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MEMOIR 
 
 Ol' 
 
 ADMIRAL ADAM JOHN DE KRUSENSTERN. 
 

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M E M O 1 11 
 
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 OV THK UEI.KHRATKl) ADMIRAI. 
 
 ADAM JOHN DE KRUSENSTERN 
 
 The {irst Unssian &rcumnaincvil^i^> 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN. 
 
 nV HIS UAVCiHTER 
 
 MADAME CHARLOTTE BERNHARDT, 
 
 AXD EDITKP HY 
 
 AR-ADMIRAL SIR JOHN ROSS, C.B., ilv,. 
 
 WITH A PORTRAIT AND CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 I^OXDOX : 
 LONGMANS. GREEN, BROWN. \ni) LONGMANS, 
 
 r.VTKKN'OSTETl HOW. 
 
 1850. 
 
PItlhTftD BV II. <tII.VRUI,OClt, IJIK inns" (OMMOXS. 
 
TO 
 
 (Tbc IWpal 6cogr;ipbical ^oticto 
 
 or LoxDov. 
 
 THIS MEMOlll OF THE LATE RUSSIAN ADMIRAL 
 
 ADAM JOHN l)E KUUSKNSTEliN, 
 
 Is, imih permission, Ilebituteb, 
 
 BY 
 
 Tin: EDiTO]}. 
 
I 
 
 l 
 
 I 
 
 
INTRODUOTJON. 
 
 It has been a custom for the inhabitants of this 
 world in all ages to agree in honouring the 
 memory of those who have rendered essential 
 service either to the general interest of mankind, 
 or to the advancement of science and geographical 
 knowledge. A desire to conform to so wholesome a 
 custom, and thus obey the impulse of a sincere 
 admiration of the distinguished individual who is 
 the subject of these Memoirs, has induced the 
 Editor of the following pages to present the fruits 
 of his humble labours to the public. Admiral Adam 
 John de Krusenstern had just and high claims for 
 universal admiration, not only for his splendid 
 talents and acquirements, but for a noble character 
 of unstained purity and excellence, early developed 
 and fully sustained, during a long and arduous 
 career, to the close of his valuable life. 
 
 By frequent contact with every part of the 
 world, an<l enriched hv extensive experience, his 
 
1 
 
 11 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 mind wa8 continually refined and strengthened, 
 but never impaired : his mental powers remained 
 unchanged, as well during the period of his 
 advanced age, as during the hopeful struggles of 
 buoyant youth. AVe confess that we feel much 
 satisfaction in the contemplation of such a noble 
 career as his ; we therefore believe that we fulfil 
 a duty, as much to the rising generation as to 
 the memory of the deceased, in briefly relating 
 and recording the principal acts and features of 
 his life, the results of his labours, activity, and 
 contributions to geography and science; and we 
 trust that our exertions will so far do justice to the 
 memory of De Krusenstern, that they will furnish 
 an illustrious example of how much unflinching 
 perseverance, combined with temperance, integrity, 
 and virtue, can accomplish, though opposed by 
 the perversity of Fortune, and more than the 
 ordinary obstacles of a chequered life. 
 
 
 1 
 
 a; 
 * 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
^i»ii 
 
 M E M 1 R 
 
 OF 
 
 ADMIUAI, JOHN DE KUUSENSTEHN 
 
 ■1 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 Adam John de Krusenstern, the youngest of 
 six children, was born on the 8th of November, 
 1770, on the family estate of Haggud, in Esthonia. 
 He received the first rudiments of instruction, partly 
 in his parental house, and partly at the Revel 
 Cathedral church, which he frequented, together 
 with his eldest brother, during seven years be- 
 tween 1772 and 1785. His professional career was 
 determined almost by chance ; it being decided, 
 on an occasional visit, by the advice of a friend, 
 that he should enter the naval service — a profession 
 that neither he nor any of his relations had thought 
 of till then. In consequence of this decision 
 Krusenstern entered, in January, 1785, the corps 
 
 •V 
 
of Naval Cadets, which was then established at 
 Cronstadt ; but this school did not afford at that 
 time, to the pupils, the liberal education which it 
 did at a later period. Krusenstern did not stay 
 in this corps as long as was customary ; for 
 circumstances occurred which did not allow him 
 to go through the ordinary course of studies, but 
 launched him suddenly into the more fertile school 
 of active service, at a period fraught with im- 
 portant historical events. 
 
 In the year 1787, a squadron was fitted out to 
 sail for the Mediterranean, under the command 
 of Admiral Greigh, in order to threaten the Turkish 
 Empire with an attack from that side. Three ships, 
 of a hundred guns each, not being able to pass 
 the Sound with their artillery and whole cargo, 
 had been sent already to Copenhagen, in order 
 to be ready in time for taking out their artillery, 
 and to proceed leisurely through the shallow Straits, 
 when the King of Sweden, Gustavus III., rendered 
 it necessary to give the Russian naval forces 
 another destination, by a sudden and, as it soon 
 proved, an inconsiderate attack on Russia. The 
 Russians were now obliged to encounter a nearer 
 
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 enemy, against whom the whole fleet of the Baltic 
 was armed in the spring of 1789. There was, 
 however, a want of officers, and in consequence 
 an order was issued that all the Garde Marine- 
 including those who had not finished the prescribed 
 course of studies— were to be promoted to the 
 rank of officers, provided they had been at sea 
 once. Krusenstern belonged to this number, 
 having been Garde Marine in 1787. He had in 
 the same year become acquainted with naval tactics 
 on a first manoeuvring excursion into the Baltic, 
 on board the frigate Motislaaef, of 36 guns, together 
 with seventy-nine other pupils of the corps, under 
 the command of a Captain Henikeel. A year 
 sooner than he could have passed under ordinary 
 circumstances, May, 1788, the youth Krusenstern 
 left the Academy of Cadets with the rank of 
 Midshipman. A favourable chance caused him 
 to be appointed to the Matisloflf, of 74 guns, 
 commanded by a distinguished officer, who was 
 at the same time an accomplished gentleman. 
 F« could discern a remarkable prognostication 
 of the young officer's future destiny, in the 
 accidental arrangements which led him to be 
 
4 
 
 If I- 
 
 1 \ 
 
 appointed to this ship, of all others the most 
 desirable. The Empress Catharine, whose active 
 mind embraced so many objects, seems to have 
 fully appreciated the importance of scientific 
 expeditions with a view to the formation of a 
 powerful navy. Not later than the two first years 
 of that Empress' reign, Tchitsagoff had been sent 
 twice to the Polar Regions, in order to pass through 
 the Polar Seas by Spitzbergen to Behring's Strait. 
 The reason why expeditions of this kind were 
 not repeated appears to have been, that the Russian 
 Navy — even by the judgment of its own chief — 
 was not supposed equal to the task. Even the two 
 voyages just mentioned were considered as failures, 
 though this indeed was not actually the case. 
 
 We must not forget that at no very distant time 
 it appeared impossible to carry a ship in one 
 summer from Archangel to Cronstadt. Now, at 
 last, it was determined upon, that the commander 
 of the Matisloff, Captain Maloffsky, should under- 
 take the command of a squadron of five ships to 
 perform a voyage round the world, and show the 
 Russian flag for the first time on the most distant 
 shores. 
 
But it was not to him, but to tho younger officers 
 under his command, that this honour was reserved. 
 The war, which broke out at that time, prevented 
 the execution of the project. 
 
 In the year 1788, the Matisloff took an active 
 share in tlie battle near Hogland— which, however, 
 afforded no decided result— and afterwards the ship 
 cruized until late in October, with the rest of tlio 
 fleet before Carlskrona, in the hope to induce the 
 Swedish naval forces to sally forth once more 
 from that harbour, in which they had taken 
 refuge. 
 
 At Revel, where the Russian fleet passed the 
 winter, it lost its Commander-in-chief, Admiral 
 Greigh, who dying there, was succeeded in his 
 command by Admiral Tschischagoff. Under the 
 command of this officer, the fleet made sail early 
 in the next year, in order to join a squadron which 
 was coming from Archangel, and had passed the 
 winter at Copenhngen. In vain the Swedish navy 
 risked a battle in the neighbourhood ofOland to 
 prevent the junction, which took place without 
 further impediment, King Gustavus's fleet having 
 again retreated after the action into the sheltering 
 
8 
 
 harbour of Karlskrona. In this battle, Captain 
 Mulloli'sky — whose whole character, if we may 
 judge from his letters and journals, had made a 
 strong impression on young Krusenstern's mind — 
 lost his life by a cannon-shot, and Mr. von Essen, 
 who died in 1834, Governor of Esthonia, took 
 the command of the Matisloff. 
 
 The rest of the summer passed without events of 
 importance — the Swedish navy not daring to meet 
 that of the Russians, which had been increased 
 to 50 sail, amongst which were 33 of the line. 
 
 The following year, as it has been fully recorded, 
 was more fruitful in events. The Duke of Suder- 
 mania, who commanded the Swedish fleet, taking 
 advantage of the circumstance that the coast of 
 Sweden is generally at an earlier period of the 
 year freer from ice than the Gulf of Finland, 
 appeared first in the sea at the head of the 
 Swedish fleet, making for the Russian naval 
 forces in their ports, in order to attack separately 
 the squadron that had passed the winter at Revel 
 and at Cronstadt. In consequence of this 
 manoeuvre, Krusenstern had the fortune to witness 
 one of the most memorable of naval battles. Ten 
 
^^■i 
 
 Russian ships of the line, under Tschischagoff, at 
 anchor in Revel Roads, were attacked by 30 
 Swedish ships of the same class. The position of 
 the Russian squadron resembled that of the French 
 fleet at Aboukir. A Nelson would have van- 
 quished those forces, but the Duke of Sudermania 
 soon found himself forced to retreat, after having- 
 lost two of his ships. We need only mention 
 here a fact generally known, that he made another 
 equally unsuccessful attempt on the other Russian 
 squadron, near Okranaga Gaska, coming up from 
 Cronstadt, and that after this failure he found 
 himself obliged to retreat from before the now 
 united Russian fleet, into the Bay of Wyborg, 
 where he was narrowly watched and blockaded, 
 and reduced to a situation of great difficulty. 
 
 But however carefully the blockade had been 
 conducted, King Gustavus, now in person at the 
 head of his navy, found, nevertheless, means to 
 eft'ect his escape, with the comparatively trifling 
 loss of two ships of the line. He was principally 
 indebted for this success, which he could hardly 
 have expected, to the loitering and over-precaution 
 of one of the Russian commanders, who being 
 
8 
 
 
 ordered to follow with the utmost speed, lost time 
 in regularly weighing his anchor. Only one of 
 the captains — a very rough, but equally brave 
 and determined sailor — instantly slipped his cable, 
 and made haste to overtake the Swedes in their 
 flight ; it was Captain Byloff, a Dane by birth, 
 now Commander of the Matisloff : and Krusenstern 
 again found himself carried into the first line, and 
 took a most active part in the beginning of 
 the engagement. Byloff intended to pass by the 
 first ship he overtook, the Sophia Magdelina, 74, 
 and to leave it a prey to the squadron coming 
 up after him, whilst he himself passed to another 
 ship further on ; but the Swedes returned the 
 broadside which was fired at them in sailing past, 
 and a shot brought down the maintopsailyard of 
 the Matisloff, and the sail dropping on the deck 
 covered the guns and the men. Byloff being thus 
 checked in his onward career, and prevented from 
 reaching any other ship, was obliged to persevere 
 in a combat accidentally begun ; and after three- 
 quarters oi' an hour the Sophia Magdelina was 
 compelled to strike. The circumstance that young 
 Krusenstern was charged with the honourable service 
 
9 
 
 of bringing on board the flag of the Swedish 
 Admiral Cynanker waving on his mainmast, as 
 well as the Admiral and his flag - Captain— - 
 proves that he had already found means to dis- 
 tinguish himself, and that he had been honorably 
 noticed by his commander, and he was promoted 
 to the rank of lieutenant, for the share he had 
 taken in this action. 
 
