-heure 
 
 par jouir. 
 Elle :tvance d'lm quart d'heure 
 
 par scnaine. 
 Oe combien avance-t-elle ? 
 Je viens de mettre ma montre a 
 
 1 heivre. 
 Si votre montre retarde, pour- 
 
 quoi ne I'avancez-vous pab ? 
 Ma peiidule avuuce ; je viens de 
 
 la retarder. 
 Quelle heui-e est-il a votre 
 
 montre ? 
 Ma pendule sonne les heures et 
 
 les demies. 
 J'ai oublie de la monter (or re- 
 
 monter). 
 Votre montre est derangee. 
 Ti faudra la faire nettoyer, 
 
 I^ soimerie en est d«?rangee. 
 A otre pendule et ma montre ne 
 
 s accordent pas. 
 Les pendules a ressort vont 
 
 mieux que les jiendules a 
 
 poids. 
 li'horloge a sonne deux heures. 
 
 Does your watch go well '! 
 It loses half an hour a dag. 
 
 It gains a quarter of an hour a 
 
 week. 
 How much has it gnined ? 
 I have just set mgtmtch right. 
 
 If gour watch loses, whg do i/on 
 
 not set it forward.^ 
 Mg clock gains ; I have just set it 
 
 back. 
 What o'clock is it hg gour watch f 
 
 Mg clock strikes the hour and the 
 
 half hour. 
 I have forgotten to wind it uj). 
 
 Your watch is out of order. 
 
 It will be necessarg to hare it 
 
 cleaned. 
 The striking part is out of order. 
 Your clock and mg ivatch do not 
 
 agree. 
 Spring-clocks go better than 
 
 weight-clocks. 
 
 The clock hiis struck tivo. 
 Exercise 179. 
 Droit, e, straight. 
 
 aSv/."'/ "S ^l-oit, e, straight. Eessort (grand), m. 
 
 tolZ ^ ^' ' ''''^' ^"^t' *'' .'l"''^'^- main-irin.,. 
 
 BaknoW ,r, ., Af'J-^' '■'•"^^' '■'"'*"^^'- Secondes (montre h), 
 
 ddZ' ^ " ^I'^t/"V-"' r''"i"-"-. ^"atc'hioithascconc^^. 
 
 v^uJ l 4 I. Perfection,f./,cr/cc<!OH. hand. 
 
217 
 
 1. N'ayoz-vous pas une montre a repetition? 2. J'ai uiio 
 niontrc d'or a double boito. 3. Va-t-ello mieux nue h 
 Zr^ Ff"""' nova pas bien, elle retarde dW heuTopar 
 ^our. 6. Est-ce uno montre a secondes Y 6. C'est une nioutrc 
 
 l^^""t'Vn " '"^''" ^'r- 7- y^*'"^^ P^'"'^"!''" "- «onn" t-dle 
 pas. «. Elle ne sonno plus, le timbre en est casse. 9. Pour- 
 
 quoi CCS pendules ne s'accordent-elles pas h 10. Parce tiue 
 
 uuo avancc ct I'autre retarde. 1 1 . N'avk.vous point cass6"e 
 
 Snt ro«sort de votre montre h 1 2. Je I'ai oasse^en la rron' 
 
 tant. 13. Votrc pendule est-olle juste !- 14. Qui, Monsieur- 
 
 c ttfLfi 1 ' ^'rr ?^ ^'^ ^?"'^ ''^'''•- ''^- La BonneSe do 
 v.^nl^ f w-^t^^^'' derangcer' 16. La sonnerie en est do- 
 langeo et lo tmibre en est fele. 17. La petite aiguille de n a 
 montre plate est cassee. 18. Le balancier de votrc pend 
 n est pas droit. 19. De combien votre pendule avance-t X t 
 -u. Elle avance de cinq minutes par jour. 21. La perfection 
 d une pendule n'est pas d'allel- vile, mais d'ct're rc^^^e 
 (UhiJiLLL). 22. Votre montre s'arrete.t-eUc souvc^it ■- 
 
 an-cli " "' "''*'°"- -*• ^'"^'"'^ l^*''^^"!^' «'^'«t 
 
 Exercise 180. 
 1. Does your watch gain or lose.^ 2. It does not lose; it 
 goes veiy well. 3. It loses twonty-five minutes a day. 4. Docs 
 nri.'i^^ ^'''"'"'"^^'- f; It f^'^™ one hour a week. 6. IW 
 
 loses one hour m {en) twenty-four {/w>nrs). 8. I have put it 
 orward one hour. 9. I will put it back half an hour 1( 
 Docs not your clock strike the half-hour h 11. ^o, Sir [ 
 only strikes the hour. 12. Have you forgotten to wind 'n 
 
 srnnoTlr'T ''• I ^"^'« f«rgott4 to wiSd it up, and i 1 ,^ 
 stopped. 14._ Is your silver watch out of order P 15. It is out 
 ot order, and it wiU be necessary to have it cleaned. 1 6. What 
 
 ■^' "f V' I* -^ ^'-"^ '^'''^'^- ^7- It i« three o'clock by my 
 Mtch; but it gams. 18. How much does it gain a wcJk^ 
 
 1 ght.'' 21. No, bir; it is not right; it is out of order. ''2 
 Does your clock strike right? 23. It does not strike Hghf" 
 the striking part is out of order. 24. Have you brokei tl c 
 
 twelve 28 tJ r *^f' '^'^ struck three ? 27. It has struck 
 SO if"^. \ T '^''PP^'^- 29- Does it stop everv morning ? 
 30. It does not stop every morning; it stops every evening. 
 31.1 our watch does not agree with mine. 32. Have vou not 
 broken the mam-spring of your brother's watch ? 33. He has 
 
 hethad'^-r l'''^'"^. '^ ?• 't- ^fy ^''^^'''' ^^tch is rig 
 not ifo-hf ,• r ^"'^ T*^ regulated. 35. My sister's watdi i 
 not light ; It requires cleaning. 
 
 Section XCIII. 
 1. Se d^mettre [4. ir.] le bras, le poignet. corresponds to tbr 
 LngliBh expression to d^^locute omh «mr^W./, J^jKl'* am 
 
'''v.. 
 
 218 
 
 out of Joint. In this sonso ae d^mettre takes no proposition 
 boforo its object, the reflective pronoun being a dative :— 
 Jo mc Huis demis I'cpaiile. / have didomted iiii/ xhoiddcr. 
 
 2. Se d^mettre, used in the sense of (o renUj)!, to give /tp, 
 takes the preposition de before its oT)ject : — 
 
 II s'est (Mrnis de sa place. He has retii<jmd his place. 
 
 3. S'emparer, to seize, to lay hold of, takes de before its 
 object : — 
 
 II s'est empar^ de ce chapeau. He seized upon his hat. 
 
 4 S'empficher, to prevent one's self, to forbear, to help, takes 
 de before another verb : — 
 
 Je no puis m'empeclier do rire. / cannot kelp lauyhinr), 
 Jo lie puis m'eu ompecher. / cannot help doing so\ 
 
 o. a'inqui^ter answers to the English expression, to be or 
 becoMc uneasy, to trouble one's self; it takes de before its object, 
 be this object noun, pronoun, or verb : — 
 Jo ne m'inquiete pas de cela. / am not uneasy about that. 
 
 6. Se comporter answers to the expressions to behave, to 
 deport one's self. 
 
 7. S'attendre means to await, to expect. It takes k before its 
 object: — 
 
 Je ne m attondais pas a cela. I did not expect that. 
 
 Jc uo m y attendais pas. / did not expect it. 
 
 MiSCELLA.VEOUS ExAMl'I-ES. 
 
 Vous utes-vous demis I'epaule ? 
 
 Je luc la siiis demise [Sect. 45, 
 
 2, § 1301. 
 Cette demoiselle s'est demis le 
 
 poignet. 
 Qui le lui a remis ? 
 Le Dr. L. a remis I'epaule ii ma 
 
 siBur. 
 Vous etes-vous demis de votre 
 
 place ? 
 Je m'en suis demis [§ 131, 11]. 
 Nous ne pouvions nous emnecher 
 
 de sourire pendant co recit. 
 Vous 6fces-vous empare de ee 
 
 livre ? 
 Je m'en suis empare. 
 De (pioi vous inquietez-vous ? 
 
 Je ne m'inqui^te de rien. 
 Comment ce jeune homme se 
 
 comporte-t-il ? 
 II se comporte comme il faut. 
 Je ne iii'attciida.is pas a uno 
 
 telle r^ponse. 
 Je pe m'y attendais nullement. 
 
 Have you dislocated your shoul- 
 der I 
 I dislocated it. 
 
 That younij lady dislocated her 
 
 im'ist. 
 IVho set it for her I 
 I>r. L. set my sister's shoulder. 
 
 Have you resigned your situa- 
 tion l 
 
 I have resigned it. 
 
 We could not help smiling during 
 that narration. 
 
 Have you seized tluit book / 
 
 / laid hold of it. 
 
 What do you trouble yourself 
 
 about ? 
 I trouble myself about nothing. 
 How doc^ that young man bc- 
 
 ha ve ! 
 He behaves properly. 
 I did not expect such an answer. 
 
 I did not expect it by any mea/na. 
 
219 
 
 Exercise 181. 
 
 A I'avenir, in future. Gauclie, left. Part f part 
 
 Bras, m. arm. Mieux, better. ravs'an m lua^nnt 
 
 Cass-er, 1. to hreak. Monde (tout le). even,- rS"'f >S 
 
 Droit, e, ,y,<. iod,,. fS.'jour, m. .s^^/ ' 
 
 Diirunt, durm{, Oblige, ohlujed. Tn.itement, ni. tr,„(. 
 
 Ecntoire,f. //M'.s^o)</. J'areil, le, s/wiVrtj-, ment 
 
 Ennemi, m. r«rw//. .v/^rA. \\\\e, f. c/Y*/. 
 
 1. Ne vous t'tiez-vous pas domis lo Imis r 2. Je no mo 
 1 ot.'us pas di'mis; jo me rc-tais oasso. 3. Si vous alliez on 
 Amenquo, vous demottriez-vous do votro placed 4. .lo soruis 
 obhge do m en demettre. 5. Y a-t-il longtomps quo votro 
 cousin s est demis do la sienne P 6. II y a un niois qu'il s'en 
 est (leinis. /. L'onnomi s'est-il emparo do la villo '^ 8 II 
 son est ompare <). Votro fils so comportcra-t-il micux a 
 lavenir .- 10. II s est tres bien eomporte durant son sojour en 
 
 '^T' ,„ V ^°"* attendiez-vous u un pareil traitement do sa 
 part i 12. Jo ne m'y attendais pas. 13. A quoi vous atton- 
 dioz-vous.-' 14. Jo m'attendais a etre tiaite comme il faut. 
 lo. 1 oiirquoi vous etes-vous moquc do lui f IG. Faroo quo io 
 n ai pu m'en empecher. 17. Si vous ]aia.siez votro ecritoiro ic'i' 
 le paysan 8 en emparerait-il ? 18. Tl s'en emparcrait certain.'! 
 mont. 19. \otro associe sc comporte-t-il bien envers vous » 
 ^0. n se comporte bien envers tout le monde 21 Qui -i 
 remis lo poignet a votro scour ? 22. Lo Dr. G. le lui a romis. 
 2.i. M. votro pere ne s'est-il pas demis lo bras droit co matin ? 
 
 heures"*^ ^'^ "^^^ '^^"^'^ ' ^^ ^^ ^'*^^* ^^^^ ^^ '"'**'" "^ ""^ 
 
 Exercise 182. 
 1. Has not Dr. L. resigned Lis place? 2. He has not re- 
 signed It. 3. Ho would resign it if he went to Germany 4 
 Are you obliged to resign your place ? 5. I am not obliftod to 
 resign it. 6. Has your cousin dislocated his arm I- 7 He his 
 not dislocated his arm, but his shoulder. 8. AVho set it for 
 hini h 9 Doctor F. set it for him. 10. Has not vour mother 
 dislocated her wnst ? 11. She has not dislocated her wrist • 
 she has broken her am,. 12. Has the enemy seized the 
 townr 13. The enemy has seized the town. 14, Will not 
 some one lay hold of your hat, if you leave it hero F l,'. 
 Some one will lay hold of it. 16. How has your son behaved 
 this morning .-- 17. He behaved very weU. 18. He always 
 behaves properly. 19. Do you not trouble yourself uselessly 
 [wHtthment) •( 20. I do not trouble myself at all Idu tout), n 
 Did you expect such treatment from {de la part de) your son » 
 22. I dia not expect such treatment from him ide sn part) 
 
 it "Vu ^ t 1* ^'^"'^^ ^'^^y ^^^^'^^^ ^^^ tow.'^.rds her mother P 
 ^4. tehe behaves well towards everybody. 25 Will vou 
 behave better in future ? 26. We will behave well 27 
 Have vou broken yonr finger (doifft) ? 28. I have broken my 
 thumb (poue,:) 29. Could you help going to sleep {de dornnr)? 
 30. We could not help smilmg. 31. My sisters could not help 
 
220 
 
 laughing. 32. Why are you uneasy? 33. Bccmae (parce nue) 
 my son (loos not behavo well. 34. Did your father expect to 
 ;';; Y,'r" ^^V^^f^" =^''- IIo expected to T)o treated properlv. 
 •JO. We did not expect such an answer. " 
 
 Skctio.v XC'IV. 
 
