0^ IMAGE EVALUATION T^ST TARGET (MT-3) /. y ^' j?i y 5r «t:^. 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ m m m IIM 2.2 111= 14 11.6 ^ *^ "^ % v' ^^' ^ c Sciences Corporation <^ ^9) V -j>^ 1* 7. Adjectives in «*, er 1^ 8. Terminations of the Genitive sing 17 9. Genitive o^ price 1^ 10. Omission of ' man,' * thinf ' 20 11. On the formation of the perfect lo* 12. Gen. with neut- adjective, &c 21 13. Infinitive. Gen. with est 23 14. Ace. Plural 24 15. Dative and Ablative singular. Time. Place 25 16. Adjectives mis 26 17. On the perfect of the 3rd Conjugation. Verbs whose root ends \\\porh 27 18. Terminations of the 3rd plural 29 19. Of the nom. and gen. plural 30 20. On finding the nom. of third Declension 31 21. Ne with imperatives 32 22. On the perf. of Verbs whose root ends in c, g, or qu . . . 34 23. «____^. ~ d or t. Dat. and Abl. plur. ... 35, 36 24. Root of the perf. with lengtheaed (and often changed) vowel 37 25. Abl. of price 39 26. On distinguishing root of perf. from root of present ... 40 27. The personal pronouns. Apposition 41 28. Nominative after est, &c. Some tenses of esse 43 29. The compounds of esse 44 30. Tenses of the subjunctive 46 31. English infinitive expressing a purpose 47 32. That expressing a consequence after such, so, &c. Summus mans, &c * * ! O. OUUIC (.discs ut. pOoa^i i5i5/v4 SV.Q..I.JV V - .. ..... -^ 34. Rootof*«pin« °2 36, The Participles o4 A3 Mf 6 CONTKNTS. l-AGB 3^. 40. 41. 42. 43 LESSON 86. Translation of tho participle of the pcrf. active. The abla- tive absolute 55 37. The Gerunds. OccidPre declined 57 38. The participle in dus. Bpistola scribenda . . . . . . 59 Translation of 'is to he cultivated/ &e. Agent after tho partic. in dua * "1 Verbs that govern the dative 82 Terminations of th'3 persons 64 The pronoun ' is.' Conditional Sentences 65 Scribendum est miAi 67 44. Subj. pres. and imperf. of esse 68 45. Credendum est Caio ' S^ 46. Colenda est virtus 71 47. The Infinitive Mood 78 48. Passive Forms 75 49. Q^i, qi'ce, quod. Mihi creditur, &c 76 50. Deponent Verbs 78 51. The Comparative and Superlative 80 52. Prepositions 82 53. Translation of ' may' ' might ' 83 54. Translation of ' ow^Ar 86 55. Ablative denoting the measure of excess or defect. Quo— eo ; quanta — tanto 37 56. Q«o 88 57. FoBnitet, jaudet, &c 89 (additional CONSTETTINa LESSONS.) 58. Ut — et; qutim — turn, &c. . . 59. Aut ; vel ; sive (seu), &c. . . 60. At, sed, tamen, &c. (adversatives) 61. Nam, igitur, &c. (causals) . . 62. Ut 63. iVe 64. Quin 65. Quominus . . . . . . • 66. Vereor ne : vereor ut . . . 67. Interrogatives 68. in dependent sentences 69. Double questions 70. Conjunctions that always take subj 71 — ^^78. On construing participles by accessory sentences 102 — 108 91 02 93 ib. 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 ib. 101 Sketch of the Accidence : with Tables, Vocabularies, &c. t » 109 Genders , . . . . . . 124 Questions 129 Table of Differences of Idiom ».».... 133 Index I. English 135 II. Latin 1 Hints for finding root oi present Irom root of perfect j 143 abla- TAGB 55 57 59 tho eo; 61 82 64 65 67 68 69 71 73 75 76 78 80 82 83 85 37 88 8d « 91 . 92 . 93 . ib. . 94 . 95 . 96 . 97 . 98 . 99 . 100 . ib. . 101 102—108 « . 109 . 124 . 129 . 133 . 135 HENRY'S FIRST LATIN BOOK, fectj; Wov,U printed in IWicletto (!^y--"^Zri'^^ woATor'abS pi,rnsJ. tlmt aro not to l'" 'andfed wo^^ ,^ rcmembcml. „„d followed Ijy a cmye, to the table 01 r™"° ^ VV ^^ t m m"Vnt™ f» iUIet^'Jhf a^' ^«f«™* to, in Sid" ei ti,c letter f i, placed before the numeral. • Lesson 1* Cases in Latin and English. 1 Where in English we put a preposition before a noun, the Romans often used no preposition, 1 ut ohane-ed the end of the word. T^hus/mens-a^ being '« table ^ 'mens-t.' is 'of a table;' 'mens-a/ ' by a tabk'and so on. ^ 3 A word so altered la called a case ol that word , thus mensce is called the genitive case of mewsa ; and ^° 4 The unaltered word is said to be in the nomina- tive case, though it is not strictly a case. 5. All Latin nouns do not form their cases exactly in the same way. . . , » j? • «. +1,^ As there are five principal ways of forming the cases of a noun, nouns are divided into five classes, each class being called a declension. ^ 6. (a) Nouns that end in a in the nominative, and make their genitive in ce, are of the first declension. i i ^.i, • (h) Nouns that end in us, er, urn, and make their genitives in i-, are of the second declension, (c) Nouns in us, that make their genitive in ws, w f 8 Cases, continued: f/ie Accnsafivc, and all nouns in v, arc of tho fourth de- clension. {d) Nouns that end in r?, and make their genitive in ci, are of the^'/y/s declension. {e) Nouns with any ending not set down as be- longing to the other declensions, and those with an ending belonging to some other declension, but with a genitive in *ts,' be- long to the third declension*. 7. On the Accusative case. The accusative, is the case that follows transitive verbs, and many prcpositiojis. 8. A transitive verb is one that gives no complete meaning till some person or thing is mentioned to whom or which the action was done. lie killed— (killed whom ?) the blacksmith. 0. The following are the accusative endings of tho five declensions for the singular number. 1. 2. 4. 3. 5. am um em. But 1^ If a noun is neuter, its accusative is tho same as the nominative **. 10. These endings are to bo added to the word, when the endings of the nominative, as set down in a TABLE OF THE DECLENSIONS. Nouns that end in | Genitive a us, er, um us, u 03 i arc of the first "^ . . second . . fourth es Those with any ei . . . fifth ► Declension. other ending, or with these if their is • third gen. end in ' is ' tUnn'^J:!'^^''^' """ '*/>^* ""'^ ^^'''•' ^"* '" I^atin the names ot things are some mascxame, some feminine, some neuter. fourth dc- icir gonitivo >n. down as bc- 18, and thoso some other J in * is/ bc- rs traimtivc no complete entioned to :8mith. ings of the Jiuh'S for form inij t/ic Cases. ative is the ) the word, ct down in Declension. the names ot 1 the table (in p. 8, note «), have been thrown away. But to this there are two exceptions : — (1) The case-endings (or * tennwations ') of nouns of the second declension in er, are added on thus : c is dropt, and the termination then added on to the r. Thus ager, agr-, Ace. agr-um. (Sometimes however the c is kept; uBpuer, Ace. puer-um.) (2) The terminations of the third declension are added on to so)ne form that is generally not found in the nominative. Thus they are added on to lapid, the nominative being lajns, Gen. lapid-is. (3) The root, or form to which the terminations of the third declension are to be added, is to be got from the genitive by throwing away * is.* Exercise 1. [Obs. «t., /., n. stand for masndine, feminine, and neuter. O. stands for genitive.'] 11. Determine of what declension each of the following words is, and write down its accusative case. Vocabulary 1. Ket-wokds c. Crown, garland. corona (coronation), (instilar). Island, instila Friend, amicus, O. amici (amicable). Umpire, arbiter, O. arbitr-i (arbitration). Leaf, folium, O. folii (foliage). Garden, hortus, O. horti (horticvltuTe). Law, lex, O. Icgis (legal), (curricle). Chariot, currus, O. currus Face, faeies, O. faciei. Dust, pulvis, O, pulv^r-is (pulverize). Time, tempus, O. tempSr-is, netit. (temporal). Oak, quercus, O. querciis. Horn, cornu, iieut. (corn«copia). c Tliat is, EngUsh words that are derived from the Latin words, and may serve as a key to their meaning. A 5 n l^' 10 First Conjugation : formations. Lesson 2. 12. The persons of the Latin verb are distinguished by their endi)tgs (as think-est and think-s are in Eng- lish). But in Latin all the persons have different rndings ; and the pronoun /, thou, &c. is generally left out, because the ending of the verb shows the person meant. (Verbs whose infinitives end in are, as am-are.) 13. By tnrowing off are you get the root. 14. By adding at to the root you get the third per- son singular of the ^jresent tense : by adding ahat, the third person singular of the imperfect tense : by add- ing ahit,ihQ third person singular of the /?(^«re tense. B.m.'dhat, teas loving, am-dbtt, will love. (a) Am-are, to love : root am. Sim-at, loves ; is loving ; or does love. Where in English we nee an auxiliary verb, "tvill love," "may love," &c., the liomaus used endings to the root, as am-o6o, I will love. 15. Vocabulary 2. advninistr-are lau.l-are jur-are ar-are salt-are vit-are a;dific-are imperium, agricOla raur-us, i mors, Q. mort-is G. imperii To administer. To praise. To swear, To plough. To dance. To avoid. To build. Government, Husbandman, Wall, Death, Boy, Way; road. To show, or point out, monstr-are Dragon, draco, O. dracSn-is. Voice, vox, O. voc-is Fox, vulpes, Q. vulp-Is. Not, non (before the verb). Gir', puella, Q. puella). Key-wosds. (^administration), {laudatory). (ofX-jure). (arable), {saltatory), {^w-e-vitable). {edification *). (imperious), (agriculture). (a mwrai crown f). (mortal). puer, O. pu6ri (keeps e) — (puerile) via (da-vious). (diQ-monstrate). (vocal). * This word means ' the building a man up ' in religious know- ledge and practice : building on the foundation of faith. t A crown given to the soldier who first moimted the walls of a besieged city. First Conjugation, Second Conjugation. 11 tinguished re in Eng- e different generally shows the m-are.) ►t. 1 third per- g ahat, the 3 : by add- (^wre tense. icas loving, vill love. I love," "mat/ am-o6o, I will iEY-WOSDS. ministration). idatory). ■jure). able). Uatory). e-vitable). 'fication *). perious). ricultv/re). twrai crown f). vHal). lerile). ■viotta). ■momtrate). ^al). eligious know- h. the walls of a Model sentence. (The aecnsative is placed before the verb.) 16 Servius imperium administrat. Servitis (the) government administers. ^ 17. i^ The Latin language has no article, that is, no separate word for a or the. Exercise 2. 18. [Order: Nom. Ace. Verb.] Balbusd is-building a wall. The boy shows the road. Gains wiU-build a wall. The boy will- show the road. The husbandman will-plough. Cams was- ploughing. Caius will-praise the boy. The boy will-avoid death. He was-swearmg The boy dances. The boy will-dance. The girl was-dancing. liie boy will-avoid the fox. The fox was-avoidmg the boy. &W When there is a 'not,' the present with 'does'mmi be used : and the auxiliary verb {does, will, shall, &c.) must stand before the ' not,' c. g. ' does not: Puer mur«m £edific«6a^. Caius puellaw lauda^. Balbus \mdhit. Agricola ar«^. Balbus puerum vita- hat Puer mortm ^itahit. Puer? ,T J n^:..a oyo flio Tijifin nnmcs. Gen. JBalii, Catlm A G 12 Second and Third Conjugations. I 20. The root is got by throwing off ere. 21. The endings of the tliird persons singular are, {2ires.) (itnperf.) (fut) et, ebat, ebit. Exercise 3. 22. A Christian does not fear death. The boy will fear the dragon. The voice v/ill frighten the boy. The boy was holding the fox. The boy will hold the dragon. Balbiis was laughing-at the boy. He was building a wall, Caius will plough. He swears. A Christian will not fear death. Balbus was sho-wdng the way. timet, ridebit, terrebat ; tenet, videt, videbit. ridebat, tenebat, timet ; timebit, terret, timebat. Puer vulpew* non time^. Draco puerww terrebiL Balbus draconcni tenebat. Puella \iani monstrdbat. Puer puellr?wi ridet. Caius jpiiormn docebat. Lesson 4. (Verbs whose infinitive ends in ere.) 23. YOCABULARY 4. Ket-WOBDS To neglect, dieregard, ncglYg-ero {negligent). To shut, claud-?re \mclude). To writ'', scrib-ere {describe). To slay, occTd-erc. To learn, disc-gre (c?/*ciple). To lead, dQc-erc (ad-rfMce). Gate, porta (porter). Letter, epistSla (epistle). Slave, servus (servile). Master, dominus (domineer). > 24. The root is got by throwing off ere, and the terminations of the third persons singular are, (prcs.) {impcrf.) (fut.) it, ebat, et. Exercise 4. 25. The_ slave will shut the gate. The girl was writing a letter. Jiaibus disregards the vo;cc. Tjhie Third and Fourth Conjugations, 13 ingular are, t,) \e boy will jn the boy. dU hold the y. He was swears. A as shomng t, videbit. )t, timebat. m terrebit. monstrdbat. (f. IT-WOBDS gligent), elude). 'Scribe), *ciple). \-duce). orter). mtle), Tvile). imineer). ' rc, and the are, t.) le girl was o;ce. The hA bovwilllearn. Caius was learning. The^ girl will .how the garden. The master will praise {his) slave. The slave was showing the way. The slave will not fear death. The slave will plough, discit, claudit, claudebat ; negliget, scrlbit, scribet, claiidet, discebat, scribet ; occidit, ^ discet, ducit. Servus ^omimim occidiY. Puer ^^Qebat. bervus voxiam d^v^mat. Epistokw scrib.^. Jui;a6;i. Puella puer«m l^umat. Puella mortm xxidht. ^ Puer vulp(^;» non iimebit. Christianus moviem non time^. Lesson 5. [Verbs whose infimlivcs end in v^e.) 26. Vocabulary 5. To hear, aud-ire To feel, "1 gg^^t iro To perceive, j To open, ~1 apgi-.u-e To uncover, J To bind, vine-Ire. Pain, 1 ([o\oY, O. dolSr-is, maso. Sorrow, J . ^ ., • / Head, caput, G. capit-is, netit. 27. The root is got by throwing away ire, and the endiiiffs of the third persons singular are, (pres.) iimperf.) (M) 'it, iebat, let. Exercise 5. 28 The boy hears a voice. Balbus will feel pain. The slave uncovers his head. The girl will open the letter. Balbus will bind (his*) head. Cams will hear the voice. Caius was uncovering (his) head.^ Balbus will write the letter. The master neglects (his) slave. vinciebat, sentiet, audiet ; sentit, audiebat, aperit audit, aperiebat, sentiet ; yincit, audit, sentiebat. Puer caput yinciebaf. Balbus Yocem audiet. Caius dolovem vitabit. Puella dolovem sontiebaf. Servus * Not to be translated. (audi-hle). (senU-vacni). {aperture). (doIor-OMs). {capit-dX). A 'l 14 Distinctions of Conjugations. epistolam scribebat. Caius servum iaudabat. Servua murum sedif icat. Servus currum monstrabit. Lesson 6. 29. The forms we have now gone through are the four classes (or conjugations as they are called) of verbs. They are distinguished by the endings of the infinitive mood. 30. {a) Yerbs whose infinitives end in are, are of the first conjugation, and their favourite vowel is long a. Verbs whose infinitive ends in ere, are of the second conjugation, and their favourite vowel is long e. Verbs whose infinitive ends in ere, are of the third conjugation, and their favourite vowels are short c and short i. (d) Verbs whose infinitive ends in ire, are of the fourth conjugation, and their favourite vowel is long i. cJl. Terminations of the Infinitive. 1 conjug. 2 conjug. 3 conjug. 4 conjug. (favourite voivel a) (fav. vowel e) (Jav. votvels g, i) (fav. votod i) Infin, (*) w ■are ere ere ire 32. Third persons of three tenses. Present, linpcrf., Future, 1. at abat abit 2. ebat ebit 33. Vocabulary 6. To fight, pugn-are To sing, cant-are To play, lud-ere To cry out, clam-arc To answer, respond- ere To sin, pecc-are' To run, curr-dre To hope for, sper-are Father, 3. 4. it ^ !t ^ ebat iebat ^t iet ^/JM^w-acious). (cant-iclc). Idc-lude). (clamour). (respond). (pecc-ant). (curr-ic\e). (de-sper-ate). pat-er, Q. patr-ia (paternal). Exerme on the Four CotyugatioM. Exercise 6. 15 34 The girl sings. The hoy vras singing, ^e slat .iU llay. ^l^Z,Z^^'''^^:^..y^. toy mil ans^yer. ,I?^lb"» "'"^ lau n. Sht. The master was praising (his) slave. The boy will run. The girl was running. Sprvus mortem sperabat. Fater currgbat. Servus ™,St. BalUsentiet. Mors Balbum terrebi • E Ch istianum non terret. Puer vocem audie . Puer vulpem non timet. Servus dommum occidebat Puella pec'^abat. Servus cantabit. Balbus audit. Pater sentit. Lesson 7. {Adjectives in us, er.) 35. Vocabulary 7. To finish, Labour, Mother, Woman, Maid, To bury, Dead. Son, Snake, To find, Money, Sum-of-money (maternal). fin-Ire. labor, G. labor-is, m. mater, G. matr-is mulier, GT. mulier-is. ^,,,aiarr,). mortuus, mortua, mortuum. {mortuar!, chapel), filius, Gf. filii. ijihal). anffuis, anguis, m. {pronounced angwis). reper iro T } pecunia fmagister, G. niagistr-i, J a master vv^ho teaches Master, < domm-us, G. i, a master y who owns To rouse-up, or \ g^ctt-are awaken, J j^Iine, mens, mca, memn. a.r^r.i\ bonns, bona, bonum. Sis 'her, its, theirs, suus, sua, suum; used when the person Ihose the thing is, is the nominative to the verb. (repertory), (pecuniary). (magisterial). (domineer). (excitement). 36. ^^ Adjectives in iis, Cf'f iltlVC viU build a smaU house. The poet will buHd a great house. Ihe poet s daughter was walking through the ffreat city. Ihe unlearned (man) laughs-at the poet. The true poet will laugli-at the unlearned (man). Christianus pecuniae parv? scstimdbit \ Immi domum eyert^^. Indoctus sapiential parvi cestmat. Cams sapientia;» Imddbtt. Amice l^udat sa^ientiam. WllT""' ^^'^''^''"' ^i^^"*^- ^^^^ter bonam filiam laudabat Magnam regis coronam videbit. Leo d aniabit asmum. Puer magnam quercum monstra- Oit. feervus domnn sui hortum monstrabat. 50. The Lesson 11. On the formafiop o^ th^ P/...a^/ same in all the conjugations; but this one ending is added on to a cfo, H naximi / great (price) Formation of Perfect Tense. 21 If or thing, it s meant, tlio o; if woman, ;ue at-a-Iow- Dulling down avenge the man) values pious (man) will build a ^reat house, 'h the great e poet. The an). it '. Impii \rvi wstmat. sapientia';«. Dnam filiam lebit. Leo im monstra- at. in all the ied on to a oarticular root \ that is altered in various ways from that of the present. 51. In the first, second, and fourth conjugations, the root of the perfect is generally formed by adding IV, ii, and Iv, respectively, to the root of the present. Thus from am-aro mon-ere aud-ire {Root of present) am- mon- aud- {Root of perfect) amav- monii- audlv- * 52. Terminations of the third person suigular, in the Perfect, i Pluperfect, and Future perfect of the active voice. , Perfect, it. Pluperfect, erat, I Future j^erfect, erit, I 53. Find the roots of the perfect for cant-are, terr- fcre, doc-ere, sepel-ire. } to be added to the root of the perfect. I Exercise 11. \ 54. The boy had heard a voice. The slave will ^ave shown the road. The lion has torn-in-pieces the ass. The slave has avoided pain. Caius had praised his slave. The fox had frightened the boy. The master has taught the boy. The Christian did oiot fear death. He had valued wisdom at-a- very-low price (minimi). I Juraverat. Agricola araverit. Yulpes terruerit ^uerum. Servus speravit mortem. Puella peccave- |rat. Servus cantabit. Pater mortuum fUium sepeli- Werat. Magnam poetae sapientiam parvi sestimavit. |Veram virtutem magni sestimaverat. Lesson 12. 55. Vocabulary 11. Bad, malus. Evil, malum {neui. adj. used as suhst.). SrtiYinfViiTio'- • O' nlTnnid (n.). — -i — \ / I ' By a root is here meant that part of a tvord which is found un- " changed in all the cases or tenses spOken of. / 22 Qenitive with Neuter A((jccfiro. \ 5 How much, Pleasure, Lose, Unwilling, Fig\ire, To liavo, Stability, To contlemn, Unlearned, Industry, qunntus, quanta, quantum (quant'dy). voluptas, G. voluptatia {volujitmry). amittfire. invitud (to be translated, Uinwilhngly ). ligiira. habere. {hahU). etabilTtas. damnaro {damnation). indoctus. induBtria. stahilitatis. of stability (has no stability). r something of time. {Lat.) \ {some time.) {Eng.) \ much of good. (Lat.) \ {much good.) {Eng.) 1 i-j.' 1 f i^ow much of pleasure. (Lat.) Quantum voluptatis | ^^^^^^ much pleasure.) (Eng.) 67. (Eng.) He does it unwillingly. (Lat.) He unwilling does it. 66. Figura nihil habet The figure nothing has AUquid temj^oris Multum honi ^ Exercise 12. [Questions 1—5.] Find, by 51, the root of perfect from hab-ere, vn-are,| dilani-are, laud-are. 68. Tlie boy will lose some time. How much plea- s»r6' does the unlearned man lose! The figure had (per/.) p-o ;^^ohilitif He avoided much evil. The lion had tor:'> ?(.piuces the ass. The father praised his| son. My father values industry very highly ^ Servus y'lam monstr-av-em^. Puer mortm tim-u-^Y.I Dominus sevvum suwm excit-av-^r«^." Aliquid tempore invitus amittc^. Christianus avariti«w damn«f . Quan- k gp- Boni-, mali, &c. (the genitives of bonum, malum) are herej used as substantives. 1 1^* Neuter adjectives arc often followed by a genitive case. These adjectives are generally such as relate to quantity} indefinitt\ nwmeraU, &c. Oenitive with est. 23 turn hahet \roloptat/.v sapientia ! Avaritia nihil hahct \eT(e voluptatA . Quaiituiu voluptat/s hah-u-erit I Lesson 13. [Questions 1 — 6.] 69. VOCAHULARY 12. To err, crrnro. Natural-to-man, lumiunua Nobotly, nemo, G. nemin-ia. To oft'end-against ; to 'vronpH To break (a law, one's word, Iviolaro &c.) J Fidelity; faith; o»e'» word, U^^^^^^^j^ honour, &c., J To keep ; to observe, (One's) country. It is, Citizen, To command, . Easy, Disgraceful, Law, 60. Ilumanum servare patria, Q. x, f. est. cTvis, O. civis impgrarc facilis, ni. f, ; facile, n. turpis, m. f.; turpe, n. lex, legis, f. (human), (violate). (\)re- serve), (patriotism). {civiF). (imperative), (Jacilitif). {turpitude). (/e^wlation). est errare. to err ". Natural'to-man H-is Christ idni est nemmem vioL'ire. Th ^i \ ^'^ ^ Christian it is nobody to uronrj. 61. To lie is ° disgraceful. (Lat.) It is disgraceful to lie. (Eng.) 62. After * it is,* such a substantive as ^jar^, diitp, business, mark, is untranslated. In turning Latin into English, when a genitive follows est (erat, fuit, &c.), such a substantive as mark, duty, business, jMrt, must be supplied. t, malum) are lierel r An infinitive mood (with the words belonging to it) \s often the nominative to the verb ; and the adjective that agrees with it is then in the neuter bonder. ** i^* When an infinitive mood is the nominative case to the sen- tence, in English we put ' it ' before the verb ' is.' This * it,' which represents, as it were, the coming sentence, must not be translated into Latin. m r-i 24 Formation of Accusatives plural. 'It is the part It is the duty- It is the business It is a mark It is of a wise man > of a wi i wise man, &c. (Eng.) (Lat.) Exercise 13. 63. It is a great thing -^ot to fear death. It is a little thing not to fear a lox. The slave had kept his word. It is the slave's business to shut the gate of the city. It is disgraceful to neglect a son. It is natural to man to value money at-a-high-price^. It is a mark of an unlearned man to value wisdom at-a-low-pricc^. Turpe est poeta) domum evertere. Humanum est peccare. Patris est filium suum sepelire. Megis est imperare. Servi est viam monstrare. Pater filium doi^uerat. Puella clamaverat. Mater filiam suam laudaverat. Caius cantaverit. Agricola juravit. Im- pii (62) est virtutem ^;r/?T/ a^stimare. Eoni (62) est tidem servare. Impii est fidem violare. ■i i I ■H 1 i ) HIL II - I H ^ U SHI -^^ i' Lesson 14. 64. For mas. and fern, nouns the accusative plural ends in s ; for neuters in a. Rule. To get the ace. phir. from ace. sing. (1) For mas. and fern, nouns, turn mh of the 2nd into os : in the other declensions, turn tn into s. (2) For neuters add a to the root ^. Hence the terminations of the ace. plur. are, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. as, OS, es, us, es. Ohs. The vowel before s is long. Ace. plur. of aE neuters ends in a. q Somotiines ia must be added ^ for v.'liich vulcs will be eiv"3 below. Formation of Dative aud Ablative. 25 Exercise l-l. 65. It is disgraceful to break (one's) word. It is (the duty) of a Christian to keep (his) word. It is (the part) of a Christian, not to oftend-against the laws of his country. The good citizen will observe the laws of his countr /. The master has taught the boys. It is natural-to-iiian to avoid pain. Balbus will break his word. The fox had frightened the boys. He dis- regards the labours of his slave. Pater raeus fidem servaverat. Indocti est (62) sapientiam parvi (estimdre '. Turpe est fidem suam non servare. Caius fidem suam non servavit. Chris- tiani est neminem violare. Neminem violavit. 1 Lesson 15. ()6. The remaining cases of the singular : Dative Ablative 1. 2. 3. 4. £0 o 1 Ul a o e* 11 5. ei e 67. The Dative is to be construed by to or for. The Ablative is to be construed by with, by, from. The Ablative sometimes relates to time, and must then be construed by at or tn : when it relates to place, by at or from f. 68. Vocabulary 13. Hand, man-u3, As, f. (mamiaT). To labour, '\^^^ - To be in trouble, )l^l^«^'«'^e- To appease, placare Mind, anim-us, i Gift, donum {placable). fmagn-aw»«»-ty). {donative). Exercise 15. The thing with lohich is put in the ablative. 69. The boy will show the road to the husbandman. The girl will open the letter ivith her-own hand. The • Unless you are told to use i, which is sojnetimes the ablative form, t JbVoin after a verb of motion. 26 Adjectives in is. * 3 . :■' > 1 > i ■ / boy will hear voices. Death will not terrify Chris^ tians. The slave will shut th > gates for the king. Death frightens the impious. It is natural-to-man to fear death. He will appease the boy tvith a gift. He has appeased the boy's mind. He will have appeased the boy's mind with a gift. Agricolte est laborare. Puer discet. Servus domini vocem timebit. Christian! est virtutem laudare. Caii animum dono placaverit. Iram meam dono placaverat. Puella cantabit. Puer ludebat. Lesson 16. 70. {^ Adjectives ending in is, have Gen. is, and are therefore of the third. They are masculine and feminine. Their neuter form is e, Gen. is, &c. ; and the ablative singular is ^*. 71. YOCABULAKY 14. Kome, Koma. Carthage, Carthago, CarthagTn-is, f. The space-of-two-years, biennium Winter, To sleep, Bear, Cave, One, To rest. To chastise. To remain. To live. Earth, Faithful, Year, 72. Eomce. at Home. hiems, hiSm-is, f. dormire ursus, i. antrum. unus, una, unum ' quiescere castlgare manere vlvSre terra fidelig ann-us, i Tarenti. at Tarentum. (btennial). Ihiemation). {dor-xaouse). (unit). (quiescent). (castigation). (mansion). (re-vive). (terrestrial). (fidelity). (annual). Tibiire ». at Tihur. * A table of the terminations of an adj. in 'is ' is given at p. 112 (16, 1). J^ Thi8 word, with some others, has this peculiarity : unus, una, and unum, all make their Oen. unlus, and their Dat. uni, instead of the regular Genitives and Datives of the first and second declensions. 8 [^° If the name of a town at which any thing is done, be of the first or second declension, and singular number, it is put in the genitive; if not, in the ablative. Governments of Time and Place. 27 Caius annum Cains year Uieme ursus In winter the hear umim * Cortdnce vixit. one at Cortona lived. ill aiitro dormit. in a cave sleeps. 73. Obs. Tlw preposition in English is not to be translated before the name of a toivn, or a noun of time (a) Before a noun of time, consider, whether it tells you when the thing was (or, is to be) done ; or hoio long it lasted (or is to last *). Exercise 16. 74. In-ici liter the earth rests. My father was living at-Rome. Balbus is-remaining at-Carthage. It is the duty ' of a good citizen to remain at-Rome. In winter the bear will remain in (its) cave. He will remain at-Rome for-the-space-of-two-years. He has kept his word imwillingly (57). It is the duty ^ of a father to chastise his son. The slave is walking in the garden. He is remaining at-Tibur unwillingly. In-the-winter, he will play in the garden. Pater mens fidelem servum vindicabit. Pater filium castigaverat. Puer in antro ctormiebat. Lex Chris- tian a avaritiam damnaverat. Pater filium castlgaverit. Biennium Romce manebit. Facile est, pueri animum dono placare. Puella in horto ludebat. ven at p. 112 Lesson 17. [On the perfect of verbs ichose root ends in p or b.) 75. In these verbs the root of the perfect may gene- rally be got from the root of the jt^rese;?;^ by adding s. I^° But bs must be Avritten ps. * ^^ Time wJien ia jjut in the ablative ; time how-long in the ucctisative. b2 m- -^ 28 Verbs in p and b : Perfect Tenses. 76, Examples: Rootofpres.re?;; rootofperf. r \' i' 34 Verbs cncUitg with k sound : Perfect Tense. Lesson 22. On the perfect of verbs whose roof ends in a k sound (that is, in c, fj, or qu). 91. The common way is, to add s to the root of the jorcsent ; remembering that, i^^ Any h sound with s = " a; [that is, for cs, (/s, ci' gus, write rr]. Thus from cinrj-ere, icg-h'c, dic-l're, cuqu-^re <^, wc get for tlic roots of tlio porfoot, (cing-s) (teg-s) ((Uc-p) (ooqn-s) ci-nx, tcT, (lix, cox. 92. YOOABULAIIY 19. Attaclf, oppugnaro. sumnins ; properly 7ii(j7iesf, but the general word for greatest, when qualities are spoken of. cing-cre Greatest, To surround. To cover. To say, To cook ; bake ; ripen, Fault, blame, Lie, Cloak, teg-grc dic-ero J coqu-gro culpa mendacium {cincture). (in-^e^TM-ment). {diction). {(Ic-coction). {culpable), {mendacious). Folly, Food, The sun, To fill. All, To illuminate. Light, Elver, f (to 2>(tl/iafc an oflcncc ; \ i. e. to cloak it). {stuliifij). {solar), {complement). pallium stultitia cibus. sol, sol -is, ra, complere f omnis : cunctus (the lat \ ter word means * all | (oHmi-potcnt). I taken together') J illustraro {illustrate). lux, Ific-is {lucid). /flimien, flumm-is. What V gender 1 [See page 16, note ^.] Assumed-appear- rsimulatio. Q. simulati- j (,iig.,^-,„„;^^ .