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 1 
 
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 VENICE 
 
 
 smiPTEnvTBEiia issi 
 
 
 
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 LEVIS 
 
 
 PRIKTBD SrMlBOTBR * 00. 
 
 
 1882 
 
 
TIIK PIIOVIXGK OP QUEBKC AND CANADA 
 
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 COX>Ta-K;ESS 
 
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 SEI^TEIMiBEia 1381 
 
 LEVIS 
 
 PRINTED BV MEROIER & 00, 
 
 1882 
 
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 (TRANS I 
 
 .ATIUN) 
 
 
 To THE Honorable E. T, PAOUET, , ^ v,.' i 
 
 ,,,,,,!; . . Il i*'Jv«^-i' :?,"i^, Provincial Secretary, - . 
 
 ■ -^v.".;', ;^;. .•/!'.■■ ■^/v" '^.:-.'-:'i. Quebec. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 . ! "Si 
 
 On the first of July 1 880, the prince of Teano sent 
 a circular, in the name of the Geographical Society of 
 Rome, infori*ing the various Governments and Scien- 
 tific Societies that the third International Geographical 
 Congress would be held at Venice in September j88i. 
 
 The first meeting had taken place at Antwerp 
 in 1 87 1 and the second at Paris in 1875. His 
 Excellency Count Viola.a devoted friend of this country, 
 in which be resided for some time, caused an invitation 
 to be sent to the Province of Quebec inviting it to take 
 part in the exhibition. 
 
— 4 — ,'■ • 
 
 In exchange for this courtesy, His Honor the 
 Lieutenant-Governor in Council appointed Count Viola 
 our representative in Venice, giving him as colleagues, 
 with instructions to prepare the Canadian exhibit at 
 Ouebec, Mr. Eugene Tache, assistant Commissioner 
 of Crown Lands, and Mr. Faucher de St. Maurice, 
 Clerk of Private Bills in the Legislative Council. 
 
 The Congress was to be made up of the eight 
 following scientific groups, 
 
 L Geography, mathematics, geodesy, topography ; 
 
 H. Hydrography and maritime geography ; 
 
 HL Physical geography, meteorology, geology, 
 botany and zoology ; 
 
 IV. Anthropological and philological geography ; 
 
 V. Historical geography and the history of geo- 
 graphy ; 
 
 VI. Economical, commercial and statistical geo- 
 .graphy ; 
 
 VII. Methodology, teaching and diffusion of geo- 
 graphy ; ■"''' ^-^' '^ ^ M. ......... < 
 
 i, VIII. Geographical explorations and travels. ',"; '4 
 
 We set to work and Mr. Tache sent to Venice the 
 maps, books and specimens which the Government 
 placed at our disposal. >, 
 
 The following is an extract from the official cata- 
 logue, respecting Canada, printed in Italy, under the 
 direction of Count Viola ; 
 
 € 
 
 /; 
 
5 — 
 
 CANADA 
 
 V'.\( 
 
 GOVEUNMENT OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC 
 
 IVorh sent to the Exhibition through Messrs. E. 
 Taciie, Assistant C onmiissioner of Crown Lands 
 and N. Faucher de St- Maurice, Clerk of Pri- 
 vate Bills in the Legislative Council, .;..■.,. 
 
 '.' CLASS III. V V. 
 
 ■_\ PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, METEOROLOGY, GEOLOGY, 
 
 jr>v_, ;-j;Y^ JfiJ-U: 
 
 BOTANY, ZOOLOGY. 
 
 ■M 
 
 Geological survey of Canada (Sir William E. Lo- 
 gan, Director ; Alfred Selwyn, his successor ; Alex. 
 Murray, T. Sterry Hunt, E, Billings, members.) 
 
 L Reports of progress from its commencement to 
 1863. Illustrated with woodcuts in the text; 
 
 ' t • accompanied by an atlas of maps and sections. 
 Translated by order of the Government from 
 English into French by Professor Darey. 
 
 . .. Montreal, 1 864. ,i/*v 
 
 Geological Survey of Canada. 
 
 2. Reports of progress from 1876 to 1879. Published 
 ,., by order of Parliament. / > v» : sV 
 
 Geological Survey of Canada. *''i' 
 
 Sir W. E. Logan, Director; Alfred Selwyn, his 
 successor. 
 
 3. Report of progress from 1863 to 1866. Translated 
 from English into French and printed by order of 
 
 '■ His Excellency the Governor General. 
 ::H Printed by Desbarats 1866. 
 
 4. Report of progress from 1873 t;o 1876, published 
 
 by order of Parliament, 
 '' Montreal, Dawson, 1876. 
 
6 — 
 
 Geological Survey (A. Selwyn, Director.) 
 
 5. Report of progress from 1866 to 1 871, accompa- 
 nied by geological and topographical maps. Trans- 
 lated from English into French under the direction 
 of the commission. 
 
 Printed by Taylor, 1873. 
 
 Abbe Lajlamme, Professor of Laval University. 
 
 6. Elements de mincralogie et geologie. 
 
 (Elementary mineralogy and geology.) ; S . 
 Quebec, Delisle. 1881. 
 
 A. P. Landry. 
 
 7. Traite populaire d agriculture theorique et pratique, 
 
 (Popular treatise on the theory and practice of 
 
 agriculture.) A work for which a prize was given 
 
 by the L ouncll of Agriculture of the province of 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 Montreal, Canadian Printing Co. 1878. 
 " I. ■ ' ' ■ 
 
 Dr. G. Larocque. '^ • '' 
 
 8. Manuel d horticulture pratique et d arboriculture 
 , j/ fruitiere. , ^-•'j 
 
 (Manual of practical horticulture and the culture of 
 'nio i^\\\\. trees.) ,. .. , . 
 
 Levis, Mercier, 1880. 
 
 Abbe L. Provencher, editor of Le Naturaliste Caua- 
 dien. 
 
 9. Le verger, /e potager et le parterre dans la pro- 
 
 vince de Quebec. A treatise on the cultivation of 
 
 fruit, vegetables and flowers which are suited to 
 ,.;fi the climate of Quebec. 
 
 Quebec, Darveau 1881. 
 
 Geological Map of Canada. Large size. ^~/\■ .f; 
 
 Map of the Province of Quebec. 
 
 Mining Map of the Province of Quebec. 
 
 Geological Map of the Province of New-Brunswick. 
 
 List of Canadian fruit trees. 
 
 List of Canadian birds. .:|{f»'-*i 
 
 1 6. Specimens of various Canadian woods. 
 
 lO 
 
 1 1 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
— 7 — 
 
 I 7. Specimens of phosphate from the county of Ottawa, 
 
 province of Quebec. 
 I 7. Guide du colon. — Province of Quebec, 1880. 
 
 11 
 
 •7J, 
 
 .„iiA_ CLASS V. 
 
 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY (,V GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Abbe Casgrain. 
 
 19. Une paroisse Canadiennc an dix-septicme sihle. (A 
 Canadian parish in the 17th century.) 
 
 , Quebec, Leger Brousseau, 1880. 
 
 . 41 -r- CLASS VL. . ^ 
 
 ECONOMICAL, COMMERCIAL AND STATLSTICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 r- Hojtorable Mr. Chawveau (late minister of Puhh"c 
 Instruction for the Province of Quebec.) 
 
 20. Public Instruction in Canada. A historical and 
 statistical summary. '-■'■■■ -J''^ .'^uH i>jU lo J 
 Quebec, Cote & Co, 1876. fta.f^mfesi:^ v 
 Af't/mr Btiies. 
 
 21. Le Sagnenay et la vallee du lac St. Jean. An 
 
 historical, geographical, industrial and agricultural 
 study. — Recent data and statistics; Picturesque 
 descriptions with plates. 'His:-' 
 
 Quebec, Cote & Co, 1880. ,; .- ■--. /^ 'irrsi:. ,:. .f y 
 Paul de Cazes. 
 
 Azotes siir le Canada.'^v^x.oxy , popuhtion, products, 
 commerce, navigation, railways, militia, &c., &c. 
 Quebec, Darveau, 1880. '';* ? 
 
 Abbe Ferland. 
 
 Opuscules. — New edition. ./' : - 
 
 Quebec, Cote & Co, 1877.; .;'; :';^y''"' 
 
 24. Census of Canada. v..vr.of<i 
 -• Printed by Taylor 1873, 5 vols. 
 
 25. Report of the Minister of Agriculture for Canada 
 
 1880. Printed by order of Parliament. 
 
 ■7 O 
 
 23 
 
,: ." ■ _ 8 — 
 
 26. General reports of the Commisslonef of Agricul- 
 ture and Public Works of the Province of Quebec, 
 from 1868 to 1880. Printed by order of the Legis- 
 
 . ■ lature. - " . =■ .- 
 
 27. Thirteenth annual report of the Minister of Marine 
 and Fisheries 1880. Printed by order of Par- 
 liament. 
 
 28. Annual report of the Minister of Public Works for 
 ; the year 1879-80. Printed by order of the House 
 
 of Commons. ; ,{,,,,,., nr'^'n-') • 
 
 McLean, Roger & Co, 1881. 
 2 p. Annual report of the Minister of Railways and 
 Canals for the year 1879-80, upon the work 
 executed under his control. Printed by order of 
 , the House of Commons. ; ,,'i>ivi/l''".(^A vr,^"./' ■ 
 McLean, Roger & Co, 1881. 
 
