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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dee symboles suivants apparaftra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, salon le cas: le symbols — *• signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, t'.bleaux. etc., peuvent etre fiim^s 6 des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est fiim^ d partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche 6 droits, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) J APPLIED IIVHGE 1653 East Main street Rochester, Ne» York 14609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288-5989 -Fox ^i;- c C-fUea^h% "" — pffi For the Junior and Senior Leaving Examinations. SLOW CHILDERN. be piiin!,,,,.,! 1" iJiiniiii !i i'liilil • . I F'lll.idity '■' >))iUt. It >' '•! iU)t Ijp hro I'lut;. ■..iio iM ;i,.gt uj,!, , IIK II! ilectual ii thr .v.if, not otif , tr.'a,sur..,l hy ,i„. .-oi),, i,,,,^. ,, , "-■•' y\u- M). •;■ Mil ilr uiiii.,s j„ 'lio ai-fi-/., •'Xpns.siri.. nno Book A\B-SpoTT0N.MA"FL5- I ''■i M THB W. J. GAGE COMPANY (ltd.) TORONTO. i«- y-. I> . .'■ • DONATED BY. aI . \C\ n ^uij ♦ ^^ \i' HIGH SCHOOL BOTANICAL NOTE BOOK : PART II. FOR THE JUNIOR AND SENIOR LEAVING EXAMINATIONS — IIV — H. B. S TTON, M.A., F.L.S. l'H.N,:,rA,. „F 1U1....«,. SlKKK. COU.K.MATK lNSl„r,K, T„HONm. Authoriznl by t/ie Edu,ation Dej^rfment for Ontario Price, eo Cents THE W. J. (iAGE COMPANY (,/m), TORONTO. f* r Enwred .cco,,li,,s ,„ A,, of P„li,„„,„ „, c.„„,,.. i„ ,l„ je., of „,„. Lo,,, ,«,5. i„ „„ „„„, „, ll.e ih„M„ „t A„ri«„l.m,, l,y TUB W. J. eA..n CoMPAXv (i.T,,.), Toro.uo. 'u, ill tlie ottice of oronto. PREFACE, llus book IS do^ignccl to n.cct tl.o .ant. .i' candidat,. ,br the Junior and Senior Leaving Exammat.ons of the Ontario Education Department. In addition to the matter of Part I. It contains a brief account of the minute structure of plants, some practical hints for carrying on microscopic work, descriptions of certain cryptogamous tvpes, and a few Illustrations of the B.an and the Maize, selected from Sachs' Botany and Professor Howes' valuable Atlas of Biology. I I i -I I i TABLE OF CONTENTS Ox THE JiAXAGEMEXT OF ICl.EMEXTAKV Cl.ASSKS ix BuTAXY. Practical Exercises. Work Prescribed for Examixatioxs. OUTLIXE of ClASSIFICATIOX. Olossarv. 1 JIixute Structure of ]'laxts. Illustratioxs of Beax axd Maize. Cryptogamic Types. Key to the Families or Orders of Phanerogams. Illustrative Examples of Plaxt Descriptiox. Descriptive Schedulks : Ordinary Plant Schedules. CoiujMsites. Leaf Schedules. Floicer Schedules. Floral Diagrams. IXDEX. Blank Leaves for Notes. ill! ON THE MANAGEMENT OF EI^EMENTARY CLASSES IN BOTAXY beginn in^^^^^^^^^ 7 °^"''' "^ ^'" ^'°^^ '''■'' ^^-^- "-^- ^^^ ^-'"^ ^-H'f ^'^ to these who .ue beg.nn ng the woik of eachmg Botany, as well as to the young student. The writer, mindful of the d.ificulnes and perplex.t.es which he has himself often had to encounter, makes no apology or tl 1 goeswuhoutsaj ng that no wntten instructions can ever make a successful teacher where natural hs.asm :s want.ng, but it is equally true that the young enthusiast may derive some be" fit ^I te la g r experience of others ; and while the intelligent and active teacher will not slav 1 y fo lo v h s tZ^::mZ ' , "' T''" '' 'f ' '" ^^^'^ '"™^^^^ ''^ ^"^ ^^«'^"-^« ^--^ -'--h -ill se" p oCrilr t jrf!^ "■'""'" "^"" "'"' '''''' "'^^ ^^'-^^-^ ^-'^ I"-^-'^' experience will with > 1 J ^^:^/°"°-'"f ^'e^^rks an attempt is made to outline the course of a vear's work which It ,s thought will be found practicable in any High School. When to begin Botanical Work.-A good deal might be said in favor of beginning our bo aiuca work in the spring. At that time, when nature is awaking from the torpor of Winter' a,^ ™^t ?' ' ?'''!'' "■■' ""^°^'^'°^' '' '' ''^''''''''y ^«"«''^f"l 'o ramble abroad. Then, pe lu.^ more than at any other time, the youthful mind is attracted by the forms of the vegetable world and P^pared to enter upon the systematic study of them with more than ordinary enrhusiasm. And^ were possible to continue through the summer the botanical work begun in the spring, doubtless the most satisfactory results would be obtained. There is, however, the break caused by the long vaca ion during which teacher and pupils are separated and school work generally abandoned, so that when lasses are resumed an September the work of the spring has to be gone over again, with the disadvan lltlJ 7'"'^' r ™°' T'' '''''' P"^"'' ''' ^'" ''^^ ""^^ °"^^ t° '^^'^l -'^^^- On the whole, therefore, as he chool year begins m September, and a general re-organization of classes then takes place, it se m^. most advantageous to begin the botanical work at that time. Daring September and tober ai abundant supply of materia is available, with the advantage also of access to fruits and seeds af al k 1 ds, as well as flowers. It is exceedingly desirable that during this period, when fresh plants can be ad for examination, the botanical lessons should be frequent. If a short lesson could be given every and woil hVTV'T'"! '"T' ^""^'^ '' "^"'^ '"^ ^ '^^^ ''-'''''■ ^^''-'^ ~- has passed hy, and woik ha. to be confined to such material as has been collected for winter use, the lessons need no be given so often ; probably twice a week would be found quite sufficient. Then, in the spring, when held work can be resumed, the lessons may again be increased in frequency for a time. How to begin. -Assuming, then, that the botanical work is commenced in September, the next question to consider is how to carry on the work of the o!a.. so as to give the subject its highest educational value. Botany is essentially a science of observation. One of it very Wh uses as a factor in education is that it trains the eye to habits of accuracv. B, In orde to i S'- Hi shouia ,,, pe..o„al i...specUo„: a^J^^^t^'l^T '^' ^'^^ ^'-» for Li.nself ; that e at.ons in .vluch they flourish best. VM^y^^ I"'^*;"'*^ their h„„„ts learn the situa- tl.at every men.ber of the class shonl.l have befo e hi n a . ' Tf"^ '" ^'^''^^ ^ ^'^^^-'^ ^^ wluch is to bo the subject of the lesson. T.rtlt ":,;";;",?; ' " ''"'^' "^ ^'"'^ ^^ ^''""*' organs, naturally in the order of development o the ; 1 V T ""'""■°" '' '''' '^'^^-^ to the sten, then to the leaves, and fi„a ly to the tw xV T'/r ' ''"^ '° *''^ -°^' ^'-' to make a superlicial exanunation of the entire .I.^r J" n ^f V'^'^ '' ^^■°"^'' "°^ ^^ -"-- ana use of each part, but avoiding as far as posssib T L ' ''/"'^ ^'"''^^ ^^'^^"«-"S the nature tl.e Buttercup, as given in the text-book i^dlv ffo 1 T" ?^ '"'^^'""'^^ *^™«- ^1.6 chapter on must, however, be guided by ,bo tin.e Tt Lis 2,0 ' 'allTh ""' '" "^'^™^ ^^^■^°-- ^^^^ teache^ 'nuc . ground ho .viii attempt to cover at on t ^e "1 e of".^'''"?'"""^ ""' '" '''"" '^^ ^° ^-- a., for instance, Hepatioa and Marsh AFarL^ok will to > , \ ;'"'" '^'"'^'^'^^'^ "^ ^^^^ text-book ever, is a matter of comparatively little rn:,T' ' ''''''^''"'^^" ^'^ ^^e autumn. This how- one plan, such as B..L.,:V^:::2:^ ::^yi '^ '^''''-^'- ^" ^-. '- Jlant n.ay be taken up and co„,pared with it. ^e or fo 'l "°f ""^ °""^ dicotyledonous because the pupil is led by degrees from the s udv of fl^' 1 f '\'^' ^^''^''^^^^ '' ^ ^ood one, but entirely disconnected, to others ^hl '"^ m which all the parts are meson Judicious teacher Will reaiily sup ement Z "LroTli ^°'"";'-'^'-- -"^ in'egularities ; 1^ ^ Will find in abundance every;vhe.S a o ht Let 1 im "«:"• ' '^''" "^^ °^ -aterial'which h essent.al that the class should know, and'e mly "at mV'T '" "''"■^ '' ^-ts which it is d'scover those facts from ,,ersonal observation! ' '^ '"''"^^ ''"''^^ '^"'^^^ the class to How to conduct a Lesson —if fi^ r■^ , the observations made sinn.ltaneouslv. " Suppo e thTRel IT- °"^' '' "'" ''^""^""^^ '""° to have of course in this particular case mu;t be g veTin he Ir ' T^ '''] ^"?" °^ ^'^ ^-'-". -'-h flowers precede the leaves, that the AoweLluste-s In ' nt . . '" ^'""'""'^ °'"*^"''^*i '^^-' ^^'^ those upon another set of trees, and that all d^^ er^vi lu T' '''''"' '" ■'^"'^^"-"- f-- abundant supply of both sorts of flowers be pro .red Ind t f "f '^"'"^^ '' '^"^^^ "'-"«' ^^t an then distribute the staminate flowers, and proceelwith tb! T ''' '''^'■'"°'"- ^^^t the teacher should have before him a blank schedule, in w Ih he t'll etl""''^' "^^^ *''""• ^-•^' I-P'^ and It Will be well for the teacher to h-ue « 1 ^7 °'''" *''^ ^^^'''^ of his ob.ervat ons hiackboard. Ass.uaing that thrp::i;rh:;e ir/m rittr''^^^ -t ^'•^•^•^' '"-■'^-^ °« " - "e ;n the forms, let them all be require! to ex.1 rtlTeK? and t "? V'" ''""""'^ *"■"- -"'^1°-V«'i urn er of sepals. Then ascertain what has been t u s" d^wn 1 1 " ^" ^'" ^''^'"^^ J'^''- ^1- result may be accepted and recorded in the .nbpll l\ 1, " ^" ^^'^^^ "^ ^^''^i'- observations the jnust be looked into and noted, ifl^re ^ Thn come tie *'''''""''• " ''^'^ ^^'^ variations Ih lous? "-the result to be checked as before. Then " gl ' o^^^^^ or Gamosepa- nanner. To fill the last colunm, headed uRe'arks '' ^^1 no't i"'"-'°^? ""^o ^'^ '^-^t with in ifke o the.r own judgn.ent as to what they may tldnk wo;th ve r ".T" '" '''"'" *''^ ^"P"^ -'""-elv the teacher may select from them such\s ^™ . ? recordmg. When the notes have been made' The corolla will next 1 e looked "d I ^ or^m dT tL :f T'^V"''' '"^ ''' '^'^^^-^ -^'^"^ • down by every one, and n>ay then be also w HttT; on the iT U '"'i?" "'" '^""^^^'^^^ ^^-""en notice. Each will set down the number he find and i h'f >• . i''" *'" ^^^"^"^ "^'^^ "-^^r Will agree. Son.e will find five, others six otht's se e Wl "" n ^^ ^'''' ^''"'^ ''''' ^" ^^- --Its t..e teacher should enter in his form the lower«. 1 V ^^'^^^^^'^ results have been asc, , .ined collective resnlf. ond lio ..bn-,n ;, , ^^* ^"'^ ^'^^'est numbers, thus: 5-7 .asexnrp- --v fl _______-^^^ the opportunity here presented to caution -l-r^^S'^^VL^ Hi oiitnct with the forms 1 for Jiimself ; that ]io launts learn tlie sitiia- ill giving a lossou is iiiit, or part of iJant, ^ntion to the different irst to the root, then it won],' not ho amiss tliscussing tlie nature nns, The cliajiter on ssons. Each teaclier his class as to how ribed in the text-book autumn. TJiis, how- ti'ted. In fact, arter otlier dicotyledonous -book is a good one, the parts are present Bgularities ; hut tlie >f material which he of facts wliich it is Id enable the class to inomize time to have 'f the lesson, which g observed that the in a])pearance from busy insects, let an 'in. Let the teacher them. E\-ery pujul )f his observations, larked off upon the ion terms eniiiloyed he proper phace the 3ir observations, the ti-e variations, these lous or Gamosepa- e dealt with in like the pupihs entirely es have been made, fickboard schedule, onbtless be written 'aniens come under that all tlie results 5 been asc . .ined. ' asexpres^iiijj the bis pupils not to On the Management of Ei.e.mentauv Clas.>se.s in Botany. bet Jeen the wA 1 f ^ ""'?""'' '^' ^'""''^ ^'""^ ^''^ '° «"'^ °'" ^^^ then.selves the difference o? Iti e evlrt' , r""; ""' '" °^-''-"-" °" 'I'-r part being considered altogether ^.n^vo^ of notice, e^en though relatively unimportant. The signlticance of the invasion of the fiowm b v n sects can now be made clear, and the pupils should be advised to observe the fe s f o tin e to il afterwards, m order to .see what progress the fruit is nu.king. to note the develo lent of t e wi the lengthening of pedicels, and finally the sprouting of ,he seeds and the pr Stroft Jtroi^ e^ pant, all nr one season. Other points, such as the shape of the leaves, con parisoT i'ho i." L . 7^> SX .;;"?■" " " f""' '°"" ''" -"-^---" of the pupils more than they can rea li v giasp, and the rclahoe importance of points of structure should be distinctly brou..ht out For tlii' reason a form of schedule, which will present the various features in their proper p 1 ecti ; and avoid giving the impression that all observations are of equal importance, is thl best. It C rthetder's judgment, a great mistake to dwell at lirst with any degree of minuteness upon the mo p lo log" , vanous organs-to attach much importance, for instance, to the minute de cription of ea^-es ^V wanted IS to get a clear apprehension of the leading characteristics of the grea groups o ,1 ints the mam facts of plant life, and anything which tends to cloud the perception of the! thh'4 m.^ , hindrance to true progress. After typical Horal forms have been examined, and some k "o v dg L.' been gained of the more comprehensive groups, then it will be proper to proc ed with tlL u oftlo hner distinctions upon which depends the separation of genera and .f peci^ In w cl Ls e t^" to know in order to use intelligently the classihed list of the common plants ot the country Winter Work.-As already suggested, the lessons in the fall should be as frequent as circum- stances will alio.-, so as to complete the examination of as many typical Howers as pes U Me - while preparations should be going on for the winter lessons. Eruits, seeds, I'm^bb; tubj cones, etc., etc., should be collected in as great variety as possible. A supply o e is s S' so l^ bud in, neatly pres.sed and mounted, as these plants may be studied Jell as well hi wit as summer. Elementary microscopic work can also be just as well done in wint;r Every scho7 ho . now ,iave a good compound microscope, and the teacher who can skillfully cut a Tew hand sections h-.s a his command an inexhaustible source of interest and delight to his class. In all this winter work and indeed in all botanical work, a good deal of attention should be given to ara^cln,. It forni a vei^ useful exercise, for example, to dictate or write on the blackboard, a botanical description o a eaf, and then require the class to draw the leaf so described. So, also, if a section is viewed through the microscope, a drawing of what has been observed should in all cases be demanded as the n os satisfactory way of ascertaining whether the observer has carried away the right impression ; whethe ItS Wr"'thT-tt''^ '"'" '"'"' '"r- '' ^^'" °^*^" ^^^^''^"' ^°°' - ^'- examination t T ' /' /r.^"^'"f^^' '^' Poll'^-masses of the milkweed, or a single stamen of he pine Tl e teacher should, in such a case, perform the necessary dissection ; and having fixed the portionTroperh iiider the lens, pass it round for the inspection of the pupils. They may t^en be required to make a uXLr ^ ^''^S" J'"'?'''"^ apprehended what is necessary, may be asked to try toTe^eat the dissecting process for themselves. 't-peac The study of the structure and germination of seeds is another part of the work which can }^ vov^ wcil done in winter, and many interesting and valuable lessons may be given upon these points See 1^ of different sorts should be placed upon wet ilannel or blotting-paper and allo^v.d to gerZl Tit II O.V THK MA.NAdlJMKNT OP I- I.KMENTAUV C/.ASSKS IN BoTANV, mfornmtion he Las been ao,|„in„« about the ,.art« o , iT. w? ''' ''"' ''^ '^ ^"''"''''^"^ ^'«« "'« to i-lotuify a.Kl classifv the dowering Xts cl 1 thN ' '"f '"^•-'°-- """1 -'" P>— I 1.0 finds them to exhibit. As soon as ,u-" i, U L ,1 . ^ m r'°"''"^' '° ""^ characters which the chtss-room anv wihl ,>hu .s vhate v w '"" ^f^ ^' ''equired to collect and bring to enclosed in a suitable tin bLurSs^^.^^ ""f '" ""r^' " ^•'-- ^l-in^ens are for several days. It is now of n ino con ' , W'lter they will remain in excellent condition upon the san.e plant or not bu Xther the - ! " I ' "" '""'"" °' ^^" "''''' ^'« -^'^•'-^ ules must in all cases be consd ult^i m a The "° M "'" *'' '""° '' '^'^^'"^"'^ P^->^«' '^^ -^-d- of the sjx.cinxen. Perhaps, fo a im un til al b.t '"^:,!'"^'".P^ *° ^'^''--i- '^'e name and place be better to work upon one planrlTuZ I tf T 'f'"; ^ "f '^' "^^ "' ''"^ "flora." it would observed, recorded, and che keTal al X\lei. bed t"tl 7^' ''" ^""'^ '' ^''•"'^'"- «^'-''^^ ^^ the plant have thus been definitely ot let Icom- m , t?'' 'T 'T""',' ""' "'«" *^« '^'>^-'=^- ^^ flora. Full instructions are give.f in the bookTt elf Zl^ ". " '"'' " ^^'"^^ '' ^^^^^^^ to the repeated here. All the teacher has ol is to ^com ! n "1 1" "'''''' '' ''"'' ^'^^^' "«^— " -'" .-.llowed to examine and de ermine almo tn vfl™ Tf *''° *^°'''''' '^'''^^- ^^^'^^ '^^'^y "-^ ^e it useful at this stage to begin a re' i te of he^ ' tt^ .if "?' T' '"'^- '^"'^ '''''''''■ -'" «"« -P'-ned. Apar greatest neatness and care to e'nst ^II n^ cct f: 'Zut" K H "''' '""^""■"^' ^^ '^ '^°'^-^'^'- end of the glossary. successful lesults. 1 ull instructions will be found at the a day may be spent ;_ ^ ^ '*^°' '" °'^'er to illustrate how such A BOTANICAL FIELD DAY. It is a bright Saturday morning towards the end of June-a morn;„c. f . • , have for some time been looking forward with a good deal of nl™,"- ' '^ "''"'" "^ ^'"y' ^'"^ &'«•'* amsts, members of a class f„rmod some months ago and ha! ' ""/'"f ''«"^- They are juvenile bot- accpiired some little knowledge of the stn.cturof pLtf tW a^ V'^ "" ''""^^ °' ^'^'^^"'^ «l'-"-ns, a ramble; to gather such flowers as come in thl wav a JtlenT " '"■"':?'" '"°'"'"- *" ^^^ ^"r also to determine the names of such plants as they dlno; already knl"""" '"' '^°'"^"'" "°^*'^' '^'^'^ -fo^p=;t-t::^^^l^^^ commanding, as it does, a "' -any acres, fringed and dotted with larches, and too moist" to tratrslL lul lompurisons Iwing -•d our, tlie .vouhk bot- to a liractical use tlio ions, and will proceed the characters which :o collect and bring to their si)eciinens are in excellent condition the class are engaged ent plants, the sched- e the name and place the "flora," it would f structure should be lien the characters of ich is prefixed to the hilt they need not be ious questions which swers of the class in ;he completed sched- dence that the work in this manner will which they may be rhe teacher will find If prizes are given, 3ter. Then, if there )e explained. Apart iing, as it does, the will be found at the Jount of a botanical Uustrate how such >re of boy.s and girls i-y are juvenile bot- st'lected si)ocimons, orning, to nioet for compare notes, and ding, as it does, a 1 you may descend En«t of this lake oist to traverse in O.N TUB Management ov Elemextauv Ci-ashe.h in Botanv. oomfort at most season, of the year, but, in this warn. „nd Lufy n.onth of Jum. s„li,l enuu.-h „n,l ,■ f . to dispel uncomfortable fears of false stons If i,wt ...,l fir '■'""'. soii.i enough umler foot to the westward vou come ,„„m V . , "'".'""^ ''' ''''^^'■nding, you skirt along the brow of the hill, Ten o'clock is the hour of meeting, and on this occasion an exemplary punctuality is ol.serve.l bv evrv «.dy. As ^t IS intended to make a day of it, lunch baskets have not been forgotten T .so a e f Ir saf " . n siml thenr ' '"? """ ^"T' ""' "" '"■^" '""^'"^ "'-•'^«d out for ea.l . The 1. w r r. hTlWraml t , T'''";-' " :T.° --«-h-tdifficult of access, are assigned t. the stunli.T boys, whils tl.c iuIIsKlo and the exploration of the woods and fields above are divided among the remainder It is agreed that the work of collection shall be limited to two hours, and aecordin-^lv as the di tant boom of the noon bell comes over the fields, our botanists begin to ..raggle in a! i ^ t s ma iv o le im ; ::;r:;;": r:h::'Lt:' 't::^t '^"^^^^i ''''- ^'^-^^^^ "^ '"^^-^^ ^^'- '--o -^ -^li^r uio easRin end of the lake and the beaver-meadow, Their apiiearanen is hnil.,,1 „.wi. „ 1 . . , • ration, for of all the collections of flowers, theirs is certainlv the m ' " n'^si .'"it; tt iml J. f I" boys are flushed with the excitement of their walk and their success- and tho " 1, r^ /u interest to show. The exi,l(,rers of tl,n I.l,„ ,. • .■ ''^">^ '•"'"• S't'mething of more tlian onlinary with no opposition, that whatever mav l,o t1,o n,or,>^ f \!l , sUogosted, and the suggestion meets to dawn upon those youthful scientists thoiio-}. oa ,rof tl,„ v, 1 'J' ""-"isiaeranon , and it begins .. .■o.... .a.o, tha^otanyha;s;:'de:S£i:;^rz^xrtL:;:£'^;;Lf:^ '--: -? efficiency, exercise of body must accompany exercise 0° mind Th .a,, „1 ' u ' ^" ''"f'"' '^ ""'"'^ laboratory is as free as air to evervo, e who Vi hes t n ke u \" Zr'' ? '''^' ''^ ^°''"'"''' lavish productions of nature are only waitinc. to be aske, It, f ,''.*';''* ^^^'-^^^''''re around them the holds converse with the si,,... yet elo^ent 22n: f^ f^ r ti mu n;'::' ^1 ^'T "r ^ ''"' less of the feeling whi,-,. ,.spired the tenderest of An.erican poet^! :;:ln hr^igrij^u!: Zl:;:':"" "'"■" "" "Teaehinp us by most persuasive rcisoiis How .•.kin tlicy are to lumian tliliife's." But the afternoon is udvaneinir. and imiiortntit w,,rl- tin ,. ■ ^ , , On the Management of Elementaky Clahhes in Botanv. Ill our )•» to assign to .ach plunt its pn,,,or ,.la •..„.,, tlnS:«' !'"' " ?"* '*'" "'"^"''''^ f'^"""'- ''y »'>'"» ni....I. without n.u..h .lifticuaty. as 'in^n „r Sl „r " "'i ^.^"'"^ ""'"^- "^ *'"" '''''"'^ -° ^-^ U,ly's Sli„por. fW instance, L at onr^ton "no ,1 t^.l „ TT- ^''7''^ ^"""""""^ ''^ "'" '■'"-'•"""• ' 'h" tiH-l ^y its leaves, the Wator.Cr;:^: "r"^' ^v^ .^^^S;: .' !'u.!'^ season nro roforml at onro to th.. ,,r.,,,..r family • a„,l 1 W n V ' ' ! f""' * ""^l""'^""' "' ' '"<"» at this cannot he dis„os., of in this otuLl niann;. 'a. ! f : '/r"' '^^ " * - '"^- ,''"^ *'^"- »'•" ^•"'»' ^^^'"" nicnro, it is arrange,! that one i.ors.m shall roa.l nl„„ i r. .x """* ''" ''"n^i'lteil. F„r f.mvt- l."n.l. listen to tlu, descriptions an as n or il 't^ "'"•"'• T''"" ^''" "*^"'-- -''" ^■-'i— in Mnnt un,l..r exainination, or the re "iie u„t i fi Ih . I'" '•■"^"""f *" *''^' characters oxhihite.l I.y tho '■een duly noted down, along .. ith the Z^ ^r:! ' ,^ ZX ^l^^^r^ "^" '''''''''"■ '''- ''"^"'« «amo u-ay; and though it is found impossible to o^■e.tak ""•'/>•"••'"•• "I'e.'.n.ens aro taken up in the siderablo headway is made, and even the du 1 st o V,u , ,1 ' l" }''""" *''"' '""" '"■^■" S-^''"-''' -V"^ "'-- TB clover pupils) feel a certain degree of conf^ lone / , i a ' il > .7^ T """' """' "'"""'"^ ''"" - -'• account. ° conn.loncc in the.r ability to do a little botanical work on their own niadJ^'^ri i;r ^tr;:::i;r:;; r r: -■—' --^ t r *'-- °'^^-^ '— ^- ^- ...ind, released from the strain to which it s Sn\ i i ^^^ T'^f''^' ''i-PPoared, and the youthful resource which causes the average juvenUe o le at on " H ' ''^"' "'"' "'*^ '^''' ''""Snlar fertility of -Ivancesahost of topics for dLissi. n Uit for i!n t T T'"'''^ the t-n,- of his elders, immediuLly tl.o present laid aside, and it ceases to , e^ m te of Tnv con ' °' T '"'"' '--'''^-8- Botany is for gynous or otherwise, or what may be the n' u , , the c„ '"1^'' "''"*""'"'' "^'"*^"- ^'^'"'^"^ '^'^ hj'P"- homeward way is beguiled, and as wo se , i 1 ill wb 'b V r "'r' " ''''"' ''''■•^■"^"* oouversation the ■■■ng we may meet again for another Fie d C ' ' ^"■"'^ '" ^""-'^""^ '" ''" t'"""'"^'' '^ '■''Pressed that ere "•JlilillliBiliiH PRACTICAL EXERCISES. 1 1,- 2 3. 4. 