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 AD. 494 
 
 THE 
 
 A;D. 18&7 
 
 OF O* 
 
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 GREAT BRfTAIN 
 
 NOTES ON A GENEALOGICAL CHART 
 
 ISSUED IN COMMEMORATION OF T,HE SIXTIETH YEAR OF 
 
 HER MAJESTY'S R^EIGn! 
 BY 
 J. K. I 
 
 The Comparative Sy 
 
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 ONE greatielement of value to the historical student is that the his- 
 tory to .which he devotes his attention |hall possess such a con- 
 tinuity over long periods, as shall allow^f the development of 
 
 national charactercomparatively undisturbed b/violent foreign influ- ' 
 ence, so that he may trace upwards from causes to their resultant effectsT 
 The history of no other country possesses this element more completely . 
 
 - than that of Britain, and therein largely lies its value as an educa- 
 tional instrument. Its story written by practictically contemporary 
 
 .-^i^onans reaches back unbroken to a period when the power of Rome 
 • was=lit4^ height, and the fact that at least four diverse nationalities 
 each practiSitog^tlie art; of letters, simultaneously recorded, the, to them 
 most notewort)hy Events in each division' of the land, enables the 
 student by comparison df^ese chronicles, to arrive with approximate 
 certainty at the truth or otW.wise of their narrative. The historian 
 
 - m most primitive communities^^ generally the tribal poet. In such 
 a rude time, he was entirely dependent (for remuneration and posi- 
 tH>o) on the patronage of the chieftain; What more natul^l, there, 
 fore, than that his energies should be beH towards the task of 
 magnifying this chieftain's grieatness and singing of hiis long descent ? 
 This we find to be the case in ^very instance, aid though the years 
 
 .may be silent in every other particular, yet wel hear always of the 
 biriih or death of princes, who to us are but th^ shadow bf a name. On / 
 this unbroken chain we come in time to h^ng tke fe^ fragments of/ 
 . history whi«Jh survive oblivion, and is the period comte nearer to 01 
 own, the habit remains, until the line of kingiy ^ames is the nude 
 around which our knowledge of history centreal Keeping this « 
 in mind; the value of this chart will be apparent. | It shows the 01 
 and date of succession of every monarch who has -eigned in liheQi^on 
 Kmgdoi4 of Wessex, from which sprang Ecgbeifit, down to 
 Victoria. Also the line of Scottish monarchs fr^ Fergus 
 the leader of the immigrant Scots down to James ^, Whe^^ ' 
 two crowns in his own person in 1603. During the' loig p^™u w 
 fourteen hundred years, monarchy has existed practicatfy uijhrol^m 
 Bntain^d can be studied in all its phases; now as repi^sentinir a 
 
 potic, aod yet again constitutidW. An inst^utic/ to intimately 
 
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 associated with all the struggles and attainments of a great people^ 
 must inevitably possess an attraction of supreme importance, and con- 
 sequently a presentation of the facts relatlVp to it must appeal most 
 strongly to a nation which honors itself by the affection it displays to 
 that illustrious House which represents the (KJcupants of its highest I 
 dignity from immemorial time. In the following pages it is prdposed;' 
 to furnish the student with an outline of the facts which more closely 
 relate to the genealogical history and succession of the Royal Houses, 
 and in this mariner provide a framework for the more minute details 
 which it is his duty to accumulate for himself. Before proceeding to 
 do this, an explanation of the chart itself will not be out of place. 
 IiUooking at it, the broad column to the leftrhand contaiasthe names 
 of all the monarchs of Wessex and, England, until the death of 
 Elizabeth. The corresponding column on the right in like manner 
 records the kings of Dal Riada and Scotland until James VI., wlio in 
 1603 ruled over both kingdoms, which his descendants have coi^tinued 
 to do until the present tiifle. The subsidiary columns and connections, 
 shew, either the descent of important collateral brrfches of the reign- 
 ing House, or are necessary more clearly to define the genealogy of the 
 monarchs themselves. The deep red line indicates the direct descent 
 of Her Majesiy Queen Victoria and by following it downwards her 
 connection with the Saxon. Norman, Scottish and Celtic dyifeties 
 may be clearly discerned. The length of each reign is shewn by the 
 space it occupies in the column, which is absolutely determined by the 
 time scale which forms the border qi the chart The dates, (when 
 obtainable) are also inserted. The coats-of-arms shew the develop- 
 ment the Royal Arras have undergone from the Conquest until to-day, 
 and in Iheir peculiaivlanguage tell the story of territorial acquisition,' 
 pretension or loss, as forcibly to the initiated as can be done by more' 
 generally understood methods. /" 
 
 Although the line of descent is never broken, the moriarcbs are 
 spoken of as belonging to different Houses at different periods, in co?j- 
 Bequence of the marriage of an heiress to a consort of another name, 
 or for some other reason, which will be explained as occasion arises.* 
 These Houses are distinguished by change of color, and their names 
 are given in letters of the same color, at, or near the date when the 
 first monarch of the House commences his reign. With these few 
 directions as to the use of the cfiart, we will proceed with our notes 
 on the Houses, commencing at the bottom with the Kings of Wess ex. 
 
 •nd^pfoceedittjir upwards with both EnpsB and Scottish Hojises untlT 
 
 mi 
 
 sti t ^w 
 
 
^* 
 
 HOUSE OF WESpiX. 
 
 ^ere situated near the nvers Rhine and Elbe were of frfin,i*.nf 
 
 omcial, Count of the Saxon Shore, whose title clearly indicated hia 
 On tt; ZT "^nK":'^' "-" «— • or Dux^BritCrut 
 tory plundermg expeditions resolved themselves into a definite 
 bymSr"'"^' ""' r'"^""'"'^ ■^"«- '"•-• "'though tn„:n 
 fsed by the genealogy of the kings of the so-ealled Heplarchv wh,. 
 
 Woden Th., fa^t « one of supreme importance to keep m mYnd 
 while studying the peri«l anterior to Ecgbert, a» it was one which 
 shaped thewhole polity of the Saxon kingdoms and ^.e'fuUy redt 
 theirnnion under that king. Nearly at the close of tl|iu,«lZ',t 
 expedition^ ,n all respecto similar to many which hXuTd a per 
 manent lodgement on the east and south-east coast, came Z Lhor 
 
 Urd^ son of Elesa, claiming descent in the 10th degree from Woden 
 ^district in which he found himself was a stronghold of the nXe 
 
 st^X .^Klr-^"" ""T^ "' '"' invade/was excep i'X 
 
 le BriUsh t ?"""■■ '"'"''''■■■ '■'"' •''» «™"»< »»« overcame 
 
 the British m several engagementa. until, a strong re-info,cement 
 
 arrived under the leadership of his relatives Stuff and WhC 
 
 tt WestZonT"7""'°1'r'=^^ '" "^'"^ "-« '"""datZS 
 the West Saxon Kingdom, and became its fiiBt kine in 494 I„ ^ji 
 
 thoTT't ,??"«"-«• ''™-"'" "'-vareig„tf,rpc!Ln wfit 
 the latter held in connection with Cynrie, the son and succes^ff 
 
 Ce.-d,cunt.l his death in 644. From these small beginning.^^„t 
 
 grew thepowerflu state of Wessex, whose rulers wefe by a»tnblton "^i 
 
 their order of descent and succession, as tk^is given n^or. cle Jjf;; 
 
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 the chart than can be done in any other manner. We will therefore 
 outline the chief movements which governed the succession and 
 tended to mould the destwes of the kingdom. PJaced as she was. 
 with the independent British territory for her northern and western 
 frontwr Wessex was given an opportunity of expansion, which was 
 denfed to the more easterly Saxon states; they being debarred from 
 extending their area except at the expense of a kmdred people 
 .Unending wars also kept alive the old martial spirit, and fitted the 
 west Saxon to grasp an opportu^ity when it was offered him In the 
 reign <,f Ceawlin the aggrandisement of Wessex went on rapidly 
 All the chief cities of the west fell before hito as far north as Uricon- 
 ium, near the modern Shrewsbury. 
 