 30. Statistics of the Canals during the navigation season 
 of 1 880. Supplement n. i to the report for the year 
 
 • endiiig 30th June 1880. 
 
 3 1 . Report of the Post Master General for the fiscal 
 year ending on the 30th June 1880. Printed by 
 
 order of Parliament. , , ,.. , ,. 
 
 McLean, Roger & Co, 1880. '' ^ 
 
 32. Public Accounts of Canada for the year ending 
 .. 30th June 1880. Printed by order of Parliament. 
 
 McLean, Roger & Co, 1881, 
 T,T,. Statement of the public accounts of the province of 
 Quebec for the years 1878 to 1880. Printed by 
 order of the Legislature. 
 
 34. Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 of the Province of Quebec, from 1868 to 1880. 
 Printed by order of the Legislature of Quebec. 
 
 35. Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 of the province of Quebec for the year 1878-79. 
 Printed by order of the Legislature. 
 
 36. Reports of the Commissioner of Crown Lands for 
 
 the Province of Quebec from 1868 to 1880. 
 
 37. Tables of the Trade and Commerce of Canada for 
 
— 9 — 
 
 the year ending 30th June 1880. Published by 
 
 order of Parliament. 
 
 Printed by McLean, Roger & Co, 1881. 
 
 38. Reports, statements and statistics of the Internal 
 •: •' Revenue of Canada for the year ending 30th June 
 
 1880. , 
 
 ' ■ Printed by McLean, Roger & Co, 1880. 
 
 39. Report of the Secretary of State for Canada for 
 
 1880. Printed by order of Parliament. 
 Printed by McLean, Roger & Co, 1881. <: 
 Report of the Auditor-General upon the credit 
 account, &c., for the year ending 3Cih June 1880. 
 Printed by McLean, Roger & Co, 1880. 
 Report on the adulteration of food ; Supplement to 
 Report No. 3 of the Minister of the Interior. 
 Prmted by order of Parliament 1880. 
 Maps of the Province of Quebec shewing the rail- 
 ways, 
 
 43- Maps oi' the Province of Quebec shewing the lands 
 conceded up to date. 
 
 44- Map of the projected Lower Laurentian Railway. 
 
 40. 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 t -r'- 
 
 -J- 
 
 ■J-lifi* 
 
 CLASS Vli. 
 
 •:MT 
 
 ::) I' .;,trj>-':v,i,': 
 
 METHODOLOGV, TEACHING AND DIFFUSION OF GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 ■:; v-/.! K> ;:v;i ,. 
 
 . F. X. Toussaint (professor at the Laval Normal ^ 
 School). ".■ ' . 
 
 45. An abridgement of modern Geography for the use 
 of elementary schools. Approved by the Council 
 of Public Instruction. 
 
 Quebec, Darveau, 1871. 
 
 F. X. Toussaint. '>' ■ -'-'^^ '^ ^/jimA>ii.<x-^>,/ 
 
 46. An abridgement of modern Geography approved 
 
 by the Council of Public Instruction. 
 
 Quebec, Darveau, 1877. * ' ' 
 
— lO — 
 
 ^- X. Toussaint. 
 
 47. Abridged History of Canada, for the use of element- 
 ary schools in the Province of Quebec, published 
 by the Council of Public Instruction. 
 
 Quebec, Darveau, 1877. .>ir5«M?i:. 
 
 /. G. Hodgins. 
 
 48. Geography and History of the British Colonies 
 
 (with plates). 
 Montreal, Lovell, 1866. 
 The C /iris Han Brothers. ■ '^'^ X*' '^'^ 
 
 49- New illustrated Geography for f:he use of Christian 
 
 ->., schools. .i.,.y.;,>\..-,.*« V .= • 
 
 , Montreal, Chapleau & Son. ' ' ^'M^m*^ 
 
 '* L' abbe Holmes. ■ ■*t- ■ 
 
 50. New abridgement of modern Geography, for the 
 use of youth, 8th edition, revised, corrected and 
 considerably increased by I'abbe L. O. Gauthier. 
 Montreal, Rolland & Son, 1877. r ' 
 /^. X. Garneaii. " '^■'^' 
 
 51. Abridged History of Canada, from its discovery to 
 the year 1840. For the use of schools. New edition. 
 Montreal, Beauchemin & Valois, 1876. 
 
 52. Elements of modern Geography, printed under the 
 direction of the Educational society of the district 
 oi Quebec. , , . 
 Montreal, Rolland & Son, 1877. * ' 
 
 53- Plan of the City of Quebec. '-; • ' 
 
 54- Map of the Eastern Townships. -r -/ -' ''" 
 
 55- Map of the Lake St. John District ' %'^,: ' ■ V 
 5^- ,^^^ to accompany the History of Cana&" ' 
 
 CLASS VHL 
 
 GEOGR.\PHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND TRAVELS. 
 
 Faucher de Saint- Maurice. t-.«,V 
 
 57. Promenades dans le golfe Saint- Laurent. A portion 
 
 / 
 
1 1 
 
 of the North Shore ; Egg Island ; Anticosti ; St. 
 Paul's Island ; Magdalen Island. 3rd edition. 
 Quebec, Darveau, 1880, 
 
 Faucher de Saint- Matirice. 
 
 58. Promenades dans le golfeSt. Lazirent : Nova Scotia, 
 
 Prince Edward's Island ; New Brunswick ; Bale 
 des Chaleurs, Gaspesia. 3rd edition. 
 Quebec, Darveau, 1880. 
 
 FaucJur de Saint- Maurice. 
 
 59. De Quebec a Mexico. Souvenirs of travels, garrisons, 
 
 battles and bivouacs. 4th edition. ;' 
 
 Montreal, Duvernay, 1874, 2 vols. 
 
 Faucher de Saint- Mawrice. 
 
 60. De tribord a babord. {From port to starboard^ 
 
 Three cruises in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, North 
 and South ; a portion of the North Shore ; ship- 
 wreck of Admiral Walker ; Anticosti ; Magdalen 
 Islands ; Nova Scotia ; New Brunswick ; Prince 
 Edward's Island ; Gaspesia, 
 Montreal, Duvernay, 1877. 
 
 .f^'jifi •( 'u\yy^ ' X'Li^' 
 
 ::''V 
 
 
 vrr- 
 
 
 ■'v'A 
 
12 
 
 ;^ 
 
 CATALOGUE 
 of specimens of ^.oods of Canadian Forests. 
 
 Botanical -iam^s. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4. 
 
 5- 
 ^ 6. 
 
 7 
 / • 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 ro. 
 
 I f. 
 
 12. 
 
 f3 
 
 '5. 
 1 6. 
 
 i8. 
 
 19. 
 .20. 
 
 21. 
 22. 
 
 • A!nus fncana.. . 
 
 • jjyrus Americana.'.'!.' 
 ■ f^raxiiius juglandifolia. 
 
 [yaxinus pubescens.. 
 
 ^raxinus sambucifolfi 
 
 ^raxinus amerfcana. . 
 
 ;^opulus grandidentata 
 
 1 liia americana 
 
 ^agusferrjginea.... 
 
 ^arpmus americana.. 
 
 i^etu a lenta vel nig-ra. 
 
 Betuaexcelsa....:.. 
 ■ J^etula papyracea. 
 
 Jughns cinerea 
 
 ;^ iatanus occidentalis. . 
 
 liiujaoccidentalis... 
 Juniperus virginiana. 
 ^erasus virginiana... 
 
 •-erasus serotina 
 
 Castanea americana.'.* 
 Aesculus hyppocasta- 
 
 num 
 
 [-^erasus pens'yjvanf;; ." 
 1 opuJus monilifera. 
 
 English names. 
 
 'Alder. 
 
 Ash Mountain, '''r^':'^. 
 , Ash rim. ■: r. 
 
 I Ash swamp. 
 Ash black. ^^K*f„'fwv^/ 
 Ash white. 
 
 Aspen Large-toothed. . 
 
 iiass wood. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Beech blue. ., ., ,, 
 
 Birch black. ;,|^|^ 
 
 Brch white. ,ft5Tfft« v 
 
 butternut smooth. ' '- 
 Ijutton wood. 
 Cedar white. '" ;v : ;•• 
 Cedar red. f : ?!;: rL, 
 
 Cherry- Lhoke. 
 Cherry (/^./^ ^j^^,^ 
 
 ^nestnut. 
 
