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 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
C;€SAR-GALLIC WAR, 
 
 BOOKS IV., V. 
 
Momng's Educational Ser 
 
 tes 
 
 C/Hsak-Gallic War 
 
 BOOKS /i:, F. 
 
 Q 
 
 CQ 
 
 BY 
 
 ST. J. BASIL WVNNE WILLSON, M.A. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE; 
 
 ASSISTANT-MASTFR AT RUGBV SCHOOL ; 
 
 JOmT-ED,TOR OF .^SCHVLUS. 'PROMETHEUS V.NCTl/S ' 
 
 WITH 
 
 IMITATIVE EXERCISES 
 
 FOR RE-TRANSLATION 
 BY 
 
 W. L. GRANT. M.A. 
 
 UPPER CANADA COLLEGR. TORONTO 
 
 
 TORONTO 
 GEORGE N. MORANG & CO., UM.TED 
 
 All Rights reserved 
 
\/7 6' 
 
 KntereJ according io Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year 
 i.joo, by Gkoruk N. Moranu & Company, LiMiTKt>, at the 
 Department ot Agriculture. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 In- preparing tl.is edition for schools T h.. 
 
 * • 1 »i-"oo]8, I have endeavourp*? 
 
 ui icarmng Latin prose. If .. k«„ ,- 
 
 ),f 1 . , ^ «^- -11 'I boy IS conu^nt with a bal<I 
 
 Jiteral translation, he loses half fK i . 
 
 CW. '^"^ ^'"^^^ -^ ^e^Jin^' 
 
 I have emphasised this point in a few eh.nontar, hints on 
 translation whicli are undoubtedly trito b„t J' 1 
 i-na,.o' • "^ ' ^""'' ^^hicli some 
 
 >eais experience in teaching has shown n. ■ f i 
 A 1 . ° "xiowji me to be necesqirv 
 
 Instead of fT.'v;,.^ 
 C Ust of „„hta,.j. a,„I naval phrases, from which th. 
 
IV 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Xo edition of so well edited an author as Cffisar can 
 claim originality. I have consulted Allen and Greenough, 
 Peskett, Bond, and Walpole, Stock, Rheinhard, Fugner, 
 Krantr, and Moberly. 
 
 The first section of the Introduction has been written by 
 my colleague, Mv J. M. Hurdwich, who is preparing Books 
 I.-ill. in this series, and who will in turn probably make 
 use of some of my work. 
 
 I have to thank Mr E. E. Sikes, Fellow and Lecturer of 
 St John's College, Cambridge, for reading the proof-sheets 
 and giving me the advantage of his criticism. Mr Haydon, 
 Head-master of Tettenhall School, has supplied me with some 
 valuable grammatical suggestions. 
 
 Rugby, Sept. 1899. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction — 
 I., The Celts . 
 H. Britain- 
 
 (a) Early mentioiiH of the country 
 (5) Later history 
 (c) Its inhabitants 
 
 III. Life, works, and character of Cssar 
 
 IV. The Roman army 
 
 V. Elementary hints on translation . 
 Text 
 
 Notes 
 Appendices— 
 
 1. Index of proper names 
 n. Scheme of subjunctive 
 in. Lists of phrases and idioms 
 
 Index (English) . 
 " (Latin) 
 
 Imitative Exercises . 
 Vocabulary 
 
 PAOB 
 
 vu 
 
 xi 
 
 xiii 
 xiii 
 xiv 
 xxi 
 xxvii 
 
 1 
 
 66 
 
 139 
 149 
 150 
 
 154 
 157 
 
 150 
 
ILLrSTRATIONS AND MAPS. 
 
 i 
 
 ?AOK 
 
 1 
 
 MAP OF GAUL. 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 A BESIECiED TOWN . 
 
 
 
 
 Frontispiece 
 
 BUST OV C^SAK 
 
 
 
 
 XX 
 
 WEAPONS . 
 
 
 
 
 . XXV 
 
 ARUANOEMKNT OK COHOUTS 
 
 
 
 
 . xxvii 
 
 ROMAN ROLDIEUS . 
 
 
 
 
 xxviii 
 
 ROMAN CAMP (plan) 
 
 
 
 
 . 81 
 
 c.bsar's bridge (1) 
 
 
 
 
 . 85 
 
 .. (2) 
 
 
 
 
 • 87 
 
 ROMAN WARSHIP 
 
 
 
 
 . 90 
 
 HAHROUR . 
 
 
 
 
 . 93 
 
 TdHMKXTA . 
 
 
 
 
 . 96 
 
 MAP OK SOUTH RHITAIN 
 
 
 
 
 . 101 
 
 KSSFPI'M 
 
 
 
 
 . 102 
 
 rKsri-pO MIIF.TAItlX 
 
 
 
 
 . 110 
 
 COWAY STAKK 
 
 
 
 
 . 117 
 
 MAP OK ROMAN CAMPS IN OAUI, 
 
 
 
 
 . 120 
 
 CAMP WITH TOWERS 
 
 
 
 
 . 130 
 
 'IKSTVDO 
 
 
 
 
 . 131 
 
 India 
 
INTHODUCTIONo 
 
 I-THE CELTS. 
 
 i^AME AXD Origin. 
 
 Thk European races of the prese„t day trace their descent 
 from one common stock. The original Aryan fam K 
 
 rdi,?::;:rtrtf of'r^ -' ''■"° «-- "-''5::e't\,:: 
 r.>°::o:i:t:rrre::/t*i;;:t- '^'-^ 
 
 way over the Pyrenees into c,L ,";' ""'' """''' """■■• 
 Fcsent homes 00:^^7™:" 1 """""^ '""' 
 
 -p..ith„oreor,ess3„:::s:t^rLX^;tI^^ 
 
 ' ™B«-'=™OPEAN (..I»uo.G,„M,»,c»,AaT.», 
 
 Asiatic. 
 
 S.W. European. 
 
 Indian - 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 N.W. European. 
 
 Iranian. Hellenic. Ceitio. Italian. 
 
 Sclavonic Teutonit. 
 
ft 
 
 vm 
 
 CiESAR'S GALLIC WAll. 
 
 Their wanderings were finally checked, and their power 
 broken, by the licro of tlie Gallic AVar, Juliu- C^sar. 
 
 Their name was given variously by the Jionians as 6W/a« 
 and Galli; and the country, which they occupied so com- 
 pletely that it was named after them, was called aalfta. 
 Gallia Ulterior, or Tramalplna, was bounded on the north 
 and west by the English Channel {Fretum GaUicum) and the 
 Atlantic (Oreamus); on the south by tlie P,/renaei montrs ; 
 on the nortl-cast by the Khine (lihenus), Lake Geneva 
 (Lemannu,^ lacus), and part of the Khone {Rhodanm); and 
 on the south-east by a line drawn through the towns of 
 Toulouse {Tolom), Vienne {Vienna), and Geneva {Genava). 
 
 Ki 
 
 Relations witji \loy\v.. 
 
 These may be conveniently given in the form of a skeleton 
 outline. 
 
 A. Gallia Cisalpina. 
 
 Invasions across the Alps at an early period resulted in 
 tlie final occupation of all Italy north of the river Po (Padus), 
 hence called Gallia Cimlpina. 
 
 B.C. 396-3/)0. The Gauls press hard on Etruria and 
 Umbria, even sacking Kome itself in 390. Eome 
 gradually comes to be regarded as the bulwark of 
 Italy against Gallic invasion, and her armies at 
 last are able to hold their own. (Cp. the stories 
 of Torquatus and Corvus.) 
 B.C. 284-222. Rome occujued in the subjection of the 
 Gauls of N. Italy, who, however, continue to give 
 trouble till, after the completion of the Second 
 Punic War, fresh colonies are founded in the 
 disaffected country. 
 
C.C. 
 
 INTliODUCnON. . 
 
 B. Gallia Tramalpina. 
 ac. 125. The Koman conqucHt of TraiK^nlnin. n i v 
 
 by M. Fulvius FJaccus. V 7 t " ^'"" 
 
 portant for Komo to secure the k 1 \ T' ""' 
 Italy a..d Spain " ^'"^•^'^"^'^ ^^^^'««" 
 
 "' ''iahtc!t':;i^^ 
 
 ^^arbonenl ''""" P^"^"^^« ^' ^^"ia 
 
 with SertoruKs, an.l the burden imposed bv Til 
 presence of the Eoman army K B 7, \ if 
 the IWn boundary did Lt ^^^^'^^ ^ 
 province was of rrreat vdno t T ■ ^''^ 
 
 it was soon crowded wifk r. '-""sequently 
 
 Between the boundaries of liomnn r.,,,1 .^ 
 Ehine lived a great nu,n1,er of ^^' '^'r- ""^ *» 
 in many respects „,^1 °' *-«""= 'nl«s. 7 hese differed 
 
 ".ey kept up°a ci,: ; X^ ,4' l™ -"' «- another, 
 The instinct for trade was o e o ., ""T"" "' '™'^ 
 the Celtic characteristics T f , "'"" "•"»••>*««" of 
 comn,„nicati„„ .mtl,^tr ''*" "'*""" "" 
 ■"ion waa practised to » . ™"""'^' """ """> 
 
 Gauls were alolLfir^ eons.deraWe e.tent; and the 
 
 of the groat ocea.t Z^^t "''° ''™™' ""' '^"■■«'« 
 anu proved ,he superiority „f the s,,i]i„„ 
 
CyESAU's fiALLIC WAR. 
 
 vessel not only for commercial l)ut also for fighting pur- 
 poses. Tlie merchants of Ga.il crossed over into Britain 
 to get the tin for wliich Cornwall was famous; so that a 
 regular trade-route was established between Britain and 
 Gallia Xarbonensia. 
 
 The Celts tiislikod agriculture, and ])referred town to 
 country life. We find everywhere towns, surrounded by 
 walls, or undefended villages. 
 
 The unit of tlieir organisation was the "clan-canton." In 
 this the supremo power lay, with the general assembly of 
 freemen, presided over by its prince, or else by a ciiief- 
 magistrate {vergohretus). This system did not tend towards 
 development or strengtli ; and the only attempt at unific- 
 ation was made by the nobles of ditrerent cantons, who 
 gave one anotlier mutual supi)ort, in order to secure their 
 own pre-eminence. AVe can see how the medieval kniglit 
 grew into being, when we consider such a case as that" of 
 Orgetorix, who, to save liimself from the sentence of his 
 f'antoii, surrounded liimself witli 10,000 "members of his 
 family." To this origin may be traced the bands of armed 
 retainers which in feudal tinu^s were attached to the service 
 of every powerfid knight. Again, the bearing of arms was 
 the qualification of a Celtic citizen, while such occupations 
 as that of agriculture were not regarded as becoming to a 
 gentleman. :Military duels of daiigerons character" were 
 practised even in times of peace ; and lastly, the cavalry, 
 recruited from the ranks of the nobility, formed the main 
 strength of the army— the foot-soldier occupying a position 
 comparatively unimportant. 
 
 The M-eapons of the Gauls were chiefly a long lance and 
 a large shield. The army was accompanied by a long train 
 of baggage waggons, which were used in a primitive sort 
 of way to fortify the camp at the end of the march. Though 
 brave, the Gaul was not able to cope with a better disciplined 
 
 
 M 
 
ting pur- 
 
 Britain 
 so tliat a 
 tain and 
 
 town to 
 mded by 
 
 on." In 
 BinLly of 
 a ciiiuf- 
 toAvards 
 it unific- 
 >ns, wlio 
 iro tlicir 
 
 1 k nig] it 
 that of 
 
 3 of Ilia 
 s of his 
 )f armed 
 J service 
 rms was 
 iipations 
 ng to a 
 er Were 
 cavalry, 
 le main 
 position 
 
 tice and 
 ig train 
 ive sort 
 Though 
 ^iplined 
 
 INTIJOUUCTION. jj^ 
 
 To the ,v„,,t „f „„ity ,..|,i,,ii,,,| ,,y t,,„ ,.^,,^ ,, ^1^, . 
 
 ■ ' ' "" '.""-^ ".W"..»ti.,„ tl,.,„ wa, ,,,,0 Kroat cnllt- 
 
 I c .„,„,: ,,.!,;;„„, |,,„v„il„,| „v„,. t|,„ ,,,,„!„ , , i 
 
 tiro* «1,„ inlial„ti:,l tlus lliitisl, |„I,.„ = 
 
 Tl,i» ,,.ligi„„ „„, ,„|,^.,, ,„,,,., .^^^^ 
 
 <luraa,:,, I l,,y l„„| ,„,vikg,..s „f tliair own ; Ihn v.'H lo 
 «H .er at ,ix-,.,, tin,..«, „„„, g™„„„, ,p,,^ ^ ^^ .,. " ' 
 .^t.o,,g „„|„e„o. „v..r tho ,,oople, who obeyed U em ,vi I ,„ 
 
 (J. M. II.) 
 
 II.— BRITAIN. 
 
 (a) Early JMkxtions of the Country. 
 
 Before Cesar's invasion little was known of Britain 
 References in Greek literature are scantv TT i ! 1 
 
 tained in TZk" T^T' ".".^^ *"*^^ «>^ — It« ob- 
 from which quotations are made by Strabo and Pr ' ^'' 
 
 represented Britain as bein<. about o?nn f ^"^^ ^' 
 
 uemg about 2300 miles in length, 
 
xii 
 
 C/I'HAK's CAI.MC WAH. 
 
 nri.l K.-nt. ,i,s b,.inK .^ovrml days' ,snil from (Iniil, ami slut.-,! 
 tliiit lli.« inlial.itiints livod <.m coars,- ^r,.„i„,^^ ,.„„|,^^ ImmtIph, 
 «n.l a liipior nmroctnl frojn corn nml lioiicy. 
 
 Tlio first tii.'uUon of Ih,. n.utilry ' in an rxlanl, (in-i^k 
 writrrl).<foroth(>t.ini« <.f (Vsar is in IN.Iyhins (•J()|-I2'J ».(-.), 
 '"If iho l>.u)k in which lio (Uvcrihcl it "has not c.uu.^ down 
 to us. 
 
 ^ Of later Crock writers, Piodonis Sicnliis, a contcnii.orary of 
 ra>sar and An^nistus, dcscrih.vs the inhiihitants us indiKonous, 
 living' a sini] 'c life in huts of r(>cds .,r woo.l, aud mentions 
 the friendliness and .•om|.aralive civilisation of th(« j.ei.ple of 
 Cornwall [UtXtfuw), who traded in tin with (laul. 
 
 Straho (.VI H.O.-24 a.o.), the geo^M-ipher, <lescrihes tho 
 island as Ixmuj; thickly woo.h-d an.l p.-oducin{< j,'<.ld, .silver', 
 iron, corn, cattle, and .slaves, and the men as heing taller 
 than tho (i.iuls, l.adly l.uilt, and ])andy-leK'K<>d. I.ess (-ivil- 
 ised than the (^anls, lht>y inhabited thickets as towns, and 
 surrounded them with logs of wood. 'J'heir cliinato was 
 rainy and f<\u:gy. 
 
 Plutarch (born about 80 A.n., dato of death unknown), 
 m his Lifoof C>sar, Appian (iniddio of second century A.n.), 
 and IMon Cassius (end of second and beginning of third 
 centin-y A.n.) refer to tho invasion of liritain. 
 
 Of Latin writers, the poet Lucretius (about 95-52 n.o.) 
 briefly mentions tho Britons; Pliny (23-79 A.n.), in hi.s 
 'Natural History,' supplies consiilcrablo information; and 
 Tacitus (61-117 a.1).), in his Life of Agricola, tho governor 
 of Britain, gives a full description of the country. 
 
 Suetonius (born about 70 a.d.), in his 'Lives of the 
 
 * (1) The work 'De Munflo,' ih which referebce is ifaade to BHtaih, 
 
 which has generally been ftscribed to Aristotle {384-322 B.C.), is now 
 
 believed not to be his, and is assigned to a much later period. 
 
 (2) In Orpok Rrit.i'il 'a roll"'! r- l^'-^-'-r^--'-, •?- n->--i-,.,.^ ' / ~ \ 
 
 ^^ ■ '-'- -= i-- '••« V ni-f.^TjKi'-ta, 7/ ap^TavtKTi [sc. yTjo-oj), 
 
 o« B/>fTai'»'iKoi yrja-ot, "AAjSjov, 'A\ov(wv ; also npfravvia. 
 
 m 
 
iNTnonircrnoN. 
 
 • •• 
 
 Xlll 
 
 "'''.)-<■ "'f-MrH..xp..,li,,i„„ ,.. Ilntuiu as l...,MK Knv.l for 
 P;-"Ms; wl..n,aH Cin.,., w).,.., l,,,,!,!..,- Uni„f,„H wuh wi.l. 
 
 Cii-Hiir, iisHc-iis in H l,.|,|,,.r (<,>/ AW///, 
 nu cli.nirn ,,f l„M.(y ,„ I{,i(,,j„. 
 
 WllH Willi 
 
 vii. 7) tl.at tlirn, ua.s 
 
 »^<roj), 
 
 ■a 
 
 (/') T.ATKIt iriSTOKV. 
 
 O-J A.) 11,,.,, (,1m, ,,,,„„ ,,,„„,,, of Uh, TI,a„...M was p.T- 
 
 quost was .....,.,,„.l .„. ,•„ ,,^ .,,„.„^, ^,^^^ 
 
 Nu.tunn.,s ,,..,i,.,„ ,,,., ,,„,,„„, ^,,, ^,^^^^;;^ V 
 
 an.l was ..o,,,.,..,,, ,, ^,,,.,.Ia (78-84 a.,>.) T1.., u2 
 
 otota, all tmojw worn wilh.lmwii. 
 
 W Ira iNIIABITANTa. 
 
 The oarliort i„ImWu„t, of Britain w.n, .Imk-hair^,! noonl„ 
 of tlu, ll,cri,m stock, of wl.oni trarr, nr.v .liM 1 
 Cornwall, W„.,«, and Scotland C ( ,w Z T" ,'" 
 wl.0 ar„ ,,„,„dar,y ,.„lioved to ho doll: 2 If't^; "^ 
 ta ,™n„ over in ll,„ Annada, arc prohably of th a" 
 
 ceiir; ::7rr;;r ";,:'«'""": i "'^- 
 
 WHS tuuo, Ciusnrs own account wi.. ^afli<;„, 
 
 6 
 
xiv 
 
 C.ESAU'a GALLIC WAR. 
 
 in._LIKK, WOK'KS, AXl) CUAIIACTKR 
 OF C.KSAII. 
 
 Caius Julius Cnesar was l.orn .Inly I'i, l(>0 ij.<'., six years 
 nfter tlio Inrlh both of Cicero ami I'ompey, lie was closely 
 conncctcnl witli tho ileiiidcratic parly by liis Hymputliicis as 
 woU as by bis aunt's uuirriage witb Miirius, tlu^ ^'rcat cbicf 
 of tho party. In 83 bo married C'oriielia, daughter of T.. 
 Ciiina, who had suc.cooded to tho leadership of Uk! pojjular 
 party on tho death of iMarius. Sidla, tho leader of tho 
 Opiimates, on his return from tho war in tho East against 
 I^Iithridates became master of Komo, and showed bis distrust 
 of tho young democrat by bitbling him put away Ids wife. 
 C»sar refused, and with dilhculty escaped deatli by flying 
 from Home. P.y dint of bard intercession liis friends ol)- 
 taincd his pardon from SiUla, wlio remarked " that that boy 
 would 1)0 the ruin of the aristocrii(;y, for there was many 
 a IMarius in him." Ho returned to Home, but, feeling in- 
 secure, went to Asia, where he luid his first experience of 
 campaigning, and served with distinction, winning the " civic 
 crown " for saving a comrade's life at the capture of IMytilene. 
 
 In 78 D.C. Sulla died, and Ciesar returned to Rome, where 
 in the following year he gained a great reputation as an 
 orator by his prosecution of Cn. Dolabella for extortion in 
 his government of ^lacedoina. 
 
 Pursuing the study of oratory, he set out to become a pupil 
 of Apollonius Molo at Rhodes, but on his way was captured 
 by Cilician pirates. He was ransomed by his friends for fifty 
 talents (£10,000), and immediately obtaining some vessels 
 at Miletus, fell upon his captors in the island of Pharmacusa, 
 off the Carian coast, whilst thjy were dividing the spoil, 
 carried them off to Pergamus, and crucified them, thereby 
 fulfilling a threat which ho had made to thoiu in sport whilst 
 
 1 
 
CTER 
 
 i.e., six years 
 e was closely 
 yinpathies as 
 e j^rcat clii(!f 
 lUj^liter (jf h. 
 I ihr. popular 
 eailcr of tho 
 
 East against 
 (I his distrust 
 vay his wifo. 
 ith l)y flying 
 IS frionds ob- 
 tluit that boy 
 ro was many 
 Lit, feclhig iu- 
 cxpcrionce of 
 mg the " civic 
 e of ^[ytilene. 
 
 Eonie, where 
 Litatiou as an 
 : extortion in 
 
 jecome a pupil 
 ' was captured 
 riends for fifty 
 ; some vessels 
 f Pharmacusa, 
 .ing the spoil, 
 them, thereby 
 in sport whilst 
 
 INTKODUCTION. 
 
 i 
 
 XV 
 
 hfi was in Iholr nnwo.. 'r-i • 1 1 
 
 ,n,I ,,•„„• ,., „ .',;';" '■^'■•""I"<"n"g the popular 
 debt. . ' -M-nchture, regardless of aecunndating 
 
 Ho rapidly rose up the ladder of oflleo In fi8 n ,• 1 
 a • "1 o.>, »,!,],, Winning ix.Dularitv l.v <l, 
 
 cenee of his shows- in r.i / .• l>"''ii-'t} 1'}' the niunili- 
 
 Cicero crushed the conspiracy of ('.tiline .' ' ' 
 
 sufficient grounds V-v.i . ' ' ''^"'■''' "" '"- 
 
 o'ounds, Lifsar was suspected of conii)Ii,.ifv ir 
 
 'I'o East, „„,| ..t„„„„| t„ „,I " " '"' '"''f »' =i'""l 
 
 "'■my. Ti„. „„„,.,„ ., ' "'" '"""' "f " 'lov„ti.,l 
 
 "- final .„i:; „ :,' i„ ',• " ; ■"" fr"-" *" »»''- 
 
 an.! f„r„.,,i./ ; ' ' '■'»"'■■"- "f 1-ve, ,„,t Mate,. 
 
 -a C.a.,., t',„ „.™,«X '^ ';,-^;'-" -it,, P„,„„,, 
 dasa, and this First ri, . '"'''' "^ "'"c'lant 
 
 these tl.re°o Zt'e „/ ''p" "''P"*'""' '' "■- agreed ..; 
 
 : '-ve the hndt .a Ld fof r"" T'''' """ ^™"^>- ■*""" 
 ->.ouId obtain easil: ™sl ■;:'™7«'-. '"at Crassu, 
 tax-tarmin,, and t),.f r , '^''" '" "'» ■"""'■■• of 
 
 69 B.O. "' '^•■'^' ='""*" «"' ""^ eonsulate for 
 
xvl 
 
 CUMAR's (lALUC WAR. 
 
 A« ™W in that yoar Gcsur p'-a ""■"»''«» !"'':''"« ''° 
 term, ..f tin. ».T-.n....t into cd-.t. On the molmn of a 
 ul..- V:ui„i,„ (/.... raH,n.,), IH, «•,., ,rant,.,l .1.. ,.rovn. 
 „ (V..l|,i„.. .luul »'u\ Illvn.^nm, «ith tin... l.'liu.ns f„r hv" 
 ; ' -ho Senate mUha ■.■■an«0,.i„» f^n an.l au„t Vr 
 ... Co-sarV „l.jeet .-a, now o,,tai,„.,l. L; fo.-a.- t u, 
 „" nict that wa» in>„mu.nt in the S,at.; an.l n> v,„w o A 
 it w„, n.c.„sa,.y that ho »ho„l,l havo au ar.oy tnuno.l by 
 him»i!lf nn.l (Un'otoa to liix mt.'ivst.-. 
 
 I„ 58 ho onto.0.1 on his l.rovhicial command. 
 The task that lay bofae hira was that of secnrmg Italy 
 J, att Ik in tho north. For cntuvic, (iallio i„va«,on» ha,l 
 htl great .ian.or to the State. U„ to thi, tune on^' 
 th \o„th:rn part of Transalpine Caul was known to 1 
 tnan. Stitching fron, the Al,.s to tl... 1 yro,^' 1^ 
 
 Calha Narhonensis, the only ^''-'^ ITT ^ Z- 2 
 in ■I'ran.iloine Caul, an.! hence callecl hy Caisar PH,n,„m, 
 m li.ans.ilinne ,i f„ll.„viii.r is a siunniary 
 
 or Tlio I'rovince (/>/v»v»«). me Iouo«ni„ 
 
 of liis operations in Caul; iv.,„„. 
 
 Ik I 68B.O. The p-aco of the Provmoe ws threat- 
 one,! hv'a nrove,nent an>ong the ir,.lvetii, a ,,eople oeenpy.ng 
 S itJan.!, who, fin.ling their eonljn . ..an,,., w,j t ■ 
 ,ni,.rate to Weste,a> (ianl in a 1.0,1), " >,ler Oiget. nv 
 a::;ar »w the .langer of hating so l,,-.. a .;-jM'';;;> J 
 traverse the I'rovince, an,l .h"ve then, l«,k '•t" -"' 
 fr. The great hattle took place at r,ila,.ct„ (A«/«»)^ 
 
 ',;."t„en tnrncl his '^^"^"^ ^ /"'"''"^tv^^^^ 
 j;,r,„cs), a Cerm,.n ci.h'f who h,ul erosse,! th,'. Um«, •"• 
 
 "°iT'r ""bT B.O. The scene of action is now tnansh-rr,.! 
 to M-inn, in the K.E., where Cesar c„,she.l a str,av-. 
 on, nation of trills nn.ler the p,.w..rfnl Kervn whom 1. 
 :?;::!:t :lter„nnate,l in a ,,cs,»rate hattle. He also rcan,.. 
 towns on the coast of Brittany to snhmissiou. 
 
 tl, 
 
INTUODUCTIOX. 
 
 xvii 
 
 es putting tho 
 5 motion of a 
 I tli(^ proviiK'cfl 
 Hfions, ft>r iiv'i 
 il and another 
 i(i forfsiuv tl\o 
 [ in vii'AV of it, 
 my tniiueil by 
 
 U. 
 
 ' securing Italy 
 .c invasions liad 
 this tinio only 
 known to tlu^ 
 10 Pyronooa lay 
 ico at tins tinii! 
 \v.»nv Proriiicia, 
 if is a svnmnary 
 
 •ince was threat- 
 |)(.o])le occupy in;4 
 uipt'*!, wished to 
 \,iil'.n' Orget<ri\-. 
 I iiuiss of pi'oi)!'' 
 back with gvcat 
 |',il)racte (Antun). 
 us (seo Index of 
 [ the Ivhine, aU'l 
 
 s now transferrc'l 
 
 cvusIkmI a stronu' 
 
 Kervii, whom h'' 
 
 He also reduce 
 
 )U. 
 
 c « f 1, ,u„,,v, „.|,„ ,v,.r„ tl.„ |,„„d „f ,1,„ „„,„, k„„...„ ,„ 
 
 U. rv B5 B.C. Tl,„ T.,i,„,,., „„a T,.,„.i,.,.i, , ,.,;,au 
 !»■», .,n. .r ,.,.,„„, f,.o,„ 11,„ p„,v„f„l S,„.bi. ™,„„„, 
 
 n „„ms..,l by tho IVlsic Gaul. ,:„,.,, „,f„,.,l tl eir r ,m " 
 to be all,„ve,l t„ ron.ai,,, tb,- ,„„i„ ,,„i„t of bi,, poli.-v b'h ! . 
 -p tho ...„,„„, ,.„ their o«.„ .1 „f ,„, Kb '„, :, 2j 
 
 , ' ■' ■"•'"""' '"■■ """' '" ™"«W„r thi., prop,,,,], |„ ,,„. 
 an.ci,,,, „,,,„„ ,,|,icb i, open to eriticis,,,. I ,»toa, „ 
 
 - .I„y.. „,.ieb tboya.,lc,.,l fo, b,. ,„,,„to.I tb „ l: „t 
 f r boar,, „„,t„„ti„« tbo objoot of their req„e»t. ], , 
 this time a strong force of ^y()f\f) (^ , -i'"nn„r 
 
 800 cavalrv nf r ' , ^^"" ^'^''"•''" '''"^'^^'1 fell upon 
 find - r . r ^^^^^"^-•^'•'"•'J. an.I he, not sorry to 
 bX w^" for hostilities, n.arohed rapidly upon the H 
 bo ly .ho were unprepared for action, and nuassacred them 
 not sparing the women and children \v;.i • . ' 
 
 r;,:,:::";r;:;, ■:; -"- - s.V":;s 
 
 ,"''"' ^^'"* refused to accomi»anv him <n T..;* ■ 
 fas fomenting .li.affection. Cro.sin i^lV 1 ' ""^ 
 
 iiost opposition from Cas^i^Hi ■ n /' "'^"^ ^''^^^ 
 
 Morthof the Thames "-'7 "^ -'""•^' «vei-i,.nl of tlio tribes 
 Jl/;.« \ I J"«"ios. After the capture of his 'Uown" /<.'/ 
 *«»«) be s„b,„ittoJ, „,K, tbe opposition of the Briti^ 
 
jj^iii Caesar's gallic -wae. 
 
 collapsed. C^osar could not remain to «ecnro his conquest, 
 
 tut hurried back to Gaul. , \-„rtliem 
 
 He distributed his Nvinter camps widely o^,n Northern 
 Gaul as is related in ch. xxiv. The Ebuvoues, unde, Am- 
 hio ix, attacked the camp of Sabinus and Cotta, and pm - 
 , lly nnihilated iitteen cohorts. The example of t^,e E 
 rones ™ followed by the Nervii, who a«u t the cam, 
 of Cicero, bufwithout.the san.e success; '" '''«;'' ™ 
 sturdily tiU relieved by Ge.snr. Ij ..successful, too, was an 
 '^l\t the Treveri, .mder I""""--- /^ ^l!::^?"^- 
 "After this," says Ctesar, "Gaul was a l.ttle quieter. 
 
 Bk Y 63 B.C. C«ar crossed the Rhine and con- 
 ducted another brief campaign against the Ge,ma„s, and 
 
 pacified Northern Gaul. . , i * . pnnfptleracv 
 
 Bk VII 52 B.C. Yercingetonx, head of a confederacy 
 inl south, fostered a general r.sing, but after a stubborn 
 resistance was compelled to surrender. 
 
 Bk VIII. (written by Hirtius, Caesar's friend and conti 
 dant). 51B.C. A general pacificatim. of Gaul 
 
 The rest .of C^^sar's life must be briefly told During 
 the Gallic War his relations with I^-pey,jl- f-- ^^^ 
 arowinc. fear of his increasing power was trying in e^er 
 '::; Athwart inm, were becoming more and r^^^^^; 
 and in 49 he crossed the Kubicon and the Civil ^^ ar began 
 ti :ey fled to Greece, and was defeated at l>harsalus 48 B. 
 He escaped to Alexandria, where he was assassinated. Tl 
 hi of the Pompeian or Senatorial party were finally 
 ^:!i;it Thapsusl Africa (46 n.c.) -^^-^-l^- 
 (V. B c ) From this time Caesar was dictator-emperor i 
 S l^it'Le. In 44 b.c. he was murdered ^^y^^^^ 
 _ amongst them Marcus .id ~sB-^^^^ 
 Cassius. His murder was the last protest a 
 
 C^sar was one of the most versatile men that ever Inu 
 He^d many sides to his character, and in every sphere oi 
 
 (2) 
 
re his conquest, 
 
 ■ ovev Northern 
 ^nes, under Am- 
 otta, and practi- 
 iple of the Ebu- 
 saulted the cami) 
 for he heUl out 
 isful, too, was an 
 us, on Lahienus. 
 ittle quieter." 
 
 Khine and con- 
 iie Germans, and 
 
 I of a confederacy 
 , after a stubborn 
 
 friend and confi- 
 ; Gauh 
 
 fly told. During 
 ipey, who from a 
 as trying in every 
 and more strained, 
 i Civil War began, 
 t Pliarsalus, 48 B.*'. 
 
 assassinated. Tlu! 
 party were finally 
 id Ux\w\vi in Spain 
 ictator— emperor in 
 id by several friends 
 IS Brutus, and C 
 t against autocracy, 
 len that ever lived. 
 [ in every sphere of 
 
 INTRODUCTION. ^^j^^ 
 
 life he achieved pre-eminent success. As a general he ranks 
 ainong the greatest of the worM's history. Wit,. , ll^tt 
 to the necess,t,es of a situation, he never lo.t a chance am 
 a -3;s struck Ins blow with dexterity and swiftness. ' ' 
 
 VlmTVZ " 77 "'""''^ ""' ^^"--^ «^— - foes 
 - effete Asiatics, like those of Alexander-an.l attended 
 
 -th great engineering difficulties-the building f br .t' 
 
 -ts and the fortification or the capture of towns- ? J 
 
 which he encountered with consummate skill. He w I 
 
 commander who,se mere presence aroused enthusiasm Id 
 
 of his staff and troops. Labienus alone failed him 
 
 As a statesman he was the foremost of his dav-tactfnl 
 ;^-ful, conciliatoi.. Opponents like Cicer^ .^1^! 
 Iked his political principles, had an almost undis^uis 1 
 
 he fa Id to win over. Thougli not emperor in name lo 
 paved the way for the imperial power of Ai..u t r'and 
 
 1. The Commentarii de Brlln rnn-.^i • ■ , 
 
 Vet as c^z^^m ;;;t:'' '"r 'i'- -f • 
 
 > s -"-; sa}s, in Avishmg that 
 
 ' Commentarii, The tnpanmr, .t ^i • 
 (2) ".ketch," "men'oirs T- %.""'''^ ^^ ^^^ "notebook"; 
 
 if,,, pi,.,. "'""''^^- ^' '« '-^n adjective -.c, m^ ; Greek, 
 
 2 Stock's Cmar, Introduction, p. 13. 
 
TOi 
 
 CiESAIl'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 4 
 
 others who meant to write history might have matter at 
 hand to take from, ho has perhaps conferred a favour upon 
 fools who may try to curl and crimp the hare beauty of his 
 style; but ho has deterred men of sense from writing, for 
 there is nothing more delightful in historical composition 
 than a plain and luminous brevity." 
 
 It is uncertain whether Caesar wrote his Commentaries in 
 the midst of his operations piecemeal, or whether he com- 
 posed the whole at one time. Probably they were written 
 concurrently with events and published as a whole. T.'i 
 probable date is 50 B.C., though all that is known for certain 
 is that they were jniblished before 46 ii.c., as Cicero refers to 
 them in his Brulus. 
 
 2. Commentaru de Bdio Ciriii. Three books. A history 
 of the war with Pomi)ey and his follow<;rs up to the begin- 
 ning of the Alexandrine War. The histories of the Alex- 
 andrine, African, and Spanish wars were probably not 
 written by Caesar, but by Hirtius. 
 
 His lost writings include — 
 
 1. De Analo</ia, a treatise on Latin Grammar, written 
 whilst he was crossing the Alps. 
 
 2. Librt Auspiciorum. 
 
 3. De Aiifris. 
 
 4. Apopliihegmata, a collection of hon-mois. 
 
 5. Poemala, consisting of Laudes llcrndi^, and CEdipus^ 
 a tragedy. 
 
 This list shows his versatility as a writer. As an orator 
 lie was esteemed next to Cicero. 
 
 Thus Caesar was general, statesman, historian, poet, scholar, 
 mathematician, engineer. 
 
 To discuss his personal character would be imi)ossible here. 
 It can only be briefly summed up. In appearance he was 
 distinguished — tall, fair, with dark keen eyes, and bald. 
 Of his dress he was very careful, almost to dandyism. Ho 
 

 have matter at 
 ed a favour upon 
 :ire beauty of ]ii.s 
 from writing, for 
 rical composition 
 
 Commentaries in 
 wliether ho com- 
 ,licy were written 
 s a whole, 'i'); 
 known for certain 
 IS Cicero refers to 
 
 books. A history 
 up to the hegin- 
 ries of the Alex- 
 ire probably not 
 
 !iraramar, written 
 
 '///x, and (Edipiis^ 
 
 er. As an orator 
 
 rian, poet, scholar, 
 
 le imjjossible here, 
 ippearance he was 
 1 eyes, and bald, 
 o dandyism. Ho 
 
 JULIUS C^SAR. 
 
v 
 
 ;ii 
 
 of 
 
 (iil 
 
 po 
 
 fvh 
 
 i>[ 
 
 ^va! 
 
 fill 
 
 iiit( 
 
 ill V 
 
 and 
 
 fche 
 
 the: 
 lorcc 
 
 Th 
 
 of Ca 
 
 102 J 
 
 i^rope; 
 
 three 
 
 Ho. al 
 
 includ 
 
 pihini, 
 
 the 111; 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 pr.sw,sed great physical energy, and was a .l-ilf„l I 
 
 :i>.nver of winning affe.tiL a^d t,, ,, 'Tr' " «'-°"' 
 
 ;f.-.ends and snlwrdinatos. In h„n ' " """"' 
 
 |"f an age wl,ieh knew little^", r^,]™ '" "!'^""™ 
 
 ™ ruthless ' if „„licv ,1,.„,„„, , '"'' '""■''•■•"»"« Lo 
 
 f- if -i-edieney^dw: ™-x::::fr:r;''"'' '"' "'''^'- 
 
 : interestod in tlioir woU.r. i '''■^-^^^'^^^^'^ of his troops, and 
 
 i"winningt,:;:;:i;^:::^™^'V;';:'';-™™i'r 
 
 »"cl of small fudf. J. . ''"•^^^^O"- J^oyalty ],g rewarded, 
 
 fehedwitht •ue"!',;:::,'"'"™''^ ""' "•-'"-^■"« '"-- 
 
 fcrce t. Englishmen, ^1 idXTr^rJ:"^ ^'** ^i«'»l 
 
 iv;— THE EoivfAisr army: 
 
 103 ac), .hen Marius r^n IL if \f "\^^"^"T ^^''■ 
 Foporty qualification and 1 1 ti j ^^^^f "'^^'^ .old 
 «^-e lines -Ila^taa,^ PrincirTZ T ''"'' ''''' 
 
 Ho also did awav with th^ 7V ""^^''^^''^^ °^' ^'^^m'. 
 -luded in the i^fl^^ert;^^?^. ^'^^ ^'^^-^^ 
 PiJnn, and made he 00"^ th t • T"""" '''''' "^° 
 the nmniple. ' ^^'^^^'^^ ""^^ in j^lace of 
 
 ''■!/■, in his treatment of the TTsInnf ^ r,, 
 
 norix. ® Usipetes and Tenet 
 
 imnonx. 
 These 
 
 eri, and of 
 
 names still survived in +h^ ,.„ w 
 
XXll 
 
 C.ESAU'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 The Legion was coiislituttMl as follows : — 
 
 Two (.'ciiturios (prior and /los/friDr) iiiadc! one 
 niaiiiiilo .... rJO mm 
 
 Three niani[)l('s made a cohurt 3G0 m 
 
 Ten cohorts made a legion . . 3G00 n 
 
 If a century included 100 \w.]\, Ihe full legion would have 
 nunibored 6000, hut prohahly (tlun-e is considerable variation 
 of authority iuid ojiiniou on this (question) under ('.esar it 
 contained on an average'GO men, nudving the normal strength 
 of a legion 3G00. 
 
 The cohorts took j)recedonce at^cording to their uundjer, 
 the first being the chief. 
 
 Besides the legionary soldiers tlu^n! were — 
 
 The Cavalry, consisting of fonugu troops — fJauls, l^pau- 
 iards, Germans. 'J"he division was as follows; — 
 
 Three decicrlae nuxde one inrma 
 Ten iurviae made one ala 
 
 33 men 
 330 „ 
 
 The Auxiliaries, also consisting of foreign troops, levied 
 or enlisted from the provinces, or contributed by subject 
 states. Slingers (jumfi/ores) came from the Balearic Isles ; 
 archers [xaijittarii) from Crete and Numidia. 'J'hese were 
 called milites Jcru anmttiirai\ /en's armafura, or simply 
 Inves, and displaced the rc/iti'S which, in pi-e-]Marian days, 
 had been attached to the legion. These woe also called 
 a/arii, as they were posted on the wing (ala). X,B.~ 
 Both the cavalry and the auxiliaries were branches of thf 
 service distinct from the legionaries. 
 
 The Engineers or /ahri, under a praejccdis fabrum. 
 
•) iiiiul*! (inc 
 iL'O men 
 3G0 M 
 3G00 „ 
 
 Icj^Mnii would liave 
 siilorahlo variation 
 i) uiulcr ('"ivsar it 
 lie iioriiial sticn^s^tli 
 
 to th(!ir luimber, 
 
 ops — Gauls, iSpau- 
 Uuws : — 
 
 33 lueu 
 330 .. 
 
 eigit troojjs, levied 
 ■ibuted l)y suLjoci 
 .ho Balearic Isles ; 
 idia. These were, 
 lafnra, or siin})ly 
 pre-^Iarian days, 
 i Avere also called 
 ig (ala). N.B.- 
 e hranches of tin' 
 
 'fcctus fabrum. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xxiii 
 
 These were 
 
 1. Ti,„ Dux, or i„,m,„„Klot.i„.d,ief »•),„ „ ,• 
 
 ^. Jllu Legati, ivlm f„„,,„,| |,,„ " '''-l><-tli. 
 
 Tl..y >vor„ ,„..„ „f »„„t„ri., 1, .,'''■'''''''''■■ -^ "«""■" 
 
 «liy, m the absence of 1],.> ;, ^"'/ '^■''"^'" ^^*'- Occasion- 
 
 ♦1." superior a„.I t],e low "", ' , "",""""."-"»" I'etwo,, 
 
 <" -.r „,„, j,„,i,,„, , :, ,„f '"^.,'"- '""k l«rt iu council, 
 
 P'-u of fa,„i,j, ..ca.LlX " » , '^ "'^ Soncrally y„u„,, 
 TI.0 Praefeoti- Uo ,ff ""V!""^"^ 
 
 'o'-'y appiioa to t.: eolid: ::; :■";■. '^'"^ '«■■■" -- 
 
 »™ not necessarily Eon.Z! ' -'■ ""'""'"' "''» 
 
 ■J'lie Centurions, or scr-cants „f , i i ■ 
 
XXIV 
 
 CESAU'S fJALLIC WAR. 
 
 due. They ranked according to the coliorts. The six cen- 
 turions (if tlie first coliort were called centurioncs priniorum 
 ordinum,^ and wore admitted to tlio councils of war. Tho 
 chief was the centurion of tlie cmturid prior, of the iirst 
 maniple of the iirst cohort, and was called 2^f'i»iU)i/an's, or 
 privmi^, or primijnlu,,'.^ He had cliargo of the eagle, though 
 it was actually carried Ly an arpdlifcr. 
 
 The centurion's symbol of authority was a staff of vine- 
 wood (i'itis). 
 
 Also attached to the ariuy ihciv were ejiplorafore,<i, scouts (in 
 bodies); qmcuUdorc.^, individual spies; me/rn/oms', traders ; 
 lixie, sutlers; caluucs, cam]) - followers, servants, grooms, 
 drivers. 
 
 DhESS AXl) AUMOUK. 
 
 The ordinary soldier {miles vKinipularis or grcganus) wore 
 atight sleeveless tunic (hmica), fastened by a belt {ringulum) 
 round liis waist, and over this a lorica of leather or mail. 
 On his liead he wore a leathern helmet {galea) with a re- 
 movable badge {Indgne). The cavalry helmet {cassis) was 
 metal. On liis right side, suspended by a halteus or belt, he 
 
 * Called in brief prirni ordines. 
 
 2 Distinguish between pilii,m, the weapon, and pilus, the division. 
 
 The centurion of eacli legion had rank according to the precedence 
 of the century and maniple to wliich he was attached. Of the two 
 centuries in a maniple, the centuria prior ranked above the centuria 
 posterior. In denoting the order of the thirty maniples of each legion, 
 the old names for Trinrii (or Pilani), Prim-ipcs, Ilastati (in this order 
 of precedence) were used. Hence the names of the sixty centurions 
 were as follows : — 
 
 (1st. Primipilaris. 
 2nd-10tii. Sccundus, tertius, &c., to dccimus, pilus prior. 
 llth-20th. Primus, &c., to dccimus, pilus posterior. 
 PRINCIPES .pist-SOth. Primus, kc, to decimals, pirinceps prior. 
 
 I31st-40th. Primus, kc, to decimus, princeps posterior. 
 /41st-50th. Primus, kc, to decimus, hastatus prior. 
 Ulst-eOth. Primus, &c., to decimals, hastatus posterior. 
 
 Trurii 
 
 Hastati 
 
 14 
 f4 
 15, 
 
rhe six cen- 
 
 's priDiorum 
 ; Wiir. Tlio 
 of 11 le Urst 
 )ripi7aris, or 
 igle, though 
 
 aff of vine- 
 
 w, scouts {in 
 'es, traders ; 
 ts, grooms, 
 
 anus) wore 
 (cinguluni) 
 er or mail 
 with a rc- 
 cassis) was 
 or belt, he 
 
 5 division, 
 e precedence 
 Of the two 
 the ccnturia 
 each legion, 
 in this order 
 y centurions 
 
 1) 6, Aquila. 
 
 2) 4, Cassis, 
 8» fugio. 
 
 6, Lituns. 
 
 7. Parma. 
 S.Funda, 
 
 ll 
 
 If' 
 
 9, 13, Gladiva, 
 
 10, Amis, Sagitta. 
 
 11, Scutum, 
 
 12, «)>««. 
 15| TroffvUi, 
 
XXVI 
 
 C.lilSARS GALLIC WAR. 
 
 carried a short sword (i/hi'liiix), two feet long, adapted for 
 stabbing,' rather than slashing, and on liis h.'ft arm a cnrvud 
 ol)l()iig sliicM (urufiiin), four fi'ct 1)y two, niaih; of wood, 
 linen, and Icatlnu', with an iron rim and a metal boss (umho). 
 'Y\u; outside was adorned witli a device;, sueh as a winged 
 thunderbolt. 
 
 He also carried a jn'hnn or ".spear" six or seven feet long, 
 with a wooilcn shaft, and barbed iron head weighing about 
 three pounds, and capal)le of being hurled 100 feet. His 
 right leg was guarded l)y a greave (nrrra), and las feet 
 covered with heavy boots {callijiv). 
 
 His private "kit" (m/rina) he carried tied on a forked 
 l)ole invented by .Marius, ami called miiht.i marianus. 
 
 Staxhauds. 
 
 General term siqna. That of the lection was an eade 
 (aqui'la) of metal ou a Avooden pole in charge of the j»-i»ti- 
 j>ilu,% but carried by the aqttili/pr. It might have a small 
 banner attaclied, inscribed with the designation of the legion. 
 
 The standanl of the cohort was called specially t^iifnnin, 
 that of the cavalry, rexUhmi. 
 
 Order of Battlk. 
 
 Each legion was usually drawn uj) in three lines (fn'plpx 
 ucies), arranged like the figure [ • * on a die (in (jnincnncem), 
 four cohorts in the front rank and three each in the second 
 and third, Tli(> three maniples of each cohort stood side 
 l)y side, and the two centuries of eacdi maniple the one 
 behind the other. As soon as the trumpet sounded the 
 charge was nunle, the men first hurling their pila and then 
 closing with their short swords. When the front line was 
 wearied, the second marched through the gaps in front 
 
adaptod for 
 tu a cuiVL'il 
 «; of wood, 
 
 JOSS (iDilhd). 
 
 IS a winged 
 
 n feet long, 
 
 ,duii„' alunit 
 
 f.'.^t. His 
 
 ml liis feet 
 
 m a forked 
 riaiius. 
 
 \9, an eagle 
 tlie jiriini- 
 ave a small 
 : the legion, 
 lly si(jnuin, 
 
 nes {triphx 
 niiii'uncem), 
 the second 
 stood sitlo 
 lie the one 
 oiinded the 
 a and then 
 nt line was 
 )s in front 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXVll 
 
 and took its place. The thin? ivo. i l ■ 
 
 1 ^ne tmut was ke])t in reserve in case 
 
 ore tlia 
 
 Arran^re,„f„f of cohorts. 
 
 ■nixilinries and cavalry, ready t<, p„rsno th. 
 
 Kiiited hv +U« 1 • ■ P'Tsuo the eneinv 
 
 iouitu by the legionaries. 
 
 nemy when 
 
 I V.-ELEMENTARY HINTS ON TRANSLATION. 
 
 Jt may not he out of phc„ to -i,l,l „ < 
 
 •"am,er „„a method of t,J,l.,ti„, S 7 ™"'' ""' "'" 
 
 "f forn-..„ork tell, „,e h, „ „, ■^°7™'/--' exporionoe 
 
 "ite a„d obvioua they m^ ^ee:,, " ""'' '"'"' »-' l""""" 
 
 1. Abovo all, realise that Ca-sar iq n <,r„»f i,- • ■ 
 -nseeutive se„.e, an,, not a "e "Tl r '^"^ ™'™"" 
 '- u..ed hy n,o,len, scl,„ol.„„, », " BelL f'""'""' '" 
 
 '■■i"k of what ho i, talkin, 1 oat ™t t r' ™''' 
 
 '■""-.i po.,ihly translate. Ne ,. i ,'°:' ''","''•'■ ^•"" 
 
 "»n.ative o. following the t oj Z;;:;'"™' '^""^^ "■« 
 
 - » hen you have nia.lo out tho tlrift of „ 
 ■"'o English ,v„.,s that „n En.-li V ° ,r''°"''' "'" " 
 
 '■'■S "a thing" oV. '";»' 't "'"f ■""'"•">'""■ "fe'"'»; 
 '•'.avinghee;.aae:!:ee;,:r»\?'*''-'^^^^^ 
 
 , ^.g., mbu. a,M,. Cma,; not "which things 
 
 I 
 
 ijr 
 
I 
 
 XXVlll 
 
 C/KSAIIS flALLK! WAR. 
 
 \ 
 
 Imviiii,' Ix't'ii lii'iir<l, CiPsar," hit, " Cit'sur, lioariiij; this." 
 Thereby you M'ill ll^oi(l Caemi', ainlii'iin Ixo'i' in ymir own 
 I.atiii proso; nrhrni cd/tfinn inccndit, Nor "lie huiiit llie 
 liiptureil city," hut "lie took iiiul ])iiriit tlie city."' 
 
 4. Always reatl a chapltT straight through once, making' 
 tiiit as much as ynu cmi of it. Then ivturn ami translate 
 carefully. Vou will thus ^ct the diift of the passa^'e. if 
 you cannot n.ako out the nieaninLj of one sentence, go on to 
 the next : it will very likely exjilain it, 
 
 T). Xotiee the order. Much of the force of Ijitiu prose 
 lies in this. It is not a (Jhineso puzzle, <tr a juniitle of words 
 arranged in kaleidoscopic patterns. 
 
 6. lie cansful of et. AVheiievcr you see it, look to see 
 whether it nu'ans "and," "also," or "even." So with 
 iinml, either the relative or "hecause." 
 
 7. Xever pass a subjunctive without finding out why the 
 mood is used. Do not thiidc "may" and "might" will 
 translate every subjunctive. 
 
 8. Alwajs read the Latin with a view to translating 
 English inio Latin. Store up a vocabulary gradually by 
 trying to remember each new word. 
 
 9. Vid careful of the relative. Whenever it comes first 
 word in a sentence, look on to the end carefully to .see 
 wliether it is a real relative introducing a subordinate clause, 
 with the principal verb following — <'.<j.y (piae ah illo accvpi, 
 {ilia) ail fc iiiif/nin, " I will send you what I have received " ; 
 or whether it is merely the very common rniini'rf!n> relative, 
 equivalent to et w, ea, i<f, i^'c, often introducing tlui principal 
 sentence — ejj., qua re nuntiata discedunt, where qua = 
 et ea. 
 
ipariii;; tliis." 
 in yiiiir own 
 li(! liiimt the 
 city/' 
 
 Miicc, iiiakiiij^ 
 
 ami tninslatt! 
 
 Iiassa^'c, If 
 
 nco, go oil to 
 
 f I-ntiii prose 
 libit! of words 
 
 , lo(tk to seo 
 ." So with 
 
 ; out why tlie 
 'might" will 
 
 o translating 
 gradually by 
 
 it comes first 
 efully to see 
 ilinate clause, 
 ^h nil) acci'jn, 
 7(1 received " ; 
 /•///•" relatii'i', 
 th(! princijial 
 where qua = 
 
 '• Slinger. 
 S 
 
 c- ^.•. Light-armed soldier i s^ij- i ■ 
 
 S.gn.fen. 6. Bucinatorf %. ^fuSlf; fV^iS' 4- 
 
 A soldier's kit. 
 >"• 9- Aquila. 
 
m 
 
CESAR'S GALLIC WAE. 
 
 BOOK TV. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Th6 Usipetes and Tenoteri, hard nre>a.d h^ ,k. = v 
 
 .ho Bhina-Mannera'and ouTro'/the SusS"' °"" 
 
 Marco Crasso c„„,„lib„.,, Usipetes Gern.ani et item Te„c ri 
 g""„m m„ltit„di„e l,o,„i,„„„ ,l„„,e„ Khe„„„. tr„ ™ „ 
 
 uoa ab Suebis complm-es a,i„os exagitati bello premebant,,; 
 I'l agri cultura proIubebanUir premeoantiir 
 
 omm oirr^Tr"' 'T """'"" "' '-"i™3is,,i„,a Gorman- 
 or™ omnium. H. centum pages habere dicuntur, ex nuibus 
 
 elcur iT" "''^''™""'"™ ''^"™-'' — «n.'b 
 
 Sea pratf"; "'" r '""° '*1™ "■"■' '^"i internuttitur. 
 amo remanere uno in loco colendi causa 1 oct XeaZ 
 
 nvunt, multumque sunt in venationibus ; quae res et cibi 
 
 lO 
 
 15 
 
 H 
 
 
 ^ 
 
if 
 
 i ) 
 \ ! 
 
 !li 
 
 2 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 genere et cotidiana exercitatione ot libertate vitae quod a 
 pueris .uUo omcio aut disciplina adsuofacti nihil on.nn.o 
 contra voluntatcn faciunt, ot vires alit et inin.ani corpor^uu 
 .o nmgnitndine ho.nines efficit. Atque in earn se consuetudine.u 
 aaduxerunt, ut lods fri,idissimis ncQUo ve.titus praeter pelhs 
 l,al>erent quicciuam, quarum propter exiguiiate.n magna e.t 
 corporis pars aperta, et lavarentur in numiniDus. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Manners and cnstoms— Continued. 
 
 I Mercatoribus est aditus magis eo, ut, quae bello ceperint, 
 nuibus vcndaut, habcant, quam quo ullau. rem ad se impor - 
 ari desidevent. Quia ctiam iumcntis, quibus maxime Galli 
 delectantur quaequc impenso parant pretio, miportatis non 
 
 5 utuntur, sed, quae sunt apud eos nata, parva atque deform.v, 
 haec cotidiana exercitatione, summi ut sint labons efficmnt. 
 Equestribus proeliis saepe ex equis desiliunt ac pedibus proe- 
 liantur, equosque eodem remanere vestigio adsuefecerunt, a.I 
 quos se celcriter, cum usus est, rc.ipiunt ; neque eorum 
 
 lo moribus turpius quicquam aut inertius habetur quam ephip- 
 piis uti. Itaque ad qnemvis nimiorum ephipp.atorum equi- 
 Ln .piauivis pauri adire audent. Yinum onnuno ad so 
 iinportari uon patiuntur, quod ea re ad laborem ferendum re- 
 mollescerc homines atque etfeminan arbitrantur. 
 
 CTTAPTEIi III. 
 
 Boundary policy of Suebi-Their relations with the Ubii. 
 
 I Publice maxiuiam putant esse luuUm, quam latissin.e a 
 8ui8 finibus vacare agros : hac re significari, magnum nu- 
 
 
 nil 
 
 
 ex 
 
 
 di( 
 
 
 ci\ 
 
 
 pa 
 
 
 ort 
 
 
 ]11C 
 
 
 SUl 
 
 
 OX] 
 
 
 ex] 
 
 
 imi 
 
 
 The 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 dixi 
 
 
 ad t 
 
 
 triei 
 
 
 i\re] 
 
 
 aodi 
 
 
 ])ert 
 
 
 gniv 
 
 
 tram 
 
 
 tend 
 
 
 custt 
 
 
 gion( 
 
 
 erun' 
 
 
 insci 
 
 
 liiaiK 
 
 
 trans 
 
BOOK IV 
 
 II' 
 
 vitae, quod a 
 nihil omnino 
 lani corponun 
 lonsuetudineiu 
 s propter pellis 
 em magna est 
 
 LS. 
 
 bello ceperint, 
 m ad se import- 
 s niaxime Galli 
 iniportatis non 
 atque deformia., 
 abovis, efficiunt. 
 ac pedibus proe- 
 Jsuefecerunt, ad 
 ; nequo eornm 
 iur qnam epliip- 
 ppiatorum equi- 
 onuiino ad so 
 em ferendum re- 
 tur. 
 
 ■with the Ubii. 
 
 ^uani latissime a. 
 iiri, magnum nu- 
 
 .») 
 
 i 
 
 merum civitatnm auam vim sustincre non posse. Itaque una 
 ox parte a Suebis circiter milia passmim centum agri vacaro 
 •licuntur. Ad alteram partem succednnt Ubii, quorum fuit 5 
 civitas ampla atquo florens, ut est captus Germanorum ; ii 
 pauIo, quanquam sunt eiusdem generis, siuit ceteris humani- 
 oros, propterea quod lUienum attingunt, niultuinque ad eos 
 niercatores ventitant, et ipsi propter propinquitatem Gallicis 
 sunt moribus adsuefacti. Hos cum Suebi, multis saepe bellis 10 
 experti, propter amplitudinem gravitatemque civitatis finibus 
 expellere non potuissent, tamen vectigales sibi fecerunt ac 
 inulto humiliores infirmioresque redegerunt. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Usipetes and Tencteri surprise and overcome the Menapii. 
 and settle in thetr country. 
 
 In eadem causa fuerunt Usipetes et Tencteri, quos supra i 
 (lixnnus ; qui complures annos Sueborum vim sustinuerunt, 
 ad extremum tamen agris expulsi et multis locis Germaniae 
 tiiennium vagati ad Rhenum pervenerunt, quas rerriones 
 Menapii incolebant. Hi ad utranuiue ripam fluminis m^ros, 5 
 ao,lif,cia vicosque liabebant; sed tantao niultitudinis adventu 
 portorriti ex iis aediHciis, quae trans flumen l.abuerant, demi- 
 i^ruvcrant et cis Rhenum dispositis praesidiis Germanos 
 transu-e prohibebant. lUi omnia experti, cum neque vi con- 
 ton.lere propter inopiam navium neque clam transire propter 10 
 custodias Menapiorum possent, reverti se in suas sedes re- 
 gionesque simulaverunt et tridui viam progressi rnrsus revert- 
 crunt atque omni hoc itinere una nocte cjuitatu confecto 
 mscios mopinantesque Menapios oppresserunt, qui de Ger- 
 maiionmi discessu per exploratores certiores facti sine metu 15 
 trans Rhenum in suos vicos remigraverant. His interfectia 
 
 I! I 
 
 'i 
 
4 c^.sar's gallic war. 
 
 navibusque eorinn occupatis, prius qnam ca pars ISrenapiornm, 
 quae citra Ehenum erat, certior fierec, tlunieii traiisierunt 
 atque omnibus eonuu aedificiis occupatis reliquam partem 
 20 liiemis se eorum copiis aluerunt. 
 
 'V, 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Caesar, knowing the unstable and fickle character of the 
 Gauls, determines not to trust them. 
 
 I His de rebus Caesar certior factus et infirmitatem Gallorum 
 veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capieiidis mobiles et iiovis 
 plerumque rebus student, nihil his committendum existim- 
 avit. Est enini hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti et viatores 
 
 5 etiam invitos consistere cogant et, quid quisque eorum do 
 quaque re audierit aut cognoverit, quaerant, et mercatores 
 in oppidis vulgus circumsistat, quibusque ex regionibus 
 veniant quasque ibi res cognoverint, pronuntiare cogat. His 
 rebus atque auditionibus permoti de summis saepe rebus 
 I o consilia ineunt, quorum eos in vestigio paenitere necesse est, 
 cum incertis rumoribus serviant et plerique ad voluntateui 
 eorum ficta respondeant. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 His suspicions are realised-The Gauls invite further advance 
 of the Usipetes and Tencteri— He conceals his mistrust, and 
 summons a council of Gallic chieftains-Determines to make 
 war on the encroaching Germans. 
 
 I Qua consuetudine cognita Caesar, ne graviori bello occur- 
 rerot, maturius quam consuerat ad exeroitum proficiscitur. 
 Eo cum venisset, ea, quae fore suspicatus erat, facta cognovit: 
 
Nrcnapiorum, 
 I transierunt 
 [uani partem 
 
 jter of the 
 
 BOOK IV. g 
 
 >il.i.s.u,t, „b s» foro i,„,„ta, Q„a spc ,,,l.l„cti Germ u>i I ti,„ 
 
 lO 
 
 tern Gallorum 
 iles et novis 
 [lum existim- 
 ti et viatores 
 lie eorum do 
 3t mercatores 
 X regionibus 
 } cogat. His 
 saepe rebus 
 e necesse est, 
 d voluntateiu 
 
 rther advance 
 3 mistrust, and 
 mines to make 
 
 aiAPTKit vri. 
 
 He is met by a deputation from the n.™.„ 
 
 friendship if allowed to remata in Gaul h°!' '""' """'" 
 fight if refused. ' "' "'■"' "'«'»'*y '<> 
 
 Ee frume„ta,.i» co,„pa„,ta «|uitib„sque dekclis iter i„ „ I 
 
 A qmbus cum paucor,,,,, Jior„m it„r abessct, Icati „b Us 
 
 .o,™l„ Eo„,ano bellu,,, i„fc„,, „e,,„o t..,„c„ 1,,." - 
 
 Iacessa„t„r, ,,„„ arn.i, co„U.„du„t, q,,,,., G.r,„. .run, In ' 
 -etado .t a „.ai„,.ib„s lr.adita, ,,„io„„„,ne bolln,., ,IZ' 
 
 ■K ciectos do,„o; si «,„,„ ,.ratiam Ko.nani velin L" 
 '" "f"' -=«'" ™i™» ; vel sibi agr„, attribnant vol patia^t^ ,o 
 »ste„„re quo. annis p„.se,l„ri„t . scso unLsuobr" ' 
 
 M^ ,..de,u .,. u.rr,s 0.0 „e,„i„.,„. ..,n ,„„ X' 
 
 :i bello occur- 
 1 proficiscitur. 
 acta cognovit: 
 
 !f .^1, 
 
v 
 
 6 
 
 CESAR'S GALIJC WAR. 
 
 CHAPTER A^TII. 
 
 Ceesar answers that he cannot allow thom to remain in Oaul, 
 but will let them settle in the territory of the Ubii. 
 
 1 Ad haoc, (|nao visum est, ( 'uoaar rospondit ; sed exitus fv.iu 
 orationis; Sibi imllain cum iis amicitiain esse posse, si in 
 Gallia remanercnt ; necpie veruiu esse, qui suos fines tueri 
 non potueriut, alienos oecuparc ; aequo iiUos in Gallia vacare 
 
 5 agros, qui dari tantae praesertim multitudini sine iniuria 
 possint ; sed licere, si velint, in Ubiorum finibus considere, 
 quorum sint legati ajjud se et de Sueborum iniuriis querantur 
 et a se auxilium petant : hoc se Ubiis iuiperaturum. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The envoys ask two days for consideration- CeesRr, knowing 
 that this request is made merely to allow time for their 
 cavalry to join them, refuses it. 
 
 Legati haec so ad suos relaturos dixerunt et re deliberata 
 post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversuros ; interea ne pro- 
 pius se castra moveret, petierunt. Ne id quidem Caesar ab 
 se impetrari posse dixit. Cognoverat enim, magnam partem 
 equitatus ab iis aliquot diebus ante praedandi frumentandique 
 causa ad Ambivaritos trans Mosani missam : hos exspectari 
 equites atque eius rei causa luoram interponi arbitrabatur. 
 
 CHAPTEE X. 
 
 Description of the Meuse and Bhine. 
 