 Peace was soon concluded, and the animating 
 times of war and strife were followed by days of 
 monotonous repose, the weight of which young 
 Krusenstern felt the heavier at Revel; the ship 
 to which he belonged not being sent out even 
 for manoeuvring excursions in the course of the 
 several following years. 
 
 Ifi general the circumstances under which Kru- 
 senstern had been found till now could not be 
 deemed particularly favourable ; there was nothing, 
 however, in his routine of life down to that time 
 that could have directed his mind to a wider 
 range of activity and thought. But he had been 
 gifted by nature in a high degree with the 
 qualities that raise the noble mind above the 
 ordinary scale of merit; nature had bestowed on 
 
10 
 
 liim an aspiring spirit, which of its own accord 
 strugirles to embrace a wider horizon, and to 
 try its wings in a continually expanding sphere. 
 England, and the treasures, of experience which he 
 expected he might find there, were the objects 
 which attracted his mind. Another young officer 
 of the name of Behring, a grandson of the cele- 
 brated navigator, shared in his passionate wishes ; 
 and whilst the two young men,— one of whom 
 bore a name already celebrated, and the other 
 destined to make his name renowned, planned 
 how to reach the land whcM-e they might study 
 in the greatest and most powerful navy in the 
 world— a stroke of good fortune met their ardent 
 desires half way. 
 
 Twelve officers of the Russian navy were 
 ai)pointed to serve on board the English fleet 
 during several years; Krusenstern as well as his 
 friend were included in the number, and in 1793, 
 he for the first time trod on English ground at 
 the port of Hull. It was a memorable time 
 when he arrived there, and a grand scene opened 
 before his eyes. The entire energy of an active 
 and powerful nation, whose never-resting zeal 
 
 1 
 
II 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 and fur-extended interests embrace the whole ot' 
 the globe, was suddenly called into action against 
 an enemy that seemed its equal. The view of this 
 scene seized upon the mind of our visitor with its 
 whole power; the manly bearing and the patriotic 
 feeling which he witnessed moved the susceptible 
 heart of the young Russian sailor, and being 
 conscious that his own mind had been only then 
 for the first time awakened to its full expansion, 
 the recollection of England remained ever after- 
 wards dear to him. We may at the same time 
 mention as a remarkable fact, that even in the midst 
 of the crowd of events which accompanied this 
 epoch of his life, the unpretending worth of 
 Krusenstern's character did not pass unobserved. 
 
 It was but natural that every man of dis- 
 tinction belonging to the circle in which he 
 moved should feel the influence of his character, 
 and thus he soon found himself united in friend- 
 ship with many. His fame, joined to the 
 modesty and simplicity of his manners, could not 
 fail to fix the attention of every thinking man, 
 and the spotless purity of his character, which 
 commanded universal respect, could not escape 
 
12 
 
 %l 
 
 attention when it was aroused. And even at this 
 early period, when he was young and a stranger 
 in England, and without the advantage of particular 
 introductions, and when he did not yet enjoy 
 the advantages consequent on a considerable 
 fortune, he attracted the notice of distinguished 
 men and remarkable public characters ; and this 
 circumstance speaks even more than volumes in 
 his behalf. Celebrated seamen of every nation, 
 men of note in public life, and respectable and 
 worthy private gentlemen who were in that country 
 at this early period of his life, became united to 
 him by ties of friendship to the end of his days. 
 
 Most of Krusenstern's twelve companions went to 
 the Mediterranean, where several of them died of 
 the yellow fever ; Krusenstern asked for employ- 
 ment in more distant regions. Under command of 
 Captain Cochrane and Admiral Murray, he cruised 
 for some time on board the frigate Thetis on the 
 coast of North America a^rainst the French. 
 England being then at peace with the United 
 States, he at this time frequently found occasion 
 to visit the most remarkable towns on that coast, 
 particularly New Vork and Philadelphia, and was 
 
 
13 
 
 lis 
 
 
 pleased in referring to the fact in his latter years, that 
 he had been fortunate enough to become personally 
 iicquainted with the President Washington. The 
 frigate having touched the ground, was obliged to 
 go to Norfolk to repair; her career was thus of 
 course interrupted for some time. Krusenstorn 
 took advantage of this intermediate time to go on 
 board a small merchant craft to the West Indies, 
 and in that way visited Barbadoes, Surinam, and 
 the Bermudas. His temperance preserved him 
 from the yellow fever, which then raged there 
 with great severity. 
 
 In 1796 he returned to England on board 
 the frigate Cleopatra, Captain Penrose. Already 
 he had taken part in several engagements with 
 French ships, and on this voyage he ran a great 
 risk of being made prisoner by the Frencli. The 
 French Government, as it is well known, equipped 
 an expedition destined to carry a considerable army 
 under General Hoche to the coast of discontented 
 Ireland. This undertaking was not favoured by 
 wind and weather; storms dispersed the fleet which 
 could not even reach the shore, and several ships 
 endeavouring to reunite, steered independently 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
14 
 
 s 1 
 
 courses so different, that some came near the coast 
 while others were further off. The Cleopatra, 
 whose commander was of course ignorant of these 
 circumstances, sailed along the sea coast of Ireland 
 under easy sail in a thick fog. The fog having 
 suddenly cleared, the crew found themselves to 
 their surprise in the immediate vicinity of a French 
 ship of the line, the Castor, of 84 guns ; the two 
 ships were only a few yards distant from each 
 other, the features of the French sailors were dis- 
 tinctly visible, and even their conversation could be 
 distinguished ; it was indeed impossible to be nearer 
 without actually touching. Hurried preparations 
 were made on board the Cleopatra, as well for 
 making resistance — although it could be of no avail 
 — as for escape, which appeared equally hopeless, 
 as there could be no doubt that the French 
 ship was superior in sailing to the English frigate. 
 However, the French were not prepared to take 
 advantage of these favourable circumstances; 
 perhaps they thought it dangerous to commence 
 an action in these waters, and they soon altered 
 their course and steered towards the coast of France. 
 This scene, indeed well qualified to make a 
 
 
15 
 
 4 
 
 strong mpression, was among those that Kru 
 senstern frequently remembered and alluded to in 
 his latter days. We may mention here as a fact 
 reflecting light on the character of Krusenstern 
 and therefore deserving to be noticed, that he left 
 the prize money to which he was entitled, and 
 which amounted to a considerable sum, to the 
 crews of the ships in which he had served. 
 
 Occupied already with the thought of opening 
 to the Russian trade the way to India, Krusen- 
 stern endeavoured to find the means to reach 
 the Indian seas, a project in which the English 
 authorities did not exactly encourage him, so 
 that in carrying out his views he had many 
 difficulties to surmount. Having succeeded at 
 last in getting (with two of his companions, 
 Baskakow and Lisianisky) on board of the ship-of- 
 the-line Raisonable to the Cape of Good Hope, 
 there he found a frigate bound to the East Indies, 
 and obtained the permission of the Admiral com- 
 manding in chief to continue his voyage on board 
 that vessel, whilst he owed it to a singular chance 
 that he actually accomplished his wishes. The 
 frigate Oiseau, commanded by Captain Lindsay, 
 
 il 
 
 i> 
 
•M 
 
 16 
 
 having touched on a reef on a former voyage, was 
 in a very bad condition, and so leaky that even in 
 port it was necessary to work day and night at the 
 pumps to keep her afloat. It was the general belief 
 that she would never reach Calcutta, and the 
 Russian officers were earnestly advised not to risk 
 the danger of that voyage ; the three companions 
 actually agreed to fetch back their luggage which 
 was already on board the frigate, and to give up 
 the project for this time. Baskakow and Lisianisky 
 acted in consequence, luckily on a day when 
 Krusenstern was prevented by other occupations 
 from joining them. When he came the next 
 morning on a similar errand on board the ship, the 
 captain, before he could pronounce a word, cheered 
 him from a distance, calling aloud, "Well, I am 
 glad to see that you at least are not afraid to go 
 with me to India," and frankly offered his hand 
 when he came near. This address determined 
 Krusenstern to remain. The voyage to Madras, 
 and from thence to Calcutta, succeeded without 
 accident, but when there, and the frigate was hove 
 down for repair, it was discovered that a large 
 piece of rock had pierced the bottom of the ship 
 
17 
 
 
 '5 
 
 near the keel, being fixed there in ahiiost a 
 miraculous manner. It appeared incredible that 
 a ship in that condition should have crossed the 
 Indian ocean, and the whole population of 
 Calcutta thronged to the docks to behold the 
 wonder. 
 
 Whilst this frigate was here undergoing her 
 repairs, Krusenstern was cruizing in another in the 
 Bay of Bengal, and returning to Calcutta, he made 
 the acquaintance of a Livonian named Torktor, 
 who was well acquainted with the north-west coast of 
 America, by personal observation. Through frequent 
 intercourse with this gentleman, Krusenstern was 
 made aware how very profitable it might be for 
 Russia to carry the productions of its colonies 
 directly to Canton ; in his mind arose the wish 
 to push on to China, in order to get initiated 
 into the particulars of the Canton trade, but in 
 this instance also he had to overcome many 
 difficulties which were the greater as his personal 
 resources became limited; and Captain Lindsay, 
 being a man of a rough character and notorious 
 for his abrupt behaviour to his officers, was 
 not easily induced to entertain a favourable 
 
18 
 
 ! ! 
 
 • "> 
 
 ij;. 
 
 ('' i 
 
 opinion of it. Luckily for his project, the frigate in 
 which Krusenstern was now cruising was con- 
 siderably damaged by a heavy gale of wind 
 and thereby obliged to touch at Pulo-Penang. 
 Krusenstern here left Captain Lindsay, proceeded 
 to Malacca, and after a severe illness, during 
 which, the friends he made there took care of 
 him ; he embarked on board a small craft for 
 Canton, assisted in every way by those friends 
 who endeavoured with a sympathy seldom to be 
 met with, to promote the execution of his plans. 
 At this place, the only spot where the fixed 
 and stagnant world of the Chinese is in contact 
 with the actually living nations, Krusenstern, during 
 his sojourn in 1798 and 1799, had an excellent 
 opportunity of observing the trade with the north- 
 west coast of America, and of obtaining an insight 
 into the advantages it affords to the European 
 nations. His attention was most particularly 
 arrested by a small vessel of not more than one 
 hundred tons, which having been fitted out at 
 Macau, had gone from thence to the north-west 
 coast of America and returned to Calcutta in Httle 
 more than five months with a cargo of furs, which 
 
19 
 
 had been sold within a few days for no less than 
 60,000 piastres. 
 