 1. N'importe, an ellipsis of il n'importe, answers to the 
 I'.nghsh cxproHsion " ,m nxittry:' it does „ot matter, >m<er nnml .•— 
 
 ^ k" ud "*^* "" ^'^^'^' "'""»'"'"**' ^''"''' '"^ « ^'"'l^' "« »"«"<■'• which. 
 
 2. Qu'importe 7 answers to tho English phrase what matter * 
 MhatdnesU matter f When that expression is followed by a 
 plural subject, the verb importer is put in the plural :— 
 
 Que nous importcnt leurs mur- What do wc rare /.'• their mirmurt f 
 mures? imtua, 
 
 3. N'oBt-cepas? corresponds to tho English expressions i.i 
 If not ? IS he not » S;c., do they mt ? following an assertion :— 
 
 II fait froid ; n'est-ce pas ? It is cofd ; is it not ? 
 
 4. N'est-ce pas? frequently precedes the assertion, and is 
 then lollowed by que :— 
 
 o. Regarder, to look at, is used in the sense of to concern : 
 
 Cela regarde votre frere. That concerns your brother. 
 
 G. En youloir (3. ir.) k quelqu'un, k quelque chose, means 
 
 to have a design against or upon ; a grudge against any one : to be 
 
 angry with any one on account of something :— 
 
 II en veut il notre vie. He has a design against our life. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Pourvu que vous veniez, n'im 
 porte par quel cliemin. 
 
 Tourvu qu'il le fasse, n'importe 
 comment. 
 
 Apportez-moi quelque chose, 
 n'importe quoi. 
 
 J'eii mourrai ; n'importe. 
 
 II n'est pas satisfait ; qu'im- 
 porte ? 
 
 II refuse nos presents ; qu'im- 
 porte ? 
 
 Que nous importe cette affaire ? 
 
 Que vous importe son arrivee ? 
 
 Vous viendrez ; n'est-ce pas ? ) 
 
 N'est-ce pas que vous viendrez? j 
 
 Est-ce que cela me regarde ? 
 
 Cela ne regarde personne. 
 
 II en veut a nos biens. 
 n en veut jl nos amis. 
 
 Cela vous regarde-t-il ? 
 
 Provided yon come, no matter 
 
 which way. 
 Provided he does it, no mattei' 
 
 how. 
 Bring me somethiw/, no matter 
 
 what. 
 I shall die through it ; no matter. 
 He is not satt\fied with it; what 
 
 matters it .? 
 He refuses our presents ; what 
 
 does it matter / 
 What do ice care for that affair ? 
 What is his arrival to us ?' 
 
 You will come; ivill you not ? 
 
 Does that concern mc? Is that 
 
 anything to me ? 
 That concerns nobody. That is 
 
 nobody^s bu3ines.t. 
 Hehasadesignuponourpi'opei-tn. 
 He has a grudge against our 
 
 friends. 
 Is that your business ? 
 
221 
 
 ExEucisE 183. 
 
 Acconl-er, 1. to gravt Hasard, m. chnnce. Pouv-oir, ;i ir to he 
 Approuv-er, 1. to «/»- Loin, far. able. 
 
 . Vf"w. Mo<iu-er (hc), 1. rcf. to Sang, m. hhwd. 
 
 Auteur, m. author. huujh at. V'a, from, aller. to no. 
 
 J.ioii, rcrii. M.\wm\\rc,m. murmur. Velours, m. n/nl'. 
 
 tomhimnw,]. to rn>i- l\nx, I itdr. A'ors-er, 1. to pour, 
 
 '''"'"• riainte, f. complaint. nhed. 
 
 Domaiide, f. nqunt. Vil, e, vile. 
 
 1. Quo vous iipportorai-j.i do Loiidros? 2. Apportoz-nous 
 CO quo vous poumz, n'iniporto quoi. 3. Lui avcz-vous dit 
 d appoiter du veloius :- 4. Ji} lui ai dit d'on apportor, n'importo 
 dc quollo qualite. T). Pourvu quo quoUpi'un vicnne, n'importo 
 qui. G. Quo ni'iuiporto qu'Arnau<l m'npprouvo on mo oon- 
 darnno? (Boilkai.) 7. Vouh acoordo-t-il votro domando i' 
 H. Ilrofuso; qu'importo :- <). Est-il satisfait dos oft'orts quo 
 vous avoz faits-' 10. [1 u'on ost pas sjitisfait ; qu'importo H 
 11. n n'a i)as voulu nous roccvoir ; pou m'importe. 12. Qu'im- 
 portont los plaint(^s ot los mm-mures des autours, si lo publio 
 s'cn moquc:- (Feraid.) 13. (iu'importe qu'au hasard un 
 sang vii soit vorse r* (Racine.) 11. Cola vous rogardo ; n'ost- 
 copas-' 1'), Cola no me regarde pas. 16. Cela no rogardo 
 quo moi. 17. Vous Icur avez dit quo ces affaires no los rogar- 
 daiont pas; n'ost-ce pas? 18. Vous m'en vouloz; n'cst-ce 
 pas?— N'lmporte. 19. A qui en voulcz-vous ? 20. Nous 
 n'cn voulons k pcrsonne. 21. Nous ne vous en voulons pas. 
 22. Vous m'on voudroz ; n'est-co pas ? 23. En vouloz-vous a 
 la vie do votre ami ? 24. Je n'en veux pas u sa vie. 25. H 
 m'on vent; qu'importo? 26. Va, Cesar est bien loin d'en 
 vouloir a sa vio ! (Voltaike.) 
 
 ExEiiciSE 184. 
 
 1. "Which way will your brother come ? 2. Provided he 
 comes to-morrow, it does not matter which way. 3. Will he 
 write to your brother ? 4. He will not write to him ; but it is 
 no matter. 5. Will you not lend me a book ? 6. Which 
 book do you wish to have ? 7. No matter which. 8. Shall I 
 bnng you some silk from Paris ? 9. Bring mo what you can ; 
 no matter what. 10. Does that concern your brother? 11. 
 That does not concern him, but it concerns me. 12. Does he 
 refuse to write to us ? 13. He refuses to {de) write ; but what 
 does it matter ? 14. Bring me a book, no matter which. 15. 
 Your brother will come, will he not ? 16. Has he been willing 
 to receive your brother? 17. He has refused to receive him, 
 but no matter. 18. He is pleased, is he not ? 19. He is not 
 pleased, but it is no matter. 20. Is that your business? 21. 
 It is my business. 22. It is my brother's business. 23. I 
 have told you that it is nobody's business. 24. Has that man 
 a design against ynuv father's life ? 25. lie has no duslgii 
 agamst his life ; but he has a design upon his property. 26. 
 Are you angry with us on that account ? 27. I am not angrj' 
 
222 
 
 2?Vh?vf°n *^''- ,^®'- ^"y' y^u" * ^ "^«« *««'"«* "--y Wends P 
 does It not I' 31.1 hilt concorns mc . 32. Is that your l.UHiuosH v 
 3. .1. :» vory warm this morning; is it not? 34 Mv «iHfor 
 W.11 como this afternoon ; will sho^not? 3^ If 'he doos not 
 come, It doos not mattor. 30. What is her coming to us? 
 
 Section XCV. 
 1. Tho word monde, worM, is often ...sod in French 'n a ro 
 
 ^IVgHseV'''''""''"'' '^^ '"""'^'^ ^ Wcrethcre manm^ot^catchmrh ? 
 Se mettcint .\ la t.Ue de son Phichvjhimilf <athc head of hU 
 
 cedeg^r^ an, put in tho >;».um., -while those whicr^X it 
 must bo m tho maaculinc gender :— "^ 
 
 ^mondl^"' meilleures gens du Th^yjre the best people in the 
 
 Ces gens sont fort dangereux. ThZ people are very danyerouj 
 
 Tous j^8 gens-ia ^t^ient^Hs chre- Wa-e all those people Chri»tiam? 
 
 wwT^ ^""""^^ ^°''*' *«K.«1»»«1' certain, are put in the feminine 
 Jn^ii r ^''''v \".™«?'«tely the word geM. or are sopam od 
 fSneL ^^ ^"'^''^ ^''''''''^'' '^^^'""""t termination in the 
 
 "^TonrvfsTff^retv'^'Lctf'^ W'^'rt i^o/^. ar. j/ou / fT^, ^ 
 Queues bonnes gens ! What r/ood people / 
 
 However, when tout, although immediately preceding gens 
 mlscuHne:-""'' "''''"^°' ^""^ °'' *" ««°«' ^*^« "^ed^^in 5.e 
 
 Ces momes, tous gens de sant<5 
 robuste. 
 
 Those monks, all of them mm of 
 robust health. 
 
 Apris s'etre fait craindrede tout 
 Je monde, il craignit tout le 
 monde aussi. Flechikk. 
 
 II dit du mal de tout le monde. 
 
 MlSCELlANEOUa EXAMPLES. 
 
 After harhui inspired evei'pbudy 
 with fear, he feared everybody. 
 
 He slander's everybody. 
 
 I 
 
 ' 
 
828 
 
 
 Tout le mondo le dit. 
 Avoz-vous (imeud beaucoup de 
 
 ninnilo ? 
 Lo inonilo u'est paH encore arriv^. 
 II n'y iivait pas grand monde. 
 II y a (111 niondo avec lui. 
 II a cungi'Hli(' torn ion monde. 
 
 Co capitaino a tout son monde. 
 Voilil do HotteH gens. 
 II s'arreto chez lea premieres 
 bonnes gensqu'il trout'o. 
 
 BOISTE. 
 
 II y a i\ la villo, comme ailleura, 
 do fort sottes gens, dea gena 
 fades, oiaifa, d^soccupes. 
 
 La BruyIire. 
 
 Quels bravea gena ! 
 
 Quellea viles et inecbantea «en8 ! 
 
 Everi/bofl/i mt/s so. 
 
 Have i/oii broiiyht many txoplc t 
 
 Thcromiwn)! in not >/it romr. 
 There were nut man// jteople there, 
 Th(re in .loine jKrmnii with him. 
 He has iliHcharntd all his strvanta 
 
 {people). 
 That eaptain has all his crew. 
 Those arc foolish iKO}Ae, 
 He stops with the first yood pco/)le 
 
 that he finds. 
 
 There arc in the city, as clsetnhere, 
 re>\i/ silli/ jwople, tedious, idle, 
 nncmployed people. 
 
 What xim'thy people I 
 
 What vile and wicked people I 
 
 Accommod-er (s'), 1. 
 
 ref. to put up with, 
 
 to ai/rce with. 
 Attend-re, 4. to await, 
 
 to expect, 
 Bord (il), on board, 
 Campagne, f. country, 
 Demeler, 1. to settle, 
 
 arrange. 
 Dtis (jue, as soon as. 
 
 Exercise 185. 
 
 Equipage, m. crew, 
 Eveili-er, 1. to atoake. 
 Gens de lettrea, men 
 
 of letters, 
 Gena d'^p^o, military 
 
 men. 
 Gena de robe, lawyers. 
 Patron, m. patron 
 
 saint. 
 Perd-re, 4. to lose. 
 
 Eaaaembl-er, l,to bring 
 
 together, 
 Revenir, 2. ir. to re- 
 turn 
 Salon, m. drawing- 
 room, 
 Serv-ir, 2. ir. to serve, 
 Torre, f. land, shore. 
 Voyager, 1. [§ 49J to 
 travel. 
 