 1 Mosa profiuit ex monte Yosego, qui est in finibus Lin- 
 gonum, et parte quadam ex Rheno recepta, quae appellatur 
 
BOOK IV. 
 
 imain in Oaul, 
 the Ubii. 
 
 seel exitus fuit 
 
 posse, si in 
 los fines tueri 
 
 1 Gallia vacare 
 i sine iniuria 
 bus considere, 
 iriis querantur 
 rum. 
 
 ees&r, knowing 
 time for their 
 
 re deliberata 
 iterea ne pro- 
 em Caesar ab 
 ignam partem 
 umentandiquo 
 lios exspectari 
 bitrabatur. 
 
 s. 
 
 I finibus Lin- 
 lae appellatur 
 
 Vacalus, insulam efficit Ratavor 
 
 wium inflnit. llhenus autem oritui 
 
 I 
 
 MIS passiuiin Lxxx in Oct 
 
 mun, neqne longins inde mili- 
 
 •'X Lepontiis, qui Alpes incolunt, ct 1 
 
 - -', - -onj^o si)iitio per fines s 
 
 Nantuatuun Helvetiorun, «equanoru.u, Mediunuttrirun,. 
 Inbocorum, Treverorum citatus fertur et, ubi Oceano adnro- 
 PMHiuavit, „i plnresdiffluit partes nudtis in<,entibusquo in- 
 sulis dfoctis, quaruin pars magna a feris barbaris.pio nation- 
 ibus incohtur,- ..X quibus sunt, qui piscibus atqne ovis lo 
 avium viverc existimantur,-multisquc capitibus in Oceanum 
 nilluit. 
 
 CHAPTEK XI. 
 Caesar advances-More parleying and requests for delay-Csesar 
 
 hosuut^r^^' '" '-'- ^'' ^^-^- - abstJn":r 
 
 Caesar cum ab bosto non amplius passuum xii niilibus . 
 abesset, nt erat constrtutum, ad eum legati revertuntur • qui 
 1.1 itinere congressi magnopere, ne longius progrederetur, 
 orabant. Cum id non impetrassent, petebant, uti ad eos 
 oquites, qui agmer. antecessissent, praemitteret eosque pu^na , 
 prolnberet, sibiqne ut potestatem faceret in Ubios leg^tos 
 'u.ttendi ; quorum si princij^es ac senatus sibi iureiurand. 
 lidem fecisset, ea coudicione, quae a Caesare ferretur, .o 
 u^uros ostendebant: ad has res conficiendas sibi tridui 
 spjitium darct. Haec omnia Caesar eodem illo pertinere lo 
 urbitrabatur, ut tridui mora interposita equites eorum qui 
 abessent, reverterentur ; tamen sese non longius milibus 
 ])assuum iv aquationis causa processunim eo die dixit • hue 
 postero die quam frequentissimi convenirent, ut de eorum 
 postulatis cognosceret. Interim ad praefectos, qui cum omni 15 
 oqmtatu antecesserant, mittit, qui nuntiarent, ne hostes proe- 
 iio lacesserent et, si ipsi lacesserentur, sustinerent, quoad ipse 
 cum exercitu propius accessisset. 
 
 I 
 
 J,' 1 
 
8 
 
 f.-ESAHS (iALLIC WAR. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 The German cavalry treacherously attack the Romans, and 
 rout them-Heroism of Piso and his brother. 
 
 T At liostes, ubi iiriinuin nost-ros o(iuitc'S conspexorunt, 
 quorum erat v iiiiliuiu numcrus, cum i[m iion amplius ootin- 
 gentos ocpiites liaborent, <pi(xl ii, qui frunicnlandi causa 
 ierant trans .Mosam, nonilum rcdicrant, nihil tinicntihus 
 5 iiostris, quod legati eorum i)aulo auto a Caosaro discesserant 
 atque is dies indutiis erat ab his pctitus, inq)etu facto celer- 
 iter nostros perturbaveriuit ; rursus his resistentibus, consue- 
 tudine sua ad pedes desihierunt, subfossisque equis cojupluri- 
 busque nostris deiectis relitpios in fugam coniecerunt atijue 
 
 lo ita perterritos egenint, ut non piius fiiga desisterent, quam 
 in conspectum agminis nostri venissciut. In eo proelio ex 
 equitibus nostris interficiuntur iv et lxx, in his vir fortissi- 
 mus Piso Aquitanus, amplissimo genere natus, cuius avus in 
 civitate sua regnum obtinuerat, amicus a senatu nostro appolla- 
 
 15 tus. Hie cu.n fratri intercluso ab hostibus auxiiium ferret, 
 ilium ex jjericulo eripuit, ipse equo vulnerato deiectus, quoad 
 potuit, fortissime restitit ; cum circumventus multis vulneri- 
 bus acceptis cecidisset atque id frater, qui iam proelio ex- 
 cesserat, procul animadvertisset, incitato equo se hostibus 
 
 20 obtulit atque interfectus est. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Ceesar decides on prompt and vigorous action— A large and 
 influential deputation arrives from the Germans to apolo- 
 gise for the treaohery— Csesar detains them and advances. 
 
 I Hoc facto proelio Caesar ncque iam sibi legates audiendos 
 neque condiciones accipiendas ^rbitrabatur ab lis, qui per 
 
HOOK ]V. 
 
 ) Romans, and 
 rother. 
 
 conspexerunt, 
 amplius oetin- 
 iicntandi causu 
 liil tiniciitibus 
 ire discesseraiit 
 otu facto celer- 
 'iitibus, coiisue- 
 equis conipluri- 
 liecerunt ixtqua 
 sistcrent, qiuiui 
 CO proelio ex 
 his vir fortissi- 
 , cuius avus in 
 nostro appella- 
 uxilium ferret, 
 leiectus, quoad 
 multis vulneri- 
 mi proelio ex- 
 10 se hostibus 
 
 —A large and 
 aans to apolo- 
 md advances. 
 
 itos audieiidos 
 b lis, qui per 
 
 ■1"!'"" .-'tT'" ■n».;l.-s P<lil„ p„c,., ultro 1,.II,„„ i„fuIi,,.,o„t ■ 
 .■xs,.»t.„.« V,.,,,, ,|,„„ |„„,ii,„„ ,„,„.„„ . 
 
 ■> ..•t,..t„, »„„„„„„ ,,„„„„„.„„ ,,,3„ .^ ' 
 
 -l.»™n ,,. ,,„„ut,, ,,„„„t,„„ ,■„,„ „,„„, ,„,, ,,„^ '.^ "2 ' 
 
 «p.»n,la ,„I„I .palii ,l„„l„,„ ,..xi«ti,„al,at. l|i„ .,„„° i, 
 ■1 om .1K.,„ ,„,,.„„„ ,,..„.,.„,itt,.,o,,, „,,,„„,„„i.,i,„„ ,,.» acd 1 , o 
 
 ;■• .Mtu aJh,l„„, ,„1 „,„„ i„ „„t„ , 
 
 .ceb,.tur i,u,.«a,„Ii »„i „„„, ,,„„,, ,„„^, „ '• 
 
 -"". « .1- ,»f..o„t, ,„.„.ii,„„ ,„,.„„ ,„„„„Li j,„,_ X, ; , 
 
 M ,,„„, ,«...„,, ,,„ Mum. fan.K.o i,„petra„„t. g „ ■ ' 
 
 i ™».r.s c,l„x,t e,,„itatum,i„e, quod reccnti prUo porter urn 
 I esse ex,6timaK agmen subsequi iussit. P^''^""™ 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 ''"^ S^h""""' T"'""^ °'" •"" "««» rMlst.noe-C«.r 
 ..nd. cvalry in pursuit of the women and ehildro n 
 
 felo pr us ad hostiuM castra pervcnit, qua,,,, „ui,i ac-eretur 
 Go,,„a,„ sc,,t,re posseut Qui „.„„ibu3 .-ebu Lbit C ! 
 
 o„s,i„ habeudi neque arma capiendi spatio dato nertur c 
 « „t« „„p,„3,,e „dvers„s hasten, ducere an cast^' de ' 
 
 capere potuerunt, paulisper ^stris restiterunt alque ,o 
 
 : i, 
 
10 
 
 C.KSAIl'S (lAIJJC AVAIt. 
 
 inter carros iinpodiinontiKiu." i.roeliiim (■..mi.iisonint ; at ro- 
 li-iua imiJtitu.l.) piicrorum iinilic/uinriuc- nam ciini oninil.iis 
 sius donioexcesser.int Klionnni.|U(, tmnsiorant— passim f.igorc 
 coopit ; ad <iiios coiiscw'taiulos Cuosur e(|uitatum niisit. 
 
 CHAl'TKJi Xy. 
 
 The Germans are slain or dr-wned Bloodless victory of the 
 Romans-Caosar offers to allow the deputation that he had 
 detained to depart, but thsy prefer to remain. 
 
 ' r.ormani, post tergnm olamorc audito, cum suus intorfici 
 vidorent, armis abiectis signisquo 'iiilitaribus rolictis si; ex 
 castns oiocorunt, ct cuik ad cnlhicntcm Mosao ot JMiciii 
 pervcnisscnt, relLpia fuga dcsporata, magno mnnoro inter- , 
 5 fecto, reh.pii so in llumcn piaocipitavoruut at-pio ibi ti.noic, 1 
 lussitudmo, viihmiinis oppress! T.oriorunt. Xostri ad umim' 
 ornnes iucohnnos, porpaucis vlncraiis, ex tnnti belli tiniore, .j 
 cum liostium uumerus capiium ccccxxx milium fuis;et se I 
 in castra receperunt. Caesar iis, quos in castiis retinuJrat ' 
 .o discedendi potestatem fecit. IHi supplicia cruciatusque 
 tnillorum veriti, (pioruni agros vexaverant, remanere se apu.l 
 cum velle dixeruut. His Caesar libertutem concessit. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Caesar determines to cross the Bhine into Germany -His 
 reasons : (a) non-compliance of the Sugambri with his de- 
 mands j(b) urgent request from the Ubii for aid against 
 ine ouebi. 
 
 Germanico bello confecto multis de causis Caesar statuit 
 sibi Rhenum esse transeundum ; quarum ilia fuit iustissima 
 quod, cum videret Germanos tarn facile impelli, ut in Galliam 
 
HOOK IV. 
 
 11 
 
 miiiHoriint ; at ro- 
 iiini ciua oinnil)us 
 lit — passim f'lgcTc 
 ituiu iiiisit. 
 
 DBS victory of tho 
 iiition that ho had 
 main. 
 
 um .siKjs iutcrlici 
 •us rolictis so c.x 
 Mosiio ct JMit'iii 
 o miiiu'ro iiiti'i- 
 itiiuo ibi tiinurc, 
 Nostri ad iiiuiin 
 mti belli timorc. 
 ilium fiiis ;et, se 
 ^sti'is retinucrat. 
 ;ia cruciatusqnr 
 Jinanere se uj)U(l 
 ioncessit. 
 
 ..... . ' * tii-utieut, resi)oii( unint • Toiu.i; 
 
 '••■ant, anuctuiui fx-erant, obsides dod.r.M.^ 
 
 l'"l»o ot hoc .,ov,ss,n,o ,,roelio facto otia,,, ad ultim,, rl! ! 
 
 Germany — His 
 
 bri with his de~ 
 
 for aid against 
 
 Caesar statuit 
 fuit iu.stissimn 
 , lit in Galliani 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 Description of Caesar's bridge across the Hhine. 
 
 'i-:::::t'':!;Tr"" ^«^— -, Rhenu. transit 
 
 l 
 
 
— f«lp« 
 
 12 
 
 C.USAll's OALLir AVAK. 
 
 flnminis, taim-n id sil)i cont('n.l..n.lmu aut nlitornon Irafluo.-n 
 <lM.n ox.Tdtum cxistinuibiit. K'utioiieni poniis hano instili.il 
 Ti-na binu soH.i„ii„Mlalia paulum ab imo praeacita dinu-iisa 
 ad altitu.linom fluiniuis intervullo i„,,l,„n ,lii,.n,iii inter s** 
 lo nm-nbat. ITaeo cum machinationibns ininii.ssa in lliuncn 
 .Icfixorat fistucisquo a.U-crat, nun sublica.; n.n.l., dvivvU- 
 ad porpendicuhnn, sod pnmo ac fiisti-at.., ut socun.bnu 
 natural fluniini.s procunibtTont, iis item n.ntraria <hu> i.d 
 .'"indcni inoduni i.mcta intorvallu p.-dnn. .p,adn.^^.nlMn ab 
 IS infenoro part.j (.ontra vim at.pio imi.otum lluminis cnvcrs,, 
 statuebat. Haoc utraquo iu-supcr bipculalibus liabibus in, 
 inissie, (luantum eorum tignoruni iuiictuia distabat, bini. 
 utrimque fibulis ab oxtrcma parto dislinubantMr; qnibiis 
 disclusis at.iuo in contrariam partcMii r(5vinctis taiita (Mat 
 20 (,peris iirmitud.) atque ca rcrum nat.ira, ut, (pio maior vis 
 aquao se incitavissct, lioc ai-tius inligata tonerc-ntur. I la..; 
 derecta matoria iniecta contoxebantur ai^ l..nguriis cratibusipi,. 
 consternebantur ; ac nihilo setius sublicae ot ad inferioivm 
 partem fluminis obli.pio agebantur, quae pro ariute subieota., 
 25 et cum omni opere coniunctae vim lluminis oxcii^eront, et 
 aliae item supra pontem mediocri s])atio, ut, si arborum 
 trunci sive naves deiciendi operis assent a barbaris immissae, 
 his defensoiibus earum rerum vis minueretur, ucu pouti 
 iiocerent. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 OsBsar leads his army across- Deputations arrive from many 
 states seeking peace and friendship - Ketreat of the Su- 
 gambri. 
 
 Diebus x, quibus materia coepta erat comportari, omni 
 opere effecto exercitus traducitur. Caesar ad utramquo 
 partP.m pontis iirmo praesidio lelicto in fines Sugambrorum 
 coutendit. Interim a compluribus civitatibus ad eum lecruti 
 
BOOK IV. 
 
 13 
 
 litr-r noil (rmliii-cn 
 lis li;iii(! iiistitiiil. 
 »riic'iu'uta (liiiu'iisii 
 (liummi iiilor sn 
 iniissii in lliiincn 
 
 III) n»()(l(» i1l'J(((;|(. 
 
 •', lit siHMindiiiii 
 ■ontrariii dtio ad 
 «|iiiidi'iij,'('iuini id) 
 tluuiiMis c(invt'rs;i 
 Inis tiid)ibiis ini- 
 
 • 
 
 I tlistabat, biids 
 libaidur; <jnil)us 
 iiK'ii.s taida viwi 
 '>, quo niaior vis 
 nt'ivntur. llacc 
 uriis ciiitil)us(jii(' 
 -'t ad inferioi'eni 
 
 ariete suhicotat! 
 is t'Xcii)eront, ot 
 
 id', si arLoruin 
 rbaris iinmissao. 
 otur, iiou ponli 
 
 [•ive from many 
 reat of the Su- 
 
 miportari, onmi 
 
 ad utrainqiK; 
 
 i Siigambroruiu 
 
 
 zo 
 
 CnAPTER XIX, 
 
 Casar devastates their countrv T «„ 
 
 Sugambri in their forest rettat T *^° ^" '''^' *^^« 
 
 ' desperate resistance- But h!l ^^ determined to offer 
 
 i-S:;;„T:::':::;",::r ""'■'"" "°"'"' °"-"'- "■='■■' 
 
 (locum co„venir,.„t- r ' ? *'""' I"''™'' '"»'"'"■ 
 «Jve 1 X ;X at"-"' ■."'','™"™"' '- "™— . 
 
 F-"a„i, ,„eL""i "::%:r"-' --«'>-«'. u' 
 
 W.ios oWdi„„, liberie ii^L '"''"' "'^'«'=«"^"'>-. '" 
 [• ^ m Gallwm recep.t pontem.iue reacuHt 
 
 lO 
 
u 
 
 C^KSAHS (JALLrC WAR. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Caesar determines to invade Britain— His reasons: (a) because 
 help had come thence to the Oauls; (b) desire to explore 
 unknown regions. 
 
 I Exigua parte aestatis rcliqua Caesar, ctsi in his locis, qtiod 
 ortinis (lallia ad soptontrioiu's V(!rgit, niaturae sunt hiemes, | 
 tanien in liritaiiniani proficisci contendit, (piod omnibus fore 
 Gallicis bellis hostibus nostris inde subministrata auxilia 
 5 iiitellogebat ot, si tempus ad lielluni gerendum deficeret, | 
 tamen niagno sibi usui foro arbitrabatur, si niodo insulaiu 
 adissot, genus honiinuiu perspexissot, loca, portus, aditus | 
 cognovisset ; (piae onniia fere Gallis erant incognita. Xequr 
 eniin temere praoter morcatores illo adit quisipiam, nequ ■ 
 
 lo liis ipsis quicquani praeter cram niaritiniani atquo eas re- 1 
 giones, quae sunt contra Gallias, notum est. Itaque vocatis 
 ad so undicpie mercatoribus, neipie quanta esset insulac 
 inagnitudo, nequo <piae aut quantac nationes incolerent, | 
 neque quern usum belli liaberent aut (piibus institutis xitc- 
 
 15 rentur, neque qui essent ad niaioruni naviuni nniltitudineni -^ 
 idonei portus, reperire poterat. 
 
 CIIAriER XXL 
 
 CsBsar sends Volusenus on to explore — Assembles fleet and 
 army at the coast of the Morini— Envoys come from Britain 
 offering submission— Caesar sends them back with generous 
 promises and with them Commius— Volusenus returns and 
 reports. 
 
 I Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periculum faceret, idoii-| 
 eum esse arbitratus C. Yoiusenuni cum navi longa praeniittit. 
 Huic inandat, ut exploratis omnibus rebus ad se quaml 
 
 luoil 
 
IIOCJK IV. 
 
 15 
 
 ■hsmn, ,„l,„t ,.o„v,.„i,,, ,„t,,i,„ ,.„,„i|i„ „. „ ' «■■ 
 
 -I.I..', i.l.eml.tc.r p„)li,.it„,, ,,„,„„,, J ,, «- ™ 
 
 I-.-.....T-, , «,., ,lo,„„m ,,„,.ittit, ot o„„, ii, „„., CoZZT 
 
 |1 , . ^'iuiuim mintict. A olusenus persj)wtis remoni 
 
 ^ S quantnn. ei facultatis davi potuit, ,ui nivi ogX 
 
 ^^^tvUtnr, (luaeque ibi perspexiscet, renuntiat. 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 >i{ 1 
 
 II 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 The Morini apologise and sub„.it-C.sar's arrangements 
 oeiore crossing. 
 
 l»n,n in .lu« loois Caosnr .aviu.n parandarum causa mora 
 "•■ .X magna parte Morin,.r,uu ad eum logati vonerun n^i 
 ■.^sup™«t.n.poris.on.,ioox. 
 '; iMu ct nostra, consuet.nlini.s in.pmti l.ellum ponulo 
 
 ' t.n. Hoc sibi Caesar satis op|,ortune accidisso arbitratus 
 
 lUii gerendi propter anni tonipus facultateni habebat neque 
 
 v .4 
 4 
 
16 
 
 r/I'lSAR's GALLIC WAR. 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 has tantularnm roruni occupationos Uritanniae anteponendas 
 lo mchcabat, niagninn iig nunu-n.ni obsi.lum iniporat. Quibus 
 adductis eos in fulcin rocopit. iXavibns circiter i.xxx onerar- 
 ns coactis, quot satis esse ad .huis tmnsportandas legion.s 
 «'xistiniabat, quod j.raotorea iiaviuni Ion-arum liabebat, quaes- 
 tor., logatis praofo,.ti.s.,uo distribuit. JIuc accedebant xviii 
 onoranao naves, .p.ao vk eo loco a milil;,s passuum viii 
 vonto tonel)antur, quo minus in eundem portum veniro pos- 
 sent : l)as cquitibus distribuit. Reliquum exercitum Quinto 
 iituno Sabnio et Lucio Aurunculeio Cottce legatis in Mena- 
 pios atquo in eos pagos Morinorum, a quibus ad eum legati 
 20 non venorant, ducenduni dedit ; Publiuni Sulpicium Taifum 
 legatutn cum eo praesidio, quod satis esse arbitrubatur, 
 portum tenere iussit. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Cfflsar reaches the British coast in advance of his cavalry 
 
 f^th "*:;:'^'"^' *^' ^"""^ ^^^^^ -^'^ *^« enemy WaS 
 for the other vessels-Instructs his officers on the nature 
 of their task-Beaches an open beach. 
 
 I His oonstitutis rebus nactus idonoam ad navigandum teni- 
 
 postatem tcrtia fere vigilia solvit equitesquo in nlteriore.n 
 
 portum progredi et naves conscendero et so se(iui iussit V 
 
 (juibus cum paulo tardius esset administratum, ipso hora 
 
 5 dioi cn-citer quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam atti-nt 
 
 atque ibi ni omnibus collibu.s expositas bostium copias av- 
 
 inatas conspexit. Cuius lori baec erat natura, atque ita 
 
 montibus angust(. marc continebatur, uti ex locis superior 
 
 ibus ni l.tus telum adigi posset. Hunc ad egrediendun, 
 
 to nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus, dum reliquae naves eo 
 
 convenirent, ad lioram nonam in ancoris exspectavit. In- 
 
 tenm legatis tribunisque militum convocatis, et quae ex 
 
liao antsponendaa 
 iniporat. Quibus 
 citer i.xxx onerar- 
 ortandas legiono.s 
 in liabebat, quaes- 
 accedebant xviii 
 ;.is passuum viii 
 •rtuni veniro pos- 
 3xercitum Quinto 
 i legatis in Mena- 
 iis ad eum legati 
 lulpiciuni Rufmii 
 sso arbitrabatur, 
 
 3 of his cavalry 
 le enemy— Waits 
 rs on the nature 
 
 ivigandnm teni- 
 in ulterioreiii 
 5e(iui iussit. A 
 turn, ipso hora 
 tanniam attigit 
 tiuni copias ar- 
 tura, atque ita 
 locis superior- 
 d egrediendutii 
 liquae naves eoj 
 :spectavit. In- 
 is, et quae ex] 
 
 
 I{f)()K IV, 
 
 17 
 
 \ 'Uiisciio (•(»<f|ifivi«wi.( ..I ,. . 
 
 '''"■'■"i"'-i-X ::;;;:;::;;:'■'';■•• ^^ " • 
 
 CHAPTEH XXIV. 
 
 '--«-:i™::::,":;:;;:':3;;:'^--'-.^.i..i- 
 
 ""■■rant, ioli,,i,is coi.ii, «„!,. V " " 1'™°'"" '"' con- 
 
 l"l«l«",t. Lt ZZ ' "°"™ ""^""'« "«■■<>"■• pro- 
 
 
 »''Iuo Imiua „„„,,,„ ~,,,,^""' "'•" ""■''" l«*"i« 
 "■'»fc «c studio, quo kl, fr "''°''"' """ "'"'""' "l"*"- 
 "icbautu.. ' ^ " P"^''^"t""' «U Piocliis co„,„e,,.nt, 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 C^isar's tactics— BrawAi^w ^j' 
 
 OTmery of a standard-bearer. 
 
 ^p'^rL:! w::iS^^^^^^ ''-'- ^°"^-' '^^ et , 
 
 inasitatK>r ot mutus ad usum expeditior 
 B ' 
 
18 
 
 Cyj':.SAU's GAIJ.IC AVAR. 
 
 paulum removori ab onerariis navibus ot re.uis in.itari ot .d 
 -.tus apertmn l.ostium constifcui atque i.ule fundi., sa.MtU. 
 5 .ormentis hostes propelli ac submoveri iussit ; nuao re^ 
 n.agno usui nostris fuit. Nam ot navinn. iigura et ron,ornm 
 motu et nmsitato genere tonnentorum pennoti barbari con- 
 st, ernnt ac pauimn etiam pe.lem rettulerunt. Atque nostvr 
 nnhtibns cunctantibus, n.axime propter altitudinom ..ari. 
 lo qui decimae legionis aquila.n ferebat, obtostatus decs, ut oa 
 es legioni ebciter eveniret, Desilite, inquit, eonrnulifo^es, nisi 
 uaH. cujmkimhosMrusprodere: ego eerie .neum rei pdlicac 
 a^<iue rmperaton officiuM praesHtero, Hoc cum voce nia^na 
 duisset, so ex navi proiecit atque in hostes aquilam fe^rc 
 
 aduHtteretur, universi ex navi desiluerunt. Hos item ex 
 proxinus iiavibus cum conspexissent, subsecuti hostibus 
 adpropinquarunt. "oi^iuub 
 
 B| 
 
 lO 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 A hard strugele-Danger of the Bomans-At last they 
 effect a landing. 
 
 : Pugnatam ast „b utrisquo acriter. NosW tamen m,„d 
 n«q,.e „rd„,es servare neque flrn.ile. i„si*re „equo T-na 
 .ubsequ. roterant, a^„e albs alia ex „avi, ^JZ^C 
 s,^.,, ocourrerat, ,e adgregabat. ,uag„„po.e .IrbZt ^ 
 tea vem, not,, „„„ib,„ vadis, „l,i ex litoro aliquos .i,,,.,,: 
 ■nea ex nan ogred.entes conspexerant, i„oitati« equis i,,," 
 d tos adonebantur, plures paucos eircmsistebant, „1 i ab a 1 
 per „ ,„ un.ve.os tela eoioiebant. Quod .ni ani^ad"! 
 tisset Caesar, seapha, longarum navium, item speeulatoria 
 
 :z:t't''"'T-:°'"'''^" "''^" ^'' ^-- iab„;r:e r 
 
 constitenmt, sn,, omnibus oonsecutis in hortes impetum to- 
 
 m 
 
BOOK IV. 
 
 19 
 
 s ineitari ot ad 
 fuiulis, sagittis, 
 •■^sit ; quae res 
 lira et romoniiu 
 )ti barbari coii- 
 Atque iiostri.s 
 tudincm maris, 
 itus deos, ut ca 
 nmilitones, nisi 
 m rei publicae 
 im voce magna 
 
 aquilam fern; 
 iiitum dedeciis 
 
 IIos item ex 
 scuti hostibus 
 
 last they 
 
 tamen, quod 
 neque signa 
 [Tiibuscumqiio 
 •turbabaiitur ; 
 Hquos singii- 
 equis impc- 
 alii ab latere 
 1 aiiimadver- 
 speculatoriii 
 orantes coii- 
 lul in arido 
 ipetum face- 
 
 runt atque eo.s hi fugam dederunt, neqno longius prosequi 
 I-'-H-mnt, quod equites cnr.un. tenere atque iusulam capere 
 n..n potuerant. Hoc unum ad prislinam fortunam Caesari i 
 
 ili'fuit. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 ^'?CommL°'p^' Britons-They apologise for their treatment 
 of Commius-Caesar answers graciously-More tribes submU 
 
 Il-tes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga receperunt, , 
 .^talnu adCuesarem legatos de pace miserunt, obsides daturos 
 quaequc nnperasset, facturos sese poJliciti sunt. Una cuni 
 li.« legatis Comnaus Atrebas venit, que.n supra demonstra- 
 vcram a Caesare in Britanniam praemissum. Hunc iUi c c 
 "an egressun,, cum ad eos oratoris modo Caesaris mandata 
 deferret con.prebenderant atque iu vmcula conieceraiit ; turn 
 prooho facto remiserunt et in petcnda pace eius zei culpani 
 HI muL.tudmem contulerunt et propter imprudentiani nt 
 ignosceretur, petiverunt. Caesar .juestus, quod, cum ultro in zo 
 eontuientem legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine 
 causa intuhssent, ignoseere imprudentiae dixit obsides,,ue im- 
 peravit; quorum illi partem statim dederunt, partem ex 
 lui.gmquioribus locis arcessitam paucis diebus sese daturos 
 'I'xerunt. Interea suos remigrare in agros iusserunt, princi- i K 
 IHvsque uudupae convenire et se civitatesque si.as Caesari 
 t'onmiendarc coeperunt. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 The eighteen cavalry transports are driven back by a storm. 
 
 Hi. rebus pace confirmata, post diem quartum, quan. est 
 in -Pntanniam ventum, naves xvin, de quibus supra demon- 
 
 ;!: r 
 
20 
 
 C/ESAU'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 ro 
 
 petierunt. "'""" ''""'"^^ comiuonto.u 
 
 CHAPTKK XXIX. 
 
 erat incormitum Tf 7 . consuevit, nostrisque id 
 
 cae^r j^i .":. rz^:xr:: ";'™ 
 
 erant .Idigatae, tempestas adfliotabaT^r,; ''^''»™™ 
 
 bus „avib„s fracti, roliquae cum cs Jt „ h 1 f'"" 
 Iiqui.sque armau.entis amissis ad LT , ' ''°™"' "■"■ 
 
 id quod necesse eraVrMe'e to r"" ■!"""'"' ™"«''"' 
 facta est. Senue eninr. "'""''=""' Perturbatio 
 
 possent, et tla dc I, TJae^^^rf ^' T""" ^°""*" 
 ;.su.-, et, ,„„d „,„„ib„. colt : .1™ "r™ T"' 
 
 I 
 
3riore portu leni 
 it Britiinniae at 
 o coorta est, ut 
 <lem, undo eiiint 
 -'in in.sulae, quae 
 liculo (loiceroii- 
 5 coni])lon'iitur, 
 te coutinentem 
 
 fiOOK IV. 
 
 21 
 
 an troops in 
 
 iies niariMmcs 
 nostrisfjue id 
 naves, quibus 
 las in ariduni 
 'e ad ancoras 
 a nostris fac- 
 • Coinpluri- 
 s, ancoris re- 
 'tiles, magna, 
 ' perturbatio 
 )us repcirtari 
 naves erant 
 lia oportere, 
 erat. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 The critical position of tho t> 
 
 I™-'"'™" '"""". - eir ;:::;;:, ::r '■■""''«"-"' ^' 
 
 "> '"«■"«." l>.o,lueorc nnl ' ""•■ ""'"•'« P™'"'«- »t rem 
 
 '"■"'-" P-™ •'»i/iTl::r;;7 -■■■'•■ '■■""^■"■■* 
 
 """nconfldobaPf. Ita,n>o r„, '''"''^ '" ^^'-'tanniam transit- 
 
 " tx agus deducere coe])enint. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 Caesar suspects their desii^^o . 
 
 designs and prepares to meet them 
 
 tfi-miserant, foro id n„rwi •,-. ' ^ ' ''^'•''^'^*-« ''«'•<' iJi- 
 
 -- «..; ...ir.::;: ^-r;;rT^ ^"""■° "■• 
 
 •■■Km coMie in ca»t,a c„„feroI„t ,. ""■"' '■' 
 
 '■"..t naves, car,,,,, n.aferia -^ ' '"" «""■""'">"•' "Mu-ta,, 
 
 "'ebatur ., q„a„ at ';::,:': ■■'■"■'""^ '■'*"=■"'- 
 
 I'arari iubebat. Jt,,„„ ], " """' '"• ""■tnuMli ,■„„, 
 commode j^set, c'ffecr """""' "■"""'» '" "->'" 
 
 xo 
 
 lO 
 
 r 
 
22 
 
 C^KSAR's gallic W'AU. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 The Britons make a sudden attack on the seventh legion 
 whilst foraging-Caesar to the rescue. 
 
 I lh\m ea geuinlar, L^giono ex consuetiuline una frunienta- 
 turn mi.ssa, quae appellabatur septin.a, ueqi.e ulla a.l i.I tem- 
 pus l)elli suspicione interposita, cuui pars liouiiuuni in agris 
 re.nanerot, pars etiam in castra ventitaret, ii, qui pro portis 
 5 castrorum in stationo erant, Caesari nuntiaverunt, pulveren. 
 inaiore.n, quam consuetudo ferret, in ea parte videri, quani 
 in partem legio iter fecisset. Caesar, i,l quod erat, suspicatus, 
 aliquid novi a barbaris initum consilii, cohortea, quae in stat- 
 lonibus erant, secum in earn partem proficisci, ex reliquis 
 lo duas m stationem cohortes succedere, reliquas armari et con- 
 fost.m sese subsequi iussit. Cum paulo ]ongius a castris pro- 
 cessisset, suos ab hostibus premi atque aegre sustinere et con- 
 forta legione ex omnibus partibus tela coici animadvertit 
 :Nam quod omni ex reliquis partibus demesso frumento pars 
 >5 una erat relujua, suspicati hostes, hue nostros esse venture 
 iioctu in silvis delit lerant ; turn dispersos depositis armis in' 
 iiH'tendo occupatos subito adorti, panels interfeetis reliquos 
 incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu at.iue essedis 
 cu'cumdederunt. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXiri. 
 
 British use of war-chariots. 
 
 Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Prime per omnes partes 
 perequitant et tela coieiunt atque ipso terrore eq.iorum et 
 strepitu rotarum ordines plerumque perturbant, et cum se 
 inter equitum turmas insinuaverunt, ex essedis desiliunt et 
 pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae interim paulatim ex proelio 
 
enth legion 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 23 
 
 u . m de In, ac «raec„„ti loco i„cita-:Os e„uos m.rtinero o ,o 
 I-rev. modomn ac flectoro et „„>. to,„„„<„„ ..ercurren ', 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 Qnibus rebus perturbatis nostris novitate pu^nae temnore 
 
 l.onum esse temp„s arbitratu, suo se loco continu t eH " 
 
 ■estates, q, ae et i.ortros ni castria ccitincrent et hostem a 
 ".gna p..„h,bere„t. Interim barbari „unti„s in olnes prte" 
 
 d»nlZ'r r "h^ «r' " T-""'' «'^'"3exp„,isse„t, 
 
 — .,„il4:^ot:a7':r::r:nr"'"" 
 
 lO 
 
 15 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 Defeat and pursuit of the Britons. 
 
 vid^bT T'-"^"""' ^"'^ superioribus diebus acciderat, fore i 
 ^^debat, ut, s: essent hostes puisi, celeritate periculum effug^ 
 
 V 'f| 
 
 It- 
 
24 
 
 ('A^HAH'b OAIJJC AN'An. 
 
 5 in „eieVm I '.lr"'c "'"""'""""■■■'"• '•■«'""!■» 
 -'tron,,,, „n)it„,„ i,„, , Lt ?'"'"'" '""•''■" '"'""'» 
 t««a v,.,.,on„,t, 0,0 1 "^ "°" '""""'"" <"■■ 
 
 ■It^in.lo „„mib„s Io„.rhr ?''"''■' "'' "' »«i'fcnn,t, 
 
 - r„c.,,„„„l '"" '""-"'"'"'"'''"""^ "-e-™ so ,„ eastm 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVl 
 
 "-!."..- a.I continent.,,, pcvenerunt " ' •^"'"' """"' 
 
 ft 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 enemy. ^ ^®sar- Defeat and flight of the 
 
 ' -.-e ■re:;,::*::,::nr '''-'' ^-'''^^ "■■'"'- - 
 
Hook iv. 
 
 o.t, 
 
 >inniius Aire- 
 erat, Icgidu,... 
 f»"lio (liiitiiis 
 potucrunt nr 
 iiitiim cnisii 
 occidermit, 
 se ill castm 
 
 se,e ,n,,.r/.c, n„ll,.„t, ,„„,„ pr,„„„ ;,„,„„„( ^ _ 
 
 f-o aeae dof.„,lc.„.„., ..len.er ,„1 H,,,,,,,,,.,,, ,.„ , '^ 
 
 :r ™''" " '™™-™'- Qua ,.0 ,.„„ti„ta c.,«,; „ , 
 
 I .t.»Mn,o ,„s„.v..„„,t ,.t ,«,uci,, v„l,„.,il,„, acwplia ., , 
 
 fe arrival 
 rest. 
 
 fii tie pace 
 ite inijjera- 
 issit, quod 
 'igationem 
 npestateni 
 ne omnes 
 onerariae 
 iierunt et 
 
 by the 
 of the 
 
 CHAriER xxxvm. 
 
 Subjugation of the Morini an.l Menapii. 
 
 Caesar post.ro ,lio Tit,„u LabionTun J.^atum ctnn iis legion , 
 ^^.nasex.it.^ 
 
 • ' ^rant, n„.,t. Qui ciuu propter siccitatos j-aludmn m,o ... 
 -I...n nonI.a..r..,,„op.fn,i^^ - 
 
 ,,,., . {'"Ksrau'iu J.ahiom vcMcrniit At O 
 
 ■'""- ot L. Cotta I..,,ui, ,,„i j„ M,.„„pi.„.,„„ flnef le^' ' 
 
 - d"xo,,,,,t, „,„„„„„ „„,,„„ „,„., ^„;^^,,^. ^^ V 
 
 " l«lg,. „„,„„„„ i„j,i„„„„, ,,j,,^^^,^ ^ /^a a 
 
 iter ccc 
 
 ^ritann- 
 
 adducti 
 
 ac, si 
 
ae 
 
 J> O O K V. 
 
 1 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 lO 
 
 Caesar goes to Italv-w „ 
 
 bernis Caesar ' i„ ',,SrT/°"!l""'"' '''■'"'''™» ""^ hi- 
 «"ias c„ro„t. Ear,,,,, ,„I ,, f ■""''"' ''"""''^'l"" ««<=!- 
 
 """«'■"-"„„ tra„s,.orto„.i;,„ „, ; ' ■ "' .°"'"" "" """"t".I"u.m 
 ■•'•i'.iUisuti,„„r,„a,.ib„s. Hafo ° T' *"""" T"'"" »' 
 
 •■"1 mmamlas naves, ex Hisn,„ia ', ' • ' 1""" '*'"" "»"i 
 -"bus Galliao citerior" C 11^,: •"""'■ '^^ »'- 
 
 va^tari „„c,ieb„t. £o ;", ^ """/""-'- incursi„„ib„ 
 I'irustae legates ad eum „,fZ„ . ' *^"" ""' >""■«»'» 
 
 -•"•""«~«*~.:C:".j:x 
 
 15 
 
nooK V. 
 
 97 
 
 Ilyrioum- 
 
 cns ab hi- 
 consuerat, 
 "ti, quam 
 ^qiie refici- 
 strat. Ad 
 "iniiliores, 
 '<!"« i<I eo 
 "ni niimis 
 titiuliiicm 
 qiiibus in 
 erat fieri, 
 sunt Usui 
 fpse con- 
 ficiscitur, 
 rsionibus 
 lites ini- 
 
 nuntiata 
 1 eariiin 
 denion- 
 ^ercepta 
 ui dieni 
 
 1 i . ''•■'" «d(Iu<ti8, ut rnncmvi.riif 
 
 ::;:r,::!" '"'"" ""'- ■•"' '^"■■" "-"-' — ;-« 
 
 CIIAPTri, TT, 
 
 «onc™„„,„s supra <l..,„„„rtr„vi,„„s ,„,ve, .t 1„ I xxv 
 
 B„ n,,, tn„c.ot,„n 0..0 cognov.,,, eh-citor ,„i, 
 «.. m Axx a ,.„„l,n,.„ti : l,„ic i,.i ,,„„,1 sati, ,.,so visun, 
 
 ::,:■;■.:: '"'rij'- -- >«-■■"- -M-ait.™":; 
 
 ^4"i^ J rausihenuuos sollicitaio Uicebautur. 
 
 
 
 CHAPTEi; irr. 
 
 struggle for the chieftainship amonc the Tr.^ • >, . 
 
 «uhitr ^^^ --------ar^^a\r:tu;^ 
 
 ^u^:,rtb7' ''"■'""" *^'"^ ^''^"'"« -1-^='^'^ valet X 
 "'aK«a.,uo habot cop.as peditun,, J^bonun.^u., ut supra 
 
 as 
 
 lO 
 
28 
 
 C/KSAU'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 ■•lb amicitia popnli Kon.-i,,,- J .f , '^"''"^ "^'1"<' 
 
 'n"g"it.uline pe. ,„„,li„s fi„ " ' ', '"' ''""" "'««"«'' 
 
 Cnifjetorigis a,l,|„,ti et a,lvc„t„ n '■ ""'^^'™"'"" 
 
 ■5 n,I Ca„«„.o,„ vo„,.,.„„t 't "->«'» cveroit,,,, p^rteniti, 
 
 «■■" co,,.e,.„„, „„.,,. .;,,'! '"•'7'"" ■■••'- •■"■ "0 ,....- 
 
 «eso i.lehro al, s„i, ,li,,„.,„,. ,,' ; "" '"' ^"'•»"'»'" ""ttit : 
 '!"" facilius civitat.m ,m „ I • ' "" '■"""'" ""'"i""-- 
 
 "^-•■"•■■"-'M:.::::i:i::;;r:re::'r-*-- .■■-''■" 
 
 a.l oum in castra ventunn,, f '' P'''-'">tf<'i'*^t, 
 
 '•<'- 1'onni.s.sunnn. ' "'" ^''^''^"^-1^'^ ^ortunas .i,. 
 
 CHAPTER ly. 
 
 Caesar demands hostaces f ,«, t ^ .. 
 
 ^ Caesar, etsi inteJlerrehaf mm ,i 
 
 em in Ti-everis con,,,,, 'I'=te«eret, tan,cn, n„ aertal- 
 
 S "tei.lib,,«v,.n,Ver ',,;'''';'.''■''.''' "' « -'"■ *-"ti» 
 -■- o,„n,b„. , ,M,,' 1," '"''''"'''■ '" "» «''■» P-Pinquisqu,. 
 
 I ', uti m ofBcio u,a„eret; nihilo tame,. 
 
HOOK V. 
 
 e principatii 
 : ; ex qui bus 
 tu cognituui 
 turos no(|U(' 
 'j^, (iuao(jue 
 s equitatuiM 
 
 •'iruiis osso 
 lao inyojiti 
 line iJhouo 
 ituit. 8e(l 
 i'Uctontat(> 
 
 I'<3rtomti, 
 fil) 00 ])(>!- 
 Mseiit, V{'i» 
 ;m luittit : 
 ' noJuisse, 
 lis nobiJi- 
 v : ita(juo 
 I'uiittcrot 
 Unas eius 
 
 29 
 
 --suusquamplurinuu, v,,or ~^^^ ""'^ ■•u.ctontaton. ,o 
 
 t-n.an. sua. gratian. inter 3!^; ''' '"'"■ 
 mnnicoinnosanimofuissct muJh ""\'*' '^"^ '^^"^ ante 
 
 uissct, multo giuvius hoc dolore exarsit. 
 
 CIIAPTEK V. 
 All assemble at Portus .Tti„„. 
 
 oi.iitatu, totius GaJIi.,„ ' '"^ "^'""^'"^ '"'■(...t. E„,i„,„ 
 
 '"■-■•i-i- 0. o,,,;,-;: :■ ™; „ ™;;r:„;;""" """""- 
 
 '■l'*lun, loco s„e,„„ ,rZ\ ?""■", '" «-"'■"■ -I'-l"" 
 
 10 
 
 PPorts 
 
 ir quap- 
 ^ aestat- 
 3rita?in- 
 ■ucentis 
 luisquc 
 ndutio- 
 tanien 
 
 CHAPTER vr. 
 
 Episode of DumnorixthoHaeduan 
 
 » ;II 
 
30 
 
 CVKSAUS GALLIC AVAH. 
 
 a Caosaro rcgnuin civitatis dofcrri ; (ni.xl dictuni Ifaedui 
 graviter forchant, nciue recusaiidi aut dcpiocandi causa ].>gat- 
 os ad Capsarem luitU're audel)aiit. Id factuiu ex siiis lios[)- 
 itibus Caesar cogiioverat. lllo oiimiixis primo precilnis 
 lo petere coiitt'iulif,, ut in Gallia roliiupu'ivtur, ].uitiiii quud 
 insuetus iiavigaudi uiani tiiuoj'ot, i.artim (piod religioiiihus 
 iiiii)ediri seso diceret. rostea<iiiaiii id o])stiiiate si])'i i„.guri 
 vidit, omni spo impetrandi adempta, priiu'i[)es Galliae solh\;it- 
 are, sevocare singulos hortarique coepit, iiti in continenti 
 1 5 remanereiit ; mctu teii-itare : non .sine causa fieri, ut Gallia 
 omni nobilitate spoliaretur ; id esse consilium Caesaris, ut, 
 quos in conspe(;tu Galliae interfi(;ere vereretur, lios onnies in 
 Bntanniani traductos necarct ; lidem reli(piis interponere, ius 
 iurandum poscere, ut, quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, 
 communi consilio administrarent. Haec a comiiluribus ad 
 Caesarcm deferebantur. 
 
 20 
 
 CHAPTER VI r. 
 
 Flight and death of Dumnorix. 
 
 I Qua re cognita Caesar, quod tantum civitati Haeduae digni- 
 tatis tribuebat, coercenduiu atcjue deterrendum, quibuscinn- 
 que rebus posset, Dumnorigeni statuebat ; quod longius eius 
 ainentiani progredi videbat, prospicienduni, ne quid sibi ac 
 5 rei publi(;ae n(, le posset. Itaque dies circiter xxv in eo 
 loco couimoratus, quoil Corns ventus navigationem inipcdie- 
 bat, qui luagnani partem oninis teinporis in liis locis flare 
 consuevit, dabat operani, ut in officio Duninorigem contineret, 
 nihilo tanien setius omnia eius consilia cognosceret ; tandem 
 10 idoneam nactus tempestateni niilites equitesque conscendero 
 in naves iubet. At omnium inqjeditis animis Dumnorix 
 cum equitibusHacduorum a eastris insciuntc Caesare domum 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 11 Hiiedui 
 lUHii logat- 
 suis liosp- 
 prccibu.s 
 tiiii quud 
 ligioiiibus 
 i')i iK'gari 
 le sollicit- 
 ;onti]ieiiti 
 ut Gallia 
 jsaris, ut, 
 oiniies in 
 )nere, ins 
 lexissent, 
 iribus ad 
 
 31 
 
 ae digni 
 busciim- 
 [ius eiiis 
 sibi ac 
 :v in eo 
 ■mpcdie- 
 cis flare 
 itineret, 
 tandem 
 icendere 
 imnorix 
 domuiu 
 
 faciat nequo p., J, i„te.« / ','"" ""''","' ^ - -,„ , , 
 
 .«no factunm, arhitral,,, „„ '""" '" "''«""'« 1'" 
 
 omues revertlmtu,. ' '""'^' "'"■■^'■' "J L>-'arem 
 
 CHAPTICR VIII. 
 
 LabienuB left in (3ft,,i r-», 
 
 -".■i™ p.ovee.4 m";:! trrir^:'"''^ "'-' 
 
 sura non te.mit ct lon-in, ,1 f mtermisso, cui-- 
 
 ^l-eret, q„a „pti,„„„, ,3,„ J, ' ^; -' I-tom i„.,„ao „ 
 
 •i"i vec.^ -L a ,,:';;:':'::/'''■' """""■■ '■^■'- "•""°"' •■^. 
 -pt.v. cognovit, cuu. „a,„ae «,»„,' it^it:;::,': 
 
32 
 
 C,1.;.SAU'S tJALLlC WAR. 
 
 titu.hu.., navnnu p.rtomtae, .,uao cum annotinis iHivatisnue 
 quas su, .iuis.iue connncli ,.u.«t foc-mt, a,..,,lius o.tin^(M,ta« 
 -o uuo .rant visa, tempor., a litorc discesscTaMt ac «c i.i .sun.n- 
 oiu locu ivbdidt'iant. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The Roman army lands and advances against the natives- 
 SZSoId"^^^ ^^ ''''' °^ -istance-Capture^ aTe^st 
 
 Cacvsar oxposito exercitu et loco castris idonco capto, „].i 
 c'X captu'is cognovit, quo in loco hostiun, copiae consodissont 
 cohortibus d....ni ad n.arc rolictis .t c.,uitihus trecentis, c,ui 
 l>ra."si...o navd.us csscnt, de tcrtia vigilia ad hostes contondit 
 <'o in.nus venlus navihus, <p,od in litorc nH.lii at.pio aport.'. 
 deligatas ad aucmni rclinqueLat, ci praesidio navil.usmu, 
 Qunituni Atriun. pracfccit. Ipse noclu progro.ssus niilia pas- 
 suuni circiter xn ho.stiuni copias conspicatus est. Illi e.nu 
 tatu at.iue essedis ad flunicn progros.si ox loco superiore nos- 
 tros prolubcrc et prooliu.u co.nniitterc cooperunt. Eopulsi 
 ab equitatu so in silvas abdiderunt, locum nacti ogroie et 
 natuni et opere munitu.n, quem domestici belli, ut vFdebatur 
 causa mm ante praeparaverant : nam crebris arboribus succisis 
 omnes introitus emnt praeclusi. Ipsi ex silvis rari propucm- 
 15 ahant nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi prohibebant. At 
 nnlites legionis scptimae tcstudine facta et aggere ad muni- 
 tiones adiecto locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis expulerunt 
 paucis vulneribus acceptin. Sed eos fugientes longius Caesar 
 prosequi vetuit, ot quod loci naturam ignorabat, el q .d 
 20 magna parte diei consumpta munitioui castrorum t- ..-. re- 
 hnqui volebat. 
 
 10 
 
piivuti,s(iiie, 
 <jctingGiitac 
 Li ill .su])ei'i- 
 
 KOOK V, 
 
 33 
 
 e natives— 
 93 a forest 
 
 capto, Til)i 
 isedissent, 
 [Mentis, ((ui 
 contend it, 
 [uo iiporto 
 uvil)us(|ti(! 
 niilia jias- 
 lili e(jui- 
 riore nos- 
 Kepulsi 
 ^gre^ie et 
 'idebatur, 
 IS succisis 
 propugn- 
 'ant. At 
 id muni- 
 :pulerunt 
 IS Caesar 
 el q >d 
 -^i'i'j re- 
 
 Oreatda.a.e to the fleet fron. a storm. 
 
 ''■- ''%„ant„n. itine^^ ^l^. ''''^'' I--l"-"ntu... 
 
 *^"' --^--t, .superior etf:" "' ^'~ vonerunt, 
 I-ope o.n„es naves .'fl Lt" "''.""'^ ""''^^ t^^^i-stato 
 
 OIIAFI'KK XI. 
 
 C»sar f eturns to the coast, ^. i 
 J lis rebus co^niti^ Pn^^ i . 
 
 '■"" »' ox c„„ti„e„ti alios „„ ' u , t T,"""'" '"''"' <"- S 
 
 ;'-•- i".stituat, I,«, ctsi Z; 1,?"" ^"" "I""' -». 
 '«»en co„,„,„di,si,„,„„ 0,3, 1, '""*"»° "Po™ ac laboris, 
 ;.■■" cn.*« „„„ mu„iti,,„e et ,r"";""."^^^ «""""«' 
 ■fles .-I co„su,„it. ™ „oct.„.„ir r ' "■"'"'■' '="■<="«- '° 
 
34 
 
 If 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 tatibus /l,„„o„ cliviJit, quel „ lell^T ' ''■'"- 
 
 " .,.;is civitatibu, c„.,ti„e„tia b-liaS j^T: T'" ""■ 
 
 ;;;^™^ « .h« ... ,« .eJi:;:-;-:: 
 
 CHAi'TKK XII. 
 Cu.to.., of Bri^ain-Besources of the island. 
 
 5 orU e. cvitatibus eo ,>en.e„er„„t-ct bd ' "2 bi ^ 
 serant at,,u,,. agros colere coepcunt ]f 1; ."'"""'" 
 
 gionibus, iu mariti,uis forrun, sj" ' "'''"''™"''"' "■«- 
 «ere utuutur i,„,„rtato. Mate h c ' " '''" "' °"'™ ' 
 «allia est pn.ekT f„,„„, t ™™*1™ generis ut in 
 
 •i-™ et aLrxtif;:::. ^t- "^ ■- 
 
 • 5 auinii voluptatisque cau.i T „ T? ' ° '™™ "''»" 
 
 Gaiii, renfissioX; ;:;;:;ibur '^""""""^ ^"^ » 
 
 f 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 35 
 
 lo 
 
 CirAPTKK Xlir. 
 
 I«3m„„ „. Altem,n voi-it •„I 1 i , '" "''°'^'" """" 
 
 ■'Ok-' ; .iua ox lurtc cs 1 , """"" '"'''"' '«i'l'""'^m 
 
 - C»lliu e t „ , ' "•;' '';"■' »1'""" "■-.s,„i....,, ,,,,„, 
 
 •1"- ai'l-cHat,,,.. J, r ;, , '" ''"'= -"•' ™™ -t i„.„h, 
 
 i"-l- oxi.,t ,„t ;, "" 'T"'"' ""■""■■"■' "'''«'- 
 
 - i«c„„t,.,„„n,„., : ; ■' 'f;^-; '-'-"• ^^■- -1,11 ,,„ 
 
 '"■"Vices c« ,,„am i, 2 ; ■ '"'"' "" '"I"" ""■"«""» 
 
 tern, s„,l eius a, ",, '^u" r™ ' ""/"" """" -' "''i"'" -5 
 
 Ita omuis insula est in ci Jui " '"«""''"'-" -- -isti.natur. 
 
 crcmm vicios centum milium passuum. 
 
 CHAl'TKli XIV. 
 
 Superior oivlliMtion of Kent n... 
 
 «.eijt-Customs of the Briton,. 
 
 Kx liis omnibus lon^e «imi i..,. • ■ . 
 colunt, quae re..,„ es, LL 1 '"""^■"=«"-". T" Cantium in- , 
 
 lica diJunt e„:,suetucl r 7: °'"""' T"'™ """""" " «"'- 
 ^e.™.t, seJ hcte et car" J'* :""■" ""^'l"" f"""»nta „„n 
 
 ■, atque n„c h»mb,li„^s sunt in pugua aspectu ; ^^ ii' ^ 
 
36 
 
 CVKSAli's (JALF.IC WAR. 
 
 caput ct Lvhnnn sun.-riu ' ' , '"'''""''•' '''"' J^'-'^^^^'* 
 
 inter so connnm, f • ." "^''"' ^'^'"' 'I'-loni.,..,. 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 nil 
 
 ClIArTKIf, XV. 
 Fight on march with tho Britons wh« 
 
 J— °T^■x^Tf™'-™---"^^- 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 Their mode of fighting. 
 
 (,- 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 37 
 
 '-'-". «'i-tc.., „„u,„, , ; : 7'™. 7 "'■ innu, gene™ 
 ^J-'ari ...agni.,„„ intorv 1 ^ ' "' " """"'"""' ™"'"«. 
 
 lO 
 
 CHAPTER XVir. 
 The Britons again routed. 
 
 -^t: ix' :;;:: t'T'™ '- ^""-'^ -"■""-»» 
 
 :;"-l; oansa tre, J„gio,„, at,,'! ,:;'"' "."" C«-"r „ab„l. 
 J'^bonio l„,,„t„ „„.^,. ' ;™™> "l"itatun, c„ra C„i„ 
 
 laIn,)„t„rosa,Ivclavo,.„„t ,ie'° 'V "."","'•"» l-'il„„ a,I 
 
 '■- '- f"=- vol , ; ,a „^^""'"''' '-"»'™. .V.IeJn, 
 
 --e.™t, „e,,„e pos^M J ''" ™„ve„erant, an.xilia d,V 
 
 10 
 
38 
 
 ^/KdAli's t;ALLlC WAU. 
 
 'U 
 
 III 
 
 CTT4PTER XVI Ix. 
 
 Caesar forces a passage of the Thames. 
 
 1 Cae>ttr cogiilto consilio eorum ad flunien Tamesim in fines 
 Ca8sivollauni exercituni duxit ; quod flunieniino onuiino loco 
 pedihus, ntcjuo hoc acgre, transiri potest. Eo cum venisset, 
 aniniadvertit, ad alteram fluminis ripam magnas esse copias 
 5 hostium instructas. Ifipa autein erat acutis sudihus prae- 
 lixisquo muniLa, eiusdemquo gcMieris sub aqua dcfixae sudes 
 flumine tegebantur. His rebus <ogi' , t is a cnptivis perfugisque 
 Caesar praemisso cquitatu confestim legiones subsr.|ui lussit. 
 Sed ea celeritate atquo co impetn militcs ierunt, cum capit<! 
 ro solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes inipetum legionum atquo 
 equitum sustinere nou possent ripasque dimitterent ac se 
 fugae numdarent. 
 
 CHA' TER XIX. 
 
 Caasivellaunus' harassing tactics. 
 
 1 Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimup, omni deposita 
 
 spe contentionis, dinnssis amplioribus n ^,ns, niilibus circitn 
 
 quattuor essedariorum ndictis, J'lera - ostra servabat paul 
 
 umque ex via excedobat locisc ii .litis ac silv( .ribus 
 
 5 sese occultabat at(pie iig regioi; is, .,. bus nos iter facturos 
 
 cognovorat, pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compel- 
 
 lebat et, cum equitatus noster liberias praedandi vastandi- 
 
 que causa se in a<rros effunderet, omnibus viis semitisque 
 
 essedarios ex silvis emittebat et magno cum periculo nostro- 
 
 lo rum equitum cum his confligebat atque hoe metu latius va- 
 
 gari prohibebat. Reliuquebatur, ut neque longius ab agmine 
 
 11 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 39 
 
 
 CHAPTER ^^ 
 
 Submission of the Trinovantes. 
 
 secutus ad eum in ^nnfi. . 'uitscens Caesaria hdeni 
 
 au cuiu in contmenteni venerat nn;,i» ^ 
 
 1 ^^«t( ni mittat, qui praesifc imperiumque obtino^f 
 
 lO 
 
 CHAPTER XX r. 
 
 Submission of other tribes-A British " town " 
 Cassxvellaunus' "town" stormed " 
 
 ^ Lenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites. Bibroni r ■ 
 numerus convenerit Onn,- 1 •&-- J^on'inmu pecorisqu. 
 
 'ir t-* 
 
40 
 
 C/Esah'.s gallic mail 
 
 non tulerunt sese.,n. alia x ' '■ ""'''"''"'" '■"'l'"^^"" 
 
 hensi atquo interfecti ^"" '" ^"°'^ ^^""^ ^'-'"Pre- 
 
 CHAPTER XXir. 
 
 Cassivellaunua urges the f ir 
 
 multis eo,u,„ interfecti, ,.,,7 t ' " "'"l"'™"' facia 
 >° permot,,, defectiom civil , I , '^'"'■"■'' '""•■"■""' '■"•"" 
 
 -tain iJae intc ! ..Z t l;"'''''"-'' "W- i.' facii., 
 
 ■5 singula, vectigali, ,„;«!' r" 7"''" ^"' '"''•' "' ""■»- 
 
 :'■""■' ^ ""erdicit Z^^"^:"^'' '-"-«'. con. 
 
 I'n.ciu neu Trinovautita noCt ^ """'■■'""'""' "'= ''J""'!"- 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 41 
 
 CHAPTKH XXlir. 
 ^'»-«r returns to Oaul. 
 
 -"■•' .0.... ii:^ :,;::■;' ::;'"f ».i ».™. .„.„„ ,•„. 
 
 ■'""';- «„,,„„,,,„ ';•;:"■'«'»'" ^^.0*™,, ,t. ; 
 
 --I", "ti ox l„„t„ .,„vi, ,:'"■■" '-"""t. Ac .i 
 
 '""' n«l».-' »..,.■■„•,.,.„ „„„„ ,"':"' "•■"■'«"'!".. ., ,„,,„„ 
 
 l«*r.t, ,,™i.l,.„u„, ,,t e- i " '"" '""■■"> ■'""" '"ilL ' 
 
 ^■' <|....3 p„.tea ].,.l,fc„;, fa" „,° '"""'"» -"I-"' ..Mlilihu., 
 
 '"--pore a „avi,at,„„„ ex J ! ' 'T''^"'""^"'- "= -"i 
 
 ;'"''l"»'» e„„,ee„ta, ,^.„,„; ' " ■^""'"'■•"vu ac, su„„„a Iran- 
 
 1 mcoliujies naves periluxit. , 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 ••■■■«"«"- prove,.,,, e„ : ',;;L ■" "'■°'"" ='"""«"■« 
 
 f - l.«a.o de,,i, alt,"™' '" ''°"'"™ ""-<)»■« C. 
 "' ^""03 L Ji, ,„i . ,^, - ^-"03 y. Cicero,,,-, tertia,,, 
 
 I "mm „, iiem,3 cum T. Labieno in 
 
fi 
 
 42 
 
 CESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 confinio Treverorum hiemare iussit; tres in Bellovacis con- 
 locavit; his M. Crassum et L. Muiuitium Plancum et C Tre- 
 
 trans Padum conscripserat, et coliortes v in Ebnrones, quorum 
 pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Ehenun, qui sub imperio 
 Ambiongis et Catuvolci erant, misit. His mil.tibu; Q 
 i.turmm Sabinum et L. Aurunculeium Cottani legates prao- 
 
 inLrf • f ^' 'T- "°'"" '''''''''''' ^^«"^«-b- f-i"i-o 
 inopiae rei frumentanae sese mederi posse existimavit At- 
 
 que harun. tamen omnium legionun. biberna praeter eam, 
 
 quam L. Koscio m pacatissimam et quietissimam partem duc- 
 
 20 T^lrL ' "f!"'"' P''^"""" ^^"*""^ continebantur. 
 
 Ipse interea, quoad legiones conlocatas muaitaque hiberna 
 cognovisset, m Gallia morari constituit. 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 Muvder of Tasgetius the Carnutian. a friendly chief, by his 
 fellow-tribesmen-L. Planous sent to winter there 
 
 Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, cuius 
 niaiores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant. Huic Caesar 
 pro ezus virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod in omnibus 
 b lis singulari eius opera fuerat usus, maiorum locum re- 
 
 palam multis ex civitate auctoribus interfecerunt. Defertur 
 ea res ad Caesarem. Hie veritus. quod ad plures pertinebat, 
 ne civitas oorum impulsu deficeret, L. Plancum cum legione 
 ex Belgio celenter in Carnutes proficisci iubet ibique hiemare 
 quorumque opera cognoverat Tasgetium interfectum, hos com- 
 prehensos ad se mittere. Interim ab omnibus, quibus legiones 
 tradiderat, certior factus est, in hiberna perventum locumque 
 hibernis tsse muuitum. ^ 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 43 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Revolt of Ambiorix anrJ r-n* , 
 
 Worigo ct Catuvoko '° ! ^"'"f""" <'"™ «^' ab Ami 
 Portavissent, Indutio 7' v!? """""""' "' '""'-"a com- 
 
 «p.sse„tvall„„„,„eascen,l,W„i;fr " ' ' """" "'■»» 
 
 ".ore oo„cla„,avc.runt/u7S; "'"''""'''• T™ «- ,o 
 
 Prodiret: habere ^es^ „„a T """ """'"' '"' ™'°^"'""' 
 
 CHAPTER XXVir. 
 
 treacherously advifes 'sabinus^t.d'cot '! ^" ^«°^^«' -^^ 
 -co or .ablenus. o.e.n. tb^ :t^Utj- °^- 
 
 Mittitur ad eos conJoquendi c.ri.a C A ■ ■ 
 ^4-^i-, qui ia,n ante nnssn C ar ad ^ r"- "' "'^"'""'^ 
 
 Sese pro Caesaris i„ se bel'fi'[ i " "'^'^^""^ ^"^"^"« ^"^f : 
 
 ^1"«^ -u. opera st pe2 rH V""""" " ^■"'''^-' ^^^^'^-''S 
 
 sucsfect, .luod.pie ei et fiJius et fra- 
 
44 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 f ^f 
 
 ■° -.,ue W^Zl feel , "" "'° "' ™'"''^ '^■""-»'; 
 modi irperi, 1 ' "' Tf ""'»"-'' -"'1"= -- eiu., 
 
 a.™ ipr™;,,:, ™, ::'^ *^ ^-^ 7 - -..««„, 
 
 '5 pot„o,i . IJ n^i^ , T '^"""■'■'"'O'" ««istore „„„ 
 
 manu,u supo^H^.o o,,,.; . s r^ro:!,':?"""" '"'- 
 
 consilium : omnibus lnl»r„l= r commune 
 
 tviceroneiii onf 0,1 t i • ■, juiuu s ant a<l 
 
 l-su„ i" L;\,^^^'^""""; '^^'^"--' ^i"-um alter nnlia 
 
 "^eritis gratiam referre Ha r ^ T'" ^'^ ^^"''^ 
 
 Ta; 
 
 CHAPTER xxvrir. 
 