^„x ance j pretence, \ cms J ^ '' Whole, Prudence, r totus, a, um : but G. to-'\ ) this, D. toti. In other [ 1 cases, regular. [See ( [ page Hi, 10.] J prudentia. {total). '^ This mark means ' equals,' oi', * is the same as.' d Qu = ktv ; pronounce coktvere. sound )t of the )r C.9, (J8, wc get for n ofTcncc ; ^it). Verbs ending with t sound : Perfect Tense. 35 93. Sol cuncta sua luce illustrat. The sun all (things) with his light illuminates. Oi. US^ * Thing * ' things' are often not expressed in Latin : tlic adjective must tlien bo put in tlie neuter. Exercise 22. 95. Ho surrounds his head with a garland. IIo had surrounded the city with a wall. It is disgraceful to cover a fault with a lie. Tho slave had covered his master's body with a cloak. The boy had said nothing. The girl had cooked the food. Do not cover (your) fault with a lie. The slave has said many (things). The sun fills all (things) with its light. The assumed-appearance of folly covered great wisdom. It is the business ^ of the slave to cook the food for his master. It is never useful to lose time. How much * pleasure has he had ? Sol cuncta sua luce illustraverat. Christiani ' non est, mendacio culpam tegere. Pueri dixerunt. Flu- men urbem cingit. Totani hiemcni ^^^ ursus in antro dormiebat. Amicus amici corpus suo pallio tegebat. Summam prudentiam simulatione stultitice texerat. Hannibal Saguntum oppugnabat. Turpe est peccare. Biennium Romse manebunt. Carthagine inviti mane- bant. n). Lesson 23. On finding the root of the perfect of verbs whose root ends in a t sound (that is, d or t). 96. Here too the root of the perfect is generally got from the root of the present by adding s. The t sound must be thro^vn away before this s, cliiU. lilt; picv;cvj.iiiij vUtycxj c/ o/tt// t, iUavi^; •.^■ii.^. Claud-0, claud-s, claus. Divid-o, divid-s, diiis. B 6 ■^ I 36 Dadt'O and Ablative Plural. 97. Tlio remaining cases of tlio plural of sub- stantives. In the plur. the dative and ablative are aliko. 1.2. a. 4. 5. Dat. "I IS, ibiis, cbiis. (In the fourth it is somc- Abl. j times iibus.) 98. YOCADTJLAIIY 20. Three, A man, To nccuso, Tlieft, Bribery, To nequit, Beauty, Treachery, (fur fire), {amhilioii). {absolve; absobUion). Ciivc, antrum. To divide, divid-t-rc. Part, pars, partis. Gender ? (p. IG, g.) {t'''s,nei(i. tria (declined regu- larly : gen. trium). fviv *, Q. viri (declined like a l_ noun of secontl). accusarc. furtuni ambitus, G. As. absolvSro pulchritudo, dinis,y*. proditio, G. onis. To death (con- "\ /may be translated by cap'ifi's demned), /), {'of the head'). [100,101.2 Into, in, with the accusative. Because, quia. Always, semper. Ability, ingenium {ingen'tous). Space ctf three"! ... u • • t\ *■ , tnennmm ttnennial). years, J ^ ' Singular (re-'\ markable), j 99. Puer •exnni-us, a, um. cximia A boy Caium Caius of singular proditionis ® of treachery pulchritudTne. beauty. accusant, they accuse. * Homo, G. homJnis, and vir arc both ' man :' but homo is ' man ' as opposed to other animals ; that is, ' a human being :' whereas ' vir ' is ' man ' as opposed to * woman.' When 'men' means ' human beings,* 'men' generally (includirg both sexes), it should be translated by hom^ines. Wlien * man ' is used contemptuously, it should also be translated by * homo' because that word says nothing better of a person than that he is a Jmman being. When 'man'i^ used respectfully, with any praise, &c., it should bo translated by 'vir,' because man is superior to touman. ^ i^° Verbs of accusing, acquitting, and condemning, take a geni- tive of the charge. As transitive verbs they, of course, take aa accu- sative of the person accused. rvi'J'ectH formed nith Imythcncd Vowel. 37 of 6ub- aliko. is somc- hsobUion). ilTne. ^ it. ISC. I is ' mail ' reaa ' vir ' (includirg translated rson than should bo ike affeni- Q an accu- 100. Ons. Where wo describe a person or thinpf hy n sulaiantirn and adjective govornod by • q/",' the llomans used either tho (jcnitive or tho ablative. lOlt {,E)i^.) To condemn a person to death. To condemn a person of the head ' {capitis). Exercm 23. 102. The slave has shut tho gates of tho city. Balbus had divided all {neut. plur.) (the things) into three parts. Ho will divide all {neut. phn\) into three parts with his (own) hand. Do-not divide the food. Balbus, a man of the f/reatest virtue, has praised the fidelity of the slave. Tho sun was illuminating all (things) with his light. Ho will accuse Balbus of theft. Virtue is tho highest wisdom. They have written tho letters with their own hands. The queen was writing a letter with her own hand. lie had covered his fiice with a cloak. It is always disgrace- ful to cover a fault with a lie. Caius, vir summo ingenio, Romoo ^'^ vivit. Balbum ambttus accusaverant. Quantum cihi * amittunt ! Balbum proditionis absolvent. Balbum capitis dam- nabunt. Hiemo (72) ursi in antris dormiunt. Trien- nium (72, note t) Roma) manebit. Caium no accusa. Invitus Caium accusavit. Caium, summo ingenio virum, proditionis accusaverat. Portas urbis clause- rat. Balbi est, omnia (93, 94) in tres partes dividere. Facile est saltare. Nunquam utile est peccare, quia semper est turpe. Lesson 24. Root of the perfect with lemjthened (and often changed) vowel. 103. Other verbs form tho root of the perfect by Icvigtliciiiny tiic vowcv Oi the present i as tYf=ere, cd. f AVc may suppose that it was originally ' to condemn a person to the loss of the head,' or rather * to a 2?unishmeiit of tlic head.' 38 Perfects formed with lengthened Vowel, t ■ Take, lleceivc. Arm, Treaty, Chain, Prison. A Gaul, Enemy, From,' (con-fede)'-a.ie). (in-carcer-atc). (Tiosiile). 104. If the vowel of the present is ^, the root of the perf. will have e. Thus cap-eve, cej). 105. Several of these verbs drop an n or m before the final mute. Thus frang-ere, frag, freg {break). nunp-ore, rup, riip {burst; break through). vinc-ere, vie, vie (conquer). 106. YOCABULARY 2L em-ere, r. em (^rc-emptlon). c;1p-ere, r. (x^ from cj\pio, p. 61 x {captive). brilcluum. fbcdus, foederis (neut.) 8Ji 4 vinculum. career (carcerl^. Si, s) Gallus. hostis, G. hostis (after receive, oapere), ex tviih abl. To break (one's)! n^ j, n word,&c., ^Y^^^Mere. Exercise 24. 107. Caius had broken his arm. The Gauls had broken-through the treaty. They had broken-through the treaty. It is disgraceful to break-through a treaty. Caesar conquered the Gauls. It is not easy to conquer the Gauls. He had appeased Balbus with the greatest prudence. They will brepk- through their chains. They had broken-through the chains of their prison. It is easy to break (one's) arm. They are losing much ^ money. He was losing much pleasure. They will condemn Balbus to death. He had conquered his enemies. Balbus has broken his arm at Rome. Nunquam utile est fcedus rumpere. Nunquam utile est fidem fallere, quia semper est turpe. Facile est puerorum animos donis placate. Turpe est fcedera negligere. Galli negligebant focdera. Utile est om- nibus laborare. Nemo semper laborat. Caius bra- chium suum Carthagine fregerat. Culpas suas simu- latione virtutis texit. Quantum* raellis emerunt! Quantum voluptatis ceperunt! Multum voluptatis ex meo dolore ceperant. For ' after Verbs of Buying, >> 9 Lesson 25. 107*. The letter R will be used to denote root of the present; r, root of the perfect; p, root of the supine. 108. Vocabulary 23. Hope, sfes, spei. Colour, color, G. color-is. Gender ? An estate, fundus. Large, grandis {(jrand). Price, pretium (appreciate). Innnense; huge, ingens, G. ingcut-is. Conquered, victus, a, uin {victory, &c.). To dwell. habitfire {habitation). To reign. regnare. Sardis, 07- Sardes, Sardes (a^?«r«?noun), G. Sardiinn, &.c. Thebes, Thcba?, G. Thebariun : jphr. noun. Victory, victoria. Nightingale, luscinia. Much, multus. Many, multi {multitude). To flourish, florere, r. floru. Often, 6a;pe. Peace, pax, pficis {pac-ific). Athens, Athenro, Athenarum, used only in the plural. 109. Spem prefio (110) non emo. llopc for a priee not do I buy. 110. ^^' After a verb of buyincj, 'for' may be considered a sign of the ablative. That is to say, 'for' is to be untranslated; and the noun that expresses the price, put in the ablative. Exercise 25. [In what case is the price/or which put ?] (110) 111. He has bought the estate for a large sum-of- money. The eonquerecl often buy peace for an im- mense sum of money. He had dwelt many years '-^ at Athens "\ Crcesus reigned at Sardis. He has bought a victory ivith (that is, for) much blood. He will have dwelt many years at Rome. The nightin- gale changes (her) colour in the autumn ^^\ It is impious not to love (one's) parents. Caius had broken his arm. Cresar has conquered the Gauls. [When is the place where put in the aen. ? when in the all. ?] (72, note s.) 40 Third Persons^ Present and Perfect. Thchis Pindarus floruit. Mitltos annos Eomse habi- taverant. Impium est, leges patrioo viol are. Invitiis legem violavit. InY'ti leges violaverant. Balbum capitis damnaverunt. Bienniuin Romao habitabunt. Patri£e tua) leges iie viola. Caium proditionis accusa- bunt. ! ■ I Lesson 26. 112. Since, in the third conjugation, both the present and the perfect have their third person in * it,' it is well to learn how to distinguish a third person of the perfect from a third person of the present. 113. a) li 'it' has s or x before it, the tense is the perfect. b) If ' it ' has u or v before it, and the word is of more than two syllables, the tense is very likely to be the perfect •*. c) If the two first consonants of the root arc the same, the tense is the perfect. (Thus ' ^e^endit ' is the perfect.) d) If the root is of one syllable, and has a long votvel, tho tense is very often the perfect. 114. YOCABULARY 23. Some verbs form root of perfect by prefixing a syliable, which is called reduplication, that is, redoubling. Bite, mord-ere, r. (107*) momord (vQ-'unorse). Hang (neut.), pend-erc, r. pepend (sus-jpenrf). Shear, shave, tond-erc, r. totond (tonsure). Change, mutarc (mutability). Shoulder, humSrus, G. i. Beard, barba (J)arbcr). Sheep, ovis, G. ovis. Flay, de-glub-gre (sec 75). Shepherd, past-or, G. oris (pastor). Wolf, lupus, G. i. From, ab, governing the ablative. Arrow, Bagitta. Dog, cauis, G. cauis (canine). Exercise 26. 115. The wolf had bitten the sheep. The shepherd will shear his sheep. A shepherd does not shear his sheep in the winter. The wolves have bitten my dog. Caius will shave (his) beard. The cloak was hanging Ihjf? ;s certain m the ease of av-ii, iv-ir. But aryuit, congruit, imbuit, statuit, &c., are of tho present. Personal Pronouns. 41 from (his) shoulder. The dog has bitten the wolf. They wrote the letter at Carthage. Balbus had shaved (his) beard. The girls have plucked flowers in Caius's garden. The girls will walk in the garden. The queen was walking through the city. They have surrounded the city with walls. They have unwil' linrjly offcnded-against the laws of their country. Boni pastoris^ est tondere oves, non deglubere. Sagittse ab humero pependerunt. Malus pastor deglupsit oves, non totondit. Pastores agricolas riserunt. Lupus boni pastoris ovem momorderit. Boni canis ' non est oves mordere. Tonde oves ; no degliibe. Servus portas urbis clauserit. Pueri regis sceptrum videbunt. Lusciniae colorem mutabunt. Auctumno luscinioo colorem suum mutaverint. Lesson 27. 116. Personal Pronouns. N. G. D. Ac.Ab. N.A. G. D.Abl. T, Tkou, ego, nicT, mihi, mt}, tu, tuT, tibi, te. {(;"»' ^^'•'»^A(«oMe)suY, sibi, T/icm ', J ^ se. uos, nostrum or nostri, nobis, v6s, vestrum or vcstri, vobTs. {PluraHhesameasihesingtilar.) Myself; thyself; himself, herself, itself; themselves, lire also expressed (respectively) by these pronouns. 117. 'He gave him a book' means * he gave a book to him.'' * He is like Mm ' means * he is lil^e to him.' 118. 1^" After verbs oi giving, pa t/ingy costing, 8fc. put in * to ' before the accusatice of the person, and translate it in Latin by the dative. 119. 1^" Adjectives of likeness take the dative*" after them. This means, that what seems the accusative after • like * must be translated into Latin by the dative. 1 Kim, her, it, them, are not translated by sni, &c., unless they fitand for tho same '"erson or thino that the v.Qmiiio.tive (ox other ipal noun) of the sentence stands for. "> But often the genitive. ' Similis mei ' means, ho is like mc in character ; ' similis mihi/ that he is like me iwfaco. P 42 Verbs of Selling. 120. YOCABULARY 24. '■'■ k ; j I i i ■ ' To give, Tc sell, To stand ; cost, Gold, Silver, Blood, llomaii, Beast, Chain, To finish, Wicked, Orator, Oration, Twenty, A talent, HippopotSmns, The Nile, 121 _/R. (107*) d-are, r. ded. (This verb t^ has u in the last syllable but one.) R. vend-gre, r. vendid. st-are, r. stSt (station). aurum (auriferous), argentum. sanguis, sanguin-is, m. {sanguinary). Romanus. fbellua (o{ large beasts; elephants , \ iokales, &c.). vinciilum. finlre. imprObus, a, um. orator, G. toris. oratio, G. tionis,/. viginti, indeclinable. talentum. hippopotamus. Nilus. Isocrtites orator^ iinam orationem Isocrates the orator one oration viginti talentis vendidit. for twenty talents sold, (The orator Isocrates sold one oration /or iwenti/ talents.) Exercise 27. 122. The Hippopotamus, a great beast, dwells in the Mle. Caius, a wicked man (98, note), will sell his country for gold. He has sold his country for gold. Hoiv much * silver had he given his slave ? victory cost the Romans (118) much blood". Do not sell your honour for gold. It is the part ' of a Christian to think little of^ gold and silver. Balbus had burst the chains of his prison. It is the part of a Christian to praise the good. Improborum est ', patriam auro vendere. Antmus carceris sui vinciila rumpebat. Fidcm suam auro n Wiien two nouns are spoken of the same thing, the second is put in the satne case as the first. — ~.~: — ,".■" -.1^! !.•_• i/C i!t it^jtusiiivn lo tiio nrst. xience apposition IS when the second noun is a m. • .?, or title, or descrip' tion of the preceding ones. o Remember that the blood was the price paid- Tenses and Government of Verb ' esse/ 43 vendiderunt. Turpe est, fidem suam aiiro vendcre. Quantum tibi argenti "^ dederat * ? Pastor ovem ton- debat. Agricola laborem finiverat. Lesson 28. Tenses of the Verb * esse/ to be. Sing. Plur. 123. Present, est, sunt. Imperfect, erait, erant, Future, erit, erunt Root of perfect fu ; and therefore the tenses with root of perfect formed regularly, fu?Y, fiierat, i\xerit, fuisset. 124. The verb ' to be' takes a nominative (of either a substantive or an adjective) after it. I^j^ An adjective after the verb agrees with the nominative befo7'e the verb. 125. Vocabulary 25. /felix r, G. felTcis \^bcatu3 rotunclus, a, uin contentus 8, governs the abl. dignus s, governs abl. indignus », governs abl. pi'aeditus ^. Relying on, f Vetus '. Strength, vires, G. virium, &c. Plural of vis. A little, parvuKi, neut. adj. used as a substantive Happy, Round, Contented, Worthy, Unworthy, Endued, {felidty). fthe beatitudes). {rotundity). {dignihj). (indigmty). Star, Stella Free, liber s, libera, liberum Never, nunquam. Very many, plurimi, se, a. To do, facere, p. 01, note x. To reign, rognare. {co\yslellai\a\\). {liberty). * Remember that in a question, the auxiliary verb {is, does, &c.) stands before the nominative case. r Beatus relates more to true, inward happiness than felix, which means successful in one's undertakings, &c. * |^° Dignus, indignus, prajditus, contentus, fretus, liber, &c. govern the ablative; that is, the abl. follows them without a pre- position : 60 that the English ' toifh,' 'from,' ' of,' &c., must not be translated after them. f f>- fit i fe !" 44 Dative after * esse.* F'll 126. Terra est rotunda. T/ic earth is round. {Rotunda nom. fern, to agree with terras 124.) Plurima) stellao soles sunt. Very many stars sutia are (are suns). Exercise 28. ' 127. No-one is always happy. The avaricious (man) will, never be contented. Caius, a man (98) endued with the greatest virtue, praised my fidelity. Caius is not free from blame. Balbus, a man un- worthy ofliie, does no fjood^ (thing). Balbus, rely- ing on his strength, will burst the chains of his prison. It is unworthy of a Christian to praise the bad. The slaves are not free from blame. Christians are contented with a little. The boys have covered their faults with lies. 127*. (\\Tiat does luce come from ?— See 8i, (1) a.) Virtus parvo contenta est. Quam multi indigni luce sunt ! Caius, homo vita indignus, patriam auro vendidit. Patris mei servus laude dignus est. Im- proborum est ' males laudare. Tarquinius Romce regnavit. Arbor florebat. Caium boni omncs lauda- bant. Balbus multa laude florebat. Lesson 29. 128. %^ The compomids of esse (except posse) govern the dative. 129. YOCABULARY 26. (Compounds ofessej governing tho dative.) To do good ; to be 1 , , , . serviceable, j P^od-esse t, (r.) profii. _ t These forms follow the conjugation of ^**e exactly: but prodesse drops Its d before those tenses of esse that begin with a consonant. 11ms pro-sunt : not prod-sunt. it' ' Dative after 'esse:' Exercise. 45 124.) ire suns). Lvancious aian (98) T fidelity, man un- )us, rely- LS of his •raise the Christians > covered indigni iam auro st. Im- s Romce 3s lauda- )t posse) To be prejudiciiil. To be engaged in. As many as possible, The greatest possible, The greatest he can, or could. To raise (forces), Forces, State, Battle, Anger, Human, Race, Becomes, By chance. To be wise. ob-esse ', (r.) obfu. inter-esse ', (r.) intcrfu. quam " iilurimi, a?, a. quam " maximus, a, um. I. J comparare. copiic, arum, plur. civitas, G. tatis. proilium. ira. humanus. gcnijs, G. gcner-is. What gender 1 {genenc). fit, followed by the nominative. casu (abl. of casus, casus) (casual). sapere, sapio {sapient). Exercise 29. 130. Balbus was engaged in the battle. It is the part of a Christian ^ to do-good to as many as jjossibte. CoDsar raises the greatest forces he can. Anger has cost the human race (118) much blood. Anger has often been prejudicial to states. Very-many men are unworthy (125, note s) of life. The Christian will do-good to as many as 2^ossibk. Very-many cities were raising forces. Many states, relying on their strength, are raising forces. They condemned Caius, a man unworthy of life. The conquered will dwell at Sardes. Peace cost me a great sum-of-money. The son will avenge his father's blood. ^ Caosar quam maximas copias comparaverat. Caius, vir summo ingenio praeditus, Romee habitat. Servus mens proelio interfuit. Fides plurimis profuit. Nemo lit casu bonus. Christianorum est ' avaritiam damnare. Caius multis proeliis interfuerat. it prodesse consonant. ' See note in preceding page. " ''f"5 ^«f"» gi'^es *]if meaning of ' as possible' to a superlative, 18 explained m the ' Differences of Idiom; number 9. If ii 46 Tenses of Siihjunctive Mood. m W Lesson 30. Subjunctive Mood. The third plural is formed regu- larly from all ' these forms by the insertion of an n before the t. 131. 1. 2. 3. 4. Pkesent (R.^) 5t, eat, at, iat. Imperfect (R.) aret, eret, eret, iret*. Perfect {r/) Mt. Fluperfect (r.) isset. 132. The subjunctive present in a principal sentence is an imjjcrativc, or expresses a icish. Hence, after itt (that) the subjunctive present is to be con- strued, ♦ he, &c. mai/ — :' without ut, it must be ' let him —, &c.' or * may he — , &c.' 133. The subjunctive present used as an imperative takes nc for * not' (ne putet, do not let him think). Exercise 30. 134. Writedown: That ^ he may shut. He would have shut. He would sleep. That he might irritate. That he may hear. That he may break. He may have broken. He would have burst. He would have divided. Construe : Floreat. Ut floreret. Floruisset. Pro- fuisset. Irritet. Ut irritet. Irritavisset. Divisisset. Ut cingeret. Cingat. Scribat. Ut scribat. Scrip- sisset. Ut scriberet. Placet pueri animum. Ut filium suum sepeliret. Sepeliat filium. Iram meam placavissent. Servus ne claudat portas. Docet pueros, ut sap ere discant. ■* 11. means root of present. Y. root of perfect. * Obs. The 3rd sing, of the imperfect suhjundive may be formed from the injinitive by adding t. w ' Ut' is 'that.' ul sentence Injinitive. to express ' a Purpose.* 47 Lesson 31. 135. ^^ The infinitive in English often expresses a purpose : but the infinitive in Latin never does. {Eng.) I am come to see you. (Lat.) I am come that I may see you. (Enj.) I came to see you. (Lat.) I came that 1 might see you. 136. ^^ The English infin. expressing a purpose may be translated by ' itt ' with the subjunctive. 137. The imperfect subjunctive must be used when the verb is of a past tense '^ ; the present follows the other tenses. 138. 1^" The 'perfect with have' (or 'perfect definite,' vvluch de- notes that sometliing lias been done in a still present period of time) is considered a present tense, and followed by the present subjunctive V, Ocs. Neuter verbs of motion form their perfect definite active with ' am :' so that 'Me is come'=z ' He has come/ and is followed by p7'es. subjunctive ', 139. YOCABULARY 27. R. £d-Cre, v5n-Ire, disc-gro, leg-ere. r. ed (103) ven (103) di-dic*(113, c) leg (103) portas t?ie gates To eat. To come, To learn. To read, 140.(1) y^nit ttt portas claudat. He is coming that tJie gates iie may shut. {He is coming to shut the gates.) (2) Venit tit portas clauderet. He came that the gates he might shut. {He came to shut the gates.) (3) Venit ut portas claudat. He is come that the gates he may shut. {He is come to shut the gates.) (edible). {a.(!L-vent). (disciple), {legible). » That is of the impetfect, perfect, or jplitper/ect. y It is just so in English : I write, or am writing,'^ I shall write, y I have written, j that I mat/, &c. 1 that I might, &c. I ivas tcriting, T wrote, I had written, j * So too ' was come ' is the pluperf. ♦ The syllable prefixed is called a reduplication. '■I I ' HI 48 Suhjiincticc ajicr ' so that,' SfC. Exercise 3l. [What tense is ' ho was come 1 ' 138, z.] 141. He will como to surround the boy's head with a garland. Ho was como to surround the girl's head with a garland. He came to irritate the wasps. They were come to puU-douii Sulla's house. He teas como to give me an estate. They had come to condemn me to death\ Do not shut the gate. He was come to raise the greatest forces he could \ Let the girls sing. Let the boys learn ^ to read. The boy has learnt "^ to play. [Construe ut with the suljundke by the infinitive.'] Yeniat servus, nt portas urbis claudaj.^ Venit^ ut guam maxnnas^ copias comparct. Legit, ut discai. Edit, ut Yivat. Edit, ut vivcrct. Non edunt, ut vivant ; sed vivunt, ut edant. Romoi plurimi vivunt, ut edant. Vcniat Caius, ut epistolam sua manu scribat. (Jantet puella. Ludant pueri. Venerat . Caius, ut Balbi animum donis placaret. Quiescant servi. Nemo quiescat. Vcnit, ut me audiat. Venc- runt, ut me audiant. Yenerunt, ut te audirent. Edunt, ut vitam conservent. Lesson 32. 142. After ' such' ' so' ' of such a kind,* &c. ' that ^ must be translated by ' nt,' and the verb after * that ' must be in the subjunctive in Latin, Ihough in English it is in the indicative. 143. YOCABULARY 28. So great, tantus ^ (tant&\QOunt). mons. mont-is. m. (summit). Mountain, Highest, mons, mont-is, m. summus a iJisco is followed by the infinitive (not by ut with the subjunc- tive). ^ Obs. Wiien the present subjunctive follows a perfect, the pcriect must be translated by 'has,' or, if it is a verb of motion, by 'is;' because the use of a present proves it to be the perfect definite. See 137. w t Construction of * siimmus,' * niedius,' 8fc. 49 Top of. Middle, or midst of. Snow, Alps, Cold, Not-yct, Fish, I'livemcnt, White, Wine, Preserve, To swim. To melt. (>/Jecif/reval). {frigid). {piscatory), (candid), (vinous), (conservative). { sumnms, r in agreement with \ f' medius, ^ their subst. / nix, niv-is. Oender ? Alpes, Alpium, &c. frig- us, oris. Oender ? nondum. piscis, O. pise-is, m, pavlmentuni. cundidus, a, um viiium conservarc nature. liquesc-ere, lieu {liquid). 144. In summis Alpibus tantum est frigiis, On the top of the Alps so great is the cold, tit nix ibi nunquain liquescat. that the snow there never melts. 145. {Eng.) On the top of the mountain. {Lat.) On the highest mountain. (In summo monte.) {Eng.) In the middle {or midst) of the waters. {Lat.) In the middle waters. (In mediii aquis.) Exercise 32. 146. On the top of the mountain " the snow never melts. On the top of the Alps the snows never melt. The cold is so-great, that the snow is not-yet melted ". The fish is swimming in the middle of the water. Boys s^vim on the top of the icaters. The pavement is swim- ming with wine. Let the slave come •^. He was eat- ing, to preserve his life. He will swim, to preserve his life. May the snows melt ! The hoy is singing on the top of the oak. The boys will dance on the top of the mountain. Obs. The subjunctive after ut must be rendered in Eng- lish by the indicative, when a tantus stands in the former clause. In summis montihus tantum erat frigus, ut nix ibi nunquam liquesceret. Yenit, ut patriam auro vendat. " ' Is melted' like ' is come' is the perf. active. ** The third person of the ^present subjunctive is used as aa imperative, m f'S 60 Suhjnncim of * esso : ' Tenm of * possum/ ')bi li pntriai vendidorunt. In j.ii.i,iww. homines pntrmm aiiro siiiiinio moiiic timluin oat frigus, ut nix ibi nonduni licuerit ^ Tanta est pucri industriu, ut multa discat. Nix est Candida. Venit, ut patriso succ logea violarct. Avis ill suinma arbore caiitabat. Lesson 33. 148. 149. 147. Subjunctive of esse. Present, stY.— Imperfect, esset (Fiierif, fiiis- set, regular from/«.) Tlic verb ' can,' ' am able, is made up of an old adjective 'pot is,' meaning ' able,' and the verb ' to be :' but the two words were run togetlier into one with some change. To get the third persons of • to be able ' from ' to be.' _ 1^" Place pot before the third persons of to be, throwing away the / from those that begin with that letter ; and change t into a before another *, shortening potess into poss. We thus get (from the forms in 123) potest, pos- sunt ! potSrat : poterit, potSrunt : and potu (for potfu) for the root of the perfect. The subjunctive will b ossit, posset; &c. Infin. pjjse. 150. Some verbs whose root ends in a k sound, throw away the k sound before s : spar g- ere, spars, merg-ere, mers. 161. YOCABULARY 29. Nest, Bird, Seed, Dangerous, Danger, Victim, Altar, nidus. avis, O. avis semen, seminis. pericul-osus * perlculum victima. ara. Gender ? (aviary). u[\sseminate) , (perilous), (peril). « What was said of the present and imperfect subjunctive, may be ""•' ••'' "" •■'"■ Ji-—j—- J..-J., .^. — - i^° The imperfect and pluperfect of the subjunctive are the regular attendants of the past tenses. * Adjectives in osus mean fill of what the substantive they aro derived from denotes : as, periculosus,/t{;^ of danger. nuit. Tn i noiuluiii Itu discat. 8 violarct. Intcvi'ojafhr Srnfoires. 61 ii(!rit, fiiis- oUl adjective but the two Imngc. m • to be.' be, throwing: t letter; and g potess into I potest, pos' i'ovpotfu) for In^n.pjise. I k sound, viary). iissemtMate). perilous), peril). active, may be ictive are the mtive they are Sprinkle, Priest, '1*' k ndsporpo. r. adspers (a.op^r.06). 8ncerdo.«, ot.8 ^ {JcerUotal). To phn.ge into (/;•««,.), innm^'^.i^rc, inuners. 152. The particles „B (o s/,orl) and m,m arc in- terrogahyo particles ; and when a question has no interrogative pronoun, or adverb of phcc, tiZ or >«««»»./■ one of these particles should bo put in m.- should always follow and be jm„e,l to a word. If there is a ' ««< ,n the sentence, it should be joined to the mn (nonne). *' 153. Nonn^ scribit ? /, ,,,^ /,, ,,,,v; , Scribit;/^ Cams ? Z, C../,,, ,„,fj , Num scribit Cams ? Zs Cr?/,,,s .r/vY^y/i/ -^ (^o ) Arore potest. He can plough. '^ ^oteBinS arare ? Cr/;^ //c plough ? Obs. 'iV^«m' i8 used when the answer '«oMs exnected. so St;"'" ""'^* ^'^^"^^' — ' 'Caius i: "ofwrUing! Exerciac 33. ^husfVNo.r"' '"'' '' ''^''*'''' '^ ^'^ ^' ^^'^'^ ^ '"^V/1/1/1^"^"-, ^^ T^**^^ "^ English after can, may might, &c., and see, hear, feel, bid, dare, makei. ^nf flfA ^K ^,^«b«iidnian has scattered seeds. Have not the husbandmen scattered seeds ? He has plunged £Sr "»»■'"• -""-" -"- .(«S« „'r?^ral^. ™^ ""^S"'" I«rf-t' probably the verb wa, m»d"St*! '"' *'" """"^ """■ '"""' ^- « in the ir^nitUe c2 62 JRoot of Supine, [In a question, the auxiliartf verb must stand before the nominative case : and the form *' do—does,' ' did,' must be used for the present and perfect respectively. (The perfect definite must still be translated by have, has.)} Caius se in flumen immersit. Galli manus in aquam immerscrant. Periculosum est, hieme '2) se in ilumen immergcre. Puer se in flumen immergat ^o). Agricoldrum est ' semir'^. auctumno ^)* spargere. Nonno in summis Alplhus tantum est frigus, ut nix ibi nunquam liquescat ? Avis in summci qucrcu nidum construxerat. Scripsitne Caius ? Sacerdos victimarum sanguine aram adspersit. Num rex portas urbis sua manu claudet ? Nonne boni est pastoris' tondere oves, non deglubere ? K \ \ rii I 'V;:! Lesson 34. Boot of Supine. 155. There are two supines in Latin : one in «;w, and another in u. 156. 1^^ The supine in nm follows verbs of motion to express the purpose : it must be Englished by the present infinitive active (amatum, to love). 