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Thia Itwn la f ilmad at tha raductlon ratio chackad balow / Ca documant aat fllin4 au taux da rMuction Indiqu* cl-daaaoua. lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x / 12x 16x 20x 24x 2te 32x Thtt eepv filmad h«r« has b««n raprodueMi thanks to ttia aanaroaity of: Library, 0«olo|iMl Survty of Canada qualitv la«iWlity ttM Tha ima«aa appaarin« hara ara tha poaaibia eonaidaring tha condition of tha original copy and in Icaaping filming eontraet spaeifleatfona. Original copiaa in printad papar covors ara filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tho laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- •ion, or tha bacii covar whan app r opri a ta. Ail othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- aion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraaaion. Tha laat raeordad frama on aach microfieha shall contain tha symbol — » (moaning "CON< TINUeO"). or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar appiiaa. Mapa. plataa. charts, ate., may ba filmad at diffaram raduction ratioa. Thosa too iarga to ba sntiraly Ineiudad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand comar. laft to right and top to bonom. aa many framaa as raquirad. Tha following diagrama illustrata tha mathod: L'axampiaira flimd fut raproduit griea A la g«n«ro8itA da: BibliothAqua. Commi*heetM referred to l>eing now printed, it is proposed to publish theut «ccoii panicd by a short report on the surface geology, economic n.riidrari*' f'lm^ growth, etc., which f hall lje, for the most part, supple- nifntarv he oii< i.s8ued in 1884. In currying out this investigation r'li^iructeculiar characters of the different specif-^ ot growing in the region were also asc./tained and noted. On the ett:.! ide of the St. John riv«r new settlements have been opene on le iimp. A cunKUlrrittile btidy of new d*U hitH txwii obtAined in tlie srmi, which will !*« dctuiltHl in the following pAgeii. My •MiitiinU in th<* Hnlii wpre Mr. \V, J. Wili«b<>rt time in lo98 and IM*9, and Mr. L. i'. Hilvcr, of KinHiton, Unt., fur four months of tlie latter luiiMon. PIIYRIUIiHAI'liV. The rpuion pmliraced in thn two ]-shei-t mapi undiT pxaniinatio* may U; oiiaractnrized an undulating with a gradually anvendinif iiurf from the Carlwniferfmn plain north- west ward to the tSouth-w^ Mirtimichi ami the I'pper Tohiquc waters, or the interior highlands Tu|iii|trii|ilii(!nl of New 1 'ihswiok. Three principal to|)OKraphieal divisiiunN may tli'vuiiii'"" ' ^ »\)H'r\'i within the rej{ion, eiich with distinct physical featuri-M of its own. These may be briefly detcrilted as follows: — First, the Middle Carl)oniferouH or sandstone area whioli is for the roost part, level and underlain with rocks in a neu.iy horizontal attitude. In the valleys of the St. John and Oromocto rivers this area is not more than from 50 to 100 feet above the level of the sea, but it rises gently towards the north-west margin where it attains a height of 60ent tth the north-west margin of the gray sandstones. Generally speaking these rocks are higher than the jjray sandstones. Erupt've masses protrude in them forming ridges and iiills from 500 1,0 lO feet in height above the sea. McLeod and Clarke mount. east of the i::t. John and ISald mountain, Harvey hill am' others \ .sl of this river are the most conspicuous, and are intiusi^o iu or near these Carl)oniferous belts. Along ^he south-east margi) '•* the ,r;ray sandstones described, another band of Lo«r C> ' Imniferou. i;c urs in which several ridgesand hills were aho noted. ■•! surface ot ibe country occupied by the la.st mentioned formation is generally uneven and broken, but the soil is Lower usually fertile. The areas of Lower Carboniferous rocks in the out'lieri'' "'"" B«<^c»gf*n>ic and Tobi(|ue valleys exhibit surface features which are less diversified than those in the localities Just describe*!, but at the northern limits of the latter the Blue mov itains rise upwards of 1,720 feet above the sea — a prominent mass of eruptive rocks. The third area which presents a different topography and has a dif- ferent elevation from those above referre be charactvrittHl ax rolling, HioukIi M'timex ii^in;; ; .1., ii<<0,'t nnd mountaim. The nvcruKB heiuht, in ami rirar tlio Kl. v .ii.m. ,.i. Johp v»ll««y and west o( It. In from 4<^- to .'iiK) fpcl, Iml ti.wrtrtU the p.)rth »nil iiorth-patt it U fn»in "00 U> l,(»00 tWt or iiioip. The nuwt notpworthjr of the hiifher ••li!vatii>n» am llainnvilU- ritl|{P. Mowlaiul riil((«', Pole hill, liolden ridgp, Kincanlinn anil I'.ircli iiiirrin){ ton hill, Carroll and l'oci,wn;{aruiH ridKos and Oak mountain <>ii tlin wi'Ht. The MiiU over a lnr;{i' part of thit art-n arc ^oml. Traversing thin area in a northeast 'nd wmtliwist direi tion arc 'i .mt. ("-K". widf iM'lts of Krinitf and pre Cambrian i icks which usually ha»f a Hrenter elevation than tho formations on either fide. Hill.s and rid),'ps, lak« iwixinn, Imulder strewn moraini'!*, and a coai <• utony noil are the prevailing characteristics of these granite »rea». The country through which they extend in moittly in a forest clad, wilderm-ss condition ami unfit for settlement. The m>rthprn part of the region emhraciMl in the two map itheets in larijely (K-cupieiitfs river, the actual range of the tides was found to be IG inches, and at 8pringhill 52 inches. The height of spring tides in St. .fohn harbour al)ovc low water mark is 27 tVet and of neap tides 22 feet. Prof. DufiF's tables are independent of any ilatuni related to the tides of the Hay of Fundy, however, so that the height and attitude of the tidal waters in the St. John river have no refercnct^ to mean sea level or to the tidal survey bench-mark at St. John harliour. Moi-eover, the tidal range in the river will probably Ik; found to differ in differ- ent seasons, and at the same season in ilifferent years, as it depends on variable conditions, such as the quantity of fresh water in the river at the time, or the tidal r.iiigo in St. John harbour or the Bay of Fundy. Until the St. John river is levelled from the mouth to Fred- ericton or Springhill with r.'ference to mean tide or the liench-mark mentioned, our observations must be regarded as merely approximate. The discharge of the waters of the St. John ovei- the falls at the Kails ^it the mouth is considerably greater than the inflow, notwithstanding, that st. .John. the barrier is approximately at half tide level. The peculiarity of these falls is that at ebb tides there is a llow from the river over the barrier into the harbour, while at high water the tides from the har- bour flow over it up river. Tlie following information in reference to the time and duration of the llow and ebb is given with the Tide Tables for St. .Tohn harbour : ' '"'•e falls are level, or it is still water at about three hours and a half on the tlixxl, and about two and a half on the ebb. Much depends on the floods in the St. John river and the time of high water or full sea, which is often hastened by high southerly winds. ' Between every two high tides therefore the flow over the falls outwards busts on an average fully seven hour.s, while the inflow lasts only about five hours. At neap tides the inflow is less, the time being .shorter than at spring tides, and the outflow is corre- spondingly greater. It is during the low autumn level of the river Tiilal that the tidal fluctuations are most marked, the Inflow then being th.. .st, .luhn at its ma.xiuium as compared with the outflow. Occ.isionally at the ''^'"■'■y' time of spring and fall flootis in the St. John river, on the contrary, the inflow is scarcely perceptible, or is not ob.served at)ove (iagetown, fifty miles up river. Instances are, indeed, known when the river floods reach such a height as to cheek or swallow up the tidal inflow lis is ' ^11 ♦Hullftiii X:»t. Hi.st. Soc. of N. 15., No. .