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Last Jlay I was fortunate onougli to oljtain a fine specimen ..f the American Black Bear, which had been killed by its mate in a hear-pit kei)t l)y a notorious character in tliis city. The bear was a rnale. and betsvoen six and seven years old. He measured, trom the tip of his no.se to the end of his toes, 7 feet 6 inches and was in good condition. The brain had been removc.l when he came into my possession, ami, in consequence, the occipital portion of the skull was much mutilated. The follow- ing account does not profess to be a complete one of tlie myolo<7 my attention having been chiefly directed to the muscles of tlie limbs. In my description of the muscles I have taken Imman anatomy, with which I am best acquainted, as the standard.^ Neck. Stcrno-mastoid.-ArxHQB from the upper part of sternum, passes forwards and outwards, and divides into two portions. The outer and most superficial crosses the neck and blends with the trapcw-de/loid {rcphcdo-hvmeral) a short distance above the tendinous intersection between the trapezius and deltoid portion The inner and larger portion passes forwards and ends in a round tendon, which is inserted principally into the mastoid process, which in the bear is well marked, but has also an attachment to the root of the styloid process in front, and the occipital bone behind. Sterno-hyoid and sterna-thyroid arise together frcn the first piece of the sternum, but soon separate. Their insertion is much as in man. Thyro-hyoid is a triangularshaped muscle with the base 1 I must here acknowledge my great indebtedness to Sir A. W. Clement V S and Messrs Kinloch and M'Guaig^ medical students, for tL.e, great assistance they rendered we during the dissection. ^ 104 MtOFESSOR F. J. .SllF.PHKnn. forwards. IL arises from the lateral mass of tliyroid cartilage, and is inserted into the groat cornu of the hyoid hone. Omo-hjold is a narrow ribbon-like muscle which arises from the anterior border of the scapula, passes forwards and inwards, and is finally inserted into the body of the hyoid with the sterno-hyoid. The muscle consists of a single belly, having no intermediate tendon or intersection. Dif/nstric {dijlo-mcuiUdri.'i) is a large, thick, well-developed muscle, which arises from the root of the styloid process by a round tendon, and is inserted along the under surface of the body of the inferior ma.xillary bone from the angle to near the symphysis. There is also a small slip of muscle running in the same direction as the digastric, which arises from the mastoid process beneath the levator clavicuke by a flat tendon, which soon develops into a small fleshy belly, and is inserted into the body of the hyoid. This probably corresponds to the sti/lo- hyoid. Mi/lo-hyoid. — Much as in man, except that a few of its posterior fibres arise from the mastoid process. Genio-hjoid. — A very long narrow muscle. Origin and inser- tion as in man. Hijo-glossiis. — Divided into two portions, one from the body (basi-hyal), and the other from the cornu (thyro-hyal). The middle portion from the lesser cornu (chondrio-glossus) is absent. The two portions are inserted as usual into the side of the tongue. Stylo-ylosms.—^lMX^Q size, from the base of the stylo-hyal to the side of the tongue, blending with the fibres of the hyo-glossus derived from the thyro-hyal. Scalenus. — A large mass of muscle arising by a fleshy origin from the transverse processes of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th cervical vertebra, and also by tendinous slips from the I'rd, 4th, and Sth transverse processes ; as it passes backwards beneath the subclavian artery it divides into three slips, which are inserted as follows : — (1) the innermost is a broad slip which is inserted into the first rib near its cartilage and under the pectoralis minor ; (2) the middle slip, which is long and narrow, goes back over the side of the thorax, becomes aponeurotic opposite to the 5th rib, and is inserted into the 7th and 8th ribs i(' h \\ ?»