5. Examine and reconl, with ,lravvin«s. tho .uoJ.. of venuuion in six .M..ron. plants. •Con.pare ti.e leaves of 11.1 Maple, Silver Maple, aud Su«ar Mapl.., n.akin. a.avving.. Compare tl.e leaf-cl«.ster. of the White Pine. Ked Pine, aud Tanuu.uk, Determine the idiyllotaxis in six different |.lant.s. Make a (Irawiiifi -Make a cross-section of a cluster of tho leaves of the Blm- Flag, near ti„. l.a,. of the section, li.— I . 8. 0. 10. 11. 12.— 13.— 14. 15. K). 17,. I'S.- 19.- ,z; '""■'"' w"." '''"■""■ '""" -"" °' """• ■"" "'»"■'■■ '"'"<■ '»""—. « « present examine their inside surfaces, ■Compare the climbing apparatus of the Pea with that of the Hca.,. •Compare as to tnode of growth and ramification the ste.ns of the Apple-tree and the Pine •Make vertical sections of the eye of a Potato, a.t Indian Turnip, and an Onion, and n.ake draw- ings ot the sections. Make vertical and cross-sections of three different buds. Draw the section.. Examine the prickles of a Bramble and of a Galium. Are they hooked .lownwards or upwards ^ Of what service are they to the plants ? Give reasons for your opinion. Examine the ends of shoots of the Lilac towards the close of summer. Note the replacement of the terminal bud by two lateral ones. Examine these again late in the tall. •Examine tendrils of the Gra,.-vine and Virginia Creeix^r, noting any difference in their mode or action. -Examine the twining stems of the Hop and the Morning Glory, noting differences. •Detach bulblets from the axils of the leaves of the Tiger Lily, and plant them. Record results ■Cut with a knife into the stems of an exogen and a woody endogen (Bamboo, for example). " ^ote and account for any difference in the difficulty of cutting through the outer surface. Examine and record, with drawings, the modes of estivation in six different flowers. Draw floral diagrams of six different flowers, and write out the formulas. Compare the head of the Thistle with that of the Red Clover. PuArncAi- ExEncisKw. 20.- 23. 24. 2(!.— 27. 2H._ 2!). .'il. 32. — M»k« ana ,lru\v sections of six .liff,.rent ovwries. -Wk a ...... f« wat... for an lu„..- o,. ,wo, un.l ',..» ais«ec, it, oxhil.iting all it. ..arts u iiio\v-iioil». Note differences of origin. "Zn'i,!!,::'"' "" """" ' """■ "■"■"' """""•• ""■' •""' ■""■ '"'"«"™ ■"' •'■' i"»-.™« "' '■...l.«.-«f<.,v „,.„,„, ,„„,„rf.„, ,„„ H,,l .M,„,,„ , ,,„. ,„.,„ .„,,, ,„, ,„„ „,„„, ,„ „„. simiiK test their gci'inimitinK powci's. K.xaniino .scale.s of jrreeii pine-cone.s. ami also of ii,,o ones. ''mo;;,!,';'^";""" "' "" ""■■■'■ '" ""'""""■ "■""■-•'■" ■■"■■»■ ^■"■■"■'"■^ ^■»'-"".». -m.!'."-. Dissect out the embryos f.'om mx allM.minou.s seeds. Observe tbroud, a Kood mic^oscore, and make drawings of :_ (nj Six different iiolion-grains. i'lj) A tliin slice of Elder pith. (cj A shred torn from the under surface of a leaf. (dj A similar shred fi'om the upper surface. 00 A cross-section of a bit of Lilac leaf with a vein in it. ('/) A plnnt-hair. (ij) A vertical .section ihroiigli tlie tij, of a lootlot. (h) A thin slice of Potato. ( IJ The bloom on a Cabbage-Jeaf. 'f!;::^:"'^"' *'^^'^'"'°°'"'' -^ '^■■-"■" - --^^ — ^^ ->- of «»; „ative wood. J.xaa, .,e ^^,th a Ions, and write notes on the different appearances pre.sented. •Examine the bark of a young tree and also of an old one of the same kin. and account for them. Xote any differences 3:t 34.- -I^a.nineabitof the t.nder side of a leaf of Sweet-brier under a g. ,^ „.,.,,,eope. Oivo vour opinion of the source of it.s odour. ■ 3!). ii i!l(i iM Imitating the lutioii nfter itn witlidriiwal. Bses from u flowor of VViUon-, Cdciiinltoi , ts jiiirtM, of .Milkweed and of II the pheiioinena of the winter. In flic Cohinibiiif, Mallow, PiiA»"ricAi, ExiomiNKM. ;i.') '•'I''"'i''i"- View H Mimll ,,ortion ;!i| our mitive woods. ote nny differences )scoi)e. Give voiir i A^'liat is its prob- ■10.- 41.- 42.- 4a. ■It.- 4(J.. .-Kxunu....,l,.«....,r,...,,e,, .„,,,,, . ,..af „f U.e ,.o„u„ ,. -.deraKoodn.icro..o„.,andwr,....ote.„nw ,„,. „,_,^_ — S(!ra|H' til,. .HMifiicc of a HJi.... ,,f Pol ., ,i i •, II-™,,,. °' -"""-'"' •->-•>: .■»..„,i„,. „„i„ !„>.„, „..,„, „,,„,„ •—Try similar ox|«rhn.• -lu. «..rnnnation of a JVa, a Windsor JWn, and . ,rai, f , r ■ "1-" .n,v ,ilK.nou>ena o.-served. Trv the ,.ff,..., „f Kff '"" ' "'■"' ^^''■'■"^ ""'«>'' -OhM3rve and write n.„.s u„..n ,1,.. dilTorcn, as,,e..,s ,,r,.s.n..,| 1 v , 1 , , . '"'d wh,.n ex,,o,sed ,„ full sunli«h,. ' '' '"" "'•'"" •" "'" «1'.''-1.> -rmn.er.se a few ^reen l.ave.s in a hi.t,!,. f„ii „f wu..,- I out si.illin,, K.„ose the whole ,o stron. ..Z. !nT' '"""• " ^'T^ '''^'' " ^^^ ^'^ ^^■'"' Describe and explain anything you oh.s..rve, """'"" "'"' '"'^ ^'^ ""- '-"- —Rejieat the last (.\t)criin..iit ■ i,. • i -|.unncnt,,,lannK,h.. apparatus in a dark ,.lo.set. ,V„„ „.,.,„ -J'.ll ahou, on.-third of a lar.a. wide-n,outhed l.ottle with well soal. , T> aours carefully re.nove the stopper and lower into t ll 7 ^ ^r? tf "" '''"" "" '^ md explain results. Hf-'lited natch or taper. \ote -Grow a hyacinth or a crocus in a pcrfec '. dark ..11,, x,., „ „ leaves, and als„ „p,u, that of the flowers. " "'" ' "'^' "°'°'"- °f "'0 A plant «rowin« in a window bends towards th. ]i«h, W!„„ • , tl'e effect of l;,.I.t upon the rate of growth y ' '"'""'"'■" ^^'^ ''' >•"" '''■"^v -^ 'o -IVocuro and exatnine the structure of the little bladders found on ,. e • monBladderwort. Xote the action of the .rap-door 1^^ ^^ ^^^ '^ ^ °^ "-- tl'e content.s, and tuake notes of vour observations '•■-'l-hulde, Examine also ---the strttcture and contents of the leaves of the .tcher-plant. ..e ira.in. and t I ; of reji oft ropi'i BOTANICAL WORK PKESCKIBED BV THE EDUOATIOX DEIUZfOIEXT FOR OXTAlt.O. PRIMARY EXAMINATION ^"'^ ■^•^'^'l-^' ' • ''""'"■^f"-^"' fe.„hzatio., a>ul tl.e nature of fruits JUNIOR LEAVING EXAMINATION »^...:iz:^si:;:— :n:--'3..;..».^ „.,„.„. iH-].en, a muslu-ooin, ami a cliara ' '' ^^ '°^"'^'' '' '"^'••^'^rail. a liverwort, a n.os. ., .„, ^^N^®» LEAVING EXAMINATION I'che., a nu,.hroo,n, and a cha'-a ' " '' '"■"• " ^'^■^■"''"''' '' '--'-'• a liverwort, a l!; .^ ^t-J ;h * h o u O UJ O E = m < a:' w ^ l5i M a C ;; if " «" h a — c ;2 rl 11 I s -■ w T 5 I ^ •r. ■A s T. H X o ri a s T. i Eh Ed 4> £ e B ■p.;l li K i . I ! GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED IN PLANT DESCRIPTION. THE ROOT. Origin. PiUMAUV : when originatinp directly from the lower end of the rad.clo of the embryo (Fig. 1). Such a root is usually (but not always) .single, and may send out lateral fibred as It grows ; such libre.s or branches are included in the jirimary root. Annuals and biennials, and many trees, have, as a ruL only ])rimarj- roots. Secondakv : when originating from any other part of the plant than the end of the radicle, as fro.n the sides of stems (Fig. 2), from tubers, rootstocks, bulbs, cuttings etc. • " ' Perennial herbs, creeping plants, and most shrubs, pro- duce such roots abundantly. Form. Tap: having a main c-ural axi.s. distinctly larger than any of the branches (Fig. .ij). FiBKOu.s : made up of many similar parts without a distinct central axis (Fig. 4). A tap-root is (a) Conical, when it gradually tapers frona a broad ton (Fig. 5). ' (b) Spindle-shaped ov fusiform, when thickest in the middle (Fig. (!). (c) Turnip-shaped or napifonn, when iiearly globular with an abruptly tapering base (Fig. 7). Fibrous roots are (a) Of coarse threads, as in Buttercup. (b) Of fine threads, as in any common gras.«. (c.) Fascicled or clusferrd or tuberous, when each of the fibres has become a fleshy mass, as in Peony (Fig 8) (In description the Variety may follow the Form on the samelme; for example, Foum : 7'ap, conical.) Colour. In many plants the colour of the root is characteristic, and should always bn L'iven h\ tlic description. "T RMS Fif.. Fig. 7. Position. nOTANlCAL TKKMS. 15 Sc.rncuaANKAN : wl.en, as in most cases, tl.a r ground. oot is under- Aku,a,.: when the roots spring, f.-oni the sides of the s.en, a -ve ground as in Poison Ivy, .v,,ich uses root.^ f! ■■InnbinK; and in Indian Corn. AytATu;: when suspended in water, as in Duckweed. Duration. A.v.vi'AL : Listing one season only, BiKwiAi, : lasting two seasons. Pkuexmai, : lasting year after vear Class. THE STEM. ^ -L'lLOTM.EDoNOL.s) : with the wood in annual layers or rings (Fig <)) ■"niuai (Ij) The leaves are net -veined sii^ but IT °V'" "°"" "" "^""''>- -' - '•'-- or sixes, but commonly in fours or fives. (d) They liave a true bark. Ex.o.j^ou. (or Moxc,coTv.K.oxons): with the wood not in ungs but scattered through the stem (Fig. 10) c^^^^ '"'°'""" ^^""^ '"^^^ ^'^° ^'- ^°"-""« (a) The embryo has but one cotyledon (b) The leaves arc nearly always straight-veined. (c) The parts of the flower are never in fives but almost invariably in threes or sixes. I'd) They have no true bark. Attitude. Erect : growing directly ujjwards. Declixeu : bending over towards the ground. iKOSTUATE, or PUOCUMBENT, Of TuAH INP • Ivino- » , , the ground. ^«'^"''^« • Ij >ng flat along CuEEPixa : lying flat, and striking root at intervals (Fig 11) BiKKusE : spreading in all directions. '' AscEN-mxa : growing i.pwards in a slanting direction. CuMnixo: when the stem raises itself by means of tendrils io d of ^^ •';'."''''"' - '-°'<-l rr-kles, which lay hold of neighbouring plants or other obiocts "(FigVlsf ''' ''"" ''"" "''' '■°""' '''' '^"PP^" Fi^', II. Fi).'. 1(1. FiK. 11. FiV'. 12. Vie. ;:t. 'i l(i QLOSSARY OF Texture. Heiuiackol's : with little or no wood, and dyiiiji ilown to the ground ciioli year. "\V(j()i)V ; as ill slinib.s and trees. SuKFUUTicosE : woody at the Ijasc. Init herbaceous at tlie top. ' Position. AiiUiAL : ■,'ro\vii)g above ground. SuiiTERitAxiiAX : growing tinder ground. Of subterranean steins tliere are the following varieties : (a) Jiltizotnc, or Itootsfork : a horizontal, more or less lieshy, perennial underground stem, which jiroduces each season a new bud at its extremity, from which the annual overground .stem i.s developed, as in Trillium, Bloodroot, and most of our early-flowering lierbs (Fig. 14). (b) Tuher . ; ' e thickened end of a rhizome,, as the Potato and . . ichoke (Fig. 15). (c) Biilh : a globular ma.ss, usually made u]i of tle.shy leaves attached to a short flat stem, as the Lily ^Fig. IC) and Onion. (d) Corm : a. bulb having the stem part very large compared with the bud or leaf ])art, as in Indiiui-Turnip (Fig. 17). A plant is described as acaulcscent, or stemless, when the stem is very short uiul the leaves si)ring in a cluster from the surface of the ground, as in Dandelion and Hoi)atica. Shape. Teueie: cylindrical (Fig. LS). COMI'UESSEU : somewhat flattened (Fig. 19), TuiANliL-LAU ; Fig. 20 Sql-aue: Fig. 21. GuoovEi) : Fig. 22. WixciEu: Fig. 23. Striate ; with lines running lengthwise. Juice. In some cases the colour or taste of the juice is characteristic, and should be mentioned; Bloodroot has a red juice, Milk- weed a milky juice. Celandine a yellow juice. Buttercup a colourless bifter juice, Sorrel a colourless soia- juice, etc. Branching. The stem is Slmpi.e: when branches are entirely wanting, as in Mullein. ExcL'HUENT : when the main stem, can be traced through to the top, as in Fir and Pine. Deliquescent : wlic-u llie luaiu stem is soon lost in the branches, as in most shrubs. Fiff. 15. Figr. IB. Fig. 17. Figs. 18. 13. 20. 21. FijiS. iji. BOTANICAL TERMS With Ki-.vnku.s: when tliero are slemler branches from tlio base of the stem wJiich take root at tlie ciid as in Straw- 1 berrj-, etc. (Fig. 11). With Stolons : wlion In-anclies bcncl over so as to reach tlie grounil anil take root (Fis. 11). AViTii Si-CKKUs: wlien an underKround brancli sends up a stem at a distance from tlie parent jilant, as in Mint etc (Fi.u^ 11), ' • , Tenduils are sometimes branch-forms, as tliose of the Gr'iiie (Fis. 12). Spines, as in Hawtliorn, are also branch-forms, stunted and pointed (Fig. 24), Parts. THE LEAP. ]5l.M)I; : the broad ))iu-t. Petiole: the leaf-stalk. Stii'lles : two sniiill usuall.v leaf-like pieces, one on each side of the petiole where it joins the stem of tlie plant (Fig. 2.J) ; but sometimes the stipules are in the form of s).ines. as in Locust, and sometimes tlie.v form a tube around the stem, as in Smartweed (Fig. i?7). Siieatii: the tubular iietiole which surrounds the stem in many Endogens (Fig. 2f!), Li(u:i,e: the thin semi-transi)arent appendage growing at the top of the sheath in most grasso;.. It appears to be an upward extension of the lining of the sheath (Fig. SHi. Position. IlAi.iCAr, : when arising from the stem at or below the surface of the ground. Caulixe : all the loaves liigher up the stem. In plants like Dandelion and Hejiatica alj the le.-ives are radical. In Buttercup and Shep.herd-s Pur>e there are both kinds (Fig. 2^). Arrangement. Alteuxate : when onl.v one leaf springs from a node, or joint of the stem (Fig. 21t). Opposite : when two leaves sjiring from each node on ojipo- site sides of the stem ; and opposite leaves are dore distinct i.iece-i A compouiul loaf is {>i) Pa.nafe: who tl.o leaflets aro arranged o,. ...uh sulooacentnao.-n>i,l..ib;a,uls„chapin„;.u y: b ....,.. ,f tbe,.e is an clcl IcaHet. at tl.e on.l (Fi« F.g ,1 ; an.l ;..„„,. ,,,//, . t..,,n.-i if u.e n.i,l-nb onTs in a tendnl. as in Pea, etc, (Pjf,. -jj), "'** Again: the leaf is f>n,..j>n,nafe if tbo ,,rin,a,v divi- . oas a,.e then.selves pinnate (Fi,. :3(i) ; ^/..'. -,.•;«. f the sub.l.v,s.on is can.ied through another st .,e • an decompound if still more divided, small leallets interspersed among the larger ones (Fig. .-JT). enl'\^'."'"""'; '^ '''° '^'■^'^"•^ '"•« ^l^'-'^'-^'^ out fron. the end of file j.etiole, like fingers (Fig, ;j.S). A con.pound leaf is further described bv nientionintr 1.0 number and forn. of the leaflets. (An exan,, le c ht omplete description of a con.pound leaf is given a e begnin.ng of the leaf-.schedules later on) Venation. Sru..u..rr-vi.:,NK,,: when the veins run nearly parallel, either I'on. end to end of the leaf, as in grasse (Fi.. 3 o fron. a central rib to the .nargin, as in Calla (Fig. ^o/ ""T^^k "!!f"/''^^•«;"'^ -' - ^'^ ^^n-tio„s, forn.ing a iiet-work. Such a leaf is i^) jnnnafch/.mt.velned : when there a distinct cen (b) mlmatelj,.nct.vcined: when there are seve.-al chief ribs rad.at.ng fro.n the end of the petiole (Fig. 42). Outline. !• Of leaves nearly alike at both ends. Fil.kohm: thread-like, as in Asparagus. AcuHJr.Au: „ee,llo-r.hape,l. .^. in Tine (Fig. 40). BOTANICAL TiniMS Lineak: jinrrow coinpfiml with tlio length (V\ii. -11). OBLOMi : r,ot ,„ore than thrc-o tin.es as long as hroml, an.l witJi sides inclined to bo straight (Fig. .1")). Oval orE.u.T.CA..: not ntovo than twice as long as Inoad (Fig. 4(>). OuHicci.AK : round, or nearly so (Fig. -17). 2. Of leaves broadest below the middle. SunuLATK : awl-sliared (Fig. 4H). Lanceoi.ati: : as in Fig. 49. Ovate ; as in Fig. j'O. Dei/i-oiu: about as broa.l as long, and rath.r trianuular (I-ig. ;)1). 3. Of leaves broadest above the middle. Oi!lan-ceoi.ate: the reverse of lanceolate (Fig. r)2). S.-AT.U'LATE : like the last, but. more rounded at the ton (Fig. u3). ' Ono\ATE : the reverse of ovate (Fig. 54). AVeimie-Si.ai.eu, or Cuxeate: like the last, but with the end more flattened and the margins nearly straight (Fig. 55). In describing outlines, it will often bo necessary to combine terms, as for example : Unnir-Moiuj, Unmr- htmcolate, ohlomj-omtt, etc. as the case may require. Margin. E.\T1RE : not indented in any way (Fig. 5(1). Sehuate: with shari, teeth pointing forward like the teeth of a saw (Fig. 57). Seuuulate : very finely serrate (Fig. 58). Dentate: with teeth pointing outward (Fig. 59). Crenate: with teeth rounded at the point (Fig. GO). A margin may also be dauhly-serrate (Fig. (51), doitbh/- dentate, or douhly-crmatc (Fig. fi2), when the larger teeth are themselves serrate, or dentate, or crenate. Sinuate : deeply wavy (Fig. 63). CiLiATE : with a fringe of hairs. Eevouite : with the edge turned back. • Kepanu : like the edge of an expanded umbvoHa (Fig. 04). PiNNATiFiD : when the edge of a pinnately-veined le'iif is very deeply lobed (Fig. (;5). B. r,NN-AT,FiD: when the first lobes are themselves ,,in„atifid (iMg. (,()). 2' I a LOSS A in' OF I'Ai-MATini): wlicn tlio ..,!«,. „f a |.ulinat,.l.v-vi.ii...(l leaf is very ileejily lobed ( I'ij;. (IT). I'lrn.NATi;: wlnn tlio imI^:,. somewliat resenil.lus tliu teeth of a coinli. I.vnATK : |,iniiatifi.l, with a very large lobe at the oiul (FiK. C.".). Hu.ncinatk: [.iimatiiid, witli tlie lobes i>ointinK backwards, as ill Diuiileliou (Fig. (IS). Pkuatk: pMliuatiti,!. with the lobos at the base two-cloft -MLii.Tini.: cut into many line sognionts or lobes, ns in Milfoil. Apex. Acir.MiNATi.; : niniiiiin; out to a ioiii; slender i.oint (Fig. 70). AcKTi-;: makiiij;' an acute angle (Fijr. 71), Om-rsi.:; makin.n' an obtuse angle ; l)lunt (Fig, 7i>). Tui-NCATi.; : as if the end were cut off s.|nare (Fig. 73). Jiirrusi;: with the end slightly indented (Fig. 74). EMAlt(it\ATi:: with a distinct notch (Fig. 75). Oiicoiii.ATi: : lather deeply notched fFig. 7(1). CcsnoATi:: witl, a short but distin.-tly tai.ering point (Fig. 1 1 I. -MfcuoNATi: : with a fine sharp point projecting beyond the , end of tlic mid-ril) (Fig. 7S). AiiisTATi:: tipped with a bristle. Base. AcfTi;: making an acute angle (Fig. 7!)j. Oirrrsi;: making an obtuse angle ; Idunt (Fig. 4fi). Tai>i;iu.\g : with a long and slender base (Fig. 80). CoKDATK : rounded and notched (Fig, (i7). ArHici'i.ATK: with two small rounded lobes (Fig. 81). :>A(irrrATE: with sharp lobes pointing downwards (Fig. 83). Hastate : with sharp lobes pointing outwards (Fig. 84). I'lCLTATE : wlien the j.etiole is attached, not to the edge, but to the under surface (Fig. S,",). Rexifuu.m ; with very large rounded lobes (Fig. 80). Clasping : when the leaf is sessile, and the lobes are close against the stem on each side (Fig, 82\ BOTANICAL THIt.MS. u Pkupomatij : wlion tlio lobes of a sessile leaf ^row toKetliei at the liiick of tlie stein, so tliiit tl throuuli the leaf [V\k. ST), Curfa<'e of either stem or leaf.) Smooth, or (ii.AHKous : entirely without hairs. Glaucoi-s ; eovered with a liloom which may be rublu'd olT with the tinkers, as in Caldja^e. PirNCTATK: showing transparent dots when held i\\> to the liyht, lus in St. John's Wort. ScAiiuoiiH : roiinh. but without hairs. PuiiKSCKNT : covered with line soft short hairs. Vll.LOi's ; with Ion;;- soft hairs. ToMK.vrosK: with matted hairs, Sekickol-s : with silky hairs. HoAKY : with white down. Hisi'ID: with stiff hairs. Si'iN0i;s: with scattered s]iines. RiMiOSK : wrinkled. Cii.iATi;: with huns on the cilyc. Colour. The colour of the leaf must be described by an apjiro- [iriate term, and if, as is often the ca.se, the two surfaces differ in colour, this fact must be noted. Texture. Leaves differ very much in texture. Some are very thin and soft, others almost leathery, while others iiKain are very thick and Heshy. In describing a leaf, judg- ment must be exerciseil in selecting a suitable term. Duration, FL-(iA(i()i-s, or Cadl-coi-s : falling off early in sununer. Deciduous : falling off in autumn, as in most trees and slirubs, Pkusistent, or EvEUOKEEN : remaining at least a year on tlie . plant. Vernation, or mode of folding in the bud, Ccvduplicate : doubled lengthwise. Shown in cross-section in Fig. 00. Plicate : folded like a fan, as in Mallow (Fig. 91). Convolute : rolled from one edge to the other (Fig. 92). t Kl(.-. H7. Ki).'. HH. Fip. 8S). Fig. 90. Fig. 91. Fife'. !.- rl'i O LOSS A Hi' OF iNVor.irTK: ioII.mI inwunl from ),oth ciIkps (FIk. <);)) IJi:v(.i,i-ri.; : ioll,.,l l.a.kwar.l from both ocIkgh (Vif,' M) UIKJINATK : coil,.,l from tho a|,,.x. an in Ferns (Fiu '.:„" Ewitant: each l.-af donl,!..,! lon^tlnvise and ustride 'of ,1 next loaf within, ais in Iri.s (Fij,'. W). INFLORESCENCE. Arra„!,r,„n,f off/,. /.•/„,,, ,,, ,, y.y,,,,,,..,/,,,^,,,., ,,„ ^,,,, ^^,,,^^^ Mode. Tkum.nai.: wlM.n th.- .-,.,,ar,u,. tlowurs arc on ,ho .nds of .stems or liraiiclirs, T.'.ininal Intlorescenco is also known as Dctkk.minat,.. or DKn.NiTK, or Cv.mc.se. or CavnuiT^Ai., nn,l it is (n)Sol>tan,: when a .sinule tlowor terminates tho ^t.'n,, as in Tnlii. and Ho,.atiea. In other wonls the ttowers do not form n cUistor (Fi^. il7). ih)ACi/n,r: when tho ilowers are in a ch.ster of wluch the central thnver (on the end of tho n.ain .stem) is he earliest (t i,.. i.S), as in Chickweed and Sweot-Willian,. In Chu^kweed tho ••yme is loosr, and in Svveet-WiUiam it IS (Iriisr. (Special ca.ses of (,'ymes arising from tho axiLs of leaves arc referred to helow under the liead of Mi.xed InHores- ceiice. ) Ax..., ,Kv : whe.1 the separate tlowe.s spring from the axils ot leaves or bracts. Axillaiy InHorescence is also known as Latk.,a,. or IM.KTKU.M..NAT..:, or JN.„,r,.NTn., or Rack.mose, or BoT.tv- osi;, or Cent.!ii-i;tai. ; and it is (a) ^olifan,: when tho flowers are ),roduced singly in beaxdsof ordinary leaves (not bracts,, as in MorninK- t.lory, etc. 1 ],e flowers do not form a cluster (b) .1 /.V,cc„,. : when the flowers form a rather Ion.. Chester, each i ower beinp; in the ,,ii ^j ,, ,,,..,^^_ ^,^^, ,^_,^^,'; iiig a pedicel (little stalk) of its own (Fig 9!)) (In plants of tho Cress family the bracts are absent ) (c A^jnke: when the .separate flowe.-s are se.ssile, or (Fig lool' " "'° '""'" '•^''' "' '" H°'lyl.ock, etc. (d) A ll.ad : when the axis of the cluster is short, and the flowers consequently rather closely packed together, as in Clover and Thistle, etc. ' (e) An Umbd: when the pedicels of the flowers are of the same length, and arise from the same point (Fig 101 , (f) .1 Conpnb: when the pedicels arise from different pomts on the sten., but the flowers reach the same level above (Fig. 102), noTAXICAL TENMS. Till! Uuct'nK'. Umk'l, mill Co« lis .shown In Figs. 103 (i-oinpouiul lioiind UuiIh,'!), yiiili niiiy ln> <',oni|ionii utc) tin J 101 (com (k) a Catkin ; when the tlower.t (tisuuUy imiierfect) iiKho fiani Hciilo-liko bracts nlong a Hlfii.ler axin. The Catkin i» thiif) a sj^cial kind of apiko (Fig. lOo). (h) vt SiKuli.f. whon tho flowers (oftpii ini|«'rfoct) are nrranged in a spike-liko clusti'r on a lloshy ii.xi.s, us in iMilian-'riiriiip (Figs. lOii and 107). 'I'lif -Siiiidix i.s usually .surrounded liy a liirKi- sliDwy l)ract oallod a spathe (Fig. 108). MiXKi.: when axillary and terniin.il forms are .ouiluned. For oxunii.le, in many Composites the intlore.sfenco is terminal or rymoso as to the h,;t,ls tlumslvrn, while each heail separately is always axillary or lateral us to tho developnuMif of the florets of which it is made up. Tho chief varieties of mi.xed inflorescence are (a) 77a' Thyrsc : a cluster like that of Lilac, in which tho primary branches are lateral, and the secondary cymose. (1)) Virtk master: a cluster like that of Catnip and Mint flowers generally, where two den.so cymes form in tlu; axils of opposit^j loaves, giving the appearance of a wliorl. In connection with inflorescence the following terms should \ni noticed : Pedunrle : the flower-stalk, or in the case of clusters the stalk supporting the whole cluster. Pedicel : the separate stalk of each flower in a cluster. 