 The Romans debate the question-Cotta «peaka strongly 
 against Ambiorix' proposal ^^^^^^K^y 
 
 I A,'pineius el Junius, qnae au.licrant, ad logatos defernnt 
 
 nil repentniarenerturb'ifi «+ci ii 6'"^"^' ueiernnt. 
 
 penurbati, etsi ub iioste ea dicebantur, tanien 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 45 
 
 ^.:trt.s::t:L:™-T' -= - .>«- 
 
 -» sponto ,,„p,.l., ,;„,„ J„ ,;,™ " 'l"" '"'""Ion, Kl,„,,„„„„ 
 »» ex,3tit controversia I A, 'f.''""'' ■"•^="«W"o i..te,. ' 
 
 I»-o .uuuitis ,,i,,e„,i, joX ,""^"' a-'".-on„„ ,„,,«,„,, ,^ 
 
 '■' « P»xi„,i, m,n,L ot ';:"""""" "»'■ l"<=.m; int«.ea 
 ]«tre„,„ ,„„•,, ,3,„ j^^ a ,t tu "r" "°"™""'™ '"'-"»; 
 
 CHAPTJCK XXIX. 
 Sabinus is stronelv in f,,„ 
 
 ".anus ho::„;;:r„r a::;r'r''»^='' '•■'■■ -'-» 
 7". co,.,„e,„,i o«'„:: 3,' c: '^"' """'''->■• 
 
 '»agnoe« Cem.a,,;,,',,,, ™. ■"""';"'«' ^ ^h"™ m,e„„,„ ; 
 I'opuli R„,„„„i i, , J^';;™ tot comumeliis acceptis sub 
 
 2';An,bioH«e,„ ad eiu, i,,?; . „~'"'' ^™ ""» 
 
 5 
 
 lO 
 
■If) 
 
 C^.SAU'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 15 tliii'ins, nnllo rum ]ip.riculo ad prnximam lo^ionnni porvfii- 
 turos; si Gallia omiiis cum (imimnis (■onscntiivt, ununi ossn 
 in colcritulo i.ositiuu salutein. C„ttup quidom atcjuo corum, 
 qui dissmitiroiit, consilium (lucm halxnn cxituin ? in <|uo si 
 non praesons poriculuin, at certe luiigin.iuu obsidionc fumes 
 
 20 essot timcnda. 
 
 CUAI'TKK XXX. 
 
 In answer to the strong opposition of Cotta and his party 
 Sabinu8 adds a few hot words, throwing all the responsi^ 
 bility of remaining on Cotta, and appeals to the soldiers. 
 
 » Hac in utrainquo partem disputatiouo hahita, cum a Cotta 
 primis(iuc ordinibus acritcr resistcretiir, Vinntr, ii„p,it, «/ if,, 
 ruUis, 8abiuus, ct id clariorc voce, ut, magna i)ars m'ilitum 
 cxaudiirt ; noqm in mm, imiuit, qui (jmvim'me ex vohis m>rt- 
 
 5 J> im-icula tenyar: hi sapient; ,i ,,mvim quid accident ahx 
 
 fe ratiovem reposeent : qui, si per te liceat, perewlino die cum 
 
 rnm'niis hiherms cmiimrti amnnunem rum reJiquis helH ramm 
 
 •<iu<tineant, non reiecti et relegati Imge a ceteris aut ferro aut 
 
 fame intereant. 
 
 CHAPTKIi XXXI. 
 
 The Boldiers try to restore harmony between their leaders- 
 Cotta gives way Preparations for departure. 
 
 Consurgitur ox cnnsilio; comproliendunt utrum.pic ci 
 orant, ue .sua dissenKiono .-t pertinacia rem in summum 
 l)cricukm deducant : faeilem esse rem, sen maneant, sen 
 proficisoantur, si mode unu«i omnes sf ntiant ac probent ; 
 contra in dissensione nuilani se s^lutem porspicere. Ees 
 disputatione ad mediam ncK^em perducitur. Tandem dat 
 Cott^ permotus nninus : ..uperat sententia Sabini, Pronun- 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 47 
 
 tiatur, i)rinia luco iiuma n 
 
 '-"•••''"■■ "i ia„,„„„,,, ,„iiit , ;.,■ '"■■■"" '"■" "'■'"• "■"•'">" 
 
 o mm, n,...Mi,„„,,„, „„,,„ji„„„ij^^ ^ 
 
 (^'HAPTKK XXXll. 
 The Eomann are caught in an ambush, 
 ^t hostes, i)ostca,,uan. ox noru.rnn f.. •. ■ 
 
 J'ars a-,ninis i,i nm.r,n,„ ,. ^I'^^t'^'''"'^, ot cum ,sn nuiior 
 parte eius vallin s^ ^^o 1 Ih ""^ '""'^'"^^' ^ "^-i"" 
 
 CHAPTER xxxrii. 
 
 Sablnus loses his head -Coolness «nH 
 
 orders the men to form Into „ ,''"^'*'' °^ <^°»t- »♦ 
 
 be a great mistake. ° ^ ^'"^*'' ^^^^^ turn, v^l^ 
 
 Aim denuim 'iitmiii. i ■ i i 
 .... "'^'^^^it, qui m ipso neaotin ^nnc.,-i;.,„ _ 
 
 if 
 
Hi 
 
 48 
 
 C/MSAH's gallic WAI{. 
 
 ncddons at.i,.o oh oa.n cnmam profectionis a,u-(or nnn fuissot 
 
 - Lmu ro con„„„ni saluti ,l......t : .t iu appollandis r ' 
 
 iinilis.|iic! unlit l.us iii,i)oi",l,,>ii« ,.t i„ • " """ 
 
 ao,4,,l,.,t. („,, ,„,,,,t.,r |„„.,n ,,,,„ 
 
 onnua .,l.„.„ et, ,|„i,l ,,,„„,„„ |„„„ ,,„,„,„, 
 
 . , ' '" '"•'•"'",--'«-".■ (J.K,,1 c„„«ili,„„ 
 
 <ls. n, ,.,„. „„„i, ,„, ,,,|.r,il,.,„l,„„I„„, „„„ ..,t, tnn„.„ i„ 
 
 ,, ::"!"""'" "-'"'^ ' ■ '•' .."»tn-. ,„i,iti,,„., »„„„ ;;, 
 
 ■5 «»t,.s „.l ,„,,.„■„, „lacno,.e» .flkit, ,,„„,I „„ , .i„„ „, „, 
 «.l t, ,,, ,„I „..„ „oco«,o o,„t, „t vnls„ „,ilitos al, «i..„is 
 
 .»« ..„.„t ,,„a,.,,„„ ,,„i,„„,„ „„„„„ ,„,,i,,i,„.^ i,,,,,,,,;-;, 
 
 •=" mm oninui coiiiplerciitur. 
 
 CITAPTEK XXXIV. 
 The battle-Bravery of the Bomans and skill of Ambiorix. 
 
 I At harbaris consilinm non dofuit. N,n. duces oorurn tota 
 -e pronuntiare iussorunt, .o ,uis ..1, Joco disce. c e 
 
 lorum esse praeda.u at.uo illis .osorvari, quaecu n 1" 
 Komani roluiuissont : proindo omnia in -ictor h Z 
 
 5 oxistimarent. Erant ct virhifn nf , ^^^^ona posita 
 
 iXostri t.i.npf..- ""'"' l'"^'"-'"idi pares, 
 
 ^ostu tametsi ab duce et a Fortuna <lesero],antur, tamon 
 o me- «!-- -lutis in virtute ponebant, et ,uotien p" 
 
 cad b t. Q ,a re annnadversa An.biorix pronuntiari iubet. 
 lo ut procU tela co^ciant neu propius nncedant, .t nuan, i 
 partem T^omani impet.im feeerint c,^<Uui ■ i -, / 
 et cotuhana exercitat.one nihil his noceri posse; rursus se 
 ad signa recipientes insequantur. 
 
non fiiiasct, 
 iKlis cohort, 
 ilitis ofliria 
 lion facilo 
 kIiiiii ossct,, 
 iilH'diiiicndi 
 I consilium 
 tanion in- 
 im'mjit et 
 110 suninio 
 I'raeteroa 
 al) sitrjiis 
 ii^x'iut, al) 
 ilaiuoro et 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 49 
 
 nbiorix. 
 
 >nini tola 
 sccderet : 
 leciunquo 
 a ]iosita 
 ili pares, 
 ir, tamtm 
 ns (juac- 
 liostium 
 ri iubct, 
 piam in 
 irniorum 
 ursu.s se 
 
 CUAVTKU XXXV. 
 
 Brave but futile efforts of fh 
 
 ouuris ot tno Jxomana-rnffo 
 
 ^ Cotta wounded. 
 
 -■-^"x:t:r:::;r."'T''-^ "--" 
 
 '':"•"■■ ""1"" -^h taut,. „ , ; 'r "^".'" '"-■' -lm,„e. 
 v.taro p„t„,,.„t. .,.„„^ ' II tu.l.no c„„„,:ta tola „,„,„,; 
 
 "•>» a prima J„ce ad hora,, „'.""' '""■'" '''"' ™"-'""npt„, 
 
 >«>Penore a„„„ p,.i,„„„ ,,„,','■ ^"'" T- Balvontio, ,]ui 
 
 "-'oritati, utru,„,,,„"i ' , TT' ":--° '»■■'■ "' ™8nae 
 -"3dem „rdi„„, f„,,i,.i,„ ' , « '" '™^""^; Q- I-ucani,,., 
 »»bvenit.i„terficit„r. l'^; «"■"''■ ''""' ""■c.m,ve„to fjli„ 
 
 ro 
 
 15 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVr. 
 
 Sabinus seeks an ,•«* 
 
 *U8es to accompany him. 
 His rebus perniotus Q. Ti^urin^ ' 
 «"os cohortantem conspexisset ' . ^"''"^ An.biorigern 
 J-«m ad eum mittit ro I, T " "'"" ^"- ^^-- 
 JJ'e appeJJatns r.«non...^ o' "*/^^' "^^iitibusque nar.nt 
 
 ^7 I'osse, nuod ad „„]itum sal- 
 
 -f I 
 
 I 
 
60 
 
 C/F';SAR'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 :™it:i' ;2;r "'r::; ^;r:r™ '- 
 
 miinJp.jf c- ,.; 1 I <-'Otta saucio com- 
 
 n unicat si videatur, pugna „t excedanfc et cum Ambiori^e 
 'ina conlo(iuantur : si)erare so ',h <.,. ,1 *" ^imniouge 
 
 tHAl'TEE XXX Vn. 
 
 and .h,. i. d.,p.t" M'Trretrrl'" '"' '"'■°'' 
 Labienus. "xemseives - A few escape to 
 
 J^abebat, ot pnmorum ordinum centuriones se seuui h bet ef 
 peratum facit siusque, ut idem faciant. imnei-if Tnf. 
 
 fortissinie pugnans occiditur. IHi ae-re .1 il 
 
 bus per silvas ad T T !l / 'P'' "'"''^'^ ^*^"^"- 
 
 veninnf f . ^^^^^"""^ ^^gatum in luberiia per- 
 
 veniuut atque eum de rebus gestis certiorem faciunt 
 
 adf 
 
00\ V 
 
 Jie earn rem 
 3aucio com- 
 Anibiorigo 
 itmn salute 
 Lirum negat 
 
 61 
 
 tacked and 
 
 ' the camp 
 
 escape to 
 
 cireum so 
 i iubet et, 
 bicere ini- 
 Interini, 
 nsulto ab 
 ;us inter- 
 tque iilu- 
 rturbant. 
 niibtum, 
 I'^x qui- 
 hostium 
 3 castris 
 oppugn- 
 a salute 
 •' itineri- 
 ■na per- 
 it. 
 
 ^HAPTKR XXXVlli 
 
 ---"":::t:t"iT""' -"> -<- 
 
 '""«"">"<iu= partem oxorcitu, 'f""""' <^^''" l'B«tos duo, 
 
 ™^« negotii, mhiU, o„n,.„I i'"'"™^'^ 'lc'n,o„stn.t; „ihi, 
 
 --', i..t..iic.i ; .. ai'oa , ;5^n"' "'.as o,„„ c,-,«„„„ 
 
 W „rati„,,e Xcrvii, ,«,-suad ''"""' "''""°"'"- I'Wiie 
 
 CHAPTER XXXrx. 
 
 Several tribes make . ,„h^ 
 
 ^ a sudden attack on a f 
 1* **• Cicero's c»rti« 
 
 ^-«o. I'lsuX Su.:: "' ■"" " ■°"""-' ^^™"». 
 
 i-™ ™.t. HU.un ..axim : : ,;^"' »""'» -"^ «„,„„ ,„.' 
 i;™v«o ,..l Cice,.„„i, J,ik.„,a aTv^ """"' ""S'"" <■' ''« ""■ 
 'k Titurii ,„„,,e ,.,.,au He '- "'""'"'" '"' "'"» f-"> 
 
 t ro-perent,,,.. „,, .,r„,„;;, '""" "i"""'" .-.dvc,,.,, i„. 
 J^etvn, Atuatuci atcjue J,„™„ ',', "'"»"" """"' 3-:i«.r„ne,, 
 
 ™™"t. vallum c„„JeX„t f ■' "'"'"•■■ "■' """a co^- ,„ 
 'l-J o„„e,u ,pe,„ I,„ste. i eolej r " "^' ^"^'"'-'«^. 
 -Pt, v,,,,nan, in perpetuum se fore ;•.•."" "*^^"' ^'-^"^ 
 
 ID 
 
62 
 
 C^SAK'S (iAUir "WAR. 
 
 CHAriKii XL. 
 Cloero takes energetic measures for defence. 
 I Mittuntur ad Caesaro,,, confestiin n ri 
 
 causa co.portaverant, tur.^ i L"'""' 'i''^" "--tionis 
 
 -t.aoppu,„ant,L3a„.co:,; t T ^l " ^"'^ ^^^'''^ 
 qua pri.lio, rcsistitur. Hoc ijoiu '.1, , , ''' '''^'''''' 
 
 ^"Ila pars nocturni ton.po i ^f '"""^'^ «^ '^-'-- 
 
 ad proxinu dioi onnn,r,.of (c>"aocumquo 
 
 .mmer us in..;.;.. t ! I ."'?"" """'"'""" 1'"°™" 
 
 ex cratib,,., uZltTir'^'"""'- "'•"■- '"™»='l- 
 
 15 t"dme Bsset, „» noctu „u„f ! .V'""',™'" '«■"''=»''"» vali- 
 
 rolinquebat, ut uito^Z' ' "''' '™P">^ "'> 1'"''-" 
 
 cogoretur. " """""^ "« ^"''us sibi parcere 
 
 CHAPTEE XLI. 
 
 nunque hiberna onnu<.nari A , , ''' ' ^•^^'^'^"s reli.p.o- 
 An.bi„„,e» „.e,:S"rd;i t t 1^' ^.r 1" "'"'" ^ 
 <>-t, . ,uie,,.a» ab iis p^aesiaa ;err.uUr.C 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 53 
 
 e. 
 
 3 littcrae, 
 ' oiiinihiig 
 
 iiunitidiiis 
 Jiiitiu- in- 
 r, porfic- 
 ti.s copiis 
 n ratione, 
 t diebus. 
 'Ur ; iioii 
 
 tJonipar- 
 
 pilorum 
 
 ricaoijue 
 
 iia vali- 
 
 quietem 
 
 parcere 
 
 uses. 
 
 niionis 
 nloqui 
 
 ibiorix 
 armis 
 iliijiio- 
 uoi'to ; 
 e eos 
 rebuf? 
 
 'liffldant; ,o.,e to„,on hoc o,,o i„ r- 
 
 l«raam,m a„i,„o, ut „i|,i| „,■ , , , '^'°*™™ Poi...lum,,„„ 
 
 ■^o |"."b„s „, j,i|,„„,., ,,(,; '^'" . '"-■" .Hi- per .,0 i„. 
 
 '""'° »""t,> c„„.,,„i„,:: "'' 7 ; ''"i"'!' J;'-."a„i „ec,-,,,, „, 
 "''".lore ,„,,nt„r I,.(jat„»,,„„ .j ''; "'""" '''-"lere vdint, « ,5 
 
 CIFAPTEIi XUr. 
 
 The Nervii invest the camp. 
 ■^^> hac .spe renjilwi v 
 
 quae «.e„t „,, h„„„ „,„„; ^ ,°J,"";^ .■"■amo„t„„„„ , , 
 -'«">, man,-,,,,., «,„„,,,,„;' X;/'f;'» --Pi^e, ohc„„: 
 Q .a q...de,„ ox ,.„ l„„„i,„ „, , ' ™ '"''.■•'..."e cogc!„,„t„r. 
 "•"".» '."ri.s ,„.i,.„,, nmm^^T ""'"'"''>"""'' ^ "">.. 
 
 pawe ac focere eoe,, ^i.t.' ^""^ "'"'^ ""P'ivi d„c„„a„t, 
 
 ro 
 
 ro 
 
 CTIAPTER XLirr. 
 
 A critical day for the Roma„s-The 
 
 «-eIy attacked, hut theyt^r r.ilro--T "'^ ^"'^ 
 ^eptimo oi)nunnatif)Tii-^ i- 
 
 '*. e. 4i.a;:r,;::re:rz': ™"; ^~ • 
 
 lenetacta lacula in casas, 
 
 If 
 
^> 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 130 l"^™ 
 
 2.2 
 
 110 
 
 11-25 iiu 
 
 2.0 
 
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 1.6 
 
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 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
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 (716) 873-4503 
 
 4^ 
 
 \ 
 
 :\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
54 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 quae more Gallico stramentis crant tectao, iacere ooeperunt. 
 Hae celeriter ignem compreheiukrunfc et venti magnitudine 
 5 in omnem locum castrorum distuleruuf. Hostes maxinio 
 clamore, sicuti parta iam atque explorata victoria, tunes 
 testudinesque agere ct scalis vallum asccudere coeperunt. 
 At tanta militum virtus atquo ea piaesentia auimi fuit, ut, 
 cum undique flamma torrerentur maximaqui' ti'lomm niulti- 
 
 lo tudine premerentur suaque omnia impedimentf atquo omnes 
 fortunas conflagmre intellegerent, non modo do vallo deced- 
 eret nemo, sed paene no respiceret quidom quisqnam, ac 
 turn omnes acerrime fortissimeque pugnareut. Hie dies nos- 
 tris longe gravissimus fuit ; sed tamen lumc habuit eventum, 
 
 x5 ut eo die maximus numerus hostium vulneraretur atque 
 interficeretur, ut so sub ipso vallo constipaveraiit recessumque 
 primis ultimi non dabant. J'aulum quidem intermissa flamma 
 et quodam loco turri adacta et contingente vallum, tertiae 
 cohortis centuriones ex eo, quo stabant, loco recesserunt suos- 
 
 20 que omnes removerunt, nutu vocibusque hostes, si introire 
 vellent, vocare coeperunt ; quorum i)rogrcdi ausus est nemo, 
 Tum ex omni parte lapidibus coniectis deturbati, turrisque 
 succensa est. 
 
 CHAPTER XLTV. 
 
 Emulation in bravery of two cent\xrions, Pullo and Vorenus. 
 
 Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri, centuriones, qui iam 
 I)rimis ordinibus adpropinquarent, T. Pullo et L. Yorenus. 
 Hi perpetuas inter so controversias liiibebant, uter alteri 
 anteferretur, omnibus(juo annis do loco sunnnis simultatibus 
 contendebant. Ex his Pullo, cum acerrime ad munitiones 
 pugnaretur. Quid duhifax, in(iuit, Vorene? aid (piem locum 
 tuae prohandae riiiutu expectas ? hie dies de nosfris contro- 
 vereiis iudicabit, Haec cum dixisset, procedit extra muni- 
 
 » SL 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 55 
 
 ?oeperunt. 
 ignitiuline 
 ) max i mo 
 ia, turres 
 :oeperunt. 
 i fuit, lit, 
 -im miilti- 
 ue omnes 
 llo deced- 
 qiiam, ac 
 dies nos- 
 eveutum, 
 ;ur atque 
 essumqiie 
 'a flamma 
 a, tertiae 
 ■lint suos- 
 i iiitroire 
 ist nemo, 
 tiirrisqiie 
 
 tiones, quaeque pars hostium confertissima est visa, inrumpit 
 Ae \ orenus quidem sese turn vallo continet, sed omnium vLi^ ro 
 tus existimationem subsequitur. Mediocri spatio relicto Pullo 
 pilum in hostes immittit atque unum ex multitudino pro- 
 currentem traicit; quo percusso et examinato, hunc sclitis 
 protegunt hostes, in ilium universi tela coniciunt neque dant 
 progredieruh fao.ltatem. Tr.nsfigitur scutum Pullon^etveru- xc 
 turn m baltoo defigitur. Avertit hie easus vaginam et giadium ' 
 diu^ere conanti dextram moratur manunC impeditumqu 
 hostes eircumsistunt. Suecurrit inimicus illi Vorenus'e 
 laboranti subvenit Ad hunc se eonfestim a Pullone omnis 
 ml itudo eonvertit; ilium veruto transfixum arbitrantur. 
 a.1,0 commnnis rem gerit Yorenus atque uno interfecto 
 rehquos paulum propellit; dum cupidius instat, in locum 
 
 luni fert Pullo, atque ambo incolumes eompluribus interfectis 
 summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt. 8ic for 
 tuna in contentione et certamine utrumque versavit, ut alter 
 alter, .nmncusauxilio salutique esset, neque diiudicari posset, 
 uter utn virtute anteferendus videretur. 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 ii 
 
 ill 
 
 T'orenus. 
 
 qui iam 
 Vorenus. 
 cr alteri 
 ultatibus 
 mitiones 
 ut locum 
 H contro- 
 pa niuni- 
 
 CHAPTER XLY. 
 
 The means adopted of conveying to C»sar the critical 
 condition of Cicero. 
 
 Quanto erat in dies gravior atque asperior oppugnatio, et 
 maxime quod magna parte militum confecta vulneribus res 
 ad paucitatem defensorum pervenerat, tanto crebriores litterae 
 nuntuque ad Caesarem mittebantur , quorum pars deprehensa 
 m conspectu nostronim militum cum cruciatu nccabatur. 
 Erat unus intus Xervius nomine Vertico, loco natus honesto, 
 qui a pnma obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugernt suamque ei 
 
66 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 .sua.lef praen.ns, „t litteras ad Caosaron. .l.ferot. L nio 
 - m utculo n.Iigatas effort et Gallus inter Gallos «ine u 
 suspunono versatu.s ad Caesarem pervenit. Ah eo de peri- 
 culis ticeronis legionis.pie cc^-noscitur. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVI. 
 
 C«sa. sends messages to his legati to join him in going 
 to the relief of Cicero. 
 
 I Caesar acceptis lltteris ],ora cireiter nndecinua diei statim 
 nuutn,m m Bel ovacos ad M. Crass,nn n.ittit, cuius Inberna 
 aberant ah eo miha passuum xxv ; i„l,ot u.edia nocte legioneu, 
 proficsci celenter,ue ad so venire. Exit cum nuntio Crassus 
 5 Alterun. ad C. Fabiun. legatum nuttit, ut in Atrebatium fin^ 
 logionem adducat, qua sibi iter faciendun^ sciebat. Scribit 
 Labieno, si rei publicae comniodo facero posset, cum legfone 
 ad hnes Aerviorunj veniat. Reliqua ,rtem exercifns, 
 quod paulo aberat longius, non putat expoctandam; eauite 
 lo circiter quadnngentos ex proximis hibernis ccit ' 
 
 i'l n 
 
 CHAPTER XLVII. 
 
 ""Tts Tuf Pab* ^^-.'^^°^"-' -d on his approach C.sar 
 :Z2tlT:::r '^™ ^^ --« ^abie^us deems it 
 
 I Hora circiter tertia ab antecursoribus de Crassi adventu 
 eert.or actus eo die niilia passuuni xx progreditur. Crnssum 
 Samarobrivae praeficit legionomque si attribuit; quod ibi im- 
 pednnenta exercitus, obsides civitatum, litteras publica.s fnnn- 
 
 5 entumque or ne, quod eo tolerandae hiemis causa devexerat 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 57 
 
 1 tfnrio r'o^ • ■ . . ^^^^tjJii'i Victoria cliern sciret 
 
 iitieras Laesari reinithf n^^^r.^ . oluli, 
 
 '."».-■. od„ct,„.,: : '^, r ;:::;, ■■:'";'': '"^t™- ^-^ 
 
 scribi* • <lnp,.f . f?^^^'^'" "' i'-^buromhus per- 
 
 ro ,,:;, °, ',■ '''™ "''""•■'""' ""Ji'^'-'-'T'o corias Tr ve- 
 
 lO 
 
 IS 
 
 CHAPTER XLVIir. 
 
 CflBsar make, a forced march to the relief-Mar,„. . 
 communicate with Cicero-Joy "the ^Z '" 
 
 Caesar consilic eiiis l1I•(.^v^f.^ ^* • 
 
 N'ervi,,,.,,,,. „„, ^,, Tx -ptivr "'"°"': "'""""'■' "■ 
 Cicoronem gerantur .pu.nto.iuo in peri^ulo res s T 
 
 -iicitc casu ad turnm adliaesit iieque n iin<^f,.;Q im, • . 
 
 ««latur. Ille ,,e.lectara in conventu militun. 
 
 10 
 
 I ;j 
 
68 
 
 Cesar's oallic war. 
 
 
 CHAPTKR XTJX 
 
 ' Galli re cognita per exploratory obsi.lionem reImoun„t , 1 
 Caasarem omnibus copiis conten.Iimt ir ^^^""IW't, ad 
 circiter niilii ,v r: , '"""""'"'• Hnpo erant arraata 
 
 iter media nnnfa p. ""verusse. Minims htteris c re- 
 
 eximia per sp viv lir.,..; •,■ ' ^^' ^''^^ ^^ant 
 
 o..n° .-nrpeaii,; i^" rrr;™;!?™'' "^--^'^^ »'"- 
 
 hostibus venial 1,^^ ? '"'"™ ™"'«"P«onem 
 
 pos,.«. '^ '■ '''"' """"'"J'^^'me itinera vallem tmnsiri 
 
 lO 
 
 15 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 »u incend- 
 bitationem 
 
 69 
 
 *r— Cicero 
 b.is camp, 
 
 lUUJit, aJ 
 '' armata 
 3 eodein 
 litteras 
 snterque 
 omnem- 
 ris circ- 
 s'lue ad 
 I niovet 
 s trans 
 Erat 
 
 ; turn, 
 
 animo 
 
 quani 
 i erant 
 
 null is 
 axime 
 ionem 
 partes 
 'ansiri 
 
 CHxVPTER L. 
 Cavalry skirmishes-Csesar feians four <« « ^ . 
 
 nnn.i comment . balli, quod ampliores copias ouae 
 
 rr:„::rr • ; ::rr' r-- '' '-'' "-"^^ 
 
 " s^iuni locum elicere nntscpf i,f o.-* 
 l.o.set, ,,t ex,,lorat.s Uineritas minore cum periculo valle,, ' 
 acced proe] umque cm, „osW, equitibus oon.raittit Caesa. 
 ex oran.bus partibus castra altiore vallo muuiri , 2,! ', 
 cursari et cum simulatione agi timoris iubet. 
 
 CHAPTER LI. 
 
 The Gauls fall into the trap and attac. the camp-C««ar 
 "allies and routs them. 
 
 Qnibus o„,„ib„.s ,.e).„s l.ostos invitati cnpias faducunt , 
 c, mq„e ,„,q„o loco c„„stiluu„t, .ostris vero etiam d v |„ 
 leducfs p„p,us aocedunt ct tola intra n,u„itio„e„, exo ,^ 
 m. pa*bu,s coiciunt praeco„ibu,q„e circun.n.issis ^^Zl 
 
 tert,am ad se tmns.re, s,„e periculo licero; post id tempu, ' 
 non ore potestoteu, ; ao sic nostros conte^pserunt ,t ol 
 *„ct,s ,n s,«,e,„ portis singulis onlinibus a.spil n .uo, 
 - nou posse introrumpere videbantur, alii vaHum 1° 
 aomde,., alu fossaa complere iuciperent. Tu„ C es^^ o^ .o 
 
60 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 
 OHAPTKR LIT. 
 
 the heroes of it. '""^ deienoe, and congratulates 
 
 ' I-ongius prosequi vprftnc , ., 
 
 -lebant „e ue otia,,,; 'l^;'. '''"^ ■-'"dosquc in..., 
 
 "'"I"' viJobat, on,„ibr°,"™"' '""'"'" '"•■■"" ■■«■ 
 C.-cero„e,„ ,„,:,„, ";,'-»l'"nn,„, ™.I.„, ,,,„ „j 
 
 -'l"o hosti,„„ adnnVatu. ^Tj ' r? '^""'""- ■""■..'ion- 
 
 '- ""."ib„s i„,,i„at .eb-s „ '"■"' ■"■"« """-'■- ox 
 
 -": virtuto res ™t ad-iil l"""' .'"™"'" "' l""'"'^ 
 
 t-ti".om-„ CiceronJc !;;:'''" ;«""'""' '"■■« vi.t„te„, 
 mortal,-,,,,, ,t ,i,,„t„ ... , '^"^;"'°'' ''""<■«<•'■■. <l.or„„, ;,„. 
 
 ^-^-..a.e.,a,,,,,:;:--^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 lo 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 61 
 
 •'itiT Jiostoa 
 '•'••ft Jicnio, 
 "'lis ex Hit. 
 
 >f Cicero — 
 eratulates 
 
 110 intor- 
 'X'uiii re- 
 •liV' ad 
 lunitiou- 
 'cit, noil 
 lere ; ex 
 
 quanta 
 TO cius 
 tini tri- 
 irtuteni 
 
 Cottat) 
 
 Iiahita 
 : <|iiO(l 
 ", line 
 m iiu- 
 
 Jiosti- 
 
 CHAPTER LIU. 
 
 '•'""^ P--nnu abosset ci,. to ; ' """ '"' ^^'^^^"""^ Ciceronis 
 ''"" ^''^-arpervenisset, an „ . hr'"' ^"'^ '"•''"" "-"-" 
 
 I'^rJata In<l„tioniarus, qui post V ^''""' ''^' '^'''^'^'^'-o^ 
 
 -« ^'-reverat, noct. piX^ ,f ""'"'^ ^^^'''^-' ^'Pl-^n- 
 roducit. Caesarlabiunc ;,:"■•''" """" "' '^•-•-- 
 
 •-rn,s hioniare constituit ct Tu / T"'^"^"^'^'"' ^'-"-^ ^n 
 -ant, totam InonKun il '. '"?' ""^"^ ^'^^''- --tit- 
 
 ^^^am iJlo inconnnodo de V „• " "'" "^""'^« ''^^-'it. 
 ^'alliae civitatc. do bo]l ect J?^^ ^^^"^■^•^*^ -"»- ^-^e 
 "^ 0""^es partes dinnttob. 1 "^'^f' T'''' ''- ' '"^-1"« 
 ,a^q- unde initiun. bell tet T "^" "'"'^•^'^ ^5 
 
 ^:-« clesertis concilia hab " [ i^!""'"'* -cturnaque in 
 ';'.<^'»i« ten^pus sine so]Jicitu L r "''''"■ "'^""' ^^^'^ ^-^^^-^ 
 f ^l"-n de consiiiis ac ^e .."^'^^""^ "'^---it, cp.in 
 
 ^--t, certio. fact:re;t ;j:f ""^ .^-^- ^^-"-ao \.:^; ,. 
 
 quae Aremoricae appeJJan u f '°^"" '"'""^ ^^^'itatum, 
 7 -auo iongius^i-H :";^;;~ «t ^ausa convenl 
 a ";«se, sed nuntio adlato de S " n '''" • '^ ^^'^^'•'"'^ «uis 
 "t fugae sindlis discessus yi^^ ^^"'^"^ ^----e. adeo 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
62 
 
 c.^esak's gallic wak. 
 
 CHAPTER LIV. 
 
 ''Tzpelth? V° Tt"": """'"^^ °' ciisafrection-The Senone, 
 ezpel the king he had established -Scarcely a state can be 
 rehed upon except the Haedui and R«mi Reflections. 
 
 I At Caesar principibus cuius(,uo civitatis ad so cvocatis 
 alios torritan.lo, cum se scire, quae fioront, denuntiaret, alios 
 col.ortau.lo niagnani partem Galliae in officio tennit. T.uneu 
 Senones, quae est civitas iu prinus firma .t mammae inter 
 5 Gallos auctoritatis, Cavarinum, .pumi Caesar apud eos r.-en. 
 coiistituerat, cuius frater Moritas-us a.lventu in (JuHian, Cae- 
 Gariscuiusquemaiores reg.uim o})tinuerant, interficere public, 
 consdio conati, cum ille praesensisset ac profugisset, usque 
 ad fines insecuti regno domoquo expulerunt et, missis ud 
 lo Caesarem satisfaciendi causa legatis, cum is omnem ad se 
 senatum venire iussisset, dicto audientes nou fuerunt \c 
 tantum apud homines barbaros valuit, esse aliquos re])ertos 
 pnncipes belli inferendi, tantamque omnibus voluntatum 
 commutationem attulit, ut praeter Haeduos et Kemos quos 
 15 praecipuo semper honore Caesar habuit, alteros pro vetere ac 
 perpetua erga populum Komanum Jide, alteros pro recentibus 
 Galhci belli officiis, nulla fere civitas fuerit non suspecta 
 nobis. Idque adeo baud scio mirandumne sit, cum com- 
 pluribus aliis de causis, tum maxime, quod qui virtute belli 
 20 omnibus gentibus praeferebantur, tantum se eius opinionis 
 deperdidisse, ut populi liomaiii imperia perferrent, gravissime 
 dolebant. 
 
 CHAPTER LV. 
 
 Indutiomarus aggressive-His intrigues. 
 
 I Treveri vero atque Indutiomarus totius hiemis nullum tem- 
 pus intcrmiserunt, quia trans Ehenum legates mitt.-ent, 
 
BOOK V. 
 
 63 
 
 c.vitatns solhcitnicu, lu.c.niii.s pollicorontMr, .nagna parto 
 .'xerctiKs nostri intorforta nn.lto n.i.iorem s„ikmvh.so diren.i.t 
 l-artoni. Xci,,, tamen ulli civitati Oor>nan,.ruin p.rsuad.Ti c 
 l-tu.t, ut iJlH-ntun transirot. cum so bis oxportos dioeront, 
 Anovst. bell. ,.t Tonctnorun. transitu: ncn osso a.nnli,,; 
 fortunani tomptaturos. Hac spc lapsus In.lutiomarus nihilo 
 imnus copias cogoro, rxc-n-ere, a liniti.uis o.pu.s parar., oxsulos 
 ilaiunatosque tota ( Jallia nrngnis prae.niis a.l so adlicero coq.it i o 
 Ac tanta.n sibi iani his robus in Gallia anctoritateu) comparav; 
 emt, ut undi.iue ad eum ]cgatic,n(,s cmcurrereut, grutiaui 
 atque amicitiam publice privatim.iuc petfiont. 
 
 CHAPTER LVI. 
 
 He is joined by other tribes, and holds an armed council- 
 Determines to attack Labienua. 
 
 Ubi intellexit, idtro ad se veniri, altera ex parte Senones i 
 Carnutesque coi.scientia facinoris instigari, altera Xervios 
 Atuatucosriue belhun Jloumns parare, neque sibi v„luntaria- 
 n,m copuvs defore. si ex finibus suis progrodi coei^isset, arn,a- 
 Unn concilmn. iudicit. Hoc more Gallorun, est initiuni belli • , 
 quo lege communi ok. -. puberes annati convenire coguntur • 
 qui ex lis novissinnis venit, in conspcctu multitudinis omni- 
 bus crucatibus affectus necatur. In eo coneilio Cingetori.rem 
 altenus pr.noipem factionis, generum suum, quern supra de- 
 nionstravimus Caesaris seeutum fidem ab eo non discessisse, lo 
 bostem ludicat bonaque eius publicat. His rebus confectis 
 m conciho pronuntiat, arcessitum se a Senonibus et Carnuti- 
 bus ahisque compluribus Galliae civitatibus ; hue iturum per 
 hues Eemorum eorumque agros populaturum ac, priusquam 
 Id faciat, castra Labieni oppugnaturum. Quae fieri velit. 15 
 praecipit. ' ^ 
 
 li 
 
 I 
 
64 
 
 CESAli's (lAU.IC WAB, 
 
 CHAI'TKIi I.Vir. 
 Labienu. makei o«uHou, propat»tion.. 
 
 S ..a, c„.n,ta ,,„a„. i„ ......cili., ,,,„,..,!„, ,„„„„, „ , ' " 
 
 iiiii n)j,iiuHt,ei(.a, alias conloduciKli mf <„....;♦ i- 
 
 -o ..,..; a„. ,„„.„„„„„ „,„„^,^ ^^„^^ l::\i ' ™ : 
 
 l'.'"t; l.ab,enMs s„os ,„tm ,m,„i,,i„„e,„ c„„ti„cl«t ti.uoris,, 1 
 c'l.m,o„e,„, ,i,„buscum,,ue potorat rebus, „„gebat ' 
 
 CHAPTER lATIi. 
 
 siios custotln.s Ultra castiw coiitiimit ut milln v.a 
 
 
nooK V 
 
 65 
 
 I 111 IS I'astris 
 iiiiohal, jic! 
 
 (!Oi,'itab!it. 
 If Iiidiitio- 
 
 iiiittit 11(1 
 lis cert mil 
 t;niii oiniii 
 f, alia.s ut 
 territaiidi 
 iin coicie- 
 'inioris(|ue 
 
 I»"His „„„„.„, r,,„i(atu,n ...iiiitil,; pracrii.it .inn M . r •. 
 
 ="S,l:;;-:;::: :::::; :i: =:'-; 
 
 F=.;s:;:::=r::::;;::;,:; :=:•£?■ 
 
 »'l"'ti''"s s,il.si,li,, Conn.n.lnf 1 ' '"'' """''■••'""■t--^ 
 
 oiiijMolMt iK.iiiiiiis Cf.iis 111,1 Knrdii,., 
 
 KM. }u.U,r, . .' ,".'""""^'l-nMnum,sva.I.Ml,.pr..l.,., 
 
 ''■"■ "■■ "KiiiU s KI,„r,m,M,i .-t \,„.vi """""'■ 
 
 -:::'V7'^ '^» "-. .«.i .:' ^::a ::; ;n;;:: 
 
 Caesar qiuutiuroiu GalJiuai. " J'l i.iauiu 
 
 20 
 
 iacks the 
 l-aul. 
 
 ad castra 
 timanim 
 a omiios 
 e ea res 
 ex con- 
 tqne ibi 
 iiint et 
 Jvocant. 
 'fporuni 
 duabua 
 
 B 
 
NOTE S.i 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 Chapter I. 
 1. Ea hieme, ahl. of time, " wi,en " 
 
 xl. 18. ^''''- -' '"^"^^ contrast Bk. v. cli. 
 
 annus, 55 b.c. 
 2. Germani an adjective. 
 
 motion in influit. ' ''^^ause of the idea of 
 
 causa, nom., "the vp-iacn ^f ti • 
 
 When ca«.a in abl is used a" "*''''^^''''"«^ ^''''^ *''''^* ' " •" 
 
 "'""^ ^' '^ proposition, it always follows its 
 
 5. complures annos, ace. of duration of time 
 
 i'om (»2ew«s), "nature "-««/»,.« ,. <« ^ = 'Mar cor- 
 
 o. agri cultura, abl. of separation 
 8. Hi, the Suebi. 
 
 " •'■ *" "lucn tile jiote occurs. 
 
 |i 
 
 1 
 
;encler with 
 Bk. V. ch. 
 
 rm of the 
 '111 ill -( tr. 
 
 2Kllillf.-' 
 
 Heiu quo, 
 lie idea of 
 
 It . . ,'' 
 bllows its 
 
 In Eng- 
 ihlor cor- 
 t- broken) 
 
 lumber of 
 
 i3 occurs. 
 
 / I 
 
 KOTES, BOOK IV. g- 
 
 '^. centum pages. Tacitus ilescrib.s th. < 
 
 ". quotannis, ^<.u.i^^J:' ■ , t^jt;::;.-^^" I^'^ '^ "' 
 
 •'XDiv.ssioi, for tbo full "/«/ • "^''^^•"''^- it i.s a .sborteuod 
 
 every iiioiitb." ^ ' '^- '/'"«'' '^'V/.v/A,,.,^ 
 
 Singula milia, distributive "■, fi,, „ i 
 
 10. rehqui ^-remanent. Horace ,mv,.. fl, •^*'"- 
 
 bcythiaiis- J'oi.ac yue^ the .same account (,f the 
 
 Acquali r.rroU 6o,ir rlcarius. 
 
 ~(>'L iii. i,'|. 
 
 ™».,f:!r™L;i;..;i;:'i^::;:--;- ^ .....„.„ 
 
 secou.lary se.,ueiiee respectively "J'"''*"'' 'i^'"^" '" l'nn,ar.\- ai.d 
 
 J.^ in vicem, .< in turn"; distributive use of ;..., Hk. ,, ,„. 
 
 .12. ratio atque usus, "scienee and practice"' Tl.n , 
 form one idea, contrasted Mith agri cultum lV '" """"'' 
 
 --. -'«! the sin.mlar verb interSitur "'" '*'^"'' "^'^ "^^* 
 
 13. agn partitive gen., dependent on nihil WV .1. 
 "private landed property." ^ ""«''* «">' 
 
 b>. maximam partem, "for tlie .,>,.c:f , i. v 
 variously classed under aci^tr;^ ^1^ ! "'^''7' ''''''''''''' 
 «pcct ; of. multum in tlie same se, te, e. S , '"^"'"'^■'^ '"' ''*^- 
 are ../,m, " as for the rest .;""° ''"*'-"^.*''- ^'""I'lr uses of the ace. 
 
 ''of that'kind"T:t;i,^;: -xn.;-;''-t- 
 
 eex." See L. P.,i § 213. """"''''' of tlie male" or "female 
 
 lacte atque pecore, abl. of means. 
 
 we should employ a spc i d ten ft T ""T'''''' ""'■' "''^^•''^ 
 context. It Ills lL„ com .^^^^^^^^^ It takes its meaning from the 
 
 pleasure. " Cons de"a , "^ " '" ' '''"''^ '-''"^^'i''^ '^ »- 'i"cd in at 
 
 ''-.t,"arecom;;:rr:;^.,.-~— ^ 
 -<i training, tLy do n^^i^'^'i :::^ ;:^;:! "^^^^^ 
 
 clause IS explanatory of libertate vitae ^ ' *''" "'^ 
 
 18. a pueris. so in Greek, .V ,«/5a.., «' from boys." 
 
 ^ L. P. refers to Kennedy's Revised Latin Primer. 
 
.■8! *■ 
 
 68 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 Here se. by its pLitio^ ^ ^^ ::;'::':'' "^^*"-">'^- together.' 
 est corporis pars • el, i o r,//- ^ "'"norous : .,,,. l.elou- magna 
 
 the,nselves.» "'' = ^''^^ ''=^^'*^ «« thoroughly im.re.i 
 
 21. locis frigidissimis, ab] abs w,>i. 
 the cliniate be extremely cold » "''''''^' '"'^^' "*''-«'' 
 
 ^^. haberent . . . lavarpnH,^ ,• i 
 
 probable explanation of this 1,/ ■] '"°'' "'''*'"-''^'- T''« 
 
 as the Latin^erfeet «o eon .n ll ';""; """'"'. "'-^'"l-'ity i.s that 
 
 «"bjunet. was used .hJ^To^in v '" ?''''* '"'"^"^' *''« ""P-'f- 
 perfect meaning. ^--asionally, when it had its strictly 
 
 Chapter II. 
 
 1. Mercatoribus desiderent " a 
 
 f oor ') is granted to traderr^:,!;.,,,^:^^^^^^^^ ["'^^^ '''^'^ ^P^" 
 
 (or a -market-) for the booty th -v . 17 '"'"'^ imrehasers 
 
 clesire of any in.port trade.'' ^ ^ ""' *'"'"' "' ^^^'^ t^an from a 
 
 vend;;xi.d :o;g^:^;:rd bif^Sber"^^^'^-*^ ™ ^^--'^ V 
 
 II.). Sf^:;.- Igfr^ '^"^ *° ^"-' ^--^^ - '--Wctive (see App. 
 
 '• qTaXo"'^' -»i".et. quibus = . .. (.ee App. „, 
 alleged oaus'The'reasori -t-r*' "?"f'^' "''^''^"^ ^''^J"-*- of 
 
 -ight be attribute;;'(:e:i;p' ii") " " *'" "'' ""' '^"^ -- "-t 
 
 auam and the comparative are equivalent in sense to a nega- 
 
 
or rjuality; 
 
 or the ('(jiiiv- 
 
 iportuit fact 
 
 wish to eiii- 
 ' the chijii.sy 
 eii hy order. 
 I like psf, se, 
 go together. 
 n, adds em- 
 l»w, magna 
 '<■ ; til. V. 0, 
 ,'ldy inured 
 
 ') " tiiougli 
 
 <i.\. 11. 
 
 iiei- addux- 
 I'ist force ; 
 ral. The 
 ty is that 
 le iniperf. 
 is strictly 
 
 an open 
 iirchasers 
 n from a 
 
 :rned by 
 
 see A pp. 
 
 met. of 
 'lie that 
 
 a nega- 
 
 NOTES. BOOK TV 
 
 69 
 
 tive, so tliat the r)hrn<»P ,•« ,.;, 4. „ , 
 
 -not b.™,„,,, "'-':,;: ;:, f >:«';r- «>. o..,-„a^„„„ ,„, 
 
 '.».!. -.ftcr a ..egativc, can folloi. Zr,""'""'"' '''"'■'' '' «">■ 
 
 common „.e„,i,„ ,, .. ,„„, ,„^ , J^ , ,rt s, ; ^„„,,^^ ^^_ __^^ 
 
 yum etiam, "iiav morp " cj . 
 this sei.se. ^ '"'^•^- ^ometnnes ^uin is use.I alone in 
 
 travelhng-carriagc," and otliers In I ' = ^^'''«'-''''«'«. m«/.^ "a 
 oommon Celtic words h,rk ' P^ T "^ *''^"^ ^'« -'•^» ^letect 
 ;^l-eled,'' contains the Cel c^^oi^ r'l!f ' '^■'"■^'' '»^^"« "^our 
 CorMisI, pn.rar,. Breton Jl'^r' '"^ '^^-"■- ^Velsh, ^./.J, 
 
 summi ut Jab ' *''^'"-" 
 
 and separated f;o;u labor ™"is ^^1 '^^ ^''"^ ^^'-^^^'^ '^^^^^e ufc 
 - that of cnality or .lescri ,t on!ee on d ""-If'f- ^''"^ S-'*'-' 
 Tlie gen.t,ve is nso.l rathir o Zer^I 'r^^' ^°'' *'^^ '-^^''-t'-^'). 
 
 . . ^ ^^'« because " hahitcs'' f, << , P'nial, 
 
 habetur, "is held," "consideml ' " ^'''-•'^^•t'---" 
 
 ephippiis, a ( ireek word (^d,l^^ /"« - 
 1'. ad, "against. ^' ^'^'""'"^' " ''o.-.se-cloths," "housings." 
 
 quemvis, like quiUhrt, "anv vo,, ,1 ■, ^ 
 from ,„/.,.„;« and «^K wl ich Z, , ^'T\ I^i«ti"g"isl. these 
 -l".valent : non ,..,. /iooy. "• " ,, "<?' ;^^-- ^ -^^^tW. or the 
 
 12 quamvis pauci. ..i;:wev;r r''" '^^ "^ ■^•". 
 
 •"" l^^'j'^^^'ti^'". and also as a relative adv- ^T'V. '' "'^'^ *^'"^ ^^'itli 
 subjunct. '"'■"*'^ *- ^'Iverb (" although '•), with the 
 
 a -JSZ^::;^!^^ Ji^^^ ••--••'« t>"e -.- of the Kervii. ' 
 
 --i-...„onpatiuntu..:.dtogether refuse to allow." 
 
 I: 
 
70 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 ii|i 
 
 Chapter lii. 
 
 1. Publice, "as a iidtion." 
 
 quam agros, "tl.at as wide a tract of country as possible, 
 .strotclm.jr from tlicir borders, sliould Ijo waste land 
 
 4. a Suebis, "in tl.e direction of ti.e Suebi "' ; a vorv c.nmon 
 use ot a, ah: cf. tlie phrases a trrgo, a lafnr, a front r^ ah orram, 
 ah orionti; a soptpntrionihm, a meriiUc, &o. 
 
 centum. Some editors read ,sv=,>.r.»to, an incredible statement, as 
 this distance would comprise the whole of Southern (Jermanv. 
 agri, nom. plur., subject of dicuntur. • ' 
 
 r>. succedunt, "come close up." For tliis use of s„h, cf sub 
 nortrm "at nightfair' ; .„/> valhnn, "close up to the rampart" 
 
 0. ut est captus Gennanorum. "as far as the capacity of the 
 (.ennans allows. ' Captus is a noun. 
 
 7. eiusdem generis, the German race. 
 
 8. multuni, adverbial, as in ch. i. l.l. Below wc liave multo. 
 The difterence is that mnltum is usn.l ^^•itn verbs, multo with com- 
 parativcs (an abl. of measure). 
 
 10. moribus, abl, as officio in ch. i. Hi. 
 
 cum, concessive, "although." 
 13. humiliores infimioresque, predicative, "reduced tiiem to a 
 state ot tar greater dependence and weakness." 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 
 1. causa, "case," "position." It is from this use of rau.a that 
 the iTencn rho^e, whicli is derived from it, gets its meaning 
 
 supra. Ch. i. 2. 
 
 2. diximus. Notice the transitive use of ,lko with accusati^■e 
 in sense of "mention." It may be well hero to give a warning 
 ahout verbs which in grammars are said to " take a dative " Xo 
 verb really "takes a dative." Either tho verb is transitive in 
 J'.nglish and intransitive in Latin, as vono tihi, "J hurt you "-lit 
 = "I am hurtful to you" {m parro, "I am sparing"; pareo, "I 
 am obedient ), or, more fre.|uently, what in EnglLsh seems the direct 
 object IS 1.1 Latin the indirect. For instance, imi„ro is a transitive 
 \crb, p,nda.3 such takes an accusative -;w/;;rv-o oWfMs, "I demand 
 Iiostages"; impero hor, " I order this"; but, as usual, the indirect 
 ol'jcct 13 m tho dativc-i;«^y,/-o llhl, "I order [tiiis to] 
 
 credo me tU>i " 
 
 X entrust myself to you ' 
 
 redo tihi. 
 
 you. 
 
 So 
 
 ' I trust [to] 
 
NOTES, BOOK IV. 
 
 71 
 
 you Hence '• Postages are demanded "=: ohsklrs imprranfyr - 
 hostages are ordered " = oW,/;5,. ir.p^ratur, beeause onTthe "/ 
 
 of the aetu-e construction can become the sub ect of the Z ve 
 2. complures annos, ace. of duration of time. Do not misled 
 
 atio • bottom ;■"' ':-'"""S'" "^'^^'^ ^^«- -* '-^l-'-^yB i" Pl ur 
 
 f the wLlriir;" rr" ^"•"'="'^"""g *- y-rs l ^.s in 
 
 .'-.. ine Mhole time); duohus a,i,m his acwr rmt = '-dnrma two 
 years lie was ill twico" (J p m +!,«. r 1 '""- ""ring two 
 
 nocte, below ^ ' * ' '°"''" ""^ *"'° J'^''^'-^)- Cf. una 
 
 3 air '°"'V °«'"P^'-«J to a;;o/„^ the imperfect to a //«. 
 
 d. agris, abl. of separation. 
 
 multis locis, in omitted ; see on ch ii 7 
 
 4. triennium, duration of time : so bimniim 
 
 regiones. See map, 
 9 prohibebant "tried to stop." When prolabeo is used with- 
 o« a negative the usual construction is the infinitive, a. here wh 
 
 JuneVr X'p: IL '''''^'' '' ""'''-' -' '"'" ^^^*" "^^^ 
 11. custodias. Custodiae consisted of sentinels put to anard a 
 particular pent; ri.iliae, small outposts of three o'r our mei f o^ 
 night watclies; stationes, larger detachments. 
 tl,„ n ''^''^''V ^^ ' ■ • «"°"lavenmt. Simulo is constructed with 
 
 from theten ^of'o ' -f^'"'*'""' "insisting of." to be distinguished 
 11 om tne gen. of quality or description. 
 
 reverterunt. Just above the verb is deponent It is onlv 
 ac ive in the perfect and the tenses formed from it ^ 
 
 which T.r*"' "'^""»g°"^"igl>t"-M., "within the limits of." 
 .>ee note un complures annos above " 
 
 use ofTS"; "''' "''"^'" ''^*^""- ^'^^^ '^^•^ ^^ - -- verbal 
 
72 
 
 C/ESAIi',S GALLK,; WaU. 
 
 .^, Pnus quam a„.I .«.- J/: ;'';;';rV'^^* '"-- " t« occupy." 
 7th tl.c .sul.junct., oven of a S ^ '""' TT'' '''' °^*-' '--I 
 
 -"• se eoruni Sp " *. H'- ^^-J 
 
 -p'«."i,„,c,„„„,;;:;.i;:„;^,^^7»™™"-. 
 
 CirAPTKB V. 
 
 I' l^^finnJtatem, " instahility "' 
 ■Tovo, ,«„„,. Notice tLccnSL .J^'""' "" P'™" —.- 
 
 time. ' i^'''""^ ^ gen. C f. ^/ ,',.w^,om, « at tliat 
 
 a chinso tl.at is practically e.,ui In f "'"'' ''' '"-^'•''' '""t^'o^luoing 
 
 t '"g-- For an exa„.p ^ t is • l f '^•' *" ''''''' ««">« -- 
 t'xpression. ^ '"»^<'«) ceduhtaH as a proverbial 
 
 S' quid . . . audiprif 
 editions roa.l 7'-'/ In" tlusTrr*' T^'"^* ^^"^«*'«"«- ««'"« 
 
 i- ^r ,.^^^: t^r ti;^?" ^^^ ^^■'-*''- «-^^ ^ ^om. 
 
 quibusque, quasque; ju«t bdlr ^ '"" "''*'' '/«'-' attache.!, as 
 
 ^^^ quaerant . . . circumsistat . . . cogat, constructed with 
 
 pronun'iiare!^"* " ' ' '*"^'^"^' ""^"'"'^* questions dependent on 
 8. pronuntiare. Renieinhpi- +i.„4. 
 
 -«-';;•«. -. not wir:;*;,, X;:r " °™*""'"' -* «- 
 
Some 
 ilative, 
 
 and rumours tlicv ofto., f^.. i • • 
 
 «'ey are the slaves of unco,? in. '. *° ''P'"'* '^'^ *'"' "l'"t : for 
 
 9^ audltionibus, " lH,u..say " 
 
 i". eos, govenu'd I.y ti.o i,„n, ,. i 
 
 paenitere necesse st 'v "T'''''' 
 
 ^tructicB- ^^;^ ;^;-' -' ).a« tl„.o alternative con. 
 
 Vwss,' ,sf. J rat I 
 
 I ,. . f = you must go. 
 
 .•P^"'i"«'''-.''''-toftlH.traLs 
 l-ficta..ec.Hfterrespondeant(.see;.neh.iv.2). 
 
 ('"APTKR vr. 
 
 ]. ne- 
 
 ^■■>;;",^' ti,e predicative adjective ' ''"'^ ''^"^■'' "''>' <'^' tnu.s- 
 
 ■••«u.»«y of tl,e Latin. Wl,e, "f, " '""1"";" »"l'"", will, tl,o 
 «o sl.ouH say simply •• a,l< • p ' l\"'"" »"«' " ^''''H I'." „ asU-.l " 
 
 •'■ cognoTerat. Tlio fut ti..,' „ • . 
 
 ;■;;;«'■ *»»-s .luuit „.»;,„»„;,,'';; ;i ■«■'."'«» s„,,„,,,i,„„ ,„,,. 
 
74 
 
 Cesar's ciALirc war. 
 
 !o"or;"1" ^P"*'''- "^^^^"•^' '-'"« ^een demanded" (see 
 JJ- gerere constituit Nnti,.o ♦!,„♦ *i 
 -<'V.o is the prolativu inHuitrvo "'"'' construction of 
 
 note 
 
 con- 
 
 Chapter VU. 
 
 wiut'^tid t^ia'of r^'^^i^: 't\ ^r ^^^"^^ °^ *■- -- 
 
 are not aggressively attacking iirRolV" '7' ' " ^^'^ ^'^'■"'^"« 
 
 «. -»''-"»■'-' See- «oTr. '~^'"'- "■ 
 
 bo -IrSrCT;,:'"''''"''" """' <-° ™ «'■ ^- =0 ■ "We can 
 
 attribuant, jussive subjunct. All thrn.mh ♦! • 
 the prnnary sequence is used for sake dJ v Ses '""' '' '''■ ""'^ 
 
 perfect pLeclt The ense her T ""If '^'" '°*'' °^ "'^'^'» "^^^e 
 from ;,oLv/o. ''' '''"'^'^ *'"^* «'« ^o«l i» the text is 
 
 "tely ""reTse-." ' "'"^"^"' ^"^^''^*^^' -•^-•. "there was abaci- 
 
 Chapter VIII. 
 
 to tn'v^^-Tadfan'anr""':"' " "'"* '* ^^^^^ 8°°^ to him 
 As to th; spellr TCartoTk'fl"; ^""^ -t^Greek rSof. 
 speeclies in ancient writers are not ^ ?" P' ^^^ ^"^'« = " Tl>e 
 constitute the dramati^^L'ne.t" lisTrr tL ^ '^"f ^^ ^''^^ 
 say wliat was actually said hnt to c u : "^ '"^"t is not to 
 occasion." ^ ' ^"' ^'^ '^^ ^^at was appropriate to the 
 
 exitus. " the conclusion." 
 
landed" (aee 
 ctioii of con- 
 
 NOTES, liOoK IV. 
 
 f this sonic- 
 ices wliere," 
 ' e Oeiinaiis 
 same time 
 traditional 
 t to beg for 
 &c. 
 the last to 
 
 hi is made 
 [I. 
 
 " We can 
 
 of or. obi, 
 
 '0, "I am 
 lich make 
 ;l>e text is 
 
 ^as absol- 
 
 J to him 
 ek e5of«. 
 : "The 
 5. They 
 s not to 
 e to the 
 
 3. verum, "fair " 
 stntt ^^,tl. v.v„l .oquenco 
 
 75 
 
 Possint, Ac, a mixture of 
 
 •'•praesertim. •. which could ho givc„(to ., 
 
 fe'^i'i (to any poopl,.), particu- 
 
 1 I \ »'iiicn 
 
 i'li'ly to 80 groat a hor.lo.' 
 '• sint . queranf 
 
 • uous. See on eh. iv, 2 
 
 Chapter IX. 
 
 1- ^««leliberata, <'aftordolil,oration•' 
 2• post diem tertium " Uv. \ 
 ,.,,„,„,^. '"">. t. o days after. " The Romans reckoned 
 
 7o7Z7 ^^"---^erunt,ch.iv.,o 
 oJProp., are o^ten S' ; -i;' ^ t'' ^^"'« ^'^^^-^ of comparison 
 Irie!!!!'-*'""'' '^- ^■''- -^-^-^^ii r '""^''' *'"^' ^-^'-e them. 
 
 :!^''^''^^^^^--^Z^2^^ said, could not be 
 
 never varies- flm ,. '^* t'"* phrase w^ ., 
 
 ..csativo. "• "'" "'■ -"«" '- c-i.",.,! ii,.„ a„;;.',,-/j;;:'- 
 
 <^'haptkr X. 
 
 m.o text of tl,i,c,,„,.to,.i, ,,.,,.„,,„,,,„ J 
 1. Mosa , . . Vosprn \ 
 
 "'r? "■■"»« ""■"•ivc, i„ /J.,,, """"■""' "" '"'■■ of tl,e I.i„g„,„.,,_ 
 ".eS'TiJ-""" "^ "" «'■"'. «•-'. .V,.».,, ,„„ ,„„„_,, 
 
 inde-,.P., from the Ocran fI,o v ,; c 
 
 ^^-h mnn is idio„.atio.ii; ; ,." ""'^t':'/'''' '"'"'"' ^-'t'' "-"• 
 ^•ompanson but abl. of measure C /^^^.'.^".' ^"'■•'' ''^ '"^t «''!• of 
 
 I 
 
 iK. ill 
 
76 
 
 C^SAIl's fJAIJJC WAK. 
 
 The natno of tlu; people is treated as that of a 
 
 5. Lepontiis. 
 place. 
 
 Jo°go spatio " for a long .listance " ; ti.e al.l. of measure is here 
 
 sed for the ace of extent, as not unfrecjuently. the two l.eing akin 
 
 in n.eanu,g. "The town is ten unU. .listant" can be tranthxted 
 
 cither by ,!ecrm vuha or .frrnn milihu.^, „hr,/, accor.ling as either the 
 
 mt^ervening sj-ace or tiio measure of distance is considered. 
 
 /. citatus, " with a fast current." 
 
 Oceano. The dative is due to the idea of ' ' nearness " in adpro- 
 pinquavit. and .s not the dative expressing "motion to," whic^i is 
 common m poetry but rare in piose. 
 
 8 multis— effectis, -forming many large islands." ' One of the 
 g.-eat deficiencies in Latin i.s that it has no perfect participle active. 
 J he pass. part, in ab abs. has to bo used to express the idea, but in 
 tianslating use the Enul'./, idiom. Notice, too, that in English we 
 oosely use the i>rc.r,<t where the more accurate Latm uses the ;.,.< 
 tense. There is another diflerence in i.liom between the two 
 anguages to be observed in this sentence, mulfi. i„„cntihmtiVio = 
 "many great." ' ^ 
 
 9. nationibus. "tribes,' a mucli smaller division than our "nations " 
 
 10. piscibus atque ovis, aid. of means, "on fish and eg.'s " 
 
 11. existimantur. "to whom belong those (well-known people) 
 who are thought, ' &c. ; (V..sar has definite people in his mind, and 
 uses the indicative. S>ad qui, meaning "some" {i.e., "there are 
 sucii as ), IS u.sed with tlio subjunctive. 
 
 capitibus, "mouths," more generally used of the "source." 
 
 ;': i 
 
 Chapter XI. 
 
 1. non amplius . . . milibus. Quam omitted, as in last chapter. 
 However, it is possible to regard milibus as abl. of comparison =.v«r,w 
 milia (see note on Ioikjo .yiafio in ch. x. f)). 
 
 2. ut erat constitutum. In ch. i.x.,'so far from making any 
 arrangement • with the envoys for their return, C.esar seems to 
 
 Have discouraged them. 
 
 5. antecessissent, suboldique subjunct. 
 pugna, abl. of separation. 
 
 6. sibi, emphatic position, with special force. In ch. viii C.-esar 
 had promised to send to the Ubii, but the Germans a.sk tLt)h.>, 
 themselve.'i may have the opportunity. 
 
 legatos mittendi. With transitive verbs Caesar generally uses 
 the gerundive construction, and not the gerund ; but he employs the 
 
I that of a 
 
 sure ia here 
 lining akin 
 translatod 
 either tlie 
 
 ' in adpro- 
 
 " whiuii ia 
 
 Dno of tlie 
 pie active, 
 lea, but in 
 •Inglish we 
 
 IS the ])nst 
 
 the two 
 
 tihuiit[\xe = 
 
 "nations." 
 
 ;8." 
 
 n people) 
 
 iiinri, and 
 
 there are 
 
 ource." 
 
 ' cliapter. 
 m=-(//in?u 
 
 dng any 
 seems to 
 
 i., Ctesar 
 that Mf// 
 
 ally uaea 
 )loys the 
 
 NOTKS, ROOK IV. 
 
 ■'"'". rr:;-,r:r°::;;;' '''7, «'-*»■■-> ...".t,, ,,„,, 
 
 l"iic.-. ^ '' °""' '-""" "I""" "I..I I.l.ra,™l„«,. i„j;,i, 
 
 •*^- fecisset, sini'iilai- •'.. . 
 -.hj..ot.s. ^"''"' '" '^»''— "t Mith the n..an... of tw.. 
 
 J'^trlduispatium.ge„.of.h.i„itio„. 
 
