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\ii /^v
AMS
■y
U..
X.
IN TWO VOLUMES. Vol. I.
IIAEPEa & BR'
H; ♦:
tiuKKu;
•-';?.i'
-;.' ■; ]*• ■ '^
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' fit f-
/
MEMOIRS
OF
JOHN ADAMS DIX
COMPILED BY HIS SON
Slltistratclr
^
IN TWO VOLUMES.-V0I. I.
NEW YORK
HARPER & BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE
1883
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by
MORGAN DIX
In the OflBcc of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
All rights reserved.
■f/5.f
. Pb p5)
C M. El.
MATHI AMABILI PI^ SUIS DEVOTISSIM^
8UI8 yiCISSIM CARI88ISLE
qVJE P08T ANN08 LI I
FELiciTER ct;m makito nobili i:t amante ad finem perdcctos
DOUUM INTEKEA PKCDENTEK ORDINAJfS
DILIGENTEK GUBERNANS
VIRTUTIBUS GRATII8QUE ILLUMINAN3
NUNC VIDUATA INFIRMA
DOLORIBUS CREBRI8 APFLICTA
NKCNON PATIEN8 SUB TENEBRIS HUJUS MUNDI
OUUMBRATIS LUMINIBUS CORPORIS NON ANIMI
EX8PECTAT
DONEC IN CHRISTO REVIDEAT AMISS03
OPUSCULUM HOC VOTIVUM
HEU PA RUM DIGNUM
INSCRIBENS DEDICAVIT
FILIORUM SOLUS 8UPERSTE8
AMANS nuCUSQUE
AMATURU8 IN iETERNUM
PREFACE.
It is often, if not always, said, by way of general criticism
on such a work as this, that a son ought not to undertake to
be his father's biographer. The qualities demanded in the
historian include strict impartiality, freedom from personal
bias, and skill and fearlessness in analyzing his subject ; but
these cannot be expected where the inspiring motive of the
writer is filial affection, and where the object to be studied is
rendered precious in his eyes by the threefold power of the
tie of blood, the precept of " the first commandment with
promise," and a love and admiration which have gi'own and
deepened with each added year. I feel the force of these
considerations as I begin my task: they would have put a
stop to farther progress had I thought that men differed seri-
ously in their estimate of my father's life and work, or that
I should have to deal with transactions which, for the honor
of the name, I should be compelled to explain or tempted to
cover up. But in his case a verdict has already been pro-
nounced, which attests the confidence and respect in which
he was held by his fellow-countrymen. I know nothing in
the record which, if now disclosed for the first time, would
be likely to change the judgment of the people, nor do I be-
lieve that much diversity of opinion exists among us as to his
career in general, or particular matters involving his reputa-
vl
PREFACE.
tion and his honor. These considerations have lessened my
rehictanco to attempt the present task ; and since I am urged
on every side to do the work myself, and not to intrust it to
another hand, there seems to be no alternative but to proceed
as best I may. I do not, however, conceal the fact that the
inspiring motive of this effort to tell the story of my father's
life is that veneration for him which grew with the compan-
ionship of more than fifty years, and was stronger than ever
when, kneeling by his bedside, 1 closed his dying eyes. There
would be no adequate motive to write the history unless I be-
lieved tliat it was a noble life, and that they who come after
us will be the better for knowing what he did to the glory
of Almighty God and the good of his fellow-men, and in the
service of a country which he loved with the devotion of a
loyal and patriotic heart.
My father's eighty years cover a great part of the history
of the Republic. Born just before the close of the eighteenth
century, ho left us when the nineteenth was far in its last
quarter. lie was one of those who formed the link between
the period of the Kevolution and that of the final and per-
petual consolidation of the American Union. His acts are
interwoven with the records of an age of wonderful events
and impressive phenomena. His was a life of untiring activ-
ity, wherein he served the State with hand and head, with
sword and pen, and always ably ; and the proof of the public
confidence in him lies in this fact, that he was called to almost
every office which a citizen can hold. And while his natural
gifts, ample and varied, rendered him competent to meet the
requirements of public life, he conducted himself, in each po-
sition, in such a manner as to inspire a universal belief in his
integrity. Again and again was this common faith in him
exhibited in a practical way ; for the reader of this memoir
will observe how often, in times of perplexity, when a mere
r KEF ACE.
y\{
name, with wliat it stood for, might restore a sense of secu-
rity, ho was called upon, and set in full view of the people,
with the investiture of power and the commission to do what-
ever might be necessary ; and how rapidly, at such times, the
clouds dispersed. This occurred, not once only, nor twice, but
often ; and thereon do I claim for him a place among the
purest of patriots, the wisest of counsellors, and the most
honest of men. Nor did his patriotism waver even in the
darkest hours ; nor can I say that his faith ever failed, though
I remember more than one conversation from which I in-
ferred that his concern for the future of the commonwealth
had led him almost to doubt its ability to overcome the cor-
nipting and demoralizing influences that sap the foundations
of the State. Meanwhile, amid the cares and duties of a very
full life, he found time to pursue certain studies which gave
him the reputation of a scholar, and an enviable place in the
world of letters. There are departments of literature in
which his knowledge was full and critical and his attain-
ments were uncommon ; and in this he resembled those great
statesmen of the mother country who wear a crown of double
honor — men strong in the forum, on the platform, and in the
council-chamber, yet happier in those secluded walks where
converse is held with the poet, the philosopher, and the sage.
But what, after all, were these things, compared with others,
to us who lived our life close by his, and were with him from
day to day ? We only who were of his house and blood can
fully appreciate that personality, that strong individuality,
which conFlitutes the chief treasure of our recollections, and
has left the impression of a sweet, simple-hearted, tender soul,
which loved its own devotedly, and revered God, and won
from men a deeper affection as, drawing nearer, they saw
what he was. I have no terms to express my feelings on this
point ; nor will I attempt to do so, lest this sketch should sud-
viii
PREFACE.
denly lose its liistoric cast, and take the form of another " In
Memoriam," laden with vain regrets and longings for the re-
turn of one beloved, whose place knoweth him no more.
Many years ago we began to urge my father to write his
biography. Ilis incessant occupations, however, were an ob-
stacle to the task ; he never had time for it. He hardly knew
what release from active duty meant; up to within forty-
eight hoars of his death he was transacting official business ;
he found not the leisure to do what we asked. But when
seventy years old he wrote, for our amusement, a little history
of his boyhood, covering the first twelve or fifteen years of
his life ; and to this he subsequently added a few pages, bring-
ing the memoranda down to the year 1820. These fragments
I shall now transcribe, precisely as he left them, adding some
notes, by way of additional information, on points which he
merely touched in passing, convinced that the reader will be
glad to have this autograph introduction to what is to come
after. But, first, a few words concerning those of his name
who preceded him in this country.
The family were of English stock, and Puritans. The
name of Anthony Dix appears in the Plymouth Records in
1623 ; he was admitted as a freeholder in that town in 1631,
and at Salem in 1632. Edward Dix, of "Watertown, admitted
freeman 1635, had a son, John, born in 1640 ; he appears to
have died July 9, 1660. Hali^h Dix, a descendant, was one of
the early settlers of Ipswich. Mass. ; he died at Reading, Sep-
tember 24, 1688. His grandson, Jonathan, born at the home-
stead in Reading, resided at Littleton, whence he removed to
Boscawen, N. II., or, as it was originally called, Contoocook.
He was a good man, and for more than seventy-five years a
member of the Congregational Church ; he married Sarah,
daughter of the Rev. Benjamin Shattuck, of Littleton, Mass. ;
PREFACE.
IX
and died at the residence of liis son Timothy, December 24,
1804, having attained the age of 94 years, 8 months, and 13
days. Timotliy Dix, a native of Littleton, Mass., was a man
of some eminence in his day, a patriot and a soldier ; he held
a lieutenant's commission in the Eevolutionary War, and
raised a company for that service ; he was also postmaster at
Boscawen, under President Jefferson's administration. His
character is portrayed by contemporaneous chroniclers as that
of a man of promptitude and decision, devotedly attached to
the cause of his country, firm and jjatient under the many
trials of his life; one who, in public as well as in private
relations, was remarkable for strict integrity and fidelity to
duty. Ilis son, Timothy Dix, Jr., my grandfather, is remem-
bered in ISTew Hampshire as an active, enterprising, liberal,
and enlightened citizen, distinguished for his courteous bear-
ing and honorable character. He held the office of Select-
man of the town, and represented it in the State Legislat-
ure in the years 1801-'4. In 1812, when the war broke out
between Great Britain and the United States, he received
a commission in the Tiegular Army, and at the time of his
death, which occurred in face of the enemy, at French Mills,
Canada East, November 14, 1813, was Lieutenant-colonel of the
Fourteenth Eegiment of Infantry. His wife was Abigail Wil-
kins, of Amherst ; her lather was a captain in the Provincial
Service, and lost his life during the ill-fated expedition of
General Richard Montgomery against Quebec. Of these par-
ents, and of that honest, God-fearing, and joatriotic stock, on
the 24th day of July, a.d. 1798, and in the village of Bos-
cawen, in the State of New Hampshire, John Adams Dix
was born.
I proceed, without more words, to the little history of his
earliest years, written by him for the entertainment of his
children.
r ir.~~
;>
CONTENTS OF VOL. I.
I.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY. paob
Boyhood.— Youth.— Army Life (a.d. 1798-1831) i
ir.
THE ARMY.
Washington.— New York.— Europe (a,d. 1821-1828) G3
III.
COOPERSTOWN.
Rural Life.— The Law.— Prelude to Political Career Ud
1828-1830) ." ! 83
IV.
ALBANY.
Adjutant-general.— Secretary of State.— Superintendent of
Common Schools.— Member op the Legislature (a d. 1830-
^s^2) : ... 123
V.
ABSENCE FROM HOME.
Madeira.— Spain.— Italy (a.d. 1842-1844) 173
VI.
UNITED STATES SENATE.
A.D. 1845-1853 jgg
If
il
Xll
CONTENTS.
VII. PADS
New York— EunoPE (a.d. 1853-1860) 379
VIII.
Postmaster of New York.— Secretary of the Treasury (a.d.
1860-1861) 325
ILLUSTRATIONS— VOL. L
Jons A. Dix, Secretary of State, Albany, N. Y. (from a Tortrait by
James E. Freeman, Painted in 1836) Frontispiece.
(SUil Plate.)
Catharine M. Dix (from a Portrait by Charles Ingham, in 1836) . faces 160
(Stetl Piatt.)
Sketches made During the Ecrofean Tour .... 292, 293, 295 296 297
Pine Street Meeting: Signatures in Fac-simile faces 349
Fac-simile op the Despatch «« 3^0
w
i.
J
if
I.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY.
BOYHOOD.-YOUTH.-ARMY LIFE.
A.D. iros-issi.
«
Boscawcn. — The Ilomcstcad. — School. — Daniel "Webster and Grace
Fletcher.— The Village Cemetery.— Eclipse of the Sun in 180G.— First
Death in the Family. — Study of English Authors. — Death of his
Mother. — The Congregational Meeting-house and the Preacher. — Re-
ligious Questions. — The Villagers. — Militia Company. — Drill in a
Thunder-storm. — Joe "Wheat, Stage -driver and Musician. — Sent to
School at Salisbury. — Dramatic Performances in the Meeting-house:
David and Goliath. — Exeter Academy. — Dr. Abbott. — Sparks and
Palfrey. — Speech on the War of Troy. — Montreal : the Petit Seminaire.
— Thorougli Grounding in Latin and French. — The Good Priests. —
1812: the "War witli England.— Boston.— Dr. George C. Shattuck.—
His Father Commissioned in the Fourteenth Regiment United States
Infantry. — Enters the Army at Fourteen Years of Age. — Cadet. — En-
sign in his Father's Regiment. — Sackett's Harbor. — Adjutant to Gen-
eral Uphani, — Movements on the St. Lawrence. — Fight at Chrystler's
Fields. — Death of Lieutenant-colonel Dix at French Mills. — 1814 : Fort
Constitution, Portsmouth, N. H. — Colonel "Wulbach. — Domestic Anxi-
eties and Triak^. — 1818: Fort "Washington, ou the Potomac, — 1819:
Fort Columbus, New York Harbor. — Aide-de-camp to General Jacob
Brown. — Brownsville, N. Y. — "Washington, D. C. — John C. Callioun. —
Visits to Montpelier and Monticcllo. — Madison. — Jefferson. — Debates
in Congress. — Pinkuey of Maryland. — Rufus King. — John Randolph
of Roanoke.
;
MEMOIRS
OF
JOHN ADAMS DIX
AN A UTOBIOGRAPIIY.
I REVISIT, after the lapse of fifty years, the scenes of my
childhood. The old familiar objects around me wear new
aspects, and yet they have lost nothing of their identity. The
outlines are the same, but how strangel}' shrunken they appear
to be in their proportions ! Our minds and our bodies, by
force of some incomprehensible law, expand together. As
we increase in stature the physical objects which surround us
seem to diminish in magnitude. Most of us, I think, are con-
scious of this change. The river which is flowing past as it
has flowed for ages, and which had to my sight an immeasura-
ble distance across when I was a child, looks like a mere brook
in my manhood. But I have in the mean time stood on the
banks of the Mississippi and the Missouri, and these are now
my stand.ards of comparison. The mountain on the opposite
side, which always appeared to me to have some vague and
inconceivable height, has dwindled into a hill of the most
inconsiderable dimensions : but I have crossed the Kocky
Mountains, the Alps, and the Apennines, and I instinctively
measure all inequalities of the earth's surface by these gigan-
tic elevations. Yet this miniature mountain, which filled my
childish conceptions, and which I can still fancy draped, as of
■ \ }
I
l!
an
-1. 1
4 MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
old, in gorgeous foliage, ntul casting its cool shadows far down
into the meadows as the sun Avas pinking behind it, is as
familiar as ever to my sight. But, in the progress of settle-
ment, it has been denuded of trees ; and its stony front, as its
covering has been stripped off, reveals itself in deep seams
and sharp protuberances of granite.
But let mo turn from the present to the distant jiast.
THE FIKST TEN YEAE9 OF MY LIFE.
I was born in a village in New Hampshire.* It was a full
mile in length. Its single street was terminated at one ex-
tremity' by the meeting-house, and at the other by a bridge
crossing a small stream. On one side, half a mile off, the
Merrimack Iliver flowed quietly along, with an intervening
flat, known as the intervale.f On the ojiposite side was a
* In the year 1732, memorable as that in which George Washington
was born, a number of men, mostly natives of Newbury, in the Province
of Massachusetts Bay, associated themselves together with a view to
founding a new settlement. Two years later they went forth and made
their home on the west bank of the Merrimack River, in the district of
New Ilamjishire, which was then under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts.
The proprietors gave to the township, which was seven miles square, the
Indian name of Contoocook. An act of incorporation was obtained
April 22, 17C0, and the town was thenceforth known as Boscawen. The
change of appellation was natural. The old name was associated with
images of misery and sorrow ; the settlers had been harassed by the
savage allies of the French ; their lives were spent in fear ; and every
man was of necessity a soldier. While the petition of tlie proprietors
for a charter was before the government of the Province of New Hamp-
shire, the reduction and demolition of Louisburg took place, and Gen-
erals Amherst and Wolfe and Admiral Boscawen became the heroes of
the day. Thus it happened that the brave old sailor gave liis name to
the newly-organized plantation, to the great delight of the inhabitants,
whose gloomy recollections were changed to auguries of brighter days.
t "The territory may be divided into three general divisions, viz., i/jto'-
val, pine-plain, and ?iig?i land, requiring a different cultivation.
" The interval upon the Merrimack, nearly the whole length of the
town, is in many places widely extended, originally covered with a heavy
1793-1821.] ENERGY AND FORESIGHT WELL DIRECTED. 5
range of thickly-wooded hills. I have seen many more beau-
tiful villages, but none that had for me the attraction of this.
It may be because it was my birthplace. My father was one
of the first settlers, lie was active and indefatigable in busi-
ness, and he soon gathered a community about him. He
knew that in order to make his neighbors contented he must
bring within their reach everything essential to their comfort.
lie hired a storekeeper, opened a store, and filled it with dry-
goods, hardware, and groceries, enlarging his list from time to
time as the settlers became able to increase their indulgences.
Wagon-loads of supplies were brought from Boston as the
stock on hand became low, and the arrival of one of th'^se
trains — for there were generally three or four wagons in com-
pany — was a source of the greatest interest and excitement.
As soon as the goods were opened and ready for purchasers
they were visited, inspected, and gradually bought and con-
sumed. The women came to see the new calicoes and taste
the fresh sugar, and the men to handle the axes and spades.
As the village increased in population and means mv father
established a school. He hired the teachers and provided the
school-books. In process of time a school-house was built,
and the school became one of the most noted in the country.
My father was very scrupulous in regard to the teachers. He
would have none but the very first, both in regard to qual-
ifications and respectability of character. They sometimes
insisted that he should receive them into his own family ; and
in several instances he did so, rather than lose them. Some
of the most distinguished men in the State — afterward known
growth of elm, butternut, maple, and basswoocl. When cultivated it
proved very productive, and even at this period bountifully rewards
the labor of the husbandman." — A Chronological Register of Boseawen, in
the County of Merrimach and State of New Hampshire, from the first settle-
ment of the toicn to 1820. In three parts: Descriptive, Historical, and
Miscellaneous. Compiled by an order of the town, passed March, 1819.
By Ebenezer Price, A.M., Pastor of the Second Churcli in said town.
Concord: Printed by Jacob B. Moore, 1823. 8vo, 116 pp.
6
MEMOIRS OF JOnX ADAMS 1)1 X.
throughout the Union for tlicir great abilities — were among
our village Bchool-niasters. \\\ the summer wo had female
teachers, and tliey were of the same liigh rank in talent and
character. One of them became the wife of a jurist and
statesman who has had few equals in public reputation.* It
was in this school that I received the rudiments of my educa-
tion. I was a favorite with them all, and I cherish the remem-
brance of their good opinion as a distinction to bo proud of.
The teachers being sometimes inmates of my father's family,
I was almost constantly with them ; and when I was suffi-
ciently advanced to be sent to an academy I became sensible
of the great advantage I had derived from the influence of
these excellent persons. Indeed, I think I have felt it strong-
ly in every period of my life.
The village, as I remember it after the lapse of fifty yeai*s,
consisted of some thirty dwelling-houses, standing, in about
equal number, on opposite sides of the long, straight street.
A few were white, but they were for the most part painted
in Spanish brown or a dirty red. There were a tavern and
a blacksmith's shop near the centre of the village. The
school-house was also midway between the two extremities,
and directly back of it was the bnrying-ground. I think the
school-liouso lot was originally a ])art of it. It was an odd
fancy to put them in this close contact — to bring together
* My father, in a private letter referring to tlic curly family history,
says : " I remember an oration delivered by Daniel Webster on the 4tli
of July, 180G, at Concord, 'before the Federal gentlemen of Concord and
its vicinity,' as set fortli on the title-page of the pamphlet copy. He was
then in the practice of the law, and an inmate of my father's family.
They were zealous political opponents, but personal friends, although the
lines were at that period very sharply drawn between the Federal and
Republican parties. My father took great interest in the village school,
and in many instances procured the teachers. I have a distinct recollec-
tion of General Fesscnden, the father of the late Senator Fessendcn of
Maine, as one of them, and also of Grace Fletcher, one of the loveliest of
women, with wliom Mr. Webster became acquainted at my father's house
while she was teaching, and whom he afterward married."
17!}H-lHiJl.] SAD JXI) PLEASiyG REillNISCENCES. 7
those who were preparing for the battle of life and those who
had fought and fallen in it. I «lo not renicniher, while 1 was
at school, to have received any gloomy impression from this
near neighborhood of the dead. On the contrary, it was no
uncommon thing for me and my jjlayfellows to chunber over
the fence, and carry on our games among the graves. But
after I had left school tombstones were erected to mark the
resting-places of my mother, a little sister, and my only broth-
er ; and 1 never afterward approached the spot without a deep
feeling of depression.
One of my earliest recollections is the total eclipse of the
sun in 180(). It was about the middle of June, and vegeta-
tion was in full luxuriance. Four or live beautiful trees stood
in front of my father's house. lie had planted them fifteen
years before. One was an elm, and a robin had built her nest
among its branches. I had been told that the earth would be
covered with darkness, and that the beasts and birds would be
deceived by the counterfeit night. I watched the robin with
the deepest interest. As the darkness deepened the fowls
hurried to their roosts, and the robin, to my great delight,
flew to her nest. It was appalling to see the beams of the
sun wholly intercepted at mid-day, and the face of the earth
buried in gloom. As the moon passed over the sun's disk it
seemed as though a funereal pall was drawn over it. As soon
as my boyish curiosity in regard to the fowls was satisfied
a feeling of terror came over me. I ran into the house. I
could not bear the outer darkness. The family had gone out
to witness a phenomenon never to occur again within the
compass of any of our lives, and had left my youngest sister,
then about two years old, in her cradle. I took her up and
held her in my arms, to relieve the feeling of awe caused by
the sudden disappearance of the sunlight ; for, although the
gloom had come on gradually, it seemed to me at the last that
the total darkness was instantaneous, like that which follows
the extinction of a lamp. But the light soon began to re-
turn, and I recovered from my panic in time to go out and
>!» >
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8
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
Bee the simple birds and fowls leaving their nests and roosts,
with the idea, no doubt, that they were waking up to a new day.
The next winter* death — thenceforth to be but too fre-
quent a visitor — first appeared in our family. My grandfa-
ther lived near us. Two gardens, his own and my father's,
separated the two families ; a broad gravelled walk ran through
the grounds, and our communications with each other were
carried on without going into the street. My great-grandfa-
ther, who lived with my grandfather, was near a hundred years
old ; but until within a short period before his deatli he was
in full possession of his bodily and mental powers. His great-
est weakness was the garrulousness of age. On Thanksgiving-
day the two families were always united, and four generations
sat down together at my father's table. A few weeks after
one of these reunions (the last we were to know) my grandfa-
ther came to our liouse at daybreak and told us the old man
was dead. His spirii had passed away in the stillness of the
night, and so quietly that my grandfather and grandmother,
who occupied the adjoining room, with a door open into his,
were unaware of it until tlicy rose. The shock which the
intelligence gave to us children was indescribable. The pres-
ence of our aged ancestor, who moved about among us in
patriarchal solemnity, and to whom we clung like vines to a
tree of stately growth, seemed a part of our own existence ;
and I could hardly understand at first how his life could be
taken away without violence to our own. I incline to think
this is a common feeling with children when Death for the
* I leave this as it stands, although there is undoubtedly a mistake.
The date of the total eelijise is correctly given by my father as 180C ; but
the death of his great-grandfather occurred eighteen months before, and
not after, the eclipse. Tlic error is a slight one ; it jirobably arose from
the double impression made on the boy's mind by the shadow over the
earth and the deeper shadow in the house — he associated the two horrors
of great darkness with each other, as though they merged into one. And
it may also be noted that a death occurred just as he states — that of his
brother, in October, 1806.
M¥ BROTHER'S SAD DEATH.
9
first time separates them from one of tlieir own family. It
is for this reason that they feel a terror never equalled at any
re-appearance of the same unwelcome visitor. As we ad-
vance in age we become more familiar with his presence ;
and, after threescore years, I think few persons, excepting
those who are conscience - stricken by the remembrance of
great crimes, view his near apj)roach -with insupportable
dread. My feelings of horror were at their height when the
funeral procession moved away from my grandfather's house.
There were no hearses with us in those primeval days. The
coffin, covered with its sable pall, was laid upon a bier, and was
borne by four men to the grave. The earth was white with
snow, and as the bearers passed on with their burden they
formed together the blackest of all contrasts. I turned away
from the w'indow and buried my face in my mother's bosom
— the tender mother who was in a few years to be followed
to the same resting-place by the same ghastly procession of
sorrowing friends.
But her hour was not to come until she had herself been
overwhelmed with a new and a deeper grief. My only broth-
er* was two years older than myself. lie was bold, active,
and intelligent. He was a leader in every enterprise among
those of his own age. Though but eleven years old, he had
all the self-j)OSsession and fearlessness of a man. He was pas-
sionately fond of horses, and, as my father kept several, he
was constantly on horseback. One day a new one was brought
home in my father's absence ; he was young, and only partially
broken. My brother was innnediately on his back, galloping
up and down the street. The animal ran away, and threw
him. He was taken up and brought home in a state of insen-
sibility, but without any ostensible injury. The next day he
seemed well again ; but in a short time he began to droop, and
in a few weeks was laid by the side of my great-grandfather.
This calamity made the deepest impression upon me. I
I:
* Timotliy Fuller Shattuck Dix, born Feb. 11, 1796 ; died Oct. 10, 1800.
I
10
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
had idolized my brother, and was his companion in all his
enterprises and excnrsions, wandering with him among the
fields, fishing with him in summer, and in winter following
him on my sled down the sides of the steepest hills. It was
many months before I could be induced to go out as usual
and join my playfellows in their sports. I kept almost con-
stantly in the house with my mother. My father had, for
that period, a good English library. I had scarcely ever look-
ed into a book, except such as contained my lessons at school.
In the first days of my grief, while strolling listlessly about, I
entered the library. A book lay upon the table ; I took it up,
and found it to be a volume of Goldsmith ; I opened it at the
"Good-natured Man." My interest was excited; I finished
the play without laying down the book. The moment dinner
was over I hurried to the library, and did not leave it until it
was too dark to read. For months I literally lived upon the
English poets and essayists. I was then but nine years of
age, but .iiy thirst for reading was insatiable. For a full year
I scarcely took time for exercise. My father and mother in-
dulged me in my passion ; and I have since thought that the
latter, with a secret consciousness that our earthly communion
was soon to end, encouraged me, for the purpose of having me
always in her sight. I cannot remember at this remote j)eriod
all the authors I read. Those which made the strongest im-
pression on me at first \7cvq Goldsmith and Addison; but
they were soon laid aside for Shakspeare. I did not confine
myself to the poets and essayists. There was no system in
my reading. I literally devoured whatever I chanced to take
up — poetry, histoiy, and now and then a book of a lighter
character, though my father's library contained few other than
standard works. He was too much immersed in business at
home and abroad to pay much attention to mc, and my mother
left me to the guidance of my own impulses, satisfied with
the assurance that in a well-chosen library I could not go far
astray, and probably thinking that my interest would be more
likely to be kept up, if uncontrolled.
I ;
M¥ MOTHER'S APPROACHING END.
11
She never recovered from the shock of my brother's death.
Iler health had been delicate for many years : it now began
rapidly to decline. If I had been older I could not have fail-
ed to notice the change, slow and insidious as it was ; but I
was constantly with her, and for this reason was the less likely
to mark the almost imperceptible stages of its progress. I
look back to this year as the happiest of my life — precursor
as it was to the year of sorrow which was to succeed it. As
I recur to it a thousand little incidents crowd on my memory,
unthought of then, but rising up now to rebuke my blindness.
I remember how often, as I was kneeling at her feet or resting
my head on her shoulder, I was struck by the jiallor of her face
and by the thinness of her white fingers as she passed them
through my flowing hair or pressed them against my cheek.
I fancy her now averting her coimtenance, after gazing long
and affectionately on me, to conceal from me the tears with
which her eyes were overflowing — eyes always brilliant, but
now, though dimmed with tears, shining with an unnatural
light. I thought it was my lost brother on whom her
thoughts were intent. I am sure, now, tliat she was sorrow-
ing for the child from whom she was about to part, and not
for the one she was so soon to meet. It was not until she
had reached the last stage of weakness that the conscious-
ness of a coming horror awoke witliin me. During the last
months of her illness its progress was marked by more fre-
quent and perceptible changes. At first she often walked out
with me, holding my hand in hers, listening to my comments
on what I had read — for books were at that time almost the
chief subject of my thoughts — or talking to me in tones of
angelic sweetness, that still seem to fall like notes of distant
music on my ear. The beautiful nature around us — the calm,
blue skies, the green fields, the luxuriance of trees and flowers
— was all in harmony with her own. I have never since met
with such gentleness or sweetness of temper. In all the
neighborhood there was not a single person, young or old,
whose heart she had not won. These walks filled up the last
12
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
happy summer of my boyhood. As the autumn advanced
she grew weaker, and they fatigued her. For a month more
she drove out. Then she remained always in the house, for a
while moving wearisomely about, and at last never leaving her
bed. I think it was not until then, when one day she pressed
me to her bosom, and I felt how thin the arms which encircled
me had grown, and heard her whispered benediction, as if she
were about to set out on a distant journey, that the coming
calamity broke upon me, as the morning breaks on the uncon-
scious darkness of the night. It was a moment of agony and
horror I cannot, even after the lapse of fifty years, bear to
look back upon. I burst into a flood of tears and filled her
chamber with my sobs. There needed no farther interchange
of intelligence between us. No word had been spoken ; but
she knew that the dark truth was unveiled to me, and during
the few days that remained to us — days passed constantly to-
gether — her calm resignation, her hoj)efulness of the future
life, and the endearments showered uj)on me, almost recon-
ciled me to her translation to the bright heaven the portals
of wliicli were opening for her. It was only the dark cloud
about to fall upon mo that overwhelmed me with grief.
But let me dwell no longer on these bitter experiences. In
her last hour she gave birth to a daughter, and endowed it
with the feeble remnant of her own life.
Another funeral train — the saddest of all — went out from
my father's house, and she was laid by my brother's side.*
A few weeks later her infant followed lier.f Her grave was
re-opened, and the lifeless child was laid on her bosom, there
to rest until the Great Day.
My father, who had long foreseen the coming calamity,
took refuge in his extended and engrossing business, pursu-
ing it with redoubled energy. My sisters had returned from
boarding-school in a distant town a few days before my moth-
* She died December 3, 1808.
t Martha Sherman Dix, born October 16, 1808; died January 11, 1809.
»! 'f I
MY PASSION FOB BEADING.
13
er's death. My father resolved that they should remain at
home, and he brought with him from Boston a governess to
take charge of them. In addition to the ordinary routine of
English instruction, she taught them music and drawing —
accomplishments at that time unknown in the sequestered
region where we lived. My father was a tasteful musician,
and drew with the pencil of an artist. lie had transmitted
his tastes to his children, and I was soon a proficient, under
the new governess, in both arts. But my new occupation did
not interfere with my reading. I was still as indefatigable as
ever, until I grew feeble. M^' sleep was disturbed, and I of-
ten rose in the night under strong nervous excitement and
left my room, wandering about the house. My father found
me twice under these circumstances, and became alarmed for
my health. He determined to detach me for a time from
my studies. He had a passion for shooting, and with either
the rifle or shot-gun was an unerring marksman. When he
first settled in the country the woods were full of bears,
wolves, and pantliers, and he had waged perpetual warfare
with them. They had gone farther back with the advance of
settlement, and were at tliat time rarely seen. On his return
from his next visit to Boston he gave me a silver-mounted
fowling-piece, and instructed me in the use of it.* It struck
* Here is a letter about tliib fowling-piece, addressed to " Master John
Adams Dix, Student, Exeter." The precautions to be observed in its use
must have rendered it, for the time, a harmless -weapon, and quite safe in
a boarding-school :
" Boscawcn, Sept. 19, 1809.
"Adams, — You will receive herewith your military clothes and my sil-
ver-mounted fowling-piece ; 'tis very unsuitable for a training gun, and
I very much fear 'twill get injured; 'tis so very slender a little hard
usage would spoil it. I do not wish you to use any powder, have there-
fore put a piece of wood in place of a flint, and desire you may not take
it out, or suffer it to be taken out, till you see me ; you will probably con-
ceive it to be rather hard to be debar'd the use of powder, but must al-
low me to be the best judge, and will, I presume, be perfectly satisfied
on my saying that I have sufficient reasons for it. I shall set out to-mor-
row for Dixville ; expect to be gone three weeks. Shortly after I return I
14
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
i\
a secret vein within me, and from that moment I became an
indefatigable sportsman. Tlie passion now at seventy years
of age is as strong as ever, and 1 have indulged it through life,
whenever I have been able to escape from the urgency of my
private business or public employments. After practising for
a few days at a mark, I singled out a bird near the house and
brought him to the ground. I could not have made a more
unfortunate essay of my skill. It was a lark, which sang upon
the trees in front of the door, and greeted my father as he
awoke from his slumbers with its matin song. When he told
me this, and expressed his sorrow for what I had done, I felt
as though the mark of Cain was blazoned upon my forehead.
I looked upon the instrument of death with inexpressible
loathing, and hid it away for several days. My father, think-
ing I had suffered enough for my thoughtlessness, took me
into the woods with him. The wild-pigeons were flying, and
we tilled our pouches with game. As we were clambering
over the hills a tremendous rustling was heard in a thicket
before us ; it was the sudden flight of a covey of partridges.
I had never heard the sound before, and expected every in-
stant to see a panther emerge from the woods. 1 confess to a
moment of fear, and I think I unconscic asly fell behind my
father. lie was a man of action, and not of words. Without
speaking, he turned back on me a look, as I interj)reted it, of
reproach and scorn. It seemed to say, " Have I a coward in
my family ?" I felt it keenly. The blood, which my momen-
tary alarm had thrown back upon my heart, rushed to my ex-
tremities, and no doubt crimsoned my cheeks. My self-pos-
session was regained as rapidly as it had been lost. I cocked
my piece instinctively and planted myself directly before
him. I shall never forget the smile of approbation he gave
expect to go to Portsmouth — shall go or come thro' Exeter. Wo arc
all well. Your mamma ami sisters all desire much love to you. Mine
and your mamma's compliments to Mrs. Giddings and daughters.
" In baste. Yr. Father,
"T. Dix.jR."
1798-1821.] GLANCES AT MY NATIVE VILLAGE.
15
nie ; it said to me more distinctly than any words could have
done : " I am satisfied — you will not be found wanting in try-
?j
ing emergencies. ' I have often thought, if some wild beast
had come out upon us, as I expected, how poor a match I
should have been for it, with my slender fowling-piece and
the small shot with which it was charged. Eelieved by my
father's explanations from all apprehension of any such un-
equal adversaries, I now lived, in fair weather, in the woods,
j)ursuing my studies at home only on rainy days. In a few
months my cheeks had become ruddy again and my constitu-
tion invigorated with fresh strength.
The period was approaching when I was to be sent away
from home for my classical education ; but, before I enter
upon it, let mc cast back some glances at my native village.
I have spoken of the meeting-house at one of its extremities.
The society was Congregational in its form. It acknowledged
no earthly head. I had a distinct idea of this peculiarity in its
doctrine from the conversations which I heard at my father's
house. My mother was a sincere, devout, and tnistful Chris-
tian. My father was a believer, but not a member of the
Church. I sometimes thought his views did not accord with
those of the preacher ; but he said nothing to warrant such
an inference. No man was more regular than himself in his
attendance on divine worship on Sundays, and they were the
only days in the year on which any religious exercises were
observed, except the first Monday of every month, on which
evening a prayer-meeting was held. I derived no agreeable
impression whatever from these religious observances. The
meeting-house was, like most others at that day, painted white,
covered with shingles, full of windows, with plain, plastered
walls inside ; it was cold and dreary in its aspect within and
without. It had no window-blinds ; and as the sun moved
round the building in summer the congregation moved about
in their pews, to escape from his burning rays. The winters
were awful : the thermometer often fell twenty or thirty de-
grees below zero. There was no fireplace or furnace, not even
16
MEMOIBS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
a stove. To this arctic temperature we were exposed two
hours in tlie morning and two in the afternoon.* The ser-
mon was ahnost always an hour long; and the prayers and
psalms, and reading of the Scriptures, occupied about the
same time. In my whole life I have never suffered so much
from cold. My mother always took a foot-stove with her,
and it was more frequently under my feet than hers. In the
sleigh on our way to meeting we were always comfortable, for
we were enveloped in buffalo-skins. But we could not take
them with us into the meeting-house. When the wind was
high the cold was nearly insupportable. The window-sashes
vibrated and rattled in their loose frames, and the cold air
poured upon us through numberless inlets. My feelings were
anything but devotional ; and I pray God to forgive me the
many secret irreverences of which I was guilty. The preach-
er was a learned and a conscientious man ;f but I hated his
long discourses (drawn out, as it seemed to me, with a malicious
perverseness) when I was perishing with cold. The strangest
speculations took possession of my mind. I had read in some
book in my father's library that certain holy men had volun-
tarily submitted to the severest inflictions. One, whose name
does not occur to me, lived on the top of a column for a num-
ber of years, exposed to all the vicissitudes of the seasons.
Supposing him to have lived in a good climate, I wondered
whether ho suffered as much as our preacher, holding forth by
the hour in an atmosphere fifty degrees below freezing-point.
I wondered whether the latter, like the holy father, was acting
on a principle of self-infliction, or whether he was punishing
his congregation for their stubbornness in sin. If his motive
was merely personal, then I wondered why he could not dis-
miss the congregation and perform the jjenance by himself.
* It appears that in 1827 a stove was purchased, the following item ap-
pearing on the society records: "Voted to purchase at auction one cord
hard pine- wood, two feet long, split for stove, to be cut in the spring;
which was struck off to Lieut. Nathan H. Holt, at $1 50."
t The Rev. Samuel Wood,
1798-1821.]
MY MOTHEKS TEACHINGS.
17
instead of making us tlie companions and the victims of his
martyrdom. I could not help secretly wishing, on these
wretched occasions, that he might freeze his feet, that his
arm might become so benumbed with cold that he could not
gesticulate, or that his tongue might cleave to the roof of his
mouth. It was not because I had any malice against him in
my heart, but because he was, by protracting his sermons so
unreasonably, inflicting on me sufferings too great to be borne.
I knew him better in after-years, and became sincerely attach-
ed to him ; and if ho had not been ignorant of all that passed
through my mind during those winter services, I Would have
confessed my uncharitableness and implored his forgiveness.
But there never could have been any reconciliation between
me and the meeting-house. I always detested it; I never
looked upon it as the house of God. Town - meetings and
elections were held in it. I had seen it defiled with tobacco-
juice ; I had seen it desecrated by fisticufiing in the heat of
political conflicts ; I had heard its bare walls ring with tumult-
uous laughter, when some man, who had been prosperous in
money-making and assumed airs, was elected hog-constable by
acclamation. These scenes were too often uppermost in my
thoughts when the sermon was in progress, and a devotional
frame of mind was impossible.
I am sure these impediments in my path were not the fruit
of any constitutional impiety. On the contrary, I have from
my youth been a believer, and became many years ago a mem-
ber of the Church. My mother's affectionate teachings had
implanted within me grains of devotion w^liich time could not
fail to bring forth and ripen. But her God never seemed to
me the same Deity who was worshipped at the meeting-house.
Hers was all goodness and mercy and pardoning love ; while
the other seemed to me a severe master, burning with anger
at the impenitence of the human race. In my simplicity I
asked my father, after my mother's death, why I felt so. He
bade me trust to my mother, and consider our Divine Master
as she had described him. I often think how much more
I.— 2
18
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
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wholesomo her teachings were than those to which she had
been accustomed to listen. I remember asking my father
why our meeting-liouse was so uncomfortable. I reminded
him that our house had warm rooms, cushioned chairs, and
nicely papered walls ; and asked him if we ought not to make
God's house as good as our own. I never could get any sat-
isfactory answers to such inquiries as this last. Indeed, he
evaded them, or told mo I would understand these things
better when I grew older.
Such were my early impressions in regard to religious wor-
ship ; and, but for the remembrance of my mother, I fear a
much longer time would have elapsed before they were sup-
planted by better ones.
The people of our village, though unsophisticated, were not
wanting in intelligence or in the rudiments of education.
They were entirely ignorant of the world, and heard little of
it except from my father, who made frequent visits to Bos-
ton, and who, on his return, always imparted to his wondering
neighbors the knowledge he had there gained. Newspapers
were rare in those days, and the villagers who had not been
bom in the place came from equally sequestered districts.
Yet, with the exception of a few laboring men who led unset-
tled lives, I doubt whether there was a single person in the
village, male or female, who could not read and write. Their
reading was, certainly, confined to a very limited range of
books — the Bible, "Pilgrim's Progress," Baxter's "Saint's
Kest," Fox's " Lives of the Martyrs," and some elementary
works on geography and history. There were a few families,
however, whose field of literary research was wider and more
varied ; and I remember that there were books in my father's
library which went the rounds of the more intelligent house-
holds. The simplicity of our neighbors was well illustrated
by an incident which occurred in my presence. My father
had brought home a Boston paper, and was reading to a num-
ber of them a paragraph which, he said, he believed to be un-
true. " Why," said one of his auditors, " do you believe they
1798-1821.] 0177? VILLAGE MILITIA COMPANY.
19
llier's
would print a lie ?" He, no doubt, believed lies might bo told
— such acts of turpitude might even have been committed
within the sphere of his own experience — but the enormity
of deliberately putting a lie in typo was one which his untu-
tored fancy had never conceived.
The grandest and most exciting event in our village life,
and one of the very earliest of which I have a distinct recol-
lection, was the organization of a company of militia. My
father was chiefly instrumental in getting it up, but declined
(with a disinterestedness, as ) thought, which should have given
him an immortal fame) all share in its honors. He would
neither be captain nor corporal, though, I believe, he was
pressed to accept both those distinguished positions. If I
could have seen him marching either in front or in rear of
this formidable body — the first I had ever seen in military
array — my happiness would have been comj^lete.
The day appointed for the first drill was one of the sultriest
I ever knew. It was about the middle of July, and the heat
of the sun was inconceivable. In my impatience to see the
parade commence I may have done the company injustice;
but I suspected them of a disposition to postj)one the exer-
cises to a cooler hour of the day ; whereas I expected to see
them, like the heroes of the " Iliad," setting the elements at
defiance. There was nothing said to warrant my suspicion. I
only inferred it from the discussions which were kept up for
several hours as to certain details of the organization — partic-
ularly as to questions of precedence ; that is, who should inarch
next to the captain, and who should bring up the rear. I
found that the social position of the parties was an important
element in settling the controversy ; whereas, in the regular
service, the whole thing is disposed of by stature, the tallest
men being assigned to the flanks, with a uniform descent
from each to the common centre. But of these ingenious de-
vices I had no knowledge at that early period of my life.
While engaged in the settlement of the preliminaries refer-
red to a furious storm arose. My youthful imagination may
!
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20
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
have exaggerated it, but I think I have never since witnessed
such thunder and lightning. In a few minutes tlio rain pour-
ed down in torrents, and continued for two houre without
diminution. Tlic wliole surface of tlic eartli was flooded, and
the street was a pool of water. Tlio moment the rain ceased
the lino was formed. My heart beat tumultuously as it filed
off from the front of my father's store. I was not conscious
of any organic defects at the time, though I could not fail to
notice the great want of uniformity in dress and equipment.
Most of the privates were in their shirt-sleeves, the officers
only, with a becoming tenaciousncss of their dignity, keeping
on their coats. There were not many muskets, and, I believe,
not a single bayonet in the whole line. The guns were chiefly
fowling-pieces, and there were a number of very inferior sub-
stitutes. I suspected one of the privates of carrying on his
shoulder the butt-end of one of my fish-poles, broken off for
the purjiose, and 1 know that a pitchfork was abstracted for
the emergency from my father's stable. But I had read
enough of war to understand its exigencies, and I considered
them as fully justifying acts which, if counnitted under a
less imperious necessity, would have been wholly indefensible.
When 1 saw the men moving off under their gallant com-
mander into the centre of the street, with the water ankle-
deep, and marching through it with heroic indifference, I felt
the deep injustice I had done them, before the storm, in sus-
pecting them of shrinking from the sun. It occurred to me,
it is true, that after the fiery heat of the day, which was not
yet entirely allayed, the water was anything but unpleasant.
But I indignantly dismissed this suggestion, as the offspring
of an unworthy suspicion, and was sure that they would have
marched through a pool of molten lead with the same alacrity,
if the good of their country had demanded such an act of
devotion.
To one familiar with military exhibitions the fact that
there was no drum or fife would have detracted materially
from the effect of this. It was a want which, in my igno-
11 <l
1798-1821.] MY EARLY MARTIAL rROCLIVITIES.
91
ranco, I neither felt nor noticed. Tlic military body before
ino had, as 1 thought, its appropriate musician.* He was a
man who played the clarionet — inferior, certainly, to the trum-
pet, as a military instrument, but reproducing with a softened
expression some of its lower and milder tones. The perform-
er was remarkable for an enormous nose of the aquiline form,
and as he marched down the street at the head of the column
(if a single file could be so called), playing an animating air,
his aspect struck mo as even more martial than that of the
captain.
The effect this military display made upon mo was almost
magical. I fancied myself in the presence of heroes. I almost
felt transformed into a hero myself. I was sure these uncon-
querable men, notwithstanding their defective armament, were
equal to the direst emergency. As the thunder rolled in the
distance I likened it to volleys of artillery discharged by an
enemy, which these gallant spirits were marching out to defy
and to conquer. They seemed to me to be thirsting for mili-
tary glory, and longing only for a foe on whom they might
wreak their vengeance. I caught the contagion, and made
to myself a sacred vow that, if ever I grew into manhood,
I would become a soldier or perish in the attempt.
My first lessons in the dead languages were given by the
clergyman under whose hibernal discourses I had suffered so
much. He lived three miles from the village, and had usually
that
rially
igno-
♦ " I cannot remember how often the stages ran from Boscawen, north
and south ; but I have a vivid recollection of Joseph Wheat as the driver
to Concord, and at one time to Amherst, I believe — a very remarkable man
in his way. He hnd an enormous nose, which gave rise to numerous
jokes, of many of which ho was himself the author, for he was, like poor
Yorick, ' a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy.' I remember
him also marching through the village at the head of a company of
militia, just organized, and playing on the clarionet, he being the only
musician on the occasion, which was a company drill, preparatory to the
general muster, or ' general training,' as the regimental x^aradc was usu-
ally called.'" — From a private letter.
I V 7
22
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
H- (
half a dozen young gentlemen living in his family, and pre-
paring themselves, under his direction, for college, lie was
an excellent Latin and Greek scholar, and one of the best of
men. He had a farm of some twenty or thirty acres, and cul-
tivated it with his own hands, with the assistance of a single
hired man. His life was as simple as it was exemplary. He
rose at daybreak in summer, and in winter long before light,
and was busy in his study till breakfast preparing his sermons
for the succeeding Sabbath. The rest of the day was divided
about equally between his pupils and his farm. In his agri-
cultural labors he made no distinction between liis hired man
and himself. He did his full share of ploughing, planting,
and harvesting. The only occupation in which he took no
part was the care of the horses. I do not think his sermons
were ever fully written out. He had very copious notes, and
in his anxiety to illustrate his points with clearness he be-
came tedious in spite of his learning and his unalTected piety.
Yet there was an earnestness and a solemnity in his exhorta-
tions which were very impressive. To his pupils lie was all
that a parent and a teacher could be — kind, patient, and inde-
fatigable. This was my first absence from home. It lasted
some six months, and in that time I had not only mastered
my Latin and Greek grammars, but had made such proficiency
in both tongues as to be able to translate easy exercises with
facility. My fellow pupils were among tlie first young men
in the State. One became, years afterward, Speaker of the
House of Representatives, and another a minister at a foreign
court.* The half year I was with them passed away almost
* Tlicre is, perhaps, an error here ; for in a private letter subsequently
written, and to which I occasionally refer in these notes, my father
writes: "I was for a portion of a year (1809, 1 think) an inmate of lis
(Rev. Dr. Wood's) fixmily, with Charles Haddock, who was Chargd d' Af-
faires at Lisbon during General Taylor's administration ; Charles "" /ood-
man, at one time Speaker of the lower branch of the New Hampshire
Legislature; and one of the Dr. Kitlredges so familiar to the memory of
the men of that period as memberj of the medical faculty of the State."
1798-1821.] UNREASONABLY PROLIX PRAYERS.
23
Imperceptibly. I had no feeling of home-sickness after the
first few days. I became sincerely attached to our teacher.
His unceasing kindness was irresistible. And yet he was the
unconscious author of a new grief to me. It was the long
prayer over the breakfast-table. It answered the double pur-
pose of a morning-prayer and grace before meat. It com-
menced as soon as the breakfast was on the table, and lasted
from ten to fifteen minutes. There was no actual sufEering
in the " hope deferred " of which these protracted supplica-
tions were the source except when our appetites were unusu-
ally keen ; but I really believe the annoyance was ycry little
inferior to that which the long winter sermons had caused
me. My heart sunk as I saw the smoking viands grow cold,
and the vapor issuing from the spouts of the teapot and cof-
fee-urn gradually fading away and giving evidence of the
cooling process within. I fear my thankfulness to Provi-
dence for the good things before me was marred by a vin-
dictive feeling toward the venerable pastor, who was making
them comparatively worthless by his untimely prolixity. I
am sure the cook — who v as always called in to unite in the
family devotions — often betrayed anmistakable signs of re-
sentment, as she saw the gravies and melted butter, on
which she had expended herself, relapsing into their pri-
meval solidity. I relate these things as they actually oc-
curred. They are obsolete customs now; and they seem
strange to me as I recall them to recollection. The age has
grown shrewder and, let us hope, not less grateful to Provi-
dence for its mercies, even if we do not think it necessary
to couple the expression of our thankfulness with personal
inflictions.
I think my father's object in sending me so short a distance
from home was to make the wider separation he had in view
less trying. While I was with the village clergyman I always
saw him and my sisters on Sundays, and passed with them
the intermission between the two sermons. At the end of
six months I was sent to an academy several miles farther off,
II
III
,
I f
h
I
ifi
24
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
and was only to come home three times a year.* The village,
of which it was the principal ornament and pride, was larger
than the one in which my father resided, but less attractive to
me. Indeed, it must have been so to any lover of fine natu-
ral objects, for it lacked the ri v^er and the mountains, which,
when I was at home, were always in my sight. There was
but one place of public worship. The society was Congrega-
tional, and the clergyman, with whom I boarded, was known
throughout the State as a man of learning and genius. His
wife was one of the kindest of women, and I soon became her
special favorite. She often talked to me of my mother, whom
she had known, and I have no doubt this circumstance had
much to do with her great kindness to me, though the good-
ness of her heart would naturally have led her to distinguish
me from the other children committed to her care, wh j had
known no such sorrow as mine. While I was conscious of
her partiality to me, shown as it was in a thousand ways, I do
not think it was noticed by the others, so faithfully was her
duty discharged to all. She had no children of her own, and
if she had been thus favored I am sure she could not have
watched over them with more affection or care. Not long
after my arrival tliere was a terrific thunder-storm ; it was not
much inferior to that with which the first military parade in
my native village was accompanied. A tree near the house
was struck by the lightning, filling all our liearts with terror.
Undaunted herself, she gathered us together and took us into
a dark passage in the centre of the house, as far as possible
from the chimney-stacks, where she supposed there would be
the least danger, and, making us kneel down behind her, she
prayed with all the ferv(>r and tenderness of a mother for the
preservation of her "dear children," as she called us, from
* This school was at Salisbury. Stephen 11, Long, afterward a dis-
tinguished officer of United States Engineers, was preceptor. My father
was lodged with the Rev. Dr. Worcester, who, like Dr. Wood, was held
in high esteem in the ministry.
1798-1821.]
AN EARLY ATTACHMENT.
25
the fury of the storm. She made no allusion to herself, and
I do not think her own danger ever occurred to her, so ab-
sorbing was her anxiety for us. The kindness of this excel-
lent woman is ever fresh in my remembrance. I have never
since found any one whor.e affection so nearly resembled, in
its outward manifestations, that which I had known in my
mother.
The principal of the academy — the Preceptor, as he was
called — was a young man of more than ordinary capacity and
attainments. He had graduated at college as a finished
classical scholar and an excellent mathematician ; and he was
known afterward as one of the first Engineei's in the Un'^^'^d
States. He ruled us with firmness ; but he was always con-
siderate and just, and I do not think there was a single pupil
who did not love and respect him. The year I passed under
his direction was one of the happiest I have known since my
mother's death. There was a girls' as well as a boys' depart-
ment, and several of the misses were fellow-boarders with us.
They were all of excellent families, and one only of them
turned out badly in her womanhood. She had more personal
attractions than any of her associates, and a serenity of tem-
per which no provocation could disturb. She was, indeed, the
belle of the village as well as the school. "We boarded to-
gether, and I became her devoted admirer, though she was
two years older than myself. But for this disparity of age
and my extreme youth, I am sure our watchful female guar-
dian would not have allowed us to be so much together. AVe
were inseparable companions, and she was as warmly attached
to me as I was to her. There was no need of keeping us
apart. I was but ten years of age, and she only twelve. It
is true, as time advanced and I was a year older, it occurred
to me that when I became a man the difference between us
would disappear, and then there would be no obstacle to a
nearer association — an association which conveyed to my mind
no other idea but that of perpetual companionship. But no
such intimation passed between us. I have often wondered
26
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
V f
since v:liethcr this thought (for it was nothing more), if it had
been expressed, would have had any influence in saving her
from the infamy of her after-life. It is a wretched history of
ruin to her and misery to her respectable family — a history I
do not intend to narrate. "When we parted 1 sincerely be-
lieve she was as pure in heart as she was in conduct. We
met once afterward in Boston. Ten years had gone by, and
I was a man. I went to see her, knowing her guilt and her
imj)enitence. She was then in the full bloom of womanhood,
and surpassingly beautiful. The interview was a very dis-
tressing one. It was unexpected to her, and the sight of me,
her friend and admirer in the days of her innocence, filled her
heart for the first time with shame and remorse. Two days
afterward her earthly career, begun in prosperity and virtue,
and ending in dishonor and guilt, was suddenly closed. It
was many weeks before I recovered from the shock I received
from this meeting and its sad sequel. I have anticipated the
close of this unhappy episode in my life in order to dismiss
it forever hereafter from my thoughts. If she had lived in
the days of Charles II. site might hav^e been a Duchess of
Cleveland, or, in the reign of the late King of Bavaria, a
Countess of Landsfeldt. May God forgive her many trans-
gressions, and, above all, the last act, by which she terminated
her miserable life !
I was not long in taking a high rank among the pupils of my
own age. I had a remarkable facility for acquiring languages ;
and as the classics were at that day the chief branch of academ-
ic instruction, my proficiency was very marked. I also made
good progress as a speaker. A few years later an eminent
tragedian, who had given me a series of lessons in elocution,
said to my father, then in command of a regiment in the army
of the United States, " Colonel, your son has great constitu-
tional facilities for becoming an orator." I believe this was
the judgment — though it would have been expressed in less
sounding phrase — of the preceptor, the pupils, and the people
of the surrounding country, for it was not long before I ap-
*> I
1798-1821.]
A PRIMITIVE THEATRE.
27
peared before them as a public speaker. The occasion to
which I refer was the semi-annual examination, or rather the
exhibition, as it was appropriately termed. To be more ac-
curate, the examination of the students, which took place at
the academy, was followed by an exhibition at the meeting-
house of the oratorical and dramatic powers of the pupils. It
was got up with the most studied preparation and all the
scenic effect of a country theatre. The pews, occupying about
one-third of the area of the building, were boarded over and
converted into a stage, reserving a small space in the rear for
robing. It was an era in the lives of those of us who had
never witnessed a dramatic performance. I had read all of
Goldsmith's and most of Shakspeare's plays, but had not the
faintest conception of the mode in which they were repre-
sented. One of the older pupils, who had a knack at paint-
ing, got up some sketches of trees and foliage for the sides
and background of the stage. We had no shifting scenes;
and as we came to the performances, which were quite varied,
it occurred to me that the actors, when they should, accord-
ing to the book, have been conversing in drawing-rooms or
streets, were always holding communion with each other in
umbrageous solitudes. The drop-curtain was unexception-
able. It was muslin of a fiery red ; and to my sight the ef-
fect, as it rose or fell, concealing or displaying the green trees
behind it, was gorgeous beyond anything I had conceived. I
think it made the same impression on the spectators, vho
were, at least nine out of ten, inhabitants of the neighboring
country, and as ignorant as myself of dramatic representa-
tions. Oui-s commenced in the morning about ten o'clock,
and lasted till one. After that we had an intermission of an
hour for dinner. At two they recommenced, and continued
till eight in the evening. It was midsummer, and in that
northern latitude the twilight ran far into the night. We
played "Tlio Taming of the Shrew" with unbounded ap-
plause. The genteel portions of the comedy were, as I
thought, glorious ; but the drunken tinker filled the measure
II r
:
r.
i J
ti
i,.
Mi
28
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
!
I
of my conception in regard to the power of imitation. I was,
in fact, Bo convulsed with laughter that the performance
which was to follow, and in which I was to bear the most dis-
tinguished part, was at one time in imminent peril of miscar-
riage. It was a dialogue between David and Goliath, taken
from one of Hannah More's sacred dramas. I need not say
which part was assigned to me. When the preceptor pro-
posed it I shrunk from it, as far exceeding my powers. I was
only familiar with the history of the giant and his youthful
antagonist through the seventeenth chapter of the Fii*st Book
of Samuel. I knew I was to be armed with a sling, and I was
somewhat familiar with its use, but I did not think myself
sufficiently expert to hit my adversary in the forehead in
good faith and actually bring him to the ground, as I took it
for granted the spectators would expect — at least with a rea-
sonable resemblance to the reality. But when I read Miss
More's poetical version of the meeting, which the preceptor
put into my hands, and found that after the challenge had
been given and accepted the parties, by virtue of the Ex-
eunt (that ingenious device of the play-writers), were to re-
tire, leaving the audience to learn the particulars of the com-
bat from Abner, the captain of the host — in a word, when I
found that the impossibilities of the drama were to be enacted
behind the scenes, I entered upon my task with the utmost
enthusiasm. I may truly say, in modern phrase, that my per-
formance was " a great success " — I do not think the drunken
tinker carried away as many laurels as myself. My adversary
was an overgrown youth of some twenty-two years of age, who
had just left the plough and commenced his classical educa-
tion with a view to the ministry. He was full six feet in
height, and his frame was dilated and hardened by field labor.
When he stood before me and waved his enormous wooden
spear over my head, with those terrific words —
" Around my spear I'll twist tliy shining locks,
And toss in air tby head all gash'd with wounds"—
li )
1798-1821.]
THE ILLUSIONS OF BOYHOOD.
29
(a feat to which he was quite equal), the intrepidity with
which I withstood and defied tlie giant was rapturously ap-
plauded. But when I, a mere stripling, bade my colossal ad-
versary follow me out, and pronounced the concluding lines —
" The God of battle stimulates my arm,
And fires my soul with ardor not ^ts own " —
the enthusiasm of the audience was boundless. I was called
back upon the stage to receive tlie congratulations of the ad-
miring spectators. The meeting-house was crowded. Hun-
dreds of bright eyes looked down upon me from the galleries.
Tumultuous applause greeted my re-appearance. I did not
know that this was a common occurrence in theatrical life.
It seemed to me to be a new-born distinction, the offspring of
an unexampled success. My triumph was complete. It was
the greatest day of my life. I felt that I had done a noble
deed. I do not think that David himself could have been
better satisfied with his own performance in the original
drama. But I was not intoxicated by my success. Like that
exemplary Israelite, I resolved not to disappoint the public
expectation. I would live and devote myself to the perform-
ance of great and virtuous actions. I considered myself called
on thus to dedicate myself by the unbounded applause I had
received. I have often looked back, not altogether without a
sense of the comic, on these innocent dawnings of youthful
ambition. There is, nevertheless, a serious aspect in these
retrospections — in the dissipation of pleasant and inspiring
illusions, when we compare the aspirations of boyhood with
the tmths taught by our experience in after-life. My tri-
umph was not a mere ephemeral achievement of the day.
For a long time I saw myself noticed by the country jjcople
as they passed me in their wagons ; and on one occasion a
red-cheeked girl driving by pointed me out to her companion
as blooming as herself, and I heard her say, " There's the fine
little fellow that acted David."
I
80
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
THE SECOND TEN YEARS OF MY LIFE.
1 had reached an age when my father thought I might be
sent to the principal academy of my native State at Exeter,
and placed under the tutelage of the celebrated Dr. Abbott,
who was for more than half a century the principal of that
institution. During that period it gathered within its walls
more distinguished men than any other academy of New
England.* The students were of a higher order than those
* Phillips Exeter Academy, one of the oldest endowed classical schools
in New England, was founded by Dr. John Phillips, of Andover. Its char-
ter is dated April 3, 1781 ; it is therefore the oldest institution of learn-
ing established by State authority in New Hampshire, Dartmouth Col-
lege having been chartered by royal grant in 1769. Dr. Abbott was
principal for just half a century — from 1788 to 1838.
In the Catalogue for 1869 there is a charming picture of Dr. Abbott,
who is represented as a man of firmness and dignity of character united
with great natural sweetness of disposition and suavity of manners: " He
never met the youngest academy scholar in the street without lifting his
hat entirely from his head, as in courteous recognition of an equal ; and
an abashed and awkward attempt to return the compliment was the ur-
chin's first lesson in good-manners and respect for his teacher." Among
the characteristic usages of the academy were these :
"4. After worship is begun they are not to rise up to any who may
enter. At all other times they shall rise and bow respectfully to gentle-
men Avhen they enter the room and when they leave it.
" 5. Every student shall be exact upon his attendance on all the exer-
cises of this academy. He shall carefully prepare for them, and not fail
to sweep, kindle fire, ring the bell, shut up the academy, tend the fire,
etc., each in his turn, and exactly at the time required.
" 9. As the character and usefulness of men greatly depend upon ami-
able and engaging manners, the Preceptor would highly recommend, and
strictly requires, a constant and persevering attention to the rules of true
honor and politeness, and a careful endeavor to express tiie principles of
unaffected benevolence, by a cheerful readiness to perform every kind of-
fice in their power, and to do it in the most obliging and becoming man-
ner; ever remembering that great favors are diminished, and that small
ones greatly increase, by the manner in which they are conferred. A
gift may be unkindly bestowed, and a favor kindly and politely refused.
"10. All students shall strictly observe and persevcringly practise
1798-1821.]
THE REVERED DR. ABBOTT.
81
in the academy I had just left. I found a large number of
young men of the most respectable families of Massachusetts,
and some, from that State, who became distinguished in after-
good-manners and civility to all ; condescension and kindness to those
younger than themselves, affability and good-manners to their equals,
and their language and behavior to superiors shall be decent and respect-
ful, never speaking disrespectfully of them or their conduct when absent.
This rule is carefully to be observed to all men of public character.
These important rules are highly recommended and strongly enforced,
ns containing the sum of virtue and benevolence, agreeable to that com-
plete rule of virtue and honor — whatsoever you can rationally desire
others should do for you, that do for them in the kindest manner."
I add the following eulogy of Dr. Abbott, from the work already re-
ferred to :
" It was not strange, then, that he gained so strong a hold upon the
love and respect of his pupils. To them he always appeared as if sur-
rounded by some invisible enclosure, which even the boldest could not
overstep without a bowed head and a feeling almost of awe. Others
may have been equally or even more successful as mere teachers ; but in
the gcDcral discipline of mind and character, in exerting an influence
upon the boy which continued through the subsequent life of the man,
no instructor ever surpassed him. It was a common remark among his
pupils that it was a shame to deceive Dr. Abbott, or to tell him a lie ;
and even if one ventured to do so he had a sort of uncomfortable con-
sciousness that the doctor had detected him, but saw fit to overlook the
offence and allow it to be its own punishment. He was a competent
scholar after the fashion of his day, though he made no pretension to
wide and accurate learning. It was rather his pride to induce his pupils,
by their own efforts, to surpass their instructor in scholarshij). But he
had excellent taste, and a hearty appreciation of the beauties of the Latin
and Greek authors, which he never failed to impart to his classes.
"To those who never studied under Dr. Abbott this picture may seem
overcharged ; but it was not mere accident which procured for him un-
interrupted success and surpassing influence as head of the academy for
fifty years, or which gave him such pupils as Lewis Cass, Joseph Stevens
Buckminster, Daniel Webster, Lcverett Saltonstall, Nathaniel A. Haven,
Joseph Q. Cogswell, Theodore Lyman, Edward Everett, the twin Pea-
bodys, John A. Dix, John G. Palfrey, Jared Sparks, George Bancroft,
Jonathan Chapman, Ephraim Peabody, and a host of others whom the
country delights to honor."
n
til
f.)
Ui
89
MEMOriS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
life for their literary acqiurements. Sparks was just leaving,
and Palfrey was a fellow-student with mo for more than a
year. There was a gravity, not to say a stateliness, in the ad-
ministration of this institution which was in strong contrast
with the easy-going management of the other. The extended
career of Dr. Abbott furnishes the best proof of his fitness for
the position which he held with such distinguished success.
I remember him as a man of solemnity, and not seeming to
me to possess those qualities which invito familiarity on the
part of his pupils. Those who knew him intimately may
have found in him qualities which a student, meeting him
only as one in authority, would fail to discover. I should de-
scribe him as very able, very just, and very devoted. That he
had a rich vein of humor I know, for it was my fortune to
open and develop it. But for the circumstance I allude to
I think I should have terminated my connection with this in-
stitution without leaving any trace of my presence, except the
registration of my name in the catalogue of students. I be-
lieve I was diligent, and made good progress in my classical
course. It was as a speaker that I was remembered by the
academic staff and my fellow-pupils ; though it must be con-
fessed that my notoriety (I cannot call it distinction) was not
of the most exalted character. My performance came off at
one of the periodical exercises in public speaking. I had
found in an old English magazine a burlesque account of the
Siege of Troy, and after some hesitation 1 resolved to test the
self-possession of our grave and reverend seigniors. I under-
stood perfectly that it was an audacious experiment, and that
unless it was as audacious in the execution as in the design it
would prove an ignominious failure. I determined, therefore,
that it should not miscarry for want of dramatic effect. I in-
trusted no one with my secret, not even my fellow-boarders.
Palfrey prepared the way for me by a recitation calculated to
deepen the prevailing gravity. "When he pronounced the
first line —
"In yonder cave, formed by no mortal hand, a hermit lived" —
<( I.
fell
1798-1821.] A RECITATION CLAMOROUSLY APPLAUDED.
33
he undertook, by an appropriate motion^of liis own mortal
liand, to show liovv it was done. After a very creditable per-
formance for an imdisciplined neophyte in the school of ora-
tory he made his exit, deepening the natural solemnity of the
piece by a kindred gravity of manner. If, as has been said,
there is always a charm in contrasts, the field for my perform-
ance could not have been better prepared ; and I had the fore-
sight to see that I could make it more striking by keeping up
a discordance between my manner and my matter. My grav-
ity was not exceeded by that of my predecessor. It was, there-
fore, like a sudden awakening from a solemn reverie when I
made the customary academic bow and commenced :
" Tlie Grecians came running to Troy —
The Trojans went running to meet tbcm :
It is known to eacli little school-boy "
[an appropriate gesture, embracing the whole body of stu-
dents. Sparks included]
" How tlie Greeks they horse-jockeyed and beat them."