'Scape ; a leafless flower-stalk rising from the ground or near it, os in Tulij. and Dandelion. Bract ! a foliage-leaf, differing from the ordinary loaves of tho plant in size, shape or colour, and found under the flower or flower-cluster. Bractlct: a secondary bract, as .soon on the pedicels in Fig. 103. , Involucre : a circle of bracts, such as the outer leaves of Composite flowers like Dandelion, etc. (Fig. lOft). Involucel: a .secondary or minor involucre or circle of bracHets, such as is commonly found luulfr tho small i-s of a conii)ound umbel (Fig. 104). cl I. •24 GLOSSARY OF THE FLOWER. Parts : Cai.v.x : the oiuin- sot of tlowcr-l isli as ill U loaves, iisiiallv ureeii 'I" uitoi-cnp [V\\i. 110). 'lo |)ieces of wliioli tlie calvx ni'jxtls Coitoi.i.A : tl is luado ii[i aio i:allo( lie secoiii il set of llowor-leaves. iiniiiodiatplv wi tluii tlio ralyx, and usually sonic otlior colour than ur, ,.ii (Fij;-. 110). Tlio iiiwos of wliich ilie ooiolla is mudo up are called I'rf,(/S. Those two sets taken to.yotlier are known as tlie Floral i:nrr/„j,r.s; aiul also as tlio Prrianth, but tlie latter term is generally restricted to the Howers of Monocotyledons, sucli as Lilies, where the parts are very much alike! Some Howers of Dicotyledons, such as .Ararsh-Marii;old (Fi},'. Ill I, have only ow set of floral eiiveloi)es, and this is then nearly always the calyx, no matter what its colour is. Stajikns or Anukckcum : the third set of tiower-leaves, appearing as thread-like stalks with thickened ends {V\\:. 112), These produce the pollen. I'lsni. or(;vNeans the mode m which these organs are folded in the bud It IS (a) Valvate, if the edges of the parts meet without overla),pmg (Fig. 13r,j, as in tlie calyx of Mallow. {h) ConvohUe, if the members of a sot overlap so that each has one edge covered and the other uncovered (Fig 1^(>), as in the corolla of Mallow. {c) Imbricate, when the members of a sot overlap so that at least one piece has both edges uncovered and at Apple""' ^"''° '''"' '"'"' ''^°'' '=°^"'"^ (^'e- 137), as in (d) Plicate or- plaited, applied to the folding of gamo- petalous corollas. The plaits may overlap in the convo lute manner, as in F' ""• supervohite. in Fig. 138 ; they are then said to be 27 wing stniidanl Fig. 131. Fig. 133. ' £ \, Fig. 134. Fig. 135. Fig. 130. Fig. 138. I III! ill 28 GLOSSARY OF THE STAMENS OB ANDRCEOIUM. Parts. Filamkn-t: tl.o lower stalk-!iko part ; it supports the anther (Fig. 140), Stamens are (a) KxsitrtiuJ, if tlie fihaments are so long that tlie antliers protrude beyond the periantli (Fig. 1-tl). Ill) Inchidnl, if the filaments are not long enough to raise the anthers beyond the perianth (Fig. 12G). (c) Sessile, if the filaments are absent (Fig. 142). Antiiku : the swollen upper part, consisting of one or more (usually two) sacs or cells which contain tlie pollen (Fig. i;i9). One surface of the anther is usually more deeply grooved than the other; this is the /. (b) Ui/ valves, when the side of tlie anther-cell turns up. as on a hinge (Fig, 147). (c) % jwres, when the pollen escapes through a minute opening at the top of the anther-cell (Fig. 14«). CoNXEcrivK : the rib or solid part between the anther-cells. Occasionally the connecLive is obscure or wanting. niithor pollen. Hiamont. Fife', lua. . FiK. 140. Fife'. 142. Fife'. 1 1,3. Fife', 1 14, Fifi-. 145. Fiii-y. liii. 117, 148 BOTANICAL TKUMS. Pollen : the minute grains (alike in the same plant, but very different in different plants) contained in tlie anther-cells commonly reseml,lii,j. a loose dust or j>owdcr (Fig 140)" but somet^imes cohering in sticky masses (pollinia), L jn Orclus (Fig, r4!)). "^ Pollen-grains are plant-cells having two coats, and enclosing a thickish liquid. Fig. ]-,0 shows a sin.de pollen-grain with its inner coat growing out in the form of a tube. • The pollen is the essential part of the stamen. The pupil should examine with a good microsco],e various kinds of i,ollen-grains, and make drawings of them. Number. If the stamens are not more than ten in numl^er, the exact number should be stated. If more tlian ten, thev are numemusov h,d,-Jlnite, and this is indicated by the si-^n «: in the proper column of the descriptive table. Cohesion. If the stamens are entirely separate from each other, their cohesion (or the absence of it) is described by prefixing o the ending -androus the Greek prefix corresponding to the number of stamens present, as follows • 1. mon- 8. oct- o di- 9. enne- 3. tri- 10. dec- 4. tefr- u. (!. pint- hex- move than 10. poll/- androus. I. Ii('l>t. The coliesion is DmvxAMocs: if there are four stamens, two long and two short (Fig. lol). TETKADVNA.MOU.S : if .here are six stamens, four long and two short (Fig. IfiS). Mo.VADELPHous: when all the filaments are grown together leaving the anthers sejjarate, as in Mallow (Fi- 15,3) DiADELPnou,s : ^.hen the filaments are grown togetlier in two sets, as in Pea (Fig. 154). TuiAnELPHOus: when the filaments are grown together in three sets, as in St. John's "Wort (Fig. l,-,5). P0LVADEL,.Hoi;s: when the filaments are grown together in more than three sets. SvNGENE.siou,s: when all the anthers are grown together leaving the filaments separate, as in Dandelion (Fig. 155).' Adhesion. HvpoGYNous : wh ovary (F^ i;;o. gy inserted on the receptacle under the PERiayNous : when inserted on the calyx (Fi 13.3, FiK. H'J. Fig. 151, Fig. 153. 'J9 Fig 150. Fig, 152. Fig. 15J. Fipr. 155. niitliors filainoiit.s Ki;.-. l.Vi. V i 30 o'LossAiiY or L lt)()). Ei'KivNous : wliou jnserteil on tlie ovary (Fig. 134, n). Eni'KTAi,<)i;s : when insertoil on tlio corolla (Fl^'. 151). Epii'iivij-ou.s ; when inserted on the perianth (in Monocotyle- dons). GvNANDUoiis: when in.serte(l on the style, as in Orchids (Fi«. ir.Tj. Situation. It is important to note the position of the stamens with refer- once to the petals when they are of tlie same nunilier as the latter. They may be (a) Alternate with the petals. (b) Opposite the petals. THE PISTIL OR GYNCEOIUM. Parts. Cahi'ki.s : the pieces, o.rlicr distinct or combined together, which make up the whole pistil. The pistil is (ii) Simple, if it consists of one carpel only, as in Pea (Fis. los). (b) Compound, if it consists of two or more carpels, either separate from each other ((tpocarpuus) as in Buttercup (Fi^,^ 15'.)), or combined together (synvarpoiis) as in Fig. 100. When .several carpels are combined, the number is very commonly indicated by seams or sutures on tiio outside of the ovary. AVhether composed of one carjjel or several combined, the pistil may have the following parts : OvAKV : the lower swollen part, containing the ovule or ovules which dovolope into seeds (Fig. KJO), The ovary may be one-celled even when compound (Fig. Kil), or several-celled (Fig. KiO). In the latter case the separat- ing walls are called dissejuments, and the cells are often spoken of as Inculi (sing, lomlu.s). Stvle : the narrow part above the ovary (Fig. IGO). A com- pound pistil may have several styles, as in Fig. Ifi2. Stigma : the moist roughish upper end of the style. This part differs from the rest of the pistil in having no skin or epidermis (Fig. KJ.'J). The stigma is (a) Capitate, if it forms a knob or button on the end of the style (Fig. 1G4). (b) Plumose, if of a feathery appearance as in grasses (Fig. 165). (c) Petaloid, if leaf-like and coloured, as in Iris (Fig. Fife'. 157. Fife'. 1-.8. Fifr. l",!). stylo ovary I"ii-'. ITO. Fip. Ifll. stife'ina Fig. 164. .«tifriii;i ovnry iH noTAMCAL TEliMS. Xoto that the essential parts of tlio jiistil arc tho ovary or seed-bearinj,' part, and tl:o stigma whi.li receives the pollen. The stylo is often wanting, and then the stignu. is An oxcei.lional pistil is found in '/i/nntospmncus plants like tl,o I'iue. Here the ovules are not enclosed, but are attached to the inner fa.'o of an oixjn leaf or scale, the scales forming a cone (Figs, Km. lOH, 1(19). Cohesion. Apoc.\ui'<)tTS : when tho cr ^,els are not united together way (P^ig. If,!)). SvNCAiU'ous : when the carjxils are grown together degree (Fig. lUO). Tliey may he united merely base of the ovary, or to the toj) of the style. Adhesion. Sri>EKi()U: wiien entirely free from the calyx (Fig. 1 as in Buttercup, .Sheijlierd's Purse, etc. Inpekiou: when surrounded by the calyx-tube whicji fast to it (Fig. i;3.1,/), as in Ai,ple and Fuchsia. ill any in ail}- at tho grows Definition. THE OVULE. Ovules are tiie bodies which, after fertilization by the pollen, develope into seeds. Placentation. By this term is luoant tho arrangement of the placentas, or projections ia tlie interior of tho ovary upon which tho ovules grow. Placentation is (a) Marijinal, in a simple pistil like that of Pea, the placenta being on one seam or mtuve (Fig, I'jK). (b) Aj:ilti or Central, M-hen the jtistil is compound, and the dissepiments meet in the centre of the ovary (Fig. KIO, ) (c) Parietal, when the comi)ound ovary is one-celled and the ovules are borne on the walls (F^g. 101). (d) Free Central, when the ovary is one-celled, and the ovules are borne on a column which rises from the bottom of the cell (Figs. 170, 171). Parts of the Ovule. Funiculus : the stalk by which the ovide is attached to the placenta (Fig. 173,/). If this stalk is absent the ovule is sessile. Pui.mi.\e: the outer coat of the ovule (Fig. 172, ai). Se(;uxdi.ne: the inner coat (Fig. 172. //). MicnopYLK : the minute opening through the two coats (Fiir 172, m). ^ Fit,'. ii;7. Ki^rs. lilH, ifiy. FiKS. 170, 171. M GLOSSARY OF III NircMoijs : tlio lioily of iho ovulo wiiliin tlio coats (Fig. 172, h), EMimvo-sAc : tlio lar(.e coll in the nucleus in whicli the vo'uuk plant is ik'Vflojicd (Fif;. Vrl, cm). Chai.aza: tlio ],oition where the two coats are Mended together (Fig. 17:?, c). Kinds of Ovule. OiiTiiOTUOi'or-s : when the o^ ule is erect, and the micropylo is as far as i)ossiblo from the funiculus or i)oint of attach- ment (Fig. 17:2). AxATiiopous : when the ovule is completely inverted or bent uiion itself so as to bring the micropylo close to the point of attachment (Fig. 17;i). In this case the funiculus becomes fused with the i)rimine on one side, forming the raiihe (Fig. 173. ;•). Cami'vi.()tuoi'I)i;s : when the ovule is half bent over (Fig. 17) ). Fertilization. Ovules are converted into seeds by the action of pollen upon t horn. Pollen grains fall ujion the stigma which is moist and retains them. The grains begin to grow as shown in Fig. 150, the inner coat being ]irotruded as a slender tube which nuikes its way down through the style into the ovary, and then through the micropylo of the ovule, finally attaching itself to the surface of the embryo-sac, and carrying the contents of the jiollon-grain with it. Presently growth begins inside the emljryo-sac, and soon the embryo is formed. It is the presence of the embryo which marks the distinction between an ovule and a seed. In most cases the ovulo is fertilized by pollen brought from another Hower of tlie same species (cross-fertiliza- tion), because very commonly the pollen of its own flower is ready either too soon or too late to be of use; that is, the ])ollen and the stignni in the same flower do not com- monly mature at the same time. Plants are Eiitomophilom, when thoy depend upon insects to carry the pollen from flower to flower, and Ammophilous, when this service is performed by the wind. THE FRUIT. Definition. The fruit is the ripened pistil together with any other part, such as the calyx or receptacle, which may bo adherent to it. If there are no such adherent parts tlio fruit is a true fruit, consisting wholly of the ripened ovary with the seeds ; otherwise it is i\ pseudocarp or spurious fruit, as in Apple, Strawberry and Kose. BOTANICAL TERMS. The essential parts of tlie fruit are (r; .'■ e Seed, or matured ovule, niul th?!. V" ^'■'''""■^'' ?'■ '""'""^ °™'-''- ^^-''I'i" ^vhich tno .sojtls aro contained. The Pericarp is in three la.vers : (a) The Epicarp (or Exocarp), ,he outer layer. (b) The Mesocarp (or Sarcocarp), the middle layer. (c) The Eitilocarp. the inner layer. Kinds of Fruit, ^'~^ZJ!'T '' !';°^^^^'''°«'^ ^-"'-'^^n^ ^-'"ains thin, and becou>e.s dry and hard at maturity. Such fruits are (1) Dehiscent, when the pericarp opens so as to allow tiie seeds to escaii , (2) Indehiscent, when the pericarp does not so o,,en, Dry Dehiscent Fruits. down !'nl''''l'' ' T' °^ " """^' ^''^'•"^^' ^^-''-'^ °P«n« ?Fig 175) ''' ''' '■' "' '^^-•^l'-^^--ie°ia and Peony CO T..pnnc a fruit of a single carpel, which opens down both edKes (dorsal or outer and ventral or i ne sutures), as in Pea and Bean (Fig. ] TGj. The I.o>mnt is a special form of legume. It is made up of a number of one-seeded joints which separate from each other when ripe ; each joint, as a rule, remauung closed (Fig. 177). (c) SiUqu,, a syncarpous fruit of two carpels divided by a th.n partition, from which the carpels fall awav e'lit'of'T' ■'•"■ "'° ^''"^"^'"^^ '-^'"^ ''"^' 'ground th'e eUge of the partition (Fig. 17.S). (d) Silicle a fruit of the same construction as the .l.,ue,and c iiTering only in shape; the silictue be g considerably longer than broad, as in Stock (Fig nsf and the silicle being nearly or quite as broad as long, as in Shepherd's Purse (Figs. 170, ]S0). (e) Pyjcis, a fruit which opens by a horizontal seam so^that the top comes off like a lid, as in Purslane (Fig! (0 Capsule, a syncarpous fruit which normally splits a matumy, either wholly or partially, into as nLv pieces as there are carpels. The Dehiscence of the Capsule is SKITICIO.U. : when the splitting takes place in the line of the dissepiments (Fig. 182). •>.') M Flp. 176. Flp. lie. Fig. 177, Fig. 178. Fig. 179. Fig. 180. Fig. 181. 0^ Fig. 182, hi :u GLOSSARY Of I.iKii i.i,'ir,Ai, : when tlic splittiiiiu; takes i.Iiico in the inid- lUo of till) wall of ouch cariicl, that is, alou^ the (lormil siuiiri's (Fi^. 18;j). SioPTiFitAUAi, : when tlio walls 4|.iit away from ihcimrti- tioii, k'aviii-- I he lattt-r .slaiiiliiiK (Fi^;. lH.|j. CiHcu.Mfi>*sii,i; : wIhmi tlio top of tlio jiericavp roiwH off like a Iiil(Fig, 181). Bv I'oiiKs : whuii tho sceclw escajio through small oiien- iiigs near the top of the capsiilo, as in I'ojipy. Dry Indehiscent Fruits. (a) Ar/uiii; a (h'i indehiiscent one-seeded fniit, liaviii^f the iiericaip free from tho seed, as in Buttercup (Figs. 18u, ISti), and all Conii.osites. (b) Cdi'i/oims or (fniiii, a dry imleliiscent one-seeded fruit, having the jiericarp adherent to the seed, as in the Oat (Fij,'. 187), and Grasses generally. (c) Xitf, a dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a liard thick pericarp, and usually tho product of a .syncar)ions liistil, in which all tho cells and .seeds hut one'have dis- aiipeared during growth, Tho nut is often accompanied hy a Ciijiide or hardened involucre, as in tho Acorn (Fig. 188), Beech-nut and Hazel-nut. (<1) U/r/,l(', like an Achone, but with a very thin loo.so pericarp (Fig. IStl). (e) .Scli/xorarj), a dry indehiscent two-several-seeded fruit, which breaks up at maturity into one-.seeded pieces (carpels), each of whi(;h, however, rcmaius vloseil, as in Mallow (Fig. 1!)0), and all Umbelliferous plants (Fia' 1!)1). (f) Samara or Key, a dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit, with a thin wing, as in Elm (Fig, 1!»2), and Ash. The Maplo(Fig, m;]) lias a double samara, which sj.lits into two pieces at maturity, and so is a true schizocarp. B, —Fleshy Fuuits (all indehiscent) : (a) Drupn or Stone-fruit, a fleshy fruit, having a very liard endocarp (tho putiimcii), which encloses the seed till germination, a thick and usually juicy mesocarp, and a thin outer skin or epicarp, as tho Plum, Cherry, Walnut and Peach (Fig, 104). (b) B<:rri/. a fleshy fruit, having a soft and juicy endocarp, in which the seeds are embedded, as the Grape, Tomato, Currant, etc. (Fig, 19')). The Orange is a special kind of berry known as a Iff'^jteriitium. r ^c lioTANicAh rt:nMs (c) Uuuraov 7V7.,, a ,no.li,u..l beny, l.uvinK a I.ar.l | rin.l, aa in Pumi.km, Si|uasli, etc. ('1) Pom,', ft flosl.y ,>scM„lo,.„r,., tl.o ),ro.l„ct of a svn- curpous pistil, i,. ^vhi..h ti.c llc.hy luycT ronsiHts ..l.iwiy oMta onlarg,..,! cUyx-tubc, as i,» Pear and A,,„lo Umk. (e^ A.jUnuated Fruit, a clustered nrul coi,ere..t nw.ss of car,,elH, tl.o product of a single llower. as in lia.s.,- berry ^Fi^. 107). ' (f) Uulfi/>f,; Fruit, a clustered and colieroi.t mas. of cariHds, each carpel being ,ho product of a .separate '""•".•. as in Pin,.-apple. The cone of the Pine n.av iw regarded as a dr,/ miiltipk, fruit (Fig. KWj. (g) Arassor,, Fruit, one in which the most con- spicuous part i.s neither a part of the pis.il nor con.- I'M.ed with it. a.s in Strawberry, where the .■onspicuous I'^nt ,s only the enlarged and brightly coloure.l rec.pta.^le the true fruit consisting of the arhenes whi,'!, do, i,s Mu-face (Fig. 1!<1.), and in 8weet Brier, where the tieshv outer part is a calyx-tuhe lined witli a hollow rere,,tacle winch boars the trt,e fruit (achenes) on i,s inner stuTace (I'ig. 200), Definition. THE SEED. The seed is the mature ovnle, and is specially characterized \>y the presence of the enibry 1 or young phmtlet. Parts. I.VTEOU.MENT : formed by the development of th.. coats of the ovule, au17. Stamens and car,,els are usxrutad organs, and are ilirectiy concerned in the production of seed. FLORAL DIAGRAMS. By a floral diagran, is meant the jdan of a flower as exhibited m a cross-section. It should show the n.uuber and relative pos.non o all the floral organs. The position of sepals, l>etals, and stan.ens is conu.ionly easy to fix, but the true I'osition of tlie carpels presents a little more difficulty Tlie ovary must be cut across with a sharp knifo while soiue ^, ■■■"■" "■ i"""!' Kimi) wniio some other organ (say tlie calyx,, is still in position, and the / relative situation of the carpels must then be caiefullv / ' observed. The estivation of calyx and corolla may also b'e ' shown to advantage in a floral diagram. o centre (best clone fron. below upwards with a very sharp knife), and drawing the section thus presented Such a drawing is exceedingly useful in connection with he floral diagram, as still further exhibiting ti,e relation of the parts to each other. Fig. 226 is a good examjdo. Here tho relations of the parts can be seen at a glance. COMPOSITE FLOWERS. A fui' description of a Composite flower involves some i,ar- ticulars of a s,,ocial kind ; for convonienco. therefore, the various terms in use are collected together here. Inflorescence. Under tliis heading describe tlie arrangement of tho heads using the ter.ns already explained-solitary, cymosc' racemose, corymbose, spiked, etc. ' Head. The assemblage of florets (few or many) on a common rccei>tacle. Parts of the Head. Flouets: the small single flowers whicii in the aggregate make up the head. These are (a) Liyulat., when the corolla is prolonged on one side into a flat strap-shaped jiiece (Fig. 227). (b) Tnindar, wlien the corolla is not thus prolonged but IS regularly developed all rou (Fig. 228). ' Hkceptaclb: the place upon wliich the florei.s"stand Ixv„uk;u.. : the circle or circles of bracts wliich surround the Kinds of Head. Li.,,:,.,... ..oral: when all tl,o flo.ets of the head are li.n.l.to as m Dandelion (Fig. 22'J). " ' 'J'""-:urtouAr : when all the florets are not liguh,,,.; a.ul such heads are (a) DLscoUl, if all tlie florets are tubular as in Thistle. (b) Radiate, if tho florets round the margin of the head irau-Jlorcts) are ligulate. while the central ones ( d,sk-flords) are tubular, as in .Sunflower (Fig. 2;)0). Fig. 226. FIp. 227. Fig. 228. Fig. 229. m Hi chaff BOTANICAL TERMS. Ray-Florets (always witl.out stamens). ^''■•^""•'"= 5, 10,20, o:,etc. Kind: (n)/y.W«<., it the pistil i,,,,,e,ent. I'J) ^eufral, if the pistil is absent •^I'APKMinear, oblong, ovate, etc. CoiA.mj : white, yellow, etc. Pai'its (if i)roseiii) ; tSU""''''- °^ ^"•'"-'"'■^ '--^^ - '-istle, as in Ackn!!! '''"^' °' '''"'"'' °^ ^"^"^^ (^'«- 231). (a) CV.,«;„«, M-hen somewhat flattened, b) A.,W. cyl.ndrioal (the cross-section mm.l) (0) Aiujird, as in Fi-. o;i> -^^ (d) *y//7«fe, marked wi.'h fi„e vertical lines. Disk-Florets. N.-.Mi...:u: 5, 10,20, =c, etc. KiM): perfect, .staminate, etc. Coi-oiru ; yellow, brown, etc. Pappi:.s : a.s for the ray-florets. A<:.iE.VE : as for the ray-florets. I Receptacle. Fou.m: flat, concave, convex, conical, etc SuKi'Acrj : (a) Cluiffjj, if (here are chaff-lil-A . i g'-owingon the rece, ■„,.! '""^ ^'"^^ «'"'es or bristles asiaSunflower. ' '° """"^' *'"^ '^^^'^ (J^'^'' 230), (b) Smooth, or „«A-«/, if there are no such . i bristles, as in Dandelion. ^' '''"^'^'' "'' Involucre. FoHJi ; ^^^.oia, e.g.shai.d, the broader part below, as in ml ^a!):''"''"' "^"'•'^- *'- -»- -i>l-b all ,he way np (c) S>,ucer.s,.ap.,. ve.y flat and .hallow. (d) tup-shaiml, Bvll-shapnl, etc. Fijr. 2ai. Fig. iai Fig. 233. .Si) li Ill ill >:h 40 OLOSilAJir OF Bracts (or Scales) oi Involucre. NuMHKU ov Rows: state the exact number, unless very numerous. Akuancemext of Scales : (a) Imbricated, in several rows and over-lapping (Fig. 2:53). (b) li'rflcxcd, turned backward, as in Dandelion (Fii?. 229). (c) Appressed, closely pressed together. (d) Squarrosc, with the points widelv spreading (Fig. 233). Texture : (a) Hvbaeeous, green and leaf-like. (b) Scarious, tliin and membranaceous. Shape : use the ordinary leaf terms. GRASSES. These plants also require several special terms for their complete description. A few of the most necessary are given here. Inflorescence. In nearly all cases the inflorescence is a panicle, that is, an irregularly branched raceme, and the panicle is either loose and open, as in Meadow-grass (Fig. 238), or dense and closely packed as in Timothy and Foxtail. Spikelets: the small separate clusters of flowers which together make up the panicle (Fig. 239). In some cases there is but one flower in the spikelet. Outer Glumes : the pair of bracts at the base of the spikelet (Fig. 240). Note their shape and relative size, Ixneu Glumes ok Palets : the pair of chaff-like bracts enclosing each particular flower (Fig. 242). Awns: bristle-shaped ajipendages sometimes found on the glumes or palets (Fig. 242). LoDicuLES: small hypogynous scales next to the stamens, occasionallj- found in grass-flowers. Culm. ' This is the name of the stem (Fig. 238). It is usually hollow except at tlie joints. The culms may bo tufted or single, and their attitude and other characters can be described by tcTiiis already explained. Fif,'. 231. Fitf, Jua. ^f^ Fifj. 237. FlR. a.'iO. L BOTANICAL r Eli MS. Leaf. ^ Liouu. : a thin upward p.-oiection f.on. the top of the sheath. Tliis always a can/rr,sis or ffraii,. TYPES OF GRASSES. The following- selection of Grasses will be iound useful for examination, as ilhistratintr mo^t nf .i °""'^ . "^^^''^ ^°^ structure of the,so planis ' ""'"^"""^ '" ^'"-^ 1. Timothy, l.ero consists of a single flower. ' ''"'''^•^' 2. Red-Top. ""^'TiT ^r"" ^"t '^"); ^^^-^^ -^I 'lissect a spike- "nei bia, -'d the three nerves on the larger one 3. Meadow .. ■ -<: | Ji'ULt, ana the thin texture of the unnpv r^„.. i ., ;;;:-;-.» .,,,„o,.,,,,.