 J", daret, jiiM8iv,.Hnl.juiiet " l, n • • .. 
 
 eodem illo. " ten.Ie.l the sa... w' v'"'"' /■'■'r^'"t"'«'"nvt ,/.. 
 H. quam frequentissimi -.r , '^' '"''■'''■'"^• 
 
 ''""':'"'" "f t'^o direct apeeeh ^ ' '" *''"" '''^<' ••'''P'-cae„ting 
 
 '6. mittit . . ne W. i ,, 
 -•'l«nng them not to."' '""''' •'^•■''^' "-■'"''^ then, a n.easage 
 
 eiu.r ;s:::^:^,^;j;^^:;r-". li... ..ti, .„. ,. „.. with 
 
 •^'^-r^'should^:^::'''""^'' '- '--'^ -".'■ Knghah 
 
 ClIAPTKIt XII. 
 
 I..S long sentence is a good exan nle ^^ ^"^^^^«^»°t- The whole of 
 J-t.n arrangement of Lte^e 'witl i^ r"*'"','^^^''^"'^- ^^ *'- 
 sequence of events and i.leas '* '^""'■^' *« *'>- Proper 
 
 ubiprimum, "as soon as." 
 
 ^. Vmilium, gen. of definition 
 cum, "though." 
 
 p.-vrticipial construction can be broiwr; • f '\f ^'"'"''"^ '''^'' '^ the 
 sentence, the abl. aba. is not used ^H *'" ^"'^^^'•"^tion of the 
 
 o-mtted and timentibus W b n ^.IIT''' ""^''* '-^ ^-^ 
 The variation from the general 11.^^ .^«'''-^'^'"^"* ^'th nostros. 
 
 -paration of tinzeutibus ^nostril flu "^tr T"'""'"^ ^"'^^' '^^ *h« 
 ch. xhv. 13. " ''^""1 Perturbaverunt. Cf. Bk. v. 
 
78 
 
 C.1-:MAU'M (lALLIC WAIU 
 
 H 
 
 n. Indufciig, •* foru tnici',"«lat. of piirposi! or work coiiti-miiltitctl, 
 his -/.'., tlio I;- .muiiM. 
 
 H. compluribus noal is, "our imih in many cists," iii>t.;ul nt tin; 
 iMiii'o iiatiir.il n)iiij>/iiri/ui.-< >■ iins/ri.'^, " mcvi'imI of uiir iiiun." noster is 
 iiHcd l>y Cii'hiir jw iiii eniiiviilcut for Hiniiiiiiin ; cf. I'li. xxii. X 
 
 {). atque, " ami fiirtlur."' 
 
 10. ita perterritos egerunt, ".so tcrrilii .1 .inil roiitcil." 
 fuga, fvlil. of .separation. 
 
 11. in conspectum, "in Higlit." Wlicnvrr tiuiv is .iny idea nf 
 Mioti(»n, in must Iju u.scil witli tlin a<:t'. 1 1 err ag.iin Latin is more 
 nccurato ; sco on oh. xviii. 10. 
 
 venisjent, Hul)junit., <lno to iiUa df jjurposo in prius quam ; 
 800 on oil. iv. 17, and App. II. 
 
 l.S. Piso had pr(tlial)ly received his Koman name wlieii he ohtained 
 his eitiziinship. 
 
 14. obtinuerat, "!iad lield." 
 
 amicus. Antii-u.t /lujuili /'n)'n<ni! was a tillt! ^'ranted liv tlio 
 Roman Senate to a forei^'ii prinee or chieftain for services remlered, 
 or with u view to sucuro lidelity. In I'lk i. eh. iii. wc luar of 
 Catamantaloudis, chief of tlio .Seimani, mentioned as an nin'fii.i ; \n 
 Bk. i. oh. XXXV., Arinvi-.tus ; and in 15k. vii. cii, xxxi., Ollovico of tiu; 
 Nitobroges, Tho titlo was evidently valued, as Ptolemy Auhtes, 
 King of Kgypt, spent considerable sums of money in tiyin,:,' to 
 obtain it. 
 
 16. enpuit . . . restitit. In onler to make a narr.itive nujro 
 graphic and vivid, or to ompliasise an antitliesis, a connecting part- 
 icle ia often omitted. This omission is called axyndetoii. 
 
 CHAPTEK XIII. 
 
 2. qui . . . intulissent. Even had the verb not been subol)lir|nc, 
 it would have been in tlie subjunct., owing Ln t^ui cau.«al= " inasmuch 
 as they." 
 
 3. ultro, "unprovoked." 
 
 4. exspectare iudicabat, " he thouglit it was the heiglit of 
 
 madness to wait until the enemy in re nuifjrritl and the cavalry 
 returned. Notice again the diirercnco in Lnglish and Latin idiom 
 in tense iisage of the italicised wonls. 
 
 angerentur . . . reverteretur. See on ch. iv. 17. 
 
 5. ; .inunae dementiae, lit., "a sign ot the highest madness"; 
 £ou. of possession used as predicate. 
 
 6. infinni!i,u.3 — i.e., the instability of chan.cter descril)ed in eli, v. 
 
ifiiililiiU'il, 
 
 Nti'iid (pf (lio 
 noBter is 
 
 i. 3. 
 
 imy iilra nf 
 .till i.-i iiioii' 
 
 riua quam ; 
 
 lie <»!>tilillr(l 
 
 itcil liy till! 
 a reiiilcri'd, 
 we hear of 
 (itiiii'iis ; ill 
 ijvico (jf till) 
 ly Auli'tos, 
 1 trying tu 
 
 ativi; iiKji'o 
 iotiiig part- 
 
 NOTKN, I,,, OK IV, 
 
 9 
 
 subohliqno, 
 " inasmuch 
 
 lieiglit of 
 10 cavalry 
 atin idiom 
 
 madness " ; 
 ^d in eh, V. 
 
 ^- quantum . . . auetorUa. 
 •'; legatiB et quaeBtore. IV.r iU 
 
 ;-r'^" •"■--i:-*.r:;;:,:;-? 
 
 <;"-.nlH.,. that ,,u. i,..,.„i,, i, , '- '"'K'-t ....t h t a d,.v ..lip " 
 
 ''n%r''^r^""'^ -'^^ ' "'^""^''^"•'•''"'^••: cf. eh. 
 
 '• <51"oa <'vpl.iin.s res. 
 Postridie eius diei n „i 
 
 '-'• U8i. With I... 'i.ntiui ';;■"''*"' '^'"•"««- 
 
 . ' "• cli. xxxiv. J3 '''"*- *o agree m itl, th*» 
 
 quod 
 
 agreed... ^/.4..red:r;,l7'-y to what had ,,ee„ 
 
 ""P'ymg similarity {e.y., slZ ]f r' P™"*^""«' ''^"•l a-'joc x" 
 
 compa,-,son or contrast ' "'""'' "'"-' -«'^V/,s) to express ,0 
 
 lo. petissent = ;w,vw,„ ,. . "" 
 
 M'.og,edforatluce:; i^;;X .'"'^ ^^'— themselves 
 ^'ties 1^ attacking the Roman ca'aty ^^'^^^^'^^ ^'""""--ed host" 
 ui impetrarent "fr^ ^ • , 
 
 I 
 
 ll 
 
80 
 
 C/KS All's GALLIC ^\'\n. 
 
 further truce that thoy lioped to obtain. Another translation is 
 possil)lc, "by a n.isrepresentation of (tiic infringement of) tlie truce " 
 
 i(i. si quid, lit., " if anything-'--;...., « whatever.^' So s/ ,,>mMdo, 
 "wlienever ' ; sinihl, "wherever"; sinax/r, "from whatever place"; 
 XI ,/im, "by wliatcver way" ; .w ,,im, '• in whatever direction." 
 
 Quos . , . illos. Quos is connective rehitive-^.7 <YAw ; iUos is 
 tiiereforc unnece.s.sarily inserted. 
 
 18. equitatumque perterritum. 'I'he cavalry had .some rea.son 
 
 for fear, inasmucli as (cli. xii.) oOOO of them had been routed by 800 
 of the enemy. 
 
 Cnu'TKR XTV. 
 
 1. Acie triplici, .see Introduction, p. x.wi. . J^vVs is tlie fighting 
 order of troops, rcjiiiru tiie marching order. Apparently liere tliey 
 marched in figliting order. 
 
 2. prius . 
 
 . quam 
 5. consilii habendi . 
 
 . possent. Sec on oh. iv. 17. 
 
 spatio, " time for taking counsel." Sec 
 on (firm piii/iia,, eh. xiii. 10. Notice; tlie dillerence of construction, 
 consilii habendi gerundive, arma capiendi gerund. For explanation,' 
 see on cii. xi. G. 
 
 6. copiasne praestaret, "wliether it were better to lead the 
 
 troops against the enemy, or to defend tlie camp, or to seek safety 
 by means of fligiit " ; tlirec alternative indirect questions, dependent 
 on perturbantur, " are thrown into a state of perplexity." 
 
 7. Quorum, connective relative: cum is a conjunction, not a 
 preposition. 
 
 8. pristini dial perfidia, "by yesterday's treachery." 
 
 9. Quo loco, In omitted, as so frequently with loco, lorU; cf. ch. ii. 7. 
 
 12. puerorum mulierumque, "consisting of women and children," 
 gen. of definition. Notice the significance in the difference between 
 English ami Latin order ; cf. eli. xix. 7, H/wros, wjorcs, 
 
 13. fugere coepit. With an active infinitive, the active perfect, 
 coi'pi, is used; with a imssive infinitive, the dejionent, corptus swn': 
 e.g., co('}>i fia/crc, but cocptun sinii J'ii;/ari. 
 
 Undoubtedly Ca-sar's treatment of tlie Usipetes and Teneteri is 
 one of tile least satisfactory episodes of his career. Even if entire 
 credence be placed in Cicsar's ciiarge of treaeiiery against them (and 
 there is at least one very doubtful point in ids account), he was not 
 justified in dctaiiung a deputation that had come witli apologies, in 
 surprising the enemy at a time when t.iey believed there was truce, 
 and in semling cavalry to massacre the women an<l children. So 
 strongly did his old enemy Cato (a stern, bigoted, uncompromising 
 
'1' translation is 
 it of) the truce." 
 So .s'/ <iiiniiilo, 
 liiateN'cr i)lace"; 
 liroctioii." 
 = el illux ; illos is 
 
 iid .some reason 
 1 routed by SOO 
 
 i« tlie fii;litiii(,f 
 untly here tliey 
 
 17. 
 
 counsel." See 
 i)f construction, 
 ^or cx2)lauation, 
 
 ;er to lead tlic 
 
 to seek safety 
 
 ions, tlejiendent 
 
 ity.-; 
 
 unction, not a 
 
 '■m; cf. ch. ii. 7. 
 
 and children," 
 
 srence between 
 
 active perfect, 
 ;, corptus sxiin : 
 
 ud Teneteri is 
 Even if entire 
 inst them (and 
 it), he was not 
 ;h apologies, in 
 ere was truce, 
 cliildren. So 
 ucoinproniising 
 
 NOTES, ROOK IV. 
 
 «nemy, it must be admitte.l) fed tl„f > 
 
 ^ anksg^ving, was proposed to cet, ^ "'"" f .^'W'^-«^/o. or public 
 But^, ,, proposed as an amendme,^ /^^^^^^ 
 to the Lsipetes and Teneteri. lH! ^ '''''' ^^ ''^"^led over 
 
 be urged that, supposing there was "T" ' '" ^^"^^-*' ^t " -T 
 part ,t was i„ acconlance vvith th. «n-^-. ?'''""^ °" the cnen.y'a 
 -ule c.sar.seen.sinadva:^^^^^ the age (of .,,,, '^J 
 
 «^^le nature of the Gauls ^^r..:^ i:^]:^^:;:^ "'^^ 
 
 2. signi8 militaribus 
 se . 
 
 Chapter XV. 
 
 Th 
 
 "Utaribus. These 11 «-„ « 
 
 «iecerunt, " they hu^d.^' "" '' "'""^'^ - Poles. 
 
 .fff^^gA Roman/) . 
 
 . POBTA DECUMflNA. 
 
 - record of the .narch sou ,.:,?'", '■^'- '!'.^^-- "P- and the 1 
 wo Id read Mos.llae for Mosae ^e bT "^'^' ^°'-' ->thoritie 
 that Ca^sar is refem'n.. to inv nf 1 ^ '* •'^«''»s ^^'V nnJikpW 
 
 !" ^-h-x. Probably the ;:,;';„;,•;:''"-»- than that mentioned 
 « omitted, as lacking incident. ""'^ '' "'^ P^^^« o^ cross^g 
 
82 
 
 C;i?SAI{« (!AI,I,IO AVAR. 
 
 3. confluentem. unci .-,« a sulwt.-uitiv, lik,- mnthuux, ,,rnff,(r„A 
 snmt> iKMin like io,;t.i Ix-iiit,' im.lcrstood. 
 
 •|. reliqna fuga desperata, ".Irspaiiinf,' of fmtli(-r flight." 
 (5- ad iimim, "to a man." 
 
 T. ex . . . timore, " ivcovriiii,' from their foar." h'.r often 1i:,h 
 tlio ineaniiiL; of "after." 
 
 8. cum- fuisset .-xplains timore. We .sl.oul.l put the m-ntepe.. 
 Ill a pan'Uthi'sis ("for the imml.er." ."te.l 
 
 capitum .lepends on milhuii, wliieh i.s yen. of delinition. 
 
 !'. iis. the deputation. 
 
 10. potestatem fecit, "gave tlie oppoitunitv." 
 
 I'J. His --concessit. This a.'.|ui.-seenee on ( ■.e.sa.'.s i)art is more 
 n.aee,u-.lan«Mvi(h his .yeiu-ral eharaeter than tlu- rest of lii.s treat- 
 ment of tlu> Usipetea and Tenctcri. 
 
 CUArTKR XVI 
 
 2. quarum transire, "of these the most valid was that as 
 
 he saw the Germans were so easily p.-rsua.le.l to ero.ss into (Jaul' he 
 wished tl.ey also should have .m.mu. anxiety for their own position at 
 l.onu> l.y iH-ing made to uuder.stand that the army of Homo had I.oth 
 tlie power and the eourage to cross the Khine." 
 
 4. quoque-/.,., they, as well a.s the people whoso land thev were 
 invading. 
 
 G. Accessit . . quod, lit., "there eame also the fact that," /.,■ , 
 l><|sules. A similar expression is aJ,n/in>, rsf <,uod ; ar,r,fo is nsed 
 in this phrasp as the pa.ssive of (u/ifn. 
 8. transisse = /)'(o;.>.v'/s,s'r, fnnisiri.'isi: 
 
 proelio, dative. 
 11. qui postularent, fin.il sul.jnnet., "to ask" (see App. IT ) 
 
 qui intulissent, suhjunet. due to ,,,,1, restrictive ".sneh -us" 
 (see App. 11.) , . 
 
 sibi. Komeml.or that the r,>f1cxiv.. pronoun in a snl.ordin- 
 :ito. olanse can refer to tiie sul.ject of tin, sentence on which it 
 .Icponds. as well as to tlio sul.ject of its own clause. Here of 
 conrse, 8ibi = (Vsar. Thero soems to l,e no strict rule as to "the 
 use of the reflexive pronoun in a relative or rol. a.lverl. clau.s.. 
 when the pronoun refers to the suhjcct of the prim-ipal verl., hut 
 generally It is employed if the verb of the sul.or.liuate clause is 
 in the subjunctive. 
 
 12. dederent. jussive subjuuot. in eemi-dependence on DostulM-«nt 
 (see App, Ii.) - 
 
/•'■r often li.iH 
 
 . till' HCIltclH'l! 
 
 iiition. 
 
 ])iiyi \a iiiorc 
 • if ills ticat- 
 
 NOTEs, hnoK IV. 
 
 »as Hint, as 
 llto (JiUll, lie 
 1 poHitioii iit 
 no liad both 
 
 d tlicy wcio 
 
 t tliJit, " /.(',, 
 •ci'do \n UHC'd 
 
 p. ir.) 
 
 "sncli a.s" 
 
 n sulionlin- 
 11 wliii'li it 
 Hero, (if 
 as to tlic 
 'Oil I clause 
 1 verl), hilt 
 I' i'laiis(i is 
 
 )Ostulfl.rAnf'. 
 
 go 
 
 '2. reaponderunt. c^.^..^ „„, ■ , 
 
 ;-n™. «™.:l ";■::;:,: 'ir;;^--. '— l';:ti:'^^ 
 
 '^'- uni, "alono." 
 
 miserant . fo„„„„ x 
 
 .1.^ .,■. ,„, ■ '— ' . . . <..dora«_„.,„,„.„„ ,,,^ 
 
 '•'• premerentur. virti.oii., n- 
 
 ■"•' -;^ -t" tlie indicative nonllally '^""' '^" ^'-- ^^-'^ -1.:? 
 
 lacere. Seo noto o., d,, iv f> 
 
 occupationibusreipubiicae"Tf 
 fo'cc l.crc, rei publicae ;« 7i • !: ^^*'*=''"Pa«cnibup Ins a no • 
 ftfTairs". ,7 *^ °*® '^ '''^jwtivo con " ,., "^ "'^■^ 'T^ Passive 
 '■'"«, If an active, the 1„ ; *' 'f ••"yag<'"'ents i„ sf.to 
 •''■'n.'UKls of the st-it.. " . <■ ^ ''^ siil'joctive, "tJie ... 
 
 < 1.S used as a ...•,.. •; ' "'•"'"t-'r" (tno,h " nft. , ' 
 
 with ,/«,«. '■' P--ded that." either by iJi^i;':!^ 
 
 transportaret. jussive subjunet. 
 
Bi 
 
 C.T'SAK's (;AI.[,If: M'ak. 
 
 tl^L^u^" r^', 'f ?'•*'" -«-l^) — tance and hope for 
 ... nomen atque opmionem, ".vputati.-n a.ul pre.sti,^. - 
 ems, Ins, .]..p.„.l..Mt on, not a^.v.i... wi 1, exercitus 
 Anovisto pulso. ^\^3 .Uonhl sn, 'Snvin t, tin Lf . f 
 
 w,stns.- T...a...tofAnovi.n.i;........,x^i!:,i:';,'':,;:t:: 
 
 -'•'{. etiam ad. " cv.mi in tho eves of." 
 ~i. opinione. " prcstii,',-." as al)ovo 
 
 Chaptkr XVII, 
 .t™„»f.7;oT°ff- "'"""■'"■'"■gl'.v.l.i,,,,,,!,,. of „,„„, „, i,,. 
 
 I'll. xiii. "). 
 
 tigoofl,im.sdfo..Konu..- For tl... ...... ".'f. .n. xn, 
 
 .>. proponebatur, - pms.nt..,! itself to l,i,n" the 
 
 <»t the passive : ef. oh. .xxxij. lo. 
 
 G. id aliter, "that he nu.st aim at thi.s, or else 
 
 ' middle 
 
 use 
 
 h- _, ' •••^i' <ii"i ill; uijs, or else . . .' 
 
 e adopte.l At an interval of two feet ho l.raeed to.a-ther pairs 
 f Mies a foot and a half thiek, sharpened a little M-^y r „/Tl e 
 
 parti 'ir'"' '''"""'* '''-' ^''-'^'-'y' "^ -^ uncommonly in the 
 
 10. Haec---statuebat. " When, l.y his maehinery, he had low- 
 .ed tliesc into the stream and fixed then,, and ha.l d iven ^ in 
 
 Ml. rammers not ipnte perpen.Iieularlv. like (an ordinary) pi 
 
 ''^.i; r "f 7' r'-*--- - - to in..i,ne\vith til em;';:? s ; 
 
 Mt opposite to these two other pil.s in.-.vd in the same wav at • 
 
 t:aZ:l,';:;^!:;:,;r '•- --"pi"«»« -«"^:'™ 
 
 iiMchiuatloiiibiis, ,..,|,l,i 1 1„. i|],„,,,,,,i„„. 
 
 'I 
 
 Klisiii 
 
cc .anrl liopo for 
 is ol>jootivt>. 
 tigo." 
 Jxercitus. 
 
 till' dctViit of 
 I>l<- i. ell. XXX. 
 
 itive iiifiiiitivo 
 •li on wliicli it 
 
 means or in- 
 ly of the pres- 
 
 ' middle'' use 
 
 10 bridge tliat 
 ogetlier pairs 
 ay from tiie 
 the stream." 
 
 monly in the 
 
 lie li;ul low- 
 voii them in 
 diiiary) pi],., 
 I'nt, he then 
 h: way, at a 
 i.st the force 
 
 I'fect indie, 
 ion Mas ic- 
 IIk! lir(.a<lth 
 t r>-M) feet. 
 20). 
 id eundem 
 
 > -«; 
 
 ll 
 
ffli 
 
 86 
 
 c.i^sar's (JALLIC wak. 
 
 intervaP'). ' "*''" '"'^'•' ^'^ ^^^ ahs. (-there being an 
 
 pile. '^!^i^:p::.:'^xr\:'r7 :i '- ---• ^-^ «^ 
 
 ab inferiore parte Sv"/ , *'" '"">« '•^^^«»»- 
 
 former sense, (V'sar Woes not ..v . . ?. ^■, '^ '** *''^'^^» •" ^'^ 
 lay between the upper end oTt.' ^''■*^ ^'^''^ '^^''^'^^^ 
 
 It would, of eours mak -. diff " ^ ^^'"f P''^" «'' *'- '«--. 
 breadth of the road vay of the W t "'"'''^ ''''' '" *'- 
 
 accurate use of the pLositon Ih' f \"*''^'' "^^ ""ti'^« *'- 
 ab imo. Proposition ab ; of. ab extrema parte, an.l 
 
 been ,^r^:::^~,r™:- :;T7 *"■". '-^ ''^^^ ^--^-^ 
 
 pi es (/.... eaeh member of he ^ i t . *r"''^' '^^''"''^^*" *'-- 
 held apart by two braces on eitClii " ^"^^""'"''^ ^'"'^ "-'^ 
 
 utraque. Vtn'uKP ;» +i> 
 or persons ; in the plu/a 'of s.*' "^^'h ""■' '' '"'''"'"■^^"^'^ tJ"»g« 
 
 17. quPoxtum— 'distlbat ^e -ns thJtT?"" "';''^"' "^'' '•• 
 way rested just filled the space 11!;, / T^ '^? ''•"'^'' *''« ^^^d- 
 says above, were two feet apart *"'" P'^'^' ^^"^'^' ^'resar 
 
 binis utrinjQue fibulin ti,„ 
 as to the nieaning of this ZJJ pn"/''^' divergence of opinion 
 
 (1) a "brace" joining the two n^I./ ", '' "^""""^^^^ interpreted as 
 
 (2) a ..pin" Anninf L' 7;t' ^^^^ 
 
 stays "between the pVroSles!ur P^'" ^'^'''''''^' ^3) "cros : 
 centre of each arclf (En:^^^;^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 •nchne to (1) or (2), as better suSL th " ^^ •'^"'* authorities 
 brooch "or "brooch-pin"), but H «^ ^^""'^ °^ -^''"^^ ("«• 
 
 tur, "were kept apaiV" and til l^-j' '""''^ «"'fcable to distineban- 
 
 It is difficult to sei how th v^'a;ffr "t,"^ ^°""^ ^"'^'^ -'PP-'*- 
 would be the trahs, not th ^7,1/t^f " 'T ,*' ^'^ "■• ^2) ' f-' it 
 apart. There is some sriM S ^ Tf ''"''^ '^'^ P'^^i-^^ ^^ Piles 
 fixed"), which would make Ifod " '"*^-^r ^^''•^■''■""^^«"'"'- ("were 
 whole, as there is no a ^foHty for Z^' "'*' ^'^ ""^ ^'^^ «" *>- 
 to take them in their nat^;! meanbf m ^^^^^^^^ f ^ '* '« ^^^ 
 distmebantur to mean that the A-6./rt -^ ^' """^ *^ "-"P'^i" 
 
 really held the pairs of ^/,«rap. fat .^'^.''"ru^ *''^ ''•^"'■^' ^^^^^^^ 
 are said themselves to keen tl.em It n,'"^ '''*^^^^" *'^« %"«. 
 in the first ill«stratiun.'^^aniT2)r t lll:^ ''' ''' ^^P^^"*^^ 
 
 ■M^ 
 
(Iverl)ial. It is 
 1.1 vo hct'ji oitlier 
 'there being an 
 
 several pairs of 
 le reason, 
 '"(lit., "sloping 
 wcr end of tlxj 
 
 is taken in tlie 
 'Y feet distance 
 
 or the lower. 
 *| feet in the 
 ease notice the 
 ma parte, and 
 
 ■t tliick Jiaving 
 between tliese 
 ite) pairs were 
 
 'ivldunl things 
 "•'», alter. 
 hich the road- 
 which, Cffisar 
 
 ce of opinion 
 nterpreted ad 
 idCohausen); 
 > ; (3) " cross- 
 ■ertically, the 
 t authorities 
 )f Jihula ("a 
 > distineban- 
 icJi support. 
 >'• (2) ; for it 
 :>airs of piles 
 '"'//'("were 
 2). On the 
 3), it is best 
 to explain 
 rahs (which 
 1 the tigna, 
 represented 
 
 III.';.' !';^ i \ 
 
 H 
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 < 
 
 !• 
 
88 
 
 aiiSAl{'.S (iALLIC WAR. 
 
 17. binis Utrimque. If we take fifxilne as " hra^Pa 'W n * • 
 may mean (.) o„ either si.le (in^i.lo l.a outS of t ' ""'^"^ 
 piles, in wl.ich case there would 1„. fn. i ,^ . "" I"'"' "^^ 
 
 18. quibus disclusis tenerentur "n.ul +i. i , • 
 
 apart and clan.pcd in opposite 2!! H. , '' P'^"' ''"'"8 ''^•>'I 
 
 and nature of the BtZtu e t at t ' '" ^'■''* '''^' ^'''^ ^^'''^''gt'' 
 
 of water dashed agai:st it \ f n ;: 2htiv7''' "'^ 7''""^ 
 together." tightly tliey were bound 
 
 of U.jT'"' """"""" '■"• '•*"•'"'' '» >-- "'r.,u,_,>. , ,„e p.,i,. 
 .ee note „„ deflZ^'abovc '""''"''"" -' '"''^■'■'"'•^ '-i^-y. 
 
 23. ac nihilo . nnpaUn* .< ' "" '"^ i-op ot the materia. 
 
 the bridge wrBt™„/., 3'; „""'' "-«'"=l-» ('■.■.. allhou^h 
 
 lower pfr. of t„:X X f f oeTT, "iZ '" f"-'"^'l-"'« 
 and united witli tlie who?- ItlT . ' = "'' "» ■■* bn'tress 
 
 the atrean.. SliTlXTZiTli::^'' "T "f ""■"" "' 
 .ector^. „,d t,.ttl;tf;irdX''°.r«:.e'^''-"'" ■""■ 
 
 ofpi.e:!ri,e'dritjrs^itf;it,r:i:fei'rtf-^^^^^ 
 
 .cf„g a, buttresses (e), and (2) those driven telbm^ Id .J' T' 
 
 rn t ;'rr;.,:: r""^ -»- ^..^.^tirr;- 
 
 24. quae, final = ut eae. 
 
 .n,ean^"ftfeL^ " -°> " " generally an engine of oiTonee , „ere. 
 26. mediocri spatio. See on eh x 5 
 
 purpose's™" ''"'"• '•"'■ """''■"^ "' ■""". "'WP' for tl,e 
 
" (1), utrimquo 
 of the p.-iirs of 
 of tJio bridge, 
 the bridge, in 
 or (r) on citlier 
 'e two at eacli 
 
 les being held 
 IS the strength 
 y the vohnnc 
 ' were bound 
 
 -«.c., the pairs 
 
 to tenerentur, 
 ite frecjuenoy, 
 
 as conneotud 
 and hurdles." 
 leralh'. 
 I'iglit angles, 
 the materia, 
 e., although 
 iitwise at the 
 ts a buttress 
 the force of 
 3 the bridge, 
 e natives to 
 r these ' pro- 
 le two kinds 
 F the bridge, 
 md separate 
 ber floating 
 
 ence ; liere, 
 
 ips for the 
 
 NOTES, BOOK IV. 
 
 Chaptkr XVIII. 
 
 89 
 
 ^* ?oept"a elf'"'' "'''' ''' " *''"^' ^■'^•'■" -'-'h-" 
 
 to;iijrt-i^t,:;:r::l:l:^^^^^"^'«-*'-'- 
 
 Chapter XIX 
 
 5. comperissent, subobli.jne 8ul)junct 
 o. uti depends on idea of "ni-,1,,,.;,, » • 
 7. libero;. uxores. S^on !; ::i?,;" ™" '^"'^•"«- 
 «. possent would have been subjunct"'"r,/,//- - i •• 
 It not been subobli.jue ^ ' ^ '"'■'' ^' )' «^e" Imcl 
 
 12 ?L»" ■ '^' ^°*'''"'Pb- the same place. 
 
 12. rebus . . renun. For the repetitiL, cf. ch. vii. 2 
 
 (rebus confectis). Tlie ut"is rlt.f w ^"'■^°''' '"^ ^'^'^ '■''-''i^^^d 
 enumeration. ''P'"*''^ ^°'' ^"'"'8 greater clearness in 
 
 15. obsidione, " from pressure " 
 
 profectum, from pro/c/o. " 
 
 Chapter XX. 
 ye.,r Sr "'" ""' '"" '™"' "*■■"-" '" tl,„ V.„„ti 1 
 
 9. liio, adv., '-'thither," 
 
 11. Gallias, plur., because divided into three parts. 
 
00 
 
 CVKSAu's (iAIJ./c AVAi;. 
 >'-'• neque quanta portua n 
 
 Honiiin Wanhip. 
 
 14 Uflum belli, "usage in «•.„••' c , 
 
 rho former suits ti.o context sli.l'.th ],1 '"'^\"'''" " '^^^'^ '» ^^'^r." 
 
 nta„, was in reality due to lol' 1 "T '"■^'•"•'^ ^-P-'ition to 
 
 rather than to the necessity of con luctinl ''"^'^ ''^"'^ exploration 
 
 a-stance sent to Gaul from Bn^I^^S^r/nr';' ''''''''^'^- ''^ 
 
 'sioii.uobeenmsignificant. 
 
 Chaptkr XXI. 
 
 :• °""<">««. "ma„.of.«„r.»' " 
 ♦>■ brevissimus t^o,- * 
 
 that from the territory "of X'1?'-. -f^ ^^^'««'' «eems to mean is 
 f Ca/a. and .Vo.v/) 'the c o'st^^"-" ""'"•" ^^Tartn.ents o A 
 indeto mean the iualw " t| f ^^'^^^^^^^^^^^ ,'^:^ "^^^' -* 1-- 
 racy, by a mile or tM^o the neare t t'' '*' ' '" '*'''^"* •'''-'^•"■ 
 
 harbours of Bo.h;,ne (whieh ^7? ', *"""*"''^^' ^"'■'"^J'-'S the 
 
 ^^'f;...n IIW.,, 1,'^^. ^--- also called GesoriacunO 
 
 ^*^:^^r^j--dX^^^^^^^ 
 
 -ot be de«.tely decided. bSr;;—-^^^ 
 
^'■'^ foiir iii.Iiivnt 
 'i "i" s.'cond and 
 
 'skill in war." 
 expedition to 
 d exploration 
 'edition. The 
 iusignilicant. 
 
 le attempt." 
 
 to mean is 
 ents of /',/,s- 
 d not press 
 strict accu- 
 iioludes tlic 
 esoriacuni), 
 Cxsar eni- 
 Bk. V. ch. 
 or Wismnt 
 er, iu s^ite 
 
 NOTKS, HOOK IV. 
 
 •■ »uperloreaeBtate-/.,.,S(ii,.,. 
 
 -c.l.lTC,'"'''"' " ""™' «'■ "'«. «K. Vcoti. .V.K. „, 
 JO. qui polliceantur, final. 
 
 polliceantur . . . dars «ki 
 
 " variation fron, the usnal f„tnn: ' °^^''''^''^"'- '"i'e pros, in/in. i„ 
 
 I'-i. I'beraliter pollicitus "i,..,.- 
 
 '•^- Commiun: quem Z '•? """'^' «'^"^''""« I""""«--" 
 
 "-'" of his appointment ' '=°'^^'''"«^^*- ^o previous n.ention is 
 
 '<». arbitrabatur. ("asar i.lviw- ji 
 -'■- <'i.sIoyaI (sec next n t'.C the T" ,!'''' V"''' '"'■ ^'"""""'•^ 
 «^- -•».. xxvii. and In.lox of N-!,,! ' '''"^' '^ ^ -""""«' ""Hnion. 
 
 •'^^te.:;:r^:ssr';^nsn::n^^ *t,r^ *"^ -- ^^- 
 
 |"odern A ;-As./,/,v Hence f'Z ' "'^ ^'''""^ P^"I^>^'' l'"ved in 
 
 -nuenee with the nrito": Z^e ^r Kf ^^^ ^.o.., to havj 
 he took an active part in the re oU "f ,o . f"""' ^'^-Y'« *--*• for 
 
 "■^fJ^nlSJ^r''^ *" '^"- «enerie=..s„,H as - ,. App. 
 
 -mi-depetlence on^'era '"'e' Ap. 1^"'*' ^""'"' ''"'^J""*^*" "' 
 i«. fidem sequantur, " to sppL- fi 7 . 
 
 Chaptki! XXII. 
 
 past, ?'^3~^eriro!;i,;g*rttt^"rtrt fr *'"^ ^°"^"^* - *•- 
 
 ''ad no experience of ouf usa« thev t^ T ''''' ^^'^^^'^^r.. and 
 
 P-Ple." For the subjunct., f£s nt L '" ,' ^'^ ^" ^'''^ R"-'-^" 
 
 . 3. superioris temporis. Late Ttt '" '''' ""'• ^ 
 
 «>ven Caesar trouble by rema^.in ",* '"'"T'' °^ ^^ ^•^- "'^y Jiad 
 
 ti>e rest of Gaul (Bk, I ch xS) "''"' ""'''' '"^^ pacification of 
 
92 
 
 f.ISAIl's i;,M,l,lr WAR. 
 
 » ^''^'^riu:.,iJTZ::;;,T>:;:'' '"■ "-i"- ■'■i,o „.,„» „t 
 
 roSVoX;;;..'':™^-'' '-- "-■' '■>■ < <- ■< 
 
 S. quae imperasset. .HMl,ol,Ii,Mu. Hnl.in, ^ 
 'I"-.^ct speed, (s,.e on d.. ^ i, ,-.|,' J"""''" ^^'/"'"- ''"/"'anri. of the 
 
 ^- ^*« • ■ • occupationes. Seo on ,|, xvi )•) 
 
 °'^Sr"""-''--'-^^^ "" -'""" 
 
 '"• Quibus adductis eos. Tliisi^,„f 
 ["'^' i" I-tin. tl.at tl.o ahl. al. ", " ,' 7'f' '"' ^'•'"" tin' ,..,..,,.1 
 
 - worked into ti.e constructi „ of Zt ""/'"' ''""^"' '-""^t 
 •''^ "„t refer to tl.o sanio neon , 1"' ""^*"^'" = '"'• quibus ..n.I e^g 
 
 "■ in fidem recemt "f(.,.i/+i , . 
 
 Navibu8..^1rS 'r''"'''^'''''"'^"'*^'''^'- 
 
 :^00,„e„d.en...aH.in,fro:;:;;: :^^^^^^^^^^ 
 13 quod navium longarum ' .1 h ."''''''''''''• ^ ''''''''' -^• 
 
 quaestori. See ondi. xiii'.'o' ' "'"• 
 
 callo, ,n oh. xxiu.^o,,„, «//,X Vn] ^ ' ''"''^''' '•'' *''^ ^^^^ 
 ";ay he identified with .l„,W,v.; ' "n^''" ;?""•, "'^'''•'"•- '^''""^ 
 of emharkation, the parous uUn-lor Jlu r'r "' '"'^"' "^ ^'^^^ I''^- 
 eighteen transports that his ca Iry an 1 -l' l"! ^* ^^'''^ '^'^ *'-- 
 of weather, they never lande.I i.. li'tai / ^'^' "*' °"''"^' *« «*'-- 
 
 i'>- a milibus passuum viii <'.,f., r / 
 are not generally used in thi 'se.ne iJ H T ."»''* ""'^•^■" ''' «* 
 tance as reckoned be n.entioned, as hrUiol '''''" "'''-•^' *'- ^"«- 
 veLr.r^--- -0 ..us, ...!::::£:hound ..dpre 
 
 ch. XXIX. 3. • '"- '''^^i 'lis son taught"; cf. 
 
 22. portum tenere. here - " fr> r. 
 -g of the phrase is '<' to n:d;o f!!;. ^^Z^ "" l"''*" " ^^"^^her mean- 
 
«• '''lie want of 
 
 , IK't UoilKlllS. 
 
 >ij"i'iiririn of tlie 
 
 oils I'oinpariHoii 
 
 i-oin the ^'ninal 
 ' I'lirasc caiiiiut 
 quibus an.l eos 
 !'• lio.sta^i,'r.s, eoa 
 
 oil."' 
 Iiijis." 
 
 iisat;;(i(i()„, I, 
 
 ''^^^^Vii. \V(.|i|„l 
 
 ^^'i'' vii.amlx. 
 "iir tliat lie 
 
 xvi. G. Be- 
 
 nonlo'jiw (if 
 •ere ciglitcfii 
 lip the toawt, 
 M^>vo/-. Tiiij, 
 
 as tlio j.lacc 
 was on tliesc 
 "g to strcsa 
 
 Ics." J,«6 
 icli the clis- 
 
 tl (and pre. 
 
 ntlivo with 
 "gl't"; cf. 
 
 ther mean- 
 
 ■^ 
 :^^ 
 
 i 
 
94 
 
 Cesar's gallic ^tar. 
 
 In. 
 
 ir 
 
 Chapter XXIII. 
 
 1. tempestatem, as often simply " weather." 
 
 flml ^. '''^"'*' ^'^*^^'^^» midnight and 2 30 a v Tl 
 
 tinne between sunset and sunrise was divi.td inf. f !' ^''® 
 
 -tvr////ae-which of course ,.,' "T'*'/ ^ '"*° ^""'' ^^i"'^^ Periods 
 
 to the time of y e.'r It w..' T T ''''^'^ '" ^^"«*'' •■^--'•I'-'g 
 
 calculated f:^ntt fact tint tl" 1 ""' "/ ^"^"^*' ""' '* ''-" ''-' 
 
 (Augu. .1, 3 .:^ ^"re r a f^i rr^*tr;r\:\^:'"^" 
 
 solvit, ».,.. micoram, "he weigheil anchor " 
 nltenoremportum. See note on oh. xxii. 14 
 
 27 sunrise wo^^ I wL a ^Vc "'I m' "'',"'""'• '""^"«™' 
 
 6. colhbus, the cliffs of Doirr. 
 10. dum . . . convenireat. See on ch. iv 17 
 eo, usual Latin accuracy for English ' ' there » 
 ^ n. ad horam nonam. The ninth hour would have been 2.18-3.2 
 
 tioit^rtTn'^L—htT^f ""!";• T^^"^-' "^-^ -i"- 
 
 the right n^omen:ra;t'ttr: tar S^^ ^^ 
 
 ir: ""rr' 'r^' '"^^'""^'^ ^« it:is"s:^;tTniXt::i'^ 
 
 tTo places- 'a?''" :r;. ""1 '^ ""'""^ '''''^^'- ^*' - "e fi t 
 tin-rd u ""es Iselv w It "^ '""f; ^f^'^^^"* ^^ ^"''"''^''l-- '^ho 
 seeing tha^t Ly (^^ ^< rt > , ^""'' *■- '" ^""" *'""^^« -hich 'W..., 
 mn hlr. ■. . ' *^''"«°»aritimae=" naval service") r 
 
 !.>■ Idnutuin, lit., "at a nod." 
 
 J?' «S '""' ""*''' -'"'• = """= "SM .no„,e„t." 
 
NOTES, BOOK IV. 
 
 95 
 
 Chapter XXIV. 
 
 30 A.M. The 
 r eqiul periods 
 ngtii acfonlinir 
 ■11(1 it lias been 
 ival 111 Britain 
 I), that C'ii'.sar 
 he left France 
 
 I divided into 
 i. On Augnst 
 et about (i.r,4 
 inutes. Tliua 
 
 'een 2.18-3.2 
 
 ;ave injnnc- 
 ; sign and at 
 id especially 
 lid unsteady 
 , in the first 
 blique. The 
 ihich" — i.e., 
 vice"). n 
 '<), <nn being 
 ubjunct. in 
 
 ■ought him 
 ^^alnwr and 
 
 . consue;u.f =:^;,f^;:^;^'!-;;;a ^-I'of fighting .,,eh. . 
 ~'^'' ".tl'ey are accustomed." ' ^ ''*'''''"^« accustomed" 
 
 P 'rases, the abl. is „« ,1 aloU 'wiUio; T"' "'''"''"'' ^"^^ «™iJa 
 ^■'a«sify this abl. as instrumental """• ^^"'"« authorities 
 
 r Prohibebant, " tried to prevent " 
 
 e^''ex^H:;^,;:;:.::^^^-^*-''^"-"euterad,^^^^^^ 
 
 ^a?:r;r!;^^ t^'^Lr;!:;:?^'^ ^-^'^ «^-- This 
 
 onued from it. origiL,,^ '.^ o^/;?-' ""^^ ?-*« ^^ the ve" 
 /art«,« ..s, ,,;/,,• «it j^ » '. It., there is to me a going" • 
 
 --tended by analogv, wlie itso f ^"*^^- . "«^^'^'ver, its tse was' 
 poetry it is occasionluy sed of J," . "T"-' '^^'^"'^ ''^'' --1 ^n 
 passive verb. ^ "^ *'"* '''gent with other parts of tlie 
 
 ignotis locis, impeditis manibus abl nK 
 - pressis agrees with militib^ ' ^' '^'• 
 a cum, "whereas" 
 la pedestribus uti proeliis, emphatic order. 
 
 Chaptkr XXV. 
 
 '^s.''^i:rt^::;.''^o--uvrin,-^ 
 
 -^-ok discharged darts, and vAX; wh.vi' ."""'i'"^ ^«'«^^'"'-. 
 
 strange sight of Large ships ^oXo, Id lyTudT" '™"^'' ^* *"« 
 8. Pedem rettulerunt, "withdrew" ^ "^• 
 
 Atque, "andso." 
 10. decimae, Oesar's favourito le-io,, 
 
96 
 
 Cesar's gallic avah. 
 
 12. meum, empiiatic position. 
 
 j5. cohortati inter se "wifi, ..,.,* i 
 
 se, nitJi mutual encouragement. 
 
 TOKMENTA. 
 
 Ballisia. 
 
 Catapulta, 
 
 16. universi, "in a body." 
 
 Hos— navibus, placed before cum for emphasis. 
 
 Chapter XXVI. 
 2. firmiter insistere, " to gain a footliold " 
 
 ant, below. P'"P^'^- '^^'« «» c'>- >• 10. So conspexer- 
 
 Litiii piep. '"• '^"'■"e 'he accuracy of tlio 
 
 boL,"::*;; ';"ir,.::^;rct"''- " '- "°"°" -' "'• ™"" -.„. 
 
 detection. '^ '"'"""' """e'''™ (<■»'»« «r(«) to «cap. 
 
mt. 
 
 I 
 
 tlta. 
 
 of tlie niani- 
 le out of one 
 
 o conspexer- 
 
 alow. 
 
 , the riglit. 
 
 iracy of tlie 
 
 nail rowing. 
 
 A Roman 
 ) to escape 
 
 notes;, book IV. gy 
 
 ke^tsotd^'^"^*- '°" *^"- - ^^-e. So .ub.itteba, .-he 
 11. s,\am\ = fiimulntqup 
 
 oapere, « to ,„akc the ialn,,.! ", ct'ch ";'; -"i "'° ■;''• ""'"■ 
 
 feat men, "the absurd p'^slpttr- 1',""'' ^"*'^ '"^y «*''- 
 L'ke Sulla, M-ho styled h ^e T, wl ,"r."' °"'" «""«' f«'-t"ne.» 
 ieved in his "star''; ef Bk " c 'V ; '", '"" ^^"^*"«' ''« l^- 
 have believed in fortune as a si.nr! '' '" ''''• '"'' "^ ^^^ms to 
 
 i^ -t above them, in ^:^^!:::^^ ^°^^"^' ^^^ ^^^ ^ods. 
 ad, "in regard to." 
 
 Chapter XXVII. 
 
 2. miaerunt . . . poUiciti sunt, asvndeton 
 
 3. imperasset. See on ch vJ 1 ", 7°"- 
 
 4. Quem A ■ "'' ^"'^ ch. xxii. 5 
 •*. quem . . . dimonstraveram 
 
 <l'fforence between Latin and Pnal.-Ji '• i- P^^^^^^^s^um. Notice the 
 had been sent." ^ ^"^hsh uliom : '< v.ho, I poi„te,l out 
 
 J.^aratoris.odo. "in the character 0. an envoy" (see one' 
 
 ^. -;S:S-of'S:;:t^-^/!«^oyalty (see note on ch. 
 
 pnsonmentM^asathisowndest '*' I Z"'^'™.'''^'^ *''^* *'""« ™- 
 the .suit of the British resis^l.'te ^^-^^^"^^ -^^t 
 the Britons he was sent back to C^tsar ,B1 , ^ submission of 
 
 9. m multitudinem There i ^'^"""^ 
 
 of popular control amongst the Batons" '' ''''" * ''''■'^'" ^'"O""* 
 
 10. ignosceretur may be either in,,.' 
 
 supplied as subject, d aLuidl^^^'^''"'''^' °' J^*"'^''"''^! ^'ith ^oc 
 a person ") is used. The ac oft ^r"" ^" ' P'-^''''-' ^ t'-'Ao 
 with pronouns and simple dje^t'es/ik! '"''""' '^ "^^^ '»-«> 
 very rai-e exceptions, only when t^d. of T"'"' ""''"' ^"^' ^^'^^ 
 -The dat. of the thing pardoned is tL , P"''''" '^ expressed, 
 
 (cf. imprudentiae. beLv) ; but n t i " ,7"'*''"^*'°" ^^'f' »-""» 
 not used as well- ^ ' "*^ '" *'"^ '^^^^ ^^^^ 'lat. of the person is 
 
 IgnoicU 
 
 Urns / «'«/'"'««; not I ^«'/" 1 
 
 stuhitiae. 
 
98 
 
 CESAR'S GAIJJC WAR. 
 
 niay well l,e exc„ ■ fo; ,o •' ""T'^^ ^''''- ^he Briton 
 
 '"•s two lotions aS late eef "'"'"' /'"* ""^' '''^"'^'•' -'^'' 
 civilisation." ^ ^*' "'^"'•^ "'^''•'^1^ "^ " -i" emissary of 
 
 Chapter XXVIIL 
 
 'J'<a.n, -onthefourt davaft t L Ctr%^r''"'^ "'" ^^'"^''''^ 
 a preposition) tl.e ace. is w en Tin ' I *T '°" *" P°«' ('''■^ 
 
 %s" = both ry«,«Yo ;,o.^ ,/ i .1 ;>oT "af"'al,for "after four 
 
 attraction, cf. the id om the Vl /'"""" ''" "• ^"'" ^ ^"'"'-■ 
 
 are .nade to do double d"y. """" """'' ""'^ ^ *'- *-* POBt. 
 
 2. supra. CIi. xxiii 
 
 8. propiua. Sco note on oli. is 2 
 
 omn, ••atten.lo.l witi,," or ••to'tl,eirg,,at peril. " 
 
 •■wiCeii„i':°';o'sr.;'"' ""■"" •■= °'''-«™ «™-. 
 
 stormy" °°°*'' '''^'- "'^••^- ^«"'=«««--. "although the night was 
 
 Chapter XXIX. 
 
 fauaffrroTi;,/^'," ;i''; '- "■»'»' ^"=- * ^'- ■"™ »■- 
 ^ay ^ega,. a. .unH5Vw;:;;;':;;i,r::tiio':,:''"" "°"° « <"■= 
 
 ut, substantival (see on eh. v. 4) 
 
 qui dies, English idiom, "a day which " 
 
 T.;JCst:;i;::aEf/:'-::sr:rr^ ''■'■? '- 
 
 I 
 
ause, as he said, 
 
 Tlie Britons 
 
 lat C'iusar, with 
 
 an emissary of 
 
 " Aug. 27 (see 
 rb) (ft'i- quarto 
 ion to post (an 
 or "after four 
 For a similar 
 I diem Nonas, 
 the text post, 
 
 M'liere off the 
 of Deal, near 
 
 I 
 
 NOTES, BOOK IV 
 
 * QQ 
 
 Of Oaiil, in the war with tJ,. v • 
 
 "Tits"" ''"'' '-"*-«'o t^ """ ^"° '*'^ " ^»«^... 
 
 -••ked his troops on the eidiv t ''"• ^"'•^'' «*-^*^« t'^at ],o on, 
 
 qwbus, instrumental ahl 
 8- rXar;nlL*-^*'".^'''^''^-'^«"oh.xxiv 5) 
 
 u^S^^-'^-^-'-r^cht"^ 
 
 -ty of Mintering'nGrul.»'""""^"^'-« ^g-d as to the neces- 
 omnibus, dative. 
 
 jective gen., 
 
 lese, in spite 
 
 ves." 
 
 le night was 
 
 3 moon was 
 koning (the 
 
 Chaptkr XXX. 
 
 QUO, quanta, witt*^^!*°''*' """^ ^''^^ narrower." Unr 
 
 inueh»*p XT '^^'"Pai'ative, are ahl J ' ^°' ^«"^<'» 
 
 „. ' *«• However, /^ot,- ai.rl .« '"^'^ ;^'»'- of measure, "bv th;, 
 
 "s reason"; but to./o amf 11""' °m " ^^""' -"-^ -H " or 
 
 TScT'^'^^ ^" *'- -- S' ^■"'' "^* '^ - ^'^-fied. and 
 
 --i" ■^-^:;:^i^s t:::;;^ f - --^ -- ad, 
 
 duxerunt, "considered " ^on^^erful to relate." ^ 
 
 rem, "the campaign!" ' "" '■'''^*"' ^^^^v^^- 
 
 lec- 
 
 thirt}' feet 
 r, who was 
 id sea, has 
 
 1 had had 
 U'est coast 
 
 Chapter XXXI. 
 
 2. ex eventu navium '«-.<■«. i.-, , 
 
 " eo quoa'i-^!^,'' ""■•'»'» °fW^ ships." 
 "after fcir Mure." ' """«"-«««• We .„„„£, 3^^ ,.„ j.__^,.^j__ 
 
lOD 
 
 C/Esar's gallic war. 
 
 3. ad omnes casus, " for all emergencies. • 
 
 fi,.«; ?r*^ ■/ ■ i°^T" -^^ ^^*^**"' '^■^''" *'•« '•elative clause cornea 
 first, the antecedent frequently k placed in it 
 
 6. aere, " bronze," used largely instead of iron. 
 
 8. summo studio, " M-itli a will. ' 
 
 9, administraretur, iuipersonaL 
 amissis, concessive. 
 
 Chapter XXXII. 
 
 exp.?;:;!,:'""' "^'''" '" ■"" ^''^^ ^^^^ °^ "'«*•-' - -^-ys to 
 
 having'ariLn." " "*"""""' "'" "'^P'^'°" °^ ^^ "P *« that time 
 S" s^tltL;; ■ f"' ^'^"^^^*""' "^^'^'"g '-^ stronger contrast. 
 
 6. ferret, "than was usual": the suhjunct. is suboblioue T„ 
 direct speech it M'ould be indie —f « Hh ii i ". ^"'^°':*"*i"^- "^ 
 
 r iiu uo iimic.—e.rf., nk. vi. ch. vu., ma ore strenlfu 
 
 m ea parte . . . quam in partem. See on ch. vii 1 
 
 7. fecisset, suboblique. 
 
 8. novi. partitive gen. of neuter adjective used as noun • nf • 
 
 10. in stationem . . . succedere, " to go on duty » 
 xvii. r>^^"' '""^'"' "'' "^ ^'''■' "'" ''"' themselves;" cf. ch. 
 
 12. conferta coici. We might sav "that fi,. i • 
 
 o™»,,ed t„«et,.er a„a „„, „„„, L^^Z .ott*!, 5'°" "" 
 
 lb. dehtuerant, (felitrsco. 
 
 turn dispersos— perturbaverant. The language in this «r.n 
 
ve clause cornea 
 
 that bv Tiieans 
 le the rest sea- 
 leana or mstru- 
 
 n, as always to 
 
 >p to that time 
 
 ontrast. 
 sisted of a co- 
 ir gates of the 
 
 iboblique. In 
 maiore atrepitu 
 
 ii. 1. 
 
 ! noun ; cf. in 
 d novum, 
 
 ves;" cf. ch. 
 
 e legion was 
 i-fire." 
 
 ;e in this sen- 
 ile! run soine- 
 ''ing dropped 
 3 enemy had 
 je rest, with 
 he same time 
 r from being 
 
 I 
 
102 
 
 C-KSAIi's fiAMJC WAR. 
 
 J8- equitatu atque esBeriia .11 r 
 
 cmulare (to s,..-,.,,,,,,.,) or.hhZZl- Ty .T ^""•^^'•"<'t'"»H : (a) cir. 
 '^- (to ti.0. rouncl/c,;:;,^';^ -';'2;:;^); - '-o ; ana (,,) ^^I 
 
 Usseiittm, 
 
 Cjuitkk XXXIII. 
 
 1. ex essedis puimae s,.„ ^ i 
 
 • cum insmuaveninf ,* !^ '• ^^• 
 
 muaverunt, itorativo (see o» di. i. jo). 
 
 5- pedibus. So,*, on oh. ii. 7 
 proeliantur. Thoifn^ • ' 1 ■ 
 
 »-'"arks. that of ti.e two , u-n i ! 
 ^o%'it. rius .-u-ranyenient is the 
 
 per, "along." 
 meaning. ''""^- "^^^^ P^'-^^'^* is used with a present 
 
 Chaptkr XXXIV 
 
 thjB phrase. " retreat " and" rLef"""™'" ^''^ *^^« '"^--gs of 
 5. alienum, "unfavourable" 
 
 u.ual,S„<;„a:r.t!""- "" *'^ ^--" The Uti„ te„»e. as 
 
iiK.'nt. 
 
 H'tioiiM : (a) cir- 
 a'ul {)>) clrcutn. 
 
 1 lilj. ii. 7. 
 ficitus, ill )„•., 
 iinrola, \\\, f^ 
 two men fi, 
 «*'» of noble 
 ^ (Ifpc'iulant 
 '"ic'iit is tho 
 •eek stylo in 
 
 stabilitatem, 
 tho force of 
 
 "H speed." 
 
 h a present 
 
 leaninga of 
 
 )iisly." 
 Jabl. 
 tense, as 
 
 KOTKS, UdOK IV. 
 
 ClIAITKIl XXXV. 
 
 103 
 
 i. tanto spatio. S(m! on di x r/ 
 
 ™..„r,X"^„;,.,:,, ^T^LiT .: * •■" '"F -'■' - 
 
 powers allowod." ^ ' '*'^ '''»" "« their nmning 
 
 Cjiaptek XXXVI. 
 3. continentem, Oaul, 
 
 infirmis subiciendam "is l.i« .i 
 
 vc^a«.on,,.tnottohooxpos.;,t::t: ..r;;:;;:;^/'"' .tro..,, the 
 
 «. eosdem quos, often rasyAv« ,,. ^ ' * 
 
 portus capere. Cf. i.sulav. ,„,,,,,^ ,,, ^^^. ^^^ 
 
 Chapter XXXVII. 
 
 ■). orbe, a formation in i ,.;!l.i . 
 hollow square. Tiie of e^s ot rr^""'''"« '"^ *^« "^^^ern 
 ".ainod in the centre. Tl i LH^" ' »o»-co„ibatants, &c.. re- 
 of emergency; cf. Bk. v d. xxTif Jo ""'' "'^^^^^^ '-^'l^Pted in case 
 8. a^xilio, dat. of purpose or predicate. 
 y. ampiius horin ni.i ^c . 
 
 -0. of duration. Ve more^marU"^"""*""^ ^^^ ^--. 
 -nwUns is used with numbers wSm. ^ " '' ""'^^"''^ ^"''•^'•^. -« 
 
 Chapter XXXVIII. 
 
 2. rebellionem. See on ch. xxx 6 
 ']■ ^'*° '« reciperent. "to retreat to » 
 
104 
 
 C--KSAR'S GALLIC AVAR. 
 
 13- supplicatio. Tl^Z J^r"^' '"'''- ''■ 
 cession or thanksgiving at S''" ''''' '" ^"''''" '""'''^'^ ^^ inter 
 - -'e it only Jastll t le o ' om' ""Y '"*'""'^' J^^'" -' j4 Vs' 
 
 -n this was c..ceeae;l"oh.l;r ,:r'^'"'f'-° '^---'. and' 
 the mvas.on of Britain struck f.P ''"''"'""e of the R!,i„o .„„] 
 
 cays' supplkado seem o . ' f a " ^°'""" '"'''g'"«t'on, for a n . 1 
 "'i3 year. See note at Z eL of'chSr" '^ '"' "^' -''ieveLelS 
 
 , . !, I 
 
 BOOK V.i 
 
 Chapter I. 
 
 He could not ent^ rVtai^protr ".^'^^^"'-on. or Gallia Citerior 
 
 went to this part of hl'SuAn ' '"'"« ^"^ -^Pernm He 
 
 («ee note on conventus, be o wT "T , 7 ^'"^' *° ''"^ the assizes 
 
 home politics. ' '''^°''^' ^"^^ ^'^o to keep ia touch wTth 
 
 quotaimiB. See on Bk. iv. ch i 9 
 
 6. subductiones, governed bv »rt i • 
 and not left at anchor. T,: disaster to P T * '^'^' ^^^^ ^^^^^ed. 
 had taught C^sar the necessity of nTakinrtl * °" ''^ ^"^'^^ coas 
 
 humiliores, ' ' lower » in tL i , "^ ""^ P'"°'^^ss easier. 
 ^-Id. The word, of c Jrse'ag ts ^ ^^ ^"^ "f-"-er" in the 
 
 7. nostro irari, the MeditermnearT ' ""^erstood. 
 la. Ac. /ac/^ 
 
 8, minus mafimos «,. ^ 
 
 the English Channel! ' il^TZT" '?."f ""rtehoppy wave, of 
 
 , TT„, "^ comparative size ot the 
 
NOTES, noOK V. 
 
 105 
 
 icrvice of inter- 
 ■'■'' "'• joy. Ah 
 '1 "f Ills seooiul 
 -'■eed, and now 
 t'lo Rliiiic and 
 '. ^or a tucity 
 il acliievementa 
 
 Ilia Citerior. 
 
 pmum He 
 
 ' the assizes 
 
 touch with 
 
 each. 
 
 20. Notice 
 
 e beached, 
 fitish coast 
 ier. 
 
 -r" in the 
 
 ' waves of 
 changing 
 ze ot the 
 
 book. 
 
 waves in thn ru , ^^^ 
 
 correct. ^" ^''*""^' -"' tJ.e Mediterranean is . ■ 
 n act criticised as in- 
 
 conventibuB Tl>„c ' '""' <^«Parto " ,,r.as^ L. . 
 
 "'^governor of a nrn '")'"■" ^'^^^''^ular co, rN ^''''• 
 
 -Inunistration of jS r"n ''' "'-■'•>' ^'-r *:: Z, ^ ;.-«--. that 
 "f Kphesus referred ;' ^' "''^« *« « ^-"'w.... th t f' V'" 
 conceriiintr nfi. ' "' '"^- •^''<) : "But if ^ town-clerk 
 
 .«,„.,"?. ""'" ««-, „ .,,j, Jm«„-...;™ n..n„i„« 
 
 satis^dcere, absoh.te use «'fn • 
 24. arbztros. "arbitrators" *° ^"^''^ ^^^isfaction." 
 mem aestiment "fr^nc 
 
 Chapter U. 
 
 iaunched," I„ +k- "" ^ei'e w thin a f.-,.. j 
 
 adverbial ah .' construction abesse I • ''^■^'^ "^ ''c'nff 
 
 Btantival here t tle"'.?"'^' ^« ^'^-"d 10^^ "^ '" ^^^ ''^ 
 
 14. neque . q„„ ° °- ^^^'^ Q^od. 
 
 concilia Tl '^^® °" ^k- 'V. ch i oi . 
 
106 
 
 CKSAU'S fJALMr WAR. 
 
 ii 
 
 cuss.on and passing of laws. They an, fn l v 
 
 tntion, whoro ovry city of (Ja I i. " ^""''' '* I""*''y "''tiv., i„«ti. 
 t ink that tl.e wonl M.! o : /^ i^;''?'^^"'*-'- «"- authon;)^ 
 of war/' which was attcM.l.a '' ,';;;'''''''' --• of "council 
 
 Konittu cttnip. Pnittonum or Jifud,juju-tcrs of tho 
 
 Chaptkr III. 
 
 2. supra. Bk. iv. oh. x. 
 
 4. Indutiomarus et CineetoHr t„ i *• 
 
 of Cingetorix. ^'^STetorix. Indutiomain.s wa«. father- in- law 
 
 5. alter, Cingetorix. 
 
 6. to officio, "in allegiance." 
 
 oth;.rrSt;;::^^:r in":::hieMhf r ""•• ^-^ --•'"»« to 
 
 to oatendit. the elau«e being * ^^'7"'- -" ^'''^''^'i-'luo 
 
 15. privatim, owinir to ,>t V * "«''to"x's as.sertion. 
 jective. Livy/vi. SoN^JtSir^'rT'" ^'"^'^'-"^ - ad- 
 ^r^an^-^ao, >n,n,:,„,n^Z:^i:^^^ - a Pa^llel. .„.,,, 
 10. civitafci, opposed to privatim 
 
 possent, suboblicjue 
 17. mittit-/..., Indutiomarus. 
 
 thro;,gr — ^^^-*-' ^ P'-silde exeu., which C.aar saw 
 20. discessu, causal aMative 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 ^ap^cipibus. convocatis . . . .0, See on Bk. iv. oh. xii 
 9-^cuni. . tvun, "both. . .and." 
 it>. magm, locative used of price " if xt.n= f 
 
 interesse, impersonal in'i. it of ' J 1 ^"'''"* ""P«rtance.'' 
 from the person.1 ise of e« Z «! 1!^ '" '" ^' ^-tingnished 
 ch. xvi, 8. ' to be present at"; cf. Bk. iv 
 
 n. SU08 of course, refers to eius-/... Cingetorix 
 "since his"- • • P«"P«--««t, subjunct. due to cuius causal, 
 
ui.slud from the 
 I'ly ii.itivo iiisti- 
 ''oiiif autlioiitios 
 ISO of "council 
 «tair, ft„(l cliiof 
 •lU'U'tors of tho 
 
 J. father-in-law 
 
 according to 
 'J'ol)li(juo, duo 
 ertion. 
 
 iically an ad- 
 aJIe], 7naxhno 
 
 Cffisa 
 
 r saw 
 
 iv. ch. xii. 
 
 ortance." 
 itinguished 
 cf. Bk. iv. 
 
 LIB causal, 
 
 «»'"y to the «,.„«-. .'.'■•'''''•""ito'yof id Ti 
 
 "'■'"««"tn«tatt),i,.'. 
 
 Chapter v. 
 
 •) w^ • " construction .•« „ ^'^' ^^ ■ J. 
 
 •^•loco IS praoticallv a n- ^onunon. 
 
 :cxv.i.6. '^'^'"'■''''«'*'«";cf.;,,«,^jj^ .^. „ 
 
 ' *• "• Cll. XVII. J I 
 
 ^^''- i'>. \v;th 
 
 C'jrAPTER VI. 
 
 an VI, 
 
 ■ie..„p„o„ , ,^ «OTM . . . auotoriwHs, gen of , r, 
 
 '■ke Com,„i„, ill ■' ""? "PPointed him „! ' T ° *'" «imnorix' 
 
 extended in use. "^^ ^^'^"^^ ^dentilied w'th Ih """"'' " '» 
 
 *^ ^ 'ncre excuse. 
 
108 
 
 X' it 
 
 CESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 contamed not i„ diceret but ta tipe^n C°'°" " T'l' 
 
 Je\ rrirof .j'-'^'r b «^'°''''°" " "- '"» ^^- '- 
 
 «.. IV. en. XIV. Id, as hortari is ac«?'e in meanina 
 terseness of the language expresses passion. 
 
 ut, substantival. 
 
 18. traductos necaret, " to take across and kill » 
 interponere, a return to the historic infin Tran. " l,„ 
 
 assurances to the rest." ^ '"nn. irans., he gave 
 
 19. ex usu, •' to be in accordance with the interest of " ; sc. esse. 
 