■) MYOLOOY OF TIIK AMERICAN DLACK UEAU. 105 I!' fj If beneath tlio external oblique and rertus nltiloiuinis nuiscles ; (3) the outermost slip is rather broiider tluiu the middle, and also passes l)ack, and has a muscular insertion into the 3rd, 4th, and nth ribs. Between the two Inst-nientioned slips the lateral branches of the thoracic nerves appear. Longns Colli is of large size, and arises as low down as the body of the Gth dorsal vertebra. A muscle is seen arising from the lateral mass of the atlas, and going to be inserted into the outer tubercles of the trans- verse processes of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and Gth vertebne. This nmscle is of considerable size, and sends a small slip back to be attached to the inner tubercles of the transverse processes of the 6th nad 7th cervical vertebrie. FoitE Limb. Brachio-latcral suhciUaneons muscle. — On removing the skin from the body this muscle comes into view. It is of consider- able size, and arises from the fascia of the think and Ijack, covering the e.Kternal abdominal oblique and latissimus dorsi muscles. It also has origin from the fascia covering the rectus abdominis, where it passes over the lower costal cartilages. The lower edge is connected with a long narrow strip of subcutaneous muscle, which is derived from the sheath of the penis. From this extensive origin the fibres are collected into a thick, strong band of muscle, which proceeds forwards and receives a thick slip of muscle from the axillary band derived from the latissimus dorsi; the conjoined muscle then crosses the axillary vessels and nerves, and is inserted into an aponeurosis on the outer surface of the great pectoral muscle near its insertion into the humerus. Its lower border also blends with the dorso-epitrochlear portion of the latissimus dorsi. Pedora/is major. — This muscle is single at its origin, but soon divides into two portions. It arises from nine costal cartilages and the whole length of the sternum, forming a broad trianguhir mass of muscle v uich goes outwards and divides into two portions. The bi'oulnr in Hlidpu. Arises from first ])k\vv of tlio Htfi'iiiim and IIihI cdsIuI ciivtila^ ', passes iicruss tlio slidulilcr, mul ends in n tundon which is inscrtud into the uitnor uud of tlio outer nd;,'o of tho liicipital {groove of the humcnis, in a linu with the niurc! supiM'ticial jtortioii of the f,'reat pectoriil. It is fjuito distinct finni thy a widl-markod tendinous intersection. It is a strong' thick musclo, which arises from the back of the skull and fa: 'a of the middle of the neck, and at its origin is continuous with the anterior portion of the tnipc/ius; it passes down over the shoulder outside the bicejj'i, and is insciteil into the (Uiter side of tho midille of the Inimerus. A short distance anterior to the tendinous intiusectiiui it receiv(!S a slip from the steruo-niastoid ns above mentioned. The levator cliivicuhe muscle joins it at its tendinous intersection. Ln-ii/(ir rliirlnilif^^ is a ribl)on shaped-muscle, which arises from the nuistoid process and back part of the skull, and at its orij^in it is closely connected with the sterno-mastoitl muscle. It passes Vmck beneath the ccjilialo-humeral, anil ends by being inserted into the deeper portion of the tendinous intersection between the trapezius and deltoid portion of the cephalo-humeral muscle. Ln-itfur firapnlrr major" arises from the transverse process of the atlas by a lleshy origin, and, enlarging as it i)asses backwards into a thick bundle of nmscular fibres, is inserted into the anterior border of the spine of the scapula near the acromion process ; its insertion is conterminous with the anterior portion of the trapezius, from which however it is quite distinct. At its origin it is covered by the cephalo-humeral and levator claviculae muscles. Latissimxis dorsi, consists of a large sheet of muscle which arises from a small part of the crest of the ilium, the spines of all the lumbar, and the two or three hinder dorsal vertebne ; it ' This is tlic busio-lniinoiMlis of Krausc, and is probably the homologiie of the clt'ido-iiKistoid of liiiiiiiui anatomy. 