„„;:-;.r:',.:,':.r::: 4. Chess. Here tlie spikelets (Fiff. 04 n „,.„ „„ , , , 21 ";i°: ;-:/: r:'.:.r'"- "'-' °" » ^^'* TKo , '' ^'^ *^® '^'^''1 O" tl^e lower nalet The upi)er ],alet at length grows fast to ti,o f oblong grain. "^ ^''°°^''' "^ '^'e 5. Oouch-Grass. In this grass the spikelets are sessile on opposite sides of a -«- ag peduncle, so that the wliole forn/s a sort of piL Each spikelet is four to eight-flowered. and there is bt one at each joint of the peduncle, tlie .v/,/. of te " ke, be.ng against the stalk. Note the runn^v- ' 1 wbi.. cause the grass to be a nuisancr^mr 1:^; I 41 paiilclu culm sbeath Fi(f. a38. p.ilet Kijr ■'■' Fig:. 240. Fig:. 241. Kiff. Ji-J. Hi I (^ILOSSAItY OF 0. Old-Witch Grass. This uTiiss is to 1)0 found ovorywhoro in sandy soil luid in fultivated grounds. Tlio leiives are very liairy, and the liaiiicle very lari-;o, comijouud, and loose, the pedicels hoiii^' o-trcniely slender. Of the two glumes one is much larger than t lie other. Unless you are careful you will regard the sjiilcelets as 1 -flowered ; ohserve, huwevei-, that in aihlition to the one manifestly perfeot llower flu re IS an rxtm jxiht hrlou: This j .let (which is very much like the larger glume) is a rudiiutJitary or abortive second flower, and tlie sjiikelet may be described as U-tlowered. 7. Barnyard Grass. This is a stout, coai-se plant, common in manured soil, it is from one to four feet in lieight, and branches from tlie base. The s|iikelets form dense spikes, and these are crowiled in ii dense iianiclo which is rough with stiff liairs. The structure of the siiikelets is much the same as in Old-Witch Grass, but the jialet of the neutral flower is pointe,: ,, ,t- b^. ^ always be.iu i„ the deoper tissues, and ' ^ - uall> break the.rvvay tlirot^^h tho overlying layers till they reach the surface. ^ ^^ ('!) Tliey do uot, as a rule, produce leaves or buds soS^alSj^l'^^r • - -- ^--■■^-..t; the (f) Theiui,u,te structure of tho root is less perfect in Its development than that of tho sten.. T^he functions of the root are (a) To fix tho plant in its place. co£il:ir.;;:;;;''^°'"^'''°^^'-"'-'=^'-''-,Ms ^^W J... Pocial cases to serve as a storehouse of food for B.-Caulomk: including tho stent and .11 i,s o,uivalonts such as branches, runners, tendrils, thorn - ti already described. ' ' ''" a bir'""""' *' ''" ''""'' ^'" '''"' '^ '^'"-^-^ i"-^^i-i '-y A bud is an early stage of the developnteut of a stem or branch, attd is found on dissectiott to consist of n Lnv rudttnentary leaves crowded on a short axis. Tl i ax^ subseauently dovelopes^/.-^,,,/,.., ,,, /„„^,/,_ formino i lu ernodes (Fig. 244), tht.s dilTeri.t,, widely f om Z^oo winch grows by additions to its extremity ' ^^ ntter-bttds are covered with scaly In-acts called Ino/ scale., Winch separate and fall away soon after thod ^' opment of the bud begins in the spri.tg. Buds are 43 the ends of stems and (a) Tirmindl, when at branches. leavel.'''''""'''^' '"''"' '''"'^"''"^ "' ''"^ '''•"''« '^'''^'- 2^^) of mfnne;!'''""''""' "'"" '"■°'"^''' '" ^^'"^ '--«"i- (a) Accessor!/, wlien produced as extra or additional btu s bes.de t e reg.dar axillary bud, so that there ' really several buds in the axil. Theftmctions of the caulome are (a) To bear leaves and flowers. lb) To serve as a medimu for the conveyance of the nounslnng hquids absorbed by the root. Fit,', -^t I. i -14 ULOHHAliY OF {'•') In rcrtiii.i casos to serve as a storoliouso for i.laiil- food. C. PiivLU).Mi:; iucliuliMKtho leaves and all tiieir cinivulonts such as bracts, .cotyledons, bud-scales, se,als, petals, etc.! as already described. Tiio i;byllonio is always developed laterally on a caulonie. Folia-e-loaves (as contrasted with llowor-leaves) are generally green, owin- to the j.resence of a substance called rhlovoplnjU (found also in all otl.er ^reen parts) A section through the body of a loaf is shown in Ti- 21:), the shaded i)ortions roiirosenting the cells which con- tain chlorophyll. The c]u<^[fHnrfhma foliage-leaves is to assin.ilato the '' food-nialerials derived from tbe soil nn.l the air, thus convertinn; ,l„.„i i,„o forms (commonly starch, which can ho used in advancini; the jdant's growth. Sunli-ht and ' chlorophyll are essential to the process of assimilation. Transpiration. Water-vai.oii'r is given off through the leave-, by the agency of iniinite openings (chieily on the under surface) known as stomata (singular stoma). One of t-hese greatly magnified is shown in Fig. O-IO. These slonuua communicate with air-.si)aces among the loosely-i.acked cells in the body of the leaf. It nuiy often be observed in hot bright weal her that the leaves of jdants droop if exposed to the sun ; this is because the loss of water through the leaves is greater than the supply through the roots. At night, however, the stomata close, iin.l the bahinco being restored the jilant recovers. 'J'he functions of Hower-loaves have already been re- ferred to. B.-TKICIKJ.M1;: including all the outgrowths from the surface or ej.idermis, whether of stem, leaf or root, such as hairs, bristles, root-hairs, prickles, etc. Of all the trichomo structures the root-hairs which occur abundantly on the young roots of most plants, the most iinjiortant. TI bing surface of service tliey are iieculiarly litled by are ley consist of single long cells, and their function is to increase the absorl the root, for which the thin and delicate nature of their walls Hairs on i,arfs above ground usually consist of a row of cells ].laced end to end (Figs. 217, 2 IS,, Often they are branched, as in the loaf-hairs of the Mullein. Glandular hairs secrete a liquid in the cell which oc- cupies the extremity of the hair. The sticky surfaces of '■ortaiu j.lants are produced iii tliis way. Vxc.-Hii "-<- ■^=^ Ki^'. L'I7. Vit T Kig. aia ^ JiOTAXICAL TEUilS. SUnija,;, hairs .screte a poisonous li,|ui,l. Tlie point of a W of tin-, kin.l on pi...cinK ,he skin ,,,...,,,rr leaving tlic ])oisoii in tlio woiiml. PrM:l.. m^ 2,0) aiStev from f,,on„ in bein« out- «rowtI..s of ,1,0 Lark • tl.orns ariso fron> ,1,. woo.l. GROWTH. The ,.wth of a plant consists in tho „annp,icatlo„ of its <..,,H nna.lost.bscuentenlarKcnent of tho latter bv tl.e a.ldi non of new nmtter. Tbo d-vlopntent of the coli fre, .. t - involves, also, a change of fonn. "C'luentli Germination. By this term is n.oant the conunoncetnent of ,1,. j,,ocess of «.wth f,.o,u the seed. Jn.W suitable conditions of e.n pota ufo and tno.stuvo tho embryo, which is dormant a the dry seed, w,,kens into activity and begins to levelope. T e details of the process vary sot^ewh a c,ord,n«. to the structure of tho seed. If the cotyledons a etlunandleaf-bke, as in Maple for example, the radi- I e generally grows th.^ughout its length .so as to raise | hem above the soil, where tin,- at once expand and become the first green leaves of the now pla.lt, a ,00 be.ngat the same time developed from the lower end of the rad.cle. I^ut if the cotyledons are thick and flesh v ^ntauuug ntuch uourisluncnt, then usually a bud cali;d bit of stem, wdl beap.rominent feature in the embrvo and tu tins case tho cotyledoti or cotyledons not infre- 4uently rentain under ground, as in tho ,.ea and tho acorn, and so do not perform tho office of folia-e-leaves but n,erely supply the newly developing parts with nouy- .shniont. In albutuiuous seeds, the endosportn is the '■h.of sottrce fro.n which tho germinating o.nbrvo derives Jts sujiport. ' : Vitality of Seeds. There is a considerable difTereuce in regard to the length of time durmg which seeds retain their vitulitv. Some st,ch as those of Ehn and Poplar, will ger.ninate only If they have boon kept frosh and not permitted to dry up, whtle others, st.ch as those of Indian Corn and A heat, and m go.teral tho.se containing a copious store of starch, may be ' ' •iri th L'i)t for ii eir germinating power. very long time without los ing ■i ^^^H 1 : ■ i 1 j 46 OLOSSARi' OF Pood of Plants. Orowlli iiiij.lios iissiiiiiliition o.f food. Tlio olcmonts of i^liuii- fooil arc iisccrtiiiupd l.y iniikiiiK a cliciiiifiil (iii.ilysi.s of tliojiLint itself. -Wiitor fonns ii very coiisiclor.ihlo pcr- contayio of tlie wholo woiRli!, but is i)res<;iit to a prcatcr nxtoiit ill some jiortions of the jilaiit body tlum in otliors. Flosliy roois, for (:xaiii|ile, may roniiiai ns niiicli as f»0 Jinr cent , wliilr dry .^eeds contain only aliout 12 j,Rr cent. TJie water may 1)0 exjiclled l.y careful drying, and if what is tlien loft is l.nrnt, wlnU. is called the nr,/,ni ir iKiit oi tlie jdant disapj.ears. and the iiion/miic \r.m (the ash) remains behind. T!io orj^anio i.art consists mainly of the elements carboji. ]iy,Iro.j;en, oxygen, nitrogen, and sul- idiur; wliile the inorjianio j.art contains very small (imuitities of idiosphorns. iron, calcium, nia.'inosium, and jiotassium. Of all these constituents of the dn/ idant cinlKm is the most abundant, amounting to about luilf the entire weight. Sources of Plant-food. All the materials just mentioned are obtained from the air, tho water, and i he soil. 'J'hero is constantly jiresent in the air carbonic acid pis— a comj.ound of cirbon and oxygen. This isabsorljed by the leaves of land-idants, and (being .soluble) from the water in which they live, by immersed iilants. After absorjition the gas is doconi- I)osed and the carbon aiipropriated. The oxygon rc- finired by tho jdant is derived cliieily from the carbonic acid gas and from water. Hydrogen is obtained cliieily by tho decomjiosition of water, and nitrogen from tho nitrates and ammonia salts in the soil. Sulphur, also, is obtained from salts occurring in tho soil, and so too. of cour.se, are all tho inorganic elements Respiration. Plants, like animals, are continually inhaling oxygon ; indeed, as with animals, oxygen is essential to their existence. Gonninating seeds and growing ])arts ro(|uire large quantities of oxygen. The gas wlien inhaled is combined with carbon, giving rise to carbon dioxide. 'J'liis j.rocess of oxidation is always accomiianied by evolution of heat. This is well illustrated in the process of malting, where damp barley is heaped togetlier. As soon as the grain begins to sjtrout oxygen is rajiidly a!)snri>cd, and a verj' decided rise of lempc-ature takes ]ilace. As 'J Me T Cir I Gr IIOTAXICAL TKIiMS. 47 Assimilation. Tills is the in'occs.s hy which the carbon olMiiiiicd from ciirbon dioxide Is comblnea with the elements of waicr to form starch. Metastasis. This is the process by which tho starch, rosultinK fi'om assimilation, is converted into soluble forms and removed from the cells where it was laoduccd to other portions of the plant where it is needed foi' jmriioscs of growth, or, if there is an excess, to storehouses such as roots, bulbs, etc., for future use. Circumstances AfiFecting Growth. rmiiera^urc- Growth may bo stopjied alto-ether by either too low or too high a temperature, and between the lim- its within which any given plant is found to bo capable of growth there will bo found a particular degree of tomi)erature more favourable to growth than any other, either above it or below it. This may be call.'d the „,,ti. mum. The effect of temperature diiiers consideraljly ac- cording to the amotmt of water present in tho part affected, dry seeds, for instance, resisting a temperature, either high or low, to which soaked seeds woidd at once succumb. -L/y/fi'.— Light is essential to assimilation, but seeds and tubers, as well as many of the lower plants which are without chloroi.hyll, such as Mushrooms, will grow in the aijsenco of light as long as the stock of assimilated material upon which they draw is not exhausted. The growth which takes jilace in tho cambium-layer of dico- tyledons and iu roots is another example of increase in size in tho absence of light. The assimilated material in all those cases, however, has been previously elaborated elsewhere. Light is found to exercise a retarding influence tipon growth. A plant, for instance, in a window will bend towards the liglit, because the cells on the side neare.-,t the window grow more slouly than those which are shaded, thus causing curvature of the stem and jietioles. Gravitation.— CjYa.\\tixt\on also affects growth, as we know that tho stem and root, or axi.s of the plant, are tisually in the line of the radius of the earth at tho i.lace o'f growth. If a seedling plantlet be laid with the stem and root horizontal, the stem will curve upward and the root downward iu the endeavour to restore the vertical direc- tion. IS a LOSS A UY OF r m THE HERBARIUM. Tlioso who lire anxious to miiko flio most, of thoir botiiiiiciil stiulies will fiiiil it of ureiit ailvuiitiiKO to pitliei" aiitl pre- soi-ve siiociinoiis foi- refurcnce, A few liints, tlicrofore, on this snbjoct will not bo out of ]pliice. It will, of course, bo an objoct to collectors to luivc their siieciniens exhibit as niaiiy of thoir niuurnl chiirdcters ns i.o.ssible, so thiit, iilthoiiKli dried and pressed, there will bo no difliculty in rccoftnizini,' them; and to tliis end neatness and cure are the first reiiuisitc- CoUecting, specimens should bo collected wjien the [ilants arc in llower, and, if possible, on a dry day, as tlio flowers are tlien in better condition than if wot. If the [ihuit is small, the whole of it, root and all, should bo taken up ; if too lar^o to 1)0 treated in this way, a flower and one or two of tho leaves (radical as well as caidino, if those be different) may be gathered. Drying. As many of your specimens will be collected at a distance from home, a close tin box, which may be sIuuk over the shoiddor by a straji, should bo provided, i]i which the plants may bo kept fresh, particularly if a few drojis of water be sprinkled ujion them. Perhai)s a better way, however, is to carry a portfolio of convenient size- say ITj inches Ijv 10 inches— mado of two pieces of stout pasteboard or thin deal, and having a couplo of straps with buckles for fastening it together. Between the covers should bo idaccd sheets of blotting-jpapor or coarse wrapping-jiapcr, as many as will allow tho spo(.'imons to be separated by at least five or six sheets. Tho advan- tage of tho portfolio is, that tho jilants may bo placed between tho sheets of blotting-jiaper, and subjected to pressiu-e by means of the straps as soon as they are gathered. If carried in a box, they should bo trans- ferred to paper as soon ns jiossible. Tho specimens shoidd bo spread out with great care, and the crumpling and doubling of leaves guarded against. The only w.ay to prevent niourding is to place plenty of paper between the plants, and cliant/c the }>aj>er frequently ; the fre- quency depending on the amount of moisture contained in the specimens. From ten days to a fortnight will be found sufFioieiit for the thorough drying of almost any plant you are likely to meet with. Having mado a pile of specimens with paiier between them, .as directed, they should be placed on a table or floor, covered by a flat Moi w Sorti The iff ( . iioTAS'icAf. Ti:inrs. boar.l,anaHuI.ject...,lto,..v..sM,. by placingToiKh.s on tlio top; twenty brick.s or so will answer very wU It m of Krcvt im„orf,uu:o that tl„. sl,r,.f „f ,:„inr wifhi,, v.th .Imn.K tho -Iryin^; proross. The directions as to ro,,uent chanKos refer only to tho sheets not inMnoai,„e]v iu contact w.rh the ,,lant. These, to ens,uv tho best rJ- suits, smnl.l bo chanKe.l onco u .lay U% ,l,o first few aay.s; less frcuently thereafter. Gray reeonunen.ls ronntK w.tli hot irons in onler to remove more ra,,i,llv he mo,s,„n. f,...„, ,|,.shy leaves, and \n any case to wur„^ t uMlnors m tho sun before puttinR them between the Jaunts. Mounting. Wli. ,> tho s„eoimens are thorouKhly dry, tho next thinK is to niount .l,e„t. an.l for this luuj.ose you will require siieets of «t.-on« white paper; a good quality of nnnded fools- cup or cheaj, drawing pai,er will bo .suitable. The Tuost convenient way of attaching tho spe-inum to the paper ■s to take a sheet of the .same si.e as your pa,,er, h,v the spoe,n.en carefully in the centre, wrong side u,,, and'gum 't thoroughly with a very soft brush. Then take the I'.-l'or to whieb th, plant is to be attached, and lav it carefully on the s,,ecin.en. You can then lift p.aper 'and specunen together, and, by jaessing li«h,ly ,vi,h a soft cloth, ensure cou.plete adhesion. To render plants with stout .stems additionally .secure, make a slit with a pen- knife tlnou;,h tho paper immediately underneath the stem, then pass a narrow band of j^aper round the stem and thrust both ends of tho band through the slit. The ends may then be giunmed to the back of the sheet. Sorting and Ticketing. Tl>espe..iuu.u having Wen duly mounted, its botanical natne should 1,0 written neatly in the lower right-ha.ul corner, together w.th the date of its collection and the localitv where ound. Of course only one .Species sitould bV mounted on each sheet; and when a sutlicient numb..- h.we been prepared, the Species of the same Genus should be placed n. a sheet of larger and coarser paper than that on whuh the s,.ecimens are mounted, an.l the name of the Genus shoubl k> written outside on the lower corner Then the Genera of the same Order should be collected in the san.e manner, and the name of the Order w, iten outs.de as before. The Orders ntay then arranged in I accordance with the classification you may be using, and carefully hud away in a dry place. If a cabinet v-^h I shelves or drawers, can be specially devoted to s'toring I the plants, so much the better. 41) r,ii M/xr/K sTiti-f-n-ui:, ON THE MINUTE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. The Cell -Tissues Tissue-Systems-Exogenous and Eado- genouB Steins. L']. to this |,oint wo luivo boL-n i'iikhko'I in obsrrvlnR siul, I'.iilicu arsof s.n.rture in ,,l,in,M as „,■„ .uauif.st to , Tf o naU.l <■>.'. W o sl.all now enquire a littlo more clohdv, .in.l iin.l <,ut what wo can al,„ut th.. .hmvntary structure of -ho difT.ront orpi,,. We h„v,. all .served how ton.lor and d..iicato i« a littlo i.lantlot of any kind jus. si,routin« from the 8ml , but as tiinoolapsos, and tho ,,lant dovolopos and uc,,uir...s M.u.nKth, i,s suhsianro will, as wo k„ .n-, assume a toxturo varvin^; with tho nature of tho plant, ei.lu.r hoconiiuK hard and firm and woodv If it IS to ho a tr..o or a shruh, or ••on. inning to ho soft and com- I'iv-ss.hle as long us it lives, if it is to l,o an horh. Thon ns a nilo, tho loaves of plants arc of quilo a difforont consisUMKN foni the stems, and tho rih.s and veins and i,rilul..sof folia..,'- .■avos are of a lirmor texture than tho ronmitiiuK part of them Jii all I'lanis, also, the newest i.ortions. hoth of sKmu and root pearancepreseii,ed tons as that sliown in Fi-s o-,;j and 2.V1, tho hairs manifestly consisting of several enclosed spaces placed end to end. In short, the microscope reveals to us the fact that every part of a j,lant is made tip of such enclosed spaces, varying greatly in shape and size and general aspect, it is true, hut alwavs (e.xcept in some of tho very lowps. plants) clearly exhibiting boun- Y\V. L'.-O. F M- S"'l. Fig. -iJi, ^ _ __ 'V/xrTH STfircrfiiL: '.^'"'''7' ""'^^'' "i"H- l-nun-lnriM nre vi.iWo. no inutt.T "' "•'"•' 'I"'"'i"-. wemakoo„r..M„in«, it iH..l..Mrtlmt -1.0 M.U-..H „H,Ht l.c.hnti„„„allsi,l,.,. TI...H,, ..nrlos..,! H,,a.-o. aro callej ev//*, and their bouu.Ian.H ,„■„ known a. UM ti'//-ir,.. ""-savthe,.oi„,ora„owroo,lc.t. If,- .. ..tion is tab n near ..no„«h ,o the ,oint ^ve slmlJ ..'t c.l) -.hich Lave been j,,st fonnea. .S.-d, a .ertion . ^v,y ,^ei; uhown in ".ihh,,,u,l h:,v,„«aK.-an„laraHo„,.n«, .n,li„ t,„. .•enn-..of ead, a roun>lea denser 1,0,., io,, v .;, .o n.ade ou, oael, of ,l,eso a,jai„ en.losin;; ono or more sma!' bodies ibiS l.uu.d wbi.l. ih„s fills the newlv-fon,,.. .■'•■ -^ called j>raf.j.t„s>a (j,). ,ho la.uo ro„nd,'.d centr. • ss is tbo nnrlrus ,./, K ..onsisti,,,. of denser i..oto,,lasi ,.1 'tl,.. snialler enclosed masses ai'o tlie micholi (bk) Low lot „s consider Fi,.. o.Vi. This is a re,„.esentation of a section of the sa,„o rootle,, ,.ken a little farther ba.k fron. the point, so t],at the cells now in view are a li„le o der ,l,a„ ,l,e fu'st ones. They are n.anifestly lar..e,. • tl'ut ,s ,0 say, they have !jro,n>. The nndeus and^b.'. "ueieo , can s„ll bo n,ade out in so,„e of the,,,, but tbo l.ro,o|,las,n no longer enti.ely fills ,he e.Il. Tbe.o a,v now tr.i„s,>are,U spaces (roruo/r. [.vj, ,y],u-h are filled .th wate,- and b,.,ween these the j.rotoplas.n is see,, in Uo for,,, of srr,„,s or bands, as well us linin,M],e ill. Iho wa.er has been nbsorlK,d t]„onsh the cell-wall, and after sat,,,.atin« the protoplasni the excess l,as for.ned the vaco'es. Fii,', :2:.7 shows soine cells fro.n the san.o ,.o.„l,.t taken still farther bark. It is clear that the change observed in Fig. ' -oU has bee,» carried to a still greater extent. In so,„e of these cells the p.^otoplasin is restri. ,ed to the lining- of the cell and the nuclens. In this li„„e f, is the cell-wall • _ .V, s, vacoles ; p. i„.otoplas,„ ; A", nuele„.s. ,s now to be observed that the p,-otoplas,n is the essential part of ov«-y l,vi„^- cell. Th.o,,,.!. its ageney all the % ital processes of the plant a,-o carried o„. Eve, ■^- cell of r.i y ^> I -..'.•.,. Kiir. a.'";, !\ ^H r MiXi'Ti: STiircTL-iii:. • 'Vi'i-y |il;iiii al sdinoliir; 1.1 wl, ric or oiIkm- com, ■( ins tli I al 1,'n-ili ii .lisiipin-ars. iho ivlls wliicl tl(>iiiivc(l u[ it no Ion- of till' jilanl, l)iit- siT\' IS siibsliinci'. 1 iiri' ■flal. f an\- :icti\t' pail in l he o-rowi h llnir of •o niiTrJ,\- nifclianical puri lOSt'S, Slll'll tlieir 1 siipiioit or roiiiliiction, and arc. in tlnil st; lisiory, lillcil nsii of llio K iill.v Willi air or wait Tl, III liT is in:i.li> nj) of .such dc;ul ci IT jiarl of the wood and bark and old l;vu(. rally of all planb riio most marlccd f,,aturo of the living j^roto].! lit tiril w ol lanl-haii's am I 01 Ir as IS iilso ler jiai'ts iisni IS Its •,v cxaininin;;: microscope, when it will ho socn that tl id nicnts of two kind a rotary motion, on one side and npw iiuiss-ninri'niiiif. Al: Ijsorvo til is iiroiiorly 1 l>arls iimhT ]li^■ll powi'is of ila. icro are niovo- )f ]iroto|ilasni has ownwai-ils Tho whiilc n •sluliiii,' upon tho 0( irds on tho other. all, d Tl lis IS the across tho protophisiu in different d •o ciu-ronls may ho traced pa.ssin xfrrit d irections. This is th iiii„;/-woriwrnf. In Fig. 25.S the arrows show tl direction of tho c lu somo of tho vor\- 1 :ie ||rrent^ owest and the whol plants, whore there is no cell-wall, movements may ho ol IS a mass of iiaki'il prolopi ism, th iserxed more rea' dilv 1 K'caii.so thi less reslriclei There is somo douht as tc ]iroioi,lasni. It is, 1 the exact chemical 'omi)osii ion of lowever, a very comjilex iii,i,' to a ^ronp of hodies know Tl wliica iiin-op.n is an important constituent. siilistance n as (tlhiiniifioiils, of H! consist enco of protoplasm depends upon tlio water it contains. In d id 1 rv see( amount of Is. for example, it is Kni-h md hard, hut \\-h,.n i he same seeds are soal, it 111 >mes partially li.