 Chapter VII. 
 
 stant intrigues, rendered his roll^n '„ t'itf"""''"' M^r"' 
 been ver, unwise to per.it the ,o,alty ot the" Xli L' Ztl^l 
 
 4. quid, cognate ace. 
 sibi, CiEsar. 
 
 6. commora.tm = commomns (see on Bk. iv. ch xiii 121 
 Corus. Canrns or Chorus, N.W. wind. '' 
 
 8. dabatoperam, "took care." 
 11. impeditis, "being occupied." 
 
 15. retrahi. See on ch. i. H, 
 
 16. pro Banc, masc, " like a sane man » 
 
 17. arbitratus. See on Bk. iv. ch. xiii. 12 
 qui, causal. 
 
 18. .uonm. «dMn, ' . the protection of his friends. » 
 
 whTlJest ofSr° '" ""'"''°'- "•'»-"" -'»-" *• 
 for'^he"!'."' '"'*'"™' *="»"- "■""'^y t-k" «- responsibility 
 
ictly logical, 
 
 luse is really 
 
 is meant by 
 
 es. 
 
 ule given in 
 
 eaning. 
 
 object. The 
 
 of "saying 
 
 . "he gave 
 ; 8c, esse. 
 
 itriot chief, 
 rix, by con- 
 vould have 
 e tampered 
 
 it is tnie, 
 I point of 
 >umnorix' 
 iemn the 
 
 onsibility 
 
 NOTES, BOOK V. 
 
 Chapter VIII. 
 
 109 
 
 1. Labieno. He was ipff „= *i 
 
 4. pro texnpore et pro r ZtSV'^'''^ '' *^^ ^^^«^'- 
 
 5. pari . . . quem = .ol; '"ll';'^^"-*— d-anded >' 
 
 6. ad solis occasum. The timp T ■ 
 
 etters from Quintus Cicero to hrbzl^lT ".^^' ^>' ^^e dates of 
 ^egmning of August. Napol on TTT ^' . '"^ "^ "^"^^ "'^ *'"« 
 Ce.a. byan ingenious computation "'L;" k' f"'""''^ ^^'^ •^«^- 
 from Cesar's description fixes tt.? . I' ''^'"^ ^" ^''^'^ts drawn 
 
 7. Africo, S. W. wiml' ""*' ^' "'"'^ ^0. about 8 p.m 
 
 8. longius delatus. The fl««+ 
 
 •fection. so as to have the Par rkT^f '''' '^'^ '" * N.E. 
 change of tide, and by dint of rowif t" T ^'^ ^^^*- ^* ^^e 
 [see on J3k. iv. ch. xxi. 5) ^ «'eiween ft aimer and Deal 
 
 11. caperet. Cf. Bk. iv." ch xxvJ i^ 
 
 13. vectoriis eravibuJ, « « " ^ ' '''''''''■ ^' 
 and so, heavy."^''''"'*^"^ ^^^>^»«' "-ith boats built for freight. 
 
 ■lo. Azmotinis *'nf fi 
 
 cf. »«.■.» *«»* «,„;., Bk. iv c° T^ *""■ °' ''««"P'ion ; 
 
 XJr^ to ,.,.. „.„ i....„r„':t.''"rs:::';zf .',';: 
 
 Chapter IX. 
 
 taLto^itntTegi;:! "" '^'"'"' '^''^"- *'- cohorts were 
 
 4. tertia vigilia. See on Bk. jv. ch xxiii 9 
 
 fi- Veritas navibas, "fean . ( ,.'''''"• ^^ 
 «- of the perf. part^ ^ee::'^^]'^:'^::;',^^^ "- P-sent 
 
no 
 
 C^-:SAR'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 a sandy and open aliore." ' ^" 
 
 8. equitatu atque essedis. See on Bk. iv. cl,. xxiv. 3 
 
 9. ad flumen. e.ther the (Mnf Sfour or the Little St'onr. Lan.l 
 g at Deaf, Ca>sar would naturally roach the IM Stourlst ^t 
 
 this river is now a mere ditch. If it was so thon cZZ \ 
 
 omitted to mention crossing it. If cla kn 1 d U ^ l"? 
 
 it woul.l be the Ormt Sto„r * ^'^'"'""^ ^^^"'"^'' 
 
 was higher "'"'°'" '"" """'^"^ "^^« ^" *'- "-'•^ bank, which 
 14. rati, "in small parties." 
 
 tJ^ri !''*"**^' ^*"**u, '^'''*^'" "^''^ ^^^ kinds of /.,^„./o • (1) ar!e. 
 tana, a wooden movable shed or pent-house, covered wiMi hide to 
 
 protect soldiers who were working 
 the artillery, the battering-ram, or 
 mining operations; (2) a formation 
 of soldiers, with shields locked 
 above their heads forming a com- 
 plete covering, under shelter of 
 which the fortification could be 
 ,o »,„- XI , , approached and demolished or 
 
 18. fugientes, object of prosequi. 
 
 20. munitioni castrorum tempus. An ordinary camp for a brief 
 encampment would be fortified in about three hours. 
 
 Testudo arietaria. 
 
 Chapter X. 
 
 we„tt;tre fsr ti:^ '""""'^™- "•" i'"-"- *«' «.ey 
 
 3. extremi, the rear of the enemy. 
 
 7. sustinerent . . . possent, suboblique. 
 
 9. magnum esse incommodum, emphatic order. 
 
 Chapter XI. 
 
 3. sic ut, -to this extent that," a limitative use of the phrase- 
 >o a<a . . , nt., often with the meaning of -while . . . yet" ' 
 
Js are predi 
 f "the," •' 
 
 NOTES, BOOK V. 
 
 Ill 
 
 on 
 
 3. 
 
 ^tour. Land- 
 '«>• first; l)iit 
 ar may liave 
 nmey Mars/i, 
 
 bank, wliich 
 
 fo: (1) ajvV- 
 ■iMi hide, to 
 ere M'orking 
 iring-rain, or 
 a formation 
 elds locked 
 ling a com- 
 shelter of 
 n could be 
 ilished, or, 
 ■earthwork, 
 
 for a brief 
 
 ng"; eius 
 tliat they 
 
 e phrase; 
 
 °^vibu8. wlueh is a concessive 
 
 - ::^:t:£-~ --- ^ cor. 
 
 «"'<Iiers pi k , n. ;'f"''"''"^' *" *'-- prof :f:t7' '"* ' ■"^■'"- *'"- 
 
 13. easdem 'If °?' """'• «f 'i»ality or .lesorinr 
 
 _ umrna, a noun. 
 = < Cassivellaunn t x- . 
 
 ,,-i- fines, .fe,l:;: '-«"«■■■ '""■ "'"—oi, 
 
 ^s. flumen quod . n..^ . 
 
 *' ""'"terrupted." 
 
 Chapter XII. 
 '• quos dicunt W 
 
 M"i pervenerunt <' »,i, 
 
 thither" The ' ', ^'■°'" '''^'^'^^^ 1 avin/ ' , ^^'T*^'' '^^ "'« 
 
 large, built of pla,,]^ 
 
119 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 and wattled reeds, circular in shape, with a high roof." In ch xliii 
 they are said to be thatched (s(ramr„(i. tertae) ' 
 
 8. aut aere, bracketed in Meusel's text 
 
 AdAtt IV 16, § ,), says that there was not a scrap of cold to b« 
 
 rsilt^er* L'^^";t '*^'^'^' ^^^-^^^'•' -'^ TacitistfwetS 
 and SI vei among the resources of the country. Mommaen states 
 
 llidTally lair^ """""• ''^^•' '^"'^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ -"« - 
 9. taleis ferreis, " iron bars," a connnon form of primitive coinage 
 examxnatis, "fixed by standard" ' '^'"'^'"^Se. 
 
 arelidTrvo'f'r' ^'T". ^" ^"''^ "^'•^>- *''»- «- P'----- 
 pxi P/1 f^*^J^«l.t'" from Britain; but see Introduction, 
 
 p. XI. J'lumhum i)i<jnim is "lead." 
 
 mediterraneis, "inland." This must refer to Cormmll • but 
 as a matter of fact, the tin mines were on the coast ' 
 
 11. mantimis, Sus„,r. The railings round St Paul's Cathedral 
 were made of Smaex iron. ^auiedral 
 
 12. aere, "bronze." 
 Materia, "timber." 
 
 13. fagum. A curious statement. Either the /agm as some 
 
 accident of Ins not seemg any beeches in Kent and Middlesex 
 
 into Fn I T "'"'*/^^^^' *« *he silver fir, which has been introduced 
 into England m modem times, not to tiie Scotch pi„e 
 
 forbade XTse" oV ■ "^T"^"" .^1""*'^'« religious faiths constantly 
 lorbade the use of certain animals as food, a survival of animil 
 
 15. animf voluptati»,ue causa, " for fancy and plca,„r„." 
 Loca, "chiiiate." 
 
 16. remissioribus frigoribus, "the seasons of cold beiiiir less 
 severe.' Tacitus says of Britain, asperlta. fngorum al^^^U^. 
 
 Chapter xni. 
 
 1. natura triquetra, "triangular in shape," 
 
 2. ad, "on the coast of." 
 
 4. inferior. «-. ,uu,nhi.~-U., Cormndl C.-esar's idea of Britain 
 m^t W been something of the nature of the diagram ^'\r 
 
In ch. xHii. 
 
 t- vii. 7, § 1 ; 
 of gold to be 
 include gold 
 mmsen states 
 n Britain at a 
 nage came in 
 
 litive coinage. 
 
 e Pliffiniciaiia 
 Introduction, 
 
 >r)iwall; but, 
 I's Cathedral 
 
 nif, as some 
 lased on the 
 Uddlesex. 
 II introduced 
 
 s constantly 
 1 of animal 
 bod by the 
 
 •e." 
 
 being less 
 ahi'st {A (jr. 
 
 NOTES, BOOK V, 
 
 o- ad Hispaniam. Lik,. 'r'.„.if, 
 
 :t^t;;;;.:/;;;:;:r-^''-.-.,™o„.w,,. 
 
 ^on can hardly apply to ;:;t 
 
 obiectae. These islands 
 to which Ca.sar vagu.lv rS 
 ";-t '>o the /A7.,,:,, ,i/; -; 
 ^fl'"'.l« oil- the west coast o 
 Scotland. 
 
 tim<l"nT?,^'""'^'"j"^*«tt''o 
 tunc of the winter solstice". 
 
 Kbitt. 
 
 '•'-.Pec. 21. /,>,,,,,, ,-3 
 
 Cornwall. 
 
 '. -- -^- lyriona is from 
 
 12 ms,, "save for the fact that" , 
 pression = ,,/,/ y„o.?. *^'^*' * ^'^''y compressed form of ex- 
 
 ^--f ^":t;;r tS:^'i:[ "^^^^-^-'^' — ^'^t m. a„ 
 
 io. breviorpu t.. "'"iu. 
 
 '"> .j^, m Bribi,, a„,o„teo„. I,, to h.,dl '" '"'' '■""•"■■' «'"'■ 
 i». est obiecta, "lie., opposit, ■• " " """ '■■'Sl"<=«". 
 
 t'le Ocean. '^%''-)- The upper end faces only 
 
 I/. Hoc, .sr. ^,A„,s.. -^ 
 
 18. vicies centum = 2000 Thn« ti 
 Vassunm is avoided. ' "' *'^' "^ly r^/.on.m ;«//;«,„ „,,y;,^^ 
 
 of Britain 
 am on the 
 
114 
 
 C/KSAK'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 Chaptkr XIV 
 
 i ';?'. 
 
 1 bumanissimi - 
 Act iv. sc. 7) lias— . 
 
 ■incolunt. fSl.akspeare (//.„;._,, p/.^ p^^^ .. 
 
 8 n?„'"° Vu P^°"^*««0' '-^''l- of description. 
 
 8. Uxores habent deni duodeniaue intL . 
 (notice difference of idioni) tweho " i co^^munes, "ten or 
 
 '.^.. 10 or 12 men had n lo '" ^'^'^'^ ^^''^'^« *» common"- 
 
 numeral refers to .Iffien JrZ "' ''°"-'""^- ^''° ^^'^*'^b"*-- 
 men that had communt;' of'nfr"^' " ""'*"' °' *^" «^ ^ ^^^^ 
 
 10. eoium habentiir. The oI)iect of ti,o e * 
 
 been to ensure children for every one! ^ '"' ''''"' *° ^^^^'^ 
 
 11. quo, adverb = af;y,<o.y. 
 
 deducta, the technical wnrri fr... u • • 
 band's home. ''^ ^""^mg a bride to her hus- 
 
 Chapter XV. 
 2- ita . . . ut. See on ch. xi .3 
 
 stress o„ the actual „,„lt \atl^ tZ' o T" ' °''""'"'' '"J"'*'' 
 
 <..:Ce\r."r;/;2!'tr.!''''-°'^'-«- 
 
 12. permedios. h.u.,,r, the Uyo .ohovT^ 
 
 13. tnbunuB mUitra. See Introduction, p. „,ii. 
 
 
f/., Part ii. 
 
 IS. 
 
 ks Latin, 
 u will. 
 
 fe'lier civilisa- 
 XXX. 5). It 
 
 les, "ten or 
 
 common " 
 
 •listiibutive 
 
 1 or a dozen 
 
 "ns to have 
 
 to her hua- 
 
 ke the perf. 
 uses, laying 
 in prohibi- 
 ' pa' iciple, 
 ^e done." 
 
 ■ All the 
 k'erjr short 
 
 NOTES, BOOK V. 
 
 ClIAPTKR XVI. 
 
 115 
 
 "Jill throngh a battle 
 
 our 
 
 ^ WHS, wiuoJi was ioug/it.^' '■■"iiKu a 
 
 ^'■«ionT.ythS..r^^ ^^'- ^'-'- to the onlookers"; nostros. 
 3. cedentcE, accusative, 
 posseut oi.j 
 
 6- illi, the enemy. 
 
 consulto, "purposely." 
 7. removissent, "drawn off" Tn i 
 age, read carefully Bk. iv. oh xxiii t"" *° ^PP^^^-ate this pass- 
 from chariots. The BritisI dfa i ts'" , ""?''''' ""''« "^ ^'J'th'! 
 and having drawn them off a T'^ *''^ R°"'''^" ^..avalrv 
 
 combaUnts leaped down ^ :;/"!" ''^ ^^°---y -Idiers, t f' 
 I-v.ng the ehariot with its d le s a'T"^ ";' '""S'" "" ^-'t 
 according to the issue of the %ht '"''"' "^ ^^'t''"** or pursuit 
 
 ^- dispari, to tiio n 
 
 Equestris inferehnt i , ^"^"^"^'y and cavalry. 
 
 -amng is not very "fa r t; sc^l'tt 't^ '^^'"r^"« '-'■ ^i.o 
 has been said, an unequal contestTr f^ p ' •' ^^'"^ ^^"'^ ^"as. as 
 against the chariot system; Zt LtZ^T''''' ''^''''^^^ 
 cavalry engagement (equestris ! i . ? *''^ "'''*"••« of a yninlu 
 c-ely the same dangelT^ o^i tTJ'n ''' -'^ ^°^'"*^°"^ entailed p' 
 pursued -e.... neither side adlh "^^T ^'"'""^ ^«^ P"'«"ers and 
 or flight. The statement i ge t^ '' ^^ariots for pursi" 
 
 "°*"";'^r'"'^"-°^'''«'«(«-ifextSef ^''''^"* engagement is 
 
 he Romans, when they ret all o .'''', "^''^^^ >t particular : "to 
 "when the Britons ret^ted o;tuU^:r"'; ^^" ^'''''- ''^^«- -• 4' 
 
 ense to say that this kind of Ih^TL ^ ^"^'1 ">^'ke excellen 
 Komans whether in retreat or ^. L ^°"^''^* ""'^''^^ ^'"^"g^r to the 
 
116 
 
 C^ESAK'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 • can he expresaccl citi.er by ,juod with the i.ulieative or l.y ut «„b 
 6tantival with tlie Huhjunctive. " 
 
 wiii^wr''"' '"'°"*''' ""'"^"^^^'^ ""*»'"^*«" -f ^'--t« 
 
 12. alios . . . alii, "omparfi/ • • • another par^y." 
 exciperent, "uovere.l." 
 
 integrique, " ami so fresh. " 
 
 13. auccederent, " relieved." 
 
 Chapter XVII, 
 4. tres legiones. an extraordinary n.nnhcr for the purpose 
 the^n."* ' ""' "" ^'"^'^ ''^^"""' ^"* P--*'- «-t o"t fron, 
 
 sic uti absisterent, «'witii such impetuosity as not to 
 
 hnnk f.^,n attacking the standards and legions '•-/.., ^ft' , j, 
 the pabulatores. Othe.« ^.ke sic uti as linntvtive-/..;.. t 1' ' 
 
 the legions. Others would read .icu/n and omit m», "whenever 
 they (the pabulatores) quitted their standards and legions » 
 iO. sui colligendi. See on Bk. iv. ch. xiii. 14. 
 12. auxilia, contingents sent to Cassivellaunus from other tribes 
 Id. summia . . . copiis, emphatic order, " in/uU force." 
 
 Chapter XVIII. 
 
 2. uno omnino loco, "only at one place at all." Where this ford 
 was IS the subject of dispute. Some have put it as far down the 
 nver as 11 estmi. '.r, others as far up as Walla.ifor.l. All we gather 
 from Gesar is that it M'as eighty miles from his lan.ling-pl.ce This 
 distance, by various computations, can be made to sdt differe t 
 paces: }U,lluu^onl, Co.uy, Sunhnry, Petersham, Kio^.toulTl 
 so down as the spot. Probably, however, it was above>,W Jl„ 
 
 but the bed of the nver may have ciianged. At Cournj Sfal-f 
 above Walton Loci; below Sunhury, up to the end of last eentu-y 
 there were some stakes, of which one is preserved in the British 
 Museum (see next page). The Venerable Bede, in his history,' 
 
 tm\l'^ih^^ ^^ proceeded to the river Thames, where an immense mTilti 
 Sr +1,?^ enemy had posted themselves on the fartlier s .leTt^^?e ri^^ r" 
 
 almost*all fhTC,n,.1 ^"'^'"^"'"1^' ^'^^ ^'^"'^-^ '''^ bank otthl ve/a i 
 are to be seP^.%n llr=^ ' ^^^7 '"'*'' "'^^^^^ ''takes, the remains of which 
 f^? ,f ^^ ?^^".t° ^li's day, each apparently about the thickness of a m^nV 
 
 Ihi^e'r" "-Bk' -Th ^ '''^' ""''' ^'"' '"'"'°^^^^^ "' '^^ "'«'to^" °f 
 
or l)y nt mib- 
 of cliariots 
 
 pose. 
 
 Jilt out from 
 
 y as not to 
 iftcr routing; 
 ' tliey njiitud 
 )ff' attack iiii' 
 " wljouever 
 
 IS." 
 
 her tribes. 
 
 e." 
 
 re this ford 
 r flown the 
 1 we gatlier 
 hioe. This 
 it different 
 fo)i, are all 
 VcddiiKjton, 
 it Siinhurt/, 
 rnj Sfah'/^, 
 .st centii"y 
 he British 
 s history,' 
 
 ense miilti- 
 >f tlie river, 
 le river and 
 s of whicli 
 of .1 ninn'M 
 bottom of 
 
 NOTES, BOOK V. 
 « tl.cy crwt; r. ■;;„ : » »"-' «™ar-, ,„arcl,. 
 
 e..ii^. and ;li^;:^,;:;--tti^!,:tr^''"^"'' 
 
 to have been part of a fi r"" ""^^'''''^'^'^ '-"''ve them 
 
 marvellous ^.^^^fZ^'^T^'r' ''•"''"'*' ^^' * 
 so lon<r a timp '"'^^^"O'l"! stakes to remain in a river 
 
 "ear the plaee aM H ' T',^ ," '*"*'^'' *'''"^* *'"-*••« i« 
 
 ♦l-iaed-theS-ar/l:,'^ " '"""' '^ ^^^'"''*'^'y 
 9- ea . . . eo, ".snch . . . s„ch.» 
 
 beenr^.;ti:^;^;,j-^;;--oh^ 
 
 almost incredible. ^ ""^ *" ^»«"'y S'^^'x-a 
 
 11. dimitterent, "abandoned." 
 
 Chapter XIX. 
 
 I- supra, end of ch. xvii 
 4 locis. Sue on Bk. iv ch. ii. 7. 
 "J. hoc metu "f(.;ir of tills" . ti 1, 
 11. -linquebatur;<< cLy;;L';rL;^^^^^^^^ ^*- 
 
 l.*?. labore atque itinera '1.^ !^ ''''"' ^^'^^•" 
 
 i"g," a iiendiadys. ' ^^ "'^'^"^ "^ ^'^'''^ '"'•^'•^■l'- 
 
 CffAPTKR XX. 
 
 render to cJa'.lest ove,l a r"""TV ■"''«"• ""- 
 
 _•' Co7vay 
 
 7. ab iniuria Cassivellauni. Tlie .r,.„ ,v , • .. Slake in 
 
 "fmn ill-treatment at the hands of CW '^^ '"""' '"■^'' '''"- 
 
 117 
 
 \ 
 
 
118 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 Chapter XXI. 
 
 of Niinies. ""i-ertaiu. Nee, liowexer, Index 
 
 ^^^^i2T^.^T"'^ '''''''' °-"^'^"' *'- «^t^> of Ven.. 
 
 of EnSZp^;;:;:;^; ---;:;- ;» many pa... 
 
 has ,H,sappeared. leaving only thTLuT-^ . " "i'"''"' *'"-' ^'''''' 
 generally called Roman camps ""^ •^''''^■"' ^''''"e'' ''"^^ *re 
 
 Chapter XXII. 
 
 13. neque multum, et non-multum. 
 
 li. extrahi, "wasted." Cajsar Jn,l oi v.- . 
 
 wishing to be closer home ashehll / .? T^'*'"^' ''"^^°°« ^o** 
 'laughter Julia, who 1 "d I ed p " "^ f "" '^^^^'^ °^ '"« 
 l^etweeu them. ^ ^"'"I''^^'' ^"'^ ^^'^^ a strong tie 
 
 Chapter XXIII. 
 4. commeatibus, "crossings" or -'relays '' 
 
 ^^r,el:rZ{::;^T^\^:::^j^ ;* ^-^^p^"^^' *^'^* -* of so 
 
 tins nor in the previous year was an v 1 "" ""^^y ^^'S^^' "-«-r in 
 whilst of such as were Lnt bacV ^ r?T '^^P "* ^» """^^ing; 
 longing to the first relay af,- the J r^^'"' "'""^^'' ^'^'^^^ '°^- 
 which Labienus afterwards Ldri 7 ^""^ ''''" ^""'^^^^ ^"^^ t^ose 
 
 .our. .d nearly jz:^^:^::^::^^:^'' ''- -'' ^'^ ^- 
 
 ^^ Jjortaret, hke rem.tterentur below, due to relative (generic). 
 
 
NOTE.^, LOOK V. 
 
 e small tribes 
 nvcvcr, Index 
 
 Bite of Vein- 
 
 I many parts 
 it'll tho forest 
 ugli tiiey are 
 
 cli. V. 
 n drawn up 
 
 reasons for 
 
 leath of his 
 
 strong tie 
 
 119 
 
 paid, 
 
 »lucl, wore „„t ".."rtrf ■' ■'"" '""' '""1 l""" '" B'iWn, 
 
 l"-3 „,„al „.„„ |„,f„, „„„,'. "'""''"' "'™'™' P<»i"-I that l,e l„ul 
 
 i.« t.„ fins, tatc .: r t"'':,!'; *° "",'"'" "'"">• ""- '"■!•■ 
 
 taMport will, ,„Ui„. „';'^^^;;; '-•■"''■ J« 1'« -.over lo^ a .i„gl„ 
 
 12. aequinoctium, September 2i v»+ n 
 on 2tith. for Cicero (aIm Z H ,m ''' ''^' '*'" '» ^"t^'" 
 
 just received letters from l.i",' l.rn/i l?^ ''''^'' "' ^ ^'^"^'" *^"^* ''^ has 
 tbe shores of Brita n T " ^mn ^""'"'' '"^"^^ ^''^'«*-^'- ^^^^^^l ^''O'" 
 of tbe equinoctial gales. ' """ '""'* '"^^^'^^ '"^-^ the season 
 
 mo?e cbsXT" • • • "°°'°°^^*' "^- ^-« obliged to pack his men 
 
 14. secunda — ~ vieiHn <<i • 
 ginning of the seconcf M-^ch ''ZutTf "\ "''"' ^* *'"« ^- 
 watch having begun when he h.A I ' '"^^ '"^^ " *''<^ «««ond 
 
 require c»,« .oJra? '^ '''''^'^'^ ^"'^^'O'"'" >^hich would 
 
 as no 
 
 e subjunc 
 
 out of so 
 neither in 
 missing ; 
 those be- 
 and those 
 3 the har- 
 
 !generic). 
 
 Chapter XXIV, 
 
 1. concilioque Gallorum. See on ch. ii 14 
 ■£. irumentum . . anOT,afii.» 
 bsensomewliat scanty" P"-»»«nerat, ■•the harvest had 
 
 .he'-.:TtXly.''°' "" ^-'"°™ »' "'- -tat^r oa,„ps. ,t„d. 
 
 Legion 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 Legate. 
 C. Fabius 
 Q. Cicero 
 L. Roscius 
 T. Labienus 
 M. Crassus 
 C. Trebonius 
 T.. Munatius Plaaens j 
 ih -f^" -^'t^^^^ Sabinus ■> 
 
 \l>. Aurunculeius Cotta/^''"''^"®^ 
 
 Tribe. 
 Morini 
 Nervii 
 Essuvii 
 Remi 
 
 ^Bellovaci 
 
 Modern Site (approximate). 
 St Pol. 
 
 Charleroi (or Namur). 
 
 S6ez. 
 
 Lavacherie. 
 [Montdidier. 
 \ Amiens (Samarobriva), 
 I Champlieu. 
 
 Tongres, 
 
 i ' 
 
\ 
 
 V 
 
 O 
 
 '^.-~^-' 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 ^< 
 
 N'^TKS, itoofC V 
 
 ' 1 '-'1 
 
 «• Bellovacis. tuIh ;« .... 
 
 '""•" '™'" (- .»,'i,k ■ " ;,, ";."'-''" ■™«^ lit.. ".i„„.,,i 
 
 Chapter XXV. 
 
 a»co to lu„," '"«' ''^"' f^"'"I Lis services of particula.. • . 
 
 ^ Tertiu l'^"iicular a.ssist- 
 
 ,„„; « ■ ■ • aucloribM, .-.bl. „!,,„ ..,t ,,„. . ,. 
 
 Chapter XXVI, 
 quindecim, <Miui: 
 
 '• Diebus . 
 
 duration of time". " '""'' ■"»'•"'« the fifteen <Iavs " h„f . 
 . ^- Praesto fuissent "1.. i "°' 
 
 -a„a.lve..b. ''"'' '"'^ P^^-tcI themselves before •' Pr. . 
 
 •">• Indutiomari Fnr .i ' 
 
 9. desperatare. 'sL*il!f"fr^ ^'^ '--utility, see 
 
 11. 
 
 used. 
 
 aliqui. Afi\j. 
 
 pair. 
 
 cJi. 
 
 IV. 
 
 «- ^« t'>e usual form w],e« 
 
 "o substaiit 
 
 :i 
 
 ivo la 
 
122 
 
 CESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 11. ex noBtria vellent. It is ro.na.kablo that tl.cse M-ords bv 
 
 a strange co.nculence fonu two con.pleto hexana.te T. 'ub^^ 
 nietncal prose is eaiefully avoided. ' 
 
 12 habere sperarent. We should say, "they renresentod 
 
 orhrstilLr.'' ' "'*■"'"*"' *■'" P°^^''^'l'*>' -^ -> '-^"^ate-nent 
 
 vellent . . . sperarent, sul)oI)li(,ue 
 
 ,1 ■ 
 
 Si: 
 
 Chapter XXVII. 
 
 o. debere depends on confiteri. 
 6. stipendio, abl. of separation. 
 
 quod Atuatucis. Tliis quod is relative 
 9. numero, abl. = in mnnero. So ohmlum loco. 
 JO^ fecerit. Throughout this speeeh the vivid sequence is often 
 
 14. quod potuerit, explanatory of causam. 
 
 weitness'sTT: """ '^ ^"'' "^'^' ^^"^^ "°"' "^^ ^^^ 
 16. imperitusrevum, "inexperienced "(see on Bk.iv eh i 5) 
 8U1S copiis, abl. of means or instrument. Suis is'empliat ^ 
 18. oppugnaiidis, dat. of purpose. empliatic. 
 
 19 alteri. It is as well to state that most texts read here alterae 
 
 an old second declension form. Cesar also uses toto, «»//o, as dath" ' 
 
 These mstances are not sufficient authority for the con tan u of 
 
 t. jse forms m modern Latin prose 
 
 t^triotism." ^ ' • "•"'" «" t'»« s°ore of 
 
 habere . . . rationem, " took account of " 
 ^S. ofli li, "his obligation." 
 
 monere. orare. Two verbs of the same meaning are often used 
 •n Latm to emphasise an idea, ''he earnestly begge!' l^f XX' 
 
NOTES, BOOK V. 
 
 123 
 
 iicse -words, by 
 ■s. As a lule, 
 
 y r('])rescntecl 
 
 cir mutual iii- 
 
 im abatement 
 
 present after 
 
 •■if ittj'is below 
 t, vocatu, 
 
 ence is often 
 
 ignty was of 
 VGT him than 
 
 >in his own 
 
 ch. i. 5). 
 jmphatic. 
 
 here alfcrae, 
 >, as datives, 
 stant use of 
 
 the claims 
 he score of 
 
 ) often used 
 cf. /'indere 
 
 20. biduo. " in tlie course of two days » 
 youyS;:."""'^'"""- ^''^^^^^^'''' "The decision h-os with 
 ^J7. eductos . . . deducere, "to conduct them . . . a„a lead 
 
 31. Quod cum faciat, " in doing this " 
 
 Chapter XXVIII. 
 
 4. quod, explanatory of hac re 
 
 6 conBilium A council of war contained the commander-in- 
 c'rortl '"'' "'"*^^^' ''"'""^^' ^"'' *'- «- -"t-ions of the «;!; 
 
 7. L. Aurunculeius, Cotta. 
 
 8. primorum ordinum. See Introduction, p. xxiv 
 y. imussu. See on mlsm, ch. xxvii. 3. 
 
 10. quantasvis, -'of any size."' 
 
 etiajn Gennanorum, ' ' even " of Germans, who were as aoldi.r« 
 considered far more forn.idable than the Gau^ Hordiit t ' 
 Ambionx. a large body of them had crossed the Rhine ^ *' 
 
 fortified." '"''"'•'' '''■ '^'"' "^"-"^^'^'^^ *'- winter camp was 
 
 rem esse testimonio quod, "the fact that . . was a nroof " 
 
 iriTo," "'° °'*""-»- """"* ^' o'-'f °"' ""» -"•• '™'" ««"t 
 
 12. ultro, "to boot." 
 
 15. quid esse. For questions in or. oW, see on Bk. iv. ch xvi 11 
 
 levius, " more undignified." ^''• 
 
 auctore hoste, "on the advice of an enemy." 
 
 Chapter XXIX. 
 
 1. Titurius, Sabinus. 
 
 4. Caesarem sr arb'trari "flmf \^^ /c i • ^t 
 
 C*sar •' rs„f'p 7 ; . (>Sabinusi thouglit that 
 
 usual ■ i; ;, I ^'tTv "\"'* ^^""" *^' ^''^'^^' ** ''^-^'Pi''- ^^'^l^ -".3 
 usual. It IS hard to believe that Sabinus did not know this. ' 
 
124 
 
 C/ESAII'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 'run, rr.^L are lll^lt 'inJSh"'' v"""'"'' ""* "^ ^--« "-• 
 ventures, '' ^0.^7 ^l' ^^^^''^hl^'-^^Tr^'l --^• 
 secondary scjuencc, si iUe adessefc ^^ '^''*''*^ *''''^*' '» 
 
 of representing thee Z^vTt .'nlv: 'TT ^'^^ 
 speech:- ""itient conditional clauses of the direct 
 
 (') ■'-'< aili'rlt. vt')i!ptif I "it 1, . 1 
 
 canio"). '" '" '"' P'"-'". tlioy wo„I,l 
 
 (o) i^i adfi^nct. viniinnif (■' it i.„ 
 
 coming ") "'"■' ""' i""''""'*' *''*-'y ^^'«"1^1 be 
 
 In the text the sense sliows that it represents (3) 
 
 8- non hostem spectare " m hit 1 i . , 
 
 -gge.tionofti.eene„,,%„tthep ii J^^^^ '-^^ ^^'^ »«* *'- 
 
 -'Pla nrhs, " the capt..;e of the dtv » ''™ auctorem, like 
 
 9. Ariovisti mortem. In Bk i ,i v 
 Ariovistns fron, battle, but nov he 4 il'tr^ ''"'^ "' *^ "'«''* «f 
 reconle.!. Tresuniably he M-as I t n. , ,"'';',"'"'' "^ ^"^ ^«**»» 
 
 at the insults'she'^^ili ^X^^!^"^^'"^^' ^^ dazing with wratli 
 _ 12- persuaderet. See on I5k iv ,.), • i- r,, 
 IS used with a question in the thinl l-sdn t «";^J"««tive 
 
 the (piestion was (,)«/,, ^,,,.,„„,,,«^/!\;,''^'!'"' ''««''^"«'^ '» the direct 
 13. descendisse, 'm4i rest^ed to " " *° ^"'•^"''"'•^ " " 
 
 ''■•'HheirpoHcy "d^;" *' ''""'^ -^'"^ *''^' nialcon\, .its, what 
 
 19. at certe, "yet certaiiilv " o i 
 
 closis, .s-«^ eannot. ^' ^^' '"" ^« "^^'^^ *« '"ark au apo- 
 
 longinqua obaidione, abl. aba. 
 
 Chaptkr XXX. ' 
 
 This chapter is a goo.l instance of the vivid «tvl. .f •.• 
 1. m utramque Darfpm t« i ''"^/ '^ "' style of writing. 
 iv. ch. i. 11)^ ^"*'°'- ^"^ ^'"'^ ^ ^I'stributive force (see on m. 
 
 ^^^:^^ = '''''''^^^^^^^^^^^ orannan (see Int«>- 
 
 Vincite, «« have it so." 
 
 3. et Id {sc. (Jixit), Wo c1./^.,m .r 
 
 ' /. u e slionld say "and then." 
 
NOTES, jJOOK V. 
 
 tlie forms nott. 
 i noKtri, vf.t(ri. 
 >tice that, in 
 '•w) is capable 
 ^f the direct 
 
 Jme "). 
 they M-oiihl 
 
 ley would be 
 
 125 
 
 fortunes of war with the rest " '" "'''"" <^^ ^-'"^ 
 
 *'as not the 
 ictorem, like 
 
 ^be flight of 
 'f his death 
 
 Oman sway, 
 with wrath 
 
 subjunctive 
 the direct 
 
 311 cd," 
 "Its, what 
 
 "k au apo- 
 
 « on Bk. 
 ee Intro- 
 
 CllAI-TKK XXXI. 
 
 1. Consurgitiir, impersonal 
 
 comprehendunt, by the baud. 
 •;• facilemesse. «oc on eh. vi ]-, 
 -»• siinodo, "providi.,lo;dv " 
 
 dat . . . manus, '• reives wtv " ti • • 
 formal action of surrender " "" '"etaphor from tlie 
 
 8. vigiliia, "iu wakefulness" 
 
 ■■^/''(totr::!?^''^-^^"^-"^-'' 
 
 ti.ing is devised to make ft b.Ho "?'?'' ^''''^^' ' ^^> "^''^'^'-y- 
 and, at the same time by caZr r" '"!'"" ^■*'"'"' ''-«-. 
 troops, to increase ti;e I.^ f/ 1 '"V"' •f'^^^^'^""^'^'' *"*''« 
 stricture on the utter i c^^ n'pet L ri' ""^' ''!'' T''' ''^' * 
 quare is unnatural. (O) "All rp.i ^ g^'"erals. The use of 
 
 -'-y they cannot en 1 ^tt]Z i" "" *'""«''* «"* '"^"^ '^'-'"^^-l 
 increased by the fatb land "^'''■' ^""^ ^^'"'y t'''"^* danger is 
 
 tonce woubft en b e it ,: tf :?^"""" '' "'^ *'-?«•" Th^ sen! 
 
 concile the troops to the decision 7 l '"' P*''*>' *" '•^- 
 
 vigiliis would then lefer to t ^ ^ ^T'*"'"'" ^^'^^"^^^ o' 
 -V-go. This renderin^tive'a pro2 ? *f ^'^ '' "" P'"^""«'"^ 
 
 less point to the second Ir If of th! T"'"^ *' '^''*'^' ^"* ^'^^'^ 
 tations, 2 (/.) seems tl" best Per 1 """ ^' *'"° ^"*^"-P'- 
 is out of place. an.I should bin^ert^^r^^^^ "' "T *'""'^' *'^^ I^^««'''^'« 
 ing the efforts of Sabinus' partrMblL'^^'^"^"^' ^*^'^^^' ^--^. 
 
f) 
 
 126 
 
 C.KSAK'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 "• nee . . . et. See on Bk. iv. d.. i. 21 ; xxix 11 
 12. maneatur, impersonal. 
 
 cIkLw- It"' '"^^ ''■' ' '*■' "^^ "^'^ *" ^^"-" (- - Bk. iv. 
 
 thet^ts..:tiroo^:::!X^:^rr"'" --*• ^^-""- 
 
 --. "to go" (purpose) (" 17- :i£~ "f' -'^"■•- ('O "^ 
 ace. and infin. of indirect statel;;^)' ' "" ^'""-' ^^'-''-''-'^^ 
 
 longissimo . . . impedimentis, abl. abs. That in tl.o v- • •. 
 
 Chaptkr XXXII. 
 
 1. ex nocturne premitu vigiliisque, "from the 
 during the n.ght " in the Roman oamn. 
 
 3. a, 
 
 oamp. 
 
 noise and activity 
 
 at a distance of " (se<3 on Rk. iv. ch. xxii 15) 
 5. ex utraque parte. " at each end. " • 
 
 Chapter XXXIII. 
 1. qui, causal, "smcehe." 
 
 sense. - "aiive m the same 
 
 4. in ipso negotio, " in the thick of tlungs " 
 
 5. qui, as above. ' 
 
 6. profectionis auetor non fuisset "ha.! «..* u^ ■ r 
 marching." luissec, i ad not been in favour of 
 
 8. imperatoris, sc. offida pmrstahat. 
 
 10. per se omnia obire, "perform all duties bv l ...^^ ^es » 
 quoque, abl. of quhque. » • ^' - fc. 'es. 
 
 11. pronuntiare. This is a common idiom in t -,i„ «„. .. ., . 
 
 i,iic pasbive, bade orders to be siven " T,> +i. . i. 
 chapter both idioms occur. ^ " "'*" "®^*^ 
 
 12. in orbem consisterent. See on Bk. iv. ch. xxxvii. 5. 
 
 * ■> : 
 
Nf'TRS, BOOK V. 
 
 127 
 
 see on Bk. iv. 
 
 '•• KeincnilK!!* 
 ' mihi: (a) hI. 
 ig" (ordinary 
 
 1 tlic vicinity 
 igtiiencd and 
 I largo (|iiun- 
 of Sabinus. 
 
 and activity 
 
 infinitives. 
 
 ic at a total 
 in the same 
 
 favour of 
 
 nd Groek. 
 
 Kiigli.sli 
 
 the next 
 
 tl. 
 
 14. cecidit, "turned out" 
 '«■ quaeque, "and sud, things as » 
 •'• Properaret, hke rontnxhrr usod .vif. , • 
 
 •->0. fletu. These tears u-ere due L ' ' ^"'"'"'"^ '"""'*'^'«- 
 -''•t--l.;atureofthesouti.err;;C.^.r^^^^^ 
 
 ClUPTER XXXIV. 
 
 '• At barbaris . rfAfiii+ w ^i 
 ""t I'u^king .n . .Ian \!iZL "'" "''''' '^'■^"''' "'« ^^'^^-^^ ^ere 
 
 J ;S3£="";£?"" •- 
 
 Erant pares, bracketed in Meus,.r« f„ ^ 
 
 virtute et numero, ahl of JJtu ' 
 
 6. aFortuna ri "^'^" "^•'' »'• I'csnect. 
 
 is impersonal. "^ ' ''''^* "«''-'"->' oon.e to then..- Noceri 
 13. recipientes governs bp ■■„,7 ■ 
 
 insequanturt m' i v o ''"'"'"^'^ ''^ insequantur. 
 
 Chaptkr XXXV. 
 1-cum. SeeonBk. iv. cii. i. ]o,. xvii 11 
 
 a cohort Wf Z""""^ ?'^'' ' ' ^''^^ "ecessanly "exposed " Wh 
 
 a conort left tiie circle, the eneniv f*.,„„ , n , Whenever 
 
 P.^rt; but the side, of the lI^lnlhTv ^'''" '" *''''^* P^^'-''- 
 
 exposed. When the cohort *,or" ^"'^'^ ^^-"''^ "ecessanly 
 rounded by those who had flc!! .1 ," M "' '' '""'^ '''''' «- 
 enemy on either side nearest to fi }^'":^)^y returned and hy tl,,. 
 
 futile. On the other i;:r^\;tua]f;"% '■'"'•^ rallies \u,.r 
 cii-cle. "'' '* '^^^ ^'i^^'Jy Jiopeless to remain i.i the 
 
 11. horam octavam, aljcut 2 p m 
 
 1- Balventio, dat. of referenpo\,.i 
 possessive genitive. ' "''*' '^''^ '" l^ngm, idiom use 
 
 13. primum piium duxerat ; .. • • ., 
 ;-pHes that he had con.pSl • ^i^:;^"^''- ''^ l''"P-foct 
 taehed to the legion as an aneruj, " vlrL/' '"" ""'^ "'^ ""^' ^^^ 
 
 Iv/'l 
 
hjii 
 
 If. 
 
 128 
 
 C^<:,SAK'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 13. pilum, horn pUus (sec Iiitmluctioii, p. 
 1.). omsdemcrdinis-/.,., a j^rhnlpifaris. 
 17. m adversum os, " full i„ tlic mouth " 
 
 xiv , note). 
 
 CllAVTYA, XXXVI. 
 
 5. posse. See on tli. xxvi. 13 
 
 ?,ruitul d;, tai .IS thu soldiers' lives were cohcerned.'' 
 ". ipsi, >Sal)iiuis. 
 
 nuinr"*rw ""'■ ''"P^^^^'^^K, ^^'th verba used impersonally, the 
 PUU.I....S ,Jor. .,/) IS generally employed instead of tlie fut. hifin. 
 
 V. .:cinmuni:;at excedant, "communi. ates with Cotta wifl, 
 
 a V.W to .uiUin. tlie li,ht, if he (Cotta) think l! ' U L^lt 
 
 e ;. emfl'^'r^^^""'"^' "' communicat ; s. videatur, like pu^a 
 bu-g empliat.c, ,s put outside the ut clai-se. Another wiro 
 taknig the sentence is, '< communieates with h„. to se 1 a common 
 "«c of ,1) , agrees to quitting." Tliis would n tke ut suLtai 3 
 and dependent on videatur. auustauiivai, 
 
 Chaptkk XXXVII. 
 
 1- quos . . . tribunes. See on Bk. iv. ch. xxxi 5 
 11. aquilifer. See Introduction, p xxiv 
 
 of ILCS*,*''''''' '°"-"'"'°* " ^-'"'""^ ■"«■ - "«' P-i™ 
 Illi, tiiose who had regained the camp 
 
 15. Pauci not out of the camp, but out of the battle. 
 
 lb. ad T Labienum in hibema. See on Rk. iv. ch. xiii U 
 Suetonius te Is a story that when C'asar heard of this diskste'r-the 
 extinction of one legion an<l a half-he vowed he wouk 1 h 
 Ir^n- grow until he had taken vengeance on tlie Eburones. 
 
 5. 
 
 SUJ 
 
 6. 
 
 uIc^ 
 
 
 d'.Vu 
 
 8. 
 
 nihil 
 
 Chapter XXXA'III 
 
 . liberandi. See on Bk. 
 :'di Romanos. See on Bk. 
 ■nt, "let slip." 
 — interfici, "it was a matt 
 
 '. ch x.j;. 14. 
 '". oh. xi. 6. 
 
 ^ no diftlculty tor the 
 
note). 
 
 '>e able to be 
 
 NOTES, BOOK V 
 
 129 
 
 Region wintering with f<i..^, x , 
 
 "-d only of killing i,,i,i:;,;;f^*-J «^ -tei^ci, whid. is ..ostly 
 
 ^^' se • . . adiutorem. Av.. ^lw.,.l j 
 
 »^ should say, "his aid." 
 
 colloi|uial 
 
 )ersonaIIy, the 
 the fut. infin. 
 
 1 Cotta M'ith 
 Ut final is 
 *, like pugna, 
 other May of 
 ! if (a connnon 
 substantival, 
 
 Ohaptkr XXXIX. 
 
 *''^ ^^^y- "■' ^^^ °"^ «f («ay) 500, a fraction of 
 
 eonun, the Nervii. 
 4- nondum . 
 readied. " 
 
 ■ 4"! • . , discessissent 'n i 
 '*« si.nple sense, without any resw't f ''' ''""' ^"'^^'"^ *^> '-' "«-I m 
 « .bjunetive must be due to attm't * T- '""'''"'^'^^ «-'«o- The 
 ciperentur. attraction, being dependent on inter 
 
 P-Iata. We should say, ...efore the news 
 
 s the passive 
 
 ciii. l.S. 
 
 disaster — tlic 
 ■ould ) his 
 ones. 
 
 itty 
 
 Chapter XL. 
 
 Notice the vividness nf f i, • i 
 Vivid te„,es, a,,„dr;if " "'"''""■■ "-"■«'' V .hort .„„.e„c«, 
 
 2- si pertuliasent. There « «^ 
 put 18 ,„„(„; to be , ,i J ?„■"!'"■ . The subject of pertuUs. 
 
 ... """Cs. Ihcse were hnilf „a 
 
 J'ke the modern bastion Thev l'''^"'"^''"*^^^'-'^^« -lo"g the wall 
 
 and about ten feet squa e. K^ch Ih^"''''"^ ^'"'^^ ^^'^^^ ^ig ' 
 «n the side towards'the enemy b^l'::;) '' ''^'^y ^'-^ Protected 
 
 pmnaeloricaeque). Thevw^e., '^ff "'«"*« "»»! breastwork, 
 Jaaders. From the sto;Vs t,.e"tr' '\ 'r^' ^"'^ "^^^-ded W 
 attackers. See illustration'^.nt.t page' "'^^'^ ""^""^^ °^ the 
 
 I 
 
If 
 
 130 
 
 CESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 4. admodiun, "quite." 
 
 cxx. "If M'c estimate the circumference of the camn of «. 
 eg,„„ .t 4000 root then ,20 .owe, wo„M give . di,t ,» 7.1* 
 40 feet from tower to tower " (Mohcrlcy) 
 
 Cam/) with towers. 
 
 o, vaWuTO. 
 Zi, lorica. 
 
 c, fossa, 
 
 d, turrit. 
 
 e, pons, 
 /, porta. 
 
 12. muralium pilonun, long heavy javelins used in defence of a 
 wall, 
 
 13. contabulantur, "are built in storeys," 
 pinnae, battlements or palisading of M'ood. 
 loricae, " breastworks " of wicker-work, "fascines." 
 
 14. ex cratibus, attributive to loricae (see on Bk. iv c"h xvi lo) 
 attexuntur, "are attached " to the turres. " 
 cum, " though. " 
 
 tenuisBima, "very delicate." 
 16. ut, "to such an extent that." 
 
 snare h't'.tiT^T"'*'^'. ^' '^""^^ '^^' "^' ^^« «0»P«"efI to 
 Bpare himself by the spontaneous action of the troops, who crowded 
 
 [sTsed r "'*^^"*-^*-^ (- expostulations)." The adverb ultro 
 IS used to qualify concursu, which is a verbal noun. 
 
ihe camp of a 
 tance of about 
 
 ml luirdened in 
 
 defence of a 
 
 ill. xvi. lo). 
 
 ompelled to 
 'ho crowded 
 dverb ultro 
 
 NOTES, BOOK V 
 
 Chapter XLI. 
 
 131 
 
 I. sennonia aditum, "access to an interview » 
 t f ^°ta Potestate, 'Sa-ulioMc.o bein-. .rantJd'.> 
 4- egerat, "bad treated of - " y-'^'tul. 
 
 .faxiundae, an old fona of tl.. gerundive. 
 
 n.tvra.e.:"r.^^^^^^^ 
 
 10. utantur, jussive. 
 
 17. pro eius iustitia, "sueli «•.« i < 
 
 *. Mtcli M as L a'sar's .senso of justice." 
 
 ClfAI'TKK XLII. 
 
 "ig witli Sabinus. ^ ^ ''"coessful to An.biorix in deal- 
 
 The S-oi:'::4:;^'^::i-^'^'^^"f "'-^'^ *'-^^ ^'-'^." 
 
 something differenUne^c^tt;/;: •;';";■;''•"' "°"''' ^"^^ '"-"* 
 
 ^Vith sagulis. supply ..tteylrir'^,r; "'^- "'^^ "^^"^b"«- 
 8. minus horis tribus "in tl^ 1 ^'"'' '' '''^^^'-^ '~""'Jma 
 
 'jua^n omitte<I (see oTlik iv "h x .?)"" '^ ^"' *'"^ *'""- ^-"-" i 
 
 the ^^^^::^::,^ ' ^^-^^^^ ^'-^-^^^^ *« ^e^eve .at 
 
 teen (Roman, about fourteen 
 
 i'.nglish) miles in circumfer- 
 ence. Perhaps, with some 
 editors, instead of passuum 
 we should read jjedum (the 
 best MSy. have the initial p 
 only), -.i.ch would be about ^> 
 two ardf.hr„..q„^,rter miles. ^^ 
 
 part, 
 
 JO- valli. the Rom 
 
 an ram- 
 
 falces, 
 
 ""'"""• "'" """"J »'-« /*»«, h„„l3 .h.,,, 
 
 like 
 
 «f^ 
 
132 
 
 CyESAIl's GALLIC WAR. 
 
 he.«l8 in loops of rope. frustrat,., tl.cso by catching the 
 
 testudinea. (See ou di ix Ifi w^..,. i, , , 
 
 teot the .tor„,i„s parties. t?K, l.^n^'X'.''' »"* »" «- 
 
 Chapter XLIII. 
 
 glandes. re<I.J.ot balls of clay, hurled from 
 
 1. ferventes . 
 
 leathern slings. 
 
 '* ^^'12"' '''"' *'",'''"^ '"'^ '^^'^" -°»1'J-' -hen soft. 
 
 havetThl^;r;'".nr" ""t^^'" '^^ *^^'^ -"'^ ""* 
 me«^a. ProbaWv thcv 'l , I^'-««"'"^'''>- "'« Gauls had no tor- 
 casas Sf n ^ . """"^' ^'^^ •'^"''^«'>«'l to them. 
 
 "o . . . iiecta\ thatched " (see on ch. xii. 7). 
 
 >l'^!;!l•:i--.^:.''^^au-^: r:.^ 
 
 Here some verb like clanmrrnt is men- 
 
 This idiom is really elliptic. 
 taJly supplied. 
 
 had b.^btLi,;e.r.To:r^r,t,f sf "^ '-"^'"^ ^^--^ 
 
 12. nemo, e,„pl,atic pcitioi,, " not a single man " 
 
 n^^w' ■ '"f'-" O"'"?-"". "steely a man e.„„... 
 
 ■■.n."rati::;ren:K:^^:^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 14. gravissimus, "mostcri oal" 
 JI5- ut, since." 
 
 16. sub, "close under." 
 
 17. non dabant, "refused to give » 
 
 nl^:^:,^^^' ^'- «-^^ -- adopting all the Roman 
 
 21. vocare, of course ironically. 
 
 22. doturbati, sc. sunt Galli. 
 
 iSili 
 
 C. TEK LIV. 
 
 A magnificent piece of narrative. 
 1. qui, with consecutive force. Their br, 
 
 motion 
 9. iimimpit, sc. in earn partem. 
 
 ■very was bringing pro- 
 
 •! ■•>■. 
 
J fortifications. 
 y catching tlie 
 
 I slitids to pro- 
 
 liurled from 
 
 en Hoft, 
 ey could not 
 i had no tor- 
 thein. 
 anipa. 
 ii. 7). 
 
 "i, tanqiinm. 
 arent is men- 
 
 ilete victory 
 
 n c en. 
 
 la by saying 
 
 the Roman 
 
 nging pro- 
 
 first 
 
 ^OTEs, book: V. 
 
 («-«k. .a, La""'"'/'"" "■" force „, ..„„ ^., , 
 13. ono-l_r™. '° "•"'"part." 
 
 "r:=..''ti:^- '"'"-."'^""' -- '™" •■'-.■• 
 
 '^y l^eing sVarald f ' '"''''"^*- ^^i^' wt'c h ;/°"°^''"'' ««'«« force 
 f- at tl. S*^''^ ^-" Voreuus. which occ p e 'al r"^r*^'^' ^"'' 
 
 ^- versavit, «<dealtwith." 
 
 ^— . Cridiomi,..,,,^^^^^,^ 
 
 • • • to the other." 
 Chapter XLV. 
 
 Chapter XLVI. 
 8- veniat, jnsaive s, l,i,„„. . . J' "> be al.te to 
 
 -u the ,:;:t' «« «.cav*,, .„:X - - pr"; r ^"""- 
 
 .-v. preceded i.rassus 
 
 I 
 
 
134 
 
 CiCSAU's GALLIC WAR. 
 
 Chapter XLVII. 
 
 2. progreditur. Creaar, witli Trebotiius' legion, Bets out immedi- 
 ately ; the adviuuie-guard cf Crassus' army arrives ut Siiiimrohriva 
 witliout waiting for tlie actual arrival of CraHsus, wiiom he leaves in 
 tonimand. 
 
 ^ :i. praeficit. Ca?8ar had already departed, but left word tliat 
 Craaaus was to take the cominaud. 
 
 4. litteras publicaa, "public records" comprising the rolls of the 
 legions, information collected from spies, accounts, &c. 
 
 6. non ita multum, like our colloquial "not so much," means 
 practically "not at all." 
 
 5. ad eiun, "against him." 
 
 9. ne . . . non. Casai* might have written nt. 
 
 11. praesertim quos . . . sciret, "especially as he knew that 
 
 they." 
 
 12. quanto, " (to say) with what." 
 
 13. educturuB esset represents in the direct Pilurerem, not educam 
 (fut.) He did not mean to set out. 
 
 rem gestam in Eburonibus, the disaster to Sabinus and Cotta. 
 
 Chapter XLVIII. 
 
 1. etsi reciderat, "altiiough he was disappointed in his ex- 
 pectation of three legions, and reduced to two ; " opinione, lit., 
 "from his expectation." 
 
 2. duas, his own and Fabius'. 
 
 7. Graecis litteris, "(ireek language," rather than merely Greek 
 characters, with wiiich the Gauls, if we may judge from the 
 Helvetii (Bk. i. ch. xxix.), were acquainted. According to 
 Polyamus, the wonls were flappt?./, fioiieuav xpotrS^xov, "be of 
 good cheer; expect aid." Cresar frequently used a simple crypto- 
 gram, substituting for a letter that which was fourth from it in 
 the alphabet. 
 
 10. amentum was a leathern strap which was attached to the 
 centre of the spear, and considerably increased the distance to 
 which it could be thrown by imparting a rotatory movement to the 
 missile. 
 
 13. periculum, of being mistaken by tlie Romans for an unfriendly 
 
 Gaul. 
 
 14. biduo. We should expect the ace. of duration, but Ctesar not 
 
NOTES, BOOK V. ,-. 
 
 loo 
 
 10. perlectam-/, " J^* °^. *""« an<l <lnration. 
 that .p/.,o/a,« ha« to' ho sI.p.'.Ld ""*'''' *' ''""''''^ «-* = "oti«e 
 
 ^^^^nX^:;:-^,:::^^- "^'"^"^^ ^^^ -«^-t ri-.- tut w. 
 
 19. adventus, "about tho arrival " 
 expullt. "dispelled. •• 
 
 ll: 
 
 Chapter XLIX. 
 
 1- rellnquunt, "raise." 
 2. Haec, attracted (for !,i\ tr. „ 
 on Bk. i. oh. i. 1). ^'°' ^'^ *° agreement M'ith the predicate (see 
 
 foIlow"^,Te; '^''' ^'"'' '^"^« '"'""•^"^ ^o/'-, including camp 
 
 tl- purpose of obvia'ngtll^^^^^^^ T'' ''^ ^^^- ^^s. is for 
 
 the despatch was brou j.t " '^ ""^ ^"'«' ^^^^^'ng to whom 
 
 9. animo, abl. of rosnprf "• • , „ 
 
 g^-^on^italtogetlLXin^rLnit!^^^ 
 
 dite.tet!;e?^r^^- l^'f eonspicatur. as Csar 
 2. tmn. "at the same time" ^'*''' ^^'^ ^^'°^)- 
 
 16 Sri"!'' ^t/' ^ ^'^" ^°"-'--" 
 
 3500 men each. I numbe tlow norL^:; '^''T' "^"^'^^ *'-« ^^^ntained 
 17. angustiis vianun. 'ZZZZtnJ^ Introduction, p. xxii). 
 
 the camp." See plan, p 87 """^'"'"^ *^^ Passages (or streets) of 
 19. hostibus. Se. on ,.h. 'xxxv. 12 
 
 Bpeculatoribus. all. of means or instrument. 
 
 Chapter L. 
 
 2. 
 
 OiUU. . . Caesar, in apposition to ,.6ri,„. 
 
136 
 
 Caesar's gallic war. 
 
 Chapter LI. 
 
 1. invitatl, "tempted." 
 
 8. in speciem, "merely for show" T« ««i ^ • 
 
 12. sicuti, "to such good purpose that." 
 i.i. occidit, o^civ/o. 
 
 exuit-;..., compelled them all to throw them away. 
 
 Chaptek LII. 
 }J' f ?"«--^^«bat, "and because he saw that no chance was 
 
 cavahy. These words are bracketed hi Meusel's edition 
 nequeetiam = .'^«P , . . ,jn!,lrm. 
 5. producta, "paraded." 
 
 non decimum quemque. "not one in ten." 
 
 n rim'ir ,^'^'*^'""«' 1^"-- 1>-<1 yiven him some information 
 l.i. rem, tlie disaster to Sabinus and Cotta 
 
 proponit, "describes." 
 
 quod- sit acceptum, "that the disaster, which has been 
 
 received owing to the culpable rashness of a genera " Tl o .Z! 7 
 Js suboblique ; so relinquatur below ^ subjunct. 
 
 quod causal whfch foUoU '"'" P''""*^^'" -*'-P^ting 
 
 Chapter LIII. 
 
 2. cum, concessive. 
 
 5. quo . . . fieret, consecutive. 
 
m 
 
 NOTES, BOOK V. 
 
 iicrease the 
 ;ko(l up till! 
 it! was con- 
 m the tiint" 
 
 ■" ))ecaus(3 
 n entry by 
 
 nance was 
 I only 400 
 
 lation. 
 
 has been 
 subjunot. 
 
 ^r abl. of 
 iicipating 
 
 so mean 
 il friends 
 
 137 
 
 5. Bigaificatio, "intimation." 
 G^fieret, " was conveyed." 
 
 othe^t'^Ifter^'Tendin^lt^^^^^^^^^^ T'' 'f/^^"^"^' ^— 
 bomus- and Crassus> kgions \nd r 1 'T'^ ''^^''-' ^"'^ Tre- 
 sis camp (see below ^ ' ^"'"'"^ ''"^ "ot move from 
 
 !" *''^'%^I wSr:^.Sr t^:!:;'T ?-- ^^'- are n.d 
 jnstead of the ca.-dinals. T^e r " ^ .' '\ ^^'^^''^'-tive nun.erais 
 '^ave a different n.ean.ng in the si Z Ir T.^'' °^ '^'"'^ ^">»n« 
 ■'•eansof ^Jisting„i«hing'for intta.r fV" "'"" '' "^^"^' "^ «0'"e 
 ^'1 .abet). ./.„. ////'-m''and"^:^*^ptS:r'^- '^^^ («^ *^- 
 
 fb.ts,'V.^,„, -wo camps," Lrl^; ^'"^ 'V^/^'^^e ; -.two 
 '-. ad exercitum, " af the cam,,"' or "w H. ti, 
 '"• reliqui is nonn-native ; cons^^ii L.rV ^'''"^•" 
 
 caperent . fier^f .7n? f 1 ' P^'*'*'^^ genitive. 
 17. Neque ullu. f^^h^Z^ '^'^^^^^^^ -'^Junctive. 
 
 W^- ^liy^lSr^::^;, ^;^;:^f er de^^d by the ,.. .,„., 
 
 anxiety on Csar's part, ."^S , his^Svi^ ^' -^^^' ^^''^"^"^ 
 Caesaris, subjective genitive. '''""'^• 
 
 22. siu, Roscius. 
 
 24. afuisse." had been," but were no longer. 
 
 Chapter LIV. 
 
 0. Tentu IntaS'Vhe"'^""'^-^^^^^-^""^'' 
 
 «tantives. ' ^ '^'^ "««^ '^ conunon with verbal sub- 
 
 11. senatum, assomblv of chiefs o-ilWl k r. 
 Jiame. - '-""^'«' called by Ca;sar by the Roman 
 
 audientes, "obedient." 
 
 e.na;i;^Sl l^I^: ^l^^^^^"^ -'^^^ of valuit. It might 
 i 7. Gallici belli officiis^ wt ^ -^Tu ''^'^ *''^ "nlieative. ^ 
 
 '« «o muci, to be Mondorcd at ' 1 " .<L\" " .u^""'' ^^■''^*^'^'' *''>« 
 
 cum . . . turn maxime m,o^" ^f'^-'^l^^ ^^.s is not," &c. 
 specially i,ecause." Cum T,L''Z^'^''''^ °*''''' '■"^««"«' but 
 
 20. opinionis, partitive yen with *«.«/ '/ ' '"''^•" 
 ^ feen. Mith tantum ; "prestige." 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
m 
 
 138 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 Chapter LV. 
 
 2. quia . . . mitterent, " without sending " 
 5. persuaded potuit, "was able to be persuaded" T?«n. u 
 h. two „,ea„i„g, or „ pa.t to„,e ot^»™ ,^r.tltfl„.^7;^^^ 
 
 s;:o\,.'™,"n\::,f,r ;:?;••' ''> "'"-»"° - ^°<-^ 
 
 /. Anovisti bello, in the first campaign, or 58 b c 
 Tencterorum trausitu. In Bk iv 1 
 
 det^r ''' '"'""'' ""-minted "/so ch. xlviii. 1, opinione 
 
 Chapter LVI. 
 1. ultro, " spontaneous! J-." 
 
 Tenirl. Notice l,ow frequently Craar uses the imnersonal 
 
 . c'^°s, 5^eJli: it JiiS;"""" '=-"^"- 
 
 Chapter LVII. 
 3. quam, indefinite. 
 8. sub, "close to." 
 
 alias, . . . alias, adverb. 
 ^^11. Labienus pursued t'.e same tactics of feigned fear as C^sar 
 
 Chapter LVIII. 
 ««L^nfT'°'^^* ^*^r interdicit. The command is expressed bv 
 IT ; 7 ^^"""'^"^ ^-ecalls that of Hazael, King of Syria who 
 
 vivid sTq^nce; " " "^"^""''^ ^'^""'^^ ^'^"^^^ ^^-" ^^^-^-y to 
 
 neu quis quern, both indefinite. 
 lo, morn. roHr*ii/\«*ii*«« ci i i 
 
 -i^v....,.., ,:.^.iay over tiie rest '—i.e., caused by 
 
 «.om»ng pursuing the rest. 
 
Remember 
 
 n. : e.g., potui 
 e to go (and 
 
 139 
 
 1, opi 
 
 nione 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 i 
 
 impersonal 
 ot on those 
 
 ! Treveri to 
 
 ' as Caesar 
 
 iressed by 
 m by aeu 
 
 >yria, who 
 ;reat, save 
 
 ondary to 
 
 aused by 
 
 I. Ix^DKX OF PROPER XAMES. 
 
 A. 
 