 By these victories, Ceawlin gained the title of Bretwalda. being 
 ' second in the list of eight kings given by Bede as having assumed it 
 The earliest was Aella of Sus-sex. by whom it was first used after the 
 fall of Anderida (Pevensey), when a Urge number of Caltic Britons 
 came under Saxon rule. The origin of the title i^ of considerable 
 interest, being probably a reminiscence of the office held by that great 
 itaperial officer the Dux Brittaniarum. It is certain that the Cymric 
 leaders after the Roman withdrawal, wtt^ called '' Wledig" from the 
 fact^hat this word exactly translated the Latin " Dux," and it is highly 
 probable that Bretwalia was in like manner a Saxon synonym for 
 the Celtic " WlerJig," as we only find the title applied to kings who 
 hy thei'r^ extensive acquisition of territory, would naturally hold a 
 large natiye population under their sway, so becoming Briton Wielder 
 or Bretwa^a. * 
 
 This wfts the farthest limit of conquest ever reached by Wessex 
 for in 684 she suffered' a crushing defeat at Fethanleag in Cheshire in 
 which Cuthwine and Cutha, the son and brother of Ceawlin were 
 slain and many of her recent acquisitions lost. 
 
 But a most important change was about to happen to the kingdom 
 This was to be effected by the introduction of Christianity. St. 
 Augustine commenced his missionary labora in Kent, A.D. 696, and 
 from Canterbury a6 a centre, the' new teaching rapidly spread' over 
 the land. In 635, Cy^egils of Wessex was baptised with many of hia 
 people, and in a very short time the Pagan Saxon bedame the dutiful 
 son of the Church. ^ strong a fascination did the monastic life 
 possess for the recently, converted men of Wessex, that we find 
 Ceadwalla and Ine, two pf ther-most energetic and powerful of her 
 B oye i-eigns , r eai gn i ag t h e < y o wH-wfaenat tiie height of theft prospeH^^ 
 and retiring into the seclusion of the cloister. 
 
 r555t. 
 
I 
 
 Kent b»d Wiy fallen from the pre-eminence ihe 6nc/p<«erted 
 «.d for n.«y KeBerationa wa. under the domination of ttwTrtn 
 
 .ab-k,nK8 of thi house of Cerdic. Thi» Kentiah broneh wm p™li6c in 
 
 ddS. h» """"k"* '^"''"'' "'•' I"» •»"" belonged ti^« 
 did Ecgberht, .n whoae hand, at the cloae of thi, period were to te 
 
 • C .K "™ "' ^"'"' K"'"-""™* throughout tTelald 
 
 ot weaeex, either jomtly or alone. . Of these, three abdicated- vi» 
 Centw,ne. Ceadwalla and Ine: one, Ceawlin, waa depC^t^' 
 Sjseberht and Cynewulf .were aaaaaain.t«l ; one, B Kc Z 
 a«.dentally pcaoned ; two, Cutha.and Cuthwine were alain n batuT 
 The succession lay in the male line of Cerdic, theiing be°n^Zted', 
 by the great council f™,n among these mal4 Thf rfgtbt^^ 
 unbroken all through Saxon times, and waa only depaJ ^1 whe' 
 the nation was tottering to its fall in the time of H«^ld k 
 
 SAXON HOUSE OF ENGLAND. I ■ 
 
 whii^' «"!"',"'''";<"' of 'I" Teutonic States of England wi a process 
 which had begun long before the time of Ecgberht, the HeptlX 
 h-^»g only e„sted in fact for a very short^riod. Changri^ 
 ^continually going on ever since the settlement, and in Z7y^r 
 SOathere were in real^ut three independent Sax» statL tC 
 Zl^ TTk" r""!"" ^^^'"''''elmingly the moat powerfuT^ We^ 
 wiU, ito tnbutan^. Kent and Sussex; and the noittem kingdor„f 
 
 wh i^^i'T,. ^ •"''"■='" ""« °f England wa, the principL f«t^r 
 which led to the supremacy of the Wessex king, and it is necesea^ 
 briefly outline it properly to appn«iate this it portant eZ^Tn "^^ht 
 solution of our history. The ruling families in Kent, Su.s« W^t 
 Mercia. E Anglia De,™ and Bemicia, all claimed die"; W.' 
 common ancestor Woden, and in consequence of this fact, it had iL 
 accepted „ a pohUl law in all these countrie.,. that altho^hl^ 
 fortunes of war might give a tempomry supremacy ^» orSom 
 over "oother the monarch -was never dispo^essed of b^LrZfZ 
 allowed to rehun it as sub-king. acting for the conqueror. ThTtal 
 world presented an entirolv new ,JrZ.t »» .k. 1°°""- "e Saxon 
 r.;„*i. • T ""v ""w aspect at the commencement of the 
 
 mnth centuiy. a vaat change had taken plice in the terttarij 
 
 3r • '■''.l""r ''"'~'^-'°« »«"• -ode-cendantof ttt"M 
 Wm.^^e, h r on..rf y o f the k in ^o .„^^^ tt^^ 
 
 Weeaex. Wighff. an usurper ruled ova- He^ja. wiul» Nolibumbrii 
 
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 waa^the sport of advfenturors and the spene of wildest ajnarchy Every- 
 thirrg was tlTerefore favorable to the ng^ndiseipent of an ambitious 
 ruler of the line of Cerdic, and Ec^berht proved capable of taking 
 advantage of these opportunities. After reigning twenty-five years 
 h« could with truth call hlmSelf King of England, (which titte he was' 
 first to assume) and Bretwftlda. The kingdom thus found«d lasted for 
 mor^than two centuries, with no^break tn the ^uccessfoii of his 
 descendants, excepting for 32 y^ars duTinr<*^ Dani^k occupaj^on, 
 It. would be a tttsk beyond that which we hav* prop6Be& outline 
 .thepersoni^l characteristics of the sixteen monarchs of this p^ruKi 
 and we would content ourselves with indicating the Iforcos which led- 
 to the important dynastic changes shewn on the chart. 
 ' The word Norteman is one whicW overshadows thcu-history of - 
 Europe during this period. From Dublin to Constantinople he carried 
 th* raven flag, creating .lisiriay before and leaving a waste behind 
 First ^ pagan Dane, and alifctle later, w^on as Nbrman he re-appears 
 decked with a veneer of Latin civilization, he is the ever-present factor 
 which went to m^ke or n,ar the reputation of these SaXon kings 
 Growing luxury and wealth had produced their usual • effect on the 
 noble classes, and Eadred, Eadwig and Aethelred U. we«e totally 
 unfitted to lead against a fierce and hardy foe. On the death of 
 Aethelred; so. low had fallen the state, that Cnut was able toreign 
 .undisturbed and bequeath the throne to hie sons This Danish con- 
 quest; Ijowever, was.h.*rdly more than an episode and does not call - 
 for more sjiecial uptice, yOf much gr^ate*- importance from its far- "^ 
 reaching consequences, was the marriage of Aethelred It to Bmma 
 .daughter of Duke Ric>>ard I. of Normapdy. This was the beginning 
 of that intercourse with the race which was destined to overthrow the 
 Saxon rule. On the death of Aethelred. Emma marriea Cnut, and by 
 hita had a son Harthacnut, who succeeded. Harold I. During the 
 Danish occupation, Eadweard, son of Aethelred bv his first wifeAelflaed 
 had resided at the court of Normandy, and on his recall to occupy the 
 throne of England. cAme over imbued with admiration for all things 
 Norman, AllegeJ proip^s made to William formed the pretext for 
 the latter'j invasion in 1066. Eadw^rd died childless, and the direct 
 heir of q^rdic's house was Eadweard, son of Edmund Ironsides The 
 Danish rule had y^eakened the idea of confining the succ^sion to the 
 ancient line, and the Witenagemo't in exewsising its right t> elect a 
 Bbccessorto the dead king, recognized that a stron g h and w.« tv^qujred 
 ~6o j^rolect the country at this dangerous juncture Its choice fell on 
 