My solicitude as to the reception of my performance was in-
creased during the recital of tlie first two lines by an expres-
sion on the face of Dr. Abbott, which I fancied to be a doubt
on his part whether he should let me proceed or order me off
the stage. But the horse - jockeying was too much for his
gravity and that of the other professors, and the students, en-
couraged by the sign, gave audible vent to their mirth. Thus
relieved from my anxiety, I delivered the remaining stanzas
with an effect which was received with clamorous applause :
" No house could that day be endured —
They made them too hot for the holders ;
And ^neas, not being insured,
Set off with his dad on his shoulders.
" His fortune ho tried on the ocean —
And then such palavering stories !
To Dido he told with emotion —
Jubes renovare dolores.
L-3
ii.1
': !
m
31
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
"When he'd gained all his ends, ' Dear ^ncas,'
Said she, ' if you love your poor Dido,
When you're coming this way, call and sec us.*
Thinks he, 'I'll be hanged if I do.'
" ' Sister Anne,' then said she, ' all is done,
And he's off— only see what a way 'tis;
He's gone with his saucy young son,
And that rascal his Jidtis Ac/uites.''
" A cord round her neck she suspended,
The one end a bedpost was tied to —
I'm sorry the story's so ended.
But there was an end of poor Dido !"
T retired, "with my pockct-Landkercliief to my eyes, in mock
distress at the tragical end of the disconsolate widow, and was
followed by long- continued plaudits, in which the Faculty
joined. Some months afterward a simple-minded youth at-
tempted to repeat the experiment; but he liad hardly pro-
nounced the first line when the Rev. Principal called out, in
a voice of thunder, " Leave the stage, sir!'^ It was one of
those achievements of which the flavor, as well as the glory,
evaporates with the first performance.
At the end of a year my studies terminated, and without
leaving any strong impression on my mind as to the institu-.
tion except that its administration was orderly and ably con-
ducted. There was nothing in my associations or my i^ersonal
experience so strongly marked as to be often recurred to in
subsequent years.
The following year I was sent to Montreal, and became a
pupil in the College. I made the dreariest of all journeys
through New Hampshire and Vermont. It was in the latter
part of the month of March, and the snow was rapidly dissolv-
ing, so that the gentleman who had charge of me, and I, were
frequently under the necessity of going on foot while the
horses were drawing the sleigh painfully over the bare ground.
It was during the prevalence of that horrible hibernal disease
1798-1821.]
AT COLLEGE IN MONTREAL.
86
known as tho spotted fever, and wo were several nights
obliged to stop in taverns, whoso inmates were lying ill
with it. At length we reached the St. Lawrence and crossed
it on foot. The last sleigh had broken in, and tho next
day the river showed only a mass of moving ice. Such was
my introduction to Montreal.^
My father sent me to tho college principally for the pur-
pose of acjuiring the French language ; and as English was
not spoken, with a single exception, by any of the professors
* Tlie following letter, written to liim by his father, will be read with
interest :
" Boscawcn, May 27tli, 1811.
" Adams, my deau Boy, — Wc have waited long and witii niueh anxi-
ety till lust week to hear from you, when wc received yours of the 25th
March, and with it a letter from Mr. Atkinson of the 30th Ap'l. We
liad, liowever, three or four weeks previously rcc'd a letter from Mr.
Wilkins, informing us of 'your safe arrival at Montreal after a tedious
journey, of your health, etc' I con ludc your journey must have been
very tedious, if you were, as Mr, AtU nson tells nie, ' compelled to stump
thro' tlie mud on foot from Burling i ;' am much pleased that you so
soon gained a situation in the College, I hope it vill prove both agree-
able and advantageous; I do not entertain a doubt that your conduct
will be such as to secure not only the approbation but the applause of
the Government of the College, to do which may bo of much importance
to you. We were a little disappointed in not receiving a longer letter
from you, with a more particular account of your journey, of the novel-
ties you have seen, and the new scenes you have witnessed. We con-
clude, however, you wanted time, and have them in reserve for future
letters, which we depend on receiving soon, and certainly shall not
peaceably dispense with ; 'tis now time that we had three letters from
you, and have had but one, and that dated more than two months ago ;
you must not neglect us so.
" I was at my settlement in Dixville a few weeks ago. I was then, I
suppose, within aljout 100 miles of Montreal ; I thought of you and
looked over the mountains, but could not see you. I shall go to Bos-
ton to-morrow, and shall hope and expect to find letters from you on my
return, in about 8 days. The children and our friends are all well ; all
that can lisp of the former send love to you. Give my compliments to
Messrs. Atkinson, Peterson, and Wilkins.
" Your father, Timothy Dix, Jr.
"John Adams Dix."
86
MEMOIBS OF JOHN ADAMS BIX.
n I
'
and few of the students, my progress was very rapid. Here,
too, I may say, although I had studied Latin and Greek in the
superficial way in which those languages were taught in the
academies in the United States at that period, the real founda-
tions of my classical education were laid. Every step was
thoroughly mastered before another was allowed to be taken.
I had never felt much interest in these studies before ; but I
now acquired a fondness for them, and particularly the Latin,
which I have never lost, and vhich has led me to pursue them
to some extent under the most unfavorable circumstances and
at the most laborious periods of my life. I attribute it alto-
gether to the clear comprehension which I acquired of their
structure ; for it is not easy to take an interest in thtit wdiich
we do not understand. My knowledge of the Greek was lost,
I am sorry to say, after a few years ; but the Latin I have
continued to study and read every day, w4th brief periods of
intermission ; and if anything I have written or spoken in a
somewhat extended career of official service has any force, I
believe it to be chiefly due to my constant acquaintance with
a language which condenses so much thought into so small a
volume of words.
The principal. Monsieur Roque, and the professors for the
most part, were priests, adherents of Louis XYL, who had
emigrated from France during the Revolution. They were
men of learning, perfect purity of character, and above all
narro\> ness of thought and action. I lived in the College, and
wa& required to conform to its religious as well as its scholastic
discipline ; that is, 1 attended all the services in the chapel of
the College during the six days in the week, and on Sunday
marched with my fellow-students in procession, escorted by
the professors, to the Cathedral Church in the city, to attend
the celebration of Grand Mass. There were a few other stu-
dents from the United States ; yet no attempt was made, even
by indirection, to influence our religious opinions. When I
left the College to return to my home. Monsieur Roque, on
taking leave of me, with strong and affectionate expressions
1798-1821.]
PLEASANT REMEMBRANCES.
87
of interest in my future welfare, said to me, " You have, no
doubt, noticed that we have never spoken to you on the sub-
ject of religion ; but you know, from the frequency of our
daily services, how essential to our salvation we consider it.
We knew that your father was a Protestant, and it was as a
Protestant child that he placed you with us for your educa-
tion ; and we should have been guilty of a breach of trust if
we had sought to convert you from his way of thinking.
But I trust, my dear child, that you will be a religious man,
and that you will never allow a day to pass without thank-
ing our Heavenly Father for his mercies to you, and asking
liis blessing on your future life." I need not say that I was
deeply affected by this good man's parting words. The other
priests — Iloudet, Riviere, and Richards — took leave of me in
the same affectionate manner, and I had a pleasant correspond-
ence with several of them until the bonds between us were sev-
ered by their deatli. My conduct was satisfactory to them,
and my proficiency in study was in advance of that of most of
my fellow-students. Indeed, I was usually at the head of my
class, or next to the head ; and my instructors often encour-
aged me to exertion by telling me that I had talents, which,
with diligent cultivation, would give me a distinguished career
in life. I paid a visit to the College not long ago. It had
been removed from a suburb on the river to the mountain
which overlooks the city and giv^es it its name, Mont-rdal. Of
the personnel of the institution none remained but the porter,
who was nearly a hundred years of age ; and us my visit
brought to my remembrance the good men who had sent out
on the voyage of lite hundreds of youths with so rich a freight
of well-formed liabits and pure counsels, it suggested with
striking vividness a thought whieli has recently by a popular
author been moulded into a beautiful and just tribute to tho
imobtrusive labors of some of the world's best benefactors and
guides : " Tlic growing good of the world is jiartly dependent
on iinhistoric acts ; and that things are not so ill with you
and me as they might have been is half owing to the nura-
V 1
% \
38
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS VIX.
l I
I
ber who lived faithfully a hidden life and rest in unvisited
tombs."*
The year 1812 is made memorable in our history by the
declaration of war against Great Britain. Wearied with her
long-continued depredations on our commerce and her insults
to our flag, Congress began early in the year to prepare for
seeking redress by an appeal to arms, and by passing an act
to raise a large military force. I was then nearly fourteen
years of age, and had been fifteen months in College. My
father intended that I should remain there another year ; but
in view of the threatening aspect of our relations with Great
Britain he determined to withdraw me, and wrote that he
would call for me and take me with him to Quebec, which he
wished to see.f Before he could execute his purpose he re-
* My father's stay at the College of 3Iontreal, though brief, was not
■witliout a strong and lasting influence on his life. He held the place,
and the venerable and devoted priests, in loving and grateful remem-
brance, and delighted to recall incidents connected with the time spent
under their care. I remember, in particular, his account of the Easter
service in the chapel ; and how he would repeat, and sing to the old
plain song tune, the hymn which the school-boys sung that day:
" O Filii et Filia;,
Hex coelestis. Rex gloria?
Morte surrexit hodie,
Alleluia! Alleluia!"
The visit to his old Alma Mater, to which he modestly alludes, was
made in the year 1805, when he wn? u major-general in the United States
service, and Commander of the Department of the East. Being in
Montreal on business of the Government, he was invited to the College,
and received there with every attention and honor. My father had
nothing of that strong feeling against the Roman Catiioli'^ Church
Avhich was, and is, so marked a feature in the Puritans and their de-
scendants. He had devoted friends and lovers among its people ; when
he lay ill prayers were offered for him daily in more than one religious
house, and, after his death, the holy s.icrificc was tenderly offered on their
altars for the repose of his soul.
+ " Boscawcn, May, 13, 1812.
" My DEAii Boy, — I have written to Mr. Peterson to make preparations
179&-1821.]
THE EXIGENCIES OF WAE.
39
ceived the appointment of major in the army, and sent me a
summons to return home immediately. I had hardly reached
the frontier when war was declared, and all citizens of the
United States over fourteen years of age were ordered to leave
Canada, or take the oath of allegiance to Great Britain. It
was a source of great regret to my father, and has always been
to me, that my studies in this excellent institution were thus
abruptly and prematurely terminated. I spoke French with
tolerable fluency, and had acquired a perfect accc^ic, but an-
other year was needed to enable me to write and speak it with
the same freedom as my native tongue. No child ever had
greater cause for thankfulness to a parent than I had to my
father for his untiring efforts to give me a superior education.*
for your return the last of this month ; am very sorry that my business
is such as to prevent me from coming for you. I had anticipated much
pleasure from an idea of the journey. Adams, you will be careful of
yourself, your trunks, etc., on your journey. You must have a trunk that
will hold your books and clothes, and they must be stowed perfectly
close and crowded very hard, oilierwise when you travel in the stages
your things will be worn to a chowder; very particular attention is
necessary in this respect when journeying in stages. Doct. Shattuck is
desirous that you sliould be at Boston in the month of June, otherwise I
.should not have sent for you until 3 ou could have had Mr. Peterson's
company. I am not without hopes, however, that you will still have his
or that of some other acquaintance or gentleman travelling this way.
Adams, do not fail to tender my warmest thanks and your own to your
Avorthy governors and tutors, for their paternal care and kind attention
to you. Am m haste, my dear boy,
" Your affectionate Fatlier, T. Dix, Ju.
"John Adams Dix."
* The following letter, addressed to his father by Monsieur Roque, tlie
head of the seminary, is a testimonial to the merit of the student and the
fidelity of the teachers :
"MoNSiEun, — Jc ne rdpondis point dans Ic tems S la lettrc par laquelle
vous m'annonciez votre fils, parcequ'il me dit que vous n'auriez point u
portCe quelqu'un pour la traduire. Muintcnant il la traduira lui-m6me.
11 poss&de passablement la langue fran9oise, ct il auroit encore mieux
rC'ussi si sa sautC n'avait pas 6t6 dfirangde de tems en tems. ]\Ialgr6
40
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
On my return from Montreal I was sent to Boston, and
placed in the family of Dr. George Cheyne Shattiick, a dis-
tant relative of the family, and one of the most eminent phy-
sicians of that city. My father was first appointed to the
New Hampshire Eegiment, which was to form a part of the
new levies ; but the numerical force of the regiments having
been reduced from two thousand to one thousand men, he
was transferred to the corps to be raised in Maryland, and
was ordered to Baltimore to recruit his battalion.* It was
cela, il a occupC Ics plus liautes places dans sa classe. On I'a appliqufi
au fran^ois, au Latin, et it la g6ograi>hie. J'ai recounu en lui du talent,
et j'ai dtC satisfait de sa conduite. Mr. Peterson m'a ofTert vos remerci-
ments. Pour moi, je dCsire que cet enfant vraimeut interessant rdussisse
dans son Education, et que le peu que nous avons fait jjour lui contribue
a en faire un lionnGte homme et un bon ChrCticn.
"J'ai riionneur d'etre, avec consideration. Monsieur,
" Votre trcs-humble et tri5s-ob6issant serviteur,
" ROQUE,
" P'"- direct'- du petit sdminaire.
"Montreal, 23 Mai, 1813."
* Major Dix was very restless at being kept in Baltimore on the dull
business of recruiting. He wrote to the Secretary of War as follows :
" Baltimore, October 17, 1812."
" Hon. Wm. Eustis, Secretary of War:
" Sir, — At the time I accepted an appointment in the army I was in
daily expectation of a war with Great Britain. A zealous desire to take
an active part in avenging the wrongs of our much-injured and degraded
countrj', and a desire of distinction as a soldier, were my inducements
for entering the lists. I have now for five months been actively engaged
in the recruiting service, and could I suppose that the interest of my
country would be promoted by my continuance in this service, I would
be silent still. But, Sir, the season is far advanced; it is imijossible to
raise recruits fast here, or in this vicinity ; it is not probable that more
than another comjiany can be sent from here in time to serve in this
year's campaign ; the troops which are to go from here next week will
be in season to see actual service, and so strong is my inclination to pro-
ceed with them that I know not how to be reconciled to remain. Could
I be assured that ' the battles would not all be fought and the laurels all
gathered ' the present campaign, I would content myself to stay. But,
Sir, if it is the expectation and intention to force as far as possible into
1798-1821.]
ZEALOUS EARLY INSTRUCTORS.
41
under these circumstances that Dr. Shattuck took charge of
me. He spared time from an extensive practice to hear my
recitations in Latin, and ho engaged several personal friends
to give me instruction in other studies. Nathan Hale, editor
of the Boston Advertiser, gave me lessons in mathematics ;
Senor Sales, afterward Professor of Modern Languages at Har-
vard University, in Spanish ; and Captain Morse, of the new
levies, a tragedian of some note at that period, who had just
received his commission, and was recruiting his company, in
elocution. It was the latter who, as has been mentioned
previously in these memoirs, gave my father a flattering ac-
count of my progress under his tuition. I was unquestion-
ably greatly benefited by his instniction. Whether it would
have been of a different cliaracter if he had been preparing
me for the stage, I cannot say. But there was nothing in his
teachings wliich had the least savor of the dramatic. It was the
calmness and dignity of the forum, which he took pains to im-
press on me as characteristic of the highest order of oratory.*
the enemy's lines this season, I beseccli you that I may not be left be-
hincl. I have the honor to be, etc., T. Dix, Jn.,
" Major, Utli Regiment U. S. Infantry,"
His services, however, were deemed of too much importance to be dis-
pensed with, and he was required to remain.
* " Baltimore, October 3, 1813.
"Adams, MY deau Boy, — You are, I conclude, pursuing your studies
with as much zeal as your health will allow of. Should jou attend to
mathematics more than one quarter, I wish you may at the same time
attend to elocution with Mr. Slorso, provided he is in Boston and can
attend you. In case you cannot have his instruction, probably there is
some other person you can have. I wish you to commence the study of
the Spanish language soon ; I think four or six weeks more at mathe-
matics will be as much as will be profitable at present. You ought oc-
casionally to look into your Greek and Latin books, I have wi'itten to
Dr. Shattuck on the subject of your studies.
" Your affectionate Father, Timothy Dix, Major,
" 14th Regt. U. S. Infantry,
" Baltimore, Maryland.
" N.B. — Address your letters as above."
r \
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42
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
The six months which I passed under the direction of these
accomplished gentlemen were months of unceasing labor, and
the habits of application which I acquired were of infinite
service to me in after-life. Certainly, no young man of my
age could have had advantages superior to mine ; and when
thrown upon my own unassisted exertions, a few years later,
I often felt that I had not profited by them as I might have
done if I had appreciated them at tlie time as I ought. But
I had become possessed with so strong a desire to go into the
military service, that I was becoming indifferent to my studies,
and Dr. Shattuck advised my father to gratify me.* The lat-
* With what reUictancc Dr. Shattuck consented may be inferred from
the following letter, which my fatlier preserved with tho utmost care,
and gave to me, years ago, for safe keeping :
"Dear Sir, — I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of yours
in relation to Adams' going to the army. While my mind is filled with
regret that a lad of such promise is to be surrounded with temptations
almost too heavy not to canker his present unexceptionable habits of in-
dustry and virtue, some solace is found in the expectation that he will be
pretty constantly guarded by a father's vigilance. Your son has a genius
which quite as well qualifies him for excellence in the civil as the mili-
tary department; and the civil departm-^nt holds uj) more splendid rec-
ords for the exercise of great talents than are to be found in the military
of a Republic which is little liable to invasion. These remarks are found-
ed on the possibU influence of an acquaintance in the army to give your
son an unconquerable predilection for a military life, which, if there be
stability in our republican institutions, could promise no man of talents
any adequate reward. Capt. Ebcnezer Morse says Adams possesses un-
common constitutional facilities for becoming an orator — the forum, not
the camp, is the place for the gift of tongues. I hope you will not relin-
quish the idea of his becoming a graduate at some respectable university,
and that you will encourage him in gaining an extended knowledge of
the Latin and Greek languages and of mathematics, before he may go
to the university. The Hon. J. Q. Adams is said to have translated (on
paper) the classics into English, which, at thcsame time it directed his
attention to the critical comprehension of the learned languages, gave
him great facility in English composition. Your son has translated into
English the orations of Cicero, which he has studied while at our house.
I submit it to your serious consideration whether Adams would not be
1798-1821.] IRBEPBESSIBLE MILITARY ARDOR.
43
ter, wlio wished me to go to college, and then embrace one of
the learned professions, did everything in his power to discour-
age me ; and it was not until I had actually filled up and
signed a blank enlistment, and asked him to let me go into
the service as a common soldier, that he gave way. When
the Senators from New Hampshire, recommended him for a
major's appointment he wrote to the Secretary of War that he
would not refuse a captaincy, if he could not have a higher
rank, and that he was determined to go into the service, even
if he had to go as volunteer.* I asked him whether so patri-
otic an example by the father ought not to be followed by the
son. lie had no answer to such a home question, and finally
told me he would endeavor to procure for me the appoint-
advantaged by making a careful written translation of all the Latin and
Greek classics he may study.
"Adams has pledged his word that all his time (not necessarily de-
voted to the study of military tactics) shall be consumed in the study of
languages and mathematics, Tliat you may be prospered in all your
laudal)le undertakings, but especially your efforts to train Adams to a
high degree of honorable usefulness, ia the earnest wisli of, Sir, your
friend and servant, Geo. C. Shattuck.
" Timothy Dix, Esquire.
"Boston, January 17, 1813." |
* The following is a copy of the letter referred to. It is uncertain to
whom it was addressed, but probably to one of the Senators from New
Hampshire, at Washington :
" Boscawen, February 34, 1813.
"My dear Sir, — Yours of the 5th instant has just come to hand.
Could I be assured that my only destination would be a descent on the
Canadas, I would accept the command of a company, or even less. In
fact, I am determined, in such an event, to go in some capacity, if it
should be that of a private volunteer. But I have no notion of being
concerned in any long, lazy establisiiment, or in an idle Oxford war, or
even in a stationary guard for our seaboard fortitications. An idea that
I might be of some use to my country in case of a descent on Canada,
was my motive for proposing myself as a candidate for a field-ofHce ; and,
actuated by the same motive, I will not refuse an inferior command, pro-
vided you are confident this will be my only destination. In any other
I am sure I could not be useful. Yours truly,
" TiMO. Dix, Jr."
I' i
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I
44
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
ment of cadet. To satisfy liim how well qualified I was to
endure the hardships of a campaign, I availed myself of the
opportunity, while visiting friends twenty-eight miles out of
Boston, to walk into the city between breakfast and tea, with
a crust of bread in my pocket, greatly to the distress of my
legs and the disturbance of my digestion for the next three or
four days. The cadet's appointment came at last :
" Wnr Department, December 11, 1812.
"Sm, — Herewith enclosed you will receive the appointment of Cadet
in the Service of the United States; on receipt of which you will please
to communicate your acceptance or non-acceptance, and in case of ac-
cepting, you will report yourself to Major Dix, of the 14th Infantry, and
receive his orders. Respectfully,
" W. EUSTIS.
" Cadet J. A. Dix, Boston."
Accompanying this was the following letter :
" Baltimore, December 14, 1813.
" MoN ciiEU FiLS, — You will find herewith an appointment which will
doubtless be gratifying to you. I must, however, caution you against
being too much gratified, I really have many doubts whether it will or
will not eventually be for your advantage.
"You will not by any means suffer it to interrupt your literary pur-
suits. In fact, ?no)i chcr Jik, you must 'double your diligence,' and the
zeal of your exertions for useful knowledge must be limited only by a
regard for your health.
♦' Should you think proper to accept the appointment, something like
the enclosed will be proper for your answer to the Secretary of War ;
copy it handsomely on a good sheet of letter paper, and enclose it in an-
other thick paper. I shall write you again and give you some direc-
tions. You will write to me immediately on receipt of this.
" Am in much haste, mon cherjils,
" Your afiectionate Father, T. D., Jr.
"J. A. D."
In pursuance of this exhortation to renewed diligence I
had no sooner reached Baltimore than my father entered my
name as a day-scholar in St. Mary's College ; and in the even-
ing, and often before school-hours in the morning, I assisted
I
1798-1821.]
AT WASHINGTON.
45
him in liis duties as a recruiting officer.* With these com-
bined occupations I think I was as diligently employed dur-
ing the ensuing three months as I had ever been at any period
of my life.
In March, 1813, my father's battalion and two or three ad-
ditional companies were ready for the field, and he took me
with him to Washington, to close his recruiting accounts.f
* There were other duties in addition to these. In the latter part of
the year 1813 the towns in the Chesapeake were threatened by the Brit-
ish fleet, and Major Dix was, in addition to his duties at Baltimore,
charged with the command of Annapolis, forty miles distant. The fol-
lowing letter, written by him to the Adjutant-general, shows his activity
and devotion to the public service :
" Baltimore, December 14, 1813.
" Sin, — After parting with the Secretary of War you permitted me to
make my election whether to go to Annapolis myself, or send one of my
captains. On considering all circumstances I think it most advisable to
do both ; that is, I will repair to Annapolis immediately, and take charge
of the forts. I can, without injury to the recruiting rendezvous, take
sixty-five recruits and a captain witii me. I will spend Mondays, Tues-
days, and Wednesdays (and Thursdays, if thought necessary) at the forts,
and the remaining time at Baltimore.
"... I will call my son (John A. Dix), lately appointed a cadet,who
is subject to my order, here immediately, to serve me as a clerk. He is
capable, honest, and faithful; may receive all communications in my ab-
sence, and transmit me by mail to Annapolis, immediately, copies of such
as are necessary. ... It will make my task a little more arduous, but I
am willing to undertake it. I have a horse that will carry me to An-
napolis in four hours; therefore do not value the travelling.
"However, this or any other arrangement that may be considered
advisable will be promptly attended to.
" I have the honor to be, etc., T. Dix,
" Major, 14th Regiment U. S. Infantry.
"T. 11. CusniNO, Esq., Adjutant-general."
t " Baltimore, March 3, 1813.
" Sin, — You will doubtlessly blame me for not writing you sooner, but
I have been very much engaged since I have been here, and have bad
time to write home but once.
" On my arrival here I found I had more to do than I had imagined.
"a^Y father, besides inspecting the accounts of all the ofBcers in his dis-
ii
46
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
He presented nic as a newly-appointed cadet to General Arm-
strong, the Secretary of War, who said to me, " So you arc
going to the Military Academy ; what preparation have you
made?" I told him what my studies had been during the
two preceding years, and what progress I had made in French,
Spanish, mathematics, and the classics, when he said, " Well,
young gentleman, I think there is not much for you to learn
at West Point, except military tactics. How would you like
to go to the frontier V I replied, of course, that I should be
delighted. " Then," said he, " if your father will consent, I
will give you an ensign's commission." The consent was
trict, has six returns to make out every week, duplicates of wliich lie for-
wards to tiic Adjutant-general at Washington ; has the command of two
forts at Annapolis ; and has to receive and deliver clothing, money, etc.,
to all the recruiting officers in Maryland and the District of Columbia.
"I am kept continually on the run or delivering clothing to the offi-
cers. I have been to Washington, Annapolis, and Georgetown, and
expect to go to Annapolis again in a short time.
"My father has been very much engaged for a week in sending a de-
tachment of men to the lines, consisting of three companies of infantry
and one of riflemen, under the command of Colonel Winder,
" Tiicy will march for Albany to-morrow, and there will receive fur-
ther orders, which will probably be to join General Dearborn's army,
"By the short description which I have given you of the situation of
our atfairs you will easily discover that I have but little time to study,
but depend that little shall be well employed. When the men are gone
and afl'airs a little settled, I shall write to Miss Williams and Mr, Doane.
"I am very sorry for having incurred perhaps your displeasure for not
writing sooner, but I shall be more punctual in future, as I shall have less
to do, and more of my time also will be devoted to my studies.
" It is impossible to fix upon any number of hours to study, as on some
days I have eight or ten hours, and on others not more than two or three,
I shall not go to Annapolis to study, as I expected to do when I left Bos-
ton, but shall continue here to assist my father until he marches to Can-
ada, which will be at tiie end of spring,
" Please to present my respects to Sirs, Derby, Mrs, Davis, Mrs, Siiat-
tuck. Miss Williams, Mr. Doane, Mr. West, and Capt. Morse,
" Your humble servant,
John Adams Dix.
" Dr. Geo. C. Suattuck."
1798-1821.]
/ JOIN THE ARMY.
47
obtained, and on the 8th of March, 1813, when I lacked four
months of being fifteen years of age, I was appointed an en-
sign in the Fourteenth Ileginient of U. S. Infantry, and joined
the army, at Sackett's Harbor, in tlie following April, a few
days after General Jacob Brown, then a militia officer, and
afterward Commander-in-chief of the army, repulsed an at-
tack by the British forces, and the naval commander, despair-
ing of the result, burnt all the naval and military stores cap-
tured the previous autumn at Little York, now Toronto.*
♦ " Sackett's Harbor, August 8, 1813.
"Honored Sin, — You will pardon my long silence when I inform you
what has boon my employment, and how much I liavc been engaged
since I wrote you last; shortly after which I received the appointment
of an ensign in the Fourteenth Regiment. About the same time my futiier
received orders to collect his troops, and prepare himself to march to
the lines. To do this, settle his accounts with the officers, organize the
troops, and prepare for the march, occupied our time day and night, till
we marched, on the 2Cth of 3Iay. I left the College at Baltimore with
some reluctance. My prospects for improvement were tolerable, and I
had formed several acquaintances with young gentlemen of the College
which were interesting ; among them was young Bonaparte, and sev-
eral others of the best families in Baltimore.
" Our march from Baltimore to this place was very pleasant. On ar-
riving at West Point my father, two or three of the officers, and myself
went on shore, visited the old forts, the Military Academy, etc., etc.
"The forts were out of repair, but were to be repaired inunediately.
There were but seventeen scliolars at the Academy; about fifty more
were expected in a few weeks. Cajjtain Partridge, of the Engineers, had
command of the post. A lieutenant from Massachusetts was the second
in command. Tiiese were the only officers there.
"The lieutenant has been in the service two or three years; said he
, was at Cambridge College with you. We were treated with great po-
liteness by both of the officers.
" I had the pleasure at Utica to find my old friend and correspondent
Kirkland, whom you have often heard me mention. lie is now a mem-
ber of the Hamilton College. His father is a wealthy, respectable law-
yer. My father halted the troops one day at Utica. I spent the whole
time with Kirkland at his father's, and on a visit to the College.
"The College is in Clinton, a considerable large village, eight or nine
48
MEMOIRS OF JOUN ADAMS DIX.
Sliortly after my arrival an inflopendcnt l)attalion was or-
ganized, conKiHtin*; of nine companies, and ]>laccd under tho
command of Major Timothy Upham, of the Twenty-first U. S.
Infantry, wlio ajjpointed me his adjutant. From June to Oc-
tober tliis portion of llic army was in entire inaction. It was
then united witli tlio troo^w which had been acting on tho
Niagara frontier, and tho combined force was i)laced under
the command of General Wilkinson for the expedition against
';
I
^
lit;
:J^ •
n' 'I!
Ji
niilos from Utica. It is situated on a hill, about half of a mile from tho
centre of the village. It is of wood — three stories high, and appears
very elegant from tlie village. There were but twenty or thirty scholars
there, but the number is fast increasing.
" We parted with some reluctance, I assure you, though with tho
promise of writing one another once a week.
"My attention is at present somewhat engaged with military affairs,
and I am very much jjleased with the employment, I assure you, but be-
lieve I shall not lose my relish for civil society. I am attached to a
company, and do my sliare of all the duties. I spend two or three houra
each day in the Adjutant -general's office as an assistant. This will
afford me an opportunity of understanding all the details of an army.
The Adjutant-general is a smart, active, vigilant, and experienced officer,
and possesses very brilliant talents.
" I will mention a circumstance which, I fancy, will please you. Jly
father, before he would permit me to accept my appointment, required
me to give him a bond under hand and seal obligating me to 'remain
in the service no more than two years, then to leave the army and finish
my studies, unless I should obtain his permission ; or, in case of his de-
cease. Dr. Shattuek's permission to remain a longer time.'
"I brought with me a number of school-books, Avhich I attend to two
or three hours each day. I shall endeavor, therefore, to hold my grouml
at least in literature.
" My father sends his respects to your family. Please to j
to :Mrs. Derby's and Mr. West's families, iMr?. Davis, Mrs. Shall MuUc
moisellc Williams, Monsieur Doane, etc.
" Votre tris-7iu7nble scrviteur,
"J. A. Dix„
"Dr. Geo. C. Soattuck.
" N.B. — Please to direct a letter to ' Ensign John A. Dix, 14th Regt.,
U. S. Inf., Sackett's Harbor, N. Y.' "
p
1798-1821.]
COMPANIONS IN A II MS.
49
^[ontrcal, in which (irencral Hampton was to co-opcratc with
an army concentrated at natt8hur<jf. The movement disas-
trously failed, from a want of liarmony between these two
jealous commanders.
Amon^ the officers from my native State there were two
who were as distin<i;uished for their eccentricity as they were
cons])icuous for their coolness and courage in battle. One
was Major James Miller, of the Twenty-first llegiment of
Infantry. In the battle of Uragona, or Lundy's Lane, as it
was commonly called, the British army occupied a height de-
fended by guns, by which our troops were greatly annoyed.
(Tcneral Brown rodo up to Major Miller, who was at the head
of his battalion, and, ])ointlng to the height, said, "Major, can
you take that battery f The major's prompt reply was, " I'll
try, sir." He put Ids battalion in motion, and when about
half-way up the height the guns opened on him, and about
twenty men at the head of the colunni fell. There was a mo-
ment of wavering ; when the major, putting himself in front,
and waving his sword, called out, " Come along, boys ; what
are you afeared of ? Xobody wants to hurt you !'' His
speech was like an electric spark, and before the guns were
reloaded they were in our possession.
The other was Lieutenant-colonel McNeil, of the same regi-
ment. He was six feet six inches in height, and better pro-
portioned than most men of his stature. He was shot in the
knee in the same battle and lamed for life. After the Avar
ho was on a certain occasion at Concord, .at the ojiening of the
session of the Legislature. The general was proud of his lame-
ness, and took it for granted that every man, woman, and
child in Kcw Hampshire knew how it liappcned. AVhile
limping about in front of the Capitol a fresh member of the
Legislature, not much more than five feet high, was introduced
to him. The little fellow, as full of his own importance as
the general, putting his arms a-kimbo, said, " General, I am
very glad to make your acquaintance : how did you get
hurt?" The general, drawing himself up his full height,
L— 4
y
iHi!
'Pi
I! J
50
MEMOIUS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
and looking down upon Lis interrogator with supremo con-
tempt, replied, " I fell through a barn-floor, you devilish fool !
Did you never read the history of your country ?"
Both these officers were brevetted for gallant conduct, and
were known throughout the State as Generals Miller and
McjSTeil.
I now approach the most trying period of my life. My
father had an attack of fever, and was in a very feeble state
when the movement down the St. Lawrence commenced.
The surgeon of !ns regiment urged him not to join in it, and
General Wilkinson offered to leave him in command of Sack-
ett's Harbor. But his regiment, a part of which had been on
the Niagara frontier, was now concentrated, and the lieuten-
ant-colonel commanding having been captured by the enemy,
the command devolved on him, and he refused to give it up
to a junior in rank. The descent of the river by our army
was unopposed until the morning of the 11th of November.
It had bivouacked the evening of the 9th on the Canadian
side, near the licad of the Long Sault Rapid. It was follow-
ed by a number of British gun-boats, which had hung upon
our rear after passing Fort Prescott, opposite Ogdensburg.
My father's regiment constituted the rear-guard The after-
noon of the loth he had been seized with a sudden and se-
vere attack of pneumonia, and was carried from his boat to a
house on the bank of the river. At daybreak on the 11th
the enemy's giui-boats appeared, and for the first time opened
their fire upon us ; and my recollection is that the conunand-
er of the bi-igade, General Swartwout, ordered the troops to
embark and fall farther down. My father's disease had made
such rapid progress that he was unable to walk, and he was
borne by two of his officers (Lieutenants Parker and Bennett)
and myself to his boat. Lieutenant Parker was killed the fol-
lowing sj)ring in the ill-advised attack on La Calle Mill, near
Plattsburg ; Lieutenant Bennett survived the war, and be-
came a paymaster in the army. I mention their names, be-
cause they are inseparably connected in my memory with my
1798-1821.]
2iOT rEIlMlTTED TO FIGHT.
51
father's last appearance at the liead of his regiment. The bat-
tle of Chrystler's Field coininenecd soon after the rear-guard
had fallen down the river about a mile from the point at
which it was attacked, and where the farther advance of the
enemy's gun-boats had been checked. I was now but little
over a mile from the field, and the roar of the artillery and
the incessant report of fire-arms were too much for me to
resist. Learning from the surgeon that iny father was in no
immediate danger, I collected, without a Avord to any one,
about twenty of the men who had been employed as oars-
men, furnished them Avith arms and ammunition, and started
for the field. I had marched about half ^hc distance when I
met Major !N^ourse — aide-de-camp, 1 think, to General Wilkin-
son — who Avas escorting a number of prisoners just captured,
and he ordered me to take charge of them and return to the
boats. I entreated him to let me go on ; but he Avas inexor-
able, as he said the guard Avith them AA'as much more likely to
be serviceable than my hastily gathered squad, and I had to
turn back, lie said afterAvard that I cried because I Avas not
alloAA'cd to go into the fight. It is not unlikely. I do not
remember the tears ; but 1 shall never forget my disappoint-
ment and vexation. It Avas, no doubt, for the best ; for I
might not luiA'e returned to afford my father the consolation
of my j^resence in the last liours of his life, and receive his
dying messages to the other members of his family. The
only object of the British conmiander in making the attack
on the rear of our army — for a i)ortion of it had the day be-
fore moved doAvn to Cornwall, at the foot of the Long Sault —
\y?s, to harass and annoy us. lie could have had no hope of
arresting, or even of retarding materially, our advance. The
result Avas a hotly-contested battle-field, the loss of a few hun-
drrl men on both sides, and a nnituai claim to the honors of
a disputed victory. "VVe passed the ni^ilt on the banks of the
riA'er, and the next day descended the rapid Avlthout farther
molestation, and joined our advanced forces at CoruAvall.
There intelligence Avas received from Hampton's diA'ision
52
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
I ^
ii i
which led to the abandonment of the expedition against
Montreal, and the aimy went into winter-quarters at French
Mills, on Salmon River, I pass over the last two days of my
painful experience. On arriving at Cornwall, after the de-
scent of the Long Sault, I was relieved from duty, and sum-
moned to my father, whose recovery was declared to be hope-
less. He was conlined to the close cabin of a decked boat,
and died in it a few hours after our arrival at French Mills.
His death was that of a Christian and a soldier. Niles's
WeeMy jR'gister, the principal statistical publication of the
day, hud the following paragraph :
" Colonel Dix, of the Fourteenth Regnnent, a very valuable officer,
(lied of au inflummatioa of the lungs ou the morning of the 14th."
And M'ith this brief notice passed into oblivion, cxcejit in
the remembrance of his family and acquaintances, a most in-
telligent, enterprising, and patriotic citizen, of elevated tastes
and aims, of perfect integrity, and, as Mr. Webster once said
to me when we were members of the United States Senate,
" one of the most gentlemanly men I ever knew."
Major Upham, of the Twenty-first Regiment of Infantry,
who had appointed me adjutant of his independent battalion
at Sackett's Harbor, urged me to obtain a transfer to his regi-
ment ; and hav'ng procured a furlough, I returned with him
to New Hampshire, my native State, to aid in settling my fa-
ther's affairs, which Avere hopelessly embarrassed. They Averc
soon closed, and my step-mother removed, with my brothers
and sisters, eight in number, to Massachusetts. Early in the
'spring of ISll I reported for duty to Major Upham, and was
soon afterward ordered to Fort Constitution, at tlio entrance
of the harbor of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The Navy-
yard at this port made the station one of leading importance,
and the command of the forts by which it was defended was
intrusted to Colonel J. B. AValbach, who had received his mili-
tary education in the Austrian service, and had distinguished
himself by his gallantry as Adjutant-general at the battle of
\l
1798-1821.] MILITARY MONOrOSY AND THE POETS.
53
Clirystler's Farm. In the course of the summer the force oc-
cupying the forts and the adjoining grounds numbered about
twenty-five hundred men.
A British fleet was on the coast, and an attack was confi-
dently expected. But it was not made, and the war closed
with tlie Treaty of Ghent, in February, 1815. Colonel Walbach
appointed me his adjutant, and I served in that capacity until
the garrisons were put on a peace establishment, when I was
assigned to company duty. I remained under his command
until 1818. During these three years I was an assiduous stu-
dent, chiefly of history and the classics. For this industrious
occupation of my time I was greatly indebted to the friend-
shij) of Captain Fabius Whiting, an accomplished officer, and
to an occasional letter of encouragement from Dr. Shattuck,
whose friendship I enjoyed to the close of his life. Colonel
AValbach was a most rigid disciplinarian, and for several years
after the termination of hostilities kept the garrison, in every-
thing but numbers, on a war-footing, though there was not
an enemy within thousands of miles. An officer of the guard
was regularly detailed, and was compelled to sit up all night.
My turn came about once a week. AV^e had a guard-book, in
which we were required, in order to insure our watchfulness,
to record the state of the weather at every hour of tlie night.
This book was submitted to the colonel's inspection by the
ofiicer of the guard every morning, and at Captain AVhiting's
suggestion I undertook to break the monotony of the registra-
tion, which was as barren as a ship's log on a smooth voyage,
by (piotations from tlie poets. It was not without some ap-
prehension of a rebuke from the colonel that I handed him
the book in the morning, with the following notes on a gath-
ering storm, and on the coming of the dawn :
IK
m
m
i
H
*' The weary clouds, slow meeting, mingle into solid gloom."
"Aurora now, fair daughter of the dawn,
In rosy lustre gilds the dewy hnvu."
64
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
I incline to the belief that this is the first instance in which a
guard-hook has been enlivened by poetical annotations on the
phenomena of the atmosphere. It was an agreeable relief
when the colonel, after devotijig more time to the inspection
of it than usual, handed it back to me, with a grim smile,
without saying a word.
I commenced at this early period a ^ ractice from which I
have derived the greatest benefit — that of committing to writ-
ing the impressions I received from all I read. The benefit
was twofold. It served to fix more durably in my memory
the facts and the ideas which 1 deemed most valuable ; and it
tended to give me a freedom of style, which was of infinite
advantage when I became actively engaged in the business of
life. I was not in the habit of submitting those critiques and
compendiums (for my compositions took both forms) even to
friendly criticism ; aiid in looking into them after the lapse of
years I found the earlier ones abounding in verbiage, and run-
ning into a turgidity of style which gradually disappeared as
I became familiar with the best Englisli writers, and especially
as my acquaintance with the Roman authors grew more inti-
mate. From the latter I made copious quotations, and was in
the habit of using them quite freely at a later period, when I
became a writer for the periodical press. ^ think it safer for
very young Avriters to err on the side of inflation than severity
of style ; for while good taste eventually chastises and corrects
the former, the latter is almost certain to run into meagre-
ness and inelegance. For this reason the pruning of youth-
ful compositions should be guided by a prudent forbearance
on the part of instructors.
The years which follo"' 'd my father's death were full of
anxiety and trial for me. As I have said, his affairs had be-
come hopelessly embarrassed, and his large family were left
with very inadetiuate means of sujiport. AVith the small sal-
ary which I derived from my connnission I nevertheless, by
rigid economy, was able to contribute something to eke out
their annual income ; and I think this necessity, Avhich render-
1798-1821.]
PRUDENT ItESOLVES.
55
ed it impossible for rae to take part in amusements and social
indulgences requiring the expenditure of money, served to
make my devotion to study more unremitting. 1 owe much
to the habits of economy thus forced upon me for years, and
engrafted on me, as it were, in my youth. One of their in-
separable accompaniments is a dread of debt. It has accom-
panied me through life. During the sixteen years of my ser-
vice in the army I only once made a loan. I borrowed one
hundred dollars of a friend in an emergency, and repaid him
in less than two months. Another accompaniment equally
inseparable, and equally important in an economical as well as
a moral sense, is never to use for a single day a single dollar
paid into our hands for others. In the financial trusts con-
fided to me I have never violated in any instance for a single
hour this cardinal rule of fiduciary obligation. How much of
personal dishonor would have been preserved from taint,
how much of distress and mortification have been sjjarcd, if
tl'is rule were generally respected !
A year or two after the close of the war my step-mother
received a pension, as the widow of an ofticer who had lost his
life in the military service ; and as my sisters grew up they
married, and the condition of the family became free from care.
AVhile Colonel Walbach was in command at Portsmouth
the artillery arm of the military service was organized as a
corps, and I was transferred to it from the Twentj'-first Regi-
ment of Infantry. It was subsequently divided into four regi-
ments, and Colonel House, a most accomplished ofiicer and a
perfect gentleman, became the commander of the regiment,
formed out of the companies in the Eastern States. He ap-
pointed me his adjutant, and after a year I was again placed on
company service, and was assigned to the command of Fort
Washington, on the Potomac, opposite Mount Yernon, at the
close of the year 1818, while the fortification was in process of
construction. I was there but a few months. Another stalf
appointment — that of regimental quarter-master — took me to
Fort Columbus, in the Harbor of ISTew York, in January, 1810.
56
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
\i I
■h
In the month of March following I was appointed aide-de-
camp to Major-general Jacob Brown, then in command of the
Northern Military Department of the United States, while
Major-general Andrew Jackson, afterward President of the
United States, connnanded the Sonthern. From the close of
the War of 1812- -in February, 1814 — I had been for the
most part in garrison and a diligent student. As one of
General Brown's military family my life underwent a radical
change. I was from that moment involved for a portion of
the year in all the activities, excitements, and indulgences of
fashionable society. The presence of the general, Avhose dis-
tinguished military career ranked him among the first of
American commanders, was eagerly sought, and I remember
my first appearance on his staif was at a brilliant assemblage
of the beauty, talent, and wealth of the city of New^ York at
the house of one of its most conspicuous citizens. I was de-
clining to allow him to present me to one of the belles of the
city, renowned for her wit as well as her grace, because, as I
said, I was afraid I might be expected to ask her to dance, an
accomplishment I had not then acquired. I was not aware
that she was standing so close to us that she could not help
overhearing our conversation. With her readiness to meet
emergencies she turned toward us, and, addressing the gen-
eral, said, " General, if you were to ask me to dance, I should
be under the painful necessity of refusing you, for I am en-
gaged for the rest of the evening." In the midst of my con-
fusion he presented me, and it was the beginning of an ac-
quaintance which ripened into a lasting friendship.
The general passed liis winters in AVashington, and his sum-
mers, excepting when he was engaged in tours of inspection,
at Brownvillc, Jefferson County. We set out immediately for
his home, and at Albany he was again intercepted, to dine
with Do AVitt Clinton, then Governor of the State, whose
dignified and connnanding presence made an impression on
me which I have never forgotten. My awe might have been
somewhat diminished if I could have looked forward half a
f
A^ v2c^^^\
IH^^
v^rt/^
1798-1821.]
ADMITTED TO THE BAR.
57
century and seen myself occupying the same distinguished
position.
Brownvillc was a quiet, pleasant village of very moderate
dimensions. The inhabitants consisted chiefly of the laboring
classes, with two or three families only of whom the general
visited. After testing my capacity by giving me two or
three despatches to write, he intrusted to me nearly all of his
general official correspondence ; yet in a country village, free
from social exactions, I still had a good deal of time at my
disposal, and I did not fail to avail myself of it to pursue my
studies. The prospect of a long peace seemed to me to afford
little opportunity for gaining distinction, and 1 decided to
commence the study of the law, with a view to resign my mil-
itary commission and engage in civil pursuits. I connnenced,
like most law students, with the inevitable Blackstone, and,
with some friendly counsel from the village lawyer, I made
very respectable progress in my new undertaking during the
two summers I was under his supervision. The winters I
passed in Washington, gaining more and more knowledge of
the world, and becoming acquainted with most of the distin-
guished men of that day, but with little respite from the
social exigencies incident to my position for study and mili-
tary duty. My name, however, was entered in the office of
William Wirt, the Attorney-general of the United States, and
under his friendly auspices I was admitted to the Bar of the
District of Columbia, although never engaged in practice
there. My most familiar association was with Mr. Calhoun,
then Secretary of AVar under Mr. Monroe's administration,
and for several years after I left Washington a contidential
correspondence was carried on between us. Political differ-
ences in 1828 estranged us ; but we sat together in the United
States Senate in 18'16-'47, and with no diminution of our
mutual respect and good-will.
Mr. Calhoun was a man of singular personal purity, and his
charms of conversation were irresistible, particularly to young
men, who always received from him esjiecial kindness and
i^
w\
^r:
ii !
58
MEMOntS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
':<
courtesy. His intellectual powers, the vicissitudes of Lis
career, and liis peculiar construction of the Constitution, form
too large a theme for these reminiscences. lie was a contem-
porary and a competitor with "Webster and Clay for political
honors, and a frequent antagonist witli them in debate in the
Senate of the United States ; and it may be justly said that he
came out of these encounters without forfeiting his claim to a
place in the same plane of public distinction.
In the sjwing of I went witli General Brown on an
excursion into the interior of Virginia, the chief object of
which M'as to pay a visit to Mr. Madison and Mr. Jefferson.
Our first pause was at Montpelier, the residence of the former,
in Orange County. It was under his administration that the
general received the commission which laid tlie foundation of
his military reputation, and I need not say that the meeting
was a cordial one on both sides. We passed two days with
him, charmed with his interesting and instructive conversa-
tion, the graceful and unaffected hospitality of his v.'ife, and
the devoted attention of his son, Payne Todd. Mr. Madison
was of low stature and quiet manners, and with no physical
traits to mark the eminence he had attained ; but liis conver-
sation, though simple and unpretending, would soon have im-
pressed one entirely ignorant of his political career with the
conviction tliat he was a man of great intellectual jiower, with
a large and varied experience in public affairs.
Mr. Jefferson, whose house (Monticello), in Albemarle
County, we reached the night of the day on which we left
Montpelier, contrasted strongly in person and manners with
Mr. Madison. He was tall, dignified, and stately, less conver-
sational, except Avhen warmed by a congenial topic, but com-
menting with singular frankness and freedom on men as
well as things. I cannot better illustrate this last trait than
by repeating a remark in regard to Mr. Monroe, who was
President of the United States from 1817 to 1825, and to
whom, I believe, he was attached by a life-long friendship.
" Monroe," he said, " was a man of remarkable judgment and
1798-1821.] A GLIMPSE OF PRESIDENT JEFFEIiSOX.
59
common -sense. If an object was placed before liim lie would
be sure to reach it, but he could never tell you how he got
there." lie spoke of the family of Louis XVI. with great
contempt, with an obvious sympathy with the French lievo-
lution, apart from its atrocities. The leaning of Mr. Madison
in the same dh'cction may be referred, perha])s, without a
forced construction to the fact that he gave a French name to
his residence. Mr. Jefferson must unquestionably be consid-
ered, when his varied accomplishments are taken into account,
the most remarkable man of his time. He was a natural phi-
losopher, profoundly versed in political science, an accom-
plished musician, and a tasteful architect. His house, design-
ed by himself, was a faultless specimen of Italian architecture.
I was much addicted in my young days to drawing, and as I
was finishing a sketch of it he came along, and, looking over
my shoulder, said, much to my gratification, " Very exact." I
believe this sketch furnished the illustration in Randall's Life
of Jefferson. The preceding year, while at an evening party
in New York, at which there was a good deal of nmsic. Cap-
tain Bibby, the host, said to me, " I see you are very fond of
music ; do you play on any instrument ?" I answered that I
played a little on the violin. " That," said he, " was my instru-
ment when I was a young man." lie then told mc that he
was an aide-de-camp of the British General Frazcr, who was
killed at Saratoga a few days before the surrender of Bur-
goyne ; that he was sent as a prisoner of war to Charlottes-
ville, three miles from Monticcllo, and that he had played
duets with Mr. Jefferson on the violin. He added, " Mr. Jef-
ferson was one of the best amateur violinists I ever knew."
I mentioned this conversation to Mr. Jeiferson, who re-
membered Captain Bibby perfectly ; and he then told me he
had practised four hours a day on the violin for ten years
when he was a young man ; that he had taken lessons of one
of the first violinists in France while he was Minister at
Paris, and that he gave up his violin when he became Secre-
tary of State to General "Washington. He added, "I wish I
vr
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60
MEMOIRS OF JOny ADAMS DIX.
luul learned to play on the liarpsiehord, as niy fingers are too
stiff for the violin, for in that case 1 might have amused my-
self in my old age."
I was very nmch sm-prised at these personal revelations.
I had practised on the violin two hours a day for five years,
and was able to play music not very difficult. I'ut I gave up
my violin soon afterward, for I said to myself, " If Mr. Jeffer-
son gave up his after so much more practice than I, I will
act on his suggestion, and learn the piano sufficiently well to
amuse myself." 1 did so ; and I will add that 1 do not think
I have ever lost any valuable time by studying music; for
my practice has always been after full hours of labor, when
I should otherwise have given myself up to lounging.
The winters I passed in Washington M'cre prolific of excit-
ing debates in Congress, to many of which I was an auditor.
The one which was most fruitful of angry controversy, of
wide-spread interest, of deep feeling, and even of fears in tim-
id quarters for the preservation of the Union, was in regard
to the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union, with
a provision prohibiting slavery north of the latitude of 3G° 30'.
I was so fortunate as to hear the two speeches Avhich, on op-
posite sides of the question, were considered the most able
and are to this day the most noted — those of Mr. Pinlcney of
Maryland against the prohibition, and Rufus King of New
York in favor of it. It would be difficult to conceive a
greater contrast than that in the oratory of the two senators.
Mr. King's was calm, dignified, argumentative, forcible, and
at times fervid. Pinkney's was impassioned, fiery, and some-
times bordering on violence, but sustained throughout with
surpassing logical power. It is generally conceded to have
been the most effective effort of his life ; and in the history
of our public debates nothing, perhaps, is so much to be re-
gretted as the fact that this speech was not fully reported.
Rufus King responded in all respects to my conception of an
old Roman senator, maintaining in his manner the quiet dig-
nity appropriate to the undisputed masters of the greatest
1798-18:21.]
CELEBRITIES OF THE PAST.
Gl
empire of the ancient world. Mr. Pinkney seemed to mo
like one of the democratic orators of antic^uity, whose aim it
was to carry with them the jjassions as well us the convictions
of the masses, l)y whom the movements of the govermnent
were awaycd. 1 thought in one or two instances that the ve-
hemence of the manner was disproportioned to the thought
which it was intended to emphasize. For instance, I remem-
ber as he stood beside his seat he rushed forward three or
four steps, and, with a tremendous suj)pIoslo pedis, one of
the devices of ancient oratory, he pronounced the words,
" Distance is a mighty engine !" Untrained as I was at that
time in the school of oratory, it struck me that the sentiment,
separated from the accessary, did not justify so passionate an
utterance. But of the immense power of the orator and his
finished delivery no listener could entertain a doubt.
One of the chief celebrities of the time when I was hiber-
nating in AVashington was John llandolph of Iloanoke. lie
was as remarkable in his dress as he was in physical character-
istics. Tall, lean, straight as an arrow, his ungainly walk was
made more conspicuous by a jockey-cap and a cape over a
long surtout.
Willard's Hotel, on the Pennsylvania Avenue, near tlie
Treasury Department, was then known as Strothers'. It was
the chief hotel in the city, and contained numy of the most
distinguished members of both Houses of Congress. Mr. Van
Bm*en, Louis McLane, and CIcncral Van llensselaer of Albany,
known as the Patroon, had then parlors which were fashion-
able resorts in the evening. The most frequented of these
places of meeting was that of John D. Dickinson, a mem-
ber of the House of Representatives, from Troy, N. Y. His
daughter, an only child — afterward the wife of Ogle Tayloe,
of AVashington — made it jjarticularly attractive by her charm-
ing manners and conversation, as well as by her musical tal-
ent. I was then practising on the violin, and we played in-
numerable duets — generally by ourselves, but sometimes for
the entertainment of others, llandolph was an occasional
!'!■
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MEMOinS OF JOUN ADAMS VIX.
visitor, and paid courtly attentions to tlio yonnij^ lady — not
with any hymeneal purpose, for, apart from the disparity of
age, he was notoriously not a marrying man. One Saturday
evening, Avhen I^frs. Dickmson's jjarlor was thronged with tho
elite of the eai)ital, tlie suhject of conversation was Edward
Everett, then a young Unitarian clergyman, who had como
to AVashingtou witli a distinguished reputation as a pulpit
orator, and whose frieiuls had obtained permission for him to
preach the following day in the Hall of the House of llepre-
Bentatives. Mr. UaJidolj)!! came in when discussion was at its
height. He took no part in it, until Mrs. Dickinson, turning
to him, said, "Mr. Tiandolph, arc you going to hear INfr. Ever-
ett to-morrow ?" I rememher well, as the hush of voices in-
dicated the general interest in his answer, how a low murmur
of mingled import ran through the room, as he replied, in a
sententious fashion not unusual Avith him, and in his high-
toned, squeaking voice, " Can't patronize Antichrist, madam."
I r^id not know to what branch of the Christian Church ho
belonged ; it Avas rpiite manifest that ho was not unwilling to
proclaim himself an uncompromising Trinitarian.
[Here my fatlier's memoranda come abrnptlj' to an end, and I must
continue the work alone, to my great regret, and, no doubt, to that of
the readers of the pages which follow.]
:! 'S
I !
II.
THE ARMY.
WASHINGTON-NEW YORK.-EUROPE.
A.x). isai-isas.
#1
■I't
w
Desire to Leave the Army. — Law Stuclics. — Presidential Campaign of
1824. — Admiration for Mr. Calhoun. — Contributions to Journals of the
Period. — "Twelfth Night" Party at the Capital: Miss Wirt the
Queeii. — Ill-health. — Doctor Abcrnethy's Prescription for DyspejDsia.
— Romance. — ^ladame ChCgaraye's School. — Jolui J. Morgan. — A
Young Del'utante at "Washington. — Engagement. — 1820: Marriage to
Catharine Morgan. — Special Slessengcr to Court of Denmark. — Toiu-
tlirough England. — Hamburg. — Ilolstein. — Copenhagen. — Travelling
Post in Sweden. — Return Home. — Fortress Monroe : Trying Experi-
ences in Virginia. — 1828: Resignation from the Military Service.
i It
1821-1828.] DISSATISFIED WITH AliMF LIFE.
65
m
II.
My father's notes of his childhood and earlier years come
down to 1S21. That date is important, as foreshadowing the
transition from the military service to the occupations of civil
life. lie has mentioned the strong opposition made to his
entering the army, and how earnestly he was counselled to
leave it as soon as a proper time should arrive. Inclining to
this advice, he began, as early as the year 1810, to read law,
and, although still in the military service, pursued his studies
with a view to a change of profession. The design is stated
in a letter to the Iloiiorable Xathan Stmford, from which I
make the following extract :
'■ Washington, January 31, 1823.
"My dear Sir, — I beg leave to congratuUito you on your nomination
to tlic office of Chancellor of Xew York, and on the certainty ■with which
the conlirmatiou is nnnounccd from r.U quarters. In this event no one
will rejoice more sincerely than myself, and 1 trust you will enjoy a per-
manency of situation, of which the characteristic instability of Xew York
politics would not in general authorize tlie expectation.
" In about two months I sliall leave Washington for your city, and
engage earnestly in the study of (he law. I Iiavc already studied two
years within the limits of tlie State ; and when I shall have completed
the legal term, and have so familiarized myself with the details of prac-
tice as to be justified in the belief that my industry will ])rocure me
a subsistence, I intend to present myself for aduiittancc at the Bar, and
divest myself of all my military connections."
The studies referred to were pursued at Brownsville, and
elsewhere in the !St ate of ]Scw York, and continued at AVash-
ington under the direction of AVilliani Wirt, Attorney-general
of the United States
Long before my father resigned his commission he had
I.— 5
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66
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS BIX.
h'
4
become well known us an able controversialist and an intelli-
gent critic of jiublic affairs. It Avas natnral that he should
feel a deep interest in the politics of the day. lie seems to
have taken as active a part in them as was consistent Avith his
position in the military service. The Presidential campaign
which resulted in the election of John Quincy Adams, in the
year 1824, was hotly contested. Five candidates were in the
Held : John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War under President
Monroe; "William II. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury;
John (^nincy Adams, Secretary of State ; llemy Clay, Speaker
of the House of llcpresentatives ; and General Andrew Jack-
son. I shall have occasion again to refer to that remarkable
canvass in cunnectiuu with my father''s political history ; for
the present it is sufficient to say that, like most of the gentle-
men of the army, he was an enthusiastic admirer and staunch
supporter of Mr. Calhoun, whoso cause he advocated with a
practised and facile ])en. That distinguished statesman, in a
letter to him from AVashington, September 28, 1823, attests
the value and importance of his work as a writer on public
affairs :
" I write at present, not to communicate information (for I
believe my friends in Ts'ew York are Avell informed), but to
express the pleasure which 1 have derived fr:,m the perusal of
your letters. I see the cause begins to be supported as it
ought to be in your city. Let the same spirit of free, bold,
and enlightened discussion be extended to the other great
cities, and the good effects will soon be visible. This can best
be effected by corrosp.>ndence."
Colonel Cliarles G. Haines, a member of the New York Bar,
and a prominent politician of that day, writes to him about
the same time, referring to certain articles from his pen :
"It is proper for me to remark that your essiiys have been
republished very generally throughout the western country."-
The junior editor of the Statebuian informs me that they are
* I.e., the western counties of tLc State of New York.
1321-1829.]
LITHE An Y INDUSTRY.
67
reinarkiil^ly popular, and I have seen them reprinted in sev-
eral of the Eastern papers. All this is gratifying to nie. Any
tribute to your genius gives nie joy and ^^Icasure."
I may add here that Colonel Haines Avas Adjutant-general
of the State under Governor Clinton ; that he and my father
were warm friends and constant correspondents ; and that,
upon the death of Colonel Haines, my father Avrotc and pub-
lished an obituary notice of him.
I have before me a largo volume of newspaper cuttings,
containing a striking proof of his industry. There are articles,
published under divers nonis de 2)lume, in many of the leading
journals of Washington, New York, and Albany, and compris-
ing contributions on all kinds of subjects. In the columns of
the Wi(6-hhi(jf(ni lu'jniUlccoV^ and Wit tonal InteUitjencei' he
replies to criticisms on the economy and efficiciu-y of the Sec-
retary of War, aiul defends the department or which Mr. Cal-
houn was then the head from "gross and unfounded charge'i."
In the New York Statesman for the years 1822 and 1S23
may be found articles, under the signatures oi 'Tericles,"
"Amphion," and "Publicola," relating to the political state
of Europe, iinance, music, and the fine arts. He also gave
a history of the ]Magara campaign of 1812, in six successive
numbers of that journal. f The JVew York Patriotic contains
dissertations on the tariff, national defence, and agriculture
and manufactures, together with a sjries of brilliant and caus-
tic letters in which he paid special, and prol)ably unwelcome,
respects to Major Mordecai M. Noah. Did the space at my
command peraiit it, I might justify, by reprinting several of
these conununications, the opinion tliat they display a nuitu-
rivy of thought :nid a polish of style, a force of logic and an
amount of literary attaimnent remarkable iji so young a man ;
and that they had much to do with estal)Hbiiing his re])utation
for briglitness and ability, and preparing for the transition
* A.D. 1822, signed "X."
J A.D. 1833. siigucd " Fabius."
t A.D. 1822, signed "Cinion.''
m
4
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
1^ hi
from tliG narrow sphere of the military profession to the
broader field of political life. Meanwhile, he did not deem it
beneath him to woo the Muse of Poetry, as is evident from
the contents of another nuuiuscri[)t volume, filled with copies
of veri?es a aich, no doubt, Avero highly ajipreciated by the fair
ladies to whom most of them were addressed. There are
acrostics and charades, iiionodies over the brevity of life, com-
plimentary stanzas to reigning belles, and divers sportive effu-
sions. Among these I find one headed with this memorandum :
"It has been customary in Washington, on the Twelfth-
night of each year, to crown a rpieen, and it was the l)usines3
of the king to address her majesty, and to impose her regal
honors npon her head. In 18:22 Miss Wirt (the daughter of
the Attorne^'-general) was selected for queen, and I had the
lionor of being selected for king. The following address was
delivered at her coronation, in full assembly of heads of de-
partments, members of Congress, foreign muiisters, etc."
Then follow verses snch as might have been expected on
the occasion, together with the queen's gracious reply to the
king's addiess.
It touches the heart to read these little poems, now dim in
the faded ink, and like withered leaves from which the color
fied long since ; yet it seems hardly worth while to give them
a new life in these pages. Every youth has his dream-day,
wherein he takes naturally to rhyming, and seeks to express in
that form emotions that move the soul ; but the era passes by,
and Avith it, perhaps, n'ight bettci perish the frail memorials
of that transitory existence. The queen of the Twelfth-night,
and her king, and all her court, are dust ; the sound of their
merriment Mas hushed long since ; and now, in turning over
these little compositions, one by one, I lose sight of the young
soldier, and sec him as he vras forty-one years afterward, gray
and weather-worn, and seated in his (puirters at Fortress Mon-
roe, overshadowed by the Avide war-cloud, thinking of country
and God, and translating the awful Dies //w, when the night-
Avatch had been set, and his own night Avas far spent.
1821-1828.] THE WOULD-FAMOUS DOCTOR ABERNETnT.
GO
During those early years my father bore the cross of ill-
health. His account of his varied miseries and trials is suffi-
ciently entertaining to merit preservation, especially as it re-
lates a characteristic; interview M'ith one of the most learned
and eccentric of the medical profession in England. I take
it from the jSfciv Yorh Avwriean. It is headed by the omi-
nous word " Dyspepsia," and begins as follows :
" 3Ir. Editor, — The multitiule of counsellors on this prevailing infirm-
ity, who have humanely been spreading iiifore mankind the history of
their experience, and laying down rules lor our physical government,
have so distntcted their fellow-sufferers by a variety, and even a contrari-
ety, of ])recept, that I consider it no more than charity to attempt the
solution of all this apparent mystery in the treatment of tlie disease. In
the fu'st i)lace, however, let us take a peep at my credentials. I have
been a dyspeptic since the year 1813, and a coniirmed one since 1820.
The foundations of my complaint were laid during the campaign of
1813, by a slow fever, jaundice, and camp disease at Sackett's Harbor; by
bad pork {pcstc soit a messieurs les contnidcurs !) ; sleeping in swamps and
mud-puddle$, on General Wilkinson's celebrated movement down the
St. Lawrenje in the same year; and living in a tent at French Mills, lati-
tude 4-1'' K, until the 4th of December. From 1818 to 1825 I was five
times salivated for the liver complaint — which I never had; my person
was subjv!cted by tlie first pliysicians of the country to every variety of
process which the healing art (ah, much abused in name I) could devise,
and at the end of that time I was discharged as incurable; and a host
of leecliers, cuppers, bleeders, and apothecaries, rife with my spoils, were
turned off to prey upon other victims. I commenced travelling; ex-
hausted my own country in novelty, from Elaine to Florida, and fro;u
Lake Superior to Long Island Sound; traversed the Caril)bean Sea, and
luxuriated as Avell as a miserable invalid might amid its enchanting
isles; crossed the Atlantic — 'Mutatis tcrris ipiantum oculis' — visited al-
most every civilized country in Europe, and I'nally drew up in despair
at the den of that medical bear, as the world has grossly miscalled him,
Mr. Abernethy, of London, lie received me with great civility, heard a
few words of my story, and cut me short as follows :
" ' Sir, you are pretty i'ar gone, and tlie wonder is you are not gone en-
tirely. If you had consulted common-sense instead of the medical fac-
ulty you would i)rol>ably have been well years ago. I can say nothing
to you excepting this : you must take regular exercise, as much as you can
bear without fatigue ; as little medicine as possible, of the simplest kind,
t *
70
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
l w
III 1
nil
and this only M'hcn absolutely necessary ; and a moderate quantity of
plain food, of the quality wliicii you find by experience best to agree
with you. No man, not even a physician, can prescribe diet for another :
"a stomach is a stomach ;" and it is impossible for any one to reason with
safety from his own to that of any other person. There are a few gen-
eral rules -which any man of common-sense may learn in a week — such as
this, that rich food, high seasoning, etc., are injurious. I can say no
more to you, sir: you must go and cure yourself
"This is the only common-sense I have heard on the subject of dys-
pepsia in the whole course of my life. From this time my cure com-
mences; and, if I meet with no accident, I shall probably l)o seen some
thirty years hence enjoying a green old age and a sound digestion."
These hopes were fulfilled ; he did live to a green old age,
attaining nearly eighty-one years, and I remember liow often
he spoke of Abernethy, in what veneration he held him, and
with what zest he would tell of the interview which he thus
described.
