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M' ■:'■'■'' f ■II JHI — Ma-MHrvranr»»i»nriKk y«v p u i < w^w mwii Rita«fijiaw»rat*»-,>8 ':(''''^' ":I.-'"" '■ I ■; •■■- Vv' I ■"'.'-^^vl^V' ■■;!■■■ ■■; -,.■*■;■'.*■ ; .;■;; 7: ,$?;::,;» I '■■•■.'' ■■•• 1 ■ :».'■■■ J*^ ^- ,.,=■■-■ f '-A ^H- '■' ■-- j='^.-\.-^^-: • -■ :■r,5^-•t■^' '■. ■ ■'■■ '.v-:^' v.. *^ "' ^^ ■■;>■■■ ■;>' '.. ncQjp ^. ^^r 293 6 C Mile, Springer and Lemon Creeks, west of the divide between Kootenay Lake an=Ui?U!^'i^ Some Ores and Books of Southern Slocan. 295 district under consideration is composed of a granite having the following characters. This granite is of a dark grey color and is composed of quartz, feldspars, biotite and hornblende, with a good deal of accessory sphene. Its striking visible feature, however, is the occur- rence in it of large crystals of impure orthoclase, giving it a porphyritic appearance. These crystals are usually a half to one inch long, and are commonly twinned parallel to the orthopinacoid. Small scales of biotite are scattered through the crystals, and the analysis, as here given, shows a good deal of lime and soda for an orthoclase. SiO, 59-86 M + FciA 20-26 K,0 1239 Na„0 576 CaO 2-90 MgO...-. 0-78 Totol 10195 The lime is probably present as calcium carbonate. An analysis of the granite gave : — SiO, 60-09 AlA l'-20 FeA 6-73 CaO 8-24 Na„0 2-45 K.0 6-23 MgO '*•' Total ; 101-41 A microscopical examination of a specimen of this granite, taken from within a few Mt of a quartz vein, was nuule by Dr. Adams. It was 3und to be a crushed ^ ^^WWWWy)..U.J .UIi ILHUL. M J , III! Oilig T 296 Canadian liecord of Science. l)iotite granite containing a good deal of i)lagioclase. The ([uartz and feldspar show marked indications of great pressure. Much biotite, partially altered to chlorite is present and is associated with epidote, perhaps alsc an alteration product, having, however, in one case a core of allanite. Tliis specimen was considerably decomposed, being from near a vein and also near the surface. Two other specimens, one of them from a granite horse in a quartz vein, and the other from a cross-cut tumiel several miles distant, showed mucli the same characteristics, especially in the evidence of great crushing. The hand specimens do not show this crushing to any great extent, though the feldspar crystals are not very regular in outline at times. In this granite, which by the way, differs a good deal from the intrusive granites which break through the Slocan Slate series, near Three Forks, to the north, tiiere are several distinct clas.ses of mineral-bearing veins. These classes of veins differ both in origin and in the nature of the material filling them, but all occur in this typical porpiiyritic granite. Class 1. The most common and the most characteristic consists of irregular veins of coarsely crystallized opaque quartz. They vary quite rapidly in width, botii laterally and in depth ; their usual width is under four feet ; their dip is very low, being from 10' to 50° from the horizon. Xo one of these veins has yet been explored to a greater depth than 100 feet. Hence all observaiions are con- fined to little more than surface showings. Where shafts have been sunk a good deal of displacement is revealed along slickensiiled planes, more or less parallel to the strike of the vein, i.e., usually parallel to the hill-slope wherever it may be. The displacements are seldom more than a few feet, and the plane of faulting carries a good deal of gouge or selvage matter. Where the vein ends abruptly it is vlS-^.!!kA^;^ Some Ores and Hods of Soidhern 8/ocan. 297 oonnnonly found again by following the rule of normal faulting. The broken oft', or rather the abrupt endings of tlie ([uartz veins, have a smooth and rounded appearance, which is hardly warranted by tlie sliglit throw, and, moreover, the vein when found again does not always ■correspond in thickness to wheie last seen. Fifjure 1 illus- trates this fault- ing. It repre- sents an actual section, as seen in a prosppct shaft. A curious feature of these veins is the gen- eral tendency to pitch in towards the centre of any given mountain, ridge or range from all sides of that mountain. Possibly this may be only a result of easier discovery of veins so situated, and there may be other ones dipping outwards with the mountain slopes, as, indeed, they do in a few cases. There is no general