 ^'s 
 
 .-<:k' 
 
 24' Corn us florida. 
 
 25. 
 26. 
 
 27. 
 
 fljmus americma..., 
 U mus fulva vel rubra 
 Ulnuis fulva. . . . 
 
 • • . 
 
 Chestnut- Horse 
 Cherry I^Wild) ^d. ^'M':. 
 /"^" ^o«d {necklace pop- 
 (Corndl (/7^e.m>.^ ^ 
 
 Ejm, grey or white. 
 Elm red, 
 EJm slippery. 
 
* 
 
 i 
 
 Botanical names. 
 
 28. Ulmus racemosa 
 
 29. Abies balsamea 
 
 30. Abies canadensis 
 
 31. Carya tormentosa. . . . 
 
 32. Carya alba 
 
 33. Ostrya virginica 
 
 34. Acer saccharinum.. . . 
 
 35. Acerspicatum 
 
 36. Acer rubrum 
 
 37. Acer dasycarpum. . . . 
 
 38. Acer pennsylvanicum. 
 
 39. Quercus tinctoria 
 
 40. Quercus ambigua. . . . 
 
 41. Quercus rubra 
 
 42. Quercus alba 
 
 43. Quercus alba. 
 
 44. Pinus resinosa 
 
 45. Pinus strobus 
 
 46. Pinus mitis 
 
 47. Prunus americana. . . . 
 
 48. Populus balsamifera. . 
 
 49. Populus tremuloides. . 
 
 50. Sassafras ofificinalis 
 
 51. Pinus rupestris.. 
 
 52. Abies alba 
 
 53. Abies nigra. . .. 
 
 54. Rhus typhina... 
 
 55. Larix americana 
 
 56. Cratoegus punctata 
 
 57. Crataegus coccinea 
 
 58. Juglans nigra 
 
 59. Salix nigra 
 
 60. Liriodendron tulipifera 
 
 13 — 
 
 English names. 
 
 Elm soft. 
 
 Fir Balsam. 
 
 Hemlock. 
 
 Hickory smooth bark. 
 
 Hickory rough bark. 
 
 Iron wood. 
 
 Maple hard. 
 
 Maple Mountain. 
 
 Maple soft curly. 
 
 Maple soft {plane) 
 
 Moose wood. 
 
 Oak black. V ,% 
 
 Oak Grey {lake) 
 
 Oak red. 
 
 Oak white. 
 
 Oak white {Ottawa) 
 
 Pine red. 
 
 Pine white. 
 
 Pine yellow. 
 
 Plum-wild, yellow. 
 
 Poplar Balsam or Balm 
 
 Gilead. 
 Poplar ^Common Aspen. 
 Sassafras. > i'jK': 
 
 Scrub pine. 
 Spruce white. 
 Spruce black. 
 
 Sumach. ■'S' , ::*v»i;-wit.iO 
 
 Tamarac. ) ^i;?::'} 'W 
 
 Thorn Apple, j. 
 Thorn white. 
 Walnut black. 
 Willow black. 
 White wood. 
 
 .;tr 
 
 of 
 
 'A 
 
 ) 
 
 < yi^'x 
 
 :m^K 
 
 NvtO 
 
 mmt 
 
 •ii^m 
 
14 
 
 / 
 
 ill 
 
 I : 
 
 In the month of July, I was obHoed to go to 
 France. I went t:o Venice, where I had the honor of 
 taking part in ll:o work of the Congress. 
 
 One of the rooms in the Royal Palace in the square 
 of St. Mark was placet! '^'; ':he df posal of Canada. 
 Count Viola had spared neither expense nor trouble 
 to enable the province of Quebec to make a worthy 
 appearance at the International Exhibition. 
 
 Upon entering the Canadian section, on the far 
 wall, one could see the map of New France by Mr. 
 Genest and the large geological map, of Sir William 
 Logan. On the wall to the right, was the table of 
 Canadian Birds and one of the sectional maps of the 
 province of Quebec, drawn by Mr. Jules Tache. ■t't vj. 
 
 The geological reports of Canada were laid upon 
 a table covered with green velvet with gilt nails ; in 
 the middle was a bronza V-ise filled with pink wadding 
 which held two splendid specimens of Ottawa phos- 
 phate. A second room was also allotted to the pro- 
 vince of Quebec which it shared with the Argentine 
 Republic. 
 
 In it were hung the cadastral plan of Quebec, by 
 Mr. Paul Cousin ; a map of the Eastern Townships 
 showing the railways ; one of the province of Quebec 
 also showing the railways and showing the minerals 
 of commerce ; one of the projected Laurentian railway ; 
 one of the Crown Lands Domain, the table of the 
 forest trees of Canada and very fine views of Niagara, 
 belonging to Count Viola. 
 
 On a second table, similar to the first, were laid 
 the reports of the various Departments of the province 
 of Quebec since 1868 ; those of the Federal Govern- 
 ment, the complete collection of our woods and the 
 
to 
 •of 
 
 tre 
 
 la. 
 le 
 
 'y 
 
 ir 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 Census of 1871. On a third were placed t!ie o-her books 
 mentioned in the Catalogue. In the first room des- 
 cribed above, Count Viola had placed the arms of the 
 Province of Quebec with two EngHsh flags on the right 
 and two French flags on the left. In the second 
 department a pearl grey gonfalon, with golden fringe 
 and having above it a red and gold tassel, hung 'from 
 the ceiling. On it was inscribed the word " Canada ". 
 On the Royal Palace, over the s ;ot in which the Can- 
 adian Exhibit was placed, floated a banner bearing, on 
 a blue ground, the arms of the Canadian Confederation. 
 p> I give you all these details in order to show you 
 what taste and what tact Count Viola displayed, as 
 representative of the Province. ■-■£,».-!.. 
 
 During my stay in Venice,which was only too short, 
 I had the pleasure of making every effort to give inform- 
 ation to the members of the Congress, upon the wealth 
 and resources of Canada and particularly those of the 
 Province of Quebec. Having been invited to give a 
 lecture before the sixth group of the Conference, that of 
 Ec(^omical, Commercial and Statistical Geography, I 
 had the honor of seeing in my audience, Mr. de Lesseps, 
 General Thiir, Mr. Levasseur of L Institut de France, 
 
 ^ Mr. de Ouatrefages and many othfer illustrious persons. 
 Colonel Coello, of the Spanish army, occupied the chair, 
 
 i-i*' I submit you this lecture : 
 
 ^'^' 
 
 CANADA — PROVINCE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 di 
 
 irl 
 
 I C anada, formerly a colony of France, ceded to En- 
 
 ' gland by France in 1 763, is situated to the north of the 
 
 United States of which it forms the entire northern 
 
 frontier for a distance of 1000 leagues. 
 
-- i6 
 
 .JltVJ. 
 
 '■I 
 
 Formerly divided into Upper and Lower Canada, 
 it has, since 1867, formed a Confederation, under the 
 name of the " Dominion of Canada ". > 
 
 This Confederation includes the provinces of : | 
 
 I. Quebec, Old F"rench Canada or Lower Canada. 
 
 IL Ontario, Old English Canada or Upper Ca- 
 nada.. 
 
 II L New Brunswick. 
 
 IV. Nova Scotia. , ) 
 
 V. Prince Edwards Island. 
 
 New Brunswick, Prince Edward's Island, and 
 Nova Scotia — the latter including Cape Breton — are the 
 Maritime Provinces. ,, 
 
 VI. British Columbia. ; iw ...,• 
 
 VII. Manitoba and the District of Keewatin. 
 The two latter are taken from the North West 
 
 Territories. r..i(''v 
 
 The seven provinces and the North West Terri- 
 tories cover an extent greater than that occupied by 
 the United States of North America. Each province, 
 except Keewatin, which has only just been constituted, 
 has its parliament. Moreover they are represented at 
 Ottawa, the capital of the Canadian Confederation, by 
 the House of Commons and the Senate. Each pro- 
 vince elects its representatives in the Commons. The 
 executive, that is, the Federal Government, appoints 
 the senators, who sit for life. 
 
 A lieutenant-governor having the power of choosing 
 his advisers, directs its affairs during five years. A 
 Governor General, appointed by England, is at the 
 head of the Confederation. 
 
 Immigration has not been so extensive in Canada, 
 as in the United States. Must we admit the reason ! 
 