Still, the torment of a subtle disease gave him much annoy-
ance, and even at one time threatened his hopes of success in
the life of a civilian. In the year 1825 he appears to have
decided to remain in the army, lia writes to a friend as
follows :
"My physician has been very frank with me in relation to my health,
and has extended his view to my future course of life as connected witii
it. I was in some measure prepared for what he said by the opinion of
Dr. 15ell, Avho, in passing through Philadelpliia, had used the same free-
dom witli me. The conviction, however, which my mind has yielded to
their opinions is not the less distressing to my feelings, nor has it been
conceded but upon a course of inde])endent rellections of my own. In
one word, they have botli expressed the opinion tliat I cannot expect to
regain my healtli Avith sedentary habits, and that I must give up for a
time, if not forever, my new professional pursuits. Dr. Bell went so far
as to say that to return to my office would be taking a direct and certain
road to my grave, and that I could not expect to enjoy my health, if I
should once regain it, in a city, with the regular application of law jjur-
suits. It is unnecessary to say that thj necessity of abandoning the ob-
jects to which I have devoted all my efforts and thoughts for the last
six years gave a severe shock to my feelings. I cannot, however, con-
tend against what is inevitable, and I have done what I could to recon-
II !
u
1821-1828.]
A MEMORABLE INTERVIEW.
n
cile myself to my fate. ... I of course nee<l not say that, in abandoning
my new profession, I again become depenilent on my commission, which
is tliiit of Captain of Artillery. My regiment is to be stationed in New
England in the spring, so that I sliall i)c in some city in my native sec-
tion of the country and the neighborhood of my friends. . . . For myself
I cannot be idle, and I must seek in the army that preferment for which
my health has forbidden me to iiope ii, another profession. Perhaps I
could not be I)etter provided witli facilities for re-establishing my health
than by my New England destination; but I have now an unlimited
furlough for its recovery."
The cause of the dcsponclency hctrayed in this letter was
ultimately removed. It was after this that he fell in with his
medical " guide, philosopher, and friend," in London ; and an
improvement in health encouraged him to take the long-med-
itated step and retire from the army.
There Avas another desire m his heart, to which it is next in
order to refer. I read Avith tenderness the idyl of my father's
youth ; it became the life-poem of his fifty-three years of man-
hood and old age, for the vision never faded away. It began
when he was on the staff of General Brown. Ilis relations
Avith that distinguished olticer Avere not merely those of an
aide-de-camp, but also of an intimate and confidential friend ;
in llie general's house he Avas as one of tlie family. It so
liappened that, in the year 1S22, a danghter of the general's
Avas in Ncav York, at a celebrated school of the period kept
by ]\rademoiselle Desabeye, afterward knoAvn as Madame
C/hegarayc. Tlio major, having been sent one day by his
chief Avith a message to his daughter, saAv Avhilc there, in the
school parlor, a young lady Avho Avas receiving the visit of a
friend. My father always gallantly insisted that it Avas one
of those cases in Avhich the first sight decides the future, and
that he made a resolve at that moment Avhich, some years
later, he AA'as so happy as to be able to fulfil. The name of
this young gentlcAvoman Avas Catharine Morgan ; she Avas the
adojited daughter of John J. Morgan, then a Member of Con-
gress from the State of Ncav York, and at that time a1)sent at
Washington. I nuist pause in this narration and say a few
IV.
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
words about a man to wlioin my father was so greatly in-
debted.
John Jordan Morgan was born in the city of New York
in the year 17GS. lie was a Welshman by descent ; the fam-
ily were loyalists before the Revolution, and destined him for
the Iwoyal iS^avy ; but inidcr the new order of things their
prospects changed, and they adhered to the cause of the Ee-
public. lie was twice married. His first wife, Catharine
Warne by name, a woman of great beauty and loveliness
of character, was a niece of Colonel Marinus AVillett. She
died three years after their marriage. A child, aged four
months, had preceded her. The shock of these successive
afflictions was so great that Mr. Morgan's health, not strong
before, gave way, and he was sent abroad for a change of
climate and scene. In Lisbon the pulmonary disorder, which
had threatened to end in early death, was arrested ; and,
after some time spent in travel, he turned his face home-
ward, restored to health. He sailed from Penzance in a
l^acket - shij) bound for New York. Among his travelling
companions were the family of Mr. Robert Baldwin, for-
merly Mayor of Cork, who was going out to seek a home in
the New AVorld. Some tvro or three years afterward he mar-
ried one of the daughters, Eliza Baldwin, The Baldwin fam-
ily settled in Canada, where, by their talents and abilities, and
by fortunate intermarriages, they became wealthy, prosperous,
and influential.* Some time after his second nuirriage Mr.
* The party who sailed from Penzance for a home in the Western
world consisted of Robert Baldwin, his sons William Warren Baldwin
and John Sj)read Baldwin, and his daughters Eliza (afterward Sirs. Mor-
gan), Alice, Anna Maria, who died unmarried, and Mary Warren, after-
ward Mrs. Breakenridge. Augustus Warren Baldwin, anotlier sou, was
not with liis father at that time, being in the Royal Navy; the eldest
daughter, Barbara, came out afterward. The Baldwin family became
distinguished in Canada, and were notable for integrity, industry, and
intelligence. Dr. William W. Baldwin was both a lawyer and a physi-
cian, and of high standing in each i^rofession. His sou Robert was
' M
1821-1828.] "A GENTLEMAN OF THE OLD SCHOOL:'
73
Morgan atlopted tlio little daughter of his first wife's hrother,
whose mother also was dead. The child had hecn cliristened
Catharine Morgan, and on her adoption that becunie her full
name.
Some arc yet living who remember Mr. Morgan as he was
in the maturity of his powers. The image thus retained is
that t>f one who merited the somewhat worn but just descrip-
tion of "a gentlenum of the old school;" no other phrase ex-
presses what he was. Highly educated and acconii)lislied,
a good Latin scholar, Meriting and speaking the French lan-
guage fluently, and having the manners of a day that has
passed, he adorned the society in which he moved. He served
the State as a Member of Assembly, and the country in Con-
gress, and Avas at one time Collector of the Port of New
York. AVhile still a young man he made an investment in
lands in Madison, Herkimer, and Chenango counties, in this
State, and for more than fifty years he never failed to spend
the summer at a farm in ]>rooklield, some twenty-four miles
south of Utica, where he indulged the tastes of an ardent dis-^
eij)le of Izaak Walton and a lover of country life. Thclaiids
were purchased by him, under patent, from the State, lie
was fond cf saying that he was tlttj first white man who ever
owned them. When he went there, with his family, to take
possession they had to find their way through the woods by
the blaze-marks on the trees, and were supplied with fish and
i.'^
among the most prominent men of his time in Canada, being a member
of Lord Elgin's Cabinet, and more than once Premier. Augustus W.
Baldwin was Admiral of the Blue at the time of his death, and a perfect
specimen of the old British officer. John Baldwin made a fortune iu
business, nnd left a large family. Three of his sons took holy orders:
the Rev. Edmund Baldwin was connected with St. James's Cathedral,
Toronto ; ]\Iaurice Baldwin is now Dean of Montreal ; and Arthur
Baldwin is Rector of a vigorous parish in Toronto. It may be said of
the original family and its descendants that thoy were of an upright,
honorable, clever stock, not slothful in business, and distinguished for
their earnest religious character and firm faith.
I) "'
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74
MKMOinS OF JOUN ADAMS DIX.
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game by Indiana, wlio still rouincd tlio forest. Mr. Morgan
was one of those men who, in principle intensely democratic,
are personally as intense aristocrats, lie deemed repnblican-
ism the best form of government, bnt for li's house and social
relations he luul another code. There is a line which men are
compelled to draw who, whatever their political opinions,
would maintain their jiersonal dignity and self-respect, and
he drew it with rigor and precision. Such was the man
who became, in time, the young offieer''s father-in-law, and
remained through life his devoted friend.
It may have been a year after the accidental interview
wliich I have described when Major Dix met Miss Morgan
in Washington. Ilcr father, unwilling to leave her behind
him again, took her to the capital at the next session of Con-
gress. Mrs. Morgan, when calling one day on a lady whose
cards were out for a ball, was asked to bring her daughter
with her. She declined, on the ground that she was too
young to go into society, and added, " She will be just fifteen
years old the day of your ball." " That," re])lied her friend,
" is the more reason why she should come : make it her h\vi\\-
(\^y fi'tey Consent Vv'as given; the young girl went to that
ball and, after ti'at, to every one of the season. The circum-
stances were propitious to the success of a suit, which Major
Dix soon afterward began to press ; and the result was an en-
gagement, which, after the lapse of two or three years, was
ha])pily terminated by their marriage.
Mr. Morgan took a warm interest in the prospects of his
future son-in-law. lie encouraged his wish to leave the army
and pursue the profession of the law, foreseeing that, in time,
he would be called to the higher duties and responsibilities
of the statesman. The f;'tes, however, appeared unpropitious,
and, in consequence of continued ill- health, he became de-
spondent on the subject of the desired change. The pros-
pect of a brilliant career seemed likely to fade out altogeth-
er ; and this was the more trying, because personal influences
had been at work by which the door to civic honors would
1821-1828.] THE WEDDED FAIR SAIL FOR ENGLAND.
T5
have been opened the nioment lie should liavc hiid the sword
aside. A year before his marriage he had made u]) liis mind
that he must remain in the army, and that he eould offer to
the woman of his choice notliing better tlian the uncertain-
ties and trials M'hich environ the lot of a soldier's Avife.
In the year 182(5 a convention was concluded at "Washing-
ton between the United States and the Kingdom of Den-
mark, and a special messenger was to be sent to Copenhagen,
charged with delivering that treaty to our rciiresentative in
that country. The Precidcnt instructed Mr. ('lay to offer
that service to Major Dix, and to require his departure on his
mission with as little delay as pi'acticable. The letter is
dated May 10, the copy of instructions May 17. On the 2i)tli
of that month the marriaije of John A. Dix and Catharine
Morgan took place, at St. John's Chapel, in the parish of
Trinity Church, in the city of New York, the Kcv. Ijcujamin
T. Ouderdonk, an assistant minister of the parish, officiating.
Immediately after the wedding they embarked for England
in the packet-ship William T/iomj>i^on, Captain Bowne, and
arrived at Liverpool on the 29th of June. A fortnight was
pleasantly passed in England, during which they visited Ches-
ter and the Yale of Llangollen, Lichfield, Kenilworth, War-
wick, and Stratford-on-Avon, Oxford, and London. Thence,
on the 15th of July, they set sail for lland)urg, on the way to
Cox^enhagen. I have before me a journal of their tour, full
of entertaining sketches of persons and jilaces, from which I
shall make a few extracts, by way of a S2)ecimen of their ad-
ventures.
From Ilandiurg they posted to Kiel, crossing what was then
the Danish province of Ilolstein, and were not a little em-
barrassed by the fact that no one could speak any language
which they understood, in consequence of which they were
"under the necessity of exercising a system of pantomime
whenever they had any want to satisfy." On that painful
progress, says the writer in the journal, " we were more than
once compelled to gnaw our fingers for half an hour before
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
we could make tliem comprehend that we Avanted something
to eat, and as to any details they were altogether hopeless.
Whenever a gleam of intelligence shot across their features
in the course of the dumb -show we were carrying on, the
exclamation always was, ' Butter und hrod, yaw /' and bread
and butter was oil that we could get. By the middle of the
second day we were almost reduced to desperation for the
want of meat, and we looked around in vain for something
which would convey the idea of animal food. Not a fowl, a
pig, or a sheep was to be seen in the yard ; we even glanced
about for a kitten or a puppy, but our researches were in vain,
and we were finally compelled to dine on ' huttcr und hrod,''
as we had breakfasted that morning and supped the night
before."
From Kiel they crossed to Coj)enhagen. Official duties
having been performed, some time was spent in visiting
places of interest in the vicinity of the city. There is a
graphic account of their attempt to effect an entrance into
the palace of Fredericsborg :
" On the 27th, immediately after breakfast, we disposed our-
selves for an inspection of the interior of the palace, and after
passing through the gates we looked around for some one to
direct us. The first animate object was a boy, of a sort of
Flibbertigibbet air and manner, drawing rai)i- water from a
barrel, which he was watching with the strictest vigilance in
order to put the tap in at the very nick of time — when the
liquid should reach the brim of the receiving vessel. We
asked him in English where we could find the keeper of the
palace, and were probably just as well understood as we
should have been if we had addressed hiui in Hebrew or
Chaldaic. lie answered in Danish, which was about as intel-
ligible to us as any of tlie languages spoken at Babel at the
time of the confusion ; but in both tliese operations he kept
his eyes riveted steadfastly upon the water-cask. In this
hopeless condition of our department of intelligence we con-
cluded to wait patiently until the boy's eyes were somewhat
1821-1828.]
FROM DENMARK TO SWEDEN,
17
relieved of the urgency of their present occupation. "VVe did
not wait long, and after divers attempts to light up his feat-
ures by the force of signs with a ray of comprehension, we
set off for a building across the court to which he motioned
us. At this building we were motioned to another, on the
opposite side, where we were again motioned to another. But
at this last we found immediately that we were upon the right
scent ; for, on repeating to a female at the door the motions
we had made to the boy, she pointed to the stairs, up which
we ascended without hesitancy. After knocking a long time
another female showed herself, in slippers down at the heel, a
flannel night-dress wrapped round her, and her hair put up in
paj)ers in the best modern taste. She looked so French in
every respect that we could not refrain from addressing her
in that language ; and, to our unspeakable joy, she rcijlied to
us, with one of those half-hackneyed and half-natural smiles
which none but a Frenchwoman can manage with effect.
Under her direction, attended by the keeper, who lodged in
an adjacent apartment, we at last commenced an examina-
tion of the palace."
From Denmark they went over into Sweden, and spent
some days at a watering-place called Ramlosa. Travelling in
that country at that time was attended with difficulties now,
happily, unknown. They had their own carnage, but were
dependent for horses on a crude post - service, the farmers
throughout the country being required by law to provide
those animals for the use of travellers, together with a wagon
and driver for persons who needed them. If the tourist had
his own carriage, but no coachman, the farmer drove ; but
where there were both carriage and coachman, the farmer
who furnished the horses mounted the box with the coach-
man, surrendering the reins, and only assisting in whipping
the horses. This aid, it would appear, was invaluable.
" Sometimes wo had horses which were able-bodied enough,
but so invincibly lazy that they required a constant applica-
tion of the lash, like machines that stop the instant the impel-
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
ling force is withdrawn; and on tlif j occasions we found an
incalculable advantage in having a coachman who could whip
one horse while the farmer was whipping the other. Our
equipage was not like that of Iludibras, who, by putting one
side of his steed in motion, was sure the other would follow :
we had, unluckily, two distinct wills to influence, and they
had not even the advantage of inanimate bodies in a momen-
tum, by which the movement is kept up for a while after the
propelling power ceases ; but the instant the lash was removed
from the back of either animal he became as motionless as a
statue. This perversity in our cattle was a source of no little
embarrassment to us for a while ; but by the ingenious device
of two whips in constant operation — a contrivance for which
we were indebted to the joint deliberations of the Swedish
farmer and our Swedish coachman — we managed to keep the
backs of both perj)etually exercised, and by this means the
regular rate of progression w^as maintained."
Here is a pretty description of a scene on the shore of the
Sound :
" From the height you look down upon the Sound, but two
miles distant, and always whitened with the canvas of j)assing
ships. Beyond it lies in full view iclie opposite coast of Den-
mark, but four miles from the Swedish shore, covered with
farm-houses and windmills, and inore strongly marked in the
spires and castellated turrets of Elsinore, where every trad-
ing vessel to and from the Baltic is compelled to stop and pay
tribute. Lower down lies the island of AVen, where Tycho
Brahe resided, and held his nightly consultations with the
heavens ; and in the opposite direction you catch a glimpse
of the little Swedish town of Ilelsingborg, overlooked by a
huge quadrangular tower, which is fast mouldering into ruin,
upon a neighboring height."
Returning to Copenhagen, they proceeded by steamer to Lu-
beck, and so back to Hamburg. A brief tour through Holland
ended the Continental expedition, and, embarking soon after
from an English port, they returned to the United States.
1821-18'28.] DISCOMFORTS OF GAIIBISON LIFE.
79
That autumn Major Dix was ordered to Fortress Monroe.
Tlic following winter was spent at that station. His young
wife's experience of domestic life in a garrison was equally
novel and disagreeable. To some of their trials she thus
alludes in a letter home :
" Old Point Comfort, Dcccmbci' 21, 1820.
. " My dear Father and Mother, — To-morrow will be a week since
we arrived, here, and during that time we have not heard from you, and
there is no hope of getting a letter to-day, for the Norfolk steamboat has
brought us nothing. We are expecting our furniture very anxiously, and
tiie moment it comes we shall take possession of our two rooms, without
waiting for a carpet. We should build a kitchen, if we considered our-
selves established here for any length of time. We have two very hand-
some rooms, with marble mantel-pieces and folding-doors; but not a
store-room, nor a closet, nor a pantry is to be found on our premises.
We are going to have pine cupboards made, and our dinner-table can bo
supplied with meat from the mess-room. I have seen nothing here that
deserves the name of a vegetable. It is tlie poorest place, I believe, on
the whole face of the earth. The worst part of Sweden is a garden com-
pared with it. I give you my word there is not an eatable thing to be
procured here but oysters and fish. They send to Norfolk, and Wash-
ington even, for the commonest articles of food, and have to pay high
for them ; and then such servants — all black ; and so careless and im-
provident ! The other day I had been asking repeatedly for wood, and
was getting almost out of patience, when our maid came and said to me
that if I could wait a few moments longer Ilippon woidd saw some. This
is always the case in Virginia, they tell me. Foresight'' — [here the let-
ter is continued in my father's handwriting] — "I suppose Catharine
meant to saj-, is a thing altogether unknown in the domestic economy
of Virginia. And as she has been called off to attend to some engage-
ment, I have taken upon myself to finish her letter.
"Since the first moment of my arrival here I have been incessantly oc-
cupied — on drill, on parade, on guard, on court-martial, on inspection,
on review ; and busied with a thousand other modes of duty, which
scarcely give me time to think. ... I am no more strongly enamored
than I was before I came here of my profession, although the duties are
not very disagreeable; but everything like a systematic application of
the mind to any purpose of improvement is out of the question. One is
no sooner in the midst of a reverie on some interesting or important
matter, than a fellow comes in to break off the chain of thought with —
n i
80
MEMOIRS OF JOnX ADAMS DIX.
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' Captain, the sergeant won't lot »nc have my rations of whiskey ;' or,
'Captain, Private Such-a-one has got tlrunlc and lost his musket.'
"Catharine endures her separation from you with much firmness,
though she feels the whole extent of tlie loss. AVe l)oth hojie for better
times, when we shall all be united. I will write again in a day or two,
and in the mean time am ever most affectionately yours,
" J. A. Dix.
"The New Hampshire delegation have unanimously recommended mo
to the President for the appointment I had in view. I received a day or
two ago a copy of the paper addressed to him."*
A letter from General Brown to Mr. Morgan in the fol-
lowing year shows the esteem in which my father was held
in the military service of the United States :
" Ilcad-quartcrs, Washington, January 15, 1837.
"My deau Sir, — Yours of the 13th this moment came to hand; and
I have to say, and with much pleasure, that I liavc heard oftru from
Captain Dix and your daughter, and always to my satisfoctfrn. Your
son is gaining an army character of great value. Mrs. Vinlon had a let-
ter from Captain Dix a day or two since ; all well.
" Mrs. Brown and Mary will thank me for remembering them, with
friendly regard, to you and IMrs. Morgan.
" I am yours truly, Jac. Browx.
"JOUN J. MOUOAN, Esq."
In consequence of continued ill-health, and on a strong rec-
ommendation from the post surgeon, Major Dix was relieved
from duty at Fortress Monroe early in the summer of 1827
* Tlie paper referred to in the postscript is as follows ;
" To tlie President of the United States:
"If it bo contemplated to appoint a ChargC d'Affaircs to reside at
Stockholm or Naples, the iindersigned beg leave to express their con-
fidence in the integrity and talents of Mr. John A. Dix, of New Hamp-
shire, and their v.jsh for his appointment, should the public interest
justify the same. "Signed, Thomas WiiirPLE, Jr.,
Jonathan Harvey,
Joseph Healley,
Iciiabod Bartlett,
NEHEMfAn Eastman,
Titus Brown."
1821-1828.] EESIGNATION OF CAPTAIN'S COMMISSIOX.
81
and sent to New York. Time passed on, and his dissatisfaction
with the duties of his profession, dull and spiritless in time
of peace, increased ; until the wish to leave the army revived
with added strength. In this desire he was seconded by his
wife, while her father, Mr. Morgan, not only encouraged
him in his projects but offered assistance, without which it
would, perhaps, have been impossible to take the contemplated
step. Besides the estate in Madison, Herkimer, and Chenango
Counties, Mr. Morgan also owned lands in Otsego County, in
the neighborhood of the beautiful village of Coopei*stown.
For the care of these he needed an agent. The position was
offered to his son-in-law, on condition that he should leave
the military service, fix his residence in that region, and com-
mence the practice of the law. Nothing could have accorded
better with his inclinations, esiiecially as he disliked towns,
and had a strong relish for a country life. The following
documents give the conclusion to this period of the history :
" West Point, July 2t), 1828.
" Sin,— I have the honor to resign my commission as Captain of the
Third Regiment of Artillery. After sixteen years' service in tlie army, in
wliich I have lost my health, I trust it will not be tleemccl too much if I
ask that my resignation may be accepted on the 1st of July or August,
1829, and that I be in the mean time permitted to remain on furlough.
I could not in less time make my arrangements for engaging iu another
profession. I should have gone to Providence on the recruiting service
for a few months, but I thought it would but occasion inconvenience to
the Government, if I were to go tliere and resign almost as soon as the
establishment was formed. This consideration only has induced me to
send in my resignation at this time instead of a later day; particularly
as the place which I have purchased is now under a lease, so that I can-
not get possession of it for several months. I mention all these circum-
stances, although I indulge the hope that the consideration of my long
service and enfeebled health will alone insure the indulgence I ask — the
last it will be in my power to ask of my military superiors.
" I am, Sir, very respectfully,
" Your most obedient servant,
" John A. Dix.
"Major-general Macomb "
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MEMOmS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
" Adjutant-generara Office, Washington, August 6, 1823.
«' Order No. 41.
" Tlie resignation of Captain J. A. Dix, of the Third Regiment of Artil-
lery, has been accepted by the President of the United States, to take
effect the 31st of December next.
" By Order. R. Jones, Adjutant-general."
" Adjutant-general's Office, Washington, August 7, 1828.
" Special Order No. 80.
" Captain Dix, of the Third Artillery, has authority to be absent on
furlough until the 31st of December next, when his resignation will
take effect, as announced in ' Order' No. 41.
"By order of Major-general ^lacomb.
"R. Jones, Adjutant-general."
And thus my father's connection with the army was sev-
ered — not to be resumed till the year 1861, and in the most
trying days of the history of the Republic.
i
III.
COOPERSTOWJN".
RURAL LIFE.-THE LAW.-PRELUDE TO POLITICAL
CAREER.
A.n, 18S8-1830.
I
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If!
't!
Cooperstown. — " Apple Ilill." — Long Winters. — Ilousc-kceping. — Offer
of a Foreign Appointment. — Samuel F. B. Morse. — First Effort at
Speaking without Notes. — Village Excitements ; Religious Revivals. —
Quiet Years Formative of the Future. — Political History of New York.
— Review of the History of Parties in the United States. — Federalists.
— Administration of John Adams. — Democratic Triumph under Jeffer-
son. — The Hartford Convention. — Do Witt Clinton. — The Bucktails. —
Convention of 1821; State Constitution Revised. — Colonel Haines. —
Major M. M. Noah.. — General Brown's Relations to President Adams
and Governor Clinton. — Anti-Masonic Excitement. — Disappearance of
William Morgan. — General Jackson's Administration. — Views of John
Adams Dix on Anti - Masonry. — Slavery; African Colonization. —
Speeches on Negro Emancipation. — Opposition to Aljolitionism. — In
1830 appointed Adjutant-general of the State of New York. — Fare-
well to Otsego.
1828-1830.] INSENSIBLE TO NATURE'S CHARMS.
85
III.
The place at Cooperstown referred to in the letter of res-
ignation was purchased by Mr. Morgan for his son and daugh-
ter in the year 1828. They took possession of their new home
late in the autumn, and spent the following winter there. The
village of Cooperstown, first settled by Judge AVilliam Coop-
er, A.D. 1790, and famous as the birthplace of James Fcnimoro
Cooper, our immortal novelist, is situated at the southern
end of Otsego Lake, a lovely sheet of water, ten miles in
length, in which the Susquehanna River takes its rise. My
father's residence was known as " Ajiple Hill." It was on an
eminence which commands a full view of the lake ; and just
below the bank the Susquehanna pursued a winding course
beneath the willow-trees. The house was a large, old-fash-
ioned structure, without pretension to architectural effect, but
homely and spacious ; an avenue of great trees led to it from
the village street ; my father's modest law - office was also
within the enclosure. lie took delight in the scenery, and
particularly in the view of the lake from the veranda. Once,
when a guest had arrived late in the evening, he prepared an
agreeable surprise. Leading him forth in the morning, with-
out a word of introduction, he suddenly showed him the pros-
pect, and stood awaiting the exclamations of delight which
ought to have followed. But the imperturbable traveller,
casting an indifferent glance about, merely observed, " W/if/,
I see you have got quite a ;pond here.'''' I have heard my
father tell the story and descant on his intense humiliation
and disgust. Such persons as these are painful social trials. ■
It is related of a member of the fraternity, who was encoun-
tered in Lombardy, on his w^ay South, and asked whether he
86
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
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liad como across tlie Alps, that lie replied, " Well, I gnesa we
did come over rislti' ground.'''
The winters were terrible for their length, and for the
M'eary hiding of the earth under the snow ; not so hard, how-
ever, as those in his native New England, where sometimes
the ground would crack open with a loud report under the
effect of the frost. There was one long, long winter, when,
from November until April, they never once saw the ground ;
and my mother L'ticU down and kissed the first bright blade
of grass in the spring.*
1 have old letters, good store, which passed between Apple
Hill and No. !■! Bond Street, the country and the town homos.
They tell of the changes of the seasons, the hard winters, the
hopeful spring-tides, and the mellow autumn days. In the
sunnucr all were together. My father threw himself with his
characteristic ardor into the pursuits of rural life, declining
no responsibility of a householder. Writing to his wife, in
New York, on the 30th of April, 1820, he says :
"It will be three weeks since we parted, and I verily be-
lieve it is the longest period of bachelorhood I have known
these three years. At all events it has beci' .. most dreadfully
solitary and gloomy one. Wc are very bus}- ; but, unluckily,
our minds are not as attentive as our hands to the matters in
operation. Mine is constantly stealing over the Vision,f
thence to the Hudson ; and down its waters, you know, the
transition is an easy one to the city and Bond Street. To-
* Referring to those New England winters, my father told n.c how,
when a little fellow, he came back to his mother, who had seen him off
to school, and solemnly told her that there was a crack iu the ground
too wide for him to cross. He was an imaginative child — one of those
whose fancy evolves wonders from its laboratory. He would gravely tell
of things which could not have taken place— of having beheld creatures
flying which cannot fly, and of encounters with unknown and terrific
beasts. It was the play of the imagination ; for otherwise the lad was
the soul of truth and honor, as the man was to the very end.
t The name of a mountain iu the vicinity.
1828-1830.]
IIVIIAL FACTS AND INCIDENTS.
87
morrow is tlio Ist of May, and do ask your father and mother
if tliey will consider mo unconscionable in thinking of com-
ing for you in about ten days. You know we shall bo re-
united hero soon, and I am such a poor devil without you
that they nmst be magnanimous and give you up.
"We are exceedingly engaged. I have taken down and
put up thirty-two windows. The house is thoroughly cleaned.
Yesterday and to-day I have been laboring at making fence ;
and the lot is assuming an entirely different appearance. I
am very tired ; it is a long time since I liavo labored in the
fields. I recollect riding liorse to plough when I was a small
boy ; but I got thrown in cutting some caper with the horse,
and was turned over to the school-master as a bad subject.
To-morrow 1 hope to commence the garden arrangements.
The chickens have come; and although there are only six hens
they gave us five eggs before they had been three hours witli
us. The rooster, in violation of all good - manners, deserted
the ladies in a few hours after his arrival, and went prowling
about the neighboring barn-yards ; but in an hour afterward he
returned with as thorough a trouncing as a rooster could wish
to have. lie is all blood now, and I venture to predict that
he will not quit his own premises again for a twelvemonth."
That these efforts to please the maitresse de malson were
successful mr.y be inferred from a letter written on her return
from New York :
"Coopcrstown, May 20, 1820.
" My dear Fatiieu and Mothek, — We arrived here safely yesterilay,
all well, but very much fatigued. The roads were -. try bad, and, notwith-
standing careful driving and excellent springs, my bones ache yet most
dreadfully. Margaret says she is enchanted with our situation and all
the comforts of our establishment. You have no idea how beautiful wc
look; and then we have music incessantly — during the day the birds
and frogs sing in chorus, and in the evening and at night the whippoor-
"will regales us with his melancholy note. There have been a great many
improvemento made during my absence, and even now it is a perfect lit-
tle paradise. I wish, my dear father and mother, you could take a peep
at it, and if you did not immediately exclaim, ' How dreadful it would
be if thoy were obliged to go to France!' I should think you had more
88
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
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taste for diplonacy than for the charms of nature. , . . The mail closes in
a few moments, and Mr. Dix wishes to say something. God bless you,
my dear fV.ther and mother ; and in the hope that it may not be very long
before we meet again, I am your affectionate child,
" C. M. Dix.
"Mr. Dix has just shot a jioor wliippoorwill, and he will send it to
Mr. Baldwin, in order that he may satisfy himself upon the old disputed
question."
The letter runs on, but in my father's handwriting :
" My dear IMoTiiEn, — We were all so tired yesterday that we could
not make the effort to Avrite. . . . While Catharine was finishing the above
I heard the note of a whippoorwill, and although it went more against
my conscience than anything I ever committed, I ehot him wliile his
note was unfinished in his throat, in order to satisfy tlie long-disputed
question of his identity with the night-hawk. 'Tis a horrid taurder,
and it is the only (I may say, too, it will be the last) bird shot on Apple
Hill while this domain has been under my management.
" Catharine thinks it is far better, even for liealth, to be here than to
be sitting eight or ten hours a day in a hot city, even tliough it were
Paris, copying the Minister's despatches. However, if the appointment
had come, and not an inquiry, I should have accepted it."
The explanation of the closing paragraph is given in a let-
ter addressed to Mr. Morgan by Mr. Van Buren, who was at
that time Secretary of State under General Jackson. I copy
it as it lies before me :
" Private.
" My deau Sir, — No ChargCs will be sent out before the meeting of
Congress, and then the list of applicants is immense. Would IMajor Dix
like to go to France as Secretary of Legation, with a most agreeable man
as Minister, and start by the first of ^^j" J 1 I do not know that I can
obtain his appointment, as there are many applicants, etc., etc. Let me
know at the earliest moment. Remember me kindly to Mrs. M., and be-
lieve me to be, in great haste, Yours very sincerely,
" M. Van Buren.
" Mb. Morgan." " Washington, May 11, 1829.
This offer, on being communicated to my father, was at
once declined. His reasons, though not stated to Mr. Van
1828-1830.] COOPERSTOWN AND FENIMOEE COOPER.
80
Buren, -were, tliat it came in tlie fomi of a friendly inquiry
merely ; that there was no certainty of his being appointed,
in case his assent had been given ; and that it would have made
his position a very embarrassing one, if the President, on be-
ing advised with, should not have deemed it proper to make
the appointment. If the inquiry had been put in the shape
of a direct oifer it would have been accepted, as the impor-
tance of the mission gave the station an extraordinary value.
The society of Cooperstown, thougli small, was agreeable.
Mr. James Fenimore Cooper and his family were in Europe,
l)ut others of the name remained, who, with the Bowei-s,
Phinneys, Pomeroys, and Metcalfes, formed a delightful cir-
cle. At the north end of the lake was " Ifyde," the country-
seat of Mr. Hyde Clark, who had married the widow of Mr.
Richard Cooper. My father's house was generally full of
guests ; among them was one whose fame has since that day
become world - wide, Samuel F. B. Morse. A painter of no
small reputation, and, I think. President of the National
Academy of Design, yet scantly furnished with ducats, as is
the wont M'itli devotees of the graphic arts, he came to Coop-
erstown with a mind to paint a portrait or two, and was in-
vited to Apple Hill. My mother seems to have appreciated
the solemnity of the situation. She writes :
" I get along admirably with my visitors, or rather visitor,
Mr. Morse, of whom I felt a little afraid, considering that I
had seen him only twice before, besides his liaving been to
Europe, and being a member of the tmi, as well as literary
and philosophical societies. He is a very agreeable man, and
the admiration of all the young ladies here, notwithstanding
he is a widower with three children, and hero and there a
gray hair. He takes admirable portraits : the price is twenty-
live dollars."
A cousin of my mother's, Margaret Willett (the same whom
she mentions in her letter of May 20), daughter of the old
Colonel Marinus Willett, and then a young and beautiful girl,
was with them at Apple 11 ill. To her charms the portrait-
90
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
'ir
i ..
/
painter was so far sensible that lie put her and my mother
into a landscape which he painted for Mr. Dewitt Bloodgood,
of Albany. Many years afterward this picture came into my
father's possession, and thenceforth formed one of the chief
treasures of his little gallery. The scene is taken from Apple
Hill ; the lake and its enclosing hills are in the distance ; state-
ly pine-trees stand at the side, and in the foreground are two
young ladies grouped near the stump of some old monarch of
the " forest primeval," over which relic they have carelessly
thrown their shawls.
In Cooperstown my father made his first attempt at public
speaking. The Eev. Mr. Tiffany, pastor of the Ei^iscopal
Church, invited him to address the Sunday-school. The occa-
sion must have been deemed important, for he made elabo-
rate prej^aration ; and having written out what he intended to
say, and, as he supposed, connnitted it perfectly to memory,
set forth, rashly leaving the manuscript at home. " I remem-
ber," writes one who was present, " just how he looked, as he
stood a short distance from the front pews. lie went on very
smoothly for some time ; but then, forgetting what came next,
and becoming confused, and not being especially familiar with
the subject, he had to make his way out of it as best he could.
I was so confused myself that I never could remember how
he did it. When we reached home the first thing he asked
was how I felt when ho broke down. lie often spoke of it
in after-years, with great anmsement over his ill-success on
that first appearance as a public speaker."
Some of our most fluent orators can, no doubt, recall simi-
lar incidents in their own experience. Such failures may,
perhaps, be almost necessary to insure a final success. It
was so with my father, who in after-life spoke witli perfect
self-possession, used nu notes, and appeared completely inde-
pendent of external helps in his oratory.
Half-way up the lake stood a large building, known as the
Fish House, to which the people resorted in excursions and
picnics. A boat, having as its motive-power a pair of super-
1828-1830.]
AX INSIGHT OF VILLAGE LIFE.
91
animated horses, plied to and fro, carrying many a merry par-
ty, duly supplied with the implements of the angler's craft.
Feasts and dances followed on their landing. In the autumn,
when the salmon-trout came out of the lake, it was a pretty
sight to see the river below us filled with boats, each having
a blazing pine-knot in the bow, by the light of which men
speared the fish as they rose toward the flame.
I have before me an anmsing letter, written by my mother
to a young girl who had been near them at boarding-school;
it gives a pleasant insight into their village life :
"My deak C, — I received your last letter the other evening, just as I
was preparing to pour out tea tor u party of old married ladies: sociable
visits are all the rage nowadays, and I have been going the rounds of
the village in this mode of entertainment. There has not been a party
since you left here, so you have nothing to regret on that score. You
have heard, no doubt, of the 'awakening' in our Presbyterian Church,
and would be amazed to see the alterations occasioned by it in some of
your friends. A smile has not visited the countenances of Rachel
or IMary for many a long day, and they both look as i^ale and emaci-
ated as if they were 'without hope,' instead of having experienced it.
Maria , Helen , and the two 's, are also among the ^ clianged.''
Mr. Tiffany has profited by the example of his neighbor church, and
made very great exertions toward the advancement of his own. lie has
service in the church every "Wednesday evening, besides three classes for
religious instruction, which he attends to weekly ; the married ladies,
the young ladies, and about eighteen gentlemen, young and old; so that
I think even you would not have Ijccn in very great danger of total ruin
this winter. There is a prayer-meeting every evening at Mr. 's, and
often before sunrise young and old are seen Avending their way toward
the house of prayer. Mr. and 3Irs. and ]\Iiss , all members of
the meeting, have left it, and become, I liopc, good E[)iscopalians. Mrs.
and T\Irs. do not visit, and scarcely speak when they meet ;
mutual intolerance seems to be the cause of the trouble between them.
Of your beaus I know nothing, excepting that they are alive and well;
Mr. is still in Mr. 's office; and every Sunday I hear the notes
of Mr. "s flute mingling Avith the choir. Old Mr. iieejjs abroad
now and then, and has found his Avay to Apple Hill just once since you
lefl us. Tlie children are well, and unite Avith me in Ioa'C to you, your
mother, and sisters."
!|
1
1
1
92
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
{
Quiet and commonplace as was my father's life during
the three years spent in the pretty village by the lake, it has
a peculiar interest as the preparation for a career among the
most brilliant recorded in the history of our country — the
prelude to honor, influence, and their attendant cares ; thence
was he to go forth, led by God's providence, to fill in turn al-
most every position of trust which it was in the power of his
fellow-citizens to bestow. He who was destined to become
Adjutant-general of the State, Secretary of State and Super-
intendent of Public InstiTiction, member of the State Legisla-
ture, Senator of the United States, Assistant Treasurer and
Postmastu' of the city of New York, Minister Plenipotentiary'
to a foreign «ourt, member of the Cabinet at the most critical
epoch in our national history. Major-general in the United
States service, and Governor of the State of Kew York, com-
pleted his preparation for the half century of responsibility
and toil in the tranquillity and comparative obscurity of a
rural life. To that life he was always devoted ; more and
more fondly did his heart turn to it as circumstances forced
him farther away. But a sense of his fitness for public life
was growing in certain quarters where able men were needed ;
and it was not possible that such a one as he, trained in the
school of the army, well read in the law, already a finished
scholar, master of three or four languages besides his own,
highly connected, accomplished in many arts, and cultivated
by foreign travel, could be hidden away. There were those,
in short, who knew what he was, and wanted the help which
he was fitted to give./
It cannot, I think, be doubted that he must have displayed
at that time the qualities for which he was noted in after-
life — the sagacity and good judgment, the activity and energy,
the tireless industry and the versatile genius, which guarantee
success. His reputation, indeed, was already made ; nothing
was wanting but the opportune moment to call him to higher
duties and a wider sphere. That moment soon arrived ; and,
with itj another change in the varied history. Beginning life
I I
1828-1830.] POLITICS IN THEIR PIUSTINE DAT.
93
^
as a soldier, lie had, after fourteen years, resigned his commis-
sion and commenced the practice of the law. Scarcely four
years elapsed before he put off the robe of the jurist and en-
tered on the higher duties of the politician and the statesman.
They stood high in those days ; it may not be so now. Then
it was an advance to go from the Bar to public life ; when
office sought men, not men the office ; when to be a scholar
and a gentleman, to be conspicuous for good-breeding, literary
attainments, and high social position was neither a disadvan-
tage nor likely to impair the prospect of success ; ere yet the
pathway to distinction had become a gauntlet-race between
Jines of vulgar and selfish inferiors, whom he must flatter and
propitiate who would secure their support.
And here, perhaps, as well as anywhere, I may add this — in
which they who knew him best will bear me out — that all his
life through he was what he was at the outset — the same hon-
est, sterling character, ever true to his convictions, and con-
sistent when tried hy standards that do not change ; and
especially that he was a man who detested the lower arts of
the politician. Using that word in the sense which it now
bears, it would be incorrect to speak of w\y father as a politi-
cian ; he should rather be called a man of state. lie was not
of those who manoenvre to gain a public position. One after
another offices came to him ; not through his bidding for
them ; often against his will ; simply because men needed the
help which they knew him able to give. 1 wish to emphasize
the fact that in my father there was no resemblance to the
politician of our day ; and the proof is, that he was never
popular in political rings, but rather detested by the men who
compose them. It is easy to account for a dislike which they
did not affect to conceal. They could not depend on him to
farther their selfish aims, nor count on him for personal
favors in return for partisan support; he was above their
plane, and they lost no opportunity to do him a mischief
when they could. It would not be true to say of him that
he disliked office, position, and power. A man naturally
[» rr;'
94
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS BIX.
'(' -I
ii
likes to do wliat he knows he can do well, and he thoroughly
understood the science of governing. But this he did un-
selfishly, without personal ambition, on high principle, with-
out dread of criticism, for the welfare of the Commonwealth,
in the fear of Almighty God. Therefore his part was that
of the statesman, and therefore was he disliked and mistrusted
by the common politicians, who gave him their support only
when they could not help it, or when they hoped to profit
indirectly by an influence which they could not bend to do
them a favor.
I hope to justify this estimate of my father's character as
I proceed. The time has come to begin the story of his
political life. This I shall attempt to relate with such aid as
I could obtain from books, letters, and conference with men
familiar with the transactions of former days. But, since this
memoir was not intended for the eye of persons deeply versed
in American politics, while yet some knowledge of them is
indispensable as we proceed, I venture to begin by jffering
the reader what I have gathered with my own hand in that
rich yet tangled field, while seeking to comprehend the po-
sition and the course of one who ranks among the most con-
spicuous figures in the scene.
The author of the work entitled " The History of Political
Parties in the State of New York, from the Ratification of
the Federal Constitution to December, 1840," makes the fol-
lowing somewhat discouraging observations :
"It has often been remarked by citizens and politicians of
our sister States that the action of political parties in the
State of Xew York was to them unaccountable and myste-
rious."
And he adds : " Hundreds of strangers have said to me that
the politics of New York were to tliem a perfect enigma."*
If persons familiar with the political history of our country
and public affairs arc thus perplexed, how much more difficult
♦ Vol. i., p. 1G8.
1828-1830.] ^'THE TIltGINIA PLAN" ADOPTED.
95
must it be for one not vei*sed in those subjects to find his
way through the maze! My object is, not to discourse at
length on national or State politics, but only to trace the
course held by one man across that field ; to tell why he chose
the path M-hich he pursued, and what he accomplished as he
trod it. For this end, however, it seems necessary to take a
general view of the subject, for the benefit of readers who,
like myself, desire to know prominent facts, and are content
to disregard questions of minor importance.
Such a moderate knowledge of American history as every
cultivated and intelligent citizen ought to possess is suflicient
to enable the reader to follow me, while I remind him of the
early conliicts of the States, just freed from the leading-strings
of the transatlantic government. AVhen, in the year 17S3,
the Independence of the Colonies was acknowledged by Great
Britain, the future became a subject of anxious consideration.
It was evident that the " Articles of Confederation," adopted
in 1777, were not sufticicnt to hold the States together, or to
provide against external dangers ; a movement for a more
perfect union was inevitable. But at once several and diverse
tendencies appeared : one toward a strong, consolidated, quasi-
monarchical system, with a President and Senate elected for
life ; another, toward the establishment of a series of inde-
pendent democratic governments, confederated for the com-
mon defence, but separate and autonomous. In addition to
these two there was a third idea — a compromise between the
extremes, known as " the Virginia Plan " — which in its main
features was ultimately adopted.
In the State of New York there was strong opposition to
the formation of the National Union. The " State Sover-
eignty " idea was ably represented there, and party lines were
first drawn on that question. Alexander Hamilton, a genius
of the highest order, stood at the head of the Federalists ;
George Clinton, the popular Governor of the State, led the
opposition. The United States Constitution was adopted in
1788, under the protest of the New York delegates, Hamilton
/
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96
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
alone excepted : of tlic nine States wliose assent constituted
its ratification New York was not one. Wlien the fact be-
came known in New York tlie question was raised, whether
to enter the Union or to stand apart, independent and untram-
melled. The Antifederalists gave way reluctantly, and un-
der protest, and thus, with hesitation and difficulty. New York
came into the Union. It was a triumph for the Federalists ;
but it left them face to face with a discontented and able
opposition.
Upon the refusal of General Washington to serve a third
term as President, John Adams, a Federalist, was elected his
successor. At that time John Jay was Governor of New
York. The National and State Governments were both Fed-
eralist, and in full accord. But, as often happens, the beaten
party was really the stronger of the two, and it took but a lit-
tle while to demonstrate the fact. The spirit of democracy,
or republicanism (for the opposition party claimed for itself
both those names), was in the air ; and a course had begun
which no human power could have prevented from running
to its logical end.
Looking back to those days, one sees that the Federalists
were doomed. They contributed, no doubt, also, by more than
one blunder, to their fall ; or it may be that, like the House
of Bourbon, the}'' eould not see and would not learn, and were
too honorable to change their convictions. The constitu-
tion of the State Government was anything but democratic.
There was a body known as the " Council of Revision," which,
acting wuth the governor, had an absolute veto on the acts of
the Legislature. There was a S3'stem by which the governor,
with a " Council of Appointment," hud the entire political
patronage of the State, and disposed of every office. The
right of suffrage was much restricted. When the Legislature
assembled the custom was that the governor should appear
and make them a speech, to which they returned a formal re-
ply. Many other customs, which had obtained under the
ante-Revolutionary domination, were kept up. Imagine how
1828-1830.] THE ANTIFEDERALISTS PREVAIL.
97
the spirit of republicanism fretted and chafed ! The Federal-
ists, in power, used their opportunity to maintain their posi-
tion. To do this they were forced to employ an unpopular
machinery, and nuide it, thereby, still more unpopular ; while
their adversaries, partly from a firm belief in democracy, and
partly from the sheer necessity of gaining power, denounced
the existing system, and demanded reform. The well-known
sympathy of the Federalists with England, and their detesta-
tion of the French Revclution, added to the prejudices which
were daily growing against them.
The year which followed the election of the elder Adams
was one of furious political excitement. The friends of his
administration were denounced as in treasonable correspond-
ence with Great Britain, and intending, by a series of gradual
changes, to uproot republicanism and establish a limited mon-
archy. Doubtless these charges were unfounded ; but it is as
certain that the Federal jwrty did not believe in the people,
nor think it possible that a pure, representative, popular gov-
ernment could succeed. "VVe do not doubt the purity of the
motives of the Federalists of 1798; but as little can we doubt
the sincerity of the Eepublicans in supposing that a gradual
subversion of the government Avas in progress by those in
power. Such an impression gave to the opposition a tremen-
dous clan.
Accordingly, in the year 1800 the Democratic or Republi-
can party triumphed. Thomas Jefferson was elected Presi-
dent of the United States; George Clinton, Hamilton's life-
long adversary, was still Governor of New York ; and all over
the Union the Antifedcralists were victorious.
If anything were needed to complete the ruin of the Fed-
eralists it was the attitude assumed by many of tliem during
the war of 1812-15. That conflict was the expression of au
intense hostility to Great Britain, and a sense of insults, in-
juries, and wrongs which stung the American people to the
quick, and led them, though comparatively weak, to strike
ba'ik blow for blow. But the Federalists, who, notwithstand-
I.— 7
xi'h
98
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
ing their discomfiture, still continued to act as a party, o\y-
posed the war. Nay, so disastrous were some of the features
of the conflict, that Federalism revived, notably in New Eng-
land and New Jcrsoy, and distinguished itself by at least ono
remarkable performauco. While the State of New York,
under Governor Daniel D. Tompkins, stood by the general
government, and voted men and supplies for the war, unterri-
lied even by the capture and burning of Washington in Au-
gust, 1814, there were signs in the New England States of a
design to secede from the Union, set up a separate govern-
ment, and make peace with Great Britain. Such tendencies
appear to have sought expression in the notorious " Hartford
Convention," which met in December, 1814, and of which the
history forms an important episode in our national annals.
But the Peace of Ghent, in 1815, brought these schemes to
an end, strengthened the government, and prostrated the
Federalists, who never, as a party, returned to power. They
continued, by their old name, as an element in politics; but
the arm was fallen from the shoulder blade and broken at
the bone.
My father and grandfather were both in the army during
those trying years, and devoted heart and soul to the Ameri-
can cause. It was then that my father formed the opinion of
the Federalists which he always held, and of which he has left
a record, from which I shall make, at this point, some extracts.
It is not strange that he should have felt disgust for those who
opposed the war ; such was the natural sentiment of the ill-
clad, half-starved, suffering soldiers toward those at home who
could not conceal their sympathy with the enemies of the
United States Government. His views of the Hartford Con-
vention, and of the principles and history of the Federalists,
come in here in their proper place. They are contained in
an article published in the Albany Daily Argus, and headed,
"J/?'. Justice Story and the Hartford Convention. — The Fed-
eral Party, and the Importance of our National UnionP
Of the Hartford Convention he says :
\\
1828-1830.] TIIE AIMS OF THE FEDERALISTS.
99
"Wc believe tlicre is nothing better settled in the public mind than
the conviction that the Hartford Convention, in its various relations of
time and purpose, was inimical in the highest degree to our national
tranquillity and honor. . . . We consider it as the most prominent case
of infidelity to the interests of the country that has yet arisen under our
free institutions; wo conceive it to have been infinitely more mischiev-
ous in its tendences than the two petty insurrections whicli occurred in
the early stages of the government, because it was sanctioned by some
of the first names iu New England ; and we should regard any diminu-
tion of the opprobrium which has fallen upon it as the result of indiffer-
ence to our social and political blessings."
lie then proceeds to treat of tlie opponents of the war of
1812, and of tlie liistory and aims of tlio Federalists, as fol-
lows :
*' There are many individuals now living, and bearing about them in
scars and physical infirmities honorable testimony of their dangers and
exposure in the country's service, who will not readily forget the sneers
and execrations with which they were followed in leading through
Massachusetts their little bands of combatants to the tiieatre of hostili-
ties. They cannot readily forget the attempts which were made to si-
lence the drum, to dissuade the citizens from enlisting, and from provid-
ing those indispensable supplies of money and subsistence which were
required for the support of the public forces. There are many others
who witnessed the constant opposition of the Massachusetts delegation
on the floor of Congress to all bills for levying new forces, and even for
supplying with food and munitions those which were already levied and
contending in the field of battle against the enemies of the Republic.
These are things not to be forgotten, and we believe we are not unchar-
itable in saying that they arc not easily to be forgiven. Yet we are told
that the Federal party failed, not through treaciicry — ' for truer spirits
the world could not boast'— but through despondence. Despondence
may produce inactivity and an abandonment of spirit ; but we apprehend
that it is a more vehement impulse tlmt excites to open opposition, and
so obscures the sentiment of patriotism as to lead its subjects to seek
success at the expense of their country's reputation. In Great Britain
political opposition has always restricted itself to such a course of meas-
ures as would consist with the duty which every citizen or subject owes
to the community or state of which he is a member: it has never per-
verted or obliterated the sentiment of country, or so depraved the heart
and the reason as to make the disgrace more acceiitable than the glory
i 1
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100
MEMOIRS OF JOUS ADAMS DIX.
of tlic public arms. Wo take a position of tlio truth of whicli wc uro
well assured wlien wo say that the Fetleral party, iu Miisaachusctts and
Connecticut cBpccially, rejoiced in tlio failure of our military cnturprises
and in the triumph of the British forces over ours.
"The writer of this article will never forget that ho himself was nt a
private dinner-table in IJoston, in 1813, when the news of General Hull's
surrender was received, and that a gentleman bearing one of the most
respectable names in that city gave as a toast — 'A similar fate to all our
generals!' lie was then a youth; but he still retains a strong sense of
the disgust which this impiety excited upon his own unformed senti-
ments, although it was received with ajiplausc by twelve or fifteen per-
sons of strong minds and refined education.
" We are disposed to overlook altogether the opposition of the Federal
party to the government during the long series of embarrassments which
preceded the war. The country was at peace, or at least was involved
in no declared hostilities with foreign powers; and the measures of the
Federal party, however indispensable in particular cases, were fairly
adopted for the purpose of destroying the influence of their opi)onent8.
A strong distinction is to be taken between measures agreeing in all
particulars, excepting the single one of belonging to a state of peace or
a state of war. A declaration of hostilities is the common signal at
Avliich all parties arc bound to unite in rallying around the standard of
the country. Upon this the Federal party throughout the country
divided in 1812; and it is this division that will constitute the criterion
of tlieir admission to the public confidence. Those who abandoned the
party at that epoch, and supported the government in its trials, cannot
be distinguished from the most meritorious classes of citizens. Those
who continued to oppose the principle of the war, but still contributed
their best exertions to bring it to an honorable termination by sharing
its perils, contributing to its resources, or by voting supplies of men and
money in Congress, are entitled to the same honorable distinction. But
we avow our total want of charity for those who contributed all in their
power to embarrass the government, to obstruct the successful prosecu-
tion of hostilities, and who were willing to purchase the downfall of the
prevailing party at the price of the public dishonor. That there were
many such, we know ; that they composed a majority of the New Eng-
land Federalists, we fear, if we do not believe. We deny to these all
claim to public confidence, because we consider their aberrations as
the result, not of infirmity of judgment, but of depravity of principle,
which time has no power to change. The oblivion which the author of
the article under review implores is their only refuge ; but it is not to be
won by palliating their ofl'cnces and asserting their purity ; the outraged
)\
1828-1830.]
TRESCUAyi ASIMADVERSIOX.
101
sensibility of tlio public must be conciliated by tlieir silence, by a studi-
ous concealment of their guilt; by trusting to its mercy, and not by
appealing to its justice.
" We are told, also, tliat the debt of gratitude to the Federal party can
never bo extinguished. To our oars, we confess, these are unaccustomed
sounds, and wo do not feel that the reason or the heart respoi-ln to the
sentiment. We know that many illustrious individuals of that party
contributed to the formation of the Constitution, and the organization of
the government under it, and that scmic of their early measures were
well chosen for the prosperity of the country. But we know, also, that
as many distinguished members of the Republican party bore tlieir share
in those early operations of government* that the career of the Federal
party was marked at its fust stages by a perversion of the fundamental
doctrines of our Republican system, and that it went on with headlong
precipitation to an extremity which wrought its own downfall by arous-
ing the ])opular indignation. We cannot but feel also that such is the
irresistible tendency of the principles upon which that party proceeded,
and that, in the vicious examples which they have interwoven with our
public history, they have done an injury to the cause of liberal institu-
tions, which could have found no adequate redress but in the accom-
panying retribution which fell ui)on them in the fulness of their pros-
perity and strength.
"We appeal to the writer of the article under review to say whether
Washington or Hamilton, or any other illustrious name, which he claims
as belonging to the Federal party at the organization of the govern-
ment, would have been found in its ranks in 1812 ? Wc have in strict-
ness nothing to do with the party in its infancy. Most parties arc virt-
uous and disinterested in the season at which they take their rise. But
they are to be judged by their results — by the evils or benefits wiiich
are the natural consequences of their principles. It was impossible that
the principles of the Federal party should produce much else than evil,
for they were in direct hostility to the fundamental principles of the
system to which they arc applied. As the reviewer admits, the Federal
party 'wanted a just confidence in our free institutions, and in the moral
ability of the people to uphold them ;' whereas our whole political sys-
tem proceeds upon the assumption that the people are competent to self-
government. It was a necessary consequence of this fundamental error
that measures should be adopted, even in the most virtuous days of the
party, in counteraction of the first principles of the Republic ; that it
should be considered necessary to infuse a more energet'o iction into
tlie machine of government, and to diminish the control of the people
over it, by usurping the exercise of powers which they had reserved to
1\
102
MEMOIES OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
themselves. No obligation, whicli any member or members of the Fed-
eral party have conferred ou the country, can counteract the evils of
these precedents ; and how stands the account, when we follow out their
principles to the consequences in which they terminated — to a long and
vindictive struggle against the supremacy of the people, to a factious
opposition wlien the necessities of the country demanded their aid and
sympatliy, and to a treacherous indifference to the public interests when
all was iinally jjut at hazard by an appeal to arms ? This is a fearful
balance, which we are sure no friendly hand will attempt to strike !
" Wc repeat, the only refuge for the Federal party is in oblivion ; and
he who seeks to palliate its errors inflicts upon it the greatest of inju-
ries ; he excites recollections which might not have been disturbed, and
calls forth expositions alike ungrateful to the feelings of tlieir authors,
and reproachful to the character of those whose conduct and actions
furnish the occasion for them."
!: II
nr
The Federalists received tlieir death-blow, as a political or-
ganization, in the year 1815. The instability of temporal af-
faire, however, generally forbids a long enjoyment of prosper-
ity. Scarcely were Republicans victorious, when they began
to disintegrate. Murmurs we^e heard, from time to time,
against the " Virginia Dynasty," and lines were drawn be-
tween North and Soutlv There were symptoms of trouble
long before that day. The Presidents of the United States
had, for twenty-four years out of twenty-eight, been taken
from Virginia : George Washington for his two terms,
Thomas JeSerson for as many more ; Madison for eight more
years. Adams, of Massachusetts, had served but one term.
The Madison administration now nominated another Virgin-
ian, James Monroe, for the succession. The movement dis-
pleased many at the North ; and dissensions and divisions fol-
lowed which ultimately had the effect of breaking up the Re-
publicans. Mr. Monroe's election did not heal the breach, but
merely postponed the inevitable catastrophe : Governor Tomp-
kins went into office with him as Vice-President.
At this time there rose to power one of the most remarka-
ble men that New York ever produced. De Witt Clinton,
nephew of the first Governor of this State, was for many
1 V
\
1828-1830.] THE CLIQUE KNOWN AS *'BUCETAILS."
103
years the centre about which the political sphere revolved : it
may be said that the people of New York were gathered into
two hostile camps, as Clintonians and Anti-Clintonians. In
1818 a permanent separation took place between the support-
ers and opposers of his administration, though both sides be-
longed to one and the same political school. The opposition
to Governor Clinton was headed by Martin Van Buren, the
most skilful politician of his day ; he was the life and soul of
an organization which ultimately became dominant in the
State. In the city of New York, and out of Tammany Hall,
sprung up a clique of able and restless men known as the
"Bucktails." Hostile to Clinton, they constituted, as has
been said, " an organized opposition to the State administra-
tion, and political opponents to the Democratic party in the
State represented by the governor as its chief."
In the year 1821 a great revohition occurred in the State
of New York, though without tlie effusion of blood or the
help of bayonets. At a convention held at Albany the con-
stitution of the State was revised, or rather made over, so
that old things passed away, and changes which would have
been considered impossible a quarter of a century before were
effected. It was a complete triumph for the Antifederalist,
Anti-Clintonian Democracy; from that date the Clintonian
party, as such, ceased to exist. To enumerate the changes is
unnecessary; they were in the line of Republican progress,
and among those things which logically follow on the appli-
cation of certain principles. The last vestiges of the ancient
regime passed away, and the government became popular in
spirit as well as in name.
On the 1st day of January, 1823, Governor Joseph C.
Yates was inaugurated at Albany. It may be said that the
State of New York was at that time in profound political
peace.
But the clearest weather is often a breeder of the heaviest
storm, and in the following year that unity was shivered all
to pieces. In the United States the Presidential question do-
^
X
104
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
ranges everything else ; the battle for the chief magistracy,
which, unhappily for us, occurs once in every four years, is the
measure of the progress of events and the state of parties.
To the question who should succeed Mr. Monroe discordant
replies were given ; and no less than five Richmonds took the
field, in the persons of Calhoun, Clay, Jackson, Adams, and
Crawford. Of these Mr. Calhoun, the Secretary of War, was
the favorite of the younger army men. My father, then sta-
tioned at Washington, and aide to the general of the army,
was, as I have previously observed, one of his ardent support-
ers. Mr. Van Buren, o»i the other hand, a Senator of the Unit-
ed States, and still actively interested in New York politics,
took the side of William II. Crawford. The Crawford move-
ment was so distasteful to many in the State of New York,
that a party of considerable strength, known as the People's
Party, was formed, rather to oppose him than to support
any particular candidate. The opposition was successful, and
resulted in the election of John Quincy ^Adams, of Massa-
chusetts.
In tl it celebrated campaign my father took an active part.
Among the means employed to defeat Mr. Crawford was the
establishment of a newspaper in this city, called the JVew
York Patriot. Its editor. Colonel Charles G. Ilaincs, was a
native of New Hampshire, a man of ability, and an intelli-
gent, zealous politician. The more immediate object of the
attacks of the Patriot was Major Mordecai M. Noah, the edi-
tor of a rival journal. My father, a warm friend and con-
stant correspondent of Colonel Ilaines, wrote for the Pa-
triot, advocating the cause of Mr. Calhoun, and taking
special and particular delight in vivisecting Major Noah.
The inauguration of Mr. Adams in 1825 was followed in a
few months by the return of Do Witt Clinton to power in the
State of New York. The manner of this re-appearance was
intensely dramatic ; it constituted the sensation of the day.
The Crawford party, then in the ascendant in the Legisla-
ture, intending to place their adversaries in a dilemma, rashly
1828-1830.]
A RETROSPECTIVE GLANCE.
105
attacked Mr. Clinton, and turned him out of a minor office
which he had held for many years. The result was to make
him the most popular man in the State. Aroused at an un-
called-for and wanton affront like this, men started up on all
sides, called meetings, lighted bonfires, launched anathemas at
the political blunderers at Albany, and vowed that Mr. Clin-
ton's wrongs should be avenged. It is certain that Mr. Van
Burcn, always shrewd and sagacious, had nothing to do with
this business, the result of which was ruinous to the man
whom he supported. A coalition took place between the
People's Party and the friends of Mr. Clinton ; and in the
autumn of 1825 he was again elected Governor of the State
of New York. One of his earliest acts was to call Colonel
Ilaiucs to Albany and make him his Adjutant-general.
In connection with this period in the history of our State
politics I present the reader with the following letter, which
shows the head of the army in the light of Mentor to his im-
petuous young friend, and contains a just tribute to Mr. Clin-
ton. It is dated at head-quarters, June 22, 1825, midway be-
tween the inauguration of the President and the election in
New York. After some remarks of little interest here the
general continues :
" You must be aware that, as General-in-cliief, it is very clcsirablc that
I should be on terms of frienilsliip with the President; and as he has
made me understand liow dtjsirous he was and is for my good-will, we
can but march on together in good-fellowship. I say to you that Mr.
Adams has my regard, and I wish him so fortunate as to be re-elected
without opposition. I must not be suspected of any other sentiment.
"My feelings in relation to Mr. Clinton are of a dilferent cliuractcr.
He is a man very much after my own heart. Such men as Clinton arc
always ready to put all to hazard in a great cause. They tlo not stop to
calculate when they should act. De Witt Clinton has carried his coun-
try forward a quarter of a century at least, by the undoubting movement
lie made in commencing the New York canals. I mention tliis to show
my estimate of his mind. Had he been Governor of New York in 1812
he would have taken possession of Canada very far down the St. Law-
rence as a duty and as a business of course about which not much
ift
I '
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• 1
■1
' f,
?
Ii'ii.'i ■
n
H
' fi
1
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106
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
speaking or writing would have been called forth. It would have
turned upon the efficiency of a single mind acting upon a great body
like New York, and the utter insignificance of Canada to Quebec at the
opening of the war. Mr. Clinton is no ordinary man, and though his fame
is as lasting as the waters of the great lakes, he will be politically pros-
trated again, if he and his distinguished friends are found in the ranks
against Mr. Adams. Mr. Clinton and his friends must not be found in
opposition to the administration of Adams, if they intend to hold the
government of New York. If you cannot bring yourself to entertain
kind feelings toward Mr. Adams, you can, I hojie, desire the political
prosperity of Mr. Clinton. If so, give him your most zealous, your most
devoted support as Governor of New York, and never allow him to be
represented as in opposition to the National Government. Re-elect him
by some twenty thousand majority, and then, yes, then keep quiet, at
least modest, on the Presidential question. I am out of all patience
with the ridiculous, the empty friends of Governor Clinton, who name
him for the office so well filled by Mr. Adams before they are sure of
even the State of New York.
" You are presumed to know me ; you do know me ; and on all proper
occasions I ask you to say that I am devoted to the administration of
Adams, and that I think the State of New York would be disgraced if
she should again forget what is due to Clinton.
"Mr. Adams is willing to believe you are his friend. Your burlesque
of Governor Troup's Message* is too good to be lost. It gave the Presi-
dent a few moments of the most hearty enjoyment. Be not alarmed :
he can enjoy a good thing in silence as well as any man.
*' WImt think you of our friend Calhoun's speeches to the South ? I
pray God that he may prosper, but believe me when I say that he cannot
be President of this happy country before he is turned of sixty. He will
be convinced of this truth before he is much older, and then he may
place his influence where it may serve the cause of a great man. Write
me often and fully. Yours, Jac. BuowN."t
* George M. Troup, Governor of Georgia, and a pronounced " States
Rights" man.
t By way of sequel to this letter I have placed in the Appendix a
document which, probably, now first sees the light. It was found among
my father's private papers, endorsed by him, and carefully put away. It
is interesting, not only as a contribution to the political history of the
era, but also as showing how intimate were the relutious between Gen-
eral Brown and my father, and how ample were his opportunities of
1828-1830.] ACTIVE POLITICAL CAREER BEGINS.
107
I have readied the year in which my father's active politi-
cal life began. It was during the canvass of 1828. Andrew
Jackson and John C. Calhoun were candidates for the Presi-
dency and Vice-Presidency. General Jackson was supported
by those who opposed the re-election of Mr. Adams. In Ot-
sego County a Kepublican committee was formed, of which
my father was chairman. In maintaining the cause of Gen-
eral Jackson lie was also obliged to resist one of the most re-
markable political movements that ever agitated the people of
the State of New York.
In the summer of 1826, while Major Dix was in Europe on
his mission to the Danish Court, a great sensation was caused
in the neighborhood of Buffalo by the disai^pearance of one
William
Morgan.
This man, a member of the Order of
Free and Accepted Masons, suddenly vanished from the sight
of his friends ; nor, to this hour, is it certainly known what
was his fate. But he had betrayed the secret of the Order,
and there is little doubt that he was murdered by members of
that society. Investigation disclosed the fact of the nocturnal
journey of a coach, drawn by relays of swift horses, and the
conveyance of a mysterious victim to the borders of Lake
Erie ; and there were rumors of the launching of a boat on
the gloomy waters at midnight, and its return with one man
less than it bore away. The whole western part of the State
became excited over the crime ; that excitement became in^
tense as time passed on, and it was found impossible either to
detect the perpetrators of the outrage or ascertain the fate of
studying the movements of that day. Wliatever helps us to discover
the motives and comprehend the thouglits of men in liigh position is of
general benefit; and no one can fail to observe, in reading the follow-
ing paper, how keen was the sense of honor of tlie public men of that
day, to whom it was matter of grave concern that the shadow of a sus-
picion of their motives should tall upon the record of their lives. The
subject referred to, as will be seen, is the attitude of Mr. Calhoun before
the country in connection with the Presidential canvass of the year 1824.
(See Appendix, No. I.)