 1. Avez-vous rassorable beaucoup de mondo chez vous ? 
 2. II n'ost vcnu que peu de monde. 3. A quelle heuro 
 servira-t-on le diner aujourd'hui ? 4. On le scrvira des quo 
 notro monde sera venu. 5. Le capitaine a-t-il tout son equipage 
 u bord ? 6. Non, Monsieur, il a envoye du monde a terre. 7. 
 Vos gens so 16vent-il8 de bonne heure ? 8. II faut que tous los 
 jours j'eveille tout mon monde (Molieue). 9. Lea Moscovites 
 perdirent trois fois plus de monde que les Suedois (Voltaire). 
 10. OCi est Madame votre m&re? 11. EUe est dans le salon, 
 il y a du monde avec elle {company). 12. Tout le monde pent 
 voyager comme moi (X. de Maistre). 13. Ainsi va le monde. 
 14. Ello attend pour quitter le monde, que le monde I'ait 
 quitteo (FlicHiER). 15. Vos gens sont-ils revenus de la cam- 
 pagne ? 16. Nous attendons nos gens aujourd'hui. 17. Y 
 a-t-il ici une societe de gens de lettres? 18. Xon, Monsieur; 
 il n y a qu'unc societe de gens de robe. 19. Connaissez-vous 
 ces toves gens? 20. Je crois que ce sent des gens d'epee. 
 21. Tels sont les gens aujourd'hui. 22. Telles gens, tels 
 patrons (La Bruyere). 23. Touamea gens sent malades. 24. 
 II faut savoJr s'accominoder de toutes gens (L'AcademibJ . 25. 
 Que pouvez-vous avoir k demSler avec de telles gens ? 
 
 a* 
 
224 
 
 ' ExEucisE 186. 
 1. Aro thoro many pooplo at your brotlior'a P 2. Thoro are 
 
 everybody h 4 Ho slanders nobody. 5. lluvo vou brouirhf 
 many poop e w.th you > 6. We hato brought buK^w pSj 
 with us. 7. Is thoro company with your mother P 8. Thoro is 
 
 body 'srr '"i ^■ iH th "^'^ '"" ''''' >'"" *^"^ • ^"^ ^'"y- 
 
 is not^.p? ^'L . i ■, TT^*" company (;omo P 1 2. Tho company 
 \(wnusti,jtm)f 14. Slio has distliargcd all hor ix-onle 1« 
 iJo you know thoHo people P 16. I know them^xTy we 11 
 they aro very worthy people. 17. When he travels h^. 2^ 
 always with good people. 18. Are there foolis^plph' here 
 
 9. rherearelool.8hpeoploevorywhore(;>«,/o«0. 20. Do you 
 awake your people every morning P 21. Yes Sir 1 „m«f 
 
 awako them every day. '22. What can your bro her' have t^^^ 
 
 v1 rl4*'rerr2''^- ''• They-ctLbestToile inti: 
 Jwri,,,.: ^^''^« /hero many people at church this morning P 
 
 m V ^7 v""' °«* """',7 P^'^P^'^ *h«^«- 26. Aro your pcofc 
 
 fo^x^p^Shom^hi^^evr^^^^^^^ -• 
 
 Has^your captain all his crew P 36. He\as ai h^s c;ew on 
 
 Hection XCVI. 
 
 ,n«V„T^^*'"Pw?'"^'^i''' possession is affirmed of things inani- 
 mate, the relation of possession is expressed by the relativo 
 pronoun en when tho thing possessed is not in th^. same cW 
 as the inanimate possessor [§ 92 (5)] :_ i-ittusv 
 
 2. When however, the inanimate possessor and the thine noa- 
 sessed are m the same clause, the Joesessive adjective if S 
 
 Cet arbre a perdu son fruit. That tree has h,., its fruit. 
 
 3. Entendre, to hear, is used in the sense of to understand 
 It IS also used reflectively. It means then, to be uZZTdt'o 
 
 iS7i alTo rf °' T '''''"''''I''' '' "^'•''^ «''''' -- -2- 
 It means also, to be expert m anything. In this latter sense if 
 
 takes 4 before its object, which ma/ be replaced lytheTro* 
 
 «/ ' 
 
 CeKeSSend'"''''"''"'^ ''^" ' ^r ^^ ^'"' uv^-»ta>.l that ? 
 E a'lnft^l « ■ ^^' ^ understood. 
 
 n 8 entend aux affaires. ffe is expert in business. 
 
 »etj understood, t;;^^'a:7r^fke^dt^''° ' '" ''"'' '"''' 
 
225 
 
 NouH nous sommcs fait enteiulre. Tf'e made ouriehm understood, 
 
 or heard. 
 
 /). Ta^e [4. ir.l means, to conceal, to keep to one's self. Be 
 taire, icf., to be nUent. y »» 
 
 Taisoz-voua. TaiHons-nous. Be silent {hold your tongue). 
 
 T^.. , . , . I^et IIS he sifent. 
 
 Dites-lui de se taire. Tetl him to be silent. 
 
 MiSCELLANKOlH ExAMI>I-E,S. 
 
 L'auteur d'un bienfait est celui 
 qui on re^oit les i)1uh doux 
 fruits. DrcLOH. 
 
 V otre jardin est magnificiue ; les 
 arbres en sont superbeH. 
 
 La vie a ses plaisirH ct ses peines. 
 
 L'etude a ses charmes. 
 Entendez-vouH bien le latin? 
 C-Vt avouo n'entend rieu aux 
 
 atf aires, 
 II ne sy entend pas, 
 
 The author of a {uml deed is the 
 
 one who receives its sweetest 
 
 fruits. 
 Your garden is maf/i ent ; its 
 
 trees are rerii ImuitijUI. 
 Life has its j)le(isur'cs and its 
 
 troubles. 
 Stud II has its eh arms. 
 Do t/oii V ndi-rst*! nd Latin wiU ( 
 That attorniji has no knov'hdije 
 
 of business. 
 He is not expert in th ix. 
 
 f I . '. , , » — , , **<. in II,,,, i.Ajnri- til III in. 
 
 Je lui ai donn6 a entendre qu'il ! I (jaee him to undersUind that he 
 
 6tait do trop ici. 
 
 Su'entendez-vous par \k ? 
 y^ avait tant de bruit, que nous 
 n'avons punousfaire entendre. 
 Taisez le ])remier, ce que vous 
 
 voulez qu'ou taise. 
 Pourquoi ne vous taisez-vous 
 
 pas ? 
 Nous Tavons fait taire. 
 
 teas in the vmi hei'e. 
 What <l„ I/,'; ,„,,./( bi/ that ? 
 Their so much noise, that toe 
 
 eouiU not makt ourselves heard. 
 K"p to yourself that which i/ou 
 
 would wish others to kee2) secret. 
 iVhy are you not silent I 
 
 \ We made him hold his tongue 
 {silenced him). 
 
 AgriSment, m. plea 
 
 sure. 
 Avantage, m. advan 
 
 tage. 
 
 ExEUciSE 187. 
 Clirurgien, m. sur- Manche, f. sleeve. 
 
 ,!"'"^'\. Mel-er, 1. to mix. 
 
 (.ousent-ir, 2. ir. to Muet, te, dumb, mute 
 
 p • * , . . ^ « eonseiit. rays, m. countri/. 
 
 JMsque, f. skirt of a Court, e, short. Kaison, f. reason. 
 
 coat. ¥oTce,i. force, power. Hiuaa-ir, 2. to succeed 
 
 Brsive, tcoHhy. Fori-, rery. ' ■ i,<j amieea. 
 
 1 . Est-ce un ha 1 > it neuf que votre fils porlo ? 2. C'cst un habit 
 neuf, le drap en est tr&s fin. 3. Les manches n'on sont-olh^H 
 pas trop courtes r 4. Jo crois que les manches on sont troi) 
 courtes et les basques trop longues. 5. La campagno n'a-t-oU.. 
 pas ses avantages? 6. J'aimo la campagne; j'en connais les 
 avantagea. /. Pans a ses agrcmcnts. 8. J'aime Paris ; iVn 
 connais les agrements. 9. Co chirurgion s'entond-il S la 
 medecme? 10. II n'y entend rien du tout. 11. I-Intendra- 
 vous la medecnie. 12. Jo ne m'y entends pas, 13. Jo ne 
 lentends pas. 14. Jo n'v optonda n'nT, 15 ;\,.„„ ^,^„g 
 reussi a vous fairo entendro ? 16, Nous n'y avons pas rfiussi. 
 17. Mon voism est un bra\o homme, et je m'entends fort bien 
 avec lui. 18. Faire taire certaines gens est un plus grand 
 
226 
 
 1. Have you a very good garden ? 2. 
 one, but its soil {terre, f. ) is not good. 
 
 miracle que de faire parler les muets (Balzac). 19. Savez- 
 V0U8 de quel pays est cet homme P 20. II tait gon pays et sa 
 naissance. 21. Par la force de la raison, elle apprit I'art de 
 parler et do se taire (Flechier), 22. Voulez-vous vous taire, 
 impertinente, vous venez tou jours meler vos impertinences k 
 toutos choses (Molieke). 23. Qui se tait consent CVkovbuu). 
 
 Exercise 188. 
 
 We have a very largo 
 
 , , o 3. Is your brother's 
 
 coat new ? 4. He has a new coat, but its sleeves are too short. 
 5, Are not its skirts too long ? 6. No, Sir ; its skirts are too 
 short. 7. Have you not heard that preacher {predicateur) ? 
 8. There was so much noise, that I could not hear him. 9. 
 Does not the country have its pleasures ? 10. The country 
 has its pleasures. 11. Does not your brother like the city? 
 12. He likes the country ; he knows its pleasures. 13. What 
 does your brother mean by that ? 14. He means what he says. 
 15. Is your father expoit in business ? 16. My father has no 
 knowledge of business. 17. Does that young man understand 
 English well ? 18. He understands French and English very 
 well. 19. Do you agree well with your partner ? 20. My 
 partner is an honest man [§ 86] ; I agree very well with him. 
 21. Does that young man conceal his age ? 22. He conceals 
 his age and his country. 23. Does your father understand 
 medicine? 24. He does not understand it. 25. He has no 
 knowledge of it. 26. Be silent, my child. 27. Tell that child 
 to be silent. 28. Silence gives consent. 29. Will you not be 
 silent? 30. What have you given him to understand ? 31. 
 We gave him to understand that study has its charms. 32. 
 Have you silenced him ? 33. Yes, Sir ; we silenced him. 34. 
 Tell him to be silent. 35. I have already (dejd) told him to be 
 silent. 36. Let us be silent. 
 
 Section XCVII. 
 the present participle. — the verbal adjective. 
 
 1. The present participle is invariable, and ends always in 
 ant. It expresses action, not situation. It cannot be rendered 
 into English by an adjective, but should be expressed by the 
 participle present or any other tense preceded by a relative 
 pronoua The present participle may have an obj ect [ § 66(1)]. 
 
 Those men, foreseeing the danger, 
 fied. 
 
 2. The part of the verb used after the preposition en, is al- 
 ways the present participle : — 
 
 En ^crivant, en lisant. In loriting, in reading. 
 
 3. When the word ending in ant is used to express the 
 qualities, propurtios, or moral or physical situation of a noun, 
 it is tt verbal adjective, and assumes in its termination the 
 
 Ces hommes, pr^voyant le danger, 
 s'enfuirent. 
 
227 
 
 gender and number of the noun which it qualifies. It must in 
 this case be rendered into English by an adjective [§ 66 (2)] :— 
 
 Ces hommes sont pr^voyants. Those 'men a ^e cautious, provident. 
 4. The verbs entendre, to hear ; faire, to cause, to make ; 
 laiBser. to let, Sec, followed by another verb completing their 
 meaning, are not in French separated from that verb. In the 
 corresponding sentences in English, the two verbs are usually 
 separated by other words :— 
 
 J'ai laiss^ tomber men couteau. 
 J'ai entendu dire cela. 
 
 I have let my knife fall {dropped). 
 I have heard that said. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Je coimais despersonnes dormant 
 d'un sommeU si prof end, que le 
 bruit de la foudre ne les r^- 
 veillerait pas. Bescheb. 
 
 Les eaux dormantes sont meil- 
 leureb pour les chevaux que les 
 eaux vives. Bub'B^on. 
 
 Nous avons trouv^ cette femme 
 mourante. 
 
 Cette femme mourant dans la 
 crainte de Dieu, ne craignait 
 point la mort. 
 
 On est heureux en se oontentant 
 de peu. 
 
 Avez-yous laiss*^ passer oe voleur ? 
 
 Je I'ai lais86 passer. 
 
 Pourquoi avez-vous fait faire un 
 habit ? 
 
 Je n'ai pas fait faire d'habit. 
 
 J'ai laiss^ tomber quelque chose. 
 
 Lui avez-vous entendu dire cela ? 
 
 Je le lui ai entendu dire. 
 
 Je I'ai entendu dire. 
 
 Je I'ai entendu dire d ma soeur. 
 
 / know pm'som, sleeping (who 
 sleep) so profoundly, that the 
 noise of thunder tcould not 
 avxike them. 
 