 1 1 
 
We have no industries. Arid yet no country In the 
 ^ world contains greater mineral wealth. Coal, iron 
 ores — in Canada iron manufactures are protected by a 
 duty of 25 per cent — copper — there is a protective 
 duty of 10 per cent — silver, gc 1, phosphate of lime, 
 phosphate of aluminium, building stone, marble, asbes- 
 tos, antimony, lead, sulphur, slate, mercury, mica, na- 
 tural gas-wells, petroleum, furs, immense forests, 
 splendid fisheries, inexhaustible water-courses, cereals, 
 fertile lands, hunting, all exist In profusion. Some 
 of the ores are found in a purer state than in any other 
 part of the world, (i) v 
 
 Separated from France, its mother-country, for 
 over 1 1 9 years, almost the whole population of the 
 Province of Quebec, one-fourth that of the Lower 
 Provinces, one-half of Manitoba and that of some parts 
 of Ontario, speak the French language and are, above 
 all, anxious to preserve it. Is not this wonderful ? 
 
 The decennial census made in 1881 shows that 
 Canada contains 4,324,810 inhabitants, showing an in- 
 crease of 680,498 In ten years. 
 
 According to our last statistical reports, the popula- 
 tion of Canada in 1 8 7 1 was 3, 700,000 that is to say, about 
 one tenth of the population of France. If, says a Paris 
 newspaper, the increase in France had been in propor- 
 tion to that of Canada, It would have gained 7,000,000 
 inhabitants In ten years. The same newspaper observes 
 that the excess of births over deaths In France is only 
 
 (i) In a scientific essay, published in La Nature, Mr. Gaston 'I'issandier, compares the 
 natural asbestos found in Canada, with that of Italy which is fibrous and glassy. He says : "It 
 is the Canadian asbestos, of a fibrous and silky nature, which gives the be^t results and which 
 is easily woven aqd made into felt. The Italian asbestos is difficult to weave, the vitreous 
 asbestos has no consistency, and crumbles to the touch ; it does not appear capable of being 
 utilized." 
 
 Asbestos is used as cord matting for stopping boxes of steam-engines ; tissues are also 
 made of it for filtering acids ; boards for the joints of steam engines ; fefts for rollers of calend- 
 ers and for some kinds of electric batteries ; cement for tubing ; paper, &c., Sic. Mr, Tissandier 
 states positiveljr that Mr. Gluk, civil engineer, has discovered an ink with which one may write 
 on tliis paper without any fear of the hottest fire destroying the writing, 
 
 . 
 
— i8 — - 
 
 
 lOO.ODP per annum. 4,350,933 Inhabitants in Canada ! 
 This fisTure, appears to us to hi very low consiclering- ^ 
 the area of the Dominion, which is 5,426,014 square 
 kilometres, (i) It is true that Europe contains but 
 10,000,000 squares kilometres. '" 
 
 This population is confined to certain parts of 
 Canada. In these parts the families are as closely 
 situated as in the most thickly populated districts of 
 France or Italy. uRrfx-iftt ,v's\-\'\t\>^\^hi\'i\iVe. 
 
 *%rr The French Ian<3uag-e is not only official and side 
 by side with the Enorlish language in the Pro- 
 vince of Quebec, but it is also official in the F'ederal 
 Government. It is also used in commercial transactions. 
 The province of Quebec is governed by French laws.«' 
 Its civil Code is almost altogether based upon the Code' 
 
 INapOleOn. ■; Ji..i<j j/ius iii.;v>*Ui«-i«» <* *ijxii :...»,• nv--. 'IiWv ) 'i. 
 
 Canada has also its French literature and" th^ 
 French press is composed of about 46 papers. 
 
 The chief religion in the Province of Quebec is 
 the Catholic religion, whose priests have considerable 
 authority. By their energy and well appreciated zeal, 
 they have preserved the French languag^e in the country. 
 
 Canada is traversed by numerous railways, as is 
 shewn by the maps sent to Venice by the Province of 
 Quel?ec., One of them, the most important, is the 
 
 ' " \ '' ' \% 
 
 (i) The wea of Canada is Tn»A& upas Tvllows : 
 
 Ontario... ioq.^Ao square Ihijcir 
 
 (Quebec . »93.355 " " 
 
 New-Bninswick »7,3»a " " 
 
 Nova Scotia . 3>,7.T " " 
 
 Prince-Edwards Island a. '34 " "■ 
 
 Manitoba PSo^ioo " '• 
 
 British Coloniliia, including Vancouver and other Islands 3qo.344 " "•' ' 
 
 North- West Territory • , 1,867,900 
 
 District of Keewatin ■» 309,077 
 
 Islands in the Arctic Ocean 31.700 
 
 Islands >n Hudson's Bay .,.'.u >....>. i-,,.,».i,..^.: .;i,.^ ..^ 34,000 
 
 
— . 19 
 
 North Sliore Rnilway which runs from Oucbec to 
 Ottawa, passing through Three Rivers and Montreal'; 
 another, the Levis and Kennebec is destined soon to 
 place Quebec in communication Avith the Atlantic, by 
 passin<r through the rich gold bearing regions of Beauc'e 
 and the State of Maine. ^^'^1^; 
 
 It Only a few weeks ago a powerful syndicate was 
 formed in England, France and the United States, for 
 the purpose of building a railway three thousand miles 
 long. It will unite the Atlantic to the Pacific, have, 
 some day, its terminus at Quebec, and make the St. 
 Lawrence the shortest and cheapest route for the car- 
 rying of grain from the North West and be the great 
 commercial and strategical artery of the Dominion of 
 
 V^aliaCia. ,,;, ,.j, ,v ..i .j<^ t.v.j. v.- ^iii<-.j.-* •ilii.'J^i 
 
 One of the greatest and fihe.^t rivers of the earth, 
 the St. Lawrence, flows through Canada. It is navi- 
 gable for over 300 leagues. Its navigation is acces- 
 sible to the largest vessels, which are enabled to pene- 
 trate inland as far as Montreal. This river is 2,413 
 . kilometres long. Canada is the country the best sup- 
 plied with rivers and has the largest cataracts in the 
 world. More than twelve lines of steamships now 
 enable it to communicate with England, Holland, Bel^! 
 gium, Brazil, the West Indies, &c. rMtkj'f^ftl rhctr*? 
 m' Its climate is essentially healthy. As a distini' 
 guished French Canadian author, Mr. Paul de Cazes, 
 has said : " If every one knows that at St. Petersburg 
 •' the average temperature of the three winter months 
 " is ten degrees Centigrade, many persons are ignorant 
 " of the fact that it is never lower than eight degrees at 
 '' Montreal. From the meteorological report of an' 
 " incontrovertible authority, in the latter city the ave- 
 
— 20 — 
 
 i 
 
 " rage temperature of January, the coldest month of 
 " the year, varies between nine and ten degrees, Centi- 
 " grade. These same reports show that the average for 
 " July, the warmest month in Canada, varies between 
 " twenty and twenty two degrees. 
 
 " The best proof of the salubrity of the climate is 
 " the quite exceptional vitality of the population of 
 " Canada in general, and the truly wonderful increase 
 " of the French race in particular." 
 
 Canada is for North America the country of the 
 future, for, before long, all the territory of the United 
 States will be inhabited. 
 
 The Washington government is already occupying 
 itself with immigration ; politicians of that country are 
 about taking steps to provide for the too great increase 
 of the population. Canada will then be the only country 
 in the temperate zone open to immigration. The great 
 fertility of its soil already causes the population of the 
 United States to cross the Canadian frontier. Since ten 
 years, a new province, Manitoba, has been established 
 in Canada and the district of Keewatin has just been 
 constituted, both of which have been taken from the 
 North West territory. The population of the former 
 is increasing wonderfully. kh 
 
 • From the point of view of commercial geography, 
 
 the importance of Canada cannot be denied. Before 
 fifteen years, the prairies of the North West will be the 
 granary of the world. 
 
 Phosphate of lime, which is found in large quan- 
 tities in Canada, is destined to effect as much good as 
 that formerly produced by the guano of Peru, and 
 lands containing these mines are granted on very 
 favorable terms by the Quebec Government. Our 
 

 .•:>.-• 
 
 — 21 — 
 
 woods for joiner's work, cabinet-work, ship-building, 
 that used for railway ties, spools, match-boxes, toys 
 and furniture are inexhaustible. With us, bird's eye 
 maple {acer spicatuni) is used as fuel. 
 
 The fisheries of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence 
 are of considerable importance. Whales, porpoises and 
 seals are found there. Cod, mackerel, sardines, trout, 
 salmon, maskinonge, sturgeon, smelts, halibut, bar, eels, 
 shad, pike, pickerel, touradi or white salmon, the most 
 delicate fish, several of which are altogether unknown 
 in Europe, are plentiful in the St. Lawrence or its tribu- 
 taries. 
 
 In some parts of the Gulf, I have seen lobsters sold 
 for two and a half francs a hundred. There are also to 
 be found about fifteen kinds of delicious oysters, which 
 are unknown to European epicures. 
 
 To those who would wish to enter into commer- 
 cial relations with Canada, we offer our wheat, peas, 
 oats, barley and maize, our wool, leather, hemp, copper, 
 wood, mineral waters, phosphates, our meat, fish and 
 game, our live cattle, fish-oils, our horses, which are of 
 excellent breeds, our tan-bark, our agricultural imple- 
 ments, which have been awarded prizes at all Interna- 
 tional Exhibitions. 
 