\V., isy;, |,p. «5-«i. til 10 M NEW BRUNSWICK -M Non-tidal nflcillati(>iii4 of the St. Jiihn river. LevelliiigB at certain [Hunts ahing tlie river. Inclination of the river in the tid.il (Kirtion. altogether. The river then pours out a current through the gorge at the falls incessantly during the twenty-four hours until its waters subside. But there are other conditions which have to be taken into account in regard to the tidal waters of the St. John and one of these is the oscillation of the nontidal portion above Springhill. In the year 1898 the writer in determining altitudes in the counties of York and Sun- bury above the river level observed some facts which made it doubtful whether high tides in the St. John river were at the same level as the same high tide in St. John harbour. To test this question was a diffi- cult matter, owing to the want of levels or benchmarks along the river. At certain points however the Canadian Pacific railway was found to approach it, and on levelling from the stations at high tide.>i, the following data were obtained which may be regarded as at least, approximately correct, showing the height of the river as compared with that of the same tide at high water in St. John harlwur :— At Westfield Beach, eighteen miles up river, or fourteen by rail, high tide on October 14, 1898. was found to be 660 feet lower than in the har- bour mentioned. At the railway bridge, Fredericton, it was 1-77 feet lower than its initial tide at the same harbour. Levellings at Fairville between the Canadian Pacific railway station and high tide in the St. John river: also at Rothesay between the Intercolonial railway and the Kennebeckasis, show the tidal waters at these places to be lower than the same high tides in St. John harbour. The figures are, how- ever, subject to correction, being based only on railway levels. ■^he facts regarding the seasonal fluctuations of the St. John from the falls at the moui ti to Springhill show that except for a few miles above Indiantown, perhaps as far as the Long Beach, the gene- ral rise and fall of the river are dependent, not on the tidal flow, but on the rise and fall of the non-tidal part above Springhill, that is, upon the meteorological conditions which afiiect alike the rivers and lakes of the province. When the non-tidal part rises the tidal part rises, and when it subsides so also does the latter. The few inches of tidal waters which flow and ebb have but little effect on its general fluctua- tions. Further, the above data go to show that the waters of the St. John tidal basin between the mouth of the river and Springhill are not level, but have a gentle inclination even at their lowest stages in autumn from tide head towards the Bay of F-.ndy. Owing to the fact that the outflow is so much greater tb^n the inflow, there is a lowering of the waters during the summer months to a level, for the most part, below that of high tides in the St, John harlwur, as shown t-\. RIVER8 AND LARES II M by the measureinentH at Fredericton, Westfield Boach and Fairvillc, recorded on a former pa^'e, and this is never more than partially com- pensated by the inflowing tides. The wiiters of the great liiiain of the lower part of this river, cit' which Grand and Washadamoak lakes are aliout the centre, seem to be in a ^state of c(mtinual oscillation, (ienerally speaking, their level Av.niftelivpl ranges between the high tide and mean tide levels of the Bay of l.,t«';'irj! ' " '" Fundy throughout 'he greater part of tlio year. In the spring and fall seasons, however, the volume of water poured into this basin from the flooded rivers alxive is so much greater than can escape through the narrow gorge at the mouth that there is a general rise of the waters throughout its whole extent, occasionally reaching such a height that it overflows the spring tides seeking ingress over the falls at the mouth. During the low summer and autumn level of the St. John, when the waters of the lower part of the basin are, at ebb tides, nearly at niean sea level, the flood tides from the harbour rush in through the narrow goi-ge at the falls with great rapidity, partially tilling the basin for some distance up river, but how far has not been ascertained. Before the basin can be filled, however, the ebb tides set in. At the maximum and before the title turns, a hydrographic depres- llyilniK^tiiihic sion would seem to be produced at some point above Indiantowii, prob- ' '''"''■'"''""• ably at Grand Bay. Beyond this point the inflowing tides have to move up river on a slightly ascending surface, and must be largely of the nature of an undulation or series of undulations. How long, geologically speaking, have the existing estuarine con- ditions of the St. John prevailed 1 To answer this question we have to go back to the b«'ginning of the Recent period. At that time the ^yii'" 'I"' land would seem to ha\ e stood sHglitly above its present level and one |!ay of Kimdy or more drift dams near the mouth held in its waters above the tidal fhr's" Julin flow. In that part of the St. John valley which is now tidal, a great ••-luary. lake then existed and occupied the basins of Grand and Washadamoak lakes and the Kennebeckasis valley, to which reference is made in a previous report.* Terraces and shore-lines were observed in a gieat number of places at heights of 80 to 100 feet above the sea. For this r.aki' .Ve.-uli.-i. body of water I propose the name Lake Acadia. Cora[ilete details regarding its .Imits are still lacking, and I await an opportunity of obtaining these in order to map this lake. Its waters seem to have been fiesh until the barrier at the mouth of the St. .fohn was enxled and the land underwent a slight subsidence. Then the sea invaded the lower part of the river valley and the existing tidal oscillations commenced. * Ani.aal Keixirt, tJcil. .Surv. Can., Vol. IV., (X.S.) 18M<-8il, pp. 5? 5« N. 12 u NEW DHUNSWICK The South' wcat Mirunii- cfai. B<-ccaguii>i rivw. The South-west MiraniLhi in also an old river, hut only the upper part lies withii: the arra of the Amlover sheet. A remarkable feature of this river is that it now partially drains a district the waters of which were once very probably tributary to the 8t. John, that is to say, the upper part of this river, al)Ov« the junction of the north and south branches may ha\e been drained intc the .St. John by the N-uh- waalc or its tributary the Xapudogan. The wide granite area at the county lino between Carleton and York wa-s at that time proliubly the watershed between the St. John and Miraiiiiclii waters here. Crustal movements and the denudation of this granite area seem to ha%'e afterwards diverted the waters of these branches, originally forming part of the Nashwaak, into the 8t)uth-west Mirauiichi. The north branch ot the Beccaguimic river has a singularly tortuous course, the origin of which is dilhcult to explain, unless we suppose that a part of its waters at one timt; (lowed along the present valley in a reverse direction to what they do now, and thence into the Naca- wicac river. Another liypothesis, however, is tiiat the area now occu- pied by Carboniferous rocks here was, for some time, a basin or sink into which several streams discharged, forming a lake, and subsequently on the upheaval of the district the existing diainage lines were inau- TheTobiqiu' gurated. The Tobitjue river likewise exhibits some peculiar physical '"*■"■ features. A large outlier of I..ower Carboniferous rocks also exists in the valley of this river, the lower border of which is only seven or ei<.'ht miles from the St. John river. These rocks like those of Uecca- guimic have originally been laid down in a bas>n, and as