|Uid. :ea in water Forms of Cells. As cells iH'come older they tend as a rule to change their form, thoii-h sometimes we find tliem differin- hut little from their ori-imil conformation. C.mimonly a cell Krows more rapidly in some one direct ion, tlnis KiviiiK' ri.so to Ion- forms, as is the case in stems fi'onerallv. afd ill the petioles and veins of leaves, the superior tou-hncss and .slren.uth of whir], are duo to tho leiinthenin- and liardenin^- of the .'ells of which they are comi.osed' (!• The Cell-wall, In ll HM'oriionsot pla-ts just .selected for microscopic exami- nation wo have seen that tho protoplasm is in every i.;stanco hoiinde.l hy a wail. It l,.,s he.m ascertained 11 uit tho Wall is a cl lemical compi ..nd of carbon, hydro- Fif.'. : hdPk lit 1 oi Klf.'. •.'.IS. Kit;. -,Mi. It is ,f -^. "J/ Mixrri: srnn'Tiiii:. iiiid o.\y{>;eii, imj to t] I't'on nivt'ii. lis coiniiouiid tlie imiuo ci/liiloi Wi ve .siiiil tliMt tlie i)roto|.l;isiii is tl 1 hroii ;li th tiie plMiit 111' Hi !ii;oiicy of wiiich all tin. vlial j 10 iirdvo |.riiici).lo 't' ciiiriiMl on ll'OCfSSl', J 3f r coiiiiiiiis al soiiio t lino or olIi.T every const uuoni: of tlio jilant. Tho cell-wall Jtst'lf. Ilierofoi id ii jiroiliiel or urcrii/nn of tlio ) uhI is at iirst nil exirenieiy thin iilni. wIkcIi, 1 ii-otoplasin. Kracliially inereases in thickness liv tl inalerial. '{'hi iiio/iTliIrs of tl 10 addition of further s new inaleri 10 oriuina iili dejiosited ln/i id so extends not //ir tlio snrfa.>.> of tho wall, hut, hy dee,,er deposits, the thi.diness also. This jirocpss of uorinisitioii of new mate- rial is known as iiit)insiisc,i>ii,,ii. As the wall botween two cells increases in thicknos.s. a distin.'l middle layer is discernihlo in it, known as tho vu,l,lh- /s of KTOwih. \rliich consists in tho multiplication and enlarKO- moiit of colls. It is seldom the caso that the wail is thick,,,e,l uniformlv. Often nmnerous round tliin spots are h'fi. so thai the cell lias a ,/otfr,/ appearance (Fin;, o,;,), ^vheii tho thin spots in adja.ent cells .-no contif;nons. as tlay commonly iiro, a ready means of intercommunication is alTorded. Nometiniesthosi.ots. instead of l.ein- round, are oldom,-, so that tho coll under tlio microscope presents a /mWcr- hkr^ appearance, and so is said to ho .s,„l„ril\,nn (Fit;, 2l„l<',l rii,!/s. when the marking is said to he ,nnn,/il;! and iCI. i .Somolimos round thin spots will ho left in iho wall, and over oa.di of ihe.so a thi.dv-walled dome with an opi.ni,,.- at tho top will ho formed. At tho ,samo time a similar domo is rai.sed at exactly tlio sam<. spot on tho other side of tho wall m tho next coll; and, iuially. tho thin partition lie. ween iho opposite demos break away, i.erniili i„o. f,,,. communication. Tl ms are formed w)ia( are called hin- dered pits (Fig. 2(Jo), which abound in the \v-ood of C. a KIk. l'iw. Fitr.i.'<'.:i. Kij.-. -111. .".;{ Kif,'. L'dl. "^irniiy^^o FIk. 285. Flp. 2112. mi. 54 MIXrTE STHrvTCiu:. ffis. Fii;. Ji;.; is a (liaj;r;uu .showing tlio stnicttire of llicso [luiMiliar iiKirklii};s. Wlicn (H'lls stand cml to eml, and thin spots avo luft iu tlio cross-iiaititioiis between tliein, Kiirc.-ccl/s are foinied. Hero, a-ain, the tliin spots finally disa|.]iear, thus prnc- tieally unilin,!,' adja.'ent cells. Fij;. SCT illustratps these cells. HtTo ])s reiirosents tlio slinmkeii i.rotoiilasiu (lifted off tho I'li-forated cross-iiartition at .vy<); .v/, a sieve-iilate on the side-wall. On tlic right is a view of the sieve- liko wall. It sometimes happens that tho thickening takes place throngii- oiit the len^tli of a cell but in its (niii.s (Fij;. i270). and these often euvi'lope minute substances of crystalline asjiect, which, howevor, under the action of iiotash and other ro-af;cnts, underjio such changes of form as to lead to the belief that they are not true crystals. They are called cri/.sfalloid.s, and are to be regarded as forms of ))rotoplasm. Occasionally crystalloids arcoViserved without the albuminous envelope, as, for example, in the tuljer of tlie Potato. Fig. 2.')1 shows a cell luiving two or three such crystal- loids of .a cubical shape. The aleurone-grains in seeds containing starch fill the spaces between the starch-granules, as shown in Fig. 270, which re|iresents a cell from the cotyledon on the Pea. In oily seeds, such as the Brazil-nut, thej- replace the starch. Other Cell-contents. Besides the important substances already enumerated as ]iro- ducts of the protojilasm, many others are found, such as sugar, imdine (a substance nearly reliited to starch, and found in a few special plants), fixed oils (castor, olive, linseed, etc., chiefly in seeds), essential oils (turpentine, oil of lemons, and essences of -lifTereiit kinds), gums, rosins, and various acids. How new Cells are formed. There jire several methods by which new cells are produced, but in the higher i>lants the common method is that of ci'll-divisidu. We have already stated that only the newer thin-walled cells are capable of exercising this function. The process is briefly as follows: in the cell about to divide, the i)rotoiilasni first separates into two ])ortions, each containing i)art of the nucleus; then a partition-wall of cellulo.se is devolo])ed between the two jiortions, thus forming two cells out of the original one. Each part then enlarges and divides again, and so the process goes on. "When cell-divi.sion t.akes place in one direction only, flumiiifs or f/mads are formed; if in two directions, tiiirfdos are formed: while division in three directions gives rise to vmssus. Fig. 271 shows dividing cells of the Bean in different stages. It is evident that every ])art of a plant, however much altered in its later history, must in its earlier stages have con- sisted of this thin-walled cellular substance, or mcristein, as it is called from its power of dividing. Cell-division, then, is the nieihnd of now .^rll formation whi'lt. prevails in the vegetative i)arts of the higher plants. In Fig. 271. ■^fxrr/: srnrcrri;/' tlie iiml.iction of i.ollen, liowever. iiiul of tlio si^oics of vascular ciyj.tOKams, four now inid..i me fonntMl in tlio '•1^11, aiul tlie proioi.lasin collectsabouttlic.se. eventually secreting walls, so that four :iew ami comj.lete cells'an. formed u-if/un the original one, and tliese sooner or later make their escape. This mode is known as //ve a/t- fovwathm. T\~^. 070 ,,,o„.g ^,,g fonnaiion of pollen- Krain.s of Hollyhock in four stages. In the production of the endosperm cells in the embryo-sac. and the spores of many of the lower j.huUs, a similar ju-ocess fcoes on ; but liere the division of the nucleus is not limited to four por- tions, as in the cases just mentioned, but may be carried on to an indefinite extent. In some lower plants tlie entire contents of two adjacent cell, nuiy coalesce to form a single new coll. This mode i< known as coujwjation. Fig. 07;. ^1,0,,.^ jj,;^ j,^.^^,^^^ .^^ Spn-ogyra. At a the fusion of the protoplasm is goin- on ; at h it is complete. Also, the contents of a cell mar- contract and developea new cell-wall, a process known as the rt'Juccneticeiico or renewal of a cell. Tissues. An aggregation of similar cells i.s called a f/,su': Oiiuinullv. every part of a plant consists o) mrrisU),,. that is, of cells capable c 1 dividing. But changes set in, as we have seen at a very early stage, and eventually all the cells assmno ]":>■)„„>,<;„• forms, some developing in one wav. others in uuite a different way, according to the funct'ion of each particular part. So that in any given plant we find tis- sues, or grouj.s of cells, of very various kinds, and verv different arrangements of these tissues in different cases. By examining sections taken in succession from the grow- ing point backwards, every degree of change from meri- stem to permanent tissue may be made out. In the growing j.arts of all plants, in the pulp of fruits, in the pith, in the green parts of leaves, and in the entire sub- stance of many plants of low organization, we find tissue compo.sed of short and comparatively thin-walled cells, to which the name parcmlu/ma has been given. On the other hand, in the substance of wood, in the inner bark in the petioles and veins of leaves, etc., we meet with tissue consisting of long, pointed and overlapping cells and known asprosenrln/wa. That of the wood is fibrous tissue, and that of the inner bark is the bast, specially characterized by the extraordinary length and flexibility of the cells. Sclerenchyma and colhnvhyma have already been referred to. In the former the cells are commonly, though not always, short ; while in the latter they are usually long, but the ends are not i^ointed. M/XC TE STIinjTClti:, evils Iiiivo 1.0011 clos(i'i)...a wliich iire clmnicteriml liy iiocidiar jmirkiiiK.s oil thoir wiills. When such ctlls staiid end to end, tho cro»-i.iirtiiioiis coD",>oiily disiiMicar, with the effect of foniiiiig long tubes, fi .rally of larger dlametor than the other cells with -Jjh they are associated. Such large cell.s are known as (v.v.sv/.v. and tissue formed uf thoni is Ciillrd rnsrithu' or f'/v/r/,,-,, '•// tissue. Hence we have Kjilral. .sr,,/, ,,■;/<„■>, i, aninihtr, rifirulafeil, and 'loffrd vessels. These diircivnt kinds of vessels arc usUi'Ily found associated with libious tissue, and the CMubinatiou of tlie two is known as thejihro-msoi/nr .sy/.v,'/ ,„ . •Many i.laiiis, such as Dandelion, IJluod-root, ililkweod, and .Sl'urge, emit a coloiuvd or milky juico when wouiideu. This juice is technically called tho /r//ue ii"ig. r.'?-!). Its form differs in diffcrrait cases. In some instances it consists of long tulies which may or may not branch. In others, tho cells ouiposing it form a nci-work, ,...,; in the c-so of vessels, tJie latex tubes are commoiii.^ iormed by tl..- c/alescenco of cells ciiuinally separate. Init .somei inies U-- 1 1n- co.n fnned apical growl li of siii-!(. cells. Sieve-tissue lias been already i,-,- ;,cd. The cells aic u^r,,.,'iy father wide, and the wall^ aro jK.t hardeMod, but l !io cross-partiiions bet-veen the cells are ibicl.eued and ]ierforated. 1- may be added that sln;,lr ,r//.v which rese),ible vessels in their i'larkings are often spoken of as ^•(/c//c/(/.s( Fig. Sib')). Tissue-Systems. AVhilu groups c: iniilar cells are des-.;nated tissues, we may have also dilb.rent combinations of these tissues in differ- | eiit i.laiits. or in different parts of the same phuit, and : these various com'. editions aro known as t/sswsij.s/rms. i These are now usually ranged under three heads : (1) Thr \ Kpiilmihil Siistnn. inchiding those combinations of tissue | which go to form tho coverings of young stems, roots, and , leaves: (2) The F/hro-r,iwii/,ir fifi/s/nii. including such I coinbim.-.ions as form the stringy masses wliich abound in the substance of the higlier plants ; and (;]) Thn Fun- (himnifiil Sijsh-1,1, including the combinations of cells which have undergone little or no change of form; in .short, all the rest of the j.lant excei)t tho two systems first mentioned. The Epidermal System is most highly develoj.ed in Phanerogams. Fig. 275 sliows a section through the thickness of a leaf. Here it \vill be observed that there, i.; a ciosely-packed layer of cells "rrrr — Fit;, ilo. Fibi In MiyUTE STlirvTrUE, fonnin,,^ tl.o t„,,„.r surface, and a si.nilar layer forn.,,.. tl.e owor MuTace. TLeso layers constitute the e,.>,,. .Jls js a lar^^er view of a fully f„rn.ed ston.a (.v). I„ ordinarv leaves w,th an upj.er an.l a lower surface, the stomatit are far more numerous on the lower side ; ind.ed, manv such leaves are entirely without s.onm.a on the t.ppeV SU.W ^er.ical leaves have them rather eptallvX tubuted ou both surfaces. Lnmersed leaves and under- .j^round stems have hardly any at all and thev are never lound on roots. Tlie stetns of Dicotyledous lose their epidertnis at a compara- nye y ea.'ly period, and a tissue consisting of cells of corh- idled w„b air. takes its place. These cork-cells are modi- hcattonsof the cells beneatlt the e,,idermis. at.d thev form an effectual protection to the tissues within. The .skin of he rotato tuber exhibits this corky layer verv clearlv Ihe specta tissue from which the cork is developed is \ called i>hillo(je7i. Pibro-Vascular System. In the F,bro-vascttlar8yste,n different plants exhibit a verv il.fferent arran^^etnent of the component tissues. As a rule, these tisst.es are capable of division into twogrottps |U one of which the wood is developed, and i.t th'e ot e' the bast. To the ornter of these groups the general ter.n ^'^m IS apjdtcable. and to the latter the term ;,/, inter- fascicular phloem ; h, h, h, bast-fibres ; /c, fascicular, and ic, interfascicular cambium. The external ring repre- sents the epidermis. In monocotyledons, on the other hand, there is no cambium- layer, and conse-e.,eeafonnea.etwoo„t;^;;i./t ;'::;::: '•'I'-mK f.om ,t, ,,socc„,,i,.,l by tluMvoo,!. This cvlin-fr o woo,l ,s no^y endrcl.a by a ri„« of ca,„bi„„, b 'o d ^^ hicb are the tiss.ies of the jdiloeni, ^ i ;vooaf..meaiatei„the;...^':;:ij:^:-;^,°^ I'o ouay.ng tissue thau tho.s. fern,.! in s ri n. u I ' hence the outer part of each year's rin^ ap„eLs tus I nd .s sharply ntark.l oif from the riu. of'Jbo !oU^^, \ winter Th7r °' /'? ""^'''"^ '^""'^ ^.h^ce in the i «n,te.. Die rays winch intersect these rin^-s as Hne i ...es cons.st of portions of the ground or fundament .ss owluch have been s„ueezed into their prese to i h the increasing fibro-vascular bundles on eac ide ^ ^em: t bey are called .,..,..,,, ,,,,.,, ,„,^ ^J;,' ^ | .0... new ones are formed from the cambium. Only ^^^ "'"nan, ones, however, extend from the pith to t ha.lc ; tbose formed later are shorter In roots a special arrangement of the tissues of the bundles inis is tiie radta/ arrangement. Fundamental or Ground-Tissue. The Fundamental or Ground-Tissue com,,rises all the parts of he plant not already inchuled in the epiderma and bro ascular systen.s. The collenchyma found just b , eath the epKlenuis, sclerencbyn.a occurring in diLrenn "; s -^ at^iferous tissue are constituent;;f the f: m ^i 1 tl n^onocotyledons ground-tissue in the form of pare Sle ''^'"-' '^T'^ '''' ^'°^^^ bundles IftL bu ; '"'"''■ ^'^""'^ '" ^^•''"•l» fibro-vascular ' m, les are not produced, the groutul-tissue coustitt the whole of the interior ='i'i"cc.s, In exj^-- stems the wood developed from the cambium is ^ eloped from the j-rocambium. Pi„es, for example Lai lil FiL'. i'>L>. 62 •e to thefrrow ii!;; lioiiit, ai-i I ends of the I'liinary hiindles ulniobi at, tlio ve^, .. , . ., •, hpiid om wards towards the new leaves, tiie lowV, j,,, 't ^ hoiiia coiitiiiiied down the stem. In th.. nionocuiyledons these bundles fii-t ar.h inwards toward:. tl,e centreof the stem, and then outwards and downwards, thinning out ns they descend. Hence, in a cross-soction (Fij;-. 2S]) the huiidlos appear more crowded towards the circumference, and also smaller. SikIi a stem is. therefore, found to he harder at tlie outside than at the centre. LABORATORY WORK WITH THE MICRO- SCOPS. Practical Suggostions. It is assuiued that the t. a lier will give all necessary in- structioiis as to tjio inaiiipiihition -f the microsco] e, iireserva- tioii and hardeninKcf material, section-cutting and mounting, so that it will only he urged here that as th(> one object in view- is to obtain a knowl. due of I'laut-structuve as exhibited in the living oigani.sm, the sn,ii,l,sf methods are i. most invariably the best. All the necessary section-cutting can he done with a good razor, and water will nearly always serve as a mounting medium, when fresh material is used. The Cell. As a suitable object to begin with in the study of the vegetable cell, Professor Bower recommends ti.e com- mon >S/)iro,/>/ra which so frequently foiins a green. scum on tlu iirface of ditches and slow-flowing waters. It is made up of unbranched threads irregularly matted to- gether, and can generally he easily recognized. A small jiortion of the living plant should bo mounted in water in the usual way, and studied first with a low j er, wiien the following points can ho observed and drawings made of them : (a) The cell-wall which forms tb hiterr: limit of each thread. (b) The cross-wallswhich divide the threads into cells. (c) The protoi>lasmic cements of each cell, with the green chlorophyll granules which here form spiral bands. With a higher jiower try to make out ; (a) the film-like lining of each cell {]>mnordinl R ^raoEST/OX.. n LAHoRA Tur ,• yy^HK. (I') Tlu, huKo co>u,al cavity U'm'mh) HUe.l wi,l, POloiulfSM (■.•l|-S|||,, (c) Til,. Km.n s,.i.ulH i.nlK.,KI...l i„ ,|„. n,,;,,^, „f ,,,^ Cfll. I'l) The luicloiw, oiTii,,yi„j, H ,„„,,, „, 1^,,^ ,,,,,,,|..^, liosition in tlio (til. (e) Thethicndsof protoplasm .•onnecfii.K ilio nur|,,,s With tho liuiiinof tho (■<■!! Havi,u,'oh.servo.l th.se f.a.un.s in ,ho living ,s,*oin>e« trv ,],.. '■ffert of intro-lurinKadropof io.line solution nn.W th. oov..,-Kh,,ss. AVh.at is the om.,.t upon tho cc-li-wail y ipun tho green spirals'? Upon the nu.Ieu.s ? Try a No ti.e effeet (upon freshly mounted s,K;ci,nens) of a weak K-A per cent.) solution of common salt ; of glycerine; of weak solution of potash. All .hose ohset-vations may 1h3 re,x.ate,l with any other simple vej^etahle form«, stmh as the i.rothallium of a fern, where the cells form a. «,/,».« insf.. 1,1 of a thread as in Spirogyn, Iho mornn..tsol protoplasm may b.. easily observed in tl,; i^of- uurs of a,,uatic plants, nn,l „ the stamen-hairs of THE BEAN AND THE MAIZE. For piactical m o,k on the Bean and the Mai^e, seeds of these plants should be germinated in wet sawdust and the roots allowed to attain a leiif;,]. of several iu.Iies AVell- KTOwn plants should also br available. Koot of Bean. -Make cross-sertious of the i^rimary root a little baek of ,h, .l«x; clear in ^^^ak j.otash, and mount in ghverine -Note tho following in order from the centre : fa lie Pith, orcupying the centre of the section. '■ral (usually four) groui,s of primary xylem I ■ .UKM -, I tr) Alterua Willi, and somewhat exterior to these | the phloem groups. ' i (d) Filling the spaces between all the grou],s of (b) and (V). parenchymatous tissue. (.") Extenud to the xy, . .„d phloem grouj.s, a rather well marked belt .,f poricambium in a single layer, at least m l.at portion which is outside the phla'iu. (f) External to the iiericambium. a well marked single layer of cells, each with a characteristic dark dot on its radial wal Is. This layer consti- tutes the bundle-sheath inu/o,/,.,.,,,/*.) (g) ±-xternal to (f ), a thick band of nuanv Lv -rs of cells, the cortex ; and finally. i>.'l U4 ,v/7,7/Awy/(),v.y fni lmiohatouy ico/.-a. opidcrmls. •lA/Av Ur.inhnjs ../ „ll thr f>s,>irs ,Jjs,n;,l. '■ut s..,.,i.,ns from oM...- ,„u,s of tbo roo,. un.l .•o.ni.a.e wi,l. |l>'.>o nhv,.,lyoxMnn„..,l. Xo,o tl.o for.nation of . .n„hi,u>, 1.1 tlu- i..u-eii.-l,yn.u intfnml to tl.e |,l,lo,.,n nn.nj.s To il,. livmion ami uTowth of tl,...se fun.l.inm ,vlls is ,1,... tl,',. ™'/"'V/ 'In-konln^ of tl.o mo,. [.„ ,),, oM., sections CXilllilt f|.|ilcii]iisy foitfx ? If any of tl.o se.Hous p„..s ,l„„uKi. ,|,., o,.i«i„ of /„/,,-, ' ,w.v ol.sP.vo ,,Mr.i,.u|,„ly Imw ,1,,,., „,iKi>..„o. . ,1,..; fo.'....M o» tl.o sn..f,„.o of tl.o ,...iiu ,oot. or do tlu.v ...'i:,. m... tl.o don,,,-,- ,i-MH.s. How i. their position ielatnl to tiiiit of tlio jii-i!.i;iiy xy!,..„ Kroniis? Root of Maize. I" n,..kin«.s..ctions of ,h., ,ou, c,f Mai., ,l,e .li,.e..tio,..s ..hT.olv K.ven for the Be..n n.ny be followcl ,..„1 „ ,.,„„,,„,i., ,n insn„.,ea Wtw...... .■,„,,.>,,on.li,.K urtions. X„,., tl,.„ ' H..0 IS nn.ch less .l,(T,.,.,..„.e b,twceu tl.o roots of tl.o.e I'lants than l.tm...,. tluOr ston.s. so far as n.int.te .,.■„',.- tiii'o 1- roiici'.-iiiMl. Apex of Root (•„, a lo.„.it,..linal n.e.Iian section th.o.,uh the apex of a yo„nK root. Obs,.,.vo uitl. a hi^h ,,o^^: , and noto tl.o rcot-cup. .. n.thor loose n.ass of p,.ren'hv..„i cover.n^^ the ti,,. X,„o tl.o l.oot.da.y lav.r of ooii; o,. each HI of the root ; this is the dormatogen. orn«s..en. op.dern..s. Endosod hy tl.i.s is a tissue of ,„a„v lav,... "0 nascent cortex. a..d known as peribkm. ' Withi,, 'I'o per.ble.n is tl.e plerome-oylinder. f.oni whid. the vas..„larn..«of xyle.n a..d i,l.loem bundles, observed in incvioiis sections, i.s derived. -lA/Av. dr>uvi)ii/s of thr t;ssw:s ohs/!.i/,.,n- IIV-a-a- Kitu.linal .P..tio.n an,l tl... Mnullor ones' .;,/,,// litM (III iiH/,n: ' (-') We.lKe.l iu u,„on« ,I,.> vc....!,. ,1.., n,,,,!, Hinnll.T tlu) A l.u.l of thin.„.«ll,..|. narrow a..,l n.rl,..,. rert,u.Kular cell., in n>Knla.- n.,Ii,.i ,^„ „ ,,,„ cambium. (J) Extmial to tlio cinnl.i„„,, tlu-bntt ron H,H,.nK of nmny layers, , Ik. i,,M,.,..,f,,,n-;all..,l, «Ir J^'. "'" "". "^ "«^°-«"b08 a.,,1 bast, parenchyma, .„,! „.,. „,,„.• „f ,l„vk.wall,.,l c.'lls con«t,tL,ti„« ,1,0 baBt.flbres or soloron. chyma. These okMuent. external ,o, he . .an,l,i,u J ;;.>.-tm,to,he,,hIoem,.o,,ionofthol.unaie. I'hi n-hoarn.K cells «urroun,lin« the rin^ of iil,r,.. ntscular bun,lle.s. The outer layers ,„„y show | cell-walls stronK^ly ,1,1.,,,,.,,, ;,. „,^. " coUenchyma (.v.,/.v,/,/,.,.,;,/.s) (0) The medullary rayp. h,.,„ls of ...ren.hvn.a ^epamt.n,^ ,he ,il.,.o.v,.,s,„h.r lM,„.lles and con- ' nee, my: tl,e pi,], with the cortex | (f) The epidermic u si„,We layer of transparent ^ ^fn■o 1 ■ '"'"*-' '•'" '^°""'l">.v of ,l,e sten.. In a lan«it,ulinal radial section, follow the course of ol.serva- ! 'O. ontl.ned above, notin.^ all the tissues hetwee. tie 1""' «>"' the epidermis, and n,akin« drawings tompare a cross-section through a node with th; cross sec- tion already observed. dOss-sec- Stem of Maize. ""^""u'^r^"' '""'"'^ ^^ -•ell-.rown s.en,. oh- seue the ollow,n«t,ssues, co„,n,enein« a, ,heou,side: a The epidermiP. a single layer of ells (h) Immediately internal to (a) irregular ^rou,. of sclerenchyma (c) The groundwork of the section, consisting of tlun-wulled fssue (parenchy„,aj in which are imbedded ('!) The .separate flbro-vascular bundle?, smaller (1) Four lar^e oj..nin8« (mvc/.). the i.o verv lur^e j ones be,ng;>,/^,/. and of the other two the one ' I H (i() xracKST/OX.-; ri,ll LMUmATultY ]\ul!K liciirot ilic cent IV (if till' ^AWuWrspiriil. tlic iitljrr lUiiiiihir. r2) Aroinitl iiiid bciwocn ilio two liir-o v.'sm'Is, tliick- waili'il tissue (•diisistiiiij; of tracheidp. (.!) Below the |>itte,l vessels and ar.iund i1,p sniall.r vessels, iliiii-wallc.l parenchyma. These tlneo eleniem.s make up t he xyieiii iioit ion of tlic l)iiii(lle. (1) On thooii|iositosiae of the space separating' the 1 lit ted vessels, a mass of soft bast (the phlceni liortion of the biiii(ll(>), (.■p) SiiiToiintlini,' all the above elements, a I hi.