 Krusenstern returned to Europe on board an 
 East Indiaman, fitted out m many respects like 
 a man of war, and commanded by Captain 
 Hamilton, who having invited him as a personal 
 friend to join him, the voyage turned out under 
 these circumstances a mere tour of pleasure. 
 With Captain Hamilton, Krusenstern visited once 
 more the Cape of Good Hope and the rocky island 
 of St. Helena— which was destined to enjoy in later 
 times so much historical importance,-and arrived 
 in England in the course of the same year (1799). 
 He hastened home, where he soon afterwards pre- 
 sented to the Minister of the Navy a detailed and 
 matured plan of a voyage of circumnavigation, 
 promising the attainment of many important 
 objects. 
 
 The aim of this enterprise was not merely to 
 carry the Russian flag for the first time round 
 the world and thereby prove that it might 
 claim an equal rank with those of the other 
 renowned navies-though even that by itself 
 would have been a glorious undertaking-but 
 
mm 
 
 20 
 
 much more was intended and aimeJ at. The 
 trade in those rich furs of the north-west coast 
 of America, the Aleutian Islands and the Kuriles, 
 being from 1789 in the hands of the then 
 newly-formed American Company, had become 
 important and valuable to Russia, but it was carried 
 on in the unskilful way into which chance and 
 the ignorance of the first adventurers had con- 
 ducted it. Yrkuszk was in Siberia, the central 
 place of the commercial operations of the Company ; 
 Ocholzk, situated on a most inhospitable shore, 
 afforded the only harbour through which any com- 
 munication could be kept up with America and the 
 groups of islands. The vessels employed in this 
 trade were built at Ocholzk, where the country 
 hardly affords any resources for their outfit. Every 
 article of provision for the colonies, not excepting 
 bread, and all necessary ammunition, hunting and 
 fishing tackle, as well as goods intended for sale to 
 the natives of those distant shores, were carried 
 with infinite trouble and expense by land, — at 
 least from Irkutsk ; — and these articles brought 
 from Europe, were transported through dreary 
 wastes, throughout the immense distance to 
 
 ^d 
 
21 
 
 Ocholzk, where alone they could be embarked on 
 board a ship. 
 
 Materials of a large size and considerable weight, 
 such as anchors and cables, occasioned great 
 trouble and inconvenience; as they had to be 
 transported on the backs of horses, and the only 
 available expedient was to cut them into such 
 fragments as a horse could carry, and to put 
 them together again at Ocholzk. The pro- 
 visions hardly ever reached the phce to which 
 they were destined, without being seriously 
 injured ; likewise the furs from the north-west 
 coast were similarly damaged, being carried by 
 sea no further than Ocholzk, and from thence by 
 land on the same toilsome road by Irkutsk to 
 Kiacta on the frontiers of China, on to Europe. 
 Krusenstern proposed henceforth to provide the 
 Colonies with all necessaries by sea on the way 
 round Cape Horn, and to send the furs - especially 
 the sea-otter skins, so highly valued in China— 
 from the north-west coast also by sea to Canton, 
 from which place the ships of the American 
 Company might return to Europe, with a cargo 
 of Chinese wares, by the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
•^-tr^mim 
 
 2-2 
 
 In thi8 way it would become possible to avoid 
 all the above-mentioned inconveniences, and the 
 Colonies might be secured from want, by which 
 they frequently suffered, while infinite expense 
 would be saved, and the wearisome and insignificant 
 traffic between the north-west coast and Ocholzk, 
 be extended to a trade of vast proportions, 
 and of no less importance to commerce than to 
 the Russian navy. And it was not for once only 
 that the Russian flag was to be carried round the 
 globe, but in order that the Russian navy might be 
 forced out of its present state of inactivity into 
 a wider range, and from the Baltic Sea into the 
 Ocean, thus to become acquainted with its naviga- 
 tion, and be made familiar with the waves of the 
 Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Not an isolated 
 voyage was here intended : voyages of circumnavi- 
 gation must, according to this plan, be henceforth 
 to the Russian navy common and customary, being 
 repeated every time that provisions were to be 
 sent to the colonies. In this way, the level of 
 what the navy in general, as well as every officer 
 individually, had to prepare for, and render 
 himself equal to, was to be elevated to a degree 
 
 
 I 
 
i^ I 
 
 '23 
 
 far above the standard which had hitherto bounded 
 the horizon of naval aspiration. That the Russian 
 navy had a just claim to her position in this 
 extended sphere of action— that she was autho- 
 rized to rely solely on her own powers, and was 
 duly able to fulfil such a task — Krusenstern was 
 ready to prove, by his experience and an exploit 
 of his own. 
 
 We may judge how important it was to awaken 
 the Russian fleet to the consciousness of her own 
 naval powers, when it is considered that the 
 most eminent officers and most experienced sailors, 
 especially aged Admiral Chanikow — whose voice 
 had great weight — urged, when the execution of 
 the project was debated, that ships bound on such 
 a distant voyage should be manned exclusively 
 with English sailors, and it was their conviction 
 that such an undertaking could never succeed 
 with Russian sailors; but on the contrary, Kru- 
 senstern was convinced, as he frequently ex- 
 pressed, that the Russian sailors were not only 
 not inferior, but were in fact superior to English, 
 with regard to docility, perseverance, and good will. 
 
24 
 
 
 Under the pressure of these disturbed time*, 
 Krusenstern's plans remained unnoticed during 
 several years. The Emperor Alexander took 
 the project up with great warmth, after he had 
 been made acquainted with it by the Chancellor, 
 Count Bumanzou, and Admiral Mordwenoff, who 
 alike took a lively interest in the plan, the execution 
 of which was to take place without delay, and to 
 be confided to the proposer of the enterprise. 
 
 Krusenstern had been at this time married about 
 twelve months, and felt inclined to retire from the 
 active sphere of service in which he was engaged. 
 Whilst meditating such retirement, he was surprised 
 by totally unexpected proposals to undertake the 
 expedition ; but even the natural regard for his 
 own convenience, and the thoughts of the sacrifices 
 he must make, were not in his eyes sufficient 
 motives for declining the offer. 
 
 On the 26th (7th N. S.) of August, 1803, two 
 ships, the Nedeska and the Neva, commanded by 
 Captain Krusenstern, sailed from the roads of 
 Cronstadt. The expedition bad now, as it is 
 well known, in addition to the original plan, to 
 
^m 
 
 
 26 
 
 carry a Russian ambassador to Japan, but it has 
 become unnecessary to dwell on the details of that 
 voyage, the narrative of which has been pub- 
 lished, and is sufficiently known in Europe, and 
 especially in Germany and England, where it has 
 been viewed by all classes with particular favour. 
 It is but justice to make especial mention, that this 
 voyage of circumnavigation, besides its important 
 results to the interest of Russia in particular, 
 greatly contributed towards the advancement of 
 science in general, for the hydrography of the 
 Southern Seas was thereby in a great many instances 
 corrected, and the non-existence of several islands 
 marked on the charts was clearly demonstrated. 
 The correct position of a wide extent of the 
 coasts of Japan, Jesso, and Sachatin, as well 
 as the northern Kurites ; the divtermination of the 
 longitude of Nongaski, which was not known 
 until then ; the linguistical collections ; descriptions 
 of the Japanese customs, and of the natives of 
 Nukahiva and the Ainas ; the different treatises of 
 the men of science attached to the expedition — 
 Harner, Langsdorf, and Klesius — constitute a 
 result that may be viewed with just pride and 
 
26 
 
 1 
 
 h: 
 
 I 
 
 I', • 
 
 admiration. Besides, it has been not unfrequently 
 acknowledged, that a commander has seldom 
 vouchsafed to his crew more benevolent kindness 
 and attention than did Krusenstern, and it is certain 
 that the constant and affectionate care Krusenstern 
 had taken of them was rewarded by the most 
 unqualified success: excepting the cook of the 
 ambassador, not one individual who had left his 
 native shore was missing when the Nadiska, after 
 three years of absence, returned to the Roads of 
 Cronstadt. We may mention in addition, that 
 during the whola of the voyage, only one occasion 
 for the infliction of corporal punishment had 
 occurred, and that took place even in the very 
 first days after setting out, when the proper spirk 
 which afterwards pervaded the whole crew could 
 not have been thoroughly established. That the 
 natives of those distant and imperfectly known 
 countries were treated with greater mildness than 
 they had experienced from other navigators, was 
 the natural, consequence of Krusenstern's kind and 
 humane disposition. 
 
 It is well known with what generosity the 
 Emperor Alexander rewarded those who imd been 
 
 I 
 
27 
 
 employed in the expedition — officers, men of 
 science and sailors — conferring on them orders, 
 promotions, and pensions, and that he likewise 
 ordered a medal to be struck in commemoration 
 of the first Russian voyage round the world. 
 
 As had been anticipated, this interesting voyage 
 afforded many immediate as well as more distant 
 results of importance. Krusenstern's reports called 
 forth essential improvements in the administration of 
 Kamtschatka; new scientific expeditions were hence- 
 forth frequently executed, and distinguished sailors, 
 in a long naval service, have gained honour both to 
 themselves and to the Russian flag. Above all, the 
 object of the voyage was fully obtained : the Russian 
 possessions on the north-west coast of America, and 
 the north-east coast of Asia, have gained infinitely 
 through the commuviication by sea with the capital of 
 the empire, which has not been interrupted since , 
 and they nre now regularly provided with all kinds 
 of necessaries by way of Cape Horn, and this 
 wide field of activity and exercise has become 
 habitual in the Russian navy. 
 
 Krusenstern himself being promoted to Captain 
 
 It 
 
 ; I 
 1 I 
 
•-rt 
 
 mmt 
 
 S8 
 
 ' , / 
 
 1 1.' 
 
 1 ' V 
 
 . •> 
 
 of the second rank, soon found in his country 
 residence in Esthonia, the leisure to finish a 
 description of the voyage, which was pubh'shed 
 in German, at St. Petersburgh, in the years 
 1810—1812, in Russian in 1809 and 1813, and 
 was soon translated into almost all the European 
 languages, a circumstance decidedly expressive of 
 the general approbation with which the work has 
 been received. It has been translated into English 
 (1813) by Hopner, into French by Eyrees (1821), 
 and before that into Dutch (1811—1815), then into 
 Swedish and Danish, and finally into Italian, in 
 the Milan Collection of Voyages; not to mention 
 the Berlin edition in the German text, or an edition 
 for juvenile readers, and several extracts. 
 
 Having been named in the year 1811, Inspector 
 of the classes of Naval Cadets, Krusenstern con- 
 tinued to be engaged in active service, as well as 
 in scientific pursuits. It was by his influence 
 chiefly, that the Chancellor, Count Romanzofl^; 
 was determined to fit out at his own expense, a 
 scientific expedition, the command of which was 
 entrusted to Lieutenant Kotezbue. Krusenstern 
 
29 
 
 himself, author of the plan of this voyage, and 
 of the instructions given to the commander, came 
 to England in the spring of the year 1814, to super- 
 intend the execution of the necessary astronomical 
 and other instruments, having on his way ordered 
 a vessel to be built in Finland, on purpose for 
 the voyage. Besides this, he took advantage of 
 his sojourn in England to revisit the moff 
 important naval establishments at Portsmouth, 
 Plymouth, Woolwich, and Chatham, and to 
 examine the improvements introduced into the 
 English Navy, in order to make them known 
 in Russia. 
 