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 y Harold Go-iwinsaon. Earl of Wcsaex. who waaby fartho most power- 
 fbl nobltfiji England. He was of Anglo-Danish ex tnictiou; his mother^ 
 Gytha being a great grand-daughter of Hardd of Denmark while hid 
 father. God win, was "a relative t)f that Edrie Streona. earl T)f Mercia 
 who had acted the part of king-maker in the reigns -of Eadjiiund and 
 ^ CnH|;. Harold was made ki^ig, but his hands weYe too fully occupied 
 with the sword to grasp the sceptre. He- fell, after a display of 
 unavailing br.ivery, on Senlnc'ffill and William of Normandy founded 
 his kingdom upon the ryins of a Teuto^iic dynasty which had xnled 
 in England for more then five centuries. " W 
 
 \. HOUSE OF J^QRMANDY. 
 
 As wd indicated in a preceding note, the Norman was the moefc 
 remarkable development which the Middle Ages produced.And In many 
 respects he stands unique amid all the ages. Tn five generations the 
 barbaroud sea rover, during his residence in that province which Jie ' 
 had wrested froin the French king; had attained the highest pitch of 
 -the then known civilization »nd presented the pattern upon whi«hall 
 Christendom strove to model itself. Hq waMtho best fighting man in 
 Eiifope and the ^xamplar of that chivalry which in spite of.tfll extra- 
 vagances. d^«^ and did such remarkable deeds. Not Britain alone 
 but many other lands. l)owed beneath his ei^-clad Kand, but of all 
 .his conquests it was at once the^nast important and most permanent. 
 ^Four kings of pure Norman blood occupied the throne in sqccession, 
 /tiSing their power as they willed, unchecked in any way. Tlie win- 
 ditittn of thgSaxon population was wretched in the extreme. During 
 the usurpation of Stephea, they were ground between the upper and 
 nether millst<i)nes, as the adherents of Henry «nd himself harried the 
 land through(i)ut its length and breadth. So bad was their plight that 
 it was commonly said " that Christ and his saints all slept." But a 
 brighter era \jras about^to dawn, when a representative of their own 
 royal race' should wear the crown in the person ^f Henry II, It will 
 be remeii^beref that Malcolm IH. of Scotland married Margaret the 
 grand-daughter of EdmtfndIronsid^.s. Henry I fully recognizing the 
 necessity of pa|;ifying his Saxon subjects, married Matilda, the offspring 
 of this match,! and by her had two children, WiHiam, who was lost 
 with the Wh^te Ship, and Matflda, who married the Emperor of ' 
 Germany. On the death of the latter she married Geoffrey 6f Anion, 
 an d H en ry J L^being th e chiHeft ht a n n iofa; united i H hiffiselft ^ — 
 
 Saxon and Norman lines. The badge of Geoffrey was the broom 
 
 ■«".! 
 
 ^ 
 
 J 
 
 ""^^ 
 
 
ij-^sV'jjN 
 
 
 E. 
 
 fe 
 
 Si* 
 
 ;4 
 
 
 « 
 
 10 
 
 * ^ 
 
 plant, " planta genista," and from thi^ fact Henry and his descendants 
 are known by the name of Plantagenet. 
 
 The most important change effected by the conquest was the 
 inauguration cf the feudal system in its entirety, which resulted in 
 the overthrow of that old system of land-tenure upon which the Saxon 
 constitution had been based, and created a privileged class who arro- 
 gated to themselves all the functions which had been the common 
 heritage of the Saxon freeman, ailfid left him bereft of the rights of a 
 citizen until the exigencies of later monarchs enabled him to 4rest 
 back piecemeal some fragments of that which he had lost. The rule of 
 the Norman kings was an unmitigated tyranny without a redeeming 
 feattjire to soften its aspeijity. The long line of Plantagenet kings 
 will lee the beginnings of constitutional toonarchy, small in themselves, 
 but an earnest of greater things to come. 
 
 ' HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET. 
 
 This period is in many respects the most interesting and import- 
 ant of any in our history, las between the reigns of Henry U. and 
 Richard II., the English genius commenced to mould the shape into 
 which the constitution was eventually to be cast, and the nation's work 
 in later times consisted rather in seeing that it developed regularly in 
 the mianner now laid down, than in materially altering its form. In 
 the time of John, the nation fully realized what were its wants and 
 aspirations, and embodied them in the Charter wrung from that king. 
 In after days they no longer pressed for a return to the laws and 
 ^^ages of the Confessor, but boldly called upon the kings to fufil the 
 promises made by their ancestors ^d confirmed at their own corona- 
 tion. At this time also was displayed in a marked manner the great 
 absorptive power of the SaxOn, which operated so rapidly that those 
 Nj^rmans who could hesitate in the matter of a choice of rulers 
 be^Nveen the Fi-ench King and a prince of Angevin race in the reign 
 of John, had become so anglicized in the time of Ed««rd III. as to 
 , ^ory in n war^ the object of which was the annexation of France to 
 the island realm The careePof foreign conquest which was the 
 dream of all the energetic kings of this line, also foreshadows that 
 later time, when in fields more distant than Scotland or France, the 
 Saxon should push on from victory to victory until his dominion be- 
 cause world-wide in extent But these aspects of the period, although 
 
 Eiiii^ mterest, «te not cOmiB so nearly within the scope of our sketch 
 a# to warrant a more detailed account. Cteaealogically coniidered, 
 
 
 :#.\«. 
 
11 
 
 the points of ^eatest moment are the decisions given^ by Edward I 
 in the dispute regarding the Scottish crown and the foreign marriages 
 which were characteristic of thesfe princes. We will turn our attention 
 to the first. In awarding the crown to Bailiol, Edward laid down as 
 a law of succession " that, although a female could not inherit the 
 throne, her eldest male descendant could do so ; the rule of primo- 
 geniture applying in the case of the female." The abrogation of this 
 rule, at the end of the period was the primary cause of the Ware of 
 York and Lancastpr, and williH^xpifained injletail whpn we tre^t 
 of these Houses. ^^ 
 
 The growth of the continental dominions of the English kings 
 begins with Henry II. Already possessing Normandy, Maine, Anjou 
 and Touraine as a heritage received from his parents, his marriage with 
 Eleanor added Poitou, Saintonge, Limousin, Guienne and Qascony to 
 his fiefs. Compared with those of their great vassals, the territories 
 immediately ruled by the kings of France were small in extent, jess 
 fruitful and less^ valuable. So strong, however, was the bon^ W 
 feudalism, Miat no attempt was made to break away from the obliga- 
 tions it imposed until a shadowy pretext was supplied by the failure of 
 a direct heir to the French crown. Edward II. had married Isabel of 
 Valois, who was sister to Charles \S . In 1328. that monarch died 
 without issue, and ^ward III., as son of Isabel, claimed the crown 
 by right <rf his mother, and as being the nearest male kin to the 
 deceased ; in this manner applying the famous dictum of Edward I. 
 But he found no support in France, where an alleged Salic law was 
 disinterred from among the annals of the Merovingian kings, by 
 which it was declared that the succession to the French crown could 
 not lie in the female line. Unable at that time to press hjs claim, the 
 matter was allowed to sleep and Edward did homage to Philip for his 
 continental fiefs. In 1337, however, feeling secure at home, he adopted 
 the title " King of France," and by his invasion of that country during 
 the next year, commenced the struggle known as the Hundred Ywrs' 
 War. . 
 