-k.,h.'aili of selerenchyma. -l/c'.c ,1 (Iriiichiij e Mi,l. tl.ose of ,l,e .sto.n as ahoa.lv observe,! Co,n,aro tl.e parenchyma of tl,e section with tliat of tlieHcan leaf. MoMnr a bit of the e,,i,W„,is. an.l compare the forn.s of tbe ^P erma Uvlls .v.h t f'2ces r '■ ''°"""" "° "'^■^■°''''"- °» --' or both -Vdh-r diUUVilKJS „f fl„, si'riiniis. Calyx and Corolla. If flowers of the Uoa.i can be procre,!, sections of the cah. OliK. iuiil corolla may be i lcaf-!i u.Kle jn tlie same way as tlie or.li X nary 10 le oiiiata ? icaf-sect,ons. lV,ern,ine if possible the cause of tl CO om, , „, ,, ,f ,, ,„,^,^_ ^, ^,^^^^^^,^ ^,_^_ ^^^^^^^^ I'otal w,tl> that of the foliage-leaf. Are there st vascular biinillcs V Stamen. I ^' ''w'' ^'""r.''' '" '"'"'^^ ^^^'^'^"^ °^ "'« -'fl'".' of the Loan, b ca..se of us minu,e,.ess. b.u: the stn.ctnre of the anther ofM.ush-Mar,goia may be rea.lily observed, if sections of H J onng ttnopenea tlouv .• are tna.le. Note the two lar^e lobes each contai„it>j, two cavities or pollen-sacs separ- ■■'ted I,y a partition. In n,at„re anthers these partitions are con.monly broken dou-n, so that each lobe then a„- pears to be one-cjle,!. ' Is there a vasculr.r bundle in the section? Observe the poHe^ins, and if possible .nake out the ori.in of the grains by free-cell format ion. To oWrve the formation of pollen-tubes, tnake a moist Chamber as ollows: Cut a ro,i,h piece of cardboard s.xco aslide, and tnake a hole in the centre som.- M^ Mna let- than a covei-^lass. 8oak the cardboard in ^^^.ue, and place ,t on the slide. Make a weak .solution of s,.,ar (say .percent.), and put a drop of it on the -o^u-f,iass. Place the pollen-grains i.i the drop a>,d invert the cover-glass over the Itolo in the cardboard Hrymgupcan be preve.ited by occasionally wetting the < ardboard. rut the slide away i.t a dark place for abo.u •^ liours. At the end of this time pollon-tubes will p.o- , -'■Ivbe o„nd in course of development, and may then 1"^ --'"died with a higher fower. I I Carpel. A<.ir,,c!of the Bean may bo cut across -J OS 'Ji'OOEST/ONS Foil LAIiORATORY iVoJiK. r It is difficult to iiuiko a .s.'itisfactoiy section of tlie ovule of tlto Buaii, Ijut by making a laiw iiuiuber of truiisvfr.se sec- tions of an ovaiy of a voiuif,' flower of Marsli-ilarigold some good sections will be seemed, wlilch will show tlio essential i.arts. Note the two coats of the ovuIq, each of several layers of cells. Observe the micropyle, and within the coats tlie nucellus. In the latter is a large cell, tlie embryo-sac, which should Ije examined widi a high iiower, in order to observe the central nucleus, the ovum with the two synergidae, near the micropylar end. and the antipodal cells at the oi)i)osite end. Fertilization. The details of the inocess may bo observed in flowers of .Alarsh-.Marigold, Evening-Primrose, Vero- nica .serpyllifolia, and others: sections made through the ,'itignia will sliow tho pollen-tulies penetrating the tissue, aiul an examination of tlie ovules will oftenlhow tlio tubes entering the micropyle. The Seeds. As has been already pointed out the seed is characterized by the presence of the embryo, which is formed by cell-division in the embryo-sac, as a result of fertilization. Seeds of Evan and grains of .Alaize should be soaked in water for a day or so and sections made in both cases. Observe tlie starch granules in sections of the cotyledon of tlie Bean and of the endosperm of JIaize. Are the granules alike in both casvs V Are there any other cell-contents V ILLUSTRATIOi^S OK BEAN AND MAIZE. ILLLU.iTltA TloSS (iF IJEAX. VvA. Fit: ILLUSTRATIONS OF BEAN. 2-^0. Trausverso seclioii of root of Eeuii, taken ii sliort distance lieliiiid tlic- a] ex of the njaiu root. The .section [lasses throti-h a latei-al foot. fc. trichoiues ; c/,. ei'iaerniis ; pc. jmren- chynia of cortex; al. himaie-sheatli (enJodermis) ; <■//'. i,ericamlsui]i : _ ■//. i.hloem Imndle; ,ci/' . in-iniary x.vleni bundle; re. root -cap (of lateral root). (Howes, i . •i''^l. J'art of trunsver.se section of the stent of Bean, c, cuticle : fy<. ei.ideriuis ; (7/. colleii- chyma; jic, i.arenchyiua of cortex; ch' , caniljium ; .ri/', xylem sclerenchyma ; xj>, xyleni liareiichyma ; xy' . i)riinnry xyleni ; p,' , parenchyma of pith ; mr, niodtillary ray ; xij.r, xyleiu ray; .s/, sieve-tiihes ; iili.r. plilueni rays; ji.p. i.hloeni parenchyma; jili' . hard hast (scleren- cjiynia,!. (Howeti.) L'^-.i. Radial ]onj;itudinal .section of .stem of Bean, corresponding to l"i-. 2.^4. C'ommencini;' at the left side, the elements shown are : ctiticl(>. epidermis, collenchynia. parenchyma of cortex. l;ard hast, i.hioeiii j.arencliyma. soft bast (sieve-tubes), cambium, jiitted ves.sels and xylem sclore!!c!;ynui. x\ l.m parenchyma, annular and spiral ve.ssels. pith parenchyma. (Howes.) t^ "« *■!' rvi Fiu ill- ILLCSTIiA r/OXS VF MAIZE. I\ I '\'A ILLUSTRATIONS OF MAIZE. FiK. I'V- -'•'^^i. (fonaiuationuf Mai/o i,i successive ^ta-es \ . „ I i! r -i«nuelv. I,. ,„ ,„,, ,f ,,,, ,,,,„.„ ^^. . ; ''-'''■ . -' ■'-' ''• f-- •'-! --^le views of e.nb.-yo 2^7. Loniritudiual section of u .ri..,;,, of Ar,;v,> n , «.s, 'oot-...,e.vtl,(tl,el,necon,.eotedwi,htheseletters.shouiabe]onger). (SacJ.s' Fi«' FiK Fiu -'•^^ I-O'isitiulinal section throuKl, ftjiex of root of Mai^e ( \ UuU i , of tl.o root is sl.ov.-n ) VII wifl.in fl r "'"^ ''"'" ''"'^ f'"" ^^"^'1' line i. root-cap ;e;l:.^„;;T '^^ V'T^" '^'•°""- ' "" '^'o- -1 outside this "I , •^. .iptx oi loot ; tlie hrst layer of ce Is wiMiin ., ;» ■ i ■~::o:::::t:;::L:::u;::'T:j:;::::r-t:'^""'^"'-'--"- 2!)0. A, cell of enaosperni of Maize. Thin plates of protoplasm seoarate tl i Kvains. .-,,.uu.chgranulesfron>.ernHna,in.seed.ilvarona " r^^^'^^^^^^^ •■^^'^Sesof disintegration. (Naclis.) ■ 2!'l. Cross-section of libro-vascular bundle of Mai/e ,, ,v,r«nni o..torside. , inner Side of bundle; „,, pitted vessels ' ,";,r:^:^°^ ^^^T^'^^^^ ' '" hnercellular space lilled with air- r r soft b.«, • ,1 ' ' '"'""^''' ^'''''^ ' '' thick-walled prosench.nia. IchJ.) --t'-eof the bundle consist, of ' 2!>2. Cross-section of stem of Maize. showini;i.arenchvni.. ,„• ^. intercellular s,.aces. (Sachs.) V"- l-tit,on-wail of cellulose ; nn,^ i: i 1 r F« As CJiYPTOOAMons TYPES i L. CRYPTOGAMOUS TYPES. PTERIDOPHYTES. Ferns. the upper side aro develoix;d tlio leaves wl„Vl. have io„, petiole, and i;,o.«.T::;S,::r;:x bml you .^1 observe that it i. rolled up I n ) vi " shown an Fig. oj,,. t,, ^^..,^^^,^^ is/the ''f "^^ -'"^.a-l this is thecaseinneaHyalt) F n's O,; ,„ J 1 " "■" '"" »~ o' 'I'"" 'loi» ..i«ler tl,o W»y,» : white .1,, el„s.c,.. „( .po„„sir™ , ,7/- ' y then, -s sonaething „.ore than an ordinary oil I.," hairs are produced as shown i^t o C ^ On ^ T' ' surface, .n.ong the root-hairs, arise mill p^ ec L '^ t-ssue m which are developed cells corresponding to ,L ^:Tr :i ^^'"^"^^°^^-- ^hese pro ectio:? j;: ««/<«<;.«; they contain cells in which are fertihjl bodies known as antherozoids AUn .„ fi ""f "^'"^ faceoftheprothalliun,. .1 tho„o- fiV"'''' '"" analogous to the embryo^a^ of th„t/'' """'""■'" ThesP nrfl tK^ ^ ® PhaneroM:amous ovule he.e ate the archegonia. They are mostly flask-shaped Il i Tlu liodii's, liaviii- a Ki'i'lu-i'L'U-tlio oosp/inr—m llir lox r t'lid. Till, iiiitheioaoiils. oil osi;aiiiiiK tiom tlio iiiiilui mi.u. j iiiiiko ilicir way down tlio lU'cks of tlio ar(lii>(,coiiin, ami coinint,' ill coiiiiirr wiili tli.- oosiilicirs fertiU-zc ti.iui. Aa a lusiilt of tliis fertilizfttioii, :i pluiit is devcloinMl in all iL>s|K'cts like the one which orijrinally bore the spoies on its fronds. s luiiiiiftist. thon, that we liiivo hero two distinct (/////vv/- h'oiis: first, the s^oro imchIucos ilie |>rotl,ullimn which hears the aiiihcridia ami arclioKonia ; secomlly. the in- tonicrion of tlirso ^'ivcs rise to a iilaiit which hems the s|)ores. This phenomenon is spoken of as the altenuifion of ijiiwi'ations. ! stems ami roots of Ferns are found to contain vascular bundles whicli. like those of monocotyledons, are dosed. a description of our common. I'rrns differiiii,' in detail from the Polypody, the student is lefcrred to the Flora. pa^e IC)!!. Horsetails. V\%. 2!(.S is a view of the fertile stem of Kquhiium avr.vnsi: the Common Horsetail, of aljout the natural size. Jt may ho observed early in spring almost anywhere in moist snmly or gravelly soil. It is of a pale brown colom- and in place of leaves there is at. each joint a sheat h split into several teeth. At the summit of the stem is a sort of conical catkin, made up of a larfj;o number of six- sided bodies, each attached to thosten! '... ,i short jiediccl. Each of these si.\-siiled bodies tiirnsi owl an examination to bo made up of six or seven spor-.n;,; i or spore-cases, which oiwn down their inner mi.;; ■,••;.;, <<,. -Lscharge their spores. Figs. 2!)!> and 300 are eiu*' t;.',.'a outer and inner views of one of them. The spores thtw.i,e]ves are of a similar nature to tho.so of the Ferns, and reproduction is carried on in the same numner; but each spore of the Ilor-setail is furnished with four minute tentacles whiidi closely envelope it when moist, and uncoil themselves when dry. Tiie fertile stems will have almost withered away by the time the sterile ones appear. Those latter are of the same thickness as the fertile ones, but they are very much taller and are green in colour. Observe, also, the grooving of the sterile stem, and the whorls of 4-angled branches pro- duced at the nodes. The spores, upon germination, give rise to prothallia bearing antheridia and archegonia precisely as in the Ferns. Tlie prothallium is usually small, flat, and irregularly branched or lobed, develojiing the antheridia at the projecting ends of the lol)ns, and the archegonia in the angles between Kit.'. -'I* Fifi. ,100. Fit?. iii:(. It: en rn Ton a mo r -v y y/.f^s; S;,L:;;r:';:::,-;*'™;':;; ^'-'^ -»: tlu< lu^P of M,„ . ' '' """"I'li'.-^ II cuvitv 1,1 «v.a,„o„„.„, ,i,ic„„,„ „,, „ „ ,.,„„„,",, ".^ - J-»,». fo.. ,,»,,,,,,, .,„„.„„.„ V. » J „T,i' Olub-Mosses. | J-^'«. .'102 is a rci—sentation of a bninoli r.f / „ •■'"™'-, one ,„■ .„„„„„,„ e,r 1 '*n;!;" ^o..,:;i;;;-:;;s:-ir: ';:r:^™•;:- ;-=t";j:::-;;--;;;::-■-i-' ,_^^™'«««-i.".."P.n,,,..,,,i„,,,;'.,:,i; „■,;:•'■■""'■'■ KIk. .'KU Fig. 302. Fiff. 303. MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) A APPLIED IK/MGE 165:! East Moin Street Rochester. New York M609 USA (716) 482 -0300 -Phone (716) 288- 5989 -Fax 78 CRYPrOOAMOUS TYPES. II develope prothallia upon which archegoiiia are formed, and the smaller others upon wliicli antheridia appear. The three plants just considered, while evidently differing in certain details of structure and in general aspect, never- theless have a number of characters in common : 1. Tlity cujrce in flieir mode of rejiroductlou, which is by spores, these hoilias beliuj quite unlike the seeds with which we are now familiar, and wiiich, you will n-coUcct, always contain the embryo of the new plant. 2. They all exhibit an alternation of generations, 3. Tlwy all have true roots. 4. The three tissue-systems— the epidermal, the fd)ro-vascu- Itir. and the fundamental— though not all developed to so high a degree as in the Phanerogams, still can he very clearly made out in both roots and stems. The Jibro-vdscular bundles are always closed, as in tnono- cotyledons, and are, as a general rule, concentric. Plants with these common characteristics constitute a group called Pteridophytes or Vascular Cryptogams, "cryjito- gam" being a general term applicable to all plants which do not produce true flowers, as ' ' phanerogam " applies to all those which do. BRYOPHYTES. Mosses. Fig. .'JOl is a representation of the common Hair-Moss (Poly- trichuin commune), which may be found in early sum- mer almost any-.vhere. It grows in dense masses, and u[ion examination it will be found that while manj- of the stems resemble that shown in Fig. 30-1, the upper extremities of the others form rosettes, as in Fig. 305, whilst others again terminate in ordinary vegetative buds. Let us first examine a specimen as represented in Fig. 30-1. There is, it will be observed, a well-marked stem, or leaf- bearing axis, upon which the crowded minute leaves are sessile. In the Mosses they always are so, and they are found, upon examination with a good microscope, to con- sist as a rule of only one layer of cells, being therefore much simpler in construction than those of the plants we have so far been engaged upon. It is also to be noticed tliat the leaves of Mosses are without stomata. Observe now that our Moss has no true roots. It is, however, fi.xed to the soil upon which it grows by numerous root- hairs or rhizoids. The slender scape-like stalk which rises above the leaves is technically called the seta or bristle; in the left-hand part of tlie iiguro (c) tlie upper end of the seta is covered by a Fiij. .Wl. Fig. 305. CHYPTOOAilOUS TYPES. liaiiyoaj), the culi/pfm. In tlio riglit-liiiiul iiortion the j calyiitra has been removed, diseksiiijv a little pod, vaii- I ously spoken of as the tlwca, or urn, or caji.sii/a, or , siioranijium. Tig. 30G is an enhir-ed view. This cap- ' sale is closed c.t the top by a circular lid, the oinrculvm, which falls awny -when the capsule is mature, ilius allow- ing the escape of the spores, wliich are jiroduced in it. The spores are developed upon the surface of a central <'oliinin which rises from the bottom of the capsule, and which is known as the columcUa. The opening through which tlie sj)ores escape is called the stoma, and a good lens reveals the fact that around the stoma there is a circle (sometimes two) of minute teeth, known collectively as theywmCo«i«. In the ,AIoss now before us the peristome consists of sixty-four teeth. In other Mosses the number \arics, being always, ho-vvever, some power of 2 ; either 4, or 8, or 1(5, or JJ2, or G4. Occasionally the teeth are altogc'thor absent. AVe shall now consider the mode of roj.roduction in the Mosses. Let us commence with tlie spore. Tiii.s, \.\\m\ meeting- with proper conditions, bursts its outer coat (the cjl'o- spcn'c), and the inner coat (,tlie ciu/o.yxire) is tlien pro- truded as a slender tube. This continues to grow by repeated divisions, until at length, in most cases', ii tangled thread-like mass of vegetation is produced, to which the name profoni'inn has been given. After the lapse of several days mimue buds are developed at differ- ent points ujjon the protonema, and these are found to consist of whorls of scaly leaves. This is the beginning of the development of the ordinary Moss-plant. Ujion the plants thus arising from the buds are developed autheridia and archegonia, the former in the axils of the leaves forming the rosettes shown in Fig. 305, and tlie latter at the apex of other stems, as shown in Fig. 304. The antlieridia are seen under the microscope to be club- shaped bodies, containing a mass of cells in which the antherozoids are formed. Fig. 307 shows an antlieri- diura (.1) with escaping antherozoids a. At {B) is seen a sperm-cell with contained antherozoid. At c is the antherozoid set ftLe. The archegonia are flask-shaped bodies, with a lower expanded portion and a long neck above. Fig. 308 shows the apex of a fertile stem with several archegoniain the centre, and Fig. 309 shows a single archegoi.ium very highly magnified. The anther- ozoids upon bein.T set free make their way down the necks of the archegonia and unite their substance with that of special cells in the lower end (one in each archegonium). Tliese cells, as a consftjupurc of being thus fertilized, become surrounded by a thin coat and immediately begin Fipr. .TOO. Fig. 307. P -1^ ir i .so CRYPTOOAMOUS TYPES. !;^th'Z7T^'' '""'°^""^ ^''« «lenaor^ stalks (.e,«.) c.>ll.ti.i, wluchis, in fact, nothing but the w.Il of f A. i„ ,1,0 Pern,, we have Co V , !T " °°""''""'- ' ' ''"'^ '-ultiJig in the prodnctlon of spores. | Liverworts. i s de p. ?' "^ '"'"'"« ^°"'' voot-hairson the under of ria t ed;: T?'" *''°^'^'-'««.- theoneconsi.tin, -X^°^£;^^xnc;f ^' ^"' ^^'^ ^^'-^ ^^'- tive or- „s T„ • ''^ '=°"'''^''^ ^^^^ reproduc- te led iT 7''"' ""^ '^'^ "W^-^^- ^"•■^■•^«e of the fiat- from the bnse nnri „f i ,, °°®® ^'''^'^*'i ^'''"='i grows up nie Dnse and at length completely enclose^ if Thl i« here also well market "'"" °' generations slende? st^ t'c tls at T"'* °' "'"^^ ^'•■■^'' ;-;eM.we.er,d:rr;;t^.s:-;^^^-^^ ^"^i:;:,:orn::jr:;^t:^r'*-""^-^^^^ form» tliere are no ve as of i ^^'' °^ "^''^ ^''^"^•' the plant-bod V is a 27 "" '"'^- ^°™« '^ ^^'"^'^ bodi IS a flat expansion, as in Marchantia, are Fiv. .'lOll. Fit'. 310. Mushroom. THALLOPHYTES. Fig ut.u.a.ue, w]i,leF,g. 313 shows the several sta^-es of •s .rowth. At A is seen a batted fib.-ou.s ,na 's S icl dot. these are the open ends of a cha.mel which f orm t complete rlnf,Mn the interior AtTTT^^) vjuca tonas a di«M>,nf „ 1 I. ""«i'oi. At /// they are much more oi acacular membrane to the stalk. In this stuoP ,1,. "-^■ane is called the .«,,; Won, as !:r^^^^ «i:;irr" '"T '™" ^'-P'l-- -J now forms the uie piieiis are produced a creat- m.ii,,r ,, .• i , . J' will pieseut the appearance shown at a^'yi'TodAMoUS TYPES when f?i ^""'"'^'^-^^^ of tissue which fall awav -1'- fully ,.rown, and immediately develope into new '''^^"f^ ^'^^--'^ «°"««tute a distinct (.roup of ' di, : r' '''■"°'"'^''^^^- ^^ -'^^ '^^ -'dent LnZ ^ 'iev- aro T '^••^'-•"^lly f'-o.a tl>e Pteridophyte.. i .e> a.c however, distinctly separated from them h- he ,s...;./e. o;-^„„;,„,,,« o/- tluir tissue.. The Xvo^ P ytes have no tn. roots, but cnlyroot-hairsor hi oi l w led ^T '°'^ ''' ^^ '^ ^"^^' -"'l--d of tl ;■ vailed parenchynra, and only in a few ca.s s is there ixn .nat r-nly of tlie vaguest possible kind. There is |i'l i! S2 CR YP TOO A MO US T YPK-<. .1, Fij,'. 314, and if we magnify one of th liese cross-sections it will »i,i,ear iia at B, wliere tliere is seen an outer iayer of cells stanaing on end. The whole of both siirfacos of tlio hunelhe is covcivd with such cells, and this sj)ccial layer 's the luimmium. At C, tlie left-liand portion of tlie ligure shows a number of tliese colls much U'ore highly niagnifiod, some of them nanowed in at the top so as to form slender points, upon each of which is a rounded I'O.ly. Those rounded bodies are tlie uporen ; the narrowed ends of the cells are called strri;jmafa, and tiio iirojecting •■ells which bear them aio si^ecially known as ba.sklia. The spores are formed by the simple narrowing in of the outer ends of the basidia. The mycelium is, therefore, the vegetative part of the Mush- room while the stalked jiileus above the surface is the fructification. The mycelium is developed directly from the siiore, but so far there have not been discovered any indications of the interaction of sperm-cells and germ-cells Mich as characterize the Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. You will note the entire absence of green colourin--matter. The Mushrooms iiroduco no chlorophyll, and, conse- 'lueiitly, are incapable of assimilation. They are always found growing upon decaying organic matter, as the leaf- soil of forests and meadows, etc. The Mushrooms are representatives of a large class of plants called Fungi, all the members of which are destitute of chlorophyll. The cells of which they are made up are generally in rows .so as to form long threads which are known as liyp/ice, and these may be either loosely inter- woven, as in ordinary Moulds, or firmly compacted to- gether, as in the Mushroom. As just mentioned, Mushrooms are saprophytic in their habits; but there are also Fungi which are parasitic, such as Rust and Smut. To the Fungi belong such organisms as the \ east-plant, and the Bacteria which are found in putre- fying matter, and are the cause of, or are associated with diseases of various kinds. ' Lichens. These plants may be found growing on the bark of trees, on old fences, on rocks, or on tlie ground. They differ widely in external appearance, sometimes growing erect and imi- tating a stem and branches, as in Fig. ai5; sometimes forming flat expansions which adhere to the surface upon which they grow, as in Fig. SIC. Some species are yel- low, others red, others grey. A very common one is that represented in Fig. 316. It may be found on many tree trunks, and will be easily recognized by the j-ellow disks wiich dot its surface. CliYPTOaA3tOUS TrPi.i 4- m The flat part of the Lichen is tl.e ti.allus, or vegetative „or- ,on wh, the yellow, cu,...l.„„ea clicks (the ,„H>tkU,) contu.u tl.o_fruct.hcation. Fig. .•.17 sl.ow. a L\on o ho apothecu.m and also the lobing of the n.argin of the thallu.s. F,g 3 8 .s a very highly ,nag„lfied view of a uou of a thallus, showing it to bo largely ,„ade up of cellH, or /,y;,/,a!, similar to tlxoso of the Mu.hroo.n. But m the L.Chen there arc visible, in addition, largo numbers o Hphcr.ca ^m.„ cells (y^ in the figure) known as ,on- nha, wh,oh o.th. oupy well-marked layers, as in the rcsont instance, or aro scattered through the body of tho 'alius. The presence of the gonidia n.ay be .aid to be le d,st,ngu.sh,ng feature of tho Lichens, Their true ^ deb different op.n.ons being held, but it is now gener- ■'lly -Inntted that the gonidia are themselves ch/orop/rjll- l>"ode wh,ch is characteristic of a Lu-ge number o Ftmg -puto distmct from that which prevails in the Z^:. Chara. Fig. ;iO0 represents a Chara of tho natural size. It grows ahnost anywhere in fresh waters, and is quite rtdk d'strnguished from other thread-like acpta cs bv ti; whorh^of so-called leaves which encircle 'tl^ stem' an also by the general gritty nature of tho plant. A ve 'y offensive odour ,s emitted by the plant in course of delay virr: r 1 ^'r " °"^° ^'^^ p-^-'- °^ <=^'w mnute more or less rounded, bodies; Fig. 301 is an nlarged view of one of them. Here, at b, is sho^-n ^ ZinT"-; ""'^^^:"^, '^"'^ --■'«) -«Io-'i in a s;^! side if- f ^^;'.\^^"-\^---tsof five long cells side b. s.do, all uf which wind about the central body, and have I ■ill'' .S4 en }'/' rooA MO us t ypes. tl.e.r ends MojwtinK ul.ove it. Tim nucule is a row of colls of which the highest is the gona-.ll, and the whol.. unswers, in fort, to the archoKoniuni of tho iryophytes an.l I ter„lo,,hytc.s. It is inthis plant called th^ cnrpo,,,,. nnnn. Just below it is a Klohular body „,,ulo up of eiL-ht '.uingular shield-shaped se,,'nu.nts arrauKed about a cen- t lal ruvity. From t],e inner end of ouch segment several couedhlaments, of manycellseach, projectintothecavitv. At maturity the shields separate, aud the filaments even- tually break up into their constituent cells, each of which then liberates au antherossoid. The antherozoids make he.r way down tho necks of the carpogonia and fertilise he Korm-cells. The spiral cells then harden, and form a hrm coat for tho spore within. As the plant decays in the autumn, these seed-like sporocarps, as they are now called, droi. off and fall to the bottom of tho water, where they event.uUly germinate. On germination, they first I'.oduce a simple form to which the w,un^ iwo-emhryoh^^n .oen g,ve„, and from which arises the plant-body which boars the antheridia and carpogonia There is, therefore, displayed in this case an alternation of generations. Chara belongs to a group of plants known as Algse. They grow either itz the water or upon damp surfaces. They differ froni the Fungi principally in devebping chloro- Ph.vll, so that they are able to assimilate. In colour, the Aig« are often green, but ii, other cases the chlorophyll is obscured by the presence of other colours, such as brown and red. In the lowest forms of both Alg«3 and rung! reproduction takes place by sim,,le division of the ecus, m h,.her for.ns the entire contents of two similar adjacent cells coalesce to form a new one, from which the new p ant springs. This is tho pt'ocess of conjugation. In still higlier forms, as in Chara, reproduction tnkos place by fertilization. The Alg,e, ^^''f j- «..'"""''" 