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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction retios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure ere filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right end top to bottom, es many frames os required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. pouvent Atro filmAe A dee taux do rMuction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un soul clichA. 11 est film* A pertir do I'engle supArieur gauche, do geuche i droite. et do haut en bas, en prenent le nombre d'images nAcossaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthodo. rrata o lelure, I * 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 e iM^ ^ m » *. STORIES ov rHE CANADIAN FOREST. :ai-" w -4 M I TIIB FLYING 8Q0IRBBL. Plftl. »•• .- Ki | B.t'> 'l) >ti' 'iA^^f*^''*---'»'«i— '.. -%T O'^'i F S »M' DIAN FOREST Oit, l^rr llane. '!,;«. fcxr/f ■,i ?i . B T . .H. :s D N I <.; It <.^ I. STORIES & or THE CANADIAN FOREST; OB, f ittle Hara irnlt ier iurse. MRS. TRAILL, AUTHOR or *'THB CANADIAN ORUaoXS," KTO. wna iL'i^HnTRATlOVS BY HARVBT. P .1 i,\- BOSTON: CROSBY AND NICHOLS, 117 Washington Street. : 1862. PZio 166558 o /A- '/ / ^-L J 1 1 o i^ CONTENTS. OHAPTElt L PAaa The Flying Squirrel— its Food— Story of a Wolf— In- dian Villuge— Wild Ric« . . . . • 9 CHAPTER IL Sleighing — Sleigh Robes — ^Fur Caps — Otter Skins — Old Snow-storm — Otter Hunting — Otter Slides — Indian Names — Remarks on Wild Animals and their Habits 29 CHAPTER IIL Little Mary Reads to Mrs. Frazer the First Part of the History of the Squirrel Family . • # • 40 CHAPTER IV. Which tells how the grey Squirrels get on while they remained on Pine Island — hovr they behaved to their Poor Relations, the Chitmunks — and what happened to them in the Forest . • . .68 CHAPTER V. How the Squirrels got to the Mill at the Rapids — and what happened to Velyet-paw .... 7S CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. PAOI Squirrels — the Chitmunks — Docility of a Pet One — Roguery of a Pedlar — Return of the Musical Chit- munk to his Master's Bosom — Sagacity of a Bkck Squirrel 101 CHAl'TER VIL Indian Baskets — ^Thread Plants — Maple Sugar-tree — ^In- dian Ornamental Works — Raccoons . . .116 CHAPTER VIII. Canadian Birds — Snow Sparrow — Robin Red-Breast— Canadian Flowers — American Porcupine . . 181 CHAPTER IX. Indian Bag — Indian Embroidery — Beaver's Tail — Beaver Architecture — Habits of the B«aaver — Beaver Tools — Beaver Meadows . . i4l CHAPTER X. Indian Boy and his Pets — Tame Beaver at Home- Kitten, Wildfire — Pet Huoonon and the Spaniel Puppies — Canadian Flora 167 CHAPTER XI. Nurse tells Mary about a little Boy who was eaten by a Bear in the Province of New Brunswick — of a Bnby that was carried away, but taken alive — a Walk in the Garden — Humming Birds — Canadian Balsams 160 CONTENTS. T CHAPTER XII. PAQB jiurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, most frequently seen in Northern Climates — called Merry Dancers — Rose Tints — ^Tint-like appearance — Little Mary frightened 183 CHAPTER Xin. Strawberries — Canadian wild Fruits — wild Raspberries — th'e Hunter and the Lost Child —Cranberries- Cranberry Marshes — Nuts . . • • • 102 ■» » CHAPTER XIV. Oarter-Snakes — Rattlesnakes — Anecdote of a little Buy — Fisherman and Snake — Snake charmers — Spiders — Laud Tortoise 210 CHAPTER XV. Klien and her Pet Fawns— docility of Fan— Jack's droll Tricks— Affectionate Wolf— Full Flowers- departure of little Mary — tl;o End .... 224 r . \\ A PEEP INTO THE CANADIAN FOEEST. CHAPTER I. THE PLTINO SQUIRREL — IT3 FOOD — STORY OP A WOLF — INDIAN VILLAGE — WILD RICE. " IVr^"^^^' ^^^^* ^ *^® name of that pretty creature you have in your hand ? What bright eyes it has! Wliat a soft tail, ju&t like a grey feather I Is it a little beaver?" asked a little girl, the daughter of a gentleman con- nected with the government of Canada, as her nurse came into the room where her young charge, whose name was Mary, was playing with her doll. 10 THE CANADIAN FOREST. Carefully sheltered against her breast, its velvet nose just peeping from beneath her muslin neckerchief, the nurse held a small grey-ftirred animal, of the most delicate form and colour. "No, my dear," she replied, "this is not a young beaver; a beaver is a much larger ani- mal. A beaver's tail is not covered with fur ; it is scaly, broad, and flat; it looks something like black leather, not very unlike that of my seal-skin slippers. The Indians eat beavers' tails at their great feasts, and think they make an excellent dish." "If they are black, and look like leather shoes, I am very sure I should not like to eat them; so, if you please, Mrs. Frazer, do not let me have any beavers' tails cooked for my dinner," said the little lady in a very decided tone. "Indeed, my dear," replied her nurse, smil- ing, "it would not be an easy thing to obtain, if you wished to taste one, for beavers are not brought to our market. It is only the Indians and hunters who know how to trap them, and ,^' THE FLYING' SQUIRREL. 11 beavers are not so plentiful as they used to be." Mrs. Frazer would have told Mary a great deal about the way in which the trappers take the beavers, but the little girl interrupted her by saying, " Please, nurse, will you tell me the name of your pretty pet? Ah, sweet thing 1 what bright eyes you have I" she added, caress- ing the soft little head which was just seen from beneath the folds of the muslin handker- chief to which it timidly nestled, casting furtive glances at the admiring child, while the pant- ing of its breast told the mortal terror that shook its frame whenever the little girl's hand was advanced to coax its soft back. "It is a flying squirrel, Mary," replied her nurse ; " one of my brothers caught it a month ago, when he was chopping in the forest. He thought it might amuse your ladyship, and so he tamed it, and sent it to me in a basket filled with moss, with some acorns, and hickory- nuts, and beech-mast for him to eat on his journey, for the little fellow has travelled a long way : he came from the beech- woods near 12 TlIK CANADIAN FOHKST, tlio town of Coburg, in tUo Upper Pror- II moe. *' Ami whero in Coburg, nurHO? la it a largo oity liko Montroal or Quolun??" **No, my dour; it i« a largo town on tho ahoa^rt of tho groat Tiako Ontario." "And iin\ thoi^o many woods noar it?" ^ '* Yt>a; but not so many as thoro used to bo many yotu's ago. Tho forost is abnost all oloarod, and thoiti aix) Holds of wlioat and Indian corn, and nioo farms aad protty houses, whei-o a few years baek tho h>(ly forest givw dark and thick." "Nurao, you said thoro wore aoorns, and hiokory-nuts, and booch-n«ust in tho basket. I have soon acorns at homo in dear Enghind and Scotland, and I have oaton tho liickory-nuta hero; but what is boooh-most? Is it any psurt of a Canadian ship ?" " No, Mm*y ; it is tho name that is given to the fruit of tlio beech-ti*eo. You have scon tho Uveh-Uvo in Enghvnd : tho nuts are inclosed in a n>ugh and somewhat prickly husk, which opens when it is ripe at the top, and shows two or nu)n> tliixxs-corneivd shining brown seeds, in ITS FOOD. 18 a smooth, tough, leathery skin ; these fall out, shaken by the wind, when it waves the boughs. Hogs fatten upon these nuts ; and squirrels, and donnioo, and wood-chucks gather them into their granaries for winter stores ; and wild ducks and wild i)igeons come from the far north at the season when the beech-mast fall, to cat them ; for God teaches these, His creatures, to know the times and tlie seasons when His bounteous hand is open to give them food from His boundless store. A great many other birds and beasts also feed upon the beech-mast." " It was very good of your brother to send me tills pretty creature, nurse," said the little lady; "I will ask Papa to give him some money." "There is no need of that, Mary. My brother is not in want; he has a farm in the Upper Province, and is very well off." " I am glad he is well off," said Mary ; " in- deed, I do not see so many beggars here as in England." " People need not beg in Canada, if they are well and strong, and can work; a poor man n 14 THE CANADIAN FOREST. can soon earn money enougli to keep Hmself and his little ones." " Nurse, will you be so kind as to ask Camp- bell to get a pretty cage for my squirrel? I will let him live close to my dormice, who will be pleasant company for him, and I will feed him every day myself with nuts and sugar, and sweet cake and white bread. Now do not tremble and look so frightened, as though I were going to hurt you; and pray, Mr. Squirrel, do not bite. Oh I nurse, nurse, the wicked, spiteful creature has bitten my finger I See, see I it has made it bleed I Naughty thing I I will not love you if you bite. Pray, nurse, bind up my finger, or it will soil my frock." Great was the pity bestowed upon the wound by Mary's kind attendant, till the little girl, tired of hearing so much said about the bit- ten finger, gravely desired her maid to go in search of the cage, and catch the truant, \7hich had effected its escape, and was cling- ing to the curtains of the bed. The cage was procured — ^a large wooden cage, with an S -V -. THE WONDERS OF NATURE. 15 outer and an inner chamber, a bar for the lit- tle fellow to swing himself on, and a drawer for his food, and a little dish for his water. The sleeping-room was furnished by the nurse with soft wool, and a fine store of ni\ts was put in the drawer; all his wants were well supplied, and Mary watched the catching of the little animal with much interest. Great was the activity displayed by the runaway squirrel, and still greater the astonishment evinced by the little girl, at the flying leaps made by the squirrel in its attempts to elude the grasp of its pursuers. . " It flies I I am sure it must have wings. Look, look, nurse I it is here, now it is on the wall, now on the curtains I It must have wings, but it has no feathers I" "It has no wings, my dear, but it has a fine ridge of fur, that covers a strong sinew or muscle between the fore and hinder legs; and it is by the help of this muscle that it is able to spring so far, and so fast; and its claws are so sharp that it can cling to a wall, or any flat surface. The black and red 16 THE CANADIAN FOREST. squirrels, and the common grey, can jump very far, and run up the bark of the trees very fast, but not so fast as the flying squir- rel." At last Mary's maid, with the help of one of the housemaids, succeeded in catching the squirrel, and securing him within his cage. But though Mary tried all her words of en- dearment to coax the little creature to eat some of the good things that had been pro- vided so liberally for his entertainment, he remained sullen and motionless at the bottom of the cage. A captive is no less a captive in a cage with gilded bars, and with dainties to eat, than if rusted iron shut him in, and kept him from enjoying his freedom. It is for dear liberty that he pines, and is sad, even in the midst of plenty! - "Dear nurse, why does my little squirrel tremble and look so unhappy? Tell me if he wants any thing to eat that we have not given him. Why does he not lie down and sleep on the nice soft bed you have made for him in his little chamber? See, he has HUMANE RESOLVE. 17 not tasted the nice sweet cake and sugar that I gave him."- "He is not used to such dainties, Mary. In the forest, he feeds upon hickory-nuts, and butter-nuts, and acorns, and beech-mast, and the buds of the spruce, fir and pine kernels, ' and many other seeds and nuts and berries, that we could not get for him ; he loves grain, too, and Indian corn. He sleeps on green moss and leaves, and fine fibres of grass and roots; and drinks heaven's blessed dew, as it lies bright and pure upon the herbs of the field." " Dear little squirrel, pretty creature I I know now what makes you sad. You long to be abroad among your own green woods, and ' sleeping on the soft, green moss, which is far prettier than this ugly cotton wool. But you shall stay with me, my sweet one, till the cold winter is passed and gone, and the spring flow- ers have come again ; and then, my pretty squirrel, I will take you out of your dull cage, and we will go to St. Helen's green island, and T will let you go free ; but I will put a scarlet 2* B 18 THE CANADIAN FOBEST. collar about your neck before I let you go, that if any one finds you, they may know that you are my squirrel. Were you ever in the green forest, nurse? I hear papa talk about the *bush' and th6 * backwoods;' it must be very pleasant in the summer, to live among the green trees. "Were you ever there?" "Yes, my dear, I did live in the woods when I was a child. I was bom in a little log-shanty, far, far away up the country, near a beautifiil lake, called Bice Lake, among woods, and valleys, and hills covered with flowers, and groves of pine, and white and black oaks." " Stop, nurse, and tell me why they are called black and white; are the flowers l>lack and white?" "No, my dear; it is because the wood of the one is darker than the other, and the leaves of the black oak are dark and shining, while those of the white oak are brighter and lighter. The black oak is a beautiful tree. When I was a young girl, I used to like to climb the sides of the steep valleys, and look down upon THE STORY OF THE WOLF. 19 the tops of the oaks that grew beneath; and to watch the wind lifting the boughs all glitter- ing in the moonlight; they looked like a sea of ruffled green water. It is very solemn, Mary, to be in the woods by night, and to hear no sound but the cry of the great wood-owl, or the voice of the whip-poor-will, calling to his fel low from the tamarack swamp; or, may be, the timid bleating of a fawn that has lost its mother, or the howl of a wolf." rr^" Nurse, I should be so afraid; I am sure I should cry if I heard the wicked wolves howling in the dark woods, by night. Did you ever know any one who was eaten by a wolf?" " No, my dear ; the Canadian wolf is a great coward. I have heard the hunters say, that they never attack any one, unless there is a great flock together and the man is alone and unarmed. My uncle used to go out a great deal hunting, sometimes by torchlight, and sometimes on the lake in a canoe, with the Indians ; and he shot and trapped a great many wolves and foxes and raccoons. He has a great I ( , i ' > 20 THE CANADIAN FOREST. many heads of wild animals nailed up on the stoup in front of his log-house." " Please tell me what a stoup is, nurse ?" *'A verandah, my child, is the same thing, only the old Dutch settlers gave it the name of a stoup ; and the stoup is heavier and broaddr, and not quite so nicely made as a verandah. One day my uncle was crossing the lake on the ice ; it was a cold winter fifternoon ; he was in a hurry to take some food to his brothers, who were drawing pine-logs in the bush. He had, besides a bag of meal and flour, a new axe on his shoulder. He heard steps as of a dog trotting after him ; he turned his head, and there he saw close at his heels, a big, hungry- looking grey wolf; he stopped and faced about, and the big beast stopped and showed his white sharp teeth. My uncle did not feel afraid, but looked steadily at the wolf, as much as to say, * Follow me, if you dare," and walked on. When my uncle stopped, the wolf stopped ; when he went on, the beast also went on." " I would have run away," said Mary. " If my uncle had let the wolf see that he STOBY OF A WOLF. 21 lite was afraid of him, lie would have grown bolder, and have run after him and seized him. All animals are afraid of brave men, but not of cowards. When the beast came too near, my uncle faced him, and showed the bright axe, and the wolf then shrank back a few paces. When my uncle got near the shore, he heard a long wild cry, as if from twenty wolves at once. It might have been the echoes from the islands that increased the sound; but it was very frightful, and made his blood chill, for he knew that without his rifle he should stand a poor chance against a large pack of hungry wolves. Just then a gun went off; he heard the wolf give a terrible yell, he felt the whizzing of a bullet pass him, and, turning about, saw the wolf lying dead on the ice. A loud shout from the cedars in front told him from whom the shot came; it was my father, who had been on the look-out on the lake shore, and ho had fired at and hit the wolf, when ho saw that he could do so without hurting his brother." he 22 THE CANADIAN FOREST. "Nurse, it would have been a sad thing if the gun had shot your uncle." "It would; but my father was one of the best shots in the district, and could hit a white spot on the bark of a tree at a great distance without missing. It was an old Indian from Buckhorn Lake, who taught him to shoot deer by torchlight, and to trap beavers." " Well, I am glad that horrid wolf was killed, for wolves eat sheep and lambs ; and I dare say they would devour my little squirrel if they could get him. Nurse, please to tell me again the name of the lake near which you were born." "It is called Kice Lake, my dear. It is a fine piece of water, more than twenty miles long, and from three to five miles broad. It has pretty wooded islands, and several rivers or streams empty themselves into it. The Oton- abce Biver is a fine broad stream, which flows through the forest a long way. Many years ago, there were no clearings on the banks, and no houses, only Indian tents or w'gwanis; J' if. , t ■A, -.( -T . 1 t . V, \J • '^ i ^ ',r\' , /'} . \l ' t I. >,»*• 1 1 fHI 0TTIK8. P*||f». \f INDIAN VILLAGE. 28 1 ^) y;,.' »'.<.'* s m^\ • 'i L\ but now, there are a great many houses and farms." ' ^n f,^%> -in^- • .• < ' • ' *v?i.>+:.« '•^.;'W- ■ "What are wigwams?" uji^;:; ^V^ " A sort of light tent, made with poles stuck into the grbund, in a circle, fastened together at the top, and covered on the outside with skins of wild animals, or with birch bark.' The Indians light a fire of sticks and logs on the ground, in the middle of the wigwam, ahd lie or sit all around it; the smoke goes up to the top and escapes. In the winter^ they bank it up. with snow, and it is very warm.V . • "I think it must be a very ugly, sort of house; and I am glad I do not liv6 in an In* dian wigwam," said the little lady. "The Indians are a very simple folk, my lady, and do not need fine houses, like this in which your papa lives. They do not know tlie names or uses of half the fine things th^t are in the houses of the white people. They are happy and contented without them. It is not the richest that are happiest, Mary, and the Lord carcth for the poor and the lowly. There is a village on the shores of Kice Lake 24 TlIK CANADIAN FOKKST. t» where the Indians live. It is not very pretty. The houses are all built of logs, and some of them have gardens and orehards. They havo H neat ehurch, and tliey havo a good minis- ter, who taki\s great pains to timeh them the gix'^pel of the Lord Jesus Christ. The poor Indiiins weixj Pagans until witliin the last few years." "What are Pagans, nurse?" "People who do not believe hi God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, our blessed Saviour." "Nurse, is there real rieo growing in the Rieo Lake ? I heard my governess say that riee givw only in warm countries. Now, your lake must be very cold if your uncle walked acR>ss the ice." " This rice, my dear, is not ival rice. I heard a gentleman tell my father, that it was, properly speaking, a species of oats,* — water cats ho called it^ but the common name for it is wild rice. This wild rice grows in vast beds in the hike, in patches of many acres. It will grow * Zizanin, or water oats. * WILD UIOB. 25 in water from eiglit to ten or twelve feet deep ; the grnssy leaves lloat upon the water like long narrow green ribbons. In the month of August, the stem that is to bear the flowei and the grain rises straight up, above the sur- face, and light delicate blossoms come out, of a pale straw colour and lilac. They are very pretty, and wave in the wind with a rustling noise. In the month of October, when the rice is ripe, the leaves turn yellow, and the rice-heads grow heavy and droop ; then the squaws— as the Indian women are called — ^go out in their birch-bark canoes, holding in one hand a stick, in the other a short curved paddle, with a sharp edge. With this, they bend down the rice across the stick, and strike off the heads, which fall into the canoe, as they push it along through the rice-beds. In this way tliey collect a great many bushels in the course of the day. The wild rice is not the least like tlie rice which your ladyship has eaten; it is thin and covered with a light chaify husk. T'li' colour of the grain itself is a brownish green, or olive, smooth, shining, and brittle. 8 26 THE CANADIAN FOREST. After separating the outward chaff, the squaws put by a large portion of the clean rice in its natural state for sale; for this they get from a dollar and a half to two dollars a bushel. Some they parch, either in large pots, or on mats made of the inner bark of cedar or bass wood, beneath which they light a slow fire, and plant around it a temporary hedge of green boughs, closely set to prevent the heat from escaping; they also plant stakes, over which they stretch the matting at a certain height above the fire. On this they spread the green rice, stirring it about with wooden paddles, till it is properly parched; this is known by its bursting and showing the white grain of the flour. When quite cool it is stowed away in troughs, scooped out of butter-nut wood, or else sewed up in sheets of birch-bark or bass- mats, or in coarsely made birch-bark baskets." " And is the rice good to eat, nurse ?" "Some people like it as well as the white rice of Carolina; but it does not look so well. It is a great blessing to the poor Indians, who boil it in their soups, or eat it with maple ■^ WILD RICE. 27 iquaws s in its t from bushel, or on or bass >w fire, ►f green at from : whicli . height 16 green paddles, own by Tain of 3d away v^ood, or or bass- askets." ^e white so well. ^ns, who maple ; m molasses. And they eat it when parched with- out any other cooking, when they are on a long journey in the woods, or on the lakes. I have often eaten nice puddings made of it with milk. The deer feed upon the green rice. They swim into the water, and eat the green leaves and tops. The Indians go out at night to shoot the deer on the water ; they listen for them, and shoot them in the dark. The wild ducks and water-fowls come down in great flocks to fatten on the ripe rice in the fall of the year; also large flocks of rice buntings and red-wings which make their roosts among the low willows, flags, and lilies, close to the shallows of the lake." « " It seems verj useful to birds as well as to men and beasts," said little Mary. "Yes, my dear, and to fishes also, I make no doubt; for the good God has cast it so abundantly abroad on the waters, that I dare say they also have their share. When the rice is fully ripe, the sun shining on it gives it a golden hue, just like a field of ripened 28 THE CANADIAN FOREST. !') grain. Surrounded by the deep blue waters, it looks very pretty." " I am very much obliged to you, nurse, for telling me so much about the Indian rice, and I will ask mamma to let me have some one day for my dinner, that I may know how it tastes." Just then Mary's governess came to bid her nurse dress her for a sleigh-ride, and so for the present we shall leave her ; but we will tell our little readers something more in another chap- ter about little Mary and her flying squirrel. SLBIGHING. CHAPTER II. SLEIGHING — SLEIGH ROBES — FDR CAPS — OTTER SKINS- OLD SNOW-STORM — OTTER HUNTING — OTTER SLIDES- INDIAN NAMES — REMARKS ON WILD ANIMALS AND THEIR HABITS. " IVrURSlE, we have had a very nice sleigh- drive. I like sleighing very much over the white snow. The trees look so pretty, as if they were covered with white flowers, and the ground sparkled just like mamma's dia- monds." "It is pleasant, Mary, to ride through the woods on a bright, sunshiny day, after a fresh fall of snow. The young evergreens, hemlocks, balsams, and spruce-trees, are loaded with great masses of the new-fallen snow ; while the slen- der saplings of the beech, birch, and basswood are bent down to the very ground, making bowers so bright and beautiful, you would be delighted to see them. Sometimes, as you 80 THE CANADIAN FOREST. drive along, great masses of the snow come showering down upon you; but it is so light and dry, that it shakes off without wetting you. It is pleasant to be wrapped up in warm blankets, or buffalo robes, at the bottom of a lumber-sleigh, and to travel through the forest by moonlight ; the merry bells echoing through the silent woods, and the stars just peeping down through the frosted trees, which sparkle like diamonds in the moonbeams." " Nurse, I should like to take a drive through the forest in winter. It is so nice to hear the sleigh-bells. We used sometimes to go out in the snow in Scotland, but we were in the car- riage, and had no bells." " No, dear : the snow seldom lies long enough in the old country to make it worth while to have sleighs there ; but in Eussia and Sweden, and other cold northern countries, they use sleighs with bells." Mary ran to the little book-case, where she had a collection of children's books, and very soon found, in one of Peter Parley's books, a ■4 •■'r'v* SLEIGH ROBES. 81 picture of Laplanders and Eussians wrapped in furs sleighing. " How long will the winter last, nurse ?" said the child, after she had tired herself with look ing at the prints ; " a long, long time — a great many weeks ? — ^a great many months ?" " Yes, my dear ; five or six months." " Oh, that is nice — ^nearly half a year of white snow, and sleigh-drives every day, and bells ringing all the time! I tried to make out a tune, but they only seemed to say, * Up-hill, up-hill I down-hill, down-hill I' all the way. Nurse, please tell me what are sleigh-robes made of?" " Some sleigh-robes, Mary, are made of bear- skins, lined with red or blue flannel ; some axe of wolf-skins, lined with bright scarlet cloth; and some of raccoon ; the commonest are buf- falo-skins : I have seen some of deer-skins, but these last are not so good, as the hair comes off, and they are not so warm as the skins of the furred or woolly-coated animals." "I sometimes see long cails hanging c1ov7n over the backs of the sleigh and cutters — ^they 82 THE CANADIAN FOREST. look very pretty, like tlie end of mamma's boa." " The wolf and raccoon-skin robes are gen- erally made up with the tails, and sometimes the heads of the animals are also left. I no- ticed the head of a wolf, with its sharp ears, and long white teeth, looking very fierce, at the back of a cutter, the other day." "Nurse, that must have looked very droll. Do you know, I saw a gentleman, the other day, walking with papa, who had a fox-skin cap on his head, and the fox's nose was just peeping over his shoulder, and the tail hung down his back, and I saw its bright, black eyes looking so cunning. I thought it must be alive, and that it had curled itself round his head; but the gentleman took it off, and showed me that the eyes were glass." "Some hunters, Mary, make caps of otter, mink, or badger skins, and ornament them with the tails, heads, and claws." " I have seen a picture of the otter, nurse ; it is a pretty, soft-looking thing, with a round head and black eyes. V^hcre do otters live?" n f ^ yi OTTER HUNTING. ter. 3e; id I?" "The Canadian otters live in holes in the banks of sedgy, shallow lakes, mill-ponds, and sheltered creeks. The Indian hunters find their haunts by tracking their steps in the snow; for an Indian or Canadian hunter knows the track made by any bird or beast, from the deep broad print of the bear, to the tiny one of the little shrewmouse, which is the smallest four-footed beast in this or any other country." "Indians catch the otter, and many other wild animals, in a sort of trap, which they call a 'dead-fall.' Wolves are often so trapped, and then shot. The Indians catch the otter for the sake of its dark shining fur, which is used by the hatters and furriers. Old Jacob Snow-storm, an old Indian who lived on the banks of the Eice Lake, used to catch otters ; and I have often listened to him, and laughed at his stories." "Do, please, nurse, tell me what old Jacob Snow-storm told you about the otters; I like to hear stories alout wild beasts. But what a droll surname Snow-storm isl" " Yes, Mary ; Indians have very odd names ; f . 84 TllW OANADIAN I'HUUCST, thoy nro oiiHimI niVor nil Morli* of Hinmj,!;(> iluiigH, »p riu\v ih> not. tuiino thn ohildiVM, mh W(^ do, noon niVor (hoy nro born, but wail, lor hoimo romnrk- nblo oijvtnnMlmu'o, Hoino dnMiin or uocidont. }Sonu> omU (Ihmu niVt'r tho first Htrniifj^^ unitnnl or bin! that npiu'jvrM to tho tunv-born. Old S il li huow-sliMMU most Iikrly o\V(* wns u bnby. 1 kiunv »v ohiof liMUUMJ Musk-rnt, nnd a pn'tty Indinu fi;irl who wjus njimcil ' nndau'-buii/ or tho ' Light of tho Morning.' " **Anii what is llio Indian nnnio for Old jSjiow-slonn?" " * nooho-g\>-ko-poi>r,' \\\\ tloar." Marv said it wa.s a funny soinuling nanio, nnd \\o\ at nil liko Sno\v-sti>nn, whioh sho likod « givat doal bottor; a!\d sho was niuoh anuisotl whilo hor nurso ivpoalod tv> hor sonio nanu'S ol' svjuaws i\\\k\ pa|HH\sos, (Indian N\on\on and ohilvbxMi i"^ suoh as livmg Thrush, Lilllo Fi>x, l^lnni^\g Stivam, Snv>\v-bird, Hod Cloud, Young Kaglo, Hig Hush, and many i>thors. "Now, nui*so, will yon toll mo Si>nio uioro alHMU Jaoob Sui>w-slorni and iho otU'is?" OLD JACOH HNOW-HTOUM. 85 " W«?ll, Mary, tlm old man lmi>d?" ■ WILD ANIMALS AND THEIR HABITS. 39 ro " Yes, thoy flat up, and held it in their fore- paws, wliich looked just like tiny handn." " There are many animals whose fore-feet resemble hands, and these, generally, convey their food to their mouths — among these are the squirrel and dormice. Thc^.y are good climbers and diggers. You see, my dear Mary, how the merciful Creator has given to all his creatures, however lowly, the best means of supplying their wants, whether of food or shelter." " Indeed, nurse, I have learned a great deal about squirrels, Canadian rice, otters, and In- dians; but, if you please, I must now have a little play with my doll. Good-bye, Mrs. Fra- zer, — pray take care of my dear little squirrel, and mind that ho does not fly away." Ana little Mary was soon busily engaged in draw- ing her wax doll about the nursery in a little sleigh lined with red squirrel fur robes, and talking to her as all children like to talk to their dolls, whether they be rich or poor — the children of peasants, or governors' daughters. 