157. The supine in « follows some adjectives y and is Englished by ih.Q present infinitive passive. But it may bo Englished by the i)ifin. act. when that gives better English '». Both supines are really active : factum is * (y*''*) doing :' factu, * in doing.' These forms very seldom occur : but they are ^ given in grammars and dictionaries, because two of the participles are formed from the root of the supine. 158. The root of the supine (which will be marked by p.) ends in t ; sometimes in s. 159. In the first, second, and fourth conjugations, the root of the supine is regularly obtained by adding b See 163. d before the must be used ^rfect definite manus in me '^^ se in mergat ^•'^ spargere. us, ut nix rcii nidum ictimarum ; urbis sua ' tondere ►ne m «;w, J of motion led by the ctiveSy and en that gives 'e : factum is are given in larticiples are be marked ijugations, by adding 1. 2. Root of Supine. 4. 53 at, it, It, to the roots of the present, (amat) (monit) (audit) In the third, t is added to the root : but sometimes 5 (especially to the t soim.ds). 160. Obs. Any p sound before t is pt (or pt = pt or ht). Any k sound before t is ct (or ct = ct, gt, or qit(). Hence scrib-tMxa., reg-iwxa, must be written scriptum, rectum. Remember that d, and sometimes g, will be thrown away before s. (See 96, 150.) 161. YOCABULARY 30. To forage (supine), pabulatum. To fetch water (supine), aquatum. To lie down, cubitum (supine from cuhSre). '^".^ii'i ^'^ ' *° S°1 cubitum Ire. to roost. To send, Togo, To go a hunting. To go away. To return. Hen, Evening, Legion, Fourth, Pleasant, To seek, to sue for. Ambassador, 162. Mittit J mittSre, r.mis {for mit-s) ; p. miss (vQ-mit). ire' /venatum ire (venatum, wptne, to\/ . v \. hunt) J {venison). ab-Tre \ r. abi. red-Ire '', r. redi, gallina. vesp-er, G. ^ris legi-o, G. onis. Gender ? quartus. jijcundus. petere, r. petiv-, p. petit legat-us, i legates paeem petUiim. He sends ambassadors peace to sue-for (to sue for peace). 168. (^ng.) It is hard to say 1. {Lat.) It is hard (in) saying (difficile est dictu). ^ Ire is of the fourth, but with some irregularities : r. Iv. : p. it. Indicative. Subjunctive. (vespers). (petition), (legate). Pres. it, Imperf. Ibat. eunt. Put. ibit. eat. iret. The participle, which will be wanted presently, is iens, G. eM»tis, &c. Gerimds, eundi, &c. Tlie compounds ab-ire, rH-lre, are conjugated exactly in the same way (prefixing ab, red, to these forms), but they generally drop v from the root of the perf. (redi-^rit, redi-isset, &c. ; not redivSrit, redivisset). ^ Hence after Iiard, pleasant, &c., the active injimtive is to be translated by the sujnne in w. c3 54 Participles, Active and Passive, . I' Exercise 34. 164. The hens go to roost in the evening. The boy had gone a hunting. Csesar has sent the fourth legion to forage. Has not Caesar sent the fourth legion to fetch water ? Are not the boys gone ^^^ a hunting? Caesar has not-yet returned to Bome^. Caesar had returned from Geneva to Rome. Balbus will go-away in the evening. [Form the supine in u from aud-Tre : fac-ere (159).] Nonne cubitum eunt gallinao vesperi ? Timida avis in summd qnercu nidum construebat. Plato Tarentum venit. Servum Athenas miserat. Caium Athenas mittat ^^\ Jucundum est auditu. Difficile est factu (163). Nonne sacerdotes aram sanguine adsperserunt ? Sacerdotis est, aras omnes victimarum sanguine adspergere. Yenit sacerdos, ut aram san- guine adspergat. R \i I Lesson 35. PARTICirLES. Active. 1. 2. 3. 4. 165. Present (R.) ans, ens, ens, iens. Perfect (none). Future (root of supine = q.) urus. Passive. Perfect (p.) us. Future (or 'participle a^ necessity ;* R.). 1. 2. 3. 4. andus, endus, endus, iendus. m — , After a verb of motion, * to ' is never a sign of the dative, but is to be translated by ad. But ' ad' is omitted before the names of toivns and small islands. \VllPn flip i%lano ia n /yi.iiu «« «i4./«77 '-7^..Jl At.- — 1 J- _l-?-» •- 1.^ ^ — ,,,,,,„ ,., .,,,;..5tc fj£tt«!.(, iinj piatx ty wxiicu iS put in the accusative ; the place/row which, in the ablative. Participles, Active and Passive. 55 li 165*. The participle in ns answers to the English participle in ing. The participle in us answers to the English participle in ed, en, t, &c. (shocked, takew, hur^). The participle in dus must be translated by the present hifinitive passive, as used with a substantive. (A termination to be desired : a crime to he abhorred.) The participle in rus must be translated by * about to (write) ;' or, 'going to (write).' 166. Vocabulary 31. R. ' '1 frang, sparg, adsperg, claud, immcrg, rump. r. freg, spars, adspers, claus, immcrs, rup, P- fract spars adspers claus immers rupt. (for fragt). (for spargs). (for adspergs). (for elands), (for imraergs). Exercise " 35. 167. Loving. Surrounding. Being surrounded. Being broken. (A stick) to be broken. About to break. Dwelling. Living. To be dwelt in. About to dwell. Going to break. About to scatter. About to burst the chains of his prison. An altar to be surrounded with flowers. A boy to be loved. Going to disregard. Going to praise. Immersurus. Porta claudenda. Semma spargenda. Agricola sparsiirus semma. Violaturus legem. Clau- dens portas. Porta clausa. Semma sparsa. Sacer- dos aram adspersurus. Lesson 36. 168. Vocabulary 32. (Words that are construed like proper names of towns. 72, note s.) On the ground, htimi. At home, dCmi, fern. n "v: 1. n^A 2. -X" : /i \ l,.. _,i,i:„™ ■» 4-^ —•..>. /IRQ to frag (see 105, 169, and 160) j (2) by adding s to merg, sparg, claud (sec 159) j and (3) from the roots of viol-are, habit-are (by 159). c 4 56 Ablative Absolute, r \: At my house, domi meso (At I1I3 own house, domi su(b). On service ; in the field, militiaB. Home (to or towards 1 ,„ , «. , „ ,. . home), f ""1"""^ (after verbs of motion), From home, dome. In the country, ruri, all. (or, rure). Into the country, rfis {neut. ace). From the country, rure. Both o (adv.). Neither, Nor, To sing. 169. et; properly and. ncque, or nec,l neqtie is rather to be pre' neque, or nee, / f erred before a vowel, can-ere (r. c6cm ; p. cant). (JEng.) Cffisar having conquered his enemies, &c. {Lat.) Cajsar, when he had conquered his enemies, &c. (or) Ca3sar, his enemies being conquered, &c. (o) Csesar, qmim vicisset hostes, &c. (b) (or) Ca3sar, victis hosttbus, &c. 170. A substantive and participle are said to be put absolutely, when they are not governed by the verb, or any other word in the sentence. ©:!* In Latin, words ptif absolutely are in the abla- tive. (This construction is called the ablative absolute.) 171. Obs. f^ The want of a participle in Latin for the perfect active is supplied by the ablative abso- lute, or by qiium (when) with the perfect or pluperfect subjunctive. "D^q perfect subjunctive must be used, if the other verb is in \kQ present tense. Exercise 36. 172. Balbus having crowned'^ the boy's head with a garland, went away. The slave having shut^ the gate of the city, is going to becVK C^sar having conquered his enemies (169, b) will return to Rome. The leaves are falling down on the ground. Ceesar is remaining at his-o^vn-house. Balbus was with me ^ « Thus instead of ' both Caius and Balbus,' the Romans said 'anti Cams and Balbus' {et Caius et Balbus). P Translate by • when he had crowned.' q Translate by 'the gate of the citg being shut.' ot the personal pronouns (mectm, tecum, nobiscum, &c. : not cwm me nor me cum). Ablative Absolute, — Gerunds. 57 lomi su(b). to be pre' I a vowel. &c. Jmies, &c. ahsohitely, Jther word ;he abh' olute.) in Latin ive abso- luperfect used, if ad with mt^ the having 3 Borne. Caesar ith me ' said * and ahlalioes >t cum me both at home and on-service. Balbus had lived mamj years in the country. (What is mecum made up of ?) Balbus, quum manus in aquam immersisset, abiit. Folia nondum deciderant. Puer Romam mittendus est. Balbus nec« domi nee militiae mecum fuit. Caius rus ex urbe evolaverit. Caius nondmn rure rediit. Et Caesar et Balbus Romam redierunt. Yenit sacerdos, ut aram floribus cingeret, Sacerdos, qumn aras sanguine adspersissct, abiit. [Observe : in construing an ablative absolute, the sub- stantive must be placed first tvithout a preposition, and the participle (if the Latin participle is that of the per/, pass.) IS to be that used with ♦ beinff :' as, Gallis victis, the Gauls bemg conquered. ^ But having so translated it, you may turn the participle into that of the perf, act. (with 'having') governing the substantive, whenever this change improves your sentence without altering its meaning : as, Oallis victis, having con- quered the Gauls.] *' Fracto pueri brachio, abit. Alexander, victo Dario, rediit. Avis, constructo in summd quercu nido, canit. Violdtis patriae legibus, vita 24} indignus est. Fundo m tres partes diviso, redit Tarentum. Sacerdos, ad- spersa sanguine ara, abiit. Caius, ruptis vincuHs, evolavxt. Scripta epistola, abiit. Lesson 37. Gerunds. 173. The Gerunds in di are formed from the root of the present, and end in 1. 2. 3. 4. audi, endi, endi, iendi. (Hence they are always like the gen. of the participle in dus.) , " I" construing two nec's or neque'a, it is often better to horroto a not from them for the verb, and then to construe them bv either— _. s...,v- ,t.t 01 ,icitnci—:ior. xiius, " ne loas witn me neither yeslerduy nor the day before,' would become ' he was not with me either yes- terday or the day before/ c5 58 Gerund as Verbal Sttbstantive. 'm ''i'liiH 174. The gerund is translated by the * participial substantive * in * ing.' _ When that which is in form the participle in inff, governs or is governed, but has nothing to agree with, it is the participial substantive. 175. The gerund may be considered as a verbal sub- stantive of the neuter gender ; but we must borrow the infinitive mood for its nominative : it has no plural. N. (occldere, killing.) G. occidendi, of killing. D. occidendo, to or for killing. r(occidere) . . . .T Ace. < occidendmn, tohen governed ' killing J (_ hy a preposition Abl. occidendo, by killing. 176. Vocabulary 33. To feel confident, confldere. Frugality, economy, parsimonia Science, scientia. Superfluous; unne-\supervacuu3 (from super, cessary. Expense, Nature, Desirous, To be different, New, The Gerund governs a noun ; in the same case, of course, which the verb it comes from governs. j above ; vacuus, empty), sumpt-us, Q, As natura. cupidus discrepare novus Art Skilful (in). Horse, Character, To see. To discover ; show. To play, To teach. To tame ; master, 177. {Eng) {Lat.) ars, Q. artis. peritus (governs gen^, equ us, i mores, Q. morum, pi. {parsimony). (^sumptuary laws) (cupidity). {discrepancy). (worelty). {equerry), {morals). r. p. videre, vTd, vis de-tgg-ere, tex, tect lud-Sre, lus, lus doc-ere, docu, doc dom-are, d5mu, domit Whilst they are playing. During playing (inter ludendum). Exercise 37. (visible). (de'tect). (de-lude). (doctor). (in-dow-itable). 178. Economy is the science of avoiding unneces- sary expenses. Man is by nature desirous * of seeing and hearing new (things). Balbus is skilful in mas- ,. _ . — ■ — I — I . ■ * Adjectives sig^ifying desire, knowledge, recollection, &c. (or their opposites) govern tl e genitive. Particijile in ' dus.' 69 terincj a horse. He is come to master 2") the horse. The character of boys discovers itself whilst they arc playing (177). He learns by teaching. Hoio much pleasure * (there) is in learning ! Nonne potest docendo discere ? Cuptdi sunt do- cendi. Sapientis esf supervacuos sumptus yitare. Discat 2**) puer supervacuos sumptus vitare. Abeat Bomam. Discat, ut docere possit. Quantum temporis * ludendo amiserunt ! Nemo mortem pofcerit vitare. Inviti venerant, ut Sullae domum everlerent. Eversa SuUae domo, abiit. Num pueri ludendo discunt? Puer cupidus est discendi. Breve tempus eetatis satis est longum ad bene beateque vivendimi. Discrepat a timendo confidere. &c. (or Lesson 38. Participle in dus. 179. Instead of a gerund governing its case, we may use a participle in dus agreeing with it. 180. Thus (Eng.) The intention of writing a letter. (Lat.) Consilium scribendi epistSlam. (or) Consilium scribendce " epistSlse. 181. Thus, then, * epistola scribenda' may be de- clined throughout. Sing. N. G. D. Ace. Abl. JPlur. N. G. Epistfila scribenda, a Utter to he written. epistfilsB scribendse, of writing a letter. epistdlsB scribenda), to or for writing a letter. (ad) epistaiam scribendam, to write a letter (or for writing a letter). epist5l4 scribendi, it/ writing a letter. « epistolse scribendae, letters to be written. cpist8larum scribendarum, of writing letters. " The real meaning of * consilium epistSlai scribendse * is, * the design of{— about) a letter to be written.* c6 CO Particijylc in * dus. f F. ii- 1 D. cpistolia scrlbcmlis, to or for writing letters. Ace. (ad) cpistolaa scribeiulas, to write letters (or, for tvriting letters). Abl. epistolis scribendis, hi/ writing letters. 182. YOCABULARY 34. [The forms following the verbs in this nud the following vocabulary are r. and />,] liber, libri llihrary). jtudiosus (studious). Plato, G. PlatOnis. fre-tm-ere, retinu, retcnt (re,"l / . ,. v \ lack: tcnevo, to hold) ^(retentive). barbarus. consuetud-o, O. mis. Gender ? im-molare (immolate). cupidi-or, G. oris. gm-ere, em, cmpt (preej/iption). To snatch; seized, /arnpSre, arripu, arrept (ad, to,- ' ' \ rapere, to snatch). Opportunity, occasi-o, G. onis. Gender ? To practise, exercere Desire, cupidit-as, atis To rule, rgggre, rex, rcct War, bellum To carry on ; wage, gergre, gess, gest. Time, tempus, oris. Gender ? Book, Very fond, Plato, To retain. Barbarous, Custom, To sacrifice ', Fonder, To buy. (occasion). (exercise). (cupidity). ii}^-rect). (fieW»cc-?V (temporal). Exercise 38. 183. The boy is very-fond of writing letters. De- mosthenes was very-fond of hearing Plato. In the times of Cicero the Gauls retained the barbarous custom of sacrificing men. Seize every opportunity of practising virtue. Do not lose the opportunities of practising virtue. Nature has given iis a desire of seeing the truth. The Romans were fond of waging war. Timotheus was skilful ^^^ in governing a state. [Obs. Any case of the partic. in dus, except the nomina- tive, must be construed by the same case of the participial substantive; and the substantive with which it agrees must stand as the accusative after it.'] •»_ Properly, ' to strew the sacred flour or cake (mola salsa) on the victim 3 head :' from in, on, and mola, w This verb, though of the third, follows the fourth in the imper- fect, &c. ^ wijl be explained below. See note x, p. 61. Participle in * dus.* 61 Nonne fundum ingcnti pecimid^^^ emerat? Balbus omnem occasionem exercendce virtUtis arripiobat. Multi cupidiores sunt emenddrum librorum, quam legcndorum. Ca3sar bolli gerendi peritus fuit. Nonne mores puc- rorum se inter ludendum (177) detegunt ? Lesson 39. 184. Obs. After ^is* ^ are^ and the other parts of the verb * to hc,^ the form of the infinitive passive is used in Latin as a participle of the future passive, to signify duty, necessity, &c. 185. Hence what is in English expressed by the passive infinitive is to be translated in Latin by the participle in dus, when it follows ' is,' ' are,' &c. 186. Virtus colenda est. Virtue to-be-cultivated is. [Virtue is to be cultivated^] 1^:^ The agent, or person by whom, is put in the dative with the part, in dus ; with other words it is generally governed in the ablative by a or ab, 187. Vocabulary 35. By accident, casu; ahl. o/" casus (easuaJ). Some, nonnuUi, te, a (non, not ; nullus, none). To sharpen. Unprofitable, A game. Inclined, To understand. To do ; act, IJorn, To undertake, acuere, acu, acut inuttlis (in, not; utilis, useful). lusus, O. us. propensus intellTg-6re, intellex, intellect agere, eg, act natus {sus-cipgre ^, suscep, suscept (sub, under; capere, to take). To impel, • impellere, impiil, impuls Not only — but also. Non solum — verum etiam. To spend (time, f impendSre, impend, impens (followed &c.), \ by dat. of participle in dus). (acute). {propensity), (intelligence), (agent). (innate). (impulse). * Some verbs of the third have the tenninations of the fourth (in the parts hitherto given), except in the imperfect suhjunctice, the infinitive and the imperative. Thus arripSre has arripiebat, arriptet, arripiat, arriptens, arripzendus. 62 Participle in *du8.* f:: i, .. 188. Ne Balbus quidem. Not Balbus oven (not even Halbus). Ne patrein quidem ainat. Not his father even does he love ! 0ns. ' Not ' witli ' even ' (quidem), in the sentence, must be translated bv ne : and quidem must follow the word to which the even belongs j the ne being put before that word. Ejccrcm 39. 189. Every opportunity of practising virtue '* is to he seized ^. Even Cuius did not seize every oppor- tunity of practising virtue. Tlie gate is to bo shut in the evening '2). Ijalbus having floicn ^^J to the coun- try 3') from the town, bought an estate /or an immense sum-of-money. The boys are fonder of playing than of learning. Sow miieh time * do they spend in read- ing hooks '^ ? Let him buy the estate for a large sum-of-money. [0ns. After ad, the gerund or part, in dus may be con- strued by the infinitive : as, ad discendum, to learn. ]S"emo ost casu bonus : discenda est virtus. Sunt nonnulli aeuendis puerorum ingeniis non inutiles lusus. Non solum ad discendum proponsi sunt, verum etiam ad docendum. Homo ad intelligendum et agendum natus est. Multa nos ad suscipiendum discendi labo- rem impellunt. Mrlta impeUunt Caium, ut discendi laborem suscipiat \ Mores puerorum se inter luden- dum detexerant. Omnem dicondi * elegantiam auge- bit legendis oratoribus et poetis. 190. Lesson 40. Verhs followed hy the dative. Some verbs are followed Jby the dative, where we use no preposition, and where we should therefore be led by the English to put an accusative. 191. A daiive put— remember pray- After envy^ spare, oOey, See note, p. 61. • In speaking. Verbs governing the l)atm. 63 Persuade, believe, command; to thcso XdA pardon, succour, and displease, With vacdre, ' to liave leisure,' And 2ilacere, ' to give pleasure : * With nubere (oiuiQ female said), The English of it is * to tved : ' Servtre add, and add studere, Heal, favour, hurt, resis , and indulgpye. 192. Vocabulary 36. Good for ; useful. Fit for. {^utility). utTlis idoneus : governs dative. {"vS^s;rit)"™ <'"'*■""''•} (•**«»)• parcSro, pSperc. parero. credgro. crcdid, credit (credible). {ignosccre, ignov (in, not : noscSre, to know). 'PUCcurrSrey, succurr, succurs (sub, tinder ; currCre, to rtin). BubvSnire V, subven, subvent (sub, under} venix'e, to come). placero. displicere. To bave leisure for, vacare. ^"'"rS^r^""^^}""^^'''' nup., nupt (nuptials). To command, impSrare (imperious). To persuade, /persuadere, persuas (per, thoroughly ; To envy. To spare. To obey. To believe. To pardon. To succour, To please, To displease. To think, consider, putare \ suadere, to advise). (to im^M^e). 193. Exercise 40. How do you translate not only — hut also ? (187.) 194. If is the duty of a Christian to envy nobody. Do not envy the good. It is pleasant to succour the miserable. Atticus pleased me. Nobody will believe the wicked. Death spares nobody. They had spared the gate of the city. Portia will marry Caius. Dru- silla married Caius in the autumn. He spares himself y Of these, succurrere, * to run to support,' is stronger than sui- vHire, ' to come to support.* 64 Verbs governing the Dative, in the winter. lie does not spare even himself. ITo spares not only himself, hut also his slave. You will never have persuaded me. Let the Christiuu learn to command himself. 195. Obs. Est, sunt may bo construed 'must,* 'ought,' or * should,' when they have n participle in dus with them • the part, in dus being translated into English by the infin. passive. '' Coosar legendo libro vacabit. Christiani est patrico sua) legibus parcre. Ignosce mihi. Nemo tibi credet. Improbus patrioo Icgibus non parebit. Num legtbus parebmit improbi, violata fide ? l)iscant Christiani animis suis imperiiro. Sapientia ars vivendi putanda est. Sapientia ars est bene beatequo vivendi. 1 1 Sing. Plnr. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. s, t. mus, tis, nt. Lesson 41. 196. The most common terminations of the persons in the active voice are : — 1. m, 197. Ey changing t into these terminations, we may get all the persons of the imperfect and pluperfect of the indicativey and of all the subjunctive *. 198. But observe the vowel before mus, tis is long in these tenses, except in the perf subjunctive, in which it is common ^. 199. YOCABULARY 37. [Verbs governing the dative continued.] To be the slave of (to), servire, servi (or servlv), servlt (to serve). To devote oneself to; aim at, studere (studi/). To hurt, injure, n^cere (nocuous). I : ' Refer to the table in the Appendix, p. 116. a That is, long or short. The old grammarians made it short in the ;perf., long iu the fut. perfect. Verba governimj the Dative. 65 To resist, To favour, To indulge ; humour, Assistance, rcsistCro, rcsttt. fJiVLTO, fav, faut. indulgerc, induls. adjunicntum. Exercise 41. \_See question 28, p. 131.] 200. I would have favoured Cuius. You would have resisted anger. You (/;/.) would have hurt no- body. We would have indulged the desire. I was hurting myself. You were hurting me. You were flaying the sheep, not shearing (them). Come to shut the gates of the city. Was he come, to shut the gates of the city ? You had hurt Caius. You had been-the-slave-of passion. Do not be-the-slave-of passion. You were come to surround the girl's head with a crown. He had displeased Caius. You were sparing the enemies. [What is the imperative of ventre ? Wliat tense is used as an imperative ? (The subj. present.)] Violabas legem. Barbaram consuetudinem immo- landorum hommum retinuissetis. Irao niultos annos seryieras. Ne violetis fidem. Portas urbis ne clau- datis.^ Veni, ut mihi succurras. Regendis animi cupiditatibus studeamus. Homo magna habet adju- menta ad obtinendam sapientiam. Tondendao sunt oves, non deglubendao. Nonne claudendoo sunt urbis portae ? Exercenda est virtus. Lesson 42. 201. '/«/ properly * that,' is used for he, she, it, plur. they ^, when they do not mean the same person or thing that the nominative case means. 202. */* 'has neuter li. Tlio other cases are formed as if from * eus, ea, eitm,' inakinc t.hf> crpn. pius. wriffpn 5i«.c nnrl rlaf />j o D .' •' \/ — 7 • *— -• --- mi b Is, * that person * = he. Ea, * that female ' = she, &c. >■ . M I'.. ". 'A 66 Government of if.* But in tho plural, the nom. masc. and the dative are generally ii, and Us, instead of eis '". 203. Vocabulary 38. Long, To recal. Literature, diu. Longer, diufius. revocare lltera) (plur.). (to revoke). So, tain. So great, Multitude, tantus. multitud-o, O. mis. To count. niimgrare (muneratton). To increase. augere, r. aux, p. auct (augment). 204. Si diutius vixisset, nemmem habuisset Jf longer lie had lived, nohodij he would have had parem. equal. {If he had lived longer, he would have had no equal.) 205. Obs. ^° After ' if' the pliqyerf. indicative must be translated by the pluperfect subjunctive. Exercise 42. 206. If they had lived longer, they wouVl have done that. If Caius had lived longer, he would have given me 2^)* an estate. If they had obeyed you, they would be alive ^. So-great is the multitude of the stars, that^'^ you cannot count them. I would have pardoned you, if you had done that. They were aiming at recalling the kings ^^\ »,,■'&! I c Hence the cases are, Is, ea, id : O. ejus : JD. ei : Ace. eum, earn, id : Ahl. eo, oA, co. ^ Plur. ii, ese, ea : Q. e5rum, carum, eorum : D. and Ahl. iis (or eis) : Ace. eos, eas, eS. Oes. Wlien his, her, its ; theirs, are to be translated by ' is,' they arc translated by the genitive. AVhen his, her, its • theirs, are translated by suus, suu^ must agree with its subst"; . j. Ejus libri, his books j ec^mt hbri, their books; sui libri, his or their books. ^ Translate as if it were ' they would live.' Dative after Participle in ' dus/ 67 dative are voice). ^.ration). lent). lisset lave had ! had no ^idicative Id have dd have ed you, itude of I would They ak, CO. hi. iis (or ' is,' they MM^ must ri, his or [i^* Wlien the pluperf. subjunctive has si, it must be translated by ' had,' not by * tcotdd have.'} Peccavissent, si id fecissent. Pareat animus, non imperet ^. Nonne Caius scribenda^ cpistola) vacavit ? Patriam auro, si potuisses, vendidisses, Nonne mores puerorum se inter ludendum detegunt ? Malus pastor deglupsisset oves, non totondisset. Si oratores et poetas legisset, auxisset elegantiam dicendi. Lesson 43. 207. Sing. Mihi f scribendum est, / must or should write. Tibi scribendum est, you must or should torite. Illi scribendum est, lie must or should torite. Tlnr. Nobis scribendum est, ive must or should write. Vobis scribendum est, i/ou must or should ivrife. Illis scribendum est, they must or should write. 208. (Eng.) I must (or should) write. {Lat.) It is to-be-tvritten by me. 209.^ ^^ After the part, in dus, the person bi/ whom is put in the dative. (a) If we or you in English means * every hody,' or 'people in general,' the pronoun is left out in Latin. (J) Hence 'erfe«rf«m est' is ('^"f '^'«"!^^ '^ff'' , , lor 'you should eat. (c) The dative is also left out, whenever the persons meant are not likely to he mistaken. Exercise 43 ^. 210. Caius must not sleep. (We) must remain at Rome the whole winter ^^\ We must live well. We must dwell in the country. We must remain at home. We must fly from the city (into) the country 3'). (wplanaticn. Tlio real meaning is to he-tvritten hy me.' e In doing the exercise, remember, (1.) That the English nominative is to be put in the dative, if a particular person (or persons) is meant j but left untranslated, if what is said holds good o{ people in general. (2,) T!ie participle in dus is to he formed from the verb, and written dowu in the neuter gender witli est. 68 I A i I! .•^ * ■? i . I . Da^ere after Participle in ' dus.' The wicked think little of^ virtue. Does not the avaricious man value money very highly^? Will a Christian fear death ? [No.] Evolandum est ex urbe. Manendum est Bomse. Totam hiemem manendum est Carthagine. Quies- cendum est, ut vitam conservemus. Ambulandum est per urbem. Laborandum est, ut discas. Dis- crepat a ludendo laborare. Nonne laborandum est, ut discamus ? Num semper ludendum est ? Epistola sua manu scribenda est. Crabrones non sunt irri- tandi. Crabronem ne irrites. Irritasne crabronem ? Lesson 44. 211. The third persons of the pres. and imperf. suhj. of esse {to he) are sit, esset, from which the other persons may be formed by 196. 212. Pres. sim, sis, sit, I sTmus, sitis, sint. Imperf. essem, esses, csset, j essemus, essetis, cssent. 213. From these forms those of j)osse may be got, as before ex- plained: 149. Present subj. possit. [(that) he mat/ he able.'] Imperf. subj. posset, [(that) he might be able.} 214. Vocabulary 39. Self, I myself. 1 ipse ", ipsa, ipsum. You yourself, f G. ipsTus, J), ipsi, &c. Itself, &c. J To fight, pugnare Rightly J well, recte ; adv. from rectus, right. To hold one's 1 . . tongue, / ^^^'^'•o Even fetiam ; placed he/ore the word it * \ belongs to. Bad, malus. Crop, Bgggs, seggt-is, f. To sow, sgrere, sev, sat. {pugnacious), {tacit). ^ ' Ipse' h declined throughout as if it were ipsus, making Gen. lus. Ipse, ipsa, ipsum, G. ipsius, D. ipsi, Ace. ipsum, ipsam, ipsum, &c. It must be construed as ' I myself * when the verb is of the first person ; 'you yourself,' when the verb is of the second person. But jg^ it is better sometimes to place the 'myself,' 'yourself.' after the verb and its accusative, &c. • I was breaking^ the law myself.* ° Dative after Farticipk in * dus.* G9 Exercise 44. 215. The unlearned must labour, that they may learn. Is it the business^ of a shepherd to scatter seeds ? [No.] The boy must rest, that he may-be- able to play. We must fight, that we may preserve our lives. Boys must hold-their-tongues. The girls must walk through the city. True greatness of mind must be valued at-a- very-high-price. Improbis' metuendum est. Discendum est^ ut possis docere. Edendum est, ut possimus vivere. Tacendum est. Etiam post malam segetem serendum est. Nonne eam legem ipse violabas ? Nonne fundum ingenti pecunia enieras ? Nonne Christianorum est miseris succurrere ? Scripta epistola, legit. :i '(1.1 Lesson 45. 216. If the verb governs the dative (191), Uve^ or * 1/oic * should be untranslated ' : Credendum est Caio. We should believe Caius. (Not, ' Cains should believe.') 217. Vocabulary 40. Sea-water ; salt-water, aqua marina. To invent, in -venire, ven, vent. [ lubld-o, O. mis. Gender ? Lust, < or Llibldo (libidinous). I * (a) To read off such sentences at sight, take the dative as the nominative to 'should' or 'must;' and add the verb unaltered: Omnibus, all men, moriendum est, must die. {b) If no dative is expressed, put *we* or 'you' for the nomi- native before ' must' ^ If the next verb is of the second person, put you for the nom. of must. • If it be necessary to express the agent (the person who is to do the action^ it Tnnst ho nif.lior Avnrocao*! Vnr t|i/» T^rn?'>'^o•^1'^r• - f-^- -'•^ - '>- ,' - — — I"- — "• -'j i/ii» ■ _^.