 Sleeping (still) waters are better 
 for horses than running waters. 
 
 We found that woman dying. 
 
 That woman, dying in the fear of 
 God, did not fear death. 
 
 One is happy in contenting one's 
 
 self with little. 
 Have you let that thief pass) 
 I let him pass. 
 Why have you had a coat made ? 
 
 I have had no coat made. 
 
 I let something fall. 
 
 Have you lieard him say that ? 
 
 / heard him say it. 
 
 I heard it said. 
 
 I heard my siste)' say it. 
 
 Appliqu-er (s'), l.ref. 
 
 to apply one's self. 
 Besoin, m. want. 
 Changement, m.alter- 
 
 ation. 
 
 Exercise 189. 
 Essay-er, 1. to try. 
 
 Vri\en&nt, e, obliging, 
 Hat-er (se), 1. ref. to Pr^ven-ir, 2. ir. to an- 
 
 hasten. ticipate. 
 
 Lecture, f. reading. R^p^-er, 1. to repeat. 
 . Obligeant, e, obliging. Suivant, e, follmoing. 
 
 Lmouss-er,!. to blunt. Plai-re, 4. ir. to please, Suiv-re, 4. ir. to follow. 
 Emp6ch-er, 1. to pre- Pleuv-oir, 3. ir.^o ram. Voyant, e, bright, 
 vent. Pointe, f. point. skmvy. 
 
 1. Ma cousine est-elle aussi obligeante quo la votre? 2. 
 EUe est aussi obligeante, et bien plus charmante que la mienne. 
 3. Vos enfants sont-ils prevenants ? 4. Mes enfants, prcvo- 
 nant tous mes besoins, ne me laissent rien h. desirer. 6. Lisez 
 bicn attentivement les pages suivantes. 6. Ces demoiselles, 
 suivant I'exemple de leur m^re, s'appliquent h. la lecture. 7. 
 Los couleura voyantes ne me plaisent point. 8. Mes soeurs, 
 
 III 
 
228 
 
 voyant qu'il allait plouvoir, se huterent de revenir. 9. 
 Qu'ayez-vous laisse tomber ? 10. J'ai laisse tomber ma plume ; 
 la pointe en est emousseo. 11. Lea avez-vous fait parler ? 12.' 
 Jelcs ai fait parler, mais avcc difficulte. 13. Avez-voua fait 
 fairo dca changements dans votre maison? 14. J'y en ai fait 
 faire. 15. Oil en avez-voua fait faire ? 16. J'en ai fait faire k 
 la sallo a manger et au salon. 17. Avez-voua laisse passer cet 
 hommo ? 18. Je n'ai pas essaye de Ten empecher. 19. A qui 
 (whom) avez-vous entendu dire cola ? 20. Je Tai entendu dire 
 a mon pere. 21. Je lo lui ai entendu repeter. 22. II voua I'a 
 entendu dire. 23. II voua a vu fairo cela. 24. II voua I'a vu 
 faire. 25. Je I'ai vu paaaer. 
 
 EXEIICISE 190. 
 1. Arc still waters good for horses ? 2. Buflfon saya that 
 they are better for horses than running waters. 3. Are your 
 sisters cautious? 4. They are not very cautious. 5. My 
 sisters, foreseeing that it was going to rain, brought their um'- 
 brellas. 6. "What have you let f aU ? 7. I have let my knife 
 and book fall. 8. Do very bright colours please your brother ? 
 9. Very bright colours do not please him. 10. Have you read 
 the following pages? 11. Have you seen the dying woman ? 
 
 12. Your sister, dying in the fear of God, was very happy. 
 
 13. Your sister, following your example, applies herself to 
 study. 14. Have you made them read? 15. I have made 
 them read and ^v^ite. 10. I made my brother write. 17. I 
 have had a book bound {rcUer). 18. Has your father had 
 alterations made in his house ? 19. Ho has had some made in 
 it. 20. In which room haa he had some made? 21. Ho has 
 had some made in mv brother's room. 22. Whom have you 
 heard say that ? 23. I heard my aistor aay it. 24. Have 
 you heard him aay that ? 25. I have not heard him say it 
 26. Have you seen my father pass ? 27. I have not seen hini 
 pass. 28. I have heard him apeak. 29. Make him apeak. 
 30. Let it fall. 31. Do not let it fall. 32. What has your 
 brother dropped? 33. He haa dropped nothing. 34. Whom 
 have you heard say that ? 35. I heard your brother say it 
 36. I have heard you repeat it. 37. We have seen you do 
 that. 
 
 Section XCVIII. 
 the present pakticiple continued. 
 
 1. French present participles are never employed substan- 
 tively to express an action. English present participles, when 
 so used, are rendered in French— a, by nouns ; h, bv infinitives 
 used aubstantively ; c, by verbs in a personal mood"^* :— 
 
 a. Oamitiij is a Urrible possum. Le Jeu est une paasion terrible. 
 
 b. Skatinff is a wholesome eccerme.VBXin.et est un exercioe salutaire. 
 
 t^'^'^A?®"**",'^ ^S'"'* *^ "8®^ ^'^ * personal mood when it haa another 
 BUDjeot than the nrit. 
 
229 
 
 b Sleeping is necessari/ to health. Le dormir est n^cessaire d. la 
 
 sant^. 
 c Theii came in without my see- lis entr^rent sans que je les viBae. 
 inff them. 
 
 2. When the Enghsh present participle has an object, and is 
 subject of to he, it is generally expressed in French by an in- 
 finitive preceded by de, the French sentence being introduced 
 by 6tre with il or ce as impersonal subject * : — 
 
 Doing that toell is meritorious. H est meritoire de bien f aire cela. 
 Loving his parents is a good C'est le devoir d'un bon fils 
 son s duty. d'aimer ses parents. 
 
 3. Used with a verb, a French present participle may refer 
 to the subject or to the object. When the French present 
 participle refers to the sub ct it may be preceded by the pre- 
 position en : — 
 
 He spoke to tne w' ' wo^ II me parlait tout en <5crivant. 
 lorittng. 
 
 Beiiuj tired, I will go to bed Etant fatigu^, je vais me coucher. 
 directly. 
 
 But when the French present participle refers to the object 
 of the verb to which it is joined, the preposition en t must 
 never be placed before it ; in this case a verb in the infinitive 
 or in a personal mood may replace the present participle :— 
 
 / see her wot'king. 
 She perceived a child comiiuj to- 
 loards hei; 
 
 Je la vols travailler. 
 Elle aperyut un enfant qui venait 
 k elle. 
 
 4. Many French present participles are used as nouns in re- 
 ference to persons and things : — 
 
 Thei'c are many Protestants in II y a beaucoup de protestants 
 
 France. en France. 
 
 Your son lias lost his shuttle-cock. Votre fils a perdu son volant. 
 
 5. When an English present participle follows the verb to 
 be, it IS translated into French in the same tense as to he is in 
 English, but to be is left out : — 
 
 Yoiir father ia speaking to a gen- Votre pere parle t\ un monsieur. 
 tleman. 
 
 However, to be may be expressed in French, but the English 
 participle is replaced by an infinitive preceded by the proposi- 
 tion k', this form frequently occurs in French in familiar con- 
 versation and letter-writing :— 
 
 His sister will be singing at that 
 time. 
 
 Sa sceur sera k chanter a ccttt 
 heure-U. 
 
 * -a.^ to the use or ii est, and of c'esfc, see Eule 1, Section 82. 
 «X;t „i?*t?''®l*i!*'° ®^ is the only one which governs the present par- 
 twtplfl ; an the others require the i>rM«?vt or the past tense of the injini. 
 
230 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Fishing ia a pleasant pasiime. 
 
 Travelling is instructive, 
 
 I like her speaking. 
 
 The prisomr slipped away with- 
 out their seeing him. 
 
 Obeying him is necessary. 
 
 Complying with the laws is every 
 citizen's duty. 
 
 She was laughing while she was 
 speaking to me. 
 
 Wishing to see you soon, I shall 
 start, to-moi'row. 
 
 Do you hear him singing ? 
 
 He deso'ied three men coming 
 towards him. 
 
 The edge of a knife. 
 
 Thei-e wfre fifty thousand com- 
 batants. 
 
 I shuald be working if I were not 
 
 ill. 
 He was writing to yov,, when he 
 received your note. 
 
 un passe tempa 
 
 La peche est 
 
 agr^able. 
 Voyager est instructif. 
 J'aime son parler. 
 Le prisonnier s'ischappa sans 
 
 qu ils k vissent. 
 II est n(^cessaire de liii obeir. 
 C'est le devoir de tout citoyen 
 
 d'observer les lois. 
 Elle riait tout en me parlant. 
 
 D^sirant vous voir bient6t, je 
 
 partirai demain. 
 L'entendez-vous chanter ? 
 II aper9ut trois hommes qui 
 
 venaient A, lui. 
 Le tranchant d'un couteau. 
 n y avait cinquaute mille com- 
 
 battants, 
 Je travaillerais si je n'^tais pas 
 
 malade. 
 II etait a vous Jcrire, quand il 
 
 re5ut votre billet. 
 
 Exercise 191. 
 
 Escalier, m. stairs. 
 
 Etudier, studying. 
 
 Eveillez, awake. 
 
 Fen^tre, f. window. 
 
 Fievre, f. fevej; ague. 
 
 Habitants, m. inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 Lire, reading. 
 
 Manger, eating. 
 
 Montaient, coming up. 
 
 Penchant, m. incli- 
 
 nation. 
 Presque, almost. 
 Primes (ir. from pren- 
 dre), caught. 
 
 Regardez, look at. 
 Savoir nager, being 
 
 able to sivitn. 
 Se s^para, broke up. 
 SoufFraient (ir. from 
 
 souffrir), were suf' 
 
 fcring. 
 Tard, la,te. 
 Tout en, while. 
 Utile, useful 
 Ven-ir, 2. ir. coining. 
 Volant, stealing. 
 Voyais {from voir), 
 
 saw. 
 
 Appris {from appren- 
 dre), learnt, 
 
 Arroser, 'watering, 
 
 Assemblee, f. meeting, 
 
 Attendait {from at- 
 tendre), was wait- 
 ing for. 
 
 Attendez, wait. 
 
 Broder, embroidering. 
 
 Choux, m. cabbages. 
 
 De, frmn, 
 
 Dort (ir. from dor- 
 mir), sleeps. 
 
 Droit, right. 
 
 Ecoutant, listening, 
 
 1. L'assemblee so separa tard. 2. Savoir nager est utile 3 
 Le manger est necessaire a tons les animaux. 4. Ro^ardoz 
 vos enfants, qui s'amusent dans le jardin. 6. Nous les^avons 
 entendus vemr 6. Ayant appris quo mon pere etait ici, ic suis 
 parti imme(|jatement. 7. II ccrivait tout on m'ecoutunt avcc 
 attention. 8. Je les entendais qui montaient I'escalier en 
 chantant. 9- Do ma fenetro je la voyais lire, arroser ses fleurs 
 et broder. 10. Presque tons les habitants de cette villo 
 souftraient de la fievre. 1 i . Nous les primes volant nos choux. 
 1. ^0" penchant pour le .jeu sera sfi ruine. 13. II dort, ne 
 ievoihe;ipas. 14. Elie est a etuUier, attendez. 16. II est aise 
 de le lui ecnre. 16. C'est le droit et le devoir d'un p^re de 
 comger ees enfants. ^ 
 
 
Bcatinfi, battrc, 
 Bdl, cloche, f. 
 Besiq/et's, assip^^sants. 
 B>/ hcrifdf, toute 
 
 seuk. 
 Clapper, battant, m. 
 CUmbimj, grimpant 
 
 sur. 
 Drinking, le boire. 
 Given, donn^. 
 Heard, entendions. 
 He must have, il liii 
 
 faut. 
 
 231 
 
 EXEUCIBE 192. 
 
 Huntinff, cliasse, f, 
 / attribute, j'attri- 
 
 biie. 
 I will have, je veux. 
 Lawjhimj, rire. 
 Meet; rencontrei. 
 Minister, ministre, m . 
 Money, argent, m. 
 Playinii, jouer. 
 Receipt, re9u, m. 
 Reinforcements, ren- 
 
 foris, m. 
 
 Sticccss, succfes, m. 
 Tcacliitig, enseigiier. 
 Tclliny, dire. 
 To his knmoing, k ce 
 
 qu'il connait. 
 Truth, v(5rite, f. 
 Upright, lionnute. 
 Walking, se promener. 
 Weak, faible. 
 While, en. 
 Whilst, tiindis que. 
 Writiiuj, ^crire. 
 