'This may hu lookod upon as a portion of the levator clavicuk', liavbig its iuserliou .ihifteJ to the scapula. t t Mvnr.oGv OF tiik ameiucax nr.ACK nEAU. 107 Las n]«o nn nttaclnnent to the lower ril... A« it ,m.so.s fonvnr.la It'' fihivs convoi-o i„to a ti'u.lon, whici, is ins-rte.! into tlu- i-ustenor „h^,^ of tla- l.iofpitnl yj,n,y, of tliu I.m.u.rus ; b.-for.. its [nwtioM It uives oir tho inn.r (lor,HO..pitrocI>l,.«r musol.., nn,l a bundle of fibres whirl, joins the l>nu.hio-l,it..n,l subcutaneous muscle to cross the axillary vessels as described above J)n>-^.fp;M/on' is a thick trian-n.lar muscle, which arises •■"'nlhe axillary bonier of the scapula and the upper st.rface of the latissinuis d<.rsi; below the lalissinius dorsi it rcn-ives a l-urtion of the braehio-lnteral muscle, and al«o u slip fn.n, the ""• "r surface of the teres major. (This latter sPp is su,.erliciul to the lat.ssnnus dorsi). From this multiple origin it passes down the inner side of the lin>b, and is inserted by aponeurotic fibres into the internal condyle of the humerus an.l side of the olecranon process of the ulna. 7'rapcnns is made up of two parts, anterior and posterior The .«/.,,., arises as far forwards as the eephalo-.mn.eral, with Nvhu'h It IS intimately connected; it also arises from the li.,i. mentum nuclue and 7th cervical spine, and is inserted into the anterior border of the spine of the scapula, yw, , ,- nrises by an nponnirosis from the spines of all the doisal vertebra., and is inserted into a stronj,^ fascia over the infra- border" """^ "'^"^ ^^' '"'^ °^ ^^' scapular spine, near the vertebral lihomboideus major aM mi«o?-.— Disposed as in man Sermtus vimpui, as in man, with the exception" that its anterior portion cannot be accurately differentiated from the levator angnh saqwlm. Zemtor anyiUi scapulce is continuous, with the fore-oin- of which It IS apparently merely the anterior portion. Tt arises from the transverse processes of the lower six cervfcal vertebrm and IS inserted as in man. wn-t-uia., Splenius coin of small size. It consists of a single slip which 18 inserted into the transverse process of the axis Splenms capitis of large size, as in man fult^scir"'' "'""' "''"■ "''' ---^-Veiy lai^e, power- The Deltoid is a powerful muscle, consisting of two portions - the hrst arises by fleshy fibres from the poslorior edge oTihe' 108 PUOFKSSOR F. J. .SIIEPHEHD. acromion ; the second portion arises principally by aponeurosis rorn the posterior border of the spine of the scapula, about one- h th of Its ongin however, near the acronnn process, is muscular Ihese two portions unite near (he humerus, and are inserted into the middle of its outer surface with the deltoid portion of the trapezio-deltoid (cephalo-humeral). Supra- and infra- s^^^irt/^s.— Disposed much as in man _ Tars vihior not distinguishable from the lower part of the infra-spinatus. Sulscajmlaris.—A very powerful muscle. Tars major.— A large muscle which takes its ori^rin from the posterior angle of the scapula, the axillary margin bein^ all taken up by the scapular head of the triceps. It sends a slip over the latissimus dorsi to join the dorso-epitrochlear. Inserted as in man. Coraco-hrachialis arise from a rudimentary coracoid process with the short head of the biceps, and • -ssing down the inner side of the humerus is split into two po is. The first (coraco- brachiahs brevis) is a short muscular slip which is inserted into the inner side of the humerus immediately below the lesser tuberosity and boneath the teres major. The second or main portion of the muscle (coraco-brachialis longus) continues down the inner side of the limb, and is inserted into the lower part of the internal condyloid ridge of the humerus. This portion is pierced by the musculo cutaneous nerve. Biceps hrachii is principally made up of the long head which arises from top of glenoid cavity, pierces the capsular ligament, and lies in a very deep bicipital groove. This long head is soon joineci by a very small tendinous slip which comes from the coracoid with thf coraco-brachialis, and represents the second liead. The muscle soon expands into a large fleshy belly which ends in a strong tendon near the elbow, and is inserted into the bicipital