10 THE CANADIAN FOKEST. CHAPTER III. LirrLE MARY READS TO MRS. FRAZER THE FIRST PART OF THE HISTORY OF THE SQUIRREL FAMILY. /^NE day little Mary came to her nurse, ^^^ and putting her arms about her neck, whispered to her, — " Mrs. Frazer, my dear good governess has given me something — it is in my hand," and she slily held her hand behind her — "will you guess what it is?" "Is it a book, my dear?" "Yes, yes, it is a booV, a pretty book; and see, here are pictures of squirrels in it. Mrs. Frazer, if you like, I will sit down on this cushion by you and read some of my new book. It does not seem very hard." Then Mrs. Frazer took out her work-basket and sat down to sew, and Mary began to read the little story, which, I hope, may entertain my little readers as much as it did her. HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 41 ®fee f isttfrs 0f a Spiml imilu* It must be a pleasant thing to be a squirrel, and live a life of freedom in the boundless forests ; to leap and bound among the branches of the tall trees; to gambol in the deep shade of the cool glossy leaves, through the long warm summer day; to gather the fresh nuts and berries ; to drink the pure dews of heaven, all bright and sparkling from the opening flowers; to sleep on soft beds of moss and thistle-down in some hollow branch rocked by the wind as in a cradle. Yet, though this was the happy life led by a family of pretty grey squirrels, that had their dwelling in the hoary branch of an old oak-tree that grew on one of the rocky islands in a beautiful lake in Upper Canada, called Stony Lake^ (because it was full of rocky islands,) these little creatures 4* 12 THE CANADIAN FOREST. were far from being contented, and were always wishing for a change. Indeed, they had been very happy, till one day when a great black squirrel swam to the island and paid them a visit. He was a very fine handsome fellow, nearly twice as large as any of the grey squirrels; he had a tail that flourished over his back, when he set it up, like a great black feather; his claws were sharp and strong, and his eyes very round and bright; he had up- right ears, and long, sharp teeth, of which he made good use. The old grey squirrels called him cousin, and invited him to dinner. They very civilly set before him some acorns and beech-nuts; but he proved a hungry visitor, and ate as much as would have fed the whole family for a week. After the grey squirrels had cleared away the shells and scraps, they asked their greedy guest where he came from, when Blackie told them he was a great trav- eller, and had seen many wonderful things; that he had once lived on a forked pine at the head of the Waterfall, but being tired of a dull life, he had gone out on his travels to f'j HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 43 at of to see the world; that he had been down the lake, and along the river shore, where there were great places cut out in the thick forest, called clearings, where some very tall crea- tures lived, who were called men and women, with young ones called children; that though they were not so pretty as squirrels — ^for they had no fur on them, and were obliged to make clothes to cover them and keep them warm — they were very useful, and sowed com and planted fruit-trees and roots for squirrels to eat, and even built large grain stores to keep it safe and dry for them. This seemed very strange, and the simple little grey squirrels were very much pleased, and said they should like very much to go down the lakes too, and see these wonderful things. The black squirrel then told them that there were many things to be seen in these clear- ings : that there were large beasts, called oxen, and cows, and sheep, and pigs ; and these crea- tures had houses built for them to live in ; and all the men and women seemed to employ ^ THE CANADIAN FOBEST. themselves about was feeding and taking care of them. Now this cunning fellow never told his simple cousins that the oxen had to bear a heavy wooden yoke and chain, and were made to work very hard; nor that the cows were fed that they might give milk to the children ; nor that the pigs, were fatted to make pork; nor that the sheep had their warm fleeces cut off every year that the settlers might have the wool to spin and weave. Blackie did not say that the men carried guns, and the dogs were fierce, and would hunt poor squirrels from tree to tree, frightening them almost to death with their loud, angry barking; that cats haunted the barns and houses, and, in short, that there were dangers as well as pleas- ures to be met with in these clearings; and that the barns were built to shelter the grain for men, and not for the benefit of squirrels. The black squirrel proved rather a trouble- some guest, for he stayed several days, and ate so heartily, that the old grey squirrels were obliged to hint that he had better go I I •V JET TBI GBKT BQUIRBUL AND OUITtfUNKm. tag* 4ft. HISTORY OP A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 45 back to the clearings, where there was so much food, for that their store was nearly done. When Blackie found that all the nice nuts were eaten, and that even pine-kernels and beech-nuts were becoming scarce, he went away, saying that he should soon come again. The old grey squirrels were glad when they saw the tip of Bladders tail disappear, as he whisked down the trunk of the old oak; but their young ones were very sorry that he was gone, for they liked very much to listen to all his wonderful stories, which they thought were true; and they told their father and mother how they wished they would leave the dull island and the old tree, and go down the lakes, and see the wonderful things that their black cousin had described. But the old ones shook their heads, and said they feared there was more fiction than truth in the tales they had heard, and that if they were wise they would stay where they were. *' What do you want more, my dear children," said their mother, "than you enjoy here? Have you not this grand old oak for a palace 46 THE CANADIAN FOREST. to live in; its leaves and branches spreading like a canopy over your heads, to shelter you from the hot sun by day and the dews by night? Are there not moss, dried grass, and roots beneath, to make a soft bed for you to lie upon? and do not the boughs drop down a plentiful store of brown, ripe acorns? That silver lake, studded with islands of all shapes and sizes, produces cool, clear water for you to drink and bathe yourselves in. Look at those flowers that droop their blossoms down to its glassy surface, and the white lilies that rest upon its bosom, — ^will you see any thing fairer or better, if you leave this place ? Stay at home, and be contented." " If I hear any more grumbling," said their father, "I shall pinch your ears and tails." So the little squirrels said no more, but I am sorry to say they did not pay much heed to their wise old mother's counsels ; for whenever they were alone, all their talk was how to run away, and go abroad to see the world, as their black cousin had called the new settlement down the lakes. It never came into the heads HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 47 of the silly creatures that those wonderful sto- ries they had been told originated in an artfui scheme of the greedy black squirrel, to induce them to leave their warm pleasant house in the oak, that he and his children might come and live in it, and get the hoards of grain, and nuts, and acorns, that their father and mother had been laying up for winter stores. Moreover, the wily black squirrel had pri- vately told them that their father and mother intended to turr them out of the nest very soon, and make ^ j^ision for a new family. This indeed was leiiiiy the case; for as soon as young animals can provide for themselves, their parents turn them off, and care no more for them. Very different, indeed, is this from our parents ; for they love and cherish us as long as they live, and afford us a home and shelter as long as we need it. Every hour these little grey squirrels grew more and more impatient to leave the lonely little rocky island, though it was a pretty spot, and the place of their birth; but they were now eagcT to go abroad and seek their fortunes. 48 THE CANADIAN FOREST. "Let US keep our own counsel," said Nimble- foot to his sisters Velvet-paw and Silver-nose, "or we may chance to get our tails pulled; but be all ready for a start by early dawn to- morrow." ' < Velvet-paw and Silver-nose said they would be up before sunrise, as they should have a long voyage down the lake, and agreed to rest on Pine Island near the opening of Clear Lake. , "And then take to the shore and travel through '■ the woods, where, no doubt, we shall have a pleasant time," said Nimble-foot, who was the most hopeful of the party. The sun was scarcely yet risen over the fringe of dark pines that skirted the shores of the lake, and a soft creamy mist hung on the surface of the still waters, which were unruffled by the slightest breeze. The little grey squir- rels awoke, and looked sleepily out from the leafy screen that shaded their mossy nest. The early notes of the wood-thrush and song- sparrow, with the tender warbling of the tiny wren, sounded sweetly in the still dewy morn- ing air ; while from a cedar swamp was heard S f i *• .» HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 49 V, the trill of the green frogs, which the squirrela thought very pretty music. As the sun rose above the tops of the trees, the mist rolled off in light fleecy clouds, and soon was lost in the blue sky, or lay in large bright drops on the cool ' grass and shining leaves. Then all the birds awoke, and the insects shook their gauzy wings, which had been folded all the night in the flower-cups, and the flowers began to lift their heads, and the leaves to expand to catch the golden light. There was a murmur on the water as it played among the sedges, and lifted the broad floating leaves of the white water- lilies, with their carved ivory cups; and the great green, brown, and blue dragon-flies rose with a whirring sound, and darted to and fro among the water flowers. It is a glorious sight to see the sun rise at any time, for then we can look upon him with- out having our eyes dazzled with the bright- ness of his beams ; and though there were no men and women and little cliildren, in the lonely waters and woods, to lift up their hands and voices in prayer and praise to God, who 5 D 1 j 60 THE CANADIAN FOREST I ) makes tlie sun to rise each day, yet no dou^i tlie great Creator is pleased to see his creaturoi rejoice in the blessings of light and heat. lightly running down the rugged bark of the old oak-tree, the little squirrels bade fare- well to their island home — to the rocks, mosses, ferns, and flowers that had sheltered them, among which they had so often chased each other in merry gambols. They thought little of all this, when they launched themselves on the silver bosom of the cool lake. "How easy it is to swim in this clear water I " said Silver-nose to her sister Velvet-paw. "We shall not be long in reaching yonder island, and there, no doubt, we shall get a good breakfast." So the little swimmers proceeded on their voyage, furrowing the calm waters as they glided noiselessly along; their soft grey heads and ears and round black eyes only being seen, and the bright streaks caused by the motion of their tails, which lay flat on the surface, look- ing like silver threads gently floating on the stream. !M. ■V' HISTORY OP A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 51 Not being mucli used to the fatigue of swim- ming, the little squirrels were soon tired, and if it had not been for a friendly bit of stick that happened to float near her, poor Yelvet-paw would have been drowned: ^o^ 3r, she got up on the stick, and setting up her tine broad kail, went merrily on, and soon passed Nimble- foot and Silver-nose. The current drew the Stick towards the Pine Island that lay at the entrance of Clear Lake, and Velvet-paw leaped ashore, and sat down on a mossy stone to dry her fur, and watch for her brother and sister: they, too, found a large piece of birch-bark which the winds had blown into the water, and as a little breeze had sprung up to waft them along, they were not very long before they landed on the island. They were all very glad when they met again, after the perils and fatigues of the voyage. The first thing to bo done was to look for something to eat, for their early rising had made them very hungry. They found abundance of pine-cones strewn on the ground, but, alas for our little squirrels 1 very few kernels in them; for the crossbills 62 THE CANADIAN FOREST. and cHccadees had been at work for many weeks on the trees ; and also many families of their poor relations, the chitmunks or ground squirrels, had not been idle, as our little voyagers could easily guess by the chips and empty cones round their holes. So, weary as they were, they were obliged to run up the tall pine and hemlock trees, to search among the cones that grew on their very top branches. "While our squirrels were busy with the few kernels they chanced to find, they were startled from their repast by the screams of a large slate-coloured hawk, and Velvet-paw very nar- rowly escaped being pounced upon and carried off in its sharp-hooked talons. Silver-nose at the same time was nearly frightened to death by the keen round eyes of a cunning raccoon, which had come within a few feet of the mossy branch of an old cedar, where she sat picking the seeds out of a dry head of a blue flag-flower she had found on the shore. Silvy, at this sight, gave a spring that left her many yards beyond her sharp-sighted enemy. A lively note of joy was uttered by Nimble- ^ HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 53 foot, for, perched at his ease on a top branch of the hemlock-tree, he had seen the bound made by Silver-nose. "Well jumped, Silvy," said he; "Mister Coon must be a smart fellow to equal that. But look sharp, or you will get your neck wrung yet ; I see we must keep a good look-out in this strange country." "I begin to wish we were safe back again in our old one," whined Selvy, who was much frightened by the danger she had just escaped. " Pooh, pooh, child ; don't be a coward," said Nimble, laughing. "Cousin Blackie never told us there were hawks and coons on this island," said Velvet- paw. "My dear, he thought we were too brave to be afraid of hawks and coons," said Nimble. " For my part, I think it is a fine thing to go out a little into the world. We should never see any thing better than the sky and the water, and the old oak-tree on that little island." " Ay, but I think it is safer to see than to be seen," said Silvy, " for hawks and eagles have 6* 54 THE CANADIAN FOREST. strong btiaks, and raccoons sharp claws and hun- gry-looking teeth ; and it is not very pleasant, Nimble, to be obliged to look out for such wick- ed creatures." " Oh, true indeed," said Nimble ; " if it had not been for that famous jump you made, Silvy, and Velvet, your two admirers, the hawk and raccoon, would have hid all your beauties from the world and put a stop to your travels." " It is very well for brother Nimble to make light of our dangers," whispered Velvet-paw, " but let us see how he will jump if a big eagle were to pounce down to carry him off." " Yes, yes," said Silvy ; " it is easy to brag before one k in dagger." The squirrels thought they would now go and look for some partridge-berries, of which they were very fond, for the pine-kernels were but dry husky food after all. There were plenty of the pretty white star- shaped blossoms, growing all over the ground under the pine-trees, but the bright scarlet twin- berries were not yet ripe. In winter the par- tridges eat this* fruit from under the" snow ; and ■* HISTORY OP A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 55 it fumislies food for many little animals as well as birds. The leaves are small, of a dark green, and the white flowers have a very fine fragrant scent. Though the runaways found none of these berries fit to eat, they saw some ripe straw- berries among the bushes ; and, having satisfied their hunger, began to grow very merry, and whisked here and there and everywhere, peep- ing into this hole and under that stone. Some- times they had a good game of play, chasmg one another up and down the trees, chattering and squeaking as grey squirrels only can chatter and squeak, when they are gambolling about in the wild woods of Canada. Indeed, they made such a noise, that the great ugly black snakes lifted up their heads, and stared at them with their wicked spiteful-look- ing eyes, and the little ducklings swimming among the water-lilies, gathered round their mother, and a red- winged blackbird perched on p. dead tree, gave alarm to the rest of the flock by calling out, Oech^ gec\ geek, as loudly as he could. In the midst of all their frolics. Nimble skipped into a hollow log — ^but was glad to run r 66 THE CANADIAN FOREST. out again ; for a porcupine covered with sharp spines was there, and was so angry at being disturbed, that he stuck one of his spines into poor Nimble-foot's soft velvet nose, and there ■ it would have remained if Silvy had not seized -^ it with her teeth and pulled it out. Nimble- foot squeaked sadly, and would not play any longer, but rolled himsell up and went to sleep in a red-headed woodpecker's old nest; while Silvy and "Velvet-paw frisked about in the moon- ■ light, and when tired of play got up into an old oak which had a large hollow place in the crown of it, and fell asleep, fancying, no doubt, that they were on the rocky island in Stony Lake ; and so we will bid them good night, and wish them pleasant dreams. Little Mary had read a long while, and was now tired; so she kissed her nurse, and said, " Now, Mrs. Frazer, I will play with my doll, and feed my squirrel and my dormice." The dormice were two soft, brown creatures, almost as pretty and as innocent as the squirrel, HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 57 and a great deal tamer ; and they were called Jeannette and Jeannot, and would come when they were called by their names, and take a bit of cake or a lump of sugar out of the fingers of their little mistress. Little Mary had two canaries, Dick and Pet ; and she loved her dor- mice and birds, and her new pet the flying squirrel, very much, and never let them want for food, or water, or any nice thing she could get for them. She liked the history of the grey squirrels very much ; and was quite eager to get her book the next afternoon, to read the second part of the adventures and wanderings of the family. 1 I ' 58 THE CANADIAN FOREST. CHAPTER III. WHICH TELLS HOW THB ORBT SQUIRRELS GET ON WHILE THEY REMAINED ON PINE ISLAND HOW THEY BE- HAVED TO THEIR POOR RELATIONS, THB CHITMUNKS, AND WHAT HAPPENED TO THEM IN THE FOREST. TT was noon when the little squirrels awoke, and, of course, they were quite ready for their breakfast; but there was no good, kind old mother to provide for their wants, and to bring nuts, acorns, roots, or fruit for them ; they must now get up, go forth, and seek food for themselves. When Velvet-paw and Silver-nose went to call Nimble-foot, they were surjiriscd to find his nest empty ; but after searching a long while, they found him sitting on the root of an upturned tree, looking at a family of little chit- munks busily picking over the pine-cones on the ground; but as soon as one of thi poor little fellows, with great labour, had dug out « kernel, and was preparing to eat it, down HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 59 leaped Nimble-foot, and carried off the prize; and if one of the little chitmunks ventured to say a word, he very uncivilly gave him a scratch, or bit his ears, calling him a mean shabby fellow. Now, the chitmunks were really very pretty. They were, to be sure not more than half the size of the grey squirrels,* and their fur was short, without the soft, thick, glossy look upon it of the grey squirrels'. They were of a lively tawny yellow-brown colour, with long black and white stripes down their backs ; their tails were not so long nor so thickly furred; and instead of living in the trees, tliey made their nests in logs and wind-falls, and had their granaries, and winter houses too, under ground, where they made warm nests of dried moss and grass and thistledown ; to these they had several entrances, so that they had always a hance of refuge if danger were nigh. Like the dormice, poor • It 1*8 not quite certnin that the chitmunk is a tnie Bqnirrol, arul ho is Bomotimos called a striped rat. Tins protty animal seems, indeed, to form a link between the rat and squirrel. THE CANADIAN FOREST. flying squirrels, and ground hogs, they slept soundly during the cold weather, only awaken- ing when the warm spring sun had melted the snow. The vain little grey squirrels thought them- selves much better than these little chitmunks, whom they treated with very little politeness, laughing at them for living in holes in the gi'ound, instead of upon lofty trees, as they did ; they even called them low-bred fellows, and wondered why they did not imitate their high breeding and behaviour. The chitmunks took very little notice of their rudeness, but merely said that, if being high-bred made people rude, they would rather remain humble as they were. "As we are the head of all the squirrel families," said Silver-nose, **we shall do you the honour of breakfasting with you to-day." "We breakfasted hours ago, while you lazy fellows were fast asleep," r plied an old chit- munk, poking his little nose out of a hole in the ground. "Then we shall dine with you: so make ( It HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 61 baste and get something good for us," said Nimble-foot. "I have no doubt you have plenty of butter and hickory nuts laid up in your holes." The old chitmunk told him he might come and get them, if ho could. At this the grey squirrels skipped down from the branches, and began to run hither and thither, and to scratch among the moss and leaves, to find the entrance to the chitmunks' grain stores. They peeped under the old twist- ed roots of the pines and cedars, into every chink and cranny, but no sign of a granary was to be seen. Then the chitmunks said, " My dear friends, this is a bad season to visit us ; we are very poor just now, finding it difficult to get a few dry pine-kernels and berries, but if you will come and see us after harvest, we shall have a store of nuts and acorns. *' Pretty fellows you are !" replied Nimble, " to put us off with promises, when we are so hungry; wo might starve between this and harvest." I «' 62 THE CANADIAN FOREST. 11 ! " If you leave this island, and go down the lake, you will come to a mill, where the red squirrels live, and where you will have fine times," said one of the chitmunks. "Which is the nearest way to the mill?" asked Velvet-paw. "Swim to the shore, and keep the Indian path, and you will soon see it." But while the grey squirrels were looking out for the path, the cunning chitmunks whisked away into their holes, and left the inquirers in the lurch, who could not tell what had become of them ; for though they did find a round hole that they thought might be one of their bur- rows, it was so narrow that they could only poke in their noses, but could get no further; the grey squirrels being much fatter and big- ger than the slim little chitmunks. " After all," said Silvy, who was the best of the tiiree, "perhaps, if we had been civil, the chitmunks would have treated us better." " Well," said Nimble, " if they had been good fellows, they would have invited us, as our mother did cousin Blackie, and have sot before '\\ HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 63 ns the best they had. I could find it in my heart to dig them out of their holes, and give them a good bite." This was all brag on Kimble's part, who was not near so brave as he wished Silvy and Velvet-paw to suppose he was. After spending some time in hunting for acorns, they made up their minds to leave the island ; and as it was not very far to the main- land, they decided on swimming thither. " Indeed," said Suver-nose, " I am tired of this dull place ; we are not better off here than we were in the little island in Stony Lake, where our good old mother took care we should have plenty to eat, and we had a nice warm nest to shelter us." " Ah ! well, it is of no use grumbling now ; if we were to go back, we should only get a scolding, and perhaps be chased off the island." said Nimble. " Now let us have a race, and see which of us will get to shore first;" and he leaped over Velvet-paw's head, and was soon swimming merrily for the shore. He was soon followed by his companions, and in half THE CANADIAN FOREST. ; i li li an hour they were all safely landed, instead of going into the thick forest, they agreed to take the path by the margin of the lake, for there they had a better chance of getting nuts and fruit ; but though it was the merry month of June, and there were plenty of pretty flowers in bloom, the berries were hardly ripe, and our little vagrants fared but badly. Besides being hungry, they were sadly afraid of the eagles and fish-hawks that kept hovering over the water; and when they went further into the forest to avoid them, they saw a great white wood-owl, noiselessly flying out from among the close cedar swamps, that seemed just ready to pounce down upon them. The grey squirrels did not like the look of the owl's great round shining eyes, as they peered at them, under the tufts of silky white feathers, which almost hid his hooked bill; and their hearts sunk within them, when they heard his hollow cry, "/To, ho, ho, hor ''Waugh, hoT dismally Bounding in their ears. It was well that Velvet-paw was as swift afoot as she was soft, for one of these great 1 HISTORY OP A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 65 owls had very nearly caught her, while she was eating a filbert that she had found in a cleft branch, where a nuthatch had fixed it, while she pecked a hole in the shell. Some bird of prey had scared away the poor nuthatch, and Velvet- paw no doubt thought she was in luck when she found the prize; but it would have been a dear nut to her, if Nimble, who was a sharp- sighted fellow, had not seen the owl, and cried " Chit^ chit, chit, chit/" to warn her of her danger. " Ohitj chit, chit, chit/" cried Velvet- paw, and away she flew to the very top of a tall pine-tree, springing from one tree-top to another, till she was soon out of the old owl's reach. "What shall we do for supper to-night?" said Silver-nose, looking very pitifully at Nim- ble-foot ; whom they looked upon as the head of the family. " We shall not want for a good supper and breakfast too, or I am very much mistaken. Do you see that red squirrel yonder, climbing the hemlock-tree ? Well, my dears, he has a fine store of good things in that beech-tree. 6* a i I 66 THE CANADIAN POBEST. I watclied him run down with a nut in his teeth. Let us wait patiently, and we shall see him come again for another ; and as soon as he has done his meal, we will go and take ours." The red squirrel ran to and fro several times, each time carrying off a nut to his nest in the hemlock ; after a while, he came no more. As soon as he was out of sight Nimble led the way, and found the hoard. The beech was quite hollow in the heart, and they went down through a hole in the branch, and found a store of hazel-nuts, with acorns, hickory-nuts, butter-nuts, and beech-mast, all packed quite close and dry. They soon made a great hole in the red squirrel's store of provisions, and were just choosing some nuts to carry off with them, when they were disturbed by a scratch- ing against the bark of the tree. Nimble, who was always the first to take care of himself, gave the alarm, and he and Velvet-paw, being nearest to the hole, got off safely; but poor Silvy had the ill luck to sneeze, and before she had time to hide herself the angry red squirrel sprang upon her and gave her such a terrible i mi mSTORY OP A SQUIRREL TAMILT. 67 cuffing and scratching, that Silvy cried out for mercy. As to Nimble-foot and Yelvet-paw, they paid no heed to her cries for help ; they ran away, and left her to bear the blame of all their misdeeds, as well as her own. Thieves are always cowards, and are sure to forsake one another when danger is nigh. The angry red squirrel pushed poor Silvy out of her granary, and she was glad to crawl away, and hide herself in a hole at the root of a neighbouring tree, where she lay in great pain and terror, licking her wounds, and crying to think how cruel it was of her brother and sister to leave her to the mercy of the red squirrel. It was surely very cowardly of Nimble-foot and Velvet-paw to forsake her in such a time of need; nor was this the only danger that befel poor Silvy. One morning, when she put her nose out of the hole, to look about her before venturing out, she saw seated on a branch, close beside the tree she was un- der a raccoon, staring full at her, with his sharp, cunning black eyes. She was very much afraid of him, for she thought he looked very hungry ; THE CANADIAN FOREST. rl but IS slie knew that raccoons are very fond of nut& and fruit, she said to herself, " Perhaps if I sh>w him where the red squirrel's granary in the beech-tree is, he will not kill me." Then she said very softly to him, " Good Mister Coon, if you want a very nice breakfast, and will promise to do me no hurt, I will tell you where to find plenty of nuts." The coon eyed her with a sly grin, and said, " If I can get any thing more to my taste than a pretty grey squirrel, I will take it, my dear, and not lay a paw upon your soft back." ' "Ah I but you must promise not to touch me, if I come out and show you where to find the nuts," said Silvy. " Upon the word and honour of a coon I" replied the raccoon, laying one black paw upon his breast; "but if you do not come out of your hole, I shall soon come and dig you out, so you had best be quick ; and if you trust me, you shall come to no hurt." Then Silvy thought it wisest to seem to trust the raccoon's word, and she came out of her hole, eSET 8QUIBBEL.