* ■ I
s - I
108
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
"i
II
their victim. Failing in the attempt to bring the criminals
to justice, the people in that part of the State, conceiving a
horror of Freemasonry, determined to obtain, through the
ballot, some reparation for the murder of Morgan. They ac-
cordingly resolved that no man belonging to the Order of
Masons ought to hold any public office ; and they made this
the issue wherever called upon to vote.
The movement had, at the outset, no reference to the polit-
ical question of the hour. It showed itself first in the local
elections of tlie autumn of 1826, as a personal matter exclu-
sively — no Mason of any party was to be voted for or allowed
to hold office. It was the result of a feeling, partly of terror,
and partly of indignation against a secret society, which ap-
peared to be able to spirit men out of this world with impu-
nity, and defended the acts of its members to any extent
to which they might go. As time passed on the excitement
increased ; the Antimasons, as they were called, enraged at
the failure of each successive attempt to detect the authors of
the crime, and stimulated by fresh disclosures of the incidents
of that fatal summer's night, kept growing in number, until
they began to carry county after county, and assumed pro-
portions which astonished the leaders of the old parties, and
made them doubtful what course to pursue. Political Anti-
masonry had as yet no existence ; but it became daily more
evident that the movement must ultimately take that di-
rection.
Thus matters stood when the administration of Mr. Adams
drew toward its end, and the question of the succession came
up. The people of this State, other than those engaged in
the Antimasonic movement, divided, part desiring the re-
election of the President, and part favoring a change. It be-
gan to be believed that Governor Clinton and Mr. Van Buren,
who at that time was still in the United States Senate, would
unite in supporting General Jackson for the Presidency. But
General Jackson was not only a Mason, but very high in the
Order. Governor Clinton also belonged to it. The friends of
«
I h
1828-1830.] GEyEBAL JACKSON INAUOUBATED.
109
Mr. Adams saw tliat to carry the State for liim against Jack-
son it would be of infinite value to secure the Antimasonic
vote. But the difficulty lay here : that the Antimasons, bent
solely on their one idea, declined to unite with either party,
and refused to merge their organization in any other. Such
was the state of affairs when Governor Clinton passed from
the scene. lie died suddenly, on the 11th day of February,
1828, at a moment when his popularity and influence were
greater, perhaps, than at any former period of his life.
In the autumn of that year occurred the elections for
President of the United States and Governor of the State of
New York. The party who styled themselves National Re-
publicans supported Mr. Adams for President, and Francis
Granger for Governor. Had the Antimasons joined them
the alliance would have been irresistible : instead of doing
so, they jwt up a candidate of their own, Solomon Southwick.
The selection could hardly have been more unfortunate. The
result was that Mr. Yan Buren was elected Governor by the
Jackson party, although the Antimasons carried fifteen coun-
ties, and polled nearly seventy thousand votes. Their move-
ment had assumed gigantic proportions.
General Jackson was inaugurated March 4, 1829. He im-
mediately invited Governor Yan Buren to a place in his cabi-
net, as Secretary of State. The invitation was accepted ; and
on the 12th of March Lieutenant-governor Enos B. Throop
became Acting Governor of this State. The condition of
New York politics was critical. Of the thirty-six electoral
votes General Jackson had received twenty, the remaining
sixteen being cast for Mr. Adams. The Antimasonic voters,
having no Presidential candidate of their own, united with
the supporters of Mr. Adams against General Jackson, and
thus the electoral vote was nearly equally divided. As the
National Republicans were declining, while the Antimasons
remained enthusiastic and hopeful, it seemed possible that the
latter might become the great opposition party of the future.
In effect, in the year 1830, as we shall see, they polled 128,000
110
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
<■ I
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i'
, %
votes, and came near electing their candidate for governor.
They were already preparing to extend their organization
into other States, to hold a National Convention, and to take
steps to secure, if possible, the Presidency.
It was with this singular body, in the earlier stage of its his-
tory, that my father had to contend, as a supporter of General
Jackson and Mr. Van Buren. During the years 1828, 1829,
and 1830 he was actively engaged in the Jackson movement,
as chairman of the Republican Committee of Otsego County.
Ilis name is signed to more than one address to tlie electors
of that county, in which the character of political Antima-
sonry is critically analyzed. According to him, it was no
longer inspired by an honest and virtuous feeling growing
out of the violence committed on the person of Ca^^tain Mor-
gan, and aiming at the punishment of the perpetrators, but
had become a political instrument for the elevation of ambi-
tious men to power. lie held that its princijjles involved an
indiscriminate condemnation of the innocent and the guilty ;
that it had proved itself i^roscriptive, uncharitable, and bar-
barous ; that in certain parts of the State it had separated
parents and children, friends and neighbors, dissolved the
very ties of blood, and in more than one case invaded the
altars of religion, showing itself to be the same spirit which
in other countries had shaken the fabric of society to its
foundations, and filled them with scenes of disorder and ca-
lamity.* For these and other reasons, he strenuously op-
posed a party which, already identified with the fanatics of
an earlier date, and now rapidly taking the shape of a purely
political organization, disputed the field with the old Demo-
cratic Republicans, and aimed at securing the control, not of
the State of New York only, but ultimately of the National
Government. In an article published in the JFreemaii's Jour-
nal, May, 1829, ho thus discusses the subject :
1
* Addresses, dated Cooperstown, October 20, 1839, and October 25,
1830, and issued by tlic Republican Central Corresponding Committee.
HI
1828-1830.] POLITICAL ANTIMASONBY ANALYZED.
Ill
•' There are but two views in which it is capable of presenting itself —
first, as a moral, and, second, as a political question ; and these we shall
briefly examine.
" First, as a moral question. There can be no difference of opinion as
to the outrage otfered to the civil institutions of the country and tlie
principles of humanity in the violence committed on the person of Mor-
gan. It is an act wliich carries its own condemnation with it into tlie
heart of every one ; and it deserves tliat all the energy of the laws should
be exerted to visit upon those concerned in it a retribution suited to its
enormity. But it is difficult to perceive in what manner it differs essen-
tially from ordinary offences of tlie same denomination. In degree it
certainly bears no comparison with the repeated murders of Patty Can-
non and her coadjutors, which have recently been brought to light in
Delaware ; and if the motives which instigate to enormities of this sort
deserve a comparison, it would be an extremely difficult task to deter-
mine the relative degrees which revenge and avarice bear to each i^ther
in the scale of guilt. If it be said that the abduction of Morgan was the
result of a combination, and a deliberate plan matured and executed by
a mutual counsel and a concerted action, the reply is that the same char-
acteristics belong to the other cases Avhich have been cited ; that they
are violent aggravations of the guilt; that no effort should be spared to
pursue the culprits into their most secret retreats, and to lay bare the
conspiracy to its minutest and most distant ramifications. If it be as-
serted that it was only by means of the Masonic institution that the mur-
der of Morgan could be perpetrated and concealed, we deny the posi-
tion. Far wider and more desolating conspiracies have been formed and
executed with no other bond of secrecy than that which is contained in
a common interest and a common passion. Who, for instance, believes
that the conspiracy which was near overturning the Roman Republic
would have been better confirmed and concealed by the mysterious sanc-
tions of Masonry, than by the barbarous pledges which each one gave to
his fellows in the humnni corporis snnguiiiem vino permixtum in patcrisf
But even were it conceded that the bond of Masonry lias in this in-
stance been instrumental to the perpetration and concealment of a deed
of blood, what institution is exempt from the same imputation ? The
most extensive and barbarous conspiracies in the history of society are
those v/hich have been formed, and in some instances accomplished, un-
der the sanction of religious tics. It is only necessary to cite the Gun-
powder Treason in England, and the Eve of St. Bartholomew in France,
to fuel the force of this observation. If it be said that the spirit of Ma-
sonry leads, by force of any inherent tendency, to the production of vio-
lence and social disorder, the history of society may safely be appealed
112
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
m
I .in y
^■t t
i'ii
'<!
to for a refutation of tlio assertion. Tlio institution 1ms enjoyed, in a
quiet and inotfensive way, its idle mysticisms. "VVe look upon it with no
very friendly prepossessions; on the contrary, we have always deemed it
a mere collection of formalities, unworthy the very time expended on
them. But on this point we acknowledge our profound ignorance; and,
in doing so, wc might, but for a reluctance to give pledges with regard
to our future course in life, even go farther, and unite with a fallen poli>
tician in saying that we 'never shall be a Mason.' But the time, wc
trust, is long past when the guilt of a few members of any society is to
draw along with it the condemnation and punishment of all the others.
It is one of the characteristics of an enlightened age to separate the
innocent and the guilty, to distinguish between individuals and the
societies or institutions of which they chance to be members. It is the
province of ignorance and barbarism to punish the individual by anni-
hilating the mass, to retribute particular guilt by general condemnation.
The abduction of Morgan is unquestionably, as to all the guilty, a remove
from the refinements and charities of th age towartl the rudeness and
barbarism of ages Avhich are past. To visit that act with indiscriminate
punishment would be a similar remove on the part of the whole com-
munity. That such will be our course we are not yet prepared to be-
lieve : that such a doctrine can long be even covertly propagated we do
not believe. The whole matter of Morgan, as a moral question, resolves
itself into a case of great simplicity. An outrage has been committed
against the laws, which have appointed the penalty and prescribed the
method of investigation. If they arc inadequate, in this case, to detect
the authors, it is the result of that imperfection in which all human insti-
tutions pailicipate; and it is to be remembered that far more atrocious
deeds of violence and cruelty have eluded forever the researches of man,
and are reserved for that final retribution which no device of art, no
bond of secrecy, can escape.
" Second, as a political question. As long as the efforts of Antima-
sonry were honestly directed to the detection and exposure of a crime
and the punishment of its jjerpetrators, it was purely a moral question.
But in the course of its progress it has assumed a totally different com-
plexion, not only by means of new elemints combined with it, but by
means of the new objects which it proposes for attainment ; and it has
now become entirely a political question. It is almost unnecessary to
trace the influences by which this excitement has been gradually con-
verted, from a virtuous and disinterested, into a base and personal im-
pulse. The history of all free governments, in which great results are to
be produced by acting upon public opinion, is jirolific in instances of the
same nature. There is always a body of disappointed individuals, the
fi:
1828-1830.] BIRTU OF A NEW "WHIG" PARTY.
113
outcasts and remnants of party ; men who arc ever sagacious in discover-
ing that a declining cause has ' no ground of principle,' and tiiat a rising
one is the cause of religion and philanthropy ; whoso hopes of success
depend upon disturbing the established order and institutions of society;
and who are always prompt to advocate excitement of any species, with-
drawing its cftbrts from its legitimate aims, and going on in friendly
companionship in its course to power. Among the Antimasons there are
many virtuous individuals, who will in future times, Avhen the present
indignation shall have had its crisis, be surprised at the transition which
has taken place in their measures, while their motives have remained the
same — who will be unable to comprehend how they have been deluded
into the support of men whom, in dispassionate moments, they would
deem utterly unworthy of their co-operation and confidence. It should
have been a rcflectii n with every honest man, when the eflforts of Anti-
masons were first po ntcd to the acquisition of political power, whether
lie would be willing to share political power with such coadjutors.
Nothing but undue passion could have overlooked the inquiry or ob-
scured the reply. Happily the inquiry has now become a common one,
and the process of separation is going on so rapidly that we may soon
expect to see the Antimasonic phalanx reduced to a meagre array of
bigotry and prejudice, supported, or rather enfeebled, by those derelicts
of party who, for the last ten years, have been volunteers at every gath-
ering, and fugitives at every defeat.
" The whole matter of Antimasonry, as a political question, resolves
itself into a very simple proposition, which this community is called on
to decide. Shall the reins of government be continued in the hands of
the party which now holds them — the party which has always been
faithful to the great cause of Republican principles — the party with which
all our most grateful recollections and our best hopes are associated ; or
shall this party be abased, and insanity and passion be elevated to the
scats of power? We would not wrong this community so much as to
entertain the slightest doubt of the manner in which this question will
be put at rest. Even if the issue of the late elections in the very strong-
holds of this new political sect, where its merits are best appreciated,
had not brought us unerring assurance of its approaching downfall,
respect for the people of this State would forbid us to entertain a sus-
picion which would be equally inconsistent with their good-sense and
justice, and with the intellectual light of the age in which we live."
The Antimasonic movement ultimately died out; but in
expiring it gave birth to a new party, which in after-years
I.— 8
114
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
attained to the political control of the State of New York.
AsBuming the title of " Wnio," and thus cunningly casting
on the old organization the reflection of Toryism, tiiis new
organization disputed the field with such success that, in the
year 1839, its candidate, "William II. Soward, was elected Gov-
ernor. Thus parties rise and decline, succeeding one another
in a measured procession, and each perishing, apparently, of
diseases engendered in its full prosperity.
I proceed to a subject which began to engage my father's
serious thoughts during his residence in Otsego County.
The question of slavery was, undoubtedly, one of the gravest
that ever engaged the attention of American statesmen. On
this his views never changed; they were the same in 1829 as
in 1859. "What they were may be seen from two addresses
delivered by him, one in Cooperstown, in 1829, the otlier in
Albany, two years later, in the interests of the Colonization
Society.
A plan for colonizing the free blacks of the United States
in some foreign country was first proposed in the Legislature
of the State of Yirginia ; in the year 1816 a joint resolution
was adopted, with only ten dissenting voices in both branches
of that body, authorizing the Executive of the State to solicit
the aid of the general government in attaining the contem-
plated objects. Similar resolutions were soon afterward pass-
ed by the Legislatures of the States of Maryland, Georgia, and
Tennessee, all looking to the colonization of the free blacks of
the United States in some distant region, where they might
participate, in fact as well as in form, in the benefits of a free
and independent government, and enjoy the consideration
and privileges from which they were debarred here by the
structure of society and individual prejudice. The first prac-
tical attempt to give effect to these declarations was made in
the year 1816, when a society was organized in the city of
"Washington, with Judge Washington, of the Supreme Court
of the United States, at its head, under the name of the Soci-
ety for Colonizing the Free People of Color of the United
1828-1830.] COOVEKSTOWN AND AFRICAN COLONIZATION. 115
States. Under the auspices of this society several establish-
ments were formed at Cape Monserrado and its vicinity, on
the Gold Coast of Africa ; an extensive tract of country, under
the name of Liberia, was ceded to the society, for the pur-
poses of colonization, by the surrounding tribes of natives ;
and tlie results were so successful as to lead to attempts to
extend the influence of tho Society by every suitable means,
especially lus the enterprise rested on tho exertions of individ-
ual zeal and benevolence.
Accordingly, a meeting of citizens of tho county of Otsego
was held at tho Court-house in the village of Cooperstown,
on tho evening of the 12th of November, 1829, to take into
consideration the propriety of forming an auxiliary society.
Samuel Nelson, Circuit Judge, and one of the Vice-Presidents
of the State Society, took the chair ; and Levi Beardsley, of
Cherry Valley, was appointed secretary. The objects of tho
meeting having been stated from the chair, the following
resolution was offered by Mr. Dix :
'■'■ Resolved, That this meeting, entertaining a liigh sense of the benefits to
be expected from African colonization, proceed to organize a County So-
ciety, as an auxiliary of tho State Society of New York, for the purpose
of facilitating the transportation to Liberia of such free people of color
as may be disposed to be transported to that colony."
The resolution was moved in an able address ; and, as this
was the first public occasion on which the subject had been
agitated in Otsego County, the speaker went more extensively
into detail than would otherwise have been necessary, in ex-
plaining the design of the American Colonization Society,
the advantages which it promised, and the progress which
had been made in the execution of its objects.
The same subjects were handled in another speech, made at
the Capitol in Albany, April 2, 1831, on the occasion of the
first anniversary meeting of the New York State Colonization
Society, at which General Dix was present by special invi-
tation.
^1
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116
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
i !)')
;■ »
I refer to these two speeclies in order to show my father's
estimate of the institution of slavery ; how profound was his
horror of it, and liow keen his sense of the evils resulting
from it ; while at the same time he felt the grave difficulties
of the subject, and respected the position and the constitu-
tional rights of those persons who had the misfortune to be
slave-holders. Referring to the free blacks, and the benefits
which they would derive from emigration, he says :
"There is not in tlic history of civilization— nay, not in the liistory of
barbarism itself — an instance of degradation so fixed and liopelcss as
tiiat to wliich this unhappy race is consigned among us. It would be
inaccurate to say that Nature has set up between us and them an insuper-
able barrier. But certain it is that the difference of color, which is in
the order of nature, has grown, through the infamous institution of slav-
eiy — through tlie act of man and not of God — to be a living memento
of bonds and servitude which Nature herself cannot efface. Among the
nations of antiquity there was no such obstacle to tiie elevation of the
slave to the grade of the master. There was no difference of color, no
constitutional incongruity of the species, by means of which the act of
manumission could possibly leave behind it a vestige of degradation.
Freedom exhibited itself to him with all the allurenumts of consideration
and equality; it excited the spirit of ambition, and animated the exertions
of industry. Accordingly we find in the ranks of servitude men who
added lustre to the age in which they lived. But I hazard nothing in
saying that if these men liad sprung up among this outcast race, no
brilliancy of genius could have silenced the suggestions of prejudice and
raised them, as they were raised, to the level of their masters. It is in
vain, under the influence of such discouragements, that civil rights and
equality of political privileges are extended, iu a spirit of justice and
philantiiropy, to blacks among us. It is a mere mockery of freedom,
when our jorojudices render inoperative all concessions in their favor;
when they are still consigned, by the condemnations ot opinion, to an in-
feriority without hope and without limit. It is impossible that such a
condition of moral proscription can bring forth any fruit of excellence or
virtue. Ambition and the very hope of distinction arc poisoned at their
source ; debasement grows into a habit, and the sense of subjection be-
comes a part of the mind itself. I know that it has been asserted that
the Africsn race is originally inferior in point of mental endowments to
the race of whites. Sir, this is not a proper occasion for eutonng into a
discussion of this question ; but it is worthy of reflection w iiether this
m
1828-1830.] ADVOCACY OF FREED NEGRO COLONIZATION. 117
deduction, wliich professes to be drawn from certain peculiarities of or-
ganization, or from the degraded condition of tlie blacks among us — I
say it is worthy of our reflection whether this is not a mere arbitrary
deduction, whether it is not at war with all legitimate philosophy, and
whether tliere is not an unpardonable degree of moral presumption
in attempting the solution of such a problem with such uncertain
lights. ... At all events, it would be both unjust and unphilosophical
to deduce their inferiority from the very degradation which wo our-
selves have created, to expect any bright examples of virtue or genius
from tiiose whom we have oppressed for a long sencs of generations
with all the burdens of an ignominious servitude, and whom wo have
finally endued with nominal freedom, merely to degrade them still far-
ther with a moral proscription as oppressive, and more insulting, than
the very bonds with which it has been exchanged.
"I am aware, Mr. Chairman, that this condition of the free blacks
among us is altogether witliout remedy ; that here they must forever re-
main outcasts from the pale of our affections and almost of our sympa-
thies. It is only necessary for each of us to refer to his own breast to
feel that this is the fact. For where is the man who would admit them
to farther privileges, who would elevate them to his own rank in society
or give them access to tlie bosom of his family ? Where is the man who
does not feel that tliey are a burden and an encumbrance to the body
politic, pressing with a leaden weight upon its foundations, disfiguring
its proportions, and impairing its strengtli? Sir, it is this very convic-
tion — the conviction that their condition here is without remedy — which
should render us the more ser'^ible to the long series of injustice with
wliich they have been visited ; wliich should stimulate us to do all in
our power to provide for them a refuge from their present debasement,
where they may assume their proper rank in tlie scale of being, and
where at least their degradation may not be perpetuated by rearing up
their children and forming their minds amid associations of inferiority
and social subjection."
Again, lie says:
"It is worthy of I'cflection whetlier any sincere friend of emancipation
can, without inconsistency, withhold his assistance from the plan of col-
onization — whether it is not a misconceived and a misdirected mercy,
which would strike off the fetters of the slave to consign liiin to a state
of moral proscription differing from physical bondage only in the name.
Emancipation, as it exists among ue, is, in fact, a mere exchange of phys-
ical for moral servitude ; and if the latter is not attended with all the
118
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
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restrictions of the former, neitlier is it attended with the parental super-
vision and providence which arc often its companions."
There can be no doubt as to the views of one who uttered
the following words :
" Considered as a mere measure of political economj-, colonization has
as strong a claim upon us in its tendency to liasten the extinction of
slavery as any measure whir Ji can be devised for the promotion of the
productive industry of tlie United States. It is an opinion as ancient
as slavery itself, that the labor of bondmen is gradually destructive of
the soil to which it is applied."
Then, after fortifying this view by a variety of arguments
and illustrations from Pliny, Tacitus, and other writers, an-
cient and modern, and by the result of our own experience,
he continues :
" It is not merely because slavery is an impediment to the develop-
ment of our national resources that its presence among wi is to be de-
plored. It is an impediment also to the assertion of the rank which we
claim to hold among the advocates of the rights of man. It may not
put at hazard the success of the great experiment which we are carrying
on of the competency of mankind to self-government ; for it is not incon-
sistent with its success that he who is fitted for freedom should hold in
bondage his fellow-man. But it involves, unquestionably, a denial of the
fundamental doctrine of our political institutions, that life, liberty, and
the pursuit of happiness are natural and inalienable rights. It is a
degradation of the tenure of freedom from a principle above all human
law to the princii^le of brute force — the principle from which despotism
itself derives its title. It may not impair the stability of our free insti-
tutions, but it impairs our influence in promoting the diffusion of their
princiiiles. For who shall be bound to attend to tiie assertion of rights
by us which we refuse to recognize in others ? With what effect can
we pronounce the eulogium of free institutions when our utterance is
mingled and confounded witii tlic accents of oppression and servitude ?
We have, unquestionably, a justification in the fact that slavery Avas im-
posed ui)on us against our wishes, during our dependence upon a foreign
state ; but this circumstance will cease to be a justification the moment
we falter in our exertions to redress the injury.
" In speaking these sentiments I say nothing to which the sentiments
of every liberal gentleman in the South will not respond. Nor do I
1828-1830.]
EXPLICIT VIEWS ON SLAVERY.
na
fear, Sir, that their utterance here will be misapprehended. I believa the
universal feeling of this assembly will bear me out in saying *^lv..t the
slave-holding States themselves would not be more ready t'mn we to
resist any attempt to exterminate the unquestionable evil of slavery by
measures not warranted by the Constitution under which we live. That
it has been abolished with us is the happiness of an accidental position;
that it still exists in other sections of the Union is the misfortune of
theirs. When and in what manner it shall be abolished within the lim-
its of individual States must be left to their own voluntary deliberations.
The Federal Government has no control over this subject : it concerns
rights of property secured by the Federal compact upon which our civil
liberties mainly depend; it is a part of the same collection of political
rights ; and every invasion of it would impair the tenure by which every
other is held. For this reason alone, if for no other, we would discoun-
tenance and oppose any attempt to control it by unconstitutional inter-
ference. . . . The American Society has disclaimed from the first moment
of its institution all intention of interfering with rights of property
recognized by the Federal compact to which the States are ijartics. It
contemplates no purpose of abolition ; it touches no slave until his fet-
ters have been voluntarily stricken o^ by the hand of his own master:
all its purposes are subordinate to the rules of public law and liie sug-
gestions of private justice and humanity. But it is to the South — to
Virginia — that we are indebted for the origin of this great plan ; and we
are indebted to that State at least for a co-operation in every plan which
has tended to elevate the human character or to promote the interests and
honor of the Republic. Iler voice was raised against the intrusion of
slaves upon her during her Colonial subjection ; and, faithful to her
principles, she was the first among the Southern States in endeavoring to
free herself from the incumbrance when she had risen to Independence."
These extracts present as clearly as possible the views of
the speaker on the terrible subj'ect to which they relate. lie
regarded slavery as in itself an evil, a blot on onr institu-
tions, and an injury to us politically, sociallj', and morally.
Still, it was an evil which had been forced upon us, and one
which must be left to work itself out. The process, though
slow, would be sure ; under the pressure of irresistible laws
it must gradually disappear. No one might justly interfere
with it where it already existed ; the rights of the owner
of slaves must be respected and maintained. Still, the ulti-
/
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120
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
mate abolition of the institution was merely a question of
time ; he looked for it with assurance as a thing greatly to be
desired, and in this he claimed that the sympathies even of
intelligent Southerners must be with him. His closing words
are strong and forcible :
" Wc are bound by every motive of patriotism to promote tlie emigra-
tion of a caste, whose presence among us is an impediment to the devel-
opment of our national resources, to the progress of our social improve-
ment, and to the fulfilment of our destinies as a great people. And we
are bound by our devotion to the cause of liberal government to unite
in the execution of a plan of which the most distant result may be the
extinction of an institution wliich stands alone and isolated among
the other institutions of society — a solitary monument op a BAnBAU-
OUS AGE,"
Such were my father's views on the question which embar-
rassed our statesmen from the first, and ultimately led to the
Civil AVar. I think they never changed. He was no aboli-
tionist in the technical sense in which the word came to be
used, but he cordially disliked slavery, and desired its extinc-
tion ; yet not by measures which would have invaded the
rights of our Southern brethren under the compact of the
Federal Constitution.
In the year 1830 the home at Coopcrstown was broken up.
Toward the close of the summer the office of Adjutant-gen-
eral of the State of New York became vacant, in consequence
of the death of its incumbent, Is icliolas F. Beck. In accord-
ance with the wishes of political friends, Mr. Dix allowed his
name to be presented to Governor Throop. He did not, how-
ever, desire the appointment ; ho was happy and contented in
his quiet country home by the beautiful lake. Writing to an
intimate friend, on the 18th of July, he says :
" I allowed my name to be presented to the Governor, with
the expectation, at the time, that I could pass at least seven
months here. I am told, however, that my residence must be
in Albany, and I am, therefore, thinking of withdrawing my
name. There is much to be considered on both sides. The
1828-1830.] APPOINTED ADJUTANT-GENERAL.
121
Balary is only $800, but the Adjutant-general is one of * the
ilegency,' and shares a portion of the odium of all mishaps
which occur in the administration of the government — a re-
sponsibility which would be particularly agreeable to me. In
short, it is a political station, besides being a military post
of considerable importance — and a station, too, in immediate
connection with the government. My means of forming ac-
quaintances and of attracting public attention would be highly
favorable. On the other hand, I must break up my establish-
ment here, abandon my law business, which is increasing, and
give up my hopes from popular favor. I know not what to
do, and I must decide before I can receive the benefit of
your counsels."
On the 20th he writes to the same friend :
" As to the Adjutant-generaley, I have concluded to let the
mutter take its course. I shall make no exertion to obtain
it. My name is before the Governor, and I do not wish the
ajipointmeut, unless he M'ishes me to take it."
When the offer came it was accepted. His promotion had
been rapid, yet not more so than might have been exjjccted.
It is observed by Hammond that, " from the character and
talents of Mr. Dix, and more especially from the knowledge
he had acquired of military science in the service of the
United States, his selection by Governor Throop as Adju-
tant-general was very judicious, and the appointment was
approved by the public."*
In a letter dated December 19, 1830, my father says :
" I am compelled to write you in great haste, an i can only
say that we are breaking up house-kee^jing to go to Albany.
"It is with great regret that I leave this place. 1 have
been happy here, and, what is more, quiet .ind tranquil. I
now go to scenes of turbulence and commotion ; and, al-
though I am fond of active life, I have no doubt that I shall
look back with regret upon the peaceful valleys of Otsego."
* Vol. ii., p. 241.
11
1
if!
ft
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: V
IV.
ALBANY.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL.-SECRETARY OF STATE.
SUPERINTENDENT OF COMMON SCHOOLS-
MEMBER OF THE LEGISLATURE.
A.T>. 1830-184S.
Albany. — Military Affairs of the State.— Report on the Militia System. —
General Jackson's Second Term. — Society Melee at Washington ; Mrs.
Eaton. — Rejection of Mr. Van Buren's Nomination as Minister to Eng-
land. — Governor Marcy. — 1833: Secretary of State. — Nullification. —
Speech at the Capitol at Albany. — Thorough Organization of New
York Democracy. — "The Albany Regency." — Report on Public Ed-
ucation. — Report on the Geological Survey of the State. — Decisions as
Superintendent of Common Schools. — Financial Distress in 1834. —
Rise of the Whig Party. — AVilliam II. Seward. — Coin and Paper-mon-
ey. — Wild Speculations. — 1836: Election of Martin Van Buren, Presi-
dent. — Banking Business, and the Sub-treasury. — Troubles in Canada ;
the " Sons of Liberty." — Papineau, McKcnzie, Rolph. — 1838 : Triumph
of the Whigs. — Retirement into Private Life. — Albany Society. — Home
Life.— School— St. Peter's Church.- The Rev. Horatio Potter.— Tlic
Log-cabin and Hard-cider Campaign, in 1839. — Editorial Labors. —
"The Northern Light."— Literary Work.— 1841: Elected Member of
the Legislature.- Illness of ^Mrs. Dix. — 1842 : Departure from Albany. —
Voyage to Madeira.
m
1S30-1842.] QUITS COOPESSTOWN FOR ALBANY.
125
IV.
The removal from Cooperstown to Albany took place in
the depth of the winter. For the twelve following years my
father resided in that city, enjoying the genial and pleasant
society of the place. His life was one of incessant activity
and industry. lie filled three or four offices of importance
in succession, and threw himself with ardor into the work de-
manded by each.
As Adjutant - general he had tlie supervision of military
affairs in the State of New York. The security of the
civil order depends upon its possessing ample means of de-
fence against external enemies, and of protection from law-
less and seditious persons at home. For these purposes
standing armies are employed by despotic and monarchical
governments ; while reijublics have been accustomed to rely
on the vigilance and patriotism of the great body of the citi-
zens. To raise and train an adequate and efficient militia is,
therefore, an object of great importance in a country like our
own. Among the duties of Congress, as prescribed in the
Constitution of the United States, is that of providing a na-
tional militia, to execute the laws of the Union, suppress in-
surrections, and repel invasions.* It is the duty of the States
to promote the design by such additional legislation as is
adapted to insure the efficiency of our National Guard.
A report on the subject of the Militia System of the State
of New York was made to the Legislature, January 5, 1832,
by the Adjutant-general. It may be found in full in vol. ii.
of his Speeches and Addresses. It was called forth by a refer-
m
* Art. II., sec. viii., 12, 13, 15, 10, 18.
126
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
tt.
V :l\
ence to him of certain bills which had been introduced in the
previous sessio'i. The tendency of those bills was to treat
the militia system as supei-tluous and burdensome, and still
farther to diminish its efficiency. These attacks upon the
system were not confined to the Legislature alone, but were
set on foot in the principal cities by mock organizations,
which paraded the streets in fantastical garb and absurd par-
aphernalia, in derision of the militia. Tlie same spirit was
prevalent elsewhere. In the Legislature of Massachusetts, in
the session of 1830-'31, a committee was instructed, by a vote
of fifty-two majority, to bring in a bill to abolish all drills, in-
spections, and reviews of the militia, and such a bill was re-
ported accordingly. Tlio effect, however, was to alarm the
conservative men of the House, and cause them to look into
the principles of the institution, and the alternative which its
abolition presented. After a fortnight's debate the bill was
rejected by a majority of fifty - six, and another was intro-
duced giving greater encouragement to the militia than any
passed since the war of 1812. General Dix was in corre-
spondence with the Adjutant-general of Massachusetts, Wil-
liam IL Sumner, on these nuitters, as regards which the two
officers appear to have been of one mind. His views are pre-
sented in his report already referred to. He argued that the
safety of the Republic required that the whole body of the
people should be trained to arms, and that a sufficient organi-
zation of our military force should be kept up to maintain,
against external and internal dangers, the public rights and
those of the private citizen. Instead of approving the bills
referred to him, he therefore urged a more thorough organi-
zation and equipment of the militia, in view of dangers
abroad and at home. It becomes a great people to be always
prepared for war, and able to resist and suppress internal dis-
order and violence. "While, under our institutions, a standing
army is inadmissible, there ought to be ample provision for a
^National Guard, and for the education of officers to take the
men into the field whenever it may be necessary. He re-
i! I
1830-1842.] EXPOSED SITUATION OF NEW YORK.
127
garded tho militia of the United States, provided for by the
Constitution, as a strictly military institution, peculiar in its
character to the civil order of which it wjis designed to be
the protection and support ; the aim being to arm and disci-
pline every citizen, so as to be prepared to sustain, in all
emergencies, by the united force of the whole conununity, a
system established for the benefit of the whole, lie did not
deny that there were defects in the militia system ; his train-
ing as a soldier made him competent to discover them and
to suggest improvements ; but his dread of a large standing
army is evident, and he considered that the true source of
national order and safety is the intelligence and patriotism
of the citizens. As to remedies, he thought that they must
be sought from Congress, and not from the State Legislat-
ures ; the general government had cognizance of the subject,
and the duty of the State organizations was to carry out
constitutional provisions, not to reverse or nullify them. In
this view of the paramount powers of Congress, and the pro-
priety of looking to them for the necessary remedies for ex-
isting defects, the Legislatures of Massachusetts and Virginia
aj)pear to have concurred.*
Referring to the peculiar local situation of the city of New
York, he speaks of the importance and value of that uni-
formed volunteer force which has now grown to our splen-
did " First Division :"
" Looking to external dangers," he observes, " the city, from
its exposed situation, should be covered by a more numerous
and better-trained force than would be required if its position
were more central. But the danger from abroad is not the
only one. Wherever great ^v ealth is accumulated are sure to
be found those vices which seftk an unlawful sustenance by
preying upon it. Great numbers of persons without visible
* The reader may refer, in this connection, to the report of General
Townsend and that of the Military Committee of the New York Legis-
lature, in 1881.
1
128
MEMOIRS OF JOUN ADAMS DIX.
occupations liave their habitations witliin the city ; and the
detection of crimes lias more tlian once led to the exposure of
organized bands of marauders, depredating under the cover
of secrecy upon the property of the citizens. The dangers to
be apprehended from riots and resistance of the public author-
ities are nmch increased by the presence of such an abandoned
class of transient persons. Tliat these elements of disordor
have not led ere this to far more serious evils is, perhap
be ascribed to the restraint of a numerous and wcll-traiK^d
volunteer force, ca])able of being arrayed at a moment's warn-
ing in defence of the lives and propex'ty of the citizens. In
this view the uniformed corps of the city may be regarded
as a part of the municipal police, and in times of emergency
by far the most efficient part. The destruction of these corps
would expose the vast wealth of the city to depredation, and
the public order to scenes of violence and confusion."
Several chapters have been added to the history of the
Kew York mobs since that day ; and each attempt on their
part to break loose confirms the justness of these views. The
First Division of the New York State National Guan^
been growing constantly in efficiency. The interest o"
Adjutant-general in it was rewarded by the sight of its fine
condition when, many years afterward, he became its Com-
mander-in-chief.
I shall make but one more extract from this report. It
concludes in the following impressive terms :
"Nothing conUl be more nnimating to the enemies of liberal govern-
ment than to behold the people of the United States, under the influ-
ence ot inconsiderable evils, voluntarily laying aside their arms, and
declining to prepare themselves, by exercise and discipline, for the pres-
ervation of social institutions and privileges which their ancestors pur-
chased witli years of suffering and a profuse expenditure of treasure and
blood. No other event, it is conceived, would furnish evidence so con-
clusive of tlie decline of tluit moral spirit in the people upon which our
public liberties are dependent.
"As a final observation, it may be remarked that, by impairing the
cflSciency of the militia, the strongest argument is furuishe*! in favor of
1830-1842.] A IIAMPJRT AGAINST ALL ENEMIES.
129
incrcnsing tho regular nrmy. "Whenever it slmll become apparent tliat
the former is inado(iiiatc to the public tlefonce — ii period which may bo
indefinitely postponed l»y a continuance of murtial exercises — tho whole
responsibility of maintaining the public order must be confided to regu-
lar troops, in the pay and under the control of the central government.
Under such circumstances the close of a war would no longer be a sig-
nal for disbanding tlic army emj)loyed in carrying it on, but it would
bo kept up as a provision both against internal and external dangers.
Without reference to the incompatibility of this order of things with tho
great principles of our political system, the vast expense of such a mili-
tary preparation would be a constant drain upon our ])ublic wealth, and
impair our ability to meet future exigencies, by diverting our resources
from the higher and more beneficial purposes of improving our internal
condition. In a word, it is only under the protection of tho militia sys-
tem that the country is enabled at the termination of every contest to
lay aside the more massive and burdensome parts of its armor, and to
become prepared, with energies renewed by that very capacity, for suc-
ceeding scenes of danger."
The views presented in tliis report were am])ly vindicated
during tlio late Civil War. Without the aid of the militia
regiments, which marched to the defence of the national
capital at tlio first note of alarm, the Federal Government
might have been overturned or driven from its seat by the
insurgents; and it is bt "ved thii<" the arguments are as ap-
plicable to the subject \u, : as when presented to the Legis-
lature nearly half a century ago. The report constitutes a de-
fence of the system of a National Guard as an essential ingre-
dient in the political organization of the State. The necessity
of such a rampart against the public enemies can never again
be doubted. The dangers which menace our peace and pros-
perity are greater now than ever before ; nor are they likely
to diminish, so long as base men are able, by the abuse of uni-
versal suffrage in our large cities, to secure and retain power,
and so long as the philosophical theories of the Socialist de-
ceive the ignorant with their fallacious promise, and the out-
breaks of the Communist stimulate the passions of the mob.
Brought into immediate connection with the government,
General Dix found himself at once affected by the agitations
I.-9
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130
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
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of the period and a sharer in the political fortunes of those in
puhlic office. The times were full of excitement. In the
year 1830 the people of the State of New York were broadly
divided into two great parties : the Democratic Republicans, or
Jackson Democrats, and the " National Republicans," as they
called themselves. General Jackson was in the White House,
and the State administration was in the hands A his friends.
But a powerful organization had been formed, with a view to
elect Henry Clay to the Presidency in 1833 ; and although
General Jackson, when iirst nominated, had declared his Uii-
willingness to serve a second term, his views had imdergone a
change. Mr. Van Buren, his Secretary of State, and Mr. Cal-
houn, then Vice-President, were already spoken of for the suc-
cession. General Jackson was determined that, whatever else
might happen, Mr. Calhoun should not have his place ; and,
owing to the strength of the movement for Mr. Clay, and un-
der the influence of Mr. Van Buren's friends, the President
yielded, and consented to run for the second term. It does
not belong to this biograjihy to treat at length of the many
exciting events of General Jackson's administration, such as
the rejection of the nomination of Mr. Van Buren as Minister
to England ; the veto of the bill for the renewal of the charter
of the United States Bank ; and the fearful feud at the capi-
tal, when society was convulsed on the subject of the wives
of the Ministers of the Army, the Navy, and the Treasury,
and when the Cabinet was broken up, after the President's
failure to arrange the visiting lists of Mesdames according to
his pleasure. The latter story reads like genteel comedy.
Nothing can be inore entertaining tlian to discover the old
hero of New Orleans in ignominious retreat before Mrs. Cal-
houn and Mrs. Ingham, Mrs. Branch and Mrs. Berrien, who,
notwithstanding the ukase from the White House, resolutely
refuse to visit Mrs. Eaton or to invite her to visit them ; nor
can one fail to be impressed by the agitated protests of their
Imsbands, who assure the President that as to matters of this
nature they are powerless to oblige him, and must decline the
V
ter
to
!dy.
old
Cal-
i'llO,
tely
nor
leir
this
tlio
1830-1842.] MB. FAN BUREN'S FORTUNATE ISOLATION. 131
attempt to coerce tlieir wives into visiting anybody whom
they had made up their minds not to visit. In vain did the
old hero storm and rage, becoming, indeed, " so much excited
that he was like a roaring lion." Meanwhile, Mr. Van Buren
(fortunate in being a widower) prudently kept out of the melee
— the only calm personage in the tableau. This was in the year
1830. The next year Mr. Van Buren resigned ; the Cabinet
was shivered to pieces, and a new one was formed ; and from
that time Mr. Calhoun severed his relations with the Presi-
dent and Mr. Van Buren, and took his own course, regardless
of old associations.
During the following year the political excitement in-
creased ; the whole country was in a ferment about the
United States Bank, the tariff, the threatening attitude of
South Carolina, and the coming Presidential election. Fresh
fuel had been added to the flame by the insult offered to Mr.
Van Buren by the Senate of the United States, to which I
have already referred. Appointed Minister to the Court of
St. James, he went to England in September, 1831, although
the nomination had not yet been acted on by the Senate,
which, indeed, was not to meet until the following December.
Meanwhile, an opposition was developed, under influence hos-
tile to the President, by whom the new minister had been ap-
pointed, as well as to Mr. Van Buren himself, who was already
regarded as a candidate for the Presidency. More than two
months had elapsed since Mr. Van Buren's arrival in London
before the Senate met. A long delay ensued after his name
had been sent in, until, in January, 1832, by the castirig-vote
of Mr. Calhoun, the nomination was rejected. Nothing could
have been more mortifying than the position in which that
distinguished gentleman was thus placed. The action of the
Senate was without a prccedcrit in the history of our diplo-
matic service, and the indignation caused by his treatment
was prodigious. His friends in the Legislature, together with
many of the leading citizens of Albany, concurred in calling
a public meeting to denounce the action of the Senate. Geu-
%}
W^
M
132
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS BIX.
1 J- ^ 1
^) ■ i
mp
eral Dix was tlic first speaker. He discussed, not merely the
direct occasion wliicli had called forth that protest, but also
the history of the negotiations with Great Britain on the sub-
ject of our commercial intercourse with her New England
Colonies.
"It is well known," he said, "that this is the first instance in the his-
tory of the government in which the nomination of a Minister by the
President has been rejected by the Senate ''.fter entering on the duties
of his office. The President is charged by the Constitution with the
management of our relations with foreign states ; and it has alwaj's been
deemed profior that he should, as the responsible persoli, have tlie selec-
tion of his agents. So novel and extraordinary was this case, that it was
confidently expected by many that a removal of the injunction of secrecy
wovild exhibit sufficient evidences of tlie necessity of making it au ex-
ception to the general rule. It has exhibited no such thing ; it has dis-
closed nothing of which the public were not already apprised, nothing
which has not already been pronounced upon by the judgment of the peo-
ple. It is true, we are informed by private letters, that imputations derog-
atory to the moral character of Mr. Van Buren were introduced into tlio
Senate — imputations contradicted by the whole tenor of his life, imputa-
tions sustained by no proof, disreputable in their grossness to the indi-
viduals who gave countenance to them, and insulting, beyond measure
insulting, to tlie body to whirh they were addressed. If they shall ever
see the light, they will be indignantly resented by all parties, whatever
may be their political predilections, as an outrage to justice and truth."
The only reason of a public nature relied on as a justifica-
tion for the rejection of Mr. Van Buren appears to have been
the tenor of his instructions to Mr. McLane upon the negotia-
tion of the latter with Great Britain in relation to the West
India trade. After an argument in defence of Mr. Van Buren
on this point. General D'x concluded by showing that politi-
cal hostility to the President was the moving spring of the
attack on the Minister to the Court of St. James, lie ends
with these words :
"I will no longer occupy the attention of this meeting. I feel that I
have already too long occupied it, although much remains to be said.
I am persuaded that I do not overrate the justice of the American people
when I .say that there is no riluge for the authors of this blot upon the
1830-1842.] RENEWED POLITICAL EXCITEMENT.
133
national character, and that time will record their indelible disgrace.
They will stand before the world, not merely in the light of men who
have brought dishonor upon the character of the country, but in the still
more odious light of political adversaries, who, in ministering to the pur-
poses of injustice and i)ersccution, have accomplished a double object
of personal revenge."'
There can be no doubt that the attack on Mr. Yan Buren,
by directing general attention to him, as a sufferer under a
malicious persecution, proved to be one of the causes of his
nomination by the Baltimore Convention, in the following
May, for the office of Vice-President.
In the autumn of 1832 the Presidential election took place,
as well as that for Governor of this State. General Jackson
was the candidate of the Democratic Republicans ; Henry
Clay was nominated by the National Republicans ; while the
political Antimasons supported Mr. William "VVirt. On the
question of Governor the National Republicans and Anti-
masons united on Francis Granger; the candidate of the
Administration party was William L. Marcy. The result was
that Mr. Marcy received a majority of about 13,000, while
the President was kept in office for a second term. Mr. Van
Buren, the successful rival of Mr. Calhoun, was elected Vice-
President, and thus advanced one step nearer to the highest
prize in American politics.
The election of Governor Marcy caused a vacancy in the
Senate of the United States, whicli was filled by the appoint-
ment of Silas AVright, then Comptroller of the State. Aza-
riah C. Flagg became Comptroller in Mr. Wright's place, and
General Dix was made Secretary of State, in the place of Mr.
Flagg. Ilis appointment, January 15, 1833, was accepted on
the following day.
AVith the opening of that year came a renewal of excite-
ment in the political world. The policy of the government
on the tariff question had assumed a grave significance in con-
sequence of the action of South Carolina, where the doctrine
was now advanced that a State has the right to nullify the
» 1 'i
'I -»!
IrH
134
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS BIX.
m
laws of Congress and secede from the Union. The President
liad already announced, in a proclamation dated December 10,
1832, the course which he intended to take in case the advo-
cates of nullification should force a crisis ; and, as an adminis-
tration measure, a bill was pending in Congress, introduced
by Mr. Verplanck, chairman of the Committee of "Ways and
Means in the House of Representatives, which had for its ob-
ject a reduction of the tariff, with a view to such limitation of
the revenues of the country to its expenditures as should be
consistent with the simplicity of the government and an effi-
cient public service. This reduction was strongly opposed by
the manufacturing interest in the Northern and Eastern sec-
tions of tlie country. Under these circumstances a move was
made in Albany to obtain, if possible, an expression of public
opinion adverse to the Tariff Bill ; and for that purpose a pub-
lic meeting was called, to take action, as was said, on the Presi-
dent's proclamation and on Mr. Verplanck's measure. The
promoters of this movement appear to have concealed their
object so successfully as to induce large numbers of the Presi-
dent's friends to sign the call ; but when they discovered that
the real design was, while approving the course of the Presi-
dent toward the South Carolina malcontents, to oppose, and
instnict our representatives in Congress to oppose, any farther
legislation on the tariff, the indignation of the victims of the
ruse was intense, and they resolved to repair to the meeting,
defeat its objects, and give true expression to their sentiments
on questions before the peojile. The leading part in this pro-
gramme was assigned to the newly-chosen Secretary of State.
The meetini; was held in the Citv Hall. It was called to
order, and organized without opposition, by those who had
originally moved in the affair. Then a series of resolutions
was read ; but before the question could be taken on their
adoption General Dix arose and asked a hearing. He said
that he was not prepared to give his assent to all the reso-
lutions ; to those which related to the tariff he felt it his
duty to object ; and he moved, as a substitute, a series which
1830-1842.1 GENERAL DIX'S PROPHETIC ADDRESS.
135
he read. A scene of great confusion followed ; an attempt
was made to prevent him from being heard ; but loud cries
at once arose from all parts of the hall, and he was called
to the main staircase, whence he addressed the assemblage in
a speech which was received with long and loud applause.
Subsequently the uproar was renewed, and a scene of tumult
was presented which the witnesses describe as beggaring de-
scription, with shouts and cries of " Order !" " Question on the
substitute," "■ Question on the resolutions," etc., the original
promoters of the meeting exhausting their efforts to control
the assembly. At this stage of proceedings Mr. Livingston,
ascending the staircase, exclaimed, at the top of his clear voice,
''^Friends of Andrew Jackson and of the suhstltute, to the
Capitol! Here loe have no fair chance of heing heard P''
The cry was echoed by a thousand voices ; some two-thirds of
those present at once left the building and, with loud cheers,
proceeded to the Capitol. The great hall of that edifice was
filled to overflowing in a very few minutes. Judge Suther-
land was called to the chair ; Chancellor Walworth and Gen-
eral Gansevoort were appointed vice-presidents, and General
Dix and William Seymour, secretaries. Addresses were made
by gentlemen previously prevented from speaking; an en-
thusiastic endorsement of the administration was given ; and
resolutions offered by General Dix, and including the substi-
tute previously offered by him at the City Hall, were adopted
with great cheering and without a dissenting voice ; while
copies of his speech, and of that of Mr. Benjamin F. I3utler, ^
were requested for publication.
There are parts of this address which have a prophetic
sound ; they breathe that intense devotion to the Union
which Avas witli hii^^ a ruling passion. Alhiding to tlio
spectre of Secess" ^ oven then looming on the view, he said :
"If the value of the Union shall be drawn into doubt for a moment in
the mind of any one, let him advert to the condition of tlio country when
it was formed : let bini follow out its liistory durii.g the half-century,
now nearly complete, that we have lived under it : let him contemplate
5M1
V.
-' « -i
136
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
I ' ' \
u
the wealtb, the strength, the national character, the iiublic security, and,
above all, the internal tranquilllt}', which it has brought. Let him learn
from all this the value of that sacred tie which binds us together as one
people, vast as is the surface over which we are spread, uniting those
who with an unconquerable enterprise have penetrated the forests be-
yond the AUeghanics with the regions of cultivation from which they
came. And then let hira turn to the reverse of the picture. Let him
merely contemplate the first fruits of disunion. Let him behold the fab-
ric of our government, the only existing monument to jiopular liberty,
upturned from its deepest foundations; disorder and confusion over-
spreading the face of the land ; hostile forces, bearing the same fraternal
blood, arrayed against eacli other, and animated by new and unnatural
impulses into the most fierce and unrelenting animosity. Finally, let
him behold the seceding State appealing to some foreign power for pro-
tection against her sisters, whose fellowship she had abjured; and from
the proud condition of equality in the noblest Union of free and enlight-
ened States the world ever saw, sinking, irretrievably sinking, into the
degradation of Colonial dependence ! I envy not the man who can dwell
without emotion upon scenes like these — who can stand without falter-
ing upon the prcciijice of disunion and look into the abyss beneath. . . .
"The considerations by which the necessity of preserving the Union
is supported are not to be measured by our own interests alone.- I have
said, and I repeat, that it is connected with the cause of liberal institu-
tions throughout the world. A separation of these States would be a
direct retrogradation in the career of free government. Such an event
would come strongly in aid of the princii^les which in other countries
are arrayed against the extension of popular rights. It behooves us,
then, to advert to the relation whicli we bear to other nations. We
stand before the world in a pr'^ition which no other country ever occu-
pied. Our social and political institutions ; the great results which we
have accomplislied by our enterprise and industry in converting a vast
wilderness from barrenness to fertility; the principles of political right,
which we have reduced to successful j^ractice upon a theatre almost un-
bounded in extent, attract to us the attention of the whole civilized
world. The friends of free government, wherever they arc to be found,
turn to us as to the last hope of liberal institutions ; and witli an anxie-
ty the more intense, as all the lessons whicli history has furnished have
for them been lessons of discouragement. On us is devolved tlie solemn
responsibility of solving the problem, whether the highest degree of so-
cial happiness and political liberty may, under the same form of govern-
ment, be combined with strength, security, and wide extent of territory.
We are literally performing an experiment which may settle forever the
1830-1842.]
MEN OF WORTH IN THE PAST.
187
competency of mankind to self-government. A vast responsibility rests
upon us, tt responsibility to be measured, not by our interests alone, but
by the pov.'cr nf our example over tlie fortunes of otlicr countries ; a re-
sponsibility only to be borne and fulfilled by maintaining inviolate, in
the whole extent of their application, the great i^riuciples whicii wc have
assumed and announced to the world as the only just basis of human
government.
" Let us, then, deeply impressed with a sense of this high responsi-
bility, esteem no other obligation so imperious as that of discharging it.
Let us not forget that the fabric of this Union, once torn from its foun-
dations, can never be reconstructed with its present proportions and
strength ; that no human art can re-assemble its scattered materials, and
relay them as they now are laid. . . . Let us do all that justice, all that
liberality demands. Let us discharge every obligation due to fraternal
friendship and union. . . . When we shall have done nil this, if the tem-
pests of disaffection shall still overspread our political horizon, menacing
the durability of government and of civil liberty — if tiie storm must
come — then may we, with no other regret than that which so painful
an alternative must excite, rally around the Constitution of the country,
and, in the language of the Declaration of Independence, pledge to each
other 'our lives, our property, and our sacred lionor' for its defence."
Never was a political body in better condition or more
tlioroiiglily organized than the Democratic Eepublican party
at the beginning of Governor Marcy's administration. It is
refreshing to look back and study the character and quality
of the men who then held the reins. At the head of the na-
tion was General Jackson, distinguished not more for his iron
will, nerve, and determination than for his exalted jjatriotism
and unchallenged honesty and integrity. Mr. Yan Buren,
one of the ablest and purest of statesmen, occupied the Vice-
President's chair, as chief officer of the United States Senate.
Governor Marcy was a man of extraordinary ability — calm,
wise, judicious. The officers of the State Government were :
John Tracy, Lieutenant-governor ; John A. Dix, Secretary of
State; Azariah C. Flagg, Comptroller; Greene C. Bronson,
Attorney - general ; and Abraham Iveyser, Treasurer. The
President enjoyed an immense and well-deserved popularity ;
the banking interest was on the side of the government ; An-
I
m
< J
138
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS 2>/X
( |i
timasonry was practically defunct. Those were halcyon days.
I.i the State of New York the practical control of affairs was
in the hands of a small number of men, to whom Mr. Weed
had given the name of " The Albany Regency." Prominent
among them were Silas Wright, Edwin Croswell, Benjamin
Knower, James Porter, and General Dix. They were men of
great sagacity and, above all, honest — as it has been well re-
marked, aggressively honest ; not satisfied with being above
reproach themselves, but refusing to tolerate in those whom
they could control what their own fine sense of honor did
not approve. The action of the Democratic party was deter-
mined by the deliberations of these leading men ; they ruled
with a sway under which public affairs were sure to be pru-
dently and ably administered. With the Governor they were
in constant and confidential communication. I have heard
my father relate how they were always favored with the first
reading of Mr. Marcy's Messages, which he submitted to their
censure or aj)proval before sending them to the Legislature ;
and that on such occasions they endeavored to ascertain what
portions the Governor deemed best, with a view to make them
the special mark of criticism/' Mr. Thurlow Weed, now far
advanced in years, and probably more familiar than any liv-
ing man with the history of the politics of the State of New
York, in a conversation which I held with him recently,*
broke forth into an eloquent panegyric on the old liegency.
Himself one of their most earnest and honest opponents in
those days, he yet bore witness to their virtues, and said that
he had never known a body of men who possessed so much
power and used it so well. Their enemies, he added, found
neither flaw in their character nor blot on their names, nor
could they ever gain an advantage over them, excepting in
those rare instances in which they made mistakes in their
policy, thereby showing themselves to be fallible men./
General Dix held the office of Secretary of State from
* Written in July, 1880.
! : f Ji
1830-1842.] GENERAL DIX JS SECRETARY OF STATE.
139
jir
February 1, 1833, until February 4, 1839. His labors during
those six years were incessant. The subject of public educa-
tion belonged to his department, since the Secretary of State
was also Superintenaent of Common Schools ; and to him, un-
doubtedly, the State of New York is indebted in great meas-
ure for its Public School system. An act of the Legislature
Avas passed May 2, 183-1, entitled, "J[?i Act concerning the
Literature FundP As it related to the education of the
teachers of our common - schools, under the direction of the
Regents of the University, a certified copy of it was sent to
that Board. They referred it to Messrs. Dix, Bnel, and Gra-
ham, with directions to prepare and present to the Regents a
plan for carrying the provisions of the act into operation.
The report, written by Mr. Dix, as chairman of the committee
of" reference, was given to the Regents at their annual meet-
ing, January 8, 1835. It forms the basis of the system of
education of teachers in the common-schools of this State.
An examination of this report, which is contained in the
second volume of the " Speeches and Occasional Addresses,"
cannot fail to interest those who regard the liberal education
of its future citizens as essential to the stability of a free gov-
ernment. The writer, after reviewing the systems pui'sued in
France, Germany, and Prussia, gives an historical sketch of
common-school instruction in this State. The leading and
acknowledged defect of the schools at that day was the want
of competent instructors ; the object aimed at was to remedy
that defect, and to make our system of popular instruction
equal in efficiency, as it was then suj)erior in extent, in propor-
tion to our population, to any other in the world. The plan
of establishing separate seminaries for the training of teachers
appears to have been abandoned by the Legislature ; it was
considered more advantageous to engraft on existing acade-
mies departments of instruction for that purpose. The report
recommends the establishment of such higher courses of in-
struction at a sufficient number of points to be easily accessi-
ble from every county in the State ; and considers, among
\
\
i >hS |{
1
1 'Si
■ If'
(Is ;
I
140
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
\'X-
,1 '
I i
other topics, the course and subjects of study, the duration of
the course, and the necessary books and apparatus, togctlier
witli the evidence of qualification to teach, wliich shall be
given by individuals trained in those higher departments.
On all these jioints the recommendations of the report are
practical and minute.
I cannot conclude this hasty sketch of an interesting state
paper without presenting to the reader two extracts as speci-
mens of its style and substance. The lirst of those relates to
the object of education :
"It should not be for a moment forgotten tlmt tlic object of ecliication
is, not merely to amass the greatest possible amount of information, but
at the same time to develop and diseipline the intellectual and moral
faculties. It is in vain that the stores of knowledge are enlarged, if the
skill to apply them for useful purposes be not also acquired. At every
step the mind should be taught to rely on the exercise of its own pow-
ers. The pupils should be required to assign reasons for every position
assumed in their various studies, not barely with a view to give them a
thorough comprehension of the subject, but for the purpose also of cul-
tivating that habit of critical investigation which is unsatisfied until
every part of the subject of inquiry is understood. The result of com-
mon-school education in most cases is to burden the memory with facts
and rules, of which the proper practical operation is but imperfectly
comprehended. This defect is at war with the spirit of the age, which
is to probe to its inmost depths every su!)ject of knowledge, and to con-
vert the results of our inquiries to useful purposes. Practical usefulness
is the great end of intellectual discipline; it should be kept steadily iu
view by the teacher; and he will soon learn that his lesson, when its rea-
son and its object are presented to the mind of his pupil, will arouse an
interest which, in the absence of this full understanding of the subject,
he would have labored in vain to excite.
" In the present condition of our common schools much time is lost and
labor misapplied by injudicious systems of instruction; they are fields
for collecting facts and details rather than for disciplining the faculties.
This radical error should be corrected. Pupils should be made to think
for themselves, instead of treasuring up merely the results of other men's
thoughts. The great instrument of reform will be to make demonstration
keep pace with knowledge. Nothing should be left unexplained ; nor
should anything be allowed to rest on mere authority, excepting where,
from the nature of the subject, it admits of no other foundation."
1830-1842.] GENERAL DIX'S INTEREST IN GEOLOGY. 141
The following picture of the teacher must, I think, have
been painted from recollection of the dignified and conscien-
tious guides of his own youth :
" The cominittec cftnnot forbear to add that the instructors, in tho
academics witli which the proposed departments may be connected,
should labor to impress on tho minds of those who may be preparing
themselves for tho vocation of teachers a deep sense of the responsiljili-
ty which belongs to it. There is, in truth, no other in which a conscien-
tious and discreet discharge of its appropriate duties can well produce
more beneficial or lasting effects. It is from the conduct and precepts
of the teacher that the minds committed to his guidance are destined to
receive impressions wliich may accompany tlie individuals through life,
and give a determining cast to the character. In his demeanor they may
read impressive lessons of moderation, forbearance, and self-control ; from
his rules of government they may learn the value of firmness, justice, and
impartiality; or they may find, in exhibitions of petulance, unsteadiness
of purpose, and unjust distributions of favor, a license for the indulgence
of their own prejudices and passions. Nothing is more vital to the suc-
cessful government of the teaclier, and to the execution of his plans of
instruction, than a steady self-command. The most certain mode of
bringing his own authority into contempt is to show tliat he is not his
own master. The moral atmosphere of the school-room will be pure
or impure according to the conduct and character of him who presides
over it. On his example will, in no inconsiderable degree, depend, for
good or tvil, the destiny of numbers whoso influence will, in turn, bo
felt by the political society in the operations of which they arc to take
an active part. The teacher should be made to feel so sensibly the im-
portance of his position, that it may be continually present to his
thoughts, and become the guide and rule of his actions. He should
bear perpetually in mind that he is the centre of a little system, which,
as time advances, is destined to spread itself out and carry with it, for
the benefit or injury of all whom it reaches, the moral influences im-
parted by himself."
"With another department of our State annals General
Dix- s name is honorably associated : I refer to the Geological
Survey of the State of New York. By resolution of the
Assembly, dated April 18, 1835, the Secretary of State was
" requested to report to the Legislature, at its next session,
the most expedient method of obtaining a complete geologi-
143
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
cal Rurvey of tlio State, which fihall furnish a scientific and
perfect account of its rocks, soils, and minerals, and of their
localities ; a list of all its mineralogical, botanical, and zoologi-
cal productions, and provide for procuring and preserving
Bpeciniens of the same ; together with an estimate of the ex-
penses which may attend the prosecution of the design, and of
the cost of publication of an edition of three thousand copies
of the report, drawings, and geological map of the results."
Such were the large instructions of the Legislature ; and I
remember to this day the effect produced on our household.
My father was delighted at the additional work thus thrown
on him, and particularly at its character ; he began at once to
collect nuiterials, and inform himself fully on the vast subject
committed to him. The house was soon flooded with books
on geology ; Lyell, Mantell, and other authors appeared, and
we children used to wonder at the plates representing incom-
prehensible monsters (the Plcsiosaurus, the Megatherium, the
Pterodactyl, and heaven knows what other shapes), which,
far more awful than any in the " Arjibian Nights," confronted
ns as we peeped into those mysterious volumes. The General
became an enthusiastic student of these works, and enlisted
the family for the same pursuit. He entered into corre-
spondence with the persons then looked up to as authorities
in physical cience ; ho was knee-deep in rocks and minerals,
organic remains and alluvial detritus, and the treasure of the
animal and floral kingdoms. The result may be seen in his
report to the Legislature, dated January 0, 183G, and in the
subsequent appearance of that groat work known as the
" Natural History of the State of New York." It was com-
menced in the year 1837, continued at intervals during a pe-
riod of nearly a quarter of a century, and although ^ ^ ''"'
not yet completed, already consists of 23 thick
taining innumerable illustrations of the t
Dix
to
the substantial outcome of the report mad* Gene
the Legislature of the State in response to their i'.btnictions
in 1835.
1830-1842.] GENERAL DIX'S GEOLOGICAL IlEPORT.
148
It is liiirdly ncpossary to remark that in tlieac labors Gen-
eral Dix had the sympathy of scientific gentlemen through-
out the country, who watched with interest the ])rogres8 of so
grand a scheme. Professor Silliman writes to him from New
Haven, July 11, 1835, as follows :
"I am gmtitleil that your groat and important territory is about to bo
surveyed geologically, and that all its natural productions are to be taken
into the account.
"Our first anxiety should be that the work be thoroughly done, and
that neither tiie time, the money, nor the men requisite to a masterly
survey should be stinted. No doubt you will feel that the honor of tho
State as well as its interests and those of our country demand that a
liberal and enlarged view should bo taken of the subject. My friend
and pupil, Professor Hitchcock, has done nobly in his survey of Massa-
chusetts, considering tho means that were placed at his disposal— still, I
should regret to see the enterprise commenced in New York even upon
the Massachusetts scale. The plan, no doubt you will agree, should bo
such as to furnish time, means, and induceuionts adequate to an investi-
gation of the most thorough character."
Governor Cass writes thus :
" Washington, Junuary 2.5, 1830.
"Deau Sin, — I am greatly obliged to you for your report. You have
condensed, within tho narrowest compass, a vast mass of the most im-
portant information, a complete sketch of the natural kingdoms of your
State. I do trust that New York will carry out this plan. It would bo
a glorious monument to all of you.
" I am, dear Sir, truly yours, Lew. Cass.
'•Geneual Dix."
His old friend, General Upham, to whom he referred with
such warmth in his autobiographical sketch, wrote to him on
the same subject :
" Portsmouth, N. 11., January 30, 1836.
"My dear Sik, — I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of
your report to tiie Legislature of New York in relation to a Geological
Survey of that State. I have read it with attention, and have derived
from it much valuable information. I beg to tender you sincere thanks
for this renewed mark of your attention. The pleasure I received from
it is greatly increased by the recollections of our early acquaintance, and
144
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
the deep (I had almost permitted myself to add parental) interest with
■which I have followd your subsequent course and rapid advancement.
It has been to me a constant source of gratification to learn that in
every station you have occupied the just expectations of your friends
have been realized.
"The confidence and applause of political friends follow, as a matter
of course, the display of talents, industry, and extraordinary exertions in
support of the principles they have adopted ; it seems to be your good
fortune, my dear Sir, to enjoy the confldence and respect of your politi-
cal opponents — at least, I have reason to believe it so, for from such has
my information respecting you been obtained.
" That you may through life enjoy the consolations of an approving
conscience, and at the last receive tlie Heavenly benediction, ' Well done,
thou good and faithful servant,' is the sincere and ardent prayer of your
old friend antl
" Most obedient servant,
"Tim". Upham,
"General John A. Dix, Albany, N. Y."
I shall add no more to this brief notice of a work which
reflects lasting honor on all who had a hand in it ; few at this
day know, and those who knew have probably forgotten, that
the first impulse to that successful enterprise came from my
father's hand. I have often wondered how he found time to
do so much, or how he bore the fatigue of his official duties. I
have referred to his labors in connection with three subjects
of vast importance : the military systeui of the State, the edu-
cation of its youth, and the description of its physical struct-
ure and resources. This by no means completes the cata-
logue of the results of the labors of those years. The State
Library at Albany contains the following documents, in ad-
dition to the reports to which I have called the reader's at-
tention :
'1 !
t ; ' .
1. Decisions of tbe'Superintendent of Common Schools of the State of
New York. Selected and arranged by Jolin A. Dix, Superintendent. . . .
Published by the Legislature. Albany, 1837, pp. viii., 479. 8vo.
(All thes:, decisions are either by Azariah C. Flagg or John
A. Dix. Each decision shows who was the author of it.)
u .,. I
1830-1842.] FORMER INFEEQUENCY OF MURDER.
145
2. Annual Reports of the Secretary of State and Superintendent of
Common Scliools, as follows :
(rt) January 8, 1834, pp. 104, of whicli 30 are tlie report proper.
(6) " 7,1835, " 107,
(c) " G, 183G, " 130,
{d) " 1837,
(e) " 5, 1838, " 109,
(/) " 3, 1839, " 163,
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At tlie end of tins last report are some very interesting ob-
serA'ations on tlic libraries of the district schools, a subject in
which he took great interest.
3, Special Reports by the Secretary of State, during a period of six
years, among wliicli arc one respecting convictions for criminal offences,
and another made when transmitting reports of tlic New York and Erie
Raih'oad Company.
It is a remarkable fact that mnrders were so rare in those
days that, whenever one occurred, it gave a shock to the com-
munity. My impression is that during one year there was
not a single conviction for murder in the State of Xew York.