tubercle of the radius. This tendon gives oiY a ver- strong bicipital fascia which covers the brachial artery. Brachialis anticns has its origin external to the insertion of the deltoid as high up as the capsular ligament of the shoulder It IS closely connected with the external head of the triceps- it covers the front of the humerus, and is inserted into the coron'oid process of the ulna, a'here is a tendinous slip between it and I MYOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN BLACK BEAR, 109 poneurosis ibout one- nmscular. e inserted portion of aan. irt of the from the being all ds a slip Inserted I process lie inner ; (coraco- rted into 16 lesser or main les down r part of irtion is d which gameut, i is soon •oni the second y which into the a ver- I'tiun of loulder. eps; it 3ronoid it and the supinator longus, and it gives a muscular fasciculus to the flexor carpi radialis. Triceps. — This is a very large powerful umscle which arises by four heads : a. Sccqiular head is of enormous size, and arises from the whole length of the posterior (axillary) border of the scapula, and from a ridge or second spine in the infra-spiuous fossa, which separates it from the infra-spinatus : h. Outer head has a tendinous origin from the humerus immediately below the outer tuberosity : r. In/cnud head is of small size, and arises from the side of the shaft of the liimierus internal to the upper insertion of the coraco-brachialis : d. The Fourth head is attached to the posterior edge of the external condyloid ridge above the anconeus. The scapular head, which is by far the largest, first unites with the outer head, then these two are joined by the internal head, and finally, just above the elbow, the fourth head joins the other three, forming a common muscle, which is inserted into the olecranon process of tlie ulna. Anconeus. — Small in size, arises below the fourth head of the triceps, and is inserted into t' external surface of the olecranon as in man. Proncdor radii teres. — Disposed much as in man, has no origin from the ulna, and is inserted into the radius almost af low down as the styloid process. Is a long, narrow muscle. Flexor carpi radialis. — As in man. Flexor carpi vhiaris is divided into two portions ; one arises from the inner edge of the olecranon and posterior ridge of the ulna, ends in a tendon about the middle of the fore- arm, and is inserted into the pisiform bone ; the other arises in common with the sublimis digitorum from the internal condyle of the humerus, and is inserted into the pisiform bone and annular ligament. Palmar is longus. — Absent. Flexor sublimis dujitorum has no radial origin as in man, but arises solely from the internal condyle and intermuscular septum. It is a well-developed muscle, wliich, after sending a fasciculus to the annular ligament, divides into three slips ; (1) the most superficial and middle slip divides into three tendons no PHOFESSOR F. J. SHEPHERD. Which oo to 2iif], 3vd. and 4th digits; (2) tho inner slip ends in a tendon which goes to the 5th digit, and also send.s a fasciculus to tho pisiform bone; (3) the deepest slip ends in a ten.lon which crosses the middle slip and is inserted into the terminal phalanx of the 1st digit. The tendons to the four inner dibits are perforated by the tendons of the profundus digJLoruni. "" F/cavr 2>rof,nu/ns difjitornm is a very large muscle, and arises by two heads, unc superficial in common with the other muscles from the internal condyle; the oMo--the deeper head-arises from the anterioi surface and j^sterior ridge of the ulna, from tlie interosseous membrane, and from the anterior surface of the radius below and internal to the oblique line. These two heads end m two ilat tendons which, opposite the carpus, unite to form one thick broad tendon ; the latter passes under the annular ligament and divides into live tendons going to be inserted into the terminal phalanges of the digits. The four inner tendons perforate the corresponding tendons of the sublimis digitorum ihe radial edge of the common tendon is well rounded and is chrectly continuous with the radial origin, having an appearance similar to the ilexor lungus pollicis of man. Arising from the superficial portion near its junction with the deep are two small muscular slips which, passing under the annular ligament, end in two slender tendons which blend with those of the profundus going to the Mrd and 4th digits. I'roiiator rjundrdtus. — Disposed as in man. LumhricahH.