n^ ^ai ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 Iti |2£ US Vi |3^ lii ■ 3.6 12^ ■ 22 III U 11.6 150mm <5>j ^ '^^ ^V x^ / ^ '^^ ^ '/ /^PPLIED^ IIVMQE . Inc .^SS 1653 East Main Street ■^= r^ Rochester, NY 14609 USA _^g'^ Phone: 716/462-0300 •^sr.^^ Fax: 716/288-5989 O 1993, ApptM Image. Inc., All Rights ReMrvad ^■ a,\^ i\ ■^T<' '4'^''^ ^^^ "^"rsN '^^^^ ^ ^t^ ^A* !^.<^ <5" CIHM ICIVIH Microfiche Collection de Series microfiches ((Monographs) (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas Technical and Bibliographic Notti / Notts tachniquas at bibliographiquat The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographieally unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagie D Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculte □ Cover title missing/ Le D titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Caites giographiques an couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. oth Encre de couleur (i.e. D other than blue or black)/ autre que bleue ou noire) D n Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relie avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cauf 4 shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serrte peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouttos lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ete f ilm^s. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplementaires: L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut4tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique. qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de f ilmage sont indiquis ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies □ Pages restored and/or Ian i. jted/ Pages restaurtes et/ou pellicultes Q Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dicolor^. tacheties ou piquees □ Pages detached/ Pages ditach*et 0Showthrough/ Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Qualite in^le de I'impression □ Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue □ Includes index (es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de I'enttte provient: □ Title page of iss Page de titre de □ Caption of issue/ Titre de depart de la n issue/ la livraison livraison Masthead/ Generique (periodiques) de la livraison This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est f ilme au taux de rMuction mdiqui ci-dessous. ^oj< ux lax 22X 26 X 30X / 12X 16X 20X 24 X 28X 32 X Th« copy film«d h«r« has b—n raproducsd thanka to tha ganaroaity of: Library Agriculture Canada Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poaaibia conaldaring tha sondltion and lagibillty of tha original copy and In Icaaping with tha filming contract spacificationa. Original copiaa In printad papar eovara ara filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or llluatratad Impraa- lion, or tha bacic covar whan appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha firat paga with a printad or llluatratad Impraa- aion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or llluatratad impraaaion. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microfieha •hail contain tha symbol —^(moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol y (moaning "END"), whichavar appliaa. Mapa. piataa. charts, ate., may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratioa. Thoaa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand comar. laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama iiiuatrata tha mathod: L'axamplaira film4 fut raproduit grica k la gAnirositi da: Bibliothiqua Agriculture Canada Laa imagaa suivantaa ont «t« raproduitaa avac la piua grand soin. eompta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da I'axamplaira film*, at w eonformiti avac laa condltiona du eontrat da filmaga. Laa axamplairaa originaux dont la couvartura un papiar aat Imprim4a sont fiimis an commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant loit par la darniAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'Impraaaion ou d'illuatiation. soit par la sacond plat, salon la caa. Toua laa autraa axamplairaa originaux sont filmis un commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta dimpraaaion ou d'llluatration at •» tarminant par la damiira paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un daa symbolaa suivanta apparaitra sur la damiAra imaga da chaqua microfieha. salon la caa: la symbola — ^ signifia "A SUIVRE". la symboia ▼ signifia TIN". Laa cartaa. planchaa, tableaux, ate., pauvant «tra fllm4a A daa taux da r«duetion diffirants. Loraqua la document aat trop grand pour Atra raproduit ti un muI clichA. II aat film* « partir da I'angia sup4riaur gauche, da gauche k droite. et de haut en baa, •n prenant la nombre d'Imagee n4ceaaaira. Lee diegrammee suivanta illuetrent le mAthode. 1 2 3 32 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TOHONTO, JuNR I, ia95 BUIXETIN (SPECIAL). ROAD-MAKINO. 2. Keep the water out tl^i^^-^^f:^ placed at c<^Jv?r.?ent di.r'*°« ^*'«' '^^ '^nducj lide~ !