 1. Hunting is a wholesome and pleasant pastime. 2. Teach- 
 ing is difficult. 3. Drinking is necessary to man. 4. I attri- 
 bute his success to his knowing the minister. 5. Wc heard 
 them laughing. 6. I often read while walking. 7. Having 
 given him his money, I will have a receipt. 8. We sometimes 
 meet her walking by herself. 9. Did you see her going to the 
 station r 10. They caught him climbing a tree, and stealing 
 fruit. 11. The clapper of the bell has fallen. 12. He is weak, 
 he must have stimulants. 13. Your brother is playing in the 
 garden, whilst my cousin is writing her exercises. 14. The 
 besiegers received reinforcements. 15. Telling the truth is an 
 upright man's duty. 16. Beating that poor dog is cruel. 
 
 Section XCIX. [§ 130, 131.] 
 
 practical summary of the rules of the past participle. — i. 
 
 The participle past is variable under any of the following 
 conditions : — 
 
 1. When employed as an adjective; in which case it agrees 
 in gender and number with the noun which it qualifies, after 
 which it is always placed * : — 
 
 Des livres imprimis. Printed hooks. 
 
 Ces femmes paraissent bien Those tvomen appear very de- 
 abattues. jected. 
 
 2. When used in the formation of the tenses of passive 
 verbs ; when it always agrees with the subject : — 
 
 Elles sent bien revues de tout T/iey are well received by every- 
 le monde. body. 
 
 3. When employed in forming the compound tenses of neuter 
 verbs having 6tre as an auxiliarj- ; in which ip stance, as in the 
 preceding case, it agrees with the subject : — 
 
 Votre sceur est partie ce matin. Your sister went away this nwrninff. 
 
 4. When employed in forming the tenses of active verbs 
 
 • The past participle pr€tendu is the only exception ; it is placed 
 before its noun : La pr6tendue princesse, the self styled princess. 
 
232 
 
 having avoir as an auxiUary ; in which connexion it agrees not 
 
 ^loh^ST' '^''' "°"' '"^""^ The 1u>useswhkh we Mve bought. 
 
 nonmJ'T^r "'f ''^^"^ ^'*,^ ^^'^^ ^° ''^^ formation of the com- 
 
 tTe pronoun ?f ff "e^^^r^flf tiv« verbs, wherein the re£ 
 
 w /i^fw ^ '^'5^''* °^J*''^* 5 ^^^ ^^>' position it agrees 
 
 with that pronoun or direct object ;— »feri-c8 
 
 Ces dames se sent flatt^^es. Th^se ladies have flattered themselves. 
 
 tin!' Jt"" ''"''^ ^^""^^ "^'^^ ^^J^® (as in Rule 5) in the forraa- 
 
 Stwh of the?r"r'^ *'"'''' °' feeVocalandr^eflectfveveTbs 
 m Which the reflective pronoun is not the direct but the in 
 
 provided (as in Rule 4) that ohjecipreccdes the auxiliary — 
 
 ^ 'wr^ ^"' ""'" ^'"^ ''''' T^^f^rlLynch my fr.-nd h^ 
 
 given to himself. 
 
 r.nL^''" "'^'f ''^""^ "^'^^ ^^'e i" the formation of the com- 
 pound tenses of natumUy pronominal verbs, in which Sisothn 
 past participle always agrees with the subject - 
 
 Ma sojur s'est repentie. 
 Leurs chevaux se sent cabr^s. 
 
 My sister km repented. 
 Their horses have reared. 
 
 8. However, the naturally pronominal verb s'arroffer m «n 
 exception; Its reflective pronoun being indirecf^bfect and 
 
 withTh'M'"'"'"^ ""I- * ^'''^ ^^J'^'^*' i*« Pa«t pSiSo agrees 
 with the latter according to the rules given above:— 
 
 ^arrS ''"' '^'*'' '"""' ''"'* ^'"^ rights which your sister has 
 ^^" arrogated to herself. 
 
 9. When forming part of a compound tense of a vorb 
 f^HT^^,-'''?'^^^ '"^"i"^«' i* i« at the same time Tre 
 
 (simjing). 
 
 10. When in a sentence containing the pronoun en fbo n.,r 
 tieiple IS preceded by another object whicK direct 'or wbnn" 
 
 aSXrfn wh^y'^"'.°* 'l"^"^*^' *^ lattrpVecTdelttie 
 auxuiarj , m which cases it agrees with that direct object ;_ 
 
 Je les en ai avertis. 
 Vous les en avez informds. 
 Plus il a eu d'ennemis, plus il en 
 a vamcus. 
 
 / have waimed them of it. 
 You have informed them of it. 
 The more enemies he has hud, the 
 more he has ennqvrrcd. 
 
 11. When a past participle has for direct object the adverbial 
 
233 
 
 
 phrase le peu, it agrees with the following noun, when le peu 
 
 means a small quantity : — 
 
 Le peu de fortune que j'ai acquise The little fortune I have ac- 
 mo sufflt. quired i'a aioughfor me. 
 
 12. The past participles cotlt^ and valu only agree when 
 taken in a figurative sense : — 
 
 Je ue regrette pas les peines que / do not regret the trouble that 
 oet o.;vrage m'a cofttees. work has cost vie. 
 
 Lea honneurs que sa conduite lui The Jionours his conduct pro- 
 a valus, cured him. 
 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 Vous avez des livres bien relics. 
 Vos filles sent estimees. 
 Ces terres sent bien labourees. 
 Mes voiNines sent tombees d'ac- 
 
 cord. 
 Elles sent venues nous trouver. 
 La victoire que nous avons rem- 
 
 portee. 
 Les champs que vous avez 
 
 laboiu-es. 
 Vous vous etes repentis de votre 
 
 faute. 
 Ellc s'est souvenue de sa pro- 
 
 messe. 
 IjCS soldats que j'ai vus passer. 
 Les musiciennes que j'ai enten- 
 
 dues jouer. 
 L'indiscretion que nous nous 
 
 sommes reprochee. 
 Les evenements qu'elles se sent 
 
 racontes. 
 Les fruits que j'en ai re9us. 
 Plus il a eu d'amis, plus il en a 
 
 tromp^s. 
 Le peu de patience qu'ilamontr^e 
 
 a suffi pour le faire r^ussir. 
 Quels avantagea vous a valus les 
 
 peines qu'il vous a cofttees ? 
 
 You have tvell hound books. 
 Your daughters are esteemed. 
 Those lands are well ploughed. 
 Mg neighbours have come to an 
 
 snider standing. 
 They came to us. 
 The victory xohich we have gained. 
 
 The fields which you have 
 
 ploughed. 
 You have repented of your fault. 
 
 She remembered her protnise. 
 
 The soldiei's whom I saw passing. 
 
 Themudcal ladies whom I heard 
 playing. 
 
 The indisiretion with tci'dch we 
 reproached one another. 
 
 The eventt which they related to 
 one another. 
 
 The fruits which I received fn <m it. 
 ; The more friends he has had, the 
 j more he has deceived. 
 I The little patienee he showed ims 
 > sufficed to make him succeed. 
 
 What advantages hare you de- 
 I rived from V>e troubles he has 
 ■ given you ? 
 
 A I'ordinair,: , as usual. 
 
 Avert-ir, 2. <,o vxirn. 
 
 Boue, f. mud. 
 
 Coutume (de), visually, 
 usual. 
 
 Cueill-ir, 2. to gather. 
 
 D^chiffr-er, 1. to de- 
 cipher. 
 
 D^courag-er, 1. to dis- 
 courage. 
 
 Exercise 193. 
 
 Fleur, f. flower. 
 
 Malade, sick person. 
 
 Merveille (A), wonder- 
 fully, perfectly. 
 
 Parven-ir, 2. ir. to 
 succeed. 
 
 Plus t6t, sooner, ear- 
 lier'. 
 
 Porter (se), 1. to be, 
 t» do. 
 
 Reproch-er (se), 1. ref. 
 to rejfyroach one's self. 
 Eire, 4. ir. to laugh. 
 Serieux, se, sei-ious. 
 Souri-re, 4. :r. to smile. 
 Suivant, according to. 
 Tomb-er, 1. to ^ all. 
 Trouv-er, to find. 
 Vol-er, 1. to steal. 
 
 1. Cette demoiselle ne se trouve-t-elle pas bien fatigu6e ? 2. 
 EUe est fatiguee et decouragee. 3. Votre soeur est-elle ailee i 
 
234 
 
 uiwiporcco^ 1*- J^Uo 8 est portee ^ mervoillo. 15 no m.nl 
 hvre vous etes-vous sorvio, Mademoiselle? 16 Jo me Sa 
 some du votre. 17. Nousnous sommos sorvies des nOtrS iT 
 Quollea fautcs votre flls s'estil renrochoos P l q t /a i I 
 
 EXEHCISE 194. 
 
 well Printed ' ^V^mf^ Y""^ ^ ?■ T^'^ ^'' ^'^^ ^ound, and 
 SaJedP 4 ^y.Fl not your little girl find herself dis 
 couraged r- 4. She found herself tired, but not discouraffed 
 5 Have your sisters come to an understandingT 6 They have 
 
 »u unaerstanaing. 8. Who came to you ? 9 Your fnVnrla 
 came to us. 10. Is not your sister gone to ch^ch ? 11 Mv 
 smtor 13 gone to church as usual. 12. Did your sister rkfS 
 
 Triro'Z fiTf' ' J'C ^y «^«*- re-tumed^later'han usu™ 
 14 Are the fields which you have plou-^hed larjypp l^i Tho 
 fieWs which I have bought are verylrg°e i6.There L^he 
 st^'^n^^if ™ ^"'^ '"^ P"^« ^ 17. The ladies whom I heard 
 
 ^1 fW ^''- r^""- 1^- ^^*1 yo^'' poor sister fell ? 19 
 iJid that poor sick woman fall in the mud P 9ft tv;/ 
 sister succeed in reading that book ? f^L..^ \ r^"" 
 readincif 99 wJ^-VT *' dook r 21. hhe succeeded in 
 
 reaaing It. 22. Have you warnec your sisters of their danirer ? 
 
 it 25 WW™''* l^''" "^ '■' 24. I have not warned them of 
 mine 2T te^otV"" ™otl^«rused? 26. She hasTsei 
 TV,^ T, . ® ^°.* ^^^^'^ y«""? ladies used my book P 28 
 
 They have not used it 2!) Has your mother En weUP 30 
 
 prom?s" '"32 ^st'S ""''• .'S^^^ «^^ remem'bSed h'; 
 
 thoS boys laui P S4 ^T""^''"* ^*;. ^^- ^^^« yo-^ «««« 
 
 you:eJXetlLyP^t6.^lt:orar?S^.^^^^^^^ ^^- «- 
 
 Sectiox C. [§ 130, 131.] 
 
 PRACTICAL SUMMARY OF THE RULES OF THE PAST PARTICIPLE -II 
 
 The participle past is invariable :_ 
 ticiplJ?-^'*'"'" ^^"^'' ''^'^ *^" ^^^«* ^«S™«° foUows the par. 
 Mesni^cesont^tudi^leursle^ons. My nieces have studied thei. 
 Elles out n^glig^ leurs Etudes. TA^S mgUctedtheir studies. 
 
23S 
 
 2. In neuter verbs conjugated with avoir : — 
 
 My cousins have disappeared. 
 ont The Jive hours which they have 
 slept. 
 
 In the latter sentence, the word pendant is understood after 
 heures : — 
 
 Mes Gousines ont disparu. 
 Les cinq heures qu'elles 
 dormi. 
 
 Les cinq heures pendant lesquelles 
 elles ont dormi. 
 
 The five hours during which they 
 slept, 
 
 3. In impersonal verbs, whether conjugated with 6tre or with 
 avoir : — 
 
 Les chaleurs cju'il a fait cette ann^e. The heat there has been th is year. 
 n est arrive bien des malheurs. ManymisfortuneshavehapjKned. 
 
 4. In reflective or pronominal verbs, of which the second 
 pronoun is an indirect object, when no direct object precedes:— 
 
 EUe s'est propose do partir. She proposed to herself to leave. 
 
 Eile s'est brdlt^ les doigts. She has burnt her fingers. 
 
 5. When the participle precedes an infinitive, and is preceded 
 by a direct object, which is not the actor, but the object acted 
 upon.* In this case the infinitive is generally rendered in 
 English by the passive voice : — 
 
 Les chansons que j'ai entendu 
 chanter. 
 
 La regie que je vous ai conseill^ 
 d'etudier. 
 
 The song, which I heard (being) 
 sumj. 
 
 6. When the direct object preceding a participle is not the 
 object of this participle, but of a verb following : — 
 
 The rule which I advised you to 
 study. 
 