I remomber a house ■which stood near the roadside, a little
way below the city ; in it a man named John Whipple was
murdered by one Jesse Strang, who was tried, convicted, and
executed in the summer of 1827. The peculiar circumstances
of the case gave it notoriety ; and the scene of the crime had
a mysterious fascination for us. We children never passed
that way witliout profound sensations, whispering that it was
the house in which ^^the nuirder" was connuitted. Xow
there is a murder every day, and few give it a second thought,
so familiar are we grown with that primal, monstrous outrage
against God and man.
Keference has been made to the thorough organization of
the J^emocratic Ilepublican party during Governor Marcy's
administration. A powerful cond)ination against it was form-
ed by a union of all the elements opposed to the State and
national administrations. The success of this new movement
was in great measure due to "^^'le derangement of business and
I.— 10
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
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consequent financial distress occasioned by the action of the
President in M'ithdrawing the government deposits from tlie
Bank of the United States at Philadelphia and placing them
in local State institutions. This measure, although resisted
by Congress, and even by the Secretary of the Treasury, was
pushed on by General Jackson, who preferred discharging his
Minister of Finance, and appointing another of his own mind,
to failure in carrying out his pet measure. The consequent
contraction of the currency, and the disasters to which it gave
rise, brought on a revulsion throughout tlic country, tlie peo-
ple reproaching tlie national administration as the authors of
their distress. In the State of New York the evils referred
to were not so seriously felt as elsewhere, and the elections
of 1834 resulted in another victory for the Democratic party.
Their position, however, was rapilly becoming critical, con-
fronted as they were by a powerful coalition of National Ke-
publicans and Antimasons. The candidate of the opposition
in ISB-i was AVilliam II. Seward; a man dc^stined to achieve,
within a few years, a political triumi^h in the State of New
York, and subscqucnuy to attain honorable as well as perilous
distinction in the trying years of the Civil War.
Governor Marc}^, in his annual Message to the Legislature
in 1830, referred to the dangers to be anticijiatcd from a spirit
of wild and reckless si"»cculation which was then abroad. It
appears to have been the result of great national prosperity.
Our foreign credit was good, the products of agriculture com-
manded a high price, and, since nothing seemed easier than
to make money, every one hastened to grow rich. It is said
that the passion for speculation in stocks and real estate pre-
vailed to an extent unknown in this country before that day.
Extravagant schemes of internal improvement were thrust
before the Legislature, who were clamorously besieged by the
demand for appropriations of the public money to carry them
into effect. In vain the Governor protested against pledging
the State credit in aid of public works until the Legislature
should have pvovidcd, by taxation or otherwise, for paying
1830-1842.] INORDINATE SPECULATION DEPRECATED. 147
tlie interest on loans for that purpose. To these and similar
subjects General Dix alludes in a letter addressed to the Vice-
President. The letter runs thus :
•' Albany, June 4, 1836.
"My DEAn Sir, — It wtis mj- intention to have written to you long ago;
but, to tell the truth, I had none but unpleasant toi)ics, and I supposed
Washington would furnish vexation enough to try your equanimity
without superadding our own. We had, as you may imagine, a most
disagreeable winter; and although, as I said in a letter to Mr. Wright
early in the session of the Legislature, I had more apprehension on the
subject of internal improvements than banks, the friends of both contin-
ued so to mix them up together that we have added near six millions of
dollars to our bank capital, and provided for increasing our public debt
about seven millions. The legislation of the whole winter has been a
matter of bargain and sale ; and if we cannot get a different class of
men into the Legislature, the sooner we go into a minority the better.
Wc have been betrayed by the inordinate spirit of speculation which
is abroad. It has taken possession of too many of our own political
friends ; and it is not to be disguised that their conduct is more under
the regulation of pecuniary considerations than motives of a higher ori-
gin and character. Our electoral ticket will save us next fall; but, un-
less our selections for the Legislature are more judicious than thoy were
last year, another session will wind up our concerns for a short time, at
least. I sliould lament such a change ; but I consider it infinitely prefer-
able to the state of things which wc have had this winter. We must
have less strengtli or more virtue, if we would administer the affairs of
the State either for our own honor or the public good. The indications
of a wholesome purification of our legislative halls are favorable. Only
two papers iu the State assail Colonel Young and ]Mr. Van Schaick : not
one undertakes to defend Kcmble and Eishop,* exccjjt the Troy Budget,
which is edited by the former. If the people will look to their candi-
dates for office this fall, we may do sometiiing next winter to retrieve
our reputation; but much mischief has been done which cannot be ro-
* ]\Iessrs, Kemblc and Bishop were charged before the Senate Avith
fraudulent speculations in stocks, and with complicity in the transactions
of a defaulting cashier. Kemble resigned his seat before the ques-
tion »va9 acted on. Bishop was found guilty of moral and official mis-
conduct, yet there was a majority against his expulsion. Upon this
Colonel Young and ]\Ir. Van Schaick resigned, saying tiiat they would
not belong to a body which recognized as members men whom, by
their ofiicial vote, they had found guilty of flagrant misdoings.
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
paired. The vote in the Senate on Bishop's case can only be cured by
expunging — a remedy I hope to see applied.
" In relation to our internal improvements there is still great cause for
apprehension. Our troubles with the New York and Erie Railroad are,
perhaps, but just commenced. I anticipate an application from the com-
pany at the opening of the next session of the Legislature for an imme-
diate loan of three millions, without waiting lor any part of the road to
be completed. Indeed, I should not be surprised if we were to have an
application to complete the road at the expense of the State. I have no
faith in the project; and I think we should take ground against any
farther countenance of it on the part of the State, even though we lose
the southern tier of counties by Si.ch a course. The history of the Che-
nango Canal furnishes a precedent, of which we are constantly feeling
the ill t'fTects. It has stimulated other counties to put a price on their
political lidelity. Wheucver a local project is started we are threatened
with the dereliction of the regions interested in it unless it is carried as
a party measure. The principle involved in the success of applications
advocated on such grounds is corrupt, and must be fatal if conceded. If
we must purchase with approjiriations of money the i)olitical lidclity of
every county which can get up a scheme of local improvement, we shall
within ten years, if not in half that time, be obliged to sell out to some
great banking institution, in order to recruit our pecuniary resources;
and without the excuse which Pennsylvania has— tluit of continuing in
existence an institution already established within her own territory'.
Indeed, I have some fears that we may find difficulty in sustaining our
I)rescnt pecuniary burdens, as there appears to be a settled determination
that not a single dollar shall be raised by taxation for the support of the
government.
"I trust we shall see you soon; but, from all appearances, I suppose
that Congress will not adjourn until tlie latter part of the month.
'' I am, dear Sir, yours respectfully and truly,
" John A. Dix.
"Hon. M.Van BuREN."
In a letter to a private friend lie makes some forcible re-
marks on the same theme :
" Albany, November 28, 1S30.
"My dear . S and B have failed. I entreated the for-
mer long ago to ^" ; up speculations. Sudden prosperity is the lot of
but a few. while the ])ursuit of it seduces thousands to their ruin. . . .
" We are on the eve of one of the severest reactions in business of
almost every description with which wc liave been visited for years. I
a fa . - .. f .-i ^ , -^\
1830-1842.] INAUGURATION OF MARTIN VAN BUREN.
149
have expected it for months. The 3 who can live through tlie present
year may save themselves; but the pressure lias, I think, but just com-
menced. Speculation is the great cause of the evil. It has deranged
everything, and locked up, where it cannot be reached, a vast amount
of capital. Time will release tlio capital so diverted, but not until large
numbers of persons shall have fallen before the storm which is about to
sweep over the community. Do not set me down for a croaker. I S2)eak
strongly, with the hope that you may learn a lesson from it. Eschew
si^eculation. Consider industry and frugality as the true sources of
wealth ; and, if you arc never opulent, you will at least be secure from
those disasters which arc brought on by putting what little one lias at
hazard."
Tlic elections of 183G resulted in a victory for the Demo-
cratic candidates. Martin Yan Buren was elected President ;
William L. Marcy was re-elected Governor of the State of
New York, and bj a majority of nearly thirty thousand votes.
Mr. Yan Buren was inaugurated March 4, 1837; Governor
Marcy continued in office ; and the Legislature re-elected
Silas Wright for the six years' term in the Senate of the
United States. The ascendency of the Democratic party was
complete.
"■ Never," says Hammond, in referring to that epoch, " did
a political party whose ascendency depended on the voice of
a free and intelligent people seem more lirmly and perma-
nently established than the Democratic party in the State of
New York in the winter of 1837.
" In the Executive chair of the nation their former leader
and favorite son was fixed, at least for four years to come ;
their Governor — a man confessed by his opponents to jiossess
talents which eminently qualified him for his station, and a
most spotless private character — had been re-elected by the
unprecedented majority of 29,000 ; in the popular branch of
the State government nearly two to one of the members Avere
Democrats, and in the Senate, the permanent body, they held
a majority of more than five to one. In every town and
county in the State the Democratic party was jierfect in its
organization and discipline, and at the same time the moneyed
IM Pi
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150
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
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interest in the State was most decidedly in favor of sustaining
both tlic State and National administrations."
It took hut a very little time, however, to pull their house
down about the heads of those who deemed themselves secure
for years to come — the customary successes turned to ruin-
ous defeats. The reverses of the Democratic party were due
mainly to their position on those questions of finance which so
often frustrate the wisdom of men and make jiolitical diviners
mad. The suspension of specie payments in the spring of
1837, just before the adjournment of the Xew York L-^gisla-
ture, became general throughout the United States, and spread
consternation in every direction. It would be diffici .t for one
outside the political field to enumerate, or even to compre-
hend, the varied phenomena of the agitation of that day. But
in reading the history of the period 1 was struck by the prom-
inence given to the question about the disposal of the funds of
the government. The revenues of the nation : where should
they be kept ? Not in a national bank ; that plan had been
tried; and Genci-al Jackson had destroyed the Bank of the
United States, to the satisfaction of local institutions, which
found their profit in the overthrow of the gigantic monster.
In those State banks, then ? That plan had also been tried, and
with bad results : they were regarded by the President and
his leading advisers as unsafe. The conclusion reached was,
that the government should do its own banking business ;
that there ought to be a total separation of the business and
property of the National Government from the business and
concerns of State institutions. President Van Bureu urged
this on Congress in a Message recommending a scheme of an
Independent Treasury. An extra session of Congress was
called for September 4 to consider this subject. The result
was to array the local banking interest against the adminis-
tration.
Then there was more trouble, and in more dangerous quar-
ters, about the currency. An act had passed the Legislature,
March 31, 1835, prohibiting the issue of bank bills below the
1830-1842.] Fllim IN HARD MONEY CONVICTIONS.
161
•e,
lie
denomination of five dollars. Many able men would have
gone much farther, favoring such a system as that prevailing
in England, where the five-pound note ($25) is the smallest
denomination, and people must use gold and silver in all trans-
actions below that sum. The measure referred to was very
unpopular ; an attempt to repeal the act was defeated ; the
popular outcry against it rose to angry denunciation, and the
party in power were accused, not only as having brought on a
serious evil, but as obstinately determined that it should not
be abated.
The Albany Regency were divided on some of these ques-
tions. General Dix stood firm in his hard money convictions,
and in favor of the separation of the govermnent business
from that of State institutions, although he foresaw the dan-
ger which must ensue to the administration. I quote from a
letter on the subject, dated at Albany, August 20, 1837:
"I dread nothing so nmcli in this country as the influence
of pecuniary interests upon government. The d;nigor to be
apprehended from a great moneyed institution is sufficiently
apparent in the history of the United States Bank. From
a large number of small institutions at a distance from each
other, and apparently incapable of any concert of action, there
would seem to be no cause for apprehension. But I am not
sure that they may not, by an interconnnunication of views,
accomplish as much as a single institution of larger capital.
They have certainly the advantage that they move by detach-
ments, and do not create the agitation or excite the alarm
Avhicli are attendant on the movement of a single body of
greater force. Individuals in their interest may be put in
office in diilerent districts without any apparent concert, until
a sufficient number is obtained to control the action of the
government. Sucii attempts were made by the United States
Bank, and they are likely to be repeated l)y the State banks.
Indeed, some movements have recently been made in this
State which indicate a settled purpose to build up a Bank
party. Whatever may come, the Democratic party should
)
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
' in
have no connection with it. I have no hostility to the State
banks ; I would not break them down, nor would I oppress
them by imposing on them unnecessarily severe restrictions.
But their abuses should be corrected with an unflinching
hand; and the first indications of an attempt to throw into
our legislative bodies individuals in tlieir interest should bo
resisted by every friend of free government.
"I consider the prevailing derangement of our moneyed
affairs as having been brought on principally by over-banking.
The Legislature of this State has been exceedingly liberal to
our btii^ks, by releasing them for a limited time from the pen-
alties which they had incurred by pre-existing laws, in con-
sequence of suspending specie payments. They should be
contented with this indulgence, protecting them, as it does,
against the consequences of their own imjirudence, and exert
every effort to resume specie payments. I fear they are not
all disposed to do so. ^There are a few sound bankers who
are doing all they can to accomplish the object at the earliest
practicable da}'. But a large portion of the banks will, I am
satisfied, resist as long as they can, and finally, if compelled,
come into the measure with reluctance. All the speculators
in the State, together with those who owe the banks more
money than they can pay, are averse to the resunqition of
specie payments. They know that the restoration of a sound
state of things will be their ruin. But their ruin is inevitable,
whether the banks resume or not ; and if they could be saved
by postponing a rcsumjition, it would be unjust to ninetcen-
twentieths of the M'hole community, who are sustaining injury
for the benefit of the other twentieth. The worst feature in
the aspect of the times is the total insensibility of a large por-
tion of the community to the character of a suspension of
specie payments in a moral point of view. I regard it as dis-
graceful in the highest degree. It was brought on by misman-
agement and fraud, for the sound banks in this State would
have sustained themselves if they had not been broken down
by the weak and dishonest ones. To continue such a state of
W^
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1830-1842.]
THJS BAXES AND THE PEOPLE.
153
things unnecessarily for a single day would bo the grossest
dishonesty.
" These measures should be insisted on as indispensable to
a sound state of the moral and political body :
"1. Let the banks resume specie payments at the earliest
practicable day.
"2. Expel from circulation all notes under $20 — not too
hastily, but gradually, and without doing violence to existing
interests.
"3. Establish some general law by which capital may bo
employed in banking with special acts of incorporation, so
that the legislative body may not be in danger of being cor-
rujDted by combinations to control it for mercenary ends.
" 4. Separate the government from all banking institutions
in the collection and disbursement of its revenue.
" If these obfccts are not accomplished I shall have serious
apprehensions for the jiurity of the government. Corruption
and profligacy arc inseparable from the control of moneyed
influences. Banks accomplish their objects by loans and dis-
counts ; these appliances are a part of their machinery, and
the suggestion that such means may not be legitimately em-
ployed for the purpose of promoting the interest of an insti-
tution by gaining over individuals to its views would be con-
sidered, by most of them, as savoring of squeamishness, if not
of absolute folly. The more distant such establishments are
from the government the better. They are the ministers of
commerce; they should desire to serve no other master.
Above all, should they not desire to play the master over
those whose breath has warmed them into life, the people. I
am sorry to say that too many M'ho stand to these institutions
in the relation of stockholders, or in the still more delicate
one of debtors, are busy in seeking to give to our local politics
a direction in favor of them — in other words, to protect the
banks against the people. These movements are exceedingly
ill-judged. There is no danger that the people will act harsh-
ly; and the distrust which is manifested as to their intentions
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ME Mollis OF JOHN ADAMS VIX.
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betrays, at least, a consciousness tliat their confidence has
been abused."
This letter has in it the very ring of the ])recious metals ;
and I can say that my father's views on these points never
changed. He was, to the end of his life, a hard-money man ;
ho opjiosed the legal-tender act, even as a war measure ; he
believed in nothing but a coin basis for private and public
business ; he abhorred suspension of specie payments ; and it
is a fact that he always carried some few pieces of gold coin
with him, even through all the paper-money years during and
after the war. The })recious metals alone he regarded as real
money ; and he deplored the measures by which they were
banished from circulation. And I confess to being unable to
understand why the English system should succeed, in whicli
all transactions involving sums less than five pounds must be
carried on in coin, while Americans seem unable to exist
without bank-notes of small denominations, and even now
lament the want of that detestable fractional currency which
was for so long a time a medium of exchange, down even to
bills for three cents. It is one of the marvels of which we
outsiders would be happy to have a thoroughly satisfactory
solution. Yet it is a matter of history that the defeat of the
Democratic party was due in part to its position on the bank-
note question ; and it is said that the opponent of Governor
Marcy, himself a man of comparatively small stature, received
the affectionate soubriquet of " Small Bill Seward," expressive
of the confidence of the people that his election would result
in restoring to them their notes of small denomination, invid-
iously termed "shin-plasters" by their adversaries. On that
point the convictions of the average American appear to be
settled past all power to change them.
Misfortunes rarely come single, but by twos and threes, if
not in droves ; it was so at that time. The dominant party,
represented by the State administration, made additional ene-
mies by taking the course which any respectable party in
power at the time must have taken in an unfortunate and
1830-1842.]
TUE CANADIAN INSVBRECTION.
155
disagreeiiblo emergency. I refer to those outbreaks 'wliicli
occurred in Canada about the close of the year 1837, when
certain persons styling themselves " Patriots," or " Sons of
Liberty," and led l)y Louis Joseph Papineau, at Montreal, and
"William Lyon Mackenzie, in Toronto, made an ill-judged and
abortive attempt at obtaining independence. It is loss of time
to study the movement, which from the outset M'as destined
to failure ; I mention the affair only because of the damage
which resulted indirectly to Governor MarcyVs administra-
tion. To preserve neutrality, and prevent Americans from
aiding the insurgents, were the obvious duties of the national
and State governments; but the excitable and the ignorant
do not discriminate on such occasions, and political enemies
easily reap advantage from such a position of affairs. It need
hardly be said that there was a strong sympathy witli the in-
surgents, especially in the parts of the State bordering on the
Canadian line. The causes which led to the outbreak were
analogous to those which brought on our own Ivcvolution : it
was the old dispute between the constitutional and monarchi-
cal ideas ; whether the Canadians should govern themselves
by their own legislatures, or be governed by the British Par-
liament. So the affair had a thorough republican smack
about it, which naturally took the American fancy ; and
when the defeat came, and the leaders were in flight from the
British regulars and loyal militia, and when many poor fel-
lows were lying dead in the blood-stained snow, and not a few
were swinging from gibbets, and some were hunted for the
price set on their heads, and refugees were coming across our
lines, sympathy became indignation. The party in power at
such a time must suffer. Bound to observe the rules of in-
ternational law and the comity of sovereign states, it fulfils
its duty at the expense of popularity. No doubt Governor
Marcy lost many votes, especially in the frontier counties,
where sympatliy for the miserable rebels was strong and
men were eye-witnesses of their tribulation.
To the family- of General Dix the Canadian emeute had
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
more than a political interest ; it came straight into tlic home
circle. Amonj; the leading families of (;ana(la none were
more conKpicnous at that time tliati the naklwiiis. Tlioy were
connections of ours by marriage, and connnunication was con-
stant between the households in Toronto, New York, and Al-
bany. Tlie lion. Kobert Baldwin, at one time District Attor-
ney of the Upper Province, was a man of great intelligence,
and conspicuous for patriotism and enlightened statesman-
ship. To liim, togeiher M'ith Dr. Baldwin, Dr. T'olph, and
Mr. Marshall S. I'idwell, the Liberal party in Canailahad been
accustomed to look for advice and direction, ^[r. Bldwell
was requested by Sir Francis Head, the Governor-general, to
leave the province at once, not from any suspicion that ho
was concerned in Mackenzie's movement, but because of his
well-known political opinions and supposed iniluence. Dr.
lloljih escaped Avith ditlieulty; a price of £500 was offered
for his capture ; if taken he would undoubtedly have been
executed. There was much anxiety lest some of the Bald-
wins might have become objects of suspicion ; and although
it soon became evident by their letters that there was no
ground for that alarm, the circumstances gave to what would
otherwise have been a mere political question the painful
interest of a possible domestic calamity.*
Thus little by little the trouble grew, and the Democratic
horizon became darker day by day. The fall election of 1837
was a warning of the disasters of the follewing year; the
Whig party carried the State, or rather swept it, gaining six
out of eight Senat^' ial districts, and electing 101 out of 128
members of Assembly. General Dix foresaw what was com-
ing next, and probably felt that it could not be averted.
AVriting to Mr. Morgan on the IGth of December, he says :
"Between ourselves, I have become recently greatly dis-
couraged at our political prospects — not because there is any
need of our being beaten anotlier year, but because conserva-
* See Appendix, No. II.
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1830-1842.] MR. MOllGAN WITTILY CARlCATUIiEl).
167
tisin is likely to bu kept alive by the conduct of influential
individualrt here, who by means of speculations have become
the dependents of bankiui^ institutions. Mr. Flagj; and my-
self have both within the last two or three days been sepa-
rately sounded with re<i;ard to the expediency of repealing
the small-bill law for a limited time, and both of us took
strong ground against it. It will, however, be carried, and
most probably with the consent and approbation of almost
every one here, excepting Mr. Flagg and myself ; for it un-
fortunately happens that \\v are almost the only ones who arc
not connected with the banks in the relation of stockholders,
directors, or debtors. The course of things hero this winter
will be, in all probability, to disgust still more the sound
liepublicans, and to keep up the divisions which defeated us
this fall. I shall, therefore, make uj) my mind to go out of
office next winter.
"I consider the present attitude of the banks erpially dis-
honorable and immoral. There is no shadow of an excuse for
continuing the suspension of sjiecie payments a single day
longer.''
It may be noted that the reaction against the Democratic
party was felt even in their stronghold, the citv of Xew York.
Mr. Morgan was candidate for Mayor that year. \\\i was de-
feated by Aaron Clark, the Whig nominee. Much amusement
was caused in our home circle by one of the political carica-
tures of the day. which represented my grandfather as going
forth to his ofiicial duties, warmly M'rapped up in overcoat,
muffler, and ample capes, and attended by servants bearing
pillows, umbrellas, overshoes, and similar articles. It was a
smart allusion to his habits, M'liich were those of one who had
preserved his health only by great care, and owed his sound
condition to the avoidance of exposure and a strict and tem-
perate regimen. The joke was a fair one, and fully appre-
ciated.
And so at length came on the long-dreaded day. In the
autumn of 1838 "NViUiani II. Seward and Luther Bradish were
1 9
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158
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
M i
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elected Governor and Lieutenant-governor of the State of
I^ew York, and William L. Murcy and John Tracy yielded,
with dignity, to the fiat of the people. The inauguration of
the new State officers took place January 1, 1839. A caucus
of the Whig nienihcrs of the Legislature was held January 31,
to nominate State officers, and on the 4th of February en-
suing General Dix withdrevr to private life, and gave place
to John C. Spencer, his able and accomplished successor. As
if to fill up the measure of their misfortunes, le Democrats
lost their majority in the Senate in the elections of the fol-
lowing autumn, a majority which the party had held during
eighteen successive years. It was the crowning disaster of
the series.
Events like those which I have related are severely felt in
the private circles which they directly affect. General Dix
had exchimgcd a growing law business, which promised to be
l)oth lucrative and permanent, for the uncertainties of political
life. On his retirement from office it became a serious ques-
tion with him, not only how to maintain his family, but how
to employ energies Avhich demanded an ample field for their
exercise. The loss of his public position M'as regarded as ?.
calamity in that household which had been forming gradually,
and of which, thus far, I have made scarcely any mention.
This seems the proper place in which to say a few words
about that home in Albany which had become very dear to
us, and about which there still shines a pleasant light, as I
recall a ^el•y ha]ipy boyhood and dream myself back into
those far-off days.
The city of Albany was at that time one of the mosit inter-
esting to-'vns in the State : the seat of our government ; the
home of a cultivated, genial, and polite society; the shrine of
historical recollections. Something of the quaintness of old
time still lingered in irs precincts ; there were traces even of
the Dutch, rejime in its architecture, in the names of its citi-
zens, and elsewhere. After living there some time one became
perforce a loyal " Ivnickerbocker." I recollect more than ono
1830-1842.]
MEMORIES OF ALBANY.
159
house with the liigli gable hrolccn, from caves to peak, into
steps, and displaying, in groat iron letters fast anchored into
the Holland brick, the venerable date of its construction ; the
wide porches at the doors, with seats on either side, where the
citizens would spend the placid hour of twilight ; the words
in our vocabulary at whose odd, outlandish sound some of our
friends from abroad M'erc wont to smile. As for the society,
it could hardly have been more agreeable ; there was neither
formalism nor ostentation, nor yet oppressive ceremony ; peo-
ple were easy-going, friendly, hospitable. The names of the
Van Eensselaers and Gansevoorts, the Bleeckers and Ten
Eycks, tiie Paiges, Wheatons, and Rathbones, the Pruyns and
Comings, the Planchards and Stantons, the Townsends and
Forsyths, indicate the tone of the jilace. Governor ]\Iarcy's
family was one of the most delightful of the city. In liter-
ary circles Dr. Beck was conspicuous ; Dr. James McXaugh-
ton, our "beloved physician," adorned the medical ])rofession;
and prominent among the clergy were Dr. Horatio Potter,
Hector of St. Peter's Church ; Dr. Spraguc, the eminent Pres-
byterian pastor ; and Dr. Welsh, one of the lights of the Baji-
t: )i: denomination.
My father, after residing a while in Hawk Street and Elk
Street, had liiuilly fixed his domicile in Washington Street,
now called Washington Avenue. The lauiily then consisted
of four children. I, the eldest, was born in Kew York, in
1827; my brother Baldwin, at Cooperstown, Xovember 28,
1821); another brother, John Wilkins, and my eldest sister,
Elizabeth Morgan, were added to the number in Albany.
We were a happy and united family of young folks, knit to-
gether in love, and blessed M'ith the care of God-fearing par-
ents, who Avatched our progress M'ith conscientious thonght,
and did their duty by us. My fath.f^r always interested him-
self in our studies ; he examined us at home on what we had
done at school ; to him we vrcnt, with confidence, for help,
whenever avc happened to stick fat't on a tough Rcraj) of
Latin or liarti sum in aritlnnetic ; and many v;ere the even-
•i:<'
I. i I
100
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
.1 . \
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ing-s -when, laying aside Lis work, he -would turn affectionate-
ly to his little lads and pull them through the rough places,
showing them M'hat they had overlooked, or exjilaining what
they did not understand. Music was a part of our education ;
its sound was always heard in the house ; both our parents
played the piano with taste and sang agreeably. I do not
know which of them I loved most to listen to. The echo of
the old songs rings on still within my soul, and will do so till
the end.
Our house was of great size, M'ith a Avidc entrance-hall and
large rooms. There was a fine shrubbery between it and the
street ; on either side and in the rear was a garden, with grass-
plats, fiowei's, and fruit - trees. "We had dogs, with classical
names, one of which, a Spanish pointer, bore on his collar
the words
" Et trux cum La'lape Tiieuon.''
We had ponies to ride, and rabbits ; and there "was a long
wood-house, wherein ^\'Q learned to be good pistol-shots and
marksmen with the boM' ; and in the bitter winters we Imilt
snow forts at the bottom of the garden, and had battles a bou-
hi hianc. In the sunmier-time my father used to take us to
a little island opposite the city, where he taught us to swim ;
and in the winter we went to the river sometimes to learn to
skate, and sometimes for a drive on the smooth, shining ice
between our own home and the rival city of Troy.
The house M'as never without guests ; usually some mem-
bers of the family, either from the New England States, or
New York, or Canada, were there ; hos])itali<^y was tlie law of
the establishment. We went occasionally to New York, to see
our grandparents ; our summers we spent, as happy as children
could ]>e, at ^Vv. Morgan's favorite farm-house in r.rookfield,
]\Iadlson County, which was known as ''the TTnadilla." As
children we were deeply impressed by Avhat we considered the
stately splendors of the New York residence. It Bond Street.
It Mas one of a row of white marble houses, once known as
" the B <1 Street Palaces ;" and if one would have a striking
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nnd
. waA'a gardeit^ with jmi«8i-
-, Wo had dog<s, with classical
'^S'anish ])(>inter. l>on> ou iiis collar
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s to vide, uiid rabbits; and there >vi)> u long
, ii.'ftria wo loaruod to bo gotvl pictoi-tshot? and
marksjien wilii tlio bow: and ir. tho bitter wititwfl wo bviilt
snow forts ar the bottom oT th" w^'i Kad battl' ^f
Id blah f\ in tht' f.nni77ioM- u>ind to tfa;Jfc<^ ua to
a li^tlf i^i.'Uid rir.]^>f>si*.' t]i<. .
and m tho ^^i!!ftvr wf» A«-t-iu to iho riwr is<v;
•:';i*fcp'» and i^ometimc? for a d.nv';: aft ; i
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stati:'.
It Wiia 0;u'
"the Bond
nein-
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.,. n: - »--»',, >!iJ u;t](j>y 118 t'hiidren
• - ^*" • • in IbNioktitiid,
-' ■;..'.}; ir " Uio rnadilla/' Ac
we (considered the
Mir..n..toc, 14 Bond >^troet,
tie iii'Uso;?'. onee Icnown ^p
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1830-1842.] AN OLD-TIME NEW YORK "PALACE:'
101
proof of tliG mutations of this wor]d, and tlie change in our
standard of magniticence, let liim go and look at tlio poor
shadow of the past, as it stands there defaced by tradesmen's
signs and patient under a series of profanities, and try to real-
ize that it could ever have been called " a ])alace.'"
My father's interest in our education, together with his re-
luctance to send us into the thick of a miscellaneous herd of
boys, induced him to try and secure for us the benefits of
more select and private in Auction. One day there came to
Albany an Englislnnan named "William II. Duff, once in the
British army. His wife was remarkable for personal beauty
and refinement of manners. They w^n'o in quest of the means
of a livelihood, and it resulted in their opening a little school,
to which my father sent us. There were some two dozen
boys there of the best families in Albany. We were taught
Latin and Englisli, drawing, fencing, and militaiy exercise.
Old-fashioned drilling in Latin was the foundation of every-
thing else, and to this department my father Avas jiarticularly
attentive in his habitual examination of our progress. After
some time the school broke up, and we were sent to the Pearl
Street Academy, a much larger establishment. My father
never lost his interest in Major Duff. Years afterward, when
the war witli Mexico came on, he got him a connuission in
one of tlie new regiments of dragooT\s raised for that service.
Major Duff went to the field, but never came back ; his bones
still lie there in the land of the stranger, with those of other
gallant men who perished of disease or fell in battle.
St. Peter's was the parish church ; the Ilcv. Dr. Horatio
Potter our devoted pastor. Ho has since completed twenty-
five years in the Episcopate, illustrating the virtues which form
the apostolic description of a bishop. As to tlie old church,
it was simply and merely frightful in an architectural point
of view, though it dated fi'um Colonial times, and had the'
arms of good Queen Anne on its communion plate. Xo such
arrangement of chancel was over heard of, to the best of my
belief, before or since. "What seemed to be two squarish tub^
L— 11 -
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1C2
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
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of miiliogany, Avitli fronts shaped like the dasli-hoard of a
sleigli, projected from the wall, ])recisely alike in shape and
size ; their farther advance ni)on the congregation was re-
strained by a stout rail, which kept them in and left room in
the midst for a " comnuinion-table ;" in these alternately the
service was read and the sermon preached. We had a large,
square pew in the north-west cornei", Avith a table for books ;
and there the whole family could be seen in their place as
regularly as the Lord\"vday came round. At home my father
read the household prayers ; at church he M'as always present ;
the Rector was ever our honored guest. The faithful pastor
liad the love and coniidence of his Hock, and their sym])athy
in many domestic afflictions ; he went quietly and steadily on
the round of duty, little disturljed by the chances and changes
of this mortal life.
Some time in those years Lord Morpeth came to Albany,
and my father took him to St. Peter's. His lordship, appar-
ently pleased with what he had heard, remarked to my father
as they left the church together, "Ah! they do the music
nicelj' !" This critical observation enchanted my father, who
often told the story, with a hearty laugh at the civility of the
apjireciative peer.
Thus we passed the years fi-om 1S30 to 1842, when the
home was broken up, and a period of wandering began. A
hundred recollections of those days come back, with anecdotes
and reminiscences innumerable ; and, if this were a mono-
graph covering that period only, I might fill a fair-sized pam-
phlet with them. But I pass on, merely adding that we grew
to love Albany as a sweet home, and looked back to it through
the unsettled years that followed as persons who have lost
some good thing. ]^or did that feeling ever die away.
When, in the year 1873, my parents returned thither upon
the GeneraFs election as Governor, it was to no strange city,
but to a familiar scene ; and they were welcomed by kind
friends who still remained, or by the inheritors of the names
and traditions of the past, and lovingly greeted as persons
1830-1842.] LETTER FROM PRESIDENT VAN BUREN.
1G3
who come once more to tlieir own, and find their own faith-
ful and true as of old.
Innncdiately after tlie fall election in 1838 Mr. Morgan
received a letter from the President, urgiufij him to induce
General Dix to remain at Albany. Mr. Van Buren, still hope-
ful of his re-election, no doubt desired to have at the State
capital some person possessing his full confidence, loyal to his
administration, and ready to lend aid in the uncertain future,
for the struggle for tlie Presid';ncy Avas yet two years oif. I
give the correspondence :
" Washington, November 14, 1SC8.
"My DEAn Sir, — Will you excuse mc for troul)ling you upon a point
with wliicli I liave perhaps nothing to do ? Our friend General Dix will,
•without doubt, fall a sacrifice to Whig vengeance, lie is too honest, too
usei'iil, and too proud to avoid it. What is he to do ■\vitli himself until
the people recall him into their service? You know tlic anxiety our
friends feel to retain him at Albany, which has been the theatre of his
usefulness, and where he established for himself a reputation Avhich few
men of his age have been able to arrive at. Would the sacrifice of his
remaining there a few years without the certainty of public employment
be too great for the occasion ? You arc a better judge of the wliole mat-
ter than I can jjossibly be, and will, I doubt not, advise him for the best.
It is my knowledge of the respect he so properly entertains for your
opinion, and the hope that it may be favorable, which have tempted
me to hazard the step I have taken in directing your attention to the
subject.
" Our reverses in New York have indeed been severe, but with courage
and constancy they may not only be overcome, but converted to our
future and permanent advantage.
"IJcmeniber me kindly to Mrs. Morgan, and believe mc to be very
truly yours, M. Van Buuen.
"JouN J. Morgan, Esq."
/J
To this Mr. Morgan replied :
"New York, November 20, 1838.
"My dear Sir, — Mr. Dix liajipened to be in New York on official
business when I received your letter of the 14th inst. He expects, of
course, tlie visitation of Whig vengeance, and had made up his mind to
return to Cooperstown, and to occupy himself with the education of his
' i
164
MEMOIRS OF JOUN ADAMS DIX.
\\l
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children and such business connected with his profcs^'on fts might bo
committed to him, and by country nir and exercise to repair tlic inroads
made upcm his liealtli by tlie severe labors and close confinement to
which he has been subjected by his present office. Your wish in respect
to his residence in All)any was the sul)ject of our conversation while ho
remained with us. We arc fully sensible how necessary it is that some
one who took an active part in all the measures of the administration
nt Albany, and who is capable of defending them, should remain there;
but, without him, arc there not there those who are eminently so qual-
ified? The difficulty with him, and in respect to a continued rosidenco
in Albany, is, that he will l)e without sufficient emi)loyment, and that, to
ft man of ids turn of mind and active habits, Avould be very distressing.
Still, the expression of a wish from you in the matter is sufficient to
make us pause. At all events he will not leave Albany till the latter
part of April, and by that time he may be better able to decide upon his
course. Tlie victory over us here is a commercial victory, anc^ I have
not a doubt that our loss in this State will greatly contribute to c iir gain
elsewhere, and will only the more certainly secure our final success in
this great struggle. You boldly brought before the people the question
on which I think their freedom depends; you knew the hazards to which
it would subject your popularity, and that nuiny of those who called
themselves your friends would desert you, and tluit possibly even your
native State might for a while abandon you ; but you knew the people,
and you knew that tliey would finally and in good season determine
to govern themselves, and not be governed by merchants, banks, and
speculators. Very sincerely yours,
" JOIIN J. MOUGAN."
In pending a copy of this correspondence to my mother
Mr. Morgan generously removed one of the obstacles in the
way of a continued residency at the capital, as shown in the
following lines:
" Mr. Dix must not he deterred from doing what he wishes
on account of pecuniary calculations. AVe, and I say emphat-
ically wc, can aiford to ho ahovc them, when consistency of
character, health, or real comfort requires it."
It was then decided that General Dix should remain at
Albany. The President earnestly desired it ; and Mr. Morgan
again proved his devoted friend, by averting the inconven-
ience of the loss of salary at a time when his income from
1830-1842.] "LOG CABIN AND lIAlil) CIDER CAMl'AlQSr 165
Other sources was very small. I have a special reason for
mentioning these facts, which will appear hereafter, and jus-
tify this introduction of personal details at this point of the
narrative.
AVhatcver may have been the political hopes entertained
by the friends of Mr. Van IJuren, they were destined to bitter
disappointment. In the summer of IS.'Jl) he made a tour of
the State of Xew York, but without the sid)stantial residts
which were anticipated — the fates had pronounced against
him. The following year brought on the "battle royal,"
which resulted in the total rout of theadnnnlstration. 1 shall
never forget the oddities and whimsicalities of the day, wisely
encouraged and stimulated by the shrewd leaders of the oppo-
sition. It was known as the ''''Log Cahui and llavd (J'uler
CampaUjnr All over the land rude huts were erected, and
cider was on draught, flowing freely ; and, what with these
novelties and the halo of military renown encircling the liead
of General William Henry Harrison, the impulse toward a
change i)rovtd irresistil>le. This appears to be the first time
in our history in Mdiich a direct appeal was made to the
lower classes by exciting their curiosity, feeding the desire
for amusement, and presenting what is low and vulgar as
an inducement for support. Since that day the thing has
been cai'ried farther, until it is actually a disadvantage to be
of good stock and to have inherited " the grand old name of
geuileman." Then began the passion for titles betokening
Innnble antecedents — the procession of "Mill Boys," "Ilail-
splitters," "■ Shoemakers," "■ Canal-boat Drivers," then first set
forth upon the stage of American politics — till now, if a can-
didate be so unfortunate as to have had illustrious ancestors, it
beliooves him in his own interests to hush the matter up. In
the midst of these attractions — contemptible in themselves,
but formidable as engines of influence — paltry, one-story shan-
ties, with live raccoons crawling about them, and strings of
pumpkin drying on the roof ; barrels duly labelled with titles
appetizing to the thirsty throats of the "great unwashed;"
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166
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
medals with the effigies of epauletted chieftains, neckties
woven of motley hues, and other like toys, gravely presented
to the eager populace — and with campaign songs setting forth
the power and prestige of " Tippecanoe and Tyler too," and
announcing the conviction that "little Van was a used-up
man," the autumnal days wore aw\ay ; and hot strife grew
among us school-boys of the period, and I and my brothers
stood valiantly up, as became us, for the powers that were,
while yet we secretly admired and horribly envied the seduc-
tive paraphernalia which the boys of Whig families flaunted
in our faces, and by means whereof they embittered our exist-
ence. When at length things came to the supreme test of
the ballot-box, and when the blow fell and the worst had ar-
rived, and it could no longer be concealed that General Har-
rison, rich already in logs, and cabins, and raccoons, and kegs,
and cider more or less hard, and flags, and guns, and Indian
scalps, had the Presidency also, there was weeping and wailing
and gnashing of teeth among us juveniles, quite as sincere,
though not so permanent, as that to which our elders might
have given way.
It came over our house as a great disaster. The home
seemed likely to be broken up by the political revolution.
There w^as no longer an object such as that which had induced
my father, at the earnest instance of President Van Buren, to
remain in Alban3^ He was at a loss what to do; the date
at which to re-enter public life seemed indefinitely remote:
again he thought of resuming his profession and bidding pol-
itics a long farewell. My mother wrote :
"We are cast down to cavth, polliioalli/ . . . the world is
all before us again; and where to choose a resting-place is
now the question to be decided. One day it is thought best
to go down the river, the next to go far beyond it, and some-
times fancy wings her way across the sea, and we imagine our-
selves settled {!) in Italy — but this is too foreign a flight to
please me, although I shall not oppose any arrangement that
wiser heads than mine may think it advisable to adopt. My
1830-1842.] CONFIDENCE IN THE FUTURE UNSHAKEN. 167
pol-
hnsband goes to Boston in a few days to deliver a lecture, not
a shcmp speech; and as lie stops in New York on his way lie
and papa will doubtless come to some sage determination."
The letter from which I have just quoted r-istles with in-
dignation against the fickle and inconstant people, of whose
" virtue " and " intelligence " my mother appears at that mo-
ment to have entertained a contemptible opinion. The Gen-
eral, however, adds a re-assuring postscript in their vindica-
tion, from Boston (November 26, 1840), saying :
" My confidence in the ' virtue and intelligence of the peo-
ple ' is unshaken. They have been deceived ; but I await the
' sober second thought,' and even the third, if necessary."
But Lis own sober second thought was that it was best to
remain where he was ; he felt, no doubt, that his career as a
public man was not yet finished ; he had, perhaps, the intui-
tion of future successes.
AVhat the address or lecture was which he went to Boston
to deliver I do not know, and have not been at the pains to
find out ; but there is a point in connection with it too good
to be lost. Writing to his brother, Captain Roger S. Dix, of
the army, after his return, December 13, 1810, and referring
to what he had been told — that the newspapers in Boston,
with one exception, had spoken well of it — he says :
" I wish to know what paper is referred to as an exception,
and what it said. I desire to know for my own benefit.
Nothing does a man so much good as honest criticism, how-
ever severe it may be. I can truly say I have never been
anxious to hunt up compliments, when I have been told that
they have been paid to me. But fault-finding criticisms
I am always desirous of seeing, because they often furnish
hints which may be turned to good account. As I have been
of late, and shall probably be hereafter, somewhat engaged in
public speaking, I wish to know what my faults are, that I
may correct them if I can."
Thus thrown out of public life, General Dix directed his
attention to a new pursuit. Desiring to add something to
168
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS BIX.
his incomo, and to find a proper field for liis versatile genius
and indefatigable activity in useful and congenial occupation,
he resolved to adopt the profession of editor. It was deter-
mined to establish a journal of a literary and scientific char-
acter ; of this he was to have the immediate supervision, while
gentlemen conspicuoiis in various professions were to aid in
the editorial work. The name selected was The Northern
Light I and with General Dix there were associated Dr. T.
Romeyn Beck, author of a treatise on Medical Jurisprudence,
which was regarded as a standard work in Europe as well as
in this country ; Gideon Ilawley, Secretary to the Board of
Begents of the University ; Amos Dean, Professor of Medi-
cal Jurisprudence in tha Albany Medical College: Thomas
W. Olcott, President of the Mechanics' and Farmers' Bank,
in Albany ; and Edward C. Delevan, who was for many years
at tlie head of the temperance movement in the United States.
It seems that the object had in view was at first misunder-
stood. An unkindly notice of it appeared in the columns of
the New York Evening Express, which gave General Dix the
opportunity of defining its character in a communication to
the editor of that newspaper. He says :
"The notice is founded upon so entire a misapprehension of tlie de-
sigu of The Northern Light, that I deem it due to the j^roprietors and the
gentlemen associated with me in conducting it to state its true nature
and objects; and I do not doubt that you will with pleasure give the
statement to your readers, and thus correct the erroneous impression
which you have, I am sure unintentionally, created. The purposes for
which The Northern Light was established were to disseminate useful
knowledge, more particularly in respect to facts applicable to the practi-
cal business of life, and to open to free discussion a single branch of politi-
cal science — political economy, including the tariff and the policy of pro-
tecting duties. I consented to take charge of the publication, with the
assistance of five other gentlemen, whose names are given in the pros-
pectus, and with the distinct and express understanding that its columns
were to be kept free from all partisan discussions. The gentlemen re-
ferred to would not have been concerned in the publication but upon
the condition of abstaining from party politics. Several of them have
been uniformly opposed to the political party with which I have always
1830-1842.]
" THE NOETHERN LIGHT:'
169
iros-
imns
re-
lipoii
liave
rays
been connected. They believed with myself and the proprietors of The
Northern Light that, after a long and angry political contest, a portion
of the public attention might be turned, with pleasure and profit, to the
discussion of less exciting topics than those which entered into the re-
cent election, and that among the literary and scientific publications in
which the country abounds a place might be found for theirs. The top-
ics referred to, for the most part of practical usefulness, will be presented
in a popular shape, and made intelligible to all classes of readers. The
only source of anxiety to the members of the association is a distrust of
their ability to render the enterprise in its execution worthy of the de-
sign. Among those who know us we are sure no apprehension will be
felt as to a scrupulous adherence on our part to the avowed purposes of
the publication. Those who are not personally acquainted with us will,
it is believed, feel equally at case on this point, when it is considered
that we belong to different political parties, and that we have all an
equal voice in deciding questions concerning the management of the
editorial department. I will only add that if you, or any of your friends,
will do us the favor to prepare a paper on any subject embraced in our
prospectus, it will afford us the greatest pleasure to insert it."
The first number of The Northern Light appeared in April,
1841 : the last that I can find is that of July, 1843. Its liter-
ary excellence may be inferred from the fact that among its
contributors were Professor Alonzo Potter, of Union Col-
lege, afterward Bishop of Pennsylvania ; J, R. Poinsett, Min-
ister to Mexico, and Secretary of "War, under Mr. Van Buren ;
the Rev. "William Croswell, D.D. ; Thomas Cole, the painter ;
Miss Sedgwick ; Edwin Croswell ; J. Louis Tellkampf, Pro-
fessor of German in Columbia College ; Noah "Webster ;
Matthew Henry "Webster; Professor Charles AV. Ilackley;
Alfred B. Street ; Amos Dean ; Samuel S. Randall, the biog-
rapher of Thomas Jefferson ; the Rev. Horatio Potter, now
Bishop of Kew York ; John L. O'Sullivan ; Horace B. Web-
ster; Salem Town; James E. Freeman, the painter; Gerritt
Smith ; Willis Gaylord ; James Hall, geologist in the State
Survey ; AVilliam II. Jansen ; Drs. E. B. O'Callaghan, He-
man J. Redfield, and Caleb Lyon, of Lyonsdale. In addition
to these the five gentlemen whose names appear on the pros-
pectus were occasional contributors. General Dix, besides
*ff
L'li
II
I
170
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
having the editorial management, wrote a series of articles on
the English poets, beginning with Sir Henry Wotton, Edmund
Spenser, and Ben Jonson, and also treated, in his usual lumi-
nous and scholarly manner, of many other subjects, among
which were the Corn-laws in England and France, the state
of the laboring population of Ireland, the temperature of the
earth and meteorological phenomena, the organic chemistry
of agriculture and physiology, and the charms of rural life,
giving occasional translations of romances and tales from the
French language.
Among the letters of that period is one from Henry James
Anderson, a very intimate friend, and one of the most charm-
ing and accomplished gentlemen of his day. General Dix
held him in the highest possible regard, not only for his sci-
entific attainments and the purity and nobility of his charac-
ter, but also for the peculiar raciness and delicate wit which
rendered his society so agreeable. It appears that he had ap-
plied to Dr. Anderson for a contribution to The JS'orthern
Light; this is the answer which he received :
"New York, December 18, 1841.
" Dear Sin, — Your notice that you held on account of Tim Northern
Light a post-note of mine promising ' an article ' to tliat journal, came
duly to hand, and is hereby acknowledged.
"As I keep no bill-book I am unable to refer to anything better than
my memory for the date and maturity of 'said' post-note. It seems to
me that it ran in this way : ' I do not promise to write an article for The
Northern Lights either for a day certain or uncertain, near or remote.' I
thought I was safe and had contracted no debt, but now I find that I had
'put out paper,' and must make arrangements to redeem. I certainly
did not intend to 'create stock;' but if I have, as it has not yet passed
into tlie hands of innocent third parties, I feel strongly inclined to
'repudiate.'
" Since I sent you my non-promissory note I have entered into positive
engagements with a publisher to deliver a certain quantity of 'copy ' in
a given time. This is my first departure from the cash system — my first
step in the downward path of debt. I am already seized with the hor-
rors of remorse, and I dare say I shall pay for my folly by seeing myself
gazetted as a bankrupt under the new act.
1830-1842.]
RECALLED TO PUBLIC LIFE.
171
had
ainly
issed
to
first
hor-
:self
"In the name of humanity do look again at that no-bond of mine and
see if I am 'liable,' under the strictest letter of the law-merchant, or even
under the sharpest interpretation of the law-moral. I feel quite dis-
tressed by this unexpected addition to my obligations; and yet, if you
can convince my 'conscientiousness' — a bump which is not wanting in
size — I will pay you, or order, in the shortest time and best paper I can
command.
" We have just organized here a little band of ' Brothers,' as we call
ourselves. We are 'free-trade-mad,' and propose to dine together at
Blancard's every fortnight or week, perhaps, on beefsteak and oysters,
with wine on the voluntary principle, and rejoice in tlie wisdom which
we shall utter on the occasion. Our first meeting is this evening, at five,
" I cannot close without my heartfelt congratulations on the result of
the elections. And happy I am that you, among the first I loved for
their devotedness to Truth and Right, have held, througl\ cither fortune,
unfalteringly to the course which the appeal to the people's sober
thought has so gloriously vindicated.
" Truly yours, IIenhy Jas. Andekson,"
The General's editorial labors were soon interrupted. In
the year 1841 he was recalled to public life by election as
member of Assembly. Tlie event caused a sensation at the
house on AVashington Street. The General was absent from
the city at the time. One evening, as my mother was sitting
quietly in her room, Mr. John Yan Buren, with two or three
friends, rushed in and told her that she must make haste and
shut all the doors, as a vast body of the unterrified Democ-
racy, wild with enthusiasm, and flaring with torches and ban-
ners, was moving up toward the house to congratulate the
General on his election. Measures having been rapidly taken
for defence from the embraces of the delighted crowd, Mr.
Van Buren met them at the entrance of the grounds, and,
mounted on a chair, addressed them in that characteristic
style which made him one of the most popular of public
speakers. They accepted the apology thus rendered for the
absence of the object of their quest, and, after the usual
uproar of cheers and shouts, relieved the household of aj^pre-
hension and boisterously withdrew.
General Dix's election gave gratification in many quarters.
I'll
ill
iii.
ii
mmismaBaam
'
!
!
172
MEMOIltS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
I select one from a large number of similar letters addressed
to him at that time. It is from General Borland :
" Montgomery, November 1?, 1841.
" General John A. Dix:
" Deau Sir, — In view of the recent triumphs of Democracy I cannot
withliokl an expression of my high gratification.
"And will you allow me to say (for so I verily believe) that no single
event, in the whole range of Democratic success, has been more grateful
to my feelings, or more important to the great cause of liberal principles,
than your own election.
" For years past we have, as a party, too much neglected moral worth,
integrity of character, sound sense, and high literary attainments.
"Your success will, I trust, induce our friends thoughout the State
hereafter to look more for your likeness than they have for years past.
" My friend Mr. Hill* having afforded a favorable opportunity, in jus-
tice to my own feelings I could not but embrace it, to give you a faint
expression of the high regard I entertain for your character.
" Yours cordially, etc., Cuarles Borland."
The following year brought with it a terrible anxiety, ending
in the breaking up of our home, amid sorrowful forebodings
and tearful separations. The life at Albany abruptly ended,
and we want forth, to return to it, as a household, no more.
My mother's health, which had not been strong, became so
seriously impaired, that her medical advisers advised a re-
moval to a milder climate for the winter. The urgency being
great, preparations for departure were hurriedly made. After
much consultation and inquiry the island of Madeira was se-
lected as the best place in which to pass the ensuing months.
Access to it was not easy ; but it happened that a small ship
bound for Funchal was then lying in the port of New York.
In that vessel, the Mexican, 300 tons. Captain Doming, my
parents, with three of their children, embarked on the 16th
of October and for the second time took their way across
the sea.
* The Hon. N. P. Hill.
■ K.JIII MW T W M W 1I
V.
ABSENCE FEOM HOME.
MADEIRA.-SPAIN -ITALY.
A.D. 1843—1844.
R f
Voyage to Madeira. — Funchal. — Passage to Cadiz. — Seville. — Holy
Week. — Murillo's Paintings. — Gibraltar. — Spanish Coast. — Florence. —
The Villa d'Elci.— Rome. — France. — Navigation of the Loire.— Havre
Packet-ship.
1841i-1844.]
A NOW RARE LITTLE BOOK.
175
V.
TiiEKE is a little volume, of 377 pages, 12mo, wliicli may
occasionally be picked up in those shops in which they deal
in rare books. It is entitled "A "Winter in Madeira, and a
Summer in Spain and Florence." It was written by my
father some time after his return from this second journey to
Europe, and contains a narrative of one of the most interesting
and happy years of his life. Agreeably written, and illustra-
ted by a few woodcuts, rather coarsely executed, from some of
my own pencil sketches, it gives an account of our voyage
from New York to Madeira, of the heavy gale encountered
on the way, of our passage through the Azores, and of our ar-
rival, on the 11th of November, at the exquisitely beautiful
island which was to form our winter home. Guided by that
little volume, the reader may pass from scene to scene amid
the superb mountains and dizzy ravines, and become familiar
with the manners and customs of the simple and industrious
peasantry of that dependency of the. Portuguese crown. If he
have a taste for them he may revel in statistics concerning
climate and productions, commerce and trade, agriculture, gov-
ernment, and religion. He will see us in our pleasant apart-
ments near the Carreira, under the charge of our merry Portu-
guese landlord, Gambaro Baxixa. He may read the exploits
of Don Miguel, and sigh over the romance of Eobert Machin
and Anne D'Arfet. It was a winter's idyl, a grateful time of
rest and refreshment, in one of the most delicious climates in
the world, where an invalid is hardly ever kept in-doors by
rain, where the sun is rarely too warm for open-air exercise,
and where a light overcoat suffices for the coolest day ; where
one can go only on horseback or on foot, and where each path
,
170
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
leads to Bomo grand Bpcciincn of tlio works of the Almighty,
Bucli us volcanic regions alone exhibit in perfection; where
the roads are often bordered by hedges of heliotrope higher
than the tallest man's head, and the vine spreads her clusters
to the noonday, and the century - plant shoots up, with her
candelabra of white blossoms, all but lumoticed amid the
bloom of the landscajie. If anything were needed to en-
hance the thorough enjoyment of that happy winter, it was
supplied in my mother's perfect recovery of her health, and
in the birth of another beloved daughter of our house. How
full of enjoyment were those months to one tired out by hard
work, and long tossed on the waves of New York politics,
may be discovered in the General's grajihic account of that
winter of 1842-'43.
From the book referred to — which, by -the -bye, went
through five editions, though now almost forgotten — I take
the account of our departure from the beautiful island, and
the memorable passage to Cadiz. He says :
" On the 17th of March we bade adieu to Madeira, and with
the most sincere regret. The winter liad not passed away
without bringing with it some inconveniences and trials ; but
these were far over-balanced by the ir'ldness of the atmos-
phere in which we lived, and the beauties of the scenery by
which we were surrounded.
" It was about four in the afternoon when we left the beach
to embark in the little brig which was to convey us to the
European continent. In an hour more we were sailing slow-
ly out of the roadstead. The sun shone with unusual splen-
dor, and as he sunk down in the west, casting heavy shadows
across the ravines back of the city, and bathing the tops of
the mountains in golden light, the scene was scarcely less
beautiful in our eyes, familiar as it had become, than when it
first broke upon our sight. During the night we passed the
Desertas near enough to make out their harsh, ragged outlines
in the moonlight. At dawn the next day they were far in the
distance, faintly relieved by the shadowy form of Madeira in
''J
^
184* 1844.] JUl'ii AND PERILS OF THE OCEJX.
177
by
tho background. In a few hours more tliey had all disap-
peared, and nothing remained to bound tho sight but an un-
broken horizon of sky and waves.
" The passage from Madeira to Cadiz, the port to which we
M'ere destined, averages six or seven days. The vessel in which
we had embarked was a small one, not measuring more than
170 tons, but she was strong, skilfully commanded, and had
a crew of fine young men. She was from the city of Boston,
and bore its name. She had for eight years baitted the fogs
and north-easters which preside over the New England coast,
jind there was a guarantee in this that she would do her duty
in case of need. Ilcr cabin was small ; but having discharged
her cargo at Funchal, and being in ballast, a roomy apartment
was fitted up in her hold, and a neat and delightful one it
was, of clean, freshly planed but ujipainted boards, far outdo
ing the principal cabin in convenience and comfort. It had
got the name of the steerage while the carpenter was fitting
it up, but it soon sunk this cognomen in the more appropriate
one of the gentlemen's cabin. The passengers were seventeen
in number, including ladies, gentlemen, children, and servants,
and, with the crew added, we nmstered twenty-six souls. The
wind was fair, the skies serene, and the moon was in her third
quarter, giving us fine bright nights. Time never hangs heav-
ily at sea under such circumstances. Even sea-sickness loses
half its horrors when you know that you are speeding on to
your destination, and that your sufferings will soon be at an
end. For two days and nights the wind blew steadily, but
was constantly thougli almost imperceptibly increasing. From
five and six knots an hour our log began to report seven and
eight, and nt last nine and ten ; the sky became overcast, the
rain came down at intervals in torrents, without any abate-
ment of the wind, and a dense fog set in on the morning of
the fourth day, just at dawn, when we were indulging the
hope of seeing land. Our situation was now extremely un-
pleasant. The wind blew violently — so much so that the
courses were taken in, and the vessel was running under
I.— 12
mmid^
178
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
close-reefed top-sails — and we were on a lee-sliore, in a thick
fog. The captain had never been at Cadiz, but he had been
up all night studying an excellent chart, which he had found
at Funchal, and had made himself as familiar with the coast
and harbor as though he had navigated them all his life. At
nine in the morning he told a few of us that he should be op-
posite the light-house in an hour, if his reckoning was right,
and he must then choose between the alternatives of standing
in or of attempting to beat out to sea. The latter would have
been full of peril, for if the wind had continued to increase,
as in fact it did, we should in all probability have gone ashore
before night. The captain at half-past nine took his station in
the foretop, and in half an hour more stood boldly in for the
land. To those of us who understood the matter the next
half-hour was a period of extreme anxiety. But it was hard-
ly over before the captain's clear voice was heard, amid the
roaring of the storm, giving his orders to the helmsman with
as much confidence as if he had been on his own native coast.
He had descried the light-house at a distance of about half
a mile — the first object we had seen, excepting a few vessels
which crossed our path, since we lost sight of the Desertas.
He was now at home. He had so thoroughly mastered his
chart that he knew the bearings of all the shoals and break-
ers which lie at the mouth of the harbor from the light-
house, and he remained in the foretop until we had passed
them all, directing the motions of the vessel with perfect
calmness and coiifidence. It was certainly no small triumph
of nautical skill on the part of our Yankee captain. lie had
sailed nearly six hundred miles, and had hit the light-house at
the mouth of the harbor to which he was destined within fif-
teen minutes after his reckoning was up. It must be con-
fessed, too, that there was some good-luck in it. But his sul>
sequent management of the vessel, steering her through break-
ers and reefs of rocks without the aid of a pilot, w^as all skill
and good judgment."
It would be diflScult to speak too warmly of the pleasure
1842-1844.]
THE FAMILY LAND AT CADIZ.
179
ire
derived from our glimpse of Spain. Landing at tlie wliite-
walled Cadiz, we spent some days enjoying the novel sights
of that city ; now strolling about the streets, where the beau-
tiful, dark-eyed women, with their mantillas about their jet-
black hair, flitted gracefully to and fro, and often stopped to
admire and kiss our bright, curly-headed Charley, as though
he were an angel in the midst of the brunette monotony ;
now penetrating into the faintly perfumed chapel of some
religious house in quest of notable pictures ; now looking at
the port, filled with ships of manifold rigs, among which
plied the boats of the deft Spanish oarsmen. And then one
day we took the steamer, and, having crossed to the other
side of the bay, went up the Guadalquiver, following its
numberless turns and bends, till we saw the Golden Tower
of Seville in the distance, and the vast pile of the Cathedral,
with its crested Giralda, looming over the orange groves. In
that city we spent several days, including the Holy Week ;
and we looked with wonder on the processions and pageants,
which recalled the mediseval Mysteries, as angels and arch-
angels, saints and martyrs. Virgins and doctors swept by,
mounted on great cars drawn by handsome horses, and es-
corted by thousands of troops of the line, whose military
bands filled the air with music. And at the dead of night
we listened to the big bell of the Cathedral, whose tone, like
low thunder, is heard but two or three times in the year,
when Holy Church is keeping up the memory of some great
act in the suffering life of the Redeemer of men. We heard
them sing the Miserere in the Cathedral, and High Mass on
Easter ; and then we went to see the bull fights at the amphi-
theatre, ■which holds 20,000 spectators. But that which gave
us most joy was the sight of the treasures of art in that shrine
of Spanish painting — tlie works of Valdes, Zurbaran, Velas-
quez, and Roelas, and the solemn splendors of the Carmen,
where the canvases of Murillo display the histories of the
old and new dispensations, and seem themselves like miracles
of reliffious devotion and technical skill. I remember noth-
!:
i 'I
lii^
180
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS mX.
n
i
n
ing more impressive since tliat day; nor shall I ever again
enjoy such sensations as those awakened by the siglit of that
lordly wealth, iinrivalled save in Venice, and breathing of
the very awe and majesty of religion ; for surely, if there
be religion in art, it is to be seen at its height in the work
of the Spanish School.
From these glories we turned reluctantly away, and, de-
scending the river, went back to Cadiz ; and thence by steam-
er to Gibraltar, where we saw the Union Jack flying in the
breeze, and the red-coated sentries pacing tho rocky platform,
and heard the beat of the British drums and the shrill music
of the fife ; and walked through the galleries in the rock, and
drove across the Xeutral Ground to get a distant view of the
great lion -like rampart of the Straits. A Spanish steamer
then took us up and carried us along the coast. Every day
we landed at some new town : at Malaga, Almeria, and Agui-
las ; at Cartagena, Alicante, and Valencia ; at Barcelona, on
which the guns frowned from Monjuich ; and so along the
Mediterranean to Leghorn, and then to Pisa and Florence.
It was a journey to be long remembered, standing clearly on
the horizon of the far-away.
The General spent the summer of 1843 in a villa outside
the walls of Florence. It belonged to the Marquis d'Elci,
and had all the requisites for one of Mrs. Henry Wood's
romances. It was quadrangular, enclosing a paved court :
three sides of the structure constituted the residence, while
the fourth was a thick wall, pierced by a great gate, and broad
enough for a passage-way along the top from wing to wing.
There were suites of rooms enough for lialf a dozen families ;
and an immense hall, which we called the ball-room. The
floors above and below were of brick, and the sleeping apart-
ments had great high - i>ost bedsteads, with awful hangings ;
and on the walls hung full-length pictures of nobles, soldiers,
priest&j and nuns. Then there was a chapel, in which from
time to time Mass wus sung; and once during the summer
the peasantry came thither to keep a fete, and the floor was
1842-1844.]
DEMISE OF A DEAR FRIEND.
181
les
ii-s,
lorn
pier
Ivas
made into a rich mosaic of many-colored leaves of roses and
other flowers, and it was a great gala of costumes, banners, in-
cense, and song. I had a room, or rather a suite of rooms, in
the upper story ; from the windows I could trace the wind-
ings of the Arno down the rich valley between dark -blue
hills ; and I remember how, when the moon was setting, and
a little owl would come and sit over my window and cry in
doleful tone, I used to wish myself anywhere else, and did not
like the look of the tall pictures surveying me in the dim
light, nor the rustle of the tapestries about the bed. In the
end of the summer a dear friend of my mother's died there,
in the apartment adjoining mine. She was the daughter of
Captain James Lawrence, who fell fighting his ship, the Chesa-
peake, against the British frigate Shannon. Mary Lawrence
was with my mother at Miss Desabaye's school in New York.
She afterward married Mr. William Preston Griffin, of the
Navy. We met them on the way to Italy, and persuaded
them to go with us to Florence for the summer. She died in
child-bed at the villa, September 3. It was like the falling of
a sudden night about our path. After that 1 went to another
part of the villa, for the associations of that side of the court-
yard were too painful to be borne. Indeed, the rumor was
that the English doctor had brought her death about by bad
treatment ; and it was whispered among the contadlne that
" the American signora who was murdered at the Villa d'Elci
walked at night."
Tuscany was then a grand-dukedom ; Leopold II. its mild
and popular ruler. The summer residence was close by us.
We often met the Grand -duke taking his afternoon walk,
with his wife and children, under the cypresses, or through
the vine-bordered roads of the country, with no more state
than any honest citizen.
Of all these things my father has written in the volume al-
ready referred to : of the Duomo and Giotto's tower, of the
bridges and the Cascine, of Fiesole and the Apennines, of the
manners of the people .and their mode of life ; of the chariot-
H-
;
I '
C I
182
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
races in the ancient Roman style in the great Piazza on the
eve of St. John's-day, and the festa and fireworks and races
of barbs on St. Peter's -day, and the Ilaydn music at the
PaLizzo Vecchio.
From Florence we went to Home, where we spent the fol-
lowing winter, that of IS-AS-'M. There is little worth noting
in the domestic annals of those months ; they passed quietly
and happily, in the society of friends who, like ourselves, were
far from home ; in reading and study in connection with daily
visits to the wonders of the old and new cities ; and in at-
tendance at the magnificent services at St. Peter's and other
churches. ^Ve saw a great deal of the artists of that period,
among whom was James E. Freeman, whose merit my father
had discovered . ome years before, when they met at Albany,
and in whose progress in his art he took a deep interest as
long as he lived. Home was then the Rome of the Pontiffs
and of a past age ; Gregory XVI. occupied the Papal throne ;
the era of radical change seemed far away. By the side of the
yellow Tiber the city and its inhabitants dozed and dreamed ;
and no dreamy life w%as ever more delicious than that Avliich
they led who, in their wanderings, found themselves within
the venerable walls. Twelve years afterward we were there
again. Many changes had come ; others were imminent ; the
French were holding the city and protecting the Supreme
Pontiff from the storm outside. Since that day how wonder-
fully has everything changed ! What is the Rome of 1881
to those who remember the Rome of 1843?
Leaving tlie Eternal City on the 2Gth of March, tlie General
took us to Naples, where he distinguished himself by a fool-
hardy performance. Vesuvius was in partial eruption. AVc
ascend '^'1 the mountain to see what could be seen. The crater
looked liki a hollow bowl sunken about one hundred feet
below the rocky ledges on which we stood ; from side to side
beneath stretched a smooth layer of hardened lava, hot enough
to scorch the soles of the boots. In the centre of that plain
was a cone, rising to the level of the sides of the mountain,
1842-1844.] TEMEBITT ON MOUNT VESUVIUS.