*i vpvi3iv'i\/Xx tp \yL uc/i , \JL the form of the expression must be altered. The two datives would leave it doubtful which expreijsed the agent. ' -'s *m * »s 1 *^'iflifls 1 iflB ■ ■ III ■1 1 if! m r-?.'. .■ I ■■f I? (.. i f^^ i ■■11 IP i •i(Mi ! >,; ! 'I /•■■S-: I !| 70 Partici2)le in ' diis,' of Verbs governing Dative. Old man, sSnex, G. senis, G. plur. senum {senilitt/). Ignorant, ignarus. (See 178, t.) To abstain (from), abstinere (abl.) {abstinence). Dishonourable, inhonestus, a, urn {dishonest). Phoenicians, Phcenlc-es, um. Exercise 45. 218. "We should spare the conquered. We should injure nobody. "We should resist anger. Should we not resist anger? "We should envy nobody. "We should obey the laws of our country. "We should succour the miserable. We must not spare even Balbus. We must pardon both Caius and Balbus. We must not believe even Caesar himself f. We must injure neither the good nor the bad. Having written his letter (169, h), he will go a-hunting. He has flown into the country ^'^J to go^^^ a-hunting. We must go to Eome. We must fly out of the country into the citv. Aqua marina inutilis est bibendo. Nonne resisten- dum est" irae? Non omnes ad discendum propensi sunt. Artem scribendi PhoenTces invenerunt. Sem- per pugnandum est contra cupiditates et lubidmem. Etiam senibus discendum est. Inutiles sunt libri ignaro legendi. Num pueri regendae civitatis periti esse possunt ? Abstinendum est inhonestis voluptati- bus.^ J^Tonne resistendum est animo ? Numcredendum est improbis ? t Ne CaesSri quidem ipsi, which must begin the sentence. n When there is only one dative to a verb \\\\\c\\ governs tJie dative, supply * ive ' as the nominative to 'must,' 'should,' and put the dative (of course, without a preposition) after the verb. Participles in ' dus,' of Transitive Verbs. 71 Lesson * 46. 219. If tlie Latin verb is a transitive verb governino- the accusative (8), we must not govern this accusati^? by the neuter participle ; but the ace. must be made the nominative, and the participle in dus put in agree- ment with it : TFe must cultivate virtue, j ^olenda^st virtus^ ( JN ot, colendum est virtutem. 220. To determine whether you should put the pari, in dus in the neut. governing the noun, or in agreement with the no- minative of that noun, ask yourself two questions: (1) Can I turn the sentence into the form ' Virtue is tO' he-loved P /' (2) If you can, ask yourself whether the verb is one of those which govern the dative (191). (If the verb governs the c?a^.,' the dative must be retained, and the participle in dus put in the neuter. Tlie dative, that is, must not become the nominative to the verb q.) 221. 1^ 'Of; after 'rob; 'defraud; 'deprive; Is but a sign of ablative ^ * The present and ftit. perfect have their first pers. sins:. in 0. The/«^. has its^r*^ sing. in in the tioo first conjugations : Present, o, as. at. amus. atis. ant. eo. es, St, emus. etis. cnt. 0, IS, it. imus. itis, unt. io» Ts,_ It, Tmus, itis, iunt. Future, abo. abis. abit, abimus, abitis. abunt. ebo. ebis. ebit, ebimus, ebitis, ebunt. am. es. t't, emus. etis. ent. iam. ies. iet, iemus, ietis. ient. Future Perf. (r), gro, Sris, erit, /Srnnus, or J^grlmus, 1 SrTtis, or J eritis. > erint. P If you answer *iVo ' to this question, you need not ask yourself the second, except for the purpose of determi.iing tohat case is to be used after the verb. , q Thus, Uoe must spare our enemies' ri.) Can we say, 'our enemies are to-he-spared V Ans. Yes, (2.) Does ' to spare ' govern the dative in Latin ? Ans. Yes. We must therefore not say * inimtci parcendi sunt' but (leaving to parc^re tiie dative it requires) say, * parcen^ww est inimicis.' ' That is, * of is not to be translated, but to serve as a sign or Mnt that the following noun is to be in the ablative. '0\ ■■',1 r I! J IK i. ill ».■;■ I ■Si^ I. !* ?^ ! iV I if ' ' A ■ T 72 F'is of Rohhing, S^c. tcifh Ablative. 222. YOCABULAIIY 41. To rob, spoliaro (spoliation). To defraud, fraudare (fraud). To deprive. privare (privation). To deceive, decTpere », dccep, decept (deception). To remove (for the"] purpose of settling ;migrare (emigrant). elsetohere). J Because, quia. Eye, ociilus, i (oculist). i ApoU-o, mis (son of JupT ^ Latona; the heathen \_ archery, prophecy, and ter and Apollo, god of music). Hunger, fam-es, O. is (famished). Temple, templum. Grain, granum. One, unus, Q-. unlus, &c. (unit). Poor, paupgr, Q. pauperis { pauper). Judge, judex, judtcis (judicial). Before, preposition, ante {governing ace). Before (before that^ conjunction *, ' lantequam, priusquam. Before, adverb. antea. So, adeo. Hitherto, yet, adhuc. Strong, robustus, a, um (robust). Soldier, mil-es, O. itis (militant). Contest, certara-en, G. inis, neut. Obs. In antequam, priusquam, the words are often separated by other words intervening: ante — quam. Exercise 46. [The pres. subj. is used as an imperative.'^ 223. "We should favour the good. We should be- lieve Caius, because he has never deceived us. We must surround the boy's head '^vith a crown. We must shut the gate of the city in tic- evening. Do not defraud (phir.) me of my praise. Do not deprive me * From de, from ; capPre, to take : this verb is one of those which prefix an i to the termination (that is, take the terminations of the fourth) except in the present infinitive, and the two tenses which we have shown how to get from the present infinitive; that is, the imperf. subjunctive and the imperative. See 187, note x. In the pres. indie, they follow iha fourth, but have i short (to, \s, U, tmus, ivia, fUni,). ouu Hi:,, p. j.;:u. * Or conjunctional adverb ; BiaxidinQ first in its sentence, and con- necting it with another sentence. poliation). fraud), orivation). leception). migrant), culist). ^amished). nit). )avper). udicial). ohust). lilitant), re often — quam. 3uld be- is. We n. We Do not •rive me lose which ons of the which we at is, the '. In the , U, tmus, ;, and con* Formation of Infinitive Mood. 73 of my eyes. Having written his letter (169, a), he went to hed.^ Do not the wicked deprive virtue herself of her praise ^ You are depriving [pL) me of my praise. Will you break the laws of vour country P Virtue must be cultivated, that you imv live well and happily. (Translate as if it tccre, may-le-able to live.) [When 'a»^e' or 'pritis' is in one sentence, and the next begins with 'quam,' take no notice of the word till vou get to quam, and translate ante-quam, prius-quam by ' before.'} ^on est ante edendum, qitam fames imperat. Apol- Imis templum omni argento spolidvit. Ne grano quidem uno pauperes fraudetis. Ne me luce privetis. Ocuhsne me, judices, privabitis ? No grano quidem uno iraudandi sunt pauperes. AthGnis habitandum est, ut discamus recte vivere. Romam migrandum est,^ut discatis civitatem regere. Etiam post malam segetem seremus. Leges patriae violatis. Violatis patriae legibus (169), mea me laude spoliatis. JSTum mea me laude spoliabitis ? Dicendi elegantia legendis oratoribus et poetis augenda est. 224. Pres. 1 4.^ ire iri Lesson 47. Infinitive Mood. 1. 2. 3. Trv^r. r (1^0 (107*) ^^-^ ?^'^ ^^e ire (Active) Imp JVM ; ^^^ - -^- ^p w I (r.) '"'^^ i^ciive) riup. j / pastpartic.withme*j'oitf'(P«sseVe). {a) The future infinitive active is made up, as in English, of ' to be/ with the future jjar- ticiple active. In the passive, the future infinitive is made up of the supine with iri. (b) Thus from amdre the infinitives are am-dre, am-av-isse; amaturum esse, amdttim esse] and amdtum iri. _ ,^ The infinitives made up of two tcords are conipound infinitives. w' m called 74 Use of the Accusative icith Infinitive. 'i Ir "f '■"t 5^ The participles of the compound infinitives * must agree with their substantives ; but of course the siqnne remains imaUcrcd. (a) Videt te esse beatum. He sees that you are happy. (b) Sperat se victiirum esse He hojjcs that he shall live. 226. Ttvo English sentences joined by the con- junction ' that ' are often made one Latin sentence, by- leaving out the conjunction, and turning the nomina- tive into the accusative, and the verb into the infinitive. 227. To turn sucli a sentence into Latin, (1) Take no notice of * that;' (2) Translate the English nominative by the Latin accusative j (3) Translate the English verb by the infinitive of the same tense. Exercise 47. 228. He sees, that you are happy. If he had come, he would have seen that you are happy. He says, that you have surrounded the girl's head with a gar- land. It is certain (certum est), that a Christian does not fear death. It is certain, that the 1- )y has heard a voice. It is certain, that Balbus will value my labours very highly'^. It is certain, that the ava- ricious value money very highly. It is certain, that the father will avenge the death of his son. It is certain, that Caius has removed to Athens^^\ that he may learn to live well. It is certain, that Balbus will be condemned to death. Certum est, in summis Alpibus tantum esse frigus, ut nix ibi nunquam liquescat. Certum est, stellarum tantam esse multitudmem, ut numerari non possint. Certum est, Balbum patriam auro vendidisse. Certum est, avem in summa quercu nidum constructurani esse. Certum est CsDsarem belli gerendi peritum fuisse. Hie miles est adeo robustus, ut adhuc nemo eum in certamine superaverit. * They are set down in the ace. masc. Formation of Passive Voice. tiitives * es; but tercd. 75 he con- ence, by nomina- nfinitive. '.ccusative; ■ the same id come, le says, h a gar- Jhristian hoy has ill value the ava- dn, that 1. It is that he Ibus will e frigus, tellarum possint. Certum. ucturam peritum uc nemo (j)etition). (pratori/). (the Pope's legate). Lesson 48. Forms of the Passive. (Tenses from the root of the present.) f ^^^/i. '^.¥. ^^''''^ P^'''^"« ^^ ^^« passive are formed Irom the third persons of the active by adding trrK («) But the vowel before the t is louff, except 9^0 ffyJ'rSl!' i («^ *^^ ^/^^^'^O, ««'/^^ and ebit. ^ active ^^^ -^'^^^^''^^^^^'^ P^ss. ia like the wfnitivc 231. VOCABULAIIY 42. To beg for, 1 To make for", yPeti^i'e ", petiv, petit To pray, pray for, 6raro Ambassador, "j Lieutenant * j^egatus ^l»ip, nav-is, is To consult, consulgre, consiilu, consult. rersians, Pers-89, arum. 232. Abit visurus. He goes aicay to see. {Eng.) He goes to see. ^ (-^q^- sometimes) He goes ahou t-to-see^ (part, in rus). t Thus, Indicative, 1. 2. 3. 4. Present, at, et, it, it. Imperfect, abat, ebat, ebat, iebat, Future, abit, ebit, et, let, Subjunct. Present, et, eat, at, iat. Imperfect, aret, eret, ^ret, Iret, Infinitive, Inoperative Oike /«/?«. ae^.) , -> ^^^, ..., ,re. Ihe third persons plnral are formed from the correspondino- tlur^J „,i V /^^^ ^'l^,^*^ ?i"ff- of the imperfect subjunct. may also be ^ot bv addmg tur to the in/in. act. witJi its final e lengthened ^ ^ T p ^' 2. 3. 4. Int. pres., are, erg, gre, u-g Imp subj. are-tur ere-tur, ere-tur, Ire-tur. whpf fpr r^/""^?— *'^^^««"'«^ ^«^««^^?* or amnV <^t some object : ™'^^^*^if »«o^«o» IS actual motion towards a place -- - Lr?;;?J oi tiie nund towards that for which it *«..." ^ ' " ^^^^^^'^^ gener^f. ''*^'^'^«"^' ^« "^^^^^ the ..co«.^ ^« oomma«c?: a lieutenant- Or, Hntending to see,' which is often themeauing of this participle. D 2 Passive. .1. 2. 3. 4. atur, etur, mir, Ttur. abatur, ebatur, cbatur, iebatur mtur, mtur, etur, ietur, etur, eatur, atur, iatur. aretur, eretur, eretur, IrGtur. an, eri, i, ji-j. are, ere, gre. Ire. B. i I ft If, '¥ f,r-i* 76 Jnfimtive to express 'Purpose, i ti'0 It I Exercise 48. The English hifuiitive exprcsshior the purpos', may often bo transUitecl by ihc future parliciple. 233. Ambassadors arc sent to her/ for peace (18, ^>). Ambassadors will be sent, to pra>^ for peace (18, 6 . He ffoes away to consult (18, c) Apollo, iho la\v will be broken. Will not the laws be broken by wicked (men) ? It is certain, that the laws are broken by the wicked both at Rome and at Athens. L< your word be kept. We must remove to Home, that our taitii may be kept. Money must not be valued at^a grer.o price. I.et the state be ruled by the wise, ihe Per- sians make-for their ships. [Obs. The participle in rus may often bo translated by the English infinitive.'] Cocsar Romam rediit, copias quam maximas\com- paraturus. Patrem suum consulturus, abit. Mittan- tur legati, pacem petltum. Virtus ab omnibus cola- tur^*'^ Omnis occasio exercendce virtutis arripiatur. Certum est, omnem occasionem exercendao virtutis a Christiano arripi. Pauperes ne grano quidem uno fraudentur. Omnis dicendi elegantia augetui legen- dis oratoribus et poetis. Abiit dormiturus. Lesson 49. 234. Relative Pronoun. (Qui, icho, which, that.) Singular. N. Gr. D- -^c*^' ■^^^• Mas. Qui, cujus, cui, quem, quo, Fein. Quse, q«am> q«a> Neut. Quod, quod, quo, 23-5. ^^ Tl > substantive (or pronoun) lative stands for, is to be looked for in before. ■ , Plural. N. G. D.Abl. Ace. qui, quorum, quibtis, quos. qua?, quarum, quas. quae, quorum, quae. that the re- the sentence Verbs used Impersonally in Passive Voice. 77 i>iay often (18, h), (18, b). law will ' wicked n by the iir word ur faith a greuu :he Per- nslated by TS" com- Mittan- )us cola- ripiatur. drtiitis a lem uno ir legen- if that.) , Abl. Ace. >ibus, quos. quas. quae. it IHG re- 3 sentence (a) The relative must be put in the same gender, number, [xxidi persou, as its antecedent^. 236. 1^:^ The ease of the relative has nothing to do with the other sentence. 1^^ The rehitivo must bo governed, as to case, by the verb (or some other goveri'ig word) of its own sentence y. ^^ Is, ea, id, is the regular antecedent pronoun to qui. 237. I[^ Th( verbs ..hich govern the dative in the active, can only b^ used inqicrsonclly ^ in the passive. Milu creditur*, Tibi creditur, Illi creditur. Nobis creditur, Vobis creditur, lUis creditur, 238. Vocabulary 43. lam believed. Thou art believed. He is believed. We are be 'leved. Yo are believed. They are believed. No, nullus, O. nuUius Animal, animii! '\ G. animalis. Gender ? Heart, *or, G. cordis, n. Tree, arbor, G. arbSris, f. Fruit, fruct-u8, G. As To behold, adspicSre, adspex, adspr- 1 {null and void). (cordial), (arbour), (fructify), (aspect). Exercise* 49. 239. The good are envied. Have you not spared » The ante-cedent (that is, going-before w un) is the substantive or pronoun ybr which the relative stands as a representative. y The use of the relative is, to prevent the same substantive from being expressed in each clause. "The apple tohich you gave me," instead of "the apple, which apple you gave me." "The mountain on whose top," &c., instt I of " the mountain, on the top of which mountain." " The man wtto did this," &c., in tead of "the man, which man did this." 2 To be used impersonally is, to be used only in the third person singular, and without a nominative case. a Hence, (Eng.) I am pardoned, favoured, persuaded, &c. (Lat.j It is pardoned, favoured, persuaded, to me. b Neuters in e, al, ar, make their ablatives in i; nom. plur. ia; gen. ium. * The second person plural of the imperative may be got by adding D 3 -ri ■ 1 ■ * 78 Use of Deponent Verbs. • m f^fi h^. f:^ tho conquered P Ho gave me the crown, with wliicli he had surrounded the girl's head. Let anger bo resisted, which has been prejudicial to many states. Caius, who sold his country for gold, should bo con- demned fo death. Let tho wicked, who sold their country for gold, bo accused of treachery. Caius, whose mother lives" in tho country, has himself removed to Rome. Spare (pi.) tho conquered. [^Vllcn a pass, verb in one that governs the dative, tako this dat. as if it were tho nom. to tho verb.] Nullum animal, quod sangu^nem habet, sine cordo esse potest. Arbores serit agricola, quarum fructus ipso adspiciet nunquam. Pauperibus, qui no grano quidom uno fraudandi silnt, subveniamus. Parcatur victis. Pepercisti victis. Caio ignoscite. Violavistis fidem. Irse resistitur. Nihil facile persuadetur in- vitis. Lesson 50. 210. 'He who,* 'those who,' arc generally ^vanslatetl by 'qui* only, instead of by * is qui,' ' ii qui.' 241. A deponent verb is a verb that has a passive form, but an active meaning, 242. Dejyonent verbs have all the four participles. D:^' The past participle of a deponent verb is tho participle of the perfect active, which other verbs have not got. [(1) Loquens, speaJcinrj : (2) locutus, having spoken : (3) locuturus, about o speak : (4) loquendns, to be spoken.'] te to the second singular ; but in tho third, ^ must be changed into t before this addition is made. 1. 2. 3. 4. ate, €te, Yte, ite. The tcmiintitions of the perfect are for all the conjugations : i, isti, it I imus, istis, ermit. c DwellSj habitat. I V Deponent Verba: Exercise* 79 L wliicli igcr bo ' states, bo con- d their Caius, himself I* tive, take cordo fructus 3 grano *arcatur )lavistis }tur iii- 243. Vocabulary 44. Xhy'qut* , passive ciples. b is the bs have f spoken : s ajpokenJl iged into t ms: it. To recollect, To rcmeinber. To ciyoy, To U80, To dischargo, To get possession, To pity. To forget, A benefit. An injury. Duty, Arms, Some time or other, aliquando. Eternal, sempiternug Crime, flagitium reminiscl recordari frui uti, usus. fungi, functus {function). potiri, ^)otitu3 {Jmt pfttitur) [reminiscence). Irecord). ^fruition). nuseren oblivisci, oMitus bcncficium. injuria. officium nrma, O. ovum. {miser I/), {oblivion). {office). {Jlagitious). 244. After to *pily,' * remember ' 'forget,* A genitive case is properly set ^. 245. With 'use,' 'discharge, 'possession get,* and also with ' enjoi/' Au ablative correctly stands : remember this, my boy. Exercise 50. 246. He who sins iinwilUngly, is free from blame. Let the Christian discharge all the duties of life. Let us use our arms and horses. The good after death will enjoy eternal life. Will not the good after death enjoy eternal life? Is the life, that we now enjoy, eternal ? Let boys learn to discharge all the duties of life. Christianorum est misereri pauperum. Homo im- probus aliquando cum dolore flagitiorum suorum recordabitur. Mul^^i beneficiis male utuntur. Vin- camus odium, paceque potiamur. Christiani est in- juriarum oblivisci. Beatus est, qui omnibus vitae officiis fungitur. Elegantiam loquendi legendis ora- toribus et po^tis auxerant. It- :!'■ ■4 :'.(. -<■'; ^ But * remember ' and 'forget ' often govern the accusative. d4 1 ' , K ■ i '■ V-:j *. 1 -■ i ■ >■ '■>:••.• ' i' ■ h n ■ r-:i=,; i* 1^ 80 Formation of Comparative and Su^^crktive, Lesson 51. 2 iy. The usual way of forming the comparative is by adding tor to the root of the j)ias. and /implTc-is. Wealth, opes, Q. opuin, plur. 252. {a) Eiiropa minor est quani Asia. Uiirope less is than Asia. (b) Nihil est clementia divinius. Nothing is than clemency more godlihe. {Nothing is more godlike than clemency.) ^ 253. ^^ ' Than,' after a comparative, is (252, a) either translated by qua?n, or omitted (252, h), the following noun being put in the ablative. {a) If ' quam ' is expressed, the following noun will, of course, be in the same case as that to which ' quam ' joins it. Exercise 51. 254. (Quam expressed.) Air is lighter than water. It is well known that light is swifter than sound. (Quam omitted.) In the spring and summer the days are longer than the nights. Silver is lighter than gold. Is not silver lighter than gold ?. Is it not well known, that sound is slower than light ? Is not a dog very-like a wolf ? Aurum gravius est argento. Luna terrse propior est, quam sol. Constat sonum luce tardiorem esse. Virtus praestantior est robore. Ignoratio futurorum malorum utilior est, quam scientia. Majus est prod- esse omnibus, quam opes magnas habere. Certum est solem majorem esse quam terram. Soope facere praostat quam loqui. Simplex cibus pueris utilissimus est. J'"-.'! •.:> ''V| ( I D 5 ,■"'? ^IvMli 88 Compamtive and * quam/ Lesson 52. 255. VOCABULAUY 46. [Prepositions governing the accusative] Ad, Adversus, Ante, Apud, Circa, Circum, Cis, citra. Contra, Erga, Extra, Infra, Inter, Intra to. " against, towards. {See erga.) before. fat : before a plural name of persons, ) amongst. Apud me, * toith me ;' that is, 'l * at my house :' apud Romanos, * amongst [^ the Romans.' about (of time and place). about {pi place only). on this side of. against : over-against. {towards (not of motion ; but after words expressing a kmA feeling, a duty, &c.). /without (in the sense of not tvithin), out \ of; beyond, beneath. (amongst (inter se, * to each other S '), be- tween, within. (conservative). To have, habere. To observe (duties), conservare To move (transitive), movere, mov, mot. To move (intransitive), moveri, motus : properly * to be moved.' rSaturnus, father of Jupiter, by whom ho < was dethroned. He devoured his own [ children. Jupiter*^, Gen. Jo vis (and then formed {regularly from Jov), the king of the heathen gods, arm -a, O. orum. mar-e, O. is, neut. superfici-es, G. ei luna piet-as, G. atis. Rhen-us, i. exspirare. 256. Maris superficies major est, quam The sea's surface greater is than (that ') terrse. of the earth (267). 257. When the same noun would be expressed in g After oontrarius, contrary/, &c. h Jupiter and Saturn are also two of the planets. 1 Here * that ' stands fbr * the surface.' Saturn, Jupiter, Aims, The sea. Surface, The moon. Dutiful-affection, The Rhine, To expire. (maritime). (superficial). (lunar). I person?, ;' tliatig, 'amongst [iter words uty, &c.). iihin), out jrS'), bo- \rvative). moved.' whom he 1 his own ;n formed ng of the f Hotc to translate ' may ' and * might.' 83 both clauses, it is left out in that which follows quam {than). a) In English it is represented in the second clause by ' that,* ' thoseJ Hence, (*) ^^ * That,' * those,' after ' than,' are to be untranslated. Exercise 52. 258. (Our) duties towards (our) parents are to be observed. Do many come to old age? Wo must fight against the edls of old age. It is an allotved fact, that the earth moves round the sun. Your benefits are greater than those of your brother. Is not simple food very good for boys? Let us be gentle towards the conquered. The star of Jupiter is nearer the earth than that of Saturn. Pauci veniunt ad senectutem. Nulla habemus arma contra mortem. Patrium habet adversus bonos viros animum. Luna circum terram movetur. Nulla est firma amicitia inter malos. Pietas erga patriam conservanda est. Jovis steUa infra Saturnum est. Galli cis Rhenum habitant. Pisces extra aquam cito exspTrant. Intra muros habitabat. Inter se (p. 82, g) contraria * sunt beneficium et injuria. 'ime). ficial). uam (that') jssed in Lesson 53. 259. * May^ and ^ might' (when they stand in a principal sentence) are translated by licet, ' it is allowed.' 260. -Sftf^, licet (=: it is allowed). Might, licuit (= it was allowed). 261. Mihi ire licet, I mag go. Tibi ire licet. You mag go. Illi ire licet. He mag go. Nobis ire licet. We mag go, Vobis ire licet, You mag go. Illis ire licet, Theg mag go. — ^i— ■— — ■ ■ ■ Mil ■ 11 ■' — ir ^ III 11 ^ , , , I, B — IPIW-^M I I IIMM^I^— ^^ I I ■ i._ * When an adjective agrees with two nouns it is in the plural; here, as they are the names of things, it is in the neuter gender. D 6 ^1 8-i ' May * and ' might :' Intermjafive Sentences. ■ fj' 1% ,. iC- 262. Mihi ire licuit, Tibi ire licuit, &c. &c. Non licet homini servire gloria?. (perforation). (postTpone). (^rceterpevfcct). I might have gone. You might have gone. J A man may net he the \ slave of {to) glory. 263. 1^ The iirescnt infinitive follows ' licuit,' in spite of * hav^.' 264. (JSng.) I may go. (Lat.) it is allotved me to go. ,,.,,, f (Lat.) it was allowed me (then) (Eng.) I might have gone. |^ ^ ^o go. 265. YOCABULAIIY 47. [Prepositions governing the accusative, continued.] Juxta, close to; by Ox/Iaposition). Ob, on account of (ob oculos, before one's eyes). PgriL^s, in the power of. Per, through j by means of Pong, behind. Post, after Prajter, besides, beyond Prope, near. Propter, near ; on account of. Secundum, along ; according to. Supra; above. Trans, across, beyond ; on the other side of (transfigure). Ultra, boyond. (M^^ramontane). Usque, as far as (properly an adverl, used with ad). Fear, metus, O. metus. Shore, litiis, Cr-is. Gender ? A camp, castr-a, drum, plur. To place, ponere, posu, posit (position). Journey; way, iter, G. ittngr-is, neuf. (itinerant). 266. He ' threatens me with death,' should be In Latin, * threatens death to me.' (Mihi mortem minatur.) Exercise 53. [ffiiT Wlien the answer 'yes' cannot possibly be ex- pected, 'an' should be used rather than ' num' (153) for the interrogative adverb.'] 267. A man may not be-the-slave-of glory, A Christian may not be-the-slave-of pleasure. May Christians be-the-slaves-of pleasure ? "Wo must not be-the-slaves-of anger. Might he not have ditelt at Rome ? No one may break the laws of his country. The Germans dwell across the Rhine. We must -..K. ^a« :. ,, t „y .-.tlii- i How to translate * oaghtJ 85 remove across the E-hine, that we may learn to devote- oufselvcs-to literature. Servi parent propter metum ; boni propter officium. IS^avigatio juxta litus scepe est periculosa. Cecsar juxta murmn castra po3uit. Supra nos coilum con- spicimus ; infra nos terram. Longum iter est per prcDcepta ; breve ^ et eff icax per exempla. Secundum leges vivendum est. Condita Massilia est prope ostia Rhodani amnis. Mors propter incertos casus quotidie imminet. Nonne licuit Athenis habitare ? Janus ^ bis post Numae"^ regnum clausus fuit. Nonne mortem tibi minabatur ? Imperium populorum est penes magistratus. Lesson 54. (On the translation 0/ ought.) 268. * OtigJit * is translated by the imj)ersonal verb ' oportet* ' it behoves.' I ought to go. You ought to go. 269. Me ire oportet, Te ire oportet, &c. Me ire oportuit, Te ire oportuit, &c. / ought to have gone. You ou<^M ^0 have gone. 270. Obs, Wlien the infin. perfect follows ' ought,' ought is to be translated by oportuit, and the perfect ityfinitive translated by the present infinitive. 271. So too after ' could,' t!ie perfect infinitive (which will be without ' to ') will be translated by the present infinitive, iFacere potuit, he could have done (il).^ ^ Of two connected sentences one must borrow its nominative case and verb from the other. Thus the second wUl become, breve et efFTcax est iter, &c. ' Janus was a heathen god, represented with tioo faces, one looking each way : his temple at Kome whs shut in time of peace. " Numa Pompilius, the second king of Eome. 86 Sow to translate * ought* '. '\ v. 272. CSrere lach or am without, And cgeo, require Or need, do both, without a doubt, An ablative dosire. (a) But egeo sometimes, and indigco often, takes the geni- tive. 273. Vocabulary 48. [Prepositions governing the ablative.] A, ab, abs ", frojti ; by (lieforc the doer of the action). AbsquS Clam, Coram, Cum, De, E, ex P, I'ra?, Pro, Sine, Tonus, To die. without. without the knowledge of. before ; in tht presence &L with. concerning ; about {of, when it mesons about). out of j from. before; i- comparison with (prefer). for. without. (*j»ecure). fas far as (which follows its noun, and in the \ 2)lural may govern the genitive). mori, mortuus (moribund) (with terminations of the fourth, except in present [where it has them m first sing, and third plur.'] infinitive, imperative, and imperf, subjunctive). (!i f*' Exercise 54. 274. Ought we not to succour the miserable? Ought not Christians to do good to as many as pos- sible? Ought not Balbus to have kept his word? Ought not Caius to have been condemned to death ? I have received many letters from you. The bird has flown away from my hands. He is gone away (I'erf. Act. 161) without his father's knotvledge. 275. [OBa. After oportuit the present infinitive is to be con- strued by ' to have' &c.] Dulce est pro patria mori. Coram populo loquetur. Argentum prae auro contemnitur. Gaecus de coloribus judicare non potest. Etiam sine magistro vitia dis- n A before consonants ; ab before vowels, and it may stand before any of the consonants in hxsjxxs litris. Abs only before the consonants in qnot. o Absque is uncommon. P 'EthQfoTQ consonants ; ex before vowels ot coruonants. Use of * tanto ' and ' qiianto.* 87 ' cuntur. TJsitataQ res facile e memoria elabuntur. Vapores a solo ex aquis excitantur. Alexander omnia Oceano tenus vicit. Caius febri caret. Omnes'' pau- perum auxilio egemus. Fidera servari oportuit. Pru- dentiii vestra patriam e manibus hostium eripuistis. In illo proelio equites nostri audacia et virtute excel- luerunt. Quando quiesces a laboribus tuis ? Lesson 55. 276. YOCABULARY 49. [Prepositions, ace. or abl.] In, with ace. into, to, towards, against, for. In, with abl. in, upon, among, in the case of. [The prepositions in and sub govern the ace. in answer to whither (that is, after verbs of motion) ; and the ablative in answer to tvhere (that is, after verbs of re*^).] Super, with ace. J above, over, beyond (generally after verbs of Super, with abl. \ motion), besides. {upon r ; on or of {a subject enquired or ivntten about). Sub idem tempus, about the same time. To heal, mederi, governing dative (by 191) To seem, vTderi, visus. (medicine), (visible). To desire. More, UnrjUsJi. 