 lilore valuable and permanent, though less immediately dazzling 
 than the acquisitions on the continent, were the conquests of Ireland 
 mid Wales. The former took place under Henry IL and the letter 
 under Edward I. Both territories added fresh titles to scions of the 
 jallpgHi?H^thftdigDity ol'lXordijflr elaad'A b e ing^ w^^^ 
 
 OPQU John : and that of Prince of Wales on the infant son, of ^wM 
 t about 1^86. In summing up this brilliant perioNji of 9^ 0(fttiop»I 
 
 fra 
 
 ,/■• 
 
 
 ^' s:, „»i -^.f* 
 
■■4.-.t 
 
 
 / 
 
 12 
 
 life we would draw attention to the face that the large measure of 
 freedom which was the birthright of every Englishman above the 
 rank of villem, wa« the great factor wMjjh enabled these monarchs to 
 achieve great victories with such seemi^ly inadequate means. The 
 vital difference between the armies of England and France, was. that 
 with the exception of the privileged class of the nobility or chivalry 
 the forces of the latter consisted of a dispirited rabble who fought 
 because they must, while in the former, although Edward might 
 grasp at the crown as a French noble, each man at arms who followed 
 ^hjs banner, drew his bow as in a national quarrel and for a land in 
 Whichjiehad^an Inviolable individual interest. The deposition of 
 Edward II and Richard II. tends to show how little inclined was the 
 nation to brook tyranny or incompetence on the pari; of its rulera 
 In striking contrast to this was the fact that the idea of the necessity 
 of electing a successor on the death of a monarch was rapidly dying 
 out. A tacit acquiescence in the rule of hereditary succession wJs 
 taking Its place, and though the maxim that "the king cannot 
 
 r*K^ !;? ^ l^^"" *™'' ^^ ^"^ ««° ^°"°^^°g ^^^^^^ in the cases 
 of the la^t four-kings without any questions arising as to the claims 
 ot other members of the royal family. 
 
 Tlie ^ign of Henry III. which lasted 66 years, was one of the 
 longest m 6ur annals, having only been exceeded in duration by those 
 of George III. and Victoria. We must now leave the Plant4enets 
 with the deposition of the unpopular Richard, at which period the 
 intrusive Lancastrians usurp the throne and pave the way for the 
 sanguinary struggle of the Wars of the Roses. 
 
 YORK AND LANCASTER. 
 
 We closed our sketch of the Plantagenet kings with the deposi- 
 tion of Richard and the usurpation of Henry IV. The events which 
 led up to this crisis are outside our province, so we will not enlarge 
 upon them, but proceed to explain the complications which caus^ 
 that Penod of civil strife called the Wars of the Rosea Richard III 
 being childless, the succession lay with the descendants of his grand- 
 father Edward III This king had five sonS. all of whom left issue with 
 the exception of the second. Richard himself was the only child of the 
 Black Pnnce therefore the children of the third son Clarence were 
 the natural heirs." in such an eventuality as had «r,\i»r, Rq^.^, 
 Mortimer was the son of Clarence's daughter, and in accordance ^h 
 the dictwn pf B<}wwd I., was nominated by Richard as hia heii- 
 
 .-A&i'. 
 
 hW^EL' ^\. .'^^tjlsj'^ .L ^\ »„«'.* t, «>.^v,i 
 
 lif'iii i».^« « A 
 
 ;.-wt''t 
 
 <* 
 
-^■^. 
 
 18 
 
 *4' 
 
 apparent. John of Gaunt, the fourth son, #ii8 the ancestor of the 
 house of Lancaster, by his wife Blanche, whilfe John Beaufort, Earl of 
 Somerset, was the legitimated oflfepring of a liason between John 
 and Catherine Swinford. The fifth son, Edmund Langley, had a son 
 Richard who married the heiress of the Mortimers and so joined him- 
 self to the fortunes of the Yorkists. It will be, at once seen that 
 Henry IV. haid no shadow of hereditary right, and although Parlia- 
 ment declared his accession legal, he felt the necessity of justifying 
 his position in the eyes of the nation. In an etoly proclamation he 
 stated that he occupied the throne " as descended by right line of 
 blood from our good Lord King Henry in." That he was thus 
 derived w undoubted, as his mother was a descendant of Edmund 
 Crouchback, second son of that king. But as such an ancestry was 
 insufficient to better his title, the absurd story was promulgated, that 
 Edmund was in reality the eldest son but had been set aside on account 
 of his deformity. However weak their claim by descent may have 
 been, the two first Lancastrian kings were strong in other ways. The 
 brilliant achievements of Henry V. in France, gratified the nation and 
 enhanced the. popularity of his house. There was no party in the 
 kingdom strong enough to trouble a moparch who had eclipsed the 
 most brilliant exploits of Edwaixl III., and to whom the reversion of 
 the French Crown was promised by treaty. But Henry's career, 
 though a bright one, was of short duration ; and in that of his son 
 Henry VI, a series of reverses left the people smarting under the loss 
 of all the French provinces. Still there was peace at home, as every- 
 thing pointed to the settlement of the Yorkist claims by the accession 
 of the head of that house, when Henry, who was rapidly sinking into 
 imbecility, should have become incapable or should die, for in 1452 
 he was without a child to succeed him. Richar^, Duke'of York, was 
 the most obvious choice as his successor, as on the death of the 
 Mortimers he had inherited their claims, while on his father's side he 
 was descended from Edmund Langley. His only possible rival was 
 the Duke of Somerset, who not only labored under the disadvantage 
 of belonging to the daubtfuUy legitimate branch of the Lan- 
 castrian house, but wasif^ unpopular on account of the French 
 reversea But the birth S^MsdR to Henry in 1453 shattered th« hopes 
 oi the YorkistB. and twojreMra later. JiespMring^ of ohf-aining fhftjf- 
 
 ngBtr^ other means^ they appealed to the sword. Some early 
 successes enabled the Yorkists to dictate terms to the king, and a 
 oompromiae was effected in 1460 by which Henry was to reign during 
 
 
 d.«| 
 
 
 ^ WajB^f^j ki. 
 
i*- 
 
 Tr"^*^ 
 
 yr 
 
 
 14 
 
 Wi lifetime with reversion of the^ crown to Richard. Thig treaty 
 \frhich thrust her infant son from ihe succession, was disregarded by 
 th6 quera, and the war still went/on. Richard was slain at the battle 
 of Wak€jfield, but in the hands bf his son Edward, the rights of his 
 house Wore in ho danger of niot being enforced. The victory of 
 Towton, made Edward master bf England and after a form of popular 
 . election at Londoh, he becamfe King. His marriage with Elizabeth 
 Grey estranged many powenful supporters, and in consequence of 
 obscure ^intrigues, which it is impossible to unravel, he was driven 
 fiwm the throne in 1470 and Henry was re-instated. Edward soon 
 returned And the victories/of Barnet and Tewkesbury, nullified th^ 
 recent revolution. Benry'i son Edwar(| fell at Tewkesbury and soon 
 ^terwards Henry himself/ was murdered. Edward could now look 
 flfterywhece and find nd rii^al, and all seemed favorable to the long con- 
 tinuance of his dynasty. / But this was not destined to be, the case 
 for his son Edward perished by the hand of his uncle Richard of 
 Qloucester, and this usurper himself lost his crown and life on 
 BoSworth Field in 1485. All the blood which had been shed only 
 placed the House of Yctk upon the much coveted throne for twenty- 
 four years, and the dedth of Richard^ was the stepping-stone by which 
 the Lancastrians once more superseded the legitimate line. The 
 relations which existed between the monarch and nation were not so 
 favorable to the latter as during the reign of the later Plantageneta 
 A reaction had set in, and all the efforts of the kings were towards the 
 evasions of such checks upon the prerogative as had been forced upon 
 their predecessors during the exigencies of the Hundred Year's War. 
 The tendency was always toward a despotism, and although evj^ry effort 
 was made by the people to cling to their hardly-won privileges, the 
 process still went^n until in Tudor times hardly a vestige remained of 
 thosi) rights which had been their property under the Plantageneta 
 