the land rose and denudation proceeded the river had to re cut its channel through them, and great wear and waste of the soft sandstone .sediments seem to have taken place. In the Pleistocene period the valley of the Tobiquc was partially tilled with boulder-clay noar the mouth, which formed a barrier, and on the retreat of the ice a large lake appears to have been held in the valley above this barrier extending as far up as the Gulqiiac, or per- haps, to the I'.lue mountains. After a time the waters of tliis lake cut a new passage or outlet through solid rock, now culled 'The Narrows,' where the river still Hows in a .series of rapids, and has not yet reach the base level of erosion. A number of peculiar and noteworthy features were observed in other rivers, but it Is impossible to present them all in detail. Only two or three more of the tributaries of the St. John will be briefly referred to. and these seem to have had their valleys and probably the drainage which finds outlet by them changed by crusta! move- " Naniiwf," RIVBKB .iND LAKES 13 M ments in the Itter t'eologicnl periods. The Pi>kiok U one of these. Tlier.ikmk This river flows fioir Liike (5eorj?e north-westward into tlie St. John, in a rev.Tse cour^d to that of the latter, along a channel very little above thi- general level of the surface, anil appears to be of late origin. At its mouth there is a beautiful series of cascades in a narrow gorge cut in granite. It may be that the drainage which now finds discharge by this river has been partially diverted, origin- ally llowing into the Magaguadavic or Ororaocto. If this is the case, then the Pokiok river originated as a result of a dififerential uplift of the Ixilt of rocks extending northea.st and south-west at Harvey station, Canadian Pacific railway, which consist largely of intrusivcs. The flat district to the north-west of this belt, in the southern part of which the two Cranberry lakes lie, seem.s formerly to hjive had its entire drainage carried into Magaguadavic and Oromocto liver.s. At the present day a part of it is carried to the St. .John by the Pokiok river. The Keswick and Nacawicac rivers occupy wide valleys, containing Tln' K.'^wick great quantities of stratified gravel, terraced in some plaw.s, but often ■^„,•awiclu■. thrown into irregular karae-like forms. These two vallejs are joined by another wide valley, or rather the whole constitutes one valley •om the mouth of the Nacawicac round by Burtt lake and Upper Keswick, thence to the mouth of the Keswick. Just east ot Burtt lake is the highest point, which is 538 feet above sea level. This part of the valley is also heavily drift-encumbered, and resembles a deserted river valley. Viewing this valley as a whole, it is difficult to conceive of the existing rivers and brooks having eroded it and trans- ported and depositetl such large (juantibies of gravel and sand as are now found there ; and the conclusion seems, therefore, unavoidable that the rivers must at one time have had a larger volume oi water than at present. One hypothesis is that the Nacawicac ran across by Burtt lake, joining the Keswick river and forming part of it. An alterna- tive one is that the St. John may ha\e flowed through this valley for a time. This would imply diflerent relative levels fiom those wiiich now exist, of which there is but little evidence, though it would appear that the great rectangular block of land lx)unded by the valley described above and the St. John river may have sustained a dififerential uplift and b«;came tilted towards the south-east. The portion of the region south of the St. John river contains a large number of lakes. Many of these are drift-dammed, but a few seem to be Ixxlies of water ponded by unequal or dififerential changes Cranix-rry of level in the land. Of the latter class are the Cranberry lakes and ;""' Oroin.,':io 14 M NEW BHUNBWICK M Maffnfnia Cheput- nectictiuk group. r Kel Riv,. lakes. Oromocto and prolwbly othen. Oromocto lake occupies a singular and apparently abnormal poeitiun. It in situated very nearly in the south-west corner of the great Carboniferous area of New Brunswick, its elevation being by aneroid 1 1 ''> feet above mean sea level. Two miles west of this lake the Magaguadavic river flows along a valley, its bed only 270 feet above sea level, a ridge 5r)0 feet in height inter- vening. The south-western rim of the Carlxiniferous rocks has pro- bably sustained a differential uplift here relatively to that to the east. The lake seems to be rock-rinimed, overflowing its ba.sin to the east. The Cranberry lakes and Lake George are very nearly on the same level, the former being 486* feet above the mean tide level of the Bay of Fundy. These lakes lie in hollows in a plain, the width o which extends from the Harvey hills to Blaney ridge. Big Cranberry has evidently drained eastwards by the gap in the hills just mentioned through which the Canadian Pacific railway runs until quite recently, the old channel which its outlet followed being distinctly seen along the upper part of Lyon stream, which flows into Oromocto river. Magaguadavic and Little Magaguadavic lakes are l)odies of water ponded in an old pre-glaciaJ valley which were dammed by boulder-clay in the glacial period and had since to re-cut a channel for themselves. They are both on the same level, namely, 377 feet above mean tide of the Bay of Fundy. The Cheputnecticook group of lakes origi- nated from a similar damming by drift at the head of the Ste. Croix river. First and Second lakes and Palfrey are at the same level and are 377 feet above mean tide at St. John. Grand and North lakes, also held in by a drift barrier are about AO feet higher, or 427 feet above the sea A number of headlands extend diagonally into these lakes, from the New Brunswick side with deep inlets betwe . Tjore especially in the First and Second Cheputnecticook. Great quantities of drift occur around their margins and apparently beneath them, and many islands dot their surface The peculiar conformation of the drift deposits along the New Brunswick border of these lakes is due to the fact that the original basin extends in approximately a north-east and southwest direction, while the ice of the glacial period, which produced the raorainic accumulations referred to flowed very nearly due south. The Eel Hiver lakes are drained northward into the St. John and lie in a north-and-south depression, parallel to that of the Cheputnecticook group. The height of First Eel lake by aneroid is about 520 feet above the sea, and of the second about .550 feet. "The elevations of tlie lake* near the Canadian Pacific railway are based on the profile heights, of that lijie. CIIANGKH OF LRVKL 1') M About fifty other lakes, large and itmall, Hoangle the surface of the >*)"*. \^>\um granite and adjacent rock-formations of westeni New lirunNWick in u\ir», etc. York county, aa shown on the map, the largest of them being 8kiff lake, 6nO feet high by aneroid, » beautiful sheet of water with rocky glaciated isletH. Bolton lake, Heeoiid, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth lakeM, First and Second Sheogomoc lakes, Charlie and Davidson lakes hiive their longitudinal trend north and south to north-west and suuth-t'ast and show the effects of glacial action in scooping out the lx>uldor-cliiy or other superficial deposits and forming hollows or depressions, thus producing basins, which caught the drainage waters. Home lakes occupy u depression iit the northern base of a stossed hill ; others* occur on the lee side where the ice ploughed down more deeply, from its gr(!ater mo- mentum, into the superficial materials. Whether any actual wearing or scooping of the solid rocks beneath took place it is iliflicult to say. There was unquestionably a ronnding of the asperities and a polishing of the surfaces of the rocl s, but fubaerial decay seems to have been the chief agent in the formation of the depressions. The minor topo- graphical features seem, therefore, to be more or less different from those which existed before the ice age ; but the larger valleys and depression.s, such as those of the .St. John river, the Cheputnecticook and Magaguadavic lakes have retained their main preglacial outlines. ;;( CHANIiES OF LF.VEL. Very little evidence regarding changes of level ha l.