277. Soio much greater, fcupere,ciipTv,cupTt (with the added\ / -jv \ t i. 187, x) / K'^P^f^^W So much greater. Much greater. plus, G'. pluris 8. (pluraY). La fin. By how much greater ; quanio major. J5y so much greater ; tanto major. By mudk greater ; multo major. Considerably greater. By some-deal greater ; aliquanto major. 278. (JEng.) The more he teaches, the more he learns. (Lat.) By-how-much more ht teaches, by-so-much more he learns, (or) By what more he teaches, by that more he learns. 279. %:^ * The ' — ' Me ' before two comparatives q Wrhen the verb is of iXxc first or second person, and an adjective is expressed, put toe or you before the a(^ective. Thus, omnes, wo all, &c. "^ This belongs to poetry. 8 It has no other forms in the sing. In plural plures, plura, Gt plurium, &c. ■V - I 88 Use of * tanto ' and ' quaiito.' ^it if' :* I; , : ■ i{ ). •■:< must be translated by ' qucmto '— ' tanto,' or by ' quo ' 280. Obs. The tanto or eo goes with that asertion which /o^- loics from the otlier. It* you have any douht, turn it into a sentence with * if' and let the ' if sentence have the quanta or quo. (a) Thus in the example (278), his learning more will follow, or he the consequence of, his teaching more. 'If he teaches much, he will learn more than he other- wise would. Excrcm 55. 281. Ilowmucli greater is the sun than the earth? The earth is much greater than the moon. My estate is considerably bigger than yours. The days are considerably longer. In the summer the days are considerably longer than in the winter. Is not your garden considerably bigger than mine ? Is not my garden much bigger than yours ? Is my garden much bigger than yours ? [No.] Quo amarior potio, eo soepe salubrior est. Quanto tempus est felicius, tanto brevius esse videtur. Quo plura habent homines, eo pb^ra cupiunt. Nunquam licet peccare. Juveni parandum est ; seni utendum. Ne jures. Jurasne ? Lesson 56. 282. YOCABULARY 50. [The comparative of an adverb is the neuter of the comparative adjective.] Factle, easily {from factlis, easy) : facilius, more easily. Cito, quickly (from citus, quick) : citius, more quickly. Bark, cor;;ex, corticis, m. (decorticated). To cover, surround, ob-dQcSre, dux, duct. Safe, tutus. Virtuous, upright, honestus. Virtuously, honeste. Courageously, fortiter (comparative, ^/brfiws). 283. {Eng.) I ploughed it three times, that it might produce the better crop. (Lat.) I ploughed it three times, iy which^ it might produce a better crop. t Aravi, &c., quo posset meliores fruges edgre. * That * with Comparative. 89 284. {a) When * that ' is in a sentence that has a comparative in it, it may bo translated by quo with the subjunctive. {h) ' That ' with comparatives and * the* By ' quo ' may best translated be. 285. (Eng.) Some persons think. (Lat.) There are some who think (sunt qui putcnt). CEng.) Sonic persons thought. \Lat.) There were who thought (erant qui putarcnt). Exercise 56. 286. Some persons think that faith should not bo kept against" enemies. It is difficult to heal the mind. Hold-y our- tongues, that you may be the more easily able to learn. He spoke much, that he might seem wise. He spoke much, that he might seem the wiser. He lived virtuously, that he might die the more courageously. It is certain that Caius lived many years at Carthage. Do not spare me. [When there is a comparative in the sentence, construe auo by * that,' and put * the ' before the comparative.] Trunci arborum cortice obducuntur, quo sint a fri- gore et calore tutiores. An licet Christianis gloriae servire ? Omnibus ignoscendum est. Ne multa loquere. Miserere nostri. Natura omnes propensi sumus ad discendum. An retinenda est barbara con- suetfido immolandorum hominum ? Nonne mors quotidie ob ociilos ponenda est ? 4 ,5| Lesson 57. English. 287. I repent ofmjffolhj, I am vexed at mg folly, I am ashamed of my folly, I pity the poor, I am weary of life, Latin. It-repents me of my folly. It-vexes me of my folly. It-shames me of my folly. It-pities me of the poor. It-irks me of life. u Advcrsus. (' i I ».. 9^ Qovernment of * poonitot,' * pigct/ 8fc, (a) Mo mcfc stiiltitia) poenttct ^. {b) Mc mca* stultitiac pigct. lo) Mc meso stultitiac puclct. ul) MisSret mo paupgrum. \e) Taedct mo vituo. 288. When * ut ' the word for * that ' would be, * That-not * may both bo done by iiu j Unless a ' 50 ' or ' such ' preceded, For then n *non' will still bo needed. 289. (a) Palpubroo mollcs sunt ne The eye-lids soft are, that premant ociilum, they may not ^;;ys.s the eye. (h) Tanta est multitiido, ut non possint So great is the multitude, that they cannot numerari. be numbered. 290. Vocabulary 51. Slothful, Sloth, SomG-timc-or-other, Physician, Some, Attentive, To order. To learn by heart, Athenian, Socrates, ignavus (in, not ; gnavus, active), ignavia. ali(^uando. medicus (medical). aliquis (something, aliqtdd). studiosus (studious). juberc, juss, juss (followed by ace. with inf.). c-discere. 'Atheniensis. (Ensis is a common termination of names derived from towns.) "Socrat-es, G. is (one of tho greatest of heathen men. He taught the immortality of the soul, and was put to death by his country- men the Athenians). To value more highly, pluris facere. _, . , J f faciendum curare (the partic. to agree with To cause to be made, I*/ its noun). Exercise 57. 291. It is more pleasant to make a friend, than to have (one). The slothful man will some-time-or- other repent of his sloth. Christians pity the poor. V These verbs arc regularly conjugated : pccnitet, poeuitcbat, pcc- nituit, poenituerat, pocnitebit, &c. 1 He will be the r membc] learnt-l to deat: need m< I value 292. no frig propter sunt. ' silii Ca est, quo servare, ut nem( tem in '. landum 293. lowed b 294. 295. 296. and age belongs 297. discet p te, et ei mihi sv Lupus ( ft" % Use of * et—ot/ * turn— quniii/ ^i 91 He will give tlio pliysiciar son hing, i/tat ho may be the more attentive. I order my son never to re- member this injury. Wo give verses to boys to-be- learnt-by-heart. The Athenians condemned Socrates to death. Have you not understood, that T do not need money ? Anger has cost the state n h blood. I value yon morc-lwjhJij every day. 292. Gallineo avesque reliquco pennis fovent puUos, no frigore lecdantur. Eorura misereri oportct, qui propter fortiinam, non propter malitiam m miseriis sunt. Tui me miseret : mci piget. Earo primi con- silii Cuium pocnitet. Sapientia semper eo contenta est, quod adest. Scipio dicebat, malle ^^ se unum civem servare, quam mille hostes occidere. Sic adhuc vixi, ut nemo unquam me ullius injuria) accusaverit. Pon- tera in Istro flumtno faciendum curavi. Inter amhU" landum (177) multa mecum lociitus est. Lesson 58. 293. M followed by another et ; turn or qunm fol- lowed by tnniy are both — and. 294. Non solum — sed etiam, not only — hut also. (so— as : as-— as. 295. Tarn — quam, -< as tvell — as. (^ both —and. 296. Etiam, even, also (ctiam atque etiam, afjain and again) ; quoque, also^ too {follows the word it belongs to). Exercise 58. 297. Amphibia et in aqua et in terra vivunt. Et discet puer, et docebit. Etiam tu hinc abis ? Rogo te, et etiam oro. Et Eoraoo vixi et Carthagine. tit mihi succurras, etiam atque etiam (296) te rogo. Lupus quum ovem tum canem momorderat. Ovem w That he had rather : infinitive of imlo (which sec). IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1^ 1^ I.I IIM I'M If 1^ M 2.0 1.25 lA III 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 y '^O {/ p.< y.. V. ■ ^1 ^1 V \\ ^^. ^^\ Wr^ •^•v >> ^/ m mm 92 Use o/' aut— aut/ ' vel— vel/ 8fc. '.*'. Ik I: f\ * i I H^ V..' ft non solum totondit, sed etiam deglupsit. Horti pa- rantur turn ad utilitateni, turn ad jucunditatera. Multce herbse quura jucundissimuni turn saluberri- miim cibum siippeditant. Tarn canes quam lupi ctccos pariunt catiilos. Nomo tarn pauper vivit, quam iiatus est. Lesson 59. 298. Aut, or. aut — aut ; vel — vel, either— or. 299. sive — si\e) either— or. seu — seu J whether — or. vel is (a) sometimes ' even;* (b) with superla- tives, * very J* * extremelij,' 'possible.' 300. Sive"" is used, when the speaker or writer leaves it undecided, which of two assertions or names is the right one ; and when a second name is a mere alias of the first. Exercise 59. 301. Quicquid dicam aut erit, aut non. Hie vin- cendum aut moriendum, milites ! Qusedam terrse par- tes incultae sunt, quod aut frigore rigent, aut uruntur calore. Viri nobiles, vel corrumpere mores civitatis, vel corrigere possunt. Quam sis morosus, vel (299) ex hoc intelligi potest. Bomanis sese * vel persuasuros (esse) existimabant, vel vi coacturos. Ita, sive casu, sive consilio deorum immortalium,pc)enas persolverunt. NonnuUi, sive felicitate quadam, sive bonitate natura3, sive parentum disciplina, rectam vita) secuti sunt viam. Sine solia calore nee animalia vivere, nee plantse cres- cere possunt. Nee timidus est, nee audax. Nimius somnus neque anini j, neque corpori prodest. Yel (299, a) iniquissimam pacem justissimo bello antefero. Caii eo tempore vel maxima erat auctoritas. X Sive is si-ve, * or if.' Thus ' Caius sive Balbus,' is ' Caius, or if you like, Balbus ' (for that is another name of his). * See p= 120. 23= Adversative Conjunctions, 'at/ 'sed/ Sfe. 93 Lesson 60. (Adversative conjunctions, or such as mark an opjwsition.) 302. At, sed, autem, verum, vero, hut. Tamen attamen, 1 ^^ ?,«^5; hut yet. Veruntamen, ) Atqui, but or now (as used in reasoning). Exercise GO. 303. Non placet Marco Antonio consulatus mens ; at placuit Publio Servilio. Fecit idem Themisto- cles; at Pericles idem non fecit. Si certum est^ facere, facias ; veriim ne post conftras culpam in me. Non deterreor ab incepto, sed pudore impedior. Aut hoc aut illud est : non autem hoc (est) ; ergo (304) illud (est). Absoliitus est Caius; muictatus tamen pecunia. Videtis nihil esse morti tarn simile, quam somnum : atqui dormientium animi maxime declarant divinitatem suam. Lesson 61. 304. Nam, namque, enim, for. Igitur, ideo, therefore. Ergo, therefore, then. Itaque, accordingly; and .0 ; therefore. Quare, wherefore. Exercise 61. 305. In ea re prudentia adjiitus est : nam, quum devicisset hostes, sum na sequitate res constituit. Hac pugna nihil nobilius : nulla enim unquam tarn exigua manus tantum cxercitum devicit. ay 'I i r-f'l y Si certum est (if it is fixed) - if i/ou are resolved. S I. . ■ fei, f - J.' 1 1 r ii-. ■I 3 K . 94 * Ut * tvith Stihjunctive. Magno^ Atilio ea cunctatio stetit, ncmque filium intra paucos dies amisit. lUi i/jitur duodccim cum canibus venaticis exierunt. Aristides aequalis fere fuit Themistocli : itaqiie cum co de principatu con- tendit; Nemo er(/o non miser (est) ? Nihil laboras : ideo nihil habes. Intelligebant hccc Lacedsemonii : qtiare eos infirmissimos esse volebant. Lesson 62. 306. 11^ The impeyfcct and plaj^erfect of the suh- June five are the regular attendants of the past tenses of the indicative. (a) But the 'perfect* when it answers to our perfect loilTi * have' is not considered a past tense. 307. 'Z7r with the suhjunct. t (1) * in order that ;' * that ;' * so that* (2) the infinitive (expressing the purpose). ^ (3) * as ' with infinitive. 1(4) ' granting that ;' 'although.* I (5) * that' and carry * not ' (after io fear). (a) ( Ut with the indicative is ' as,' ' lohen,' ' since,' ' after,' ' hoiv.') (b) When ut introduces o. purpose , the subjunctive verb will be construed by * may' *■ might.* When it signifies a consequence (which it regularly does after * so/ ' such '), the subjimctive verb is construed hy the indicative : but the imperfect by the English perfect. Exercise 62. Ods. possim {is, it, &c.) = * can * or ' may* possem {es, et, &c.) = * could ' or * might.* 308. (1) Multi alios laudant, ut ab aliis laudeniur. Stellarum tanta multitudo est, ut numerari nonpossint. In summis Alpibus ^ tantum est frigus, ut nix ibi nun- 2 stare magno, to cost a man dear. Magno agrees with pretio (price) understood. * On the top of the Alps. Stimmus, imus, medius, primus, ex- rVSTiiiiSf /*c»»J«tso, \xC.f agTccing Witii iiOuiia, HXv gduQISjly COliatrUCu * Ut * icith Suhjimctive. 95 quam liqnescat. Hominis corpus celsum et erectura est, ut coelum intueri possit. Ursi per hiemem tarn gravi somno premuntur, lit ne vulneribus quidem excitentur. In India serpentes ad tantam magnitudinem adolescunt, ut integros hau- riant cervos, taurosque. (2) Veiiit (Jie is come) ut claudat (to shut), &c. Enitar tit vineam. Magnopere te hortor, tit hos de philosophic, libros studiose legas. Capram monet, ut in pratum ckscendut. Ante senectutem curavi, tit bene viverem. Formica sitiens 'xd fontom descendit, tit biberet. (3) No one is so good, ut nunquam ^ecce^ (as never to sin). Quis tcvn demens est, ut sua voluntate mooreat? Kulla anus tarn delira est, ut haec crcdat. (4) Ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda vokmtas. Ut circumspiciamus omnia, quae populo grata atque jucunda sunt, nihil tam populare quam concordiam reperiemus. 1^" For ut after to fear, see Lesson 66. 309. Ne with subjunc- tive, Lesson 63. (1) (2) (3) L(4) f lest' that' and carry 'not' on to the verb. ' not ' with the infinitive, 'not' with imperat. or siiljunct. used imperatively. ' that ' after to /ear. Uxercise 63. (1) I did it, ne that, videret lie might not see, &c. 310. (1) Palpebral moUes sunt, ne premant oculum. Gallinaeavesquereliquaspennis fovent pullos,ne frigore by substantives, followed by a genitive case. Imus mons, the bottom or foot of the mountain. Reliqua iEgyptus, the rest of J£gypt. Sapientia prima, the beginning of ivisdom. In cxtremo tertio libro, 96 * Quin ' with Suhjunctive. Icedanhir. Nix sogetcs opt^rlt, ne fiigore ahsumantuv. Cave ne incognita pro cognitis habeas. Cave ne quid temere dicas nut facias contra potcntes. Oculi pal- pebris sunt muniti, ne quid incTdat. Alexander edixit, ne quis ^ ipsum, propter Apellem, pingcret. (2) I advised him ne not, iret to go. Monuit capram, ne in pratum descenderet. Tre- bonio mandaverat, ne per vim Massiliam "^ expugnari pateretur. Monui puerum, ne fabis vesceretur . (3) Not with imperatives is ne, A * non ' is hateful then to see. Crabrones ne irrita. Ne reprehende errores aliorum, sed emendes potius tuos. Diu ne morare in conclavi- bus modo dealbatis ^. Ne tentes, quod effici non possit. For ne with to fear, see Lesson 6G. B I ; 'I'; Lesson 64. ■ (1) ' but ' (as used after negaticco). (2) the relative with not. (3) * as not ' with infinitive. 311. ' Quin; with sulj.\ ('^) * ^^sentences'^''"*^' ''^"'^' '" "^•^''''''* (5) 'from ' or * tcithout ' with the parti' cipial substantive, after escape, prevent, &c. Exercise 64. (1) a. * ^M^ * very nearly coincides with gwrn ; though we now more commonly use some of the other forms here given. (2) There is nobody, quin putet {* J /SL; t„i„k. (3) b. No one is so mad, quin {as not) putet (to think), &c. ^^x ri don't rfe«^ 1 quin that (or, 6m^ i^Aa^) turpe sit, it is dis- ^^ \l don't doubts graceful. (5) She never saw him, quin, without, rideret, laughing. She could not be restrained, qnin, from, rideret, latighing. b When ne is construed that, qtiis, quid {anybody, anything) must be construed nobody, nothing. ** Thai have been lately white-washed. nr -7»^o —^ursciUeS, "' Quominus ' with Suhjuncfice. 97 mantur. ne quid uli pal- exander jret. :. Tre- pugnari iliorum, onclavi- a possit. ti negative the par ti- ll' escape. h we now re given. it is dis- ghing. king) must •washed. 312. Nullum aiiimalium genus adoo ferox est, quin^ vehementer amet prolem suam. Nidla fere pars est pecorum, qtiiu^ ad commoda nostra facta sit. Vere sapiens nunquam dubitabit, quin s immortalis sit ani- mus. Ex odoratu et adspectu pomorum dubitare non possiimus, quin hominibus ea donata sint. Nemo est tam bonus ac providus, qtnii interdum pcccet. Caius prohiberi non potuit, quin (311, 5) crunqyeret. Non dubito, quin ascendcris murum. Nemo erit tam stultus, quin (311, 3) hoec fateatur. Non possum pro digni- tate vivere, quin (311, 5) alteriitram partem qffcn- derem. Negari non potest, quin turpius 6/^ failure quam falli. Nihil in rerum natura invenitur, qi in sapientissime institutum sit. Qui temerc omnibus credit, cfFugere non potest ^\ quin soopius fallatur. In- festa concio vix inhiberi potuit, quin protinus saxa in Polemonem jacerd. Timoleontem mater, post fratris necem, nunquam adspexit, quin eum fratricidam im- pimnque comiwllarct. Lesson 65. 313. After verbs of hindering, * quommus ' with the 3ubjunct, is more common than ne. It may generally be translated by 'frotn,' the verb being turned into the particijnal substantive : but after * refuse/ by the infinitive. Exercise 65. (1) Nothing deterred him, quominus faceret {from doing) &c. (2) I will not refuse, quominus faciam {to do) &c. 314. Nihil impedit, quominus id facere j)ossimus. Non deterret sapientem mors, quominus'^ in omne <2 As not to love, &c. f That is not made. g That the mind is. ^ Cannot avoid being often deceived. * Does not deter, Sec. from forwarding the interests of the common' wealth, and of his oion (fi-icndg). ConsuleEC alicui = to consult a man's welfare, to forward his interests, E m 111 .HI I' I lif;l! * I I ;• . . 4-' if: I; *.. 98 Verbs of Fearimj icith ' ue ' and * ut.' tempus reipubliccc, ^ suisque consuhit. Ecbiis terrenis multa externa, qiiomhius pcrfcianttir, possunt obsis- tere. Quid obstat, quommits Caius s/Y beatus ? Epanii- nondas non rccusacit, quomuim Icgis poenam sublrct. Non me torrebis, quomuiHS iWvA faciam. Prohibere Romanos, qiiommus frumeiitum sumcrent, non pote- rant. Non me mpedies, quommus ei pecuniam illam numcrem. (Note. Literally, ' quo minus ' = hi/ which the less, or so that the less. Caio nihil obstat, quo minus sit beatus, is literally " Nothing stands in the way of Caius, by tohich ho should be the less happy.") Lesson 66. 315. After words of 'fearing,' 'ne' and Uit' appear to change meanings : ne = t/tat (or lest) : ut = that — not. (Also the subjunet. 2)rcsent must generally be construed by the future.) Yereor nc, I fear he kHI; or lest he should, 8fc. Vereor ut, \ j ^ ^^ ^^. .^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ j^^ ^j^^^^j^^ ^^^^^ Vereor ne non, j Exercise 66. 316. Vereor ne labores tuos augeam. Pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus Scipionis. Homo scelestus semper veretur, ne peccata sua pateflant. Impi'obi semper sunt in metu, ne poena afficiantur aliquando. Vereor, ne brevi tempore fames in urbe sit. Verebamini, ne non id facerem. Vereor, ne conso- latio nulla vera possit reperiri. Timeo, ne non impe- trem. Metuebant, ne dolorem ferre non possent. Timeo, ut labores tantos sustineas. Avarus semper veretur, ut satis habeat. Vereor, ut pax firma sit. Ignavus semper metuit, ut sustineat labores. ^ Sui = a man's dependents, a man's friends. i£s Une of Inten'oya fires. 99 :errenis t obsis- Epami- subirct. voliihere 11 pote- n illam 'ess, or so bealus, is ' tvhich ho appear b = that rally bo (Id, 8fc. ^uld not. ceperat Homo ifcflant. ficiantur in urbe c conso- n impe- 3nt. I semper rma sit. a. In Englisli wo often leave out the conjunction 'i/iai after a verb of fearing. Mdito, ne artificium tuum tibi parum prosit. I fear thy contrivance will profit thee little. Lesson 67. ON INTERIIOGATIVES. 317. All interrogatives take the indicative, w/icn the question k pat directly: they then fe-and at the head of a principal sentence, and arc followed, of course, by a note of interrogation. a. Kum, an, and 7ie (wliieli is always appended to another word), are not construed in direct sentences. h. Num. (in direct questions) exi)ects the answer * mo.' An expects the answer 'no,' and expresses impatience, indig- nation, &c.' Nonne expects the answer 'yes.' c. The force of 'an' may generally he given by adding ' why ' or * then ' to the question. *^ An credis P [ ^^y' ^^" >'?." ^^^^'^ve ? ypo you believe then . . . . ? E^-jrcise 67. 318. Qitis non paupertatem extimescit ? Unde lucem suam habet luna ? Quid interest ™ inter hominem et bestiam ? Quid feret crastmus dies ? Quare vitia sua nemo confitetur ? Our te cxcrucias ? Quid rides ? JJbi aut qiialis est tua mens ? Potesne dicere ? — JVum sola maris aqua est ^alsa ? Visne miser esse ? Msfnc animus immortalis ? Nonne poetsc post mortem nobi- litaii rolunt ? Num scinms, quo se conferant * aves peregrinantes ? An tu esse me tristem putas ? An quisquam potest sine perturbatione mentis irpsci ? Obs. JVe is often a^Dpended to the other particles ; numne, mine, &c. I A question with n^ may be such as to make us confidently expect *yes' or 'no' for the answer. But the answer is then suggested by the nature of the question, not by the form of it. "^ What difference is there ? intersum. * Betake themselves. E 2 i\ . ■ it A. 3 100 Intcrrogativcs with Suhjundivc Mood. Lesson 68. 319. All intcrrogatives take the subjunctive when they ask mUrcctly or douhtfallij ; especially when another verb goes before the question. {a) Such verbs are ask, doubt, try, not knowj it is un- certain, &c. (b) Num, an, nS, in a dependent sentence, arc ' wJiether ;' and * mm ' does not imply that the answer ' no ' is expected. (e) An is never used by Cicero in a single indirect ques- tion. Exercise 68. 320. Q<;^senumeret"artiuinniultitudinem? Nescio, unde sol ignem haheat. Die mihi, quern sol nobis ad- ferat usuin. Nescimus, quid serus vesper advecturus 'sit°. Quid futurum sit, neseimus. Qw«^ vere nobis 2))'0sit P, non semper intelligtmus. Olim quocstio erat, num terra rotunda csset. Nnm a3grotum interrogabis, an sanari relit ? Cogita tecum, an gratiam retuleris, quibus gratiam debes. Quaeritur'i miquamne fuerint monocerotes. Utrum * velis, elige. Non me terrebis, quommus, utrum velim, eligam. Quid dicam nescio. U Lesson 69. 321. In double questions either ^(1) The first is introduced by num, utrum, or the appended ne, and the second by an (or) : or, (2) The Jflrst question has no interrogative adverb / the second, an, or the appended nS. n Wfio can reckon up ? ° Will bring. P Quid vere prosit (prosum) nobis ? what is really beneficial to us ? ^ It is sought — t^ IS a Q^UcSiion, or a c'ts^wvS<.v ^otnt s .rso •-- — > unicorns. * N out. of titer. Intcrrogativcs : Exemsc. 101 wlicn ' when it is ««- vhether ;' expected. 'cct qucs- Nescio, )bis ad- wcturus e nobis io erat, 'Ogabis, etuleris, fuerint errebis, nescio. appended verb; the ial to us ? iiiQcsrotes. Exercise GO. 322. (I) [Direct.'] Utrum'' major est sol, an minor, qiuim terra r' Casii;/t^ mundus est cffectus, an vi di- vina ? Nuni sol mobilis est, an immobilis ? Sumuswc raortales, an iramortales? [Indirect or dependent.] Quocritur, uniis«^ sit mimdus an plures ? Nihil refort% titrum sit aurcum poculum, an vitreum. (2) [Lircet.] Uter est infelicior, crccus an surdus ? Utriun est pretiosius, aurum an argentum ? [Indirect.] Stellarum numerus par * em impar sit, incertiim est. Hominibiis prodesse" iiatura jubet : servi Mhcrine sint, quid rcfert^? Die mihi, ocstatc^^ grandinct, an hiemc. Midtura interest % valentes imbecilli/^e simus. a. Nccnc in the second question is * or not.' Lesson 70. 323. {Some conjunctions that always take the subjunctive.) Utinam, would that. si, {0! if) Of that, would that. licet, although. quasi, tanquam, as if. dum, modo, dummodo, 2>rovided ; if only. quamvis, hotcever-miichy however. ' Is the sun . . . ? s jf makes no difference. t JEven : inipar, odd. u Prosum. V What matters it, or, toJiat does it signify toJiether, Sec. ? w In the summer. x n makes a great difference. % . li i li i'Sf ;i •"^'ll'l E 3 102 Conjunctions governiiifj Subjunctice, i i !• ' •' 1 ill ii4^ li IX ^h Excvcisc 70. Note. — With most of these conjunctions, i\iO i)rcscni (subjunctive) must bo construed oy vi past tensj. 324. Uti'iiani pacis amor omnibus inspirari possit ! Utinam cnso nuUus magistratus cgcat ! si quisquo virtutem colat ! si omnes cotjifcnt, mediocritatem in omnibus rebus esse opt imam ! Animalibus brutis nulla futuri teraporis co.-^nitio est, licet sit aliqua prresentis et proDteriti. Improbus ita vivit, quasi nesciat, rationem vitro sibi esse reddcndam. Nemo, quamvia sit lociiples, aliorum ope carere potest. Nulla est regie, quoo nou cultorcs sues, dummoilo laborare relint, alat. Ita fac omnia, tanquam spectet aliquis. Si quis nimis obscure dicit, perinde fere est, ac si taceat. Utinam hoc verum sit. 8ic agis, quasi me ames. a. Vfhen provided only is to be followed by not, ne is used. Sit summa in jure dicendo severitas, dummbdo ea ne varietur gratia. ^ Lesson 71. ill!: I i • . ON PARTICIPLES. 325. Participles assume an assertion, which may be formally stated in a sentence whenever it is necessary or convenient to do so. Thus, 'I went to Henry, heing ill,' might be expressed (according to the meaning) by ' I went to Henry, who was ill :' ' 1 went to Henry, because he was ill :' ' I went to Henry, though he was ill,' &c. 326. Translate the participles in the following ex- amples by relative sentences. Translation of Participles, 103 Cwho laughs; or is Example, (1) T/tc hot/ ridciis, -< lawjluHH. \ who was laughing. m ThP hn>j riHuvxiH i ^^^^0 is going to laugh, [4) inc boy nam us, ^ ^^^^ ,^^y^^ ,^..^^ ^^^^^^j^^ (3) The hoi/ umutiiH, tcho is (or was) loved. (-4) 2'h(' ho// iimandus, who ought to be loved. i]27. If no substuiitive is expressed, supply a man, men ; or he, she, those, &c. (5) ridentis, of him who laughs ; or, of a man who laughs. (6) ridontium, of those who laugh ; or, of men who laugh. 328. 171111 a neuter plural participle, ' things* is to be supplied; but for 'things which or that,' it is generally better to use * what ' only. ,^. , .. ( thinqs that will pass away. (7) prictentura, | ^^.,J ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^_ Exercise 71. 329. Pii homines ad felicitatem perpetuo dura- turam pervenient. Nemo, cunctam intuens terram, de divina providentia dubitabit. Hod sunt divitito certso, semper permansurce. Sapiens bona semper placitiira laudat. Omnes aliud^ agentes, aliud simu- lantes ^ improbi sunt. Pisistratus Homeri libros, confusos antea, disposuisse dicitur. Male agentis (327, 5) animus nunquam est sine metu. Garriilus taeere nequit'"^ sibi commissa (328, 7). Adulator aut laudat vituperanda, aut vituperat landanda. Lesson 72. 330. Construe the participles in the following Exercise bv verbs with * tohen,' * as.* y The first aliud must be construed * one thing ;' the second another.* z Put in a ' but ' before simulantes. a Ncqueo, nequis, nequit. E 4 t^:.. * '■; { ■: ifi'- : m ill' If '• T-: : : 'Xi :. I' ■' ■ if.'- <■/■■ ' ^ • I, ,,- 1 > > "' > i K'J y : i - : - 1 ^ i • li.:. ■ * "-' 104 Translation of Participles. /,v ., f ?r/^i';i /?c ?s (or ivaf>) Mighing, ' J ^1 6^s> I ^s /^g Is (or «'«s) laughing. 331. In a sentence with w7/e» we often omit tlic auxiliary verb : hence (2) ridens may be construed * when laughing.^ 332. If the participle stands alone, ' he,^ ' theij,' ' a man/ ' one,' * inen/ &c. must be supplied as the nom. to the verb. r3Widenti I when /^e is laughing. *^ ^ ' Iwhen one is laughing. (4) ridentibus, when men (or the^) are laughing. Exercise 72. 333. Leo esiiriens rugit. Xerxes a Graecis mctus in Persiam refugit. Esiirienti (332, 3) gratior est cibus. Sudanti (332, 3) frigida potio perniciosissima est. DiONYSius tyrannus, Syracusis exptilsus, Corinthi pueros docebat. Aranti Quinctio Cincinnato nun- tiatum est, eum Dictatorem esse factum. Haoc poma sedens decerpsi. LeCnes satiati innoxii sunt. Ne mente quidem recte uti possiimus, multo cibo et potione impUti. Alit lectio ingenium, et studio fail- gatiim reficit. Elephantes nemini nocent, nisi laces- slti. Lesson 73. 334. Construe the following participles by verbs with * if.' (1) ridens / ?/ ^^^ * ^«'#s• ' ( ?7* « man (or one) laughs. (2) amatus, [%lf^Jo^^<^; ^f I ^^^re ' {tf J- had been loved. loved. * The nom. to bo used will be.. I. we, you. they, &c, according to the person of the verb. Translation of Partic/plcs. 100 Excrciw 73. 335. Quis est qui, totum diem Jaculans, non ali- quando collincet ^ ? Equum onptnrus, cave no deci- piaris. Hostcs, hanc adepti victoriam, in perpctiuiui se fore victores confident. Victi bostcs in Persiam refugient. Admomtm (334, 2) venissem. Lihcratus, rus ex iirbe evolabo. Eoma cxpidsus Carthagine pueros docebo. Lesson 74. 336. Construe tbe following participles by verbs with because, for, since ; or by the jjarficijml substan- tive with /row?' or through. (1) because I doubt. (2) for I doubt. dubitans < (3) since I doubt. (4) from doubt inff. . (5) through doubting. Exercise 74. 337. Nihil affirmo, dubitans plerumque, et milii ipse= cliff idens. llostes hanc ade2)ti (336, 4) victo- rijim, in perpetuum se fore victores confidcbant. Sine aqua anates degere non possunt, magnam victus partem in aqua quarentcs. Respondent se perfidiam verttos revertisse. Stella) nobis parv£c videntur, im- menso intervallo a nobis disjunctw. Cantus olorJnus recte fabulosus habetur, nunquam audltus. Lesson 75. \_^re note, p. 104.] 338. Construe the following participles by verbs with though, although. (1) ridens, though he laughs. C (2) though he is loved. amatus, < (3) though he was loved. ( (4) even though he should be loved. ^ Pres. suhj. construe by pres. indio. c Construe mihi myself, and take no further notice of i^yse, E 5 ^1 • 1.1 H5! If i •4 ;j Iff' j J ': r I;.', 106 Translation of Partwiples. 339. We often omit the auxiliary verb after though. Hence we may sometimes construe (5) ridens, though laughing, (6) amatus, though loved, Exercise 75. 