 The hand 
 Richard's head 
 than that of 
 #a8 oftUed to 
 
 HOUSE OF TUDOR, 
 ►f Henry, which grasped the crown which fell from 
 
 tn Bos^orth Field, was destined to press more heavily 
 ly of his predecessor^ upon the people over wuom he 
 lie. The power of the great barons had always acted 
 Hia & detertentvto the arbitrary use of the kingly authurityv but Henry 
 tenae to the tprone when the great Houses were fallen very^low^fi^m" 
 the effects of /the Wars of the Roses, and were in no position to witfa- 
 rtaod hifl pemstent effijits to further lower their power and inflnenoe. 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 
 
W^w. 
 
 r:^H: 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 In this he Was entiriply successful, as by fine and attainder he utterly 
 crushed the last repiipSentatives of the feudal system, and bequeathed 
 a heritage to his son ^ Wy VIII. in which there Were no other powers 
 but those of the kin^ arid Church. This great institution shared the 
 fate of the baronage jat h\s hands, and the monarch became a despot, 
 difffering only from the Normans, inasmuch as he chose to carry out 
 his desires by means of a\ show of legal process, instead of by the 
 lances of men-at-arms, whiteh difference was of no benefit to those who 
 fell under the royal displeasure. In spite of th^ despotism of Henry 
 and Elizabeth, it would be\an error to think of these monarchs as 
 unpopular, for both in their ^irtues and vices they were the reflex of 
 the national character, and represented always that intense national 
 spirit whiiih was becoming characteristic of the English, since they 
 had lost their continental possessions and settled down as a purely 
 insular power. \ ■ 
 
 Having thus briefly outlined the character of the monarphy 
 during this period, we will turn our attention to the genealog^ of 
 these -Tudor sovereigns. Their name at once associates them with a 
 line of rulers, compared with whom the Conqueror was a man of 
 yesterday. ^ Among the Welsh a prophecy was well ^^ememberedi that 
 a day should come when a king of Cymric blood should once more 
 wield the sceptre of Britain, and this they held to be fulfilled when 
 Henry VII. assumed the crown. His mother was a daughter of that 
 Duke of Somerset, who w^s himself a grandson of Catherine Swinford 
 and John of Gaunt. His father, Edmund Tudor was of the ancient 
 blood-royal of Wales on the male side, being the offspring of a 
 romantic union between Owain Tudor and Catherine of France, the 
 widow of Henry V. This ancestry, however illustrious, was of smftil 
 value in adding the semblance of right to the occupation of the throne 
 by might, and Henry at once enhanced the stability of his tenure by 
 a marriage with Elizabeth, ^he heiress of the House of York; thus 
 forever blending the rival familiea The marriage of his daughter 
 Margaret to James IV. of Scotland was in after years to efifect the 
 union of the crowns of that country and England. The matrimonial 
 proceedings Of Henry VIII. shaped the destinies of England during tjie 
 reigns of MaryandElizabeth,and were instrumental in determining the 
 religions opinions ofti^ose queens. Mary was compelled to throw iij^ 
 
 "Eer Ibr with Eome, as lie IPope's refusal to declare l^er mother^s 
 ttmrriage illegal Was the only thing which made her birth legitimaiec 
 For the same reason Elizabeth was forced to eling to the Ohoich of 
 
 \ J 
 
 m 
 
 '0 
 
 
 Li.«'.,B ir ''■■»«• •" 
 
 \p'M-^h 
 
^v 
 
 
 * 
 
 i«». 
 
 16 
 
 England, as her aubmiasion to Rome would be the acknowledgement 
 of her own illegitimacy. This fact alone governed 111 lier doings 
 with. Mary, Queen of Scotland, who, in the eye8\ of all goodi 
 Catholics, was the rightful sovereign of both countries a^d Elizabeth 
 but a base-born usurper. As a matter of fact, both Mary arid Elizabeth 
 had been declared illegitimate by parliament, but a furtherWactmenfc 
 placed them in the succession, although it did not remove tL stigma. 
 Henry, by his last Will, exercised his i)ower by leaving the Wwn in 
 remamder to the children of his sister and Charles Brandon, JDuke of 
 Suffolk, a fatal legacy which led the Lady Jane Grey to thlblock 
 I^ will thus be seen that both Mary and Elizabeth reigned W no 
 shadow of hereditary right, but by a purely parliamentary\itle 
 Marj was the first woman who ever occupied the English throng in 
 her own right and thus broke through the famous ruling of Edward I • 
 which had been so often adduced to support or overthrc^ the preteL 
 sions of claimants to the crown. Mary's marriage proved unfruitful 
 and as Elizabeth remained unmarried, although many alliances had\ 
 been proposed, notably one with Edward Courteney, a grandson of 
 Edward IV., the succession was open again at her death. So great 
 however, had become the power of the monarchs that her word was' 
 sufficient to guarantee a peaceful accession to her nominee, arthough 
 he was of aUen blood, and the ruler of a state so often hostile to 
 England. 
 
 . KINGDOM OF DALRIADA, ' 
 
 The beginnings of the modern kingdoms of England and Scotland 
 present many features in common which cannot but be apparent to the 
 most casual observer. In both cases advantage was taken of the 
 retrogression of Rome, by the restless peoples who ever hovered upon 
 the frontier ready to occupy her territory when unprotected by the 
 legions, and in both cases these obscure intruders, after a long period 
 of diveree^fortune suddenly emerge and figure in history as welding 
 togethel^ the people of diverse policies into united and powerful statea 
 The middle of the fifth century saw the Eremonian Scots of 
 Ireland triumphant over .the servile tribes, and at liberty to turn 
 the* attention to other matters The shores of Galloway were verv 
 near, and the temptation was ever present to the Scots to pass over anH 
 possess the land. The country was well known, and communication 
 was frequent. . St. Patnck, th e apostle of Irelan d, had h^. Hnttntcd 
 
 wr^fiwiterae X«fie Roman Xlinaida X3asa) on 1he shores 07^^ 
 Solway, and now Ireland was to repay Albion fqr her. gift by 
 