^en obtained in this part of the province, as it is not connected with the sea and no shore lines of known marine origin could bo fouml. Although the tides of the Bay of Fundy now affect the St. John river for ninety miles from its mouth, yet it is dilticult — indeed impossible at present, to say wliether the sea invaded the valley in thf Pleistocene period, as different relative levels may have existetl then, and no fossils have been found in the surface beds to indicate whether or not they are marine. Notwithstanding this, however, some data showing probable ditlereii- tial vertical movements of an earlier date were observed. As already mentioned, it is possible that the block of land bounded by the St. .luhn, Keswick and Nacawicac rivers was elevated rather more t!'an the sur- rounding area, especially on the north-west side, and was tilted some- what towards the southeast. The I»wer Carlwniferous rocks on the west side of the St. John river appear also to have been unequally up- lifted and this movement has in places apparently raist>d the maii;in of the overlying gray sandstones to some extent. Such changes of level are probably connected with the intrusion of the granites and trai> f 'luinces of 16 M NIW BRCRHWICK ■ l rocks of thn n-gion. The«e inference* are, however, bam-H merely on the changed attitude of what must have formed ancient base-levelle«l plaint, and on altered drainage lices. Himilur local movements seem to have token place on the north iiido of the St. John, especially east of the Keswick vuHeji. I>fcNi:i)ATIOX. DenmUtion The gray sandstones of the Middle Carlxinifcrous period which lie C^i^Hlv^lu* nearly in a horizontal attitude throughout the great triangular area •»«»• seem to the ordinary observer to liave suffered no very great amount of surface eronion and waste. But closer examination will reveal evi- dence of their having \>een profoundly denuded, and of the fact that their long exposure to the agoncieH of decay from lhep«'riod when they first became dry land U> the present day has brought alwut a great reduction of the surface of tlie.-e sediments. Indeed, it may well l>8 remarked in regard to this larye sandstone area, that it forms the liest example of base-levelling which we have in Eastern Canada. The nature of the rocks is such that they wear down neorly at a uniform rate, and the slope, though very gentle, ha.s just Ijeen sufficient to enable the drainage waters to carry off the waste materials without trenching too deeply. Most of the hollows and valleys have been partially or wholly filled up in the Pleistocene period however, some with boulder- clay, but the lower with marine sediments during the pnst-glacial subsidence of the country. The general levelling which the area has undergone, denotes a long continued period of sulmerial denudation previous to the ice age. Pen.i.loti..n of The granite areas within the limits of the map-sheets seem also to thr Kraiiitf j^^y^ undergone great disintegration and waste. This implies that the rocks, through which they have been thrust up, were likewise deeply denuded. Some of these granite areas, particularly those west of the St. John river are about on the same level as the slates on either side, excepting of course, isolated summits, whik granite boulders derived from these, often in trains and ridjjes, are found upon the surface of the granite belt and of the formations immediately to the south in immense numbers. These boulders are principally due to the deep- seated decay of the rocks in pre-glacial time, and their distribution has been brought about by glacial action and transportation. As it is not probable that when the granites were thrust up into the slates they reached the surface, the principal portion of the latter must have been decomposed and removed before the former could be attacked by the disintegrating agencies. But these granite rocks themselves appear Lin or KTRIM 17 M to have suffered n Urge amount of decay before they could furnish the wa«te material . bich now lies Mattered upon their lurfoce and became transporUd jojthward by glacial action. From thewe and other facta it i» evident that the amount of denudation in this region has been great, and that it extended over a very lon^' time. It iw i|uite probable alio, that a large number of the lake basins of southern and western New Brunswick have becji produced by this ducoiupusitiun process, that isby the uiiequal decay of the rocks, and the scooping out of the mateiials from the depressions t' 's caused in their Hurfaces by the movements of the Pleistocene ice. These deprciuions, thus emptied of the materials which occupied them, became receptacle)* for the drainage waters of the region. OLACIAL STRIATIOX. Till- striaj on these sheets, as will be seen from the following list, trend striatitm. largely from north to south and, as has \>een inferrfjd in a former report,* were produced by the ice which has been named the Appaiiichiun sys- tem of glaciers. This was a glacier or system of glaciers which gathered u{(on the north-east Appalachians independently, imd flowed outward from the higher portions of New England and eastern Canada to the north-east and to the south. No traces of the action of Ijjurentide glaciern could be found in the area of the two map-sheets under con- sideration, that is to say, no boulder-clay, nor transported boulders other than those belonuing to rocks lying within the drainage basins of the 8t. John and Miramicbi rivers were observed, though diligent search was made for boulders belonging to rocks on the north side of the St. Lawrence. Several ditrerent courses of strin' occur in some localities, but they can be liest explained by supposing them to have been produced by the same glacier ai different stages of its develop- ment, or during its withdrawal. LIST OK (GLACIAL STRI.E. (The bearings are all referred to the true meridian). H If! ■4' York County. 1. On Han well road, one mile and three-quurters from Frederict ^n, List of utriie, S. 47° E. ; height, 150 feet above sea-level. ^ '"'' ^• * Annual Kcliort, (ii-nl. Surv., Can. vol. X. (X..S.), 1H1I7, page 41 j. 2 u ft 18 u hM of atria, YiirkCa mw BRvmwicK 2. Further to the nouth-weet on the Mine rami, 8. 2B* E. »ih1 8. 30* E. ; height, 300 feet. 3. At tint oro«n road, on the Mote road, H. SO* E. HtrUe nnmerouB ; height, 400 feet. 4. At branch of (larden creek, W. 20' E. and 8. 35' E. ; height, 330 feet. 6. A mile and a half north of (}arden creek, 8. 40" E. and S, ; ilopc •lightly to north. On opposite side of roiui, H. 54' E. ; heigl.i, 450 feet. 6. On Hanwell road alwut two milee north-east of Hanwell settle- ment,8. 44 E. and 8. 25* E. 7. On road from Hanwill Heltloment to Indian VilloKe, hnlf a mile nortli of forks, 8. 30 E. ; height, 500 ffot. 8. Six or seven mileH nortli-east of Harvey on Hanwell rood, 8. 30 E. 9. At Maryland settlement, on south-west tide of North-west Brunch, 8. 10 E. and 8. 5' W. ; height, 230 feet. Slope N.E. 10. On nmd to Maryland, three or four milen south of Fredericton, 8. 30 E. and 8. 35° E. In onother plii>e near, 8. 'JS E. and 8. 36' K. Still nearer Frwlericlon, 8. 28" E. ; height, 360 feet. 11. At Uoaktown, south-east of Fredericton, 8. -0" E. ; height, 250 feet. 12. West of St. Marys at south end of road leading to Heron lake, 8. 