183
and liaving three or four apertures at the summit, out of
which came fire, with showers of stones. As these were shot
forth the cone shook to its base. Tlie General insisted on
descending into the crater, attended by one of the guides,
whom he bade to lead on as far as lie dared to go. The guide
accordingly led him down, step by step, and rapidly, across
the field and to the very foot of the cone, where he stopped,
refusing to go farther. But the General, grasping his climb-
ing-staff, mounted to the top of the cone, and actually poked
his stick into one of the open vents — looking up, when red-
hot stones flew out, to dodge them as they fell. lie did not
defend these proceedings in after -years, but agreed with us
that they ore preposterous. Still, they were characteristic
of his cr less and love of adventure.
From j>raples we went by steamer to Marseilles, and thence
through France to Paris. The journey was, in some respects,
very characteristic, our route being througli Aries, Avignon,
and Givors, and by Iloaime and Cosne, on the river Loire, to
Orleans. AVe travelled part of the way on a railroad M'hich
was one of the first constructed in the kingdom ; and, as the
engineers proceeded on the theory that, as a straight line is
the shortest distance between two points, so the simplest way
to build a railroad was to carry it straight along, no matter
what stood in the way, this particular road, passing through
a hilly country, was little better than an interminable succes-
sion of tunnels, connected by brief ventilation in the open
air. On the river Loire we journeyed in a strange kind of
steamer, of immense lengtli, very narrow, and drawing very
little water. The whole line had a common name — the
Ineicplosihhs — numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. AVhcnever the Inex-
plosihh JVo. 4, our noble craft, grounded on the shoals of
the river — which happened every hour or so — the sailors
jumped overboard — the water being not quite up to their
knees — and shoved her along, to the delight of the voy-
agers.
In those days there was a justly celebrated line of Havre
i
184
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS VIX.
packets, delightful ships, roomy and comfortable, with good
captains and crews, and everything needed for the happiness
of the passengers on their four weeks' voyage. We embarked
in one of those ships, the Iowa, on May 8, 1844. To cross
the "Western Ocean was no light affair in those days. The
traveller had a taste of real sea life ; and the restless and ex-
citable voyager of our time, whose highest ambition is to dash
at break-neck speed from Navesink to Fastnet in seven days,
is not altogether the enviable being he deems himself in con-
trast with the old-fashioned tourist. Though our innumer-
able and insatiate excursionists have gained in time, they have
lost in other things : in the pleasure of quiet, dreamy days on
shipboard, in delightful companionships, in some knowledge
of the seaman's craft, and the subtler phenomena of wind
and wave, sky and cloud, tides and currents, calm and storm.
Each of those white-winged ships was a school, each voyage
a course of study; and many and precious were the lessons
learned during the four weeks spent at sea.
)od
ess
red
OSS
'lie
BX-
ish
)n-
er-
ve
on
ge
ad
m.
?e
ns
VI.
UNITED STATES SENATE.
A..D. 1845-1833.
New York Politics. — Barnburners and Hunkers. — Abolitionism. — Silas
Wright. — Canvass of 1844. — 1845: Elected Senator of the United
States. — Annexation of Texas. — First Speech in the Senate, on the
Oregon Question. — Speech on French Spoliations. — Speech on the
Warehouse Bill. — Declines the Mission to England. — Speech on the
Lieutenant-general Bill. — The War with IVIexico. — Speech on the Three
Million Bill. — Extension of Slavery. — Battle of Buena Vista. — Letters
of Major II. S. Dix. — Speech on European Intervention. — Slavery in
the Territories. — Anti-rentism in New York. — Defeat of Governor
Wright. — His Death. — Political Credo of General Dix. — Free-soil
Movement of 1848. — East Hampton. — Climate of Long Island. —
Sporting. — Nomination for Governor. — Defeat of Free-soilers. — Last
Speech in the Senate. — Port Chester. — Death of John J. Morgan. —
Manursing Island. — 1852: Death of Baldwin Dix. — Reunion of tlie
Democratic Party. — Baltimore Convention. — Election of Franklin
Pierce. — The Mission to France.
1845-1853.] THE CALDRON OF NEW YORK POLITICS.
187
VI.
With the return from Europe came a change from tranquil-
lity to confusiori, from the quiet pleasures of foreign travel to
the caldron of New York politics, then bubbling and seething
more furiously than ever. The Democratic party, hard pushed
by its enemies, was divided into sections, which grew daily
more hostile in their attitude. To these schools the grotesque
names of " Barnburners " and " Old Hunkers " were applied :
they might have been more philosophically described as Radi-
cals and Conservatives. Nearly equal in numbers, they dif-
fered on many points, and, first, on questions of finance and
State government. The Barnburners were the party of strict
economy ; abhorring debt, they insisted that provision ought
to be made for paying the interest on State loans by taxa-
tion before pledging the credit of the State ; they were sus-
picious of banks, believed in hard-money, and adhered to the
financial policy of President Yan Buren. The Old Hunkers,
on the other hand, appear to have held easier views on all
these points ; speculative, and ready to take risks, they were
lax where the Barnburners were severe.* But now another
* A very high authority, in reply to an inquiry as to the origin of the
names of those sections of the Democratic party, wrote to me as follows :
"My impression is that the factious known as Barnburners and Old
Hunkers grew out of the early insinuations of the slavery question into
general politics. The Old Hunkers were opposed to any discussion of
the subject, as likely to destroy the harmony of "the party;" and the
Barnburners were in favor of treating it like all other questions of pub-
lic interest. The significance of the names, if I apprehend them rightly,
was, that the one kept at home, or to their hunk, never knowing what
was going on in the world; and that the other was willing to bum
down the entire barn to get rid of a few rats."
188
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX,
) \
question was troubling tlio camp, and threatening to make
tlic family quarrel much more acrimonious. The problem of
slavery had been forever settled, as -was fondly supposed, by
the " Missouri Comproniise," in 1820 ; it was now re-opened,
and in a way to become more complicated than before. For
this certain persons, known as Abolitionists, were mainly
responsible.
The views of the earliest Abolitionists were moderate com-
pared with those of the men to whom that title became subse-
quently restricted. In time a division took place in the body,
resulting in the formation of a radical Abolition party, includ-
ing such men as Gerritt Smith and William Lloyd Garrison.
These extremists were, theoretically, the iirst Secessionists :
they resigned office under the government, and refused there-
after either to hold office, or even to vote ; they regarded the
Constitution of the United States as a compact with Satan,
would have nothing to do with public affairs, and preferred
a rupture of the Union to living under a system which toler-
ated slavery and protected slave-holders. The moderate Abo-
litionists stopped short of those extremes : they continued to
vote, did not refuse office, and were known as the " Liberty
party ;" they nominated candidates of their own as such, and
were not unwilling to work with any other party in the coun-
try, North or South, for the attainment of their ends. The
distinction between the moderate and ultra Abolitionists is
important. Whoii I speak of " Abolitionists " hereafter I re-
fer to those of the latter class, the followers of Garrison
and Smith, and not to the " Liberty party," which supported
James G. Birney for President in 1810 and 1811.
No one can justly blame the people of the South for their
anxiety and indignation at the progress of the Abolition
movement. Its ultimate aim was to overthrow that social
compact under which the free and slave-holding States %vere
united under a common Constitution, while the actual inva-
sion of the right of the Southerner to his property was so
flagrant as to lead him to demand redress for wrongs already
1845-1853.] SILAS WIIIGET A COXSPICUOUS FlGUIiE. 189
sustained and guarantees for tlie futurq. Out of all this it
was inevitable that new issues must arise, with complicated
and dangerous positions. The Democratic party recognized
and respected the rights of the South under the Constitution
of the United States ; yet it was easy to see that questions
might come up on which men, though all alike friendly to
the South, would feel at a loss what to say, and might bo
driven to take opposite sides.
No figure of that era is more conspicuous than that of
Silas Wright, Senator of the United States, and Governor of
the State of New York. To those who form their ideal of
the patriot by study of the classical models of ancient Homo
lie must be one of the most charming figures of our liistory —
a true Cineinnatus ; an image of pristine simplicity and integ-
rity. Mr. Wright was one of my father's warmest friends,
and the object of his sincere admiration and devoted attach-
ment — a man after his own heart. A few words with ref-
erence to this great statesman and illustrious citizen.
Silas Wright was born at Amherst, Mass., in the year 1795,
being three yeai*s my father's senior ; he was brought up in
Vermont, amid the green hills, and was graduated at .Middle-
bury College in 1815. His family was a humble one, and it
is even asserted that his father was without education. They
were intense lovers of their country, and his father and one of
his brothers were soldiers in the war of 1812. The son Sihia
received a literary training through the self-denial of his peo-
ple, who desired to give that advantage to at least one of their
liouse. In the year 1819 he settled in Canton, St. Lawrence
County, in the State of New York, and began the practice
of the law. There, subsequently, he married ; thither he re-
treated from the cares of public life whenever a breathiug-
spell was given him ; there, in the spring immediately suc-
ceeding his defeat when nominated a second time for Gov-
ernor of the State of New York, he might have been seen
driving his team afield and w'ping the sweat from his brow,
like a noble Roman of the sterling stamp ; and there, Au-
190
ME Mollis OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
gust 27, 1847, lie rcHijifned his soul to God, Icaviiifij no blot
on his name, and mourned in silonco by men who hardly
knew till then what manner of person it was whom the land
had lost.
Mr. Wright's political career began about the year 1820;
in 1827 he was sent to Congress. His popularity among his
towns-people was immense ; his success was striking. An op-
ponent of Governor Clinton, and a supporter of Mr. Crawford
for the Presidency, he espoubcd the cause of General Jackson
in the year 1828, and thereupon became associated with Mr.
Van Buren and my father in the political movements in which
they were engaged subsequently to that date. Having ably
filled the office of Comptroller of the State from 1829 to
1832, he was elected, with little or no ojiposition, to the United
States Senate, and took his seat there January 14, 1833. It
may be truly said that " there were giants in the earth in those
days." A writer, speaking of the statesmen among whom Mr.
Wright was thus called to take his place, and with whom ho
contended for the honors acquired in his Senatorial career,
enumerates —
"... The gallant and chivalrous Clay, captivating the
heart and enchaining the imagination by the magic bursts of
his thrilling eloquence ; Calhoun, the fearless champion of
the sovereignty of the States, with his chaste diction and ana-
lytical mind, every sentence that he uttered a whole chapter
of argument, and every word a political text ; Webster, calm,
profound, and argumentative, powerful in stature and gigan-
tic in mind ; the smooth and plausible Clayton ; and Preston,
fervid and impassioned as the rays of the Southern sun which
had warmed his genius into life. On the opposite side there
was Benton, industrious, determined, and unyielding, with his
pockets overflowing with statistics, and his head full of his-
torical lore ; Forsyth, easy and graceful in his address, but an
able and experienced debater ; Rives, the eloquent and talent-
ed Senator from the Old Dominion, seeking to give vent to
the inspiration he had caught in the groves of Monticello;
1845-1853.]
A COMMUNITY OF VIEWS.
191
White, with liifl metaphysical and Bontentions apophthogtna ;
and tlio shrewd and cautious (rrundy, familiar witli ])arlia-
mentary tactics, watcliiiig for the weak points in his adver-
sary's ar<j^ument, and never caring to conceal his gratification
when he saw the fabric reared with so much labor toppling
down in the dust."*
Mr. Wright made a brilliant name for himself \k the Sen-
ate, and became one of its most influential members, lie
supported the linancial policy of President Van Buren ; and
when petitions came praying for the abolition of slavery
in the District of Colund)ia and other parts subject to the
direct control of the general government, he voted either to
refuse to receive them or to lay them on the table. IFo was
no abolitionist, in the technical sense in which the word was
used in the jiolitical debates of the time ; still, like the old-
fashioned Democrats of that day, he regarded slavery as a ter-
rible evil, desired its suppression by just and lawful means,
and confidently expected its ultimate extinction. But he rc-
sjiected the guarantees of the Constitution, and declined to
have part or lot in the proceedings of those enthusiasts who
were stirring up the connnunity and evoking the spirits of
disunion and civil war. In these views my father and he
were one.
Early in the yea;r 1844 a movement was begun to nominate
Senator Wright for the office of Governor of this State. It
is well known that it was most distasteful to him, and that he
did his utmost to prevent it. If evidence on that point were
needed it might be supplied by quotations from his letters to
General Dix during the summer of that j'car. lie was happy
and contented in his place in the Senate ; he dreaded the
change to the turmoil at Albany. No man knew better than
he how serious were the divisions in the Democratic party ;
and although, up to that time, the section known as the
• •
* " Lives of the Governors of the Stvite of New York," by John S.
Jenkins, pp. 758, 759.
192
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIS.
%
'ii'i' f '
i fe.-i
Hunkers had not declared war against him, yet there was no
sympathy between them and a man who regarded them as
politically unsound and unworthy of confidence. Signs of
trouble became more and more distinct on the wider horizon of
"Washington. President Yan Buren's defeat in 1840 was due
alniost entirely to questions of finance. But time had proved
the wisdom of his policy, and there was a strong desire in the
Northern and Eastern States for his re-nomination in 1844.
Undoubtedly this would have occurred, but for the pressure of
the question which was now casting all others into the shade
and throwing a disastrous shadow on the entire country.
Texas, a part of Mexico, had declared her independence of
the mother country, and successfully resisted attempts to re-
duce her to subjection. At this fatal juncture the idea was
broached of bringing the revolted Mexican province into the
American Union. On announcing her indej)endence Texas
had established slavery, but prohibited the importation of
negroes from all parts of the world excepting the United
States. Mr. Calhoun, under the administration of President
Tyler, negotiated a ti 3aty of annexation. This was done, as he
frankly avowed, in the interests of the slave-holding people of
the South, and with a view to preserve and perpetuate that
institution. While the question was pending it was under-
stood that Great Britain was using her influence to induce the
Mexican Government to acknowledge the independence of
Texas, on condition that she should abolish slaveiy and agree
not to be annexed to the United States. Thus the question
of slavery was set in a new light. A party had been formed
who, forsaking the ground taken by their predecessors, no
longer tolerated the idea that slavery should be allowed to
waste away and die out by degrees, but, on the contrary, de-
sired to preserve, strengthen, and perpetuate what my father
once eloquently characterized as " the solitary monument left
among us of a barbarous age." The reader may imagine
how thoughtful men must have become at this turn of affairs,
and to what searchings of heart it must have given rise.
M''
1845-1853.]
DEFEAT OF MB. VAN BUBEN.
193
But the South was united, and thoroughly in earnest ; and
they demanded the opinions of the men of the North on the
subject of annexation, with all that it implied. The position
of Mr. Van Buren, as a competitor for the Democratic candi-
dacy in 1844, must be understood at once ; and the question
was peremptory, " Are you, or are you not, in favor of the an-
nexation of Texas ?" To this Mr. Van Buren replied that he
was opposed to that measure. But his opposition, as stated
by himself, was based on grounds of international law and the
comity of peoples and governments : we had no right to take
a portion of the territory of a nation with whom we were at
peace; Texas had not so thoroughly established its position
as to force from the mothcv country an acknowledgment of
its independence. The position thus taken killed Mr. Van
Buren with the South ; and at the Baltimore Convention, al-
though a majority of the delegates went there with instruc-
tions to nominate him, yet, by the adherence to the two-thirds
rule, he was defeated. Thereupon the name of Mr. Wright
was brought forward. lie, anticijxiting the result, had already
sent a letter, to be read in the event of Mr. Van Buren's dis-
comfiture, in which, in the spirit of a man of honor, he abso-
lutely refused to accept a nomination which should come to
him through the misfortunes of his friend. The Convention
agreed, after long deliberation, to nominate James K. Polk, of
Tennessee. The Northern Democracy were comjielled to sub-
mit v.'ith what grace they could. It was spoken of as a mag-
nanimous sacrifice on their part. It was a sacrifice indeed,
and one of those which call for many more in sequence.
It will be remembered that slavery had been already estab-
lished in Texas before it asked for annexation. The Baltimore
Convention adopted a resolution in favor of the immediate
receiition of that country into the Union. The measure was
opposed, however, by many Democrats, some concurring with
Mr. Van Buren in the views which he had expressed on the
subject, others fearing that the measure would indefinitely
postpone the extinction of slavery. It may be inferred that,
L— 13
•!!|
194
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
under these circumstances, Mr. "Wright felt reluctant to ac-
cept the nomination for Governor, He was strongly opposed
to the annexation, and therefore to the Baltimore platform ;
yet if elected it would be his duty to keep in accord with the
new administration. The/e was no escape for him, however.
The life of the American politician is ever a life of sacrifice.
The fall elections decided the double question before the peo-
ple : Mr. Polk was elected President, and Mr. Wright found
himself Governor of New York, and in an extremely embar-
rassing position.
Mr. AYright's chair in the Senate now became vacant,
though five years of his term remained. About the same
time the place of his colleague, Nathaniel P. Tallmadge, also
became vacant, on his appointment by the President to be
Governor of the Territory of "Wisconsin. It was necessary
to elect a Senator to serve for the remainder of Mr. AVright's
term, and another for the six weeks of Mr. Tallmadge's term
which yet remained ; and fartiier necessary to make another
election for the full term of six years, to commence on the
retirement of Mr. Tallmadge. For these purposes a Demo-
cratic caucus was held February 24, 1845. On that occasion
the feud between the two sections of the party was disclosed
in all its intensity. The conflict, which was sharp, ended in
the election of General Dix to be the successor of Senator
"Wright, and Daniel S. Dickinson to succeed Senator Tall-
madge, while Mr. Dickinson was also elected for the six-years
term, in spite of the strong opposition of the radical members
of the caucus. This was a triumph for the conservatives, and
a defeat for the friends of Governor "Wright. The closing
years of the great statesman's life were overcast by shadows ;
adverse influences were evidently in the ascendant, not only
at "Washington, but close about him and at home.
Next to the Presidency, no place was so much desired, in
the times which we are now reviewing, as that of Senator of
the United States. The body was illustrious through tlio
fame of its members, who generally exhibited the very flower
1845-1853.] GENERAL DJX'S COLLECTED SPEECHES.
195
and highest outcome of American political life; dignified,
powerful, respected, it was the pride of the nation, and one
of its main bulwarks. There men, relieved from the vexa-
tions of petty concerns, breathed a calmer air ; they resided
in a charming capital, enjoyed an agreeable society, mingled
with representatives of the leading nations of the world, had
a tenure of office much longer than that of the Chief Magis-
tracy of the Union, and thus were somewhat independent of
the changes of administration and the vicissitudes of public
life. The Senator of the United States had a certain free-
dom of action ; he might outlive adverse influences ; he was
secure from the assaults of a capricious constituency ; accord-
ing to the use and law of social etiquette he and his family
ranked second only to the President. The height of ordinary
ambition was satisfied by attainment to that place ; and men
once securely seated there would have been content to hold
it on and on, asking no more. One cannot doubt the sinceri-
ty of the expressions in which Mr. Wright announced his
distress at being thrown from that delightful eminence into
the whirlpools and quicksands at Albany.
The record of my father's work in the Senate of the
United States will be found in the first volume of his col-
lected sjjeeches. lie prepared the volumes with great care,
and gave them to the public in the year 1864. At the begin-
ning of the first volume is this dedication :
"TO MY WIFE.
" Tou have hnown for several years my intention to collect and puUishfor
preservation and reference the speeches which I delivered on the leading ques-
tions of the day while representing the State ofNeio York in the Senate of the
United States. They form the greater part of the material of these volumes.
I have added several occasional addresses and a few of the numerous official
reports made l>y me during my connection with jniblic affairs. This collec-
tion, designed chief y to mal'e those who are to come after us acquainted loith
the part I have home in the national movement during a quarter of a centwi-y
of extraordinary activity and excitement, I dedicate to you, as an imperfect
acknowledgment of the intelligent and devoted co-operation which you have
lent vie in all the vicissitudes and labor's of my life.''''
196
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
I shall liavc occasion to refer to this volume in giving an
account of the years spent at Washington, from December 1,
1844, till March 4, 1849.
The bill for the annexation of Texas came before the Sen-
ate soon after General Dix had taken his seat in that body. It
passed the House of Ilepresentatives January 25, 1845, by a vote
of 120 to 98, and the Senate by a vote of 27 to 25, February
27. General Dix was one of those who voted for the bill. His
action was sharply criticised at the time ; and he wrote to a
friend, five years afterward, that he intended to give a full
explanation of his reasons for the vote. I have not been able
to find the paper refeiTcd to, if it was ever drafted ; but I
shall give, by-and-by, the reasons for my belief that the
charge of inconsistency based on his course at that time can-
not be sustained. For the present let it be remembered that
slavery was in existence in Texas, and formed a part of the
political system of that country, before the question of annex-
ation came before Congress, and that it lay south of the line
fixed in 1821 as that which was to constitute thenceforth the
dividing line between the slaveholding and non-slaveholding
population.
General Dix made his first speech 'n the Senate February
18 and 19, 1846, on the Oregon question, then before Con-
gress. The territory on the north-west coast of America, west
of the Rocky Mountains, known as Oregon, and long in dis-
pute between the United States and Great Britain, was, by a
convention between the two countries, concluded October 20,
1818, made free to the vessels, citizens, and subjects of both
for the period of ten years. This agreement was continued
in force and indefinitely extended by a convention of August
26, 1827. In consequence of collisions between the people
of the two countries within the disputed territory, resolu-
tions were introduced into the Senate in February, 1846,
requiring the President to give notice of tl.<e abrogation of
the last-mentioned convention, in accordance with one of its
stipulations. A portion of the Senators were in favor of
1845-1853.] THE OREGON BOUNDARY QUESTION.
197
adjusting the controversy by adopting the 49th parallel of
latitude as the boundary, leaving to Great Britain the ter-
ritory north of it ; and the others of insisting on the abandon-
ment by Great Britain of the whole country as far north as
54° 40', from which line northward the title of Russia had
been acknowledged by both the parties to the pending dis-
pute. General Dix, while asserting the title of the United
States to the whole territory derived from the discoveries
and occupation of Spain, was nevertheless in favor of the
compromise line of 49°, which had been offered to Great
Britain in previous negotiations ; and his speech, which occu-
pied two days in delivery, was an argument in favor of his
position.
The greater part of this address might very properly be
reprinted as a publication of an historical society. It con-
tains a minute and entertaining account of the voyages and
discoveries of the Spanish and English navigators, beginning
with Ferrelo, the pilot of Cabrillo, the commander of an ex-
pedition fitted out in Mexico a.d. 1543, forty-one years after
the discovery of San Domingo by Columbus, and continuing
with a relation of the acts of Sir Francis Drake, Juan de
Fuca, Vizcaino, Perez, Ileceta, Quadra, and Maurelle. The
Russian navigators are mentioned, and Captain Cook, who
landed at Nootka Sound in 1778, and Berkeley and Meares,
Martinez and Yancouver. Copious notes and references en-
rich this portion of the text, after which follows a severe crit-
icism on the speeches of the Earl of Clarendon and of Lord
John Russell in the House of Commons in protest against the
positions taken by President Polk in his inaugural address
relating to the discovery of the Columbia River, and the claim
of the American Government founded on that fact.
General Dix, while defending the Spanish title to the north-
west coast, by stating the historical facts on which it rested,
argued in favor of leaving the whole question in the hands of
the administration, relying on its firmness and sense of recti-
tude to sustain the just rights of the American people and to
198
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
respect those of others. He had no fear of war with Great
Britain ; he felt sure that the British Government, aware of
the invalidity of tlieir title, would not embark in a contest
which must draw on them the condemnation of all civilized
communities ; he believed that even if war should come we
were better prepared to meet it than was supposed ; but he
felt confident that the good-sense of both countries would re-
volt at a contest which would bring no good to either, and
that an adjustment of existing difficulties could be secured
on terms honorable to both nations.
It is well known that the question was settled by the adop-
tion of the 49tli parallel as the boundary line, under a treaty
negotiated by the Hon. Louis McLane, and ratified by the Sen-
ate during the same session in which this debate took place.
The speech on the Oregon question was the first made by
the new Senator. At its close Mr. Thomas II. Benton, the
father of the Senate, so called from his six successive elections
and thirty years' service in that body, rose and said, in begin-
ning his remarks, " that it had not been his intention to ad-
dress the Senate in relation to our title to Oregon, but if he
had intended to speak on that brandy of the subject he should
have relinquished his purj)ose after listening to the very able
and lucid exposition of it by the honorable Senator from New
York. That gentleman had placed the American title to
Oregon on grounds tliat were impregnable, and on which it
must forever stand. A speech more replete with historical
facts, evincing greater research, or more crowded with perti-
nent remark and convincing argument, it had never been his
lot to hear, and he could not refrain from congratulating that
honorable gentleman on the important service he had render-
ed to his country, and not less upon the honor which he had
gained for himself. lie would leave the question of title
where that Senator had placed it, and turn his attention to a
different branch of the subject."*
* Daily National /rt?<?Z%««ccr, Washington, February 20, 1840.
1845-1853.] THE CRT "FIFIY-FOUB FORTY, OB FIGHTP 199
It has been said of this his first speech in the Senate that
" his historical knowledge and clear perception of the law of
nations, the purity and force of his style in debate, were strik-
ingly developed in the memorable discussion of the Oregon
question. This masterly effort placed him at once in the
front rank of well-informed statesmen and powerful debaters.
That exciting topic called out no abler speech, nor one
which met with more universal favor in the Senate and
among the people." It is believed that the administration
though not in favor of the compromise, was unduly influenced
by the clamor of a noisy and reckless faction, whose cry was,
" Fifty-four forty, or fight." Sound sense and calm wisdom,
howcer, carried the day, and the laurels of the peaceful set-
tlement of an ugly question were gracefully and modestly
worn by the Senator from New York.
On the 27tli of April following General Dix addressed the
Senate on the subject of French spoliations. I well remem-
ber the earnestness with which he was wont to express him-
self in our conversations on the subject. Prudent and econom-
ical, and avei*se to expenditures not justified by necessity or
propriety, nothing exasperated the General more than at-
tempts to di'aw on the public treasury for the benefit of the
harpies who hover about it. The bill which he strenuously
and successfully opposed provided for the satisfaction of
claims of American citizens for spoliations on their property
committed by the French prior to the ratification of the con-
vention with France in September, 1800. These claimants
were numerous and persistent; for all 1 know to the con-
trary they may still be cherishing a hope which should long
since have been effectually blighted ; but General Dix, re-
garding these demands as without a shadow of justice to sup-
port them, and indignant at the proposition to put money
of the public into the pockets of individuals who, as he
tliought, had no right to it, took a lively satisfaction in fight-
ing the scheme, and gave it, at that time, another quietus.
His speech on this subject, like that already referred to, is full
J:
11
h
200
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
of learning, and would form by itself an interesting chapter
in the history of the United States from 1777 to 1800.
I come now to a subject of much greater importance.
General Dix took his seat in the Senate on the 27th of Jan-
uary ; on the 30th he was appointed a member of the Com-
mittee on Commerce, by Mr. Mangum, then President j9/'o
tempore of that body. At the next session he was elected a
member of the same committee, and for two sessions was
its chairman. His labors on that committee were indefatiga-
ble, and their result is nowhere better known or more highly
appreciated than in the city of New York. It had long been
a cherished object among commercial men to secure by law
the right to convey foreign importations through the country,
and to re-export them with the privilege of drawback. At
the commencement of this session Mr. Ashley, of Arkansas,
had called the attention of the Senate to this subject, so far as
it related to the adjacent Mexican States. To secure this ob-
ject a bill was reported by the Committee on Commerce, and
had passed the Senate before General Dix took his seat. The
bill was returned from the House with an amendment extend-
ing this privilege to the British North American possessions
adjoining the United States. These amendments were vastly
more important than the original bill itself, and especially to
the State of New York. The bill as amended was referred
to the Committee on Commerce on the 22d of February. On
the amendments the committee were divided, General Dix
sustaining them. Mr. Huntington, the chairman, consented to
report the bill and amendments, he stating to the Senate the
condition of the committee. The question of concurring in
the House amendments came up on the last day of the session,
and elicited an interesting debate. General Dix was the prin-
cipal advocate of the amendments, which were finally adopted.
But for his exertions they would not have been favorably re-
ported upon by the committee. But for his defence of them
it is not probable they would have received the favorable con-
sideration of the Senate. To his efforts is New York mainly
1845-1853.] GENERAL DIX AND THE WAREHOUSE BILL. 201
indebted for a measure the value and importance of which
are not easily calculated.
Notwithstanding the great value of his services in this mat-
ter, the commercial world deem them inferior to those relat-
ing to the Warehouse Bill. No measure of a recent date has
proved equally useful to commerce. This bill was introduced
in the Senate on the 21st of January, 1846, by General Dix,
and, after varied and persevering opposition, finally passed
on the 15tli of July. It was vehemently resisted l)y Messrs.
Huntington, Crittenden, Clayton, Simmons, and other promi-
nent Scnatoi-s. Its defence rested solely upon General Dix,
though Mr. "Webster and Mr. Calhoun briefly assigned the
reasons why they should vote for it. The merit of introduc-
ing and carrying this great measure may be safely ascribed to
the Senator from Ne^v• York.
As tlie author of this bill he was looked to as its defender.
His speeches on it, delivered on the 19th of June, 1840, and
on the 9th of July next following, are regarded as irrefragable
evidence of his ability to comprehend the subject of trade and
commerce, and to guard and protect the great interests in-
volved in that department of political economy. Although a
reply to his first speech was made by Senator Huntington, of
Connecticut, his last, reviewing it and the English warehous-
ing system, remains unanswered to this day. Mr. Huntington
did not publish his speech. General Dix's closing speech is a
monument of the industry and ability of its author. The
warehousing system, as established by law, is daily conferring
on commerce and business all the advantages predicted by its
friends ; and the city of New York feels, and has in various
ways acknowledged, her obligations to him, as the author of
this great and salutary measure.*
If General Dix had been disposed to make a change in his
position his stay at Washington would have been very short.
* See Twenty-second Annual Report of the Chamber of Commerce,
New York, pp. 1-9.
202
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
Early in July lie was offered the mission to England. It was
just after the speeches on the warehouse system. He imme-
diately wrote to Mr. Wright on the subject as follows :
" Private.
" Wasliington, July 10, 1840.
"Mf DEAu Sin, — Tlic President sent for me this morning and offered
me the mission to London, Mr. McLane will return in August. Tlio
President said he had contemplated making me tlie offer for some time,
but had not communicated his intention to any (me till to-day. lie had
mentioned it this morning to two members of his Cabinet, wlio had con-
curred fully in the propriety of the selection. He said he desired to
take tlic occasion to say that no one in the Senate had given liim a more
fair or cordial support, that he should regret losing me, etc., but that the
position he offered me was one of great importance, and might become
more so from our unfortunate relations to Mexico, and he desired to
place in it a person in whom he had confidence. I mention these things
that you may understand the whole matter. His manner was very kind
and frank, and I desire to treat the matter in a corresponding spirit.
He desired no answer, but wished me to consider the proposition, and
advise him as soon as I should have decided what to do,
" Now, I have only to add on this subject that I wish you to commu-
nicate this matter to no one but Mr, Flagg, if you think you and he arc
competent to decide the matter. If you are not, you may cull in the
Magician ;* but I should think the question might be settled without
any supernatural agency, I feel a little pride in having this matter kept
secret, unless the President chooses to mention it himself I ask no ad-
vice, unless you have a fancy to give it. If I am left to myself, I shall
decide the question ' to the best of my ability,'
" The President desired me to say to you, if I should write, that he had
no schemes of conquest in view in respect to Mexico, no intention to take
possession of any portion of her territory with a view to hold it, and that
his only object was to push military operations so vigorously that she
should be made willing to adjust the matters in dispute between her and
us on fair terms. As to the regiment designed for California, the inten-
tion was to have it discharged there, and it was, therefore, deemed wise
to have it composed of persons who would be willing to remain and be-
come citizens ot our own territory on the Pacific — i. e., Oregon, He said
there had been an unintentional omission in failing to communicate with
* This was the adbriqxiet of Mr. Van Buren.
jj
1845-1853.] THE MISSIOX TO LONDON DECLINED.
203
you at nn earlier day, which lie regretted— and ho earnestly hoped the
explanation which had hecn made would bo satisfactory.
" Truly yours, John A. Dix.
"Silas Wriout."
It was, to say the least, a coincidence that this offer of a
place abroad should have been made to the General at that
particular time. No one would venture to impugn the Presi-
dent's motives or question his sincerity ; but there are always
powers behind the throne, whose movements are, perhaps, cau-
tious enough to escape detection from the throne itself. Ko
doubt there were those a': Washington and at Albany who
would gladly have got rid of one whose opposition to their
designs was foreseen and dreaded ; and if he had accepted the
offer, and been absent from the country for three or four
yeai*s, the history would probably have been very different.
But, after due deliberation and consultation with political
friends and those of the home circle, the offer was declined.
At the' first session of the Twenty-ninth Congress, General
Dix was appointed a member of the Committee on Military Af-
fairs. His training in the army and long experience and close
study qualified him for duties which were rendered peculiarly
arduous by the breaking out of war between Mexico and the
United States. He was actively engaged in maturing and car-
rying through the Senate the bills relating to the organiza-
tion, transportation, and management of the forces which were
Bent to Mexico. On the 4th of January, 1847, he spoke in
favor of a bill to appoint a Lieutenant-general to command
the military forces of the United States during the war, a
measure which had been recommended by the President in
a special Message to Congress. On the 1st of March ensuing
he made a speech against the passage of what was known as
the Three Million Bill. As this involved the question of
the extension of slavery, the attention of the reader is called
to the principles which lay hidden under the simple proposi-
tion to aid the government against a foreign enemy.
The annexation of Texas to the United States led, of
'
204
MEMOinS OF JOUN ADAMS DIX.
! I
conree, to a niptiiro with tlio Mexican Government. In
May, 184G, (Jcncral Zachary Taylor crossed the Rio Grande
and commenced active liostilities. The impression was that
the war could not last long; and the President asked Con-
gress for a grant of two millions of dollars, to enable him to
negotiate for a satisfactory adjustment of our difficulties.
Since indemnification for losses sustained by American citi-
zens must necessarily form one of the items of the settlement,
and since it was deemed desirable to acquire territory on the
Pacific coast belonging to Mexico, the means to facilitate
such transfer were desired by the executive, and a bill framed
with that view was introduced into Congress. But when this
bill came up for consideration Mr. "Wilmot, a meriiber of the
House of Kepresentatives from the State of Pennsylvania,
offered, by way of amendment to it, what at once became
famous as the " Wilmot Proviso." It was as follows :
" Provided, that there shall neither be slavery nor involun-
tary servitude in any temtory on the continent of America
which shall hereafter be acquired by or annexed to the Unit-
ed States by virtue of this appropriation, or in any other man-
ner whatever, except for crimes whereof the party shall have
been duly convicted. Provided always, that any person es-
caping into that territory, from whom labor or service is law-
fully claimed in any one of the United States, such person
may be lawfully reclaimed and carried out of such territory
to the person claiming his or her service."
AVhat the administration desired was to buy a part or the
whole of New Mexico. The Wilmot Proviso stipulated that
such territory, if purchased, or acquired in any way, should
not be cut up and made into slave-holding States. The vital
question therefore was, whether Congress would grant money
to purchase free territory with a view to establishing slavery
therein.
The bill providing for the appropriation was introduced
into the House of Representatives on the 8th of August,
184G, and passed, with Mr. Wilmot's amendment, the same
1845-1853.] A "BLOW STRUCK FOR FREEDOM.'*
206
^5
day, every member from the State of New York voting in
its favor. It went to the Senate late that ni^ht. The fol-
lowing (lay M'as Sunday. On Monday morning the hill was
taken np in the Senate, hut no vote wjis had ; Mr. Davis, of
Massachusctt.s, liaving spoken against it until the hour for
adjournment sine die arrived.
To understand the issue presented by the Wilmot Proviso
it nmst be observed that its advocates sustained it on the dis-
tinct ground that, as slavery had been abolished throughout
the Mexican llepublic, the acquisition of territory without
prohibiting slavery would, on the theory asserted by the
Southern States, lead to its restoration where it bad ceased
to exirit, and make the United Stalos resi)onsible for its ex-
tension to districts in which universal freedom had been
established by the fundamental law.
On tlie 4th of January, 1847, during the next session of
Congress, a new bill, similar to the former, but increasing the
amount of the appropriation to three millions of dollars, was
brought in by Mr. Preston King, a Democratic member from
St. Lawrence County, New York. This bill, which also con-
tained the Wilmot Proviso, passed the House of Ileprcsenta-
tives,''^ all the New York representatives, with a single excep-
tion, voting for it. "When the bill reached the Senate an at-
* On tlie passage of the bill in the House of Representatives, Mr. John
Van Bnrcn wrote to General Dix in this vigorous strain, anent the look
of things at the cajjital :
" I have been suffering for some days with a lame arm from rheuma-
tism, and cannot therefore write you at length as I should wish. But I
am so rejoiced at the passage of Wihnot's Proviso tliat I cannot help
congratulating you on it. Our friends have stood nobly up to this great
blow struck for freedom. How hel2)less and contemptible the adminis-
tration have become ! Polk's consolidation of the party by throwing all
the honest men overboard has resulted as might have been expected.
Calhoun's speech is very able and very treasonable. I think General
Jackson would have hung him if he had been in Washington as Presi-
dent. Such en exposure and exaggeration of the weakness of our coun-
try for the benefit of an enemy in time of war is unparalleled."
Art
206
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
tempt was made by the advocates of the extension of slavery
to strike out the proviso. General Dix spoke upon this
question March 1, 18-1:7. If it had been possible to avert the
evil which was impending, and to change the minds of men
by the force of argument, by the weight of historical testi-
mony, and by the impression sometimes produced by digni-
fied, earnest, and courteous remonstrance, those results might
have followed on the delivery of this noble appeal.
General Dix first alluded to the fact that the legislatures
of nine of the non-slaveliolding States had already adopted
resolutions in accordance with the views which he held. The
Legislature of New York, in particular, had, by an almost
unanimous vote in both branches, instructed their Senators
and requested their representatives to use their best efforts
to procure the insertion, in any act for the acquisition of ter-
ritory, by purchase or otherwise, of an unalterable and funda-
mental article or provision forever excluding slavery from such
territory. He considered the rights of the original parties to
the Constitution, in respect to the subject of slavery within
their own limits, and showed that the ground taken by the
advocates of the "VVilmot Proviso, so far from being new, was
precisely the same as that held more than sixty years before
by Mr. Jefferson, with the unanimous support of the repre-
sentatives of Georgia, North and South Carolina, and Vir-
ginia: it was the old, traditional, American position. Tie re-
pelled with earnestness the charge that the course of the
Northern States was aggressive ; on the contrary, it had been
from the earliest period liberal and forbearing. They had
acquiesced in every proposition to add Southern territory to
the Union ; they hr.d concurred in appropriating money for
the purpose, contributing their own share, and bearing a part
of the burden of the purchase. They had united in the pur-
chase of Louisiana and Florida, and in the annexation of
Texas, by which measures the institution of slavery had been
extended over an area exceeding that of the thirteen original
States. lie was no abolitionist ; he admitted to the "^allest
1845-1853.] THE THREAT TO DISSOLVE THE VNIOX.
207
extent the exclusive control of each State ove^ the question
within the limits of its own jurisdiction, its right to be pro-
tected from interference and intermeddling within its own
borders; it was he who introduced resolutions at the first
meeting ever held at the North in opposition to the move-
ments of the Abolitionists. ^Nevertheless, he and those
whom he represented were accused of aggression, because
they would not consent to tlie extension of slavery to free
territory. This the North would not agree to. There was
a universal opinion on that subject pervading the whole
North and West. Consent would never be given to the ex-
tension of slavery beyond its present limits. It was regarded
by all parties as involving a principle which rose far above
the fleeting interests of the day — a principle which the North
should not be asked to yield.
General Dix referred to the threats then openly made of
the dissolution of the Union. lie said :
" I can hardly think those who so connect the two subjects
are aware of the position in which they place themselves. It
is virtually declaring that unless we will consent to bring free
territory into the Union, and leave it open to the extension of
slavery, the Union shall be dissolved. Our Southern friends
have heretofore stood upon the ground of defence ; of main-
taining slavery within their own limits against interference
from without. The ground of extension is now taken, and
of extending slavery upon free territory. I caimot believe
this position will be sustained by the Southern States. It is
new ground, and is taken with avowals which are calculated
to spread surprise and alarm throughout the non-slavehokling
states. ... I say for the State of New York, and in her name
— I believe I do not misunderstand her resolutions — tluit slie
can never consent to become a party to tlie extension of sla-
very to free territory on this continent. If it is to be extend-
ed to new areas — areas now consecrated to free labor — the
work must be done by other hands than hers ; and she nmst
208
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
H .
leave it to time and to the order of Providence to determine
what shall be the legitimate fruits of measures which she
believes to be wrong, and to which she can never yield her
assent."
Let me give one more extract, full of significance, and now
to be read with painful interest — it expresses the strife in a
mind which weighs two evils against each other :
"Mr. President, I regret to hear either disunion or civil
war spoken of in connection with this measure. But, I re-
peat, the former is to be preferred to the latter. In wars
waged with foreign countries, dei)lorable as they always are,
there are some moral fruits which atone, in a slight degree,
for their accompanying evils. There is the sense of national
honor — the parent of high achievement ; the sentiment of pa-
triotic devotion to the country, which shrinks from no labor
or sacrifice in the public cause ; and the feeling of mutual
sympathy and dependence, which pervades and unites all
classes in the hour of adversity and peril. Far as they are
overbalanced by the domestic bereavement and the public
evil which war always brings in its train, they serve to pu-
rify the thoughts of something of their selfishness by turning
them away from the sordid channels in which they are too
apt to run. But civil war has no ameliorations. It is pure,
unmixed demoralization. It dissolves all national and domes-
tic ties. It renders selfishness more odious by wedding it to
hatred and cruelty. The after-generation whicli reaps the bit-
ter harvest of intestine war is scarcely less to be commiserated
than that by whose hands the poisonous seed is sown. Less,
far less than these, would be the evils of disunion."*
I think there is no argument for tlie extension of slavery
which is not met and answered in the speech from which I
* " Speeches and Addresses," vol. i., pp. 195-197.
1845-1853.] GOOD MEN AND TRUE UNDER THE BAN. 209
too
mcs-
it to
bit-
ited
iCSS,
rery
bh I
have made this long extract ; it is one of several on the same
dire subject. He spoke, January 26, 1848, in suppor', of a
bill to raise an additional military force wherewitl . to retain
possession of the territory of Mexico until she should consent
to make peace on terms satisfactory to the United States — a
measure opposed by Mr. Calhoun and South Carolina. He
spoke, and for the last time, in the Senate, February 28, 1849,
on the question of the institution of governments for the
territories acquired from Mexico — a question embarrassed
throughout by the determination of the Senators from the
slave States to extend slavery to those territories, and by a
majority of the Senators from the free States to guard, by an
express prohibition, against what they deemed a moral and
political evil, and the national dishonor of restoring it where
it had been formally abolished. His views on this question
may be gathered from those addresses. They appear to me
to do honor to his clear head, his sensitive conscience, and his
affectionate heart. They show an extreme solicitude to main-
tain the rights of our Southern brethren, a horror of disunion,
a disposition to bear anything rather than provoke civil war ;
they exhibit patience, forbearance, toleration ; the hope that
Divine Providence might in some way avert the calamities
which he foresaw already threatening in the future ; a love
for his State, a stronger love of the Union. These were the
characteristics of that calm, conscientious, affectionate mind
of the people of the North, which the Southern leaders could
not understand, and scrupled not to provoke past all endur-
ance, and drive at last to a point at which it was impossible
any longer to forbear. It is needless to say — for all know
the main facts — that the opposition led by General Dix and
others was of no avail. The three million bill passed the Sen-
ate Avithout the proviso. The settled determination of the
Southern leaders wrung one victory after another from the
hotly contested fields. Men like my father were forced into
a minority; they were ostracized, they were put under the
ban ; they were stigmatized as traitors to their party and false
I.— 14
r
210
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
Ft
to Democratic traditions ; for years tliey rested under the dis-
pleasure of administrations ruled by the sentiment of the slave
power. The triumph, though brief, seemed fo/ the time com-
plete. In fact, it was no triumph, but a march downward,
through some glare and pomp of temporary success, into
night and silence. In the year 1847 they were scornfully
voting down all propositions to arrest the extension of sla-
very, and endeavoring to provide for its perpetual continu-
ance among us. On the 1st of January, 1863, by proclamation
from "Washington, every slave throughout this country was de-
clared free. This was the outcome of the infatuation of the
slavery propagandists. It is not so much to the North that
the black owes his freedom to-day as to the South, which, not
content with the protection afforded to that institution un-
der the American Constitution, demanded its extension, and
attempted to break up the Union when that demand was re-
fused. If- they had listened to the counsels of wisdom and
prudence, and been content with the position held on that ques-
tion by their own ancestors, the institution which they prized
so highly might have been secure among them to this day.
From May, 1846, till February, 1848, the war with Mexico
dragged its tedious length along. On the 4tli of January,
1847, General Dix spoke on the bill to appoint a Lieuten-
ant-general. On the 22d of February next following Zachary
Taylor fought and won, at Buena Vista, the battle which made
him President of the United States. Roger Sherman Dix, a
pay- master in the army, was with General Taylor at the time,
and, as chance would have it, saw service in that fight. One
or two of his letters seem to merit a place in this story :
" Saltlllo, Mexico, February 25, 1S47.
"My DEAii Brother, — I Imvc but a few moments to write you, but I
have such news to communicate as will be gratifying to you and every
American, man, woman, and child, and I therefore give it.
" We have had another fight with the Mexicans, and, as usual, have
gained the victory, Santa Anna commanded in person. He had 20,000
troops — we had barely 5000. Skirmishing between the two armies com-
1845-1853.]
THE BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA.
211
)ne
t7.
irery
^ave
,000
lom-
menced on tlie evening of the 22d (mark the day), and continued dur-
ing the night. About 7 a.m. of the 23d the battle began in earnest, and
we fought until 5 p.m., when the enemy retired from the field. The next
morning they were in full retreat, and in the evening encamped about
ten miles from the battle-ground, the last place at which tliey could get
water for a long distance. Our position was a strong one, which we did
not wish to lose, and we were weak in numbers, or we would have pur-
sued them. They encamped at Agua Nueva ; the battle was fought at
' Buena Vista,' ten miles this side.
" I was in the action from its commencement to its close — with General
Taylor part of the time. General Wool part of the time, and carrying their
orders to difierent parts of the field. I flatter myself I made myself al-
most as useful as ornamental. I came off", thanks to God, without a
wound. How it was I know not, for the musket-balls flew thick as hail
around me. ind a cannon-shot would occasionally throw up the dust
near me. 'Twas an awful fight, and 'tis said by all to be much harder
than that of Monterey. Ten hours' fighting is no trifle. I came to Mex-
ico to see the 'elephant.' I have seen him, and am perfectly willing
never to see him again. General Wool behaved most nobly, and well
has he earned the brevet of Major-general.
" I can hardly think that Santa Anna will try it again. Their loss,
'tis said (I do not believe it), was between three and four thousand, ours
I do not think exceeds five hundred in killed and wounded. Many valu-
able lives have been lost. Captain Lincoln (son of Governor Levi Lin-
coln, of Massachust .ts). Adjutant-general to General AVool, and one of the
noblest, most chivalrous, and gallant soldiers, was killed at the commence-
ment of the action, while encouraging an Indiana regiment to stand its
ground.
" Lieutenant - colonel Ilcnry Clay, Jr., of the Kentucky foot, is also
numbered among the dead. A more gallant soldier or high-minded and
honorable man never lived. He and Lincoln were among my best
friends. Clay was my classmate when I entered West Point, and we
have always been warm friends. Poor fellow, he is gone ; Colonel Yell,
of Arkansas, formerly Governor of the State, is among the killed, and
many others whom I have not time to enumerate.
"I will only mention one thing more, and let it be strictly entre nous.
I ought not, perhaps, cither to say anything about it ; but as I have com-
menced here goes :
"Soon after the fight commenced one of the Indiana regiments, which
was exposed to a tremendous fire from the enemy, broke and ran. They
were some distance oft' when General Wool met me — I was then with
the dragoons, and about to charge with them — and ordered me to rally
212
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
w
them and bring them into action. I put spurs to my horse and galloped
to the rear. They were broken into parties of tliree and four, and Avere
more than half a mile from the fight. I stopped them ; I urged, begged,
and entreated them ; then cursed and abused tliem ; and finally, in about
half an hour, with the aid of Captain Linnard, of the Topographical En-
gineers, I succeeded in collecting about half of the regiment ; then, tak-
ing their flag (they were still souiewliat panic-stricken),! called to them
that if they were not a d d set of cowards they would follow their
flag, and I moved toward the field. They gave me three cheers, and I
led them to tlie field and reported to General Wool. These men after-
ward fouglit bravely and never left the ground. Their General (Lane)
and their Lieutenant -colonel (Haddon) both tried, without success, to
bring them back ; and Lane that evening, after the fight and again next
morning, thanked me, and told me if it had not been for me they would
never have returned to the fight. I do not know if General Taylor saw
it, but General Lane mentioned it to him next morning. I felt that I
had done my duty — that was enough for me. General Wool and Colonel
Churchill both shook hands with me next morning and congratulated
me (I suppose, upon the result of the battle).
" Santa Anna sent in a flag of truce before the fight, requesting General
Taylor (merely to save the eifusion of blood) to surrender with his army,
saying that he had over 20,000 men, etc., etc., and promising to treat us
kindly. General Taylor wrote him back, "twas all the same if he had
50,000, and if he wanted us, he must come and take us,' thanking him at
the same time for his kindness. The next morning he told his troops
that ours were all volunteers, and he would whip us in ten minutes — a
sliglit mistake. At one time I feared, as did many others, that the battle
would go against us — 'twas when my Indianians ran. They had turned
our left flank and were pouring in their forces ; but our artillery poured
such discharges of grape into them that they soon fell back. I rode over
the field the next day, and the sight sickeued me ; 'twas horrible — the
wounded and the dead ! Many of the poor Mexicans are now in our
hospital and well cared for — officers as well as men. I think Santa Anna
has got enough, and will now retire to San Luis. God grant it I for I am
tired of sucli scenes as this.
"This will be handed you perhaps by Additional Paymaster, Major
Coflije (son of old General Coffee). He takes the despatches of General
Taylor to New Orleans, and probably to Washington. He has been with
me for some weeks. He was in the battle, and is a noble fellow. Treat
him kindly. Love to Catherine and all your family.
" Ever your affectionate brother, R. S. Dix.
"Hon. John A. Dix, U, S. Senator."
1845-1853.] BRILLIANT MOVEMENTS BY GENERAL SCOTT. 213
[lajor
Ineral
I with
Treat
lix.
"Saltillo, Mexico, March 25, 1847.
" My dear Brotheb, — Ere this reaches you you will doubtless have
seen aa account of our late glorious victory at Buena Vista. I wrote
you on the 25th, giving you a brief account of it.
" Santa Anna has retreated out of this province, and will undoubtedly
push on to the city of Mexico, to prevent (I think) another revolution.
His fate is sealed. The loss of this battle witli such disparity of force
is enough to damn him with the Mexican people and Congress. lie has
written to the Governor here that he has not been defeated — that he has
captured three pieces of our cannon (this is true, and their loos saved us),
and that he is going to MatahiMla, about one hundred and twenty-five
miles distant, to recruit his army. This is all stuff and nonsense. That
place can't supply his army with provisions for one day. He has gone
for good, and we shall, in :r.y opinion, see no more of him on tliis line.
I understand there are five regiments en route for this place. Had they
been here before the battle Santa Anna would have been routed, for on
his retreat we should have been strong enough to have pursued him.
'Tis well, however, as it is ; we have gained a glorious victory. Had they
attacked us the following day, I believe sincerely we should have been
defeated. The best of the volunteer officers, or quite a number of them,
had been killed, and their men had had enough of fighting, and no per-
suasions or entreaties or cursings could have got them to do any more ;
at least, they refused to move that evening. General Wool and myself
rode on to one of the heights, where parts of two regiments were (and
they those who had fought best), and endeavored to get them forward
to the next height, and all that we could say was of no avail. General
W. struck one or two officers with his sword, lut it would not do. 'Tis
true the men were nearly exhausted, but had Santa Anna then pushed
forward two or three fresh regiments of infimtry, the result of the battle
would have been dift'ercnt. Thanks to God, he felt he had got enough,
and so did his troops."
The successes of General Taylor gave iis the virtual posses-
sion of the whole of Northern Mexico as far south as the
mouth of the Rio Grande and the 2Gth parallel of latitude,
comprehending about two-thirds of the territory of tliat unfor-
tunate republic and about one-tenth of its inhabitants. Tlie
brilliant movements of General Scott subsequently au^^-'^'ontcd
those acquisitions by the reduction of Vera Cruz and the Cas-
tle of San Juan de Uloa ; the capture of Jalapa, Perote, and
Puebla; the surrender of the capital, and the occupation of the
214
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
three states of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Mexico, with nearly
two millions and a half of souls. The chief towns were re-
duced, the military forces which defended them captured or
dispersed, their civil authorities superseded, and the whole
machinery of government within the conquered states virtu-
ally transferred to our hands; and these results had been
achieved by an army at no period exceeding 15,000 men, and
against forces from three to five times more numerous than
those actually engaged on our side in every action since the
fall of Yera Cniz. Eeferring to these extraordinary suc-
cesses. General Dix, when presenting some army petitions
in the Senate, spoke as follows :
" I will not detain the Senate by entering into any detailed
review of these events with a view to enforce the appeal con-
tained in the petition on the attention. I hope, however, I
may be indulged in saying, in justice to those who bore a part
in them, that the first conquest of Mexico cannot, as it appears
to me, be compared with the second, either as to the obstacles
overcome or as to the relative strength of the invaders. The
triumphs of Cortez were achieved by policy, and by superior-
ity in discipline and in the implements of warfare. The use
of firearms, until then unknown to the inhabitants of Mexico,
was sufiicient in itself to make his force, small as it was, irre-
sistible. In the eyes of that simple and superstitious peojjle
he seemed armed with superhuman power. Other circum-
stances combined to facilitate his success. The native tribes,
by whom the country was possessed, were distinct communi-
ties, not always acknowledging the same head, and often
divided among themselves by implacable hostility and resent-
ments. Cortez, by his consummate pinidence and art, turned
these dissensions to his own account ; he lured the parties to
them into his own service, and when he presented himself at
the gates of the city of Mexico he was at the head of four
thousand of the most warlike of the natives, as auxiliaries to
the band of Spaniards with which he commenced his march
1845-1853.] THE ADDITIOITAL MILITARY FORCE BILL. 215
from Vera Cruz. Thus liis early successes were as much the
triumph of policy as of arms. General Scott and the gallant
band he led had no such advantages. The whole population
of the country, from Vera Cruz to Mexico, was united as one
man against him, and animated by the fiercest animosity.
He was opposed by military forces armed like his own, often
better disciplined, occupying positions chosen by themselves,
strong by nature, and fortified according to the strictest rules
of art. These obstacles were overcome by his skill as a tac-
tician, aided by a corps of officers unsurpassed for their knowl-
edge of the art of attack and defence, and by the indomitable
courage of their follower. With half his force left on the
battle-field or in the hospital, and with less than six thousand
men, after a series of desperate contests, he took possession of
the city of Mexico, containing nearly two hundred thousand
inhabitants, and defended by the remnant of an army of more
than thirty thousand soldiers. I confess I know nothing in
modern warfare which exceeds in brilliancy the movements
of the American army from the Gulf to the city of Mexico.
I shall not attempt to speak of them in the language of eulo-
gium. They are not a fit theme for such connnent. Like
the achievements of General Taylor and his bravo men on
the Rio Grande, at Monterey, and Buena Vista, the highest
and most appropriate praise is contained in the simplest state-
ment of facts."
to
I'ch
General Dix addressed the Senate, January 20, 1848, in
support of a bill to raise an additional military force with a
view to retain possession of the territory of Mexico until she
should consent to make peace on terms satisfactory to the
United States. Mr. Calhoun oj^posed this measure, having
offered resolutions to the effect that " to conquer Mexico, and
to hold it, either as a province or incoi-porated into the Union,
would be inconsistent with the avowed object for which war
has been prosecuted ; a departure from the settled policy of
the government; in conflict with its character and genius;
210
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
and in the end subversive of our free and popular institu-
tions." The public mind was divided between two proposi-
tions : the first was, to withdraw our forces from the Mexican
territory, and leave the subject of indemnity for injuries and
the adjustment of a boundary between the two republics to
future negotiation, relying on a magnanimous course of con-
duct on our part to produce a corresponding feeling on the
part of Mexico; and the second was, to retain possession of
the territory which had been already acquired until Mexico
should consent to make a treaty of peace providing ample
compensation for the wrongs of which the American people
had complained, and settling to their satisfaction the bound-
ary in dispute. The latter course was advocated by General
Dix. Desiring above all things a restoration of permanently
amicable relations between the two countries, and the re-
moval of the causes of dissensions, he was firmly of the opin-
ion that the withdrawal of our forces, instead of bringing
about a speedy and lasting peace, would have the opposite
effect; that it would open a field of domestic dissension,
and possibly of external interference in the affairs of that
distracted country, to be followed, in all probability, by a re-
newal of active hostilities with us, and under circumstances
in which the advantages already gained would have been
lost, and the whole subject would be embarrassed with fresh
dangers and evils.
This speech is especially interesting, inasmuch as he took
up and considered the alleged right of European powers to
intervention in the affairs of this continent. That right had
been formally asserted in the French Chamber of Deputies, in
the year 1845, by M. Guizot, Minister of Foreign Affairs, as
the organ of the Government of France. lie then declared
that it belonged to France " to protect, by the authority of
her name, the independence of states, and the equilibrium of
the great political forces in America." That notion of trying
to carry out the European system of the balance of power on
another continent has long since been exploded ; no foreign
1845-1853.] A TRUE EXPJtESSION OF AMERICAN SPIRIT. 217
government would for an instant entertain it. An able argu-
ment, and a manly protest against it, will be found in the ad-
dress to which I now refer. General Dix's words were the
true expression of the American spirit, which would not brook
the interference of the European powers in the affairs of this
side of the world. The position taken by him is now, and has
long been, conceded by those powers, although at that day
there was no liesitation in asserting their arrogant claim. In
the course of his remarks he said :
m
IS
bd
)f
)f
\S
|n
In
" Mr. President, any attempt by a European power to in-
terpose in the affairs of Mexico, either to establish a monarchy
or to maintain, in the language of M. Guizot, ' the equilibrium
of the great political forces in America,' would be the signal
for a war far more important in its consequences and inscru-
table in its issues than this. AVe could not submit to such
interposition if we would. The public ojiinion of the coun-
try would compel us to resist it. AVe are committed by the
most formal declarations, first made by President Monroe in
1823, and repeated by the present Chief Magistrate of the
Union. "We have protested in the most solemn manner
against any farther colonization by European powers on this
continent. We have protested against any interference in
the political concerns of the independent States in this hemi-
sphere. A protest, it is true, does not imply that the ground
it assumes is to be maintained at all hazards, and, if necessary,
by force of arms. Great Britain protested against the inter-
ference of France in the affairs of Spain in 1823; she has
more recently protested against the absorption of Cracow by
Austria, as a violation of the political order of Europe, settled
at Vienna by the Allied Sovereigns ; and against the Montpen-
sier marriage, as a violation of the treaty of Utrecht ; but I
do not remember that in either case she did anything more
than to proclaim to the world her dissent from the acts
against which she entered her protest. It has always seemed
to me to be unwise in a goveniment to put forth manifestoes
218
ilEMOIliS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
without being prepared to maintain them by acts, or to make
declarations of abstract principle until tho occasion has ar-
rived for enforcing them. Tho declarations of a President
having no power to make vfViV without a vote of Congress, or
even to employ tho military force of a country, except to de-
fend our own territory, is vory different from the protest of
a sovereign holding tho issues of peace and war in his own
hands. But tho former may not be less effectual when
are sustained, as I believe those of rrcsidents Monroe id
Polk are, in respect to European interference on tho Ameri-
can continent, by an undivided public oi)inion, even though
they may not have received a formal resiionse from Congress.
I hold, therefore, if any such interposition as that to which I
liavc referred should take place, resistance on our part would
inevitably follow, and we should become involved in contro-
versies of which no man could foresee the end."
I quote a striking passage against the aggressive policy of
Great Britain :
" In the references I have made to Franco and Great ^
ain, I have been actuated by no feeling of nnkindness or
tility to either. Rapid and wide-sj)read as has been the prog-
ress of the latter, we have never sought to interfere with it.
She holds one-third of the North American continent. She
has established her dominion in tho Bermndas, the AVest In-
dies, and in Guiana, on the South American continent. She
holds Balize, on the Bay of Yucatan, in North America, with
a district of about fourteen thousand square miles, if we may
trust her own geographical delineations. "VVe see her in the
occupation of territories in every quarter of the globe, vastly,
inordinately extended, and still ever extending herself. It is
not" easy to keep pace with her encroachments. A few years
ago the Indus was the western boundary of her Indian em-
pire. She has passed it. She has overrun Afghanistan and
Beloochistan, though, I believe, she has temporarily with-
drawn from the former. She stands at the gates of Pereia.
1845-1863.] GIGANTIC EXTENSION OF ENGLISH RULE. 219
Slio lias discussed tho policy of passing Persia and making
the Tigris her western boundary in Asia. One stride more
would place her upon the shores of the Mediterranean, and
her annies would no longer liiid their way to India by the
circumnavigation of Africa. Indeed, she has now, lor all
government purposes of communication, except the transpor-
tation of troops and munitions of war, a direct intercourse
with the East. Her steamers of tho largest class run from
England to Alexandria; from Alexandria there is a water-
communication with Cairo — some sixty miles; from Cairo it
is but eight hours overland to Suez, at tho head of the Red
Sea ; from Suez her steamers of the largest class run to Aden,
a military station of hcra at the mouth of the Red Sea ; from
Aden to Ceylon, and from Ceylon to China. She is not
merely conquering her way back from Ilindostan. She has
raised her standard beyond it. She has entered the confines
of the Celestial Empire. She has gained a permanent foot-
hold within it ; and who that knows her can believe that pre-
texts will long bo wanting to extend her dominion there?
Though it is for commerce mainly that she is thus adding
to the number and • \tent of her dependencies, it is not for
commerce alone. 1 ' love of power and extended empire
is one of the efficieui >rinciples of her gigantic efforts and
movements. No island, however remote, no rock, however
barren, on which the Cross of St. George has once been un-
furled, is ever willingly relinquished, no matter how expen-
sive or inconvenient it may be to maintain it. She may be
said literally to encircle the globe by an unbroken chain of
dependencies. Nor is it by peaceful means that she is thus
extending herself. She propagates commerce, as Mohamme-
danism projiagated religion, by fire and sword. If she nego-
tiates, it is with fleets and armies at the side of her ambassa-
dors, in order, to use the language of her diplomacy, ' to give
force to their representations.' She is essentially and emi-
nently a military power, unequalled on the sea and unsur-
passed on the laud. Happily, the civilization which distin-
\m
220
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
!l .
s
guishes her at home goes with her, and obliterates some of
the bloody traces of her march to unlimited empire."
Kor is the following a less striking picture by way of con-
trast to the passages just quoted :
"One position we have assumed, and I trust it will be
maintained with inflexible firmness — that nations beyond this
continent cannot be permitted to interfere with our progress,
so long as there is on our part no violation of their rights. I
would resist at the outset, as matter of the gravest offence, all
indications of such interference. If the abstract right could
be asserted on grounds of international law, there has been
nothing ia the nature of our extension, or the means by
which it has been accomplished, to warrant its application to
us. From the formation of our government, for nearly three-
quarters of a century, military power — brute force — has had
no agency in the conquests we have achieved. "We have
overrun no provinces or countries abounding in wealth. Our
capital has witnessed no triumphal entries of returning arm-
ies, bearing with them the spoils and trophies of conquest.
Our ships have not been seen returning from subjugated dis-
tricts, freighted with the tributes of an extended commerce.
In the extension of our commercial intercourse we have not,
like our Anglo-Saxon mother, been seen hewing down with
the swcrd, with unrelenting and remorseless determination,
ever}' obstacle which opposed itself to her progress. Our
career thus far has been stained by no such companionship
with evil. Our conquests have been the peaceful achieve-
ments of enterprise and industry — the one leading the way
into the wilderness, the other folloM'ing and completing the
acquisition by the formal symbols of occ':i])ancy and posses-
sion. They have looked to no objects beyond the conversion
of uninhabited wilds into abodes of civilization and freedom.
Their only arms were the axe and the ploughshare. The ac-
cumulations of wealth they have brought were all extracted
from the bosom of the earth by the unoffending hand of
18-15-1853.] AMERICA'S APPOINTED PATH ONWARD.
221
way
the
|»sscs-
rsion
[loin.
ac-
Icted
of
labor. If, in the progress of onr people "Westward, they shall
occupy territories not our own, but to become ours by amica-
ble arrangements with the governments to which they belong,
which of the nations of the earth shall venture to stand forth
in the face of the civilized world and call on us to pause in
this great work of human improvement ? It is as much the
interest of Europe as it is ours that we should be permitted
to follow undisturbed the path which, in the allotment of
national fortunes, we seem appointed t j tread. Our country
has long been a refuge for those who desire a larger liberty
than they enjoy imder their own rulers. It is an outlet for
the political disaffection of the Old World — for social ele-
ments which might there have become sources of agitation,
but Avhich are here silently and tranquilly incorporated into
our system, ceasing to be principles of disturbance as they at-
tain the greater freedom, which was the object of their sepa-
ration from less congenial combinations in other quarters of
the globe. Nay, more : it is into the vast reservoir of the
Western wilderness, teeming with fruitfulness and fertility,
that Europe is constantly pouring, under our protection, her
human surpluses, unable to draw from her own bosom the ele-
ments of cheir support and reproduction. She is literally go-
ing along with us in our march to prosperity and power, to
share with us its triumphs and its fruits. Happily, this conti-
nent is not a legitimate theatre for the political arrangements
of the sovereigns of the eastern hemisphere. Their armies
may range, undisturbed by us, over the plains of Europe, Asia,
and Africa, dethroning monarchs, partitioning kingdoms, and
subverting republics, as interest or caprice may dictate. But
political justice demands that in one quarter of the globe self-
government, freedom, the arts of peace, shall be permitted to
work out, unmolested, the great purposes of human civili-
zation."