-NIMBLB BSOOYBBING HIS BIBTBB. Page OS. -■_->rf-t-~^*r-*-~— --— -f |I|lL>.UI.LI»] ■.— «■ ^mn <■■ .iiM ( ;.!| ) ; ! I . I I 1 M if' u; ^..■< .. -, . ;,^ 1 ■.. ■I . ^'■■J• , ''fl'.^i. HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 69 and went a few paces to point out the tree, where her enemy the red squirrel's store of nuts was ; but as soon as she saw Mister Coon disappear in the hollow of the tree, she bade him good-bye, and whisked up a tall tree, where she knew the raccoon could not reach her ; and having now quite recovered her strength, she was able to leap from branch to branch, and even from one tree to another, whenever they grew close and the boughs touched, as they often do in the grand old woods in Canada ; and so she was soon far, far away from the artful coon, who waited a long time, hoping to carry off poor Silvy for his dinner. Silvy contrived to pick up a living by digging for roots, and eating such fruits as she could find ; but one day she came to a grassy cleared spot, where she saw a strange-looking tent, made with poles stuck into the ground and meeting at the top, from which came a bluish cloud that spread among the trees ; and as Silvy was very curious, she came nearer, and at last, hearing no sound, ran up one of the poles, and peeped in, to see what was within side, thinking 70 THE CANADIAN FOREST. it might bo one of the fine stores of grain that people built for the squirrels, as her cousin Blaekie had made her believe. The poles were covered with sheets of birch-bark, and skins of deer and wolves, and there was a fire of sticks burning in the middk>, round which some large creatures were sitting on a bear's skin, eating something that smelt very nice. They had long black hair, and black eyes, and very white teeth. Silvy folt alarmed at first ; but thinking they must be the people who wero kind to sipiirrcls, she ventured to slip througli a slit in tlie bark, and ran down into the wigwam, hoping to get something to eat ; but ill a minute the Indians jumixni up, and be- fore slie had time to make her escape she was seized by a young squaw, and popped into a birch box, and the lid shut down upon her ; so poor Silvy was caught in a trap ; and all for believing the artful black squirrel's tales. Silver-nose remembered her mother's warning now, when it was too late ; she tried to got out of her prison, but in vain ; the sides of the box were too strong, and there was not so much as HISTORY OP A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 71 catmg 'y had I very st; but ) woro irongli to tlio t ; but id bo- 10 was into a her ; id all ales. ruing ?t out 3 box cb il3 ^■ ,f. a single crack for a peep-hole. After she had been shut up some time, the lid was raised a little, and a dark hand put in some bright, shining, hard grains for her to eat. This was Indian corn, and it was excellent food; but Silvy was a long, long time before she would eat any of this sweet corn, she was so vexed at being caught and shut up in prison ; besides, she was very much afraid that the Indians were going to eat her. After some days, she began to got used to her captive state; the little squaw used to food her, and one day took her out of the box, and put her into a nice light cage, where there was soft green moss to lie on, a little bark dish with clear water, and abun- . dance of food. The cage was hung up on the bough of a tree, near the wigwam, to swing to and fro as the wind waved the tree. Ilcro Silvy could see the birds flying to and fro, and listen to their cheerful songs. The Indian women and children hiid always a kind look, or a word to say to her ; and her little mistress was so kind to her, that Silvy could not help loving her. She was very grateful for her . > 72 THE CANADIAN FOREST. I \ care ; for when she was sick or sulky, the little squaw gave her bits of maple-sugar and parched rice out of her hand. At last Silvy grew tame, and would suffer herself to be taken out of her house, to sit on her mistress's shoulder, or in her lap; and though she sometimes ran away and hid herself, out of fun, she would not have gone far from the tent of the good Indians, on any account. Sometimes she saw the red squir- rels running about in the forest, but they never came very near her ; but she used to watch all day long for her brother Nimble-foot, or sister Velvet ; but they were now far away from her, and no doubt thought that she had been killed by the red squirrel, or eaten up by a fox or raccoon. "Nurse, I am so glad pretty Silvy was not killed, and that the good Indians took care of her." "It is time now, my dear, for you to put down your book," said Mrs. Frazer, "and to- morrow we will read some more." "Yes, if you please, Mrs. Frazer," said Mary, HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 78 le little )arclie(i iv tame, t of her r, or in ,n away lot have lians, on jd squir- By never vatch all or sister rom her, en killed a fox or was not )ok caro to put I "and to- dd Mary. "J CHAPTER V. HOW THE SQUIRRELS GOT TO ".'HE MILL AT THE RAPIDS — AND WHAT HAPPENED TO VELVET-PAW. I^IMBLE-FOOT and Velvet-paw were so frightened by the sight of the red squirrel, that they ran down the tree without once look ing back to see what had become of poor Silver-nose ; indeed the cowards, instead of waiting for their poor sister, fled through the forest as if an army of red squirrels were behind them. At last they reached the banks of the lake, and, jumping into the water, swam down the current till they came to a place called the "Narrow," where the wide lake poured its waters through a deep rocky chan- nel, not more than a hundred yards wide ; here the waters became so rough and rapid, that our little swimmers thought it wisest to go on shore. They scrambled up the steep rocky bank, and 74 THE CANADIAN FOREST. ! ii i I found themselves on a wide open space, quite free from trees, whicli they knew must be one of the great clearings the traveller squirrel had spoken of. There was a very high building on the water's edge, that they thought must be the mill that the chitmunks had told them they would come to ; and they were in good spirits, as they now expected to find plenty of good things laid up for them to eat, so they went in by the door of the mill. "Dear me, what a dust there is I" said Nimble, looking about him; "I think it must be snowing." "Snow does not fall in hot weather," said Velvet; "besides, this white powder is very sweet and nice ;" and she began to lick some of the flour that lay in the cracks of the floor. "I have found some nice seeds here," said Nimble, running to the top of a sack that stood with the mouth untied; "these are better than pine-kernels, and not so hard. We must have come to one of the great grain-stores that our couflin told us of. Well, I am sure the people HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 75 are very kind to have laid up so many good things for us squirrels." "When they had eaten as much as they liked, they began to run about to see what was in the mill. Presently, a man came in, and they saw him take one of the sacks of wheat, and pour it into a large upright box, and in a few minutes there was a great noise — a sort of buz- zing, whirring, rumbling, dashing, and splash- ing; — and away ran Velvet-paw in a terrible fright, and scrambled up some beams and rafters to the top of the wall, where she sat watching what was going on, trembling all over ; but finding that no harm happened to her, took courage, and after a time ceased to be afraid. She saw Nimble perched on a cross- beam looking down very intently at some- thing ; so she came out of her corner and ran to him, and asked what he was looking at. "There is a great black thing here," said he, " I cannot tell what to make of him at all ; it turns round, and round, and round, and dashes the water about, making a fine splash." (Tliis was the water-wheel.) fT / 76 THE CANADIAN FOREST. "It looks very ugly, indeed," said Velvet- paw, "and makes my head giddy to look at it; let us go away. I want to find out what these two big stones are doing," said she; "they keep rubbing against one anotlier, and making a great uoibc." "Ther. is nothing so wonderful in two big stones, Tx-u dear," said Nimble; "I have seen plciov ■ igo^r ^^1^11 these in Stony Lake." 'But tlicv did not move about as these do: and only look here at the white stuff that is running down all the time into this great box. ¥^ell, we shall not want for food for the rest of our lives ; I wish poor Silvy were with us to share in our good luck." They saw a great many other strange things in the mill, and they thought that the miller was a very funny looking creature ; but as they fancied that he was grinding the wheat into flour for them, they were no! m-i.jh afraid of liim ; they were more trouble >1 at the sigh; ,^f a black dog, which spied them out as they sat on the beams of the mill, and ran about in a great rage, barking at them in a frightful HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 77 way, and never left off till the millor went out of the mill, when he went away with his master, and did not return till the next day ; but when- ever he saw the grey squirrels, this little dog, whose name was " Pinch," was sure to set up his ears and tail, and snap and bark, show- ing all his sharp white teeth in a very savage manner. ' ' • Not far from the mill was another building: this was the house the miller lived in ; and close by the house' was a barn, a stable, a cow-shed, and a sheep-pen, and there was a garden full of fruit and flowers, and an orchard of apple-trees close by. One day Velvet-paw ran up one of the apple- trees and began to eat an apple ; it looked very good, for it had a bright red cheek, but it was liard and sour, not being ripe. " I do not like these big, sour berries," said she, making wry faces as she tried to get the bad taste out of her mouth by wiping her tongue on her fore-paw. Nimble had found some ri2)e currants; so he only laughed at poor Velvet for the trouble she WJis in. r 78 THE CANADIAN FOREST. These little grey squirrels now led a merry life; they found plenty to eat and drink, and would not have had a care in the world if it had not been for the noisy little dog Pinch, who let them have no quiet, barking and baying at them whenever he saw them ; and also for the watchful eyes of a great tom-cat, who was always prowling about the mill, or creeping round the orchard and outhouses ; so that with all their good food they were not quite free from causes of fear, and no doubt sometimes wished themselves safe back on the little rocky island, in their nest in the old oak-tree. Time passed away — the wheat and the oats were now ripe and fit for the scythe, for in Canada the settlers mow wheat with an in- strument called a "cradle scythe." The beau- tiful Indian corn was in bloom, and its long pale-green silken thieads were waving in the summer breeze. The blue-jays were busy in the fields of wheat; so were the rcd-wingcd blackbirds, and the sparrows, and many other birds, great and small ; field-mice in dozens were cutting the straw with their sharp teeth, HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 79 and carrying off the grain to their nests; and as to the squirrels and chitmunks, there were scores of them, black, red, and grey, filling their cheeks with the grain, and laying it out on the rail fences, and on the top of the stumps, to dry, before they carried it awaj^ to their store- houses. And many a battle the red and the black squirrels had, and sometimes the grey joined with the red, to beat the black ones off the ground. Nimble-foot and his sister kept out of these quarrels as much as they could ; but once they got a severe beating from the red squirrels for not helping them to drive off the saucy black ones, who would carry away the little heaps of wheat, as soon as they were dry. " "We do not mean to trouble ourselves with laying up winter stores," said Nimble one day to his red cousins; "don't you see Peter, tlic miller's man, has got a great wagon and horses, and is carting wheat into the barn for us?" The red squirrel opened his round eyes very wide at this speech. " Why, cousin Nimble," r I 80 THE CANADIAN TOREST. he said, "you are not so foolish as to think the miller is harvesting that grain for your use. No, no, my friend ; if you want any, you must work as we do, or run the chance of starving in the winter." Then Nimble told him what their cousin Blackie had said. "You were wise fellows to believe such nonsense!" said the red squirrel. "These mills and barns are all stored for the use of the miller and his family ; and what is more, my friend, I can tell you that men are no great friends to us poor squirrels, and will kill us when they get the chance, and begrudge us the grain we help nurselves to." " Well, that is vejy stingy," said Velvet- paw ; " I am sure there is enough for men and «^quirrels too. However, I suppose all must live, ■.J we will let them have what we leave ; I shall help myself after they have stored it up in yonder barn." " You had better do as we do, and make hay while the sun shines," said the red squirrel. "I would rather play in the sunshine, and eat what I want here," said idle Velvet-paw, HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 81 setting up her fine tail like a feather over her back, as she ate an ear of corn. " You are a foolish, idle thing, and will come to no good," said the red squirrel. "I wonder where you were brought up ?" I am very sorry to relate tnat V"elvet-paw did not come to a good end, for she did not take the advice of her red cousin, to lay up provisions during the harvest; but instead of that, she ate all day long, and grew fat and lazy ; and after the fields were all cleared, she went to the mill one day, when the mill was grinding, and seeing a quantity of wheat in the feeder of the mill, she ran up a beam and jumped down, thinking to make a good dinner from the grain she saw ; but it kept sliding down, and sliding down so fast, that she could not get one grain, so at last she began to be frightened, and tried to get up again, but, alas I this was not possible. She cried out to Nimble to help her; and while he ran to look for a stick for her to raise herself up by, the mill- wheel kept on turning, and the great stones went round faster and faster, till poor Velvet- ▼%f).^^ W^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /q ^ .*^% u.. w 1.0 1.1 1.25 |4£ 14 IE 1.6 ^ ^ ? ^>' ^'y Photographic Sciences Corporation ^\ :\ \ 33 will MAIN STRUT WIMVIR.N.Y. MSIO |716)I73-4S03 %. is 4. ^ v^^^ ^>^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 82 THE CANADIAN FOREST. paw was crushed to death between them. Nimble was now left all alone, and sad enough he was, you may suppose. "Ah," said he, "idleness is the ruin of grey squirrels, as well as men, so I will go away from this place, and try and earn an honest living in the forest. I wish I had not believed all the fine tales my cousin the black squirrel told me." Then Nimble went away from the clearing, and once more resolved to seek his fortune in the woods. He knew there were plenty of but- ter-nuts, acorns, hickory-nuts, and beech-nuts, to be found, besides many sorts of berries ; and he very diligently set to work to lay up -stores against the coming winter. As it was now getting cold at night. Nimble- foot thought it would be wise to make himself a warm house ; so he found out a tall hemlock- pine that was very thick and bushy p.t the top ; there was a forked branch in the tree, with a hollow just fit for his nest. He carried twigs of birch and beech, and over these he laid dry green moss^ which he collected on the north ! HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILT. 83 side of the cedar-trees, and some long grey moss that he found on the swamp maples, and then he stripped the silky threads from the milk-weeds, and the bark of the cedar and birch-trees. These he gnawed fine, and soon made a soft bed; he wove and twisted the sticks, and roots, and mosses together, till the walls of his house were quite thick, and he made a sort of thatch over the top with dry leaves and long moss, with a round hole to creep in and out of. Making this warm house took him many days' labour; but many strokes will fell great oaks, so at last Nimble-foot's work came to an end, and he had the comfort of a charming house to shelter him from the cold season. He laid up a good store of nuts, acorns, and roots : some he put in a hollow branch of the hemlock- tree close to his nest ; some he hid in a stump, and another store he laid under the roots of a mossy cedar. When all this was done, he began to feel very lonely , and often wished no doubt that he had had his sisters Silvy and Velvet-paw with him, to share his nice warm r ; 84 THE CANADIAN FOREST. 1 < house ; but of Silvj he knew notliing, und poor Velvet-paw was dead. One fine moonlight night, as Nimble was frisking about on the bough of a birch-tree, not very far from his house in the hemlock, he saw a canoe, land on the shore of the lake, and some Indians with an axe cut down some bushes, and having cleared a small piece of ground, begin to sharpen the ends of some long poles. These they stuck into the ground close together in a circle ; and having stripped some sheets of birch-bark from the birch-trees close by, they thatched the sides of the hut, and made a fire of sticks inside. They had a dead deer in the canoe, and there were several hares and black BquirrelK, the sight of which rather alarmed Nimbly ; for he thought if they killed one sort of squirrel, they might another, and he was very much scared at one of the Indians tiring off a gun close by him. The noise made him fall down to the ground, and it was a good thing that it was dark among the leaves and grass where the trunk of the tree threw its long shadow, so that the Indian did not see him, or HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY 85 or perhaps he might have loaded the gun again, and shot our little friend, and made soup of him for his supper. Nimble ran swiftly up a pine-tree, and was soon out of danger. While he was \viii ing some of the Indian children at play, he saw a girl come out of the hut with a grey squirrel in her arms ; it did not seem at all afraid of her, but nestled to her shoulder, and even ate out of her hand; and what was Nimble's surprise to see that this tame grey squirrel was none other than his own pretty sister Silver-nose, whom he had left in the hollow tree when they both ran away from the red squirrel. You may suppose the sight of his lost com- panion was a joyful one ; he waited for a long, long time, till the fire went out, and all the Indians were fast asleep, and little Silvy came out to play in the moonlight, and frisk about on the dewy grass as she used to do. Then Nimble, when he saw her, ran down the tree, and came to her and rubbed his nose against her, and licked her soft fur, and told her who ho was, and how sorry he was for having left 8 1 1 66 THE CANADIAN POREST. her in so cowardly a manner, to be beaten by the red squirrel. The good little Silvy told Nimble not to fret about what was past, and then she asked him for her sister Velvet-paw. Nimble had a long sorrowful tale to tell about the death of poor Velvet; and Silvy was much grieved. Then in her turn she told Nimble all her adventures, and how she had been caught by the Indian girl, and kept, and fed, and tamed, and had passed her time very happily, if it had not been for thinking about her dear lost companions. *' But now," she said, " my dear brother, we will never part again ; you shall be quite welcome to share my cage, and my nice stores of Indian corn, rice, and nuts, which my kind mistress gives me." " I would not be shut up in a cage, not even for one day," said Nimble, "for all the nice fruit and grain in Canada. I am a free squirrel, and love my liberty. I would not exchange a life of freedom in these fine old woods, for all the dainties in the world. So, Silvy, if you prefer a life of idleness and ease HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 87 to living with me in the forest, I must say good-bye to you." "But there is nothing to hurt us, my dear Nimble — ^no raccoons, nor foxes, nor hawks, nor owls, nor weasels ; if I see any hungry-looking birds or beasts, I have a safe place to run to, and never need be hungry I" "I would not lead a life like that, for the world," said Nimble. ** I should die of dulness ; if there is danger in a life of freedom, there is pleasure too, which you cannot enjoy, shut up in a wooden cage, and fed at the will of a mas- ter or mistress." , " Well, I shall be shot if the Indians awake and see me ; so I shall be off." Silvy looked very sorrowful ; she did not like to part from her newly found brother, but she was unwilling to forego all the comforts and luxuries her life of captivity afforded her. ^ " You will not tell the Indians where I live, I hope, Silvy, for they would think it a fine thing to hunt me with their dogs, or shoot me down with their bows and arrows." At these words Silvy was overcome with 88 THE CANADIAN FOREST. grief, SO, jumping off from the log" on wliich she was standing, she said, "Nimble, I will go with you and share all your perils, and we will never part again." She then ran into the wigwam; and going softly to the little squaw, who was asleep, licked her hands and face, as if she would say, "Good-bye, my good kind friend; I shall not forget all your love for me, though I am going away from you for ever." Silvy then followed Nimble into the forest, and they soon reached his nice comfortable nest in the tall hemlock-tree. '■■v^ K "Nurse, I am glad Silvy went away with Nimble, are not you ? Poor Nimble must have been so lonely without her, and then you know it must have seemed so hard to him if Silvy had preferred staying with the Indians, to living with him." " Those who have been used to a life of ease do not willingly give it up, my dear; thus you see, love for her old companion was stronger V HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 89 even than love of self. But I think you must have tired yourself with reading so long to me." " Indeed, nurse, I must read a little more, for I want you to hear how Silvy and Nimble amused themselves in the hemlock tree." . Then Mary went on and read as follows. •-f Silvy was greatly pleased with her new home, which was as soft and as warm as clean dry moss, hay, and fibres of roots could make it. The squirrels built a sort of pent or out- er roof of twigs, dry leaves, and roots of with- ered grass, which was pitched so high that it threw off the rain and kept the inner house very dry. They worked at this very diligently, and also laid up a store of nuts and berries. They knew that they must not only provide plenty of food for the winter, but also for the spring months, when they could get little to eat beside the buds and bark of some sort of trees, and the chance seeds that might still remain in the pine-cones. Thus the autumn months passed away very / / 90 THE CANADIAN TOREST. quickly and cheerfully with the squirrels while preparing for the coming winter. Half the cold season was spent, too, in sleep; but on Mild sunny days the little squirrels, roused by the bright light of the sunbeams on the white and glittering snow, would shake themselves, rub their black eyes, and after licking themselves clean from dust, would whisk out of their house and indulge in merry gambols up and down the trunks of the tree, skipping from bough to bough, and frolicking over the hard, crisp snow, which scarcely showed on its surface the delicate print of their tiny feet, and the sweep of their fine light feathery tails. Sometimes they met with some little shrewmice, running on the snow. These very tiny things are so small, they hardly look bigger than a large black beetle; they lived on the seeds of the tall weeds, which they might be seen climbing and clinging to, yet were hardly heavy enough to weigh down the heads of dry stalks. It is pretty to see the footprints of these small shrewmice, on the surface of the fresh fallen snow in the deep forest-glades, they are not dormant dur- HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 91 ing the winter like many of the mouse tribe, for they are up and abroad at all seasons; for however stormy and severe the weather may be, they do not seem to heed its inclemency. Surely, children, there is one who cares for the small tender things of earth, and shelters them from the rude blasts. ^ Nimble-foot and Silver-nose often saw their cousins, the black squirrels, playing in the sun- shine, chasing each other merrily up and down the trees, or over the brush-heaps; their jetty coats, and long feathery tails, forming a strik- ing contrast with the whiteness of the snow, above which they were sporting. Sometimes they saw a few red squirrels too, but there was generally war between them and the black ones. In these lonely forests, every thing seems still and silent, during the long winter season, as il death had spread a white pall over the earth, and hushed every living thing into silence. Few sounds are heard through the winter days, to break the death-like silence that reigns around, excepting the sudden rending and crack- ff l -W -Jtt IW T 1WM JB 92 THE CANADIAN FOREST. ing of the trees in the frosty air, the fall of a decayed branch, the tapping of a solitary wood- pecker, two or three small species of which still remain after all the summer birds are flown; and the gentle, weak chirp of the little tree creeper, as it runs up and down the hemlocks and pines, searching the crevices of the bark for insects. Yet in all this seeming death lies hidden the life of myriads of insects, the huge beast of the forest, asleep in his lair, with many of the smaller quadrupeds, and forest- birds, that, hushed in lonely places, shall awake to life and activity as soon as the sun-beams shall once more dissolve the snow, unbind the frozen streams, and loosen the bands which held them in repose. At last the spring, the glad, joyous spring, returned. The leaf-buds, wrapped within their gummy and downy cases, began to unfold ; the dark green pines, spruce, and balsams began to shoot out fresh spiny leaves, like tassels, from the ends of every bough, giving out the most refreshing fragrance ; the crimson buds of the young hazels, and the scarlet blossoms of the to HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 93 Boft maple, enlivened the edges of the streams , the bright coral bark of the dogwood seemed as if freshly varnished, so brightly it glo"Vved in the morning sunshine; the scream of the blue jay, the song of the robin woodthrush, the merry note of the cliiccadee ; and plaintive cry of the pheobe, with loud hammering strokes of the great red-headed woodpecker, mingled with the rush of the unbound forest streams, gurg- ling and murmuring as their water flowed over the stones, and the sighing of the breeze, play- ing in the tree-tops, made pleasant and ceaseless music. And then as time passed on, the trees unfolded all their bright green leaves, the buds and forest flowers opened; and many a bright bell our little squirrels looked down upon, from their leafy home, that the eye of man had never seen. ' It was pleasant for our little squirrels, just after sunset, in the still summer evenings, when the small silver stars came stealing out, one by one, in the blue iky, to play among the cool dewy leaves of the grand old oaks and maples ; to watch the fitful flash of the fiieflies, as they u THE CANADIAN FOREST. II i 1 > glanced here and there, flitting through the deep gloom of the forest boughs, now lost to sight, as they closed their wings, now flashing out like tiny tapers, borae aloft by unseen hands in the darkness. Where that little creek runs singing over its mossy bed, and the cedar- boughs bend down so thick and close, that only a gleam of the bright water can be seen, even in the sunlight — ^there the fireflies crowd, and the damp foliage is all alive with their dazzling light. In this sweet, still hour, just at the dewfall, the rush of whirring wings may be heard from the islands, or in the forest, bordering on the water's edge ; and out of hollow logs and hoary trunks of trees come forth the speckled night- hawks, cutting the air with their thin, sharp, wide wings, and open beak, ready to entrap the unwary moth, or mosquito, that float so joy- ously upon the evening air. One after another, sweeping in wider circles, come forth these birds of prey, till the whole air seems alive with them; darting hither and thither, and uttering wild, shrill screams, as they rise higher ^'5 HISTORY OP A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 95 and higher in the upper air, till some are almost lost to sight. Sometimes • one of them will descend with a sudden swoop, to the lower regions of the air, just above the highest tree- tops, with a hollow booming sound, as if some one were blowing in an empty vessel. At this houi', too, the bats would quit their homes in hollow trees and old rocky banks, and flit noiselessly abroad, over the surface of the quiet star-lit lake; and now also would begin the shrill, trilling note of the green-frog, and the deep, hoarse bass of the bull-frog, which ceases only at intervals, through the long, warm summer night. You might fancy a droll sort of dialogue was being carried on among them. At first, a great fellow, the patriarch of the swamp, will put up his head, which looks very much like a small pair of bellows, with yellow leather sides; and say in a harsh, gut- tural tone, "Go to bed, go to bed, go to bed." After a moment's pause, two or three will rise and reply, "No, I won't! no, I won't I no, I won't!" Then the old fellow, with a growl, replies— 96 TlIK CANADIAN FOHEST. I "Oct out, get out^ got out," — and forthwith, witli a rush, and a ^phush, and a dash, they raise a chorus of wliirring, grathig, growhng, grunting, whistling sounds, which make you liold your cars. When all this hubbub has lasted some minutes, there is a pop, and a sphush, and down go all the heads under the weeds and mud ; and after another pause, up comes the old father, of the frogs, and begins again with tlie old story — "Go to bed, go to bed, go to bed," and so on. During the heat of the day, the bull-frogs are silent ; but as the day declinosj and the air becomes cooler, they recommence their noisy chorus. I su})pose these sounds, though not very pleasant to the ears of nu»n, may not be so disagreeable to those of wild animals. I dare say neither Nimble nor Silvy were in the least annoyed by the hoarse note of the bull-frog; but gambolled as merrily among the boughs and fresh dewy leaves, ns if they were listening to sweet nuisic, or the songs of the birds. The summer passed away very happily ; but towards the close of tho warm season, the 8qui^ I >i I HISTORY OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 97 ha ut rels, Nimble and Silvy, resolved to make a journey to the rocky island on Stony lake, to see the old squirrels, their father and mother. So they started at sunrise one fine pleasant day, and travelled along, till one cool evening, just as the moon was beginning to rise above the pine-trees, they arrived at the little rocky isiet "where they first saw the light ; but when they eagerly ran up the trunk of the old oak-tree, expecting to have seen their old father and mother, they were surprised and terrified by seeing a wood-owl in the nest. As soon as she espied our little squirrels, she shook her feathers, and set up her ears — for she was a long-eared owl — and said, "What do you want here? — ho, ho, ho, hoi" "Indeed, Mrs. Owl," said Nimble, "we come hither to see our parents, whom we left here a year ago. Can you tell us \. here we shall find them?" The owl peered out of her ruff of silken feathers, and after wiping her sharp bill on her *^rcast, said, "Your cousin the black squirrel Lv •\t your father and mother out of their nest # ^ 98 * THE CANADIAN FOBBST. a long time ago, and took posession of the tree and all that was in it, and they brought up a large family of little ones, all of which I pounced upon one after another, and ate. Indeed, the oaks here belong to my &miy ; so finding these impudent intruders woVd not quit the premises, I made short work of the matter, and took the law into my own hands." *!Did y^u kill them?" aske^ ^^^7* ^ * trembling voice. ' "Of course I did, and very nice tender meat they were," replied the horrid old owl, begin- ning to scramble out of the nest, and eyeing the squirrels at the same time with a wicked 4ook. "But you ^d not eat our parents too?" asked the trembling squirrels. "Yes, I did; they were very tough, to be sure, but I am not very particular." The grey squirrels, though full of grief and vain regret, were obliged to take care of them- selves. Tl^ere was, indeed, no time to be lost, 80 they made a hasty retreat. They crept under the roots of an old tree, where they lay till ^ the morning ; they were not ^uch con- HISTOIiT OF A SQUIRREL FAMILY. 