 7. The past participle of faire, fait, followed by an infinitive, 
 is always invariable : — 
 
 Je les ai fait raccommoder. / have had them mended. 
 
 8. After the pronoun en, when no direct object precedes; 
 and, when joined to an adverb of quantity, the latter follows the 
 auxiliary or the past participle : — 
 
 Vous a-t-on donn^ des fleurs ? 
 
 Have they given youflov>ers ? 
 
 They have given me some. 
 
 He had no more books but he lias 
 
 bought many. 
 We had no more dogs, but we 
 
 have bought several. 
 
 On m'en a donn^, 
 
 n n'avait plus de livres, mais il 
 
 en a beaucoup achet6. 
 Nous n'avions plus de chiens,mais 
 
 nous en avons achete plusieurs. 
 
 9 The past participles, cotlt6 and valu, taken in their literal 
 
 * It follows from this rule, and No. 9, Section 99, that the agreement 
 or non-agreement of the past participle, followed by an infinitive, con- 
 siderably modifias the meaning of a sentence ; e.g. : Je les ai laissds 
 punir, with the participle agreeing with lea, means, I allo/wed them, to 
 punish ; whilst jeles ai laisse punir, with the participle not agreeing 
 with les, means i alloiuvJ, Iheni, lo hv pixHiahed; that is literally, 1 tiitotued 
 (somebody understood) to punish them. Students should bear this in 
 mind when they translate French into English, or Dice versd. 
 
 f^l 
 
a86 
 
 !S *!'° T^ participles dft.» voulu.* and pu, at the end of a 
 sonton, o, rchen there ,* «„ i^jnitive understood, rZerl^ee 
 
 ""'1,1^ francs que ce cheval m'a 
 
 ooftte, il ne les n jftmais vain. 
 WouK avons fait toutes les d6- 
 
 marches que nous avons pu 
 lis n'ont i)a8 rempli les devoirs 
 
 quils auraiei dft. 
 lis ont obtenu toutes les grAces 
 
 qu'ils ont voulu. 
 
 T/utt home wm nem- worth the 
 thongand fruru'it it cost me. 
 
 We tmk all the steps we could 
 (take). 
 
 They have noliuljilhd the duties 
 they owjht (to have fuljilhd). 
 
 They have obtained nil the favours 
 they wished (to ol>f(tin). 
 
 10. A past participle preceded and followofl hv ««- „„ v 
 tween que and qui; a past participKavinrfor obiect 'le n««' 
 meaning lack, absence, never agrees .-- •" " P®"' 
 
 ^}!^t^r^^^^'ommez^^Zi^rxe The letter yon required me to 
 
 ] ecrive. 
 Les marchandises que j'avais cru 
 
 qui metaient exi»edi6es, no 
 
 sont pas meme command*5es. 
 L-e peu (le patience qu'il a mi I'a 
 
 empGchti de rt'ussir. 
 
 wnte. 
 The floods tohich I thou(/ht had 
 
 been fonoarded to me are not 
 
 even ordei-ed. 
 His lack of patience pi-evented his 
 
 licm;/ successful. 
 
 ^Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 "" bX ''"* '"""" ''' ^°- I ^^^^ ^-« t,iven ns ,jocd advice. 
 Elles nous en ont donne. 
 Les trois lieues qu'U a couru. 
 i^s annees que ces 6dirices ont 
 
 durt5. 
 La belle journ^e qu'il a fait hier ! 
 
 C'est la plus belle fete qu'il v 
 
 ait eu. ^ 
 
 II s'est presente deux de vos amis. 
 
 Ces demoiselles se sont nui. 
 
 Les Asiatiques se sont fait une 
 espece d art de I'education de 
 el.5phant. BuFFOff. 
 
 iille sest imaging qu'elle pour- 
 rait reussir. 
 
 Les fruits que j'ai vu voler 
 
 Les soldats blesses que j'ai vu 
 porter. •" 
 
 La chanson que j'ai entendu 
 
 chanter. 
 Les pommes que je vous ai d4- 
 
 lenuu de manger. 
 
 They have niven us some. 
 The three leayues which he ran. 
 Thf years that those edijices have 
 lasted. 
 
 What a beautifid day it was 
 yesterday ! 
 
 It is the finest feast that there has 
 been. 
 
 There appeared two of vour 
 friends. ' 
 
 Those younri ladies have injured 
 one another. 
 
 The Asiatics have made the edu- 
 cation of the elephant a kind of 
 art. ■' 
 
 She conceived the idea that she 
 
 might succeed. 
 The fruits which I saw being stolen 
 The ivounded soldiei-s whom I saw 
 
 [being) carried. 
 The song which I heard sung. 
 
 The apples which I fm-hade you to 
 eat. 
 
 "d\irsno^ttps'^«''"'"«'"'«»t I^^at last received the sum they 
 
237 
 
 .Te lea ai fait partir. 
 
 EUes m'ont apport6 des oranges. 
 
 KlleH in'en out apport^. 
 
 Je regrefcte les qumze francs que 
 
 ce cacliefc ni'a coftt^. 
 II ne las a jamivis valu. 
 Jo lui ai rendu tous les services 
 
 (jue j'ai pu. 
 Les niarchandises que j'ai su que 
 
 vous aviez re9ue8. 
 VoilA la lettre (lue j'ai cru qui 
 
 vous (Stait parvenuo. 
 Le pcu (le Constance qu'il a 
 
 montr(5 I'a fait ^chouer. 
 
 / obliged them to leave. 
 Theii hart hrou(jht me oranget. 
 Tkei/ hair brouyht me tome. 
 I reyrct t/icji/teen fratuii thit teal 
 
 coat me. 
 It na^ never loorth it. 
 I hare done him all the services I 
 
 could. 
 The ii(Hxh which I knew y<m had 
 
 received. 
 Here is the letter which 1 thowiht 
 
 had reached you. 
 I'lu lack of comtanc}! he showed 
 
 canned him to fail. 
 
 EXEUCIHE 195. 
 
 Auborge, f. inn. Enterr-t r, 1. to bury. 
 
 Hien, in. tjood. Habill-er, 1. to dress. 
 
 Derni-er, ire, last. .Tou-er, 1. to jylau. 
 
 Disparalt-re, 4. ir. to Lion rt'or, m. Golden 
 
 disappear. Lion. 
 
 Dorm-ir, 2. to sleep. Mort, e, liead. 
 
 I'iice, f. piece. 
 Racont-er, 1. torelnte. 
 Reven-ir, 2, ir. ^< re- 
 
 turn. 
 SoiericH, silk f/oods. 
 
 1. Quelle auberge vous a-t-on recommandee ? 2. On m'a 
 
 recommande I'aubergo du Lion d'or. 3. Quollos nouvellcs 
 
 avez-vous apportees ? 4. J'ai apporte des nouvelles agrcables 
 
 5. V 08 voismes sont-elles habillees ? 6. Elles no Hont pas en- 
 
 core habillees. 7. Ont-elles bien dormi la nuit dcrni^re ? 8 
 
 in ^^n" °^^ P*^ ^^^^ dormi. 9. Quand sont-elles arriveos ? 
 
 10. Elles sont anivees a quatrc heures ot demie. 11. Ont-elles 
 
 dormi plus de cinq heures I' 12. Les six heures qu elles ont 
 
 dormi lour ont fait beaucoup de bien. 13. Vos scjnur.s so sent- 
 
 dies amusees :- 14. En jouant olles se sont fait mal au bras. 
 
 !•>. ho sont-elles raconte notre conversation? 16. Elles se la 
 
 sont racontee. 17. Vos amies ont-elles disparu? 18 ElU.s 
 
 nont pas disparu; elles sont revenues chez elles. 19. Les 
 
 Boldats quo vous avez vus partir sont-ils revenus ? 20 lis sont 
 
 morts; je les ai vu enterror. 21. Ne les avez-vous pas fait 
 
 6tudier ^ 22. Je les ai fait lire. 23. Avez-vous apporte des 
 
 Boieries ? 24. Je n'en ai pas apporte. 25. Les soieries que i'en 
 
 ai apportees sont superbes. 
 
 Exercise 196. 
 1. Have you not recommended mj- nieces? 2. I have re- 
 commended them, 3. Have you brought me good oranges? 
 4. I have brought you some. 5. Have you given any to rnv 
 two daughters:" 6. I have given them some. 7. J would 
 have given them some if I had had many. 8. Have you not 
 neglected your studies? 9. I have not neglected them; I 
 never neglect them. 10. The years which that church has 
 lasted, speak m favour {en faveur) of the architect. 11. The 
 .en milft.i v.'hirh he has run, huvo fatigued niai. 12. Have 
 your sisters injured each other? 13. They have flattered 
 themselves. 14. Did my friends present themselves ? 16. There 
 
288 
 
 carao thrr. of your risters 16. ^at did they iraamnoP 
 17. Sho . ncoivod the idoa of miding Tasso (Le /««*T 8 
 Havo you seen , horn (m.) Btcal my apples p 19. I 4wth,m 
 Btonl yc^,r poaches. 20. Have yo.i h, .rd thorn (f.) Hini P 2^ 
 
 WK?n . : } ^°""'^ '" y^""" '■""'" tho books which I had 
 
 Ion oTor" *"*''^- • ^'•,'^^" I'''"^^«« ^hi^'h J have forb dS 
 BoWiors? Srr""* "Ik ^"""'''K ^S. Havo you scon thoH^ 
 BOWiors P 26. I saw thorn pass last week. 27. I saw thorn 
 earned to tho ho.spital (a I'hopital) this morning. ST IlZ 
 you brought oranges from Franco p' 29. I brm.gh som'o 30 
 rho orang.^ wh oh I bro.ight from it {en) aro good 31 Have 
 
 Section CI. 
 
 THE )'A8T PAKTICIPLE C8ED SUBSTANTIVELY. 
 
 ■nW^?"^'''"'-*'''* Pa'^i'^iples, French past participles are used 
 substantively in reforonc, to persons and inanimate obiects 
 In tho latter case thoy aro of either gender, but most of them 
 
 Lob valncuB furent trait^s avec 
 
 respect. 
 Sa pretendue est riche. 
 On vient d'apporter le moit. 
 
 McE prot^g^es sent la. 
 Donnez-moi un re^u de cet argent 
 A la tombee de la nuit. 
 Ce sent de belles pensees. 
 Ces fialts Bont bien conmis. 
 
 Ce parvenu est fort importun. 
 Les deux marit^es sont fort belles. 
 Apris la bataille on porta secours 
 
 aux blesses. 
 Les exilees supportaient leur 
 
 sort avec fermet*5. 
 Le fini d'un tableau. 
 La crue de la riviere. 
 II a pass^ la nuit dana les 
 
 tranch^es. 
 n a deux coupes. 
 
 The conquered were respectfullii 
 treated. t^ J J 
 
 His future wife is rich. 
 
 Theii have just brought the dead 
 
 man. 
 The ladies I patronise are here. 
 Oive me a receipt far that money. 
 At niyhtfall. 
 
 These are beautiful thoughts. 
 Those facts are well known. 
 Miscellaneous Examples. 
 
 This upstart is veiy troublesome. 
 TiK tioo brides are beautiful. 
 After the battle they attended the 
 
 wounded. 
 The exiled ladies bore their fate 
 
 inth firmness. 
 The finish of a picture. 
 The rise of the river. 
 He spent the night in the trenches. 
 
 t He has two broughams. 
 Exeucise 197. 
 gnterra, buried. On, tliei/. 
 
 lorr^drs'"'- xx:^''''''^'^' 
 
 Cn^fur^i ■ . Int'^ressantes, interest- Tiroir, m. drawee- 
 
 covered. 
 
 Arr6te, arrested. 
 Arriv^e, f. arrival. 
 BieutAt, soon. 
 
 t 
 

 189 
 
 1. Lo champ do batnillo 6tait couvort do morts. 2. Lo pr^- 
 tondu g6ncrar fut bientiit arrilt6. 3. L'arrivfo dii miniHtro 
 nouH t'tonna. 4. C'cst un fait bion coiinu. 5. Leu tiiinclu'os 
 ^tait'iit Lien gardees. G. On entorra la morto itniiK-diatemont. 
 7. Lo eondainn(' parut. 8. SIoh pctitcH proti'gi'L'H wont fort 
 mtOrosBantes. y. V'ouh trouv(>rt'z lours re(,'U8 dans votrc; tiroir. 
 
 EXEKCISE 198. 
 
 Broken, oaMi4. Fire, ftii, m. 
 
 jMM'tor, doctour, in. In npite, malgru, 
 JJo 1/1)11 hww, coniiaiH- Ifo (before a noun), 
 
 sez-vouM. jias do. 
 