 Ambi6rix, Bk. v cliq Yv;,r ^■■ r,, ■ ^ . 
 Cat„v„,cu,, raised a evo. a™"., «" p ' "" '^''™"'"' "'"-. -i* 
 fltt-„ cohort, under T.SaLrr.(^ti?°";r^: ""'' "'"'"'°>«<' "- 
 
 (^'/^^^sv). (MapI.,Af.) ' '" ^"'S'"'" «" "»« Mosa 
 
 Ancalltes, Bk. v. ch xvi a + i • t, ■ 
 
 ■^hlrr, south of in„f,or. (Map 11 Ba^' ''"' P'"^"''^' '" ^''•^'• 
 
 Arduenna Silva, Bk v di !,; Vi' ^ 
 
 •soirth of Belgium. (Afap I . VJ " "" ^ '''^'""''•^' * ^"''^«* '"n 
 
 Aremdricae Civitates, Bk. v cli liii Sfaf. • 
 and Normandy ; said to bo de i^td om Celt '" ""*'' '^ '^"''""^ 
 
 AriovistuB, Bk. iv. ch vvi • Pk"',. i, 
 chief who, at the invitation'ofth.l ''''"'■' ^''- ^ German 
 
 them against tl. Ha«" Howeve.'af:::' e'"""' *'" f "'"'^ ^'^ ^"' 
 lie appropriated territory of hiralHes the S '"""^, "" '''"''"'• 
 becam*. reconciled M-ithtLw 1 ,r ^^"^l"^""- ^^o th.Teupon 
 
 Roman, defeat. 1) •,',': btttUe"r5''''"/ 1""^^ °' '-"•^^'•- ''- 
 was subsequently killed ^XiTt^^J;' ^^\;- J-l-.l. and 
 recorded. "wnner ot ins death is not 
 
 ArpineiiM, Caius, Bk. v chs yw;; v^ •■• o 
 Q. Juums to negotiate with Ambiork. "" " "''''''' ^'*^ 
 
140 
 
 CiTlSAR's GALLIC WAR. 
 
 Atrebfttes, Bk. iv. ch. xxi.: Bk v ch xlvi A p.i • * -x. 
 
 Atnus, Quintus, Bk v chs ix- v P„f • , '^ 
 
 by Ca.ar in the second Lain. ' " '""'""''^ °' "'^ «-* 
 
 Atuatfici, Bk. V. chs. xxvii. 
 
 Belgic tn he, roused to revolt by Ambiorix 
 (Map L, Af.) 
 
 B. 
 
 xxxviii., xxxix., Ivi. A powerful 
 
 Chief town, Tonyres. 
 
 ongin: they occupied the NE of Gaul Th? ? .^ of German 
 p.^. th«e of M. Cra„„,, M„„„,iu, P,.„e„,, c.\reW„i,„ ^^p 
 
 Britanni, Britannia, Bk iv chq w w.;; 
 chs ii vvi; « T t , •■^''"'•' x'fvni.-xxxv .; Bk V 
 
 ens. u.-xxij. See Introduot on, p xl ', ^ti.. ^. 
 
 Caesar, Caiu. lulius. See Introduction, p. xiv. 
 
 a.rrttdis^';o^;;n:r^ tw^f-^ ,^^-^^^-' 
 
 V ax whom Cassivellaunu. persuaded to make an unsuccessfulattack 
 
 Camfltes, Hk v. chs. xxv.. xx,x.. Ivi. A Gallic tribe on tk L 
 {J^o,r.) ; capital Cenabum. Ci«sar set Tasg,,tius on the tluon. l^uZ 
 t^oyroseaga.«tandkilled. They alao .tl^ed wiS. Indu^nrJr 
 
c tribe south 
 
 d.) 
 
 i of the fleet 
 
 A powerful 
 «'n, Touyrea. 
 
 primipilaris, 
 
 d the insula 
 •use). (Map 
 
 , XXV. One 
 
 of German 
 elgic tribes 
 Suessiones, 
 
 of Belgium, 
 n in 54 u.c. 
 ius. (Map 
 
 i of Britain 
 
 ^tfordHhiri'. 
 
 and Cassi, 
 
 Ao; Map 
 
 ii.; Bk. V. 
 
 Described 
 into four 
 Ius, Sego- 
 ful attack 
 :., Ad.) 
 tJ'** Liger 
 le, whom 
 !;iomaru8. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Carvilius, Bk. v. ch yv,-; o « 
 Cassi, Bk. V ch vvi A '^^^.Cantium. 
 
 t^e modern CW/o/..-^. ;ea7/r..W '^ ^'^''^ *« -'--o ^ 
 
 ^iapIL.Aa.) "^ ^^'•"^'/o;,/. See on Bibroci. (Map I Ac 
 
 Cassivellaunus, Bk. v. ci,s xi v, • • ' ' 
 
 ^'•3 Cassi, holcUng sM-ay ovcra JarL r .''"• ^ I'"^'^''^"! P'->"cc of 
 H* tned to obstruotaLr's pas 'So f '''7/ "''■*'' ^^ *''« ^'/— 
 thereupon he adopted harassing f^. ^^'"""-^ "'t'lout success 
 
 ;vas taken by «torm, m ^1 ^u t ^t!',""*;;/''^ " *-- " ('^^ ^ I)' 
 W of Cadwallon or CaswaUon '^'"'- ^'" "^"'"^ ^^ '^ Latinised 
 Catuvolcus Bk v c) ■ ' 
 
 tainof theEburones", but doernot'anL ^P^l' ^'"'^^'^"■^' ^'"^^ -"'"^^ 
 - part ,n the rising against S J, u 1^ c, t "^ *''^" ^" ^''^^^^ 
 
 Cavarmus, Bk. v. ch liv s^f ^ V< *" Ambiorix. 
 
 b»t driven out by them. ' ^ ^ ^''''^'' «« ^^''^g of tiic 8cnones 
 
 Cenimagni, Bk. v. di x.xi 4 r v , 
 
 origin) placed by son,c in A^o;yb/? J, Pw l^'^'^^'^^^' "^ <^a"i« 
 
 Ic-em, B<>adicea's tribe ; and b v othe ,„ 'f ?■ '"" '''^"^'^^^^^ -iti' the 
 
 Ceutrdnes, Bk v d. ^ ' "^''-^ '^ 
 
 Belgium who, togethe; ^^^oth^. rail fl^'" ^^^^^ ^'^ *'- ^^'^'- of 
 J^rudn, Levaci, Pleun.oxii, Oehl I't ',°^ *''" ^Hstrict-the 
 
 l>'onx, aad persuaded by h n to " " ^^ ''^ "'"'«'• the sway of Am 
 Cicero, Quintus, Bk. I ' xx ""'?'' ""'"?• ^^^p I., a A 
 
 orator, Marcus Tullius C k'e o f ' V.' T''"-^"- ^'•-t^'^'' of the g^j 
 -th his brother. From 61-59 T? t ''' '"' ^^^ ^••^"ghf up 
 5« B.O. he went to Gaul as W '' ;, ?f ''"''' I^'^P'-^tor of Asit. iT 
 courage and military skdl n d In r T'' '"^' '" ^* showed great 
 a taek of the ^.J, 1^:^^^":^^^:^^^ ^'^^^^^ 
 <-iviJ War against C'l.*.,,. i * ^""'"y "e sided with Pomnev i.. +1 
 
 tele of Pha,,a,':' '■b'" "h'w'°"" ''>'"-""S e' 
 
 Olaisdlus, i-, It. V. ch = V , ■ 
 
 byh 
 
 was 
 
 urn with the British 
 
 brand! of the°tri 
 
 (possibly at his own .^ "'"^ 
 
 J- rtw ma own connivance 
 
 oe. Beit tJuthn 
 
 i:,!:i:::!r'"''^*'-«-t'nvasi^-H, 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 see on Bk 
 
 i\ 
 
 ch, xxvii.) 
 
142 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 thrown into prison by tlie Britons, and not released till the end of 
 the second invasion. Subsequently lie abused Ciusar's conlidcnce in 
 him by rendering active assistance to the Gauls in tlie revolt of 
 52 B.C. 
 
 Condrasi, Bk. iv. oh. vi. A Belgic tribe between tiie Mosa (Metisf) 
 and the lUihir. (Map I, Af.) 
 
 Cotta, Lucius Aurunculeius, Bk. iv. chs. xxii., xxxviii. ; Bk v 
 chs. xxiv., xxvi.-xxxvii. A lerjatus of C.-esar, associated with Sabinus 
 (1) in command of an expedition against tlu; Menapii and Morini on 
 tiie eve of the first invasion of Britain, and (2) in command of the 
 winter-quarters at Toiujrcs among tlio Eburones. The Eburones 
 under Ambiorix revolted, and, in spite of Cotta's strenuous resist- 
 ance, Sabinus' advice was followed, and the fifteen cohorts made an 
 attempt to quit camp, which resulted in tiieir being caught by Ambi- 
 orix in an ambush ami cut to pieces. Cotta, after doing all that 
 was possible to retrieve the position, and showing great energy— in 
 marked contrast to the incompetence of Sabinus— died fightine 
 Sabinus also fell. 
 
 Crassus, (1) Marcus (Bk. iv. ch. i.), with Ca.'sarand Pompey, made 
 lip the unconstitutional coalition of 00 B.C. known as tlie First Trium- 
 virate. He was consul in 55 b.c. with Pomi)ey. He was kill-d at 
 tlie battle of Carrh*, 53 B.C., whilst conducting the war against the 
 Parthians. 
 
 (2) Marcus, son of the above. He went to Gaul with Caesar as 
 quaestor. In 55 B.C. Cffisar put him in command of one legion in 
 winter-quarters at Montdidier, amongst the Bellovaei, and on quit- 
 ting Samarobriva {Amiens) to relieve Cicero, summoned liim to that 
 town and left him in command there. Subsequently Crassus re- 
 mained loyal to Caesar in the Civil War, and held the command of 
 Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 D. 
 
 DomitiuB, Lucius, Bk. v. ch. i. Consul with Ap. Claudius in 
 54 B.C. 
 
 Dumnorix, Bk. v. chs. vi., vii. A chief of tiie Haedui. He had 
 conspired unsuccessfully against the Romans, with a view to obtain- 
 ing the kmgdom, in 58 B.c. Owing to the entreatiej of his brother 
 Divitiacus, Caesar pardoned him; but in 54 b.c, distrusted him too 
 much to leave him behind in Gaul at the time cf the second invasion 
 o. Britaiii. Dumnorix refused to accompany Cc-esar to Britain, and 
 tried to foster revolution. He was captured and killed. The di-- 
 loyalty of Dumnorix does not imply the disaffection of the Haedui 
 as a whole. 
 
till the end of 
 3 conlulcnce in 
 I the revolt of 
 
 J }'l.osn(Afetise) 
 
 xviii. ; Bk. v. 
 I with Sabinus 
 md Morini on 
 iiinand of the 
 I'he Eburoiies 
 cnuous resist- 
 lorts made an 
 ightby Ambi- 
 loing all that 
 at energy— in 
 lied fighting. 
 
 ^ompey, made 
 3 First Trium- 
 was killed at 
 ir against the 
 
 ith Ca3sar as 
 one legion in 
 and on quit- 
 him to that 
 /■ Crassus re- 
 command of 
 
 Claudius in 
 
 ui. He had 
 iw to obtain- 
 lus brothei 
 ted him too 
 ond invasion 
 Britain, and 
 I. The dk. 
 the Haedui 
 
 Durua, Quintus Laberii 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 E 
 
 EburOnes, Bk. iv. ch. vi • Bk v' 1 
 
 «nder Sabinus and CoUa (^ b c "su^ "'^ 1 '''' winter 0:'.; 
 were annihilated by Ca>sar (Bk ;i !,"f^^'i""'tJy (i" 53 ,,c.) they 
 Amborix escaped. (Map I. Af ) ' ^'"'^'- ^-^•^^•' -^I"--), but 
 
 Essuvii, Bk. V. ch xxiv A f •u . 
 
 *abiu8, Caius Bk v ..Ji 
 ^P'f- Hewas^utineon^;^:^::/;;;:',;^"-;'- ^"-^ Cesar's 
 Pol amongst tl>e Morini. He joLed P^ '" T"*''" ^^'"P ^^^ '^'^ 
 Cicero. "^ Jo^»eJ Ca-sar on his way to relieve 
 
 Geidumni, Bk. v. ch. xxxiv a p 1 • . ■, 
 See Ceutrones. (Map i ' ^f i ^^"^ ^^ '"' "^^''^"^^ "^ "'« Nervii 
 
 1- Suebi, Bk. iv. chs i iii • 
 and customs are described. Tire' iZ'J'-'" '''''" "^^""'^ ^^'^'' '"anners 
 confederation of tribes occupyi ' a W '. ' fT' ""^ ^^^^ ^ ^-''fe- 
 ^/-e, and is son^etimes uS fl^^i^?!;'':^* «^ *-"*ory east of the 
 I remams in the modern ^.a/.a ^(tap I If T"'^ ^'^ ^"— • 
 l^eheved to imply, they lived a nlZ \t'^ ^' *'>^'^ "^"'^ is 
 peoples were called IngLones to whl K l'^'' '^^'' "^^'^ ^ettle.l 
 Tencteri. Tacitus uses the term Sueh? f^'"^'^^^ "'^ ^'^'P^t^^ an.l 
 of northern Germany. He derci' . ' "'' "'' ''^^ ^"habitant 
 other Germans by their tfp ktto^ l^f ^J^^^ ^f tmguishable fro„: 
 their height and the terror of thlv ' *^^:^ ^^^e to increase 
 
 2. UTsii, Bk. iv chs iii v"' 
 the east bank of the Min:, thei'r chLflowJ^ -^ ^'r^^^ *"be on 
 ojne They had been mad; tributary bvT ^u^ *^' "°^^^" ^oL 
 assistance was one of the rj,l Z,^^.*^'^""^^- ^o render them 
 iviune. (Map L, Ag.) " '""^ ""^'^ '°'^"'''=^ C^^^ar to cross the 
 
 ,» 
 
144 
 
 Caesar's gallic war. 
 
 3. Sugambrl, Bk. iv. chs. xvi., xviii. On the east hank of the 
 nhinr, north of tlic Ubii. Tlicy harboured tlio flying cavah-y of the 
 Usipetes and Tonctcri after tlieir defeat, and refused to surrender 
 them. It was partly to punish tlieni that Casar erossed the Rhine. 
 He left a strong garrison among tliem. (Map I., Ag.) 
 
 4. Usipetes and Tenctfiri, Bk. iv. chs. i., iv., xi.-xvi., xviii. Tribes 
 on the east bank of the Mine, north of the Sugambri. Foreed by 
 the Suebi to cross the river, they invaded Gaul and occupied terri- 
 tory belonging to the Menapii, but were defeated and nearly de- 
 stroyed by Cii'sar. (Map I., Ag.) 
 
 Grudii, Bk. v. eh. xxxix. A Belgic tribe, clients of the Nervii. See 
 Ceutrones. (MapL, Af.) 
 
 H. 
 
 Haedui, Bk. v. chs. vi., vii., liv. A powerful tribe in the centre 
 of Gaul, who with the Renii lumained loyal to Ctesar during the 
 general uprising of 54 B.C. In aS l^A'., at the appeal of Divitiacus, 
 C;esar had assisted them against Ariovistus and his invading German 
 hordes. Subsequently, in r)2 ij.c, they wavered in their allegiance, 
 and joined the revolt of Vercingetorix, but were mercifully treated 
 by Cii'sar. See also Dumnorix. Their capital wa.s Bibracte (AiUuu) 
 (MapI.,Cf.) 
 
 Helvetii, Bk. iv. eh. x. A Celtic tribe who inhabited modern 
 Switzerland. In 58 B.C., under Orgetorix, they migrated into Gaul, 
 but were defeated and driven back by Ctesar. (Map I., C".) 
 
 Hispania, Bk. v. chs. i., xiii. Spain, represented by Ca-sar as being 
 west of Britain. From Spain Ctesar obtained esparto grass for the 
 rigging of ships, and cavalry. 
 
 I. 
 
 lUyricum, Bk. v. ch. i. A province extending along the east coast 
 of the Adriatic. Together witli Gallia Cisalpina, it formed the jiro- 
 vincia assigned to Ctesar by the Lex Vatinia (59 B.C.) At the be- 
 ginning of 54 B.C. Civsar went there to check a rising of a small tril)e 
 called the Pirusta', wlio, on liis approach, inunediately submitted, 
 denying the responsibility of the whole tribe for the incursion. 
 
 Indutiomlunis, Bk. v. chs. iii., iv. , xxvi., liii., Iv. A chief of the 
 Trevcri, who, in 54 B.C., was contesting the chieftainship with his 
 son-in-law, Cingetorix, who was loyal to Rome, and who conse- 
 quently was supported by Ca;sar. He raised a conspiracy in the 
 winter of 54 B.C., and attacked the winter-camp of Labienus, who 
 defeated and killed him. 
 
 luiiius, Quiatus, Bk. v. clis. xxvii., xxviii. See Arpiueius. 
 
east bank of the 
 ing cavalry of the 
 ised to surreiidor 
 ■osaed the Rliine. 
 
 g-) 
 
 vi.,xviii. Trihes 
 ubri. Forced by 
 id occupied terri- 
 d and nearly do- 
 
 f the Ncrvii. (See 
 
 ■ibe in the centre 
 JiL'sar during tlie 
 eal of Divitiacus, 
 invading German 
 their ullegiance, 
 lercifully treated 
 Bibracte {Atiltm). 
 
 nhabited modern 
 
 ,'ratcd into Gaul, 
 
 pL.Cg.) 
 
 by Ca'sar as being 
 
 rto grass for the 
 
 ng the east coast 
 formed the j)ro- 
 5.C.) At the be- 
 g of a sniall tribe 
 ately submitted, 
 incursion. 
 
 A cliief iA the 
 
 ainship with liis 
 
 and who conse- 
 
 onspiracy in the 
 
 f Labienus, who 
 
 Lrpiuelus. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 L. 
 
 145 
 
 Labienus, Titus Atius, Bk iv oh 
 of thcnnlcr can,,, „,„„„„„ I '"»»:'"'• Ho was p„t ,„ con.m.n,,,! 
 
 See o„ Ceutrones. (Aran'l a1 1^'^^''° *"^''' '^''''^' "^ t''^ ^ervii 
 Lingdnes, Bk. iv. oh. .vAt,;, • 
 
 o "a umiei hal>inus and 
 LugotSrix, Bk. V. oil xvii A t- 
 tack on the naval camp. "^ ^"'"^'^'^ ^^^J<^r who fell in the at- 
 
 A Gallic tribe i„ the district 
 
 Maadubracius, Bk. v. oh ^v . •• * 
 
 Mediomatrices or -i Bk iu i 
 Meldi or Meldae Bk v l 
 
 Mona, Bk. v. ck xiii n " 
 
 Bjorini, Bk. iv. ehs. -4f xi^f^^::,,? 'f ^>'>; -fers to the tJtef 
 A iielgic trihP nr. *i ' *^^\ii. xxxvnn • PL- ,. l 
 
 o "J'^e on the coa'»f T'i • »»»ii. , uk. v. ch. xviv 
 
 Gesoriaeum (^o«^o,;.,. oTcJi?' ?^''^} -- Portus Itiu^ "; 
 
 ^^=ey attacked his troops, wh'ereuno/"'?'' ''"'" *^^ *^'"«* ^"^asion 
 
 Ped>t,on against the«. (Map I Ae ) " ''"' '^^ "^ P«°'«v« «* 
 
146 
 
 (;/ES All's GALLIC WAR. 
 
 Mosa. Tlk ,v. ch8. ix.-xu., xv., xvi.; Bk. v. ch. xxiv. The .Vruse 
 or .y>,as. It r.Hos auiony the Lingones. an.l, flowing througl, Silva 
 Ardueima {An/r,u><',), joins tl.c Vacalus { IVaal), an.! witl. tl.c Jlhiue 
 forms the InsuLa Batavoruni. Sue uoto on Bk. u. ch. xv. (.,lap 
 
 1., At.) 
 
 Nantuates, Bk. iv. cli. x. 
 ohs. xxiv, 
 
 tho /i'/uiir. (MapI.,CV) 
 
 A Gallic tribe on the upp^r reaches of 
 
 Nervu, Bk. v. ohs. xxiv., xxxviii., xxxix., xli., xlri., xlvi., Ivi 
 Ivni. A powerful Belgio tribe, hohling tlie tribes roiui.l in .Icpcn- 
 dence. Urge.l on by .\„ibiorix, tlie; attacked Cicero in his winter 
 canii^. See Cicero. (Map L, Ac.) 
 
 ' O. 
 
 Oreanus, Bk. iv. chs. i., xxix. Tlie Xorth Sea. 
 
 P. 
 
 Psdas, Bk. V. ch. xxi>'. The river Po, in Cisalpine Gaul. (Map 
 I,, iJi.) *^ 
 
 Petrosidius, Lucius, Bk. v. ch. xxxvii. A brave standard-bearer 
 who died hghting in the disaster of Sabinus's camp. 
 
 PIrustae, Bk. v. cii. i. See Illyricum. 
 
 Piso, Bk. iv. ch. xii. An A.^uitanian prince in Ca>sar's army. 
 He died in a fight with the Usipetes and Tencteri, whilst going to 
 his brother's rescue. 
 
 Plancus, Lucius Munatius, Bk. v. chs. xxiv., xxv. A Irgatus and 
 close friend of Ca'sar, who was placed by him in charge of one of the 
 three legions wintering among tlie Bellovaci. His camp was prob- 
 ably at ChampJh-u. On the murder of Tasgetius by the Carnut-^s 
 Caesar tran.'iferred him to winter-quarters there. Subsequently ho 
 served under Caesar in the Civil AVar, and after Caesars mur.lcrwtnt 
 .13 governor of Gaul, according to an arrangement made by Ciesar 
 before his death. At tiiis time he founded the colony of Lugdunum 
 (Lijom). In 42 b.c. he was consul (Horace, Odes, iii. 14, 28). In 
 the political struggles of the time he " trimmed " between Antony 
 .ind Octavian, but finally threw in his lot with the latter, who on his 
 proposal received the title of Augustus (27 b.c). 
 
 Pleumoxii, Bk. v. ch. xxxviii. A Belgic tribe, clients of the 
 Xervii. See Ceutrones. (Map L, Af.) 
 
dv. Tlie Mcme 
 
 g througli Silva 
 
 i with tlie lihine 
 
 ch. XV, i.>lap 
 
 ippor reaches of 
 
 clH., xlvi., Ivi., 
 ohikI in (lopen- 
 *o in hia winter 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 147 
 
 e Gaul, (Map 
 tandard-bearer 
 
 Ca>sar's army, 
 vhilst going to 
 
 A hijatus and 
 of one of the 
 nip was prob- 
 
 thc Carnutos, 
 bseqnently ho 
 s murcK;!- went 
 lade l)y Cit'sar 
 
 of Liigdiuuini 
 i. 14, 28). In 
 bween Antony 
 er, who on his 
 
 clients of the 
 
 Pompelus, Cnaeus, (i) jji- , . 
 
 (-; i>K. V. ch, \K\v\ Tho ■ i. ' 
 
 fe-tiate .ith A,nhiorix", ' "^^^'P''''*^'' ^' '""n Sabi„„« sent to ne 
 
 Portus ItiuB, lik. V. chs ii V ^ 
 wa. p,.obab:y Bo„lo,,nn, aiso ^ lie 1 7- " • "' ^^'^- '^'- ^"l^. xxi.) It 
 PuZ ^»''P '■' ^'^ f-— >n.., an<I s«bsc,..e„tly 
 
 ;"- rivalry iiri^l^; [ ; l:^^^' ^ centurion (,W.,,;^,,, 
 Junng the s:ege of Cieoro's can.; by th^wi;; ""' P"' ^' '^''^ 
 
 Remi, Kk. V. chs iii v • ,■• 
 Koscius, Lucius hi- VI 
 
 niat invasion of Britain, 
 
 s. 
 
 Sabinus. Quintus Titurius Bk k! , 
 ^xiv.-xxxvii. See Cotta. ' "' '^^'^^ '^^•"■•' -'^'--^viii. ; Bk. v. ch, 
 
 SamarohrT-a Bk v cl • 
 
 Segontiaci, Bk. v. cli vvi , . ., 
 Sequani, Bk. W. ch x A p i,- 
 
 in 
 
 i 
 
f? 'a, 
 
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148 
 
 CiESAR'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tamfisis, Bk. v. ch. xviu. The River Thames, crossed by Cresar, 
 prolmhly at Sunhiiry. 
 
 Tasgetius, Bk. v. chs. xxv., xxix. See Carnutes. 
 
 Taximagulus, Bk. v. ch. xxii. »5ie vantium. 
 
 Tencteri, Bk. iv. chs. i., iv., xi., xv., xvi., xviii.; Bk, v. ch. Iv. 
 See Gennani. 
 
 Trebonius, Caius, Bk. v. chs, xvii., xxiv. A legatm of Cicsar. He 
 was surprised by the Britons in iho invasion of 54 B.C., when in 
 charge of three legions and tlie cavalry on a foraging expedition. 
 He ooninianded the legion in winter - quarters cit Saniarobriva 
 
 Trev6ri,Bk. iv. ch. x. ; Bk. v. chs. ii.-iv., xxiv., liii. A Gallic 
 tribe on the banks of the Mosella {Mowllc) ; the name survives in 
 Trier ov Treves. See Cingetorix, Indutiomarus. (Map I., Bg.) 
 
 TribSci or -es, Bk. iv. ch. x. A German tribe on tlie west l)auk of 
 the INiiii'', near Strasburg. (Map I., Bg. ) 
 
 Trinovantes, Bk. v. chs. xx., xxii. A powerful British tribe in 
 Ivist Anglia, ciiief town Cainulodununa (Coh'hdi'r). Tlieir sub- 
 mission to Ciesar caused Cassivellaunus' rising to collapse. (Map 
 I., Ad ; Map IL, Ab.) 
 
 u. 
 
 Ubii, Bk. iv. chs. iii., viii., xi., xvi., xi\. See Germani. 
 Usipetes, Bk. iv. chs. i., iv., xi., xv., xvi., xviii. See Gennani. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vacaius, Bk. iv. ch. x. The river Waal, which flows from the 
 Rhine into the Mosa (Meuse). (Map I., Af.) 
 
 Vertico, Bk. v. chs. xlv., xlix. A Nervian wlio took refuge in 
 Cicero's camp and assisted him in communicating with Caesar. 
 
 Volusenus, Caius, Bk. iv. chs. xxi., xxiii. Sent by C.-esar with a 
 man-of-war to gather information about Britain, on the eve of the 
 first invasion. 
 
 Vorenus, Lucius, Bk. v. ch. xliv. See PuUo. 
 
 Vosfigus, Mons, Bk. iv. ch. x. A range in east of Gaul, the modern 
 Vosgea. (Map I., Bg.) 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 jrossed by Caesar, 
 
 1 flows from tho 
 
 jraul, the modern 
 
 11. SCHEME OF SUBJECTIVE. 
 
 149 
 
 The subjunctive in t o*- 
 ^vith subdivisions • /T > r "'"'y. ^"^ "'^««'fied under two n.." u , 
 a sentence by Ttelf i r f ^r '" ^""P*! clauses 0!'^ 'J ''^'' 
 *^- and re^^^a^l '^ "^^ ^" ^"''-^^ate Z^:!^;^^ 
 
 These may be subdivided- 
 
 (") Potential : vpniam " t 
 
 ^KS?S^:^rr ------ 
 
 W i-toal, end „, p„p„3^_ 
 
 ■ . "«y m ,o„ ^,,0"^? • It »»«»" *.». .*„, . . yZ S 
 
 ve.h of preventing (CZ'tT""""'' '"■"■ ""■'^' 
 
 (") Wo7 „i„°^i™™ r"*" ""' ■'°' ^™- 
 
 (c) Consecutive, result- 
 
 \^) qnm after verbs nf ^« l.- 
 
 («"eh a.) I know.'- "^ ' '''""'""^ !?««*■ ^o^«omvV«, ./„f ^^jj'^^^^^^^e 
 (cum 
 
 yqui 
 
 {e) Concesfliya- J.„,, • ] 
 
 :''.S f 
 
 II 
 
150 
 
 C/Esar's gallic war. 
 
 . fcion \ 
 
 (/) Causal : | J'^'J' | .dref, " since lie knew." See also (r/) 2. 
 (.7) Snboblique— 
 
 (1) xMei-oly a kind of label marking tlie verbs of relative and 
 
 relative adve-b clauses dependent on an ir-Hrect state- 
 mentor question : c.;,., dixit s('quoniariimevdi,'i.,ventunm, 
 "he said tiiat he, since he wished, would come." This is 
 the subj. of ciubordinate clauses in or. ohl. 
 
 (2) Virtually oblique, with quod, quia, siiowing that the cause 
 
 Js the alleged, and not necessarily the real, one. A hoy 
 writing " lines " might siy, ha,c>scriho quod hjuavui'/ui'mu, 
 " I am writing those because, as he mid, I was idle." If 
 he admitted he was idle, he would use the indicative. 
 (h) Indirect Question : roi/o quis ad^f, "I ask who h there." 
 {*■) Conditional : in the protasis of some hypothetical clauses, .s* 
 ohoediam (ohoodlnnn, oSocdisscm), " if I were to listen (were now 
 hstenuig, had listened)." The apodosis to these would be the poten- 
 tial subjunctive (see I. (a) ). 
 
 U-) Iterative or Indefinite : ubi vmlrem, "whenever I came " This 
 subj IS not used in Cicero, is rare in Ciesar, but frequent in Livv 
 and later writers. •^ 
 
 III. LIST OF PHRASES ANli Il)I0:\rS OCCURRIXG 
 IX THESE I300KS, 
 
 Intended/or karni,,,, In, hmrt or as matn-lnl for exercises. ' 
 
 I. MILITARY. 
 
 Under arms, in nrmis. * 
 
 The science and practice of war, ratio atque usns belli. 
 Dismount, ex equis, ad pede.% desilire. 
 Fight on foot, jwdibus proeliari. 
 
 Retreat,, se recipere, pedem re/err,, cedere ; an unimpeded retreat 
 expeditus rcreptus. ^ ' 
 
 Place garrisons, praemlia dispomre. 
 Fight, vi armis contcMere, proeliari. pugnare, dimicare. 
 A three days' march, tridui iter. 
 Surprise, inopinaiites hostes opprimere. 
 Obtain supplies, rem/rumentarinm romparare. 
 
# 
 
 OCCURRING 
 
 >r exercises. 
 
 mpRded retreat, 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 151 
 
 ''V(t Vance (on .ini-,.i,\ 
 
 I'-cede the .Z:^^;^'""''' -^'''^ nicer. 
 
 f-et water corn f ' ' ''"""'" ""^''<''''f're 
 
 Ligl.t infantry, /.^/o..,, ,,,,«/;,,,^, 
 ^^Jake preparation, for ^vart/'// 
 
 Sto,3 the advance of. p.w.i./" 
 
 in tllr^e divisinnc / • . 
 ui visions, (rtjMrt to. 
 
 i"e supreme comnian.I . 
 
 On guard, /«.s/r,^-o;,. "^ 
 
 ^^-a ..lief, ,„,,,/,, (j^ 
 
 "^> cohortes tttibmittere, 
 ■nalt, consii^fer^ 
 
 n»iMn<^ ,,;,:!;;;',?:• "''«'''"'' »*«".,/,.„, 
 
 Cut off, mtercludere 
 
152 
 
 Caesar's gallic war 
 
 A triple formation, aciim Irqdkem imtitutre. 
 
 Pursue, cousectari, comequi. 
 
 In the rear, pout terf/um. 
 
 Tlirow away arms, arma ahicere. 
 
 Fire, tela conirere. 
 
 Artillery, fmdi, miilftac, tormenfa, crtfripiiltac, haUixtao. 
 
 Stiibbornlf contested l)attle, pmfiiatum (■xt ah utvknuc acriter. 
 
 Keep the ranks, ontiiicH nn-vare. 
 
 Follow the flag, xiipia xiifisci/in. 
 
 Open flank, latun upcrfitm, iiudutum. 
 
 Wavering ranks, incertl ordbus. 
 
 Squadrons, tnrmae. 
 
 Collect a large force of infantry and cavalry, muUiludinem peditatus, 
 
 i'(pdtntnii(ju<' roi/cn!. ■ 
 Fly. A>il<'rc, tcri/a ncrterc, sc J'lKjae maiidarc. 
 Surrender arms, a)-ma ponerc, disponirc 
 Surrender, «e dedare. 
 Storm, oppu(fii(t7'(;. 
 
 Take in flight, infiifi(( romprehendere. 
 Attack (camp), adoriri, (army) imjicfinn fiur.re in . . , , (person) 
 
 pctere, (town) oppiujnare. 
 Make a sally, cruptioiiem/acere. 
 Treat of surrender, de dedltione vilttcre, ayere. 
 Enrol, co/iscrU)ere. 
 A rising, tumultus ; revolt, dcfeclio. 
 In great force, mai/iia manu. 
 
 Inflict wounds, vidnera inferre. 
 
 Post an ambush, imldiaa conlocare. 
 
 Column, arpnen. 
 
 Form a hollow square, hi orhnn coiisififcre. 
 
 Receive fire on an exposed flank, ab latere aperto tela recipere. 
 
 Raise a cry of victory, nrtorimn coiwlamarc, uhdatiim tollere. ' 
 
 Battlements and breastworks, jnnmie lorkaei/uc. 
 
 Iron tools, ferramenta. 
 
 Bullets, ijlandos. 
 
 Flusiied with victory, victoria reroifi clati. 
 
 Intercept a dcspatcli, vpiMolam, litteraH intercipere. 
 
 Send out scouts, exjdoi-atores dimittere. 
 
~l 
 
 udinem ^''editatus, 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 II- NAVAL. 
 
 153 
 
 Seize ships, „„,,,, 
 Man-of-wur. .../.. /o.,/,. 
 i^onn a fleet, r/a.ssn>, rfl! • 
 
 Keacli shore, «///„^,^^ 
 
 Row. rnnl. i.dtare, remis ayere. 
 
 On dry land, in arido. 
 J^eep a course. „„.,„,„^ 
 
 Ust anchor, a.rorn,,, ;„rere. 
 
 I »t out to s.a. /« „/,„, 
 
 I^eacJi, suhduccre. 
 
 LauncJi, drdun-re. 
 
 tackle, anmmmta. 
 Wreck, adiip'rp. 
 Repair ships, .;,,,, ,,^^^,.^_ 
 iVjake sea Worth V /?■ 
 
 J^qiiip (ships), annare (tackle «>.... 
 Crossing, <,.„/e.^«.. ' "™«»'^«/«). 
 
 Ohtain fair wp.nfli«>. ,• / 
 
 Weontheleft, .,„/>,v„;,/; ';. 
 
 Kqual the speed ^fn.en-o'", ^''^''''"'• 
 
 ^;;y or pehbly beach. „... 2^""'"" '"'"'"'" -"-'- «''«' 2.«.. 
 
 Cast on the shnrp ; /v ^ '™'*- 
 
INDEX (ENGLISH). 
 
 The re/ere lives are tn clnijiUr.i in the. ^ntc.i 
 
 ablative— 
 
 fibsolutt', Bk. iv. chs. i. 21, x. 9, 
 xii. 4, xiii. 13, xviii. 7, xxii. 10, 
 xxviii. 10. 
 description, Bk. iv. ch. i. 19 ; 
 
 Bk. V. ch. iv. 14. 
 instrument or means, Bk. iv. 
 ch.s. i. 15, ii. 7, x. 10, xxxii. 18. 
 measure, Bk. iv. ch. xxx. 5; Bk. 
 
 V, ch. xiii. 6. 
 respect, Bk. v. chs. v. fi, xlix. 9. 
 separation, Bk. iv. chs. i. 6, xxx. 
 
 7. 
 at'coniiianiment (without cmn), 
 l>k. iv. cli. xxiv. ;3. 
 accuracy of Latin, lik. iv. chs. i. 
 4, vi. .*), xii. 11, xvii. 14, xviii. 
 10, xxiii. 10, xxvi. 7, xxxiv. 13. 
 accusative — 
 
 adverbi.il, Bk. iv. chs. i. 1.5, iii. ?. 
 cognate, Bk. v. cli. vii. 4. 
 ihinition. See Time. 
 adjective as predicate, Bk. iv. i ]i. 
 
 iii. 13. 
 adverb as adjective, Bk. v. chs. 
 
 iii. 15, xl. 16. 
 aorist, Bk. iv. en. iv. 2 ; Bk. v. ch. 
 
 XV. 3. 
 apodosis omitted, Bk. v. ch. xl. 2. 
 assizes, Bk. v. cli. i. 13. 
 asyndeton, Bk. iv. clis. xii. ItS, 
 xvi. 16, xxxii. 3; Bk. v. elis. 
 XX. 5, xxvii. 23. 
 attraction, Bk. iv. chs. i. 22, j 
 xxviii. 1, xxxviii. 4; Bk. v 
 chs. ii. 5, xlix. 2. 
 
 brachylogy, Bk. iv. ch. xxii. 9. 
 bridge, lik. iv. di. xvii. 
 Britain- 
 early inhabitants of, Bk. v. ch. 
 
 xii. 1. 
 shape of, Bk. v. ch. xiii. 4. 
 British tribes of same name a.s 
 CJallic, Bk. iv. ch. xxi. 10 ; Bk. 
 V. ch. xii. 3. 
 
 Caesar. See Intro, xiv-xxi. 
 alleged harshness, Bk. iv. chs. 
 
 xiv. 13, XV. 12; Bk. v. ch. 
 
 vii. 1. 
 belief in fortune, Bk. iv. ch. 
 
 x.wi. 15 ; Bk. v. ch. xxiii. 9. 
 estimate of liis achievements, Bk 
 
 iv. ch. xxxviii. 13. 
 love of adventure, Bk. iv. ch. 
 
 x.x. 14. 
 Celtic words. Bk. iv. di. ii. 3. 
 chariot, British, Bk. iv. ch. xxiv. ; 
 
 Bk. V. ch. xvi. 
 charioteers, Bk. iv. ch. xxxiii. 
 conditional clauses, Bk. v. ch. 
 
 xxi.x. 7. 
 council, Bk. v. chs. ii. 14, xxiv. 1, 
 
 xxviii. 6. 
 Coway Stakes, Bk. v. ch. xviii. 2. 
 currents, Bk. v. ch. i. 8. 
 
 dative — 
 
 agent, Bk. iv. ch. xxiv. 6. 
 reference, Bk. v. cli. xxxv. 12. 
 verb.s governing, Bk. iv. ch. iv. 2. 
 days, length of, Bk. v. ch. xiii. 13. 
 
•nglnea, Bk. iv. cli. xx 
 
 INDEX (ENGLISH). 
 
 155 
 
 t. iv. oil. xxii. 9. 
 ell. xvii. 
 
 lilts of, Jlk. V. ch. 
 
 V. ell. xiii. 4. 
 of .same imnie as 
 iv. ell. xxi. Hi ; lik. 
 
 itro. xiv-xxi. 
 
 iK'ss, Bk. iv. cli.s. 
 
 '. 12; Bk. V. di. 
 
 line, Bk. iv. ch. 
 k. V. cli. xxiii. S». 
 I achieveiiit'iits, lik 
 iii. 13. 
 iture, Bk. iv. ch. 
 
 k. iv. oil. ii. 3, 
 
 , Hk. iv. ill. xxiv. ; 
 
 li. 
 
 . iv. ch. xxxiii. 
 
 LUses, Bk. v. ch. 
 
 -hs. ii. 14, xxiv. 1, 
 
 Bk. v. ch. xviil. 2. 
 ch. i. 8. 
 
 !h. xxiv. 6. 
 V. oil. XXXV. 12, 
 I, Bk. iv. ch. iv. 2. 
 lik. v. ch. xiii. 13. 
 
 vv. r>. 
 
 Oauls, character of, Bk iv i 
 V. 4. ' "'^- 'V. ch. 
 
 genitive— 
 
 '''2"iiii"io"'^ iv. chs. xi. .), xii 
 •'•^•il'tion, Bk. iv. .h. xvii o- 
 
 -Sivc:is.i^.^,:^/'i.^i-t 
 
 ^txS.f--^'-^^^tii.. 
 r^essioj. a. prclicate, Bk. iv. 
 
 witli adjective, Bk V ..I, ,■; ii 
 gerund and g^rundiv; , : "■ 
 «''•<. xi. 6. xiii 11 ' • '^■• 
 
 gold in Britain Bk v i 
 
 Greek letterA5.^;h;'^)Si.^. 
 hendiadys. Bk. v. ch. xix. 13. 
 Iberians, Bk. v. ch. vii i 
 
 '"'"S;;.^^'^'-"':! ^-^i!.; Bk. iv 
 
 If- •^■•>:v 12, xxxi. 0; Bk V 
 
 '*'^'h'%i.'i;r'^"r{'t.Bk.iv. 
 
 ix. r.. ' '• ••''^•vii. 17, 
 
 people, ^.lanie „f, f„, ,,,,,.. ,^,^ .^_ 
 
 Pleona«n,^Bk. iv. ch. xiii. u • Bk. 
 "^'^^S^^:^^^- i- 'lis. 
 pronoun, retiexive," Bk. iv. d,. xvi. 
 
 quaestor. Bk. iv. ch. xiii o c, 
 
 ■•'l^o Intro, vxiij • •'• '"'« 
 
 questions in Or. o'bl Bk .v . 
 
 ^xi.x.i2. ■ ^■'"*' "viii. 15, 
 
 relative, connective Bk ;,. » 
 iv 4 v.;; ^L^ ■' f?*^" 'V. chs. 
 
 •'"'• vf. 5, X 8 V - ■•• "■• ' repetition Bk- u i' ■• 
 
 xxvii A '..r-^- o> XXIV. 2 
 
 *xxil. Jt) Bk. V. chs iv -' 
 XXIV. 20 xvviv .j •• '^- "' 
 
 infinitive ' ''' ^' ^■''^■- -**• 
 
 l'^:'^rlut.,Bk.iv.ch.xxi.lO- 
 «'v. \. ch. xxvi. 13 ' 
 
 ^'^'^'^■\^-^ii..U xvi 
 
 "-i&^Vx;^!ii.^.^' 
 
 Kent, civilisation of, bi- v i 
 XIV. 1. • ^ \. ch. 
 
 , . !<>• See al,so Intro xvii 
 legionaries^as enginVri;' Bk. v. 
 
 ^"*5!«^:lo;3-if-^«^«^- 
 
 middle use ofpa88ive,Bk.iv. chs 
 mile, Roman, Bk. v. ch. ii. ]o. 
 
 ' ^> ^"- 10> XI. tJ, xxiv. 
 
 sequence; Bk. iv. chs. i. 2-> viii ■? 
 
 X'. 10; Bk. V chs i i' •^' 
 
 « .^«.xl. l,xlvr.7 '• '"■■""• 
 Spain jiositi, .,r £,. ^. , 
 
 xui. 5, ' '^^- V. ch. 
 
 speeches, Bk. iv. c, viii i 
 subjunctive ^)iilv . )■ * 
 
 of each givSj! ^'"'' •"•■'t«n«s 
 nttractci, Bk. iv. ch. xvii 2T 
 
 ".^-ct<,,e.tion,Bk:^^;;:S;.v. 
 
 jussive, Bk. iv. ,.h xi liw 
 ^lepen.ient), Bk iv i' ^'''"'!- 
 12, xxi. 17. • "• '^''■'*- -^vi. 
 
 ^'" causal, Bk. iv. ch«. viii 2 
 
 ^^- 20; Bk. V. -c^'-iv' 
 11, xxxiii. 1. • 
 
 con.secutive, Bk. iv ,.i, 
 xxxiv. 9. '"• 
 
 concessive. Bk. v. ch iv 1" 
 ftn«l, Bk. iv. chs? xV n 
 XXI. 10. • .»»i- ii, . 
 
 generic (restrictive), Bk iv 
 
 p -vi. 11, xix^' 8, x.;;: 
 
 subob^ue, Bk. iv. chs. viii. 7, 
 
 «««< <7<//, Bk. V. ch. X 1] 
 vrtually oblique (alleged cau.se), 
 
156 
 
 fNDEX (KXGIJSH). 
 
 /;•'. •^""- iO;Hk. v..!,. vi. ri 
 
 (im!>(iiliir). 
 
 with "until." Rk. iv. d,,s. iv. ir 
 •Ml. 11, xiii. 4. 
 Bupine ill -um, Uk. iv. d,. xvxji ] 
 m -'(, Jik. iv. cli. XXX. (i. 
 
 tides, Bk, iv. til. xxix. o . j^i^ I 
 
 <li. viii. (). ' • ■ I 
 
 time - I 
 
 'liimtion, Rk. iv. dis. i. r, iv " I 
 
 "wlicii."Rk. iv. ch.i ,"•''•- I 
 
 "within which." Bk. iv'. c'hs. iv 
 
 A xviu. ] ; Bk. V. ch. xxvi. 1. 
 
 Uoni.;in rnckoninK. Bk. iv, chs 
 , xviii. 2, t, xxviii. ]. 
 
 town, RritisJi, Rk. V. di. xxi. 6. 
 trees, Riitisli, Rk. v. di. xii. 1;!. 
 
 verbal substantive. Ru. iv. di 
 IV. l:i. 
 
 I verbs, two, cxpn-s.^nKonc i,l..ii. Rk 
 I V. di. xxvii. 2:'). 
 
 wives, coininunity of, Rk v ch 
 xiv. 8. ■ 
 
 zeugma, Jik. v. ch. xlii. 6. 
 
"liiiR, Bk. iv. fhs. 
 xxviii. 1. 
 II<. V. cli, xxi, 6. 
 'k. V. til, xii. ];{. 
 
 Itive, Hk. IV. ,1,. 
 
 y><.'»in^f()riei(l,.,.i, Hk. 
 
 ty '>'', lik. V. ch. 
 :h. xli'i. 6. 
 
 f-^"'"'-v (unx). 
 
 Tft, 
 
 '"■*'*"»•■""»«„,■,„„, 
 
 "'• L'l'. xiii. ].i. I noster, lik. iv. ,.],, ,., , 
 
 / ■ • ■^"- ^. xxii. :i 
 
 -v.\:ii. 9. ■ "'^- '^- (lis. .wi 19 
 
 °'''".i^i<.iv.e]:txv"-f 
 T- -per, ..,...., 
 
 'S"^ *-ere, ;.k. ., ..,. ^^^^ 
 
 Possidere, Bk- iv i • 
 P''8tdiemquann'''-^"-^J- 
 
 *"?!,- "?°P"" Rom 
 
 SpT,S-,;.\;, '•i.■''■ 
 """todiae, Bi,:!';;;;. :,, J, 
 
 <ii»»taular., Bk. I,, ,,, ,.. g 
 
 «Wtat„,,Bk.iv. ,.,,„,,.■'■ 
 fibulae. Bk ii- i 
 
 ^«"-;Bk^-"^-^\gi^i, 
 
 Primi ordines, B'. v , 
 
 Prohibeo.lk .^'■'V^-^^'- 
 I Properari, BkV. 'h ":•/••. 
 
 quam onu'tted, Hk iv ,.i 
 
 J, All. 2. ' ^- "• t'''-*. .v. .-J, Ai 
 auin. lib ;.. . 
 
 hora, Bk. iv. .,, ,,,. , 
 ifirnoscere, Bk iv ,.i 
 
 '"(j"Mi;,«,';-,;Bk.''i,!»;;'-,'«- 
 
 *nodo. Bk. iv ,.).. ^- . , ,-,,„. .„. „ ,, 
 
 'nonere orar, Bk. V d!'' ''"■ ''■ I ^''*'^*°'^"' ^'^^ iv. ch.'^ 
 • ^^"- ^^"^^ ' rebellio, Bk. iv. ,,, ,,^_ ^_ 
 
 
168 
 
 INDKX (LATIN). 
 
 res, Mk. iv. (lis. i. i(], xxx 7 
 reverti, Hk. iv. ch, iv. 12." 
 
 ■i quia. m. iv. ,1,. xiii. jij. 
 sic uti, lik. V. ell. .xvii. (i. 
 Bimulare, Hk. iv. ( li. iv. 11 
 subductio, Hk. V. ell. i. (i. 
 sublicae, lik. iv. c)i. xvii. 23. 
 
 testudo, Bk. v. dis ix. U, xlii. 10 
 tornienta. Hk. iv. ,|,. xxv. C 
 turrea, lik. v. di. xl. 4. 
 
 ut, Hk. iv. ,1,. V, 4. 
 vlgiliae, Hk. iv. oh. xxiii. 5i. 
 
v^. dm ix. Iti, xlii. 10. 
 :. iv. ell. x.\v. [). 
 cli. xl. 4. 
 
 V 1. 
 
 k. ch. xxiii. 2. 
 
 BOOK ly, 
 CHAPTERS , ro XXV. 
 
 CBAI' 
 
 I. 
 
 W In the followinir „„ 
 eroded the Khi,,e, „/J^'^^ - v-t .hro„g „f Oerma^s 
 
 attacked oTba" '*"' o" f"' («? a7 '"'^ *»"' 
 
 remain U". ^'*«»««-»°™als, h„t Z t-f * *''™'"» 
 
 "" ""y ^'^ our cavalry. 1°"' Z"""™ to 
 
 m " '"^ *" 'azy was he 
 
160 
 
 Cesar's gai.lic war. 
 
 I^l'r" "" "'" -'P"" *° P'--"- "'«- tappings for 
 
 his horse 
 
 1 Use the imperfect tense of the veil- " 
 3 Use a relative clause: L;.ti„ is weak 
 
 to fight." 2 Ablative absolute. 
 
 II nouns, but strong- in verbs. 
 
 Chap. hi. 
 
 thfl!!!" ^^".'''' ^^^ ""^'^ ""^'"^^^ «f ^hese tribes, and 
 
 he most accustomed to ireceiving merchants. ' (2) iheir 
 
 long strugge with the Suebi has made this tribe much 
 
 tr butary, hey drove them out of part of their territory. 
 
 he mlTsr A ''"''' ^'^'^ ^' ''' ^' P-«ible from 
 the Rhine 3to avoid the coming of Gallic merchants. (5) 
 On one side of this river the fields lie waste ; the Ubii are 
 said to dwe , on the other. (6) They thinL it the h ig" 
 of glory tha all the territory of this people, ^once so flour 
 ashing, now lies deserted. (7) The Gauls, tLough the more 
 civilised, are not a match for the Germans in war 
 
 iJi + subjunctive to express purpose. 401im. 
 
 Chaps. I to III. 
 
 strlo^th" vT-'"'' °"\'"' ™"'™'' '''" -""l 8reat bodily 
 strength Yet m war they do not fight as infantry, but 
 
 employ horses. These they do not import from Fmnce 
 although they border upon the Bhine; but use entWy 
 those produced in their own eountry. .Indeed, though the 
 com,ng of merchants is allowed, it is contrary to the wthes 
 of many, who think that »the more frequently merchants 
 cmue to any people, the more they become effeminat 
 Wme .s .mported and many things which «tend to make 
 men lazy and wicked. 
 
 Their diet is largely composed of fish, especially of Ssuch 
 an>mals as they take while hunting. iL tWs exercise toey 
 
ter trappings for 
 
 2 Ablative absolute. 
 :roiiB: in vorbs. 
 
 these tribes, and 
 ants. ■ (2) Their 
 ibis tribe much 
 aot make them 
 
 their territory. 
 IS possible from 
 merchants. (5) 
 s ; the Ubii are 
 3k it the height 
 
 ^once so flour- 
 lough the more 
 Q war. 
 
 '^ yuum f sub- 
 
 ^mTATlVE EXERCISES. 
 
 i great bodily 
 infantry, but 
 from France, 
 t use entirely 
 id, though the 
 ' to the wishes 
 tly merchants 
 e effeminate. 
 :end to make 
 
 ially of Ssuch 
 sxercise they 
 
 ^ave trained their I, ^^' 
 
 ' ^tq"e. 2Say " bv f, "^ '" iiecessary. 
 
 ";"- ">eybeco,„eye,c .^ s""""^^ "'^ -ore frequent. 
 
 -^"-ve. .Such Jt 'r.^'^-- ^ ''.^-rt:: ::r:rr 
 
 Chap. iy_ 
 (1) For three yefl^.. fu^ u 
 "mentioned as dweD ^.t''"^^ ^^^'^h we havp „. 
 a «»atch for therpn "^ *^" ^^^ ^'^^ of the Ph "'^^^ 
 
 by the Suebi and w J''* ^'^ '^^^y were L. n"'' ^^''^"^^ 
 Germany 3,^^ '^^^^^ered for many v ear/ f """^'^^'^ 
 «iew the ^arS '"^'^^ *^ ^^e Rhine ' ^h '" ^" ^'''^ «f 
 
 'Trans + ' ^^ ^^^^ abandoned ^ii;! *^''"^<^d 
 
 'o--.,; "r^:^ r "-^'-. . Use the perF ,, """ ^"^^^^S- 
 
 ^^--^ -iat-ve. 8 Cades (S',,:;;''^"-''- 
 
 Chaps. Ij ^^ jy 
 Through lack of shine « 
 force lor by stealth to "^ ? ""^"^ ^^''^ »«able leiih u 
 
 -^^— outalUh^S^-^a.^ 
 
162 
 
 C^:.SAR'S GALLIC WAR. 
 
 to their own territoHes. 4This thev rliVl ,•« ^ ^ 
 
 > Neque — neque. 
 
 ' N'si. 3 Relative. 
 ^ Subjunctive, 
 
 * Ablative absolute. 
 
 Chap. v. 
 (1) Caesar was informed that fhw Pa,,!, u ^ 
 
 »y are m a state of perpetual desire for a revolution. 
 
 "'""""••■ 7r.;'7" :' ■■ -"••"■" »"' -"" "•= fo«-in. -and • 
 SRelai.vt chi„e"»h,lih,y ehinfc.- 
 
 Chaps. Ill to V. 
 
 ari^eTortrntirartres" t ^"^" "- '° 
 :::•. tr z i: '-^ '-5^ *- "--rrei 
 
 miles , the Ubu, ^their neighbours on the other, 3ouce a 
 
 ^PutwhatfoUowsinOratioObliqu.. « Use a relative Cause. , Oli. 
 
 4 Et. '-'"■n. 
 
a few days, and 
 3een deserted. 
 
 ative absolute. 
 
 lad repented of 
 ) He compelled 
 heir will, what 
 
 He sfeared the 
 it nothing must 
 
 of this people 
 ect. (5) They 
 hich are often 
 shes. (6) The 
 
 opinions that 
 evolution. 
 
 following: "and." 
 
 i Suebi was to 
 approached 
 
 one hundred 
 >ther, 3ouce a 
 ring through 
 ond the Ubii 
 f^arlike tribes 
 
 ; they could 
 Ds; so great 
 all resources 
 ere therefore 
 
 use. JOIim. 
 
 'M^'i'AT/VE EXKnCLSE.S. 
 
 <-'HAP. Yl 
 
 163 
 
 man ata tJ^^^^^^^ ^ fo"niidable wa v 
 
 RJWne r2Uu "''"' ''' «"t easier th ^"^''"'^ ^^^^''^^ ^Jer- 
 
 that f! r ' ^ ""'^^^ ^rea. (4)"^ *° ^""'^^^ their wan- 
 
 which hnrf „ ? "•"solved to wbm „. ' ^ S"mmonin„ 
 .A.I. l"'*""''-^'' ">e Bhi^r" ™^ "P°» those s.a,et 
 
 "'ive absolute 9 e- 
 "een ordered f, ', ^'"ffular. 3 a., . 
 
 "•*'. and use 
 
 Chap, vil 
 
 «"stom, 2they said . k ^^^^^^^ ^^^. rSW. ''' ^°^ 
 to the veryXds ti " '''''' '"^ ^^tack Z T '^^^"^ 
 
 o'- allow us toTn ^" ^'^^ "« the lands nf °"' ^''^«- 
 
(■ f--~ 
 
 164 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 Chaps. IV to VII. 
 
 The Gauls are a fickle people, who often enter upon a 
 course of action moved by vague reports. Knowing that 
 this was their habit, Caesar compelled those chiefs whose 
 villages he had seized to tell him Hheir intentions. Find- 
 ing that his suspicions were correct, and that the Germans 
 had been invited 2to crush his guards and then to cross the 
 river, he judged it best to set out to the army. Having 
 arrived there, he concealed his knowledge and ordered the 
 soldiers to prepare corn. When this had been done he 
 made a secret marqh, and fell upon the unsuspecting 
 enemy. Before that part of them which he had attacked 
 could make any I'esistance, he killed them all. The rest 
 of this great body returned home, ^saying that they yielded 
 to the Romans and to them alone. 
 
 1 Use a relative clause. - " His guards having been crushed." 3 " His 
 verbis." 
 
 Chap. VIII. 
 
 (1) Ambassadors came Ho complain of the injuries Vhich 
 the Suebi had inflicted. (2) The conclusion of his speech 
 was that they ^might remain in Gaul if they protected 
 their territories. (3) There are no fields lying waste for 
 those who ^cannot protect their own. (4) You may, if you 
 wish, settle in the territory which has asked aid of us. 
 (5) The numbers of the Suebi are so great that there can 
 be no peace between us and them. (6) If your chiefs had 
 laid these commands upon them, they would not have 
 settled among the Ubii. 
 
 1 Qui + subjunctive. 2 Simply the objective genitive " Sueborum." 
 3 Licere. * Subjunctive. 
 
IMITATIVE EXERCISES. 165 
 
 enter upon a 
 Knowing that 
 e chiefs whose 
 ntions. Find- 
 } the Germans 
 en to cross the 
 rmy. Having 
 lid ordered the 
 been done he 
 
 unsuspecting 
 1 had attacked 
 all. The rest 
 it they yielded 
 
 rushed." 3 " His 
 
 Chaps. V to VIII. 
 
 Knowing that the Gauls, and esDeciallv th. 
 people, are always desirous of a revo^ut on ct """"T^. 
 to their embassy: JQo back to tl!!?' ^^^^^'^ ^^P^ed 
 ;^.I the. that tLe i^no^ sil^r^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 > In Latin this speech would .,.o., .ertain.y be put i„ Oratio Obli,u.. 
 
 -' Relative l^lural. ^ 
 
 njuries Vhich 
 of his speech 
 hey protected 
 Aiug waste for 
 )u may, if you 
 ed aid of us. 
 that there can 
 ur chiefs had 
 iild not have 
 
 " Sueborum." 
 
 Chap. IX. 
 
 Jrt ^^\^,^°^^^«^^dors said that they were awaiting a lar^e 
 part of their cavalrv r2^ iTh^o^ *u """gaiarge 
 
 seat across the Me„,e^topev!ntth.'' ^f' """ '''^'' 
 tag their camn «7Tt I ' """"y f™" Plnnder- 
 
 rr "■" ir T '-"-'- in t; 
 
 coming. (5) After discussine evervthin.r fk^ , I 
 
 Caesar not to se»d his men Ly nZ e £ tht " ! 
 Dlundpr m\ Tf ™„ . "^ uearer to the camp to 
 
 taterpose del^ "' """"" ""' »^» «"' ^'=^-«. - -"« 
 
 ■> Cognoverat. 4 Re vera. 
 
166 
 
 CiESAR's GALLIC WAR. 
 
 Chap, vn to IX. 
 
 Ambassadors came from the Germans and the Gauls 
 though they kuew that there could be „o .real Jend't 
 
 they would dnve out all who attacked them, but that 
 wh,le t ey would not yield evea to the Komaus t':; 
 would allow them to retaiu possession of all the te rito y 
 across the Meuse which they wero now holding. In rep y 
 Caesar asked them to return in four days time. The 
 Gauls, 3whose object was to protect their country against 
 aJlWders, bought to make Caesar their all/ ^ga „ 
 the Germans by complaining bitterly of the injuries wh.ch 
 
 hrfrie°^d b"' IT' ""^ "^ '"""'"^ '""« «P-ehesIh ut 
 Xl" " ""*""' *"''' "'"''^"'^^ "-"J fe Roman 
 
 loquor = I make a long speech. "" ^''"•'''''^' " '"^'""» 
 
 Chap, ix and X. 
 
 (1) ^Rising in the mountains called the Alps, this nver 
 flows swiftly through many states. (2) It flow into the 
 ocean by many large mouths, which are called %y variou! 
 na^nes. 3) These form many islands, the inhabitL " 
 
 Wrd, Ln^. '^^'' ^^^^^ ^^^y Pl^^^er from the 
 
 birds. (5) These tribes, who are considered the most 
 
 ng h m to remain at a great distance from their i;iand 
 (6) ^Caesar, who had ascertained their barbarism and 
 savagery, granted their request. 
 
 1 Say "this river rises and flows " T itlr, «,.ff , . 
 
 present participle. 2 Varie SQuil f" "^''f.^'"' ^'""^ *''^ ^'''^ "^ »> 
 
 thing they obti^-ned from Caesar."^ ""''"''^" -bjunctive. 4 •. which 
 
 ■ « 1 • 
 
IMITATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 167 
 
 and the Gauls, 
 Ileal friendship 
 'vmer said that 
 hem, but that, 
 
 Itomans, they 
 II the territory 
 ling. In reply 
 y^s time. The 
 :!ountry against 
 ir ally against 
 
 injuries which 
 speeches about 
 id the Koman 
 
 •'' " Complained 
 Caesar." 6 Multa 
 
 i-lps, this nver 
 lows into the 
 id 2by various 
 inhabitants of 
 bod is said to 
 ier from the 
 ed the most 
 Caesar, 3ask- 
 » their island, 
 trbarism and 
 
 rom the lack of a 
 :ive. 4 " Which 
 
 Chap. xi. 
 
 h.m not to advance any nearer on fhf ''"'''''''^ ''"J^'"''^'^ 
 (3) ^Unable to obtain LTTelZ T "" T '''' '''^' ^^J'' 
 word to the cavalry to return to h ""^ ''^''^ ^'"^ ^o send 
 t';eysaid, VerehaLsi^rem It""" '"'''- ^'^ T^-- 
 obtaining water. (^) 4? '• i, ' Preventing them from 
 
 three days to ask the Ub f/! ^'"' "'^"^^ ^""''^'^ 
 (6) Return, said he in as ""'" '^'''' ^«™^»ds. 
 
 T " "" "^ ''^ ^--^^^^^^::X:;z ^°"^^^' ^° 
 
 > Say -'commanded them not" T • i'^^P^^^' 
 
 when they were not able to o., „•"'"'?."'' "^ -bjunctive. , •• Which 
 Ca.3ar rephed that he. etc. t^:^ ' ^-'^ Obli^ua. . .- t^ l^^' 
 
 Chaps. VIII to XI. 
 
 The inhabitants of nil fi,^ ^ x . 
 Khine flows seat ambai^d^rr "'f ""•°"«'' '"'■'-"> "■« 
 not to advance intoteTttLri™'''i^ '"""°™« Caesar 
 Of the islands at the mou'r of h'' p,™" """'"'""''"»" 
 ■»Wonto send their re,s,:VL' o"" '"''" "'' "- 
 l>e was awaiting his cavalry, JZ: b^'^7' ''""''""y "» 
 a plundering expedition ^ong the T ™'"™''' '""^ 
 '•■m^elftothis. ^Neverthele™ he d>^ ?™''' ^^'">«'^ 
 inanded them to accent th!V ""' ""'^ >»" "»m- 
 
 '» -„d a large JrHfthe r /""r""' "^ "'-"P"-". -» 
 l>« k»ew that there eonld L "7 '" """ "™- ^hongh 
 '""self and these barba fans C j"'^ ''"'■"'^iP between 
 'hem, lest he might notTe'l^! ."'? """ '""""' P"-"™"' 
 '•■e territory .,y,„«, betl/n tt „w"" "'^"' "^^ '™- 
 
168 
 
 CiESAU's GALLIC WAR. 
 
 Chap. XII. 
 
 h 
 
 (1) As soon as their cavalry had returnefl, tliey made a 
 fierce attack and put to flight our unsuspectiug soldiers. 
 (2) It is the custom of this nation in battle to leap to the 
 ground, and stab the horses from beneath. (3) In this 
 battle ithey killed many, %ounded more, and put the rest 
 to flight. (4) AH our men of highest birth, though they 
 resisted bravely, were killed 2in the attempt to aid their 
 frienls. (5) Two brothers, who had been given by our 
 senate the title of friends of the Roman people, were cut 
 off by the enemy and fell covered with wounds. (6) "We 
 therefore made a triice, and departed, in order that the 
 terrified cavalry might rot again be routed. 
 
 » Ablative absolute. 2 Sa', " wiiile they are aiding." 
 