—Ymiv in number, attached to the four inner tendons of the deep Ilexor, and arranged as in man. Abdndor and Opponcns liollicis of small size. ])ut quite distinct muscles. Flexor hrerls pollicis of considerable size, arranged much the same as in man. Ahdnetor viiiiimi dir/iti, Opponcns minimi di,jiti, and Flexor hrens minimi di^i(i.-The two first of large size, the last very small. Disposed as in man. Jntcnmci, of small size. iiiqnmitor lonr/us.—A muscle of small size. Arranged as in man. "^ ^upinafor hrcvis.-Anse^ from the external condyle, external lateral ligament, and orbicular ligament, but h;.:-: nn urUnu from MYOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN BLACK BEAR. Ill 5lip ends in 1 fasciculus 1 a tendon le terminal tmer digits rum. and arises er muscles ;ad — arises ulna, from 'lice of the two heads ^te to form le annular erted into ir tendons iligitorum. ed, and is ppearance from tlie two small meiit, end jrofundus air luuer ait quite nucli the d Flexor last very ed as lU external ini from the ulna. The shape is oUong, and it. i.>scrti„n covers three "^tc"; of the uplir vatt of the radius, posterior to and above „„f dm "enfatod completely. h>,t have a -m""" ongrn t.om . . 1 .^Tirl-' ^ ridoe and external condyle ot tne the -tO""'l ;™;^, , :X^^^^;,^ i, „t 3,„„„ .i.e, and, after condyllTf trh„.„evus,and divides into four tendons, »h,ch ^n to the 2nd, "rd, 4th, and 5th digits. '^■'. .; .mi»i .^^^.^^ arises from the external condyle n eommr;iththe pre^din, --^e,-d ultimately^ ivi^s in o three tendons which are distributed to the ord, 4th, and )t digits. This muscle is of considerable size and much larger than the communis digitorim. ^ Edmsor rarpi ulnaris is a large muscle, ^vhlch ^^^'^^ '^^ the external condyle of the humerus and posterior n^l^e c^ the ,lna in common with the llexor ulnaris and tlexor protui du , it ds i^a l" ad «Ht tendon, which is inserted into the base of the 5th metacarpal bone and sends a slip to the pisitorm 'l^tensor ossis netacarpi rollicis.-^^ ^ the ^^ on the back of th. fore-arm, and is bipeinntorm. It aiiscs t on the po te ior surface of the radius as low down as the xnser ion Sinator brevis, from the radial side of posterior .iHa of the ulna reaching from tlie olecranon to the stjloid piocess, and om the interosseous membrane. It has also an origin from the obcular ligament, and is corrnected with the supmato on-u From tlds extensive origin the muscle passes downwards u^' outwards, and ends in a strong tendon, which, after passing hi i a spedal compartment in the posterior annular ligament is inserted into the base of the first metacarpal bone. Zlsor primi i.Uernoclii pollicis.-AUeui, or rather not differentiated from the extensor ossis metacarpi. \ 112 PROFESSOR F. .T. SHEPHERD. Extensor arcinidi intcrnodii 2'>ollicis is a small muscle, which arises from the posterior surface of the ulna superficial to the m. ossis metacarpi, and ends in a long slender tendon, which is inserted into the last phalanx of the 1st digit. Muscles of the Trunk, i Rrfernrtl nhhmincd oh/iqi'r, arises from the lower ten rihs (5-14). Insertion as in man. Interned nhdoiainnl oblique. — Origin from the 13th and 14th ribs, crest of the ilium, and the whole of Poupart's ligament ; insertion as in man, except that its aponeuroses all pass over the rectus. Transi-ersalis, attached to the lower six ribs and whole length of Poupart's ligament and crest of the ilium. Its tendon splits to enclose the rectus. Rectus abdominis is a well-developed muscle, which reaches from the os pubis to the first costal cartilage. It is attached to all the costal cartilages, and opposite the second becomes ten- dinous ;'^ as the tendon passes over the first intercostal space it receives some fibres from the first external intercostal