 Emmii, emieini, in. Ojwnrtl, ouvrirent. 
 
 <t»7/, (;!'... o.e. 
 
 TiiriH-il iir . mi8 & la 
 
 ) 'irte. 
 W V t.ii)),/, ^iMiiieut. 
 W' /■?. ouv,-.,go, ni. 
 
 1. They opened the trench in spite of the enemy's fire. 2. 
 You will find beautiful thoughts in that work. 3. IIw 
 brougham is broken. 4. These facts astonished iis. 5. Tho 
 sham doctor was soon turned out. G. Tho dead and wounded 
 were still lying on tho battle-field. 7. Do you know that 
 upstart r- 8. Have you seen tho bride 'f 9. Tho exiled ladies 
 had no fortune. 
 
 Section CII. 
 
 examples illusthatino the variol'8 uses op the i'kincil'al 
 
 conjunctions. 
 
 A HOINS QUE. 
 
 que 
 
 H n'en fera rien, il moins 
 
 . vous ne lui parliez. 
 
 A moins que vous ne preniez 
 
 bien votre temps, vous n'en 
 
 viendrez pas A bout. 
 Quel indigne plaisir peut avoir 
 
 I'avarice ? 
 Et que sert d'amasser, t\ moins 
 
 qu on en jouisse ? 
 
 BOURSAULT. 
 
 He mill do nothing of the kind, 
 unless t/ou speak to him. 
 
 Unless you choose i/mir time xvell, 
 yon will not accomplish it. 
 
 What innoorthy jjleasitrc can 
 
 avarice offer ' 
 What is the " " of hotirdinff vp 
 
 unless we enjoy ! 
 
 AUSKI. 
 
 Aussi ils n'ont aucune force pour 
 le i)0ss€der sClrement. 
 
 PASCiVL. 
 Ma douleur serait trop mediocre, 
 si je pouvaisladei>eindre ; aussi 
 je ne I'entreprendrai pas. 
 
 Mme. de Sevigne. 
 
 Therefore, they have no strerujth 
 to possess it safely. 
 
 My f/rief woidd he too trijiiny if 
 I could depict it; so' that I 
 will not undertake it. 
 
 f 
 
 AU RESTB. 
 
 C'est ce qu'il y a de plus sage ; | This is the wisest imy; besides, it 
 au reste, c'est aussi ce qu'il y is also the most just. 
 a de plus juste. ' 
 
 Marmontel. I 
 
240 
 
 VoilA les jj^rils, voici le moyeii 
 (le les ^viter ; carenfin, le bras 
 (le Dieii n'est pas raccourci, 
 Massillon. 
 
 Le peu][>lo so figure imo f^licitu 
 iinaginaire dans les situations 
 (■levees, oii il ne peut atteindre, 
 et il croit (cartel est I'homme) 
 que tout ce qu'il ne peut 
 avoir, o'est cela meme qui est 
 le bonheur qu'il cherche. 
 
 Massillon. 
 
 CAR. 
 
 Those are the dum/ers, this is the 
 way of avoiding them; for 
 fimUy, the influenw of God is 
 not fess powerful. 
 
 The people picture to themscires 
 (in immiinarti happiness in 
 elevated stations which then can- 
 not reach, and the// hcliere (for 
 such is man) that 'all that theif 
 can-not ohtain, fwms the rer'i/ 
 happimss lohich thei/ seek: 
 
 Ccmme I'ambition n'a i)as <le 
 frein, et q\ie la soif des ri- 
 chesses nous consume tous, il 
 en resulte, que le bonheur nous 
 nut a mesure que nous le 
 cherchons. Th. Corneille. 
 
 La reconnaissance est le plus 
 doux, comme le plus saint des 
 devoirs. Thomas. 
 
 Lomme il sonna la charge, il 
 Sonne la retraite. 
 
 La Fontaine. 
 
 COMME — QUE. 
 
 As amhitionhm no limits, and as 
 the thirst of riches devours us 
 all, the result is, that happiness 
 avoids us as we proceed in our 
 search after it. 
 
 Gratitude is the sweetest as well 
 as the holiest of duties. 
 
 As he sounded the charr/e, so he 
 sounds the retreat. 
 
 Votre maitre vous aime ; done, 
 
 vous devez Taimer, 
 Je suis done un t^moin de leur 
 
 peu de puissance. Racine. 
 Et doii peut done venir ce 
 
 changement extreme ? 
 
 c. , Voltaire. 
 
 Si ce nest toi, o'est done ton 
 frere.— Je n'en ai pas.—C'est 
 done quelqu'un des tiens. 
 
 ... , La Fontaine. 
 
 Allons done ! r^pondit-on, et la 
 transaction n'eut pas lieu. 
 De CrasY. 
 
 DONC. 
 
 Your mastei' loves yov ; thereferrc 
 you should love him. 
 
 I am, therefwe, a witness of their 
 want of power. 
 
 Whence, therefm-e, can this ex- 
 treme chwif/e proceed ^ 
 
 If it is not yon, then it is i/our 
 h^-other.—l have none.—Then 
 It must he r-^me one of your 
 family. •' -' 
 
 "■^^on^em^ef" replied thei/, ami 
 the affair did not take place. 
 
 De meme que le soleil brille sur 
 la terre, de meme le jv e 
 brillera dans les cieux. 
 
 L'academie. 
 
 HE meme que. 
 
 As the .mn shines upon earth, so 
 will the Just shine in heaven. 
 
 C'est C'tre faible et timide que 
 d etre inaccessible et fier. 
 
 TTio f„ -Il ^Massillon. 
 _i.e rn.m?!l? vertuensu est un 
 vaisseau tenu pendant la 
 
 BT. 
 
 To be inaccessible and proud is to 
 be weak and timid. 
 
 A oirtiMus family is a vessel 
 strengdumd durimj the tern- 
 
24! 
 
 '.he 
 
 in 
 
 'est 
 in 
 n- 
 
 0)' 
 
 7/ 
 
 temijlte par deux ancres, la 
 
 religion et les moeiirs. 
 
 Chateaubriand. 
 Quel carnage rle toutes parts ! 
 On egorge a la fois les enfants, 
 
 les vieillards, 
 Et la soBur et le frerc, 
 Et la fille et la mere, 
 Les fils dans les bras de son pire. 
 Kacine, "Esther." 
 
 LOUHQUE- 
 
 Lorsque I'lnnocence habitait la 
 terre. Bossvet. 
 
 Quandvousmehairiez, jenem'en 
 plaindrais pas. Racine. 
 
 (Juand nous n aurions ^gard qu'au 
 repos Rcul de notre vie, quand 
 nous n'aurions jwint d autre 
 inter^'t ici-bas que de nous pre- 
 parer des jours heureux, quel 
 Donheur de pr^venir d'avance 
 et d'^touffer dans leur nais- 
 sance tant de passions vio- 
 lentes. Massillon. 
 
 pest hy two anchors, reh'gim 
 and morals. 
 
 What carnafie on (if! sides/ 
 Thei/ viiirdei' at once the children 
 and the old vien, the sinter and 
 the hrother, the dina/hter and 
 the mother, the son in the arms 
 of his father. 
 
 -aVANl). 
 
 When innocnce inhabited the 
 earth. 
 
 If even yon hated me I wonld not 
 complain. 
 
 If even ve considn-cd merelii the 
 repose of our lires, if even we 
 had no othn- interest here than 
 to prepare for oiirselres happy 
 days, what happiness it would 
 be, to prerent beforehand, to 
 stifle in their birth, so many 
 violent 2ximons. 
 
 MAIS. 
 
 CMtait d^jk japmssance imp^riale 
 qu'on lui a vue depuis, mais 
 avec I'assentiment universel 
 des peuples, avec des formes 
 moins royales, mais plus dignes 
 peut-etre. Thiers. 
 
 L'narmonie ne frappe pas sim- 
 plement I'oreille, mais I'esprit. 
 
 BOILEAU. 
 
 C'est un parti sage ft la guerre 
 de se tenir sur la defensive, 
 mais ce n'est pas le plus bril- 
 lant. La Rochefoucadld. 
 
 II n'y a point de mais qui tienne ; 
 je ne donnerai point ma fiUe fl 
 im muet. Brtjeyh. 
 
 It was already the imperial power 
 of which we have since seen him 
 possessed, but with the consent 
 of the people, with farms less 
 reeled, but pei'haps more die/ni- 
 fied. 
 
 Harmony does not only strike the 
 ear, but the mind. 
 
 To keep on the difen-sire is a wise 
 course in war, but it is not the 
 most brilliant. 
 
 There is no '%ut" in the mattei' ; 
 I mil not give my dauyhter to 
 a mute. 
 
 NI. 
 
 Heureux celui qui sait se con- 
 tenter de peu ! Son sommeil 
 n[est trouble ni par lescraintes, 
 ni par les d^sirs honteux de 
 I'avarioe. Trad. d'Horace. 
 
 Vous perdez ainsi la confiance de 
 vos amis, sans les avoir rendus 
 ni meilleurs ni plus liabiles. 
 Voltaire. 
 
 On n'est jamais si lisurenx x\\ si 
 malheureux qu'on se I'imagine. 
 La Rochefoucauld. 
 
 Happy is he who can content 
 himself with little I His sleep is 
 disturbed neither by the fear, 
 nor the shameful desires of 
 avarice. 
 
 Yon lose thus the confidence of 
 your friends without having 
 rendered them cither better or 
 more skilful. 
 
 We nr~ na-er so happy nor so un- 
 happy as we fancy. 
 
242 
 
 oette loi sainte ne cannalt; plus 
 ni pauvre, ni riche, ni noble, 
 ni roturier, ni maitre, ni es- 
 clave. Massillon, 
 
 That holy law knows no longer 
 either poor or rich, noble or 
 plebeian, master or slave. 
 
 Or Rus, mettons-nous ft I'ouvragp. 
 
 Or 9iV, Gil Bias, me dit-il Tm 
 ]our, le temps de ton enfance 
 ost pass6. Le Sage. 
 
 OB. 
 
 No\o, then, let ii.i (^ to worl:. 
 
 ''Now, then, Gil Bfa.H," mid he 
 to me one day, " the time of 
 your childhood is orer." 
 
 Im, fortune, soit bonne ou mau 
 vaise, soit passag^re ou con- 
 stante, ne pent rien sur I'dme 
 (lu sage. Marmontkl. 
 
 La liberty tie publier ses pen- 
 sees, ou la liberie de la presse, 
 doit etre reglee sur la liberty 
 meme d'agii-. 
 
 B. DE St. Pi»;riie. 
 
 or. 
 
 Fortune, be it r/ood w bad, be it 
 transient m- constant, has no 
 power over the soul of the ivise. 
 
 Tht Hherty of publishing one's 
 thoughts, or the liberty of the 
 press, sJioidd be regulated upon 
 the liberty of action itself 
 
 Les grands hommes entrepren- 
 nent de gi-andes choses parce 
 qu'elles sont grandes, et les 
 fous parce quails les croient 
 faciles. Vauvenarques. 
 
 LJl tout est beau, parce que tout 
 est vrai. J. J. Rousseau. 
 
 parce que. 
 
 Oreat men undo-take great 
 things because they are great; 
 and fools because they 'believe 
 thejn easy. 
 
 Everything there is beautiful, be- 
 cause everything is true. 
 
 Le style le moins noble a pour- 
 tant sa noblesse. Boileau. 
 
 POURTANT. 
 
 The least elevated stijle 
 neverthel&s, its elevation. 
 
 has. 
 
 Pourquoi le demander, puisque 
 vouslesavez? Racine. 
 
 No vous lassez jamais d'exa- 
 mmer les causes des grands 
 changements ; puisque rien ne 
 servira jamais tant a votre in- 
 struction. BOSSUET. 
 
 Puisque vous le voulez, je vais 
 clianger de style. Boileau. 
 
 PUISQUE. 
 
 Why ask about it, since you know 
 itl 
 
 Never be weary of examining into 
 thk causes of great chanties ; for 
 nothing) will ever be of m much 
 service to your ivMruction, 
 
 Since you toill have it so, I will 
 change my style. 
 
 Jamais on ne vit un si grand 
 exemple, que le courage n'est 
 point incompatible avec la 
 mollesse. Voltaire. 
 
 Nous n'avons que peu de tenips 
 a vivre, et loin d'en profiter, 
 nous lie clierchonK <".:'& l- 
 Per^lre. "lav^ux. "" 
 
 QUE. 
 
 Never iim such a striking cram- 
 pie seen, that courage i-s not in- 
 compatible mth effeminacy. 
 