20' E. and S. 2S" H, on different exposures ; heixlit 50 feet. 13. On Clark's mountain, S. 45° E. Slope S.E. ; height, 350 feet. 14. Along Nashwoaksis river near Mcl^eod's mountain, on road to Stanley, S. 25 E. and S. 30° E. Latter most numerous. Slope 8. ; height, 420 feet. l.->. Near Cloddy, S. 35^ E. and S. 40 E. ; height 400 feet 16. On Royal road, a quarter of a mile south of Kingsley P.O., S. 40° K. Heavy and numerous, S. 22' E. Lighter. Slope S.W. ; height, 390 feet. 17. On road north of Carleton lake, 8. 30° E. and S. 11° W. ; height, 630 feet. 18. A mile and a half north of Zionville crossroads, S. 80° E. ; height, 255 feet. 19. In Tay settlement several exposures, 8 20' E. and 8. 3 4° E. ; height, 400 feet. ^1 LiiT or iraiJE 1» M ith of road to Keawick, 20. At P. ()., Tay Mttlnm«nt, S. 3A' K. 31. Houth of Hirdton, • i|uartvr of a mile 8, 3n° E. ; height, 730 feet. 32. Near brook to louth of laat, 8. 30' R. 23. On road fnjin Cardiifan Htation to Birtlt'wi and north of Jon«<' Fork* xettieroent (between two hrookii), S. 3M '. and H. 4U R. ; Rlop«> to W. ; heiKht, 3.10 .., 400 feet 24. Near junction of thin rood with p* nlM road. H. 30' K. ; height, 000 feet. 25. South of Cardiu'iin settlfm>nt. tiwarJu-ook, H. W E. ; height 71^ feet. 36. From one to two mileH toHt. Marys, M. 80 E. ; heJKli I.i«t 111 •tri*. Y..rk«-u. -^nlcf vil^^. 'n .itraight rood .WO««vt. 27. Thren or four miles »out down Tay creek and iilx>ut a Ten rodM furtiier south, H. 10 liny illiigp, road leading I of n * riadH, - ill J*, ."i" L ,">e»ef»j ^ari jt-es with the same »lrii»',— it splendid expif>f ,r«< i bright, .V»" feat. 28. West of Stanley villsj:^ mile ant! a t|«arter oi. rn .ii to Lime- kiln settlement, S. 10' H. ; h«i; 300 f»- 29. On road going east fronu Na'llw«H»i ivm ji Mwith-enift corner of sheet No. 2, 8.W., half II .lile out, > » 4()p«- W. height, 430 feet. 30. Just north of the la«l x(M>*'Uri . ■ tier «tri. ^ '<4° E. 31. On Uichibucto ro»i'l ^-i brook ;ii<<»fa3 #■ -=« ntiw'^ east of county line, due 8. and S. 5^ E itigfat, ' 32. On east side of N» iivaak n\ • firjtt angle to south, 8. 1,'} \V. ; heij;! tions showing southward movement 33. Twenty rods east of last expiwun 34. On east side of Nnshwaak river a' <- of Upper Durham. S. 20" W., S. 46° V and .S. 70 -V. This is local striation ; height, 20.5 feet. 35. Along Nashwaak river south of McCallum bn ik, S. 5' W. and a. 29° \V. ; height, 480 feet. 36. In Stone settlement wheie road tioin Hoyal road turns to north- east, 8. 30' E. ; slope E. •4 I i-i I ,«(•!- Purhani, at -t, < rag iind-tuil projeo •iistinct.) W road h ilf a mile north i: so ■ mw BBUMIWICK ' Uat ii( ■IrtM, Yurk Cii. S7. At mottth o( McB«»r. brook. du« B. Thl» U tb« cour.* of th.- rirer valley h««, which the ice followed. M. Half a mile above Hayee broi>k, N. 26' E. or N. 36' E. 39. AloiiK Ht. John river, at large rtream went t>f Hprlnghill, near river level, H. 20' E. One mile eaat of iitream, H. 40 E. 40. At Kingiclcar, a quarter of a mile from Ht. John river, 8. M' E. ; slope, N. ; holgh.. 300 feet. 41 On road leading froir Long* creik to Harvey ntntion, CanaiHiui Pacific railway, at lecond croiiH roaiU from Ht. John river, 8. HO' V, ., or the rever«», ntwe «ide ap|«renHy W. ledge broken off aiiruptly to K. These •triif rau»t lie extremely locnl, the ice which pro-lueinl them having apparently followed iin eant and-we^i valley very olowjly. They neem to he very old ; height about 400 feet. 42. On the same road alniut two miles from the Ht. John riv.-r, H. 40' W., H. 10* E. and H. 5' E. The H. 40" W. striii- seem also to have the stosH side to the H.W. Onn to two miles from St. John lliver, H. 10' E. and H. 30' E. ; height, 240 feet. 43. On road to Oldham settlement, 5. 20' E. 4 ». At llnrv.-y station, Ciinad'an PiiiifW railway, 8. 25 E. ; height, 02r) feet. 4.'). S.»uth of Harvey on Brst croes road to east, M. 27' E. ; liojght, l.l.l.'S fet>t. H\. Near Cork sUtion C. P. H., H. 25 E- ; l">«l't, 400 feet. 47. On west side of Biild mountain, Hiirvey. - 2:» E ; height, 52.") feet. 4f<. AVx>ut a quarter of a mile north of Harvey station, on road goinj; to Long's cri*k, S. 2.')' E. ; height, .")2.5 fei-t. 49. East of Bald mountain, 8. 20 K. ; height, .520 h .. 60. At north end ot Oroniocto lake, 8. 55 E. ; height, .JOO feet. 51. A short distance south of last, thive sets,— oldest N. 75° E., next oldest S. 15° K, and latest H. 4.")° E.— all on the same rock sur- face. These striii occur on the east slope of a rid^e which extends along the west side of Oromocto lake. The N. 75' E. strii. ,ire the heaviest, and are nearly all effaced. The .K. 15 E. set are the most distinct, covering the surface of the ledge, while the 8. 45' E. striie UVr or HTRMS SI N •r« light knd Hne, ThU crM-oroM itriation occuni in Mveral place* I'j't <•'•<'! in th* lMi«in of Uroinooto lake. '" "" A3. Near Antimony mine*, Lalce Ueorge, H. 30' K. and S. -JO K. fi3. North of Priao«< Willi*m'i aUtion, C»nMli»n I'«cific railway. S. 80 E. 54. At Jncfllyne'* Itroolc, M. !0' K. ami 8. y B. ; height, 170 feet. n.'i. Betwi-en Lower Prince William and I^keUenrKe, H. :I0' K. anil 8. 3&' E. ; height, 520 feet. Ledxe* alori); thi* road exhibit glaciatiun continuously for several hundred yardit, H. l'O E. to H. 3.')' K. 96. About half a mile from Cardigan utation, C.P.U., on road to Tripp settlement, H. 79' E. ; height, 225 feet. 07. Near croai-road* in Tripp settlement, H. HI ' E. and H. 87* E. and on another expoeure a quarter of ii mile north of cnvts-niads, 8. 20' E., 8. 4'1° E. and 8. 60° E. .Several surfaces occur here lietwei^n the last-mentioned striated exposure and the btsnd in the road, S. 64' E. ; h«i;;ht at Tripp settlement, 460 feet. 58. On the road from Keswick Kidge to Upper Keswick Kidge, north of second brook, 8. 44° E. ; height, 280 feet. 59. On the road from Keswick Hidgeto Mactocjuac stream, a quarter of a mile from ridge road (iit red bridge), S. 70' E. and 8. 77' E. Several glaciated l(>dges ; height, 200 feet. 60. Near the foi ks of Naoawioac river, along road leading from Mill- ville to Temperance Vale, 8. 40° E. 61. On rood from .Mapleton .settlement to Nacawicac station, C.P.U., (lumber road), two miles west of school-house forksi, 8. 30° E. ; height, 700 feet. 62. At Pike settlement, west of Temperance Vale, S. .") Iv ; height, 790 feet. 0.3. Along the Canadian Pacific railway track, half a mile north-west of Nacawicac siding 8. 30 E. 64. At Plaiieville settlement, »ho^:i one mile back from 8t. John river, 8. S.')' E. 6."). On road from Eel River village to Canterbury station, C.P.R., at junction of north and south roads ; due 8. and 8. 40° M : height, 565 feet. 66. On road from Canterbury station to Ha' tin settlement, 8. 55* K and 8. 40° E. ; height, 730 feet. « 22 M NBW BRCN8WI0K I i f i kl Lint of ttriie, •^'ork Co. 67. On road to First Eel lake, near Graham's Comer, S. 30' E. 68. On Dinnin road, at school-house, 8. 40° E. 69. Near cross roads between Grand lake and Forest City, 8. 35' E. 70. On the road between Canterbury and Benton stations, C.P.R., north of brook, 8. 48^ E. 71. On top of Pemlierton Ridge, 8. 30 E. 72. On road leading from Canadian Pacific railway to Peltoma settlement, three miles south-west of turn of road to Oromocto nver, S. 6° W. ; height, 360 feet. 73 On road from Scotch lake to Mactaquac PO., near stream cross- ing S. 45° E. and S. 60" E. ; height, 450 feet. On another rock surface here, S. 45° E., S. 38° E., S. 28° E. and S. 25° E. 74. About two miles south-east of Upper Queensbury P.O., S. 38° E., and on west side of exposure, 8. 20' E. ; height, 400 feet. 75. On road going south from Lower Caverhill settlement to St. John river, and just east of a lake, 8. 