direction for these veins, this being a distinction from the silver lead veins, immediately north of this district, which have some tendency toward a north- easterly strike. Generally speaking, the veins are free from the granite walls and liave more or le.ss selvage matter along these walls, but it is not uncommon to find the decomposed granite and quartz firmly " frozen" or cemented together even on walls which, in other places, are ([uite free along the vein. Figure 2 illustrates the sudden pinching out of a quartz vein. The quartz, which carries a high value in gold, suddenly rouiuls off like a boulder, and only a seam of selvage matter is left, whilst on either side of the seam i^L.^ii'^im" ii. i j...j ». ■ i^iiin iji. UL MJii i^^mm^ 298 Canadian Record of Science. the granite has been decomposed to a soft greenish silicious matter, which is impregnated with hirge crystals y of pyrite. In all fault- r#u\. ,t* i"g ^"tl sudden ceasing '*" * */€^^^l^^^t^^^^''' ^^ *^^® °^^ bodies there ^,t<'X^^^^§^^\^ is little evidence of ^,^>j4fc^g&;?^^^ dragging aside of the 7ti>i^I^^^^^^T--Jr>'i^I/^'' vein matter or other r^^^^tJ^'-^^^ ij^tlication of which way ^HiHt^lll-^P',. the continuation may y^mUI-J^' be found. ' ?•'•'' Aside from displace- ments and rapid varia- tions in width, these quartz veins show great persistence both in reappearance and in mineralization. The mineralization of these veins is sporadic, or chute- like, with a tendency to banding where the ore body is of regular width. Usually the enlargements give rise to a more cellular and comb-like structure, and in such places the richest minerals are found. ^10 A Horses, such as shown »i<..'-'0'*22^^'''""' "^ Vx^wTQ 4, are common. ^^j^^^^^^^^'"- 3' The one Hgured shows ► "f^i^^^^^^i^^:^:^^ •« • " " marked evidence of great i ' ' ,^^^^^^^^^?^^ crushing, probably an- * ^•""'''^ terior to the forming of the vein matter. An analysis of this horse gave : — SiO, 71-70 AlA 1«"25 FeA 318 MgO 212 CaO 3-36 Total 98 61 The alkalies were not determined, but are evidently much lower than the normal granite. Some Ores and Hocks of Southern Slocan. 299 The precious metiils, gold and silver, are found in such veins in a native state. The silver in leaf form along cleavage lines, th gold in coarse puriicles, sometimes crys- tallized ; also as a natural alloy of gold and silver where the gold and silver are nearly equal in per cent., and asso- ciated with tl'j loose granular iron pyrites occurring in these veins. This pyrites often occupies little cells in the apparently nuissive (juartz ; when the (piartz is broken the pyrites falls out, leaving a clean little cell, with often some black powder, which is [)rol)al)ly argentite. The pyrites contains i oz. of gold and 200 oz. of silver, to " 2 oz. of gold and 50 uz. of silver. They sometimes present a more massive or crystallized form, being still rich in silver. The locality seems to determine their richness. The chief mineral distinctive of the.se veins, however, is argetitite, eitiier as a coarse aggregation of crystals, at times weighing over a gramme, which fill interstices in the quartz or as a very finely disseminated powder, which gives the quartz a bluish black appearance. The coarsely crystalline variety is more common where the powdery form is absent. The crystals appear often to fill in the spaces between well developed crystals of quartz. A good deal of iron oxide, rich in free gold and argentite, occupies the central combed cavities of some of the veins, also iron oxide, as limonite and haematite fills up some of the interstices and cells, appearing thus to be crystallized. Referring to the map, it will be seen that the veins of Class I. occupy a small area between Twelve Mile and Springer Creeks, nearly .Jl the country between the Springer Creek and first north branches of Lemon Creek, and also in some very typical cases they are found south of these branches. As one goes to the south, the gold and silver ratios of value change from about 1 to 10 to equality along the north branch of Lemon Creek, and finally further south the gold value becomes the greater. 21 iiU!LUKllLJ.i'!J,.. I I I .I'lii IHHWSaraSH 300 Ci(natlian licronl of Srience. Although tho iirgeiitite, as fur as known, carries little or no gold, there a[)i»ears to be a direct ratio between the value of gold and silver in ony one vein, or part of it. In the area defined as belonging peculiarly to this class of ores, there are few veins of any other character, save some doubtful replacement zones of low grade galena, and some quartz veins which carry mixed crystallized p} rites and galena; in these the gold and silver values .