340. Homines non statim poenis afficiuntur, quotidie dclinquentcs. Multa transimus ante oculos posita, Oculus, se non ridens, alia videt. Risus interdum ita repente erumpit, ut eum cupientes tenere lequeamus. Scripta tua jam diu exspectans ^, flagitare non audeo. Quis hoc non intelligit, Yerrem ahsolidmn (338, 4) tamen ex manibus populi Romani eripi nuUo modo posse ? Omnia magna voce dicens, simulabat tantum se furere. Ad ccsnam rocattts, nondum venit. Lesson 76. \_JVote, p. 104.] 341. Construe the following past participles by after, with a verb or participial substantive. C (1) after he has siifcred. (Act.) passus, < (2) after he had suffered. \ (3) after suffering. ( (4) after he was (or has been) loved, {Pass.) amatus, -< (5) after he had been loved. (^ (6) after hating been loved. Exercise 76. 342. JosEPHus in ^JEgypto, multa mala perpessus (341, 3), ad summos honores evectus est. Israelitse, ^gypto egressi, quadraginta annos in Arabia sunt commorati. Plera^que scribuntur orationes habitce'^ jam, non ut habeantur. DiON-isius, a Syracusis ex- pulsus ^, Corinthi pueros docebat. Alexander Ab- d Use the perf. definite, * have been expecting* f Construe first by (341, 4) ; then by (341, 6). Translation of Participles. 107 DOLONiMUM dill confcmplatus interrogavit, _ qua pa- tientia inopiam tulisset. Lauti^ cibum capiimt Ger- mani. Lesson 77. 343. Construe the following participles by verbs, and place 'and' before the verb that stands already in the Latin sentence. The participle is generally to be construed by the same tense as the other verb. (1) Ridens he laughs, exclamat and exclaims. (2) Ridens he laughed, exclamavit and exclaimed. But sometimes by a different tong"3. (3) Correptum leporem, he has seized the hare, lacerat, and is mangling it. (He mangles the seized hare.) Exereiae 77. 344. Jussis divinis obediens virtuti studef. Cr(EScS, a Cyro victus, regno spoliatus est. Troja, equi lignei ope capta, incendio deleta est. Persse mortuos cera circmnlitos^^ condunt. Grues, quum loca calidiora petentes maria transmittunt, triangiili efficiunt formam. Illud ipsum ' non accidisset, si quiescens legibus paru- issem. Cum legionibus profectus^ celeriter adero. Titus MvInlius Galium, in conspectu duorum exer- cituum ccesum, torque spoliavit. Comprehensum homi- nem Romam dueebant (343, 3). Mulier Alcibiadem sua veste contectum cremavit. Lesson 78. 345. Non before a participle may be construed without: the participle being turned into the par- ticipial substantive. non without, ridens langhiiig. .,j , f amatus being loved. non ivt S Jfartic. fioiu lavare, to -wash. i Construe ipse by even. E 6 ^' Froiii cirCUUiilflc-rc. . ^ Proficisci. i'rK I: ■1 '■■ «i - a- li Mi ' ^1; ir. >!■■. Si I" . .. I': ■ . K. f'. 108 Translation of Participles. Exercise 78. 346. Non petens regnum accepit. Romani Graecis non rogati ultro ofFerunt aiixiliiim. Liberalitate utitiir, se ipsum non spoUans. Neminem in familiaritatcm recipe non cogmtum^. Multi homines vituperant libros non intellectosK Beneficus est, qui non pri- vatis commoclis ^;<^rwo^?/.9, alios adjiivat. 347. Obs. Participles in tlie ablative absolute may be construed in the same way : the substantive will be the nom. to the verb ; or the ace. after it "\ Tims, Tarquinio regnante, te sedente, captA, Tyi'o, niigraturis apibus, fele comprcliensd, ademto porno, ratlTce succTsA, fasce siihlato, vcdit, tc non salutato, tvJien Tarquinius was Mng. as you were sitting. after Tyre was taken. when the bees are going to swann. if the cat is caught. because his apple was taken away. though the root was cut. he taJces up the bundle AKD returns. without saluting you. 348. V ' ticiples may often be construed by siih- stantives of a kindred meaning : Thus, For Ciconiffi redeuntes. The returning storks, Januario acldito, By January added, We mag say, |. The return of the storliis. Leges violates. The violated laws, Vere appropinquante. Spring approaching. \ By the addition of January. I The violation of the laws. 1 / I- On the approach of spring. 1 Use act. partic. '" It may sometimes be the accusative after the verb ; because 'tlie bundle being taken by him' = *' the bundle v/as taken up Ig him ;' which may be turned into ' he took up the bundle,' 1^ i' ■' H1H I.J Terminatiom of Stibstautiven and Aujectives. 109 APPENDIX. * The articles that have an asterisk before them, arc not to be learnt till the other articles are known perfectly. TERMINATIONS of SUBSTANTIVES and ADJECTIVES. Sing. JPlur. A G. D. Ace. Abl.i N.V. G. D.Abl. SB 03 am a a) arum IS T 6 um 6 1 orum Is IS I em ~l (im) / e 1 (')J es um "\ ium / lb us fis I iim ii us uum ibil3 ^ iibiis/ ei ei em e cs erum ebus Ace. as OS 03 us C'S N.V. L ft 2 / tis, er "1 \^(um neid.)j \C various „ j (generally not containing the ( unaltered rooty ) 4 / "^ 1 ' \_ {neut. u) / 5. es 6^ Obs. In Neuters, Ace. is like Nom., and both in the plxir. end in ^. * 2. The Vocative is always like tho nominative, except in nouns in us of the second, which make V. e. Proper names in ins, with Jilius, genitis, contract ie into i. 3. Neuters in e, al, r, have Abl. i, N. plur. ia, G. plur. ium. * 4. (1) Nouns in es, is, er, not increasing in the gen., make Gen. pi. ium. But vates, proles, juv^nis, senex, canis. Take um ; toith pater, frater, mater, panis. (2) Monosyllables talco Cien. pL ium. But the following, with a few more, take um : 110 Declensions of Substantives* m. ''■V «' 'H I Dux, grcx, Vox, lex. Pes, prex, Fur, rex, Mos, fraus, Flos, laus. (3) Nouns in *, x, after a consonant, take Gen. pi. iiim. * 5. The fourth declension is a contracted form of the third de- clension : G. uis, Qs. Abl. fi?, u, &c. (1) The following nouns of tha fourth have Abl. Hhis : Arcus, acus, portus, quercus, ficus add, and art us i Tribus, lacus, specus too, tvith veru, pecu, partus. (2) Neuters in u have gen. us, dat. «, pi. ua, tium, &c. * 6. In the fifth declension e of G. and D. is long, if it follows a vowel J short, if it follows a consonant. (faciH, fidei.) Sing, Nom. the Gen. of the Dat. to or for the Ace. tlie Voc. O Abl. b^, with th( &c. Plur. Nom. Ithe Voc. J O the Gen. of the Dat. 1 to, for the Abl, J hy, with the Ace. the Sing. Nom. the Gen. of the Dat. to or for the Ace. the Voc. O Abl. by, with the &c. Flur. Nom. "1 ;^7ie Voc. jO^Ae Gen. of the Dat. ~^io,yor the Abl. J 6y, wj7A the Ace. fAe 7. EXAMPLES. I. II. III. {table) (hog) {father) mensa menses mensdE mensaw mensa mensa puer pater puert patrjs puero patri pueri/m patrew puer pater puero patre IV. V. {chariot) {dag) currwA- dies currw* die* currwi 1 diej curr HJ« i diewt currus ! dies cun-M I die mcnsce mensa rwOT mens/* mens«* I. (Jiour) hora hortc bora; horam hora bora puert puero/*MH» pueri* pueros II. {food) cibus cibj cibo cibwOT cibe cibo patre* patr?ore patrJ^Ms patre* III. {cloud) nubes nubi* nubt nubcMJ nubes nube currw* currM?gri. UnT, . &c. Unum, unam, unum. L &c. &c. &c. 9. These adjectives are of the second declension in the mas. and netit. ; of the first in theyem. 10. The following are declined like tintis. With ius, i, do nuUus, uUus, Totus, solus, uter. Alter but with shortened i, Alius, unus, neuter. * Solius appears to have i short, though commonly considered a? long. ■;l >' 112 Adjectives of One and Two Terminations, li. Alius, G. alms (= ali-ius). Ncut. al'md. Alter, Q. nltcrius. Utcr, G. utrius. ife Mil ! I t. . f- ADJECTIVES OP ONE and TWO TERMINATIONS (which arc all of the third declension). 12. [Adjectives in «s.] —Adjectives in is have ncut. e;ih\.i. ^evii. ^hxr. ia ; Q.iam. . 13. rComparatives in or.] -Comparatives m or have ncut. us; Abl. c or i. Ncut. plur. a; G. urn. l.i The other terminations have no peculiar form for the neut. slnZ and arc generally called adjectives of onctermtnahon, though they 1-ave two^m ihoNom. andAcc. (except niNom. smg.) 15. (a) They have Abl. c or I Neut. pkir. ia, Gr. ium. For participles a 1)1. e"l -^ ^^^^ j^q^.^ common. For adjectives abl. * J 10. Hence the Terminations for adjectives of one or two terminations, arc, — Two Termin. Comparatives. s. r. s. P. One Termin. N.V, G, D Ace. Af.'l. ?I.F. N. M.F. N. is e\ es la is I i«"i ihus cs id lb as M.r. N. M.F N. or ?i* ores ora ons ovum ori ovibus ovem vs ores or a ore (ori) | or lb us 17. An adjective must agree with its substantive in case, gender, and number. 18. ExAMrLES. M. (A good hoy) N. bonus puer G. boni pueri D= bono pnoro A. bonum puenun V. bone puer Ab. bono puero Singular. F. (A good mother.) bona mater bona) matris bona) niatri bonani matrem bona inater bona matre K. (A good zcorJc.) bonum opus boni operis bono operi bonum opu3 bonum opus bono opero ?* )NS TG ncut. in or . tun. the neut. n, though >lur. ia, of one mm. P. M.r. N. cs ict iiim ibus es ia ibus )stautivc r. I zcorJj.) 3pU3 ;ris eri opus ere Adjectives with Substantives, 113 N. G. D. A. V. (Good hoys.) boni pueri bonoruni pucroruin bonis pueris bonos pueros boni pueri Ab. bonis pueris. {A green field.) campus viridis campi viridis campo viridi N. G. D. __...^„ A. campum viridem Ab. campo viridi {A hold man.) N. audax vir G. audacis viri D. axidacl viro A. audacem virum Ab. audaci viro N. audaces viri G. audacium virorum D. audacibus viris A. audaces viros Ab. audacibus viris. Plural p. N, N. campi virides G. camporum viridium D. campis viridibus A. carapos virides Ab. campis viiidibus. {Good mothers.) bonsD matres bonarum matrum bonis matribus bonus matres bona3 matres bonis matribus. Singular. {A green herb.) herba viridis herba} viridis herbao viridi licrbam viridem herba viridi Phiral. herba) virides herbarum viridium herbis viridibus herbas virides herbis viridibus. (Good works.) bona opera bonoruni opcrum bonis operibus bona opera bona opera bonis operibus. (Green grass.) gi'amen viride graminis viridis graraini viridi gramen viride gramine viridi gramina viridia graminum viridium graminibus viridibus gramina viridia graminibus viridibus. Singular. (A hold tvoman.) audax femina audacis femina) audaci feminae audacem feminam audaci femina Plural. audaces femina) avdacia animalia audacium feminarum audacium anhnalium audacibus feminis audacibus animaUbus audaces feminas audacia animaha audacibus fer^'-'is. audacibus animaUbus. (A hold animal.) audax animal audacis animalis audaci animali audax animal audaci animali N. duo (two) duao G. duorum duarum D. & Ab. duobus duabus Ace. duos (duo) duas duo N. tres (three) tria duorum G. trium duobus D. tribus duo. Ace. tres tria. ■'1, 114 .'( iif ■x- ■>.§ O 4.< ^. : ^ . h k i ■ "i ' L||y| J.. T/iiril Persons of Active Verb. (-■) 10. THE VERB. Terminations of the third persons of the Active Verb, &c. * 1. 2. 3. 4. at, ct, it, it. (^0 Present, at, ct, it. Imperfect, (R) abut, ebat, ebat, itbat, Future, (R) abit, ebit, ct, iet, Perfect, (r) it. Pluperfect (r) grat, Future perf. (r) erit. Imperat. (pers. 2. R) a, r Prcs. subj. (R) et, LImperf. subj. Perf. subj. Pluperf. subj. Infin. Pres.l Imperf. / Infin. Perf. » Pluperf. / Infin. Future, Gerunds, Supine, Part. Pros. Part. Fut. t', ^, I, cat, at, iat, (R) aret, eret, eret, Iret, (r) grit, (r) isset, (R) are, ere, ere, ire, (r) isse, parf. in rus with esse, (R^ andi, endi, endi, icndi, (p) um, (R) ans, ens, ens, iens, (p) urus. Passive Participles, Paat partic. (p) us, Part, in dus, (R) andus, endus, endus, iendus, Verb, to defend. { defends ; is defend- I ing ; does de- L fend. fwas defending. < (defended ; did de- L fend.) shall or will defend. f defended; did de- l fend J has de- 1. fended, had defended. J shall or will have \ defended. I defend ; do thou \ defend. f may {or should) \ defend, /might, should, ^_ would defend. / may {or should) \ have defended. fmight, should, s would have (_ defended. to defend, to have defended. fto be going {or \ about) to defend, of defending, to defend, defending, /going {or about) t to defend. {Passive Partici- ples) / defended ; being \. defended, to be defended. * R, r, p, stand respectively for •' root of present,' ' root of perfect,' ' root of supine.' In repeating the table, the pupil should always say which root the termination is to be added to. Thus : ' Pluperfect ; root of perfect; it.' I, &c. * , to defend. mds ; b defend- ig ; does de- ;nd. defending, 'ended ; did de- ;nd.) or will defend, mded; did de- md J haa de- nided. efendod. 11 or will have efended. ;nd ; do thou efend. r (or should) efend. ht, should, 'ould defend. ' (or should) ave defended, ht, should, 'ould have efended. 'end. t^e defended. be going (or lit) to defend, 'ending, ■end. ding. ig (or about) D defend. ssive Partici- ples^ :nded i being efended. defended. Jiuks/or Construing Tenses* 116 Iggr Ob8. 1. Shall, in the first person, t\mi)\y foretells; in the other persons, it commands. Will, in the first person, declares the speaker's intention in a positive maimer; in the other persons, it ii\m\^[y foretells. * Obs. 2. The Imperfcrt Is construed by the perf. when it ex- presses habits or repeated actions. * Obs, 3., The pres. 'does defend/ and the perf. * rf/f7 defend,' are used after negative words, and in questions and strong affirma- tions. * Obs. 4. Remember that *am come' is perf. act.: 'is building' pres. pass, s * is built ' perf. pass. * Obs. 5. The pres. subj. is often to bo construed by should, would; and, in questions, by can, shall, &c. *> Ons. 6. The imperf. subj. is sometimes to be construed by should have, would have ; and, in questions, by cotdd, &c. * Obs. 7. I'l sentences with \f, token, until, &c. a future is often to be construed by a present, and afuture perfect by iperfect. This is '.vhcn the verb of the principal sentence \s future. 20. Terminations of the persons. (Sing.) • (Plur.) 2. tis, 1. 2. 3. Active, 0, i, m. s, t, Passive, r, fris, 1 iTi ti 1. mus, mur. 3. nt. mini, ntur. (J.) This does not apply to the Imperative. (2) Perf. indie. Act. has 2 sing, and plur. isti, istis, respectively, and 3 plur. erunt or ere. I » f of perfect,' i always say Perfect; root IIG Verb Active. Indicatm^ Imperative, 21. INDICATIVE r (AcriYE Voice.) N.B. (R) means root of the present ; for instance, from amo, ' am :' (r) means root of the ]>erfect j for instance, * amar ;' (p) means root of snpinc ; for instance, ' amat.' Present, [defend ; do defend ; am defending.'] am- 0'«, as, nt, amus, at»s, mon- CO, es, ct, enn1s, utTs, rcj?. 6, Is, It, Imiis, HTs, nnt. ent. • nnt. iunt. t'bamus, iC'bumus, aud- io, Is, It, irnQs, itis. Imperfect, (R) [ioas defending; often, defended or did defend.] am- jibam, abas, abAt, abamus, abatis, mon- ebam, Cbas, ebat, cbamiis, reg- ebam, ebas, ebitt, aud- iebam, iebas, iubat. Future, (R) [shall or tvill defend.] am- abu, abla, abit, ubimtis, mon- ebo, ebis, ebit, ebimiis, reg- am, es, gt, t-mus, aud- iam, ies, let, iemiis. Perfect, [defended ; did defend — have defended f (perf. def.)] amav- "1 monu- \ - rex-(=regs) ( ' audiv- J Pluperfect, (r) [had defended,] amav- monu- rcx- andlv- , istT, It, imus, cbatls, ebatis, ifibatls, abltis, t'bttis, etis, ietls. istis. abant. C'bant. cbant. iebaut. rd)unt. ebnnt. ont. icnt. {erunt or ere nt,\ ire./ 1 J gram, eras, crSt, cram us, gratis, Crant. Future Perfect, (r) [shall or will have defended.] amav- monu- rex- audlv- ' rSrls, "I rgrlmiis", grltis, ^ ^A'vo, •' r Vgrlt, < or or > \ i^i'rls, J l^erimus, grltls, J Imperative, (R) [defend; — do you defend.] 2. 3. 2 pi. am- mon- rcg- aud- a, ato, e, etc, 6, Ito, I, Ito, ato, eto, Ito, Ito, at2, atotS, etS, etote. Its, Itotg, Its, ItotS, crint. IMPERATIVE 8 pi. anto. cnto. unto, iunto. k O, of verbs, is sometimes short. In the golden agCj it first (after the comic writers) appears short in Ovid, e.g. in nescid, rependd, puto, esta. A See note, p. 118. f The perfect definite (pcrf. with have) is used of an action done in 'ICATIVE mo, ' am :' ' (p) mcuns it. it. it. nt. •ant. lant. •ant. bant. )nnt. >nnt. it. nt. def.)] 'unt, "\ >• ere. J rant. rint. ERATIVE 3 pi. anto. cnto. unto, iunto. ; first (after b, rependd, iou done in Verb Passii'c. Tndicaflro, Iinj)crativc. 117 umTnT, nntilr. einniT, entur. IfnunT, untur. lunnT, iuntiir. MOOD. (Passive Voice.) (Ous. ^ST Piwsivc adds r to the tenses that end in o; changos m irta r in those that end in m. Ods. The (e) after 2nd pers. sinjj. means that the termin. is re or ris.) Present, [awi defended— is huhUng.'] am- Or, arisM, atiir, aniur, men- eor, ertsfo), etQr, eniur, reg- fir, Crts(e), Tftilr, Tniur, nud- i3r, irT3(e), iti'ir, Imiir, Imperfect, [tvas defended (not strictly iinperf.) — tvas hnilding.'] am- abar, abarTs(e), abat&r, abamiii*, abaminT, abantur. mon- t'biir, ebarTs(e), ebatiir, ebamur, ebammi, ebanttir. rog- ebar, C'barTs(e), ebfiti'ir, ebaniur, ebaminl, tbantiir. nud- iebar, iebriris(e), iebatdr, iebamur, iebaminT, iebantiir. Future, [shall or ivill be defended.'] am- abiir, aberis(e), Sbitiir, abnnilr, mon- ebOr, ebSris(e), ebitur, ebinu'ir, reg- Sr, erlf8(e). etur, ernur. abVnunT, ebiniTnl, enitni, ieminl, ilbuntur. cbuntui*. cntur. ientur. nud- i3r, ierTs(c), ietiir, iemtir. Perfect, [toas defended ; have heen defended— is huilt.'] ' Made up oiihaimst jparlic. with sum — (sometimes /m/). Plupeeeect, [had been defended^] Made up ofjpasi ^artic. and ^ra»i— (sometimes /M^mw). Future Peefeci, [shall or xoill have been defended."] Made up of past partic. with ^ro — (sometimes /w^ro). MOOD. 2. (R.) [be defended : 2 sing, like Infln. ac^.] arS, atOr, erS, etfir, 6rg, KtOr, ivH, !t6r. 8. atSr, et8r, rt«r, !t6r. 2 pi. amM, aminor, emM, emYnCr, hxiitii, JmtnOr, TmtnT, imlnSv, 3 pi. nntor. entor. untor. iuntOr. a present time, (no matter of what length,) or still continuing in its N.B. Some grammarians, as in the later editions of King Edward Vl.th's Latin Grammar, call the perfect with * have,' the perfect in- definite. i)^'^- if, I [ I* ■: if- ,; " if; 1 ■» ■ 1 '*■' ■ ' 1 r'' ' *:■ 1 r ■»■ t= i-; P'-' F Ik . . 1 1 ^3, !■ '' it 118 Verh Active. Subjimctive, Participles, S^c. (Active Voice.) PnESENT, (R) [_may, should defend.'] am- em, es, gt, emtis, mon- cam, eas, e-lt, eamus, reg' am, as, at, amiis, aud- iam, ias, iiit, lamus. Imperfect, (R) Imight, would, shotild defend.] am- arcm, ares, arSt, aremtis, mon- erem, eres eret, eremus, reg- grem, eres, grSt, eremus, aud- irem. Ires, Tret, Iremus, Perfect, (r) [may, should have defended.] amav- monu SUBJUNCTIVE etis, catis, atis, iatis. cut. cant, ant. iant. amav.-j r g^^g^ -| fgrimusl, '^^■L^rim. • or U "^ ' rex- ( audlv- J RFE urim, •: or >erit. Lens, J or l^erlmus, aretis, arent. eretis, erent. eretis, erent. Iretis, irent. iritis, 1 or erint. gritis, J Pluperfect, (r) [might, should, toould have defended.] amiiv- ^^^^' '^issem, isses, issgt, issemus, issetYs, issent. rex- f audlv- J PRESENT; Imperf 3NT, J iF. l (R) [io defend : to he defending.] 2. ere. 3. grg, INFINITIVE 4. irS. Perfect, f (r) [to have defended.] Pluperfect, \ isse. Future, [to he going, or alout to defend.] Part, of fut". (in rus) with esse. PARTICIPLES, &c. Gerunds, (R) [of S^'c. defending.] andi, endi, endi. iendi. V {[to defend— after verbs of motion.] urn. Supine, (root of its own,) -J^^^^ defend *— after some a(\ject!ves.] u. Partic. Present, (R) [defending.] ans, ens, . ens, lens. Partic. Perfect, [having defended.] „ , . t i ? None. [Supplied by q_uum with perf or pUperf suhj. or by abl. absolute.] Partic. Future, (p) [going or about to defend.] Qrus. * Often construed, /o £e c^-jAwc/et?. 1 rrv,^ „i,i ^vomninrmna are at variance respecting the quantity ot » in ri^s,rias, of fut. perf and perf suhj. Poets use these syUab.e,* SCTIVE cut. cant, ant. iant. arent. erent. erent. Irent. Verb Passive. Subjunctive, Parliciples, 8fc. 119 MOOD. (Passive Voice.) PreseKT, [may, should be defended.'] am- gr, eris(e), etur, emur, mon- ear, earis(e), eatur, eamur, reg- fir, aris(e), atiir, amiir, aud- iar,- iaris(e), iatur, iamiiv, iMPERrECT, [inight, woiildy should he defended jxa- arer, arem(e), arettir, aremiir, mon- erer, ereris(e), erettir, cremiir, reg- Srer, greris(e), eretur, eremur, aud- irer, Ireris(e), iretiir, iremiir, Pekfect, [may, should have been defended.] emini, eaminl, iiminl, iaminl, a aremmi, ereminl, eremini, Iremini, entur. cantiir. antiir. iantur. arentiir. ercnttir. grentiir. Irentur. erint. Past partic. with sm—{somcim^esfuenm). issent. INITIVE PLUPERrECT, [migJd, should, would have been defended.] Past partic. with ess^jH— (sometimes/«Jssew). MOOD. ^ r [to be defended.] Present, J ^ ^ -^ 2. I ai"i, iMPEEE. en. 3. i, 4. Irl. Peefect, r [to liave been defended.] ^ r, . \ Pluperfect, \, Past partic. with me— (somctxines/Mme). Future, [to be going or about to be defended.] Supine (in urn) with in. PARTICIPLES, &c. Ion.] um. bjves.] u. . or by a JZ. iiantity of » ise syliablefi -j r defended. "j ^PaST Partic. (p) •! being defended. J l_ having been defended. J us. Partic. Future (R.) (implying duty, necessity, &c.) [to be defended.] 1. 2. 3. . 4 andus, endus, endus, lendus. both as lonx] and short, but the preponderance of u>>agc appears to iS in favour of I, iu both tenses! (Zumpt.) Grotefend marks .n- mus, &e. ■■u 120 Verbs in ' io.' Fronouns— personal, 2)0ssessive. 22. So'.nc verbs of the third end in to. They drop the i in the im- perative, infinitive, and imperfect subjunctive of both voices. Iinperat. Infin. Impf. Subj. (a) Active, susclpio, suscipe, suscipere, susciperem. Passive, suscipior, suscipere, suscipi, suscipSrei*. (h) In the present of both voices they retain the i in the third person plural, and drop it in the other persons : Active, sascipio, suscTpis, it, &c. 3 plur. suscipiunt. Passive, suscipior, suscipcris, itur, &c. 3 plur. suscipiuntur. Esse, to he. Indicative. Present (I am), sum, £s, est, Iniperf. (itvas), erani, eras, erat. Put. (I shall orl . .. will be), J^^^' ^"«' ^''^' Imperat. (he thou), Ss (esto), esto, Subj.P-es. (Jma^ie), sim, sTs, sit. Subj. Imp. (I might\ or could he), J essem*, esses, cssct, siimus, cstis, sunt, eramus, eratis, erant. erimus, eritis, erunt. este (estote), sunto. sjmus, sTtis; sint. cssenius, essttis, cssent. Infin. esse : perf. fuisse : fut. fore or futurum esse. Perf. fui (was, have been). Tenses from r., regular. 'Ml '''■ ■'•■'' If- 23. Pronouns. (Personal Pronouns.) Sing. N. G. D. A.Abl. (rt) ego, mei, mihi, me, tu, tui, tibi, te, Sinq. Si "X • m • mr. r""'' ^'^'> , «« , -^ (sese). l?lur. N. Ace. Gen. D. Abl. no3, nostrum or nostri, nobis. V03, vestrum or vestri, vobis. (Possessive Pronouns. All regular, except that in- stead of mee (voc. masc.) mi is used.) (S) (mine) meus, mea, meum. noster, nostra, nostrum (ours), (thine) tuus, tua, tuum. vester, vestra, vestrum (yours). suus, sua, ' suum, fhis, hers, its ; or his oton, &c. Xtheirs; or their own, Sfc. H K * Forem, fores, &c. is also used aa impcrf. subj. >ssessii'e. Pronouns y Demonstrative. 121 i in the im- ices. ipf. Subj. cipereni. cipSrei*. in the third suscipiunf. suscipiuntur. stis, sunt, ratis, erant. ritis, erunt. stote), sunto. itis; sint. 3Sttis, essent. D. Abl. >stri, nobis. :stri, vobis. t that in- trum {purs). brum {yours). &c. ^' (c) {Demonstrative.) [Hie {this *, the latter) ; ille {that, the former) ; is {that, ante- cedent to qui) ; ipse {-self, myself, thyself, himself, &c.) ; iste {that, that of yours) ; idem {the same).'] N. G. D. Ace. Abl. Sing. m. hie, hujus, huic. hunc, hoc. /. hssc, It. hoc. hane. hac. hoc. hoc. Plur. m. hi. horum, his. hos. his. /• hpe. harum. has. n. hsec, hormn, ha3c. Sing. m. is, ejus, ei. eum. CO, /. ca. cam. n, id. id. eo. Plur. m. iifj eorum, lis X, cos, iis X' /• ea?. carum. cas, n. ea. eorum, ea. Sing. m. ille, illlus. illi. ilium. illo. /. iUa, n. jllud. illani, illix. iUud, illo. Plur. m. illi, illovum. illis. illos. illis. /. illfB, ill arum, illas. n. ilia. illorum, iUa. Sing. m. iste. istlus, isti. istum, isto. /. ista, «. istud. istam, ista. istud. isto. Plur. m. isti, istorum. istis, istos. Istis. /. istao. istarum. istas. n. ista. istorum. istS. Sing. w. ipse, ipslus. ipsi, ipsum, • ipso, /. ipsa. ipsam. ipsa, • n. ipsum, ipsum. ipso, Plur. m. ipsi. ipsorum. ipsis. ipsos. ipsis. /. ipsse. ipsarum. ipsas. n. ipsa. ipsorum, ipsa. Sing. w. Idem, f. eadem, n. idem. ejusdem, eidem. eundem, eandem. codem, eadem. idem, eodem. Plur. w. iideui. corundem, iisdem. eosdem. iisdem. /. esedem. earundem. easdem. n. eSdem, corundem. cadcm. * The pronouns that mean ' that' become he, she, it, &c. when fbAv nm-on with man. iioman, or thing understood. f Or ei. ' t <^r eis. I T ( I ML I 'si ,rt fy ii ■■■'■ ■ in 'i 122 ' qui,' ' quis,' «wf^ Mf ?> Compounds, (d) {Relative.) N. (Strt^. w. qui, /. qusc, w. quod, P/«r. m. qui, /• quse, «. quce. G. cujus, quorum, quaruui, quorum, cui. quibus, Ace. quem, quam, quod, quos, quas, quoe. Abl. quo, qua, quo. quibus. ((?) The interrogative pronoun is, (1) quis, quce, quid (generally used as a suh- stantive). (2) qui, quoD, quod ( an adjective). The second is gone through exactly like the rela- tive ; and so is the first, with the exception, of course, of the neut. sing. quid. (/) Quis is also ' any ' (indefinite) ; the fern. sing, and neut. pi. are then sometimes qua. (g) The compounds of qui, quis, follow the declen- sion of those pronouns. In '.he following list the appended syllables in italics are added un- altered to the case of quis or qui. a certain one. any yoti please. {any; any single one (when it \s denied that there \ are any). I any ; some (though not much or many : ali-quis, \ -qua, -quid or -quod. Neut. pi. -qua). some, somebody. each. (Unusquisque, each one.) tohoever (used without a substantive: neut. quicquid). whoever ; whatever (used loilh a subst.). I {does) any ? (fem. sing, generally, neut. plur. always Qm-dam, Qni-vis, ^ Qm-ltbetJ Qms-quam, Aliquis, Qms-j)iam, Quis-(/Me, Quisquis, Qni-cunque, Ecquis ? Uter, ecqua. It expects the answer none.) J which (of two) : uterque, each (utraque, utrumquc ; \ G. -iusquo). - (another; other. (When alius is used twice in a Ahus (a, ud),-^ sentence, the first is construed 'some.') Alter, the other (of two) ; another ; one more. Talis, such ; antecedent to qnalis (as). Tantus, soyreat; ixntecvdciitio quantus (as). Tot, so many; antecedent to quot (as). Abl. quo, qua, quo. quibus. as a siib- jcctive). the rela- of course, 'em. sing. le declen- >wing list idded un- d that there ly : ali-quis, ^). lit. quicquid). I. . phir. always I e, utrumquc ; 1 twice in a e.') Irregular Vcrhs. 123 1^^ The compounds of quis liave generally Neuter quid when used tvifhout \ ^ ^.^.i^^f^^j^ti^.e^ Neuter quod when used tvit/i J 11^ The quid is generally written qnic before q. Thus, quicquam (quidquum), 'any thing;' quicquid (quidquid), * whatever.' 24 IRREGULAR VERBS. (1.) Possum, Infiu. posse, I am able ; I can. Pres. Ind. possum, potes, potest, possiimus, potestis, possunt. Pres. Siilj. possim, possis, possit, posslmus, possTtis, possint. Imp. Sulj. possem, posses, posset, possemus, possetis, possent. Moot of 'Fe)f. T^otw. (See page 50, 149.) Imp. Ind. poteram. Fut. potero. f Volo, am willing j wish. (2.) < Nolo, am unwilling (for non volo). [,Malo, had rather (for magis or mage volo). fvolo, vis, < nolo, non Lmalo, mavis. vult, non V mavult. Pres. -i nolo^ non vis, non vult, noltimus, non vultis, voliimus, vultis, noltimus, maliimus, mavultis. volunt. nolunt. malunt. Suhj. Pres. velim, nolim, mfilim. (is, it : Tmus, itis, mt.) Subj. Imperf. vellem, noUem, mallcm. (es, et : emus, ctis, ent.) Infinitive, velle, nolle, malle. The other tenses are all formed regularly. They have no gerunds, supines, or participles (except volens, nolens), nor imperative, except noli, nol'do, — nollte. Noli putare (be unwilling to think =) do not think. (3.) Fero *, tuli, latum, to bear. Injin. ferrc. Imper. fer ; ferte. Pres. Indie, fero, fers, fcrt ; ferr.nus, fertis, ferunt. Imp. Suhj. ferrem, ferres, &c. [Pass, ferrer.] g^ Yertnr for feritur ; ferr'is for fereris. (4.) Fio, become; am made or done : partly used as pass, o/facio. It is conjugated regularly, except that it has fierem for ftrem, and an irregular infin.^er*. It has no perf. ; f actus sum, cram, &c. being in use. Imperf. Suhj. fierem, fieres, fieret ; fieremus, fieretis, fierent. Infin. Pres. fieri. * This verb has fers, fert, fertur, for feris, ferit, fcritur ; and drops e whenever it would stand between two rs. Kcae-'; ferrem, ferre, &c., for fererem, ferere. f2 If % \l At m 1! 'I ' - ■ f it :/,r ill'. ; M- f »■:: i* II 1'^ ■'i * \i'U 4f; : . h- f '] '*M' 124 Irregular Verbs and Substantives : Genders. (5.) Eo (ivi, itum, Ire), go. Pres. Indie, eo, is, it; Tmus, itis, eunt. Tres. Subj. earn, eas, eat ; eamus, eatis, eant. Farticiple, iens, euntis, eunti, &c. Gerunds, eundi, eundo, eundum. „ - . Jmp.ibam. J'k^ ibo. Imper.i. Imperf. Subj. xvcm. Fer/eci, ivi : in the compounds generally ii. These verbs are conjugated like (6.) fQueo, am able, can. l_Nequeo, am unable, cannot. 25. Substantives. eo, as far as they are in use : 3 plur. queunt, nequeunt. Subj pres. queam, nequeam, &c. Deus, Jupiter, Bos, Respublica, f God. Voc. Bern. Norn, and Dat. plur. gone- \ rally take i for e. Dii or Di ; Dus or Dis. Jupiter. O. Jovis, &c. /bull, cow, ox. G. bovis; (7. i??. bourn; V. \ bobus or bubus. f republic, commonwealth. G. reipubliccB, &c. ; J the substantive re*, and the adj. publtca in I agreement with it. j oath. G. jurisjurandi, &c. ; jus neut., with Jusjurandum, < ^j^g partic. jurandum in agreement. Vis strength : , vim, vi ; vires, virium, viribus, Vir* man : vTri, &c., as 2nd : viri, virorum, &c. 1^" Aer, ather, have generally the ace. aSra, athSra. 