 After his return to Revel and St. Petersburgh, 
 he directed, under the eyes of Count Romanzoff, 
 the outfitting of the Rurik ; that ship sailed, 
 towards the end of the summer, for Behring's 
 Strait, but after this he found himself obliged 
 on account of the precarious btdte of his heab 
 tr i ive up active service for several years. The 
 Eim 3ror Alexander, who did not wish to see an 
 officer like Krusenstern leave the naval service 
 entirely, granted him an unlimited leave of 
 absence. 
 
30 
 
 The leisure that Krusenstern thus obtained, his 
 active spirit, devoted to the progress of science 
 in the country where he now resided, occupied 
 in accomplishing a task he had imposed on 
 himself. 
 
 We owe to this period the second volume of 
 the main work of Captain Krusenstern, and his 
 charts of the South Seas, accompanied by nume- 
 rous hydrographical memoranda, equally important 
 to geography c 'J navigation. The value of 
 the work has been ;termined by the universal 
 use which has been made of it, and by the 
 approving judgment of professional men ; but 
 to get acquainted with the difficulty of the task, 
 we ought to cast a glance on the materials 
 which the author had to arrange and dispose, and 
 ascertain how every step in his toilsome under- 
 taking was rendered difficult in various ways — 
 in some cases by a deficiency, and in others by 
 a superabundance of material. 
 
 Frequently as the Transatlantic and Pacific Oceans 
 have been crossed since Anson's voyage round the 
 world, and especially since the increasing activity 
 of scientific inquiry has in modern times roused 
 
 I 
 
31 
 
 the minds of all the European nations, the desire 
 to explore every zone of our globe has given a 
 new impulse to the spirit of discovery ; still there 
 were t^^ nty-five years ago, and indeed there are 
 now, regions in those seas totally unexplored, and 
 others known only by the description of navigators 
 who visited them in distant times. Their reports 
 are of course anything but satisfactory, and espe- 
 cially with regard to their geographical positions, 
 which could be ascertained in those times only in 
 an imperfect way in many parts of the Pacific 
 Ocean ; the many existing and contradictory 
 reports were apt to give very confused conclusions. 
 In many cases it might be a matter of doubt, 
 whether some islands visited by modern navigators, 
 who ascertained their positions, were or were not 
 identical with those of the celebrated seamen of 
 former days who had seen them in those seas, but 
 according to their account in a somewhat different 
 degree of longitude and latitude. Much confusion 
 has been besides occasioned by the commanders of 
 ships indifferently provided with instruments, who 
 easily flattered themselves that they had made a dis- 
 covery, w!ien in reality they only calculated on 
 
 i- i 
 
32 
 
 
 erroneous longitudes and latitudes for some island 
 that had been known long ago but not recognised 
 by them. Many hydrographers thought it in- 
 cumbent on them to mark all such pretended 
 discoveries on their charts in order to render 
 them complete, and thus many and celebrated 
 charts of the ocean abound in hundreds and even 
 thousands of small islands and rocks which in 
 reality do not exist. These particulars may be 
 sufficient to put us in mind that the work required 
 the soundest foundation and a wide scope of 
 erudition as well as intense application in the 
 collection of materials; and whoever examines 
 the memoranda by which Krusenstern justifies the 
 different parts of his charts, will find him deficient 
 in none of the requisites. Many new positions 
 and notions were published for the first time, 
 Krusenstern having examined with great cir- 
 cumspection the manuscript collections of the 
 Admiralty, and thus corrected and brought to 
 light the important results of many laborious and 
 correct surveying expeditions of the Russian navy, 
 which otherwise would never have been known. 
 A work of this description could of course never 
 
i 
 
 33 
 
 be considered finished, least of all at a time 
 when the navies of all the principal naval powers, 
 were directing their energies during the peace 
 towards the exploration of the most distant seas. 
 Krusenstern was therefore continually employed 
 down to the last moments of his life in completing 
 and correcting his charts, notwithstanding his many 
 other important avocations. The results of an 
 expedition to the South Sea never escaped his 
 attention, and we may add that his justly acquired 
 fame facilitated in a great measure his researches. 
 The commanders of many expeditions charged with 
 the laying down of distant shores, hastened to 
 communicate to him the result of their adventures 
 and endeavours, even before they were made public 
 by the press. Officers, especially of the English 
 navy, who visited the South Sea in pursuance of 
 their professional duty, likewise seldom failed 
 to lay before him the charts they had occasion to 
 make of some islands or some particular parts of the 
 coasts they had surveyed. 
 
 Thus Krusenstern had rendered, before he had 
 attained the period of middle age, material and 
 honourable services in active employment, as well 
 
 ii' 
 
 D 
 
w 
 
 34 
 
 l! ' !■' 
 
 as in the path and advancement of science and 
 geographical knowledge ; and now a new career 
 opened before him, in which his activity and 
 perseverance were to become beneficial not only 
 for the present but full of promise for the future. 
 During the years he lived in the country, he had 
 often been summoned to St. Petersburgh to take 
 an active part on many occasions in several com- 
 mittees, and to give his valuable opinion in regard 
 to changes and improvements proposed in the 
 Imperial navy, as well as on the scientific expe- 
 ditions that were intended. Since 1822, he was 
 again entirely resident in the capital, and active 
 as a member of the scientific committee of the 
 Administration of the Navy and of the Council of 
 the Admiralty, as well as of the two committees 
 charged with the supreme direction of all the schools 
 in the Empire, and the organisation of a civil school. 
 In this situation in 1826, only a few months after 
 the Emperor Nicholas had ascended the throne, 
 he was nominated director of the corps of naval 
 cadets, and from that moment to the end of the 
 year 1842, during nearly seventeen years, Kru- 
 senstern remained at the bead of that establishment. 
 
 I 
 
 11- 
 
 ^^. 
 
I 
 
 35 
 
 where, with a few exceptions, all the affairs of the 
 Russian navy are considered and decided— an 
 important office, the administration of which was 
 conscientiously performed, and which naturally 
 produced an incalculable improvement in the 
 future state of the Russian navy. Even plainly 
 and faithfully fulfilling the duties of that employ- 
 ment, (which does not go beyond keeping the 
 whole establishment in a regular state of activity) 
 would have been honourable and meritorious. But 
 Krusenstern would not have thought he was really 
 doing his duty, if he had not endeavoured to raise 
 the corps to a higher degree of devv^lopment, and 
 render it capable of responding to requirements 
 which he himself had raised to a higher standard. 
 The moral and intellectual education of the pupils, 
 and the welfare of the subaltern, were objects he 
 had equally at heart. 
 
 Not only the studies of the cadets were better 
 regulated, but the punctuality of the professors as 
 well as the pupils in the falfiment of their duties, 
 were subjected to a perfect control, which had 
 not been introduced in the corps until then. His 
 Mujesty the Emperor besides approved of Kru- 
 
 ^f 
 
 ni 
 
 Pi 
 
 i lip 
 
 I li 
 
■r 
 
 I 
 
 I 1^ 
 
 36 
 
 senstern's proposal for the formation of a class of 
 officers into whicli were to be received the most 
 distinguished among the cadets, after having com- 
 pleted the ordinary course of studies, and been 
 promoted to the rank of midshipmen in order to 
 be employed during three years in the summer to 
 practical exercise at sea, in the winter to the study 
 of the higher branches of mathematics, a complete 
 course of naval tactics, astronomy, and the physical 
 sciences, and in fact all the branches of knowledge 
 required in the most extended range for the naval 
 service. 
 
 Those of the pupils who were found, in the 
 examination they underwent at the end of three 
 years, to have attained the expected degree of 
 knowledge, entered upon active service with the 
 rank of lieutenant. 
 
 Besides the officers, professors, and pupils, 
 there were several hundred sailors belonging to 
 the corps of naval cadets, most of them, married. 
 They had been lodged hitherto not very con- 
 veniently, with their numerous families; their 
 wives and children being in the lower story 
 of the main building, partly sunk into the 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
37 
 
 ■w 
 
 I 
 
 ground. Krusenstern found by a wise economy 
 the means to purchase and to re-construct several 
 considerable buildings in the vicinity of that of 
 the corps. They were adapted to spacious and 
 healthy quarters, where more than usual attention 
 was paid to a proper degree of ventilation, and 
 the means were furnished of keeping them dry, and 
 the preservation of a temperature equal in all parts 
 of the buildings : thither most of the married 
 men were removed. There was likewise an hospital 
 for the pupils belonging to the corps, but an 
 establishment of the same nature for the subal- 
 terns was wanting. 
 
 Those that fell sick were removed to the great 
 military hospital in the town ; the consequence 
 was, that the men frequently concealed even 
 dangerous illnesses, in order not to be separated 
 from their wives and children ; perhaps, too, 
 because they did not place great confidence in 
 these establishments, with which they were unac- 
 quainted, and where they expected to be placed 
 under the control of superiors totally unknown 
 to them, a sort of diffidence frequently observed 
 among individuals of the lower classes. In many 
 
i i 
 
 38 
 
 cases, therefore, they would be transported to a 
 hospital only when their condition had become 
 desperate, and consequently a great many of 
 them never returned to their families. But now 
 a hospital for the sailors was established, in a new 
 wing added to the building ; and the happy result 
 of Krusenstern's endeavours — the object of which 
 was to ameliorate the condition of the subalterns 
 — was, that the mortality among them diminished 
 in a proportion almost surprising. We must 
 add here, that Krusenstern established likewise 
 in the corps an elementary school for the children 
 of the sailors, and that the expenses required 
 for the foundation and service of the new estab- 
 lishments, as well as for all the newly raised 
 buildings, were afforded exclusively out of funds 
 saved by economy in other branches of the 
 administration. The usual sums annually allowed 
 for the expenses of the corps sufficed for all, and 
 no extraordinary supply ever became necessary. 
 But it would be impossible to give an exact 
 account of Krusenstern's administration in all its 
 details, at least it could not be done in a brief 
 sketch. Improvements of a manifest importance, 
 
39 
 
 like those just mentioned, may be reported in a 
 few words ; but the quiet, noiseless, yet never- 
 ceasing activity of every day, efficient in pro- 
 moting good, the influence that a dignified and 
 thoioughly noble character could not fail to have 
 on the pupils and on all connected witli the 
 establishment — these are important elements of 
 the whole, which escape analysis, and cannot 
 be ascertained in numerous instances. How 
 Krusenstern was valued as a commander by his 
 subalterns, appeared in a striking manner when 
 the fiftieth anniversary of his entrance into the 
 service was celebrated. The festive celebration 
 of that day had originally been planned by the 
 officers of the corps of cadets ; and a great part 
 of the Navy, the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 
 the American Company, and a great many dis- 
 tinguished friends of the admiral, took an active 
 part in it. His Majesty the Emperor himself 
 honoured the festival, by the way in which he took 
 notice of it. We pass over the details, of which 
 the journals gave at the time a sufficient account. 
 It was made known over all Europe, and it 
 was truly satisfactory to observe the admiration 
 