^.re low, yet viiey are in the heart of the richer ore bodies. Class II., of ore bodies, is not largely repn ated as yet, but it is a very distinct one, and consists of narrow veins dipj)ing at high angles to the horizon. The ore body is mixed (puirtz and secondary limestone. The ore itself is galena and a very dark zinc blende, both rich in silver, and almost devoid of gold. This ore is singularly well collected along the walls of the vein, the oxitside slickensided portions of which consist often of the fine grained galena, called steel galena, the inner portions being a coarser galena and dark blende. Usually in this district the zinc blende is low grade in silver ; here it is not so. This class of veins has not been seen in immediate association with tho.se of Class I. It is more distinctive of the Ten Mile slopes. The country rock is the same to all appearances. I Figure 5 represents one of these veins, also the inter- ference of the vein by a narrow dyke of a soft, soapy and grey matter, probably a micaceous trap. A very dark hornblendic biotite granite occurs in patchc^ along this dyke also. Class III. Some veins of this class are remarkable for ! I ,:5lV Some Ores and liochu of Southern Slocan. 301 their richness in silver. Thouj,'li in nature and structure they appear quite common, the veins of this chiss aliow evidence of a rephicement of the granite country rock hy ore. These veins, or orn bodies, are nearly perpendicular. The replacement seem to luive taken place along a line of decomposed frmiiite, often along two parallel seams, which give i le impression of being the walls of a vein. The intervening grnnito is penetrated hy ramifying stringers of ([uartz and patches of galena and zinc blende. In some cases the galeria is exceptionally high grade in silver. When this is the case, argentite is probably present along the cleavages of the galena. At other times the galena is low grade, far below the general average of Slocan galenas, which is somewhat over 100 oz. per ton. The blende is low grade. A case of dyke interference also occurs with one of these ore bodies. This is a narrow band of rock very similar to the one described before, only of a darker color. Under the microscope it shows itself to be a much decomposed basic " mica trap" allied to the minettes. Such dykes, together with others rich in hornblende, are common in all this district. An assay of rock from this dyke gave 4 oz. silver to the ton. This may have been accidental, being from an exposure in a tunnel. An analysis gives : — t^O, 39-38 CaO 13-44 AlA 22-94 FeA 11'33 MgO 9-93 K.,0 Not det. Na^O " Total 97-02 On passing through this dyke, which cuts the ore body 'fjgtS'grfj:*".ry. !«-«u ■>^air,%w»rf*-ap^i s> 302 Canadian Record of Science. at right angles, no more ore is found. It may be that the dyke appeared before the ore did, though at first sight /j^ . this seems un- *'•-*' - likely. The dyke walls are slickensided. Figure 3 il- lustrates this S" pia^w occurrence. In addition to these three main classes of ore bodies there are many modifications in filling material and in structure. These, however, are not important, with the exception of a widely represented class, which occurs along the upper waters of Lemon Creek. They are lov. grade, patchy galena Lodies in a silicious gangue. At times these may be very rich in silver also. They have little or no gold. Another more important class is a sugar grained quartz vein, which carries some pyrites and galena as well as a fair proportion, say, 40% of free milling gold. These ore bodies are physically like Class I. They occur south of Lemon Creek. In one place on Lemon Creek there is an occurrence of free gold and galena intimately asso- ciated, but this is rare. Concerning tlie sma'l areas of dark cleavable rock, microscopical exan)ination goes to show that they are very finely grained, altered sedimentaries. An analysis of one gave : — SiO, 61-74 AlA and FeA 1966 CaO 1400 MgO 2-28 K,0 Notcltfc. Na,0 Total Iron pyrites is also present. 97-68 !*•','' i 't, i. '_C 'fi- ,r^ J'' ^■ ^"H, 1^ I the teht un- are il- ihis Ddies d in the .curs lov. At "have