■ i Thb RoAP3iDB8. The strips of ground between the metalled road and the open ditch ehould be properly graded to conform with the crown and grade of the metallini; and should be seeded and kept in sod. This will always be pleasing to the eye, is cheap and very largely useful in preventing the carrying of mud on to the metalling. Moreover, the uniformity of the grade facilitates the passing of meet- ing teams. ^ LocATtoN or SuDDRAiNS. In a soil that is gravelly and pervious to water, the open ditches on each side of the road, even of a 66-feet wide road, are suiBcient for draining the road-bed. If there be any springs under the road, a sub-drain leading directly to the side dttch will be required. Should the road be on a side hill a deep open ditch on its upper side, to arrest, the flow fro ji the adjacent land, may be sufficient, the water being at intervals conducted across and under the road by an ordinary stone culvert. OuTLBTB. Mistakes are often made by giving insufficient outfalls to the drains. Under the Ditches and Watercourses Act a munici- pality has the same power as an individual to enforce the natural outlet for the drainage water of the land. But municipal officers are apt to shrink from forcing an outlet through private lands, and to leave their road drains with insufficient outlets rather than incur the ill will of possibly influential constituents. This should not be so. Municipalities should insist upon their rights, and the owners of lands interfered with should pay the same proportion of the cost of the work as if only private individuals were concerned. Bad Drain AC b and Frost. Imperfect drainage is the cause of the badness of our roads in nearly all cases. The inexperienced are not apt to appreciate the paramount necessity for the maintenance of a perfectly dry foundation of earth for their surface of broken stone, gravel, etc, to lie upon. A protracted rain will soften an undrained road and on the passing of a heavy load injurious ruts are the consequence. In these latitudes the soil water freezes and the consequent expansions and contractions quickly ruin a roadbed. Destruotivbness of Rutb. It matters not whether a road be earth or macadam if attention is not given to the preservation of the finished crown. If ruts are allowed to form water is admitted. Every depression is a centre of destruction. The power of resistance to the water becomes less and less until the roadway becomes actually impassable. Road Machines. In constructing earth roads a plow should not be used except where actually necessary, because a plowed surface is only with great difficulty made hard and smooth, and the plow is likely to cut too deeply into the earth. A good road machine Bhoald be procared if possible, for by the use of a machine the natural foundado aa is don should o^ instructed skilled ha oonstructi Width between t wide ; wh ling shoul Hsioni crown of i shape. Rollin( whole gia< Rolling is permanent fhe grader while it is softer port inclined to solidation i road and ] should be ] in the seco until the ci Mrtalli are comple its wearing it will be and easily will prevei tion. Width o provided w more smooi good condit Noxious (Sec 9.) municipalit W^„J- .— ■ •T CCU3 arc foundation of the ground ii not diHturbed in rounding up the road ail .8 done with comraon plows and scrapers. Every municipality should own a road machine and should have a ian especially iSS K ;"^,.«o°«'»°Vy »" charge of it. With a road machine in skilled hands, there will be no question raised as to the economy of construction and repairs and the efficiency of the work done. Width OF Roadway. The roadway should be twenty-six feet between the ditches and the metalling for ordinary roads eight feet wide ; where more than a single line of travel is required the metal- Img should be sixteen feet wide. HBioriT OF Crown. A roadway of this width should have a crown of at least ten inches and should always bo maintained in this RoLLiNo. After the road machine has completed its work, the whole grade should be .oiled with a roller weighing about Hve tons. Rolling 18 essential in making the foundation and surfacing to form permanent or gravel roads. The roller should fol'.ow closely upon the grader or scraper so that the loose earth may be consolidated while It IS still moist. The roller should pass many times over the softer portions of the road, and where the road is very dry and not inclined to pack, it may be slightly moistened to facilitate the con- solidation of the earth. The rolling should begin at the sides of the road and proceed gradually towards the centre; that is, the roller should be passed from end to end along the^ide of the road and then m the second passage the roller should slightly lap the first passage until the centre of the road is reached. f 8 Mktallino. After the formation of the road and the draining are completed, the mass of broken stone or gravel which is to form Its wearing surface should be laid, packed and so consolidated that it will be practically water-tight. Such a road will be durable and easily maintained. It will shed water readily. Its hai-dness will prevent the formation of ruts, which is the first stage of destruc- tion. Width of Tibes. If all wagons used in country roads could be provided with tires four inches wide, they would roll the surface more smoothly and more quickly, and the road would be in fairly good condition all the year round. Noxious Wbbds. Chapter 202, R.S.O., 1887. (Sec 9. ) "It shall be the duty of the overseers of highways in any municipality to see that the provisions of this Act relating to Noxious •reeus are camcd out within their reapective highway divisions by cutting down or destroying or causing to be cut down or destroyed at the proper times, to prevent the ripening of their seed, all the I ' .1 i I :ii III n noxious weed* growing on the highway! or road allowances within their respective divisions, snoh works to be performed as part of the ordinary sUtute labor, or to be paid for at a reasonable rate by the treasurer of the manidpality, as the council of the municipality may direct" (Sec. 10, Bub-seo. 4.) " Every overseer of highways who refuses or neclecta to discharge the duties imposed upon him by this Act shall, upon conviction, be liable to a fine of not less than tlO or more than $20." Noxious weeds include Canada Thistles, Ox-eye Daisy, Wild Oats, RaRweed and Burdock.