 V - To travellers ana tourists who love the beautiful, 
 who wish to study nature, who seek health, amusement, 
 and rest, we promise a beautiful, vast and picturesque 
 country, a pleasant life in the midst of an industrious, 
 honest and hospitable population. 
 
 This is all that a few minutes chat permit me to 
 tell you of a country which contains in the northern 
 part of America, the vanguard of the Latin race. It is 
 open to all who are fond of labor, integrity, the spirit of 
 
Ul I 
 
 22 
 
 enteq3rise and safe investments. It remains for you, 
 gentlemen, to make this known to your friends and I 
 beg to thank the distinguished personages who sur- 
 round me, for the marks of their approval which they 
 have just given and for their kind attention, i vu i 
 
 '•.>«im. ,bo'3 .;>;r.)fb-bauo4 lAii, •i^.iji.i;- 
 
 :,.i.,- ,.;.:.h. ..;.•.:; ./ '- it'. ,^;^»'<,>: ni.Jat^tfT ,,rjp.Jillto<: 
 
 n" ■'• ' ^ ' . , .■ . . 
 
 These details, incomplete as they are, for I only 
 had a few hours to prepare, are entered in the proceed- 
 ings of the Congress of Venice. .. ,~. ..,.,,,; v. ^ 5 . 
 <.■; I now leave Count Viola to speak. He was kind 
 enough to send me, for transmission to you, the follow- 
 ing memorial ; which will tell you in warm and heartfelt 
 terms the part played by Canada, and particularly the 
 province of Quebec, at this International Exhibition. , 
 
 .1.:* 
 
 '•ri?-irf)i li.-i IK) li ;.....;.,.. w>.) J -ndn^j rim' ,iby::'i<i .'?t•^l•■,i■^5A^ 
 -r,{rvjj,i'.\ Jif- ii^k'-i.ii.':^u hjlrtfrmi uini4^:f^%0 ibU':>f .•■;i'Jfti»m 
 
 '^.J.i,, .y>m nfi-K,7 M^^I'lu jAi^Jj^jCfi/f yfl) ,- ;i'< vjjfiA .}<.> ^lui 
 
 'f4''WKl«i.K'j:»'-i'J 
 
 i« <\I iL'-.^J. 
 
 xme.'—" 
 
23 — 
 
 >u, 
 
 I 
 
 r- 
 }' 
 
 
 Sir, 
 
 To THE Honorable E. T. Paquet, ' '"" *M«m briijjfcfl 
 :;. ,, ' Provincial Secretary,' ,'t!iifv?id ".Kia 
 
 Of the Province ofO'iiebec. 
 
 Having had the honor of representirig the' Province 
 of Quebec at the International Exhibition of Geogra- 
 phy at Venice, I can assure you that, if the Quebec 
 section reached only the second rank as to the number 
 of its exhibits, it certainly was not second in the impor- 
 tance of and the interest taken in its collections, its 
 reports, its geographical and geological maps. 
 
 In this report which I have the honor to send you, 
 I will endeavor to show, you the results obtained by 
 Quebec at this geographical exhibition. Before com- 
 mencing, I beg you to be Indulgent with respect to the 
 style of this report. I am obliged to write you in a 
 language which Is not mv own. ,' ' , ., 
 
 ' ■■ : "*■ " Volgami il luii;;o studio e il grande amore, " . i ^ i ■ ' 
 
 as said our great poet.' r>- i. ..'^.: /^....^ .. i... / v 
 
 y Permit me to brielly recall our preliminary labors. 
 The Province of Quebec having been officially in- 
 vited by the Consul General of Italy, residing in Mon- 
 treal, appointed a local commission to prepare the Cana- 
 dian Exhibit, consisting of Mr. Eugene Tache and Mr. 
 Faucher de St. Maurice, by order In council bearing 
 date the sixth of May i88i, and on the same day, I had 
 the honor of being ai)pointed your Commissioner at 
 
 Venice. :■> (ii •;<n' .!■ :;•■»'• H':''' '-' t '•"! 'V ; \'T,:ii-r:~'tt -^u'l 
 
 Twenty one countries took part in the Interna-' 
 tlonal Geographical exhibition : France, Austria, Hun- 
 gary, Belgium, Brazil, Canada (Province of Quebec), 
 Chili, Egypt, Germany, Japan, Greece, England, Italy, 
 
— 24 — 
 
 Holland and Its Colonies, the Argentine Republic, Rus- 
 sia, Spain, the United States of America, Sweden, 
 Switzerland, Venezuela and the European Commission 
 of the Danube. 
 
 I consider it my duty to here state that the com- 
 paratively short time, the impossibity, owing to distance, 
 of establishing rapid communication between the local 
 committee in Quebec and your commissioner in Venice, 
 prevented your province from exhibiting as great 
 a variety as it might have done. Nevertheless, I must 
 congratulate my colleagues, Mr. Eugene Tache and 
 Mr. Faucherde Saint-Maurice,for the excellent selection 
 of the articles they sent over. 
 
 Both from a scientific and Trom a commercial point 
 of view, the exhibit of the Province of Quebec gave 
 very important information. Every one here was 
 struck with the perfection of your geological studies, 
 the excellence of your administrative, economical, com- 
 mercial and statistical works. 
 
 Quebec was, moreover, made conspicuous by its 
 historical studies, the progress m.ade in its elementary 
 instruction and by certain books of travel. Of the 
 eight classes composing the exhibition, I can assure 
 you that the Quebec Section honorably distinguished 
 itself in five. ■': ' ' ' 
 
 Geology is a science around which many others 
 group themselves. With the assistance of physical 
 meteorological, botanical and geological geography it 
 was destined to hold a high place at the International 
 Exhibition of Venice. By its reports on geological 
 studies, by the works published in Canada from 1 842 
 to 1869, illustrated by the quite recent maps of New- 
 Brunswick, the other geological and geognostical maps 
 
'. / 
 
 — 25 — 
 
 and charts, your country took the lead at tl^e Exhibi- 
 tion. I am happy to bear testimony to the superiority 
 of these works, not only for their intrinsic value, but as 
 studies, compared with those exhibited by other 
 countries. The labors of the geological survey of 
 Canada have shown us the importance which your 
 scientific men attach to Geology, Paleontology and 
 Mineralogy. Its explorations have covered an im- 
 mense extent of territory, and its labors extend from 
 one ocean on the East to another on, the West, The 
 profiles which the geological survey of Canada has 
 made of your mining lands, can, by the results 
 obtained, compare favorably with the most complete 
 works of the kind just concluded by the French body 
 of mining engineers and K K Geologichan Reichanstadt 
 of Vienna. We are indebted to your Canadian Geolo- 
 gists for the discovery of several new formations and 
 more especially for the completion of those between 
 the Paleozoics. All the scientific men who were present 
 at the Exhibition, unite in congratulating Canada upon 
 the rapid and unmistakeable progress it has imparted 
 to Geology ; they recognize the energy, tact and perse- 
 verance with which your public men have encouraged 
 this science from the beginning and they applaud the 
 intelligent and practical efforts made by your young 
 country, in acquiring a knowledge of its territory. 
 
 I beg also to ca^l attention to the remarkable and 
 rapid development of your mineralogical and paleonto- * 
 logical collections. The former now consist of 2,479 
 specimens, divided into twenty eight groups. The latter 
 which in 1863 comprised 1500 species had in 1879 
 reached the number of 7,000. We are also indebted 
 to the Geofogical Survey of Canada for improvements 
 
— 26 
 
 ;: ! 
 
 and remarkable d;i?.nges in the coloring of geological 
 charts. I ^ould especially mention the di-bianco 
 reserves, (i) 
 
 The last geological Congress, held at Bologna in 
 October 1881, had the honor of adopting your system. 
 
 The specimens of phosphate of lime from the 
 Ottawa district were much noticed here in the minerfio- 
 logical exhibition. Every one knows how importan"; this 
 mineral is in agriculture. We have none at all. I even 
 think it is very rare in Europe, except in Spain. The 
 specimens sent by Quebec, were, with your per- 
 mission, distributed amongst the Italian museums, 
 schools of agriculture, commercial schools and acade- 
 mies. May the Italian Engineers, who intend to work 
 our mines, carefully study the specimens of phosphate 
 of lime ! He who will be fortunate enough to 
 discover some in Italy, will endow his country with the 
 greatest source of wealth. 
 
 A very distinguished scientist here who analysed 
 the phosphate from Ottawa county, found in it a large 
 proportion of aluminium. He called it phosphate of 
 alummium. " ^ ' 
 
 The Quebec section may also flatter itself upon have 
 obtained the greatest success with its specimens of 
 -woods. It was, I have not the slightest hesitation in 
 saying, absolutely and comparatively the most com- 
 plete and important ever seen in the Royal Palace of 
 .Venice. 
 