muscle. ri/ravnd(ilts, n, large well-developed muscle. Ftioas. — The psoas arises from the transverse processes and bodies of the three last dorsal and all the lumbar vertebra' except the last ; when it reaches the sacrum it di\'ides into two parts, superficial and deep ; the superficial (p. parvus) goes to be insorted, by a strong tendon, into the ilio-pectineal line and spine of the pubis ; the deeper portion (p. magnus), which is the larger, joins the iliacus muscle about tlie middle of the ilium, and is inserted with it into the lesser trochanter. Iliacus, arises from the inner surface of the ilium and is of small size ; it is separated from the 2}suns by the anterior crural nerve ; after it is joined by the i^^oas it is inserted with it into the lesser trochanter of the femur. Quadratiia lumborum, a muscle of. large size, disposed as in man. 1 Having accidentally lost my notes ou the dissection of ilic dcciicr muscles of the back and peiiueuni, I omit a description of them altogether. " Meckel describes the rectus of bears, aa tendinous from ojiposite the 7th and 8th ribs, and again muscular as it passes over the liist intercostal s]jace and tlien becoming again ienilinous. lu the .specimen I am describing the rectus was muscular up to the 2ud rib. MYOLOGY or THK AMEKTCAN BLACK BKAU. 113 luscle, which n-ficial to the lou, which is ver ten rihs ,h and 14th ;'8 hgament; ill pass over u'hole length endon splits lich reaches i attached to Decomes ten- )stal space it al muscle. recesses and )ar vertebrie des into two vus) goes to eal line and which is the 3f the ilium, im and is of terior crural with it into sposed as iu ejier muscles of iite the 7th niid sjiaee iind tlicii the reetus was I lIlNl) LiMD. • f «f n hrnid sheet of muscle arising from the Sartorws consists of a bioat s'»^^^^ ^.^^^ ot the thigh. Its outu u ^^^^j_^. ^^^ ^^^,,^r i'vhieh arises fron, the 7" °' ' » ' "°'',;; t,„ ^ser — r.:^:^!3JB:;r:=t; r^t::ddr5:rattrh:t:"::LrLit.o.. bale external to the ons-n »« "■» P° ^^^^^^^^^ „( t,„ k„ee-ioint. ^id:;-^;:;^:;,::::^^^^ VOL. XVIII. Ill rROFKssoii r. j. siikphkud. fascial .•i(L.,,.l„„,nts to the peron.-i musclo.s and til.iali.s ai.ticus ; It iH lloshy down as far as the ankh.-j„i„t, where it hecomes nnd.nous. The tendon passes through a sling of fascia, and ;"vHl^-s Mito two slips over the tarsus. The outer subdimles I'ito three tendons, whidi go to the 2nd, 'Inl, and 4th toes, and the inner .dip, whicdi is of large si.e, goes to the 1st toe. ^'/''''^'s anti '..has its origin from the outer surface of the ""a and the in erosseous nieiubmne for its whole length, and <''"s ,n two tendo,.., the greater of which is inserted into the under surface of the base of the fir,^t metatarsal bone, the les.er iDto the upper surface of the base of the same bone. Kxlca.nrhrcris>ll,jitnr,n„ arises from the (bursal surface of the tarsus and annular ligament, and divides into four tendons which go to the four inner toes as iu man. The one goin.r to the 1st toe is the largest. ° _ Inta-os.cl (J)orsal).-Very small, four in number, arranged as - in man. • * Glxta.'s muAuiv,, a muscle of fair size, arises from the posterior part of .he iliac crest, by a tendinous origin ami by lleshy fibres iVom the side of the sacrum and the great sacro- ■scmtic ligament. From this extensive origin the muscle passes *I";vnwards and ontwards over the great trochanter, and is principally inserted into a strong fascia which covers the upper and outer surface of the thigh. It is also inserted into the femur below and internal to the great trochanter. GlatcruH vmlu,, arises from the posterior surface of the ilium betw.^.n crest and curved line, and is inserted as in man. ainUn,, minuuus is divided into an upper and lower portion both pyntorm m shape, and separated by a well-marked cellular mler.space ; the upiHT portion arises from the lower border of the great sacro-sciatic notch, and is inserted into the anterior border of the great trochanter by a round tendon ; the loiccr portuoi arises from the surface of the ilium be[o\r the ori.