 H 
 
^•^13^ 
 
 F 
 
 40 
 
 I; ■'■> 
 
 which tlio spotless fame of the noble veteran 
 excited in every honourable mind, especially in 
 Germany, where it furnished a motive for 
 recording a description of that festive day in 
 the calendars and other publications destined 
 for the ["ublic. One trait only, which made a 
 great impression on all present, and even on 
 those who were made acquainted with it only 
 by the published reports, we cannot pass over in 
 silence. Several weeks previous, when the festival 
 began to be in deliberation, there arrived unex- 
 pectedly frop^ a distant pait of the empire a 
 sailor belonging to the former crew of the 
 Nadeska, Klim Gregorieff, now a venerable, grey- 
 headed old man. He had accomplished that 
 distant journey in the midst of winter, chiefly on 
 foot, merely, as he declared on being asked, 
 because he could not die without havino; once 
 more seen his former commander. The committee 
 charged with the arrangements of the festival, 
 kept the veteran se?.man privately h\ St. Peters- 
 burgh It was known that anotlier sailor belong- 
 ing to the Nadeska, Turas Gledianoft, who had 
 devoted liis whole life with a rare fidelity to 
 
4i 
 
 
 Krusenstern's service, lived now in the country 
 in possession of a small farm, which his former 
 commander had given him without exacting any 
 rent. This man was now summoned to St. 
 Petersburg!!, and when it was generally known 
 that the anniversary was to be celebrated, a third 
 veteran of the days oi the Nadeska likewise 
 made his appearance. These three welcomed the 
 admiral in the festive hall, displaying before him 
 their grey hairs, and the flag which once and for 
 the first timo had led them round the world. This 
 was peculiarly characteristic and gratifying above 
 all the marks of distinction which were ever con- 
 ferred on Admiral Krusenstern, and none ever 
 afforded him so much pleasure as these expressive 
 proofs of gratitude by his former subalterns 
 by an act so simple in itself. Even in his last 
 illness, a short time before his end, he expressed 
 the wish that whenever some lines were devoted 
 to his memory, Klern Gregorietf should not be 
 
 forgotten. 
 
 Continually active in b;cicntific endeavours, as 
 well as in the service of his country, Krusenstern 
 was, during his approach to ohl age, so happy as 
 
42 
 
 I .u 
 
 if 
 
 to fi.ul a fViend in almost every person distin- 
 guished by endowments and character, living 
 at St. Petersburgh. There was something 
 touchingly remarkable in the profound affection 
 with which the celebrated author Maximilian 
 Vlingor — a man of severe critical principles, who 
 generally judged the world with little indulgence, 
 and shut himself against all sympathy with it — 
 regarded Krusenstern, to whom he was strongly 
 attached. We need not mention anv other name : 
 it would not be just to name only the dead, as 
 we do not wish to remind survivors in such a 
 direct manner of their loss. How much respect 
 his unpretending manner, and noble though quiet 
 perseverance, inspired in all strangers who had 
 occasion to see liim, the memoirs and accounts 
 of his voynges, published by honourable and distin- 
 guished men, have sufficiently informed all Europe. 
 Krusenstern rose in the regular way by seniority 
 to the rank of rear admiral, vice admiral, and full 
 admiral. He had been decorated with the Orders 
 of the Russian Empire up to that of Alexander 
 Newsky, the insignia of which set in diamonds 
 were conferred on him on the occasion of his jubilee. 
 
43 
 
 I 
 
 The Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Peters- 
 burg, named hinii an Honorary member ; the 
 University at Dorpat, an Honorary member of 
 phih)sophy; the Institute of France, a Corre- 
 sponding member; the Royal and the Royal 
 Geographical Societies of London, the Royal Society 
 of Science at Gottingen, and several other scientific 
 Associations in Russia, as also in the rest of Europe, 
 numbered his honorable name among their members. 
 He had likewise been named Knight ot the Prussian 
 Order, pour le merite ; while the passing years 
 bestowed on him all the dignity of venerable age. 
 It was not until 1842 that Krusenstern bcoan 
 to feel the necessity of comparative repose ; he asked 
 to be relieved from the administration of the corps 
 of cadets. The Emperor, in complying with his 
 request, replied in a gracious letter, m which he 
 assigned to the venerable adnn rn] a most honourable 
 situation on his personal staff.* But the gallant 
 
 *' Itcscrit (le S. M. rKMi'KRKi'R a Vamiral de KruHenstern. 
 
 Apres avoir loiigtcmps dirig6 avcc une activite infatigable cl 
 d'unc maniere si utile Ic Coi])s dcs Cadets dc la Ma.inc, aiiqucl 
 vous avcz constaminent cousacvc toute votre soUicitude ct 
 vos solus si eclaires atin de I'aiuener a ce dcgre de paifaitc 
 orgauisation, taut sous le rapport moral i|ue sous teliii dcs 
 
44 
 
 
 n 
 
 and noble admiral was allowed to live but a few 
 years in this new position, and after a long illness 
 he bi-eathed his last on the 12th (24th) August, 
 1846, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. His 
 genuine character has boon well expressed by the 
 piety of his family : — 
 
 ^(Ii0 sinb btc wines '^4mm, itnm sic bcrbcn ^oti scfjaucn.— 
 Matthuti, chap, v., verse 8. 
 
 BIef<scd are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.— 
 Matthew, chap, v., verse 8. 
 
 etudes, dans leqiiel il m'cst si agreablt de le voir, vous avez 
 temoigne le desir de quitter le Corps et de vous reposer des 
 fatigues qui out detruit votre sante. 
 
 Ayant consenti, quoiqu'avec un regret sincere, a vous accorder 
 votre demission do la direction du Corps, J'eprouve une satis- 
 faction particuliere a vous exprimer a cctte occasion ma 
 gratitude si justcment mericee de la maniere dont vous avez 
 administre pendant seize ans cet etablissement si exemplaire- 
 ment florissant sous votre direction imm;'(1intc. -^t en temoio-nao-e 
 de mon entiere bienveillance, Je vous attache a ma Personne, 
 en vous ordonnant de porter mon Chiffre sur vos epaulettes. 
 
 Sign^: NICOLAS. 
 
 Tsarskoe-Selo, le 14 Octobrc, 1812. 
 
 — L'ordrc du jour de S. M. I'EMPEREun du 14 Octobre, 
 donne a la marine Imperialc, (pii tuitorise I'amiral de Kruseti- 
 stern a se demettrc de la direction du Corps des Cadets de la 
 marine et I'attache a la Personne de S. M. I., lui conserve en 
 meme temps les fonctionsd un membre du conseildes amirautes. 
 
 ExTiiAiT du Journal dc St. Petcrshotirg de jeudi, 
 22 Octobrc. 1842. No. nlO. 
 
k 
 
 45 
 
 We may add here a list of the hterary compo- 
 sitions which Krusenstern has laid before the public 
 at different times. 
 
 1. The Account of his Voyage round the World, and 
 the Atlas of 104 Maps belonging to itj besides those 
 which have been noticed already. 
 
 2. A Collection of Words of the Languages spoken 
 by the natives of the easternmost of Asia, and the north- 
 west coast of America. — St. Petersburgh, 1813 ; 4to, in 
 German. 
 
 3. Memoire sur un Carte du detroit de la Sonde, est 
 de la rude de Batavia. — St. Petersburgh, 1813 ; 4to. 
 
 4. A Justification of Lord Cochrane. — Berlin, 1817; 
 8vo, in German. 
 
 5. Remarks on the Hydrography of the Great Ocean, 
 being an Explanation of a Chart of the Globe on 
 Mercator's projection. — Leipzig, 1812; folio, with a 
 Chart, in German. 
 
 6. Atlas de I'Ocean Pacifique, Publie par ordre de S. 
 M. I'Empereur. T. I, II, 1823—1826 ; folio, 34 Charts. 
 
 7. Receuil de Memoires Hydrographique pour servir 
 d'analyse et d'explication a 1' Atlas de I'Ocean Pacifique. 
 T. I et II. —St. Petersburgh, 1824—1827; 4to, in 
 French and Russian. 
 
 8. Supplement to the Receuil de Memoires Hydro- 
 graphique publies in 1824—1827, pourservir d'analyse et 
 
"TW 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 1 ■! 
 
 46 
 
 d'oxplication d I'Atlas de I'Ocean Pacifiqu^. T I et II. 
 —St. Petersburgh, 1835 ; 4to, French and Russian. 
 
 Independently of these w-. ks published by them- 
 selves, Krusenstern has written a number of Essays 
 and Memoirs that have appeared in sundry peri- 
 odical publications. In Captain Kotesbue's voyage 
 to the South Sea, we find for instance— 
 
 9. An Account of a Voyage to the Polar Regions, 
 undertaken to discover a North-west Passage from the 
 Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea. 
 
 10. Analysis of the Isles discovered in the Great 
 Ocean, and an Introduction into the whole, all by 
 Krusenstern ; who has further published in the Memorial 
 de I'Academie de Sciences St. Petersburg, Vol. II. 
 
 11. Observations and Reflections sur la Maree dans 
 le Port de Nangaski. 
 
 In the Bulletin de Sciences k St. Petersburg— 
 
 12. Several Critical Surveys of the pretended dis- 
 coveries in the South Sea. 
 
 In Storch's Journal — 
 
 13. Russia -Alexander I.— Extract of Letters on 
 scientific subjects-and an Essay on the Commerce of 
 the Russian Colonies on the north-west coast of America. 
 
 In the Magazine of Natural Sciences, published 
 at Dorpat — 
 
47 
 
 14. Ob.servations on the Effect of Iron on the Magnetic 
 Needle. 
 
 15. On the advantage of keeping the Water at Sea 
 in tuns or barrels, the inside of which is burnt to 
 Charcoal ; in the Memoirs of the Russian Admiralty. In 
 Russian. 
 
 17. On Krusenstern's Voyage in the Oiseau. 
 
 18. On Gallovin's Voyage round the World. 
 
 19. On Maldonada's and Malestuna's Voyages. 
 
 20. On the Carolin Islands. 
 
 In the Geographical Ephemerides — 
 
 21. On the existence of Davis' land. 
 
 22. On Madonada's pretended discovery of a North- 
 west Passage, 1558. 
 
 Several Extracts of Letters in Bighan's Hirtha, 
 and Annals of Geography and Ethnology — 
 
 23. Accounts of several Voyages and pretended 
 discoveries in the South Seas. 
 
 In Oklenkup's St. Petersburgh Magazine — 
 
 24. On Greenland, and the late endeavours to find 
 a North-west Passage. 
 
 25. Instructions for Lieutenant Kotesbue. 
 
 In the Memoirs of the Scientific Committee of 
 the Russian Ministry of the Navy — 
 
 ': '»l 
 
48 
 
 
 
 26. On the means of Preserving the Health of the 
 Crews on board Ship. In Russian. 
 
 Possibly there may be besides smaller Articles 
 published in Magazines which have escaped our 
 attention, so that we cannot affirm that our list is 
 perfectly complete.* 
 
 With regard to the family of the late worthy 
 and gallant admiral, we find that all his four 
 sons are in active service. The eldest, who 
 entered the army at an early age, is now a 
 lieutenant general and military governor of Odessa, 
 where his humane and kind treatment of the 
 English officers and men whom the fortune of war 
 has placed within his power has lately been put 
 to the test and well authenticated, showing that 
 he is the worthy son of his nob)- (. aier. The 
 second being brought forward in the diplomatic 
 line, is at the head of the Chancery of Field 
 Marshal Paskiewitch at Warsaw. The third is 
 a post captain in the Russian Imperial navy, has 
 been employed chiefly in exploring the northern 
 regions^ tlie Russian Empire, and his endeavours 
 
 * In the Journals of the Royal G^^g^^^l^i^^Zs^tT^ 
 London, of which he was an Hon. Member, frequent mention 
 ot Krusenstern's labours may be found. 
 