 ^ «;» »«A'-i;»Jw il , «* , s'Kt^ »-,' ' M^ 
 
 
2»i,V(.i!^^! ie*>«i^A 
 
 17 
 
 re-introduci^ th/t Christianity which . she ^ ha<? lost during the 
 anarchy w|,ch ^^ollowed the withdrawal of the Roman legiona 
 
 fh *kT\^T,>*^** ^'^''^ ^^ «*^"°g ^^ Saxons along 
 
 the south |oast,- of Britain, Fergus MacEarc. a prince of Dal Riada 
 
 Scotknd J LikB Cerdic. he was not long unopposed, as the Picts. who 
 had beeWii najbe of terror to the Roman provincial, were consolidated 
 into a pdwerf^l state whose lands extended from t)le Pentland Firth 
 ^ ^ I fn ,^*'^**^'°«^«- Be«ide the Picts. many detached tribes 
 of Bry^onWCelts were settled (n the lowlands and promised to com- 
 plicate/the ^ohcy of the infant state not a little., tq spite of all 
 however, ta kingdom of Dalriada was strong in possession of those' 
 elements of^i vihzation. against which, mere brute forc^ rarely prevails. 
 TheyjWere phnstians of the Irish Church and the arrival of S. ^lumba 
 in 5«3. a^d his convei-son of the Picts in succeeding years very 
 mat|nanW bettered the relations between the two powers. -The 
 CuMee Church in lona. became a beacon light to the savage regions 
 1 K °r^'.f^^^^° *h« quieter times which ensued on the acceptence 
 of /Chn^iamtjf. Dalriada flourished greatly. During the period of 
 prosperity enjoyed by the Culdee Church, the annals of Dalriada are 
 nj mor^ mvolved than is customary to expect ib an account of times 
 8* relate, but on the decay of this institution they become most 
 .rpleking and the greatest difficulty is experienced in unravelliBg 
 le t^gled skein. Careful study and comparison will, however do 
 luchi and- we present the list of Dilriad kings as the result of ^h 
 Jende^vour. not claiming for it the absolute accuracy which belongs to 
 u^J^ r''-'^''''^' ^"* ^ ^'^bodying the conclusions of acknow- 
 a ool " ' ^'^ *^^" extremely difficult period. Our list com- 
 pnites 29 kings as reigning jointly or separately between the acces^ons 
 of /Fergus MacEarc and Kenneth MacAlpin, under whom the two 
 m^archies were united. From the meagre accounts of the annals it is 
 HB^ible to give details of their life or death, though it is prbbable 
 It during the period of Pictish oppression in the eighth and ninth' 
 ^ntunes. many rulers came to ».violent end. The long line passes bv 
 ^shadowy to us. as those ^im shapes which appeared to^beth 
 4nd nothing are but names." Therefore it behooves us to leave this' 
 .nod and ^t upon firmer ground. The law of tanistry ruled the 
 
 lUv^^i^^^ rru' ^ . 7 ^ v«x«„^ii uiua p«noa ana xarmto 
 
 |thp>ext This was an Insh custom by which the reigning monarch 
 J or chief, chose the .successor upon his accession and ^ated^ 
 
 . r ■ 
 
 
 
 "^mM 
 
 
jsa;^!^; 
 
 "pp! 
 
 
 > ,18 
 
 successor or tanaist with him in the goverament So deeply ini bedded 
 was this system in the national character, that even' as late {w the 
 death of Alexander III. after generations of association with S^on 
 and Norman, the law of primogeniture was little understood and' less 
 regarded." The complications which took place on the death oi that 
 king arose from this fact. We must now consider the unioi^ of the 
 Scottish and Pictish kingdom under KeUneth MacAlpin. / 
 
 CELTIC HOUSE OF SCOTLAND. ' 
 
 The unification of the Saxon States had been accomplished by 
 Ecgberht in 825, and a si mllaii result was obtained in Scotland in 844. 
 The means by which this was brought about in the latter country are 
 much more difficult to understand than in the former. It would' 
 appear from the scanty annals of Dalriada that foV many years before 
 the accession of Kenneth MacAlpin, the Pictish Kingdom, then at its 
 acme of prosperity had been paramount in the north <A Britain, and 
 the list of names given as rulers of Dalriada were mostly those of ^ 
 kings whose territories had dwindled to the narrowest possible limit 
 Yet we find Kenneth ruling over both Picts and Soots, having emerg^ 
 from obscurity into the full blaze of power, and from this date the 
 name of Pict fades from history. The very language has disappeared 
 utterly, and it is probable that their position among the peoples, and 
 the manner of their passing away must ever remain an enigma 
 Several theories have been promulgated as explaining this remarkable 
 revolution; we will present two of the more satisfactory. In the 
 Pictish kingdom succession was always in the female Hrie ; and it has 
 been supposed that Kenneth was the son of the Dalriad king Alpin, 
 by a daughter of the Pictish Royal house. This would accoutit for 
 his assumption of the kingly power over both peoples, as we know 
 that previous Pictish kings were of British and other foreign 
 parentage. 
 
 The other and more satisfactory theory is, that the Pictish 
 element, although the dominant one, was never of overwhelming ^ 
 strength. A career of steady aggression through several centuries • 
 had brought niany Celtic tribes into inharmonious connection under ' 
 their >oke, and now a confederation of these, both Briton and.Gael 
 together, under the leadership of Kenneth, had been sufficiently 
 strong to brea^ their bonds, and during the revolution to annihilate the 
 -former ralin fj^clos a B e4hi8^>frit may, the Pict ditwtppeaw <a>d t fae"^ 
 modem kingdom of Scotland is founded. The descendants of 
 
 "Aa^&CiM.^'j' ^^oifiLji. ^.p s^jsC^ts, <.„ ij 1^. * ■( 
 
 / 
 
 'f 
 
 \1t "■ I*'-,* '»/l4«fM.," 
 
19 
 
 Kenneth occupied the throne with but one interruption from his death 
 in 860 until 1040. This interruption was occasioned by the usurpa- 
 tion of Grig or Gregory as the result of a revolution in 878, during 
 which Aodh was slain. During the reign of Malcolm II. and Duncan 
 I., the Celtic state began j» feel the influence of Saxon civilization, 
 principally through the acquisition of the northern part of North- 
 umbria which had been ceded to Kenneth II. The innovations hence 
 arising proved distasteful to the old Celtic party and the consequent 
 discontent culminated in the death of Duncan and the usurpation of 
 Macbeth, the mormaer or steward of Moray. Macbeth, besides repre- 
 senting the party averse to chatjge, probably put forward his claim to 
 the throne on behalf of his wife Gruoch, who was a grand-daughter 
 of Kenneth II. In this way he. would assert the cla^m of an older 
 female line, Duncan deriving his right through his toother Bethoc 
 who was married to the lay' abbot, Crinan At his death after 'a 
 reign of seventeen years, a reaction set in, and in MalcoWCanmore, 
 son of Duncan, Scotland found a monarch under whom to resume her 
 progress along the path toward modern civilization. From the union 
 of the kingdoms under Kenneth MacAlpin until 1040, eighteen 
 monarchs sat on the Scottish throne. Of these five came to a violent 
 end, viz., Constantino I., Aodh, Malcolm I, Kenneth II. and Duncan I. 
 The system of tanistry fell into disuse about the time of Kenneth lit ,, 
 and hereafter, son follows father, but with no strict regard to primo-"^ 
 geniture for two centuries yet. 
 
 SCOTO-NORMAN HOUSE. 
 
 The middle of the eleventh century was an important epoch for 
 the Scottish kingdom as well as for England, but here the changes 
 were not violent but gradual. Malcolm III., during the reign of 
 Macbeth had been in exile, and on his accession gave lull play to his 
 admiration for the more refined civilization of the Southern Kingdom. 
 He married Margaret, sister to Eadgar Aetheling, the grand -daughter 
 of Edmund Ironsides, and consequently co-heiress with Eadgar bo the 
 Saxon Crown on the death of the;childless Co^ifessor. 0n the death 
 of the Aetheling, circa 1130, her children were the le/^timate pre- 
 tenders to the throne of England, t^feub of which the j)olitic Henry L 
 was fully aware when he marr^Pher eldest dM^hter Matilda. 
 The favor shewn to foreign ers by M alcolm and bis successors had an 
 
 Immense influence upon the destinies of his' House and kingdom. 
 Attracted by liberal grants of land many foreigners settled in the 
 
 'M 
 
 " i»'><* Si'Vs* 
 
 p. 
 
 .'^^ ^^. ►L.'Vf 
 
 
 I ' . 
 