 Chaps. XI and XII. 
 
 When at a distance from the enemy of not more than 
 
 four miles, Caesar heard from those who had gone on 
 
 ahead to forage, that the cavalry of the enemy, to the 
 
 number of five thousand, had, Mn defiance of the truce, 
 
 crossed the Meuse, charged, and driven our men into flight! 
 
 This was a legion which he had sent among the Ubii, and 
 
 which, having completed all its zbusiness, was now 
 
 returning without fear of any attack. On hearing this, 
 
 Caesar sent word to the Germans that ^since they had 
 
 again ^wantonly attacked the forces of the Roman people, 
 
 he would at once sbegin 6to carry out the plan upon which 
 
 they had so earnestly requested him not «to enter. Let 
 
 them not request him to hold back his soldiers from the 
 
 battle ; they had slain men whom the Roman people had 
 
 called friends, whom it had already aided. It was his 
 
IMITATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 rl, they made a 
 Bctiug soldiers, 
 i to leap to the 
 b. (3) lu this 
 nd put the rest 
 1, though they 
 )t to aid their 
 given by our 
 iople, were cut 
 uuds. (6) We 
 irder that the 
 
 not more than 
 
 had gone on 
 
 nemy, to the 
 
 i of the truce, 
 
 len into flight. 
 
 the Ubii, and 
 
 ss, was now 
 
 hearing this, 
 
 ice they had 
 
 loman people, 
 
 n upon which 
 
 to enter. Let 
 
 iers from the 
 
 m people had 
 
 It was his 
 
 169 
 
 '^-"- ^'-s ,„ p„,,„ T;""' ^^b.de by their oaths. 
 
 Fu u Infinitive .,f the ve;b. « L ,r\ p"!"'"'^ ^'^^'^ 'o carry o ^-'hy ,h 
 I «b.Je by an oath. '''• ' P-usqua.„. « Jurejurando teneo^t 
 
 Chap. xili. 
 
 wouM be the height ot XTo Z'mir''''- '=> '« 
 fences w.th Which the en.iy ZLTLT- T""" '"" 
 The eoeniy have already terrified l,er "'"'• <''> 
 
 we must give them uo time fn, i "'' "" o-" •'"'"o J 
 
 among them. (4) I„ thl '^' . "'™'«i'>8: their influence 
 
 ;•" -is forces, *eiin^ at rTdl' """*'^'' "» ''" "' 
 feept in the can,,, the amblsadoT ""'I"""""'- ('> "e 
 or -:t, had come 3t„ malce a IvL ' ° '"'* «''™'"' 
 Walry were ordered to brin^ m ,,,'' '^"°"- («> The 
 
 Chaps. XII and xiii. 
 
 BefHTLr jtriyr ^zr " ? -•"<> -» ^^d 
 
 ■"any had fallen in the recearb.tr".'' ""* »' '^'"'■» 
 greatest bravery. Coveredllth ' ' ^S""'"* with the 
 «ni urged their steeds al^„sTb,7'""" *'"• ""'"■" "a" 
 off from all who -mightTave h! 1"" '"'"' ''"'«''. «"t 
 fore ordered our m!n to rlf t.""""""'"- »««>"». 
 alien after - brave a rel rraidta't'^'^ '"""'^ "'" 
 how great craft and treaeherv tlL n ''°''' ^''"y '"'"^ 
 
 of using. ..They are'- iid ! °!T°' '""" ""P^M^ 
 erowds. Do not fear their ulbers ^™°"'"e '- great 
 
 "'"■ ^"-morrow morning 
 
170 
 
 c^sah's gallic war. 
 
 it 
 
 we give ba tie. Thoy asked for peace and then of their 
 own accord attacked us. Fight bravely and do not 
 cease from the battle until those men who "^^.ave employed 
 treachery against us, fall before the eyes of thT « T 
 whom they have deceived." ^ *^^ ^*"''' 
 
 ' Qui potuissent. etc. . Uterc.Uur. subjunctive .„ an Indirect ,u„tion. 
 
 Chap. XIV. 
 
 J171" 'i''°„''f ""■ '° '"'"= "P """» »"<' join battle, or 
 
 The Germans drew up their army „e of battle and 
 
 endeavoured to defend the camp against our men m 
 After defending the eamp for a little while, they fell in o 
 «ueh eonfuslon that no plan could be forced (4 oi^ 
 
 rairlbe/ "^ """"'• ■"■*'=•' ■■"» ">» -P with a 
 on « k T "'""' ™"''' P"™''™ "■>•" was, going 
 
 r; i:-aTr:^ir. """» -"" "■- ^-» - -- - 
 
 IPriusquam. ^ Say. " our men rushed with such speed " Sr ,' 
 
 Subjunctive. « " Beean to sppI, ^•.«.,„ <• .\ r ''."'^" "P'-ed. S Imperfect 
 fcgan to seek (imperfect) safety in flight." 
 
 Chap. XV. 
 
 dowl, H,'!""^ ""' """'*' "'■"'" ''™''' '"« e^^ans threw 
 
 down then. arm. ,n such fear that .not even one remained 
 
 o harass our troops. (2) At the junction of the two rivers 
 
 w.th .very man wounded, and overwhelmed by the 
 
 (3) Our men ^went on slaying them till Caesar Rranted 
 thcrhves to the very few who were left. (4^ OaTmel 
 
 without losmg a man. (5) Those of the enemy who had 
 
fl then of their 
 a»d do not 
 
 fmve employed 
 of the GaujH 
 
 iidirect question. 
 
 join battle, or 
 children ? (2) 
 of battle and 
 our men. (3) 
 
 they fell into 
 ned. (4) Our 
 
 camp with a 
 lat was going 
 aaans in great 
 eir wives and 
 m to <ilee for 
 
 i-" 3 Imperfect" 
 
 IMFTATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 rmans threw 
 >ne remained 
 e two rivers, 
 Qed by the 
 the stream. 
 5sar granted 
 [4) Our men 
 b weariness, 
 ■ the enemy 
 ay who had 
 
 wtrr'^:r^'--.Win..heMeuse! 
 eave i„ the river those who hid t'"""! ''' '""''''^'^ '- 
 the^number was very grelT ^"^ "" '^'"^"^^' ^^^^^om 
 
 -Imperfect. 3Sn.. •• •.■ 
 
 4Alii. '• ""'^^'^»t^««""e«ofbody.- 
 
 ' Ne unus quidem. 
 
 Chaps. XIIi to XV. 
 
 toe for g™„t,ugco-dS„ '!"""'• '''"'"''''« """ '"« 
 that ,„ „gre«.ive war „uTbe C^dT '"'."^ '"'^'' """ 
 ^the return of i,,-, ,,„„, "i ™»'=f. Cnesar did not await 
 
 Which he had With hi ™ The L °"' """■ '"^ ''°»P« 
 and chiidreu, were rejoicing over .hT""' *'"■ '""■•wives 
 obtained after the recent ZZJ^^^^'T "'*'' '""y "ad 
 ™.ft and sudden coming nLh " "" "■""'«"' °'°-- 
 take up arms , . J- *» tune was given them to 
 
 «"; Oauls int; the KhTne t: "''" '"'^ "■"' "-'e^ 
 whelmed. After a brief relt '"™«elves over- 
 
 d rections, followed by on 1™;?'''''' "'" '■" "» 
 nick of time. ™''y' ""'ch 'came up in the 
 
 '"•"-^ «l«,„, .,s „ 
 
 Chap. xvi. 
 
 4ier,r:tredtiti::" r •^"--'' «>- 
 
 surrender. (2) He did not ,h ^ ' f ""° '"''"■'Cd to 
 
 Justcrcau^efo^ crossing thirrivcfJ""''' »""' "-» a 
 to drive away those wL had ?u„n ,""' ''<"«™i''ation 
 h.m (8) .,„„,„^,. „^\,l''^:''yo\<^1, n....dc war on 
 
 '"■■■ i confidenee for the futile ":4>H^"; ""' '" "■" 
 
 • (*; His defeat of the 
 
 Ubii, 
 
172 
 
 Cesar's oallic war. 
 
 Germans n this latest battle had carried the Konuvn name 
 o the.r furti,est bordern. (5) The Germans, who lad be^n 
 
 com.ng across the Rhine, now feared or theh ow 
 err.tory. («) He thought that if he dared to ZssZ 
 
 r ver, the prestige of the Roman name would aid the lb 
 
 <even without a battle. ' 
 
 •Nolo. 2 "than that he misht drive 
 lio facto. 
 
 ''«"»>'." .•*Uliro. 4Nulloproe. 
 
 Chaps. XiV to XVI. 
 
 The Ubii promised to send an ample supply of .ships 
 with which ito cross the Rhine. Caesar deliberated 
 whether he dared lead his army among tribes .so rJl, 
 %specmlly as he knew that the Ubii were themselves hard 
 prmsed by their enemies, who might crush those whom he 
 left behu,d, .apture the ships, and prevent his return 
 But the prestige of the Roman people was .so great, now 
 that he had defeated those who had attacked Gaul, that he 
 determined to cross. There was added that he wished to 
 see what was being done among them, and to regain the 
 md.tary standards which they had captured, and which 
 they 3offered to surrender if he would come ^in person to 
 demand them. He therefore demanded from those ^ou 
 this side of the river liberty to forage until he reached it. 
 
 ' Subjunctive. •-• Pr.iesertim. 3 Volo. * Ips... 5 cis 
 
 Chap. XYIII. 
 
 (1) Within ten days of the coming of the ambassadors 
 the bridge was begun. (2) Timber was collected and the 
 whole work was brought to a successful conclusion (S) 
 Leaving behind the ambassadoi-s, who bad asked him not 
 Ho begin the bridge, he led the army across. (4) If the 
 Suga r .n had asked for peace, they would not now be 2i„ 
 the seclusion of the woods. (5) They have left thelf 
 
e Hoinan name 
 , who had been 
 ror their own 
 d to cross the 
 d aid the L'hii, 
 
 ro. * Nullo proe. 
 
 ipply of ships 
 r (lelibernted 
 es so remote, 
 imselves hard 
 lose whom he 
 t his return, 
 so great, now 
 Gaul, that he 
 he wished to 
 to regain the 
 I, and which 
 *iu person to 
 m those Son 
 reached it. 
 
 mbassadors, 
 ed and the 
 ;lusion. (3) 
 ied him not 
 
 (4) If the 
 now be ^in 
 
 left their 
 
 ''0"ntry on the advi... ,w h 
 
 'voocls!" ThVi's w'l.'" «"■''"' ""-• '"■'"I'.'e." ■:.•, 
 
 Oa,i. •.y.^j, ... • '•""•• %ure of sp..,,, ,,„^j H.-Xr'""'"" ■""' '" "^ 
 
 •'>"'. ■' Omni.i sii.-i, 
 
 ^fan.V states thought thif .-. 
 
 ;""^^ " '>"-''ge, since h,. , ,f J ''!''' ""J"«^ ^^r Caesar to 
 the repulse nr a • . ' P'^'n sod th^ rv 
 
 S"gan,l,ri prepared to lo vo ,, '"''"'■'">■ '«■«". tie 
 
 "f peace. „„ eoj^ititr. li '^r'™-' "■■"■■"-- ".i . , t 
 8«at was the pre„tfce „, , , '^„*"'' ''"" '"'■■^•agc,, I 
 
 '■°«age«ea,,,e„uWa?:„t;':JrT'K"""'' ''"" '« 
 
 , ' "'.' A„„v.,„,„ ,„, , ""'" •■""■• tbo bridge wa, beg, 
 
 '' Ke vera. 4 Sf. 
 
 Chap. xix. 
 (1) He delayed eighteen rU • 
 
 he >,uebi had promised to aid tf« ""' ''''^'» ^^em th^ 
 toaidthefThii ,.,K , , '^'^ *he Sugambri ^q\ t 
 
 he ,1.f ■ ' ^^"^ h^*'^ ''eon hard nt I ^ ^ ^" '^''f^<^J' 
 he determined not to I.ad bark ' ^"'^ '^^^' ^^is nation 
 -"^eance on their enemies trr^r"'" '" ''' ^^^ ^-^en 
 
 (•*) Tins resolve struck such 
 
174 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 fear into the Suebi that they sent away their wives .nd 
 
 tne Kornans. (5) They assembled at a spot which thev 
 had chosen, and determined .^to fight it out 3indeLi.ce of 
 he\!r'^^^"''^' '""^y ^^^^^- («) But Caesi; h nk 1 
 
 cross thrRh "' '" '"' *^^"P^-^^^ ^^'-^ h'-^ ^ed him t? 
 c OSS the Rhine, recrossed the bridge and destroyed it 
 
 By which .solve (consiliu.) such fear was struck i.Uo the Suebi that " 
 ^ Decerto. 8 Pro. 4 Res. 
 
 Chaps. XVI, XVIII and XIX. 
 
 th!t"lZ'ofthr''''\^'""^'^^ ""'''' ^^^^ ^-^ battle 
 leave the "^h ^';f''^'^ "' '''''''''' ^^^^ determined to 
 
 eave then homes, and to place their wives and children in 
 the concealment of the woods. To do this they cons^^^^^^^ 
 that ten days %onld be ^e.ongh. Caesarf who had 
 a ready brought the timber to the appointed Jnt\ 
 pleted the whole work in a few days a^^Ued th!' 
 across, leaving a strong guard at the'LeT; of Ll bX/ 
 Meanwl^e the Suebi were hastening their preparations I; 
 fl.^ht, and sending messengers to announce to the 
 bufrthe' 1 '' ^^^^:^^<^-^ -"-il. they had resof ed to 
 
 fhof fK ,, merman style, at once promised Caesar 
 
 that they would give him hostages and do his command 
 
 Present .nfinitive. 2 Satis. 3 More Ger.nanico. 
 
 Chap. XX. 
 
 to ^ V '"^f'.^'' ''*"''' ^'°"' ^^^^'"^^"y' Caesar rashly resolved 
 to invade Britain during the same summer. (2)'rolh 
 small time for waging war before winter ^remained h^ 
 thought that it would be very useful to visi at elst the 
 se.-coast. (3) He knew that the inhabitants had n^n • 11 
 -d and ships to the Gaul. (4) The Gallic merchams 
 
iheir wives and 
 the approach of 
 5ot which they 
 t 3in defence of 
 aesar, thinking 
 had led him to 
 sstroyed it. 
 
 to the Suebi that." 
 
 iMlTATlVE EXERCISES. 
 
 ihis last battle 
 determined to 
 nd children in 
 ley considered 
 ai", who had 
 }d spot, com- 
 led the army 
 )f the bridge, 
 eparations for 
 unce to the 
 id resolved to 
 • the woods, 
 mised Caesar 
 1 commands. 
 
 3hly resolved 
 (2) Though 
 ;mained, he 
 at least the 
 id furnished 
 ! merchants 
 
 »lmo,t „„,ai„g <,b„„j ,J2t (■>) «.ey could tel, Mm 
 Soverumeat. (8) He hoped ,,„''' ' "' "'^'''- f"™ "f 
 from them 3the size and fhe eh" , I"'' '" *"= ■""" '° ""o 
 
 ^=*e clauses with quanrus 
 C'HAP. XXI. 
 
 '"^wcS^;tt"G::rrd''t ^°'r°- *» -^ev .he 
 
 imself set out i,„,„ ahl't.^ I '° '""''« » ■'eport. (o, „* 
 
 Comm,-„s W,,„,^-,P- »-s. (5) ^m, the,,. Ct't 
 considered ^especially g,-eat rf !r °'' ''"'"™''« was " 
 
 s,,,C"^'''--~^hi?.?rttt:r:: 
 
 K^'at-ve Cause. 5.. Who,,, ,. ;£:./.. -"J-c.-.e. 3 Re.afve 
 
 "Superlative. 
 
 Chaps, xix to XXI. 
 
 ^^tr^aeaXTthtr "■%-- ■■" *h he 
 
 bassadors had co,no trtZ ^Zj''^-""^" '•^"'"^- ^m- 
 
 tat h Z7 '"'' "^ -n o er 1* " "»«' -" '» our 
 , ' 'ie d,d uot wish so mud, Z, ,,"''''" '" <"»' ouemles • 
 'o explo,^ its ha,.bo„rs ld°'"';^<"'««"-efo,.,„i,^,' 
 ;■'•a"ner3a„d custo,„s of its inV'"" '° «"" out the 
 Vol„s.„„ i, ,. „,^,, _^^ wa, hJ h " r'r "" '"" Cains 
 "". though cousidered faith J t' C^'"' """'"■"«. '"'t 
 
 ' t-aesar, retu,i,ed after 
 
176 
 
 C/ESAll's GALLIC WAR. 
 
 four days, aud said that he did not dare to trust himself to 
 barbanaus who inspired fear even in the merchants who 
 visited tliem. 
 
 1 Minus voluit— quam. 'I Mores. 
 
 Chap. XXII. 
 
 (1) The Morini sent ambassadors to Caesar to- apologize 
 for what they had done. (2) On account of the season of 
 the year Caesar did not wish to make war upon them 
 3) iHe therefore levied hostages upon them, and said that 
 he was willing to receive them into allegiance. (4) Caesar 
 collected 2as great a number of merchant vessels and of 
 ships of war as possible, and apportioned them to the 
 legions. (5) Eighteen, which were not able to reach the 
 appointed spot, he apportioned to the cavalry (6) He 
 ordered his lieutenant to lead them to the harbour, where 
 the ships had been prepared, and to leave a garrison there. 
 
 1 Ablative absolute. 'l Quam maximum numerum. 
 
 Chaps. XX to XXII. 
 
 While Caesar hvas awaiting (the return of) the man of 
 xvar in which Volusenus had set out to explore the coasts 
 of Britain, ambassadors came to him from many states of 
 the island. Caesar 2made 3them liberal promises, and said 
 that If they gave hostages aud submitted to the suzerainty 
 of the Roman people, he would consider it sufficient He 
 had no 4means of crossing into Britain unless those whose 
 influence was considered greatest in the maritime regions 
 were faithful to him, and it had fallen out very fortunately 
 that these embassies came at so suitable a time. Mean- 
 while Volusenus returned, but what he had seen was ^of 
 such small importance that Caesar resolved to leave him 
 
rust himself to 
 nerchants who 
 
 .1' to- apologize 
 the season of 
 ir upon them, 
 and said that 
 3- (4) Caesar 
 .vessels and of 
 them to the 
 to reach the 
 airy. (6) He 
 irbour, where 
 arrison there. 
 
 ruin. 
 
 the man of 
 
 'e the coasts 
 any states of 
 ses, and said 
 e suzerainty 
 fficient. He 
 those whose 
 ;ime regions 
 ' fortunately 
 ine. Mean- 
 een was Sof 
 > leave him 
 
 IMITATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 behind in fi„„i ' 
 
 ' Present ind/cative. . p„. , . '^^ ^^«'n-l» people. 
 
 Tantulis. f^acultiis. 
 
 <-'hap. XXIII. 
 
 (1) After settling evervthi.. , • 
 P--t-e, Caesar set si ^at f. /.'•' '^"^^^'^^^ ^^- ^cie- 
 «'^valry embarked and fnM . ^^"'^ ''"^^^b- f2> tZ 
 than Caesar wished. (3) WiLn h "^"' '"«^« «'owIy 
 
 Bntain, he was not able to To ^ '^™" ^^''""" «ight o^" 
 from Which the enezny tt M H "\"^^^""^ ^^ the hi„s 
 ) He therefore sun^o^d h ^o^f '"^^ "^-" *^e beach.' 
 that he wished everythiuL^ to 1 '' '"'"^ ^^^•'"^d them 
 
 -ve» mUe. ,„ a ,„„,, o',,': ^^t '""''°'' """ '"■--"''d 
 
 ^ tjerundive. 
 
 Quam celerriine. 
 
 ^HAP. XXIV. 
 
 (1) The barbarians ihad fv^ii 
 to hurl dart« 2, ^^ ^"^^'"^^'ed our shins n^ , , 
 
 aarts 2to prevenf .,a ^ «"»ps, and began 
 
 n^en 3had to sprint Z. ^'''''^ landing. (2) oT 
 uritu spung down from tha „i • ^^ *-'"'' 
 
 w th great difficulty to drv 1 . ^"^^ ^"^ advance 
 whose limbs were free and wh ,'• ^'^ ^^^^ barbarilr 
 their horses to the atL^r^^'^^H;.'^^ ^--d, u^ 
 «h<nved less eagerness than was "o""' '''''''' ^^'^ '"en 
 barbanans hurled their darts upoVthT v '''™- ^'^ ''^^- 
 ally upon those who werp ^. u '^'P'"' ^^d ^especi- 
 by the weight Of theirTrlorTt'- ^'^ ^^^P"- 
 great difficulty stand firm iiUh" Z '"' '^"^^ ^^^th 
 
 ' P"fect particip... , ^, . ^ , ^^^ ^^^P ^ater. 
 
 Uive) bv our ino., " /I V "^ "T subjunctive. 3 " r. l , 
 
 • raesertim. 
 
178 
 
 Cesar's gallic war. 
 
 Chaph. XXII TO XXIV. 
 
 The Morini, who posse.ssed the harbours, from which ho 
 wished to take over his legions, sent hostages, and promised 
 to collect ships. Caesar resolved to transport two legions 
 and a few cavalry, iphese he thought would be enough to 
 terrify the Britons, 2,vhile 3he would be able to leave the 
 rest of the army among those tribes of Gaul who had not 
 yet been received into the allegiance of the Roman people 
 When he reached the Island, he found that the forces of 
 the enemy were in arms, and when he proceeded along the 
 shore, they followed, him in war-chariots. Our men, alto- 
 gether unused to fighting from on shipboard against an 
 enemy on dry land, were hard pressed, and did not ^show 
 that zeal which Caesar wished. He therefore delayed ^uu- 
 tU three o'clock for the arrival of the transports, in which 
 the cavalry had embarked ; when these did not come he 
 ordered the soldiers to leap down from the ships, and to 
 hght among the billows. 
 
 ^.^ Relative. . Omit. 3 Present .-afinitive. 4 Utor. 5 .- To the ninth 
 
 ' Chap. XXV. 
 
 (1) Caesar ordered the war-ships to charge the enemy o-i 
 the exposed flank. (2) The barbarians, frightened by our 
 engmes, hesitated, halted, and began to retreat. (3) One 
 of our men with a loud voice Mmplored the gods that no 
 disgrace might befall the legion, and then flung the eagle 
 into the water. (4) "Follow me, Comrades," Ssaid he, 
 ''and fulfil your duty to your General." (5) 3With these 
 words, he leaped down into the sea, and began to approach 
 the enemy. (6) This greatly helped our men. for ^after 
 
^^'^^ATIVE EXERCISES. 
 
 I, from which ho 
 es, and promised 
 i)ort two legions 
 lid be enough to 
 ble to leave the 
 ul who had not 
 
 Roman people, 
 at the forces of 
 needed along the 
 
 Our men, alto- 
 ard against an 
 
 did not ^show 
 re delayed ^uu- 
 sports, in which 
 d not come, he 
 le ships, and to 
 
 «"To the niiiHi 
 
 i the enemy om 
 ;htened by our 
 reat. (3) One 
 * gods that no 
 uug the eagle 
 es," Ssaid he, 
 )) 3With these 
 in to approach 
 len. for *after 
 
 rautaaliy ejThorting each „„ , "* 
 
 ' ^'-''-'ect pnrtidple. ■> r,, • 
 particmJe. s-v- -'"quit. 3 " Wh.Vi, . 
 
 ' Perfect 
 
 Chaps. XXIII to XXV 
 
 ^After awaiting for fivo i, 
 fe ships, %e sum Jo, tdtt"::/,-"'' ""™' °0 "■« rest of 
 
 scence he said, but also by tha,^ """"■" "'^ ■"""ary 
 Ti>e ch.ef diflieul.y which L? °' """' ^''fare. ^ 
 could not anchor ev,t,.,, """'' >«« that th» i,- 
 
 '^hde the enemy, ajl!! ''!"' ■"">"« '"Peded. Mean' 
 
 «en «,„„,„ i^^^ hesitated but tn *■■"" ''^'''^''«- Our 
 
 the tenth legion, who iu^J r'^'"''' ^-^'-^e.rer o, 
 
 _^ele (^.n his hands), '^^ ""K^'y down with the 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 a. 
 
 ahl. 
 
 ace. 
 
 «'^/. 
 aiiv. 
 
 "PP. 
 r. 
 
 card, 
 cinnp. 
 coiij. 
 
 ABBJiKVlATlOXs 
 
 activf. 
 
 ablative. 
 
 apru.sjidvc 
 
 •"Ut'c(i\c, 
 
 iiilvei-l). 
 
 npl'i'mliv. 
 
 ''"'IIMIOIl, 
 
 wirdiiial. 
 
 ''""i;""vi(iv,.. 
 
 ^'""jiiiiftidii. 
 
 ihat. 
 f. 
 frn,. 
 
 Ilil/irr.-! 
 
 illili'rl, 
 
 "tU'rriK, 
 
 ivrnj. 
 
 in. 
 
 n. 
 
 •!/■ 
 
 ''''I><)llcii(. 
 'lisfrihiitivr. 
 'I'liiiiiinc, 
 .''••''iinrniadv,., 
 
 ''"'•''•liiiiiM,. 
 iiitcrro-ativc. 
 
 l'''V,!,'||l;ir. 
 
 'i"isciilii,e. 
 
 llOUttT. 
 
 H'nii, 
 
 «r,t. 
 
 /"triic. 
 
 I'lur, 
 
 pDifsess. 
 
 re/. 
 
 "'<»!/■ 
 
 IIIIIMclviI. 
 
 "I'llijial. ' 
 
 I'-ll'tlcinlp. 
 
 I'llUVll. 
 
 I"issc,s.si\-o 
 
 iclath... 
 siii-iilar. 
 •'<"l»'ilati\(>. 
 ^•t■l■b, 
 
 ^— 'Ws,^e. .,„,,,,, ^ ----^--~- 
 
 A 
 
 hi.ie. ' ^^^^^'- abditum, 
 
 abicio, v n q „. .. . 
 tln-o\vawav "' ^^^ectum, 
 
 absisto, /• ,i o ' i,"^- 
 aloof from", <i;si^t ""' '*''"^ 
 
 accgdo, v.n. 3, accG<,«i 
 come near anrfro ' ^^cessum, 
 
 aceedit quod t , ^^ addo: 
 t^« fact that *''"""'« l^esides 
 
 3. accidi, happen 
 
 accldo, V. n. 
 (ad-cado). ' ^ -• 
 
 "SS'(a^4S]^^^--^---.,t 
 
 accflrate «,/;'' ' 'TT''' "*^"-«- 
 ac^n^e::::;;;:;'Jj. exactly. 
 
 acrifcer, «//,. ,,f ' 
 
 adactus. See adigo. 
 adaequo, v.a. | *" .avi 
 
 -■^ke equal to,' ecS ■**""^' 
 
Cesar's gallic m- a k— books iv., v. 
 
 '.ft. 3, addidi, additum, 
 
 addo, t 
 
 add. 
 addOco, v.n. 3, adduxi, adduc- 
 tum, lead to ; in ;«fs,s. induce. 
 ademptus. See adimo. 
 ftd6o, r.H. 4, adire, adii, aditum, 
 
 go to, approacli. 
 adfio, (ii/r. tluLs, so, so far 
 adfgro (of.), v.n. 3, irny. ad- 
 ferre, adtttli, adlatum, biin<' 
 forward, produce, allege. 
 adflcio, v.n. 3, adficere, adfgci, 
 adfectum, iuHuence, alleet, 
 treat (ad-facioi. 
 adflicto, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, keen 
 
 striking, shatter, damage. 
 adfllgo, v.a. 3, adfiixi, adflictum, 
 
 cast down, shatter. 
 adgrfigo, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, join 
 
 t;0. 
 
 ftdhaereo, v.n. 2, adhaesi, ad- 
 
 haesum, stick to. 
 adhlbeo, t\ 3, -ui, -itum, call in, 
 
 employ, consult (ad-habeo). 
 adhortor, v. dep. 1, -atus sum, 
 
 encourage, 
 adicio, v.a. 3, adicere, adieci, 
 
 adiectum, add (ad-iacio). 
 adigo, v.a. 3, adSgi, adacturi, 
 
 bring to, drive to (ad-ago) 
 adlino, v.a. 3, ademi, ademptum, 
 take away, with ace. of tiling, 
 dat. of person (ad-emo). 
 adipiscor, V. dep. 3, adeptus sum, 
 
 obtain, 
 aditus, 4, m. approach, access. 
 adiungo, v.a. 3, adiunxi, adiunc- 
 
 tum, join to, 
 adiQtor, 3, m. -firis, helper. 
 administer, 2, m. administri, 
 
 agent, attendant. 
 admlnistro, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, 
 
 manage, execute, conduct. 
 admlror, v. dep. 1, admiratus 
 
 sum, admire, wonder at. 
 admitto, v.a. 3, admisi, admis- 
 
 Bum, admit, commit. 
 admddum, adv. much, quite. 
 admdneo, v.a. 2, -ui, -itum, warn, 
 advise. 
 
 adSleseeas, adj. -©ntis, young, 
 
 tlie younger; mhsf. a youth, 
 Ijoy. 
 
 adOrior, v. drp. 3 and 4 (lrn,i), 
 
 adortus sum, attack. 
 adpello, r.,i. 3, adptlli, adpulsum 
 
 drive on, put in (of ships) 
 adplico, v.a. 1, adplicui, adpli- 
 
 citum, fasten. 
 adporto, v.n. 1, -avi, -atum, 
 
 Ining to, convey. 
 adprfipinquo, v.n. I, -avi. -atum, 
 bo near to, approach, with ilnt. 
 adslduus, wlj. continual. 
 adsugfacio (r^s.), ,- «. 3, adsue- 
 
 feci, adsuefactum, accuston, 
 adsuesco (^?.sw.), v.n. 3, adsuevi, 
 adsuetum, become accustonicd 
 adtingo iatt.), v.a. 3, adtlgi, 
 adtactum, touch, border on 
 reach to. 
 adtribuo iatt.), v.a. 3, adtribui, 
 
 adtribfltum, add to, assign. 
 adventus, 4, m. arrival, 
 adversus, adj. turned towards, 
 opposite, contrary to, uii- 
 favourable. 
 adveio, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, fly 
 
 to, hasten to. 
 aedificium, 2, n. a building. 
 aedlfico, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, 
 
 build, 
 aegre, adv. with difficulty. 
 aequinoctium, 2, n. the equinox. 
 aequus, adj. level, equal, fair, 
 
 favourable. 
 aes, 3, /(. aeris, bronze, 
 aestas, 3,/. -atis, summer, 
 aestimo, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, 
 
 estimate, reckon, consider, 
 aestus, 4, m. tide, enrrent. 
 aetas, 3,/. -atis, age, life. 
 aflflcio. See adficio. 
 agar, 2, m. agri, land, territory 
 agmen, 3, n. Jfnis, army on 
 
 march, columtf. 
 ago, v.n. 3, 6gi, actum, drive, 
 
 do, urge. 
 aiacer, adj. alacris, alacre, keen, 
 
 brisk, 
 aiacritas, 3, / -atis, keenness, 
 
 eagerness. 
 
 11 
 
snhst. a youth, 
 
 and 4 (irrnj.), 
 ttiu'k. 
 
 ptili, adpulsum, 
 
 I (of sliips), 
 idplicui, adpli- 
 
 •avi, atum, 
 
 y- 
 
 I, -avi, -atum, 
 
 Oijuli, with ilai, 
 tiiuiiil. 
 
 '' ". .S, adsue- 
 .m, acciistdiii. 
 n. 3, adsuevi, 
 rieacciistoiiifd, 
 «. 3, adtlgi, 
 li, bordtT on, 
 
 t. 3, adtribui, 
 
 I to, assign. 
 
 rival. 
 
 •lied towards, 
 
 ary to, un- 
 
 'i, -atum, fly 
 
 building. 
 -avi, -atum, 
 
 fficulty. 
 tiie equinox., 
 equal, fair, 
 
 iize. 
 
 u miner. 
 •avi, -atum, 
 
 consider, 
 urrent. 
 e, life. 
 
 d, territory. 
 3, army on 
 
 :tum, drive, 
 
 alacre, keen, 
 
 3, keenness, 
 
 VOCABULAIIV. 
 
 alias, ajlr. at another time at 
 one time. ' ^^ 
 
 *"or!.' 7^^ •^^■'<^"Ki"K to an- 
 othei, foreign, disadvantage- 
 
 aiio, adr. elsewhere 
 
 aiiquis (in agreement with lioun 
 aliqui), pro,,, some one. ' 
 
 aliquot, a,l,: several 
 ailter, a,h\ otherwise 
 
 another : alms . . . alius, on, 
 • . . anotiier. 
 
 ^\T' ^' *^^>'.altum, nourish, I 
 foster, maintain, keen. ' 
 
 alter ;,ym. aiterius, one of tuo, 
 tne otiier. 
 
 altitfldo 3,/ -inis, height, dej.th 
 
 altus, adj. high, .lee... ^ 
 
 amentia, 1,/ madness, folly 
 amentum, 2, n. stra,>, thong. 
 amicitia, 1,/ friendship ^ 
 
 ^'^i^e"' "'■"■ ^' *°'^"' a^issum, 
 
 amplitado, 3, / .inis, width, 
 si/ce, power. ' 
 
 amplius, «,/r. co»v'. of ample 
 more, further. «^ipie, 
 
 ail, noble (of birtli) 
 
 ^°f,f''-/«-^»-l'oi;an. tollere, 
 weghanehor;an.iacere,cust 
 
 «nt" cl^'' ' ? *'?<=*'"«^ at 'I'^-l't^''. 
 
 angustiae, 1, y: only i„ ,././ 
 iiarro\/iiess, iiarrowintr 
 
 angustius,ar/A-.c-ow,;,ofangu8te 
 more narrowly, withiii nar-' 
 rower limits. 
 
 angustus, adj. narrow 
 
 *°^.^d^erto. '■•«• 3, animadvert! 
 animadversum, give heed to' 
 observe. ' 
 
 animus, 2 m. mind, thought 
 courage, fancy. ^ ' 
 
 annotinus, adj. last years 
 annus, 2, ,«. year, 
 anser, 3 m. anseris, a goose. 
 
 befor?'"' '"'^ ^''■'^- ^^"^t"' «^^- 
 
 aquilifgri, 
 
 ^'ee Intro. 
 
 cessum, go m hont, nnrede 
 antecursor, ;!, ,,, :6'ri8, .i,. 
 
 runner; i,. ^,/,,. ^^.J^,^,,,; 
 
 guard, scouts. 
 antepono, /.a. ;i, antepOsui, an 
 
 tepositum, set befor.s rre e? 
 aper us, ,„//. open. ex,>o.se,i 
 
 ^.?.°' '■',', ^' -avi, -itum, call 
 name, eall upon by name ' 
 
 aptus, adj. fit, suitable. 
 apuct^;.v,. with .... at, among, 
 
 aqua, i,/ water. 
 
 aquatio, 3, / .onis, gettin,. 
 
 >»ater, watering. *' " 
 
 aquila ],/. eagle, standard of 
 
 ine Ic'gion. 
 aquilifer, 2, vi. 
 
 standard-bearer. 
 
 arbiter, 2, ,„ arbitri, witness, 
 judge, umpire. 
 
 tliink, judge, consider. 
 arbor, 3, y! arbfiris, tree 
 ardeo, v.„ 2, be on "fire, bo 
 
 aflame, burn, 
 argentum, 2, «. silver, 
 aridus, a,//, dry ; in n. sing, as 
 
 noun, dry ground. "^ 
 
 aries, 3, m. arigtis, ram, batter- 
 
 n J.^ o'"' «"l'P»'t. buttress. 
 arma, J, „. pi,,,-, arms, weapons 
 armamenta, 2, .. ^v.V. tackk 
 gear, rigging. 
 
 a™o,.^..„. J. -avi, -atun,, „„„, 
 
 ars, 3,/ artis, art, skill. 
 artius, a,/*.. ro/«;,. of arte, more 
 
 closely, more tightly. 
 ascendo, v.a. an.l ». 3, ascendi, 
 
 ascensum, ascend, climlj 
 
 rough, harsh, severe, 
 ass, See ads. 
 at, >:o,ij. but, yet. 
 atque. See ac. 
 attingo. See adtingo. 
 
6 
 
 Caesar's gallic war— books iv., v. 
 
 "»;i' 
 
 attribiio. See adtribuo. 
 auctor, 3, m. -aris, a((vi.se.-, in- 
 stigator. 
 
 auctoritas, 3,/ .atis. antliority, 
 
 influence, weij,'lit. 
 audacter, ,n/r. „f audax, Loldly. 
 audeo, >:,>. '_>, ausus sum, diiiv'. 
 audiens, >„/J. -entis. obedient. 
 audio, y.a. 4, -ivi, .jtum, l.ear, 
 
 Iwun, give andicnee to. 
 audltio, 3,y: -Snis. report. 
 augeo, r.a. '_>, auxi, auctum, in- 
 
 ereaae. 
 aurlga, I, ?/(. eliarioteer. 
 aut, CO///, or, either. 
 autem, ronj. l>ut, moreover, 
 auxilior, r. ,frp. i, .atus sum, 
 
 liclp, give aid to. 
 auxllium, 2, //. Lelp, ai.l ; in,,,,,-. 
 
 fULxdiary forceH, contingents 
 averto, r.a H, averti, aversum, 
 turn a.side. ' 
 
 ftvis, ;},./: l,ird. 
 &VU8, 2, m. grandfather. 
 
 Balteus, 2, m. sword-helt 
 
 barbarus, mlj. wild, uncivilised • 
 as /;o//// in phu: the barbarians' 
 natives. ' 
 
 belllcosus, (til), warlike 
 
 bellor, r. (/.y,.' 1, .atus sum, make 
 war. 
 
 bellum, 2, ;/. war. 
 
 bene, ailr. well. 
 
 Wneficium, 2, /,. kindness, 
 lavour. 
 
 b6n6v61entia, I, / goodwill, 
 
 Kindness. 
 bln^, dist. num. two each, a pair 
 
 blpSdaiis, mlj. of two feet. 
 Mpertlfco, adv. in two divisions. 
 DOS, S, c. bdvis, ox. 
 brfivis, adj. short, brief. 
 brflma 1, / winter, the winter 
 solstice. 
 
 Cado /■ «. 3, cecldi, casum, fall, 
 
 • h! killed, 
 caedes. ;{,./: caedis, slaugiiter. 
 caeriileus, /////. bi,i<.. 
 
 caespes, li, ni. caespltis, turf. 
 
 Sod. ' 
 
 caiamltas, .*{,/ -atis. <lisaster. 
 
 ?n^''''/v'^' '^P^''^' <=^P»' cap- 
 tum, take capture (nautical 
 tfrm), inak". 
 captus, -1, /«, capacity, coinpre- 
 
 neiision. * 
 
 caput, ;{, ,/. capitis, head, mouth 
 
 Un a rivi'i). 
 caro, ,'i,./: carnis, (le.sii. 
 carrus, 2, m. waggon, cart, 
 caseus, 2, m. clieese. 
 castra, 2, //. ,,lin: camp 
 casus, 4, w. accident, chance 
 causa, 1,/ cause, reason; m'nh/ 
 ■^ui;/ ixs prep, for tlie sake of.' 
 _ for the purpose of. 
 cedo,r.n. li, cessi, cessum, yield 
 I'etire. '' ' 
 
 *'SfV'^"\*'®^^"«' celere, swift. 
 
 c616ritas,.^,/.S,tis,si)ee.i, swift- 
 
 ncss. 
 
 ceifiriter, adr. swiftly, quickly. 
 centum, rard. „,„>,. a hundred, 
 centflno, .S, ,«. -anis, a centurion. 
 
 >>ee Intro, p. xxiii. 
 certe, adr. certainly; exactlv. 
 certus, ndj certain, sure ; certior 
 
 fieri, to be informed, learn. 
 C6t6rus, adj. the rest; mostly in 
 Pl'tr. as noun, the rest, the 
 others. 
 cibus, 2, m. food, 
 cmgo, v.a 3, cinxi, cinctum, 
 
 surround, 
 circlter, adr. about, 
 circuitus, 4, ,«. a going round, 
 
 compass, circumference. 
 circum, /;?•(>;,. with arc. and arf?-. 
 
 around. 
 circumcldo, r.a. 3, circumcisi, 
 circumcisum, cut round (cir- 
 cum. oaedo). 
 circumdo, - .. i, ciroumdgdi, cir- 
 
, V. 
 
 ii, casum, fall, 
 
 is, slaughter, 
 lie. 
 
 laespitis, turf, 
 
 bis, (liHdstcr. 
 ere, cepi, cap 
 >turu (iiiiuticiil 
 
 acity, conipiu- 
 
 s, iH'iuI, mouth 
 
 IcHh. 
 
 ;oii, cart. 
 
 e. 
 
 :auip. 
 
 ut, flianoe. 
 
 eason ; in a)il. 
 
 ' tin; sako of. 
 
 f. 
 
 sessum, yield, 
 
 lelere, swift. 
 sj)i!tMl, swift- 
 ly, <iuic'kl3'. 
 a humlretl. 
 , a centurion. 
 
 , exactly, 
 "lie ; certior 
 '<1, learn. 
 t ; mostly in 
 le rest, the 
 
 i, cinctum. 
 
 oing round, 
 
 ■ence. 
 
 ■<•. and adv. 
 
 circumcisi, 
 round (cir- 
 
 nid^di, cir- 
 
 x\xii, I!) ^- '^- tJ'i. 
 
 circumeo, r.n. and „ 4 ;, . 
 
 drcumsisto. r „ •{ „; 
 
 '"• the n ■•ir,... ' , '.'•"ra. -oris, 
 
 clamor, .-j:, a„-''"'V' ^'""'"^ 
 
 sernlile. ''"feiiuoi, as- 
 
 coerceo, v.n '> ,„• »* 
 
 ^^^- iv. ch. xiV W '^""^ ^^" 
 
 «''I»''', refleJt on ' '**"""' ^""- 
 nosco •^- -?'""• ^'««. of cog. 
 
 o«io« '•,"";■' '"'i»S°'- i 
 
 VOCAnULARV. 
 
 SS' .•,;:■:, !r,f*- ■ 
 ":S''^ ' ■'"■:v.M,,,, 
 
 entrust ^'' -atwni, 
 
 "SI';."' •■'■ "'■ -»"". f.i..uv. 
 
 conimitto, ?•«•?„„ 
 
 comniddum, 2 « ■„i?.,,f ^- 
 
 •J'-iav. "^ ' "**"8 sum, 
 
 commdnlco. m \ „ • 
 
 sfiure Mith ; u^'- ■**»'". 
 commtlnis };"""'*' ""P'"'t- 
 
 con.n.tiStic:t •6n;r;.f •""•'''• 
 
 compleo V , 2 J« ."■""• 
 
 , ^ '•'« ''o,,«, a numher of "^ "' = 
 comporto, y.r,. j, ' vj ,, 
 
 ' '"'"g together, \Xt "^*""' 
 
 : ^^?^-o.pre.^3i:s?: 
 
 "S^^' '•-• ^' -i, -atu.. 
 
 "-^%;;nt,^ir-^' — 
 
 concile •' ■^*"'"' '-t- 
 
 concilium. 2,.. council, assen.hly. 
 
8 
 
 CVKSAK's (IALI.IC WAR—nooKS IV., V. 
 
 concUo, v.n. I, .avi, -atum, 
 
 aroiiHC, stir up. 
 conclamo. v.n. 1, -avi, -atum 
 
 Hlioiit togetlior ' 
 
 concurro, v.n. 3, concurri. con- 
 
 cursum, inn toj^ctiicr 
 concurso, r.n. 1. -avi, -atum, nw. 
 
 togctluT, nintoamlfro. />,,, 
 
 ox concurro. 
 concursus, 4, ,«. rushing together 
 concourse. ' 
 
 condlcio, .S, .,: .onis, condition. 
 
 terin.s. 
 
 condnco ,;..,. ;i,conduxi. conduc- 
 
 tUlu, l.nny together, hire. 
 
 lfr^,%''"- '!' '■'•'■'•''• conferre, 
 contflh, conlatum (coliatunr 
 '"'"'« together. 
 confertus, pnf. part. p„s,, of 
 confercio. crortded, oh^elv 
 packetl. 
 
 confestim mlr. hurriedly, im- 
 Jne(hately. •" 
 
 confectum, aeeomplisi,, finish 
 exhaust. 
 
 tiu.st, believe in. 
 confirmo r.a. ], .avi, .atum, 
 "lalvo iirni, encourage, estal.- 
 lisli, a.s.sert. 
 
 onnST' '^'•Hl'"^^'''''g'-'. confe.s.s. 
 conflOens. ;{, ,„. .entis. conll,, 
 
 eiiee. 
 
 turn, jiuil, iliiif 
 
 °°?i"^fO' '■•."•. •% coniunxi, con- 
 lunctum, join, unite. 
 
 conlaudo (coll.), v.a. 1, .avi 
 -atum, prai.se Jiighlv 
 
 set, station. 
 
 conldquium (coll.), 2, >,. a eon- 
 lerence. 
 
 "°«it^"*""' "• ''''^^- •'^' conlocfltus 
 sum, converse, confer, „aile\- 
 
 conscendo, rr,. and «. 3, con- 
 Bcendi, conBcensum, oinhark. 
 
 ciiiliark on. 
 
 conaclentia. 1 /; eonsciousnoss. 
 conaector, /•. ,;,/,. |. .atug sum 
 
 follou-, purnue. Frr,,. „f con: 
 
 sequor. 
 consentio, r.„. 4, conaensi, con- 
 
 '°S""-''- '''/'. •% consecatua 
 sum, follow elo.selv, attain 
 gam. 
 
 conaldo. r.n. 3, consSdi. con- 
 
 seaaum, .settle 
 conailium, 2, u. plan, .sdieni... 
 
 stratagem, eoun.sel, couneil, 
 
 <i«'hheratioii. 
 conslmilis, ,/</;. verv lik.. 
 consiato r„. 3, conatiti, stan.l 
 
 "'■m, halt, consi.st in 
 conseior, /•. ,/,/, |, .atua aum, 
 
 coii.sole, comfort. 
 conspectua, 4, w. sight, view 
 conapicio, r.a. .S, %on8picere. 
 conspexi conspectum, l.ehold 
 descry, ohserve. 
 conspicor, r. ,1,,, 1. .atus sum. 
 
 perceive. 
 conatat, r. hnprr... it is ,,,.n 
 li'iown, agreed. 
 
 Stratum, .strew over, cover 
 
 "°Sfl?,°' '■•'',• •^' ''O'^stitui. con- 
 stitatum, draw up, settle, ar- 
 I'ange, place, decide, resolve 
 
 suetuni grow a.viistomed ; 
 (generally use.l only in pe,.f,,,.t 
 and tenses formed from it) he 
 accustomed. 
 
 °7«J,ff «*»' 3, ./: -Inia, custom. 
 
 consul, .S, ,«. conaWia. a consul 
 constilo, ..«. .s, consului. consui- 
 
 tum, consult, consult for the 
 
 interest of with </„f 
 consulto, f„fr. intentionally 
 conaumo, r.a. ti, conaumpai, con- 
 
 SUmptum, use up, spend (of 
 
V. 
 
 "<1 ". 3, con- 
 iBum, I'inl.juk, 
 
 oiiseiousiiesa. 
 1.^ -atus sum, 
 ^Vr(/. of con- 
 
 coQsensi, con- 
 syiiiputliiH.) 
 
 3, consecQtus 
 
 !'«'ly, attain, 
 
 consedi, con- 
 
 >lan, scliciiic, 
 Mt'l, council, 
 
 k- lik... 
 
 •nstiti, stand 
 t in. 
 -atus sum, 
 
 ;lit, view. 
 
 conspicere, 
 bum, l»t'liol<l, 
 
 -atus sum, 
 
 it is woll 
 
 stravi, con- 
 •', fo\er. 
 stitui, con- 
 . settle, ar- 
 ', resolve. 
 suevi, con- 
 •eustonied ; 
 ►• in pei'fect 
 'roni it) 1)0 
 
 s, custom, 
 
 a eoiKsni. 
 ii, consul- 
 It for tlie 
 
 "uilly. 
 npsi, con- 
 spend (of 
 
 VOCABL-UUY. 
 
 '". contract. ' '"'' 
 
 conrentus, 4, „ „„, , , depart ' """"■ "»«»»»»., 
 
 parai e assembly, d«Mwi . . , 
 
 coiverto ,.„ .. dSn '■""»'■ «'"• 
 
 2Tf -: -» "™' °' S^ »".S^'''- 
 
 ^^"r. forces, itor' ^ ^ ^' "* I dedltio, "s"/' Snt"""'' '^'^^'-ace. 
 
10 
 
 C^KSAR'S GALLIC M-AH-BOOKS I^^, y. 
 
 defensor. .S, „, .aWs. l,/e„.u.,- 
 
 aetaii, delatiim, cany <]oM-n 
 '""'« <lown, ),ri„y to ,a ' 
 report. ° 'laini, 
 
 dgflcio, /•.«. and n ^ ,!<,« 
 defpoi rf»*» i •^' deficere, 
 
 "flown- '' '^''^'- ^«fi--. 
 
 %'o:\io:.f'^^«-^'<»««-u., 
 
 lacio). "■"' '■^'•'W^oint (del 
 
 delecto, r.r^ j -vi „* 
 
 please, deligl.t ' ■**""^' 
 
 dellgo, y. a. 1, .avi, .atum, fasten 
 
 '*os::"- '' ''''^'' <^«'-ti'-; 
 
 dementia, 1,,/: madness, folJv 
 ate • '^i-nc, ovacn- 
 
 hl'„ '''dempsi, demptum 
 take anay (de-emo). ' 
 
 demonstro, r. a. l, .avi -atnm 
 ^ point out, nun.tim,' ''*"'"' 
 
 demum ../.. at length, at last. I 
 dem, ,/isf. num. ten each 
 
 densus, a,lj. tlu'ck, dense. ( 
 
 denuntio, r.n. \ -vi „* 
 ^.announce, deehu-e '^'' •^*"'"' 
 
 i HsC """^' '««" "tterly. 
 depgreo. r.». 4, irr.y. ^eperire 
 
 Sckod '" "-^^^'''^ '<''»- 
 ^Mtcko(L perisli. Used -m 
 
 p.-ibs,ve of deperdo 
 
 tp^put down, lay aside, ]ay 
 
 deprehensun,,ci?:S''"''' 
 cie^c.a,./.strai,,,t,'pe;^ndi. 
 
 derectus, ,.,;,;„, ,fderIgo.lengtl.. 
 descendo, ,•.«. .3, descend!, des 
 
 censum. descend, have recourse 
 to, dismount. 
 
 desSro, r.a. .3, deserui desertnrr, 
 , abandon, desert "^«««iinj, 
 desldero, ?•.«. I, .avi „*,,« 
 need, desire, r^.u^ ^*""'' 
 
 desiho, ../^ 4, desilui, desultum 
 Ic'^P ''o^n (de-salio . ' 
 
 tJesisto, r.ti. ,s dp«if?*-i 1 
 stop fro.n '' '"'''''" "'''' 
 
 desperatio, 3,/. onis, despair 
 despgro,7-.a.an.l«. i,.'avi ^at'm 
 ^Jlcspair, despair of. '^*"'"' 
 
 '^Sin^'' '""^' '^'^'^ ^^ 
 detrImentum,2..^]osr'''^*<^''- 
 
 Sdgr'-^'-^^*'-^-.-"t> 
 
 ^ def.3. 2, °„, god. 
 
 dSv6ho, nrr. 3,devexi, devexum 
 carry away, down. """' 
 
 dexter, «,//. dextra or dext6ra 
 
 iiglit-liand side, right 
 
 dico, v.a. and «. saj^ tell, men- 
 
 tion, agree npon. ' " 
 
 dictum, 2, „. word, command. 
 dies o, „. ,,„,, ^ _ j,^ ^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
. V. 
 
 ' -avi, -atum, 
 
 are. 
 
 deperdldi, de 
 
 utterly. 
 
 '•''''','/• deperire, 
 
 tc^i'ly lost, be 
 
 li- Used as 
 rdo. 
 
 'P6sui, deposi- 
 lay aside, lay 
 
 1. -atus sum, 
 
 'fg for luci'cy. 
 . deprehendi, 
 tcii, seize, 
 'it, perioeiuli- 
 
 erlgo, Iciigtli- 
 
 escendi, des- 
 lave recourse 
 
 ", desertum, 
 
 avi, -atum, 
 
 ire. 
 
 i. desultum, 
 
 ?>• 
 
 i, leave off, 
 
 . 'It'spair. 
 ■avi, -atum, 
 
 defui, be 
 
 rui, deter- 
 
 tly, deter. 
 
 s. 
 
 ttum, rout, 
 
 devexum, 
 
 dextfira, 
 n, on the 
 
 fc. 
 
 ■ell, men- 
 Ill and. 
 J>1<ir. m. 
 
 differo, v.a. and v •? ■ 
 ferre, distflli ht-';' "'''"■'■ ^'f- 
 ''i'liirent ,]?, ' ,^'^^'"m, bear in 
 ^^^^ lent ,l„eet,ons, differ ,dis. 
 
 difflcultas •? /■ -X- , 
 
 trust. ' '''*'"« sum, ,ii.s. 
 
 dignltas, .3 /- sx- 
 
 dl feentia 1 /• ' ^'"'ful. 
 
 dimico, r w 1 „ . 
 
 dlmldium, 2 ; "tniV'^'"'"' %''*• 
 
 dlmitto, ,• ,, 'sd ';!/•■ ,. 
 
 ^.«''P, <Iisn)i.ss '^>^''*'*g", let 
 
 discedo, r ,, q j. 
 .sum,dep;u.t ^^^"' ^^«°es. ' 
 discessus 4 ■,,, i 1 
 
 disciplina ; Vl"''-'"'^'"'^- ' 
 
 disclQdo, r a 'i J- , 
 
 claudo) ^ ■''^•"■t (dis- 
 
 '^Si,/"^- ^^«P--. n,.e,„al, 
 
 dissensio, .■?/■-„• 
 nient. ' ''' "^"'S' '''s->greo 
 
 dissimaio, %a' \ 
 
 'i'^guise, coueeai "'''''' ■^*"'"' 
 dissipo, r.n. I, -.ay. 
 
 scatter. *^'' -atum, 
 
 distineo, r.,, o ak^^^ . 
 
 t»ni, )ol ,;•?'*'""'- disten- 
 disto ,» i^ ^^'^-teneoi. 
 
 dist^^b;.:: ;:J'7^';i^^;j<'-taut. 
 
 fcribfltum, divi.Io r°."V, dis- 
 assign. ''''' <''«tiil.ut.e, 
 
 vocAnrLAi?r. 
 
 11 
 
 ^"';rn^fi"..ion,er. 
 divide ' '''^^s^' divlsum, 
 
 di^r,!;''^' «?*"-■ .ive. 
 I ^^te^^eb, i,;f,„;;, ^o^^V. doctum, 
 I dfileo, r.„. 2 dohn- 
 ' dolor -i ,,,'-."'• g'leve. 
 
 , dfiius: - ; :'"f; ^"■''■^- rni„. 
 
 d6mest?^u:: "f ^^"''■- , 
 I till,.. •^- '"^'■'•'Kd, i„tes- 
 
 ( ^ta, 2 and 4. /: u„„,, 
 
 d.?sSo/';r' ;-" • 
 
 liesitation -^^ ■°'''^' 
 , dflblto, /• II 1 
 
 , ,•>-'!*. iK.sitat;. ■^"• 
 
 dupllco. ra 1 ' ^"■^■^^■e eacb. 
 
 doiibb. ■ ■ ' ■*^'> -atum, 
 dQrus a,/j. J,,,,,, 
 
 "iHguff^^-'-^'^'-.g-en.l. 
 
 boillf ; 
 
 lioiiio : 
 
 JlOllR. ; 
 
 <loiibt, 
 -atum, 
 
 K 
 
 E, ex, ;„vy,. ^vitb ofif onf .f 
 
 .-df ,"',",rT""s "! 
 
 ( li».i cut ' "■"'■• "'uctiun, 
 
 effemino ^ « 1 o • 
 
 ( ^■iioininate' w'^t'' "**"""' "'""^^ 
 ' efffiro, ;. .; •' "'■''''■"' enervate. 
 
 t^". datum /'/'■ ®^®"«' ex- 
 
 •■'-K"eaus;:'"' "^'^^'"i'^-'': 
 efffigio, r.rr. and ,1 -i „ 
 effCgi. escape. •^' '^"^«r«. 
 
12 
 
 CESAR'S GALLIC WAS-BOOKS IV., V. 
 
 «gO, pers. 2)ro)i. I 
 
 egrSdior, r. den. 3, eeredi ««. 
 
 egrtgie, ar/,.. excellently, 
 egregms, a./y. excellent 
 
 tum, cMt out. drive out :S 
 se, nish out (e-iacio). ' ^ 
 
 fi-aim, co;y. for. 
 
 enty"»"' ^--^P^risoned. 
 
 "' "orsc, fit cavalrv 
 «qultatu8, 4, .. cav.fl .y 
 «quus, 2, ,„. a |,orse. ^" 
 
 Itiam ^^ *'"''' '"*'■' ^'««' even, 
 etiam ro,j. also, even. 
 
 t">- out;- rlr°' '"^"'""'• 
 Sventus, 4, ,«. result. 
 evOco, v.a, 1 .owi »* 
 
 6x. See e. 
 
 harass. ' *^'' ■**"m. 
 
 examino, ?• « i 
 
 I kill. ' ■*^'' atum, 
 
 J exardesco, v w -^ ..^.. • 
 
 Bura, be ilflanfed'""'"' ^'^^^•■ 
 
 ii-a\e, witJidraw 
 
 exceptum, receive, sustain, re- 
 
 ^""fy'- ^' -^^' -at"«l. raise 
 „^^''^*' a'-ouse, incite. 
 
 excC, .ra'^a"'^f^^^-• 
 ploy, exercis; JriH^*"'"- ^'»- 
 exercitatio, S, / .snis .v,..- • 
 
 practice, tr.^.^inf ' '''''^'^^' 
 exercitus, 4, m. army. 
 
 ««»s, 4, ,„. result, ,•,„„, „„j^ 
 
 expecto, I'.a. j „_. 
 
 await, expect. ' ^'^'' ■*'"'°' 
 expgditio, 3, / .6ai3 forav in 
 
 expedltu8,a,/y.„nl.an.pered,free, 
 '^a^/J-^'^Wexpulsu^. 
 
 ^l:rSperSi^--P-ussu.. 
 
^ V 
 
 I. -avi, -atum, 
 
 '• -avi, -atum, 
 
 balance. 
 
 ' avi, -atum, 
 
 ^. exarsi, exar- 
 led. 
 
 sessi, excessum 
 
 I'. ' 
 
 ^cipere, excepi, 
 
 ^'e, sustain, re- 
 
 > -atum, raise 
 cite. 
 
 Bxclusi, exclu- 
 f''oin, cut off 
 
 .-avi, -atum, 
 've, devise. 
 % -atum, cx- 
 
 >xire, exivi or 
 
 )ut. 
 
 i. -ituir crn- 
 •i]l. 
 
 nis, exercise, 
 
 y. 
 
 >xhausi, ex- 
 it, empty, 
 snialliiess. 
 scanty, 
 is, opinion. 
 ^^i, -atum, 
 c-aestimo). 
 
 > exstltum, 
 
 issue, end, 
 ^i, -atum, 
 ^oi-ay, in- 
 >ered, free, 
 sxpulsum, 
 srtus sum, 
 
 for, make ^ood °^' **0"e 
 
 expl6rator,.S,V.fir,-« 
 
 search out •mi/^'r' ' "atum, 
 
 ^ toriam, as^urvitv"'*' ^°- 
 
 turn, disni/j ®fP*sui, expdsi- 
 
 ^•arry out, export*^' ■**"™' 
 «8isto. Seoexfsto I 
 
 exspecto. See eix ' 
 
 extinctum, destroy'^' '^^^'^V' 
 
 •■''V'.), st ndonf [''''. P">f- or 
 extra, a</r ",,?.' ^'''^''''^■ 
 ontskle, '^ ^"'"^'- ^'-ith arc. 
 
 extrftho, ?».« q -„. 
 
 twn, cJrat out ff/' '**"*°- 
 extrgmus «,/; ' "'^,^*«^- 1 
 
 last. ' ^'>- '"^"''•^- farthest, j 
 
 eSi.^'r:^3\f.«*«Hs, exile. ' 
 
 VOCABULARV. 
 
 IB 
 
 Jff iB. -/A ly "'^''' ^''^^"y- 
 laclnus *^ ij X • 
 
 faoio,':,Xs'%;'jl"'^'re- guilt. 
 
 become ' "O- fieri, 
 
 facultas, 3. / S ' '^*- 
 
 ,, '"eans, ch'ance '' "PP^'-t^nity. 
 
 gS''^'-^' beech-tree. 
 
 deceive, esc in . .f .• ' f^lsum, 
 false. ■'P'^ "«t'ce of, ^.iay 
 
 famlliari.. o^ *' '""line. I 
 
 lamlharis, 3, m. close friend. | 
 
 feirclfer:%,t.-otS h •, 
 S'lccessfullv ' "^PPi'y. 
 
 ''SS.'' "• ^^"^«'" - ^emlnis. 
 Sr^'j'/^yil^l animal. 
 I S: f ;■ i-l«*- nearly. 
 
 latum hear "S, ^^^J^' <^«i. 
 
 !y«.^«. are ho nTSu ''"'■•''•'" 
 ferramentum o :/•"''• 
 ftaS:;^a.• 4' 5^ffictum, invent, 
 tlie limit of '■""°>'^'"', lie 
 
 ftoltlmus a//; //"'• .territory. 
 
 bourin^ t\'r'''"%'' "'^'g'.- 
 "0, «-.,,. f,;,^*' °f' 1 "eigJibout. 
 
 "lade,' become f"' '"«' ^^ 
 
 stability;. ' -^ ■^°'^' «t'e..gth. 
 £^"8. «'/y. strong. 
 fistflca, J,/ ..ammer 
 ,flamina,l,y:f,,„„f- 
 I necto, v.a, 3 «._. _ 
 
 turn. ' ^^'^'' ^exum, bend, 
 
 fletus, 4, w. .veepin. 
 
 _ -f lis, ihnu-ishi, f ^ '' "'0- 
 ^"'"en, 3, .. .i„j3, ,.. 
 
u 
 
 Cesar's gallic war— books iv., v. 
 
 Mil 
 
 forma, 1./ shape. 
 
 forte, adr. by cliaiice ; with n( 
 
 SI, perchance. 
 fortis, <i>/J. hrave, strong. 
 fortissime, adr. .■^upcrl.'^of forti- 
 
 ter, most bravdy. 
 fortOna, ],/ fortune, snceess. 
 fossa, 1,/. ditcli, trench. 
 frango v.a. 3, fregi. fractum, 
 
 break, 
 frater, 3, m. fratris, brotiier. 
 fremitus, 4, m. noise, uproar, 
 frfiquens, adj. -entis, in large 
 
 niinil)ers (used in plur.) 
 frigldus, adj. cold. 
 frigus, .3, H. frigdris. cold. 
 frOmentarius, adj. belonging to 
 corn supply ; res frumentariae. 
 conur.issariat. 
 frQmentor, v. drp. 1, -atua sum. 
 
 get corn, forage. 
 frQmentum, 2, //. corn ; in plur 
 
 crops. 
 frustra, fidr. in vain, 
 fftga, 1,/ fliglit. 
 fQgio. VN. 3, fugere, fflgi, fflgi 
 turn, flee. * 
 
 fumus, 2, m, smoke. 
 
 fluence; gratiam referre, re- 
 
 ! turn thanks. 
 
 j gratWatio, 3, /. -snis, congratu- 
 I lation. ° 
 
 gravis, adj. heavy, serious, 
 tlangerous. 
 
 gravitas. 3, /. -atis, weiglit 
 
 graviter adr. of gravis, heavily, 
 severely ; graviter ferre. take 
 111, bo annoyed at. 
 
 gilbemator, 3, w. -sris, helms- 
 man, pilot. 
 
 gusto, v.a. ], -avi, -atum, taste. 
 
 sling. 
 
 funda, ],/. . 
 
 fQnis. 3, ;/(. i-ope, hawser, 
 fttsilis r^,//, molten, liquid. See 
 on Bk. V. ch. xliii. 2 
 
 G 
 
 Galllna. l,f. hen. 
 
 gaudeo, v.)i. 2, gavlsus sum, re- 
 
 joice. 
 ggner, 2, m. gengri, son-in-law. 
 gens, 3,y: gentis, race, nation, 
 genus, 3, «. generis, kind, class, 
 
 lamily. 
 
 g6ro, r.a. .3, gessi, gestum. per- 
 lorm, carry out, wage. 
 
 giadius, 2, )». sword. 
 
 glans 3,/ glandis, acorn, bullet, 
 ball. See on Bk. v. ch. xliii. 
 
 glSria-. 1./. glory, renown. 
 gratia, 1,^: favour, goodwill, in- 
 
 H 
 
 Habeo. v.a. 2, -ui, -!tum. have, 
 
 bold, consider. 
 baud, adr. not. 
 hibema, 2, n. plur. winter 
 
 quarters. 
 hie, haec. hoc. p7-on. this, 
 hie, adr. here. 
 higmo and hifimor, v.ji. i, -avi, 
 
 -atum or atus sum, winter, 
 hiems. 3,/. hifmis, winter, 
 hdmo, 3, r. hominis, a human 
 
 benig. man. 
 hdnestus, adj. honourable, noble 
 I hdnor, 3, m. -oris, honour, posi- 
 tion. ^ 
 hora. 1,/ hour. 
 
 honidus, adj. shaggy, drea Iful. 
 hortor. v. dcp. -atus sum. en- 
 
 courage, exliott. 
 hospitium. 2, n. friendship, 
 hostis, 3, m. eneni}-. 
 hue. adr. hither. 
 hflmanus. adj. civilised, human 
 hiimms, adj. lowly, small, 
 shallow. ^ 
 
 hilmUitas, 3. / -atis, shallow- 
 ness. 
 
 lacio, v.a. o, iacere, igoi. iactum. 
 
 throw, hurl, 
 iactilum, 2, //. javelin. 
 lam, adv. now, already 
 
V. 
 
 a referre, re- 
 
 nis, coiigratu- 
 
 vy, serious, 
 
 weiglit. 
 avis, heavilj-, 
 r ferre, take 
 
 -5ris, lielnis- 
 
 atum, taste. 
 