 Japan and Hungary also exhibited collections of 
 
 woods. That of Japan was particularly noticeable for 
 its elegance. The Japanese revels in details and with him 
 all labor must overcome some obstacle. Consequently, 
 
 ■(i) Italian words applied to the white lines shewn in the geological colors of the New 
 Brunswick charXs. 
 
 ..TST 
 
 ^mOI 
 
27 — 
 
 that section had an artistic appearance about it, but it 
 was not sufficiently complete to give an idea of the 
 forest resources of Japan. 
 
 -'• That of Hungary more properly belonged to 
 botanical geography. It was particularly behind the 
 Canadian collection, which contained wood for architec- 
 ture, ship-building, railways and the commonest as 
 well as the richest of cabinet work. '' ;'" 
 
 The varied colors of this collection, the difference 
 in specific gravities were particularly admired. 
 
 The button-wood {platanus occidentalis) , red oak 
 {guercus rubra), common poplar {populus tremtiloides), 
 white spruce {albies alba), mountain maple {acer spica- 
 him), red pine {pinus resinosa), bass-wood {tilia ame- 
 ricand), beech {fagus ferrtiginea) , red cedar {juniperus 
 virginiana), are all greatly used by us in cabinet-making. 
 These woods come to us from Cadora in Venitia and 
 from I stria. We also get them from Egypt and the 
 East while our cabinet-makers get from America the 
 walnut ijuglans nigra), maple {acer saccha7'inuni), pine 
 {pinus silvestris), red oak {quercus rubra), &c., &c. 
 
 I requested Mr. Faucher de Saint- Maurice to be 
 good enough to send me the most detailed information; 
 upon the timber trade of Canada. r ' ■ ""■;■'? ' 
 
 I may be mistaken, but I think that in the near 
 future, this trade may be greatly increased with Europe. 
 Our forests are exhausted by the enormous quantities 
 of wood required by railways, either for building 
 them or keeping them in order. 
 
 The general use of steam-engines has rendered 
 fuel scarcer. There is a much greater demand for it 
 now than formerly, especially in Italy, where we are 
 obliged to import coal. The vast wealth of the Can- 
 
- 28 
 
 adian forests cannot be brought to market as rapidly as It 
 might, owing to want of transport. When the great rail- 
 ways ordered by the House of Commons and the pro- 
 vincial legislature, will be completed, you will be in a 
 position to compete strongly with the other timber 
 supplying countries and you may perhaps secure the 
 monopoly of this trade. 
 
 The importation of some kinds, which come in large 
 quantities from Canada, has already attracted the atten- 
 tion of the Italian market ; but in order to be in a posi- 
 tion to form a correct opinion upon this important subject, 
 of which Mr. Faucher de Saint-Maurice spoke to me, I 
 have still much information to get, as well as to ascer- 
 tain, above all, the value of various products in 
 Canadian loading ports, the absolute and comparative 
 value of such and such product, its properties, and the 
 system of weights. I Avould also have to study the 
 anology between your products and ours, i-hr-^l ('<■■' 
 ■ If such studies would be of any use to your 
 g-overnment or to any of the Boards of Trade of your 
 country, I would undertake them with pleasure and I 
 place myself at your disposal. 
 
 Maps and plans, I need not say, were the chief 
 feature of the Geographical Exhibition of Venice. 
 
 The Province of Quebec was represented by nine. 
 
 I. Map of the Province of Quebec showing the 
 Crown Lands. 
 
 II. Map of the Province of Quebec, showing the 
 lands conceded up to date and th^^ covered by^^timber 
 licenses. r . , ■ . , •; . . ■■ ^ ' .,"^^ 
 
 III. Map of the Province of Quebec, showing- the 
 mineral deposits thrown open to trade. .,..•( -,j--r. ,, , 
 
 , •-> IV. Map of the Province of Quebec, showiiio- the 
 
 IX.'.'' 
 
- 29 - 
 
 raihvays in operation, under construction and projected. 
 , These first four maps were drawn in the Depart- 
 ment of Crown Lands under the direction of Mr- 
 Eugene Tache. .•■:^^A,.^^.,..A,rv v.^Kv^r ».* f^H^drljC' 
 V. Sectional map.of tne Eastern Townships..',.- . .. 
 .r.;.,jy\T. Sectional map of Lake St. John District.^j^.., 
 
 VIL Cadastral plan of the dty of Quebec. .,^ j.,.. 
 1^^ ,^ VIIL Map of the Lower Laurentian Railway. 
 ]- IX. Old map of New France by Mr. Genest. 
 
 I think. Sir, that some details on this exhibition of 
 maps, which was very fine, may be of interest to the 
 govern m«.nt of the Province o( Quebec, 
 
 The Italian section was anxious to unite every- 
 thing relating to the history of Its cartography. It con- 
 tained everything, from the planisphere drawn by Fra- 
 JVIauro (i) as well as the charts of the seaports which 
 preceded or followed it, to the grand military map of 
 the Topographical Institute of Florence. 
 
 Switzerland also gave a history of its cartography, 
 and so did most of the other countries. France exhibited 
 the map of its general profile, divided into six plates on a 
 scale of 1,800,000. The differences in level of the sdil 
 were indicated by the curves of the level, traced 
 •every hundred metres. Switzerland also exhibited a 
 topographical map on a scale o{ 1,050,000; the level of 
 the soil was indicated by regular curves every ten 
 metres. This spendid work contained about 950 plates. 
 The Military Topographical Institute of Florence, 
 "which had just completed the ^eodesical study of the 
 southern part of Italy, sent us the results, in the shape 
 
 (1) Fra-Mauro lived in ihe fifteenth century. This famous plawlspbere »a« fi rushed in 
 «jf59 at St. Micliaels, ia tiw isliUKl of Muroav, ■near VMSivioc. 
 
_ 30 — 
 
 of a photo-Ii'thographed map on a scale of 1,000,000 
 and containing" 277 plates. 
 
 The Geographical and Statistical Institute of Spain 
 exhibited La Mapa Topographica de Espagna on a 
 scale of 1,050,003. The levels were indicated, at every 
 twenty metres, by horizontal curved lines and at every 
 ten metres by intermediate dotted lines. 
 
 The Belgian Military Topographical Institute had 
 maps draw on a scale of 1,040,000, 1,020,000 and 
 1 .000,000. These were marvels of accuracy and were 
 colored by the photozincographic process. 
 
 It must not be forgotten that the majority of these 
 very detailed studies only relate to regions of limited 
 extent and that these different works, conducted very 
 slowly, are the result of the united efforts of a great 
 many scientific institutions. It is no wonder, therefore,, 
 if Canada, confining its efforts to acquiring in a short 
 time, a knowledge of its immense territory did not 
 produce at the exhibition topographical works, as mi- 
 nute in their details as those of other countries. Never- 
 theless, the jury was of opinion that the Province of 
 Quebec has extensively carried out its topographical 
 work, in the interest of economy, agriculture, commerce 
 
 and StatlStlCSyir'.tii, .-J^.i: .Ai. vr ,tVV •■'•.' \V ; 
 
 The nine maps, as well as the reports of the 
 public Departments which it sent to the Venice exhi- 
 bition, amply proved this to the satisfaction of all. 
 
 It is not within the b'mits of a report such as this, that 
 I can give the results #of the careful examination we 
 made of the Departmental Reports of the Province of 
 Quebec and the statistical works of the Government of 
 the Dominion. ' 
 
 We deeply regretted that we were unable to have, at 
 
— 31 — 
 
 our exhibition, the results of your last census, but we 
 could admire that of 187 1 and it is beyond a doubt that 
 the statistics it contains are worthy of the highest praise. 
 
 Canada may well be proud of its Statistical Bureaus ; 
 it may also be proud of the increase of its population. 
 
 Such an increase is always an evidence of the pros- 
 perity of the country, so that the results given by the 
 last census are a happy omen, ; r S. '^ 
 
 ■ The population of Canada which, in 1871 was com- 
 posed of 3,718,747 inhabitants, is now 4,350,933 ; which 
 makes an increase in ten years of 632,188 inhabitants 
 
 or 1 7 per cent. *-,->;..- „i ,.^.. ■„,,: ^,j. ,i:^,i;r ■;..;f:..-..,- . 
 
 A very valuable work, bearing the modest title of 
 Notes sur le Canada, was much admired at the Exhibi- 
 tion. " Read M. Paul de Cazes book," said a friend to 
 me quite recently, "and you will become perfectly 
 acquainted with the Canadian Confederation." 
 
 In fact, M. de Cazes' work gives very valuable 
 information upon your country. It is a safe guide for 
 those who wish to st idy Canada or enter into commercial 
 relations with it and I think it would be a wise policy 
 to make it better known abroad. 
 