26. GENDERS. I. Decl. F3MININE, except names of men and designations of men. II. Decl. Masctjlinp, except um neuter. But alvus, humus, vannus, colus, Though belonging to the second, Are feminine : and virus (juice). And pelagus are neuter reckoned : Vulgus mostly goes with these. But may be masculine, if you please. III. Decl. (A.) Masculine terminations : fer, or, oa, ^ es increasing, \o, when not do, go, to. er) Neuters many end in er. As verier, Her, uher, ver ; With plants in er, as acer and papaver, With many others : add to these cadaver. s. Perfect, ated like •e in use : nequeunt. nequeam, lur. gone- i or Dis. loumj D. liccB, &c. ; mhltca in 3ut., with t. n, virtbus, VCi, &Ct as of men. links for Genders. or) Of neuters there are four in or; Marmor, cequor, ador, cor : A feminine is arbor (tree), A second you will hardly sec. os) Neuters are chaos, melos, os : But feminine arc cos and dos, cs) Of es increasing, neuter (ts Is found : and feminine arc these ; Quies, merces, merges, seges. With compes, inqnies, and ieges. o) Caro \s flesh : rcmemher this Asfeminiiti generis. (B.) Feminine terminations : 'do, go, io, as, is, aus, x, es not increasing, s impure. do, go, io) Cardo, ordo, and papilio, With ligo, margo, vespertilio, Arc masculine : add to these quaterni* Fugio, stellio, scipio, ternio *. as) Three are the masculines in as, As, adumas, and elephas : Three are the neuters too in as, Vas (vasis), with nefas and fas. is) Many words that end in is Are masculini generis : Ibrris, vectis, vermis, fnensis, Unguis, ignis, orbis, ensis, Amnis, axis et annalis, Sentis, cassis, canalis, Callis, cauUs, collis, crinis, Panis, postis, piscis, finis, Fustis, funis, fascis, follis : genitivo crescunt pollis. Lapis, pulvis, cuc&mis, Cinis, sanguis, glis, voinis. x) Calix, and codex (codicis), Are masculini generis ; So vertex, cortex, and the same the case is With pollex, grex, and with thorax (thoracis). s impure) Fodrans, quadrans, mons, and pons. Are masculine, with rudens, dens, nndfons : 125 * With a few more : such as vnio (pearl), optio (a military substi- tute), &c. : those which are abstract nouns are all feminine. F 3 i M f|"l m"\ M 111 126 Bilks for Genders. -rfv; Iff k ii'^ "1 :■: 1^ ml ■ *: '\ .' Add adeps (fat), with conjluens, Oriens, hydrops, occWens. {; (C.) Neuter termiuutious : c, a, t, c, 1, 11, ^ar, ur, us. 1) Sol, the sun that brightly shines, Mug'd and sal are masculines. u) The masculines that end in n Are pecten, lien, ren, and spleii. ur) TliesG arc the masculines in tir, Vultur, turtur, furfur, fur. us) Two names of beasts that end in us Are masculine, lepus (hare) and mus. These too arc feminines in us. Juvenilis, virtus, servitus *, Tellus, senecUis, incus, salus, With pecus (pecudis), and palus. iV. Decl. Us masculine : u neuter. us) But these are feminines in us, Tribus, acus, porticus, Domus, nurus, socriis, anus, Idus (iduum), and manus. V. Decl. Feminine. But, Meridies is masculine j and so Is dies in plurali numero f. ObS. ^° Some nouns have a particular gender, from their mean- ing. The names of males, of rivers, months, and idnds. Remember well ; for masculine are these. The names oi females, countries, islands, towns, Are feminine ; so are the names of trees. But to these rules there are many exceptions : for instance, the names of trees, plants, &c. in er of the third are 7ieitter (sec rule under A) : and the plural names of towns in i arc masc. ; those in um, and in er, ur, of the third, are neut. * With the exception of these four words, nouns in tus, sus, with- out personal meaning, are mostly nouns of the fourth decl. from the OEt//t/t-c root. f In the sina^ular it is commonly masc. ; seldom feminine, except when a fixed day is spoken of, or when it is equivalent to a length of time. Pronoun and Verb in English, 127 27. DECLENSIONS OF THE ENGLISH PRONOUNS. Per8.1. {f,\^^?; revs. 2. {^: f" fmas. g J Slng.^ feni. ^ "^ [.neut. [jlativc a Intcrroga- Eclativc andl tive. J Nom. / we ill on fye \ li/Oll J he she it iheij who which Genitive. m^ or mine our or ours thy or thine your or yours his her or hers lis their or iJieirs whoso f of lohich \ \ or tvhose j , ,. (this, plural ihese. Demonstrative yj^^^^ pi^^al those. Accus. me its thee you him her it them lohom which. 28. TABLE OF THE ENGLISH VERB. Indicative Mood. ACTIVE VOICE. CI defend j Present. • / am defending - \j do defend J Imperfect. I ivas defending . Perfect- Xjjiave defended . Definite. J n , f I defended \ Perfect. \j did defend J ' ' Pluperfect. I had defended . . Future. I shall or toill defend Future Perfect 1 7 ^ 7 7 f-f shatt or 1 r." \ I shall QV will have defended, defended. tect. J ^ J PASSIVE VOICE. I am defended. (none). I have been defended. I teas defended. I had been defended. I shall or will be defended, fl shall or toill have lesn Imperative Mood. Defend (thou). Defend (ye). Be thou defended. Be ye defended. F 4 ^\ I 128 Verb in En glifih. ^Irregular Comparatives. Forms that often answer to the Tenses of the Latin SubjiHictive. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. Present. I may or can defend ... J may or can be defended. Iinperloct. / miyht, could, should, or I might, could, should, or would defend. would be defended. Perfect. I may ov can have defended. I may ov can have been de- fended. Pluperfect. / miyht, could, should, or I might, could, should, or would have defended. would have been defended. Present. Perfect. Future. Present. Perfect. Future. Infinitive Mood. To defend To he defended. To have defended . ... To have been defended. To be going or about to de- To be going or about to be fend. defended. Participles. T)pfpndina (Defended (past part.). JJeJending \ Being defended. Having defended .... Saving been defended. Going or about to defend . Going or about to be de- fended. 29. IRREGULAn COMPARISON. bonus, good, melior. optimus. malus, bad. pejor. pesshnus. parvus. little. minor, minimus. magnus. great. major. maximus. multus. much. plus (netit.), plurimus. Norn. Ace. Plus. Gen. pluris (no other case in sing.). Plural, If. A. plures, plura. Gen. plurium. D. pluribus. fe? 30. PREPOSITIONS GOVERNING THE ABLATIVE. Absque, a, ab, abs, and cle. Coram, clam, cum, ex, and^ c, Tenus, sine, pro, and prse. |l 'C8, Table of Qucntiom. 12i) 10 Latin ICE. defended. should, or ded. '}e been de- QUESTION S. should, or » defended. ynded. tbout to he This Tabic is referred to in the Exercises by a numeral above the line followed by a curve, as 6). [Those on the Syntax have an asterisk before them.] N.B. The pupil should loarii the Terminations of Substantives (p. 100) and of the third persons of the Verb (p. Ill) as soon as possible. ! )art.). ended, to he de- IS. :s. is. IS. ). Plural, IS. TIVE. 1. Give the accusative endings. (9.) 2. lU'peat the terminations of the third persons. (32.) 3. Give the genitive endings. (10.) _ „ rmi r. ^»7 n *i. In what case is i\\Q price or value put somotnnes .'' [ i Ae (jren. lY.J 5. What are the endings of nouns expressing virtues, vices, dispo' silions, &c. ? (17, h.) *6. By what case arc some neuter adjectives followed r* iVIiat aii- iectives are so used ? {Ans. Indefinite numerals.) What substantive is so used ? {Ans. The indeclinable substan- tive ' nihil,' * nothing.' 56.) i, o /ca \ #7. What often stands as the nominative case to the verb ? (60, n.) When an infinitive mood (or sentence) is the nominative case to the verb, where is it placed in English ? {Ans. After the verb, being represented by the pronoun 'it,' which is not to be translated. 60, n.) In what gender is the adjective then put ? {Ans. In the neuter.)^ 8. How is the ace. plur. got from the ace. sing. ? Wliat must ' um be turned into, to give the ace. plur. of the second ? VVhat is always the termination of the ace. neut. plural ? (64.) 9. By what prepositions is the dat. construed ? [67. N.B. These prepositions are called signs of the dative.'] a) What are the signs of the ablative ? (67.) b) By wliat preposition is an ablative of time construed ? {Ans. Bv in or at.) . c) How is an ac'c. of time construed ? {Ans. By 'for,' or williout any prepos. 72.) ^ rmi ^i- jt 10. To what declension do adjectives in 'is' belong? IThe t/iira.j F 5 I1 130 Tabic of Questions, What is their neuter t? "' •IM ■a r Of what gcmlcr arc they ? [«t. and/.'] form ? [yVc^£?C/^«'Ve^' . . . .„„.„,., aO How is the suhjunctfve present, standing in a principal sentence ^ to io translated? [As an imperative, or to express a nv.vA. Ycnmt = let him come s ov mag he come.} , i n ^ How must iho perfect be construed, when it is followed by tho subiuuctive pme«< ? [_By the perf. definite.] ,-1,,., Wh u s the Ei.glish indicative nW^v'that'io be translated by ^^i:a^^u.ilve governed by ut / [When thai follows so or ^Mc/t.— It then introduces a coJwegMenoe.J #•^2 Wlnt te sea of the subjunctive are the regular attendants of tho Ja'i tu.rof the indicative ? [The mi;.r/ and pluperf.} #33. X! (:%o' never .sign of the dative P Ja^^o-^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^l^^^l;^l^t1^^iirs^rtu:!:of^^^^^^^ *9Zffnrf- and when the motion is to a i>er*o».) «-^ 1 TTow is the supine in urn used ? (^n*. after verbs of motion) How is tL X iu urn Englished ? (^«.. by the infin. ace.) Sow s t .^iu « usedP^H.. Ai-ter some adject ves such ^lard disnraceful, pleasant, best, fee.) How is the *rfi>. m uins^tC' (^i.. Regularly by the m>. passive: but often H^'l'tff w^f^the perfect participle J «o^i«. supplic^? (Ans. By 5««m with tho p erf ov pluperf of the subjunctive; ox'hy t\\c abl. absolute.) ^^ ,, 1 i. l* ^«Pfiin/,7i7 *3G. What is the ablative absolute 1 *Is t^^ Vf J?^^"%7^^i^\^ fj,', absol. to be construed by a preposition ? [^o.] *By;vhat Par- ticiple qoverning its noun may the ablative absolute often e constS when the participle is of the perf pass. ? [By tho ^4Tt tbitlimtilL the rules for the proper names of towns? [!4h.. Domu^andr..: also the genitives A«»a and Wheret '.'"plaid with the ablatives of personal pronouns? \ After them and joined to them : mecum, &c.J #39. Wlmt case do adjectives signifying desire &c. govern? [Gen^ #4.1 In what case is the agent or person by whom put ? {^ns.\n the ablative with a or ab : but after the part, in dus, in the dative. 42. ntSon some words, &c., after which the ger^lnd or j.a.^. m *35. *37. 38. t What Eno-lish participle answers to the partic. in ns ? [Parf. in •Jl ^nt ? [Fart^ in d, t, or n.] .«. ? IGo.ng to-^ or, «So.^ 4. I: m to _.] iuMcZMS? [JPorwo/i F 6 ,[- :f^^- hi r I § \: t; 132 *13. *4.4. 45. *1G. 47. 48. *49. *50. *51. *52. jr«6/e of Questions. dus follows in tlio dat. [Utilis, profitable or <700(? /or ; inu- tilis, unprofitable s idoncns, fit for ; tempus impendgre, ^o .vj9ew(? ih' e in or om ; vacare, to have leisure ; studerc, aim at; devote oneself to.'] .„,-.. ^ ,. a a. How is what is inform the i?a55. iw/w. to be translated alter ' iV «^e ' .? r^w*. By the part, in (Zm*.] What verbs govorn the dative? (191.) *How is the pluperf. indie, to be translated after 'if ? [% phqy. subj.] . In the infinitives made up of ttvo loords, is the participle to agree with its substantive or not ? {Ans. To agree.) Is the word in um in the/j(i^. infin. pass, a participle ? What is it ? [Stipine.'] Can it then agree with the substantive ? \_Jyo.j Must you look for the antecedent to the relative in the relative sentence or not ? lOenerally not.] * Is the case of the relative determined by a word in its own, or in the preceding sentence ? (236.) , . ., ^ ^ Can the verbs that govern the dative be used in the first or second persons in the passive ? In what porson only can they be used in the passive ? [_In the third sinj.] How is the present infin. construed after licuiti oj^ortuitl [^OeneraUy by the p erf] What verbs govern the gen.? (214.) abl. ? (221, 215.) What cases do poenitet, pudet, &c., take after them ? {Ans. An accusative of the person, feeling ; a gen. of the thmy or person about which the emotion is felt.) How is ' must ' translated ? [% the part, in dus tvilh the verb esse 1 When is the part, in dus to agree with the subst. f r [When the verb governs the accusative.] When the verb (Zoe.s not govern the ace., in what case, &c. must the participle stand ? [In the nom. neut., and then esse will always stand in the third singular.] Go through prodesse (120, p. 44). occTdere, MlUng (175, p. 58). epistola scribenda (181, p. ^9). . scribendum est mihi (207, p. 67). mihi creditur (237, p. 77). mihi ire licet (261, p. 83). me ire oportet (269, p. 85). ^ Mention the participles of lo^tior (242, p. /8) J. t The subst., that is, which is governed by the verb that /ollows must. The nom. before must becomes the dat. after esse, but is otleu omitted, , /. . . -li X The/M^ inf. of a deponent verb is i\\cfut. m rtts witli esse. for I inu- endgre, to uderc, aim lated after le pluperf. irticiple to J.) Is the 'hat is it? ;hc relative ;hc relative : sentence ? ;he first or ly can they oportuit ? (Ans. An 'J or person Uh the verb c subst. t ? e verb does 3 participle lys stand in iliat follows but is often ill esse. Differences of Idiom, 133 DIFFERENCES OF IDIOM. N.B. These differences are referred to in the Exercises by a numeral above the line. English. 1. To think nothing of. 2. To value liigUy ». ^ (To think 7i«Zeo/h. ^' \To hold cheap. 4. No stability. Some time. Much good. How mi(ch pleasure. g^ Hence ' no,' ' some' (wlien they denote quantity, not number^ ' much,' ' hoio much,' are to be translated by 'nihil,' 'atiquid,' ' multum,' ♦ rnantum,' followed by the genitive. 5. He did it unwillingly. G. It is disgraceful to lie. 7. It is the part -j f^^ ofawisc\ business - ^^^„^ j- . ■ mark ' character Latin. To reckon at nothing (nihUi du- cere or fiicere). To value at a high price (magni a^stimare). To value at a little price {parvi ajstimare). Nothing of stability {nihil stabili- tatis). Something of time (aliquid tem- poris). IJrch of good (multum boni). Hoiv much of pleasure (quantum voluptatis). He unwilling did it. To lie is disgraceful. It is of a wise man. 8. To condemn a man to death. To condemn a man of the head. •1 To value very highly (max'imi aestimare). b fjijjp, tliirif valued will follow in the accusative notwithstanding the ' of,' for that has nothing to do with the Latin verb. {■' 1 fit 134 Differences of Idiom. :>--'m *.. f. 'p ENGi-iSTr. 9. As many as possible. \ As many as he can or could, j The greatest ^05s/i^e. 1 The greatest Aec«»or(?oM/cZ. J 10. On the top o/tho mountain. In the middle of the water. 11. Is going to bed. 12. It is hard to say. 13. Whilst they were (are, &c.) playing. 14. The intention of writing a letter. 15. We must cultivate virtue. 16. Caius must ivrite. 17. We must lelieve Caius. 18. The ways of expressing the purpose are. He comes to see the games. (He comes in order to see), &c. 19. {a) I may go. {b) I m\^\\.t have gone. 20. (a) I ought to go. (6) I ought to have gone. Lati:s-. As the most (quam plurimi). As the greatest {qtiam maxlmus). [That is, * as many as the most;* * as great as the greatest,' &c.] On the mountain highest (in simimo monto). _ ^ In the water middle (in media aqua). Is going to lie down (cuHtum) ; supine. It is hard in saying (difficUc est dictu) ; supine. During playing {inter ludendtim). The intention of a letter to-he- written {scribendcB epistHlce). Virtue is to-be-cultivated {colenda est virtus). It is to-be-ivritten by Cams (Caio scribendum est). It is to-be-believed _ to Caius * {credendum est Caio). ( (a) Venit nt ludos speciet. I (6) Venit ludos spectatum {su- I pine). (c) Venit ludos spectaturus. (d) Venit ad ludos spectandos. To which add, (e) Venit causa (for the pur- pose) ludorum spectando- rum; and (/) Instead of ut, the relative may be used : He sent ambassadors, qui pacem pet^rent {to sue for peace). Mihi ire licet {it is permitted to me to go). Mihi ire licuit {it was permitted to me to go). Me ire oportet. Me ire oportuit. # It is to be believed, or trusted (by us) ; that is, we are to trust Caius. ■ ^' (tied INDEX I. ENGLISH. N.B. Throughout these vocabularies, the figures refer to the scciiais, and not to the pages, in the body of the book, unless the letter p is prefixed, when the reference is to the page. [For the prepositions that always govern the abl. see p. 128, 30 ; for prepositions governing ace., 255, 265.] About, circa, circum (prep.), about the same time, sub idem tcmpus above, super, supra (prep.), accident, casus, G. ts. By acci- dent, casu. according to, secundum (prep.), account of (on), ob, propter (prep.) across, trans (prep.), accuse, to, accusare. acquit, to, absolvSre (solv, Bolut). after, post (prep.), against, adversus : contra (prep.). aim at, to, studere (dat. 191). air, aer, aeris, m. all, omnis ; cunetus. allowed fact ; it is an — , constat, allowed (it is), constat, along, secundum (prep. ace). Alps, Alp-es, G. ium. altar, ara. always, semper, amongst, inter (prep.), amongst the Gauls, apud Gallos. and, et;— ac before consonants (ex- cept k sounds) : atque before voioels or consonants : que. anger, ira. animal, anim-al, G. alls. answer, to, respondere (respondi, responsum), dat. 191. any, uU-us, a, um. G. Tus. Apollo, ApoU-o. G. inis. arm, brachium. arms, arma, neut. plur art, ars. G. artis. arrow, sagitta. as many as possible, quam plurimi. as possible, quam before the superl. ass, asTn-us. G. i. assistance, auxilium. assumed appearance, simulatio. at, apud toith aec, or used as a sign of Genitive or Ablative (72, 73). at nothing, nihili. at a great price, magui. at a little price, parvi. at a very great price, max an i. Athenian, Atheniensis. Athens, Athentc, plur. attentive, studiosus (gen.). avarice, avaritia. avaricious, avarus (gen.). avenge, to, vindicare. avoid, to, vitare. autumn, auctumnus. awaken, to, excitare. bad, mains. bad (for any purpose), inutilis,c?c^ bake, to, eoquere (coxi, coctum). bark, cort-ex, icis, m. be in trouble, to, laborare. bear, urs-us, i. beast, bestia. beast (of huge beasts), bellua. because, quia- becomes, fit. before, prep, ante *, "| before, adv. antea, / 222. before, conj. ant^quam, J beguile, to, fallere (fefelli). behind, pone (prep.). h * Sometimes adverb. 136 English Index. S-A, w I*' a j« ^Biii S3 I^^B 1^^ 1 ii^Hf. \k^- S 1 behold, to, adspicSre ; conspiccre. believe, to, crederC (dat.), 191. benefit, beneficium. besides, prsetcr (prep.). best, optimus. better, melior. better (it is), pvccstat. beyond, praeter, ultra (prep.). bigger, major. . bind, to, vincire (vinxi, vinctum). bird, avis. G. avis. bitter, amarus. blame, culpa. blind, CJECus. blood, sangu-is, inis, ra. body, corp-us, oris. book, liber. G. libri. born, natus (followed by prop. ad). both— and, et— et. boy, pucr. G. pueri. break, to, franggre (fregi, fractum). break, to, one's word, fidem violare. break, to, a law, legem violare. brother, frat-er, ris. bribery, ambit-us, -us. bridge, pon-s. G. tis, m. build, to, ajdificare. build, to (of a nest), construerc (construxi, const ructum). burst, to, rumpere (rupi, ruptum). bury, to, sepeUre (sepultum). but, sed, at, autem, 302. buy, to, emere (emi, cmptum). by (= close by), juxta (prep.). by chance, casu. ca,ll, to, vocare. camp, castr-a, orum, pi. can, possum. See liO *. card, to, carpere. carry on (war), to, gcrere (gessi, gcstum). Carthage, Carthag-o, mis. case of (in the), in (prep. abl.). cause to be made, to, faciendum cave, antrum. [curare. certain, certus. chaui, vinculum. chance, by, casu. change, to, miitare. character, mor-es, um, pi. chariot, curr-us, us. chastise, to, castigare. cherish, to, fovere. Christian, Christianas, citizen, civis. G. civis. city, urb-8. G. is. cloak, pallium, close to, juxta (prep. ace), clouds, nubes, nub-is, f. cold, frig-US, oris, colour, col-or, oris, come, to, vgnire (veni, ventum). command, to, imperare, dat. common (= of common occur- rence), usitatus. condemn, to, damnarc. conquer, to, yincere (vici, victum). conquered, victus. contented, contentus, all. contrary, contrarius. cook, to, coqufire (coxi, coctum). cost, to, stare (steti) [abl. of price]; used with dative of person, as, it cost me, mihi stetit. country, patria. country, into the, rus. , country, in the, ruri. country, from the, rure. courageously, fort iter. cover, to, tegere (texi, tectum). cover (= overlay, coat with), ob- ducere (duxi, ductum). crime, flagitium. crop, seg-es, £ti3, f. crown, corona. crown, to, chigere {surround). cry out, to, clamarc. custom, consuetud-o, mis. customary, usitatus. daily, quotidie. dance, to, saltare. danger, perlculum. dangerous, periculosus. day, di-es, ei, m. dead, mortuus. death, mor-s, tis. [danmarc, I death, to (to condemn), capitis i — ' " i-}\ * Or page 123, 21, 1. English Index. 137 ). sntum). iat. m occur- , victum). I. loctum). [abl. of dative of me, mihi ectum). with), ob- im). 'ound), LIS. [danniavo, m), capitis deceive, to, fallere (fcfcUi) ; doci- 1 pere, decipio (decepi, decep- tum). defraud, to, fraudare (abl.). deprive, to, private (abl.). desire, cupidit-as, atis. desirous, cupidus (gen.). devote oneself to, to, studGre (dat.), 191. die, mori, mortuus sum. difficult, difficTlis. displease, to, displicere (dat.), 191. discharge, to, fungi (functus), abl. discover, to, dctegere. disgraceful, turpis. [turn). disregard, to, negligere (lexi, lec- divide, to, dividere (divisi). do, to, fac-ere, io (feci, factum). do, agere (cgi, actum). do good to, prodesse (profui, dat.). dog, can-is. G. is. dragon, drac-o, onis. dust, pulv-is, eris, m. dutiful aftection, piet-as, atis. duty, officium. dwell, to, habitare. each other {p&ev ' contrary to'), earth, terra, [inter se. easily, facile. easy, facilis. eat, to, edgre (edi, esum). economy, parsimonia. effectual, efficax. elegance, elegantia. elephant, elephas, elephantis. endued with, prseditus (abl.). enemy, host-is. G. is. engaged in, to be (battles, &c.), inter-esse. enjoy, to, frui (abl.). envy, to, invidere (dat. 191). estate, fund-us, i. eternal, sempiternus. even, etiain. even — not, ne quidem, 188. evening, vesper (abl. vesper-c or'i). every, omnis. every day, quotidie. evil, malum, evil (after 'some,' 'how much,' • no '), the eren. mali. gen. example, cxcmplum. excellent, pra^stans. expense, sumptus, us. expire, to, exspiraro. face, faci-es, .1i. fact : it is an allowed — , constat. faith, fid-es, Si. faithful, ftdclis. fall down, to, decYdSre. father, pa-ter, tris. fault, culpa. favour, to, faverc (favi, fautuni, fear, to, timere ; metuere. [dat.). fear, met-us, us. feel, to, sentire (sensum). fetch water, to, aquatum, supine. fidelity, fid-es, ei. field, in the, militisc. fight, to, pugnare. figure, figura. fill, to, complere (plovi, pletum). find, to, reperire. finish, to, finite. firm, firmus. first, primus. fish, pisc-is, is, ni. fit for, idoneus, dat. flay, deglubere. flock, gre-x, greg-is, m. flourish, to, florere. fly out, to, evolare. folly, stultitia. fond, cupidus (gen.). food, cib-us, i. for, before a noun of time, must not he translated. The noun must he in the ace. fotage, to, pabulatum, supine. fofces, copise, plur. forget, obUvisci, oblitus (gen. or fortune, fortuna. [ace). found (a city), to, condere (con- didi, conditum). fourth, quattus. fox, vulp-es. G. is, f. free, liber, lil^era, &c. (abl.) friend, amicus. friendship, amicitia. frighten, to, terrere. from (— out of), ex (prep.); a, frugality, patsimonia. [ab (ptep.). 1 a !>1 m % wr^ik I ' ( 138 fniit, fruct-ns, As. future, futurus. Eivjlinh Index, game, lus-us, As. garden; hortus. garland, corona, gate, porta. G.iuJ, Gallus. gentle, mitis. German, Germanns. get possession of, to, potui (po- tior), abl. or gen. gift, donum. girl, puella. give, to, dare (dSdi, d^tum) : dat. oi person i &cc. of tJiing given. glory, gloria. go, to, away, ab-ire, 161, k. gotobed, \^^^.^^^. 1(51, go to roost,) go a hunting, to, venatum ire, 161. go, to, ire (eo). See p. 124, s. gold, aurum. good, bonus, good (after 'some,' 'hoto much,' ' no' &c.), boni, gen. good /or, &c., utilis, dat. govern, to, regere. government, imperium. grain, a, granura. great, magnus. greater, major. greatest, maximus : generalltf translated hy sumnius, high- est, lolien the things spoken of have not really size j for instance, qualities of the mind, greatest possible, the, quam maxi- mus. greatnfess, magnitud-o, Ynis. ground, on the, humi, gen. hang, to, over ^one), imminere. hand, man-us, us. hand, to be at, adesso (adsum). harm : to do harm to, obesse, dat. happily, beate. [(obsum). happy, feUx ; beatus. ■t 4.~ l,„'U:;../> IIUVC, LU, littucrv. head, cap-ut, itis, n. heal, to, mederi, dat. hear, to, audire. heart, cor, i-'-j- 'j. heat, cal or, ' "■ heavy, gravis hen, gallTna. fsua, &c., fern, ofsuus. her, < ejus {gen. when it does not [_ relate to nom. of sentence) . herself (tohen used as a nom. mih a noun), ipsa, himself, ipse, a, um ; Q. ius, &c. his, suus (when relating to the nom. of the sentence ; if it does not relate to the nom. or principal word of the sen- tence, it must be translated by the gen. ej^^s^ hitherto, adhuc. hold, to, tenere (tenui). hold cheap, to, parvi sestimarc. hold, to, one's tongue, tacere. home, at, domi : from, donio : to, honey, mel, melUs, n. [domum. honour (meaning fidelity, &c.), hope for, to, sperare. [fid-es, ci. hornet, crabr-o, onis. horse, equ-us, i. house, domus, f. how {before an adj.), quam. how much, quantum, huge, ingen-s, tis. human, hum anus, humour, indulgere (indulsi, in- dultum), dat. 191. hunting, a, venatum, supine. hurt, nocerc {dat) : lajd^rc, ace. husbandman, agricola, m . [(la;si). ignorance, ignorati-o, onis. ignorant, ignarus (gen.). illuminate, illustrare. immense, ingen-s, tis. impel, impeUgre (pttli, pulsuw). in, in (abl.). into, in (ace). inclined, propensus. increase, to (trans.), aug-erc (auxi, auctum). indulge, to, indulgere (indulsi, in* dultnm'), dat. 191. industry, industria. injure, to, nocere, dat. 191. injury, injuria. i 1 tl 1 English Index. 139 IS. loes not ntencc). im. ti-iih 13, &c. to tho e ; if it lie iiom. the scn- anslatod mavc. :ere. onio : to, [domum. ty, &c.), M-es, ci. Ltn. lulsi, 111- oine. :l2i'c, acc» . [(Iresi). lis. ulsuiu). ;-eve (auxi, indulsi, in* 191. intention, consilium. invent, to, invdnirc(vcm,ventum). irritate, to, irrltare. is it, est. island, insula. its, suus (when relating to nom, of sentence: when not, ejus), itself, ipse, n, tim. G. ius. journey, it-ev, inSris, n. judge, jud-ex, icis. judge, to, judicare. Jupiter, Jupiter. G. Jovis. keep, to, servarc. king, rex, reg-is. ^ knowledge, scientia. known, it is, constat. labour, to, laborarc. labour, lab-or, oris. large, grandis. laugh, to,1 ,.^-^.^ (^.jg.)^ laugh at, J ^ ' law, lex, legis. lead, ducgre (duxi, ductum). leaf, folium. learn, to, discgre (didici). learn, to, by heart, ediscSre. least, minimus. legion, legi-o, onis. less, min-or. Neut. us. let must be untranslated, being a sign of the imperative. letter, epistola. lie, mendacium. life, vita, light, lu-x, cis. light (adj.), levis. " like, similis, dat. like, very, simillYmus. lion, le-o, onis. literature, liter-DC, arum (plur.). little, parvus, little, with, parvo. live, to, vivSre (vixi, victum). long, Icngus. lose, to, a-mittgre (misi, missum). love, to, amaro. lust, libid-o, inis. magistrate, magistrat-us, fls. make, to, facCre, feci, factum (facio). man, vir, liomo, 98, note. many, multus. marry, to, iiubere (nupsi, nnptum), dat. 191. jrarseilles, lilassilia. master (who teaches), magister. master (who oivns), dominus. master, to, domarc (domui, domi- tum). may licet. \ gg^ 259-2G3. might, licuit.J means (by means of), per (prep.). melt, liquescere, licui. middle of, medius (in agreement with its noun, 115). mind, animus, mine, meus. Voc. mas., mi. miserable, miser, misery, miscria. money, pecunia. moon, luna. mother, mat-er, ris. mountain, mon-s, tis, m. mouth (of a river), ostium, move, to, movere; intrans. mo- veri (movi, motum). much, multus. much (tolien nom. or ace.), multum with gen. 56. must, to be translated by part, in dus, 207, note f. my, meus, a, um. myself (I), ipse. nature, natura. natural to man, humanus. nearer, propior. need, to, egere (gen, or abl.). neglect, to, neglTggre (neglexi, neglectum). neither, neque or nee. nest, nidus, never, nunquam. new, novus. night, nox, noctis, f. nightingale, luscinia. no, mUlus. _ [g?"-)- no (nihil, nothi'iig of, foil iiobody,1 g^^^. .^jg^ no one, J n i.