36" E. ; height, 650 feet. 76. Near road from Lower Caverhill settlement to Springfield settle- ment, S. 15° E., also on ledge at cross-roads leading from Staples settlement to this road, S. 18° E., S. 6° E. and S. 15° W. 77 At brook south-east of last mentioned cross-road on Lower Caverhill and Springfield road, 8. 28° E. On another exposure near by S. 35° E. ; height, 765 feet. These are on the highest part of this road. 78. Near Staples settlement, 8. 25° E. ; h^ght, 550 feet. 79. South-west of Staples settlement, S. 20° E. ; height, 610 feet. In another place near this S. 30" E. ; height, 625 feet. 80 On road from New Zealand settlement to Lower Hainsville settlement, north of former plac^ S. 55° E.; height, 460 feet. Further north, on granite, S. 6.5" K. and S. 60° E. 81. West of Scotch lake, o e to two miles, 8. 40° E. ; height, 570 feet. 82. At Mactaquae river, on east side, S. 45° E. 83 On road on south-west side of Keswick Ridge, a quarter of a mile from cross-roads, S. 45° E. and S. 60° E. ; height, 250 feet. 84. A quarter of a mile to the north-west of last, S. 20" E. and S. 10* E. i height, 200 feet. •HAUMM. LIST OF 8TRIA 23 ■ 85. At cross-roads east of Scotch lake, S. 48° E. Lilt of atriie, York Co. 86. On road from Mactaqune p. 0. to Scotch lake, south of brook running east, S. 30° E. and S. 60° E. 87. Going eaatou road from Scotch lake, just south of bend in road east of Little Mactaquac brnok, S. 40° E. ; height, 380 feet. 88. At iiist cross-road south-east of Mactaquac stream, north of Mactaquac P.O., deep grooves 8. 38° E. Lighter strin", S. 60° E. ; height, 250 feet. 89. At next cross-roads to south, on roai to Scotch lake, S. 3.5" E. and S. 50° E. ; height, 395 feet. 90. Neir cross-roads on west side of mouth of Keswick river, S. 30° E. and S. 60° E. ; height, 285 feet. 91. On a hill north of Hayes brook. South-west Miramichi river, N. 30° E., N. 35° E. (Ann. Report Geol. Surv. Canada, Vol. I, 1885, p. 22 GO. No. 65, List of Siriw.) Stoss-s.de clearly to 8.W. ; height, 450 feet. 92. One mile from Millville on Howland ridge, strite S. 35° E. ; height, 780 feeing either their original outline, or one superinduced by subsequent denudation. These form." are due in nmny cases to the irregularities of the original rock surface, or to some obstruction in the path of the moving ice. Eskers or Onara, Karnes, Etc. Eiskers occur in the parish of Canterbury and Queensbury, Vo'k l>k.Ts county, also in Wakefield, Carleton county, and other places. iie Eel river, or Monument esker, locally known as 'The Horseback,' was described with a number of others in the report already cited.t It extends from First Eel river lake north-westward into Maine, and is the longest and most remarkable esker in the area. Another long, well-developed esker runs along Deadwater brook, and a third follows Fish creek. These seem to be connected with the Monument esker. The esker along Deadwater brook is a regular south-<>astward continua- tion of these. The latter seems, however, to terminate at the head of this brook, or north of Carroll ridge. An esker occurs in the hollow between Blaney ridge ind the ridge immediately south of it. Another was seen in Staples settlement, near the head of Ma^taquac stream. An esker was noted in the parish of Wakefield, Carleton county, just south of Waterville village. A remarkable esker was observed on the east side of the mouth of Nacawicac river. The alx>ve are the most noteworthy, but numerous shorter eskers and ridges come under notice in different parts of the area, and a large * Annual Report Ceol. Surv., Can., Vol. X. (X.S.), 18!»7, pp. .«t 48 I. t Keiiort of I'rogress, (Ji-ol. Surv., Can., lsW-83-84, pp. ZOLT <;«-i. 28 H NEW BBUNMWICK number of kames or ridgCH of denudation were observed in river valleys, particularly along the St. John. The«e are brierty described in the report cited. In the valley of the South-west Miramichi, several short broken ridges (kames) are founJ at the conHuence of the Taxis and this rivei, their general course being parallel to the latter, and their height above its surface 10 to 15 feet. Mr. Wilson says, ' a kame-like ridge of water-worn gravel, 20 to .30 feet high, stretches along the south side of Hayes brook for a short distance back from its mouth, and below this point, low, narrow gravel terraces occur along the main south-west river.' I! f (ilnciation cniii|Kiratively siiii|ilf in tlii« ari'ii. Diverfifi'nt courses. Remarks on tlie Glaeiation. The glaeiation of the area embraced within the two map-sheets here reported on is comparatively simple and seems to have been effected iiltosether by a single ice-sheet, preceded and followed by smaller local glaciers during,' the periods of gathering and withdrawal. As already atated, no boulders belonging to the Archn-an rocks on the north side of the St. Lawrence were observe*! in the area under consideration, though carefully looked for. The general course of the ice-movement was south-east, but a few were found trending to the east or north-east- In Carleton county, however, it seems to have been considerably influenced by the St. John valley, which here has a general north to south trend, and hence the How was nearly due south, occasionally swerving to the east or west in localities where it was affected by the local topography. In York and Sunbury counties, the striii-, a.s a rule, swerve more to the east, but here we sometimes find divergent courses also, these, however, being, in some instances at least, later, in others, earlier than the general striation. On the east side of the Nashwaak river, for example, we find stria' trending from S. 26' W. to S. 70° W., and on the east side of Oromocto lake, three sets occur, which are occasionally observed on the same rock surface as shown on No. 50 (list of strite). Here the striie with the greatest divergence from the north-to-south course is clearly the oldest, notwithstanding the fact that they were produced by local ice in the early stage of the glacial period. Along the South-west Miramichi river, near Boiestown, a number of striie occur closely parallel to the course of the river valley below that place. Here it would seem that the higher grounds, lying between this river and the Nashwaak, must have caused the divergent courses of strix- oljserved, the ice on the Na.<»hwaak side of these ground* MODIFIED IXLAND 0BP081TN 29 M flowing HOUth-westward, while that gathering on the northeast flowed as above indioatod. MODIFIED INLAND DEPOSITS. Althougli it t!i difticult to conceive of the sea not ha> in^ occupied n Strutiti.'il considernlile part of tht- area included in tlicse maj^^sheetH in tht* ''"'"'"""• Pleistocene period, much of the eastt-rn part \mn)i liel<.w the 1220 feet contour-line above mean tide level, yet the absence of marine fossils renders the question doubtful. Clays, snnds and Kra\el deposited in the order in which they are found in oast districts, and similar in every respect to the f^eda clay and Saxicava sands, were observed every- where below the contour line mentioned, and in some places aliove it ; but the only organic remains hitherto met with are those of a fisli in the clays of Ryan's brickyard at Fredericton, which have not yet been identitied and may be either fresh-water or marine. In the present condition of our knowledjje, therefore, in drawing this contour line on the map,it is liest to leave open the (jue.-.tion as to whether the stratitiiil bed4 below the contour line referred to are of marine or fresh- wat.T origin.