99 oerned for the death of the treacherous black squirrel who had told so many stories, got possession of their old nest, and caused the death of their parents; but they said — "We will go home again to our dear old hemlock- tree, and never leave it more." So these dear little squirrels returned ^^their forest home, and may be living there yet. be T' ii *Nui»e," said Mary, "how do you like the story?" Mrs. Frazer said it was a very pretty one. , "Perhaps my dear little pet is one of Nimble or Silvy*s children. You knQjpv, nuioc, they might have gone on their travels too when they were old enough, and then your brother may have chopped down the tree and found them in the forest" "But your, squirrel, Mary, is a flying squir- rel, and these were only common grey ones, which are a different species. Besides, my dear, this history is but a fable." "I suppose, nurse," said the child, looking \ \ 100 TDK CANADIAN FOREST. \ip in her nurse's face, "squirrels do not really , »» t^ilk. "No, my dear, the}^ have not the use of ppoocli as we have, but in all ages people have written little tales called fables, .in which they make birds and boasts speak as if they were men and women, it biMng an easy method of conveying instruction." "My book is only a fable then, nurse? I wish it had been true; but it is very pretty." SQUIRRELS. 101 m CHAPTER VI. . BQUTRRRLS — TIIR CIIITMUNKS — DOCILITY OF A PKT ONB ROGUERY OF A P£I>LAn RETURN OF THE MUSICAL GIIITMUNK TO IIIH MABTBr's DOSOM — BAQACITY OF A BLACK SQUIRREL. ^f ■m " Mrs. Frazcr, arc you very busy just now ? " asked little Mary, coming up to the table where her nurse was ironing some lace. "No, my dear, not very busy, only preparing these lace edgings for your frocks. Do you want mo to do any thing for you?" "I only want to tell you that my governess has promised to paint my dear squirrel's pic- ture, as soon as it is tame, and will let me hold it in my lap, without flying away. I saw a pic- ture of a flying squirrel to-day, but it was very ugly — not at all like mine ; it was long and flat, and its legs looked like sticks, and it was stretched out, just like one of those muskrat skins that you pointed out to me in a fur store. 0* . It 102 THE CANADIAN FOREST. Mamma said it was drawn so, to show it while it was in the act of flying ; but it is not pretty —it does not show its beautiful tail, nor its bright eyes, nor soft silky fur. I heard a lady tell mamma about a nest full of dear, tiny little flying squirrels, that her brother once found in a tree in the forest; he tamed them, and they lived very happily together, and would feed from his hand. They slept in the cold weather like dormice; in the day-time they lay very still, but would come out, and gambol, and frisk about at night. But somebody left the cage open, and they all ran away except one, and that he found in his bed, where it had run for shelter, with its little nose under his pillow. He caught the little fellow, and it lived with him till the spring, when it grew restless, and one day got away, and went off ^o the woods." "These little creatures are impatient of con- finement, and will gnaw through the woodwork of the cage to get free, especially in the spring of the year. Doubtless, my dear, they pine for the liberty which they used to enjoy before they were captured by man." I ■ ? i ,1 r. FLYING SQUIRBELS. 103 H "Nurse, I will not let my little pet be un- happy. As soon as the warm days come again, and my governess has taken his picture, I will let him go free. Are there many squirrels in this part of Canada?" "Not so many as in Upper Canada. They abound more in some years than in others. I have seen the beech and oak woods swarm- ing with black squirrels. My brothers have brought in two or three dozen in one day. The Indians used to tell us that want of foodi or veiy severe weather setting in, in the north, drives these little animals from their haunts. The Indians, who observe these things more than we do, can generally tell what sort of winter it will be, from the number of wild animals in the fall." "What do you mean by the fall, nurse?" "The autumn in Canada, my dear, is called so from the fall of the leaves. I remember one year was remarkable for the great number of black, grey, and flying squirrels; the little striped chitmunk was also plentiful, and so were weasels and foxes. They came into the mff* 104 THE CANADIAN FOREST. '' bams and granaries, and into the houses, and destroyed great quantities of grain; "besides gnawing clothes that were laid out to dry ; this they did to line their nests with. Next year there were very few to be seen." "What became of them, nurse?" "Some, no doubt, fell a prey to their ene- mies, the cats, foxes, and weasels, which were also very numerous that year; and the rest, perhaps, went back to their own country again." " I should like to see a great number of these pretty creatures travelling together," said Mary. " All wild animals, my dear, are more active by night than by day, and probably make their long journeys during that season. The eyes of many animals and birds are so formed, that they see best in the dim twilight, as cats, and owls, and others. Our heavenly Father has fitted all his creatures for the state in which he has placed them * " Can squirrels swim like otters and beavers, nurse? If they come to a lake or river, can they cross it?" M SQUIRRELS. 106 rers, can r r- " I think they can, Mary ; for though these ereatures are not formed like the otter, or beaver, or muskrat, to get their living in the water, they are able to swim when necessity re- quires them to do so. I heard a lady say that she was crossing a lake, between one of the islands and the shore, in 'a canoe, with a baby on her lap. She noticed a movement on the surface of the water. At first she thought it might be a water snake, but the servant lad who was paddling the canoe, said it was a red squirrel, and he tried to strike it with the pad- dle; but the little squirrel leaped out of the water to the blade of the paddle, and sprang on the head of the baby, as it lay on her lap ; from whence it jumped to her shoulder, and before she had recovered from her surprise, was in the water again, swimming straight for the shore, where it was soon safe in the dark pine woods." This feat of the squirrel delighted Mary, who expressed her joy at the bravery of the little creature. Besides, she said she had heard that grey squirrels, when they wished to go to a dis- •mrnm 106 THE CANADIAN TOREST. tance in searcli of food, would all meet together, and collect pieces of bark to serve them for boats, and would set up their broad tails like sails, to catch the wind, and in this way cross large sheets of water. " I do not think this can be true," observed Mrs. Fraser; "for the squirrel, when swim- ming, uses his tail as an oar or rudder to help the motion, the tail lying flat on the surface of the water ; nor do these creatures need a boat, for God, who made them, has given them the power of swimming at their need." " Nurse, you said something about a ground squirrel, and called it a chitmunk. If you please, will you tell me something about it, and why it is called by such a curious name ?" " I believe it is the Indian name for this sort of squirrel, my dear. The chitmunk is not so large as the black, red, or grey squirrels. It is marked along the back with black and white stripes ; the rest of its fur is a yellowish tawny colour. It is a very playful, lively, cleanly animal, somewhat resembling the dormouse in its habits. It burrows under ground. Its nest THE CHITMUNKS. 107 /) I is made with great care, with many galleries which oixjn at the surface, so that when at- tacked by an enemy, it can run from one to another for security."* " How wise of these little chitmunks to think of that I" said Mary. " Nay, my dear child, it is God's wisdom, not theirs. These creatures work according to His will ; and so they always do what is fittest and best for their own comfort and safety, Man is the only one of God's creatures who disobeys Him." These words made Mary look grave, till her nurse began to talk to her again about the chit- munk. "It is very easily tamed, and becomes very * The Bqtiirrel has many enemies ; all the weasel tribe, cats, and even dogs, attack them. Cats kill great numbers of these little animals. The farmer shows them as little meroy as he does rats and mice, as they are very destinictive, and carry off vast quantities of grain, which they store in hollow trees for use. Not contenting themselves with one granary, they have several in case one should fail or per- haps become injured by accidental causes. Thus do these simple little creatures teach us a lesson of providential care for future events. mr' wmmm 108 THE CANADIAN FOREST. ! fond of its master. It will obey liis voice, coma at a call or a whistle, sit up and beg, take a nut or an acorn out of his hand, run up a stick, nestle in his bosom, and become quite familiar. My uncle had a tame chitmunk that was much attached to him ; it lived in his pocket or bosom ; it was his companion by day and by night. When he was out in the forest lumber- ing, or on the lake fishing, or in the fields at work, it vvas always with him. At meals it sat by the side of his plate, eating what he gave it ; but he did not give it meat, as he thought that might injure its health. One day he and his pet were in the steamboat, going to Toronto. He had been showing off the little chitmunk's tricks to the ladies and gentlemen on board the 'boat, and several persons offered him money if he would sell it ; but my uncle was fond of the little thing, and would not part with it. How- ever, just before he left the boat, ho missed his pet ; for a cunning pedlar on board had stolon it. My uncle knew that his little friend would not desert its old master ; so ho went on deck where the passengers were assembled, and TAME CHITMUNK. 109 if the ow- hia olcn !fi whistled a popular tune familiar to the chit* munk. The little fellow, on hearing it, Avhisked out of the pedlar's pocket, and running swiftly along a railing against which he was standing, soon sought refuge in his master's bosom." Mary clapped her hands with joy, and said, "I am so glad, nurse, that the chitmunk ran back to his old friend. I wish it had bitten that pedlar's -fingers." " When angry, these creatures will bite very sharply, set up their tails, and run to and fro, and make a chattering noise with their teeth. The red squirrel is very fearless for its size, and will sometimes turn round and face you, set up its tail, and scold. But they will, when busy eating the seeds of the sunflower or thistle, of which they are very fond, suffer you to stand and watch them without attempting to run away. When near their granaries, or the tree where their nest is, they are unwilling to leave it, running to and fro, and uttering their angry notes; but if a dog is near, they make for a tree, and as soon as they are out of his reach, turn round to chatter and scold, as long as he 10 110 THE CANADIAN FOREST. i t! remains in sight. When hard pressed, the black and flying squirrels will take prodigious leaps, springing from bough to bough, and from tree to tree. In this manner they baffle the hunters, and travel a great distance over the tops of the trees. Once I saw my uncle and brothers chasing a large black squirrel. He kept out of reach of the dogs, as well as out of sight of the men, by passing round and round the tree as he went up, so that they could never get a fair shot at him. At last they got so provoked that they took their axes, and set to work to chop down the tree. It was a large pine-tree, and took them some time. Just as the tree was ready to fall, and was wavering to and fro, the squirrel, who had kept on the top- most bough, sprang nimbly to the next tree, and then to another, and by the time the great pine had reached the ground, the squirrel was far away in his nest among his little ones, safe from hunters, guns, and dogs." "The black squirrel must have wondered, I think, nurse, why so many men and dogs tried to kill such a little creature as he was. BLACK SQUIRRELS. Ill Do the black squirrels sleep in the winter as well as the flying squirrels and chitmunks?" " No, Mary ; I have often seen them on bright days chasing each other over logs and brush heaps, and running gaily up the pine-trees. They are easily seen from the contrast which their jetty black coats make with the sparkling white snow. These creatures feed a good deal on the kernels of the pines and hemlocks; they also eat the buds of some trees. They lay up great stores of nuts and grain for win- ter use. The flying squirrels sleep much, and in the cold season lie heaped upon each other, for the sake of warmth. As many as seven or eight may be found in one nest asleep. They sometimes awaken, if there come a succession of warm days, as in the January thaw ; for I must tell you that in this country we generally have rain and mild weather for a few days in the beginning of January, when the snow nearly disappears from the ground. About the 12th,* the weather sets in again steadily cold ; * Thig remark appliea more particularly to the Upper Province. tl! ti ij iil 112 THE CANADIAN FOREST. when the little animals retire once more to sl'jep in their winter cradles, which thi^y rarely leave till the hard weather is over." " I suppose, nurse, when they awake, they aro glad to eat some of the food they have laid up in their granaries?" " Yes, my dear, it is for tliis they gather their hoards in mild weather; which also support them in the spring months, and possibly even during the summer, till grain and fruit are ripe. I was walking in the harvest field one day, where my brothers were cradling wheat. As I passed along the fence, I noticed a great many little heaps of wheat lying here and there on the rails, also upon the tops of the stumps in the field. I wondered at firat who could have placed them there, but presently noticed a num- ber of red squirrels running very swiftly along the fence, and perceived that they emptied their mouths of a quantity of the new wheat, which they had been diligently employed in collecting from the cars that lay scattered over the ground. These little gleaners did not seem to be at all alarmed at ray presence, but went to and fro as SQUIRREL GLEANINGS. 113 busy as bees. On taking some of the grains into my hand, I noticed that the germ or eye of the kernels was bitten clean out." " What was that for, nurse ? can you tell me ?" "My dear young lady, I did not know at first, till, upon showing it to my father, he told me that the squirrels destroyed the germ of the grain, such as wheat or Indian com, that they stored up for winter use, that it might not sprout when buried in the ground or in a hollow tree." " This is very strange, nurse," said the little girl. " But I suppose," she added, after a mo- ment's thought, " it was God who taught the squirrels to do so. But why would biting out the eye prevent the grain from growing?" " Because the eye or bud contains the life of the plant ; from it springs the green blade, and the stem that bears the ear, and the root that strikes down to the earth. The flowery part, which swells and becomes soft and jelly-like, serves to nourish the young plant till tlie ten- der fibres of the roots are iMo to draw moi.sture from the ground." Mary asked if all seeds had an eye or germ. 10* B lU THE CANADIAN FOREST. ■ ! ! ii ti Her nurse replied that all had, though some were so minute that they looked no bigger than dust, or a grain of sand ; yet each was perfect in its kind, and contained the plant that would, when sown in the earth, bring forth roots, leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits in due season. " How glad I should have been to see the little squirrels gleaning the wheat, and laying it in the little heaps on the rail fence. "Why did they not carry it at once to their nests ?" " They laid it out in the sun and wind to dry ; for if it had been stored away while damp, it would have moulded, and have been spoiled. The squirrels were busy all that day ; when I went to see them again, the grain was gone. I saw several red squirrels running up and down a large pine-tree, which had been bro;ien by the wind at the top ; and there, no doubt, they had laid up stores. These; squirrels did not follow each other in a straight line, but ran round and round in a spiral direction, so that they never hindered each other, nor came in each other's way : two were always going up, while the other two 3re going down. They seem to work in SQUIRRELS. 116 >. families ; lor the young ones, though old enough to get their own living, usually inhabit the same nest, and help to store up the grain for winter use. They all separate again in spring. The little chitmunk does not live in trees, but bur- rows in ths ground, or makes its nest in some large hollow log. It is very pretty to see the little chitmunks, on a warm spring day, running about and chasing each other among the moss and leaves ; they are not bigger than mice, but look bright and lively. The fur of all the squir- rel tribe is used in trimming, but the grey is the best and most valuable. It has often been re- marked by the Indians, and others, that the red and black squirrels never live in the same place ; for the red, though the smallest, beat away the black ones. The flesh of the black squirrel is very good to eat ; the Indians also eat the red." Mary was very glad to hear all these things, and quite forgot to play with her doll. " Please, Mrs. Frazer," said the little lady, " tell me now about beavers and muskrats." But Mrs. Frazer was obliged to go out on business ; she prom- ised, however, to tell Mary all she knew about these animals another day. 116 THE CANADIAN FOREST. CHAPTER VII. INDIAN BASKETS THRK ADPLANTB MAPLES UOAIU TREK INDIAN OKNAMENTAL WORKS — RACCOONS. XT was some time before Mary's nurse could -*" tell her any more stories. She received a letter from her sister-in-law, informing lier that her brother was dangerously ill, confined to what was feared would prove his deathbed, and that ho earnestly desired to see her before he died. Mary's mother, who was very kind and good to all her household, readily consented to let Mrs. Frazer go to her sick relation. Mary parted from her dear nurse, whom she loved very tenderly, with much regret. Mrs. Frazer told her that it might be a fortnight be- fore she oould return, as her brother lived on the shores of one of the small lakes, near the head waters of the Otonabee river, a great way off; but she promised to return as soon as she could, and to console her young mistress for A KIND LITTLE GIRL. 117 her absence, said she would bring her some Indian toys from the backwoods. The month of March passed away pleasantly, for Mary enjoyed many delightful sleigh-drives with her papa and mamma, who took every op- portunity to instruct and amuse her. On enter- ing her nursery one day, after enjoying a long drive in the country, great was her joy to find her good nurse sitting quietly at work by the stove. She was dressed in deep mourning, and looked much paler and thinner than when she had last seen her. The kind little girl knew, when she saw her nurse's black dress, that her brother must be dead; and with the thoughtfulness of a true lad- , remained very quiet, and did not annoy her with questions about trifling matters ; she spoke low and gently to her, and tried to com- fort her when she saw large tears falling on the work which she held in her hand, and kindly said, "Mrs. Frazer, you had better go and lie down and rest yourself, for you must be tired after your long, long journey." The next day Mrs. Frazer seemed to be much i 118 THE CANADIAN FOREST. better ; and she showed Mary an Indian basket, made of birch-bark, very richly wrought with coloured porcupine-quills, and which had two lids. Mary admired the splendid colours, and strange patterns on the basket. "It is for you, my dear," said her nurse, " open it, and see what is in it." Mary lifted one of the lids, and took out another small basket, of a different shape and pattern. It had a top, which was sewn down with coarse- looking thread, which her nurse told her was nothing but the sinews of the deer, dried and beaten fine, and drawn out like thread. Then, taking an end of it in her hand, she made Mary observe that these coarse threads could be separated into a great number of finer ones, sufficiently delicate to pass through the eye of a fine needle, or to string tiny beads. " The Indians, my dear, sew with the sinews of the wild animals they kill. These sinews are much stronger and tougher than thread, and therefore are well adapted to sew together such things as moccasins, leggings, and gar- INDIAN THREAD. 119 xnents made of tlie skins of wild animals. The finer threads are used for sewing the beads and quill ornaments on moccasins, sheaths, and pouches, besides other things thut I cannot now think of." "They sew some things with the roots of the tamarack, or larch; such as coarse birch- baskets, bark canoes, and the covering of their wigwams. They call this *wah-tap,'* (wood- thread,) and they prepare it by pulling off the outer rind and steeping it in water. It is the larger fibres which have the appearance of small cordage when coiled up and fit for use. This *wah-tap' is very valuable to these poor Indians. There is also another plant, called Indian hemp, which is a small shrubby kind of milk-weed, that grows on gravelly islands. It bears white flowers and the branches are long and slender; under the bark there is a fine silky thread covering the wood ; this is tough, and can be twisted and spun into cloth. It ia very white and fine, and does not easily break. i * Asclepia parviflora. I " " ' . ■ . '•• { • . i 120 TUB CANADIAN FOREST. There are other phmts of the same family, with pods full of fine shining silk ; but these are too brittle to spin into thread. This last kind, Mary, which is called Milk- weed flytrap, I will -. v show you in summer."* But while Mrs. Frazer was talking about these plants, the little lady was examining the contents of the small birch-box. " If you please, nurse, will you tell me what these dark, shining seeds are?" " These seeds, my dear, are Indian rice ; an old squaw, Mrs. Peter Noggan, gave me this as a present for * The little Lady,' " and Mrs. Fra- zer imitated the soft, whining tone of the Indian, which made Mary laugh. "The box is called a 'mowkowk.' There is another just like it, only there is a white bird, — a snow-bird, I suppose it is intended for — worked on the lid." The lid of this box was fastened down with a narrow slip of deer-skin ; Mary cut the fastening, and raised the lid, — " Nurse, it is only yellow sand ; how droll, to send me a box of sand I" * Asolepia Syriaoa. J i INDIAN rilESENTS. 121 an (here rbite for was [kin ; |11, to i "It is not sand; taste it, Mary." ■ " It is sweet — ^it is sugar I Ah 1 now I know what it is that this kind old squaw has sent me ; it is maple-sugar ; and is vejy nice. I will go and show it to mamma." " "Wait a little, Mary, let us see what there is in the .basket besides the rice and the maple- n sugar, "What a lovely thing this is I dear nurse, what can it be ? " " It is a sheath for your scissors, my dear ; it is made of doe-skin, embroidered with white beads, and coloured quills split fine^ and sewn with deer-sinew thread. Look at these curious bracelets." Mary examined the bracelets, and said she thought they were wrought with beads ; but Mrs. Frazer told her that what she took for beads were porcupine quills, cut out very finely, and strung in a pattern. They were not only neatly but tastefully made ; the pattern, though a Grecian scroll, having been carefully imitated by some Indian squaw. "This embroidered knife-sheath is large U :! i A i L 122 THE CANADIAN FOREST. (( a enough for a hunting-knife," said Mary, ^couteau de chasse,^ — is it not?" "This sheath was worked by the wife of Isaac Iron, an educated chief of the Mud Lake Indians ; she gave it to me because I had been kind to her in sickness." " I will give it to my dear papa," said Mary, " for I never go out hunting, and do not wish to carry a large knife by my side ;" and she laid the sheath away, after having admired its gay colours, and particularly the figure of a little animal worked in black and white quills, which was intended to represent a raccoon. ** This is a present for your doll ; it is a doll's mat, woven by a little girl, aged seven years, Kachcl Muskrat ; and here is a little canoe of red cedar, made by a little Indian boy." *' What a darling little boat, and there is a fish carved on the paddles." This device greatly pleased Mary, who said she would send Rachel a wax doll, and little Moses a knife, or some other useful article, when Mrs. Frazer went again to the Lakes ; but when her nurse took out of the other end of the bosket a birch-bark cradle, mada r 9» 5 MAPLE SUGAR. 123 (I a ) of Lake been liary, isli to c laid t'^ gay little whicli doll's years, IOC of re is a breatly lacliel a ic other rain to oftho . mada for her doll, worked very richly, she clapped her hands for joy, saying, " Ah, nurse, you should not have brought me so many pretty things at once, for I am too happy I" The remaining contents of the basket con- sisted of seeds and berries, and a small cake of maple-sugar, which Mrs. Frazer had made for the young lady. This was very different in ap- pearance from the Indian sugar ; it was bright and sparkling, like sugar-candy, and tasted sweeter. The other sugar was dry, and slightly bitter : Mrs. Frazer told Mary that this peculiar taste was caused by the birch-bfirk vessels, which the Indians used for catching the sap as it flowed from the maple-trees. "I wonder who taught the Indians how to make maple-sugar?" asked the child. " I do not know ;" replied the nurse. " I have heard that the}'- knew how to make this sugar when the discoverers of the country found them.* It miy be that they found it out by accident. The sugar-maple when wounded in March and * However this may be, the French Bcttlcrs claim the merit of oonverting the sap into sugar. 124 THE CANADIAN FOREST. April, yields a great deal of sweet liquor. Some Indians may have supplied tliemsclvcs with this juice, when pressed for want of water; for it flows so freely in warm days in spring, that several pints can be obtained from one tree in the course of the day. By boiling this juice, it becomes very sweet; and at last, when all the thin watery part has gone off in steam, it becomes thick, like honey; by boiling it still longer, it turns to sugar, when cold. So you see, my dear, that the Indians may have found it out by boiling some sap, instead of water, and letting it remain on the fire till it grew thick." "Are there many kinds of maple-trees, that sugar can be made from, nurse?" asked the little girl. "Yes,* my dear; but I believe the sugar- maple yields the best sap for the purpose ; that of the birch-tree, I have heard, can be made into sugar ; but it would require a larger quan- tity; weak wine, or vinegar, is made by the settlers of birch-sap, which is very pleasant * All the maple tribe are of a Baochnrine nature. Sugar hai been made in England from the lap of the tyoam(»re. jome . this •or it tliat 'ee in juice, jn all Lim, it it still o you found ir, and ick." that 3d the sugar- 5; that I made • quan- 3y the easant Sugar kmi»re. MAPLE TREES. 