'lypoiji/now, (inserted on the receptacle). -t- PUtil apocarpous (carpels separate from each other). RANnNcuLAOFt:._Herbs. Leaves generally dc- uompouud or niuoh dissected ....... o ANONACK.t:._,Sn,alltrees. Leaves entire. ' Petals ecte.l ti't- Uvarics in a ring TiLlA.'K.K. -Trees. Flowers y.llowish,' "in small • ♦ Stamens perljynous (inserted on the calyx). Portulaca, in """seml"";''' "'ir^-"'" '""■'"• «■'"' "««l'y leaves. 19 18 24 25 23 • • ♦ Stamens epi;,yno„s (attached to the ovary). Nymphaea, in Nv.mi.;u.ka.:e..e._ Aquatic. Leave., floatinu llZZn '"""'■• ''^•'■«''' ^^'"' ""merou" petat gi adually passing into stamens B. Slonioiis not luoro (l..ui «wico „h „,„„„ „, P<'IuIk. * Stamens jmt as many «, the petals, ami one stamen Jront oj each petal. Ueubertdace.* -Herbs (with us). Anthers open- iiig by uplifting valves ^ Ihr ^''"'2!'^L];;'*-.7.^':P"'*-- S'y'«B3.cleft. Leaves ^'" rnbrntZ^!"".''.'; "'""'""^ ''y tendrils' ' 'calyx Riia.mxace.e. -Shrubs, not climbing . .' ." '.'..[ [ ' .' .' Lysimachia, in I'RIMULACE.K, Flowers j _ _^_ sprinkled with purpTishTtots ;^=E;i«r.'=i:??';{iu.n'E'Ss 8 2.3 29 29 91 Stamens either jnst as ,nany as the petals and niter nate wuh them, or not exactly the sJme number +■ Corolla irregular. '"'"''nS^'."^'"'""'' ''""'"''' •■'"'' "'O'^''- Sta. 11 HI 1!) IS 20 Kkv t(. tiih Famii.iks oil Okdkus. '''''''^'''J;*]-~Corolhl.,pwrm\. Stamens 5. To,! witli 3 rows of setMla on tho walls jy BAWAM.NACK.K-Con.llo l-8nur.f.I. tho spur" with a tail, htuniensr). l'o.l bursting ohi«ticully P..LY(,Al.A('K..K.-Lowcr petal keelshnpcl. usuolly fniiK«,l at tho top. Anthers <1 or 8, l-celle.! opening at tho top. Pod 2-felle (h) Stamens epigynous (on the ovary, or on a disk which covers the. ovary). Euonymus, in Celasthack.*;. -Shrub, with 4-8ided branchlets, not climbing L-.aves simple. Pods crimson when ripe. Calyx not minute 30 Umbemifkr^. Flowers chiefly in compound umbels Calyx very minute. Stamens u. istyles 2. Fruit dry, 2-seeded 53 ARAUACE.B.— Umbels not compound, but some- times panioled. Stamens 5. Styles usually more than 2. Fruit berry-like eg CoK.vACF,.t;.— Flowers in cymes or heads. Sta- mens 4. Stylo 1 , 2. Calyx inferior {i.e., free from the ovary). (a) Stamens hypoijynous (on the rfceptacle). CRnciFER.*. -Petals 4. Stamens 6, tetradynamous. Pod 2-cellcd ' ClsTACK.v. -Petuls 3. .Sepals .',. very unequal • or only 3. p,„| partly 3 celled. . . ' Drcskk V. K.K. --Leaves rmlical, beset with' reddish glumlulur hairs. Flowers in a l-sided raceme Elodes, ill ''''sZ''Z1;~^''r'''' "•'"' "-"""Poront .lots, htamens 9, in 3 clusters ('ARVoi.|iv,.,,A,.KK -Styles 2 ,".. Ovules ' in 'the swollen at tho joints. Leaves opposito 21 Li.VACE.K. Stamens^, united below. Pod 10. 'Vi 18 I!) 1!) celled, lO-secded (iKRAN.A.K.K-Stamens .5. Carpels fii-they and ho lower parts of the 5 styl-.s atiached^o a long beak, and curling upwards in fruit 05 ()xAUi.ArK..K.-Stanui,s 10. J>od -..eelled. Styles ''"""nr',!'f ■"^■""T" "'';■"'"« ''y po"-"* "t t>'o top', 01 across tho top. I.,.aves mostly evergreen sometimes brown i.e„..ath ; but in some ii,: sunces tho plant is wliite or tawny jjj (10 Stamens perigynoua(i,lainly attached to the calyx). SAXiFuuiA,.E.t;._Leaves opposite or ulternate w.th.mt stipules. StyleVor stigmas 2 „ ' instance 4. Carpels fewer than the petals . ( 'RAssi-LACK.K.-Flowers ^fimmetrical. Stamens 10 01 8. Leaves sometimes th ' 10 I'sliy . liens 10, in two sets, enclosing, but really free from LvTiiKAfK.E.— Stame 48 Leav OS moi tho Calyx _... --....J. ..lu iiom, iiio ovary, stly whorled ^ (c) Stamens attached to afeshy disk in the bottom of the cnlyx-tiihe. AxArAR„iACE.K._Trees, or shrubs, not prickly. Leaves compound. Stigmas 3. Fruit a - eeeded drupelet Leaves simple. Irupi Celastracf..!-:.— Twining shrub. Pods orange when ripe SAPi.Ni.Ar.E.t;. -Shrubs, or trees. 'Frui't'2'w'inged' and leaves paln.ately-veined. Or, Fruit an inflated 3.celled pod, and leaves of .3 leaflets ntyles 2 or .J 2S 30 31 very hast. (d) Stamens attached to the petals at the Olaytonia, in Leaves fleshy. Style PoRTr LACACE.t:. —Sepals 2, 3-cleft AgriF..LrA.E.t;. - Shrubs, with 8mau"axil!a^ n. GAMOPETALOUS DIVLSIOX Corolla with t!io 23 90 12 I slight a degree. pptais united together, iu howevc ■i A,. *l!l I TvKV TO Till. FaMII.IKS <)|| OIIIiKUM. A. iBlyx miiiprlor Oiiilifn'iii i<» iIm- otary>. • SlamiiiM uiiiiiil III/ /liiir niilhm. * * • Slnm-„si„,l nimaniniH ih. lol.,. „f ih. ,;,roll,i, ii,M,rlt:il ,ji, ,U hi/., lilliniiiUly irilli i}„ luhtH. I ("•"■I'RHiTU'K.t;.— Tomlril-beailiig linliH .vj I ■hOmrifn S, itfparalt. I f'l'Ml'OHiT.v:. -Klowuis in ln'ttild, Mmroiiii.li.l l.y oil I Ai'(h;yna.k.k. I'lni.tH with milky jnitf. Aiitlio '"voliiore , m '^"•'^■'-•'■K"iK luiii"! till! Hti^iiimti, l.iit not adlif era l-oiiKMArKK.- FlMWorH not in lioBiU. Corolla split ' . *"""*'"""• l'''lainfntH .liHtiiu;t 114 lowii '•■ ""« ""I" s;» I '^"''•►^I'lM'XK.K. I'laiits Willi inilUy juiue. An- I fhciH .i,llit.|ing to tliu HtiKMiuH, KilanifiiU I iiionmlelp' is. I'Iohoih in iii,i1„.|h 114 I -I- -I- (/niri/ 4-lohfil iiroiinil l/ir hitHf 0/ tin Mijh, Mentha, in » • Sfiimi-iiM III)/ iiiiiled liiiiil/ii-i- ill iiiiij iniy, ■l-.SVxmiiM iimcr/i'il 011 //ir lui-ol/a, N .VI.KlllAN VI I..I.. i'JoWIWH wllltl.', Ill cliinteied cymes. iStuiiifiig fewer tliuii tlio lobeii o( tlie "'*■'- Omri/ l-celliil ; tlif ntviU on l/ir w,i/U, I coniUa (iU UumA.K.K,-wJH/wi,enoppoHitelwu;!.'ti,mleB': " ^^'''''^''!:"''!;\^^^^^^^^^^ Wl„.„whuile,l, witl,o.,tVt,p„|e;. l.-l,nve,H, if eut t^mtlu '' '"'"-''' "'"' «'"""'!'"••» ill lii'iula, without nil involucre oi (lvi'UiKni.U(|.;,i.:.--Lea\e» nppositi', wiiliout dti- piileHj l)iit, ill onu jjeiius, with npnendaijfH leaemliliug stipules ° ,: •}—l~St(imeiiM not inierteil on l/if roiuil/n. (iK.MTAN.VCK.t;.— Li lOH , icaveii ciitiro mill opposite: or , iiii MoiiyiintheB)of Sloatlots i|._. W -I- •!--I--kOivuv/ ifit/i .' or more a-'U •^''''J^^';;';',;' ;';t"7,«l'rul)8. Corolla almost poly. j (JAMi'AMi.ArK.K. -Herim with milky juice, sta- j mens as many as the lohes of tlio corolla (;;( I KuK'AiK.K — Chielly shruhhy plants or parasites. Stnnieiis twice as many as the lolies of the I corolla f^- II. t'alyx liifprior (Tree rroiii Ihe ovarj). • StaintiiH inoiv than tin' IoIk'H o/t/u- rorollu. LKA(K.t;.-Stamens 10, .5 of them longer. Styles fl, distinct. Leaflets 3, oboordate, drooping at nightfall 27 * * Stamens jmt as manii as the lohes of the coroUa, one. in front of each lobe, I'RiMULACE.t;.— Stamens on the corolla, Ovary 1 -celled, with a free central placenta lising from the base g 1 !)(» !»4 111!) pet.ilouH. Calyx minute. I'Vuit a red berrv- liko driipo. |\,rts of the llower chielly in loiira or sixes I'l.AvrAiiiNA.K.t;. -Stan s 4. I'od 'Jeel'led! 1 iMoweiH in aclosospiiie gj Verbascum, in Sriioi iiir.AHlACK.t:. _ Corolla nearly regular. I'lowers 111 a long terminal spike. Stamens 5 ; the hiaments, or some of them, woolly < I'cl.KMoMA.K.K. -Stylo .S-oleft. Corolla salver^ Hhaped, with a long tube. Pod .'j-celled, few- seeded ; seeds sinall C()XV()i.vii.ACE.t:. -Stylo 2-clcft. I'od S-cellecl generally 4.scedelu\. I'n Ji'illa iuikI ,-uiii,.(ii \,t:v. — Trt '»'" ''"lyf I'lxo) \i-,i,itiii-. I'llllh •|. Iiiit fiiitii |.B..mlf.l -i'Uvc* rIiiiiiIi'. o •». I'ltiMcri iioi I •"^tiuiimH ! v.iiv ■.' •imiiuia wiiiui ,| all II illlhlii. • ' '•"■;/,'• (ukI rurul/u hoth nuuif!,,;/. SAnir.u.K,,, H.w.rs wluto. i„ a .1.,,.., t,.n„li,al iifuily NijMiitttu I ■■< " ui », "I'-l-l (iia.ly ,IiH„.ct :l l-u' " Flo IMuiiiicloilH riu«(is •• IL'I • . C/yx ,„,,. rior (i.e., wlhuvnl to th,: orory). ■VvMK.UK.w K.K.-s„mll,m„notl, IumIh, uitl. iiicon. ^inrnouH «r..c..u.h.y, ||,„, ll„w.,; Sum" , II.Vi.iiKAci: •i-.|-.|_Or "•■III Ot tllOIIOlll'H, ... ^ ' miMik. |„,„.tH am,,,,^ tlio llo»,.,». „,. ""'«"""»-! Ifiivui pulmaU.|y.com,„„i,„l ' , • VMA.Mvno;,,..„,,i,.. pi.,„,„,,^ ,',..„„„i,';,;. ■' "■'Mi^l;. .11 N,,i|<,.H, „,,h rhari.Un />.,„,/ A' Oi.mi i: r.~Ti'f »'H>o.,.s givt.ni.h.y.ii,,,, ,|„„,,,. yt,,„ ; 0,K»r,_'IV,.,.« / : '"^"""'- 11" t"Kx.«« many „, tl.o talyx-Iohc.., oaa co •'.,. t7 1-7 i . """ />"'""'• 'y-'-o»',.o,>,n/. aitnl. i„ tui t-.'t.le llow..,H apparently a^llieivut to tllo o^ary, ami becoiiiiii;,' llishy iiifaut ]o;j * * ♦ Cu/yx in/h-ior ( rhmh, five from the oran,J. ■>- OmrkH more than our „n,l x,.,,„rale from eaeh oil,, ,-. l\-:n:\yZ. _^;'|'f"-_';>;';'«"';;'|^ ---al see,U, KcT.vcM.K.-Priokly shriil.s, with compoun.l trans- parentdotte,! leave.s, ami Urn , io„s Uowers L'7 II. II»H«-|., 1,1 enlkliu. « Ster-k or sl„m„i„t,- iloi,;.,-., only ;„ ,„a-l„., •' '-'^'-^^''A'K.v:. -Trees with phinato leav,.. |.-,„'it aMiitwithaliii.sk "^ cri.(i.uKK.>:. -Trees with Himpi',; i;,;;;.;.' ' ■ i.v;;it i;io . . ««/. ,,, ,* „,, /_,«,,,,.,„,., ,„ ,,„„.,,,.^ ^ , (lAi- heii(/«, SAi.trACK.K.-Sliriiba or lou-trocs. Ovary leelle.l .nany..seede.l;«oe.Utufteawitl..h;cl,;a;'o;,e ■i-l-> h;,ry only one, hiit with more than one cell. '''"Io:;::i::,*:•::^"':':':^ ovaryio.cei..;,an,; ^^ ^'^':!:'^'::!:-r::^''? "•■.«'"}•''«• F-tiieflowcVo o.:i.n.dereadiHeaIeofthomkh '^:::- -, long and slender "fciii.t SUB.CLAS.S II. GYM\OSPERMs. KriMiouMrArKK. -Herbs. Ovary S.cellV.i's.k^be.V ' j .SuMM w" "'^ ^''^'*'^'" J'-i'-'e milky , l-r. seedeU ; tjriniiig a berry „() I FicuiDK.K, -Prostrate herbs with 'whorled "leaves' "^ I ^'""''■■y—J'-e''^ ">• shrubs, with resinons i.iioe Ovary 3<'eei! ivnv -~ ' ! '""""' »«a\ts. | ail .1^ d -Liiui, !!,„nj--c(.-uea 5.) .... -""■'"' ■■"''r'*'"''^liec(i!c-.^liai,edleuve'< ' *'""'* ^•'""=- ''■• occasionally berrylike . . ..." 1 ."iO ills if' 111 I t< Kiov TO Till-: Fa.miijks ok ()I!1)i;hs. CLASS II. MOXOCOTYLKDOXS. l)i^tiiij;iusl,e,l onlinarily l,y luivinj,- stnu>,'lit-veiiit.,l liMves (tliougli ocuasionally iiet-veiiieil oiiosj, lui.l tlie |.iuts of tlie llowcis ill tliret's, never in fives. Wood never foniiiiiK rings, l.nt inter.sper.se.l in sepaniU Imn- (ilea tluougliont the stem. Cotyledon only 1, I. Sl'ADICKOUS DIVISION. l'lo\ver.s collected on a spadix, with or witliovt a spiitlie i,v sheatlinig bract. Leaves sometimes nut- veined. Auackj:.— Herlm (eitlier flag-like iiiarsli-plants, or terrestrial,) witli pungent juice, and simple or compound leaves, these sometimes net- veined. Spiidix usually (hut not always) ac- eunipaiiied hy a spatlie. Flowers either witli- cut a perianth of any kind, or witli 4-0 sepals U.S ■rvrilACK.i:.— Afjuatiu or marsh plants, with linear straight-veined leaves erect or floating, and mon.ecious llowers. Heads of flowers cylin- drical or globular, no spathe, and no floral envelopes ^^^ j ^^ LKMNArK.K.-Small a.juatics, freely floating about 144 Xai.Uiack.k.— Immersed acpiatics. Stems branch- ing and leafy. Flowers perfect, in spikes, gener dly on tiie surface ]4,-, II. PKTALOIDKOUS DIVISION. Klowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with a ' corolla-like, or occasionally herbaceous, iieriaiitli. .i. rrrul to lli<> oviiiyK * F/uinm din-fioit{i or tioljiA(_'K.K. — Stamens 1 or 2, gynandroiis. Flowers irregular j jq Iriiiaik.k. — Stamens.'! j-,,-, A.MAHVi.ui.AcK.K.— Stamens G. Flowers on a scape from a bulb ' 1 jG i It. I'lrltiiilli liilVrior (free from llie oviirjt. Ai.lsMACK.i;.— Pistil apocarpous ; earjiels in a riiu' or head, leaves with distinct petiole and blade 147 S.Mii.A|i:.K -Climbing plants, with alternate nhbed and net-veined petioled leaves. !• low era diucious ]r,- Triglochin, in Ai.isMACKi:.— Rush-like marsh herbs. Flowers in a spike or raceme. Carpels when ripe split- ting away from a persistent a.xis 147 Lii.iACK,K. — Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly (i, but in one case 4. One stamen in front of each division, the stamens similar. . . . 1,")S Trillium, in Lii.iACK.K. --Perianth of ,S green sepals and three culored petals j^o I'uNTKi.KKiACK.i:.— Stamens (i, 3 long and 3 sliort Periantli (blue or yellow) tubular, of G lobes ■^'l»iit''-« 104 ,7rNcAoiiiaci:.):. -Sporp-ca,ses produced in the axils of the simple leaves or bracts jyo it U7 ins icmg ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 01' PLANT DESCRIPTION. A ! I- 1 1 1/ iiiriliili- i\Fi.4>iti:s< Fcriniilli. IjKt vex. CiilJ\. Scl.Cll: /.Ul.l. t'orollii. Petals. MtllllK-IIS. t'illl lill'ilts Antlier.i. IMkIII. St iijiiias. Sti/li'. ('drill Is ()fiir,i/i (111. FKI'IT. Kii \-a Del De. \i). ••*'''•• Valmnw. '■'^""'•^ Vol,;,. '^'"■'■•'•^ UuhiHiVifnlia. notanical Xanm ,!/„/,.„ ,.,./»»,/,>,„■„,. Popular N,niR. I!„nu,l-l,,n-ul Mall,,,!-. ""^'i*''* l!on,Ul,l,s a,„l r„Ilh;,l.,l ,„!/. When, founil /;„»,/.;,/, , .v,;wA r,„-o„/.. Hate of colk'ttioii Sctl,t„liiv L'n/h, lyij. DRAWINGS, &C. Loiiuritiiiliiiiil srcii.in 111' lldHir-^hnwilii; stamiMMulji'. rislil. Kriiit, slidwiii^- pt-isisleiil (■aly\. I'oftidii cifstcm, Willi ll'.wiT, U'af. niiiU'ruit. I.i'ifwitli ftip-.iles , I 1' ■1' PLANT SCHEDUDLE. No. fi'iffin Srro,„l„i-//. Fdl-iii h'ihnui^,. •'"I'liir W'liiti-,!,. J>uratii,ii . . . .I',,-iii„ial. l*"^iti"U ^iihtin-diiiii,). '''^^■^ ^f'itillll fl'flJira/. Arrangviiiciit. . . A/>()',uifr. ■■^tipulittidU Krsfijiii/aie. ■"•''■l''i"ii I'ritolifi sl,mlln,i,i till vu/.i. <*iitliii'' 0''luiii/-/aii,;'ij/an: X(i. of Icallcts. ir aii\-. ..V-j/fc. *T''>;"irc 'riiiririsii (tmi .,„/■/. *''"'"'ii' >'i.oi»:s< »:\ici.f!i)i,>i .s/,riniliiii/, luni-t'olati', iirlluir, jmrj./i-^s/.iil/iil, fill iiirli loiiij. Corollii. I'llaU. SliiiiiciiK, i! Fillf nil ills. ,; Anihifs. \ ,; III j'tt iiif i"i*ii\. Jfj/llHi/l/HOII.l. Slamciis ojijiosi/i- tlir ilii-lsloiii of the /:i riniil/i. riKiii. Slll/llKlM. Sti/Ux. I 'o rpils. Ovni-ji-nlU. ^!liii((ri,ijiis Sitjurtor, Oriiri/ iKirroiiiil at Ihr liaxi: Stjila rhih-aliai.nl. Stiijnia ■'l-lolie (•l-lption (,f S 1. .()i;,;,l. ir'itli in, III), iiintiiarioiia til All, 'ill imnijii.s. II.ISSIFM t|H»>, .ic. ^^"•■^ I'h,n,.,;,.i,n„.. " ^"^ iiii/i(jM/ii mis. Sri',-( 'I.ASS. 1/ , ; ; • f/tiiioi'<}f /f/t ilutis, l"^!'-'"^ /'./»/„;,/,„,„. <>'•''«''• /.///«,„,•. "''""^ r.n/ii,, ■<.„;„,„. ^I"''''-^ I /,/,)■/,„„»„;. I'niiiinriii Xaiiic l''i|'uliir Naiiic. Ilal.itiit Wh.iv f,,uii,| .. ■ i,i-!i'l,i-ii,,'ni 1,1 Am, rirHiiiiiii. ■ lliiili I'liik, r,,riiiiii,. Hat,, uf c.llcrti,, " 1/"// .V/v/, /v/./. I ' DRAWINGS, &C. 1 1'' ^Iii'alliiiig ]H'tioIo, tliesi'iipe witliiii ■ blilll '(iiiilcll) xoTK.— n /'CO ill Pistil. friiss-*;t-cti(iii 'v jJn.it fiend. « "y « «r«y«, .j or i; inrlll'H hiijh, irlur/t h, stilijh lluihllilij Jfoir,!'. T!lr In COMPOSITES. PLANT SCHEDUDLE, NO. ItOOT, Or liTlU S',. oiuftir//. . Flhi • 'oldur vA. i.f:.iF. l>ivisi(]ii Pn-itimi . . . l!aurati(iii . . . ./'o'l'iuiifil. ■^Itlnll S',//,/, Stipulaticin. Exstiuiilai UTIM. (•lil>s ' rrnuian. hirotjihilonoiis Aniti /■• net. I'xture Ihrh I',Ki rhaoeoKs. Oiitli idli. . .Ljircr j.ctidlafr ; II pj'Cr aessi 'le. .L I'lr siiolhiildlc ; iij)jiir/ii, SiK (]|' Icnflots. ir *Tcxti .Edtluv tlihk. rial, fru III a vootstoi-k. *C <->l"in- Crei-n holli siilc. 'Iinjiu ■ ' .'/'iiulnra', uliijliUii ip-oovi il. i *Siz , / /;, rhc, h .Il untj. . ' 'oloiirlf Urain-liiiii;-. . ./' pri'iglit \l„ *V('natiiiii ./'iinia/,/// lU't-vi'ineil nallil noiw. niariix III is *A pcx . Hailiral .(Villi. 10. cmiali' rniiliiic utrrate. Duratiiiu . nil nil' III Surface Smooth, ii::ome jwreiinial -I I. irlji , *na>i> "■•Snrfa ,0'ri r fa/iiriiii/ ; ii ppi-r r/a.ipiii//. , .(ilahroiis. A|)|>lirahl(. to l.',iHuts iflunfls componud. I^FLOItKHCKM'K, ,te IIR.IIIS. Arrauii '""'"'' Ti-nniiial, .•soll/ari/. . L'dilialc Sizo. iivlu's acroa.i. 'R.ll'FI.MKi:i.«. Xuiiil uiiiiiL-r. .M, II nil. C'olDur Wii 'lilr ICM'KI'T.iCLi:. L'oriii .Flatlixl, 'i, or xHijlitlji I Surface .V, il. ■ !STOLI(l(K. 'orm . Ilroail ami tUil. liow^ of Seal i"^ \hoiil t'lj Fcirni of Scales /, aiireo/ati- S] lapo , '.ini-ar-ohlonff. Toxturc of Scalt. , Willi srarioiix inarf/iiis. Kii "I I'ltli/lale Arrangoiiicnt Imhrh-ati'il V ai)]ius . W'dnlinij. Form . UISK-FI.OItKTS. ^'"'"'"'i' Virn inau.i/. •-'"■"Il'- )\noH: ^'^'''1"' Tiihiilar, xliijlith) roriprcsml. KiiJ'l I'irfirt. T'a]'!'-'- Wanfi„:j. Xcnr/i/ riilindriial. ; Surface Striale or ril,!,,il. I •""'""•■ • •. Whithh or ijraijhh. \ I'-.ral/iiiiniiioiis. TIIK FLOWKK. OnoAN. <'<>rnlln. Petali. >>lllllll-|IH, J'UdiUfnln. j Aiit/iers. I'lslll. ■'"'fii/Mafi, SI nil «. ^)rarii-iuUn. «MMSIFIi: .4TIO\, Av. •'^KRIES ^ I'h,n„,-0!iam.. '"•^'^^ iiil/iusjuriii.i. ^"""-f'-^^-* I'hotiiloloHx. T"\""^"'N' •'•'«''■ ....Com,.o,ihr. '"'^■""^ Lcrauthnnnm. •"^l"-'^^"'^'^ Vidliare. Hiitiinii-al XiiiH,. T.,i,„,ilhru,„,,i ri,!,/,n: I'l'pular Xiiii,,. (i.r.,1,, Ihii.i,. ^'■^''''•" l-i'l'l^,ni,l ,:„.!, ,r... AVliciv fdiiii.l Iliiri-i' . T»ato iif cciUfcticju lT1(I.\. "'^•"■^i"" S'/„//<. J'"-"'''"" Ciiiii;,!,: .Arniiigviiiciit \ll,r,ui'r. '"•^'•'•t'"" I',!!,,!,,!.. ^"■|'"li'f'"" ^tii„il„t,'. <'""'"'• lh-l,i,Hlo,: -V(>. of li'iillcts, iraiiy...V,„„. *T«-'x*'i'''' n !,■/,■ l.,i. *''">""'• />«-•/,• ./r,- „/,.//, s/,/, v. *'^"'^ //u.V ,,„■/,,,, „-,Vsv. *^''-'""''"" /'«^m/,-,v ;-•/'.'//''/// /'/«./ ,,,„/ rrenuU: *-^I'i'X OA/„,,.. *^^'"*'' l'"i.///ror/„/,.; ,//^,„/,, „„//,„, ,,,v/, X(i. ciflt'ufli'ts. il'iiin-. ..V. *'r''-^*"'''' h''i/li>rf/,h,a,„J.„/f. * "'"'"' ^'/Vx;i, /r,7/, ,,, ,r/ii/,, ,y,^t ,il,iih,„;_nt aul, t.. )i.,,(l.-t- irivafi^ fnn.pmiml. lUiAWIXOS, L. 1 IIOOT. I ( Origin Form HTEM. Cobmr Iiuniti.in.. I'lisitimi ■ Cla-s Attituil,... Tcxtui-f I'ositiuii „ Slmpo .Tuico Uraiuliing iroiy:lit I'uratioii Snrfiiri' .. .. I.VFtoitlCSf'KX'i;, I Mode. t)II(lAN. No, Porlanlh. Leaves. Sepah, Cornlln. Pttah. Mlaiiioiis, J'^ilamenls. Anthers. IMslil. 'Slifjmas. •Styles. Carpels. Ovarij-ce/h. PLANT SCHEDULE. No. LKAF. I'ivisidii Positiiiii Arriin;,'i'ini'iit .Sti|niliiti(iii IiisiTticii Outline Nil. esicriiitinn of .Seed. . ri.oIiAI, DlAUHA.M. SERIES srii-('i,\NN J>IVIS|(P\ Older Sjjucio.t (l..4HMIi-H'ATIO\, ,ti' liiituiiii'iil Xiuiii' Piipuliir N'uiiii' lLl1.it;lt Wlicic f.iiul IhiW (jf I'lilloctiijii DRAWINGS, &C. I I r PLANT SCIIKDULE. No.. MNIT. NTKH. Form Colour Duration i itioli Class Attitiicl,. Tcxtiir,. f'^lifioll .luicc nraiuliiiii,' Ilt'ight I'uraMon- Siirfac. ni'LORiCHt'EMt'E. i Mcido OliOAN. N. I nHKtat' I . 'I., linn ORAWINUS, &c. ._J PLANT SCHEDULE. No BOOT. Crigiii Fonij Culiiur iJiinitinii i'nsitinl, STEM. I (la-.-. Attif,;,!,. J'l.sitiiii ' .Sliajv Juiri' liiaiii-liiii;'. lUiraticin . ' Surface IXFLOKOCEVf I-. Mnil.. iiia;A\. V,,. I't'i'liintli, Leaver. Caljx. LEAI''. i J'ivisidii,. I Positidu.. Arriingoment Stipulation Insertion Outline ._ Xo. of leaflets, if an\- ♦Texture ♦Colour ♦size • ♦Venation ♦Margin ♦Apex ♦Base ♦Surfaec ' Appli,..,!,!,. '" I'-illcUJ^l cafiH eoiiiim iiml^ \'arii-iv THE t'LOWEK. t'ollKSION. AWIKSION. N0TK.SO.N F01I.M, ,Esin-Ai!0.N, CoLol-Ii, 1 I'etah. .HijiiiK-im, -t'illthK )lls. Anthers. VIsUl. Sti/Us. Carinh. Oftiri/-ci//s. ritin. Kin.l Vuviety .. Deliiseenee Xo. of Seetl.s i Description of Seul <'I..ISSII-|< ITIO.V, Ac. SEEIES Class Si;ii-(.'i,Ass,. J)1V1MI1\ Older (■'(■nus S|iccics Pnpnlar Xmiic , . Ifiilniat Whciv f,,i:n.l Date of I'cilk'ctiDU DRAWINGS, &C. ■J PLANT SCHEDULE. NO. Orisin. I.EAF. Form- Colour.. Duration Position- Clas Attitude.. Texture . Position. Division Position Arrannciiii'Ut Sti|iulatiiin Insertinn .. Outline Shape Juice . No. of leullets, if i ♦Texture I i*('olour ♦Size C s r (! Si Branehin£! !*Venat!i j ♦Maririii Height . Duration Surface *Ai)ex. ♦Base . ♦Surface * Appili'al)lo to leal lcta I f leaf in compound. IXFLORESVE^'t'E. ; Mode.. Variety OUOAN. iVrlanlh. Leaven. Cnlyx. Sej)als <'orolln. I'etah. NtamoiiH. Filaments. Anthers. I'lNtll. Stii/mas. Styles. Carpels. Ovary-cells. No. Cohesion. THE FLOWER. Adhesion. I NOTKSO.N FoUM, iEsTn-ATlON, CoLOUIi, KT FKIIT. Kind Variety Dehiscence No. of Seeds Description of Seed I'LoHAl. DiAOHAM. SERIES Class si-n-Ci.A.s-s Division Older • it'ims Siiooii's <'LAHKIFI('ATIO.\. *c. Dotanifiil Xnnio Popular Xanii' Habitat 'Wlicic foiml Date of colloctiou DRAWINGS, &C. Mlllll. T.'ICB, KTC. KOOT. j Crhviii Form i Clour Tiiiraticiii I'n>iti.i:i STKH. I Cla-^ Altit'iil,. , Ti'XttM'i' ]^■■^itil.M ,Tui.',. nraiiiliing nuratiou I\FLO»!'>('|-.\4'i';. .Moil.' ClIClAN. Prrlanili. Leaves. Calyx. Sejiah. Xo. Corollii. retain. i'liinioiiti. -f'iVnr men ^v. Anthers. i'lNtil. •Stijjmas. Stij/es. Carpels. Ocary-eiUs. FKl'IT. PLANT SCHEDULE No. i.a^:tr. iMvisioii Position Arriiiiy:('iiii'ii Sti]mlution Insertion Ontliuo . No. of ll'allrls. li |||,\ *Ti'xtun' ,*('oloMr ■izo i*V('niition i*Mnrgin i*Ai)('x *T5asi.' j*Surfuc(' " A|i|ilii'.ilili'li>liMll,>lsiri,Mt|s,., ,1,111., mill. \'arii't,- CoiirsioN. THE FLOWEn. Aiiin:siox. Niiii;si,x FoiiM, .1-;s liVAlK,-;, rol.ol II. Ki, K'inil Varii'ty Dchisot'iiir No. f)f SeocLs rvjscription of Socil ?^r.OHAI, lllAlinAM. INSH'K tTIO%. Av. SKI? IKS., lintilllic'lll \; Cl.AS l'i>|ml;ir NiiiM. Sl'l;-('i,Ass Haliihi |)|\ISI(I Older wiii-iv r,,i 11 1 i>iitci,r ci.ll.M-tlnll '. Colour Duration Position Class Attitude Toxturo Position Shape iTuioo Branching . Hoight Duration .Surface Division Position Arrangeniont Stiimlatiun Insertion ,. Outline \h. of li'uHit-;. if liny !*Tcxtun. ♦Colour ♦Size , |*V('niiti(in . . j*llargin *A|n_'x *Basu IXFLOREHf'E\(!E. Mode . *Surfac>,' ' A|iplic;llll ,. tu l. ' allf ts ifUM||scnlll|lilMll(l. \'arii'tv TIIK FLOWER. GROAN. Porlnnth Leaves, Sepals. I'orollii. Petals. Sfiinipiis, Fi/miients. Anthers. riHtii. Slii/mas. Stales. Carpels, Ovar //-cells, Notes o.v Koini, .Estivation, Colouii, i:tc. FKUr. Kind Variety Dehiscence No. of Seeds Descript: SERIES SCIl-Cl.ASS Division OiMlir (icIlUS Species <'I.A!i>Sli-irATIO\, .tr. Bdtiiuical N'aiiK' . r(i|iMlar Xaiiic Habitat AVIici-i' fdtin I «. Date of collection DRAWINGS, &C. 11(1. L-B, KTC. i "111 i- I ' p. ItOOT. STEM, Origii, Form Colour Duration I'iKi(i(,i, , Clas- Attitu,!,. 'I't'xtiiri- , J'nnt:itin |*ilargin i *A]ycx ♦Base SKI Ci,; Kirr Hiv On (ici S,M. l*Surfaeo I ' Ap|)llcalile to Inndcla If lonf la (•einixiiiiHl. INFLOBEMl'EM'E, Mode - Variety THE FLOWEB. (IllliAN. No, Ci IIKSION. AI)UI;h1(;.V. Prrlnnlli, Lea vea. i NoiEHON FoUM, ylCsTivArroN, CoLocii, tir. Calyx. Sejiah t'orollii. Petals. StiiiiiriiH, Filaiiu-nis. Anthers. riKiii. Stir/man. Stp/cs. Carju/.s. Ovary-all. FKl'IT. M.AHNm« \riO .i SKTJIKS (■I.AS.S Slli-Ci,.