 We were all struck with the clear, ample informa- 
 tion contained of the Departmental Reports of the 
 Province of Quebec and of the Dominion. Those 
 which relate to Education and Agriculture show the 
 progress they have made ; and we, at once, made our- 
 ' selves acquainted with the cultivation of new products, 
 the ever increasing settlement of your lands, and the 
 working of your forests, mines and fisheries. Your 
 Customs' tables show that the exports and imports 
 are becoming equalized and the maritime movement in 
 your ports places your marine amongst the first ranks. 
 
 ..:, ,•-■.-■., 
 
3^ 
 
 Tn ohe (if these reports, I see that the production 
 of beet root siig-ar and the cultivation of the vine in 
 Canada are spoken of. I need not tell you that, with us, 
 beet sug^ar has almost entirely superseded colonial 
 sug-ar. To day the former product rules the European 
 Market. 
 
 France, Germany, some parts of the Austrian 
 Confederacy, etc., manufacture It in large quantities,, 
 while colonial sugar, which was once a monopoly of Hol- 
 land, is only used for special purposes, I am happy to 
 notice that Canadian farmers are taking an interest in 
 a product, which has not yet become general in the 
 New World. This industry is destined to give em- 
 ployment to a considerable number of persons and 
 realize larg-e profits. ' •- " "'' 
 
 1 am also delighted to see that the vine is being- 
 cultivated in Canada. The satisfactory results which 
 it has given, prove that your soil and climate are favo- 
 rable to its growth and the Governmeht cannot give 
 too much encourag^ement to this patriotic work. The 
 wines of the United States are beginning to be known 
 in Europe and why should not Canadian wines become 
 known also ? The phylloxera and various other diseases 
 of the vine decimate our vine- yards in Europe, Even 
 here iii Italy, we have the pellagray a direful disease 
 which ruins our agricultural classes and increases the 
 number of the inmates in our penitentiaries and lunatic 
 asylums. T\\e pellagra has spread to a terrible extent 
 since the day when the crittogama ravaged our vine- 
 yards and a considerable portion of our rural population 
 has been compelled to give up using wine. Insufficiency 
 of food which is, with us, thechief cause of the /^r/Z^gra;. 
 found *a powerful auxiliary in the use of a diseased 
 

 wine which no longer assisted digestion and impover- 
 ished the blood of persons whose strength was already 
 exhausted by labor. 
 
 As one of our Italian songs says : ' 
 
 L aqua fa male 
 II vmo fa cantare. 
 
 Your agricultural, your forest and mineral wealth, 
 your fisheries, your new industries, can but be deve- 
 lopped and become known by increased facilities for 
 transport and communication. 
 
 The jury notice, with pleasure, the great extent of 
 the railway network which covers the territory of 
 Canada. Rapid locomotion is, without doubt, the most 
 important factor of production and commerce. Canada 
 seems convinced of this; and the International Geo- 
 graphical Congress of Venice notices with pleasure that 
 your country has commenced the building of a railway 
 which, starting from British Columbia, will cross the 
 vast territories of the West, pass by Montreal and 
 Quebec, where it will join the Intercolonial, unite the 
 Pacific with the Atlantic and thus place old Europe in 
 direct communication with the far East. The Canadian 
 Pacific Railway, joined to the Intercolonial by the North 
 Shore road, will, we are convinced, rank amongst the 
 most celebrated undertakings of the 19th centur}'. 
 
 The teaching of Geography occupied a prominent 
 position at the Venice Exhibition. It was represented 
 by works, instruments, maps, collections, &c. You have 
 no idea of the progress made in elementary Geogra- 
 phy since some years. Formerly Geography was 
 only taught mechanically in the Colleges. It was 
 studied more as a curiosity than as an absolute 
 necessity. Now it is ver>^ different. The child's work 
 is rendered easier by means of interesting books, of 
 
— j4 — 
 
 maps in relief and ingenious mechanisms. From what 
 we were enabled to see and observe at the Exhibition. 
 Russia is the country which has made the most remark- 
 able pro^Tess in elementary geoiiraphy. Its pedai^^oorical 
 museum was the most important of all those in the 
 Royal Palace of Venice. It contained a number of 
 elementary apparatus, each more curious than the other, 
 g-eooraphical toys for children, ethnog-ra^^hical albums. 
 &c., &c. 
 
 The advantage of this system o{ instruction was 
 shown by geographical maps, admirably executed by 
 the pupils. In this section were also to be found geo- 
 graphical machines intended to explain to the children 
 the movement of the stars, the planetary systems, the 
 rotatory movement of the earth and its movement 
 around its orbit. v ' ' ■.-..■.^v. »»-..,.. •• ..v.- ... .-> . 
 
 Hungary exhibited chromo-Iithographic plans, intend- 
 ed for attracting the attention of the children to celestial 
 and terrestrial phenomena. To understand this thor- 
 oughly it was sufficient to follow attentively the remarks 
 made by the professor. He described the plates, ex- 
 plained the phenomena which they represented thus 
 impressed the lesson much more easily on the minds 
 of his pupils. 
 
 Many illustrated books and narratives of travels 
 formed part of the seventh and eight classes. In the 
 Quebec Section a work which was particulariy admired . 
 was " The Geography and History of the British Colo- 
 nies," a splendid publication, illustrated with 72 engra- 
 vings and published in Montreal by Mr. Lovell. The 
 works of Mr. Faucher de Saint- Maurice appeared to 
 thejurytobe very remarkable and I consider them 
 very useful for seamen and students who wish to learn 
 
— 35 — 
 
 about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, its Islands antl the 
 Maritime Provinces of the Canadian Confederation. 
 The author is one of those who fofm that brave group 
 of travellers who have come from all parts to help us in 
 adding to the wealth of the International Exhibition of 
 Venice. Each one was careful to being his notes, and 
 relations of facts. Most of them had added articles 
 irleaned and collected in far distant and almost unknown 
 regions, maps of newly explored territories made accord- 
 ing to fairly correct observations, photographic views of 
 native habitations, savage huts, charming landscapes, 
 drawings from nature and collections of the fauna and 
 riora of the country visited. Thus we all had an oppor- 
 tunity of admiring the collection of the hardy Arctic 
 explorer Mr. Nordenskjold ; it was exhibited by Sweden 
 and was made up in a very intelligent manner. This tra- 
 veller had omitted nothing which could give one an idea 
 of the social and material life of the Esquimaux and 
 other races visited by the Fi^^a on her polar voyage. 
 By looking at this collection, one could at once get an 
 idea of the habits, occupations, and degree of civilization 
 of these mysterious inhabitants of the ice kingdom. , ., 
 ;;, The Egyptian exhibit was no less interesting than 
 that of Sweden. One remained struck with amazement 
 before the glass cases, containing swords, helmets, buck- 
 lers, kangiars, knives and rich dresses of the Dar Fur. 
 Arms, instruments, furniture, stuffs, ornaments, coin, 
 jewels, objects of art, idols of the savage tribes of Bahr-el- 
 Gazal, of Bahr-el-Gebel, Djour, Bongo, Niam-Niam, 
 Tiki-Tiki were spread out in profusion, while beside 
 them were seen the commercial products of these count- 
 ries, such as ivory, ostrich feathers, tiger, hippopotamus 
 and crocodile skins, products which are so sought after 
 
- 36 
 
 in Europe and which these tribes barter for pipes, glass- 
 beads, gun-powder and brandy. 
 
 • I have just gone rapidly over the classes of the 
 Venice Exhibition in which the Province of Quebec 
 appeared and I repeat, that notwithstanding the short 
 space of time in which it had to prepare, it made a very ' 
 creditable appearance. Nevertheless, I could not help 
 regretting, in Venice, the absence of certain collections 
 which I had so much admired during my stay in Canada : 
 The ethnographical museum of Laval University formed 
 by Doctor Jean Charles Tache, who has a great repu- 
 tation ; the botanic-al collection of the same University ; 
 certain series of the geological museum in Montreal, the 
 beautiful specimens of geology, ichthyology and orni- 
 thology which belong to Laval, to the Quebec Litte- 
 rary and Historical Society and to Mr. jT M. Lemoine 
 of Spencer Grange would have made a worthy 
 appearance at this International exhibition. 
 
 B> its presence here, by the success it has obtained 
 Quebec, like the other countries which participated in 
 the exhibition, proves the importance which should be 
 attached to geography. Are not the sciences its tribu- 
 taries ? and to-day, more than ever, man studies with 
 ardor, that great book which we call the Worid. 
 • My task is now performed, but before offering my 
 respectful homage, allow me to communicate the 
 d. -jisions of the International jury, respecting the share 
 which the Province of Quebec has taken in the Venice 
 exhibition. > .. -.•;,.,»., < ,>. > 
 
 The following prizes were placed at the disposal . 
 of the jury for distribution amongst exhibitors. ■< ■ 
 
 48 First class medals with diplomas; • .- >, 
 
 '■- 96 Second class medals with diplomas ; > :. 
 