It IS a curious fact, and one which shows what good ground
there was to fear European intervention, if the relations be-
i
222
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
tween tlie United States and Mexico had been left at loose
ends, that on the very day after this speech Avas delivered
General Dix received from a friend in New York, v/ho could
have no knowledge of his intention to speak, much less of the
topics he designed to discuss, a translation from a speech de-
livered to the Cortes of Spain, December 1, 1847, by Senor
Olozaga. It appeared from that speech that, but a short time
previous to M. Guizot's declaration above referred to, large
sums w^ere expended in Spain for the purpose of establishing
a monarchy in Mexico, and placing a Spanish prince upon
the throne.*
Soon after the delivery of this speech the treaty of peace
was made, by which Mexico ceded to the United States the
line of the Rio Grande as a boundary, and the territory of
New Mexico and California, in consideration of which the
United States agi'eed to pay her the sum of $15,000,000, and
to assume her debts to American citizens to an extent not to
exceed $3,500,000.
The termination of the war with Mexico, and the results at-
tained by that contest, prepared the way for an acrimonious
renewal of the strife b(itween the Northern and Southern sec-
tions. The question was as to the equal rights of our citizens
in the occupation of the territory acquired. On the one hand,
it was contended that the United States Government ought
not to permit the establishment of slavery in any region al-
ready free ; on the other, it Avas urged that no discrimination
should be made between settlers, and tliat the Southerner had
as clear a right to carry his property with him, including his
servants, as the Northerner had to take his tools and invested
funds. The question came up in the Senate, as j^, matter of
course ; it was debated with great earnestness and no little
feeling. General Dix's speech, June 2G, 1818, on the estab-
lishment of a Territorial go\ crnment in Oregon, deals princi-
* Sec foot-note on p. 214, vol. i., " Speeches and Adclresses." Sec also
Appendix, No. III., for a Project of a Treaty, by Albert Gallatin.
1845-1853.] NEW YORK DEFENDED FROM ASPERSIONS. 223
rlit
lad
lis
tic
ilso
pally witli that subject. The bill for establishing such a gov-
ernment expressly excluded slavery, by declaring all laws then
existing in the Territory to be valid and operative ; and one
of those laws prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude
otherwise than for the punishment of crimes whereof the
party should be duly convicted. Mr. Jeiferson Davis, of Mis-
sissij)pi, was among the Senators on the Southern side of the
House who opposed the scheme. The bill passed, however, on
the 12th of August ensuing, with the restrictions and prohibi-
tions of slavery contained in the memorable ordinance of 1787.
Again the question came before the Senate, when a bill was
introduced embracing the whole subject q^ organizing govern-
ments for the Territories acquired from Mexico, the material
point of disagreement being the question of permitting slav-
ery to be established in those Territories. The Southern Sena-
tors insisted that citizens of the United States had the right,
under the Constitution, to carry into those Territories what-
ever was recognized as property in the States from which
they emigrated. The free States denied this doctrine, and in-
sisted that, slavery having been abolished in Mexico, it could
only be restored by positive enactment. But, to remove all
doubt upon this point, it was contended that the acts organiz-
ing governments in those Territories should contain an abso-
lute prohibition of slavery, in order to save the government
from the reproach of re-establishing it where it had long been
abolished by the fundamental law. General Dix, in address-
ing the Senate on this subject, took occasion to defend the
State of New York from aspersions cast on her by Senator
Butler, of South Carolina. In this speech, and in one deliv-
ered just a month before, may be found a full historical vin-
dication of the course of the men who were equally opposed
to external interference with slavery in the States in which it
existed, and to its extension to territory where it did not exist.
If a calm, critical, and dispassionate examination of the public
records of the nation from the beginning, the statements of
its founders, and the acts of its representative bodies can
224
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
i»t
prove anything, it shows this, that General Dix and those
who acted with him truly represented the thought of our
earliest statesmen on that subject, and vindicates them from
the reproaches of extremists in both sections of the country.
Througliout that exciting period, in which the skies grew
stormier every day, their position, as stated by themselves,
was as follows :
" 1. All external interference with slavery in the States is
a violation of the compromises of the Constitution, and dan-
gerous to the harmony and perpetuity of the Federal Union.
" 2. If territory is acquired by the United States, it should,
in respect to slavery, be received as it is found. If slavery
exists tlierein at the time of the acquisition, it should not be
the subject of legislation by Congress. On the other hand, if
slavery docs not exist tlierein at the time of the acquisition,
its introduction ought to be prohibited while the Territory
continues to be governed as such.
" 3. All legislation by Congress, in respect to slavery in the
territory belonging to the United States, ceases to be ojDcra-
tive when the inhabitants are permitted to form a State gov-
ernment ; and the admission of a State into the Union carries
with it, by force of the sovereignty sucli admission confers,
the right to dispose of tlic wlnle question of slavery at its
discretion, without external interference."
It was the determination of those men to resist interfer-
ence with slavery in the States, as unauthorized and disor-
ganizing, and at the same time to withhold assent to its ex-
tension under any pretext, and to oppose such extension in
CYGvy constitutional mode, as of evil tendency in government,
wrong in itself, and repugnant to humanity and civilization.
They appear to have demonstrated that in this position they
were in accord with the fathers of the Republic. The appeal
to the representatives of the Southern people, with which
the speech from which I have just quoced closes, will be read
with profound interest, considering the contempt with wliich
the solemn remonstrance was met :
1845-1853.] NO FEABS FOB INTEGRITY OF THE UNION. 225
" I do entreat our Southern friends earnestly, solemnly, not
to press this measure upon us : I mean that of insisting on the
right to carry slaves into New Mexico and California, I say
to you in sincerity, and with the deepest conviction of the
truth of what I say, that the Northern feeling can go no far-
ther in this direction. I appeal to you, through the memory
of the past, to do us the justice we have rendered you. You
asked for Florida. You said it shut you out from the Gulf
of Mexico. It was an inlet for political intrigue and so-
cial disorganization. It was necessary for your safety. We
united with you to obtain it. Our blood, our treasure was
freely shared with you in making the acquisition. "We gave
it up to you without reserve. You asked for Texas. It was
said to be in danger of falling under the control of your com-
mercial rivals. It was necessary for your safety. You said
it would become a theatre for the intrigues of abolitionism.
Your slave population might be endangered without it. "We
united with you again, and gave you back, by legislation and
arms, what you had lost a quarter of a century before by dip-
lomacy. We have now acquired free territory. We ask only
that it may remain free. Do not ask us to unite with you in
extending slavery to it. We abstain from all interference
with slavery where it exists. We cannot sanction its exten-
sion, directly or indirectly, where it does not exist. And if the
authority of the United States is exerted for this purpose — if
slavery is carried into and established, as it will be by this
bill, in the territory we have acquired — I am constrained to
say — I say it in sorrow — the bond of confidence which unites
the two sections of the Union will be rent asunder, and years
of alienation and unkindness may intervene before it can be
restored, if ever, in its wonted tenacity and strength. Not
that I have any present fears for the integrity of the Union.
I have not. It is capable of sustaining far ruder shocks than
any possible settlement of this question can give. But what
I fear is that the current of reciprocal kindners and confidence
which runs through every portion of the community, pervad-
L— 15
;
I
■f
I ■'
226
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
'i
ing, refresliing, invigorating all, may be turned out of its
course and forced into channels to which the common feeling
is alien, and in which it may be converted into a fountain of
bitterness and strife. I conjure you, tlien, to avoid all this.
Ask us not to do what every principle we have been taught,
and taught by your fathers, to venerate, condemns as unnatu-
ral and unjust."
Amid these painful discussions it is refreshing to turn to
an address of a different character. I allude lO the speech,
made March 21, 1848, on a proposition to abolish the mission
to the Papal States. This measure was opposed by the Sena-
tor from New York. His remarks were listened to with at-
tention and interest, including as they did an account of the
order and state of the Court of the Vatican, a summary of the
history of the temporal power, and such a pleasant descrip-
tion of the Eternal City, its Campagna, and ancient port, as
an accomplished classical scholar would be expected to give.
Pope Pius IX. had but recently begun his reign ; he was ad-
mired and honored as a prince of liberal views and progres-
sive tendencies ; it was in a spirit of great cordiality toward
him, and of veneration for that branch of the Church of
which he was the admired head, that this plea for a suitable
representative near him was made; and the desired object
was accomplished.
I omit particular mention of other speeches made about
this time, such as tliat on the California claims, March 29,
1848 ; on the Yucatan bill, May 17, in the same year; and
on trade with Canada, delivered several months later. It is
time to proceed to the subject of the Free-soil movement in
1848.
Silas "Wright was inaugurated Governor of the State of
New York January 1, 1845. The reluctance with which he
accepted that office was justified by the events which follow-
ed. Ilis administration was embarrassed by a series of un-
toward occurrences, in consequence of which, notwithstanding
1
1845-1853.] SILAS WBIOETS DIGNIFIED RUSTIC LIFE. 227
his abilities and honesty of purpose, he lost popularity. The
anti-rent disturbances lost him the support of a part of the
rural population, in consequence of the firmness with which
he repressed the proceedings of the agrarians of that day, and
maintained the cause of law and order in disaffected regions.
His disapproval of the Canal Bill, though in accord with his
well-known and unalterable convictions, alienated those who
were in favor of large expenditure for internal improvements.
More serious than either of these was the harm done by the
quiet yet persistent opposition of the " Hunkers." Nor can
it be doubted that the influence of the Government at Wash-
ington was thrown against him in that critical hour. Gov-
ernor Marcy was Secretary of War ; Samuel Nelson had just
been appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States ; Governor Bouck held one of the most influential
GflUces in the city of New York — all these were members of
that section of the party with which Governor Wright was
not in sympathy. It was evident that he would be unable to
maintain himself against an opposition of which the elements
were so numerous, so varied, and so dangerous ; and, accord-
ingly, it occasioned little surprise among intelligent observers
of public affairs when, in the autumn of 1846, he was defeated
by a majority of nearly 12,000 votes.
Nothing can be imagined more admirable than the conduct
of that great man under these trying circumstances. He re-
turned at once to his beloved farm at Canton, and resumed,
with apparent delight, the occupations of a rustic life. Visit-
ors to that place have related how they found him at work in
his fields, in the midst of his farm-hands, setting an example
of industry and zeal which kept all about him up to their
duty. His house M'as the shrine of many a pilgrimage ; and,
as profound regret at the loss of such a man from the helm
of affairs and the councils of the State took the place of a less
honorable sentiment, his poijularity began to return. Already,
as the time for the nomination of a President drew near, men
were looking to him, as an illustrious representative of the
i
I
228
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
principles and hereditary faith of the Democratic Republican
part^ , in whose hands the country would be safe, no matter
from what quarter the tempest might come.
But it is not always possible for sinners to bring forth fruits
meet for repentance, however earnestly disposed to do so, nor
can the wrong and injustice done to noble citizens be always
repaired. A higher power rules the affairs of states, and
often cuts short the designs wliich men would fain carry into
effect. The State Agricultural Fair was to be held at Saratoga
Springs in the month of September, 184:7 ; Mr. Wright had
consented to deliver the customary address on that occasion.
The work of preparation was completed on the evening of
the 26th of August. At ten o'clock on the following morn-
ing he fell dead of disease of the heart. The news produced
a profound impression. It was officially announced to the
Legislature of the State ; it was brought to the notice of the
United States Senate. The city of Albany appointed the day
for the funeral, and, with the honors appropriate to great men,
what remained on earth of that venerable and patriotic citi-
zen was consigned to its last resting-place.
The address wliich he had just completed was read at the
opening of the Fair by General Dix, his faithful and devoted
friend. Another duty in connection with that melancholy
event devolved upon my father. Previous to Mr. Wright's
death the merchants of the city of New York had ordered
a magnificent service of plate to be presented to him in rec-
ognition of his eminent worth, and of the benefits resulting to
the public from his official conduct and private and personal
example. The workmen had not yet completed it when he
died. It Avas thereupon determined to present it to his wid-
ow, which was done on the 18th of November. On that occa-
sion Mr. John D. Yan Buren made an address ; and General
Dix, on the part of Mrs. Wright, received in her name and
acknowledged the splendid gift.
Thus ended, for this world at least, a friendship of many
years. On me, as a youth, it made a deep impression. I well
1845-1853.] A CRITICAL MOVEMENT AT HAND.
229
[•sonal
in lie
wid-
I occa-
tneral
and
lany
well
remember the man in "whom my father's faith was so strong,
and to whom he was so warmly attached. Ever a welcome
guest at our house, Mr. Wright was, when at a distance, in
constant correspondence with us. I could appreciate the
truth and sincerity of that friendship; I was too young to
comprehend how great was the blow to my father and the
men who stood with liim when the standard-bearer of their
cause and exponent of their deepest convictions was thus
suddenly taken from them.
For now a critical movement was at hand, wherein no one
knew what might occur. The next Presidential election was
to be held in the autumn of 1848. The aggressive temper of
the Southern statesmen, and their determination to extend if
possible the area of slavery, had produced a deep uneasiness
in many quarters, and in some directions a feeling of resent-
ment and indignation. Evidently something formidable was
in the air.
Tlie trouble which resulted in the open rupture in the
Democratic party in 1848 had been brewing for a long time.
It seems probable that the administration heljoed to push mat-
ters to a crisis by its treatment of the Barnburners and its thin-
ly disguised sympathy with their opponents. Very early in
President Polk's administration it became evident how mat-
ters were likely to go. I have before me a letter addressed
to General Dix, March 14, 1845, only ten days after the in-
auguration. Speaking of the New York appointments, and
referring particularly to a person for whom tlie writer would
have secured the favor and influence of the Senator, he adds :
" When I first heard of this, a month since, I thought there
was much certainty of Mr. 's success. I did not antici-
pate at that time that the present administration at Washing-
ton was to be a mere elongation of the trading, time-serving,
mongrel Tyler concern. I thouglit tliat President Polk would
be desirous of having his administration stand out in alto-ri-
lievo, separate from the past, and only provident of the good
of the future. Eecent appearances, however, give mc other
i m
\ \
230
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS I)IX.
forebodings. To my vision it is hardly in lasso^ilievo. If
the present and tlie future are to be a reproduction of the
past, I do not desire that you should incur the humiliation
for yourself or for me of asking anything for any friend of
))
mme.
The use of the term " humiliation " in the preceding letter
was apt, and amply justified by facts. General Dix, as repre-
sentative of the State of New York in the Senate, and expo-
nent of the old Democratic traditions, had a right to be heard
on the subject of the appointments. But, though there was
an apparent desire to oblige him and to defer to his wishes,
yet it seems clear that he was wilfully and constantly de-
ceived. Assurances were held out to him that Mr. Jonathan
I. Coddington should be appointed Collector of the Port, that
Mr. riagg should go into the Treasury, and that Mr. Benton's
plan of annexation should be adopted. Not one of these prom-
ises was fulfilled, nor is it likely that there was any intention
of fulfilling them. The course pursued toward him was re-
garded as one of duplicity. My father, honest himself, relied
on the honesty of other men, and on this occasion, as on oth-
ers in the course of his life, allowed himself to bo deceived.
But his disgust and indignation were great when he discov-
ered that he had been cheated. Among his letters are two
addressed to President Polk, which express, in dignified
terms, his sense of the arts practised at "Washington, and
imply that the government had broken faith with him and
cajoled him by what looked like deliberate falsehoods. The
sense of these wrongs burnt in the breasts of many of the
old-line Democrats. Mr. Flagg, referring to the new cabinet,
writes, March 5, in a somewhat desponding tone :
" The President will have a hard time in restoring the Sub-
treasury with agents who were opposed to it in 1837 and
probably now. But we have learned to bear gi'ief by being
schooled in adversity ; if the President gives us sound princi-
ples, we can get along."
But that was the question : whether the government would
1845-1853.] GENERAL DIX'S POLITICAL CREDO.
231
bo administered on sound principles. There is no doubt what
the men of the school of Flagg, Wright, and Dix understood
by those words. There is a paper, without date, but evidently
written about this time ; I transcribe it just as I find it, since
it seems to bo a summary of my father's political credo. It
is endorsed by him "Democuatio Points," and it runs as
follows :
" 1. A strict construction of the Constitution of the United
States ;
" 2. Unyielding opposition, in every constitutional mode, to
all encroachment on the reserved rights of the States ;
" 3. The receipt and disbursement of the revenue in gold
and silver, and the custody of the public money without the
agency of banks ;
" 4. The full and complete payment of the public debt at
the earliest practicaW ^ day ;
"5. Eetrenchment .i the public expenditure, and a rigid
economy of our resourcv>8 ;
"6. A curtailment of the patronage of the Federal Gov-
ernment ;
" 7. A tariff for revenue, to defray the necessary expenses
of the government ;
" 8. AjDpropriations of money from the public treasury for
the improvement of rivers and harbors, to be confined to such
as are general in their character; and no more than one new
work to bo provided for in the same bill ;
" 9. A graduation and reduction in the price of the public
lands ;
"10. No interference by Congress with slavery where it
exists ; and
" 11. Absolute prohibition of slavery in the Territories of
the United States where it docs not exist."
This was their creed in those days ; and this, according to
their idea, was the old faith of the party to which they were
devoted, and of which they were the consistent represent-
atives.
: n
i 'I
S82
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
Year by year matters grew worfic, till the time came to
nominate for the elections of 1848. That year is one of tho
most perplexing in American political history. A review of
the steps successively taken with reference to the questions
then agitating the country throws light on the position of
General Dix in the Free-soil movemLMit, and shows to what
extent he approved of it, and at what point ho lost confidence
in it ; for it ia evident, from his correspondence, that ho re-
garded it, in the form which it ultimately assumed, as a gravo
if not a fatal blunder, and would have withdrawn from it if
he could have done so. The course of events may be traced
by observing the conventions held about that time. These
I shall note in order:
(«) The State Democratic Convention was held at Syra-
cuse, September 29, 1847. Its session was stormy, lasting till
October .'?. Both sections of the party were represented. A
split took place before the adjournment, owing to the refusal
of the majority to adopt resolutions sustaining the Wilmot
Proviso. The Hunkers retained the control ; while the Barn-
burners announced their dissatisfaction with the proceedings,
and their refusal to accept them as a true index of Demo-
cratic sentiment.
(J) The Barnlmrners, thus outnumbered at Syracuse, met
soon after at Herkimer, and then adjourned, after making
arrangements to hold a convention of their own in the month
of February following.
(c) A convention was held at Albany, January 2G, 1848.
It was composed exclusively of the Hunker wing. It ap-
pointed a full delegation to represent the Democracy of the
State of New York iu the National Convention, which was to
meet in May.
{d) The Barnburners next held a convention at ITticn
ruory 16. They also appointed a full delegation ^'> J)ni
and claimed, as the Hunkers had done, to be tl
racy of the State.
{e) The National Democratic Convention met at Balti loro,
■ \
1845-1863.] VIOLENT AQUATION IN NEW YORK STATIC. 233
»gs,
:ing
^48.
)ro,
IVfuy 24. Both of the New York delegations presented tliem-
selves, offered their credentials, and demanded seats. It was
resolved to admit both, but on condition that the vote of the
State should be divided ])etwecn them. To this the liarn-
burners would not consent; they were farther irritated by
the refusal of the convention to pledge the Democratic party
and its candi<late8 to resist the extension of slavery. They
withdrew ; and the convention, having nominated Lewis
Cass of IMichigan, and AVilliam O. Butler of Kentucky, ad-
journed.
The action of the National Democratic Convention was the
signal for a violent agitation in the State of New York. On
the reception of the news the Bai'nburners called meetings at
Albany and New York, to express the feelings of the " Iladi-
cal Democracy." At these meetings the proceedings at Balti-
more were denounced; support to the nominations was re-
fused, on the ground that the party had not been fully repre-
sented, and that the nominations were, in consequence, irregu-
lar ; and it was declared that regular Democratic nominations
had yet to be made. Under these circumstances another con-
vention was called.
{f) It met at Utica on the 22d of June. It was composed
exclusively of Democrats who were dissatisfied with the action
of the National Convention, and hostile to its candidates. The
question first to be settled was, what should be done ; on that
men differed greatly ; some advising, or rather insisting, that
new nominations should be made ; others, more moderate in
their views, considering that it would be unwise and inexpe-
dient to proceed to a measure so extreme. This was the view
of General Dix, and for it he was roundly abused by his ex-
cited friends ; it was also the view of Mr. Van Buren, the
most sagacious of Democratic leaders. But men of moderate
counsels were overborne in the excitement of the hour, as may
be seen in the following letter from Mr. Van Buren, from
which it appears that his judgment was against the proposed
action, and that he had been compelled to yield :
f
I
i
;';t:
P? iV
234
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
" Stuyvesant, June 20, 1848.
" My dear Sir, — In a private letter written by me to our friend Colonel
Benton I intimated a concurrence with him and j'ourself in an opinion
adverse to a national nomination at Utica, at the same time informing
him that it was by no means certain that an opposite course would not
be pursued. The exhibition of a desire to nominate has since appeared
so universal with the Radical Democracy of the State, and the reasons
assigned in favor of it so strong, as to satisfy me that I ought not to ad-
vise against it, and it is quite certain that a nomination will be made.
Application has been made to me for permission to use my name, which
I have declined to give, on the ground that I have long since retired
from public life, with the tacit approbation of my friends, and I am re-
Folved never again to be a candidate for public ofHce. Finding a strong
desire to nominate you, and a very groat degree of sensibility upon the
subject, it has occurred to me as possililc, tliough not probable, that my
letter to the Colonel, which ho was authorized to show to you, might in
some degree influence your opinion. I therefore write you this letter,
which will, I understand, come to you in person, to communicate by tele-
graph with the Convention, if there sliould happen to be any ground
for my apprehension.
"There is an unusual degree of animation in the Party, and I have
no doubt that the Radical Democracy of this State will rally in favor
of the Utica proceedings with great uuauimity and power. With kind
regards to Mrs. Dix,
" Very respectfully and truly youra, M. Van Buren.
"Gcnl. Jno. A. Dix."
The views of General Dix on the subject of separate nomi-
nations were well understood; he took no pains to conceal
them ; he disapproved of what his political friends were bent
on doing ; he declined to be tlie opposition candidate for the
Presidency. But the convention represented a movement
which could not be stopped at that hour ; and the result was
that they nominated Martin Van Buren, and Henry Dodge,
of Wisconsin, as the candidates of " the Radical Democracy."
Having accomplished this, tlie convention adjourned ; but
Mr. Dodge declined the nomination, and thus their work was
left incomplete, and their design partially frustrated, as they
remained without any candidate for tlie Vice - Presidency
whom they would regard as having been regularly nominated.
nomi-
nceal
bent
tlie
ment
was
odge,
acy."
but
was
they
cncy
atcd.
1845-1853.] FEALTY TO TEE BADICAL DEMOCRACY.
235
This unfortunate and unexpected position must be borne in
mind in connection with what followed.
Thus far the quarrel in the Democratic party was strictly
a family dispute ; no outsiders had as yet been drawn in, and
therefore the alienation was not altogether hopeless.
A meeting was held at New York, July 18, to ratify the
nominations of the Radical Democracy. General Dix was
not present ; he wrote a letter, however, giving his adhesion
to the movement at the stage which it had then reached. It
will be observed that he mentions Mr. Van Buren only, Mr.
Dodge's name having been withdrawn :
«' Washington, July 17, 1848.
" Gentlemen, — I received some days ago your favor of the 7th iustant
inviting mc to attend and address a meeting of tlie Democracy of the
city of New York in the Park, on the 18th instant, 'for tne purpose of
ratifying the nomination of Martin Van Buren for the Presidency, and
of contributing to the extension of free soil and the perpetuation of free
labor,'
" I have deferred answering your favor to the latest practicable mo-
ment from a desire to accept the invitation, if in my power, without neg-
lecting my public duties. But I find it impossible. Important subjects
of legislation press on both Houses of Congress ; and I may at any mo-
ment be required to vote on some one of them.
" In respect to the great question on which so deep an interest is felt
by yourselves and those you represent, I have so recently exiircssed my
opinion in the most public manner that any farther annunciation of it
would be superfluous. It accords entirely with your own ; and much as
I desire to see this distracting question settled, 1 cannot advocate or
acquiesce in any adjustment by which slavery will be planted wh'jre it
does not now exist.
"So long as there was a possibility of maintaining the integrity of the
Democratic party in New York, without submitting to a sacrifice of prin-
ciple, my eflbrts were directed, in every proper way, to the restoration of
harmony. Events too clearly indicate the hopelessness of its reunion.
Under such circumstances I cannot hesitate an instant as to the course
of propriety and duty. From the Radical Democracy of New York I
cannot sepai-ate ; their principles and measures are those for the main-
tenance of which I have contended, side by side, witli them in the politi-
cal field from the moment I entered It. To introduce and preserve a
I;
i' \
t ^\i
?i^'
V'.
iT
I
i
111^
II:-'
236
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
rigid economy in the public expenditure ; to curtail the i)atronage of
the Federal Government, or, in otlier words, to diffuse political power
and not to centralize it; to liberate industry under all its forms from
useless and ojipressive restraints ; to narrow the sphere of monopoly and
exclusive privilege; to uphold the rights office labor; to maintain with
fidelity and good faith all the compromises of the Constitution, by ab-
staining from every species of interference witli the domestic concerns
and relations of the people of the States, and at the same time to resist
the extension of slavery to those portions of the territory of the United
States in which it does not exist, and especially where it is prohibited —
these are the great issues presented by the position you have taken, I
shall contribute my humble efforts to maintain it, satisfied as I am that
the public honor and prosperity are alike involved m your success.
"I have never considered the Democracy of New York bound by the
nominations at Baltimore, No portion of the Democracy of the Union
can be committed to the support of proceedings in which it has had no
part, or to a participation in which it has been admitted in such a manner
as to deprive it of all influence upon the result. I have, therefore, deemed
it a matter of entire discretion with the Radical Democracy of New York
how far they should acquiesce in the proceedings referred to. They
have deemed it due to their own rights to make a separate nomination,
and thus to sustain their delegates in the firm, manly, and dignified
course by which they disconnected themselves from the Baltimore Con-
vention. That nomination I shall support, as tlie one best in accordance
with the principles and issues I have alluded to, and the only one by
which they can be fully vindicated,
" Of the talents, firmness, moderation, private worth, and public ser-
vices of Mr. Van Buren, and his great experience in the affairs of govern-
ment, no one can entertain a higher opinion than myself; and I shall
give him my support, cheerfully and cordially, as the standard-bearer of
the New York Democracy in a great contest for principle, and as a states-
man who has graced every official position he has occupied in the ser-
vice of his country, and none more than the highest.
" I am, very respectfully, your fellow-citizen,
" John A. Dix.
" Messrs. JouN CocnuAN,
Eugene Casseult,
Clement Guion,
James Pattison, \ Committee,"
Isaac V. Fowler,
Andrew Caruigain,
Gabriel Uarrison,
1845-1853.] A NEW THING— THE ''FREE-SOIL PARTY » 237
I have already observed that the trouble in the Democratic
camp amounted, thus far, to no more than a very angry do-
mestic quarrel. In going with his old associates General Dix
had done nothing inconsistent cither with his political convic-
tions or with his position as a life-long Democrat. But the
time was at hand when "strangers and aliens" were to be-
come involved in the dispute, making matters a hundred-fold
worse.
{g) The next convention to be noted was that which met
at Philadelphia, June 7. This was the National Conv^ention
of the Whig party. The question of slavery came up, as it
had done in the National Democratic Convention, and again
it led to a rupture, through the refusal of the majority to
adopt resolutions against the extension of the peculiar insti-
tution of the South. General Taylor, " the hero of Buena
Vista," was nominated for President, and Millard Fillmore
of New York for Vice-President ; but the nominations were
disapproved by a portion of the party, and a secession took
place.
(A) A convention next assembled at Buffalo. It was called
by the seceders from the Whig National Convention, who
were unwilling to support the Philadelphia candidates. Pre-
viously to this time the moderate Abolitionists, then styl-
ing themselves the "Liberty Party," had made their nomi-
nations ; and it seems that at this juncture a scheme was
set afoot to fuse, if possible, the Liberty Party, the Whig
seceders, and the Democratic " Barnburners," so as to bring
their united strength to bear in the approaching election.
Into this ingeniously contrived trap some of the leaders of
the "Radical Democracy" fell, and the result was seen in
the formation of a new thing, the "Free -soil Party," com-
posed of heterogeneous elements, and constituting a transi-
tion tc something else which was to come of it in later years.
{i) A convention next assembled at Buffalo, August 9,
Tliis was the outcome of the scheme already referred to — a
fusion convention, composed of all the elements that were
Til
288
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
r I'
! i
1 .i
hostile to the extension of slavery. There were delegates
from every free State, and also from Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, and the District of Columbia— these latter represent-
ing those who, though residing in slave-holding States, held
the old views on the subject, and desired its peaceful and
final extinction. Salmon P. Chase of Ohio was chosen pre-
siding officer of that remarkable assemblage. Preston King,
of the House of Representatives, John Van Buren, and Benja-
min F. Butler of New York, i^rominent members of the Radi-
cal Democracy, were there ; while Nathaniel Sawyer of Ohio,
Governor Briggs, and Charles ± . Adams of Massachusetts,
represented the AVhig party in its deliberations. Joshua R.
Giddings and Frederick Douglass, abolitionists of the extreme
type, struck hands with the rest, and added to the motley as-
pect of that incongruous assemblage. With a view to unite
the largest possible number in support of the candidates to
be brought forward, it was thought essential that they should
be representatives of both the great parties ; and as the Radical
Democracy had alreadj'' a candidate for the Presidency, but
none for the Vice-Presidency, the course of the convention
seemed clear. Martin Van Buren, the nominee of the New
York malcontents, was nominated for the Presidency, and
Charles Francis Adams of Massachusetts, an eminent AVhig
politician and statesman, for the Vice-Presidency. And then
the convention adjourned.
It was a strange combination, that of a New York "Barn-
burner" and a Massachusetts " Conscience-AVhig."*
(k) Fiiuilly, another convention was held at TTtica, Sep-
tember 14. This, the last which I have occasion to mention,
was actually a " Free-soil," or Democratic, Convention, but
it united all the elements that had assisted at Buffalo on
'\'^
, *l.
m
\\ I;
'3^
* The love of grotcsqv • names seems to be a passion in American poli-
tics. We read of "Buck lails," "Barnburners," "Old Iluni'ers," "Con-
scicnce-Wliigs," " Cotton-Wliigs," "Silver Grays," " Loco-focos," "Cop-
per heads," and now of " Stalwarts " and " Ilalf-brceds."
i I-
1845-1853.] A TORRENT NOT TO BE STEMMED.
239
the 9tli of August. It ratified the nomination of Mr. Van
Buren and Mr. Adams ; it proceeded, farther, to nominate
a candidate for the ofiice of Governor of the State of New
York. The choice fell on General Dix : he was unable to re-
sist the pressure, and submitted to the misfortune which had
thus overtaken him.
I have always felt great sympathy with my father in the
trying position in which he was thus placed since I came to
understand what it involved. He disapproved of the design
of that section of the Democracy with whom he acted to
make separate nominations, thinking it unwise and unneces-
sary, and foreseeing that it would increase the difficulty of
brinorinir about a reconciliation. But he must have regarded
■with much greater concern the fusion of members of oppo-
site parties who were divided on subjects regarded by him
as of the utmost importance. That he, a Democrat of the
old school, should find himself associated with gentlemen
of the Whig party, from whom he differed on almost every
point, whose political principles he had always opposed, and
with whom he could never agree on questions of taxation,
public works, finance. Constitutional interpretation, and State
and national policy, was a painful and distressing surprise.
He was willing, if it must be so, to go with his own section
of the Democratic party, though deeming their course not
the wisest. But when it came to alliance with Whigs and
Abolitionists he lost all heart in the movement. This ac-
counts for his strong expression in after -years on the sub-
ject of the fusion in 1848, for the indefatigable zeal with
which he labored to bring about a reunion of his own peo-
ple in 1852, and for his strenuous efforts to justify himself
from the charge of being an Abolitionist and false to his
old faith.
It will be asked, of course, why he yielded ; and to this tho
reply is simple. lie was caught in a torrent wliich he could
not stem ; he was also under personal and domestic influences
Looking back to
\l
4
which it Avas impossible for him to resist.
t
240
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
'.• ,(.
iJl
ii ii,
those clays, I frankly admit that I do not sec how he could
have resisted. I will throw what light I can on this part of
his life. lie was one of those men who arc never influenced
by passion, hut follow the dictates of a sober judgment. lie
was very cautious; prudent, perhaps, in some things, to a
fault ; foresightcd, wise. The rash enthusiasm which hurries
men forward with little or no reflection, leading them more
frequently to derisory failure than to brilliant success, was
not in him. Though he had the temper of self-sacrifice in
perfection, he was not the man to commit political suicide
without a distinct intellectual impression that the cause was
worth the price. Hence he failed his eager and excited
friends in the earlier stage of their proceedings in 1848. He
"was vehei^icntly urged, before the Convention of the 23d of
June, to allow himself to be nominated for the Presidency.
He was assujcd that nine-tenths of the Radical Democracy of
the State were convinced of the expediency and projiriety of
making separate nominations, and that every hour strength-
ened their convictions on that point ; that the nomination of
Mr. Yan Burcn was out of the question ; that the thoughts of
men were turning more and more toward him ; and that he
must not withlold his consent to the use of his name. lie
was threatened with the consequences of failing to throw him-
self into the arcnr., and told that the man wha M'ould not " go
with the masses in their triumphal progress would be trampled
under foot." The letters of that date vary.* Some are calm
and rational, but most of them are mere fire and fury. The
writers seem, to have looked for no inuncdiate result beyond
* I refer to private letters which pourccl in at that time. Tliere is one
from Ward Hunt, of Utica, June 3 ; another from Bradford R, Wood,
June 13; another from Benjamin F. Butler, June 16; another from
T. M. Burt, of Kindcrhook, June 30 ; and finally a notable one frum
myself, then a college student, in my twenty-first year. Of it I am now
heartily ashamed, yet it shows the wild extravagance of the " Young
America " of the day, as well as the feeling of the household in Bond
Street.
1845-1853.] A DIFFICULT COURSE TO STEEIi.
241
go
the defeat of General Cass, wliose name, apparently, was
odious to thcni ; yet the idea possessed them that tlie de-
feated candidate of 1848 would undoubtedly be victor in 1852.
No doubt General Dix saw through the cloud of decep-
tions thus raised, and perceived the end of these fond exj^cc-
tations. His reason could not have been convinced ; nor was
it possible to intimidate him by threats, as some attempted to
do. But he was very closely bound to his political friends,
and devoted to them ; personal ties were even stronger than
political, and he could not have broken oil his intimate rela-
tions without great pain. Added to this, hoM'cver, Avas the
fact that Mr. Morgan, liis father-in-law — to whom he was in-
debted for a constant sympathy, a generous assistance, and an
affectionate devotion — was committed to the movement, and
intensely interested, or rather violently excited, on the sub-
ject. Mr. Van Burcn and Mr. Morgan were on terms of the
closest intimacy ; the cx-Prcsident and he were warm friends ;
while it was to Mr. Morgan that my father owed the means
of releasing him from army life, of t;?;tablishing him in his
profession as a lawyer, of enabling him to maintain his fam-
ily in comfort and ease while out of public office, and of in-
numerable advantages enjoyed by him in the varied experi-
ences of his career. AVhen all these circumstances are taken
into consideration it will be better understood how hopelessly
my father was involved in a movement Avhich his judgment
disapproved, and under what peculiar j)ressure he yielded to
what must have sounded to him like the mandate of a domi-
nant and irresistible fate. I see not how he could have done
otherwise without the risk of trials from which a man of
sensibility instinctively shrinks, and in which others more
dear to him than himself are sure to become involved. The
sentiments which actuated him were such as no good man
need be ashamed of ; the guiding motive was self-sacrifice.
Tlie Southern ]>(>litielaus never forgave General Dix. For
this I do not blame them ; but they deserve censure for their
systematic misrepresentation of Ids motives and his principles.
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242
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
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I may add that Xorthcrn men of the Democratic party, jeal-
ous of him, and determined to remove him from the field,
were equally unscrupulous in their attacks on him based on
his connection with the Free -soil movement. Tlie policy
of revenge was pursued with success, under administrations
which trembled at the thouijht of losing the confidonco of the
slave-holding leaders and tlie vote of the South. Of this a
striking illustration will be given in the proper place.
But let me leave this scene of strife and turn to more re-
freshing subjects. It was fortunate that, during the years of
prolonged excitement and continuous labor in the Senate,
General iJix found rest and refreshment in the summers spent
at East Hampton, on Long Island. Ileiwrts of the charms of
the climate and the rural beauty of the place induced him to
go there. It was not easy at that time to reach the sequester-
ed village. A tedious railroad took us to Grccnport : there
we were obliged to secure a couple of small sail-boats, one for
ourselves, the other for the luggage ; and in these we made a
voyage of uncertain length round Shelter Island to Sag Har-
bor. Thence, by stage, we proceeded to the quaint and se-
cluded settlement which was the object of our quest. It was
well worth seeing. It has changed but little since that time ;
there is the same village street^ a mile long, having at each
end a windmill, a goose-pond, and a graveyard ; there are the
same brown, weather-beaten houses, shaded by rows of stately
trees ; but in the year 1846, when we first went there, its look
was somewhat more venerable than it is now, as became what
was almost a terra incognita. It was originally settled by peo-
ple from Kent, in England, and at that time M'ords and j^hrases
were in use among the villagers and country folk which were
heard nowhere else in the world save in Kent. The General
passed his sunnners al)out a mile and a half from the village,
at a house kept by an Englishman named Candy. The handet,
still known as Appaquogue, consists of one or two dwellings
at one end of Georgica Pond, a great sheet of water which, at
its lower edge, almost touches the ocean, being divided from it
1845-1853.] NATURAL CHARMS OF THE HAMPTONS.
243
ago,
by a mere strip of sand Leach. Every siiniiner it was our cus-
tom to proceed, with spades and shovels, to that link between
the fresh-water pond and the sea .ind cut a trench through it
some five feet wide. When once the inland waters began
to flow into this little canal it took but a short time to tear
through the beach, and then they rushed with prodigious
force, like a broad river, to the main, and the pond, disappear-
ing, left in its place, for some four or five weeks, a broad ex-
panse of sandy shallows and sedge. On these immense flocks
of birds would alight on their passage westward ; and tlicre
the General found ample field for his favorite pastime of gun-
ning. There were few sportsmen in that region ; ho enjoyed
a practical monopoly of the game, and his delight was im-
mense, lie spent his whole time, day after day and week
after week, in the fresh, pure air, surrounded by his decoys,
which he carved and painted with his own hand, and aided
by us, his boys, whom he trained to love the open life and
to help him in his work. lie was an unerring shot ; it
was certain death to any bird to come within range of his
piece.
The General added many years to his life by his habit of
spending his summers in the open air, and wading about all
day barefoot on the sand-flats and sea-beaches of the southern
shore of Long Island. Thus he spent three or four successive
summers near East Hampton. Later (in 1855) he went to
Quogue, and passed six or seven seasons there ; at last, in
1870, he purchased land at AVest Hampton, built a large house
on it, and was a resident of the town of South Hampton, in the
county of Suffolk, at the time of his death. He loved Long
Island, its scener}', its climate, and its quiet, simjilo ways ; he
wished himself back there when away from it. Through the
winter he made occasional visits to his place, " Scafield ;" as
soon as possible in the early summer he went thither, and
left it late in the autumn, returning reluctantly to the city.
This will not appear strange to any who have felt the fasci-
nation of that region of the Hamptons.
' ;l
^ i V
244:
MEMOIRS OF JOUX ADAMS DIX.
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For I question whether tliere can bo found on the Atlantic
coast of America a summer climate so a^reeal)le as that which
one reaches by goin^ some seventy miles eastward of New
York on the Long Ishind ^ lilroad. The prcvaiHng summer
wind ah)ng our seaboard is tiie soutli-west ; but, as tlie coast
trends from soutli-west to nortli-east, it is obvious that the
south-west must be a hot wind along the shore, coming as it
does from the torrid plains and bayous of the South. But
that odd -looking, fish-shaped ])iece of outlying sea-beach,
known on the maps as " Long Island," thrusts forth at a bold
angle from the general line of the coast. Montauk Point is
really about one hundred and thirty miles out at sea ; and the
breeze which blows from the heated land on the dwellers along
the Jersey shore is a pure sea-breeze at the more fortunate
Hamptons. The thermometer sometimes stands, with very
slight variation, for weeks together at a pleasant summer heat,
while the wind from the deep water fills the land with fresh-
ness, and at evening proves almost too cool. Such is the cli-
mate; the scenery is as peculiar in its way. As flat almost
as Holland, the fields stretch to the low horizon, leaving a
full dome of sky unbroken on its entire circle, save by the
pine and oak forests inland, and, oceanward, by picturescpie
sand-dunes, which stand as nature's ramparts between us and
the M'hite surf on the beach. Nowhere else have I seen
such skies, such thunder-storms, such sunsets, such auroras,
such display of stars — the. panorama of the heavens is shown
on an absolutely unobstructed field. Nor, in the way of color,
could the artist ask for aught more delicious than the varied
greens of the great meadows of salt -grass, and the rustling
mantle of the dunes, where the strong stalks of an incom-
prehensible vegetation whistle in the breeze, leaving us ever
in doubt on what they thrive as they do. And out beyond
lies the immeasurable sea, rolling to the far horizon and
thence till its waters strike the other side of the world, and
beating its incessant music on the white sand, with a roar
which reminds me of nothing so much as the cadence of
r! !
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1845-1853.] A DISCOURSE IX AX VXKXOUX TOXGUE. 245
the ancient Gregorian chanting wliich I liavo heard, swelling
out and dying away, in the aisles of Santa Maria del Fiore at
Florence, and in other churches of the Old AVorld ; a music
of which some one well said, when hearing the objection that
it had no tiiyie, and could not be counted off by bai*8 : " Of
course there is no time in it, for it is not the music of time,
but of eternity."
It was the summer of 1848. Congress sat on and on, in
the terrible heat at Wasliington, until at length the adjourn-
ment released those weary men and gave them a breathing-
spell. "With what eagerness my father hastened to his sum-
mer quarters at East Hampton may be inuigined. The reason
was one of unusual interest to him in more ways than one.
It was at that time that his eldest son, having completed the
course at Columbia College, in the city of New York, was
graduated from that venerable institution by the President,
Nathaniel F. Moore, one of the most accomplished scholars
and gentlemen that ever filled that post. The commence-
ment exercises were held in a dismal and ugly Methodist
meeting-house in Greene Street, near Grand, wherein were
gathered many of the elite of the day ; and strange was the
contrast between the dingy edilice and the radiant hues of
the beauty and fashion which then, perhaps for the first and
last time, lit up its dust and dimness. It fell to my lot, by
the rule of the college, to deliver the Greek salutatory — an
honor wliich brought care with it, as mos'„ honors do ; yet I
found a certain satisfaction on that occasion in descril)ing to
the audience, in a tongue to them unknown, the absurdity of
their appearance as they sat listening, with an air of interest
and an affectation of intelligence, to a discourse of which it
was impossible for one of them to gather the purport. Pro-
fessor Charles Anthon, the official critic of the Greek and
Latin oratory, smiled grimly as he read my manuscript, but
kindly permitted me to give it as it stood, cpiite sure that
few, if any, of the audience would be the wiser.
Among the companions of that summer at East Hampton
246
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS I) IX.
— the last wo spent there — was Colonel Dix. lie had re-
ceived liirt brevet for galhint and meritorious conduct at the
battle of J3uena Vista, in whicii bloody en<i;a^einent he served
as extra aidede-cauip to (leneral Taylor, as his letters, already
given, relate. We never saw hini again, lie died of chol-
era, on the 7th day of January following, at Wheeling, while
crossing the Alleghany Mountains, on his way to Washington.
The summer passed by and the autumn came on. The
month of September brougi't with it the unwelcome nomina-
tion to the office of Governor of the State. The General
submitted to the inevitable. I give the correspondence on
the subject between the Committee of the Convention at
Utica and himself:
" utica, September 14, 1843.
"lion. John A. Dix:
"In belmlf of the Free -soil Democratic Convention of the State of
New York, now in session liere, whose Committee we are for tliat pur-
pose, we would respectfully communicate to you that said Convention
have, by acclamation, nominated you, as the candidate of the free De-
mocracy of the State of New York, for the office of Governor, and ask
your acceptance thereof.
" Your unyielding advocacy of human freedom, efficient opposition to
the extension of slavery over the Territories, in the United States Senate,
and long, faithful public services, have emphatically pointed you out as
the man upon whom the hearts of the virtuous and the good concentrate,
and around whom the Democracy cluster, as most worthy to be their
standard-bearer in the contest for free soil, free labor, free men, and free
speech, with New York's favorite son, ^lartin Van Buren ; and your ac-
ceptance will be hailed by thousands as a sure harbinger of victory.
" Yours we are, very respectfully,
" Edoau C. Dibble,
R. P. WlSNEH,
IIeniiy B. Stanton,
H. W. Sage,
G. A. GUANT."
"East Hampton, September 21, 1S48.
" Gentlemen, — On my return to this place last evening, after an ab-
sence of a few days, I found your favor of the 14th inst., informing me
of my nomination for the office of Governor of this State by the Free-soil
1845-lri:>3.] GENERAL DIX NOMINATED FOR GOFERNOR. 247
ig me
ie-soil
Democnitic Convention, then in session ftt Utica. Tliis conimiuiicatlon
WU8 entirely unexpected, no intinuition Iiaving been made to me, from
any qiiuitcT, tliat tlic intention of putting mc in nomination for tliat liigli
antl responsible trust was entertained. If I had been aj)prise(l of it I
should have endeavored to satisfy the political friends who have thus
honored mc with their contldenco that the great interests at stake would
have been better promoted by conferring the nomination on some one
more worthy to receive it than myself IJut, as it has been their pleasure
to act without consultation with me, I submit myself to their better
judgment by responding with cheerfulness and promptitude to their
call. Holding an offlco under the authority of the State, I acknowledge
the right of those who were chiefly instrumental in conferring it on me
to nominate me for any other whenever they think proper to do so; and
I deem it my duty to accede to their wishes without regard to my own.
" Whatever objection, arising from considerations personal to myself, I
might have, under ordinary circumstances, to a nomination for an offlco
the honor of wiiich no one appreciates more highly than I do, all such
objection is outweighed by the public considerations in view of which
it is now presented to me. The State of New York, though not the first,
Avas among the earliest of the thirteen States Avhich have, through legis-
lative instructions to their Senators and Representatives in Congress, de-
clared themselves opposed to the farther extension of slavery. Her reso-
lutions were i)rcsented to the Senate of the United States in the early
part of February, 1847, and during the same month I supported them in
that body to the best of my ability in a speech setting forth at large the
grounds on which New York and her associates, then eleven in number,
among the free States, had placed themselves in opposition to the exten-
sion of slavery into Territories in which it doi!s noh exist. I also endeav-
ored to show that this course, which they deemed enjoined upon them
by the highest considerations of patriotism and humanity, was in strict
accordance with all their obligations and duties to their sister States.
These positions I have labored to defend, whenever practical questions
involving them have come before the Senate, in a manner which, while it
did full justice to the States assuming them, could not reasonably be
complained of as offensive to those who differed with us in opinion.
Regarding the nomination which has been conferred on mc as an ap-
l)roval of this part of my public service in the Senate, it is received as a
gratifying token of the confidence of those you represent. And now,
when the ground in favor of freedom in the Territories, assumed by thir-
teen of the sovereign States of the Union (and one of them a slave-hold-
ing State), is both openly and covertly assailed — the ground taken more
than half a century ago by "Washington, Oeflferson, Franklin, Madison,
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248
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
Miison, Randolph, Hancock, Adams, and others among the founders of
the Republic — as the use of my name has been deemed material to sus-
tain the position of New York in rcsi)ect to a principle, on the main-
tenance of which the honor and the rrosperity of the country depend, it
is, on my part, freely yielded, though with the apprehension that undue
importance may have been attached to it.
" With my thanks for the kind manner in which the result of the
proceedings of the Convention has boeu communicated to me, I am.
Gentlemen, very respectfully,
"Your obedient servant.
" Joiix \. Dix.
"Messrs. Edgar C. Dibble,
It. P. WiSNEK, ,
IIenky B. Stanton,
U. A. Grant,
II. W. Sage,
Committee."
The result of the fall elections was wliat General Dix had
expected. The Free - soil candidates were defeated : Mr. Van
Buren did not receive a single electoral vote. General Tay-
lor became President ; Hamilton Fish, Governor of Kew
York. The official canvass shows tlio feeling of the people
of this State as expressed by tlicir ballots. I give it below.*
* The Albany Argus gives the aggregate of tlie official vote for Gov-
ernor in all the counties of the State, which we compare with the vote
for Presidential okctors, as follows :
Covcnioi:
Fish 218,016
Walworth 110,019
Dix 122,r)8;3
Total 457,318
Pi'csident.
Taylor 210,551
Cass 114,593
Van Buren 120,519
Total ,. . 453,063
E.vcess of votes for Governor, exclusive of scattering votes, 352G, viz. :
Fish, more than Taylor 05
Walworth, more than Cass 1,427
Dix, more than Van Buren 2,004
Total 3,550
Fish's plurality over Wahvorth, 102,597 ; over Dix, 96,033 ; Walworth
and Dix over Fish, 19,980. it should be observed t'.iat Mr. Di.v received
nbout 3500 p,uti-rcnt votes, which were withheld from Mr. Fisii.
1845-1853.] A RADIANT GALAXY OF BEAUTY.
249
1
92
19
GG3
iz. :
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1064
I spent the winter of 1848-'49 in 'W"asliin<^ton. It was my
father's last year in tlie Senate. His residence was on C
Street ; Colonel Benton, his intimate personal friend, was his
near neighbor, hut two or three houses away. Opposite us
lived Senator Eagley, and near him Mr. Philip Barton Key
and his beautiful wife. Nothing could be more delightful
than the society of Washington at that time to one able to
enjoy the lazy, listless, easy existence led by the families of
prominent officials or pleasure-seekers at the capital. Tlierc
M'as, and probably still is, a certain indefinable charm in the
place, due in part to temperate climate and agreeable air, and
in part to the intermingling of cultivated persons from all
parts of our country, officers in the military and naval service,
and a select foreign society in the Diplonuitic Corps. Presi-
dent Polk and his very agreeable wife were at the White
House. Tlie Vice-President, Mr. George M. Dallas, was a
picture to look upon, tall and commanding, with snowy white
hair, a florid visage, and aristocratic bearing. On the square,
not far from the Executive Mansion, the venerable Mrs. JVEad-
ison held her court, conspicuous for her anti(piated costume,
her ' [»otlePs turban, and her rigid observance of the maimers
of the olden time. Next door to her lived my father's old
friend, Benjamin Ogle Tayloe, occupying one of those ample
and comfortable houses wherein one feek instantly at home.
The families of General Totten, of the Engineers, Commodore
Morris, of the navy, and other ofiicers, were represented at the
balls and receptions by lovely young women in the full bloom
of their charms. M. de Bodisco was Russian Minister; his
wife, an American lady, celebrated not less for her beauty
than for her virtues. Colonel Benton's daughter Jes.sio, the
young wife of the brillianl soldier Fremont, himself a kind
of idol among us ai that day, shone radiantly in the galaxy.
I remember tiie picturesque mansion "Kalorama," which
overlooked the city from a wooded ridge; and "Arlington;"
and \\i(i fetes given in those and other stately houses, destined,
alas! in time to put oil their glory and gather up grime and
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250
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
gloom in tlio years of the Civil "War. I recollect a long drive
to Mount Vernon over an intolerable corduroy road ; our cor-
dial reception by Mr Washington, and the dinner to which I
was hosjiitably invited, with other guests. That winter was
full of excitement and interest. One administration was pre-
paring its departure, another was coming ; the city was agog
with leave-takings and welcomes. Grulf old Zachary Taylor
was coming in March ; and a ball was in preparation to relieve
the official severities of the Inauguration with a background
of gleaming dresses, and a whirl of mazy dances, and nmsic
and revelry. Tlicse things go on, no doubt, to-day, as they
have ever gone, though the actors change and vanish, and one
generation passes away and another takes its place ; and we,
who sec them in the far past, greet the image of those van-
ished hours and are glad of the brief pleasures tasted in this
care-burdened life.
"With the ending of that administration came also the end
of my father's service in the Senate. His last speech was
made February 28, 1849, three days before the adjournment
of Congress. The question before tlie Senate, presented in
a variety of forms, was the institution of governments for th^
Territories recently acquired from Mexico, a question embar-
rassed throughout by the determination of the Senators from
the slave States to extend slavery to those Territories, and by
a majority of the Senators from the free States to guard, by
an express prohibition, against wliat tlicy deemed a moral and
political evil, and tlie national dishonor of restoring it Nvhere
it had been formally abclisliod.
General Dix's argument was against the proposed adinis-
sion of California and New Mexico into the T^nion as a State,
and against the conferring of extraordinary powers upon the
President to govern them as a Territory. lie regarded them
as wholly unfit in their actual condition to be taken into the
Union with the rights and powers of States; he also consid-
ered the proposition to arm the President witli despotic pow-
ers ?s utterly 'ndefensible : his wish was that Territorial gov-
1845-1853. J A DISBELIEF IX POSSIBLE DISUNION.
251
ernments should be organized for California and New Mexi-
co, and that the act establishing such governments should
contain ii prohibition of slavery. Tlie speech gives a brief
and interesting summary of the history of slavery in the
American Colonies and the United States, from t]>e year
1620 down to 1808, when the slave-trade was abolished by
Congress. The views of General Dix upon the subject are
presented with a force and clearness which ought to have ren-
dered it impossible to mistake his position. By way of an ap-
propriate conclusion to this review of his services in the Sen-
ate, I give, in full, the peroration of this his last address to
that distinguished body. Having completed his argument,
he brought his remarks to an end in l.iCsc words :
mi
nis-
;ito,
tlie
lem
the
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)OW-
20V-
"Mr. President, two years ago, when 1 first addressed the
Senate upon this subject, under the instructions of the Stat'>
of New York, I said that by no instrumentality of hers should
slavery be carried into any portion of this continent which is
free. I repeat the declaration now : by no act, by no acqui-
escence of hers, shall slavery be carried where it does not
exist. I said, at the same time, that in whatever manner the
(piestion should be settled, if it should be decided against
her views of justice and riglit, her devotion to the Union and
to her sister States should remain unshaken and unimpaired.
Sj)eaking in her name, and for the last time within these walls,
I repeat this declaration also. Slie does not believe in the
possibility of disunion. I am thar.kful that her faith is also
mine. My confidence is founded upon the disinterestedness
of the great body of the people who derive their subsistence
from the soil, and wliose attachment is strong in proportion
to their close communion with it. They have incorporated
with it the labor of their own hands. It has given tliem back
wealth and health and strength — health to enjoy and strength
to defend what they possess. In seasons of tranquillity and
peace they are unseen — too often, perhaps, forgotten ; but it
is in their silent and sober toil that the public prosperity is
' >i
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252
MEMOIRS (F JOUN ADAMS DIX.
wrought out. It is onl;y in the hour of peril that tliey come
fortli from a thousand hills and valleys and plains to sustain
with strong arms the country they have made prosperous. In
them the Union Avill find its surest protectors. They are
too virtuous and too independent to be corrupted. They are
spread over too broad a surface for the work of seduction. It
is in towns and public assemblies, where men are concentrated,
that t'lc tempter can with more assurance sit doAvn, as of old,
in the guise of friendship and whisper into the unsuspecting
or the willing ear the lesson of disol)edience and treachery.
From this danger the great body of the people are secure.
And let us be assured that they will never permit the banner
which floats over them at home, and carries their name to
every sea, to be torn down either by internal dissension or ex-
ternal violence. Such is my firm, my unalterable conviction.
But, if I am mistaken in all this — if the spangled fleld it bears
aloft is destined to be broken up — then my prayer will be,
that the star which represents New York in the constellation
of States may stand fixed until every other shall have fallen."
On the breaking up of his home in Washington, General
Dix had to consider, first of all, the question of a future resi-
dence. His preference was for Long Island ; but that region
of delicious climate and fine shooting was too far away. The
Xorth River was considered hot and, perhaps, unbealthy. IIo
disliked cities in general, and the city of New York in partic-
ular, and wished, above all, a country home. After much de-
liberation he fixed on Westchester County, and, desiring to
be near the salt-Avater, rented a house not far from the village
of Port Chester. Tiiither he took us early in the summer
of ISttl). Mr. Morgan's health was greatly impaired ; he was
not able to make the usual journey to his much-loved place
in Madison County, and it was decided that he should pass
the summer with his son-in-law and daughter. The General
writes thus to an old friend :
" Since the adjournment of Congress I have been incessant-
3 '• U ;,t»IS
1845-1853.]
THE UARl'EST OF DEATH.
253
He
tic-
dc-
l; to
I tier
Avas
>lace
)ass
leral
iant-
ly engaged in tlie most annoying and unsatisfactory of all
occui)ations, packing up books and furniture in Washington,
unpacking tliein here, and putting a house in order, rather for
tlie purpose of an encatnpnicnt than a 2)erinanent residence ;
for, not being able to lind a place I like -well enough to buy, I
have only hired, and therefore feel that ray connection "with
the ancient Saw})it (the modern Port Chester) may at any
time be dissoh'cd. But I am looking out for a place in this
neighborhood which I can fancy well enough for a future
residence, though I have still a hankering after Long Island."
In fact, that sununer sojourn at Port Chester led ultimately
to the purcliasc of an island in the Souiul, near the village of
liye, on which my father built a house, intending to make it
his permanent residence. The island was bought in 1850 ;
the house was iinislied and occupied in the spring of 1852 ;
but owing to a series of painful circumstances it never be-
came our home.
The summer of 1810 was noted for tlie ravages of the
cholera ; my uncle, Lieutenant-colonel Dix, died of that horri-
ble disease early in the year. Great alarm Avas felt through
the country. We were all put on a strict regimen of roast
beef and rice, and lived in constant dread lest it should
spread from the city where it was raging to the country.
My brother Baldwin, next in age to me, was to have gradu-
ated from Columbiii College in Jane ; but the Commencement
was postponed till the month of October, in consequence of
the epidemic.
But though we escaped the dreaded malady, yet the shadow
of deatli fell on our house. Ere the summer was over Mr.
Morgan was taken from us. lie died in the hired house at
Port Chester, July 20, 1810. His decease made a cliango in
General Dix's plans, who reluctantly became a resident of the
city of New York. The summers, liowever, he still passed on
the shores of Long Island Sound — that of the year 1850 at a
house near Bye, close to the water -side; tliat of 1851 at a
house still nearer the village, which overlooked a pretty mill-
it m
I I
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:
254
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS BIX.
1
M
pond and a picturesque mill, and commanded a view of Man-
ursing Island, a light-house farther off, and the shores of Long
Island nine miles distant across that expanse of water which
rolls stately between the hold coasts and out toward the open
sea. It was Manursing Island which my father bought, and
there he built his house. One of his chief amusements was
that of planning houses : he would have made an enthusiastic
architect, had that been his profession. I remember three at
least that he built : one at Albany, one on Manursing Island,
and, finally, one at Scafield. All these he designed with the
greatest care, drawing the plans, making the specifications,
and superintending the construction.
In this design of making a country home on Manursing
Island he was ardently seconded by my brother Baldwin.
Dear, noble youth ! cut off untimely at the entrance on
manhood! Amid what tears did he go away to his long
home ! AVliat hopes were buried with him in the narrow
vault in Trinity Church -yard! After nearly thirty years
my hand trembles as I write ; my eyes are dim looking
back, lie was a high-spirited, generous fellow ; pure, true,
honorable ; beloved by liis companions. lie graduated the
year that his father left the Senate. He studied law, and
was admitted to the Bar in 1851. lie was fond of country
life, a fine shot, a good boatman. My father had a little sail-
boat, a schooner, the W/iite Eiujlc. He took us out in it,
managing it himself, with our help, and teaching us how to
sail it. AVe pas^sed half our time on the water, and many a
night did we spend, becalmed under the lee of the land at
Cold Spring Harbor or Oyster Bay, Avhen the stiff breeze had
died away from us and we could not get back. We always
went on our expeditions provided for that emergency. My
brother delighted in the Avater, and was never happier than
when the White Eagle spread her wings to the currents of
air that rushed deliciously up or down the Sound.
And thus we lived our life : in town during the winter, at
llye all summer ; and we saw the house rising on the island,
1845-1853.] ".1 CHAPTER IN I'RIVATE HISTORY."
255
and all had some suggestion to make to the dear chief-archi-
tect, who duly considered all reasonable wishes, and among
tliem this — that a little chapel, or oratory, should he attached
to the liouse, forming a kind of wing to the cast. To com-
plete the arrangements for occupation of the island, it was
necessary to have a bi'idge built connecting it with the main-
land, and desirable that the proprietor of the island should
also be the owner of a mass of rock and earth covered with
fine trees, and known as " the Hammocks," which projected
from the coast-line, and imist be traversed before reaching
the bridge. To get possession of the Hammocks was impos-
sible without propitiating their owner, an ancient inhabitant
residing at Rye Xeck, and rejoicing in the appellation of
Billa Theall ; for the bridge an act of the Legislature was re-
quired. An expedition w^as undertaken by the General to ao.-
complish both those objects. He wrote an account of it for
the entertainment of our domestic circle, addressing it to my
youngest sister, then a little bit of a girl and the baby of
the family.
i
m
piys
My
than
of
Ir, at
lind,
"A CHAPTER IN MR. DICKENS'S PRIVATE HISTORY: DEDI-
CATED TO HIS DAUGHTER KITTY.
" I. Mr. Dickens seU out on a Visit to the Seat of
Government.
" On Tuesday morning Mr. Dickens, in company with his
friend Captain B , after a hearty breakfast of buckwheat
cakes and sausages, got on board the railroad cars, and in fifty-
five minutes they were landed at the village of Bye. Lea\ing
the train, they proceeded to the house of Billa Theall. Tonnny
was, luckily, down on Bye Neck foddering cattle ; and the old
gentleman, as he had promised, signed the paper and took the
money. "When the geld was all counted out and piled up on
the table Mr. Dickens asked the old gentleman if it didn't look
pretty, to which he answered tliat it did — ' very pretty ;' and
his eyes glistened as he said it. Mr. Dickens and his friend
ii ■
256
MEMOIRS OF JOEN ADAMS DIX.
then went on to St. Jolm's ;* and having an hour of leisure,
Mr. Dickens took the Captain's gunning i)unt, with black
John to row, and started for the llanunocks. Just as they
were pushing olf, Billy Dixon, the water-spaniel, made a leap
for the boat, but falling short, he went over head and ears into
the water. Mr. Dickens, pitying his condition, took him in
and set him on the bow, and they i)roceeded thus :
"After a pleasant row liiound the Ilannnocks, which looked,
like Billa Thcall's gold, with which they were purchased, ' very
pretty,' Mr. Dickens returned to St. John's, dined on boiled
pork and salt beef, went to Port Chester, got into the cars,
and rode to Bridgeport, where he arrived at seven o'clock.
"II. IIoio Ml'. Dlclicns passed liimsclf off among the
Yankee Girls for a Bachelor.
" After taking a cup of tea at Bridgeport, Mr. Dickens sat
down in the bar-room — the only sitting-room in the hotel —
and, having nothing to do, grcAV melancholy. lie looked at
all the pictures in the room — a veiy bad view of the Leaning
Tower of Pisa, a sailor loading a cannon, and a pack of hounds
catching a fox ; and having finished, he was thinking of going
to bed in despair, when a man came in and said there was a
fair in the Methodist Church. Mr. Dickens was insj^ired with
new life ; he put on his overcoat, walked into the street,
and, meeting a little negro girl, he gave her a sixpence to
show him the way to the Methodist Church. It was full of
tables covered M'itli beautiful things, which young ladies were
selling to visitors. Mr. Dickens, after walking two or three
times around the church, went up to a table, and, addressing
himself to one of the young ladies who were attending it,
he said, ' Miss, have you any bachelor's needle-cases V The
young lady replied, 'I don't know what they arc.' Mr.
Dickens said, 'Any needle-case will do which is suited to a
* lie was the owner of the house which we occupied while the island
home was in preparation.
?j
1845-18r)3.] MR. DICKENS AND THE YANKEE GIRLS.
257
a
gentleman that has to do his own sewing.' The young Lady
then handed him two — one in the shape of a diamond, and
the other in the sliape of a heart. Mr. Dickens immediately
seized upon the heart and said, 'Ah! this is exactly suited
to my case.' '1 am very sorry,' said the young lady, 'but
that one is sold ; won't you take the otlier, sir ? it is equally
good.' Whereupon Mr. Dickens rejoined, ' It may be equally
good, miss, but 'tis not half so expressive. Still, if I can't
have j'our heart, I'll console myself with your diamond.'
Thereupon all the Yankee girls exchanged glances and
laughed, and Mr. Dickens retired to the hotel with a burden
off his spirits and fifty cents out of pocket.
" III. IIoio Mr. DicTccns tcd'cs to Earhj Itldng.
" The next morning, before it was quite light, Mr. Dickens
was awoke by the ringing of a bell at his door, and the next
minute the waiter came in and asked for his boots. ' What
bell is that V said Mr. Dickens. ' The broakfast-bell,' said the
waiter. 'IIow long to breakfast?' said Mr. Dickens. 'Fif-
teen minutes,' said the waiter. 'Good gracious!' said Mr.
Dickens; 'what o'clock is it?' 'Half -past six,' said the
waiter. 'Have you no late breakfast?' said Mr. Dickens.
' Ko, sir^ said the waiter. ' And shall I lose my breakfast if
I don't get up ?' said Mr. Dickens. ' I'm afraid j^ou will,' said
the waiter. ' Well, then,' said Mr. Dickens, ' I'm afraid I
shall have to get up.' Accordingly Mr. Dickens resolved to
go down to breakfast and 'turn over a new leaf.' The sun
rose about the time Mr. Dickens took his breakfast, and he
remarked to a gentleman at table what a blessed thing it was
to get up early in the morning, and that he could never won-
der sufiiciently how some people would lie in bed.
" IV. How Mr. DicJccns Ban off the Track.
" After breakfast Mr, Dickens took the cars for Albany,
and when he had gone about twenty miles found the coun-
try covered with snow. The day was cold, but the weather
I— IT
h;'
258
MEMOIRS OF JOny ADAMS VIX.
was very fine, and the journey was very pleasant. The train
had reached Schodack — about eight miles from Albany — and
it was a quarter before five, and he was congratulating him-
self that he would be there in fifteen minutes, as it was all the
way down-hill, ■when suddenly the bell rang, the stcam-whistlo
screeched ; he felt the engine making a great effort to hold
back, and in an instant the train stopped so suddenly that ho
was almost thrown off his seat. Mr. Dickens ran to the door,
and the following spectacle presented itself : The engine was
half-buried in a sand-bank, and the tender and baggage-car
were entirely off the track. Fortunately, the Boston train
came on in an hour, and after a delay of four hours Mr.
Dickens arrived safely in Albany at nine o'clock.
"The next dav Mr. Dickens went to the Assemblv Cham-
ber, and was hardly seated when the clerk began to read ' A n
act to authorize John A. Dix to build a bridge,' whereupon
he cut, and walked over to the Senate Chamber, lie after-
ward understood the bill passed by ninety-five votes to one,
and the man who was in the negative voted by mistake;
whereupon Mr. Dickens went to see the Governor and Mrs.