125 r. tasted. The people who live in the backwoods, and make maple-sugar, always make a keg of vinegar at the sugaring off." " That must be very uslT il • but if the sap is sweet, how can it be made into such sour stuff as vinegar?" Then nurse tried to make Mary understand that the heat of the sun, or of a warm room, would make the liquor ferment, unless it had been boiled a long time, so as to become very sweet, and somewhat thick. The first fermenta- tion, she told her, would give only a winy taste ; but if it continued to ferment a great deal, it turned sour, and became vinegar. . "How very useful the maple-tree is, nurse I I wish there were maples in the garden, and I would make sugar, molasses, wine, and vin- egar; and what else would I do with my maple-tree?" Mrs. Frazer laughed, and said, — "The wood mnkcs excellent fuel; but is also used in making bedsteads, chests of drawers, and many other things. There is a very pretty wood for furniture, called ' bird's-eye maple ;' the drawers 126 THE CANADIAN FOREST. in my bedroom that you think so pretty are made of it ; but it is a disease in the tree that causes it to have these little marks all through the wood. In autumn, this tree improves the forest landscape, for the bright scarlet leaves of the maple give a beautiful look to the woods in the fall. The soft maple, another species, is very bright when the leaves are changing, but it gives no sugar." . . , " Then I will not let it grow in my garden, nurse I" "It is good for other purposes, my dear. The settlers use the bark for dyeing wool ; and a jet black ink can be made from it, by boiling down the bark with a bit of copperas, in an iron vessel ; so you see it is useful. The bright red flowers of this tree look very pretty in the spring ; it grows best by the water-side, and Bome call it * the swamp maple.' " This was all Mrs. Frazer could tell Mary about the maple-trees. Many little girls, as young as she, would have thought it very dull to listen to what her nurse had to say about plants and trees; but Mary would put aside 1 INDIAN ORNAMENTS. 127 her dolls and toys, to stand beside her to ask questions, and listen to her answers ; the more she heard, the more she desired to hear, about these things. " The hearing ear, and the seeing eye, are two things that are never satisfied," saith the wise king Solomon. J', Mary was delighted with the contents of her Indian basket, and spent the rest of lier play-hours in looking at the various articles it contained, and asking her nurse questions about the materials of which they were made. Some of the bark boxes were lined with paper, but the doll's cradle was not, and Mary per- ceived that the inside of it was very rough, caused by the hard ends of the quills with which it was ornamented. At first, she could not think how the squaws worked with the quills, as they could not possibly thread them through the eye of a needle ; but her nurse told her that when they want to work any pattern in birch-bark, they trace it with some sharp- pointed instrument, such as a nail, or bodkin, or even a sharp thorn ; with which they pierce holes close together round the edge of the leaf, jf ,^'Nifii|iiiiililnnti* » I ' 128 THE CANADIAN FOREST. or blade, or bird, they have drawn out on the birch-bark; into these holes they insert one end of the quill, tlie other end is then drawn ' through the opposite hole, pulled tight, bent a little, and cut off on tlic inside. This any one of my young readers may see, if th(.y examine the Indian baskets or toys, made of birch-bark. "I have seen the squaws in their wigwams at work on these things, sitting cross-legged on their mats, — some had the quills in a little bark dish on their laps, while others held them in their mouths — not a very safe nor delicate way ; but Indians are not very nice in some of their habits," said Mrs. Frazir. *' Nurse, if you please, will you tell me what this little animal is designed to represent ?" said Mary, pointing to the figure of the raccoon worked in quills on the sheath of the hunting- knife. "It is intended for a raccoon, my dear," replied her nurse. "Is the raccoon a pretty creature like my Bquirrel ? " "It is much larger than your squirrel; its V THE RACCOONS. 129 ting- mr » my : ita fiir is not nearly so soft or so fine ; the colour being black and grey, or dun; the tail barred across, and bushy, — ^you have seen many sleigh- robes made of raccoon-skins, with the tails look- ing like tassels at the back of the sleighs." " Oh, yes, and a funny cunning-looking face peeping out tool" " The face of this little animal is sharp, and the eyes black and keen, like a fox; the feet bare, like the soles of our feet, only black and leathery; their claws are very sharp; they can climb trees very fast. During the winter the rac- coons sleep in hollow trees, and cling together for the sake of keeping each other warm. The choppers find as many as seven or eight in one nest, fast asleep. Most probably the young family remain with the old ones until spring, when they separate. The raccoon in its habits is said to resemble the bear; like the bear, it lives chiefly on vegetables, especially Indian corn, but I do not think that it lays by any store for winter. They sometimes awake if there come a few warm days, but soon retire again to their warm, cosy nosts." i I ! y "^Vfr- 180 THE CANADIAN FOREST. " Eaccoons will eat eggs ; and fowls are often taken by them, — ^perhaps this is in the winter, when they wake up and are pressed by hun- ger." Her nurso said that one of her fiiends had a raccoon which he kept in a wooden cage, but he was obliged to have a chain and collar to keep him from getting away, as he used to gnaw the bars asunder; and had slily stolen away and killed some ducks, and was almost as mischievous as a fox, but was very lively and amusing in his way. ^^ Mary now left her good nurse, and took her basket, with all its Indian treasures, to show to her mamma, -with whom we leave her for the present. i«s X il -> 'Sr SPRING IN CANADA. 181 tj.. had CHAPTER VIII CANADIAN BIRDS — SNOW SPARROW — ROBIN RED-BREAST — CANADIAN FLOWERS — AMERICAN PORCUPINE. " O PRING is coming, nurse I Spring is com- ing, at last I" exclaimed the little girl, joyfully. " The snow is going away at last I am tired of the white snow, it makes my eyes ache. I want to see the brown earth, and the grass, and the green moss, and the pretty flowers again." "It will be some days before this deep cover- ing of snow is gone. The streets are still slip- pery with ice, which it will take some time, my dear, to soften." "But, nurse, the sun shines, and there are little streams of water running along the streets in every direction ; see, the snow is gone from under the bushes and trees in the garden. I saw some dear little birds flying about, and I watched them perching on the dry stalks of the e fl i 132 THE CANADIAN FOREST. tall, rough weeds, and tliey appeared to be picking seeds out of the husks. Can you tell me what birds they were?" " I saw the flock of birds you mean, Mary ; they are the common snow-sparrows;* almost our earliest visitants; for they may be seen in April, mingled with the brown song-sparrow,t flitting about the garden fences, or picking the stalks of the tall mullein and amaranths, to find the seeds that have not been shaken out by the autumn winds; and possibly they also find insects cradled in the husks of the old seed- vessels. These snow-sparrows are very hardy, and though some migrate to the States in the beginning of winter, a few stay in the Upper Province, and others come back to us before the snow is all gone." "They are very pretty, neat-looking birds, nurse; dark slate colour, with white breasts." "When I was a little girl, I used to call them my Quaker-birds, they looked so neat and prim. In the summer you may find their nesta ■ ■ ■ '-''-'''■,"* * Fringilla nivalis. f Fringilla melodic. CANADIAN ROBINS. 133 in the brusli-lieaps near the edge of the forest ; they sing a soft, low song." "Nurse, I heard a bird singing yesterday, when I was in the garden ; a little plain brown bird, nurse." " It was a song-sparrow, Mary. This cheerful little bird comes with the snow-birds, often be- fore the robin." t "Oh, nurse, the robin I I wish you would show me a darling robin redbreast. I did not know they lived in Canada." " The bird that we call the robin in this coun- try, my dear, is not like the little redbreast you have seen at home ; our robin is twice as large ; though in shape resembling the European robin ; I believe it is really a kind of thrush. It migrates in the fall, and returns to us early in the spring." "What is migrating, nurse; is it the same as emigrating?" . "Yes, Mary, for when a person leaves his native country, and goes to live in another country, he is said to emigrate. This is the reason why the English, Scotch, and Irish fam- 12 . , 134, THE CANADIAN FOREST. ilies who come to live Id Canada are called emigrants." " What colour are the Canadian robins, nurse?" " The head is blackish, the back lead colour, and the breast is pale orange ; not so bright a red, however, as the real robin." i " Have you ever seen their nests, nurse ?" " Yes, my dear, many of them. It is not a pretty nest; it is large, and coarsely put to- gether, of old dried grass, roots, and dead leaves, plastered inside with clay, mixed with bits of straw, so as to form a sort of mortar. You know, Mary, that the blackbird and thrush build nests, and plaster them in this way." The little lady nodded her head in assent. "Nurse, I once saw a robin's nest when I was in England ; it was in the side of a mossy ditch, with primroses growing close beside it ; it was made of green moss, and lined with white wool and hair ; it was a pretty nest, with nice eggs in it, much better than your Canadian robin's nest." " Our robins build in upturned roots, in the WATER-FOWL. 135 comers of rail fences, and in the young pear- trees and apple-trees in the orchard. The eggs are a greenish blue. The robin sings a fiill, clear song ; indeed he is our best songster. "We have so few singing-birds, that we prize those that do sing very much." ' "Does the Canadian robin come into the house in winter, and pick up the crumbs, as the dear little redbreasts do at home?" " No, Mary, they are able to find plenty of food abroad, when they return to us ; but they hop about the houses and gardens pretty freely. In the fall, before they go away, they may be seen in great numbers, running about the old pastures, picking up worms and seeds." "Do people see the birds flying away to- gether, nurse?" " Not often, my dear, for most birds congre- gate together in small flocks and depart un- noticed ; many go away at night, when we are sleeping; and some fly very high on cloudy days, so that they are not distinctly seen against ^ the dull grey sky. The water birds, such as geese, swans, and ducks, take their flight in 186 THE CANADIAN FOREST. large bodies. They are heard making a con- tinual noise in the air, and may be seen grouped in long lines, or in the form of the letter V lying on its side, (^,) the point generally directed southward or westwai'd, the strongest and oldest birds acting as leaders ; when tired, these aquatic generals fall backward into the main body, and are replaced by others." Mary was much surprised at the order and sagacity displayed by wild fowl in their flight ; and Mrs. Frazer told her that some other time she would tell her some more facts respecting th. ir migration to other countries. "Nurse, will j^ou tell me something about birds* nests, and what they make them of?" "Birds that live chiefly in the depths of tlio forest, or in solitary places, fiir away from tlie haunts of men, build their nests of ruder materi- als, and with loss care in the manner of putting them together; dried grass, roots, and a little moss, seem to be the mntcrials they make use of. It has been noticed by many persons, my dear, that those birds that live near towns and villages and cleared farms, soon leaiu to make better BIRDS AND FLOWERS. 137 )M tlic the tcri* sorts of nests, and to weave into them soft and comfortable things, such as silk, wool, cotton, and hair." " That is very strange, nurse." " It is so, Mary ; but the same thing may also be seen among human beings. The savage nations are contented with rude dwellings made of sticks and cane, covered with skins of beasts, bark, or reeds : but when they once unite to- gether in a more social state, and live in vil- lages and towns, a desire for improvement takes place ; the tent of skins, or the rude shanty, is exchanged for a hut of better shape ; and this in time gives place to houscg and furniture of more useful and ornamental kinds." " Nurse, I heard mamma say, that the Britons who lived in England were once savages, and lived in caves, huts, and thick woods ; that they dressed in skins, and painted their bodies like the Indians." " When you read the history of England, you will see that such was the case," said Mrs. Frazcr. "Nurse, perhaps the little birds like to see 12* I! 'I i 1 ' iC 138 THE OANAPTAN FOREST. the flowers, and the sunshine, and the blue sky, and men's houses. I will make my gar- den very pretty this spring, and plant some nice flowers to please the dear little birds." . Many persons would have thought such remarks very foolish in our little lady, but Mrs. Frazer, who was a good and wise woman, did not laugh at the little girl ; for she thought it was a lovely thing to see her wish to give happiness to the least of God's creatures, for it was imitating His own goodness and mercy, which delight in the enjoyment of the things which He has called into existence. " Please, Mrs. Frazer, will you tell me which flowers will be first in bloom?" "The very first is a plant that comes up without leaves." " Nurse, that is the Christmas-rose ;"•* I have seen it in the old country." ** No, Mary, it is the colt's-foot ;t it m a com- mon-looking, coarse, yellow-blossomed flower; 't is the first that blooms after the snow; then * Winter AooniU. f TuMilago Farfar*. PLORAL PORTRAITS. 139 comes the pretty snow-flower or hepatica. Its pretty tufts of white, pink, or blue starry flowers, may be seen on the open clearing, or beneath the shade of the half-cleared woods, or upturned roots and sunny banks. Like the English daisy, it grows everywhere, and the sight of its bright starry blossoms delights every eye." " The next flower that comes in is the dog's- tooti^ V ■ t."* " \x ' *- a droll name I" exclaimed Mary, laughing. "I suppose it is called so from the sharp- ness of the flower-leaves, (petals,) my dear, but it is a beautiful yellow lily ; the leaves are also pretty; they are veined or cloudy with milky white or dusky purple. The plant has a bulbous root, and in the month of April sends up its single, nodding, ycllow-spottcd flowers; they grow in large beds, where the ground is black, moist and rich, near creeks on the edge of the forest." Erythronium. 140 THE CANADIAN FOREST. "Do you know any other pretty flowers, nurse?" " Yes, my dear, there arc a great many that bloom in April and May ; white violets, and blue, and yellow, of many kinds; and then there is the spring beauty,* a delieate little flower with pink-striped bells, and the ever- lasting flower,! and saxifrage, and the white and dark red lily, called by some * white and red death.'ij: These have three gre(^n leaves about the middle of the stalk, and the flower is composed of three pure white or deep red leaves — petals my father used to call them; for my father, Mary, was a botanist, and knew the names of all the flowers, and I learned them from him. "The most curious is the moccasin flower. The early one is bright golden yellow, and has a bag or sack which is curiously spotted with ruby red, and its petals are twisted like horns. There is a hard thick piece that lies down just above the sack or moccasin part; •Claytonia. f GrnphnHum ^Trillium, or Wake Robin. FLORAL PORTRAITS. 141 and if you lift this up, you see a pair of round dark spots like eyes, and the Indians say it is like the face of a hound, with the nose and black eyes plain to be seen ; two of the shorter curled brown petals look like flapped ears, one on each side of the face. " There is a more beautiful sort, purple and white, which blooms in August; the plant is tailor, and bears large lovely flowers." " And has it a funny face and ears, too, nurse?" " Yes, my dear, but the face is more like an ape's; it is even more distinct than in the yellow moccasin. When my brother and I were cliildren, we used to fold back the petals and call them baby flowers ; the sack, wo thought, looked like a baby's white frock." Mary was much amused at this notion. " There are a great number of very beautiful and also very curious flowers growing in the forest," said Mrs. Frazer; some of them are used in medicine, and some by the Indians for dyes, with which they stain the baskets and porcupine quills. One of our earliest ,11 142 THE CANADIAN TOREST. flowers is called the blood-root;* it conicri up a delicate, white, folded bud, within a vino- shaped leaf, which is veined on the under side with orange yellow. If the stem or the root of this plant be broken, a scarlet juice drops out very fast — it is with this the squaws dye red and orange colours." " I am glad to hear this, nurse ; now I can tell my dear mamma what the baskets and quills are dyed with." "The flower is very pretty, like a white crocus, only not so large. You saw some cro- cuses in the conservatory the other day, I think, my dear." " Oh yes, yellow ones, and purple too, in a funny china thing with holes in its back, and the flowers came up through the holes. The gardener said it was a porcupine." " Please, nurse, tell me of what colours real porcupine quills are ?" " They are white and greyish-brown." Then Mary brought a print and showed it to * Sanguivaria. CANADIAN PORCUPINE. 113 her nurse, saying, " Nurse, is the porcupine like this picture?" " Tlie 'American porcupine, my dear, is not so. large as this sp' ie*?,, 's spines are s; . V?r and weaker. It resembles the common hedge- hog more nearly. It is an innocent animal, feeding mostly on roots* and small fruits; it burrows in dry stony hillocks, and passes the cold weather in sleep. It goes abroad chiefly during the night. The spines of the Canadian porcupine are much weaker than those of the African species. The Indians trap these crea- tures and eat their flesh. They bake them in their skins in native ovens — ^lioles made in the earth, lined with stones, which they make very hot, covering them over with embers." Mrs. Frazer had told Mary all she knew about the porcupine, when Campbell, the foot- man, came to say that her papa wanted to see her. * There is a plant of the lily tribe, upon the roots of which the porcupine feeds, as well as on wild bulbs and berries, and the bark of the black spruoe and laroh. It will also eat apples and Indian corn. "•! lU THE CANADIAN FOKKST. i^ CHAPTER IX. INDIAN BAO INDIAN BMBROIDERT — BEAVER^B TAIL-— BEAVER ARCHITECTURE — HABITS OF THE BEAVER BEAVER TOOLS — BEAVER MEADOWS. TTSTHEN Mary went down to her father, he presented her with a beautiful Indian bag, which he had brouglit from Lake Huron, in the Upper Province. It was of fine doeskin, very nicely wrought with dyed moose-hair, and the pattern was very pretty; the border was of scarlet feathers on one side, and blue on the other, which formed a rich silken fringe at each edge. This was a present from the wife of a chief on Manitoulin Island. Mary was much delighted with her present, and admired this new-fashioned work in moose-hair very much. The feathers, Mrs. Frazer told her, were from the summer red bird or war bird, and the blue bird, both of which, Mary said, she had seen. CANADIAN BEAVER. 146 TAIL— BSAVBR The Indians use these feathers as ornaments for their heads and shoulders on grand occa- sions. Mary recollected hearing her mamma speak (•f Indians who wore mantles and dresses of gay feathers. They were chiefs of the Sand- wich Islands, she believed, who had these su- perb habits. " Dear nurse, will you tell me any thing more about birds and flowers to day ?" asked Mary, after she had put away her pretty bag. "I promised to tell you about the beavers, my dear," replied Mrs. Frazer. "Oh, yes, about the beavers that make the dams and the nice houses, and cut down whole trees. I am glad you can tell me something about those curious creatures; for mamma bought me a pretty picture, which I will show you, if you please," said the little girl. " But what is this odd-looking, black thing here? Is it a dried fish? It must be a black bass! Yes, nurse, I am sure it is." The nurse smiled, and said, "It is not a fish at all, my dear; it is a dried beaver's tail. I 13 K 146 THE CANADIAN FOREST. i n v '\ V I I brought it from the back lakes when I was at home, that you might see it. See, my dear, how curiously the beaver's tail is covered with scales ; it looks like some sort of black leather, stamped in a diaper pattern. Before it is dried, it is very heavy, weighing three or four pounds. I have heard my brothers and some of the Indian trappers say, that the animal makes use pf its tail to beat the sides of the dams and smooth the mud and clay, as a plasterer uses a trowel. Some people think otherwise, but it seems well suited from its shape and weight for the purpose, and, indeed, as the walls they raise seem to have been smoothed by some implement, I see no reason to disbelieve the story. " And what do the beavers make dams with, nurse ?" " "With small trees cut into pieces, and drawn in close to each other; and then the beavers fill the spaces between with sods, and stones, and clay, and all sorts of things that they gath- er together and work up into a solid wall. The walls are made broad at the bottom, and are BEAVER FAMILIES. 147 several feet in thickness, to make them strong - enough to keep the water from washing through them. The beavers assemble together in the fall, about the months of October and Novem- ber, to build their houses and repair their dams. They prefer running water, as it is less likely to freeze. They work in large parties, some- times fifty or a hundred together, and do a great deal in a short time. They work during the night." " Of what use is the dam, nurse ?" " The dam is for the purpose of securing a constant supply of water, without which they could not live. "When they have enclosed the beaver-pond, they separate into family parties of eleven* or twelve, perhaps more, sometimes • I copy for the reader an account of the beavers, written by an Indian chief, who was born at Rice Lake, in Canada, and, becoming a Christian, learned to read and write, and went on a mission to teach the poor Indians, who did not know Christ, to worship God in spirit and in truth. During some months, while he was journeying towards a settlement belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, he wrote a jour nal of the things he saw in that wild country ; and, among other matters, he made the following note about the habits %{ those curious animals the beavers, which I think is most i i 1 si ri u 148 THE CANADIAN FOREST. less, and construct dwellings, which are raised against the inner walls of the dam. These little huts have two chambers, one in which they likely to be correct, as Indians are very observant of tbe habits of wild animals. He says, — "Tiie country hero is marshy, covered with low evergreens. Here begins an ex- tensive beaver settlement; it continues up the river for sixty miles. When travelling with a row-boat, the noise frightens the timid beavers, and they dive under water ; but as wo liad a light birch bark canoe, we saw them at evening and at day-break, going to and fro from their work to the shore. Tliey sleep during the day, and chop and gnaw during the night They cut the wood that they use, from slender wands up to poles four inches through, and from one to two fath- on^.s long (a fathom is a measure of six feet). A large beaver will carry in his mouth a stick I should not like to carry on my shoulder, for two or three himdred yards to the water, and then float it off to where he wants to take it. The kinds of trees used by the beavers are willow and poplar — the round-leaved poplar they prefer. The Canada beavers, where the poplars are large, lumber (i. e. cut down) on a larger scale ; they cut trees a foot through, but in that case only make use of the limbs, which are gnawed off the trunk in suitable lengths. The beaver is not a climbing animal. About two cords of wood serve Mister Beaver and his family for the winter. " A beaver's house is large enough to allow two men a comfortable sleeping room, and it is kept very clean. It is built of sticks, stones, and mud, and it is well plastered out- side and in. The trowel the beaver uses in plastering is his tail ; this is considered a great delicacy at the table. Their beds are made of chips, split fus fine as the brush of an A beaver's house. 149 sleep, wliicli is warm and soft and dry, lined with roots and sedges and dry grass, and any odds and ends that serve their purpose. The feeding place is below; in this is stored the wood or the bark on which they feed. The entrance to this is under water, and hidden from sight; but it is there that the cunning hunter sets his trap to catch the unsuspecting beavers." "Nurse, do not beavers, and otters, and Indian broom ; these are disposed in one corner, and kept dry and sweet and clean. It is the bark of the green wood that is used by the beavers for food ; after the stick is peeled, they float it out at a distance from the house. Many good housewives might learn a lesson of neatness and order from the humble beaver. "In large lakes and rivers, the beavers make no dams; they have water enough without putting themselves to that trouble; but in small creeks they dam up, and make u I etter stop-water than is done by the millers. The spot where they build their dams is the most labour-saving place in the valley, and where the work will stand best. When the dam is finished, not a drop of water escapes ; I'icir work is al- ways well done. " This part of the country abourids in beavers. An Indian will kill upwards of three hundred in a season. The skin of the beaver is not worth as much as it used to be, but their flesh is an excellent article of food." — Journal of the Ui:v. Peter Jacobs, Indian Missionary. 1 l^' 150 TIIK OANADtAN K«)HKST. luuMlvmls fiM^I colli wliilo liviii;^ in ilio wutor; niul ilo (hoy not. ^rl wol ?" "No, my (lour; ihoy do not {W\ coM, iind onnnol, giM, wot, for Iho lliick co.Mlinfij of linir tuu 1 (1( own ktH'ps lluMn WJirni ; jiiul IIicho jini- m.-ilM, liko iliU'kH Mnd gconi* tnid nil kinds of wuliM -fowls, mv snpplird wilh .'i 1)M}j; oi'oil, vvilli wlnoli \\\o\ drrss tlicir conls, nnd that llirows IV 11 o\\ iho moist nn*; lor you know, Mnry, llmt. oil Mud walor will not n\ix. All on'Mlnn\s IliMl livo xw th(» WMlor iw' urovitk'd with oily fur, or smooth scnh^s thnt no WMt«M' rjin \)n\v- iv'Mo: and watiM binh sni'h ns i hu'l onvor k\m\\» in Walon provo Hint thin intort^Ming ftnin>'il woo onoo a untive of Uront Hritaiii. HA HITS OK TIIK lUCAVKH. 151 way, Swodoti, UuHsia, Oormiuiy, iitid even in ]<'niM(M\ T\u) bciivor aboiiiidrt inoHtly in North AtmM-ioa, and in its cold portionn; in Holiiudc^H that no foot of man but tlio wild Tixlian lum over |)(Mi(5tratod ; in lonely RtnijitriM and iidand lakoH, — tlu'Sd bannlr.sH orcatun^s arc foinid ful- lillin}^ (Jod'H purpoHo, and doin^ '"j'^T ^o IH)n(^ "1 lliink if tliiM'o had hnvn any b(MiV(5m in ibo land of iMracl, in Solonion'M tiino, that the wis(^ Ivin;.'^, who Hpako of atits, HpidorH, gnina- hopporn, and conii^H,* would havo nanxMl tlio bcavcra mImo, as pattiTna of g(Mitl(3n('HH, clcian- linosH, and industry. Thoy work togotluir in bands, and livo in families, and nvyvv ri;^ht or disa«j^roo. Th(\y have no chief or leader; they Bcem to havo neither king nor ruler; yet they work in pcM'fect love and harniony. IIow plejis- nnt it would be, Mary, if a . Christian people wouhl love each other tis these poor beavers seem to do!" "Nurse, how can beavers cut down trees; they havo neither r:xes nor saws?" * Tlie rook rnbbitt of JudiM. 152 THE CANADIAN FOREST. "Here are the axes and saws with whicli God has provided these little creatures;" and Mrs. Frazer showed Mary two long curved tusks, of a reddish-brown colour, which she told her were the tools used by the beavers to cut and gnaw the trees ; she said she had seen trees as thick as a man's leg that had been felled by these simple tools. Mary was much surprised that such small animals could cut through any thing so thick. " In nature," replied her nurse, " we often see great things done by small means. Patience and perseverance work well. The poplar, birch, and some other trees, on which beavers feed, and which they also use in making their dams, are softer and more easily cut than oak, elm or birch would be : these trees are found growing near the water, and in such places as ben vers build in. The settler owes to the industri- ous habits of this animal those large open tracts of land called beaver meadows, covered with long, thick, rank grass, which he cuts down and uses as hay. These beaver meadows have the appearance of dried-up lakes. The soil is BEAVER MEADOWS. 153 black and spongy; for you may put a stick down to tlie depth of many feet; it is only in the months of July, August, and September, that they are dry. Bushes of black alder, with a few poplars and twining shrubs, are scattered over the beaver meadows : some of which have high stony banks, and little islands of trees. On these are many pretty wild flowers ; among others, I found growing on the dry banks some real hare-bells, both blue and white." "Ah, dear nurse, hare-bells I did you find real hare-bells, such as grow on the bonny Highland hills among the heather? I wish papa would let me go to the Upper Province, to see the beaver meadows, and gather the dear blue-bells." "My father, Mary, wept when I brought him a handful of these flowers, for he said it reminded him of his Highland home. I have found these pretty bells growing on the wild hills about the Rice Lake, near the water, as well as near the beaver meadows." "Do the beavers sleep in the winter time, nurse?" 