 -itum, liave, 
 
 lur. winter 
 this. 
 
 V.71. 1, -avi, 
 n, M'inter. 
 'inter. 
 3, a human 
 
 ■able, noble, 
 inour, posi- 
 
 , drea Iful. 
 s sum, en- 
 
 Jship. 
 
 d, human, 
 y, small, 
 
 ■r 
 
 I, shallow- 
 
 ci, iactum, 
 
 Ibi, adv. there. 
 
 Sne'"'""^' '"'''• i^^on. the 
 
 Wfineus, mlj. suitable 
 Ignis, -S, m. \u^^i 
 
 Ignorant of ' ^*"™' ^^ 
 
 xxvii. 10. ■"^- '^- oil. 
 
 i,^«*»S' «'//• unknown. 
 
 . «"m, drive in'. ST' ^"^"^^«- I 
 baggage ' ' '" ^'^'"•- ! 
 
 . I'l'ider, impede ' ""°^' 
 
 ereig"Ty. ' ' ^^"""■•^nd, sov- 
 
 . treat, invoke ' *"'"' ®»- 
 
 "nporto, ;;.«. I, -avi .&*,,« • 
 port. ' ^'Um, im- 
 
 pectedly. i'^ovzso, unex- 
 
 imprtdens,' «.//. .gntig. ,j„^_^. 
 imprfldentia, 1,/ want nf f ' 
 
 «^gi>t, impnidenor "^ ^^'■''■ 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 15 
 
 ii. / r . • "ItO, af.lliHif 
 
 ■■"■.J,, uii. 
 
 fnanis, «,//. empty, 
 tion ""'' ^'("'flagra- 
 
 ?.*;,;;,"■ ■'■ """"■• i««it„,„. 
 
 . JU'.V, 'iisadvantac-f +..r.„i i 
 
 indQtiae, l /• ,„ , 
 
 nice, armistice •^' 
 
 mii or inivi VJ*, ■'- '°'^«' 
 L ->ter o„,Tc;;;;,t "^*"°^. -ter, 
 
 ffiof'-jr"^' ^-3', "nskilf.,,. 
 infSro, v. a q ,%., 
 
 inflflo, v.n. i i„g„^j ,_ 
 flow into ' ^^^'•'' ^"auxum, 
 
 '°b?lor^-" "^^'^ «^- -d ad.. 
 
16 
 
 CyESAI{'s GALLIC WAR — BOOKS IV., V. 
 
 d^ 
 
 ingens, nr/J. ingentis, liugo, vast. 
 ingredior, /•. ,/,p. 3, ingressus 
 sum, go into, enter (in- 
 gradior). 
 inlcio, r.((. 3, inicere, inieci, in- 
 iectum, lay upon, inspire (in- 
 iacio). 
 inlmlcus, a(fj. unfriendly, li,js- 
 tile ; as 7ioitn 2, ?«. rival, 
 enemy (in-amicus). 
 inlquus, adj. uiie(|iial, uneven, 
 unfair, disadvantageous (in- 
 aequus). 
 initium, 2, n. beginning. 
 iniOria, 1,/. harm, injury, ivrouL', 
 
 iiijiistiee. 
 iniussu, adn. without order, 
 inllgo, r.a. 1, -avi, -atum, l;ind on. 
 mdpia, ],/. want, seareity. 
 indplnans, a,/J. -antis, not ex- 
 pecting, sui'prised, ofl guard. 
 inquam, v. (hfcct. inquit, say. 
 inrumpo, r.n. 3, inrflpi, inrup- 
 
 tum, hiust in, dash in. 
 insciens, (kIJ. -entis, unaware, 
 rnscius, ml}, ignorant, unawares. 
 insgquor, v. drp. 3, insecCtus 
 
 sum, pursue, follow. 
 insldiae, I, / plar. ambusli, 
 
 treaehery. 
 insinuo, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, with 
 
 se, work one's way into. 
 inaisto, r.n. 3, institi, stand on, 
 
 get firm footiiold. 
 instabilis, adj. unsteady, fiekle 
 mstlgo, v.a. I, -avi, -atum, stir 
 
 up, nicite. 
 instituo, v.a. 3, institui, instita- 
 tum. form, build, begin, set 
 about. 
 
 mstitfltum, 2, n. custom, mode 
 
 of life, 
 insto, v.n. 1, institi, press on. 
 mstrumentum, 2, n. furniture, 
 
 stores. 
 instruo, v.a. 3, instruxi, instruc- 
 
 tum, draw up, equip, 
 insuefactus, acfj. accustomed 
 
 trained. 
 insugtuB, a(fj. unaccustomed 
 insula, 1,/ island. 
 
 insxiper, ai/r. above, on top. 
 mtellego, r.a. 3, intellexi, intel- 
 lectum, perceive, learn, under- 
 stand. 
 inter, jir(/>. with arc. among, 
 
 betwet.'ii. 
 intercfcdo, r.v. 3, intercessi, inter- 
 cessum, eomo between, inter- 
 vene, pa.ss. 
 intercipio, r.(t. 3,intercepi, inter- 
 coptum, cutoff, intercept (inter- 
 capio). 
 interdico, r.a. 3, interdixi, inter- 
 
 dictum, forl)id. 
 interea, a,-fr. meanwhile, 
 mterficio, r.a. 3, interficere, in- 
 terfeci, interfectum, kill (inter- 
 facio). 
 interim, adi'. meanwhile. 
 intSrimo, r.a. 3, intertmi, inter- 
 emptum, kill, destroy (inter- 
 emo). 
 interior, adj. -oris, comp. of 
 
 mtra, inner, interior, 
 interitus, 4, m. death, 
 intermitto, v.a. 3, intermisi, in- 
 Jermissum, send between, let 
 I _ fall, stop, forego, interpose. 
 j interpono, r.a. 3, interposui, in- 
 I terpositum, interpose, 
 interpres, 3, c. interpretis, nego- 
 tiator, interpreter, 
 intersum, v.n. irr^r;. intoresse, 
 interfui, be between, be pres- 
 t'lit at, intervene, take part in • 
 tniperx. interest, it interests, 
 mtervallum, 2, v. space between. 
 
 interval. 
 intra, prr)}. with arc. within, 
 introeo, v.,i. 4, irrnj. introire, 
 introivi or -ii, introitum, go 
 within. ^ 
 
 introitus, 4, jn. entrance. 
 intrOmitto, v.a. 3, intromisi, in- 
 tromissum, bring within, intro- 
 duce. 
 
 intrSrumpo. v.n. 3, introrCpi. 
 mtroruptum, burst in. 
 
 intus, (((/r. within. 
 
 inQsitatus, adj. strange, unac- 
 customed. 
 
e, on top. 
 atellexi, intel- 
 
 , k'iun, uiuUi- 
 
 (tcc. among, 
 
 bercessi, inter- 
 .'tweeii, iiitii- 
 
 tercepi, inter- 
 teroept(mter- 
 
 terdixi, inter- 
 
 iliile. 
 
 Qterficere, in- 
 m, kill (inter- 
 
 vliile. 
 
 ertmi, inter- 
 ■stroy (inter- 
 
 B, comj). of 
 rior. 
 ;h. 
 
 ntermlsi, in- 
 between, let 
 interpose. 
 terposui, in- 
 lose. 
 pr£tis, nego- 
 
 I. intcre&se, 
 en, bo 25res- 
 ;ake part in ; 
 t interests, 
 ice between, 
 
 . within. 
 V- iatroire, 
 troltum, go 
 
 mce. 
 itromisi, in- 
 
 ithin, ihtro- 
 
 intrortlpi, 
 
 b in. 
 
 .nge, unac- 
 
 17 
 
 VOCABULAKY. 
 
 JMlus, ,,,/j. iin« ill,-,,,,. ,. tan, or laMtiun, w™ ^"' 
 
 P»e ipsa, ip,„m, „^, ,^,, UgiUo. :f./..m,, .,„£„.. 
 
 labrum. 2, n. lip. |«us. 3, «. ntdris, shore 
 
 lac. 3, «. lactis, milk. ^^''"s. 2, ^. ^^J^. \^^ 
 
 , tiun. liarass, provokV'oltf f ^'*"««' «^^^'- far bv f'lr 
 
 languor, 3 ™ '^«„-„ onged aistant, pro- 
 
 &:h '"■ '»P""». « "tone ?"«"»«, 2 i, K S'k- 
 
 Ute, 
 
18 
 
 r.ESAH's GALLIC WAH—BODks IV., V. 
 
 ^m 
 
 S'il 
 
 larlca, 1,./: hii'aHt-platu, breast- 
 work. 
 IQna, I, /'. iiiuun. 
 lux, ;{, /. IQcis, light. 
 
 M 
 
 Mftgis, a>/r. rom/>. of magnopere, 
 
 inofc. 
 magistratus, 4, m. a inayistiacv 
 
 niagistrati". 
 niagnificus, nf/J. graiul, splemlid 
 magnitQdo, :i,/. -inia, yieatnoss, 
 
 Hi/.e, force. 
 magiidpere, odr. greatly, speci- 
 ally. 
 magnus, a</J. great. 
 maior, cuij. voiitp. of taagnus, 
 -6ris, greater; in iHnr.-M nonii. 
 ancestors. 
 mando, r.a. 1, -avi, -atum, en- 
 trust, commit. 
 mane, adr. in the morning, 
 maneo, r.n. 2, mansi, mansiim. 
 
 remain, stay. 
 manus. 4, /. hand, band of men. 
 mare, 3, n. sea. 
 mar'timus, adj. belonging to tlie 
 
 sea, maritime. 
 materia, \,f. timber. 
 matOrus, adj. early, 
 maxime. adv. supn-L of magno- 
 pere, chiefly, especially. 
 maximus, adj. superl. of magnus 
 
 greatest. 
 mgdeor, r. dep. 2, cure, remetly 
 (y.-\t\\dnt.) ^ 
 
 mfidlocris, adj. moderate. 
 mgditerraneus, adj. inland. 
 mgdius, adj. mitld'le. 
 membrum, 2, n. limb, 
 memdria, I,/, memory, tradition. 
 mensOra, 1,/. measurement. 
 mercator, 3, in. -oris, merchant. 
 mgrldianus, adj. at noon, mid- 
 day. 
 merldies, 5, m. midday, south. 
 mSritum, 2. n. service, good deed. 
 
 ^^wrrean! ""'''"'' "^«««"'°. | "^"Itus. adj. much; in plur. 
 
 metus, 4, It), fear. 
 
 mfius, itroii. my. 
 
 miles, ;{, y,. militis, soldier. 
 
 mllitaris, adj. belonging to a 
 
 i^oldier, military. 
 mille, a,lj. hidrrl. a tlioii.sand • in 
 
 vIk>: milia, iiom, 3, „. ; milia 
 
 (passuum), a mile. 
 minor, a<lj. cowj,. of parvus, -6ris, 
 
 less. 
 
 minuo, r.a. 3, minui, minQtum, 
 
 lessen. 
 minus, a(/i\ comp. less. 
 miror, r. drp. I, -atus sum, 
 
 wonder, wonder at. 
 missus, 4, VI. sending. 
 mitto, v.a. 3, misi, missum, send. 
 
 hurl. 
 mebllis, iulj. changeable, fickle 
 mSbllitas, ',],/. -atis, nimbleness 
 
 activity. ' 
 
 mdderor, v. drp. 1, -atus sum, 
 
 guide, control. 
 m6d6, adr. only, just. See on 
 
 nk. IV. chap. xvi. 20. 
 mddus, 2, ?«. limit, maimer; in 
 
 adr. as a jurji, after the manner 
 
 of. 
 
 mollis, adj. soft, shingly (of a 
 beach). 
 
 moneo, r.a. 2, -ui, -itum, advise, 
 warn, remind. 
 
 mons, 3, m. montis, a mountain 
 
 mora, 1,/. delay. 
 
 mSror, v. dep. 1, -atus sum, de- 
 lay. 
 
 mors, 3,/ mortis, death. 
 
 mos, 3, m. moris, custom, habit ; 
 
 m p/ur. character. 
 motus, 4, m. movement, motion, 
 
 rising, disturbance. 
 mdveo, v.a. 2, movi, mStum, 
 
 move, 
 mtilier, 3,/ mulifiris, woman, 
 multltfldo, 3, /. -inis, multitude, 
 
 mass, popular assembly. 
 multo, adr. by far. 
 multdm, adr. greatly, to a great 
 ■ extent. 
 
 reap. 
 
 many. 
 
. V. 
 
 ;is, soldier. 
 Hihm^iny; to a 
 
 •y- 
 
 a tliouHHiul ; ill 
 
 t"i •'{, II. ; milia 
 lilc. 
 
 of parvus, -6ris, 
 inui, minatuin, 
 
 less. 
 
 1, -atus sum, 
 V at. 
 ling. 
 
 missum, send, 
 
 ,'wi))le, fickle, 
 lis, ninilileness, 
 
 1, -atus sum, 
 
 ,jiist. See on 
 i. -JO. 
 
 t, manner ; in 
 cer the manner 
 
 shingly (of a 
 -itum, advise, 
 1, a mountain, 
 itus sum, de- 
 death, 
 istoni, habit ; 
 
 iient, motion, 
 
 c. 
 
 5vi, mstum, 
 
 is, Avoman. 
 s, multitude, 
 imbly. 
 
 y, to a great 
 
 1 ; ill 2^h(r. 
 
 Jnflnio, v.a. 4 ,•„,• 
 fortify. ' ''''' '''' < "urn. 
 
 VOCABULAUY. 
 
 19 
 
 N 
 
 Nam namque, com', for 
 nanciscor, v rhn t . 
 
 nascor " r,?''^"';*];;"' sot, find, 
 born. ^ ' ****"« sum. he 
 natio, 3./ -esnis, tril)e 
 
 nauta, 1, m. sailor. 
 np.s.a./y. belonging to ships, 
 
 S5|j"^;A ''-'J'P. boat. 
 °'ioT^V/'*''"'«^^'^rthat.. 
 
 turn, omit nin-i °:^i'.' ^«&lec- 
 
 fi.se, deny, say no ' **"'"' '"^• 
 "'S"" ' '• «• ^"---. affair, 
 
 one. ""^''*""oareused),no 
 »»«que. See nee 
 «^, n#ve=et ne, conj. and that 
 
 "^' ^1, indecl. n. nothing; 
 
 ff °: "[^^;f -t^'in^. none 
 renoVni!i°^«°°"^^"-<^^'.»oWe. 
 
 nootu, ar/,.. by ni„L 
 
 Sme • "■ ""'"to". "«.ne, 
 
 "S?,^!"' »"- l'^- -»>e. per. 
 Don, a(/t'. not. 
 nondum. arfi- not vet 
 nonnullus, adj. soil 
 
 JiOBter, nostra, nostn.n, 
 
 strangenessfnoveUy. '"""-«' 
 
 r?8 ' rf-^\ T'-' ^'•^^h ; novae 
 res, revolution; novissS? 
 
 JayKe.V;o^;-*"--tnp. 
 ^ullus, «,/y. nuiiius, no 
 nttmSrus, 2, ,„. number 
 nununus, 2, m. coin! 
 nunc, ar^?;. now 
 
 S»a«. «^^^'. never, 
 "ti!-"- '' -^' -turn, an- 
 ""-"us, 2, ^. messenger, mes- 
 ^fltus, 4, »j. nod, sign. 
 
 O 
 
 
20 
 
 CESAR'S GALLIC AVAR— BOOKS IV., V, 
 
 dWcio, v.n. ?, obicere, obieci. 
 
 pbiectum, ]>iit in ti.e way, 
 
 '"lulor (ob-iacio). 
 oblique, n,ir. slantwise. 
 observe, ^v a. 1 , avi. -atum, heed, 
 
 observe, keeji, 
 obses. 3, c. obsldis, Iiosta-'e 
 obsldeo, r.a. 2, obsodi, obsessum, 
 
 Iiesiege, invest. 
 obsldio. 3,/ -enis. siege, invest- 
 
 nient. 
 obstinate, ailr. iicrf3istcntly 
 obstrflo, r.a. 3, obstruxi, obstruc- 
 
 tum, build up, biinioaile. 
 obtempfiro r.n. ], -avi, -atum, 
 
 obey, s^l)^utto(^vitlw/re^) 
 obtineo, ?'.«. 2, obtinui, obten- 
 
 tum, hold (ob-teneo). 
 occasio, 3, / -oms. chance, oiv 
 
 portunity. ' 
 
 occasus, 4," m. .setting (of snn). 
 occldens, a,/J. -entis, setting ; as 
 
 noun, M'est. 
 occldo, r.a. 3, occldi, occTsum, 
 
 KUl (ob-caedo). 
 occldo, r.«. 3, occldi, occSbuiti, 
 
 Jail, die (ob-cado). 
 occfllo, v.n. 3, occului, occultum, 
 
 liide, conceal. 
 occulto, v.a.l, -avi, -atum, hi<le, 
 
 conceal Fm/. of occulo. 
 occttpo, v.a 1, -avi, -atum, seize ; 
 
 in ;jrt.s,s. be occupied in. 
 occurro, v. n. 3, occurri, occursum, 
 
 meet, encounter (witii ddf ) 
 octavus, ord. num. eighth 
 octingenti, card. num. eight 
 
 luindred. 
 octo, <urd. num. eight, 
 octoginta, mrd. mm. eighty 
 ecillus, 2, m. eye. 
 
 *'^^;?.' '■•«• '■'•'''.'/. offeire, obtiili, 
 oblatum, present; with se, 
 meet (ob-fero). ' 
 
 oflficium, 2, n. duty, service. 
 
 omnino, adr. altogether (in ah/ ) 
 
 omnis, adj. all, every 
 
 onerarius, adj. of burden ; naves 
 on. transports, nierohantmen 
 
 6n6ro, r.a. 1, -avi. -atum !.„.•- 
 den, load. 
 
 6nus. 3, ,1. onfiriii, burden, load. 
 
 opera, eaic, attention. 
 
 apinio, 3,./; -anis, belief, reputa. 
 
 tioii, prestige. 
 dportet, ,: hnjjns. 2, -uit, it he- 
 
 lioves. 
 
 opportOne, adr. happily, oppor- 
 tunely. "^ 
 
 opportQnus, adj. suitable, for- 
 tunate, opportune. 
 
 opprlmo, r.a. 3, oppressi, op- 
 pressum, .surprise, overwhelm, 
 crush. 
 
 oppugnatio, 3, ./: -onis, assault, 
 siege. 
 
 oppugno. r.n. 1, -avi, -atum. at- 
 tack, assault, storm, besiege 
 o/tlmus, adj. ^viperL of bonus. 
 
 Ijcst, 
 6pu3, 3, I,, opgris, Avork. 
 6pu8, II. iiidnl. need, necessity. 
 era, l,y: coast, region. 
 6ratio, 3, / -finis, speech, har- 
 angue. 
 orator, 3, m. -5ris, spokesman, 
 
 anbassador. 
 orbij, 3, m. circle, a military for- 
 mation. >See on Bk. iv. ch 
 xxxvii. ,5. 
 ordo, 3, m. ordinis. rank, row 
 Onor, V. d<p. 4 (some forms of 3), 
 
 ortus sum, arise, take rise, 
 oro, r.a. ], -avi, -atum, beg, en- 
 treat. 
 OS, .3, n. 6ris, month, face 
 ostendo, r.a. 3, ostendi, oe^en- 
 tum or ostensum, show, mak^ 
 known, 
 ostento, v.n. 1, -avi, -atum, dis- 
 
 play. IWq. of ostendo. 
 6vum, 2, '/(. egg. 
 
 Pabiiiator. 3, m. -Sris, forager 
 pabWor, r. dr,>. \, -atus sum, 
 
 to rage. 
 paco r.rt. ], -avi. -atum. pacify, 
 
 subdue. . •" 
 
 paene, adv. almost. 
 
mi'lcn, loarl. 
 I'lief, rcputa- 
 !, -uit, it be- 
 ppily, oppor- 
 iiita))le, for- 
 
 ppressi, op- 
 
 ovorwlielm, 
 
 nia, assault, 
 
 i, -atum, at- 
 11, l)esiege. 
 '. of bonus, 
 
 )ik. 
 
 necessity. 
 
 n. 
 
 peech, har- 
 
 spokesman, 
 
 nilitary for- 
 ^k. iv. cb. 
 
 mk, row. 
 ■onus of 3), 
 ke rise, 
 a, beg, en- 
 ace. 
 
 idi, OE*en- 
 liow, niak,. 
 
 itum, dis- 
 ido. 
 
 VOCADULARV. 
 
 forager. 
 Ltus sum, 
 
 II, pacify, 
 
 P"<". :<■ /. pilidis, mar,,, 
 
 morass. "laisn, 
 
 par, m/J. parig_ ^ .^, ^ 
 
 (r.ue) spar., (uitl, ,/„m 
 parens, ;i, .. .entis, parent 
 
 t, m . • • ?^''"«' P«Pen. par- 
 turn, bring forth, a«,„iro ^ ' 
 
 read}, prepare. 
 
 pamm, ar/,.. paitiv 
 PaiVflhis, r,,//. vc-rysniall 
 passim, ,,,/,. ,•„ iu [y.- ,. 
 every«l.ere <'"-ect.nns, 
 
 'n?^;on;!?s^Tr-^^-'- 
 
 pat entia, 1 ,; e,uluran«e. 
 
 s^m ^;J'''- :?' P^«' PaB«"s 
 sum, suffer, allow 
 
 paucus. „,/,. (,..„3tj^. ^^ ^^^^^^,^ 
 
 paulatim. a./r. gradually. 
 Jauo'^?/"';'-*"'--'^ «'-'•* time. 
 
 pax, .3 A pacis, poji^.^, ° •^• 
 Pficflma, 1,/ n.onoy 
 
 mrf«V?''"-P?'^"^«'f""t«"l'Iier- 
 «SH«f ^ ".V''"'- infantrv. ' 
 
 ''on iS.-*"^'-*"'-'^-- foot, 
 
 peditatus 4, w. infantry, 
 pe IS, .3, /skin, hide. ^ 
 
 ^ti'ver^ou?' ^^P^"' P"^--- 
 
 21 
 
 per, ;)r./,. with «... through bv 
 I means of, along. ^ ' ' •> 
 
 I Slc't;- i!' P?^^S'' P«r-^tum. 
 "-"mplete, fini.^li. 
 
 Perclpio. r.n. :{, percipere per 
 
 |'^s?i;°'^-^^-«"^«-"a"iry. 
 
 percurro, >\)i q npr^nv,.,- 
 c,^ , • P^rcurn, percur- 
 
 sum, run alont; 
 
 percatio, ra % „„. ^ 
 P;^3si, ;ercu^3«rS: 
 thu.^, p.erce through (per- 
 
 perdisco. r.„. .•?, perdldici, learn 
 thoroughly, h.-u-n by he.^rt 
 
 "<iy aitei to-niorroM , 
 PerfiquItO, /..«. ), .avi flfnn, 
 
 «lnve throu.rh ' ^*"°'' 
 
 pertOh, perlatum, brinL 
 tl;;o"gl., b,.ing, annou'nce. e".^ 
 
 Perflcio, v.a. 3, perficere ner- 
 feci, perfectum, perform ^ac 
 complish, finish. ' ^''" 
 
 perfldia, 1,/ treaehery. 
 
 fnS ?,• ''-"i ^' Perfugere, per- 
 iflgi, flee, desert *^ 
 
 "'rssn jt"- "-^^' ^'-«- 
 
 '^Vea:;-t^;.,K^^^-P-'ec. 
 
 permaneo,.,... 2 °rmansi.per- 
 D.Sf'"' ''""''^''"' '^ontin, e.^ 
 Permitto, ^'.r;. 3, permisi, permis- 
 
 sum, entrust, allow P^™'^' 
 pemaveo, r «. 2, permfivi, per- 
 
 metuir,, alann, disturb, iX- 
 
 permuiceo, t-.a. 2, permulsi ner 
 mulsum, soothe, calm. P®"^ 
 
22 
 
 C.4^,SA1{'S GALLIC WAR— BOOKS IV., V. 
 
 perpaucuB, wlj. very few. 
 perpendlcfllum, 2, n. a plummet ; 
 ad perpend., porpeiulioularly. 
 perpetuus, lutj. continual; in 
 
 perpetuum, for ever, 
 perrumpo, r.a. 3, perrtlpl, per- 
 
 ruptum, break tluough. 
 perscrlbo, r.d. 3, perscripai, per- 
 
 Bcriptum, write fully. 
 perafiquor, v. dip. 3, persecfltua, 
 
 follow, pursue. 
 pers5v(5ro, v.n. 1, -avi, -atum, 
 
 persist. 
 persplcio, v. a. 3, perspicere, per- 
 apexi, perspectum, examine, 
 reconnoitre, observe. 
 persuadeo, i\a. 2, perauasi, per- 
 auaaum, persuade of, per^uailo 
 (with arc. of tiling and dat. of 
 person); perauadeo hoc tibi, I 
 persuade you of this. 
 perterreo, v.a. 2, perterrui, per- 
 
 tenitum, alarm, scare. 
 pertlmeaco, v.a. and ii. 3, perti- 
 
 mui, fear greatly. 
 pertlnftcia, I, /: stubbornness, 
 
 obstinacy. 
 pertlneo, v.n. 2, pertinui, stretch, 
 extend, belong, concern (per- 
 teneo). 
 perturbatio, 3,/ -finis, confusion, 
 
 panic. 
 perturbo, v.a. 1, -avi, -atun.. 
 
 disturb, harass, perplex. 
 pervfinio, v.u. 4, perveni, perven- 
 
 tum, arrive at, reach. 
 pea, 3, m. pgr"* foot. 
 p6to, r.a. 3, p .,ivi or petii, petl- 
 
 tum, seek, ask, attack. 
 pietas, 3,y: -atis, filial affection, 
 
 patriotism. 
 pllum, 2, n. javelin. 
 pllus, a division of the legion 
 (with primus). Sco Intro, p. 
 xxiv., and ou Bk. v. ch. xxxv 
 13. 
 pinna, 1,/. battlement, palisade. 
 
 See on Bk. v. ch. xl. l.S. 
 pisciB, 3, m. fish. 
 piaco, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, appease. 
 |>iaauB, adj. level. 
 
 pleba, 3, /. plebis, the common 
 
 people. 
 plSnuB, adj. full. 
 plSrlque, plur. adj. most, for the 
 
 most part. 
 plSrumque, aiU\ generallv. 
 plumbum, 2, h. lead ; plumbum 
 
 album, tin. 
 
 plus, adj. romp, of multum, 
 
 plflris, more ; in plur. several ; 
 
 also adr. more. 
 
 poena, 1,/. penalty, punishment. 
 
 polllceor, r. d<'p. 2, polUcItuB 
 
 sum, promise. 
 ponduB, 3, ji. ponderis, wi _;ht. 
 pfino, v.a. 3, pfiaui, posltum, 
 place, appoint, pitch, lay 
 ciside. 
 pons, 3, m. pontis, bridge, 
 pdptilor, V. dip. 1, -atus sum, 
 
 lavage, lay waste. 
 pdptUus, 2, m. people, 
 porro, adr. moreover, further, 
 porta, 1,/. gate, 
 porto, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, carry, 
 portus, 4, m. harbour, 
 posco, v.a. 3, popoaci, demand, 
 
 a^k. 
 possesBio, 3,/ -finis, possession, 
 
 property. 
 possldo, v.a. 3, poaaSdi, poaaea- 
 
 aum, get possession of, win. 
 poaaum, v.n. irn>j. poaae, potui, 
 
 be able, have power, 
 post, prep, with ace. and adv. 
 
 after, afterwards, 
 postea, adr. afterwards. 
 poateaquam, poatquam, rcl. ronj. 
 (poatea, poat, are generally 
 separated from the quam), 
 after tiiat, when. 
 poBtCrua, ai/j. next, following, 
 postpfino, v.a: .3, poatpfisui, poat- 
 poaltum, put behind, esteem 
 less, put off. 
 poatrSmo, adv. at last, 
 poatrldie, adr. on the next day. 
 poatiilo, v.a. 1, avi, -atum, de- 
 mand, require, 
 pfiteataa, 3, /. -itis. power, op- 
 portunity. 
 
le coiunion 
 
 ost, for tilt! 
 
 rally. 
 
 ; plumbum 
 
 multum, 
 ir. several ; 
 
 unishinent. 
 polUcItUB 
 
 , wt .-ht. 
 
 poBltum, 
 itch, lay 
 
 dge. 
 atuB sum, 
 
 Further, 
 un, carry. 
 , demand, 
 lossession, 
 
 i, posses- 
 
 if, win. 
 ise, potui, 
 
 and adv. 
 
 , rcl. conj. 
 
 generally 
 
 quam), 
 
 owing, 
 sui, post- 
 I, esteem 
 
 ext day. 
 .turn, de- 
 
 >v/er, op- 
 
 vocAnr'f.Ain'. 
 
 ''7ofn?*"''''^''''"'n'''>''''attl.o 
 
 P-e^epi. p'raeipt^;.;"^.^?' 
 Miami (prae-capio.l ' ""■ 
 praeclpito. ,-.„. j 'v.- of 
 
 Praecipuus, („lj. ejiiof «„ ■ , 
 Praeclfldo, v.n '\ ' X''''\\ ■ 
 praeclOsum, .lo;i- Py^«^'^'^'- 
 
 'X-ior.'"- "'"■ '' -'- Bum. 
 praeflrift ,.„ o 
 fal,'" ™'""'""'' "f (Pra» 
 
 prepare bcSrcl,'.,,,,? ' ""™' 
 praescrlbo, va '\ ««„ 
 
 -aescripti^: diS^'^''^^'' 
 -land. ""ttt, c.iii- 
 
 Praesens. ar/y. -entis, present 
 praesentia I /• '^'^'''^''t- 
 
 P-eJ^ia,\^--r-^,;» 
 
 praesentio, ?•.« 4 «„„ 
 praesensum. perceive before 
 
 praesertim. ad,, especially 
 praesldmm. 2, „. defence g„ar,] 
 garrison. "-S gnaul, 
 
 praesum. v » ,■....„ 
 
 ' ^•"' ">^'J- praeesse, 
 
 23 
 
 Praefui, be „ver br i„ 
 lll.Ul.i of. ' " '"'"• 
 
 praeter, /„;i,. «.iH, ,„. . 1 
 
 b.'.si,l,,s, ,.x,.,,,,t "<.>on(|, 
 
 j Praetermltto, ,■ „ •{ „^ , 
 
 primum, <^,/r. at first 
 primus, ,,,/y. .,,/. ,./. ^; 
 Pmceps, .,/;. p^^^^ 
 
 pipat;:;r^:;;|'^^r>nncJ: 
 
 prior ,/,//' ^'"^■ftainsliin. 
 
 ^i;:t (oJ-ti^y- -«^'«' f-'-r. 
 
 'I^a "'^ ■^---. ancient. 
 
 before that, "^S' '"'• ''"'^' 
 Prtvatim, adr. privately, 
 privatus, «,/;. pnvate 
 pro. ?>'vy,. with a/./, i'n f.onf , f 
 '-tore, instead of, .'" "^' 
 '"JoC^p^-i/--. P'ove. 
 'tS\h^^P--s,proces- 
 Procul. a,/., at- a distance, afar 
 prScumbo. v.n ^ «,.«/.« u • 
 
 prSS°^;.^V°5? "■■ "" 
 
 prSrir"/°~»- 
 
24 Cesar's gallic war— books iv., v. 
 
 f,l 
 
 proelior, v. dep. 1, -atus sum, 
 
 hght. 
 proelium, 2, n. fight, 
 profectio, 3, / -Qnis, dcpaitun.. 
 
 start. 
 
 pr6ficio, r.<i. .3, proficere, profeci, 
 
 profectum, accomplish. 
 prdficiscor, r. ,1,'p. 3, profectus 
 
 sum, set out, start. 
 prdfiteor, r. ,l,'i,. 2, professus 
 
 sum, pioiiiise. 
 profliio, r.„. 3, profluxi, pro- 
 
 fluxum, flow foitii, issue. 
 prdftigio, r.u. 3, profugere, pro- 
 
 ftlgi, run away. 
 progrgdior, r. d,'p. 3, prof^ressus 
 
 sum, advance (pro-grad or) 
 prdhibeo. /•.„. 2, -ui, -itum, pre- 
 vent, hiii(h;r (pro-habeo). 
 prSicio, r.a. 3, proicere, proieci, 
 proiectum, tluow forward (pro- 
 iacio). 
 prdinde, adr. tlierefore. 
 prSmissus, adj. long. 
 prSne, adt\ sloping. 
 prOnuntio, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, de- 
 
 Clare, proclaim. 
 prftpe, prep, witli ace. near ; adr. 
 
 nearly. 
 prOpello, r.a. 3, propiili, propul- 
 8um, drive forwards, drive 
 away, 
 
 prdpinquus, adj. near, neiglibour- 
 ing ; as iionti, kinsman. 
 
 prdpius, coiHjK of prope, prep. 
 with ace. nearer to; udr. 
 nearer. 
 
 prSpSno, r.a. ,3, prop6sui, pro- 
 positum, set Ijelore, oiler, rep- 
 resent. 
 
 propter, prep, with ace. on ac- 
 count of. 
 
 proptfirea, adr. therefore; with 
 quam, because, for tliis reason 
 tliat. 
 
 prflpugno. r.a. 1, -avi, -atum, 
 hght ni front, rusli forward 
 
 to figllt. 
 
 priSsfiquor, r. dep. 3, prosecfltus 
 
 sum, follow, pursue. 
 proapectuB, 4, m. sight. 
 
 prospicio, r.a. 3, prospicere, pro- 
 spexi, prospectum, see ahead, 
 take care. 
 protggo, r.a. 3, protexi, protec- 
 tum, guard, protect. 
 I proterreo, r.a. 2, -ui. -itum. 
 j irighten awa}'. 
 prStinus, a(/r. forthwitli. 
 pr6v6ho, t'.ft. 3, provexi, provec- 
 tum, carry forwaitl ; in nf^s.^■. 
 put out to sea. 
 pr6v6nio, r.u. 4, proveni, proven- 
 
 tum, come forth, grow. 
 provideo, r.a. 2, provldi. provl- 
 sum, make provision for, care 
 for. 
 
 provincia, I,/ province, 
 proxime, adr. .viprrl. of prope, 
 
 most recently. 
 proximus, adj. mperl. of p ope 
 
 nearest, next. 
 pflbes. adj. pubgris, adult. 
 publlce, adv. publicly, as a 
 
 nation. 
 
 publico, VM. 1, -avi. -atum, con- 
 
 nscate. 
 
 piier, 2, m. boy ; a pueris, from 
 boyhood. 
 
 pugna, 1,/ figlit, battle. 
 
 pugno. v.n. 1, -avi, -atum, fight. 
 
 pulvis, 3, m. pulvgris, dust. 
 
 purgo, r.a. 1, -avi, -atum, ex- 
 cuse, exculpate. 
 
 pato, r.a. 1, -avi, -atum, think, 
 consider, deem. 
 
 Q 
 
 Qua, ri'l. and interrocj. adr. by 
 
 M-liieh way, wliere. 
 quadrageni, diM. num. forty each 
 quadragiuta, card. num. forty 
 quadringentj, card. num. four 
 
 hundred. 
 quaero, r.a. 3, quaeslvi, quaesl- 
 
 tum, seek, ask. 
 quaestor, 3, m. -firis, qucestor. 
 
 •See Intro, p. xxiii. 
 quam, adr. and co)<j. how, as, 
 
 than ; with superl. as . . . aa 
 
ipicere, pro- 
 see ahead, 
 
 exi, protec- 
 
 ■ui, -itum, 
 
 ith. 
 
 xi, provec- 
 
 l ; in /lu.f.t. 
 
 ni, proven- 
 
 J\V. 
 
 ^di, provl- 
 
 11 for, caru 
 
 3e. 
 of prope, 
 
 of p ope, 
 
 lilt. 
 
 ly, as a 
 
 turn, con- 
 
 eris, from 
 
 e. 
 
 ■m, fight. 
 
 lust. 
 
 itum, cx- 
 
 m, think. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 adr. by 
 
 rty each, 
 forty. 
 m. four 
 
 quaesl- 
 
 quaestor. 
 
 low, as, 
 . . . a9 
 
 as qi ic'Idy as ijossil.lc. 
 
 ever, altlioudi. '^ " 
 
 quantum, „,/. ^ ,.o,, ,,,„,, 
 "inch as, as far as 
 
 feitat, as groat as, as mucli a< 
 
 quare, a>/r. nlierefore 
 quartus, or,/. ,,„„,. f„ -,4, 
 quattuor, ,vov/. ;,,,«,. fo„,. 
 
 Stir:': "al.;, "^"^ • • • ^-. 
 '^iff ' s^;i/-- ^vi.o, 
 
 qulcumque. quaecumque, quod 
 
 quid ? ?«^,vo.v. cu/r. m-Iiv ' 
 
 ^Z?'. ^"f^^"' ^"^'Jdam 
 /-"ow. a certain 
 
 quldem, adr. indeed ; ne 
 quidem, not even 
 
 Stu'^'^.9"i^ti3. iest, quiet. 
 <l^i^tx,8, adj. ^niet, calm, peace- 
 
 i ' ''"• "• «> ; 'vV. com. but th-if- 
 from. SeeonEk. iv. ch •',' 
 5, amlApp. II ^^- en. mi. 
 
 qumtus, or(/. /,„„i. fift], 
 quindficim, w;v/. «,,;„. fifx ^.,^ 
 qumgenti, card. >nuu. 1^1,,. 
 
 quinquaginta, card, man fiftv 
 quinque, ar/v/. num. ilvo ^' 
 
 ^"^Kr^'-;,/?"' •'■°'/- /-^"- who? 
 
 w^;;iS;.Ei!iS^^^ 
 
 25 
 
 quisquam, quaequam, quidauam 
 quicquam, any fffSSu? 
 
 que. ;>,.o«. each, every. ^ 
 qulvis, quaevis, quidvis, or in 
 agreement with. „«,,'^y/g" 
 ?^m^ any you please.^ '• 
 
 quo ?v7. ,0/;/. or lnfr-rro>;. adr 
 
 wi^th cw/,^;. and /W/c. the . : 
 
 ZfV;^'"^\''^'^^«'--«.""til. 
 quod,^,,7.,o,^. 1,,,^.^„^^^ the fact 
 
 ^hi'S;:ii,r*'^^"^^^*-verb 
 
 quotannia or quot annis r/,/. 
 --)> year. 8ee on Sl'lv.^; 
 
 qudties, re/, co/y. asoftenas. 
 
 R 
 
 rapiditas 3,/ .atis, s,,ift„^.,^ 
 
 smlf'fc ;^' ''""^^^ intervals 'in 
 sniail bodies, rare 
 
 ratio, .S,/ cnig_ ,„,j,; 
 
 Wbelllo, 3, / .<,„„, ,,,„„„,„, ^j 
 
 "SS/- '"■ -"-'. -«-3 of 
 treat, ■ '" "^"='1*". '■«■ 
 

 26 
 
 Cesar's gallic war— books iv., v. 
 
 rficlto. v.a. 1, -avi, -atum. read 
 
 OUtt 
 
 rfictipfiro. f'.a. 1, -avi, -atum, re- 
 cover. 
 
 rSctlso, va. 1, -avi, -atum, re- 
 fuse, object to, shrink from 
 
 rfideo. lUK 4, urrj/. redire. redii 
 or redivi, redltum, return. 
 
 rfidlgo, va. 3, redSgi, redactum, 
 bring back, bring to, reduce 
 (red (re), ago). 
 rSdltus, 4, 7n. return. 
 Tidico.v.a 3, reduxi, reductum, 
 lead back, withdraw. 
 
 *'**!5,?' "•."• ^' "''■^•'/- referre, ret- 
 ttili, relatum, bring back, draw 
 
 reTrtat'^P^^' ^«^«"« P*^^-'. 
 reflcio t-.a. 3, reficere, refeci, 
 refectum, repair (re-facio). 
 
 22^°o V- ^' ""^^^Si, flee back, 
 rtgio, 3, /. -onis, district, spot. 
 country. ^ ' 
 
 regno, v.n. 1, -avi, -atum, reign. 
 regnum 2, ,e. kingdo-n, sove- 
 reignty. 
 rtlcip, ra 3, reiSci. reiectum. 
 drive back, repulse (re-iacio). 
 *81Sgo. v.a. 1, -avi, -atum. send 
 
 away, remove. 
 rtllgio. 3. / -snis, religious 
 
 scruple. ° 
 
 reiinquo r «. 3, rellqui. relictum, 
 
 leave behind, abandon. 
 rtllquus, adj. remaining, addi- 
 tional, rest. 
 rfimftneo, i;.h. 2, remansi, re- 
 manaum, remain behind re- 
 main. ' 
 
 rsmlgo. v.a. 1, -avi. -atum, row. 
 r^m^o. ... 1. .avi, .atum, 
 
 rtmissuB, adj. slack, mild, 
 remitto v.a 3 remisi, remissum, 
 
 send back, let go 
 rfimoUesco, v.n. 3, become soft, 
 
 become enervated 
 remfiveo. t..a. 2. remSvi. re- 
 
 mstum, move back, draw 
 
 away 
 
 rgmus, 2, m. oar. 
 
 renuntio n^. i, .avi. .atum, 
 bung back news, report 
 
 rfipello, v.a. 3, reppiili, repul- 
 sum, drive back. ^ 
 
 rgpente, adr. suddenly 
 
 repentlnus, a(fj. sudden. 
 
 rgperio, v.a. 4, repperi. repertum. 
 nnd, dis'^over. 
 
 r6p6to, v.a. 3, repetlvi or repetii 
 
 r6porto,nr^ J, -avi, -atum. carry 
 back, bring back; victoriam 
 reportare, win a vietoiy 
 
 reposco. v.a. 3, demand back, 
 claim, exact. 
 
 rgprehendo, v.a. :-:, reprehendi. 
 reprehensum, blame. 
 
 res 5, / thing, affiiir. See on 
 bk. IV, ch. i. 16 
 
 rescindo, ?'..(. 3, rescldi, recissum, 
 cut down, break down. 
 
 ''^S*' ""■"■ ^' ■*^' "**"°'' ^""""P 
 r«sisto v.H. 3, restiti, restitum, 
 stand one s ground, resist (with 
 dat. ) ^ 
 
 resplcio, v.a. 3, respicere, re- 
 
 spexi, respectum, look back. 
 
 liave regard to. 
 respondeo, v.a. 2, respondi, re- 
 
 sponsum, answer (with ace. of 
 
 tlnng answered and dat. of 
 
 person). 
 responsum, 2, n. answer, reply 
 respublica, 5,/ reipublicae (both 
 
 parts declined), the state 
 restituo, v.a. 3, restitui, restittt- 
 
 tum, restore (re-statuo) 
 
 ^^f^??'^']- -' '^«'*«»«i. retentum, 
 
 hold back, retain (re-teneo). 
 retraho, I'.rt. 3, retraxi, retrac- 
 
 tum, draw back, drag back, 
 reyerto, I'.??. 3, reverti, reversum 
 
 turn back, return ; also den. 
 
 reverter. See on Bk. iv ch 
 
 IV. 12. 
 
 rfiyincio, v.a. 4, revinxi, revinc- 
 tum, bind back, fasten, secure. 
 
 rSyeco, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, call 
 back. 
 
 rex, 3 
 
 , .5, w. regis, king. 
 
rtpa, \,f. bank, 
 rivus. 2, m. river 
 
 '°?uno„r'' "'• -«^-' -port, 
 rursus, arf,,. back, again. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 27 
 
 Saepe, rer/i.. often 
 s^gitta, ],/ arrow. 
 
 ^f„7"^'/saiatis, safety. 
 
 L ••••,"• ^' «apere. saplvi or 
 3.ffP"';-^« ^vise, have sense ' 
 
 «<■(/. 2«f/',,.(./. sufficient. ^ 
 
 satisfacio, r «. 3, satisfgci, satis 
 factum give satisfaction s? 
 ^s y, make amends (^vith 'Z ^ 
 
 saucius, adj. wounded 
 
 fnaifvf' ^'//^«'-- scaling-ladder^, 
 Bcapha, ],/ skiff, boat^ • 
 
 , -d, t;:;; i^ pS^ — . 
 
 write. ' ''"P''' scriptum, 
 
 Bcfltiun, 2, «. shield. 
 
 f . "• (a", genders), sui siH 
 l.nnself, herself. itLelf^'them-' 
 
 ^'wSlSs^'^'^'^^-^^--' other 
 
 secundum.;,,..;,, with ac. i„ ac 
 
 cordance with, along. '""" 
 
 secundua. a,J. second, favour- 
 
 Bed. couj. but. 
 
 sSmlta, ],/ path. 
 Benatus, 4, ,«. senate. 
 Bententia, \,f opinion 
 
 Septimus, o;v/. ,,«„,. ,^.^ , 
 
 follow, purine : firf ^ ^"'°' 
 spft •, I'll! sue ; fidem sequi 
 
 «»^ .;'^« protection .f. ^ ' 
 
 semo. .i, ,„. .6„i3^ ^•^'»ve,sation. 
 
 sero, or./,, late, too lato. 
 seJvio""?" '/^T'' «**"»". sow. 
 
 BiT;;.^'^^-7"«"J-'avery. 
 pre;erve. ' ■**""»' ^^^ep, 
 
 servus, 2, ,„. slave. 
 sesqv^p.daiis.a,/y.ofafootand 
 sStius. Seesecius 
 seu 6lve, jvV. conj. either if or 
 
 sex, carr/. «?/?„. gj^ 
 "TTc^?-!- »«»'•»- hundred. 
 
 81C, «f/t.. thus 
 
 "Si;,,/' ^ ■"'». "^-3, 
 
 signlfico, V a ^ 
 . sl'ow, 'exp^^ss • "^^'' -**""^' 
 s>gnum, 2, .. sign, signal, stand- 
 
 silva, 1,/Mood. 
 
 simlUs, «r/;. like. 
 
 "^lin,"''''- .^t *''^ «'-^'"° time . 
 
 Sutrq\fir4^,^-(«-?a;' 
 
 ^^ -i—n .« the Sumo tune 
 
?8 
 
 C.ESAU's GALLIC WAR — BOOKS IV., v. 
 
 I ". 
 
 ' f 
 
 simftlo, v.a. 1, -avi, -ktum, pre- 
 
 tend. See on Bk. iv. clia. iv 
 
 U, vi. 9. 
 simultas, .3, /. -atis, rivalry, 
 
 jealousy. "^ 
 
 sin, ret. coiij. but if. 
 sine, pn'p. with ahl. without 
 smgillatim, adv. sinLrly, one l)v 
 
 one. "^ 
 
 singttiaris, <ufj. single, individual, 
 _ remarkable. 
 singiili, disf. „um. one each, 
 sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, culj 
 on the left hand. ^ 
 
 sinistra, 1,/ left hand. 
 slno, v.a. 3, sivi, situm, allow, 
 
 permit, 
 situs, 4, m. situation. 
 sdcius, 2, m. ally. ^ 
 
 sol, .3, m. s51is, sun. 
 sdleo, r.u. 2, solitus sum, he 
 
 wont, he accustomed. 
 sSIitado, 3,/. -inis, desert. 
 sollicito v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, 
 
 tempt, tamper with. 
 8SJ"citfldo, 3,./: -inis, anxiety. 
 sSUicitns, adj. anxious, disturbed 
 solus, sollus, adj. alone, only 
 solve, v.a. 3, solvi, solfltum, 
 loose ; with or without naves 
 set sail. ' 
 
 spatium 2. n. space, distance, 
 interval. 
 
 species, 5, / appearance, shape 
 
 spgciilator, 3, m. -6ris, spy. 
 
 spSctiiatorius, ailj. with navigia 
 spy-boat3. ' 
 
 sp§ro, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, hope 
 tor, hope. 
 
 spc3, 5,/. hope. 
 
 sp61io, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, strip 
 ofr, rob, despoil. 
 
 sponte, «6/. of obsolete word 
 spons, used as adv. volun- 
 tarily ; sponte sua, of his 
 (tlieir) own accord. 
 
 st&tim, adv. immediately, 
 static, 3, / -Snis, guard, outpost, 
 
 picket. 
 Btftfcuo, v.a. 3, statui, statQtum, 
 place, iix, determine. 
 
 status, 4, m. position, circum- 
 stances. 
 
 stipendium, 2, i,. soldiers pay, 
 tribute. '■ •" 
 
 sto, v.n. I,st6ti, statum, stand 
 stramentum, 2, „. straw, thaieh. 
 strgpitus, 4, m. noise, din 
 stildeo, v.n. 2, -ui, l,e eager for 
 devote oneself to (with ,lat.)' 
 sttldmm, 2, n. zeal, eagerness, 
 
 enthusiasm, 
 sub, ;;;-e;;. with arc. of motion 
 Vdd. of rest), under, near, close 
 upon, close up to. 
 subdflco v.a. 3, subduxi. subduc- 
 
 tum, liaul up, beach. 
 subductio, 3, ./; -onis, haulin<r 
 
 asiiore, beacliing. 
 subffidio, v.a. 3, subfodere, sub- 
 todi, subfossum, stab under- 
 neath. 
 subicio, v.a. 3, subicere, subieci, 
 subiectum, place beneath, ex- 
 pose (sub-iacio). 
 siibito, adv. suddenly. 
 subiatus, part, pans.' of toUo 
 sublica, 1,/. pile, 
 subministro, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, 
 
 supply. 
 
 submitto, v.a. 3, submisi, sub- 
 missum, send to aid of 
 
 submdveo, v.a. 2, submSvi, sub- 
 mStum, remove, keep back. 
 
 subsgquor v. dvp. 3, subsecfltus 
 sum, follow close up 
 
 subsidium, 2, ». assistance, rein- 
 forcement, resource. 
 
 subsisto, v.n. 3, substiti, hold 
 out, stand linn. 
 
 ""^'^JJf'- ,"•"', '■'■''^•'i'-' subesse, 
 subfui, be close at hand 
 
 subvgnio, v.n. 4, subveni, sub- 
 ventum, come to aid of, suc- 
 cour (with dnt.) 
 
 succedo, v.n. 3, successi, succes- 
 sum, come close up, come into 
 the place of, succeed (with 
 dat. ) 
 
 succldo, v.a. 3, succldi, succlsum. 
 
 cut down, (sub-caedo). 
 succurro, v.n. 3, succurri, succur- 
 
7. 
 
 tion, circuni- 
 
 soldier's pay, 
 
 atuni, stand, 
 traw, tliatuli. 
 '^, din. 
 I'o eager fof, 
 (with (l(tf.) 
 1, eagerness, 
 
 ^ of motion 
 r, near, close 
 
 luxi, subduc- 
 
 lis, hauling 
 
 fodere, sub- 
 stab under- 
 
 3re, subieci, 
 )cneatli, ex- 
 
 of toUo. 
 
 avi, -atum, 
 
 bmisi, sub- 
 lof. 
 •movi, sub- 
 
 ep back. 
 
 subsecOtus 
 ). 
 
 ance, rein- 
 
 Btiti, hold 
 
 subesse, 
 band. 
 veni, sub- 
 
 id of, SUG- 
 
 3i, succes- 
 conie into 
 ied (with 
 
 succlsum, 
 
 i). 
 
 ■i, Buccur- 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ("S>tM"*'*'"^'''"^'^'^''P 
 slides. .3,/ stake. 
 sum, r.ii. irny. esse, fui ],,. 
 summa. \,f. wJude.'S ;,i„, 
 
 Set *"^^' "'°^* ""^-S: 
 
 ::?nsi:K;er^ — 
 
 "S:S,re-a.>ove. 
 
 ^"SSt.'--p4-^^-^' - 
 
 suspect, surmise ' 
 
 sustento. v a ^ 
 support. ^' ■*'^' -•'^^»°>. 
 
 *"?iS^?' Vr- 2' «»«"^"i. susten- 
 
 hS'ifl^'"'^''"-'^'^'. withstand, 
 noid one 3 ground. 
 
 Sflus, pron. rrjiex. ids (her their) 
 oy>'n',n.pl,r. his (her te 
 own property. ' "-"^ 
 
 29 
 
 JSiea. 1,/ bar. 
 
 S!i!'aSsr'^'^"^'-^-^. 
 
 tametsi, r./. ronj. although 
 tandem. «,/,.. at lengtl,. ^ 
 
 tantum, o^/r. so much orlv 
 
 a^imr"^)^"^'--^-^^^ 
 
 n?o?e%llV^^- °' *^^'^«' 
 hide. ' ' ^'^^'^^» cover, 
 'am/a, „. weapon, mi..ilc. 
 
 tSmn 1 .' : ^''^' lashness. 
 st"rm ' ' ^- "**"' '^'^^t'"''-. 
 season, crisis, eniergencv 
 
 keep, clieck, keep back. 
 tento, v.a. 1, -avi .atum trv 
 
 ate,„pt /V.,.;fteS ^' 
 tenuis, adj. weak, 
 tergum. 2, «. back. 
 Jen-a.l,y; land, earth. 
 
 tSfy"-'-"^'-^*"^'««''ten, 
 
 *T,^'!y:; 1' f'-^'iten, terrify. 
 -" '/• 01 terreo. "^ 
 
 te'S •^' "/• -^"«' ^^'^'•»'- '''■-■a^I. 
 
 testimfinium 2 n <.,•; i 
 testOdo, T' /•' iX Tl ■ 
 tesfn.U ''^ ■',.' tortoise, 
 ttstudo, a military device 
 ^eeon Bk. v. d.s. ix. lo xj.^* 
 ^. 10, and illustrations ' " 
 
 ;;.ead, J^r for (in this sense 
 
 timlde, adi\ timidly. 
 
 timor, 3, ,«. .6ris, fear, dread 
 
 *1ift'nn ^'. «»«*<»«. BUblatum. 
 
 J'tfc up, raise, remove, weiuh 
 
 ,„ii"^^'«'-). t'ike in hand. ^' 
 
 nKatSis'^nfor-'''-'"^ 
 
 ♦v«5 ' ''^- '^^"''s, beam. 
 Inn /'■"• •''' *''adldi, tradltuni 
 
 tradflco ..«. 3, traduxi, traduc- 
 turn, lead across mnvo., . 
 (trans-duco) ' ^•^'''■™'' 
 
 traiectus. 4, 77J. crossing, passage. 
 
30 
 
 CA^SAK'S GALLIC WAU— BOOKS IV., V. 
 
 ^^m.:: 
 
 mir- 
 
 H',. 
 
 traicio, f.rt. 3, traicere, traiSci, 
 traiectum, pierce tliiou..li, 
 transfix (trans-iacio). 
 
 tranquillltas, S,/. -atis, calm. 
 
 trma, j>rrj> Mfth ace. across, on 
 the far side of. 
 
 transeo, v.a. and «. 4, irm, 
 transivi or transii, transltum 
 cross. ' 
 
 transffiro, v.a. 3, irm/. transferre 
 
 tranatflli, transiatum, Ijiar 
 
 across, carry over. 
 transflgo, v.a. 3, transfixi, trans- 
 
 fixum, pierce throiigli, transii x. 
 transitus, 4, m. crossing', passa.'c 
 transmarlnus, aJJ. from across 
 
 the sea, imported. 
 transmissus, 4, m. crossing 
 transporto, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum 
 
 convey across. 
 Transrtignanus, «f/;-. livi g across 
 tlie Rliine. 
 
 trgcenti, card. num. tliree hun- 
 dred. 
 
 trepido, !•.». 1, -avi, -atum, be in 
 a panic, be in a hurry. 
 
 tres. card. num. trium, three. 
 
 tribOnus, 2, m. officer, tribune, 
 teee Intro, p. xxiii. 
 
 tribuo, v.a. 3, tribui, tribQtum, 
 assign, pay. 
 
 *5j*^*'™' ^' "• payment, tribute. 
 
 triduum, 2, n. space of three da^■s 
 
 trlennium. 2, // space of three 
 years. 
 
 trfni, dlst. num. three eacli 
 
 tripertlto, adv. in three divisions 
 
 tnplex, adj. triplicis, threefold. 
 
 triquetrus, adj. triangular. 
 
 truncus, 2, m. trunk. 
 
 tueor, V. dep. 2, tuitus sum, 
 guard, defend. 
 
 turn, adv. then, at tliat time. 
 
 tftmultus, 4, m. disturbance, con- 
 tusion, rising. 
 tilmtilus, 2, m. a mound, 
 turma, ],/. squadron of cavalry. 
 
 oee Intro, p. xxii, 
 turpis, adj. disgraceful, base. 
 turns, 3,/. tower. 
 ttltUB, adj. safe. 
 
 U 
 
 Ubi inlfrrou. ndv. or r,f. covi 
 
 where, wiien. 
 ulciscor. ,'. d,'p. 3. ultus sum. 
 
 take vengeance on. 
 
 ullus, adj. ulliua, any (after a 
 
 negative or ef^uivalent of a 
 
 negative). 
 
 ulterior, mlj. comp. -Oris, fartlier. 
 
 ultlmus, ar//. Hupn-I. farthest. 
 
 most distant, last. • 
 ultro, adv. moreover, of ones 
 
 own accord. 
 WWatus. 4, m. y,.ll, war-cry. 
 una, adv. togetlier. 
 unde, hUcrroij. adv. or rel. coni 
 whence. •'' 
 
 undgclmus, ord. num. eleventh 
 undlque, adv. from all parts, on 
 all sides. 
 
 Qnlversus adj. all together, all, 
 
 the whole, 
 flnus. unlus, card. num. one 
 
 alone. 
 usque, adv. continuously; witli 
 
 ad, right up to. 
 flsus, 4, m. use, advantage, ex- 
 perience, 
 ut, iiti, rel. conj. so that, in order 
 
 that, as. See App. II. 
 fiter. utra. utrum. utrlus. rel ami 
 
 mterroy. pron. which of two 
 flterque, utraque, utrumque, 
 
 pron. each of two. 
 Gtilis, adj. useful, 
 utmtas. 3,/ -atis, expediency. 
 Ctor, V. dep. 3. usu^ sum, use, 
 
 enjoy (with ahl.) 
 utrimque, adv. on both sides 
 uxor, 3,/ -cris, wife. 
 
 Vacatio, 3, / -finis, exception, 
 
 ireedom from service 
 vaco, t).«. 1, -avi, .atum, lie 
 
 waste, 
 vadum. 2, «. shallow, ford. 
 vagina, 1,/ sheath. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 or rrl. conj, 
 
 ultus Bum, 
 
 I. 
 
 ny (nft«'r a 
 •aleiit of a 
 
 iris, fartlier. 
 I- fartiiest, 
 
 '". of ones 
 
 ,'ar-cry. 
 
 ir rel. conj. 
 
 elcventli. 
 1 parts, oil 
 
 ?etlier, all, 
 mim. one, 
 sly; with 
 ntage, ex- 
 it, in order 
 11. 
 
 IS, rel. .111(1 
 of two. 
 itrumque, 
 
 ediency. 
 Bum, use, 
 
 sides. 
 
 xception, 
 turn, lie 
 rd. 
 
 ValleB, 3, / valley. 
 I«!i^' ^' "• 'impart. 
 'T:^: ^' ■«*». variety, 
 
 "^t^-l^taS^' -'^-- '- 
 
 Hf& ^' ";.^«c«gaiiB. tax. 
 
 vectlgaiis, adj. tributary 
 vectSnus. a,lj. for transport. 
 vel, conj. either, or 
 
 S£' V -"^ ^^viftne.ss. 
 veioclter, adv. swiftly 
 
 vfS*""' •^' 2'- -^ri^' hunter, 
 vendo. ..„. 3, vendidi. venditum, 
 
 ventito, ?..«. 1, .avi .^tum 
 
 ventus, 2, »«. wind, 
 verbum, 2, n. word 
 
 ;^!°;«^^^- truly, but indeed, 
 verso t;. a. i, .ayj, .atom treat 
 
 deal alternately with ' 
 
 versor. v. dep. 1, .atus sun, be 
 
 among, go among. ' 
 
 v§ru8, adj. true, 
 verfltum, 2, 7,. javelin. 
 
 vespens, evenmg 
 vest^um. 2, .. footprint, traee. 
 
 vestltus, 4, m. clothing. 
 
 bkl.""- ^' ^'*"'' ^««*'^. for. 
 vetuB, «,(/. vetgris, old 
 vexo, v.a. 1, -avi, -atum, harass. 
 
 81 
 
 Stor*^ ^^'/P^''' j°""^«y- 
 
 v1^«U'*^i"'' "'""•^' t"rn; in 
 vicem, 111 turn. 
 
 vIcSni, (/w^ „,„„. twenty each 
 vlcie^s. viciens, .„,„. ^.rtJvtty 
 
 victor. 3, m. -Sria, conqueror- 
 adj. victorious. l"«'or, 
 
 vlctSria, ].y. victory. 
 
 vjcus, 2, m. village. 
 
 video, I- a. 2, vidi, visum, see- 
 Pa^^. seem ; /;npnw. visum eat' 
 It seemed good *' 
 
 "^S'*' ^'/^ 'v^t^J'- wakefulness 
 >See on i!k. iv. ch xxiii 2 
 
 'Iweity.'""' '""«• ■^■''^-^• 
 
 vinco, v.a. 3, vici. victum. con- 
 quer, prevail. ' °" 
 
 vincaium, 2. «. chain, 
 vinum, 2, n. wine, 
 vir, 2, m. a man. 
 
 Virgo, 3,/ vlrglnis, virgin 
 virtus, 3, / v^atis, nfaniines, 
 courage valour, merit. '' 
 
 VIS, d,/. force, violence, might- 
 
 J^/«r. vires, strength. ^ ' 
 vita, ],/ life. ^ 
 
 vix, adv. scarcely 
 v8co, v.a. I, -avi, -atum call 
 summon. ' ^"» 
 
 'To&i'^' '• ■"*«• -^». rsh. 
 
 vdluptas, 3 / -atis, pleasure, 
 vox, 3.y. vScis, voice, 
 vulgo, rt(/('. commonlv 
 
 Mound. «.uuui, 
 
 vulnus 3, n. vulnfiris, wound • 
 'n plur. casualties. 
 
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 LATIN 
 
 Vlperll— Aeneld. Book I. 
 
 VlPSU— Aeneld. Book II. 
 
 CoPnellUS NepOS. Lives of Themistocles, Aristides and Hannibal' 
 
 Caasap's Oallio Wap. Book I. 
 Cassap's Gallic Wap. Books IV. and V. 
 Caasap's Invasions of Bpltaln, 
 CloePO— The Flpst Catiline Opatlon. 
 
 GREEK 
 Xenophon's Anabasis. Book I. 
 
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