4U 
 
 having been in a great degree successful, liis energy 
 and perseverance have acquired for him an un- 
 quahfied reputation. The fourth and youngest 
 son having left the army with the rank of 
 colonel, now holds a corresponding position in the 
 Civil service. The eldest son of the third broiher, 
 vj^ho accompanied his father on sundry expeditions 
 to the north, has since entered the naval service, 
 and is now in command of a couple of gun-boats 
 in the Baltic. 
 
 The widow of the lamented Kruscnstern and 
 beloved mother of Madame Bernhardi soon 
 followed her gallant husband, and her remains 
 now repose united in the same tomb, in the 
 Cathedral Church at Revel, where she had pre ous 
 to her death caused a hrindsome monument in the 
 Gothic style to be erected on the place of his last 
 abode, near the tombstone of his first commander 
 
 Greigh. 
 
 Ir ti- year 1815, Admiral Krusen?i:ern being 
 empiu^ ed by the Russiai^ Government to purchase 
 two English frigates, proceeded for that purpose 
 to Plymouth, and was met by the Editor of this 
 Memoir, then captain of His Majesty's ship 
 
 E 
 
50 
 
 o 
 
 : A 
 
 Actaeon, at the liospitable table of the late Sir 
 Byani Martin, G.C.B., at that time junior Port 
 Admiral at Devonport. The conversation happen- 
 ing to turn on the navigation of the White Sea, 
 vvhicli had been recently surveyed by the Actaeon, 
 the Editor mentioned that he had determined the 
 latitude of Archangel by observation, and also 
 the longitude by the occultations of the satellites 
 of Jupiter, simultaneous observations having been 
 made at Greenwich. The Russian Admiral said — 
 " I have determined the longitude of Archangel 
 by the same method," and it also appeared that 
 both had observed in the dockyard. Sir Byam 
 Martin immediately said — " I should like to know 
 how you two astronomers agree. I have two sons 
 (who are now both Admirals) : one shall go home 
 with Admiral Krusenstern, and the other with 
 Captain Ross, and you shall send me in writing 
 the latitude and longitude of Archangel." This 
 was accomplished, and it turned out that the 
 latitudes agreed within a few seconds, and the 
 longitude to the nearest minute. 
 
 It need scarcely be added, that the above 
 sati«<factory result tended more closely to cement 
 
 
51 
 
 the friendship that had previously existed between 
 them, but which was more fully exemphfied by 
 the hospitality and kindness subsequently shown 
 to a cousin of the Editor, Mr. E. Cunini^-hame, 
 who is now no more, to whom lie gave a letter 
 of introduction to the worthy Admiral, on a visit 
 that gentleman made to St. Petersbursvh, where 
 he remained in the society of his amiable family 
 for many months, and not very long before the 
 noble Admiral and sincere christian was removed 
 from this to a better world. 
 
 Extract of a letter from Madame Bemhardi, addressed 
 
 to the Editor. 
 
 Ostende, 13tk August, 1855. 
 Sir, — Your kind letter came to hand rather Lite, as 
 we were on our way for this place when it reached our 
 home, and I received it here several days later; it is 
 on that account I can express my thanks only to-day, 
 and I regret that it is beyond my power to express them 
 as I could wish. Every one of your words deejdy 
 moved me. I cannot tell you how gratifying it is to 
 me to see in lines traced by your hand, and addressed 
 10 me, how faithfully you cherished the memory of my 
 
52 
 
 ! t 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 father, and how well you appreciate those qualities of 
 the heart and mind we revered in him. 
 
 I feel as if the blessing attached to his name followed 
 me everywhere, and the benevolent kindness you show 
 to me affords a new and moving instance of it. On 
 reading your letter, it almost seems as if the kindest of 
 fathers were still living among us, to enjoy with me, as 
 he used to do, some new token of a noble friend's 
 affection ; at the same time, I am extremely happy to 
 find that I have succeeded in giving you some pleasure, 
 by sending the translation of the sketch of my father's 
 life. But how shall I tell you how much I was affected 
 by the project you so kindly propose — to lay that sketch 
 before the public in England ; in that country which 
 he cherished from his youth, with all the warmth of his 
 heart, and on whose approbation of his scientific 
 endeavours, he always set the highest value. I need 
 not tell you I think, how satisfactory it would be to us 
 if that project could be put into execution — if thus the 
 sketch of his life could be laid before the eyes of so 
 many individuals for whom he had the highest regard, 
 and in general of a nation so nobly apt to understand 
 and to appreciate all that is great and good. Your 
 mentioning the present war induces me to say, that but 
 too often we cannot help thinking how deeply my father 
 would have been affected by this unhappy conflict ; how 
 
 h II 
 
Ci'S 
 
 much his heart — patriotic and English at the same time 
 — wouhl have suffered under the present circumstances. 
 In the brighter region whore his spirit now dwells, he is 
 allowed, we may hope, a larj^cr view of human things, 
 and a clearer insight of the ways of God. It is from a 
 trust in the wisdom of the Almighty we must derive 
 consolation. C. 13. 
 
 
 
 The following letters, addressed by De Kruscn- 
 stern, are added to the foregoing brief narrative of 
 his life, to show in his own language the deep 
 interest he always took in every project and enter- 
 prise undertaken in England, and also his sincere 
 attachment to his friends and acquaintances in that 
 country, where his name will long be no less 
 revered and admired than it was in his native 
 land, to both of which he had rendered such 
 essential service. 
 
 St. Peter sburgh, 16th fSSth) February, 1835. 
 
 My dear Sih, 
 
 Since I wrote you last ( ), which letter 
 
 I hope has reached you, the public papers have announced 
 several very pleasing intelligences respecting you, which 
 are no doubt true, and to which I request yon to accept 
 
54 
 
 il > 
 
 ray most sincere cowgratulations. You have ma^ led, 
 and his Majesty the King has been pleased to reward 
 your celebrated name with a Knighthood. I really, my 
 dear Sir, take a most lively interest in whatever concerns 
 you, and so you may easily believe how much all this 
 has given me satisfaction; but pray tell ire if I still 
 may continue to flatter myself with the iioj.e of seeing 
 you here; I commence to apprehend thai; this will not 
 be the case. It seems that your book is not published 
 yet, but I hope by the first ship this season we shall 
 receive our copies. Mr. Baird will probably have 
 informed you that his Majesty the Emperor and the 
 Grand Duke Michael have subscribed for several copies. 
 I beg to present my best respects to I aJy Ross, and 
 believe me to be, my uear Sir, 
 
 Your true and faithful se -vant, 
 
 Krusenstern. 
 To Captain Sir John Ross, C.B., &r. 
 
 St. Petersburgh, 14th June, 1885. 
 My dear Sir, — Many thanks for your kind letters of 
 the 1st Xovcmber, which I received only a few days ago, 
 and the valuable present of your publication ; the copy 
 for the Emperor I sent immediately to Prince McnschikofT, 
 to bi' presented by him to his Imperial Majesty. You 
 will easily believe me that I have perused with great 
 
55 
 
 interest the memoirs of an officer, whose moral excellence, 
 as appears from private letters, was at least equal to his 
 merits as an officer. I have always admired Admiral 
 Saumarez refitting in so short a time, his ships much 
 disabled in the Battle of Algesiras, in a time that appears 
 incredible, and notwithstanding the known superiority of 
 the enemy, following them in order to give them battle. 
 It was not so much their bad disposition as the awe that 
 such a determination must have impressed them with, 
 that threw the Spaniards into confusion, and caused ihcm 
 to fight each other ; even if the blowing up of the ship 
 had not taken place and no ship had taken fire, still the 
 determined resolution of Admiral Saumarez in attacking 
 an enemy of nearly double the force merited the highest 
 reward. 
 
 Not hearing lately of your expedition to India, I was 
 led to believe that it had been abandoned ; your letter 
 informs me that this is not the case, and that it is to sail 
 very soon. If that speculation succeeds, 1 have no doubt 
 it will be under your direction, and it will be very 
 .ratifying to vou to have been the author of such a 
 useful enterprise. I fully agree with the sentiments 
 expressed ni your spoe^.h, that both means, by the Red 
 Sea and bv the Cape of v Jood Hope, promise to b^ highly 
 useful to the trade and to the communication with India. 
 A few voyages vill p. ve winch answers best. 
 
M 
 
 56 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 You were so kind as to send me a plan, with a 
 description of Collier's steam boiler, that oiFers so great 
 an advantage both for its safety, cheapness, and con- 
 venience, which will be universally adopted. 
 
 You were so kind as to enquire after the health of 
 my youngest daughter; she is still suffering frequently, 
 though apparently in good health : all possible remedies 
 have been used, and nothing remains but to pass a winter 
 in the south of Italy. As yet the duty of my office has 
 not permitted me to undertake such a voyage, which 
 unfortunately I now put off from one year to another. 
 
 What is my old shipmate. Lord Dundonald, doing ? If 
 you should happen to meet him, pray give him my best 
 compliments ; I wonder whether he still remembers 45 
 years ago we sailed together in the Thetis. I beg to 
 present my best respects to Lady Ross, and wishing with 
 all my heart a speedy return, I have the honour to name 
 myself, with the greatest regard and esteem. 
 
 Yours much obliged, 
 
 KUUSENSTERN. 
 
 St. Petersburgh (no date). 
 
 My dear SiR,-It is so long a time since I have 
 
 heard of you, that I will not put off any longer in 
 
 requesting you to favour me with a few lines. I have 
 
 no doubt you are actively and usefully employed for 
 
 : \'. 
 
57 
 
 the good of your country, and it would interest me highly 
 to be informed of it by yourself. 
 
 I have read in one of the continental papers that you 
 arc at the head of a committee relating to steam voyages 
 to India, and that the steam-boats are of your own 
 construction. 
 
 1 have another request to address to you. Being in 
 possession of the portraits of several distinguished 
 characters in our line — a collection I began to make 
 whilst in England— I have increased my gallery to 
 about a dozen : Columbus, Magellan, Sir Francis Drake, 
 Cook, Nelson, CoUingwood, Lord Cochrane (an old mess- 
 mate of mine), Van Tromp, De Ruyter, and several 
 others. May I request you to send me out a perfect 
 engraving of your portrait, in order to have it copied 
 here in oil, to suit the size of those I have in my 
 collection. Certainly there is no seaman that does not 
 fully appreciate the great merit of Sir John Ross as a 
 sailor, a discoverer, and a man of science; and having 
 myself a son in the navy, of course I long to adorn my 
 collection with your portrait. 
 