9 I 154 THE CANADIAN FOREST. "The J do not lie torpid, as raccoons do, though they may sleep a good deal ; but as they lay up a great store of provision for the winter, of course they must awake sometimes to eat it." Mary thought so too. "In the spring, when the long warm days return, they quit their winter retreat, and sep- arate in pairs, living in holes in the banks of lakes and rivers, and do not unite again till thq approach of the cold calls them together to prepare for winter, as I told you." "Who calls them all to build their winter houses?" asked the child. ■ "The providence of God, usually called in- stinct, that guides these wild animals; doubt- less it is the law of nature given tv^ them by God. "There is a great resemblance in the habits of the muskrat and the beaver. They all live in the water; all separate in the spring, and meet again in the fall to build and work to- gether ; and, having helped each other in these things, they retire to a private dwelling, each family by it^^elf. The otter does not make a MUSKRATS AND BEAVERS. 155 dam, like the beaver, and I am not sure tliat it works in companies, as the beaver; it lives on fish and roots; the muskrats on shell-fish and roots ; and the beaver on vegetable food mostly. Muskrats and beavers are used for food, but the flesh of the otter is too fishy to be eaten." "Nurse, can people eat muskrats?" asked Mary, with surprise. "Yes, my dear, in the spring months the hunters and Indians reckon them good food; I have eaten them myself, but I did not like them, they were too fat. Muskrats build a little house of rushes, and plaster it ; they have two chambers, and do not lie torpid; they build in shallow, rushy places in lakes, but in spring they quit their winter houses and arc often found in holes among the roots of trees ; they live on mussels and shell-fish. The fur is used in making caps, and hats, and fur gloves." "Nurse, did you ever see a tame beaver?" "Yes, my dear; I knew a squaw who had a tame beaver, which she used to take out in her canoe with her, and it sat in her lap, or on her shoulder and was very playful." Just then 156 THE CANADIAN FOREST. the dinner-bell rang, and as dinner af Govern- ment-house waits for no one, Mary was obliged to defer hearing more about beavers until another time. iJTTLB Mary's story. 157 CHAPTER X. INDIAN BOY AND HIS PETS — TAME BEAVER AT HOME- KITTEN, WILDFIRE — PET RACCOON AND THE SPANIEL PUPPIES — CANADIAN FLORA. "'VTURSE, you have told me a great many nice stories; now I can tell you one, if you would like to hear it," and the little girl fixed her bright eyes, beaming with intelli- gence, on the face of her nurse, who smiled, and said she should like very much to hear the story. "You must guess what it is to be about, nurse." "I am afraid I shall not guess right. Is it 'Little Red Riding Hood,* or 'Old Mother Hubbard,' or Jack the Giant Killer?' " " Oh, nurse, to guess such silly stories I" said the little girl, stopping her ears. "Those are too silly for me even to tell baby. My story is a U 158 THE CANADIAN FOREST. nice story about a darling tame beaver. Major Pickford took me on his knee and told me the story last night." Mrs. Frazcr begged Mary's pardon for mak- ing such foolish guesses, and declared she should like very much to hear Major Pickford's story of the tame beaver. "Well, nurse, you must know there was once a gentleman who lived in the bush, on the banks of a small lake, somewhere in Canada, a long, long way from Montreal. He lived all alone in a little log house, and spent his time in fishing, and trapping, and hunting ; and he was very dull, for he had no wife, and little cliild like me to talk to. The only people whom he used to see were some French lumberers, and now and then the Indians would come in their canoes and fish on his lake, and make their wigwams on the lake shore, and hunt deer in the wood. The gentleman was very fond of the Indians, and used to pass a great deal of his time with them, and talk to them in their own language. " Well, nurse, one day he found a poor little INDIAN BOY. I f 159 ittle Indian boy who had been lost in the woods, and was half starved, sick and weak, and the kind gentleman took him home to his house, and fed and nursed him till he got quite strong again. Was not that good, nurse?" " It was quite right, my dear. Peoplo should always be kind to the sick and weak, and espe- cially a poor Indian stranger. I like the story very much, and shall be glad to hear more about the Indian boy." " Nurse, there is not a great deal more about the Indian boy; for when the Indian party to which he belonged returned from hunting, ho went away to his own home; but I forgot to tell you that the gentleman had often said how much he should like to have a young beaver to make a pet of. He was very fond of pets ; he had a dear little squirrel, just like mine, nurse, a flying squirrel, which he had made so tame that it slept in his bosom and lived in his pocket, where he kept nuts and acorns and apples for it to eat, and he had a raccoon too, nurse, — only think! a real raccoon; and Major Pickford told me something so droll about lUo 100 THE CANADIAN FOIIEST. 1 a! ! t raccoon, only I want first to go on with the story about the beaver, ,. . "One day, as the gentleman was sitting by the fire reading, he heard a slight noise, and wlien he looked up was quite surprised to see an Indian boy in a blanket coat, — with his dark eyes fixed upon his face, while his long black hair hung down on his shoulders. He looked quite wild, and did not say a word, but only opened his blanket coat, and showed a brown furred animal asleep on his breast. What do you think it was, nurse?" "A young beaver, my dear." "Yes, nurse, it was a little beaver. The good Indian boy had caught and tamed it, on purpose to bring it to his white friend, who had been so good to him. "I cannot tell you all the amusing things the Indian boy said about the beaver, though the Major told them to me ; but I cannot talk like an Indian, you know, Mrs. Frazer. After the boy went away, the gentleman set to work and made a little log-house for his beaver to live in, and set it in a corner of the shanty ; COSTLY BEAVER-DAM. 161 II and he hollowed a large sugar-trough for his water, that he might have water to wasli in, and cut down some young willows and poplars ! and birch-trees for him to cat, and the little beaver grew very fond of his new niiuster; it would fondle him just like a little squirrel, put its soft head upon his knee, and climb up- on his lap; he taught it to eat bread, sweet cake, and biscuit, and even roast and boiled meat, and it would drink milk too. "Well, nurse, the little beaver lived very happily with this kind gentleman till the next fall, and then it began to get very restless and active, as if it were tired of doing nothing. One day his master heard of the arrival of a friend some miles off, so he left Mister Beaver to take care of himself, and went away ; but he did not forget to give him some green wood, and plenty of water to drink and play in ; he stayed several days, for lie was very glad to meet with a friend in that lonely place ; but wlicu he came, he could not open his door, and was obliged to get in at the window. What do you think the beaver had done ? It liad built 14* L 162 THE CANADIAN FOREST. a dam against the side of the trough, and a wall acrass the door, and it had dug up the hearth and the floor, and carried the earth and the stones to help to make his dam, and pud- dled it with water, and made such work I the house was in perfect confusion, with mud, chips, bark, and stone ; and, oh, nurse, worse than all that, it had gnawed through the legs of the t4ibles and cluiirs, and they were lying on the floot in such a state, and it cost the poor gen- tleman so much trouble to put things to rights again, and make more chairs and another table! and when I laughed at the pranks of that wicked beaver, for I could not help laugh- ing, the Major pinched my ear, and called me a mischievous puss." Mrs. Frazer was verv much entertained with the story, and she told Mary that she had heard of tame beavers doing such things before ; for in the season of the year when beavers con- gregate together to repair their works and build tlieir winter houses, those that are in confine- ment become restless and unquiet, aud show the instinct that moves these animals to pro- RACCOONS. 163 ,/l \ a tho and md- tho [lips, 1 all ' the I tho geii- •ight3 lother ks of augh- d me with Iheard ; for cou- bnild mfiiie- show pro- vide their winter retreats, and lay up their stores of food. " Nurse," said Mary, " I did not think that beavers and raccoons could be taught to eat sweet cake, and bread and meat." " Many animals learn to eat very different food to what they are accustomed to live upon in a wild state. The wild cat lives on raw flesh; while the domestic cat, you know, my dear, will eat cooked meat, and even salt meat, with bread and milk and many other things. I knew a person who had a black kitten called * Wildfire,' who would sip whisior pussy hinisi'lf; and the gontlenuin was so angry with the naughty thing that he killed him and nuidc a. cap oi' his skin, for he was afraid the ounning raoeoon would kill his beaver and eat up his tan\e sipiirrol." " The rai'ooon, Mary, in it8 natural state, haa all the wildnt^ss and ounning of the iox and weazel ; ho will oat Hesh, j)oultry, anil sucking }>igs, and is also very destructive to Indian oorn. Those oreatures abound in tho Western stat(\'^, and are killed in great numbers for their skins. Tho Indian luintors oat tho Hosh, and sav it is very tender and goinl ; but it is not used for food in Canada. Tho raccoon belongs to tho lUCIi LAIvE PI.AINS. 165 lias oorn. atr^, it irt I lor o ilio Biirno class of aTiiinals as tlio bear, which it re- seiiibloa in some points, though, being small, it is not so daiigeroLis either to man or the larger unimals. " And now, my dear, let me show you some pretty wild flowers a little girl brought me this morning for you, as she heard that you loved llowei's. There are yellow moccasins, or ladies'- slippers, the same that I told you of a littlo •while ago; and white lilies, crane-bills, and these pretty lilac geraniums; hero arc scarlet- cups, and blue lupines, they are all in bloom now, and many others. If we wore on the llico Lake plains, my dear, we could gather all these and many, many more. In the months of Juno and July those plains are like a garden, and their roses scent the air." ** Nurse, I will ;usk my dear papa to take mo to the llicc Lake plains," said the little girl, as bIio gazed with delight on the lovely Canadian fiowera. 166 THE CANADIAN FOREST. i CHAPTER XI. NURSE TELLS MARY ABOUT A LITTLE BOT WHO WAS EATEN BT A BEAR IN THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNS> WICK OF A BABY THAT WAS CARRIED AWAY, BUT TAKEN ALIVE A WALK IN THE GARDEN HUMMINQ BIRDS CANADIAN BALSAMS. " VrURSE," said Mary, " did you ever hear of any one having been eaten by a wolf or bear?" " I have lieard of such things happening, my dear, in this country; but only in lonely, un- settled parts of the country, near swamps and deep woods." " Did you ever hear of any little boy or girl having been carried off by a wolf or bear?" asked the child. " No, my dear, not in Canada, though similar accidents may have happened there ; but when I was a young girl I heard of such tragedies at New Brunswick ; one of the British provinces lying to the east of this, and a cold and rather A SAD ACCIDENT. ig; V, WAS RUNS- , BUT AMINO hear wolf g , my un- and )r girl )ear?" imilar when lies at vincea rather barren country, but containing many minerals, such as coal, limestone, and marble, besides vast forests of pine, and small lakes and rivers. It resembles Lower Canada in many respects ; but it is not so pleasant as the province of Upper Canada, neither is it so productive. " Thirty years ago it was not so well cleared or cultivated as it is now, and the woods were full of wild beasts that dwelt among the swamps and wild rocky valleys. Bears, wolves, and catamounts abounded, with foxes of several kinds, and many of the fine furred and smaller species of animals, which wer^ much sought for, on account of their skins. Well, my dear, near the little village where my aunt and undo were living, there were great tracts o^'inbf Ken swamps and forests, which of course fIk itcred many wild animals. A sad accident l»uppened a few days before we arrived, which caused much sorrow, and no little fright, in the place. "An old man went out into the woods one morning with his little grandson, to look for the oxen which hud strayed from the clearing. They had not gone many yards from the enclo- (..- \ 168 THE CANADIAN FOREST. sure when they heard a crackling and rustling among the underwood and dry timbers that strewed the ground. The old man, thinking it was caused by the cattle they were looking for, bade the little boy go forward and drive them on the track ; but in a few minutes he heard a fearful cry from the child, and hurrying for- ward through the tangled brushwood, saw the poor little boy in the deadly grasp of a huge black bear, who was making off at a fast trot with his prey. "The old man was unarmed, and too feeble to pursue the flreadful beast. He could only wring his hands and rend his grey hairs in grief and terror; but his lamentations would not restore the child to life. A band of hunters and lumberers, armed with rifles and knives, turned out to beat the woods, and were not long in tracking the savnge animal to his re- treat in a neighbouring cedar swamp. A few fragments of the child's dress were all that remained of him; but the villagers had the eatisfaction of killing the great she-bear with .bs. The magistrates of rrown BEARS AND WOLVES. 169 I'l feeble only rs in vould niters [lives, D not is re- ^ few that 1 the with ea of the district gave them a large sum for shooting these creatures, and the skins were sold, and the money given to the parents of the little boy ; but no money could console them for the loss of their beloved child. " The flesh of the bear is eaten both by In- dians and hunters ; it is like coarse beef. The hams are cured and dried, and by many thought to be a great dainty." " Mrs. Frazer, I would not eat a bit of the ham made from a wicked, cruel bear that eats little children," said Mary ; "I wonder the hunters were not afraid of going into the swamps where those wild beasts lived. Are there as many bears and wolves now in those places ?" "No, my dear; great changes have taken place since that time. As the country becomes more thickly settled, the woods disappear. The axe and the fire destrov the haunts that shel- tcred these wild beasts, and they retreat further buck, where the deer and other creatures on which they principally feed abound." li ,'i h i'k II 170 THE CANADIAN FOREST. " Nurse, that was a very sad story about the poor little boy," said Mary. "I also heard of a little child," continued nurse, " not more than two years old, who was with her mother in the harvest field ; who had fciprcad a shawl on the ground near a tall tree, and laid the child on it to sleep or pla^^, when *i bear came out of the wood and carried her off, ■ oaping the fence with her in its arms ; but the rriother ran screaming after the beast, and the i-eapers pursued so closely with their pitchforks and reaping-hooks, that Bruin, who was only a half-grown bear, being hard pressed, made for a tree; and as it was not easy to climb with a babe in his arms, he quietly laid the little one down at the foot of the tree, and soon was among the thick branches out of the reach of the entmy. I dare say baby must have won- dered what rough nurse bad taken her up ; but she wa3 unhurt, •; \d i, alive now." " I am so glad, . ursc, the dc.r baby was not hugged to death by that horrid black bear ; and I hope he was killed." " I dare say, my deai, he was shot by some I' HABITS OF THE BEAB. 171 i) the lued was ► had tree, when er off, at the id the hforks only a e for a with a tie one »n was iach of |e won- ^p; but raa not ir; and )y some of the men ; for they seldom worked near the forest without having a gun with them, in case of seeing deer, or pigeons, or partridges." " I should not like to live in that country, Mrs. Frazer ; for a bear, a wolf, or a catamount might eat me." " I never heard of a governor's daughter be- ing eaten by a bear," said Mrs. Frazer, laughing, as she noticed the earnest expression on the face of her little charge. She then continued her account of the ursine family. " The bear retires in cold weather, and sleeps till warmer seasons awaken him; he does not lay up any store of winter provisions, because he seldom rouses himself during the time of his long sleep, and in the spring he finds food, both vegetable and animal, for he can eat any thing when hungry, like the hog. He often robs the wild bees of their honey, and his hide being so very thick, seems insensible to the stings of the angry bees. Bruin will sometimes find odd places for his winter bed, for a farmer, who was taking a stack of wheat into his barn to be threshed in the winter time, once found s 172 THE CANADIAN FOREST. a large black bear comfortably asleep in the middle of the sheaves." " How could the bear have got into the stack of wheat, nurse ?" " The claws of this animal are so strong, and he makes so much use of his paws, which are almost like hands, that he must have pulled the sheaves out, and so made an entrance for himself. His skin and flesh amply repaid the farmer for any injury the grain had received. I remember seeing the bear brought home in triumph on the top of the load of wheat. Bears often do great mischief by eating the Indian corn when it is ripening ; for besides what they devour, they spoil a vast deal by trampling the plants down with their clumsy feet. They will, when hard pressed by hunger, come close to the farmer's house and rob the pig-sty of its ten- ants. Many years ago, before the forest was cleared away in the neighbourhood of what is now a large town, but in those days consisted of only a few poor log-houses, a settler was much annoyed by the frequent visits of a bear to his hog-pen. At last he resolved to get a L the stack ;, and 'h are )ulled ;e for id tlie leived. me in Bears [ndian it they ng the y will, to the ts ten- st was \rhat is nsisted 3r was a bear ) get a LOST CHILD A.ND BBAR8. Piw» 171. :;;.; *, I ii ' ■ /•' .■ K UNWELCOME VISITOR. 178 II neiglibour who was a very expert hunter to come with his rifle and watch with him. The pen where the fatling hogs were was close to the log-house ; it had a long, low, shingled roof, and was carefully fastened up, so that no bear could find entrance. Well, the ''^rmer's son and the hunter had watched fc .wo nights, and no bear came; on the third they were tired, and lay down to sleep upon the floor of the kitchen, when the farmer's son was awakened by a sound as of some one tearing and stripping the shingles from the pen. He looked out ; it was moonlight, and there he saw the dark shadow of some tall figure on the ground, and spied the great black bear stand- ing on its hinder legs, and pulling the shingles off as fast as it could lay its big black paws upon them. The hogs were in a great fright, screaming and grunting with terror. The young man stepped back into the house, roused up the hunter, who took aim from the doorway, and shot the bear dead. The head of the huge beast was nailed up as a trophy, and the meat was dried or salted for winter use, and great 16* ,%.^r[a^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 l.i IA£12.8 111 uo 12.2 2.0 HIM 1 1.25 |m 1.6 ■ < «» ' ► Photographic Sdaices Corporation 33 VVIIT MAIN STRUT WIUTIIt.N.V. I4SI0 (71*) 173-4303 ^ ^^^X^^^^ ^V^ > m THE CANADIAN FOREST. V were the rejoicings of the settlers who had suf- fered so much from Bruin^s thefts of corn and pork." " I am glad the hunter killed him, nurse, for he might have eaten up some of the children, when they were playing about in the fields." "Sometimes," continued Mrs. Frazer, "the bears used to visit the sugar-bush, when the settlers were making maple sugar, and overturn the sap-troughs, and drink the sweet liquid. I dare say they would have been glad of a taste of the sugar too, if they could have got at it. The bear is not so often met with now as it used to be many years ago. The fur of the bear used to be worn as muffs and tippets, but it is now little used for that purpose, being thought to be too coarse and heavy, but it is still made into caps for soldiers, and worn as sleigh-robes." This was all Mrs. Frazer chose to recollect about bears, for she was unwilling to dwell long on any gloomy subject, which she knew was not good for young minds, so she took her charge into the garden to look at the flower- THE HUMMING-BIBD. 175 beds, and watch the birds and butterflies; and soon the child was gaily running fix)m flower to flower, watching with childish interest the insects flitting to and fro. At last she stopped, and holding up her finger to warn Mrs. Frazer not to come too near, stood gazing in wonder and admiration on a fluttering object that was hovering over the full-blown honey-suckles on a trellis near the greenhouse. Mrs. Frazer ap- proached her with due caution. " Nurse," whispered the child, " look at that curious moth with a long bill like a bird ; see its beautiful shining colours. It has a red neck- lace, like mamma's rubies. Oh, what a carious creature I It must be a moth or a butterfly. What is it?" "It is neither a moth nor a butterfly, my dear. It is a humming-bird." " Oh, nurse, a humming-bird — a real hum- ming-bird — ^pretty creature I but it is gone. Oh, nurse, it darts through the air as swift as an arrow. What was it doing? Looking at the honey-suckles, — ^I dare say it thought them 176 THE CANADIAN FOREST. very pretty ; or was it smelling them ? They are very sweet." -^ " My dear child, it might be doing so ; I don*t know. Perhaps the good God has given to these creatures the same senses for enjoying sweet scents and bright colours, as we have; yet it was not for the perfume, but the honey that this little bird came to visit the open flowers. The long slender bill which the hum- mfng-bird inserts into the tubes of the flowers, is his instrument for extracting the honey. Look at the pretty creature's ruby throat, and green and gold feathers." "How does it make that whirring noise, nurse, just like the humming of a top ?" asked the child. "The little bird produces the sound from which he derives his name, by beating the air with his wings. This rapid motion is necessary to sustain its position in the air while sucking the flowers. "I remember, Mary, first seeing humming- birds when I was about your age, while walk- ing in the garden. It was a bright September NEST AND EGGS. 177 morning, and the rail-fences and every dry twig of the brushwood were filled with the webs of the field-spider. Some, like thick white muslin, lay upon the grass; while others were sus- pended from trees like forest lace-work, on the threads of which the dewdrops hung like strings of shining pearls ; and hovering round the flowers were several ruby-throated hum- ming-birds, the whirring of whose wings as they beat the air sounded like the humi^ing of a spinning-wheel ; and I thought as I gazed upon them, and the beautiful lace webs that hung among the bushes, that they must have been the work of these curious creatures, who had made them to catch flies, and had strung the bright dewdrops thereon to entice them, so little did I know of the nature of these birds ; but my father told me a great deal about them, and read me some very pretty things about humming-birds; and one day, Mary, I will show you a stuffed one a friend gave me, with its tiny nest, and eggs not bigger than peas." Mary was much delighted at the idea of seeing the little nest and eggs, and Mi's. Fra- 178 THE CANADIAN FOREST. zer said, " There is a wild flower* that is known to the Canadians by the name of the humming- flower, on account of the fondness which those birds evince for it. This plant grows on the moist banks of creeks. It is very beautiful, of a bright orange-scarlet colour. The stalks and stem of the plant are almost transparent ; some call it speckled jewels, for the bright blossoms are spotted with dark purple, and some, touch- mWot." "That is a droll name, nurse," said Mary. "Does it prick one's finger like a thistle?" "No, my dfear; but when the seed-pods are nearly ripe, if you touch them, they spring open and curl into little rings, and the seed drops out." '^ ..wv " Nurse, when you see any of these curious flowers, will you show them to me?" Mrs. Frazer said they would soon be in bloom, and promised Mary to bring her some, and to show her the singular manner in which the pods burst. " But, my dear, said she, " the gardener '"Noli me iang&re^ Canadian BalMun. THE HUMMING-BIRD. 179 > will show you the same thing in the greenhouse. As soon as the seed-pods of the balsams in the pots begin to harden they will spring and curl, if touched, and drop the seeds like the wild, plant, for they belong to the same family. But it is time for your ladyship to go in." When Mary returned to the school-room, her governess read to her some interesting accounts of the habits of the humming-bird. " * This lively little feathered gem — ^for in its hues it unites the brightness of the emerald, the richness of the ruby, and the lustre of the topaz — ^includes in its wide range more than one hundred species. It is the smallest, and at the same time the most brilliant, of all the Ameri- can birds. Its head-quarters may be said to be among the glowing flowers and luxurious fruits of the torrid zone and the tropics. But one species, the ruby-throated, is widely diffused, and is a summer visitor all over North Amer- ica, even within the Arctic Circle, where, for a brief space of time, it revels in the ardent heat of the short-lived summer of the North. Like 1 1 180 THE CANADIAN FOBE&T. the cuckoo, she follows the summer wherever she flies. " * The ruby-throated humming-bird* is the only species that is known in Canada. With us it builds and breeds, and then returns to sum- mer skies and warmer ail's. The length of the humming-bird is only three inches and a half, and four and a quarter in extent, from one tip of the wing to the other. When on the wing, the' bird has the form of a cross, the wings forming no curve, though the taU is depressed during the time that it is poised in the act of sucking the honey of the flower. The tongue is long and slender; the bill long and straight; the legs are very short, so that the feet are scarcely visible when on the wing. They are seldom seen walking, but rest on the slender sprigb when tired. The flight is BO rapid that it seems without effort. The humming sound is produced by the wing, in the act of keeping itself balanced while feed- ing in this position. They resemble the hawk- * Troehiliu rulnu. Ik CANADIAN HUMMING-BIRD. 181 ;ed- moth, whicli also keeps up a constant vibratory motion with its wings. This little creature is of a temper* as fierce and fiery as its plumes, often attacking birds of treble its size ; but it seems very little disturbed by the near ap- proach of the human species, often entering open windows, and hovering around the flowers in the flower-stand ; it has even been known to approach the vase on the table, and insert its bill among the flowers, quite fearless of those who sat in the room. Sometimes these beauti- ful creatures have suffered themselves to be captured by the hand. " * The nest of the ruby-throated humming- bird is usually built on a mossy branch. At first sight it looks like a tuft of grr;y lichens ; but when closely examined, shows both care and skill in its construction, the outer wall being of fine, bluish lichens cemented together, and the interior lined with the silken threads of the milk-weed, the velvety down of the tall mullein, or the brown hair-like filaments of the fern. These, or similar soft materials, form the bed of the tiny young ones. The eggs are 16 182 THE CANADIAN FOREST. white, two in number, and about the size of a pea, but oblong in shape. The parents hatch their eggs in about ten days, and in a week the little ones are able to fly, though the old birds continue to supply them with honey for some time longer. The Mexican Indians give the name of sunbeam to the humming-bird, either in reference to its bright plumage or its love of sunshine. * * The young of the humming-bird does not attain its gay plumage till the second year. The male displays the finest colours — ^the ruby necklace being confined to the old male bird. The green and coppery lustre of the feathers is also finer in the male bird.* " Mary was much pleased with what she had heard about the humming-bird, and she liked the name of sunbean for this lovely creature \ X . ■ if** . AURORA BOREALIS. 188 CHAPTER XII. AURORA BORBALIB, OR NORTHERN LIGHTS, MOST FRE- QUENTLT SEEN IN NORTHERN CLIMATES — CALLED MERRT DANCERS — ROSE TINTS — TINT-LIKE APPEAR- ^c ANCE LITTLE MART FRIGHTENED. /^NE evening, just as Mrs. Frazer was pre- ^■^^ paring to undress little Mary, Miss Camp- bell, her governess, came into the nursery, and taking the little girl by the hand, led her to an open balcony, and bade her look out on the sky towards the north, where a low, dark arch, sur- mounted by an irregular border, like a silver fringe, was visible. For some moments Mary stood silently regarding this singular appear- ance; at length she said, "It is a rainbow, Miss Campbell ; but where is the sun that you told me shone into the drops of rain to make the pretty colours?" " It is not a rainbow, my dear ; the sun has been long set." // 184 THE CANADIAN FOREST. "Can the moon make rainbows at night?" asked the little girl. " The moon does sometimes, but very rarely, make what is called a lunar rainbow. Luna was the ancient name for the moon; but the arch you now see is caused neither by the light of the sun nor of the moon, but is known by the name of Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights. The word Aurora means morning, or da\^n ; and Borealis, northern. You know, my dear, what is meant by the word dawn; it is the light that is seen in the sky before the sun rises." * Mary replied, "Yes, Miss Campbell, I have often seen the sun rise, and once very early too, when I was ill, and could not sleep ; for nurse lifted me in her arms out of bed, and took me to the window. The sky was all over of a bright golden colour, with streaks of rosy red ; and nurse said, * It is dawn ; the sun will soon be up.' And I saw the beautiful sun rise from behind the trees and hills. He came up so gloriously, larger than when we see him in the /it" ''.,• f ,> AURORA B0REALI3. 