* Besides the river and lake terraces, andkames or gravel ridges which T-n:io>. will be described on a later page, deposits of gravel and sand, often of con.siderable thickne.ss, ind sometimes with clay beneath, occupy the greater portion of the .surface of the region, and mainly constitute its arable lands. Occasionally these exhibit an even anil regular surface, but for the greater part tlicy are more or less undulating and conform to the contours of the boulder-clay and roik surfaces Iteneatli, though of variable thickness. Boulder-clay generally underlies them. Tht; deposits of this character are not so abundant here, however, as upon the districts Ixjrdoring the I'.ay of I'undy. In the coastal tract c,.:,!-. L-.r great cjuantities of coarse gritty material, derived from the ancient '"""'"" ' crystalline rocks, are scattered about in certain localities, constituting a marked feature of the .surface betls. In north-western New Hnins wick, however, these gravels and sands are of much finer texture and form good soil. Their occurrence on the summits of ridges and eleva- tions, appaiently beyond the reach of marine, lacustrine, or tluriatile action is ditlicult of explanation, unless on the suppositiim tliat they were produced by the waters flowing out from the melting ^'laeier or glaciers during its retreat. On some of the slopes they have probably * The upiKTiiMwt limit of the marine cie|Ki»its alung tlii> c<>a.st i>f thi' I'^iy (pf Fiimly W 22<) feet iilxne the se.a. (See KeiH.rt, on the Surf.iii. (l«ilo(fy c.f Souttierii New ]illln^^l•i<;k, Aiiiin.'il R.'jKirt. Ge-j). Siirv.. Can.. Vel. IV. !N.S.). l><8s H[». I iti so M MIW BRUKVWICK • i li Kivrrnnilink' U-rr»w. HdW river terracfN wert' f(iriiierlmps, even lower at some places. The glacial period ensuing;, the river valleys and depressions were filled part ally or wholly with boulder-clay or morainic materials. On the withdrawal of the ice, these b irriers in the river valleys obstructed the drainage to such an extent that the rivers had to flow at much higher levels than previous to the glacial period, and jjrobably formed a series, or chains, of lakes along the volleys. Ero^ion and transportation of the material then b-gan. But though a large portion of the boulder-clay which occupied the valleys has since been carried away ond laid down as stratified deposits at lower levels, on occa-ionol borrier, such as that oc. urring •Rt-iwrt of Progress, Geol. Surv. Can., 1882-83-84, pp. 27-42 GU. \I'nd,\'\: 41-42 (Hi. MOOiriBD INLAND DBPOHITII 31 M «t Grand FaIIr, ia still found, whi>r« the 8t. John haa Iwen entirely diverted from its old channel and forced to cut a new one, three- quarters of a mile long in solid rock. It waa during the early erosion of theao boulder-clay birriers acnms the river valleys that the hi;{her terraces along the bankn were formed in the intervening {Hirtions of the valleys. As the process* of erosion went on, the rivers ren<-hi d lower and lower leveU and after a time hei{iin cutting down into ihe iirst-fornied stratified bed'i, transjHirting the materials still luirer down and forming other terraces. Tliexe changes have been cotitinu- ally in progress since and the result ist, the Iwautiful series of tcrracex seen along the banks of the St. John and its triliutiiries. In the erosion or cutting down either of the bouhlerclay barriers, or of the earliest formed stratiHedbed.s, certain portions wen- left along the sides or river Imnks which escaped denudation. Kut Iwsides these, ridges were occisionally Iffi, in the centre of the valleys which now form islands, or as I have called them in previous reports, kames. Their more modern representatives are the long, low, narrow islands of river courses. The St. John v^illey in the Andover and Gmnd (•'<-^t Falls sheets contains the best developed t'^rruces met with along its i,', st. ".'r'llhn whole course. The widest are never more than 400 or 500 yards, and * '"'y- the greater number seldom exceed 100 to 150 yards, and, as has been stated, they are of various lengths longitudinally or up ai d down river. The lower terraces being covered with loam, are callcn was referred to and the difficulty of assigning to them a fresh-water i,",hui'riiii, 1 beds. There is, however, one aspect of k- 1 33 n NBW BHUMIIWICK AlHw^ntf of the quMtion to which attention might bo (lirectwl, u Unding to ihow that uttoh a view ihoultl onlj be tenUtively held, »»! that the ab^nce of foMiU does not always prove that Mch deponiU cannot be marine. In a former report it was pointed out that tlie be
  • . Wfi, W- HZ-"* ^I- •"""M I rRUII WATRK IIIPOHITII or TIIK BRrK'HT KHKIM 33 M d»y,» pAiMiiK<* for the hph wimM iilnocxiHt by tin* HtJolin rivor vhII.v. The MM woul.l pn liiil.ly outer tli« iiit<-ri»r of th.- |.r..viii. .. I>y tlir«- ami fomi n i^y coxeriiin ii lurun nn-a in wlikli tlio liiket nUive iiu-ntionwl now lie, nxt«nclinK up tli« mllnvH f.t" thn St. John, ( (nim.K-to, N'lmhwnak •to. If such II Uy or interior hpu exi UmI here in the I'leistmene it woulil. of cnurMP, Iflave Hlicrn linen iit the L'L'O feet eontcur lineiitiove Ilea level, iinlenN n diffen-ntial uplift or sulmidence tiH>k place. Shore lined at the 8up|>iMee concerning iheni, it in con«idered host to uiup then) ax interior deposits. FftEMII-WATKU IIKP0''IT8 OK TIIK IIITKNT PRIIIOD. Jiit'tr-fiatH (/iilfmilifn). The lowe.st of the tonnce- which skirt the St. .lolin and its trihu tarie«, and which are unuuIIv the widest and l.mx'st are liill-d river. tlata or intervales. In the ..istern part of the Fredericton j-lieet they form areiw of araWle land of consi leiahle e.xtont, on Ix.th sides of this river, more esjieoially at .Mau^'erville, Lincoln, at NVshwaak, etc. AIk^p Fredericton and St. .Mary's they narrow towards Spriiighill and Claike's mountain, hut expand a^'ain, at the mouth of the Keswick river. This river discliaru'es into the St. John in the midst of wide intervales and among islands noted for their excellent 'oil and agri- cultural capahilities. Fi-nm the Keswick up, llicy are conip.iinliv.ly narrow, but widen locally in a few places, .is foiexani|.le at the Maroiiy, at Southampton, Wmidsfick, Floreiiceville, Perth, .\iidcner .ind Aroo- stook Junction. Several islands a!-eeiully ""Utli of McA.lam Junction, aliw to the eaut, in the vicinity of Miv«a«uiidavio lake. Similar boggy formations were likewise noted amoiig the •*Brid IuIIh at the mouth of Oromocto river. "I. t. ' P I ' Agricultural ctmrnctiT of the urtii. SpttlpmpntH alonf; the east sidn of tlie St. .Iiilin. AnRICULTURAL CAPABILITIKH OK TIIK AREA. A description of the agricultund chiiructer <.f the aivii under con- sideration was given in the report al.«ii. IJ 14 tlG. AURICI'LTURAL CAPAHILITIU Or Till ARKA 3a M wholt* of the nitrthnrn pnrt of York county •lul of the norih-«»Ht of Citrletun utxl Victoria coimtieii, iimirly tu thn Tubitjue river, in uiii«uttli>ii And fort•■'• (li<|»Hiti> linil ngrii-iilturitl cliiiriict«>r ut the pnrt of the n-i{ion (Jmimil by iicnoiithwi'M the Sfmih wc-nt MiriiTiiii'hi rivnr ; — ' Tli** jfrfiiter |mrt of th» an-n b«!iiig vilify""''" i-ovi-riMi witli a huavy forest srowtli, few op|M>rtuiiiti)'H an- giv«ii to Ntuily tlw iurfii '•> ili'p nils. Ill i.iif si'ttlciiii'iitii along tlu^ Nouth branch of thU river, ix>tlen r>A'k is tratfut'ntly iHwn, the up[Mar evidence of gluciation. On the portage between Pleasant Uidgc settlement and Dungarvon river, several large tracts ' * good farm land were seen, and similar belts are said to occur on north branch of the 8outh-wu.st Miramichi. 