-ii, of llie glutams mcdius, and is inserted also by a round tendon into the outer border oi' the great trochanter. I'urlfonni^, small size, disposed as in man. Ohlurator lnln;u>s and ^'^./Z/.-Wdl-developed mu.scles, and arranged as ui n.in. The gemelli are especially large, and quite disUnct muscles, ,,VOLOaV OK TUK AMKUICV. BLA^K nE^ 115 iilis luiticus ; it lieoonios f fasoiii, aril r subdividt's id 4tli toes, 5 1st toe. rfiice of the leiigtli, aiul t-'d into the i, the lusecr I'face of the ur tendons lie going to arranged as ' from the iin iiud by :reat sacro- iscle passes er, and is i the upper i into the the ilium lan. er portion, ed cellular border of e anterior the lower i origin of iidun into scles, and and quite ill iv^.i-'-- . • A muscle of good size, and arranged as lu (3,(rtJm<«s /mons.-A muscle 01 b * - _c .1... man ....in- . . ,„„„ tlii wliolc outer surface of ll'u „V,tur«tor ,n™,branc anil f.om tl.. iuscrteil as iiv man. , ,,ost«ior aspMt ot j;;„,,... :s a ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ of the tuberosity origin from the inner ^^^^.^l^^^^^'^ ^^ ,^„ -tions, the lover of U.e ischium. It soon ^^-;^- ^ ^^^/^oove on the posterior «.a posterior part ^-8 --^;\f .^ t.bia. as in man. Tbe surface of the mnev tulnu. ty _ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^ upper nnd anterior pa t. wluch is ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^,,, out to join the great -l^lucU) ^as dc r ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^._ ,e traced to the upper ^^J^^^^ ,4es by three heads Gastrocnmius (Lett bide), i ' ^^^^^ ^^^.^^^^^ ^^...^^s arise ^o»/n-, «ui. — Disposed as in man. FU:n,r hnujns dijUuriim consists of two portions. The larger (Jh'xurjibu/nris) is a bipeimiform muscle which arises from t"lie whole posterior surface of the tibula, from the interosseous membrane, and from the posterior surface of the tibia in common with the ilbialu jms/acus. 1l is muscular down to the ankle- joint and ends in a stout tendon, which, after grooving the astragalus and os calcis, as the flexor halhicis does in man, is .joined by the smaller portion (Jlr.cor tibudi^. The conjoined tendon then divides into live slips, which go to the live toes; the outer four perforate the tendons of the short or superficial flexor. The smaller portion (Jluvr Hhi'di^ arises from the posterior surface of the tibia, passes ilown tlie back of the leg, and finally ends in a round tendon, which goes over and behind the tendon of the tibialis posticus, and then through a deep groove in the inner nuiUeolus to the sole of the foot, where it joins the flexor iibulaiis. The ficxor libularis is by far the larger of the two portions, the tibial portion being merely an accessory slip. Tlljialis puslicHs has its origin fi'om the tibia, external to the fiexor tibialis and intimately connected and blended with the ' Tho above doseriptiou is taken fiom the Jissoetiou of the left limb. In tlic liglit limb the outer belly was la,iiani>: ,vo.oav 0. -nu. ...>-.. n.vcK B.^«. 117 liirL of the ;ds cluvulop lieir courhf t, iiiul ends OS ciiluis ; coatinuous f a stioiig mUy. The Icis.i The ■ the fibula Iter side of scle, and is Tlie larj,'ei' 3 from the iterosseous II coimiioii the aiiklo- oving the in mail, is cunjoiuod ; toes ; the ;ial flexor. posterior nd finally he tendon >\e in the the flexor the two lip. lal to the with the limb. In II, i'roiii tlio ciuled with i very large fibuVvris After t;voovm<; the uiutr So. ' \o tlie .eapUoid W ^^^^ .^^^^ ^^....^Ity of the '''i.essori.s a-- ^y ^ J^ nt'i i"- the ^eep tendon Wturc iU Jiv,»io... ^„„,„, „i,i,.-Ui«F«»'l "" '" /(,,■„,■ i.r«i» P»«"« »"" '^ , . . „au, but of s.,»U si'«; ^Uo cAoid bono, «'«« ";^; ««-■,''«■" •'ZTjSt U.i. .esamoUl bone, ■» .-ut.d r.';*;:- i->»-;;i;:;'^;o. a. ..»a, oc tbe >« J.,.,,„.«.s (»»5.— A «'f ,t" .olibulabyarouudunaon, „,,,„,. „od back vartof tbc boa of ,. ^^ .^,_ ,,,, "lU down tbc 10.. «"'\;'''f ■' ,"° „. it d.o,ly. H tbon BO-^s TT,..I tliB exlormJ laallooUis.s.oovi o ' ,„„„„l muscloa, r Its oalc. an,, tbo -J- : „* .ftlo'cf .bo foot to its „,, aftoi- grooving tbo "■.l«"'\ "" '^^„ „, tl,,, (i,,t .uelatavsal. ;„;;',ido:to bo l--;; :^::r: ttaoo of tbo «bn,a a. fascia coveiii'o _ .,