185 »^v, middle of the sky, and I could look at liim without hurting my eyes." " Sunrise is indeed a glorious sight, my dear ; but He who made the sun is more glorious still. Do you remember what we read yesterday in the Psalms? — "Verse 1. The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament showoth his handywork. 3. One day telleth another, and one night certifieth another. 3. There is neither speech nor language where their Toice is not heard. '^^ 5. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, which Cometh forth as a bridegroom from his chamber, and rejoioeth as a giant to run his course. " The Northem Lights are frequently visible in Canada, but are most brilliant in the colder regions near the North Pole, where they serve to give light during the dark season, to those dismal countries from which the sun is so many months absent. The light of the Aurora Bo- realis is so soft and beautiful, that any object can be distinctly seen; though in those cold ^ countries there are few human beings to be benefited by this beautiful provision of nature." 16* 186 THE CANADIAN TOREST. " The wild beasts and birds must be glad of the pretty lights," said the child thoughtfully; for Mary's young heart always rejoiced when she thought that God's gifts could be shared by the beasts of the field and the fowls of the air, as well as by mankind. " Look now, my dear," said Miss Campbell, directing the attention of her pupil to the hori- zon; "what a change has taken place whilst we have been speaking. See, the arch is send- ing up long shafts of light ; now they divide, and shift from side to side, gliding along among the darker portions of vapour, like moving pillars." " Ah I there, there they go 1" cried the little girl, clapping her hands with delight. "See, nurse, how the pretty lights chase each other, and dance about! Up they gol higher and higher I How pretty they look 1 but now they are gone. They are fading away; I am so sorry," said the child despondingly, for a sud- den cessation had taken place in the motions of the heavens. " We will go in for a little time, my dear," n AUBORA BOBBALIS. 187 »» Baid her governess ; " and then look out again. Great changes take place sometimes in these aerial phenomena in a few minutes. " I suppose," said Mary, " these lights are the same that the peasants of Northern England and Ireland call the Merry Dancers." "Yes, they are the same; and they fancy that they are seen when war and troubles are about to break out. But this idea is a very ignorant one; for were that the case, some of the cold countries of the world, where the sky is illumined night after night by the Aurora Borealis, would be one continual scene of misery. I have seen in this country a succession of these lights for four or five successive nights. This phenomenon owes its origin to electricity^ which is a very wonderful agent in nature, and exists in various bodies, perhaps in all created things. It is this that shoots across the sky in the form of lightning, and causes the thunder to be heard; circulates in the air we breathe; occa- sions whirlwinds, waterspouts, earthquakes, and makes one substance attract another. " Look at this piece of amber ; if I rub it on 188 THE CANADIAN FOREST. the table, it will become warm to the touch. Now I will take a bit of thread, and hold near it. See, the thread moves towards the amber, and clings to it. Sealing-wax, and many other substances, when heated, have this property. Some bodies give out flashes and sparks by being rubbed. If you stroke a black cat briskly in the dark, you will see faint flashes of light come from her fur; and on very cold nights in the winter season, flannels that are worn next the skin crackle, and give sparks when taken off and shaken." These things astonished Mary. She tried the experiment with the amber and thread, and was much amused by seeing the thrpad attracted, and wanted to see the sparks from the cat's back, only there happened, unfortun- ately, to be no black cat or kitten in Govern- ment House. Mrs. Frazer, however, promised to procure a beautiful black kitten for her, that she might enjoy the singular sight of the elec- tric sparks from its coat; and Mary wished winter were come, that she might see the sparks from her flannel petticoat, and hear the sounds. AUROBA BOREALIS. 189 " Let us now go and look out again at the sky," said Miss Campbell; and Mary skipped joyfully through the French window to the bal- cony, but ran back, and flinging her arms about her nurse, cried out in accents of alarm " Nurse, nurse, the sky is all closing together I Oh Miss Campbell, what shall we do ?" ' " There is no cause for fear, my dear child ; do not be frightened. There is nothing to harm « us. Indeed, during the short time they had been absent, a great and remarkable change had taken place in the appearance of the sky. The elec- tric fluid had diffused itself over the face of the whole heavens; the pale colour of the streamers had changed to bright rose, pale violet, and greenish yellow. At the zenith, or that part more immediately over head, a vast ring of deep indigo was presented to the eye ; from this swept down, aa it were, a flowing curtain of rosy light, which wavered and moved incessantly as if agitated by a gentle breeze, though a perfect stillness reigned through the air. The child's young heart was awed by this sublime spectacle ; 190 THE CANADIAN FOREST. it seemed to her as if it were indeed the throne of the Great Creator of the world that she was gazing upon; and she veiled her face in her nurse's arms, and trembled exceedingly even as the children of Israel when the fire of Mount Sinai was revealed, and they feared to behold the glory of the Most High God. After a while, Mary, encouraged by the cheerful voices of her governess and nurse, ventured to look up to watch the silver stars shining dimly as from beneath a veil, and she whispered to herself the words that her governess had before repeated to her, " The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handywork."^ * Singularly splendid exhibitions of Aurora Borealis were visible in the month of August, 1880; in August, 1861; and again on the 21st February, 1862. The colours wore rosy red, varied with other prismatic colours. But the most singular feature was the ring-like circle from which the broad streams of light seemed to flow down in a curtain that appeared to reach from heaven to earth. In looking upwards, the sky had the appearance of a tent nar- rowed to a small circle at the top, which seemed to be the centre of illimitable space. Though we listened with great attention, none of the crackling sounds that some Northern travellers have de- clared to accompany the Aurora Borealis could be heard ; AURORA BORBALIS. 191 After a little while, Mrs. Frazer tbouglit it better to put Mary to bed, as she had been up much longer than usual, and Miss Campbell was afraid lest the excitement should make her ill ; but the child did not soon fall asleep, for her thoughts were full of the strange and glori- ous things she had seen that night. neither did any one experience any of the disagreeable bodily eensations that are often felt during thunder-storms. The atmosphere was unusually calm, and in two of the thiaa instanoea warm and agreeable. I' r 192 THE CANADIAN FOREST. ^ CHAPTER XIII, STRAWBERRIES — CANADIAN WILD FRUITS — WILD RASP- BERRIES — THE HUNTER AND THE LOST CHILD- CRANBERRIES — CRANBERRY MARSHES — NUTS. i /^NE day Mary's nurse brought her a smsll ^^^ Indian basket filled with ripe strawberries, " Nurse, where did you get these nice straw- berries?" said the little girl, peeping beneath the fresh leaves with which they were covered. "I bought them from a little Indian squaw, in the street; she had brought them from a wooded meadow, some miles off, my dear. They are very fine; see, they are as large as those that the gardener sent in yesterday from the forcing-house, and these wild ones have grown without any pains having been bestowed upon them." " I did not think, nurse, that wild strawberries could have been so fine as these; may I taste them?" * 1 •.- i \ i 1 ' " . '* t.- ' f \ WILD STRAWBERRIES. 198 [LD RASP- CHILD — • 3. a small vberriea. je straw- leath tlio red. squaw, from a They as those rom the e grown ed upon svberries I taste Mrs. Frazer said she might. " These are not so large, so red, or so sweet as some that I have gathered when I lived at home with my father," said the nurse. " I have seen acres and acres of strawberries, as large as the early scarlet that are sold so high in the market, on the Eice Lake plains. When the farmers have ploughed a fallow on the Rice Lake plains, the following summer it will be covered with a crop of the finest strawberries. I have gathered pailfuls day after day ; these, however, have been partly cultivated by the plough breaking up the sod ; but they seem as if sown by the hand of nature. These fruits, and many sorts of flowers, appear on the new soil that were never seen there before. After a fallow has been chopped, logged, and burnt, if it be left for a few years, trees, shrubs, and plants will cover it, unlike those that grew there before." "That is curious," said the child. "Does God sow the seeds in the new ground ?" " My dear, no doubt they come from Him ; for He openeth His hand, and fiUeth all things living with plenteousness. My father, who 194 THE CANADIAN FOREST, '\ thought a great deal on these subjects, said that the seeds of many plants may fall upon the earth, and yet none of them take root till the soil be favourable for their growth. It may be that these seeds had lain for years, preserved in the earth, till the forest was cleared away, and the sun, air, and rain caused them to spring up. Or the earth may still bring forth the herb of the field, after its kind, as in the day of the cre- ation; but whether it be so or not, we must bless the Lord for His goodness and for the blessings that He hath given us at all times." "Are there many sorts of wild fruits fit to eat, nurse, in this country ? Please, will you tell me all that you know about them?" " There are so many, Mary, that I am afraid I shall weary you before I have told you half of them." " Nurse, I shall not be tired, for I like to hear about fruits and flowers very much; and my dear mamma likes you to tell me all you know about the plants, trees, birds and beasts of Canada." "Besides many sorts of strawberries, there ' n CANADIAN FRUIT. 195 are wild currants, both black and red, and many- kinds of wild gooseberries," said Mrs. Frazer : " some grow on wastes by the roadside, in dry soil, others in swamps; but most gooseberries are covered with thorns, which grow not only on the wood, but on the berries themselves." " I would not eat those disagreeable, thorny gooseberries; they would prick my tongue," said the little girl. * "They cannot be eaten without first being scalded. The settlers' wives contrive to make good pies and preserves with them by first scalding the fruit and then rubbing it between coarse linen cloths; I have heard these tarts called thomberry pies, which, I think, was a good name for them. When emigrants first come to Canada, and clear the backwoods, they have little time to make nice fruit-gardens for themselves, and they are glad to gather the wild berries that grow in the woods and swamps to make tarts and preserves, so that they do not even despise the thorny gooseberries or the wild black currants. Some swamp-gooseberries, how- ever, are quite smooth, of a dark red colour, but 196 THE CANADIAN FOREST. small, and they are very nice when ripe. The blossoms of the wild currants are very beautiful, of a pale yellowish green, and hang down in long, graxjeful branches ; the fruit is harsh, but makes wholesome preserves: but there are thorny currants as well as thorny gooseberries ; these have long, weak, trailing ^branches; the berries are small, covered with stiff bristles, and of a pale red colour. They are not wholesome ; I have seen people made very ill by eating them ; I have heard even of their dying in con- sequence of having done so." " I am sure, nurse, I will not eat those wild currants," said Mary; "I am glad you have told me about their being poisonous." " This sort is not often met with, my dear ; and these berries, though they are not good for man, doubtless give nourishment to some of the wild creatures that seek their food from God, and we have enough dainties, and to spare, without them. " The red raspberry is one of the most com- mon and the most useful to us of the wild fruits. It grows in abundance all over the country, hj BEAR-BERRIES. 197 J. The autiful, own in :sh, but ere are Dcrries ; es; the les, and iesome ; eating in con- se wild u have J dear; ood for 3 of the n God, spare, st corn- fruits, try, bj^ the roadside, in the half-opened woods, on up- turned roots, or in old neglected clearings ; there is no place so wild but it will grow, wherever its roots can find a crevice. With maple sugar, the farmers' wives never need lack a tart, nor a dish of fruit and cream. The poor Irish emi- grants' children go out and gather pailfuls, which they carry to the towns and villages to sell. The birds, too, live upon the fruit, and, flying away with it to distant places, help to sow the seed. A great many small animals eat the ripe raspberry, for even the raccoon and great black bear come in for their share." "The black bears I Oh, nurse, oh, Mrs. Frazerl" exclaimed Mary, in great astonish- ment. " What I do bears eat raspberries ?" "Yes, indeed, they do. Bears are fond of all ripe fruits. The bear resembles the hog in all its tastes very closely; both in their wild state will eat flesh, grain, fruit, and roots. There is a small red berry in the woods that is known by the name of the bear-berry,* of * Arhutui ursurai — *' Kinnikinnick," Indian name. There is a story about a bear and an Indian hunter, 17* 198 THE CANADIAN FOREST. wliich they say tlie young bears are particu- larly fond." • ' " I should be afraid of going to gather rasp- berries, nurse, for fear of the bears coming to eat them too." ■• "which will show how bears eat berries. It is from the Journal of Peter Jacobs, the ludian Missionary: — r " At sunrise next morning," he says, " we tried to land, but the water was so full of shoals, we could not, without iwading a great distance. " The beach before us was of bright sand, and the sun ■was about,' when 1 saw an object moving on the shore ; it appeared to be a man, and seemed to be making signals of distress. We were all weary and hungry, but thinking it ■was a fellow creature in distress, we pulled towards him. Judge of our surprise when the stranger proved to be an enormous bear. " He was seated on his hams, and what we thought his signals were his raising himself on his hind legs to pull down the berries from a high bush, and, with his paws full, sitting down again to eat them at his leisure. " Thus he continued daintily enjoying his ripe fruit in the posture some lapdogs are taught to assume while eat- ing. On we pulled, and forgot our hunger and weariness; (ho bear still continued breakfasting. " We got as close on shore as the shoals would permit, and John, (one of the Indians,) taking my double-barreled gun, leaped into the water, gun in hand, and gained the 1 We find some curious expressions In this Journal, for Poter Jacobs is an Indian, writing not bis own, bat a foreign language. YOUNG HUNTER. 1 1 199 "The hunters know that the bears are par- tial to this fruit, and often seek them in large thickets, where they grow. A young gentle- man, Mary, once went out shooting game, in the province of New Brunswick, in the month beach. Some dead brushwood hid the bear from John's Bight, but from the canoe we could see both John and the bear. " The bear now discovered us, and advanced towards us ; and John, not seeing him for the bush, ran along the beach towards him. The weariness from pulling all night, and having eaten no food, made me lose my presence of mind, for I now remembered that the gun was only loaded with duck-shot^ and you might as well meet a bear with a gun loaded with peas. " John was in danger, and we strained at our paddles to get to his assistance ; but as the bear was a very large one, and as we had no other firearms, we should have been but poor helps to John in the hug of a wounded bear. The bear was at the other side of the brush-heap : John heard the dry branches cracking, and he dodged into a hollow under a bush. The bear passed, and was coursing along the sand, but as he passed by where John lay, bang went the gun. The bear was struck. " We saw him leap through the smoke to the very spot where we had last seen John. We held our breath ; but in- stead of the cr}' of agony we expected to hear from John, bang went the gun again — John is not yet caught. Our canoe rushed through the water. — We might yet be in time ; but my paddle fell from my hand with joy as I saw John pop his head above the bush, and with a shout point to the 200 THE CANADIAN FOREST. I, i of July, when the weather was warm, and there were plenty of wild berries ripe. lie had been out for many hours, and at last found himself on the banks of a creek. But the bridge he had been used to cross was gone, having been Bide of the log on which he stood, 'There he lies, dead enough.' We were thankful indeed to our Great Preserver." — Peter Jacob's Juurnat. Tliough fruit and vegetables seem to bo the natural food of the bear, they also devour flesh, and even fish, — a fact 6{ which the good Indian Missionary assures us; and that being new to my young readers, I shall give them in his own words : — " A few evenings after we left the ' Rock,' while the men were before me ' tracking,' (towing tlie canoe,) by pulling her along by a rope from tlie shore, I observed behind a rock in the river, what I took to be a black fox. I stole upon it as quietly as possible, hoping to get a shot, but the animal saw me, and waded to tlic shore. It turned out to be a young bear fishing. Tlie bear is a great fisherman. His mode of fishing is very curious. He wades into a cur- rent, and seating liimself upright on his hams, lets the water come about up to his shoulders; he patiently waits until the little fishes come along and rub themselves against his sides, he seizes tliem instvhich Bruin nuikes use here, not siglit. '* The Indians of that part say that the bear catches stur- geon when spawning in the shoal water ; but the only fish mmm AN ESCAPE. 201 Bwept away by heavy rains in the spring. Passing on a little higher up, he saw an old clearing full of bushes ; and knowing that wild animals were often to be met with in such spots, he determined to cross over and try his luck for a bear, a raccoon, or a young fawn. Not far from the spot, he saw a large fallen swamp elm-tree, which made a capital bridge. Just as he was preparing to cross, he heard the sound of footsteps on the dry crackling sticks, and saw a movement among the raspberry bushes ; his finger was on the lock of his rifle in an instant, for he thought it must be a bear or a* deer ; but just as he was about to fire, he saw a small, thin, brown hand, all red and stained from the juice of tlie ripe berries, reacliing down a branch of the fruit; his very heart leaped within him with fright, for in another thftt I know of their catcliincf, is the sucker : of these, in tlie months of April nnd May, the bear -makes his daily break- fust and supper, devourinj^ about thirty or forty at a moal. As soon as ho has caught a suiHeient number, he wades ashore, and regales himself on the best morscit*, which aro the thick of the neek, behind the gill?. Tiie Tndiatis often ibout him when thus engaged." — J^eter Jacob's Journal, p. 46. 202 THE CANADIAN FOREST. moment he would have shot the poor little child that, with wan, wasted 'face, was looking at him from between the raspberry bushes. It was a little girl, about as old as you are, Mary. She was without hat or shoes, and her clothes were all in tatters; her hands and neck were quite brown and sun-burnt. She seemed fright- ened at first, and would have hid herself, had not the stranger called out gently to her to stay, and not to be afraid ; and then he hurried over the log bridge, and asked her who she was, and where she lived. And she said 'she did not live anywhere, for she was lost.' She could not tell how many days, but she thought she had been seven nights out in the woods. She had been sent to take some dinner to her father, who was at work in the forest, but had missed the path, and gone on a cattle track, and did not find her mistake until it was too Jcte ; when she became frightened, and tried to get back, but only lost herself deeper in tlie woods. The first night she wrapped her frock about her head, and lay down beneath the shelter of a great uptui'ucd root. She had eaten but little LOST CHILD. 203 )r little looking hes. It J, Mary, clothes ik were i fright- elf, had to stay, ed over ^as, and did not >uld not she had she had father, missed md did when it back, 3. The 3ut her er of a at little of the food she had in the basket that day, for it lasted her nearly two ; after it was gone, she chewed some leaves, till she came to the rasp- berry clearing, and got berries of several kinds, and plenty of water to drink from the creek. One night, she said, she was awakened by a heavy tramping near her, and looking up in the moonlight, saw two great black beasts, which she thought were her father's oxen, and so she sat up and called, *Buck,' 'Bright,' — for these were their names, — ^but they had no bells, and looked like two great shaggy black dogs ; they stood on their hind legs upright, and looked at her, but went away. These animals were bears, but the child did not know that, and she said she felt no fear — for she said her prayers every night before she lay down to sleep, and she knew that God would take care of her, both sleeping and waking." ^ " And did the hunler take her home ?" asked Mary, who was much interested in the story. • TliG fanta of this story T met with, many years ago, in a provincial paper. They afterwards appeared in a Canadian sketch, in Chambers' Journal, contributed by me in 1888. 204 THE CANADIAN FOREST. "Yes, my dear, he did. Finding tliat the poor little girl was very weak, the young man took her on his back, — fortunately he happened to have a little wine in a flask, and a bit of dry biscuit in his knapsack, and this greatly revived the little creature; sometimes she ran by his side, while holding by his coat, talking to her new friend, seemingly quite happy and cheer- ful, bidding him not to be afraid even if they had to pass another night in the wood ; but just as the sun was setting, they came out of the dark forest into an open clearing. "It was not the child's home, but a farm belonging to a miller who knew her father, and had been in search of her for several days ; and he and his wife were very glad when they saw the lost child, and gladly showed her preserver the way; and they rejoiced much when the poor little girl was restored safe and well to her sorrowing parents." " Nurse," said Mary, " I am glad the hunter found the little girl. I must tell my own dear mamma that nice story. How sorry my mamma and papa would be to lose me in the woods." THE WILD PLUM. 205 The nurse smiled, and said, " My dear child, there is no fear of such an accident happening to you. You are not exposed to the same trials and dangers as the children of poor emigrants ; therefore, you must be very grateful to God, and do all you can to serve and phase Him ; and when you are able, be kind and good to those who are not as well off as you are." "Are there any other wild fruits, nurse, besides raspberries and strawberries, and cur- rants and gooseberries?" "Yes, my dear, a great many more. We will begin with wild plums: these we often preserve; and when the trees are planted in gardens, and taken care of, the fruit is very good to eat. The wild cherries are not very nice ; but the bark of the black cherry is good for agues and low fevers. The choke-cherry is very beautiful to look at, but hurts the tliroat, closing it up if many are eaten, and making it quite sore. The huckleberry is a sweet, dark blue berry, that grows on a very delicate low shrub, the blossoms are very pretty, pale pink or greenish white bells, the fruit is very whole- 206 THE CANADIAN FOREST. some ; it grows on light dry ground, on those parts of the country that are called plains in Canada. The settlers' children go out in parties, and gather great quantities, either to eat or dry for winter use. These berries are a great blessing to every one, besides forming abundant food for the broods of young quails and part- ridges; squirrels, too, of every kind eat them. There are blackberries also, Mary; and some people call them thimbleberrries." "Nurse, I have heard mamma talk about blackberries." " The Canadian blackberries are not so sweet, I am told, my dear, as those at home, though they are very rich and nice tasted; neither do they grow so high. Then there are high bush cranberries, and lo;v bush cranberries. The first grow on a tall bush, and the fruit has a fine appc^Tance, hanging in large bunches of light scarlet, among the dark green leaves ; but they are very, very sour, and take a great deal of sugar to sweeten them. The low bush cran- berries grow on a slender trailing plant; the blossom is very pretty, and the fruit about the I ( CRANBERRIES. 207 Bize of a common gooseberry, of a dark purplish red, very smooth and shining; the seeds are minute, and lie in the white pulp within the skin; this berry is not nice till it is cooked with sugar. There is a large cranberry marsh somewhere at the back of Kingston, where vast quantities grow. I heard a young gentleman say that he passed over this tract when he was hunting, while the snow was on the ground, and that the red juice of the dropped berries dyed the snow crimson beneath his feet. The Indians go every year to a small lake called Buckhorn Lake many miles up the river Oto- nabee, in the Upper Province, to gather cran- berries, which they sell to the settlers in the towns and villages, or trade away for pork, flour, and clothes. The cranberries, when spread out on a dry floor, will keep fresh and good for a long time. Great quantities of cran- berries are brought to England from Eussia, Norway, and Lapland, in barrels, or large earth- en jars, filled with brine; but the fruit thus roughly preserved must be drained, and washed many times, and stirred with sugar, before it 208 THE CANADIAN FOREST. can be put into tarts, or it would be salt and bit- ter. I will boil some cranberries with sugar, that you may taste them; for they are very wholesome." ' ' Mary said she should like to have some in her own garden. " The cranberry requires a particular kind of soil, not usually found in gardens, my dear Mary; for as the cranberry marshes are often covered with water in the spring, I suppose they need a damp, cool soil, near lakes or rivers; perhaps sand, too, may be good for them. But we can plant some berries, and water them well ; in a light soil they may grow, and bear fruit, but I am not sure that they will do so. Besides these fruits, there are many others, that are little used by men, but are of great service as food to the birds and small ani- mals. There are many kinds of nuts, too — fil- berts, with rough prickly husks, walnuts, but- ternuts, and hickory-nuts ; these last are large trees, the nuts of which are very nice to eat, and the wood very fine for cabinet-work, and for fire-wood; the bark is used for dyeing. A GREAT COUNTRY. 209 Now, my dear, I think you must be quite tired with hearing so much about Canadian fruits." Mary said she was glad to learn that there were so many good things in Canada, for she heard a lady say to her mamma, that it was an ugly country, with nothing good or pretty in it. " There is something good and pretty to be found everywhere, my dear child, if people will but open their eyes to see it, and their hearts to enjoy the good things that God has so merci- fully spread abroad for us and all his creatures to enjoy. But Canada is really a fine country, and is fast becoming a great one." 18* a 210 THE CANADIAN FOREST. CHAPTER XIV. ^ BARTER'SNAKES — RATTLESNAKES — ANECDOTE OF A LIT- TLE BOY — FISHERMAN AND SNAKE — SNAKE CHARM- ERS — SPIDERS LAND-TORTOISE. "lyrURSE, I have been so terrified. I was walking in the meadow, and a great snake — so big, I am sure" — and Mary held out her arms as wide as she could — " came out of a tuft of grass. His ton^re was like a scarlet thread, and had two sharp points ; and, do you know, he raised his wicked head, and hissed at me; I was so frightened that I ran away. I think, Mrs. Frazer, it must have been a rattle- snal^. Only feel how my heart beats" — and the little girl took her nurse's hand, and laid it on her heart. "What colour was the snake, my dear?" asked her nurse. *' It was green and black, chequered all over; and it was very large, and opened its mouth I ' CANADIAN SNAKES. 211 OF A tlT- : OHARM- I was a great leld out 3 out of scarlet do you issed at vay. I I rattle- and laid it ." dear ?" 