 We have but little time to live, 
 and imteadofimproiingit, we 
 vmy seek to ioasle it. 
 
243 
 
 A quoi vous servira il'avoir de 
 I'esijrit, si vous ne I'employez 
 pna, et (lue vous ne vous ap- 
 pliqulezpas? BossuET. 
 
 Toutefois, que sert-il de me jus- 
 tifier ? Racine. 
 
 Qu'il fasse ce qu'il lui plaira. 
 
 Que le monde est grand ! Qu'il 
 est magniflque I Massillon. 
 
 Que de beaux jours n'ont pas de 
 beaux soirs ! Bciste. 
 
 Sais-tu quelque chose de plus ? 
 
 Oh ! que oui. Brueys. 
 
 C'est une maladie d'esprit, que 
 de soidiaiter des choses im^ws- 
 sibles. Fenelon 
 
 II n'y aura jamais de meilleiir 
 directeur que I'Evangile. 
 
 Ganganelli. 
 
 La veritable conversion du coeur 
 fait autant aimer Dieu qu'on 
 a aime les creatures. 
 
 Pascal. 
 
 Crois-tu que dans son occur, il 
 ait jur^ ta mort ? Kacine. 
 
 Co ii'est pas que j'eusse mieux 
 fait que vous. 
 
 Mme. de Sevign^. 
 
 II a fallu (jue mes malheurs 
 m'aient instruit, pour m'ap- 
 ])rendre ce que je ne voulais 
 imti croire. Fenelon. 
 
 Of what use will he your toil, if 
 you do not employ it, uud do 
 not apply yoursdcen f 
 
 However, ivliat is the use of junti- 
 
 fyiny myself i 
 Let him do ivhat he pleases. 
 How jjreat is the tcarld / How 
 
 maynijicent ! 
 Hofw many fine days have not 
 
 beaut ifu I e fen inys ! 
 Bo you know anything viorcf 
 That, I do. 
 Wishing for impossible things is 
 
 a disease of the mind, 
 
 Thei-e imll never be any better 
 guide than the Gospel. 
 
 The true coneei'sion of the heart 
 makes ua love God as much as 
 tve hare loved the creutuns. 
 
 Do you believe that he has stown 
 your death in his heart f 
 
 It is not that I might have done 
 better than you. 
 
 It was nc'Tssary that my misfor- 
 tunes should instruct mc, t<t 
 teach me what I tcoidd not 
 believe. 
 
 QUOIQVE — QIOI . . QUE. 
 
 (7uoi(iuc Dieu et la nature aient 
 fait tons les hommes 6gaux en 
 los forinant d'line meme boue, 
 la vanite humaine ne pent 
 souffrir cette ^alite. 
 
 Bossi'ET. 
 
 {^>noi que vous ecriviez, ^vitez la 
 bassesse, BoiLEAV. 
 
 Quoi que ce soit qu'elle dise, die 
 ne me persuadera pas. 
 
 Girault-Dlviv I KI{. 
 
 Although God and nature have 
 made all mm e<iual in forming 
 them, from the sceme cart/', hu- 
 man vanity cannot bear that 
 equcdity. 
 
 Whiitever you may xvrite, avoid 
 
 vulgarity. 
 Whatever she may say, she will 
 
 not pei'suade me. 
 
 81. 
 
 S\ vous le vouliez, nous partirions 
 
 ensemble. 
 Si vous le prenez sur ce ton, je 
 
 me retire. 
 Nul empire n'est sftr, s'il n'a 
 
 I'a mour pom- base. Racine. 
 S'il le faut, nous partirons. 
 Voti'e esprit a tuujours cii reserve 
 
 quelque si, quelque mais. 
 
 DEST0UCHB3. 
 
 If you toished it, we xvoidd go 
 
 together. 
 If you go on in this way, I wdh- 
 
 draw. 
 iVo empire is safe, unless it ha^ 
 
 affection fm' its basis. 
 If it must lie so, we will go. 
 lour Yuiiid has always in rtserve 
 
 tome 'if,' some 'but.' 
 
244 
 
 lis repondirent, qu'il fallait r4- 
 tablir leiiuilibrc euroi)een 
 rompu, qu'il fallait le retablir 
 sinon sur le continent, oii il 
 etait tout a fait d^truit, au 
 moins sur I'Ocean. 
 
 Thiers, 
 
 8IN0N. 
 
 Thei/ replied, tluit L was necessarif 
 to re-eKkiblhk the didm-bed 
 European balance ; that it wan 
 necesmrii to rcntore it, if not on 
 the continent, where it wan en- 
 tirely destroyed, at lea^t on the 
 ocean. 
 
 Soit (lu'il le fasse, soit qu'il ne le 
 nisse i)as. 
 
 Soit la liardiesse de I'entreprise, 
 «oit la seule in-esence de ce 
 grand homme, soit la protec- 
 tion visible du ciel, il dtonne 
 par sa resolution. 
 
 „ ., , . Fl^chier. 
 
 tooit en bien, soit er Tial, mon 
 ami, la prudence dit, qu'il faut 
 rareinent juger sur I'apparence. 
 
 yr 1 , Charon. 
 
 Vous le voulez? ainsi soit-il ! 
 
 In inal funeste et contagieux se 
 ropandit dans les princii)ales 
 villes de la Norinandie ; soit 
 que 1 intemperiedessaisons efit 
 iaissi! dans, les airs quehiue 
 maligne imi session, soitqu'un 
 commerce fatal eftt api)orte des 
 pays eloignes, avec de fragiles 
 richesses, des semences de ma- 
 adie et de mort, soit que 
 1 ange de Dieu eftt etendu la 
 Jiuun iHJur frapper cette mal- 
 neureuse province. 
 
 FlECHIER. 
 
 SOIT. 
 
 Whetlier he does it, whether /ic 
 
 does it not. 
 Be it the boldness of the enter- 
 prise, be it the presence alone of 
 this great mm, be it the visible 
 protection of hcaren, /le as- 
 tonishes by his resolution,, 
 
 Beitforyood, be it for evil, m>/ 
 frieiul, pnulence saijs, that we 
 must rarely judye from appear- 
 ances. 
 
 You ioill have it so ? Sv be it ! 
 
 A fatal and contayioiis disease 
 spread in the principal cities of 
 Jyonaandy, be it that the in- 
 clemency of the season had left 
 in the air some malignant im- 
 pression, be it that a fatal con- 
 mare had brought from distctnt 
 fountries,rinthperishcMe riches, 
 the seeds of disease and death, 
 be It that the angel of God hid 
 stretclvedf 01-th his hand to smite 
 that unfortunate province. 
 
 Section- Oil I. 
 l.lo5^ ^'fSI- "^* "' '''' ™"«^ "-^1 abbrcviutiou. cm- 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 A. 1*. A protester. 
 'l' ^- !*• Accepte sous protet. 
 A. S. P. c. Accepte sous protet 
 
 pour ti compte. 
 B""' Baron. 
 C^'i- Chevalier. 
 O'^'- Comte. 
 Ct.'Mo. Comtesse. 
 D''- Docteur. 
 
 Ur. M". Sooteur-ra^decin. 
 E. Est. 
 
 MEANINGS. 
 To be protested. 
 Accepted under protest. 
 Accepted under protest on ac- 
 count. 
 Baron, 
 
 Chevalim; knight, sir. 
 Count. 
 Countess, 
 Doctor. 
 
 Doctor of medicine. 
 East. 
 
 Il 
 
 i! 
 
245 
 
 Ac 
 
 l! 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 .T.-C. Jc'sus-Ohrist. 
 LL. AA. II. Leurs Altesses Im- 
 
 poriiiles. 
 LL. AA. RK. Leurs Altesses 
 
 Koyales. 
 LL. AA. SS. Leurs Altesses 
 
 Sm'iiissimes. , 
 Till. Em. Leurs Eminences. 
 LL. Ex. Leurs Excellences. 
 LL. HH. Leu IS Hiuitesses. 
 LL. MM. Leurs Majestes. 
 LL. aor. II. Leurs Majestes 
 
 Imperiales. 
 LL. MM. RK. Leurs Majestes 
 
 Royales. 
 M. ou M>- Monsieur. 
 M. A. Maison as-auree. 
 M. A. C. I. Maison assureo coutre 
 
 1 incendie. 
 Mil- Jlarcliand, 
 U<i^-- iNIarcliande. 
 M(fi' Monseigneur. 
 Mi»- Marcjuis. 
 IM'""-'- Marquise. 
 Mil''. Mademoiselle. 
 MM. Messieurs. 
 Mmc. Madame. 
 IMst. Manuscrit. 
 Mti-i-'- Maitre. 
 N. 13. Nota bene. 
 N.-D. Notre-Dame. 
 N.-N.-E. Nord-nord-est. 
 N.-N.-O. Nord-nord-ouest. 
 N°- Numero. 
 N.-S. Notre-Seigneur. 
 N.-S. J.-O. Notre-SeigneurJosus- 
 
 Christ. 
 N'- Nt'gociant. 
 Nt^'. Negociante. 
 O. Oucst. 
 ().-N. Ouest-uord. 
 O.-S. Ouest-sud. 
 1\ S. Post-scri])tum. 
 K. P, Rev<5rend i)ere. 
 S. Sud. 
 
 ■ S. A. I. Son Altesse Imperiale. 
 »S. A. K. Hon Altesse Royale. 
 S. A. S. Son Altesse Serenis- 
 
 sime. 
 W.-E. Sud-es^. 
 8. Em. Son Emiirence. 
 S. Ex. Son Excellence, 
 S. G. Sa Grandeur. 
 S. H. Sa Hautesse. 
 
 S. M. Sa Majesty, 
 
 MEANINGS. 
 Jtsus Christ. 
 Their Imperial Hujhncms. 
 
 T/tcir Royal Hiijhncsscn. 
 
 Their Mont Seretie Ilii/hncsscti. 
 
 Their Eminences. 
 Their Excellencies. 
 Their h iijhnesses. 
 Their Majesties. 
 T'eir Imperial Majesties. 
 
 Their Roijal Majesties. 
 
 Sir, Mr. 
 
 House ii.snred. 
 
 House insured against fire. 
 
 Dealer, shopkeeper, m. 
 
 Dealer, shopkeeper, f. 
 
 Ml) lord. 
 
 Marquis. 
 
 Marchioness. 
 
 Miss. 
 
 Messrs., Gentlemen. 
 
 Madam, Mrs, 
 
 Manuscript. 
 
 Master. 
 
 Nota Bene. 
 
 Oar Ladji. 
 
 North-north-east. 
 
 North-nortk-ivest. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Our Jjord. 
 
 Our Lord Jesus Christ, 
 
 Merchant, m. 
 
 Merchant, f. 
 
 West. 
 
 West-north. 
 
 West-south. 
 
 Postscript. 
 
 Revereivd father. 
 
 South. 
 
 His or Her Imperial Highness. 
 
 His or Her Royal Hii/hucss. 
 
 His Most Serene Highness. 
 
 South-east. 
 His Eminence. 
 His Excellency. 
 Hi.H Grf<."c (to a Bishc-i)}. 
 His Highmss (the Turkish Em- 
 peror). 
 His or Her Majesty, 
 
I « 
 
 246 
 
 S, 
 
 s. 
 
 s. 
 s. 
 s. 
 s. 
 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 M. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 M. B. Sa Majesto Brifc-ui- 
 lugue. 
 
 C Sa Majeste Catliolique. 
 I. Sa Majeste Imp^riale. 
 ^•i. Sr Majest*? Royale. 
 S. Sa Majeste Suedoise. 
 T. C. Sa Majesty Tres- 
 Chrctiojino. 
 S. M. T F. Sa MajeHtt5 Tres- 
 
 S.-O. Sud-ouest. 
 
 S, P. Saint Pore. 
 
 SS. PP. 1*8 Saints Pkeu 
 
 S. S. Sa Saintet^. 
 
 S.-S.-E. Sii(isiid-est. 
 
 S.-S.-O. Sud-sud-cuesfc. 
 
 HXANINGB. 
 His or Ji'er Britamuc Maje, 'y. 
 
 His Catkuhr. Majedif. 
 His Imperil Majeaty 
 HU lioi/al lilrjestu. 
 HU SvHidish Majedy. 
 Hk Moat CkrMian Mnjtatr. 
 
 Bia Moat Faithful Majasti/, 
 
 Sonth-vxat. 
 
 E'ohjFaf^T. 
 The Hof;/ fathers, 
 /?>'« Huline!f3, 
 hiitfth-stuth-caat. 
 SotiUi aouth-vieat. 
 
 Printed by Cass' ! j- & Company, I^imitep, La Belle Sauvaire, London, E.C; 
 
 40.589 
 
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