— 37 — 
 
 M 44 ^^ip^o'^^.s of honor. 
 ^ At the last general meeting- of the International 
 Geographical Congress of Venice. Doctor George 
 Schweinfurth, read out, in solemn conclave, the names 
 of the fortunate exhibitors. '■'■ ^- ''»';;t .:-:^ < 
 
 The Canadian Section received th- following 
 awards. i, ' ' • -'''" ' " ^*'^' 
 
 - i . .! ,' 
 
 CLASS III. 
 
 , ^ 
 
 GEOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Letter of distinction to the Geological Commission of 
 
 Canada, 
 
 I'l'i-k '»'>'■ '•' 
 
 .•\ !,.;-..>, 
 
 CLASS IV. 
 
 FCONOMICAL, COMMERCIAL AND STA- 
 TISTICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 First class Diploma of honor to the Government of 
 the Province of Quebec, -'v rt;uic 
 
 U':. 
 
 CLASS VII. . -. - .;■.•;■ " .! 
 
 METHODOLOGY, TEACHING AND DIFEL-^ 
 SIGN OF GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Honorable mention to the Government of the Province 
 J ;i.' of Quebec. .•>.• - • - j- -. 
 
 CLASS VIII. .vKy:.u.! ':}g)^V 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND 
 
 TRAVELS. 
 
 Honorable mention to Mr. Fauchcr de Sainf.-Maurice. 
 
- 3S - 
 
 The official and complete list of the prizes, awarded 
 by the International jury of the Venice Exhibition, 
 was published in No, 1 1 oi^ the Diai'io which I have 
 the honor to send you with this report. . , ' ,. .,; ,. , . 
 
 As to the sending of the prizes, the Secretary 
 General of the Congress, Mr. Dala Vedova, writes me, 
 from Rome, that the diplomas are at Turin, awaiting 
 the signature of His Royal Highness the Duke of 
 Genoa. I will have the honor of forwardine them to 
 you during the course of next May. 
 
 My work is now concluded and I would be happy 
 if my feeble efforts had contributed to establish scien- 
 tific and commercial relations between your country 
 and mine. Canada is beginning to be knowm in the 
 scientific circles and business establishments of Italy. 
 The exhibition just held at Venice has a great deal to 
 do with this. I will be rewarded beyond all my expect- 
 ations if my modest report has the effect of drawing 
 closer together the commercial interests of my country 
 and that beloved Canada which has left such agreable 
 impressions on my mind, from my too short ;jtay amongst 
 the Canadians. . ' 
 
 . I particularly visited the city and Province of 
 Quebec where I received the warmest of welcomes. In 
 return, permit me to assure you that I will do all I can 
 in Italy to make your government, your instit\itions, 
 your products better known and to increase the pros- 
 perity of friends of whom I retain the pleasantest of 
 recollections. 
 
 Count Jean-Baptiste Viola, 
 
 Commissioner of the Province of Quebec 
 at the International Geographical Exli'.biiiou of Venice. 
 
 Venice, 3rd November 1881. 
 
 .^'^\ 
 
— 39 — 
 
 I tike the liberty of adding a few words to the very 
 flattering remarks contained in the report of His 
 Excellency, Count Viola, In this study, which is full of 
 sympathy for us, he points out the important part taken 
 by Quebec at the International Exhibition of Venice, 
 Our public instruction, our teaching of geography, the 
 reports of our various departments, our geological labors 
 attracted the attention of those who took part in this 
 scientific Congress, Canada and Quebec may well be 
 proud of the prizes which they gained. > "\ 
 
 A paper published under the name of Veneziacil 
 CoJigyesso, of which only one number was published, con- 
 tained an excellent article on our province. This short 
 study was from the graceful pen of your Commissioner 
 Count Viola. 
 
 What can I say of the boundless hospitality of the 
 city of the Doges ? 
 
 During fifteen days, Venice, in holiday aitire, with 
 its syndic Count Allighieri Dante at its head, welcomed 
 its guests from all quarters of the word. Balls, dinners, 
 regattas and senerades in gondolas, a royal gala night 
 at the Fenice, an official visit to the University of Padua, 
 a night concert on the Place of St. Mark, which was 
 illuminated by electricity, fire-works, conferences, visits 
 to churches, palaces, museums, arsenals, manufactures 
 of bronzes, mirrors, glass-work, horticultural exhibitions, 
 in fact everything that a rich, clever, artistic, amiable 
 and hospitable city could think of for pleasing its guests, 
 was placed at the disposal of the members of the 
 Concjress, 
 
 The leading merchants and bai^'kers of Venice are 
 disposed to open business relations with the Dominion 
 of Canada and particularly with the Pr)vinc'; ;)f Quebec. 
 
» 
 
 — 40. — 
 
 I had the honor of holding lengthy conversations with 
 some of them on the subject. The members of the 
 Board of Commerce and Arts of Venice did me the 
 honor of sending me interesting works on the statistics 
 of the navigation and commerce of the Adriatic. I 
 have sent them to the Library of the Legislature. Que- 
 bec. The Board of Commerce of Venice, is desirous 
 of openmg communications with the Board of Trade in 
 Canada, and one of its members, Mr. Councillor Euge- 
 nio Vio, kindly offered his services to give us all the 
 information we may require, with respect" to the Italian 
 Trade. Several merchants also expressed a wish to 
 have samples of our leather. If our hides, undressed 
 leather and sole leather suit, they may be the 
 object of a profitable trade between Quebec and Italy. 
 The same applies to our tan-bark extracts which would 
 find a ready sale there. White petroleum well refined our 
 prepared phosphates would also find a ready and pro- 
 fitable market. Many questions were asked as to the 
 quality of Canadian coal, and its advantages as compa- 
 red with other coal. Almost all the coal used in Italy 
 €omes from Styria. It is worth about 80 per cent of 
 the value of Glasgow coal. , 
 
 They are also anxious to know the prices, on 
 board, of our pork, wheat, barley and especially our 
 oats. For a return cargo we would have all the pro- 
 ducts of Italy such as fruits, oils and wines, amongst 
 which I may mention the celebrated Braganza vintage, 
 which IS as good and as dry as the best Xeres. The 
 owner of this celebrated vineyard told me that he could 
 sell this wine, bottled, packed and placed on board at 
 Genoa for 20 francs per dozen and 24 francs for the 
 best. . ' 
 
1. 
 
 — 41 — 
 
 Quebec has everything- to gain by making- itself 
 known abroad ; we have everything needed for success ; 
 everything which makes a country rich and prosperous. 
 During the International Congress, our province, while 
 showing itself deserving of prizes which more than one 
 country envied it, was praised for its exhibit by the Lon- 
 don Times, as well as by the leading papers of Italy, Aus- 
 trian, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Russia 
 and France. Among the latter I may mention Le Temps, 
 in which M. Levasseura member of the Institute and one 
 of the most illustrious fellows of the Geographical 
 Society of Paris, published an interesting- series of articles 
 on the Venice Exhibition, 
 
 Before concluding, permit me to call your attention 
 to the services rendered to the province, in connection 
 with this exhibition, by M. Eugene Tache, assistant- 
 Commissioner of Crown Lands, and Canadian Commis- 
 sioner for the Venice Exhibition ; Messrs. Ferdinand 
 Borsari, Alphonse Audinot, Doctor Count Braganza, 
 all members of the International jury for the Canadian 
 Section ; the members of the Board of Commerce of 
 Venice : MM. Eugcnio Vioand Ferrari. If the Quebec 
 exhibit met with such success at Venice, it is due to 
 thi'ir tact and to the judgment of the members of the 
 jury. I need not tell you of the zeal displayed by His 
 Excellency Count Viola; the interests of Quebec could 
 not be in better hands. Our representative at V(;nice 
 resided for some time in our capital. He knows our 
 country thoroughly and like all who have come here, 
 like the officers of the war-ships who honor us with 
 their visits, the members of the French Commission to 
 Yorktovvn whom we have had the pleasure of seing 
 recently, Coimt Viola has shown that he has not forgot- 
 
— 42 — 
 
 ten us. The memorial he has written you is a proof 
 of it. ■ 
 
 ■ Every member of the ConQ^ress was allowed to 
 speak his own language, but I am happy to be able to 
 tell you that the real language of the International 
 Geographical Exhibition of Venice, was French. 
 
 I remain, with the greatest respect, your obedient 
 servant; • ■ ,, ' ■ 'v,"- ,,ri!';;:i!:;U .^iru -^ ^i/'-.tt: 
 
 . ,,,,, ^ ;.. Fauciier dk Sakt- Maurice 
 
 ... ■ , ^ ^^oi'ii'i'^sioiier for the Province of Quebec, 
 
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