11 over; mouth very wide, and showed its red tongue. It would have killed me if it had bitten me, would it not, nurse ?" " It would not have harmed you, my dear ; or even if it had bitten you, it would not have killed you. The chequered green snake of Canada is not poisonous. It was more afraid of you than you were of it, I make no doubt." " Do you think it was a rattlesnake, nurse ?" " No, my dear ; there are no snakes of that kind in Lower Canada, and very few below Toronto. The winters are too cold for them, but there are plenty in the western part of the province, where the summers are warmer, and the winters milder. The rattlesnake is a dan- gerous reptile, and its bite causes death, unless the wound be burnt or out out. The Indians apply different sorts of herbs to the wound. They have several plants, known by the names of rattlesnake root, rattlesnake weed, and snake root. It is a good thing that the rattlesnake gives warning of its approach before it strikes the traveller with its deadly fangs. Some peo- ple think that the rattle is a sign of fear, and 212 THE CANADIAN FOREST. that it would not wound people, if it were not afraid they were coming near to hurt it. I will tell you a story, Mary, about a brave little boy. He went out nutting one day with another boy of his own age ; and while they were in the grove gathering nuts, a large black snake, that was in a low tree, dropped down and suddenly coiled itself round the throat of his companion. The child's screams were dreadful ; his eyes were starting from his head with pain and terror. The other, regardless of the danger, opened a clasp-knife that he had in his pocket, and seiz- ing the snake near the head, cut it apart, and so saved his friend's life, who was well-nigh stran- gled by the tight folds of the reptile, which was one of a very venomous species, the bite of which generally proves fatal." "What a brave little fellow I" said Mary. " You do not think it was cruel, nurse, to kill the snake ?" she added, looking up in Mrs Fra- zer's face. "No, Mary, for he did it to save a fellow- creature from a painful death; and we are taught by God's word that the soul of man is GARTER-SNAKE. 213 ere not IwUl tie boy. ber boy in the ke, that iddenly panion. '^es were terror. )ened a ad seiz- and so stran- Lch was oite of Mary, to kill Fra- precious in tlie sight of his Creator. We should be cruel were we wantonly to inflict pain upon the least of God's creatures ; but to kill them in self-defence, or for necessary food, is not cruel ; for when God made Adam, He gave him domin- ion, or power, over the beasts of the field and the fowls of the air, and every creeping thing. It was an act of great courage and humanity in the little boy, who perilled his own life to save that of his helpless comrade, especially as he was not naturally a child of much courage, and was very much afraid of snakes ; but love for his friend overcame all thought of his own per- sonal danger.* "The large garter-snake, that which you saw, my dear, is comparatively harmless. It lives on toads and frogs, and robs the nests of young birds, and the eggs also. Its long forked tongue enables it to catch insects of different kinds ; it will even eat fish, and for that pur- fellow- ve are man is * A fact related to me by an old gentleman from the State of Vermont, as an instance of imj^ Jsive feeling overcoming natural timidity. 214 THE CANADIAN FOREST. pose frequents the water as well as the black snake, " I heard a gentleman once relate a circum- stance to my father that surprise i me a good deal. He was fishing cue day in a river near his own house, but, being tired, seated himself on a, log or fallen tree, where his basket of fish also stood ; when a large garter-snake came up the log, and took a small fish out of his basket, which it speedily swallowed. The gentleman, seeing the snake so bold as not to mind his pres- ence, took a small rock-bass by the tail, and half in joke held it towards him, when, to his great surprise, the snake glided towards him, took the fish out of his hand, and sliding away with its prize to a hole beneath the log, began by slow degrees to swallow it, stretching its mouth and the skin of its neck to a great ex- tent; till, after a long while, it was fairly gorged, and then slid down its hole, leaving its neck and head only to be seen." "I should have been so frightened, nurse, if I had been tlic gentleman, when the snake camo to take the fish," said Mary. - - the black a circum- le a good river near d himself et of fish 3 came up lis basket, ;entleman, d his pres- tail, and len, to his ards him, ng away og, began ;ching its great ex- ^as fairly laving its nurse, if ake camo SNAKE FASCINATION. 215 "The gentleman was well aware of the na- ture of the reptile, and knew that it would not bite him. I have read of snakes of the most poisonous kinds being tamed and taught all nkanner of tricks. There are in India and Egypt people that are called snake charmers, who will contrive to extract the fangs contain- ing the venom from the Cobra capella, or hood- ed snake ; which then becomes quite harmless. These snakes are very fond of music, and will come out of the leather bag or basket that their master carries them in, and will dance or run up his arms, twining about his neck, and even entering his mouth. They do not tell people that the poison-teeth have been extracted, so that it is thought to be the music that keeps the snake from biting. The snake has a power of charming birds and small animals by fixing its eye steadily upon them, when the little crea- tures become paralyzed with fear, either stand- ing quite still, or coming nearer and nearer to their cruel enemy, till they are within his reach. The cat has the same power, and can by this art draw birds from the tops of trees withiu 216 THE CANADIAN FOREST. her reach. These Httle creatures seem unable to resist the temptation of approaching her, and, even when driven away, will return from a distance to the same spot, seeking, instead of shunning, the danger which is certain to prove fatal to them in the end. Some writers assert that all wild animals have this power in the eye, especially those of the cat tribe, as the lion and tiger, leopard and panther. Before they spring upon their prey, the eye is always steadily fixed, the back lowered, the neck stretched out, and the tail waved from side to side ; if the eye is averted, they loose the ani- mal, and do not make the spring." "Are there any other kinds of snakes in Canada, nurse ?" asked Mary, " besides the gar- ter-snake ?" " Yes, my dear, several ; the black snake, which Is the most deadly next to the rattle- snake, is sometimes called the puflf-adder, as it inflates the skin of the head and neck when angry. The copper-bellied snake is also pois- onous. There is a small snake of a deep grass green colour sometimes seen in the fields and CAT AND^NAEE. 217 1 1 ^1 1 unable ing her, irn from istead of to prove ers assert T in the }, as the Before is always he neck a side to the ani- nakes in the gar- f snake, le rattle- ier, as it 3k when iso pois- ep grass elds and open copse-woods. I do not think it is dan- gerous; I never heard of its biting any one. The stare-worm is also harmless. I ara not sure whether the black snakes that live in the water are the same as the puff or black adder. It is a great blessing, my dear, that these deadly snakes are so rare, and do so little harm to man. Indeed, I believe they would never harm him, were they let alone ; but if trodden upon, they cannot tell that it was by accident, and so put forth the weapons that God has armed them with in self-defence. The Indians in the north-west, I have been told, eat snakes, after cutting olf their heads. The cat also eats snakes, leaving the head; she will also catch and eat frogs, a thing I have witnessed myself, and know to be true."*^ One day a snake fixed itself on a little girl's arm, and wound itself around it; the mother of the child was too much terrified to tear the deadly creature offj but filled the air with cries. Just then a cat * X saw A half-grown kitten eat a live green frog, which ■he first caught aud brought into the parlour, playing with it like a niouie. 19 218 THE CAN-^IAN FOREST. came out of the house, and quick as lightning sprang upon the snake, and fastened on its neck, which caused the reptile to uncoil its folds, and it fell to the earth in the grasp of the cat; thus the child's life was saved, and the snake killed. Thus you see, my dear, that God provided a preserver for this little one when no nelp was nigh ; perhaps the child cried to Him for aid, md He heard her and saved her by means of the cat." Mary was much interested in all that Mrs. Frazer had told her; she remembered having heard some one say that the snake would swal- low her own young ones, and she asked her nurse if it was true, and if they laid eggs. "The snake will swallow her young ones," said Mrs. Frazer. "I have seen the garter- snake open her mouth and let the little ones run into it when danger was nigh ; the snake also lays eggs : I have seen and handled them often ; they are not covered with a hard, brittle shell, like that of a hen, but with a sort of whitish skin, like leather; they are al)out tlio iiize of a blackbird's egg, long in shape, some INSECT LARV-ffi. 219 are rounder and larger. They are laid in some warm place, where the heat of the sun and earth hatch them; but though the mother does not brood over them, as a hen does over her eggs, she seems to take great care of them, and defends them from their many enemies by hiding them out of sight in the singular manner I have just told you. This love of offspring, my dear child, has been wisely given to all mothers, from the human mother down to the very lowest of the insect tribe. The fiercest beast of prey loves its young, and provides food and .shelter for them; forgetting its savage na- ture to play with and caress them. Even the spider, which is a disagreeable insect, fierce and unloving to its fellows, displays the tenderest care for its brood, providing a safe retreat for them in the fine silken cradle she spins to en- velop the eggs, which she leaves in some warm spot, where she secures them from danger; some glue a leaf down, and overlap it, to ensure it from being agitated by the winds, or dis- covered by birds. There is a curious spider, co.Timoiily known as the nursing spider, who 220 THE CANADIAN FOREST. carries her sack of eggs witli her, wherever she goes ; and when the young ones come out, they cluster on her back, and so travel with her; when a little older, they attach themselves to the old one by threads, and run after her in a train." Mary laughed, and said she should like to see the funny little spiders all tied to their mother, trotting along behind her. " If you go into the meadow, my dear," said Mrs. Frazer, " you will see on the larger stones some pretty shining little cases, quite round, looking like grey satin." * ^ " Nurse, I know what they are," said Mary ; " last year I was playing in the green meadow, and I found a piece of granite with several of these satin cases. I called them silk pies, for they looked like tiny mince-pies. I tried to pick one oft* but it stuck so hard that I could not; so I asked the gardener to lend me his knife, and when I raised the crust, it had a little rim under the top, and I slipped the knife in, and what do you think I saw? The pie was full of tiny black shining spiders, and they CANADIAN LAND-TORTOISE. 221 ran out, such a number of them, — ^more than I could count, they ran so fast. I was sorry I opened the crust, for it was a cold, cold day, and the little spiders must have been frozen out of their warm air-tight house." " They are able to bear a great deal of cold, Mary — all insects can; and even when frozen hard, so that they will break if any one tries to bend them, yet when spring comes again to warm them, they revive, and are as full of life as ever. Caterpillars thus frozen will become butterflies in due time. Spiders, and many other creatures, lie torpid during the winter, and then revive in the same way as dormice, bears, and marmots do." "Nurse, please will you tell me something about tortoises and porcupines?" said Mary. "I cannot tell you a great deal about the tortoise, my dear," replied her nurse. "I have seen them sonxctimes on the shores of the lakes, and once or twice I have met with the small land-tortoise, in the woods on the banks of the Otonabee river. The shell that covers these reptiles is black and yellow, divided into 19* 222 THE CANADIAN FOREST. squares — ^those which I saw were about the size of my two hands. They are very harm less creatures, living chiefly on roots and bitter herbs : perhaps they eat insects as well. They He buried m the sand during the long winters, in a torpid state : they lay a number of eggs, about the size of a. blackbird's, the shell of which is tough and soft, like a snake's egg. The old tortoise buries these in the loose sand near the water's edge, and leaves them to be hatched by the heat of the sun. The little tor- toise, when it comes out of the shell, is about as big as a large spider — ^it is a funny-looking thing. I have heard some of the Indians say that they dive into the water, and swim, as soon as they are hatched; but this I am not sure of. I saw one about the size of a crown- piece that was caught in a hole in the sand ; it was very lively, and ran along the table, mak- ing a rattling noise with its hard shell as it moved. An old one that one of my brothers brought in he put under a large heavy box, meaning to feed and keep it ; but in the morn- ing it was gone : it had lifted the edge of the CANADIAN LAND-TORTOISE. 2*itf^ box and was away, nor could he find out how it had contrived to make its escape from the room. This is all that I know about the Cana- dian land-tortoise." 224 THE CANADIAN FOREST. \ CHAPTER XV. ELLBN AND HKR PET FAWNS DOCILITY OF FAN— jack's droll tricks AFFECTION ATR WOLF FALL FLOWERS DEPARTURE OF MARY THE END. /^NE day Mary came to seek her nurse in ^^^ great haste, to describe to her a line deer that had been sent as a present to her father by one of liis Canadian friends. She said the great antlers were to be put up over the library door. " Papa called me down to see the poor dead deer, nurse, and I was very sorry it had been killed ; it*was such a fine creature. Major Pick- ford laughed when I said so, but he promised to get me a live fawn. Nurse, what is a fawn ?" " It is a young deer, my child." "Nurse, please can you tell me any thing about fawns ? Are they pretty creatures, and can they be tamed ; or are they fierce, wild little things ?" " They are very gentle animals ; and if taken CANADIAN FAWNS. 225 FAN— . -FALL •se m I deer Br hy great door, dead been Pick- ed to .?" hing and little iken young, can be brought up by sucking the finger like a young calf or a pet lamb. They are play- ful and lively, and will follow the person who feeds them, like a dog. They are very pretty, of a pale dun or red colour, with small white spots on the back like large hailstones; the eyes are large and soft, and black, with a very meek expression in them ; the hoofs are black and sharp : they are clean and delicate in their habits, and easy and graceful in their move- ments." "Did you ever see a tame fawn?" asked Mary. " I have seen several, my dear. I will tell you about a fawn that belonged to a little girl whom I knew many years ago. A hunter had shot a poor doe, which was very wrong, and con- trary to the Indian hunting law ; for the native hunter will not, unless pressed by hunger, kill the deer in the spring of the year, when the fawns are young. The Indian wanted to find the little one after he had shot the dam, so he sounded a decoy whistle, to imitate the call of the doe, and the harmless thing answered it 226 THE CANADIAN FOREST. with n bloat, tliiukiiig no doubt it wi\« ita inothor calling to it. This botrayod ita hiding- place, and it was taken unliurt by the hunter, who took it home, and gave it to my littlo friend Ellen to feed and tidco caro of." " Please, Mrs. Fnizer, will you tell me what sort of trees hemlocks are ? llendocks in Eng- land arc poisonous weeds." " These are not weeds, but largo forest trees — a species of pine. I will show you some tho next time we go out for a drive — they arc very handsome trees." " And what arc creeks, nurse." " Creeks are small streams, such as in Scot- hmd would bo termed * burns,' and in England rivulets." " Now, nurse, you may go on about the dear little fawn ; I want you to tell mo all you know about it." " Little Ellen took tho poor timid thing, and laid it in an old Indian basket near the hojirth, •and put some wool in it and covered it with an old cloak to keep it warm; and she tended it very carefully, lotting it suck her fingers dipped It POOR FAN. 227 in wann milk, oh sho h?i(l 8(3cn iho djiiry-imiid do in woatiing young csiIvoh. In u Hjw duyn \\, bogiin to grow Htrong juul livtily, utid would jump out of its l)iiHk(3t, and run bloating nih r ita fostor-mothor : if it rnisHod licr from tlio room, it would wait at tlio door waiciiing for lior return. " Wlion it was older it used to run on tho grass plot in tho garden ; but if it h(;ard ita little mistress's step or voice in tho parlour, it would bound through the open window to her pide ; and her call of * Fan, Fan, Fan I would bring it homo from tho fu^lds near tho edge of tho forest ; but poor Fan got killed by a careless boy throwing some fire-wood down upon it, as it lay asleep in tho wood-shed. Ellen's grief was very great, but all sho could do wiis to bury it in tho garden near tho river- side, and plant lilac bushes round its little green-sodded grave." " I am so sorry, nurse, that this good little girl lost her pretty pet." " Some time aftjr tho death of * Fan,' Ellen had another fawn given to her. She called this 228 THE CANADIAN FOREST. one Jack, — ^it was older, larger, and stronger^ but was more mischievous and frolicksome than her first pet. It would lie in front of the fire on the hearth, like a dog, and rub its soft velvet nose against the hand that patted it very afFec* tionately, but gave a great deal of trouble in the house: it would eat the carrots, potatoes, and cabbages while the cook was preparing them for dinner ; and when the housemaid had laid the cloth for dinner. Jack would go round the table and eat up the bread she had laid to each plate, to the grer. delight of the chil- dren, who thought it good fun to see him do so." " Ellen put a red leather collar about Jack's neck, and some months after this he ?wam across the rapid river, and went off to the wild woods, and was shot by some hunters, a great many miles away from his old home, being known by his fine red collar. After the sad end of her two favourites, Ellen would have no more fawns brought in for her to tame." Mary was much interested in the account of the little girl and her pets. "Is this all that you know about fawns, nurse?" PAWN VAGARIES. 229 " I once went to call on a clergyman's wife who lived in a small log house near a new vil- lage. The youngest child, a fat baby of two years old, was lying on the rug before a large log fire, fast asleep ; its little head was pillowed on the back of a tame, half-grown fawn that lay stretched on its side, enjoying the warmth of the fire, as tame and familiar as a spaniel dog. This fawn had been brought up with the chil- dren, and they were very fond of it, and would share their bread and milk with it at meal times ; but it got into disgrace by gnawing the bark of the young orchard-trees, and cropping the bushes in the garden ; besides, it had a trick of opening the cupboard, and eating the bread, and drinking any milk it could find ; so the master of the house gave it away to a baker who lived in the village ; but it did not forget its old friends, and used to watch for the chil- dren going to school, and as soon as it caught sight of them, it would trot after them, poking its nose into the basket to get a share of their dinner, and very often managed to get it all." 20 280 TllK CANADIAN FORKST. "And what becaiuo of this nice follow, imrHo?" *' UiifortunnU'ly, my doar, it was chfwod by Homo ^\o'^i*f und run liwuy to the woods nour tho town, and novor canio back again. Dogs will always hunt tamo fawns whon th,>y can gi»t near thon>, so it scoms a pity to domcsticato them only to bo kdlcd in so cruel a way. Tho ft)rost is tho lu'st liomo for those jmMly cRMitures, though even there they have many enennes besiile the hunter. Tho bear, tho wolf, anvl the wolverine kill them. Their only means of defence lies in their lleetness of foot. Tho stag will di^fend himself with his strong horns; but the di>o ami her little lawii have no such wea|H>ns to guard them when at- tacked by beasUs of pri^y. 'Pho wolf is one of tlu> griMitest enemies they have." ** 1 hatti wolves," said Mary ; " wolves can never bo tamcil, nurse.'' *' I have heard and read of wolves being tinned and becoming very fond of their mas- liMs. A gcnlliMuan in Canada onci^ bn>ught u}) II wolf ]>u])py, which Ucame 8i> fond of him LOVE OF FUKEDOM. 281 i' I tliat when ho loft it to go homo to Englaml, it refused to eat., [ind died of griof at his abHcinco. Kiudneas will tamo oven fierce boasts, who 800U learn to love the hand that feeds them. Berths and foxes have oflen been kept tamo in this country, and eagles and owls ; but I thiidc they cannot bo so happy, shut up away fmrn their natural companions and habits, us if they were free to go and come at their own will." " I should not like to bo shut up, nnrso, far uway from my own dear home, said the littlo girl thoughtfully. " I think, sometimes, I ought not to keep my dear stpiirrel in a cage — shall I let him go?" " My dear, he hns now been so used to tho cage, and to have all his daily wants supplied, that I am sure ho would sulVer from cold and hunger at this sejuson of tht» year if ho were lell to provide for himself, and if he remained hero tho eats and wejisels might kill him." " I will keep him safe from harm, then, till, tho warm weather comes again ; and then, nurse, wo will take him to tho mountain, and lot him 232 THE CANADIAN FOREST. if he likes to be free, the trees and among bushes." It was now the middle of October ; the rainy season that usually comes in the end of Septem- ber and beginning of October, in Canada, was over. The soft, hazy season, called Indian sum- mer, was come again ; the few forest leaves that yet lingered were ready to fall — ^bright and beautiful they still looked, but Mary missed the flowers. " I do not love the fall — I see no flowers now, except those in the greenhouse. The cold, cold winter will soon be here again," she added sadly. "Last year, dear, you said you loved the white snow, and the sleighing, and the merry bells, and wished that winter would last all the year round." " Ah I yes, nurse j but I did not know how many pretty birds and flowers I should see in the spring and the summer ; and now they are all gone, and I shall see them no more for a long time." I I LILAC ASTERS. 233 " There are still a few flowers, Mary, to be found; look at these." " Ah, dear nurse, where did you get them ? How lovely they are I" " Your little French maid picked them for you on the side of the mountain. Eosette loves the wild flowers of her native land." " Nurse, do you know the names of these pretty starry flowers on this little branch, that look so light and pretty? "These are asters; a word, your governess told me the other day, meaning starlike ; some people call these flowers Michaelmas daisies. These lovely lilac asters grow in light, dry ground ; they are among the prettiest of our fall flowers. These with the small white starry flowers crowded upon the stalks, with the crim- son and gold in the middle, are dwarf asters." "I like these white ouQp, nurse; the little branches look so nicely loaded with blossoms ; see, they are quite bowed down with the weight of all these flowers." " These small shrubby astern grow on dry, gravelly banks of lakes and rivers." 20* 234 THE CANADIAN FOREST. " But here are some large, dark purple ones." *' These are also asters ; they are to be found on dry wastes, in stony, barren fields, by the corners of rail-fences; they form large spreading bushes, and look very lovely, covered with their large dark purple flowers. There is no waste so wild, my lady, but the hand of the Most High can plant it with some blossom, and make the waste and desert place flourish like a garden. Here are others, still brighter and larger, with yellow disks, and sky-blue flowers ; these grow by still waters, near mill-dams and swampy places. Though they are larger and gayer, I do not think they will please you so well as the small ones that I first showed you ; they do not fade so fast, and that is one good quality they have." " They are more like the china asters in the garden, nurse, only «nore upright and stiff; but here is another sweet blue flower — can you tell me its name ?" " No, my dear, you must ask your governess." Mary carried the nosegay to Miss Campbell, who told her the blue flower was called the i SWEET-SCENTED EVERLASTINGS. 235 fringed gentian, and that the gentians and as- ters bloomed the latest of all the autumn flowers in Canada. Among these wild flowers, she also showed her the large, dark blue bell- f vere' gentian, whici v is indeed the last flower of the year. "Are there no more flowers in bloom now, nurse ?" asked the child, as she watched Mrs. Frazer arranging them for her in a flower-glass. " I do not know of any now in bloom but the golden rods and the latest of the everlast- ings. Rosette shall go out and try to get some of them for you. The French children make little mats and garlands of them to ornament their houses, and to hang on the little crosses above the graves of their friends, because they do not fade away like other flowers." Next day, Rosette, the little nursery-maid, brought Mary an Indian basket full of sweet- Bcented everlastings. This flower had a frag- rant smell; the leaves were less downy than some of the earlier sorts, but were covered with a resinous gum, that caused it to stick to the Angers ; it looked quite silky, from the thistle- 236 THE CANADIAN TOREST. down, which, falling upon the leaves, were gummed down to the surface. " The country folks," said Mrs. Frazer, " call this plant neglected everlasting, because it grows on dry wastes by road- sides, among thistles and fireweed ; but I love it for its sweetness; i*. is like a true friend — it never changes. See, my dear, how shining its straw- coloured blossoms and buds are, just like satin flowers." " Nurse, it shall be my own flower," said the little girl, " and I will make a pretty garland of it, to hang over my own dear mamma's picture. Rosette says she will show me how to tie the flowers together; she has made me a pretty wreath for my doll's straw hat, and she means to make her a mat afid a carpet too." The little maid promised to bring her young lady some wreaths of the festoon pine ; a low creeping plant, with dry, green chaffy leaves, that grows in the barren pine woods, of which the Canadians make Christmas garlands, and also some of the winter berries, and spice ber- ries, which look so gay in the fall and early If HOME ANTICIPATIONS. 237 spring, with berries of brightest scarlet, and shining dark green leaves, that trail over the ground on the gravelly hills and plains. l^urse Frazer brought Mary some sweetmeats, flavoured with an extract of the spicy winter green, from the confectioner's shop; the Can- adians being very fond of the flavour of this plant. The Indians chew the leaves, and eat the ripe mealy berries, which have something of the taste of the bay-laurel leaves. The In- dian men smoke the leaves as tobacco. One day, while Mrs. Frazer was at work in the nursery, her little charge oame to her in a great state of agitation — ^her cheeks were flushed, and her eyes were dancing with joy ; she threw herself into her arms, and said, "Oh I dear nurse, I am going home to dear old England and Scotland. Papa and mamma are going away from Government House, and I am to return to the old country with them ; I am so glad, are not you ?" But the tears gathered in Mrs. Frazer's eyes, and fell fast upon the work she held in her i * ■ii' 288 THE CANADIAN FOREST. Land. Mary looked surprised, when sLe saw how. her kind nurse was weeping. "Nurse, you are to go too; mamma says so ; now you need not cry, for you are not going to leave me." "i cannot go with you, my dearest child," whispered her weeping attendant, " much as I love you ; for I have a dear son of my own. I have but him, and it would break my heart to part from him ;" and she softly put aside the bright curls from little Mary*s fair forehead, and tenderly kissed her. "This child is all I have in the world to love me, and when his father, my own husband, died, he vowed to take care of me, and cherish me in my old age, and I promised that I would never leave him ; so I cannot go away from Canada with you, Mary, though I dearly love you." " Then, Mrs. Frazer, I shall be sorry to leave Canada ; for when I go home, I shall have no one to talk to me about beavers, and squirrels, and Indians, and flowers, and birds." "Indeed, my dear, you will not want for amusement there, for England and Scotland are ^ I ! LITTLE mart's NURSE. 289 finer places than Canada. Your good governess and your new nurse will be able to tell you many things that will delight you ; and you will not quite forget your poor old nurse, I am sure, when you think about the time you have spent in this country." " Ah, dear good old nurse, I will not forget you," said Mary, springing into her nurse's lap, and fondly caressing her, while big bright tears fell from her eyes. There was so much to do, and so much to think about before the departure of the family, that Mary had no time to hear any more stor- ies, nor to ask any more questions about the natural history of Canada; though, doubtless, there were many other curious things that Mrs. Frazer could have related ; for she was a person of good education, who had seen and noticed as well as read a great deal. She had not al- ways been a poor woman, but had once been a respectable farmer's wife, though her husband's death had reduced her to a state of servitude ; and she had earned money enough by her own 240 THE CANADIAN FOREST. exertions to educate her son, and this was how she came to be Mary's nurse. Mary did not forget to have all her Indian curiosities packed up with some dried plants and flower seeds, collected by her governess; but she left the cage, with her flying squirrel, to Mrs. Frazer, to take care of till the follow- ing spring, when she told her to take it to the mountain, or St. Helen's Island, and let it go free, that it might be a happy squirrel once more, and bound away among the green trees in the Canadian woods. When Mrs. Frazer was called in to take leave of Mary's father and mother, after receiving a handsome salary for her care and attendance on their little daughter, he gave her a sealed* parchment, which when she opened, was fouhd to contain a Government deed for a fine lot of land, in a fertile township in Upper Canada. It was with many tears and blessings that Mrs. Frazer took leave of the family which had been so kind to her; and, above all, of her beloved charge, little Mary. ! 4 mi •'*»•■