\/TT V^l by 140 English Index. ;r' tit -i 'Nil Hi'' nor, ncquc or ncc. not {ill questions), nonno ? not, non. not only— but also, non solum — verum etiam. not yet, nouduni. now, nunc. oak, qutic-us. As. obey, to, parere, tlat. 191. observe, to, scrvarc : conscrvaj'c. ocean, ocean-us, i. oflencl against, to, violarc. often, sfi'pe. old man, scn-cx, is. Q. pi. urn. old age, sencct-us, utis, f. on account of, ob. one, un-us, a, um. G. ius. one's, suus {in agreement), only, see not only. open, to, aperirc(aperui, apcrtum). opportunity, occas-io, onis. orator, orat-or, oris. order, jubere (jussi, jussum). otber, tlie, relTquus. out of, extra (prep.). over, super (prep.). M pain, dol-or, dol6r-is. pardon, to, ignoscerc (ignovi), dat. parent, paren-s, tis. [191. part, par-s, tis, f. pavement, pavimentum. peace, pa-x, cis. people, populus. perceive, to, sentirc (sensi). persuade, to, persuadcrc, per- suasi, dat. 191. pbysician, medicus. pity, to, misereri (gen.), place, to, ponSre (posui, positum). plant, to, serere (sevi, sStum). Plato, Plat-o, onis. play, to, ludgre (lusi, iQsum). playing, whilst they are, inter lu- pleasant, jucundus. [dendum. please, to, placere (dat.), 191. pleasure, volupta-s, tis. piuUii^ij, Lu, aiaic. plunge (into), to, imraerggre (raersi, mersum). poet, poeta. point out, to, monstrare. poor, paup-er, oris. potion, poti-o, onis. power: in the power of, penes praise, to, laudare. [(prep.)- praise, lau-s, dis. prcce})t, prajceptum. prejudicial, to be, ob-cssc (dat.). preserve, servare. priest, sacerdo-s, otis. prison, carc-er, eris. profitable, utilis. procure, to,\.^^.^^ provide, to, J * prudence, prudcntia. [sum). pull down; to,evert2rc (verti, ver- queen, reglna. race, gen-us, eris, n. raise up, to, cxcTtare. raise forces, to, compSrare copias. rather, I had, malo. read, to, leggre (legi, lectum). receive, to, ac-cipSro (cepi, cep- tum). reckon, to, ducgre (duxi, ductum). recollect, to, reminisci (gen. or reign, to, regnare. [ace). reign, regnum. relying on, fretus (abl.). remain, to, manere (mansi). remember, to, recordari (gen. or ace). remove, to (intrans.), migrarc. repent, to, poenitere ; used imper- sonally, poenitet. require, to, egere (gen. or abl.). resist, to, resistSre (stiti), dat. rest, to, quiescgre (quievi,quietum). retain, to, retinere. return, to, redire (redeo). Rhine, Rhenus. Rhone, Rhodanus, rightly, recte. ripen, to, coqu^re (coxi, coctum). river, flum-en,inis,n. : amn-i8,is,w. road, via. rnli fr» snolinrfi rnlil.^. Roman, Romanus. Rome, Roma. cubitum ire. roost, to go to, English In da; 141 of, penes [(prep.). 3c (dat.). round, ciiHiuin, circa. rouse up, to, excitare. rule, to, rcggre (rexi, rectum). run, to, currSre (cucurri, cursuni). [sum), (verti, ver- •are copias. jctum). (cepi, ccp- \, ductum). ;i (gen. or [ace.). ansi). iri (gen. or migrare. used imper- . or ah].). iti), dat. vi,quietum). eo). u, coctum). amn-i8,is,w. un irc. sacrifice, to, immolarc. safe, tutus. salt water, aqua marina. Sardis, Sard-es, iura, pi. Saturn, Saturnus. save, to, servare. say, to, dicgre (dixi, dictum). scatter, to, spargSre (sparsi). sceptre, Bceptrum. science, scientla. sea-water, aqua marina. see, to, Yidere (vidi, visum). seed, sem-en, nils, n. seem, to, vlderl (visus sum). seize, arrlpSre, io (arripul, arrep- tum). sell, to, vendgre (vendidl, vendi- tum). send, to, mitture (misi, mlssum)._ serviceable, to be, prodesse, proful, service, on, militlse. [dat. sbarpen, to, acu^re (acui, acutum). shear, to, tondere (totondl, ton- sheep, ov-is, f. ^ [sum), shepherd, past-or, oris, shore, lltt-us, 6ris, n. short, brevis. should, to be translated hy part. in du9. See 184—186. show, to, monstrare. ^ shrub, frutex, frutic-ls, f. shut, to, claudgre (clausl). side, on this, cis (pvep.). side, latus, latSr-is, n. silver, argent -urn. simple, shnpl-ex, ids. sin, to, peccave. sing, to, cantare : canSro (c2cini., skilful, perltus, gen. [cantum). slave, serv-ua, 1. slave ; to be the slave of, servire, dat. slay, to, occidgre (occldi, occisum). sleep, to, dormlre.^ slip away, to, clabi, elapsus. sloth, Ignavla. slothful, ignavus. slow, tardus. small, parvus. snake, angu-ls, is, m. snfitch, to, ar-rlpCre, io (rlpui, snow, nl-x, vis. ^ [rcptuui). Socrates, Socrat-es, is. some(=: some of), aliquid tvithgen. some, alTquls : pi. nonnulli. some time or other^ aliquando. something, aliquid. son, fill-US, i. V. fill. soon, cito. sorrow, dol-or, oris. sound, son -us, i. sow, to, serCrc (sevi, sUtum). space-of-two-ycars, biennluui. space-of -three-years, triennium.^ spare, to, parcfire (pepercl), dat. speak, to, loqui, locutus. [191. spend time, to, impendere, dat. spring, ver, verls, n. sprinkle, to, adspergere, adspcrsi. stability, stabilita-s, tls. stand, to, stare (stetl). star, Stella. state, civita-s, tls. [oris. strength, vir-es, ium, ]^l., rob-ur, succour, to, succurrere, dat. sum-of-money, pecunla. summer, sesta-s, tls. sun, sol, soils, m. superfluous, supervacuus. surround, to, cingSre (clnxi, cine- swear, to, jurare. • [tum). sweet, dulcls. swift, vel-ox, ocis. swim, to, natare. tame, to, domaro (domui, doml- teach, to, docere. [turn). tear to pieces, to, dilanlare. temple, templum. than, quam, or, sign of the abl. of the noun following, the word 'than' not being.expvessed in the Latin. that. Conjunction, ut, with sub- junctive mood : after compa- ratives, quo, 284. theft, furtum. their,' suus {if it relates to nom. of sentence: if not, QOx\xm). 142 English Index. 'm W m'-m J »., .^i feh' there, ibi. think, to, putavc. thhik little of, to, pavvi ODstiniarc. threaten, to, minari, ace. of thing ; (lat. of person threatened. three, tres, tria, &c. through, per (prep.), time, tenip-us, Oris, timid, timidus. to, ad (prep.), or, sign of dative, top of, summus (in agreement. See 141, 145). fergaj sometimes adver- towards.-j sua. town, urb-s, is. treachery, proditi-o, onis. tree, arb-or, oris, f. true, verus. truth, verum, neut. adj. used as twice, bis. \_subst. umpirCj arbit-er, ri. ur.certain, incertus. uncover, to, aperire (aperui, apcr- tum). understand, to, intel-ligere (\ex\, lectum). undertake, to, suscipio, sus-cTpgre (cepi, ceptum). unlearned, indoctus. unnecessary, supervacuus. unprofitable, inutilis. unworthy, indignus (abl.). unwilling, invltus. unwillingly, invTtus. See 55. upright, honestus. use, to, uti, usus sum, all. useful, utilis. useless, inutilis. value, to, sestimare. value more highly, to, pluris facerc, vapour, vap-or, oris. verse, versus, As. very great, niaxunus. very highly, maximi (gen.). very many, plurim-i, ss, a. very fond, studiosus (gen.). very, sign of superlative. vice, viti-iira. victim, victima. victory, victori-a. virtue, virtu-s, tis. virtuous, honestus. virtuously, honostc. voice, vox, vocis. wage, to, gcrevc (gessi, gestum). walk, to, ambiiUire. wall, mur-us, i. want, to (= to be without), carere, war, helium. [^abl. wasp, vespa. water, aqua. way, via. wealth, op-es, urn. well, reote (= rightly). white, candidus, wholesome, saluber, salubris, sa- lubre (saluber jnig for nom. wicked, imprObus. [masc). wickedness, malitia. wine, vinum. wing, penna. winter, hiem-s, hiSmis, f. wisdom, sapientia. wise, sapien-s, tis. with, cum (prep.). with mo (after to sup, dine, &c.), apud me. within, intra (prep.). without ( - on the outside of), extra (prep.). without, to be, carere, abl. without one's knowledge, clam. wolf, lup-us, i. word, verbum. word (token it means promise), fides, ei; to keep one's pro- mise, servare fidera. worse, pejor. worst, pessTmus. worthy, dignus, abl. write, to, scribere (scripsi, scrip- wrong, to, violare. [turn). year, annus. you yourself, ipse, witli second person of verb. yoiiiig (biru), pullus. your, yours, if used of one person, tuus ; if used of more than one, vest-er, ra, rum. gestuiu). it), car ere, lubvis, sa- ' for uom. [masc). f. dine, &c.), utsido of), abl. ge, clam. ? promise), one's pro- n. I'lpsi, scnp- [tum). ith second one person, i*e than one. INDEX 11. LATIN. To find the root of the ])rcsent from the root of the perfect, wo must remember how the root of the perfect was formed. a) Thus if av, Iv, u precede ' it ' or any other termination of the tenses that have tl»c root of the perfect, we get the root of the pre- sent by throwing them away. But sometimes u is to be retained. I) We must remember that a? is made up of cs, or gs, or qus : and tlicreforc the root of the present ends in c, g, or qu : sometimes, however, in v, h, or the vowel that precedes x. [diixi, text, coxi, from dtico, tego, coquo, vixi, vexi, struxi, from vivo, veho, struo.'] c) We must remember that ps mag bo made up of _i* ; so that the root of the present may end in b ; not necessarily in p. (scrips-it = *crii-sit : root scrib.) d) Sometimes an n or m must be inserted before the consonant prc- cedin 1''. r/v m ccgrotiis, siclc. -^gypt-us, i, Egypt. rcqualis (adj.), of the same age. CDfiuTtas, equity ; justice. aistimare, to value. BBsta-s, tis, summer. £ota-s, atia, time of life; age; life. aflicCre, io: poena afficere, to visit with punishment. affirinarc, to affirm. ag-cr,n, field; territory. ag2re, to do (egi, actum). agricSla, husbandman. ulfiro (alui, altum), to nourish; support. aliquando, some time or other. aliquia (p. 122, g), some; some one. aliquid {neut.), something ; some. Before a genitive it is to be translated by some, and the Kenitive not to have the sign 'of: alius, a, ud (G. alius), other, an- other. Alp-cs, G. iuin, the Alps. alteruter, the one or the other; one of the two. aniare, to love. amarus, hitter. ambit-us, M bribery. ainbGlare, to walk. amicitia, friendship. amlc-us, i, friend. amittSre (atnlsi, amissmn), to lose amn-is, is, a river. amor, love. amphibium, an amphibious animal an-as, atis, duck. anguis, a snake. animal, G. alis, an animal. anim-us, i, the mind. annus, year. ante, before (prop.). antoa, before (adv.J). antequam, before (conjunct.). ante-fero, I prefer. antrum, cave. an-uSi -fts, old tvoman. aperire (aperui, apertum), to open; uncover. Apell-es, is, Apelles. ApoU-o, G. inis, Apollo. apud, at ; amongst. aqua, water. a,q\\ama.rh\n,sea-waler; saltwater, ara, altar. arare, to }) lough. arb-or, Oris, f. tree. argentum, silver. Aristides, Aristides, a nolle Athc' nian, famed for his justice. arma {pi.), arms. arrtpgre, io (arripui, arreptum), to seize upon ; snatch. ar-s, tis, art. artificium, an artifice. ascendCrc, to ascend ; climb. asin-us, i, ass. at, but. Athena) (noun phr.), Athens. Athenicnsis, an Athenian. atque, and. atqui, i«^ or now, 302. auctoritas, authority ; injluence. auctumn-us, i, autumn. audacia, boldness. audax, audaeis, bold ; overbold. audere, to dare (ausus sum). audire, to hear. augere (auxi, auctum), to increase. aureus, adj. of gold, aurum, gold. aut, either, or. auxilium, help, aid. avaritia, avarice. axarns, greedy ; avaricious. avis, a bird.^ barbarus, barbarous. beate, happily. beatus, happy. bellua, beast. bellum, war. bene, well. beneftcium, benefit, beneficus, beneficent; bountiful. bestia, a beast. ^ bibSre (bibij bibitum), to drink. biennium, the space of two years; two years. bis, twice. bonitas, goodness. bonus, good. brachium, arm. Latin Index. 145 mlttoatcr. ohle Athe- t Justice, eptum), to 'limh. llhens. an. injliience. overlold. sum). to increase. cious. bountiful, , to drinlc. f two years; brcviH, aJiort. brut-US, a, urn, bntle. ctDcus, blind. canUi'Q (oecidi, cocsum), to slat/. Cttlidior, warmer, ciilov, heat. candtdus, tvhite. canCre (cccuii, cantum), to sing. can-is, O. is, dog. cantarc, to sing. cant-us, {Is, the singing. cap-erc, •io(cepi, captum), to talej to seize. capitis, of the head = to death, capra, she-goat. cap-ut, Ttis, head, carc-cr, eris, prison. carero, to be without (abl.) j to dc without ; to want. carpgre, to pluck; card; carp at. Carthag-o, luia, Carthage. castigarc, to chastise. castr-a, -orum (pi.), a camp. casu, bg chance. cas-us, As, accident. catQlus, cub, puppy. cave (imperat. ofcavco), take care. celeriter, quickly. celsus, high, tall. cepi, see capero. cera, tvax. certamen, contest. cevtns, certain ; sure. cervus, a stag. christianus, christian:— a chris- tian. cib-us, i,food. cingSre (cinxi, cinctum), to sur- round. ^l^^*^' } about circura, / ciroum -linere (levi, litum), to smear round; anoint; cover. circum-8picgre,io (spexi, spectum), to look around, ^\l' \ on this side of. citra, / •' ot^Tt /yii«/«Z*7«/ ^., „.., .j„,.,,.....^. . ^ civ-is, is, a citizen. civtt-ns, atis, a city ; state. clanj, without the knowledge of (prep. abl.). clamare, to cry out. claudSro (clausi), to shut, coact-, see cogore. cccluin, heaven ; the sky. cccna, dinner. cogero (cocgi, coactum), to compel, cogitare, to consider. cognitio, know/edge. cognitus, known. colore (colui, cultum), to cultivate. coUincarc, to hit the mark. col-or, oris, colour. committcre (commisi, commis- Bum), to entrust. commOdum, advantage. commorari, to delay ; to remain. comparare, to raise (forces), compellare, to call. complere (plevi, pletum), to fill. comprehendtJrc (prehendi, prehcn- suiu), to seize. concio, onis,/. assembly. couclav-e, is, a room, \\. con-cordia, concord. condCre (condidi, condituin), to build; found; bury. confSro *, I carry (together) ; cou- ftro cidpalu, 1 throw the blame. conferre se, to betake themselves. confldtre, to feel confident. con-fiteri (fessus sum), to confess. confusus (partic. of confundere), confused. conservare, to observe (duties), consilium, intention, design. consolatio, consolation, conspect-us, Ha, sight. couspicgre, io (spexi, spectum), to behold. constat, it is an allowed fact ; it is known. con-sti*a2re (stitui, stitutum), to settle. construgre (struxi, structum), con- struct, build (a nest), consuctud-o, inis, custom. G * See /(pro, irreg. verb, p. 123. 146 Latbi Index. 1'^- K''^ f •J. 'if-'' S '-^ : 1; 'I Kl consulat-us, As, consulsliip . consuieve (sului, sultum), to con- sult. contect-, see contegere. contegL-re (texi, tectum), to cover. con-temngrc (tempsi, temptum), to despise. contemplari, to look at. contendgrc, to contend, t) strive. contontus, contented (ab..). contra, against. coiitvavius, contrary. coqugre (coxi, coctuui), to coo/c ; bake; ripen. copi-a?, arum, plur./ojvfs. cor, cordis, heart coram, before. Corinthus, Corinth. comu, n. horn. corona, ero^on ; garland. corp-us, 6ris, bodi/. cor-rigere, to correct. cor-nunpere, to corrupt. cort-ex, icis, bark. crabro, hornet. , crastimis, a, urn, to-morroiv s ; crastinus dies, to-morroiv. crcddre (credidi, creditum), to be- lieve. cremare, to burn. crescSre (crcvi, cr-otnni), to grow. cubTtmn(irc), togotohed; to roost. culpa, /a«?^. cult-or, oris, a cultivator. cunctatio, delay. cuncti, all. cunctus (with sub.), iJie whole. cupidtt-as, atis, desire. cupidus, desirous. cupSre, io (cuplvi, cupitum), to desire; wish. curare, to take care. currere (cucurri, cursura), to run. curr-us, us, a chariot. daiTinare, to condemn. dare (dSdi, datum), to give. do, from ; concerning. dealbatus, whitewashed. debere, to owe. decerpSre (cerpsi, cerptmn), to pluck. decidere, to fall of. , ^ , decipere, io (cepi, ceptum), to de- ceive. dcclararc, io declare. de-osse, to be tvanting. dcgere, to live. , , s . deglub-ere (glupsi, gluptum), to flat/. deleo (delevi, deletum), to destroy. delinquerc, to transgress. dellrus, crazy. deme-ns, ntis, mad. descendgre, to come doion. detegere (texi, tectum), to discover. de-terrere, to deter. Deus, Ood. de-vincere (vTci, victum), to con- quer. dicere (dixi, dictum), to say; speak *. rr ^ dictator, dictator {a high ofjice at- Borne). di-es, ei, day. difficilis, f?/^ci«?^. diffldgre, to distrust (dat.). dignitas, dignity. dignus, worthy (abl.). dilaniare, to tear to pieces. discere (didici), to learn. disciplina, discipline ; teaching. discrepare, to be different. dis-jung2re (junxi, junctum), to separate. displicere, to displease (dat.). dis-ponere (posui, positum), to ar- range. diu, long ; for a long time. diutius, longer. dividere (visi, visum), to divide. divinitas, divinity; dl '"e origin. divinus, divine. diviti-je, arum, riches. dScere, io teach. dol-or, oris, pain ; grief. domare (domui, domitum), to tame; master. domi, at home. domin-ns, i, master. ^ Tlii-? word drop? e from tbe imperative : die Latin Index. 147 111), to , to de- im), to destroy. iiscovei'. to con- to say ; . ojjiee at- es. '.acliiny. it. ctum), to [dat.). im), to ar- ime. divide. '"ie origin. utum), to ^omo, from home. ,domuin, home, to ov totvards (ace). domus, house. donare, to hestoiv. donum, gift. dormire, to sleep. dubitare, to doitbf. duccre (duxi, ductum), to lead; reckon. dulcis, siveef. duo, two. duodocim, twelve. durare, to last. e, ex, of; from ; out of. e-i ; e-o, &c. Sea is, ea, lu, p. 1-^1. edere (edi, esuin), to eat. edicere (dixi, dictum), to make a proclamation. cffectus. See eificere. efficax, effectual. eflficere, feci, fectuin, to accomplish . eftiigere, to escape, avoid. tgi. See agere. cvcctu3, partic. of evcliSre, to raise ^ evertcre (vcrti, versmii), to over- throw, pull doivn. evijlare, to fly out of. ex, out of; from (abl.). excellere, excel. excitare, rouse up ; awaken. excruciarc, to torment. exempluni, an example. exercere, to exercise; practise. exercit-us, us, army. exiguus, small. ex-ire (ex-eo), to go out, p. 121. existimave, to think. oxpellere (piili, pulsum), to drive out; banish. cxpugnare, to carry hy assault (a town, Lc). cxspectare, to expect ; voaitfor. exspTrare, to expire. externus, external. extimescSre, to dread. extra, without. ego, 7(116). egere (gen. or abl.), to need. egressus, partic. of egredi, to go out. e-labi (lapsus sum), to slip aivay. elegaiitia, elegance. elepli-as, antis, elephant. eligere, to choose. eniendare, to correct. t'uiere (eiiii, emtum or emptum), to buy. eniti, to strive. ens-is, is, sword. Epaminondas, a Thcban general. epistijla, a letter. eques, equitis, horseman. equ-us, i, horse. . crectus, raised tip ; erect. erga, totvards (ace), cripere (erip-io, ui), to snatch out. error, an error ; a mistake. erumpero (erupi, cruptum), to break out. esto, imperat. of esse, p. 120. esurire, to be hungry. et, and; both; even. etiam, even ; also. etiani atque etiam, again and again. faba, a bean. f Ubulosus, fabulous. fuc-ere, io (feci, fiictum), to do ; to make ; imperat. fac, not face, faci-es, ii\,face. facTlis, easy : facile, easily. failure (fefelli), to deceive; break (one's word, &c.). fam-es, is, hunger ; famine. familiarit-as, utis, intimacy. fateri (fassus sum), to confess, own. fatlgare, to fatigue. favere (favi, fautum), to favour (dat.). febr-is (abl. \), fever. feci, see facere. felicitas, atis, happiness. fel-ix, icis, happy. fere, nearly, almost: nemo lerc, hardly any body. fero. See ferre. ferox, savage. ferre (p. 123), to hear. ^CiQWs, faithful. M-es, ^\, faith ; fidelity ; ones word. 2 148 Latin Index, K'v A li ir-'||t f; W 'I- mi I'^'i' m^^ i] ^ • ft! • If « ' locuples, etis, rich. locus (j)l. loci and loca), place. longus, long. loqui (locutus sum), to speak. lubldo, Tnis, lust. ludgre (lusi), to play. luna, the moon. lup-us, i, wolf. luscinia, nightingale. lux, lucis, light. 1m magist-er, ri, master. ^ magistrat-us, us, magistrate. magni, at a great (price), magnitud-o, inis, magnitude, size. magnftpSre, earnestly. Viagnus, great. With 'voice' loud. nian-us, us, hand, f. Also band or body of soldiers, major, greater. male, badly. malitia, wickedness. [p. 121. malo, malui, malle, I had rather, malum (neut.), evil ; an evil. malus, bad. mandare, to enjoin. mar-e, is, n. sea. marina (aqua), salt (toater) *. Massilia, Marseilles. mat-er, ris, mother. maxime, adv. most, the most. maximi, gen. at a very great price ; very highly. maximus, greatest. mederi, to heal (dat.), 191. mediorritas, a middle point; the mean. medius, middle (construed 'the middle or midst,' and 'of put before its substantive, as me- dius rivus, the middle of the river). mel, mellis (n.), hoivey. memoria, memory, recollection. mendacium, a lie. men-s, ntis,/. mind. metuSre, to fear. met-tis, us, /ear. ine-us, a, um, mine; my. voc mas., mi. migrare, to remove (intrans.). mil-es, itis, a soldier. militise, on service, in the field, mille, a thousand. minari, to threaten. minor, less. mis-er, era, crum, miserable. misereri, to pity (gen.). miseret, 287. miseria, misery. mittSre (mlsi, missum), to send. mobilis, moveable. modus, manner, means. moerere, to mourn. mollis, soft. momordi. See inordere. inonere, to advise. monocSr-os, otis, a unicorn. mon-s, tis, m. a mountain. monstrare, to show. morari, to delay. 'Tiorderc (momordi, morsmn), to bite. mores, pi. character ; morals. mori, ior (mortuus sum), to die. mordsus, ill-humoured. mor-s, tis, death. mortalis, mortal. mortifer (a, um),/a^a^ mortuus, dead. See mori. movere (movi, motum), to move (trans.) ; moveri, to move (in- trans.). mulctare, to fine (abl.). muli-er, 2ris, woman. multitud-o, mis, multitude. multus, many, much. mundus, world. munire, to fortify, to protect. mur-us, i, wall. mutare, to change. nasci, natus sum, to be born. natare, to sivim. natura, nature. natus, horn. Part, from nascor. navigatio, navigation. nav-is, is, ship. ne— quidem (with a word bS' tween), not even. Properly sea-tvater. Lai'm Index. 151 Tig, at the end of a word, is not to he translated*, hut the sentence is to he translated as a question. ne, with the suhj. is to he trans- lated hy the imperative. "^^' \ neither, nor ; and not. neque,J negarc, to deny. negligere (neglexi, neglectum), neglect, disregard. nem-o, mis, nohody. nequire (nequeo, liJce co), to he unahle. ne-scire, not to Tcnotv. nex, necis, death, murder. nidus, i, nest. nihil, nothing i; to be construed * MO,' when followed by gen., nihtli, at nothing. [56. nimis, too. nimius, too much. nisi, unless. nix, nivis, snow. nobilis, »o6/e ; ofranJc. nobilitare, to ennoble, to make re- nowned. nocere, to Jiurt (dat.), 191. non, not. nondum, not yet. nonng, not, used in questions {is not / &c.)- The auxiliary verb must he placed hefore the not. nonnuUi, some. nost-er, ra, rum, our. nostri, gen. plur. of ego, /. novus, new. nubgre (nupsi, nuptum), to marry (dat.). nub-es, is, cloud. nuU-us, a, um, O. lus, none; no. num, not to he translated when it is the first tvord. If not the first word, to he translated whether, numerare, to nrnnher, count. Humerus, vtimler. nuntiare, to announce. uunquam, never. ob, on account of. ob oculos, hefore our eyes. obducere (duxi, ductuui), overlay ; cover. obedire, to obey (dat.), 191. ob-esse, to he prejudicial to (dat.). oblivisci (obhtus sum), to forget (gen.), obscure, ohsctirely. ob-sisterc, to withstand, prevent (dat.). ob-stare (with dat.), to hinder. obtinere, to obtain. occasi-o, onis, opportunity. occldere (cTdi, cisum), to kill; slay. ocean-US, i, the ocean. ociilus, i, eye. odium, hatred. odorat-us, iis, stnell, scent. oflendere (di, sum),/o offend (dat.). of-fero (see irreg. verb fero, p. 123), to offer. ofRcium, duty. oYim, formerly. olorinus, adj. of the sivan. omnis, all. operire, to cover. opes, G. um, resources ; wealth. oportet, it behoves, 268. oppugnare, to attack. ops, opis, f. potoer, assistance. optimus, superl. of bonus, best. orare, to pray. orati-o, onis, speech. orat-or, oris, orator. ostia, pi. mouth (of a river). ovis, sheep. pabulatum, to forage (supme). pallium, a cloak. palpebrse, the eyelids. par, equal; even (opposed to odd). * Except in dependent questions isary explanation is f It is sometimes by but where these occur, the necessary 'explanatimi is given. See 319, 6. J. Ti.:„ o„.»ofiiTiPs bv ' not,' With at all. 152 Latin Index. in Ir^ ■• i^ sir:. 1' I; pararo, to prepare ; to provide. parccrc (peperci), to spare (tlat.), paren-s, tis, j^arent. U-'i^- parerc, to oley (dat.), 191. parSrc (pavio), to hrbif} forth. par-3, tis, part. parsimonia, frugality. parvi (gen.), at a Utile. iwrvum (neut. adj.), little. parvus, Utile, small. pastor, shepherd. pate- fieri (see^o, irreg. verb, p. 123), to he laid hare ; to be discovered. pat-er, vis, father. pati, ior, passus sum, to suffer. patientia, patience. patria, country. patrius, paternal, fatherly. pauc-i, X, n,feio. pauper, pauperis, iwor. paupert-as, atis, poverty. pavinientuni, pavement. pavor, /ear, dread. pax, G. pacis, peace. peccare, to sin. peceatmu, a sin. pecuuia, money. pec-US, oris, n. (any small tame animal), sheep. penes, in the poiver of (prep.). •penna, feather. peperci, see parcere. per, through. T)eregrinari, to go abroad: aves peregi-inantes, migratory hirds ; hirds of passage. perficere, perficio, to accomplish. perfidia, perfidy. periculosus, dangerous. periciilum, danger. perinde, just so ; perinde est ac si, it is just as if peritus, skilful; skilled in (gen.). Pers-fe, arum, the Persians. per-solvere (solvi, solutum), to pay; per-solvere pa?nas, to suffer punishment *. persuadere (suasi), to persuade (dat.). permunere (mansi, mansum), to remain. permotus, part. pass, of permo- vere, to move. perniciosus, hurtful. perpessus, partic. of perpSti, to suffer. pGrpetuo,/or ever. perpetuus, perpetual; in per- petmun,/o?' ever. perturbatio, perturbation. pervenire, to arrive. petgre (petivi, petitum), to seek ; make for. philosophia, philosophy. piet-as, atis, dutiful affection. piget, it vexes (used with ace. of X)ronoun), 287. pingere (pinxi, pictum), to paint. pisc-is, G. is, fish. plus, pious. placare, to appease. placerc (placui, placitum), to please (dat.), 191. yA'AXita, plant. . Plat-o, onis, Flato (a Grecian philosopher), plerique, plera;que, pleraque, most. plerumque, generally. plurimi, very many ; most. Iplus, G. pluris. PI. -es, -a, G. -ium, &c., more. pocul-um, i, a cup. poena, punishment. poenitot, it repents, 287 (used with ace. of pronoun), poeta, poet. pomum, apple. ponere (posui, posttum), to place. pon-s, tis, m. bridge. popularis, popular. popiilus, i, people. porta, gate. positum, see ponere. posui, see ponere. posse, to he able ; can, p. 123. post, after (ace). post, adv. afterwards. poten-s, tis, poiverful. potio, a drink, draught. propci'ly io pay penalties. Latin Index. 153 potiri, iov, to get possession of. potius, rather. prae, in comparison of (prep.). prujccptum, precept. prseditus, endued toith. praesen-s, tis, present. pr£Bstan-s, G. tis, excellent. prsestat, it is better. praeter, besides, except ; beyond. prajteritus, past. pratum, meadow. preraere (pressi), to press. pretiosus, valuable. ■^v.vwis, first. principat-us, As, the first place. privare, to deprive. privatus, private. ■pro, for ; suitable to. prod-esse (profui), to profit} to do good to (dat.). proditi-o, onis, treachery. proelium, battle. profectus, part, of proficisci, to set out. profui, see prodesse. prohtbtirc, to prevent, hinder. proles, is, offspring, young. prope, near. propensus, inclined. propior, nearer. propter, on account of. protinus, forthivith, immediately. providentia, providence. providus, circumspect, tvise. prudentia, prudence ; practical wisdom. pud-or, oris, shame, bashfulneas. puella, girl. puer, G. pueri, boy. pugna, battle. pugnare, to fight. pullus, young (of a bird), pulv-is, Sris, dust. putare, to think. qua-dam, abl. fern, of qui-dam. quadraginta, /or^y . qua;rere, quresivi, to seeJc, enquire. qu89stio, question. qualis, of tvhat kind ? quam, than, as. Before adj. how. quaiu plurimi, as many as pos- sible, quani maximus, as great as pos- quaiulo, when. [sible. quantum, hoio much. quantus, how great. quare, ivhy ? qaartus, fourth. que, and. qucrc-us, lis, oak. qui. qua3, quod, icho ; wJiich ; that. quia, because. quicquid (neut. of quis-quis), tvhatever. quid (neut. of quis), why ? quidam *, a certain ; some. quidcm, indeed; ne quidem, not even. quiesccre (quievi), to rest, keep quiet. quis, w?io 1 quid, what 1 quis (indefinite), any. quisquam, any body. quisquc, quajque, quidque, each; every body. quo, that (putting 'the' before the comparative j quo melius, the better) : whither. quod, neut. of qui. quod, adv. because. quotidie, daily ; every day. quum, tvhen; if followed by turn, both, turn being and. raro, seldom. ratio, onis, reason, an account. recordari, to remember (gen.). recipere, io, to receive, reete, rightly ; well. rectus, right, recusare, to refuse. reddere (reddidi, redditum), io return : reddere rationem, io give an account. redire (red-eo), to return : co, p. 124. re-ferre, fcro (p. 123) : referre gratiam, to show kindness in return. * Declined like qui with dam added. 154 Latin Index. rc-ficere, io (to make again), to refresh. _ . ^ ., refugere, io (fugi, fugitum), iojlee back. regere (rexi, rectmn), io rule. regTna, a queen. regi-o, onis, f. a district, country. regnare, to reign. regnum, t.ingdom. reliquus, remaining ; the other. leminisci, to recollect (gen. or repente, suddenly. [ace), ve'^Q.vwQ, to find. reprehendere, di, sura, to blame. r-cs, ci, thing, affair. resistere (restiti), to resist (dat.). rcspondere (responsum), to an swer (dat.). res-publica *, commonwealth. retinere, to retain. retul- ; see refcvrc. reus, an accused person. rever-terc, si, sum, to return. revocare, to recall. rex, regis, Tcing. Bhenus, the Rhine. Rliodanus, the Rhone. ridere (risi), to laugh ; to laugh at. rigere, io he stiff; to he dried up. ris-us, As, laug'hler. rob-ur, oris, strength. robustus, strong. rogare, to ask. Rpm\ur. vires, virium, &c.). vis, 2nd sing, of volo, irrcg. verb. vita, life. vitarc, to avoid. vitium, vice. vitreus, adj. made of glass. / vituperare, to censure ; find fault/ f with. vivgre (vixi, victum), to live. vix, scarcely. vixi, see vivere. vocare, to call, to invite. volo (p. 123), am willing; wish. volunt-as, atis, will. volupt-as, atis, pleasure. vox, G. vocis, a voice. vuln-us, Sris, wound. vulp-es, is, a fox. N THE END. eiLBEET AND BIVINGTON, PEINTEBS, ST. JOHN'S SQTTABB, XONDOK. mg. re. see : vi- [or more conquer. ; wrong; ur. iiim ; abl. K?», &c.). ■eg. verb. iss. / and fault/ y' live. N 7; wish. !, XONDON.