20 
 
 \^ 
 
 country, bringing withHhem ideas and customs characteristic of that 
 Norman race, which was then the most notable in Europe. Among 
 these immigmnts was Robert Bruce, of Skelton. a follower of the 
 " Conqueror: Mrho received honors and 'estates, and grew powerful in 
 the land. Two inter-marriages with females of the royal house paved 
 the way for a descendant of this Brace in' the eighth generation to 
 ascend the Scottish throne. Two attempts were made' to arrest the 
 spirit of change by Malcolm's brother. Donald Bane, who slew Duncan 
 IL. a natural soa of that monarch and usurped the crown But he 
 was quickly deposed by Eadgar Aetheling, acting on behalf of hia 
 nephew Eadgar. after which the new order received no further cheek 
 In the lowlands, at least, a great change took place in the reJationa- 
 of the -monarch and the people. The old tribal system of land tenure 
 was abolished, and the fortunate recipients of lands received tMm on • 
 conditions which implied military service. Alexander I. may be truly 
 oalled a feudal monarch and the old Gaelic ardrigh was a thipg of tho 
 past Old customs rapidly died out. and gave place to the manners ' 
 of the Smon and Norman. At the coronation of Alexander III the 
 bards chanted the Gaelic pedigreeof the king for the last time in history " 
 It 18 curious to note, that as an offset to this the foreign settlers wer^ 
 gratified l,y the acquisition at great expense of the relics of a famous 
 satnt. Both Alexander II. and Alexander III. married English 
 pnncesses, bringing a still larger infusion of Norman blood to blend 
 with the Gaelic stock. This in the male line was fated to die out 
 with the latter king, as upon his demist, his only direct descendant 
 was the infant Margaret. Maid of Norway, his grand-daughter Her 
 death occurring while on the voyage to ScoUand, left the vacant 
 throne the object of a disputed succession. Had the law of 
 primogeniture been long established, or ^11 understood in Scotland ' 
 po difficulty could have arisen as there was no question as to the facts' 
 upon which the decision was required. The three chief claimants 
 were Robert; Bruce VI.. John Balliol and John Hastings. These were 
 descended from the three daughters of Henry. Earl of Huntingdon 
 grandson of David I. Balliol was grandson of the eldest daughter 
 Margaret ; Bruce, the son of the second. Isabella ; and Hastings the 
 grandson of the third. Ada, Balliol claimed as representing the eldest 
 child. Bruce as being one generation nearer to his kinglV ancestor - 
 ^hile fastings desired k partition of the kingdom according to the' 
 j>ld Gaelic law relating to joint hgiressefi^Edwardr when mlled hrt<r 
 
 arbitrate, gave the only decision possible, but took advantage of his 
 
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 21 
 
 position to exact such conditions from Balliol as made his rule an 
 impossibility. After a short and stormy rei^, the period closes with 
 the ignorafnious downfiill of Balliol, and eleven years of anarchy in 
 which Edward made an unsuccessful attempt to annex Scotland to 
 the En|?lish crown. Of the eleven kings of ^ this period, one only, 
 Malcolm III. came to a violent end, thus showing, that with the 
 increase of civilization had also come stability to the ruling Hou^e. 
 The great nobles had not yet acquired that power which proved so 
 disastrous to later kings. 
 
 HOUSE OF BRUCE. ^ 
 
 1 . ' ■ 
 
 The Robert Bruce who became King of Scotland was grandson of 
 . Robert Bruce, the claimdnt in 1292. Having large fiefs both in 
 ==. England and Scotland, he was in the former coSntry, partly as an 
 unwilling ally of Edward, and partly. as hostaga In 1306 he fled 
 from the English court and, almost alone, reached the Scottish border. 
 In I>umfrie8 he met' John, the Red Comyn, nephew of Balliol, who, 
 was nbw the representative of the direct line. An altercation 
 took place between them and Bruce statbetl him to death in the abbey 
 there. Having thus cleared his path of a possible rival, ho soon 
 found himself at the head of a considerable force, the country looking 
 upon him a6 a deliverer. As one of the great nobility, he occupied a 
 very different poition to the gallant Wallace, whgae family connec- 
 tions being only among the lesser gentry, found his plans for the 
 deliverance of his country frustrated by jealousies arising frpm that 
 fact Ed ward, I. marched at once to chastise his rebellious subject, 
 but death overtook him before his task was well begun. His w'eak 
 and pusillanimous son, after the dis.istrous defeat at Bannockbum 
 relinquished all idea of conquest and Bruce was allowed to occupy 
 the throne be had seized, in peace, 
 
 Robert Bruce left (me son only, who succeeded hin» as IJavid IL> 
 and on^ daughter, Maijory, by his swond wife Isabella of Mar. David' 
 wah childless, and during his lifetime the succewion was secured to 
 Marjory and her desCendaiits by special enactments, so as to guard 
 against the evils of a disputed succession. Marjory was marrieil to 
 Walter Fitzalan, the Steward of Scotland, the founder of the House of 
 Stuart^ and the child of this liiarriage ascended the throne on the 
 Hiwdt-ofBavidmlgTO.'- 
 
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 22 
 
 ' HOUSE OF STbART. 
 
 We 8AW, when conaiderioK thB House of Bruce, that on the failure 
 of heirs to. David II.. the succession was secured to the children of 
 qT J *^*"^^^''' Marjory, who was parried to Walter Fitzalan the 
 steward. The office which originated the surname of this illustrious 
 House was one of great dignity and antiquity, being the survival 
 mider a new name, of the powers exercised by the mormaers under 
 the purely Celtic regime. These mormaers had acted mor^ as allied 
 though dependent chieftains, under the Scottish kings in more ancient 
 times. ^;we frequently find thfem subscribing^ to foreign treaties in 
 company with their>er-lord. It wm therefore fitting that a reool- 
 lectrqn of these^ bfgone days Should cling arpund the name of the 
 most romantic and unfortunate of all the kingly Houses, and perhaps . 
 these very memories of the "days, viphen the mormaer led the gathered 
 clans againstthose men of Saxon tongue w|o now were all powerful 
 m Scotland, was the potent, spell whi#fever failed to rouse the 
 Highlands when a Stuart sought their aid. Be this as it may. otothe 
 death of David in 1370. Marjory's son. John. Earl of Carrick. waff 
 ^led to the throne. So detested was the name of the despised 
 Balliol, that It was deemed wise for the new kiijg to assume a more 
 auspicious rfS&e than John, and in consequence, he is known in historv 
 as Kobert II. In all. thirt<^en monarchs of this line' sat upon the 
 thronfi of^^tland and after 1603. on that of England also. Their 
 history i& ^e long romance, in which civil war, imprisonmepfc, exile 
 and sudden death occur so frequently as to become comra '" 
 
 In the earlier reigns, the great feiidat«riedi|ere so powerful 
 monarch was hard bpstead to hold a place as first among equUgpBpen 
 ensued a p«iod in which the king -jilaced himsejf. . upon much 
 higher grou^, profiting l^ the decay oi;, the feudal system, which 
 already dooniytibo nass awav a« in KncrJ-n/i k^u u„ ,^j „„ . 
 
 already doo 
 longer in t 
 controversy, 
 affected both. 
 In England, th 
 
 pass aWay an in England, held its ground muclj 
 
 m Hn«^om. Theii came that great> theologies! 
 
 ove# the tviro kingdoms, profoundly 
 
 <^'%pt Jesuits to the reigning Houses. 
 