 W'c shall soon hear of Durvillc ; he has promised to 
 write to me from Valparaiso, on his return from his 
 south polar researches. 
 
 I feel my health much declining; ray youngest 
 daut-hlor is still sufiVring, and I fear that 1 shall be 
 
58 
 
 li 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 i 1 
 
 II. i 
 
 ill 
 
 II' 
 
 obliged to send her for a winter into the soutli of Europe 
 Farewell, my dear Sir ; present my best respects to 
 Lady lloss, and believe me for ever, 
 
 Your much obliged servant, 
 
 Krusenstern. 
 
 This letter was received on the l6th of April, 
 and answered immediately with an engraving. — Ed. 
 
 St. Petersburgh, 14th (26th) June, 1835. 
 
 My dkar Sir, — It was only two days ago that I had 
 the pleasure to receive your kind letter, accompanied by 
 your valuable book, which I had just began to read. His 
 Majesty the Emperor having sent us the beautiful copy 
 which you had presented to him. You may easily 
 conceive how intently I am reading it, and I need not 
 tell you how much I am gratified by the perusal of a 
 work which contains so much valuable instructive matter. 
 The value of the copy you have been so kind as to send, 
 is still more enhanced by an inscription of your own 
 hand, a flattering testimony of your friendship for me. 
 
 You give some hopes to see you here. I shall not be 
 disappointed this time, therefore I request j'ou to inform 
 me when you expect to be here, as I intend to leave St. 
 Petersburgh about the middle of next Aveek, but only for 
 a few weeks. My family has gone alone, a week ago, to 
 Revel, for the physicians have advised my youngest 
 
59 
 
 daughter-who is still suffering, although all kiuds of 
 remedies have been used-to try sea-bathing. If th,s 
 should not prove effteient, I intend to send her next 
 summer abroad. Vou are very kind to make enqmries 
 about her, and she will be very thankful to you to have 
 
 thought of her. , , ^ „ f 
 
 I am sorry I cannot send you a Chart of the Gulf of 
 Finland On receiving your letter, I immediately wrote 
 to General Willimoff to send it to me, but his answer 
 was, that the Chart in question was not only not engraved 
 but it was not even finished yet. 
 
 The three Charts you kindly sent me, I received m 
 due time, and immediately made use of them in the new 
 edition of my collection of Charts of the South Seas; the 
 other two Charts I delivered, according to your direction, 
 to Prince Menschikoff and to General Willimoff. Your 
 book contains so much interesting matter, that an account 
 of it might fill a volume of itself. 1 have not finished rt 
 yet, but your fortitude of mind, and perseverance. excUe 
 ly highest admiration ; and although your fellow- 
 sufferers deserve the highest commendation for the 
 good humour with which tUey bore the hardships of 
 L eM.cdi.ion, this would certainly not have been the 
 case if .he excellent commander had not set them such 
 
 an example. 
 
 , perfectly agree wth your theory w,th respect to the 
 
60 
 
 r ill 
 
 I ' I 
 
 
 choice of men to be taken to embark on an icy navigation. 
 Although the frosty disposition of men, or rather the 
 capacity of bearing cold more or less, depends much on 
 their nervous system, yet you are very right in saying 
 that men with a ruddy complexion, a short frame, and a 
 bold appetite, will suffer less from cold, than men 
 apparently of a weakly constitution; and on the same 
 principle it may be said, that the very reverse 
 actually takes place in a hot climate, where people of a 
 feeble constitution survive better in a tropical climate, 
 and are more safe from falling a victim to the yellow 
 fever, than those enjoying the fullest health. 
 
 It is, however, time to close my letter, and so, in hopes 
 soon to have the pleasure of conversing personally 
 with you on your memorable expedition, permit me 
 to name myself with the highest respect. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 Krusenstern. 
 
 I request to present my respects to Lady Ross. Since 
 I do not know whether you are gone to England, I 
 address this to Mr. Canning. — K. 
 
 St. Pctersburgh, 8th (20th) August, 1839. 
 
 My dear Sir, — The Marquess of Anglesea did me 
 the honour to call, and not finding me at home left 
 the letter you have been so kind ,is to address to me ; 
 
61 
 
 I did not fail to wait on his lordship immediately, but 
 was equally unsuccessful. I was introduced to him at 
 a ball at Court, and have seen him since several times, 
 as well as his sons, very elegant young men. Lord Paget 
 assisted at the manoeuvre on board the Aurora frigate, 
 on board of which was his Imperial Highness Constantine. 
 You may probably have seen Sir William Symonds, 
 who was to return to England via Stockholm. I regret 
 infinitely to have seen him only once, having been almost 
 all the time of his stay out of town, either on board of 
 our frigates, or at PeterhofF or Orienbeaum, where my 
 family have passed the summer in Admii-al Greig's 
 summer house. 
 
 Sir William Symonds has seen a great deal of our 
 naval establishments, among others the Corps of Cadets ; 
 unfortunately I was not here to conduct him over the 
 estabUshment, so that I do not know whether he has 
 been pleased with it or not. I should have wished to 
 know his opinion of a model of one of our best frigates, 
 the paddles which are just put up by the Garde Marines, 
 after which it is taken to pieces, every part of it being 
 on screws ; it takes up the whole breadth of our dining 
 hall, which is 72 feet. The size of our model is a quarter 
 of the length of the paddles, or what is the same in the 
 President that was taken by the Endymion. 
 
 Sir W. Symonds told me that my old friend Lord 
 
62 
 
 
 T I 
 
 
 Dundonald is on the point of constructing a steam-boat 
 on quite a new principle, far superior to the present 
 system. You have probably heard of the French steam- 
 boat Le Veloce, built and commanded by Captain 
 Bechernel of the marine. He rigged her as a frigate 
 in order to sail when the wind was favourable under 
 all sails without the assistance of steam, at the same 
 time disengaging the paddle-wheels: when the wind is 
 contrary he contrives to lower down the topmasts and 
 topgallant masts and place them before the masts, being 
 of iron and hollow ; as to the yards he folds them up 
 like an umbrella — all may be executed in 38 minutes. 
 Admitting all this to be very ingenious, I doubt whether 
 in our European Seas and the Atlantic, where the wind 
 frequently changes, and where in consequence the 
 operation of rigging and unrigging is frequently to be 
 repeated, the system will bo found very practicable ; it 
 may be of use in steam-boats destined to go to the East 
 Indies. The ships, if rigged on entering the region of 
 the trade winds or fiivourable monsoons, may save a 
 great quantity of fuel, as the use of steam may then be 
 dispensed with. I wish very much to hear your opinion, 
 as you are so much interested in the steam navigation 
 to the East Indies; for us. Captain Bechernel's system 
 will not do. The Veloce hits made a voyage to Havannah 
 in 28 days, which does not appear to be a great or quick 
 
63 
 
 passage, since on a voyage to Havannah you have the 
 assistance of the trad<'S a considerable part of the way. 
 
 I have just got sight of a Report on Steam Vessels, 
 accidentally published by ord(>r of Parliament ; it contains 
 very valuable statements and useful remarks. 
 
 I beg to present my best respects to T.ady Ross, and 
 
 believe me with much respect. 
 
 Yours much obliged, &c,, 
 
 Krusenstern. 
 
 Received SSth August; answer sent to it by 
 
 Captain Dunlop. — Ed. 
 
 The following list of Charts and Plans, many 
 of which were transmitted to me by Admiral Kru- 
 senstern, and subsequently published in a General 
 Atlas— which I unfortunately lost, with the whole 
 of my marine library, in my voyage of the years 
 1829 to 1833 — are enumerated here, as an example 
 and proof of the extraordinary labour and perse- 
 verance of the gallant Admiral, as well as of his 
 superior talents as a navigator and astronomer. 
 None of his statements have over been called in 
 question; while his discoveries and nautical cor- 
 rections are universally acknowledged to have been 
 
64 
 
 Iff 1.: 
 
 i; 
 
 li:) 
 
 of infinite service to navigation ; and it may be 
 truly said, that no other individual has ever con- 
 tributed so largely to navigation, geography, and 
 science. 
 
 KRUSENSTERN'S ATLAS. 
 Table des Cartes ct Plans contcnus dans V Atlas do 
 
 V Ocean Pacijique. 
 
 HEMISPHERE AUSTRAL. 
 
 1. Carte General de I'Ocean Pacifique, depuis le 71 " 
 de latitude australe jusqu'au 5 degre de latitude boreale. 
 
 2. Carte de la Nouvelle Guinee ; Carte du Detroit de 
 Jorres; Plan du Port Dory. 
 
 3. Carte de la Mer du Corail. 
 
 4. Carte de la Cote sud-est dr la Nouvelle Galles 
 meridionale, depuis le parallele dt ;25° 14' de latitude, 
 jusqu'au parallele de 37° 37'; Plan du Port Jackson. 
 
 5. Carte de la Terre de Van Diemen, ct du Detroit 
 de Bass ; Plan du Port Philip. 
 
 6. Carte des Isles de rAmiraut(5 ; Carte de la Nouvelle 
 Irlande ; Plan du Port Gower. 
 
 7. Cartes des Isles de la Nouvelle Bretagne ; Plan du 
 Port Hunter sur I'Isle Due de York : Carte de I'Archipel 
 de Santa Cruz ; Plan de I'Anse Byron sur I'Isle Santa Cruz. 
 
 8. Carte de rArchipel de la Louisiadc ; Carte de 
 I'Archipel de Mendana; Plan du Port (Jliichagoff sur 
 risle de Noukahiva. 
 
 
65 
 
 9. Carte systematique de TArchipeldefi Isles de Solomon. 
 Plan de la Bale Choiseul sur le cote S.O. de I'lsle Choiseul ; 
 Plan du Port Praslin sur le cote N.O. de I'Isle Ysabel. 
 
 10. Carte de rArchipel des Nouvelles Hebrides ; Plan 
 du Port de la Resolution dans I'Isle Tanna. 
 
 11. Carte de la Nouvelle CalMonie; Plan du Port 
 Saint Vincent. 
 
 12. Carte de la Nouvelle Z«''lande ; Carte du Detroit de 
 Cook ; Plan de la Baie Dusky. 
 
 13. Carte de I'Archipel des Isles des Amis ; Plan de la 
 Rade del Repugio et du Port Valdes dans I'Isle de Vavao ; 
 Carte de I'Archipel des Isles de la Society ; Plan de la 
 Baie de IVIattaray sur I'Isle 0-taiti ; Plan du Port Taloo, 
 sur le cote septentrionalc de I'Isle Gimeo. 
 
 14. Carte de I'Archipel des Isles Fidji ; Plan de la 
 Baie de Sandal "Wood ; Carte des Isles des Navigateurs ; 
 Plan de I'Anse du Massacre dans I'Isle Mauuna. 
 
 15. Carte de TArchipel des Isles Besses. 
 
 HEMISPHERE BOREAL. 
 