\s«i I M VISION Ordtr (■(•IllH S|.crirs lint,,,, :N;,,, I'ciliuliu- .N.uii. Iliiliifiif, WliiTi' rmin I Diito of I'liUcctiiiu >OT, Criiriii Form {\i|o:!r iJurafiiiii I'n-ili.il, KM. j ( ■!,, . , ' Attit.nl,. Tl'XtUlV ]'ul;lli(i|i ItiHirticiii Outliiitj .\c>. (if l^■:l(ll•t^, il iiiiv ^Texture ^Colour •i;o.. l*Vi'nati(iii *'SU\,vipii ♦A]H'x ♦Hasi. *.Surfui'i' ■ Al>|,llrMlilr l.iliiil|i^|fr oiif|nc„i| i,H,„|„|, Variety THE FLOWEB. <'llll|.:sln.\. AnilKSION. NuiKsiiNKoiiM, ,1';mtivaikin, CiiL<)t;n, IViliiillli Lea ven • Ciii.v.\. t'orollii. I'eta/s. staiiK'iiM. FUamcnis. Aiitlurn. I'lKlll. Stl'/>iias. Styhs. CariH'/.^. j Ovai\i/-c(//s. ' nuir. Kiiiil Variety Dchisrenee No. :if Seeds I'''>riiiilii.ii (,f Sirci '''■liHAI. Dl.MlllAM. J KKKII,> ('I,AS,H sni-('i,.\N.s ItlVIMuN Ortltr (iiinw S|ii'rii'. (>| (ollrilinli DRAWINGS, tkC. PLANT SCHEDULE, No. «OOT. Origin Form Colour Duriifi(]ii I'ositii)ii STEM. Class Attitiulc Toxturc Positinu Sliiijii' . .Tuiff Braiicliing Height Duration. Surfiicc IXFI,OBE8t'R\<'E. | Moeki.. Olio AN. I N(i. C'lllRSIOV. I'rrlniilli. Leaves. «'iiljx. Hepals. <'oroIln. I'ctah. sill III <-nN. J'^i/avients. Anthers. VMU. ^tinmas. Sti/les, ('arpeh. Ovary -eel/ a. LEAF. ; I'ivisidii I I'ositiiiii Ari-iUii;(Mj]c!it NtilMiliuiiiii IiisiTfion .- Oulliiic . No. of Icalll'ts. if ;|,i\ j*Tcxtinv *('ol(piir *Siz(( j*Vcnaiioii (*A[ary:iii . ,*.\lirx I j*Basc" ♦Surfaoo -J -. _* ^I'I>ll<-«Mo t., l,.;,ll,.rs ifl,.af H .•,„„|„„„„|. Variety THE FLOWEK. AnilKSUlN. N.iiKS ON F,,„„, .i.;s,,v.v,,ox, (■,„,,„.„;,,, FUIIT. Kind Varioty Dchi.sconco No. of Seeds I")('.scri[)tion of Seed '■'l-OHAl, 1)IA(I1IA!H. I i-a i i»wa.BiDU i i ! )iinmi i > (X.lKMIi-K lTIO>. .to. - - - — -_ srCRIES niitanical .Viiiiic (■|.AS,S I'lipnliir Xiiiiic Srii-Cr.Ass j Ilahitiit 1 ir VISION . AVluTc f(il;li 1 Ordoi- Dato of foUfctiou < ■'fims S|]ccios 1 DRAWINGS, &C. I i PLANT SCHEDULE. NO., lUHn, (Jri-iii I Form ! Colour.. i Duratiiiii, I'ositirin .. STi;.«. '■ (.'lus.-* Attitiid,. Tcxtun... Position iSliajie . Juice Uiaui'iiiiin Height Duration Surface I.K.1I-. ])i vision I Position Arrangement j iStioulation Insci-tiou ! Outline i I -No. of leaflets, if anv I *Te.\ture . ,*t'olour *.^ize . *^'euati..n ,*-Margin . *A]icx j*Baso i\Fi,ouE»«'i.:\('F. : Jio.ie j*Surfaco j__l^l'P'icnlili' to loaHcts if l,.;,,' j^ „ nipriund. N'arietv OliUAX. IVriiiiilli, Lea vcs. fiilj.v. Corolln. I'ttaU. HdlllK'iis, l''ilamrnts. Anthers. i'islll. '^til/mas. 'Sti/len. Carjie/n. Ovary-cell s. C(Pin:sin.v. AmiE.sio.v. ^'"''••'^ "■'■• '"'""". -I'^.'-iivAnoN', Couirn, ki ritiiT. Kind Variety Dehiscence Xo. of Soods Description of .-;ee,i CLASSIIHATinV. ,Vr. SKEIE.S Class Sni-Ci.A.ss Division Order fi'ollUS Spocios r.iitniiital XaiHc Popuhir Xiunc Habitat Wlicrc 1(11 n 1 Dato of Cdlleetiuii DRAWINGS, &C. ^ «r J J i ' PLANT SCHEDULE. No. KOOT. I Origin Form Cukmr... Duration Position STEM. Class Attitudi. Tpxturo I'osition Sliajip ,Tuic(> Brancliinjr Height I'uration I iSurfaco liE.il''. ' l>ivisiim P(isiti(]n Arrangiinu'uf Stipulation Inscrtiiin Outline No. of luntli'ts, if any i*Toxturislil. Utijjmas. Styles. Carpels. Ovarn-cells. THE FLOWEK. AnnKsiON. Notes ON KoiiM, .SIstivatki.n, t'oi.oi-n. inc. FKilT. Kind Varipty Dehiscence No. of Seeds Description of Seed L. J SKRIES.. Class sn)-('i,Ass Division Onlor (''t'llUS S])oc;ios ('l,A!«SIFI('ATIO>. ,Vr. ndtanicnl Xamc I'n|Mlliir NiUMC ; Habitat \ Where fiuin I \ Date of (■(jUeoticin DRAWINGS, &C. J- ' L. KOOT. Origin Form... STE.n. Colour Duration .. Po.'iitii.ii Class Attitiid,.. Tcxtinv PositidM !Slia]io Juifi' Urancliin'j Height Duration Siirfaci' . IXrLOBEM'EM'S. rrrlniilli. Iji'a rej. Mod.' Oiljx. Sepals. Curollii. I't'ah. Sliinidifi, Filaments Anthem. Pistil. Stiijmas. Slijlen. Carjiel-i. Ovary-celU PLANT SCHEDULE. No. LKAr. J >i vision . Position ArrauKi'Mii'm Stiimlation Insertion Outline iVo. of leallots. if anv i*'J\'.\turi' I *('oioiir *Siz(! *Vi'n;jtiiin *Margin *A|)ox *nasL' ♦.Surface [ *_Api)lU'nl)l i! to luaHet9 If leaf Ls yimiij.m iul. Variety THE FLOWEK. Cohesion. Adhesion. NoTKSON FoliM, yEsTIVATICN, CoLOUn, KIT. <'l,AHMIFH'ATIOW, Jte. SERIES C'L.\s,s Sl-ll-Cl.ASS J )I VISION Older I'Mitiiiiiriil Name Pnimlar NaiiK^ Habitat Where foiin'I Date of eollectioii • ieiiiis Species DRAWINGS, &C. 1'". f1 1 , I'M n, E-rc. ri! iir II fit BOOT. PLANT SCHEDULE. NO., (Jiii;iii lK.ir. Hi STEM. iorm Colour Duration... Position Class Attitude Texture rositiiiii. >Shai)e .Tuien Branching Height Duration Surface visum I'dsitidli Arrangement Sti|mhitl(iii Insortidn Outline I No. of lentlets, if an\- *Texturo I I :*rolour j*f^izo ;*Vi'nati(in i ♦Margin *A])ex ♦Base IWFLORESIEM'E. ♦.Surface Variety THE FLOWEK. NOIKSO.N K,.HM, ^sm-Aiio.v, CoLOUIl, Lrir. Pllttil. Stii/mas. Styles. Carj)e/s. Ovary -eel I a. FKIIT. Kiail Variety Dehiscence No. of Seeds ('l,4mMII'l<',(TIO\, At SKKIKS Cl,As,s SCII-Cl.AS lUVISKiN Onlt'i- Itdtiinical Niiiii rdpulur N'luni' Habitat . Diito of colU'cticiii DRAWINGS, &C. II, KIC. K»OT. I (.riyiii ' Torni ... CuliJtir Dumtioii tTE.1l. I Class. . Attifi!,!-. 'ri'Xtiirc Uraiicliinjj- Il.'ight . iHiriitinii ■Kri,oRi:H('i:\cK. .m,,,],, Ohoan. Prrlanili, Leaves. Valrx •epah. 'nrollii, I'Hah. MnnieuK. J'^ilamenla. Anthers, l>lH(ll. '^tigvias. Sty/ea. Carpels. Ovary-cells. PLANT SCHEDULE. i\o. l.KAf, I Iiivisimi P<»iiti(in Airiingi'iiii.n: Sti|iiiliui(iii Insert ion Oiitliiu. No. of Icildcfs, if |,,|v *Ti>xturn *roIoiir i*Sizo — ,*Vi'nati()n ♦Margin |*.\))i'X *naso |*Surface •Ai,„li..,,l,l,.tol,.,fMs|fl,,,,-Un,M,|,.„.n,l. \'urii'tv (■(IUKSIO.V, THE rLOWER. Adiiksion. N|(I\ OitK'i Il'ifiiiiiriil Ni I'lipuliU- \uii lliiliitiLt Wlinv Inl 111 Date of (Mlll.Ttioll Siiccir DRAWINGS, &C. J HOOT. (Jrigiii Form Colour Duratiiiii PoMitinii HTEM. Class Attituiii' Toxtmv I'lisiticiii Sim J 11' Juifc Uraiiiliitiij Height Duration Surfiici' ■ M'LOBEMl'K^rE. MihIc • IHllAN. Nn. I'rrlnnlh. Lea vea. PLANT SCHEDULH. tUAV. No, CdllESIOS. THE riOWEB. Al>UE!II(lN. Hivisicili I'osililill i .\ri'UI|n;|.I|i|.„t Mi|iiiliiliiiii i Ill^i'l-fiiiU Oiitlirii. Nil. iif Iriilli'ls, il' iiin j*Ti'xtniv j i*('o!()ur *\'l'Ulltiii!l ♦Api'x ♦Tlaso ♦SurfttPf " A|i|.l|.',iMo to Iftiirtetrtjf leiin^* .■,mi|,. ,1111,1. Variety ^ I NulKSON l.-,.||„, .KsriVAIION, CoLOCII, Kir. fnlyx. 'Si'jials. Corolla, Petals. iiilnnienH. fi/aments. Anthers. I'lNllI. Stigmas. Styles. Car,,, Ovarij-it'U. ruiiT. Kinil Variety Dehiscence No. of Seeds Description of Setxl.. t'LOIlAl. IJIAUHAM. ('i.ti*MiiH iriov, ac SKUIKS Cl, AHM SI ll-('l.AM« I II VISION Onl cr • •iiiii-t S|.fci.'^ llcilUlliilll \iuil Piipiil ir Niiiiic lluMt It lilTc fnl II I l)ut>' uratioii Surface LKAF. Division I'osition ArninKcnicnt ■■^tiiiujation Insertion Outline No. of leaflets, iiuuy i*Texture ! l*('olour *Sizo *Venation *Mnr •gm Apex *Daso , . I\FI.ORE8l'EM'E. I Mod. |*Surfnco J ;^;^PIjllU^nl)l .. to l..a(|,..tg If |o,if |h cin ninnwT Variety TIIK FLOWER. iinoAN, Porlnnlh. Lea ves. Cmyx. Sepals. 4'ornlln. Petals. MtlllllfllN. Fi/aineiits. Anthers. 'in H mas. Stjiles. ( avpels. Ovary-vills. NoiKSON KoliM, .KsriVATIO.N, t;oi,ot;„ FltllT. Kind Variety Dehisceuoi^ No. of St'ods Dpscription of Seed (X.itiMIFICATIOM. dr. puund. SERFES. Class Sri;-('r..\ss IMVISKIN. Older •Jc'llllS S|ICcil'H ndtiiuiciii .Viiiiii' ; riipular Xiuiic flaliitat Wlu'if fdiu I Diiti.' of (.•ulk'ction DRAWINGS, &C. I II.OI'B, Kl(. IKFlORESCESiCE. Mode *Surfaoo.. ^'ai'ioty.. OnOAN. i N,,. Pprinnih. Leaves. *'nl>x. Sepals. CdllKSIO.V, THE FLOWEU. ADIIKSKin. <'orolln. Petals. KlUIIIOIIIi. J''i/aiiieii(.i Ant/ters. NOIKSD.V iM.IiM, .KsriVATKIN, C(, >l.OUB, KTC. PlHlil. Stir/ mas. Sty/es. '■ <'ari„ls. I I Oi-arij-al/s. i FHIIT. SKRIES Cla.ss Si;ii-C'LA.S.S. Divisiox Order Genus SjH'fius at(.' of (tulli.ctiiin I DRAWINGS, &C. ._J _..J PLANT SCHEDULE. No. UOOT. HTEM. Criii Col LKAr. Duraticiii Position .. Class Attit:kl(. Toxtiuv Piisitidii .. fcjhajie Juico Branching Height Duration Biirfacu Di losition Arrangom Stipulati ont . Inscrtioii IXFLOBESl'E\('F. OllOAX. 3'orliiiilli. Lea vcs. Calyx. Sepah. Xc. «'orolla. I'etah. SlaiiM-iiN, Filaimnts. Ant hern. Outlinu No. of liatk'ts, if imy *Toxturo.- ♦Colour— *.^izo *Vi'nation *Margin *Ai)Px *Uaso ♦Surface 'ApiilUabli! to loaHets If leaf Is yoinpimiid. ShHlv Variety.. THE riOWEIt. Cohesion. Amiesio.v. Notes ON FoiiM, .IOstivatio.v, Cor.oun, kic. risiii. StigmaH. Styles. Carpeh, Ovarij-cvth FlUIT. Kiinl Vitviety Deliisceiice No. of Seeils P-"^«ii;li(.u t;f Seed.. L. inii'iiiiiil. CoLOfii, KH'. lXASSIFK'ATIO.\, Ac. SERIES Class Sui)-Ci,.\ss Division Order denus Species Botnnicnl Xanic I'(il>iilar Xanio Ilaliitat Wliei-e fill n 1 Diiti' of coUfctiuu DRAWINGS, &C. i! i ! PLANT SCHEDULE. No.. I KOOT. HTEM. Origin Form Colour Duration Position Class Attitude Texture Position Shape Juice Braneliing Height Duration Surface LKAF. Iiivisidii I'ositinn. Arnini,'i'iin'iit Stijiiiliitiim Insertion ^Outline No. of Iciiflet-i, if any *Texture ♦Colour *Sizo *Venati(in ♦Margin *A]iex ♦Base 1 !ito of collection DRAWINGS, &C. ,i. Number Colour Shape Kind Pappus PLANT SCHEDULE. NO. lEAF. I Division ! Position Arrangement Stipulation Insortion Outline No. of luatlots, il an\ *Toxture ♦Colour .♦size .♦Venation i+Margin I l+Apex .♦Uas(^ ♦.Siirfaee " Applifftlile to lenHcts If leaf js eomiwii»d^^ IXIlOKKHt'ESit'E, .10. I c Si I) Q( KECKI^At'LE. Form Surface ■ ■ l!«VOU<'HE. I Form — Rows of scales Form of scales Toxturo of scales Arrangement A('IIE>EH. Form Surface ColI8K-FM>KKTH. Numlifi- Colour- Shape Kind Pappus PLANT SCHEDULE. I'lisitioll NO.. Arniii!,"'iiiiiit Stipiilutiiiu Iii-.iiti..n (llltlilir No. (if K'iillitH, il uii>' •■'Pi'Xtiiri' *i'i)limr j*Si)!...... J*Vi'imtiiiii I'l'Miirjiiii !*Ap«x *.Svirfa('c ' • Aii|ilii'i\l'l>-l'il.'Mil.'tsifli'iiflTA('LK. Form Surfiici' IWOlK'RIv. Fcnii . Ui)A-s i)t scali'S iMirm of scak's Texture of seiil Arrnn^^euieut • A4;HKXf:i«. 1 Form i Surfaee I Colour.. i SEED, I * If florets arc iill aliku t-'ivi' particulars imder heaiUiig Disk- florets. <'ii«, /' ilinni lift, . I -(//„,•,. Hlxtll. ^'I ill mil 1. St III, ,«, ('ii|lh>luN. TIIC IIOttCH. 'MiHt-JiloM, •■'I'll vr. Di.viiiivM. f l.tMMIFK ATION. A,., SKUIKS I'l.v - •■•MM'I.A '■ '■ >l-|w\ l.l- ' '■ IIUS "^1 it- liotuiiinil N'ami' l'"|mliu- Niiiii,. Iliil>it,'ir , Wllrrv |-n|||„| l»at,.(,|C,,ll,.,.tiou DRAWINGS, &c. 111 iih! .1 Pf COMPOSITES. UOOT. 8TEH. Origin Fcirni Colour Diiratiijji Position Ckss Attitudi' .Textiiri' Positiuu Sha]K> Juice Brancliii;^,- Height Duiation Surface HEADS. Arraiigomer Kinl SiFLOBET8. Jsumlicr Loiolir... bJiapo Kind T'app'.is . PLANT SCHEDULE, NO., KEAF. Pivi^ion Position Arrangomoi'.: Stipulaiiou Insertion- Outline No. of leallet^, if any- •i'Texture *t"olour *Siz(! ♦Veniition ♦Margin ♦Ajiex *Baso i*Siirfaco • Applicable to lenllcts If leaf l a com pomul. IMLOUESCEXCE, Jkt. UECEPT.KXE. Form I Surface IWOLI'CltE. j Form I Hows of scales Form of scales i Texture of scalos i Arningemeut At'llEXEM. I Form I Surface Colour . SEED. • If florots luu nil ttUku b'lvo particulars uiidor UuadluK UUk- tl,>r>'ts. eompotuul. r beadlutf DUk- OnOAN. No. CmiKSKiN, THi; FLOWKB. AbllKSlON, t'nl|VX. <' J'lVlsioN. Onlcr < ■rinis S|,rcit-; FLOUAI, DUdUAM. (XASMII-M ITIOK, .if iiiitaiiical Naiiio... I'oplll.U' XilMic llul.itat ^VlK■I■(• Inllllil . .. i'iltu of coUeL-tiou DRAWINGS, &c. ill COMPOSITES. PLANT SCHEDULE. NO. IIEADK. Arrangoincnt Kind Size ■RAV-FLOUETS. Number Colour Shape Kind Pappus *»I8K-FIOBETS. •Number Colour- Shape- Kind Pappus — ♦Surfnoo • AppliOiililf to leatlcts if Ui:if is imiiii)miiii(I, I\Fl.ftKES<'KN<'F„ Ar. KECEFT.ifXE. Fiiriii SurfiU'i' ■•■ IIVVOUTIIE. Porni Rows of scales .... l'(irin (if scales .... Texture of scales Arran;, nent I ACIIE?iES. 1 Form ■ Surface - Colour .. MEED. I 'If florota arc all ullliu gl\o particulars uiidei- lieaiUiit,' Dislt. ' tloreta. Collipt'llllll. del- lieailliiB Disk- OltOAN. t'nijix. No. O'llKSIci.V. AllllKMii.N. 4'!;!,rt;iii *Ape;, ♦Bast ♦Sui-Tu". DUAWtNfiS, ' A|)|ilic'al\- Description. Division... Position AiTanaciiicnt InsLTtidu ... StipulatiiMi Outline \i). fit loiiflctri, if luiy ♦Toxturo ♦Colour *Sizo *Venritiiiii ♦Margin ♦Apex ♦Base ♦Surfacf ■ Apiiliuiiljlo tcj Iciitlfts if loaf U (.■(jinp.iiiinl. I,i:.\r III' iJivi.-iidii I'usiliiiu •• ArrangL'iiu'nt Insertion Stipulation Outline Xo. of k'atU'ts. if any ♦Texture ♦Colour ♦Size ♦Venation ♦Margin ♦Apex ♦Base ♦Surface Drawing.'*. AiM'l""!''!'' -> li':'H>"!s if It^.if i.-. i-t!n!iv,..i;i!!. LEAF SCHEDULES. Leaf np DESCniPTION-, iJiviaion Position Arranguiiicnt InHortiiin 'Stipulation Outlino No. of loiidcts, if any *Toxtiiro *('olour *.Sizo *Vi>u,iti(iii ♦Margin *A])ex *Base *Surfa('o DnAWDJos. • Applicable to leaflota if leaf Is compound. T.KAK OP . Division. Position . Arrangeniunt Insertion •Stijiulation Outlim- Xo. of leaflets, if nny ♦Texture ♦Colour ♦Size ♦Venation ♦Margin ♦Apex ♦Base ♦Surface . Api,lic.-xl>le to le:ificis if Ic.uls u :l "iiiiwiiml. il 11 ! LEAF SCHEDULES Li;\i' OF TlKSCIIII'TlllN. Division Position Arrnujji'iiu'M Insertion Stipulation Outliii>> No. of li'iUli'ts, it any *T,>xtiin' , . ♦Colour *Sizo . *Vi'nation 'Margin *A))ex . *Baso ♦Surfiicf ' A|)|)licnblo t(j lunHcts If leaf Is rompunml I.KAI oi- Divisuii Position Arrangi-mont Insertion Stipulation Outline No. of leaflets. ■■' -^ny ♦Texture ♦Colour ♦Size ♦Venation ♦Margin ♦Apex ♦Base ♦surface - • Amillcalile til leafiots il'Ic.ii i.-> ciiniinb-Kl, LEAF SCHEDULES. ^ Li; AT (IP I'lOSCIlll'TUlN. I'lisitidii Arrnngcmi'iit Iiisf'rtidu . ^tipulntidii "utlino . •Vn. of loiitlots, ir (iiiv *T,'xturc... "t (iliiur., *si-.!i' *y 'latii.h *Margiii *A|iex *i3nsL> *Surfiif/i' •A,,„licahl,.,..l,.a,|,.,slfU.,,f„..,„u,„M„„l. DllAWI.Vds. Leap of 13ivisiou Positiuii . Arrangi'nicnt I Insertion •'Stipulation Outline Xo. of leaflets, if any ♦Texture ♦ColoT . ♦Size _ ♦Venatioii ♦Margin ♦Apex.. ♦Base ♦Siirfii,, • Applleable to leaflet, f leaf Is compound. I ,..! LEAF SCHEDULES. Lkap or Iii:s( itii'iiDN. DiviHidii Arn\ir-ji'iiiiiit IllllTl iuli Stipulatiiiii (tutliii" Ni). of liMlli't-i. it uiiv ♦Ti'xtiivi' *Col.. ./• ♦Si/.o *Vi>nntiiiii ♦Margin *AiH>x ♦liasc ♦Surl'uic' Allplll'llllli- In li'llllct* If Iflll'il l'..llll)KN(IIIIT|IIN. revision I'lmitiiiii Arrniifji'iiictit riisortioii Ntipulfttioii N". of Uiu/l(!ts, if luiv *Ti'xtun> *(-'oliiur ♦Siio *Vt'ntvtiim *-Margin *Ai)ox ♦Ik.su. ♦Surfnc- ■ Al>|.llnil.lu tu luatl.t^ lfl,Mt|.< n.iii|i.,iiiMl. Division Position Arrangonieut Insertion iStipulation Outlino .\o. of loaflcts. if liny ♦Toxturo *Colnur ♦Size- ♦Venation ♦Margin ♦Apex ♦Base ♦Surface Appikable to Icnriets If leaf Is cuniiaiiml. iUlAWlvm. LEAF SCHEDULES. r,i:Ai' iir DESUKIITION'. (IRAWINflS. 1 'ivisiim I'dsiticiii .... Arninj^i'Miciit lliscrlioii .. . Stiimlatinu (hilliiio No. (if k'ullots, if iniy *'l'cxt\u\' *Si/.i' '•■Vfiiatidii "•MiU-iiiu *A|Jox ... . ' .Aiipliiiililf 111 li'iilli'ls ir li'.'il' i.t (■iiiii|iiiiiii(l. r,i;.\i' or Divisidii . J'usitiiiii AiTaiij;i'iiii'iit Iii.-n>rtioii Stiimlatidii Outline No. of li'aHi't-<, if any ♦Texture ♦Colour *.Si/.i.< ♦Venation *Marf;in ♦Ape.*' ♦Huso ■ ♦Surfaco Ajiplloalilu to lealkl.'' I!' leal' U eijiii|i'>iin(l. LEAF SCHEDULES. IjFiaf or r)K,sri{ii>Tio\. l'ivisii)ii. riisitioii Iii'^iTtidii . Stipuliitidii (hiiliiii' ^""• of loiUlots, if iui\ "T.'xtiiiv *('()lour *Sizo '''VciiiUidii *Ma,-^in *A|M.x *15aw *Suifntv ' AppilcaM,. t,, iwillels iricaf is n,nn„Miii,l. T.io.vi' oi- I'ivisidii i'ositidii Arraugoiiu'iit InsiTtiou stiinilatiDii tHUlii)': N'o. of loafl('t^<, if nuv *Toxturo *Colour ♦Sizo *\'('nati(iii *Miirgiu *Apox *B(iso *Surfacu * A|)i)llcuble to lonrtots If leaf i.s idiiiimiiinl. II|!A\VIS(i LEAF SCHEDULES. MaKK DUAWlNtJS or LkaVKS AXSWEKINO TO TIIIO FOLLOWING DESCRIPTIONS. Tlio toncluT will dii'tati' tlie dcsoriijlions.) Description. Drawings. Divisiou Position AjTant^ement Insertion Stijiulatiiin Outline \o. of k'atiets. if any.. *Textun' *(.'olour *Sizo *Vonation . . ♦Margin ... ♦Ajicx *Baso "isSiirfaco ■ .-ipiiliealjlc tci ItMtluIs if k'iif !.•? cuinij.iiiul. Division Piisitiiin Arrangement Insertion Sti|pulation Outline Xo. of leaflets, if nny *Toxture *Colour *.size *Venation ♦Margin *Apex ♦Bu-e ♦.Surface * Applicnblu to leaflets if leaf Is cuiiiiK.tiiul. LEAF SCHEDULES. -MaKI; r)HA\VlN-(iS f)|- Lk WKS AXSWEIilNd TO nil.; Foi.I The ter.flier will dictate till' (li',»ci-i|jtiii Descuii't )i).\. Division J'c^sitiuu An-augonu'iit Iiisortioii ^tiimlatiiiii Outline Xu. of lealii'ts. 0\VI.\(i IlKSCRII'TION'S I'KAWINdS. if nnv *'JVxtun *('()loiu- *Sizo *VL'nati-iu *A *i)a IH'X *Surfi, A|i|ilk-.-ible tij lo.-iiU-tx if l,.,,f 1^ riiiiilMiMiil. bivisi ,11 I'ositiciu Arranixemcn t Insertion Stiiiuiiition Outline \o. "f leatietr^. if any *Textinv *Col<)iir *Venatiiin *Margin *Ai.ex ♦Has,. ♦Suiiaiv ippliraiiic tokiiH. (- II h-:n H rolniiiiu.Kl. LEAF SCHEDULES. Makf. DuAWixfis or Leaves Axsweuincj to the Foi.uiwi.vr; DE.-^criii'Tioxs. iTlie toni'lior will dictnto the iloscrli)tion9.) UK.SoniPTIO.N. Uivision Position ... . Arrangciiuiit Insertion Stipulation Outline,'.. Xo. of loalli'ts. if any *Toxturi' *Coloui' *Siz(> *Vi'nation *Margin *Aiiox *Basc *Surfaci' " Applicable tu li'ulk't.s if leaf is eompouiul. I Divisicjn... Position AiTangeiiu'Ut . . Tnsortion Stipulaticrn Outline Xo. of leaflets, if aH\- *Texture ♦Colour *Siz<> *Ve»atioii *.Margin .. *Apex *BasG ♦Surface ' Apjillcalile to lenflcls if leaf is comnnuni. r>RA\VIX(iS L. LEAF SCHEDULES. liEAVES ANSWEKINO TO THE PoLL The teacher will .Uctato the descriptions.) MAKE DH.™,s or ,K.V.S AXSWEHIXa TO T„. FO..OW.VO DE.sc.«.™«. IiEsc'uirTio.v. iJivision Position Arrangement Insertion •Stipulation Cutline No. of leaflets, if any ♦Texture *Colour *Size ♦Venation ♦Margin *Apex . ♦Base ♦Surface ' ApplkflUe to katlets if leaf is con.puun.l. J)KA\VL\0». Kivision Position Arrangement Insorfiiin Stij]u!:iti(in Outline No. of leaflets, if any ♦Texture ♦Colour ♦Size ♦Venation ♦Alargin ♦Apex ♦Base '.M-.rlPv ' A v'if^alile to leaflets if lf.„ .■wi MNiWI LEAF SCHEDULES. Make DRAWixris of Leavks Answkkinci to tiii'; Foi.i.owino Dessckiitions. (The tfinclicr will (lifliitc tlu' ile.icripliona.) Desouiption, r)ivi-ii(]ii Position Arraugciiiont Insertion Sti|iuhiiion Outline X(i. of Icafli'ts. il any . ♦Toxturo *(,'ol(iiir *Sij!0 ♦Venation ♦Margin *A]i('x *Daso *Surfac!0 ■ Applk'ablf tnl(Mii,.ts 11'1,'afis i-..iii|i:iiiii(l, Drawinus. Divisiiin Position Arrangement [nsertiiiu Stiiiulatinn Outlini' Xo. of leaflets, if nuy *Toxtui-e ♦Colour ♦size ♦Venation ♦Maigin ♦Aliex *Hase ♦Surface ' A|i|)Ueablu to leaflels illiMf Is coiiiprniuU. LEAF SCHEDULES. Make DnAWixns or Lkavks a.v.sv.-k UIN.i T(. THE FOLLOWINO Dr^KII'TICNs. 'Tho (,aol„.r will .lUtato the .K....ri,,tlon9.) Dewjhiition-, division Position Arrangonicut Insertion •Stipulnti(]n Outline -\o. of leaflots, if any *Toxturf, *('olonr *Si20 *Vonntion. *Mai-gin *Ai)ox *3aw *>lurfnc(' ApplienMe to leaflets Iflenf Is c„n„„m,„l. I'KAWlXds. 1: 4 i ' ; i m •1 - LEAF SCHEDULES. MAKn DuAwiNcs or L..,UK.s AN,swKmx.. TO TMK Fo,.,.ow,N,; Dk,%.r„.t.o.ns. (The t.iu'liiT will ilK'tftto tlio UesiTlptlons.) I'i;sES(;uii»TroN. ri(»\s. liivision I'ositiiin ArrnngiMiiout lusortion Ntipiilatiou Outline Xo. of leaflets, if any ♦Texture ♦Colour . *.Sizo ♦Venation ♦Margin ♦A])ex ♦Dase *Surfn(.o • Applicable to icaHot8 If leaf i, onnpnu,,,!. DHAWINdS. l.iivisi.Mi Position Arrangoiiient Insertion i^tijmlation Outline Xo. of leaflets, if any. ♦Texture ♦Colour ♦Size ♦Venation ♦Margin .. ♦Apex ♦Base •■fiurface Applicable lo leaflets if leafls compound. 1i* 1 I I LEAF SCHEDULES. MAKr: DUAWINC.H .. LkAVKS ANSWKUI.N.. to the PoLLOWINO DESCKimONS. 'Thr I, :;c|i,r will (llc-tiitr. the (leatTlptlorii..) I'ENCHll'TION. I'ivinioii Pusitidu Arrani,'ciii(iit Insi'i'tidii Stipuliitidii Outline No. iif Icalli't.-i. ii liny *T('xtun' *('iilour *Sizi' *Vvn(iti{in *Mnri;in *Ai,..x *I3a»o *Suifiicc . ... Applk'ai,!,. I., k^adul.^ ir loafU c, 1,11) ,1111,1. Drawlnhh. liivisi:in I'osition Arrangpincn. ' Insortinn Stipulation Outlino \o. of K'allrts. if any *Toxturc *C()Iour *Size *Venation . *Margiu *Apcx *Ba§e ♦Surface ' Applicable to leaflets if leaf Is compound. ..J LEAF SCHEDULES. Make Diiawinos or i i wi (The .,,a, „m j,j,„,^, „,^ a„„.rj,„|„„, ) MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ APPLIED IIVV1GE I ^Sr« 165J East Main Street ~.^ Rochester. New York U609 USA ' (716) 482 - OJOO - Phone ^= (716) 2S8- 5989 - Fnx U,f srivATi(% Cor.orii. kh . '■"IJAI. l)lA(;liAM. IIVATIO.V, COLOUII, ETC. I I ■ i> ' I ■■MM MH FLOWER SCHEDULES. FunvEii oi IVrlaiilli Lea ven. «llI,VX. Se/)ah, Cornlla. Petals. MIllllll'IIH. Filamcnls. Anthers. IMxIll. Slijjmas. Stf/les. Varj:eJs. Oviry-cdls. Hint. : Kind Variety Dehiscence Xo. cif Seeils ' Uescriiitit.n of Seed Kr.dllAL UlAOJIAM. Fl.OWEU OF. OIIOAX. EVrliiiilli. Lea ves. Ciil.yx. Sepals. t'orollii. Petals. iiients. Anthers. Xo. Cohesion. AWIKSION. Notes o.n Fou.m, .Tstivatio.n, Coi.oun. etc. E'lslil. Stij/inas. Styles. Carpels. Ovarij-ctls. tJt::iT. Kind Viiriuty Dcliiscence No. of Seeds. Pescription of S'eed \iiox, Or.oi'K KTC. \ / iAL UlAOIiAM. VTioN, Cijr.oun. KTf. .\r, DlAOHAM. OlUiAN. i X- ■N'i'lillitll. rollii, I /■.Y«/.v. atlllllPiiit, J''i/amenls. Aii/hfrs. AhHi;sii:x, X..TES ON F..I15I. .T.;s=T|VATtON. C..r.nr„, KK^ St.i(jml'Olljl Hliiiiii'im, J''i/(inirii/.s: Aiitlu rn. ■^/iU'il'tn. Varjiils. Ov.irijn//x MtCir iKiir, 'I'l'liiniJi < illji. I'ltal. ''laiiiciis. J'^i/amtnils. '\nthcrs. ^tiijiiias. Ovavi/-ce//s. Kiiii Viiriety Dfliispt.iu'o I'i'rIiilHIl, 1-LOWER SCHEDULE S. ri.rivAri(iN, Comhh, kw. rioiii. still Ilia:!, S/i/lea, j i'ai'jch, Ouiry-ceUn, | f C-KEIT. : Kii„| Viii'ifty I No, (if Si'dN I li'^('ii|itii.ii (pf SiM'i'i I't.C'llAI. DlAdllAM. (MKIAN. N'll. Fl.llWT.I! dX- l'( IlKSlllN. y\l>IIK~,^---...py-..pgf..- ,^.., FLOWER SCHEDULES. Fi<()Wi::t oi- I'OI-lHIllh ralyx. •SV; Ills. <'orollii I'ttal. Mlllillflls. Fildtncnts. | Aiil/icrs. ' riKtii. Slii/man. darjielH. Ooarij cells. FKC I Fi.i)\vi;k ()!•' Dhoan. IVrlaiilli, Lia cea. Cohesion. Adiiksio.n. Inlyx. Scjxils. Corolln. I'dah. siaiiK'iiN. Filaments, Anthers. IMsfil. St if/mas. Styles. Carjiels. Ovary-cells. NOTKS ON FOBM, .TiSTlVATION, (JOLOUH, ETC. FUIIT. Kiuil Variety Deliisconci! No. of iSuL'ils Doscriptiim of Seed . Fr.oBAr, Diagram. k'ATlDN, t"ol.Oi:ll, KTC. iKAr. Ul.V HAM. arioN, coLoun, ktc. RAF. DlAOHAM. -'•y^smsmmmmm Mtt. FLOWER SCHEDULES. FLOWEn OP.. OnOAN. IVrlniilh. Lea ves. No. Cohesion. I'nl^'x. Sepals. Corolla. Petals. Adiiebion. Notes on Foiim, ./Estivation, Ooloub, etc. Mtiiiiirnit. Filaments. Anthers. ristii. Stirjmas. Styles. Carpels. Ovary-cells. FIHIT. Kind Vai'iotj- Dt'liiscfuce Ko. of Seeds Description of Seed •"'I.OHAI. DiAOIIAM. Fl.OWEU OP. OnOAN. No. Cohesion. IN-rliiEilli. Leaves. C'nly.v. Sepals. (urolln. Petals. Adhesion. Notes on Form, .*;stivation, CoLocn, etc. NliliiiriiH. Filaments. Anthers. Pistil. Stigmas. Styles. Carpels. Ovary-cells. Fttl'lT. Kind Variety Dehiscence No. of Seeds Description of Seed-. Floral Diaoram. iVATioN, Colour, ktc. DiiAr. UiAniiAM. VATIO.N, COLOUn, KTC. )RAL Diagram. • y n 1 STlVATIliN, COI.OUB, ETC. 'OliAI. Diaoham. rivATiON, Colour, ktc. ilnAI. DiAOIlAM. ^OWER SCHEDULES. FfvOWEn OF i -i!l i I' I mm J)i