 *. ,».7 t^^^'M^is Heily, |)oldly tiirned the movement to 
 
 his own advantalfe an<f wielded the ntew pftrt.y as a weapon for the 
 aggrandisement of the crown. Not soj the ^tuarts. With a tenacity 
 charactenstic of the race, they clung ^th^ ancient faith against V 
 people in arms, and were swept awayl towimls death and exile, bv 
 
 - a to Tf e at^ they ^wttld^ Bo t contro t 
 
 i 
 
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 28 
 
 A strange fatality dogged their footnteps throughoat three cen- 
 *'""^' P«*^^ e''**or in its violent or premature forms seemed the 
 cou^TO jheritage of the line. Long minorities, with their consequent 
 '^' if^f^^"* frequeat occurrences, and without doubt were largely 
 n«il|p[SlSpal in moulding^the charhcter of the race. After a child. 
 |, which was the sport of contending parties, came the dayof 
 freedoiti, with its reprises upon tlie hated and the lavishing of 
 benefits jipon the favorites. So also, when the restraint of the nojbl^ , 
 WAs-once cabt off, everything tended to the abuse of recently acquired 
 power and the assertion of a prerogative which wtts acquiesced in 
 solely because of the impossibility of contesting it. kvA so, a» aotors 
 in many scenesi pass before us these gaflant men and brilliant women, 
 poets somptimes, soldiers often, but all alike endowed with that 
 personal cbarm which made men willing to die in their defence. 
 But we must leave these more general topics to note the causes 
 v^hich led to the union of the Crowns under James VI. Hjs ancestor, 
 James IV had married Margaret, daughter of Henry VII, who upon the 
 death bf her husband' at Flodden, contrs^jted a second unioii with 
 Archibald Douglas, Earl of Lennox. His mother, Mary, was Uie 
 grand-daughter of Margaret by the first marriage, while his father, 
 Damley, was the grandson of the second, consequently .James waa 
 great grandson of Henry VII. 
 
 In accordance with the Will of Henry VIII we have seen that the 
 crown should have reverted to the Seymours on the d^th of 
 Elizabeth, but without any other sanction than this queen's nomina- 
 Jb^, James peacefully occupied the vacant throne. Arabella Stuart 
 was so nearly placed in the succession, that it was a matter of 
 political expediency which caused^ James to forbid her . marriage 
 with William Seymour and when this took place in spite of his 
 efforts, it is easy to understand the necessity under which he was 
 placed of keeping her in confinement until her death in 1616. It . 
 would be out of place here to detail the events which culminated in 
 the execution of Charles I, or the restoration of his son. The con- 
 tinned attempts of these monarchs to rule ai'bitrarily, and their 
 concealed or open attachment to the Church of Rome, ultimated in 
 their exdusipn from the succession, by an Act of Settlement passed in 
 1701^ and on the death of Anne the ^irown parsed to the- House of 
 Hanover. Her predecessor, Mary, had reigneJ jointly with her 
 hnsh an d . Vil liam of - Or an ge, Krho npon U iAP-a«.<^ftii.Hfl } ^ftf^-^aeffl^4 
 
 the position alone. Anne was the last of the Stuarts to reign in 
 
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 England, and thoqph the male line did not become extinct until 1807 
 the^scions of this House passed tl||r lives in exile, which was only' 
 broken by a few UQsuccessf ul attempts to recJver their lost heritage: 
 
 . ' HOUSE OF HANOVER. 
 
 'f^^f«* of Settlement which we mentioned in our last section was 
 the most miportant legislative enactment ever passed bearing ipon 
 the succession to the crown and the pasition of the monarch. Parlia- 
 ment had DOW become so powerful that it was able to clearly lav 
 down the only conditions upon which monarchy was possible i^; 
 England. Provision was made by which all members of the Roman' 
 Church were excluded from the throne, and stringent clauses 
 embodied in the Act by which England should not become embroL 
 m foreign war on behalf of the heir-appar^ht's continental possessions 
 The nation had become so imbued with notions of hereditaiy 
 nght that no action was considered, except to choose a branch of the 
 ancient line, which would till the conditions the people were deter- 
 mined to impose. The Protestant House of Hanover was decidTd 
 upon as fulfilling all the requisites, and on the death of Anne George 
 
 from, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of James I. who had married th« 
 unfortunate Elector Palatine. Frederick V. i>phia. the X^'o 
 ^his match married Ernest, Elector of Hanover, and was^the mother 
 of George I, by that prince. ' 
 
 _ • Far different to the brilliant Stuarts were" the,earKer kings of 
 th^ line, who were characterized by truly German phlegm and 
 stolidity. Tied hand and foot by a contract not to be brokfn, they 
 ruled as constitutional monarchs over a people for whom they fdt no 
 regard, feeling their enforeed residence in England as an irksome 
 accompaniment to their enlarged rule, and ever longing for Z 
 rpcurring visits to that beloved Hanover, where a surfeit of bourgeoil 
 pleasures awaited them. But in George III these Teutonic tendencies 
 y^ere dying away, and the family were becoming representative of 
 ttie great country which had by it« choice ^is^d them from the 
 
 position of rulers over a minor German state to that of constitutional 
 heads of the most powerful nation in Europe. 
 
 o„H ^rr """^ *^? *'''*" '^"""«^ ^^^ Hanpverian period, and the - 
 outlook h.w often been dark, but the causes have always been 
 
 ihey have stood alone confronting Europe in arms, and emerged fr^ 
 
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 26 
 
 the conflict with added honors and an enlarged empire. In con- 
 sequence of the long reign of George III, his sons were beyond the 
 period of middle life when they ascended the throne. The short 
 reigns of George IV and William IV. covered the period between the 
 death of Oeorge III. in 1820. and 1837. Neither king had issue 
 which survived him, and the succession passed to Her Majesty Queen 
 Victoria, daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III 
 In herperson, we arrive at the end of the long line, and at a reign 
 which in duration and splendor surpasses all thise which preceded it 
 The sixty years of her Majesty's beneficent rule have^ constituted an 
 era of unexampled progress and prosperity, in which the crown and 
 people have equally participated. Every national advance has udded 
 fresh lustre to a throne which has its foundations set deep in the affec- 
 tions of fv great people. A House which has been so inextricably 
 associated with all the events of the national existence, that it becomes 
 impossible^ «)nceive of a combination of circumstances in which 
 monarch and liation did np€ occupy their accustomed relations seems 
 destined to ^ear the crown of Ecgberht for generations yet to come us 
 the constitiltional head of a world-wide empire. 
 
 A few genealogical statistics will not inappropriately bring this 
 sketch to a close. H. M. Queen Victoria is the 47th in descent from 
 Cerdic. king of the West Saxons, in which thirty-nine generations are 
 m the line male and eight in the line female. Forty-six generations 
 separate her from her Dalriadic ancestor Fergus MacEarc, of which five 
 only have been through heiresses. She is the seventy fifth monarch 
 counting from Cerdic, the fifty-fifth from the union of the kingdom 
 under Ecgberht, the thirty-eighth since jthe Conquest, and twelfth 
 since the Union of Scotland and England. Twenty-nine mouarehs 
 ruled over the kingdom of Dalriadaand forty over Scotland from the 
 consolidation of the kingdom by Kenneth MacAIpin, to 1603 Her 
 Majesty is the fifth female to wear the crown of England in her own 
 right. One queen only, Mary, occupied the Scottish throne before the 
 Union. 
 
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 NOTE ON AUTHORITIES. 
 In presentibg a chart which deals with a xieriod «> nhmi»,^ « <.i. * 
 
 J»o.Ut«i hi. brother Cth. with hi,^ „^ Z tiZTwd to U?^:^ 
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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS SO FAR: 
 
 United States History (Wall Chart) ' 
 Canadian " " 
 
 English '* « 
 
 United States " (Students' Chart) 
 Canadian " " •« 
 
 English " " " 
 
 Genealogical Tree of the Sovereigns of 
 Great Britain from 494 to 1897. 
 
 New Testament History and Life of Jesus 
 Christ 
 
 Canadian Reference Chart . 
 
 American Civil War 
 
 American Revolutionary War 
 
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