'The country north of the main river drained by Kurnt Hill brvx>> and other adjacent streams, is not siiitet -."stern and north-western New Brunswick. In the r. a» if these ujil^ii-.s on both sides of the St. John river, the prince ). I i i.;ttlemen!,s xist, and many excellent farms can be seen. The u->' >-l;-in<.' '-ocks ,enerally wear down into a calcareous, somewhat porous soil, well suit- .i for producing mixed crops and for horticultural purposes, hence it is well adapted to the climatic conditions of this country. Excellent lands likewise rest on those wide belts of rocks mapped as Cambro-Silurian. These rocks, however, often decompose into a clay soil, which in some places is so i-ompact as to be impervious to water. It is not, therefore, so well suited for general crops as the more porous soils of the meadows and Silurian ujilat'.ds, but is, neverthe- less, good for cereals and hay. Some parts of the country occupied by these rorks are stony and boulder-strewn, and unfit for settlement. This rerjark applies more particularly to the districts east of the St. John river and north of tht granite belt. The band of these rocks stretching along the south-eiist side of the granite contains much good arable la, id on tx>tli tlie areas of the Fredericton and Andover sheets. In Stanley, York county, and Ludlow, Northumberland «ounty, large t acts of it are .■itill u'ider fore-t, but the si>il, though reported to be heavy, is rich, an.l wherever cleared yields abundant crops. The areas occupie than three, fourths of the whole, principally in the north, ea-t, and central parts is still occupied by a heavy growth of the original trees which existed here when the country was first settle 1. Following the rule laid down fonrierly in regard to mapping the forests, we find that in the region under consideration they can be classed in two main divisions : — (1) the original growth or that which How mupix'il. existed here at the time the (irst settlements were formed, though considerably thinned out and depleted by lumljering operations and other causes, and (2), the recent or srcond gr-owth which sprang up in districts where the older trees h.ad been destroyed by fire or entirely cut away. In many of the places last referreark. Chief tnnw of ectmomic impurtsnce. Mr. Wilaon'a notes on the foreMt of tht* HOUth-\\»'st Mirainichi valley. unless imraediate steps are taken to conserve it. Eventually all the arable lanJs of the province will be t.tktu up, and denuded of forest as settlements Hdvanco. This large interior tract should, therefore, Ik) set apart now as a forest and game reserve, Ijefore too great inroads are made upon it. For a provincial park and a sporting giound for hunters and tishermen it has no equal near the Atlantic coast of Canada. The chief trees of economic value in the area of the two map-sheets are well known, ami consist of spruce, lieinlock, pine, tir, larch, cedar, etc., of large enough dimensions for commercial purposes ; and black and white birch, maple, heecli, ash, poplar and others. A few trees of the American linden (J'ilia Americana) were founil growing on the banks of the St. .lohii river below Wood-tock, and the walnut, {Jiiylans cinerea), rare or wanting in most parts of the province, occurs in clumps on hillsides in the same vicinity. Elms, often of large size were seen on the intervales and slopes of the river valleys in all parts of the region. In the large forest covered area of the Andovei- sheet only limited lielts and patches on the east side of the Tobique, and along Burnt Hill brook and McKecl brook on the South- west Miramichiand north of the north branch of the Beccaguimic river show a second or later growth, these tracts having been overrun not many years ago liy ft jst fires. The following notes on the forests of the upper South-west Miramichi serted from Mr. W. J. Wilson's observations. ' The greater por- '\e area is covered by a dense forest which supplies large <|uan- I lumber every year. Except in comparatively small areas the forest is composed of original growth. In the south-ea.st portion of the Andover sheet at the head of Cains river, second growth prevails and only occasional clumps of old tree.s can be seen, although even in this district considerable lumber is cut. tiuite an extensive area of burnt land covered with second growth extends along the east bank of Burnt Hill brook, and two other larj.e areas occur on McKeel brook. The latter were recently burned and a large quantity of valuable lumber de.^troyed. In the eastern part of the sheet, going northward from ant Ridge sottlenient, sjiruce with occasionally cedar, etc., pro- vails for the fiist four miles ; from that point to the Dungarvon river, hai 'wood ridges and spruc»^ swales alternate every mile or two, the ha. 'ood occupying the ridges between the streams and the spruce woods the river valleys and lower ground. Spruce, however, is gener- ally found mixed with the deciduous trees on the hardwood ridges and when so found is said to make the best lumber, as it is more likely to AL F0RK8TS 39 M 1)6 sound and firm. Honilock was also notefl as common on this route. Along the portiigc road from (Jreen Hill nettlemont to the Miramirlii river the conditions are much the same ax on the road just descrilx-d, except that there are lar^e areai of hardwood, tins woodri, for the most part, being open and free from underbrush. Black birch measuring from seven to ten feet in circunifironce, roc'; maple, .six feet and a half beech, five feet, spruce, si;v feet and a half, estimated seventy to eighty feet high, and cedar, six feet, around the base of the trunk were note Ih n 11 : Minerala nf pcuniiniic value. Bog iron ore. Bog manganese. Antimony. Gypium' A number of minerals of economic importance occur in the area described, the principal being iron, both h.i-matite and linionite, or bog iron ore. The largest beds of ha-matite are those of Woodstock or Jacksontown, which were wrought at intervals between 1848 and 1884. In connection with these iron mines, a blast furnace was erected at Upper Woodstock, where the smelting of this iron, together with the boj{ iron ore from Maugerville, Sunbuvy county, was carried on for some years. Considerable quantities of hii-matite still exist in the vicinity of Woodstock. Bog iron ore is found at Maugerville and Burton, Sunbury county. At the former place occur what are probably the largest deposits in the province. Tliey were examined by me in 1882-83, when pits were opened and work going on. At that time considerable quantities of this mineral were being taken from this place to Woodstock, as mentioned above, to be mixed with the hiomatite ores in the blast furnace then in operation there. *ince the Woodstock iron works were closed, however, no use has l«en made of the Maug i^ille ore. This mineral is said to occur in the bank of the South- west lu'.raniichi river, one mile below Clearwater brook and nineteen miles above Boiestown, but the extent of the bed bus not been stated. Bog manganese is found in small quantity in a gravel bank near the old CJovernment Houtie, Fredericton. It is also reported from Queens- bury, York county, and frouj Lincoln, Hunbury county, but the deposits at the last two places were not seen. Mr. W. Mclnnes, of this Survey, reported this mineral from the north branch of the South-west Miraniichi, twelve miles au'l a half above the forks, in n deposit on the river's hank. Stibnite, or sulphide of antimony, occurs in the parish of Prince William, York county, near Lake George, where it was known to exist as early as 183.3. It has been wrought at intervals till about the year 1890, but from all that can be learned, without profit. The gypsum deposits of the Tobiquo valley, which lie just to the north of the Andover sheet, contain extensive seams of coarse plaster, but, except for fertilizing purposes, the gypsum is not as good as K.CONO.MIC MINKBAI.H AMI MATRKIALH II M that of Hillsborough. Work in ( nrrifd on here uUo in a de»ultory manner, the sale of the product lieing liniitml. Gold has Iweii n'porUMl from CroKH creek and Stiiiiloy for iminy linl.l. years, and at periodic interviiis an excitement is aroused from .some suppOHed new 'find,' followed by mcrt^ or less pruspectini{, buying of claims, etc. The last of these took p! ice in the winter of lK'JM-99. In the following anlumn the writer ma