 16. Carte Generale de I'Ocean Pacifiquo, depuis 
 I'Equateur jusqu'au 73° degre de latitude bort'ale. 
 
 17. Carte de I'Isle Kodiack ; Plan de la Baie 
 Tshiniatskoy. 
 
 18. Carte des Isles Aleoutiennes ; Plan do la Baie 
 Massacre sur I'Isle Attou. 
 
'1 
 
 I'i 
 
 ; I , J 
 
 19. Carte des Isles Al^^outiennes ; Plan du Port du 
 Capitaine sur I'lsle Ouanatashka. 
 
 20. Carte dc la Peninsule d'Aliuska et de la Baic de 
 Bristol, 
 
 21. Carte do la Peninsule de Cor^c et du Detroit de 
 Coree. 
 
 22. Carte de I'Empire du Japon et du Detroit de 
 Sangar ; Plan du Port Nangasaky. 
 
 23. Carte des Isles Kourites. 
 
 24. Carte de I'Isle Jcsso et du Detroit de La Perouse. 
 
 25. Carte de la Peninsule de Saghalin. 
 
 26. Carte de I'Isle de Formose et de la cote sud-est de 
 la Chine. 
 
 27. Carte des Isles Liqueo ; Plan du Port Napakiang 
 sur la grande Isle de Liqueo. 
 
 28. Carte des Isles de Sandwich; Plan du Port 
 Honorure sur I'Isle Woahoo. 
 
 29. Carte des Isles Mariannes ; Plan du Port Caldera 
 de Apra sur I'Isle de Guahan. 
 
 30. Carte des Isles Carolines ; Carte des Isles Meridio- 
 nales de Pelew. 
 
 31. Carte des Isles Carolines. 
 
 32. Carte des Isles Carolines. 
 
 33. Carte de I'Archipel des Isles Marshall. 
 
 34. Carte des Isles Gilbert ; Carte des Isles Galopagos. 
 
e? 
 
 Extract from the Anniversary Address of the 
 
 Right Honorable Lord Colchester, to the Royal 
 
 Geographical Society, read May 24, 1847: — 
 
 " Of distinguished foreign Geographers, we have 
 
 to lament the great Russian circumnavigator, Kru- 
 
 senstern, an Honorary Member of this Society, and 
 
 to whose kindness we are indebted for a beautiful 
 
 fac simile of the famous Pizzigani Maps, constructed 
 
 in the year 1367, of which the original is in the 
 
 Ducal Library at Parma, and of which a more 
 
 complete notice is to be found in the address from 
 
 this Chair in 1843." 
 
 The Editor feels that \e cannot conclude this 
 brief and imperfect memoir of his late friend the 
 noble and gallant Krusenstern, without offering 
 a few remarks upon his character, which may in 
 some sort supply a deficiency which will be felt to 
 exist in the preceding notice. Patriotic and faithful 
 as ho pre-eminently was to the calls of his country and 
 Emperor, — the fascinating and innocent pursuit of 
 science had for him allurements which others find 
 in the war of political struggle and party animosities. 
 During the many years that the Editor had the 
 
IS . 
 
 ;). 
 
 68 
 
 happiness of enjoying an uninterr;pted communica- 
 tion with Krusenstern,he does not recollect that either 
 tlie subject of war, or any political topic, was ever 
 alluded to. His desire to aggrandize his country, 
 which he naturally loved, was by elevating her 
 moral character among nations, and of extending 
 her influence by the legitimate meap"* of science, 
 especially by the steady pursuit of geographical 
 enterprise. Krusenstern lived during a remuikable 
 period of Russian progress. He had been the 
 witness of a series of brilliant and unparalleled im- 
 provements. The miglity impulse communicated to 
 Hussia by the Gn^at Peter, had not been exhausted 
 in the succeeding reigns, and a general spirit of 
 amelioration animated Europe, and reaching Russia, 
 had directed the ambition of her sovereisxns in a 
 path which naturally led to remote advantages to the 
 people, and slowly, but certainly tended to precipi- 
 tate the civilization of the country. In the century 
 which gave birth to Krusenstern, Russia was still 
 covered with hordes of barbarians, — passions and 
 vices which debase the human race, and arrest its 
 aspirations to the high vocat.on which, under 
 r.tvou.al;!'' eireuiiistanccs, it lulrils. were the common 
 
69 
 
 concomitants of those who frequented the Court of 
 St. Petersburg, — cheating, drinking, in fact, most 
 of the vices which degrade man in his lowest con- 
 dition of civilization, had but a few years before not 
 only distinguished and disgraced the Imperial Court 
 of Russia, but had even been openly approved and 
 shamelessly imitated by the classes which usually 
 influence their country through their political 
 ascendancy and social position. At that period 
 literature had scarcely shown itself, ond had certainly 
 never appeared in a form to be recognized ; but the 
 dark clouds which had en ve' oped the Muscovite in 
 impenetrable gloom since the rule of Rurik, had for 
 upwards of a century beer rolling away, — science 
 and literature were following closely on the heels of a 
 rapidly increasing commerce, and a gradual improve- 
 ment of its means and appliances. The Government 
 had steadily pursued a wise course to facilitate 
 commercial intercourse l»etween the various parts 
 of the Empire, and to encourage mercantile relations 
 with other peoples. fhus the Berinksky and 
 Ooii»sky canals had affo'ded an easy romnmnication 
 between the ports of tie Baltic and those of the 
 Kuxine, and, in like niiinncr, the <*anal «>f V'ishnev 
 
70 
 
 \'olotosliok had been made to connect the Gulf of 
 Finland with the remote harbours of the Caspian. 
 This commercial impulse, to which Russia is so 
 largely indebted as the means of her emancipation, 
 was greatly, if not principally, contributed through 
 her intercourse with Great Britain : her commercial 
 transactions with this country greatly exceeded those 
 with all other nations, and though her jealousy of 
 Great Britain did not incline her to admire, she yet 
 imitated what was within her reach, and, from an 
 insignificant beginning by Peter the Great, by 
 degrees formed a navy, which, before the present 
 war, had grown up to such dimensions, as to have 
 awakened grave suspicion on the part of other 
 European powers. 
 
 Krusenstern was happy in living in an age in 
 which the character of his Sovereign cast a lustre 
 upon the country of his birth. The seri(3s of rapid 
 changes which distinguished the dark period of 
 Russia from that in wliicli she has begun to run the 
 race of civilizatit^n with other European nations, 
 was precipitated by a rnhjr, who, beyond h's race, 
 was pre-enjinently fitted for the administration of 
 public atlairs, — lijj teninerale habits and indefatigable 
 
71 
 
 industry were directed unceasingly to one object, 
 and that was the improvement of his country ; and 
 the rule of Alexander, notwithstanding the adverse 
 influence of events, rapidly changed the aspect of 
 the Empire. Since his accession to the Imperial 
 Crown, th^ increase of the Russian navy, and the 
 improvemt: of the character of the service, were 
 darling objects of the Emperor, and to the attain- 
 ment of these, Krusenstern contributed no small 
 nor inconsiderable assistance. Alexander was not 
 without the distinguishing characteristic of his race, 
 and events in the latter portion of his reio-n gave 
 him facilities in fostering his ambition, which, before 
 the close of his rule, greatly increased his popularity. 
 At home, the success of Russian arn}s made liim 
 popular among the nobles, who had become discon- 
 tented on account of his protracted absence; and 
 abroad, he had, by the favourable impression he 
 had mach; by his character, and the results iie had 
 attained by his arms, placed himself in a position in 
 which he could pursue his measures for main- 
 taining the foreign influence which he had acquired, 
 whilst he lost no opportunity in prosecuting his 
 dailing policy, to push the boundaries of Russia 
 
72 
 
 '\ 
 
 further into the heart of Europe. It is, however, 
 beheved that Krusenstern did not, at any time, 
 participate in a jealousy of Great Britain and her 
 institutions, and least so, at a time when the inter- 
 course between the two nations was gradually 
 enriching the treasury of the Muscovite, and amelio- 
 rating the condition of the Russian people. While 
 the Russian Marine was still in her infancy, it was 
 seen that the preponderance of British commerce 
 was extremely favourable, if not necessary, to the 
 progress of Russian civilization. Krusenstern it is 
 believed, saw that the welfare of Russia and Great 
 Britain were not inconsistent nor antagonistic, 
 but in fact identical. The commerce of Russia 
 had been nourished and sustained by the pre- 
 ponderance of the British Navy, and no one 
 better than Krusenstern knew what was due to that 
 Navy, or what might be effected by a great nation 
 which could command its services, or attract its 
 co-operation : Krusenstern had too lofty an order 
 of intellect to partake in these small prejudices of 
 race or political illusions, which at the commence- 
 ment of his career were professed by many of his 
 cotemporaries. 
 
73 
 
 Krusenstern saw in the British Navy a model 
 which was to be imitated rather than envied,— he 
 saw in the richness and excellence of our Mercantile 
 Marine, the friend, and not the enemy of Russian 
 progress. By what means had the products of 
 sterile Russia found a demand and value in the 
 market, if not by the aid of British enterprise and 
 naval preponderance? But Krusenstern was too 
 just to allow his high order of intellect to be clouded 
 by petty jealousies or national anmiosity,— his 
 aspirations were directed to the hio;hest ends of 
 science, and science he re^'arded as ;he common 
 inheritance of mankind. Scanty as are the materials 
 of the foregoing pyges, the Editor believes enonrrb 
 has been recorded to estahlish these characteristics, 
 and although the nature of the correspondence 
 which passed between him and the object of this 
 memoir, was not such as to suggest or provoke 
 political discussion, yet, the Editor thinks that from 
 the unrestrained and trank character which distin- 
 guished the correspondence, the opinion of Krusea- 
 stern might be inferred, and it is greatly to be 
 deplored that the course of events has de|)nved 
 Russia of the cccnsels of a Sage, who, from u 
 
 G 
 
74 
 
 conscientious conviction, and an enliolitened policy, 
 would have sought to avert the calamity which has 
 for a time checked the tide of amelioration set in 
 upon Russia since the conclusion of the late war. 
 
 The task of the Editor is now fulfilled, and though 
 he has been encouraged thereunto by an abundant 
 admiration of the man whose memory he would 
 willingly adorn by the fitting emblems of that 
 immortality which belongs of right to such illus- 
 trious persons, — he admits that he has felt his 
 strength unequal to the effort, and, therefore, 
 invites others who may be more competent to such 
 a labour of love, and who may share in the admira- 
 tion of the Editor for so good and great a man, — 
 to ])ay a tribute to his memory, worthy of his name 
 and virtues. That both may survive as an example 
 to inspire virtue and emulate science, is the main 
 object of the Editor s humble effort, — he trusts that 
 thin portion of his labours will not be without a good 
 result. The Editor would also have exhibited 
 Krusenstern ns he wm seen in tlie more familiar 
 relations ofht'e — as a father in the midst of an affec- 
 tioimte family, and as a friend in tlie centre of an 
 iulmiring nnd lovin<j: circle who had the rare 
 
ro 
 
 liappiiiess of knowing him. Tins pl(3asin;^' tusk is re- 
 served tor some fnture Editor, who ntay |)ossess advan- 
 tages which the present one; only regrets lie eannot 
 aspire to; that such a labour will not be altoiietluM- 
 neglected, is his anxious hope, and he venture^ to 
 express a coniklent expectation that such rare merits, 
 so much Christian virtue, and such an jiccumulation 
 of science as are comprised in the life of Kruseii- 
 stern, will not fail to find an adequate biograi)her to 
 embalm his memory as a man, his virtues its a 
 Christian, and his science as a sage. 
 
 TJiii: i:xD.