Fish, and Mrs. Fonday and many other friends, and retired to
his room in the evening to give an account of himself to his
dear little Kitty ; and he begs she will kiss grandma and
mother and all her brothers and sisters for him, and let them
know how he is oettino; on.
((
"Tluirsd.iy evening, January CI, 1850.
Mr. Dickens intends to write to Kitty's mother to-
morrow.
So the years passed by, and the house was finished, and
it was all that each would have had it, and the summer of
the year 1852 should have seen us there, happy and content.
But ere the summer days arrived the joy and light were fled.
We were all in mourning, for the heaviest blow yet dealt
upon our house had fallen with fatal effect. My dear brother,
just admitted to the Bar, industrious and ambitious to learn,
184.'v-1853.] roXD HOPES FOREVER SHATTERED.
259
made it a part of his duty to watch important cases in their
progress, and frequently spent numy liours of the day in the
unwholesome atmosphere of court -rooms. It was also his
habit to sit up hitc into the night in his study reading hnrd,
and more than once forgetting that his firo liad gone out.
Early in January, 1852, he was taken ill. AVe thought the at-
tack of little importance ; hut he said to me one day, " I shall
never get up again." The prophecy was fultilled ; in three
weeks he was dead, of typhoid fever ; and on the Feast of the
Purilication, February 2, we followed his body, like persons
stunned, to its long home in the family vault in Trinity
Church-yard.
No one but themselves can ever know wliat tliat loss was to
his father and mother. The scars of such wounds are there
for life: each anniversary renews the pain.
In due time they went to Manursing Island. It was the
first sunnuer there. A cloud seemed to rest on the i)lace ; it
never lifted ; it grew deeper. My eldest sister was taken very
ill ; my grandmother, Mrs. IMorgan, already three years a M'id-
ow, was also a great sufferer that sunnuer ; her mind appeared
to be weakened, and her constitution M'as evidently giving
way. No pleasant memories are in that retrospect — so much
had been anticipated, so little was found to enjoy 1 We felt,
one and all, that the phice coukl never be the home for which
we longed. And, strangely enough, other circumstances were
at work to break up our plans and give the family history
another and a complete change.
During the administration of General Taylor and of Mr.
Fillmore — who, ujion the lamented death of the President,
July 0, 1850, took his place — General i)ix took great interest
in movements in which, however, he was debarred from bear-
ing an official part. Convinced that a groat blunder had been
committed in breaking up the Democratic organization, it was
his earnest wish that the party should, if ])ossible, be thor-
oughly united once more. This is the subject of the corre-
spondence of those years : the importance of reunion, the diffi-
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260
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
culty of mediating between the " Hunkers," as they continued
to be called, who had supported Mr. Cass, and the " Barnburn-
ers," who had seceded under the standard of Mr. Van Buren.
He had no active part in the goveniinent, though constantly
consulted by men in official position ; his advice was asked on
great public questions ; he appeared at meetings and addressed
them ; at one held at Herkimer, July 13, 1850, he was the
principal speaker. His attitude toward the propagandists of
slavery remained the same; their dislike of him increased.
Fear lest he should again be called to public life, jealousy of
him as still a dangerous rival in the political field, appear to
have influenced the leaders of that portion of the Democracy
who desired to conciliate the South, and depended on South-
ern influence for their own advancement. Regardless of these
unfriendly and ungenerous sentiments, he kept on his way,
laboring for the restoration of unity, convinced of the ultimate
triumph of free principles, desirous that the Democratic party
should have the honor and prestige of the final victory ; while
the men who desired to control the party, unable or unwilling
to forget the events of 1848, and convinced that Democratic
success could only be secured by the help of the slave-holding
interest, were resolved that, by any and all means. General
Dix must be kept from ever coming back into public life.
The defeat of tlie Democratic party in 1848 was the result
of the Free-soil schism : to restore it to its old supremacy, and
secure a triumph in 1852, was tlie problem presented to the
leading men of its several sections. To reunite the party
was the condition necessary to success ; but that was no easy
thing. Taking the whole country through, men were dis-
tributed somewhat as follows :
1st. The South so far substantially united as to be unwilling
to support any one not favorably known to it ; yet even there
divisions were apparent, for the movement toward secession
had already begun, and on that question men were divided
as States-rights Democrats and Union-Democrats.
2d. The Whig party at the Korth, representing all elements
IIS-
1845-1853.] THE INSIDIOUS SECESSION CONSPIRACY. 261
hostile to Southern aims and policy, and destined to develop
into the Republican party.
3d. The Northern Democrats, including the Free-soil sec-
tion, who had revolted in 1848, and the Hunker section, who
had acted with the pro-slavery Denocrats of the South in
the same year.
4th. The " Liberty party," the Conscience- Whigs, and the
advanced Abolitionists.
The "Whig victory in 1848 was a victory over a combina-
tion of the united South and a portion of the Democratic
party of the North. To defeat the Whigs in 1852 the Demo-
crats must be one again. The Free-soilers, therefore, held the
balance of power, and it depended on them whether the next
President should be a Democrat or a Whig.
Two classes of men were hostile to reunion with the Free-
soilers: the extreme Southern Democrats, and those at the
North who relied for success on a close alliance with them.
The Southern leaders of the radical type detested all who
had taken part in the Free-soil movement, reproached them
for the past, and mistrusted them as to the future. Moreover,
the programme of forcible secession had been by that time
arranged, and plotters of that conspiracy knew that the old
Free-soil Democrats, whatever concessions they might make
on other points, would be sure to resist them in that nefarious
design. On these and other accounts the embryo Secession-
ists desired no reconciliation with their Free -soil brethren.
A similar unwillingness to forget the past and come together
was exhibited by the Hunker Democrats, but on different
grounds. They wished no rivals, expecting, with the help
of the South, to recover and retain the supremacy in their
own part of the country. The Free-soil Democrats would,
no doubt, have been kept out in the cold had it been deemed
safe to tlu'ow them off. But this course was abandoned in
dread of another defeat. Meanwhile the old leaders of the
Free -soil movement engaged in strenuous efforts to bring
about a thorough and cordial reunion. Accused of selfish
*,L--iiA.
I
i
!l
*!
262
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
motives in this particular, they earnestly repelled the charge.
As to General Dix, the very active part which he took in
those efforts was due, as I think, to several causes, each cred-
itable to his patriotism and good-eense. His disapproval of
the fusion of 1848 had been justified by results. A life-long
opponent of abolitionism, he had maintained uniformly and
consistently that slavery ought not to be interfered with
where it existed; he could not, therefore, act either with
Northern Abolitionists or with the members of any party
which made interference with slavery an article cf its plat-
form. A Democrat of the old school, and a believer in the
Democratic creed, he was convinced that the principles of the
party were sound, and that it was to the interest of the nation
that they should be the rule of public and political action.
The question of the extension of slavery he regarded as set-
tled, on terms which he thought sound and jupt. But beyond
and above all these reasons there was another on which I
nmst henceforth lay stress in connection with his history up
to the beginning of the war. Although he detested slavery,
he hated one thing worse, disunion. That, and not slavery,
was rapidly becoming the leading issue ; and to prevent that
he saw that the principles of the Jacksonian Democracy must
be revived and asserted. It mattered very little what might
be done or said about slavery in comparison with a deeper
and graver question now taking the precedence of all others,
whether the Union of the States could be preserved ; and he
thought that the ascendency of the Democratic party was
essential to that end. He therefore threw himself with ear-
nestness into the political contest. There was no longer any
reason why he should not cordially and heartily act with his
party. It was, as I believe, with a clear conscience, and in a
broad and statesman-like spirit, that he addressed himself to
the work which appeared to him most important. Without
the aid of New York it would be impossible to elect a Demo-
cratic President in 1852. The State of New York could not
be carried unless the two sections of the Democracy in that
1845-1853.] UNDEBTAKINO A DIFFICULT WOBK.
263
State could be rt onciled. To use the words of the Hon.
Preston King, in a letter to General Dix, January 1, 1851, the
effort now was, " to consolidate all the sides of the real De-
mocracy in a homogeneous party, friendly to freedom, in
New York," believing as they did that "no other kind of
party could live."
It must be admitted that the men had undertaken a very
diflScult work. Prejudices were to be met, opposition was to
be overcome, both North and South. The question, of course,
was already complicated by personal considerations. The
South were divided on the subject of the most available can-
didate. Mr. Cass, Mr. Buchanan, and Mr. Dickinson, of the
Senate, had been mentioned ; Colonel Benton, General Hous-
ton, and Mr. Woodbury. Of these men, it was certain that
Mr. Dickinson could not carry New York ; that Colonel Ben-
ton could not carry the Southern vote ; that the nomination
of General Houston was impossible : still, each of these men
was pressed by his friends. The impression among many
Southern Democrats was that New York was hopeless under
any circumstances, and that the best policy was to put the
Free-soilers of that State under the ban, and try to carry the
election without their help. Even among Southern men
favorable to freedom there was great doubt as to the course
to be pursued. One of them — a politician of great influence
and sagacity — wrote as follows to General Dix from his house
near Washington, March 21, 1851, presenting a dilemma, and
uncertain which horn to choose :
" In a letter in reply to I gave my views at large as
to the course our Free-soil Democrats should take in the
present state of politics. I will try to find the copy, and
send it to you ; I cannot now lay my hands on it. The con-
clusion I come to is this : that we must either run a Radical
Free-soil Democrat and nail his flag to our mast, and sink or
swim with it through our sea of troubles, or take some man
who can break up the Hunker coalition, and who, if elected,
must take our complexion from stress of circumstances. My
264
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
I
plan was for the boldest course : to take Benton, and brave
and beard all Ilunkerdora, North and South. Benton re-
fusing, I was for taking the same course, with you, or John
Van Buren, or Preston King for our leader. Benton's pol-
icy is opposed to what he calls killing oflE our good men
by running them at an unpopular moment, when, Free-
soilers having carried their point in the Territories, the dis-
affection in the South would enable the Northern Hunkers
to break them down by the cry of danger to the Union. I
shall go with our Free-soil branch of the party, if they deter-
mine to stake upon the force of their principles. If this be
considered a forlorn-hope under present circumstances, then
I think Benton's plan of running Woodbury our best
chance."
About this time a prominent Free-soil politician visited
Washington on a tour of inspection. His report, in a letter
to General Dix, of what he saw there throws light upon the
history of that period.
He took letters of introduction from General Dix to Col-
onel Benton and others, by whom he was very kindly re-
ceived. He learned from an unquestionable source that the
two Van Burens were for Woodbury, and that it was probable
that Colonel Benton was with them. The South were divided
between Messrs. Cass, Buchanan, and Dickinson : the desire
was to nominate the man who would suit the South and stand
the best chance of carrying New York, although little hope
of this last was expressed. The feeling of the "full-blood
Southern men" was intensely strong against the Van Burens ;
" they were unwilling to make peace with them on any terms ;
they hated them with a vindictive hatred." To persons hold-
ing that attitude it was represented, cautiously and confiden-
tially, that the great central body of the Free-soilers would, if
allowed to, act with the party without any personal stipula-
tions ; that the next Presidency depended on the Free-soilers
of New York ; that " the policy of reasonable men was not to
goad the moderate and truly democratic Free-soilers of New
1845-1853.] AIDING THE REUNION OF THE PARTY.
265
ers
to
ew
York to madness." This seemed to be an entirely new view
of the ease, and not at all understood at "Washington. It
produced a strong impression, though at first treated with
ridicule.
Colonel Benton had abandoned all idea of the nomination,
and had no desire for it whatever. He was evidently for
Woodbury, and desirous of the reunion. As for General
Houston, his confidence in himself was absolute : he told the
writer that he was sure of every Southern State, both in the
caucus and in the election, and he counted on the North with
almost equal certainty. This created great merriment among
wiser men. It was thought by some of the leading Demo-
cratic Senators that Mr. Cass expected a renomination, but
was not over-anxious for it unless reasonably sure of suc-
cess ; while Mr. Buchanan's supporters were moving heaven
and earth in his behalf.
Upon the whole, the argument that the body of the Demo-
cratic Free-soilers of the North were still Democrats, and,
unless goaded to desperation and driven off, would steadily
and faithfully adhere to the old party ; that without the vote
of the State of New York the Democratic candidate could
not be elected ; and that New York could be carried by giv-
ing it a liberal candidate — this argument appears to have
made the desired impression, and to have aided in securing
the reunion of the party. Substantially it was a victory
for patriotic and conservative men ; and, had the compro-
mise been honorably carried out, the country might have been
in a better condition when the heaviest strain came, some
years later.
In reply to an invitation from the Tammany Society to at-
tend the celebration of the anniversary of our National In-
dependence, General Dix thus referred to the movement in
progress :
" Port Chester, July 1, 1&51.
" Gentlemen, — I have received your favor, inviting me to attend the
celebration of the approaching anniversary of our National Independence
•! i
2G6
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
by the Society of Tammany, and I regret tliat an engagement on that
day will prevent me from accepting it.
" The honored name your Society bears, the prominent part it haa
taken in the great public questions involved in the political contests of
the country, the open disregard in which the obligations of the Federal
Constitution and the Constitution of this State are held by portions of
our fellow-citizens, combine to give universal interest to the occasion ;
and I am sorry that I am unable to testify by my presence my strong
appreciation of its importance.
" I feci with you that only a thorough and cordial reunion of the
Democratic party here and elsewhere can eradicate political heresies,
and put the ship of state again (to use the language of Jefferson) ' on
the Republican tack.' With the assurance that in this great work, in-
volving, as I sincerely believe, the permanent welfare of the country, I
shall in every possible mode most cheerfully and earnestly co-operate,
" I am. Gentlemen, very respectfully,
" Your friend and fellow-citizen,
" JouN A. Dix.
"Messrs. Elijah F. Purdy,
Wm. I. Brown,
Tnos. DuNLAP,
Hhnrt Storms,
RiCUD. B. CONOLLT,
Committee of Arrangements."
The deatli of Judge "Woodbury, wliicli occurred on the 7th
of September, 1851, made it necessary for his friends to unite
upon some other person. The man selected as most accept-
able to them was General William O. Butler of Kentucky ;
his military record was good, his personal character without
a blemish. He had already run with General Cass as candi-
date for the Vice - Presidency, and shared his disastrous de-
feat, in the campaign of 1848. Governor Marcy was strongly
urged in many quarters, and it was thought that the State of
New York might be carried by him ; but many were of the
opinion that his friends never considered it j)robable that he
would be nominated, and that they kept his name prominently
before the public with the hope of obtaining a cabinet ap-
pointment for him under the next administration, and thus
securing the influence of that section of the New York De-
mocracy to which he belonged. Since this was precisely the
i-i;
1845-1853.] F. P. BLAWS LETTEIt TO GENERAL DIX.
267
result that followed, it is fair to infer of the shrewd poli-
ticians of the day that they had made their plans with that
design.
The Democratic National Convention was held at Balti-
more, on the Ist of June, 1S52. General Dix, though not a
delegate, was invited and urged to go to Baltimore, and aid by
his presence and influence in harmonizing views and securing
a favorable action. lie answered, declining to appear there :
" Your favor of yesterday urging me to go to Baltimore,
and expressing the ojiinion that my presence there might have
much effect in harmonizing the party, is received. I should
be most happy to contribute in any way to so desirable a
result, but I have always had an insuperable repugnance to
attending conventions of which I am not a member. Besides,
I am confident that the delegates must be too strongly im-
pressed with the importance of the coming contest to allow
differences of opinion Avith regard to individuals to prevent
the reunion of the Democratic party. Though unwilling to
interfere personally with the action of the Convention, I shall
acquiesce cheerfully in its decisions, and give to its nomi-
nees a cordial support. The importance of the election en-
joins this duty on us all, and I shall not be backward in per-
forming it."
I find a very entertaining letter from Mr. Francis P. Blair
to General Dix, written about a week previous to the meeting
at Baltimore. It presents a graphic; if not an attractive, view
of the position of affairs :
" Silver Spring, May 24, 1853.
"My deau Gexeral, — I have had but little communication with the
city for a month past, antl have taken so little interest in the movements
there that I could not write j'ou a word, even of conjecture, that would
deserve your attention. In two or three flying visits recently I have
found tlie purlieus of the Capitol all in a buzz with delegates and their
various managers seeking to hive them. There certainly never was such
a scene out of a bazaar, which it strongly resembles in many aspects.
Nobody seems to think that anybody has a certain, or even a probable,
force made up to give him a nomiuation. All is contingent, and I sup-
I
If"
m
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
pose there never was as much jockeying on a race-course where there
were a dozen entries — all the old nngs to start, never having won a race,
and all the young ones watched, and having neither blood nor appearance
to recommend thcni. It is a clear case for black-leg management to
come in for the stakes ; and as this is generally felt, I have no doubt
the black art will be busily plied. The jobbers stationed at Washington
have all opened their houses ; wine and wassail is the order of the day
with them, and I am told that these appliances are doing wonders for .
The young and thirsty and greedy arc becoming enthusiastic in his
cause. , , and seem to be the only ones to whom the hon-
est men turn with any hope of getting deliverance from the plunderers,
and their chance depends altogether upon the possibility that the rogues
may fall out. There may be enough of the patriotic class, if they should
act understandingly, to prevent the Rottons from combining on any one
of them; but I am afraid the instincts of the latter will induce them, like
wolves, to hunt together, and run down the game by chasing first with one
pack and then with another, until they have the carcass among them to
rend and growl over. If I were to hazard a conjecture as to the most
probable person to keep at bay and drive off the prowlers, I should name
Houston ; he has hau good-luck always on his side, and he has kept such
good guard in all his movements as not to provoke nor expose himself
to the attacks of his opponents. If there should be an exasperating
struggle at Baltimore between the Cass, Douglas, and Buchanan clans,
there is great likelihood that the General of San Jacinto may gain
another victory."
The history of the proceedings at Baltimore is well-known.
First came a terrific slaughter of the old veterans, in which
James Buchanan, Lewis Cass, and William L. Marcy, together
with General Butler and the hero of San Jacinto, fell pros-
trate, while Stephen A. Douglas and other younger aspirants
shared their fate. Then, after some thirty -five ballotings,
came a nomination, by the delegation from Virginia, which
took the body by surprise — that of Franklin Pierce of New
Hampshire. The confiict became terrific, until, when the
ballots had run up to within one of fifty, the Virginia nomi-
nee was announced as the choice of the Convention, General
Pierce was a ITorthern man, but with strong Southern sym-
pathies. To the South he was entirely acceptable. The De-
mocracy of both sections combined to support him ; and it
1345-1853.] FRANKLIN riEBCE'S LACK OF FIIIMNESS.
2G9
was, no doubt, believed that lio would pursue a just and im-
partial course toward the entire party. To any farther agita-
tion of the slavery question ho was earnestly opposed, while
strongly desirous of forgetting that a division aniDUg his
own friends on that question had taken place. He lacked,
however, among other things, the firnmess to pursue an inde-
pendent course, and was unable to resist influences soon to
be brought to bear on him by those who were determined to
complete the ostracism of the Free-soil Democrats.
Tnie to his promise, General Dix supported the Baltimore
nominations, and exerted himself to secure the election of
the candidate of the reunited Democratic party. lie was
immediately called upon for active service during the ap-
proaching canvass, and threw himself with his accustomed
ardor and energy into the work. Invitations to address
public meetings poured in : one of the first was from
the Democracy of Berks County, Pennsylvania, who pro-
posed to hold a meeting on the Fourth of July. The com-
mittee say:
" You, with other distinguished Democratic citizens, have
been selected for invitation to unite with us in commemorat-
ing the approaching Sabbath-day of our Independence and lib-
erty. "VVe but express the sincere sentiments of our minds
when we say that your presence with us on that interesting
occasion would afford us the highest gratification. The im-
portant service which you rendered to the Democracy of the
country, as a member of the United States Senate under the
Polk administration, and the firm position which you have
taken in favor of Pierce and King, our nominees for the
oflices of President and Vice-President of the United States,
induce ns to hope much from you in the great canvass which
is upon us. Hence we most cordially invite you to honor ns
with your presence and to address us on that day."
Some idea of the amount of work done during that summer
and autumn by General Dix may be formed from his memo-
randum of appointments to speak. It is as follows :
•11
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270 MEMOIRS OF JOnX ADAMS DIX.
Tammany Hall: Ratification Speech published.
--,,„„ ■,,-,„< 150,000 copies published
Ncwburgh.N.Y July 30. ] , ^^ ,. , r.
° "^ < by National Comuiittcc.
White Plains, N. Y Aug. 7.
Hillsborough, N. II " 10. Speech i)ublishcd.
Trenton, N.J Sept. 15.
Augu8ta,Mc " 22.
Washington Valley Oct. 5.
Kingston " 11.
Utica " 13.
Onondaga Hollow " 14.
Seneca Falls " 15.
Rome " 10.
Pulaski " 18.
Fulton " 10.
Oswego " 20.
Manlius " 21.
Ogdensburgli " 23.
Watertown " 25.
Brookfield " 20.
Sangei-liekl " 20.
'<i,
vn
The autumn elections brought victory to the Democrats.
The rout of the "Whigs under their gallant and distinguished
leader, Major - general Winfield Scott, was complete : four
States only were carried by his friends. It was one of those
sweeping triumphs which result from the perfect union of a
party, and place the successful candidates imder a moral obli-
gation of the strongest kind to all who have aided in making
the victory complete.
Franklin Pierce, the fourteenth President of the United
States, was a native of the State of New Hampshire ; he came
of one of its most respected families ; an ancestor fought in the
War of the Revolution ; the descendants were Democrats of
the Jackson school. A lawyer by profession, he had repre-
sented his nat've town in the Legislature and his State in the
Senate ; he had also seen service in the army under General
Scott during the operations against the city of Mexico. In
view of the hereditary and traditional sympathies between
1845-1853.] GENERAL DIX FOB SECRETARY OF STATE. 271
tliG President-elect and General Dix, tlieir personal relations,
and the eminent services rendered by the latter in promoting
the election of the former, it was not surprising that General
Dix should have received a message from Cfeneral Pierce,
soon after the announcement of the result of the election,
requesting him to come to him at once. Nor was it strange
that, at the interview which took place at General Pierce's
residence at Concord, General Dix should have been inform-
ed that he had been selected as Secretary of State under the
new administration. This communication was made by the
President-elect in a very cordial manner, and with the frrthcr
statement that, of all men in the country, there v/as none
whom he more earnestly desired to have comiectcd with his
administration. These expressions M'crc received by Gen-
eral Dix with assurances of his wish to aid the President in
every way in his power; and they parted with an under-
standing which could not have been more clear. *
As soon as this became known, however, an intrigue com-
menced, with a view to compel the President to abandon his
design. The opposition came, first, from the extreme South-
ern politicians, and, secondly, from the Hunker section of the
Northern Democracy. In assaults of this character men are
seldom scnipulous as to the weapons to bo employed. The
President was told that the proposed appointment would bo
a fatal, and probably an irretrievable, mistake ; that tiie ad-
ministration must be thoroughly loyal to Southern interests ;
that on every point in which those interests had been or
might be involved the Cabinet must be a unit ; thai +he sup-
port of Southern Senators and Congressmen could not be ex-
pected if a prominent Free-soiler were at tli."^ President's right
hand. One can easily imagine what kind of argument and
influence would be emploj'ed under those circumstances, and
with what vigor the screws would be applied to the individ-
ual thus placed upon the rack by way of inducement to
change his mind and break a promise.
General Pierce had not the force of character to enable
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MEMOIBS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
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him to resist this pressure. A second interview took place,
at which he began, with embarrassment, by intimating that it
was possible that his action had been precipitate. General
Dix, who was aware of the intrigue, and regarded it as likely
to prove successful, hastened to the relief of the President,
assuring him that he anticipated what he was about to say,
and that he released him at once from any sense of obligation
founded on what had previously occurred. The President
could not withhold his thanks for the manner in which his
intended apologies had been arrested, and the painful inter-
view terminated.
For this first breach of faith it is thought that his old op-
ponents among the Democracy of Xew York were mainly
responsible. I have already observed that their persistency
in supporting Mr. Marcy as a candidate for the Presidency
was not the result of an expectation that he could be nom-
inated, ]>ut rather of a hope to secure the chief place for him
in the Cabinet. When the interview at Concord took place
Mr. Marcy was absent on a visit to Florida for the benefit of
the healili of a member of his family. The intrigue against
General Dix began soon after his return to the North ; and
when the Cabinet was announced his name was sent to the
Senate as the President's nominee for Secretary of State.
These coincidences are, to say the least of it, impressive.
Great indignation was felt at this breach of faith by the
friends of General Dix; and it may be supposed that the
President himself was conscious of a certain degree of shame
at the way in which he had treated his old friend. But per-
sonal considerations were not the only ones involved ; a largo
section of the Democratic party was thus aggrieved, and, as
it were, officially informed that it was to consider itself as
proscribed by the new administration. It was, then, with a
double motive that a movement was immediately begun, hav-
ing for its object to atone to General Dix for the indignity
offered to him, and to secure for his friends a recognition at
Washington. But, as soon as he heard of this design, ho
U^'
1845-1853.] MALIGNANT POLITICAL INTRIGUE RESUMED. 273
wrote an earnest protest against it so far as he himself was
involved :
" New York, March 9, 1853.
"My dear Sir, — I have just returned from Philadelphia, and found
your favor of the 5th inst.
" You say you intend to jiresent my name to the President for a for-
eign mission. I beg you not to do so. After all that has occurred, such
an appointment, if made at all, should be voluntarily tendered. I would
not, under any other circumstances, even take an acceptance under con-
sideration. Excuse my baste, and believe me, sincerely yours,
" John A. Dix.
"Hon. Preston Kino."
The invitation came, however, freely tendered, and again
by the President : he was offered the mission to France.
Satisfied that the circumstances absolved him from any re-
sponsibility save that of mere acceptance or refusal ; knowing
that he had not sought it, nor taken any steps, directly or
indirectly, to obtain it ; and yet not without much hesitation
and careful consideration, he finally concluded to accede to
the President's desire, and informed him that he was willing
to go abroad.
The time fixed was early in the summer of that year. The
President happened to be, for the moment, in embarrassment
about the Treasury in the city of Is^ew York ; it was without
a head, and he could not immediately nominate. lie there-
fore requested General Dix, as a matter of personal favor to
himself, to hold the otfice for a few weeks, until the date of
his sailing for France. This proposition was most distasteful
in every way ; still, always unselfish and ready to sacrifice his
convenience to oblige others, he agreed to render the Presi-
dent the temporary service thus demanded of him, and en-
tered on his duties at the Treasury. Meanwhile passage was
taken for Havre, preparations for a four years' residence
abroad were made, and every arrangement was complo* id
which an anticipated absence from home renders necessary.
But political intrigue was instantly resumed, and again
with complete success. I shall not pursue the details of this
I.— 18
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
miserable business. The opposition now came, or appears
to liave come, mainly from ceitain Southern politicians.*
Among them a Senator from Mississippi was particularly ac-
tive. Charges which they must have known to be false were
made by prominent individuals — such, for example, as this :
that General Dix was an abolitionist, and that the adminis-
tration would be untrue to the South by allowing a man
of that fanatical and extreme party to represent it abroad.
Nothing could have been more untrue. Whatever the mer-
its of the abolitionists and their rilaims on the respect and
admiration of posterity, one thing was perfectly clear and
well known to every statesman, North and South — that Gen-
eral Dix was not of that school, but had invariably, from the
beginning of his political career, opposed their designs. His
vote had been given in the Senate for the admission of Texas
to the Union ; he had endorsed the union of the Democratic
party on the basis of the Compromise measures introduced
by Mr. Clay; he was in favor of the surrender of fugitive
slaves ;t he had given his cordial support to the administra-
tion. There was no ground for the charge that he was an
abolitionist ; as little for suspicion of his sincerity in adher-
ing to the Baltimore platform and desiring the removal of
the question of slavery from the national politics. Wlien,
therefore, I find prominent Southern politicians denouncing
* See Appendix, No. IV.
t "The Northern States have been repeatedly charged in this debate,
and on many previous oecasions, with aggression and viohitions of the
Constitutional compact in their action on the subject of slavery. With
regard to the surrender of fugitive slaves — the case most frequently
cited — it is possible that there may have been some action, or inaction,
in particular State." Mot in strict accordance with the good faith they
ought to observe in this respect. I know not how it is ; but we know
there is an effective power to legislate on this subject in Congress, and
I am sure there will be no want of co-operation on our part in carrying
out the requirements of the Constitution by providing all reasonable
means for executing them." — U. S. Senate Debates, July 20, 1848.
! .
1845-1853.] SECESSION ALREADY MEDITATED.
275
liim as they did, my conclusion if that they must have had
another and a deeper design. Their real objection was not on
the score of abolitionism. They knew as well as lie did that
it could not be sustained. The fact was this, that Secession
was already in tlieir thoughts ; that steps had even then been
taken toward a dissolution of the Union, and that they feared
the influence of one who might be counted on as their enemy
if it came to the question of asserting the right of individual
States to withdraw, forcibly if necessary, and set uj) a sepa-
rate government under a separate flag.
The vile charges of "mercenary motives" and "personal
debasement" which, in addition to that of abolitionism, were
freely made against General Dix, drew forth an able and con-
vincing defence from his friends, both North and South ; but
though these insinuations were repelled, the influence exerted
to prevent the President from nominating him to the French
mission was too strong to be resisted. In fact, the place was
wanted for an eminent gentleman from the State of Virginia.
About the 1st of June rumors were current in Xcw York
that a very strong opposition Avas made to the appointment of
General Dix as Minister to France. By the middle of the
month these had assumed so definite a shape that he was con-
strained to believe them to be well-founded. lie addressed a
letter to the Hon. R. McClelland on the subject, in which
he says :
" Let me say, first, that I have not sought the appointment in question,
and that its cliief vahie in my estimation would be tlie evidence it would
furnish of the President's confidence.
"My object in writing to you is to ascertain, if I can, what the opposi-
tion amounts to, I do not desire any information which you cannot
with the strictest propriety give. If I know its source and its extent, I
can judge better what is its motive, and whether it is due to myself to
attempt to correct misrepresentation, or whether my self respect demands
that I should let it have its course.
"The President is fully acquainted with my position, and can refute
any misstatement which comes to his ears.
" I supposed the question of free-soilism was settled on my nomination
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
to the office I now hold ; and it was only the consideration that I had
been made instrumental to the good of the Democratic party which rec-
onciled me to a place utterly repugnant to my wishes and tastes, and
exceedingly prejudicial to my private interests. If tliis question is to be
re-opened I shall regard myself as having suflfered in vain. I have the
materials of self-vindication in my own hands, but I will not use them
to procure an appointment I do not ask. In defence of the appointment,
if made, I can do so without any sacrifice of my self-respect.
" Cordially, your friend, John A. Dix."
The spring and summer i^assed away, and it became quite
certain that the nomination to the French mission would not
be made. The General was prepared for this fresh affront,
K^ut his sense of duty triumphed over that of a keenly-felt
pergonal indignity, and he strove to screen the administration
from the criticism which it merited. The following letter
was addressed to one of those personal friends, himself an
officer in the United States Xaval Service, whose indignation,
if not restrained, might have carried him beyond bounds :
*' Pnvate.
•'New York, August 29, 1853.
"My deah , — The President will violate his pledge to me and
give the mission to France to some one else. Mr. Flagg and I have
considered this settled since the middle of June (before I had been in
this office a month) — not that the President so intended at that time,
but we knew he was giving ear to counsels which would bo too power-
ful for his firmness of purpose. A politician is like a woman : he must
resist the first accents of seduction, or he is lost.
" I write you this in advance of the public annunciation of the result,
in order that you may prepare yourself, by suitable discipline of feeling,
to take it calmly. Whatever others may do, I must entreat you to keep
quiet, as I intend to do myself. It is too grave a matter to be met with
any exhibition of ill-temper.
" I consider the honor of the administration at stake ; for the Presi-
dent told me that every member of his Cabinet was in favor of my ap-
pointment. We must remember that he is the head of the Democratic
party and the Chief Magistrate of the country, and that the public repu-
tation will be impaired by the act of bad faith he is about to commit.
Should we not, then, as good citi< ?us, rather cover it up, if wc can, than
ir;
9
1845-1853.] A CALM, DISINTERESTED LETTER.
277
expose it and furnish a subject of public scandal to our enemies? This
is my wish ; and no one has so large a pei-sonal interest in the question
as myself. The mission, as you know, is of no consequence to me ; and
if the President had written to me frankly, as he was bound on every
principle to do, saying that he considered it important to his adminis-
tration or to himself to make some other disi)osition of the appointment,
I should have told him at once to do with it as he pleased. But, instead
of communicating with me directly, he has, since the last of June, been
conversing with a number of persons who have come to me, by his de-
sire, to repeat what he said to them — that I had better decline the ap-
pointment—that my views on the slavery question were not sufficiently
understood— that I might not be confirmed by the Senate, etc. Besides
the awkwardness of declining an appointment before it is formally ten-
dered, I never could consent to withdraw on tlie grounds above assigned.
It wor be a confession of their validity, which I do not admit.
"^ .espect to the office I hold I have no concern. I have requested
the ^resident to release me from it. If he does not, I shall send him a
formal resignation of a place which I accepted most unwillingly on a
condition — a condition he docs not intend to fulfil. Under tlicse cir-
cumstances I have no fears that I shall not be allowed to retire at an
early day.
"I write in great hasce, and have no time to copy. My sole object is
to entreat you, as my friend, to be silent when you see the appointment
to Franco announced. Yours ever,
" John A. Dix."
Later in tlie summer (August 20, 1S53) General Dix re-
ceived a letter from the President, requesting an interview
" on matters of interest to him." The invitation was politely
declined, with a counter-request to be immediately relieved of
liis duties as Assistant Treasurer. His courco in declining to
see the President received the cordial approval of his friends.
The end of this wretched business, discreditable to the ad-
ministration and to those who succeeded in thus leading the
President to a second breach of his promise, came in due time.
The name of the Hon. John Y. Mason, of Virginia, was sent
to the Senate ; he was immediately conlirmed as Minister to
the French Court ; and Cerberus, ]:)ropitiated with this addi-
tional sop, was for the moment satisfied.
Upon the whole I think it a matter of congratulation that
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
tlie well-meant efforts of President Pierce to strengthen his
administration by connecting General Dix with it did not
succeed. I have no doubt of the sincerity of the President :
subsequent acts attested it. But he could not do what he
wished, and was forced to submit to circumstances. What
might have been the result if my father — with liis devotion
to the Union, and his vigorous way of dealing with some
questions — had been in the Cabinet, is matter for conjecture.
The policy pursued through those four years deepened the
trouble and darkened the prospect in front. That unfortu-
nate administration helped by almost every measure to pre-
pare the way for the Civil War; it heightened the fever
already burning in the political system. Those were forma-
tive years, during which disaster was pressing forward a pas
de charge. Looking back to them, and seeing how the tide
then ran, and how fast the ship of state was driving, I do
not regret that my father was in retirement. When at
length he reappeared on the stage of events it was easier to
gee the way, to know what ought to be said, and to do what
must be done.
VII.
NEW YORK. -EUROPE.
A..T>. 18G3-1800.
■■i
Voyage to Havre. — Stcamslnp Ilurnboldt. — Death of Mrs. Morgan on tlic
Vo3'age. — Wreck of the IlumJioldt, — "Missouri Compromise." — Bagui
di Lucca. — December 8, 1834 : in Rome, — Journal of Travel from Rome
to Marseilles. — Return Home. — St. Augustine, Fla. — Fort of St. Mark.
—Cornwall. — N. P. Willis: "Idlewikl."— President of the Chicago
and Rock Island Railroad. — Project of Railroad to the Pacific. —
Vestrj-man of Trinity Church. — Attack on the Cliurch in the Legis-
lature. — Defeat of the Assailants. — Letter from Bishop Potter. — Polit-
ical Affairs of the Period : the Riots of 1857. — Stephen IL Branch. —
The Canvass of 18oC for the Presidency. — The Election of James Bu-
chanan. — Letters to him from General Dix on his Policy and the
Prospects of his Administration.
1853-1860.] DEATH OF MRS. MORGAN ERE LAXDTXO. 281
VII.
The arrangements for a removal to Europe and a residence
abroad, which had been made when the President offered the
mission of France to General Dix, were carried into effect
notwithstanding tlie unexpected action of the administration.
On tlie 22d of October, 1853, a part of the family sailed for
Havre in the steamship Humboldt, whose commander. Cap-
tain Lines, is still remeinbered as a popular officer and a thor-
ough seaman. General Dix, having business which detained
him in New York, deferred his departure till the following
year. One of the party on the Ilamholdt was Mrs. Morgan.
She had been very ill at Manursing Island during the sum-
mer; it was hoped that the sea -voyage would restore her
health, and this appeared to be the result, for no one on the
ship seemed brighter or happier than she. On the 5tli of
November she remained in the cabin till an unusually late
hour of the evening, playing her favorite game of whist, and
afterward joining in the general conversation with more than
her usual vivacity. That night she was found unconscious in
her state-room, and at two o'clock a.m. of the 7th, as the ship
was entering the Roads of Havre, her soul departed.
The body, having been embalmed, was placed in a metallic
coffin, and sent home by the same vessel. Ill-fated ship ! On
the return voyage she went ashore near Halifax. The wreck
did not break uji at once ; there was time to secure what could
be saved. On the 9th my father was notified by a telegram
from the scene of the disaster that the coffin had been recov-
ered. It was brought to New York by the steamer Marion,
and received by us on the 22d of December. The following
11 I
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MEMOIIiS OF JOUN ADAMS DIX.
day (Friday), at 10 a.m., the body, after its dread passage from
coast to coast, and its temporary loss in the sea, was at length
laid reverently in the family vault in Trinity Church-yard.
Few person? were present besides the General and myself.
The weather was inexpressibly dreary — gloomy, and dark,
with a heavy wind from the raw north-east, and a dull, steady
rain. Others, alas ! had reason to remember that day. The
wind shifted in the afternoon and came out from the north-
west, blowing with fury, as a gale from that quarter always
does when it begins. At sunset a long line of clear sky ap-
peared under the rapidly lifting curtains of the previous storm.
It betokened trouble on the deep. Among the ill-fated vessels
out that awful night was the steamship San Francisco. She
sailed from New York, December 21, for San Francisco, via
the Straits of Magellan, having on board the Third Regiment
U. S. Artillery, Colonel Gates commanding ; Major Merchant,
Lieutenant-colonel Washington, and other officers, with their
wives and children. She was struck by the storm off the
North Carolina coast, and foundered a day or two after-
ward. Rarely has a disaster of that kind produced a more
painful sensation ; the city was filled with consternation at
the accounts of the horrible scenes attending the destniction
of so many brave men and helpless women and children, and
for years that awful night was remembered with a shudder.
The winter of 1853-54 was spent by my father in New
York. I was in Philadelphia at that time, connected with St.
Mark's Church, as one of the assistant ministers, under the
Rev. Joseph P. B. "VVilmer, D.D., afterward Bishop of Louis-
iana. My father came occasionally to Philadelphia, where he
was welcomed by old friends. Among these was Mrs. Eliza-
beth Biddle, at whose house he sometimes stayed: a very
charming and accomplished woman, the daughter of Mr. Jo-
seph Ilopkinson, and a descendant of one of the signers of
the Declaration of Independence.
Always busy, and devoted to his home circle, the General
spent some time that winter in preparing a series of papers
ill
the
of
1853-1860.] A RUDE SHOCK TO PEACE AND SECURITY. 283
on the liistory of Rome, its sokliers and statesmen, its poets
and philosophers ; each of these papers when finished was
sent to tlie family, for their entertainment and instruction,
during their residence in the Eternal City, lie would have
them to 1)0 students together with him, and, though absent,
he thus pleasantly allied himself with their pursuits, and kept
in constant communion with them.
Meanwhile trouble thickened about the path of the admin-
istration. Within ten months after the inauguration of Presi-
dent Pierce a rude shock was given to the hopes of peace and
security founded on his election. The act of 1820, known as
the ^^Mlssouri Compromise^'' was always regarded by North-
ern statesmen as a kind of palladium of national quiet, and as
settling the slavery question fairly and equitably by admitting
Missouri as a slave-holding State, but forever excluding sla-
very north of 30° 30'. In the month of January, 1854, Mr.
Stephen A. Douglas brought a bill into the Senate of the
United States repealing the latter branch of that compro-
mise in the case of the States of Kansas and Nebraska, to be
formed out of territory part of which lay north of the line.
The bill provided, indeed, that it should be left to the inhabi-
tants of that region to determine the question of slavery or
freedom for themselves, but it removed the prohibition of
thirty-four years' standing. This bill, opposed by Thomas II.
Benton in the House of Eepresentatives, and by Messrs.
Chase, Sumner, Seward, and Houston in the Senate, passed
both Houses of Congress, however, the majority in the Senate
being 37 over 1-1, and the vote in the House being very close,
113 to 100. A great sensation was produced by these pro-
ceedings. Mr. Francis P. Blair wrote to General Dix on the
subject as follows :
"From my present impressions of things I infer that we
are to have a renewed contest for the ascendency of slavery
over freedom, which will shake the pillars of the Confederacy.
The South finds it so easy to purchase support in the North
by pandering to the ambition of leaders in the North, who
V.\
■1!
.V
284
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
manage the people through the corrupt convention system,
tliat she will set up for dominion over the North, as England
now docs in Ireland, by buying i.p leaders. I hope there
will bo honest patriots enough found to resist it, and that the
present aggression will be rebuked. I am willing to devote
the balance of my life to this object. I would not hesitate
to put myself on the tread-mill of a press and declare war
against all the conspirators, high and low, if I could hope it
would avail anything."
The views of General Dix on the Nebraska bill are ex-
pressed in the following letter :
" Nuw York, February 25, ia,4.
" My deau Siu, — Your letter came to me at Pliiludelpliia a few clays
ago.
"I consider tlio movement in favor of tlic repeal of the Missouri Com-
promise an act of equally bad policy and bad faith. We were told that
the Compromise of 1850 was "a finality"— tliat there was to be no more
slavery legislation — that the Missouri Compromise disposed of the
Louisiana Territory— that the Compromise of 1850 disposed of the ter-
ritory acquired from Mexico— and tlmt there was nothing left to quarrel
about, We assented to the compromise measures of 1850 with tliis dis-
tinct understanding. The country assented to them for the sake of re-
pose from the slavery agitation. The Nebraska bill violates this under-
standing and disturbs this repose. The Compromise of 1850 would never
have received the assent of Congress or the people, if they had been told
that it was to annul the Missouri Compromise and re-open the slavery
question.
"The Nebraska bill allows the people of that Territory to have slaves
if they will. This is not the end. Some of the Southern men already
contend that the people of a Territory have no right to exclude slaves
from it — that slave-lioldcrs have a right to take their slaves into any Ter-
ritory of the United States and hold them there, whether the people of
the Territory wish it or not. This will be the next movement, and I fear
there arc Northern politicians who, for the sake of office, will yield the
point,
" I am in favor of adhering to all the compromises honestly and faith-
fully — to the Missouri Compromise in respect to the laws over a Territory,
and to the Compromise of 1850 in respect to tlie territory acquired from
Mexico — I stand by them all, for the sake of honor, truth, and domestic
peace. There is no safety in any other course — none for us and none for
'' ; (
18n3-18fl0.] A DISTINCT EXPIIESSIOX OF VIEWS.
285
tho South — for if ono compromise is good for notlilng, the otlicrs are
wortlilcss, ns time will inevitably show.
"I am mortified and grieved at this state of things. It is bad in prin-
ciple, worse in policy, and good in nothing.
" You ask me wliat General Pierce's opinion is. I do not know. Somo
sny he is for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise— others as confident-
ly that he is against it. I should be very sorry to differ witii the Presi-
dent and his Cabinet on any question, for I look to them with coufldenco
for sound financial measures, and these are always of vital importance to
good government. But I regard this question as one of high obligation
and good faith, and I am against the Nebraska bill, whoever may bo for
it. In tl>e mere practical concerns of government it is sometimes a duty
to yield to the opinions of those with whom wo act, but never in mat-
ters involving essential principles. I write in great haste, and not for
publication. I need not add, I am always your friend,
"John A, Dix.
"Hon. Jas. C. CuuTis."
"Writing to Colonel Benton, April 15, 1854, lie expresses
the doubt he felt as to the best way of dealing with this new
difficulty, and gives very distinctly his views as to the blunder
committed in the Free-soil movement of 1848 :
" Mr. Van Buren has written and spoken freely against tho
repeal of the Missouri Compromise as proposed by the Ne-
braska bill ; and he made a movement in favor of a meeting
of the leading Democrats in the city of New York to express
their views on the subject. But it was found that they would
consist mainly of the old Free-soil leaders, and it was thought
by most of us that such a meeting would do more harm than
good. The unfortunate union with the Whigs at Buffalo in
1848 has disqualified us for any useful service as leaders in
any great party movement, partaking in any degree of a sec-
tional character. I say iis, although you are well aware that
I disapproved of that imion, and did all I could to prevent it.
I mention this fact in confirmation of the opinion I have ex-
pressed that Mr. Y. B. has been from the begirming opposed
to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. lie has spoken
and written against it, and was desirous of taking part in a
public demonstration against it."
<'
286
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
i
The following spring I resigned my position at St. Mark's
Church, Philadelphia, and went abroad, to join the rOiSt of
our family in Italy. 1 took passage on the steamship Arctic,
Captain Luce, another of the ill-fated Collins line, and des-
tined to a more terrible destruction than the Humboldt, her
sister ship. It was my intention to have returned to the
United States in the autumn, in the same vessel, but a change
of plans saved me from being involved in the horrible calam-
ity so well remembered, and, perhaps, from perishing with
the rest. Late in the month of May I met my people at
Leghorn ; we went thence to the Bagni di Lucca, where we
passed the summer. The region is one of the most beautiful
that can be imagined ; the hills are high, and covered with a
magnificent foliage of chestnuts, oaks, and other forest trees.
The Serchio winds its way among them, a mere rivulet in the
dry season, but in the spring and winter a deep, strong flood.
There were three hotels at the Bagni, two on this side of the
river, and the third just opposite — the "Europe," at which
we stayed, the "Cardinali," and the "Nicolai." The pro-
prietor of these three houses was an ex-ofiicer of Napoleon's
army ; he conducted his little realm with a military precision
which was not only admirable but somewhat amusing. Five
minutes before the dinner-hour mine host appeared at the
front-door of the " Europe," his hand on a bell-rope, and his
eye on the front-doors of the other two hotels ; four minutes
before the dinner-hour a sub-lieutenant (as it were) appeared
in the door of the " Cardinali," and a similar officer at that of
the "Nicolai," each with his hand on a bcll-roj)e, and each
fixing his eyes on the chief. Precisely at the first stroke of
four the three bell-ropes were jerked, and a tremendous clat-
ter awoke the echoes up and down. Everything else was
managed in the same formal and exact way, the bustling
Frenchman all the while beaming with good-humor, swelling
with importance, and directing operations as if a division of
the grande armee were under his command.
The Baths of Lucca were, and I believe are still, a favorite
of
ite
185»-1860.] A GROUP OF DIVERSIFIED PERSONAGES. 287
place of summer resort. Among our friends were Mr. and
Mrs. Thomas Crawford, who, with their children, occupied an
apartment not far from our hotel. A most original character
was also there, a Mrs. Stisted, the wife of General Stisted, an
old Peninsular officer ; she had written a book or two, occa-
sionally gave an entertainment, and conducted herself in an
eccentric manner. The contrast in size between herself and
her husband was striking ; she took a certain pleasure in ob-
serving his extremely emaciated .appearance, remarking on
one occasion that he looked like " the shadow of a fishing-
pole." Mrs. Stisted was an object of continual interest,
whether she appeared in her landau, driving up and down
the smooth roads, or taking a constitutional with attending
lackeys, or devoutly engaged in the service at the English
church. That edifice, fearfully plain, and as unlike a house
of God as it could be made, was served by a chaplain of Irish
blood and extreme evangelical views. Although I was there
three months, and never missed a service at the chapel, he did
not honor me with tlie slightest fraternal recognition, having
observed, doubtless, that my clerical coat was of that peculiar
cut which the English of the period used to designate as the
" M. B.," or '' Mark of the Beast." Times have changed for
the better since that day, and I question whether the clergy
of our Church, be their schools what they may, could now be
guilty of such incivility to each other.
"We left the Bagni on the first day of September, at six
o'clock in the morning, and at half-past one that afternoon
found ourselves in Florence, at a hotel in the Piazza Santa
Trinitu. On the 30th the General arrived, and a joyful re-
union of the family occurred. We were happy in being all
together once more and again, after the lapse of ten years, in
the city of Era Angclico and Giotto, and near the Uffizi, the
Pitti, the blooming Cascine, and the heights of San Miniato
and Eiesole. The autumn passed rapidly away, and the time
drew near for a return to Rome for the winter.
On the 8th of December of that year the new dogma of
;i 1 "I
288
MEMOIRS OF JOHK ADAMS DIX.
!f ,'!
i it I
,1
:! r'
the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary was
to be officially proclaimed, and thenceforth, under the dire
penalties of excommunication, to be bound on the consciences
of Roman Catholics as an article of the Christian faith. Re-
port of the ceremonies with which this announcement was to
be celebrated going forth on every wind attracted multitudes
to Rome. Desirous of being present and witnessing the ex-
traordinary scene?, I set out, in advance of the family, on the
27th of November, and travelled by malle-poste to Rome,
passing through Siena and Radicofani, and arriving at the
Porta del Popolo at half-past 3 a.m. of the 29th. I was ill
when I left Florence, and worse when I finished the journey ;
and after a day or two of fighting against the inevitable
found myself in bed, in my room in the Hotel Spillman, in
the Via della Croce, burning up with typhoid fever. Word
was sent to Florence by the physician who had been called
to me, and in a few days the family arrived. I was in bed
forty days and nights, and did not leave my room till March
of the following year. The 8th of December came ; 1 had a
confused sense of the ringing of bells and the roar of cannon ;
but it was like a dream of one knows not what. One day I
asked my father — looking at his calm, quiet face, with the
earnest expression in it which had then become habitual —
how near we were to Christmas ; and he told me that it was
long past, and that we were near the middle of the first
month of the new year.
I cannot think of those terrible weeks without profound
emotion. Un-lcr God I OAved my life to my fathers untiring
watchfulness and tenderness. For twenty-five nights in suc-
cession he never left me, and never slept. By day he slept a
while and took a brisk walk outside the city walls, but all night
long, night after night, he kept his vigil by my side. Some-
thing was to be done every half-hour, and he would trust no
one in that critical time of the twenty-four hours, wherein, if
the attendant be careless or forgetful, a man's soul may pass
away.
1853-1860.] SAVED BY PATERNAL DEVOTION.
289
fing
ight
What went on that winter I know only from report of
others ; it was a blank in my life. From that peculiar type
of the disease one recovers, if at all, a mere wreck in body and
mind. I could not remember anything that had occurred;
memory and the power of thought seemed to be lost for the
time ; slowly they came back, and the past rose up again dis-
tinct and clear.
The French were then in occupation of ICome. Detach-
ments marched out of the city every morning for driU be-
yond the walls; the crash of the drum corps was heard al-
ways about a certain hour, or the loud, clear ringing of the
bugles blowing at the head of the column. The men had
the bright, easy, nonchalant air of their nation, and passed
jauntily up and down the Corso, as if they had not a care or
serious thought. Sometimes things would happen to stir the
dull surface of commonplace life. Under the mild sway of
the Papacy capital punishment was never inflicted ; but dur-
ing the French occupation the rule was changed, and execu-
tions were done under military direction. One morning two
criminals were put to death. Several days in advance pla-
cards on the walls of houses and at the corners of the streets
announced the impending tragedy, and requested prayers for
the souls of the doomed men. The General had never seen
the guillotine in operation. He went in the gray dawn and
obtained a place close by the machine of death. After wit-
nessing the proceedings he came home and ate his breakfast
as usual. lie was, apparently, a man without nerves, and al-
ways as calm as a morning in summer, whatever the affair in
hand might be.
It was far on in April before I was able to travel: by
that time, however, we had another invalid in the party. The
impression made on my mother by my illness, and by the
dread of its fatal termination, was so great that, on my recov-
ery, she broke utterly down. Our anxieties were now for
her; she had not been in so critical a state since the yeai
1842, when they went to Madeira to save her life. It was
I.— 19
! ■ 1
290
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
under these depressing circumstances that the General took
his departure from Eome, on the 8th day of May ; but the
journey then undertaken proved a delightful one, and facili-
tated the recovery of the invalids. It abounded in entertain-
ing incidents ; and a journal, freely illustrated with caricature
sketches, was kept by one of the party. A few extracts, with
fac-similes of some of the grotesque drawings, may amuse the
reader. The setting out is thus described :
" On Monday, the 7th of May, 1855, the Family Dix were
all awake and flying around at an unusually early hour. The
morning was cloudy, and rain had already fallen, so that their
spirits were somewhat dull ; but the General consoled them
by an Irish proverb to this effect, tliat ' if it rains before seven
in the morning, the divil a bit will it rain that day.' Break-
fast having been despatched, the important information came
that our vetturino, Marcelin Ravel, was at the door, and the
process of packing the trunks was commenced.
" Some time before we started we saw from the window two
large carriages, heavily laden, driving iip the Corso. Their
occupants were an English family of the name of 'Dod-
worth,' consisting of thirteen persons. As they saw our car-
riage still standing at the door we observed grins of satisfac-
tion lighting up their countenances, as it is reckoned desira-
ble to get off first and keep ahead. "We felt rather down in
the mouth at this, l)ut subsequent events restored our spirits
completely.
"As we arrived at the Piazza del Popolo wc saw another
vettura coming up behind us, a discovery which afforded us
no small satisfaction, as we found ourselves not the last.
Passing through the old gate, we left Rome with varied feel-
ings of pleasure and regret.
"Nothing of much importance occuiTcd, except that it
rained, in spite of the Irisl: proverb, and pretty fast, too.
The great discovery of the morning was that of three ' uglies,'
which L had caused to be prepared some three weeks be-
' ,ii
1853-1830.]
'DODWOSTWS BAND."
291
fore, and which were now for the first time displayed, much
to M 's discomfiture, who had, for the rest of the journey,
those dreadful objects constantly before him.
" At one o'clock we arrived at Sette Vene, the first stop-
ping-place, where we ordered a ' fork-breakfast.' At this sta-
tion we overhauled the Dodworths, or ' Dodworth's Band,' as
they were familiarly termed ; and presently after our arrival
came up the other carriage before referred to. C went
down and scraped acquaintance with the people. He found
that it was the family of a gentleman from Bengal going on
to Florence.
" Breakfast being finished, we started again about three
o'clock. In about two hours and a half we found ourselves
at Civita Castellana, an uninteresting place. Fortunately, we
arrived at the hotel on the very heels of the Dodworths, and
found the innkeeper puzzled to death to know what to do
with them ; when, seeing our comparatively small party, it
probably occurred to him to solve in some degree the compli-
cated problem by instantly showing us to an apartment ; in
which, for about half an hour after we had been comfortably
ensconced, we could see various members of the unhappy
Dodworth family walking distractedly up and down, and
could hear the still perplexed landlord ejaculating, ' Sono
dieci padroni !' "
The next day they resolved on an early start.
" Breakfasting at half-past six, we were off by seven. "What
of that ? Dodworth's Band and tlie Bengal tiger had started
by five or thereabouts !
" The rain had ceased ; the day was very warm, witli a
bright and unmitigated sun. AYe passed through some lovely
scenery, and for at least an hour after our departure were near
that most beautiful of mountains immortalized by Horace in
his ode :
* Vidcs ut alta stet nive candkluin
Soracte?'
" M made several sketches of it as we passed rapidly
i !
I i|
\ i-.*
283
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
along. We also descended into an exquisite valley at a place
where a tremendous battle was fought between 8000 French-
men under Macdonald and 40,000 Neapolitans ; but, while all
were gazing at the majestic ruins of the Castle of Borghetto,
the discovery was made that one of the party was calmly oc-
cupied in perusing a little story called ' Daisy Burns.' So
great was the general indignation that she put down her
book, and for a time looked at the view, like everybody else."
That day they passed through Terni, and struck a region of
enormous beds.
" At Terni was the most tremendous bed that ever we saw :
there was room in it for at least five persons. The beds all
along this road were very pecul-
iar ; they grew higher and high-
er, till, at the last two stations,
we had to climb into them on
chairs."
. On the third day they crossed
the great mountain of La Som-
ma, up which the horses were
helped by yokes of oxen. Ar-
riving at Sj)oleto, "the first
thing we saw as we drove up
to the inn was several heads of
the Dodworths thrust from the windows above, and serenely
contemplating us. They and the Bengalese had already ar-
rived, of course."
Foligno was the resting-place that night.
" The inn, like all along the route, was wanting in the com-
fort of carpets. This defect we attempted to supply by put-
ting our shawls on the bare brick floors, and then sitting
round in a ring, with our feet on them — a particularly droll
sight."
The fourth day brought them to Pe' ngia, where " the party
sallied forth in search of the works of Pietro Perugino, hav-
ing previously ascertained from ' Murray ' that the principal
•11 ,
1853-1860.1 IX SEARCH OF PEEUGINO'S FRESCOES.
293
ones were in the Exchange and one or two other specified
places. And now occurred accidents worthy to be recorded,
not upon parchment, but upon brass. The General assured lis
that he knew perfectly well the position of the Sola del Cam-
bio, and was so confident about it that wo followed him with
no hesitation. He led us to a building venerable enough to
be any salu in the world, and asked the sentry who stood at
the door where Perugino's frescoes were to be found. The
man appearing to be hopelessly in the dark on this point, we
entered the gloomy building, and were assailed by a small and
ragged boy, who answered our incoherent inquiries by equally
com-
1
GUIDED BY TUS GENERAL, WE GO IN SEARCH OF PERUGIN'O S FRESCOES, AND BRING
UP AT THE CITY PRISON.
incoherent answers. Tims we went on, up one pair of stairs,
and down a long passage, in which were nothing but small
doors, and then up another and another flight, and down di-
vers passages, expecting every moment to arrive at the door
of the majestic Hall of Exchange ; when at last we brought
TT
294
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
■>' 1]
lip, boy and all, at the end of a dark corridor. There was an
iron grating, and outside stood an ill-favored man, regarding
ns with amazement, in which we found ourselves sharers with
himself. At last the silence was broken by his question,
' Cosa vogliono V Vogliono vedere i prigionieri V
" The tinitli was, that the General had ingeniously guided ns
to the door of the Criminal Prison, and the frescoes of Peru-
gino danced as ignes fatui before our confused minds. How
cheap we felt, how astounded the spectators were, how the
sentry and the laimdress of the prison grinned, and how
M blew up the ragged boy as we slowly retired in con-
fusion, may be left to the imagination."
On leaving Perugia they at last got to the front of the
procession.
"We had experienced much annoyance thus far. The
Bengal man generally started an hour before us, but, as wo
had better horses, we invariably overtook him. It is a point
of honor with the vetturini not to pass each other on the
road ; so we were obliged to tug on behind, and got in much
later than we should otherwise have done. On this occasion,
however, by a skilful manoeuvre we got the start, and were
thenceforth ahead of the whole field, the Dodworths having
been left hull -down, for we never heard of them or saw
them again on the journey."
The next night was spent on the shores of the beautiful
and historic Lake Thrasymene, and thence, passing through
Arezzo and Monte Yarchi, they arrived in Florence on the
12th of May. So delighted were they with their driver, their
equij)age, and the pleasant manner of the journey, that they
resolved to continue it to Xice, by way of Genoa, over the
Cornice Road, undoubtedly the most beautiful drive in the
world. These things are now utterly lost to the general
traveller, who is whirled by rail through a region of which
it is impossible for him, in that breathless, reckless hurry,
to form a just appreciation. Far happier were we in those
days, ere the lovely coast had been profaned by such im-
1853-18G0.] THE PARTY TAKEN BY SURPRISE.
295
ij:iiii:;iiiif
VIEW IN PISA.
provements, and when the choice was between the leisurely
progress by land and a passage by steamer.
The drive from Florence to Nice began on the 17th of
May. The first day's journey brought them to Pisa. The
artist of the expedition has given
a sketch of " one of the antiquities
of the place."
At Pietra Santa they crossed
the frontier of Parma, and passed
in view of the marble moun-
tains of Carrara, and so went into
Sardinia. Beyond Sarzana they
achieved the high adventure of
the river Magra, of which a par-
ticular account is given, with an
illustration :
"It is a broad and rapid
stream, without a bridge, and too deep to ford. Arrived at
the bank, the carriage was backed down to the water's edge.
All got out of it except mother and L ; the horses were
taken off, and then eight stout men, with pantaloons rolled
up as high as they could be rolled, laid hold of the wheels,
and, plunging into the water, dragged the carriage out to a
large, flat scow-boat, into which they rolled it. As we stood
contemplating these things from the shore, and uncertain
what was coming next, other men, with a similar arrange-
ment of legs, rushed up, and, seizing us, carried us off in
their arms or on their backs, and bore us in safety to the
boat. It would be impossible to describe the feelings of
the party thus taken by surprise, but all resigned themselves
with fortitude to the trying circumstances. The horses fol-
lowed, Eavcl riding one and C another ; and so we all
got safely aboard. The boat was then poled across to the
opposite bank, where we were landed in the same extraordi-
nary manner. This thing is sometimes no joke ; in stormy
weather it is dangerous to cross, and in the spring-time the
I
w
296
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
river is sometimes impassable when swollen by the melting
of the snow on the mountains. Two days before wo were
there no one could cross."
Sunday, May 20, was quietly spent at Spezzia, then the
naval station of the American Mediterranean squadron.
After that they passed through Borghetto and Scstri di Le-
vante, crossing spurs of the Apennines, and enjoying mag-
nificent views of the blue Mediterranean. On ascending the
CROSSINQ THE MAGRA.
long hills all who could walk did so, not merely to relieve the
horses, but also from preference. The only drawback was
the importunity of beggars. The General had an ingenious
method of relieving himself from these tormentors. My
mother's sobriquet was " the Principessa," a title first be-
stowed on her by the Roman beggars, who, seeing her walk-
ing about in a velvet cloak trimmed with fur, and a fur muff,
tippet, and armlets, took her for a Ilussian princess, and in-
voked her aid under that impression. On the way up the
long hills the General, finding himself surrounded by beggars
and unable to enjoy the view, addressed them in a depreca-
tory air : " I," said he, " am only a poor pilgrim, and have
nothing for you ; but there comes a carriage up the hill con-
taining a principessa, who is very charitable ; go to her."
The effect was magical : the pilgrim was instantly deserted,
and the whole herd scampered off to meet the approaching
carriage.
From Sestri to Xice the journey was on the celebrated
Cornice Road.
" It is a lovely drive. You go winding in and out of the
bays and passing through the most enchanting scenery as one
1853-18C0.]
"NO XAME AND NO PLACE."
297
promontory after anotlicr is doubled, and bay after bay re-
cedes, bidding you pass along and quite around its whole
extent. The waves roll in almost under the carriage win-
dows, and the views up and down the coast extend for many
miles each way. In point of mechanical execution the road
is simply magnificent. Some of the stiff est headlands are
traversed by tunnels, and the pathway rests on solid walls, to
save it from destruction by landslips on the one side or sea-
ward storms on the other."
In a large family there is always plenty of delightful chaff.
The General afforded opportunities for this by his character-
istic habit of speaking most energetically and decidedly on
nearly evory subject. One day, as we were about to start, a
loud excl lUiation was heard from him: "Now, there is a
thing which I dislike more than anything in this world !" A
sudden rush of the entire family was made, each anxious for
information as to this antipathy, when wo perceived the
General regarding, with severe
aspect, a trunk which had hang-
ing out at the side one of the
linen strajis which arc used to
hold the top steady when ojien.
All took warning for the fut-
ure. The trunk was opened, the strap slipped in, and the
excitement subsided.
Passing along, " we came to a village which struck Mrs. Dix
as so very beautiful in its position and its general aspect that
she was anxious to know its nrtine. The General informed
her, to her surprise, that it liad no name and was no place.
How he found this out we presumed not to inquire ; but,
notwithstanding its insignificance, it was thought right to
mention it in the journal, and to observe that ' no jilace ' has
a picturesque church and graceful cottages ; that no place is
traversed by a mountain stream spanned by a graceful bridge ;
that no place pleased us very much ; and, finally, that no place
delighted us more than any place we saw that day."
f^^
T?f— '
1:1 i;;
■>■■ -^- — ^:^-s>L4_
'1
I
298
MEMOIRS OF JOUN ADAMS DIX.
On the 20th of May, after leavhig Genoa, they passed
through a memorable little town, of whieh an unpleasant ac-
count is given :
"Cogoleto claims the honor of having given birth to Co-
lumbus. If that distinguished man had as poor fare and as
many b-d-b-gs as we were afflicted with in tliis i)laco, it is
easy to see why ho became discontented and went away to
try and find a new world."
Arriving at Nice on the 29th, they remained there a week,
and then pursued the journey to Marseilles, always with their
devoted liavel. The region is historically interesting, and
fidl of memories of the Emperor Napoleon I.: at Cannes and
Frejus these abound. The country about Cannes is lovely;
Provence is a garden, and that is one of its most delicious
portions. The journey from Nice to Marseilles occupied
three days ; and so delighted were the party with their jour-
ney that it is placed on record as the unanimous feeling that
if there had been any means of going homo to America by
land they would undoubtedly have kept Ravel, and made a
contract with him to drive them thither.
Such an arrangement, however, being impossible, resort was
had to the means of transportation commonly in use ; and on
the 4th day of July the General, with nearly all the family,
sailed from Havre in the steamship Arago, Captain Lines, for
home. I followed them ten days later, having spent a fort-
night in England.
The winter of 1855-'5G was passed in Florida. The Gen-
eral, who disliked cold weather, found himself thoroughly
comfortable and happy, in a delicious summer climate, and
with plenty of alligators at hand Avhcreon to try his skill as a
rifleman. Many were the remarkable exploits performed by
him on the bjyiks of the St. John's in his pursuit of those
repulsive reptiles. The monotony of life at Dr. Benedict's
" Sanitarium " was relieved by a visit to St. Augustine, then,
as now, one of the most interesting relics of antiquity in the
United States. Its old gate-way and picturesque plaza, with
1853-18G0.] LEITEIi TO SEyjTOllS YULEE AND MJLLORY. 299
the Roman Catholic church on the one side and the Episco-
pal church just opposite ; the sea-wall, alYordiug a delightful
walk in the cool of the day ; the palm-trees and tiled roofs ;
the veiled Minorcan women — all these gave an air of strange-
ness to the place. But the ohject of chief interest was tho
foi*t of St. Mark, built in the days of the Spanish domination,
and at such a cost to the home government that it is related
how, on one occasion, tho King, on a fresh requisition for
funds, ascended tho roof of his palace in despair, and, gazing
wistfully westward, exclaimed that he thought by this time
he ought to see the walls rising out of the ocean. The inter-
est awakened by the sight of this relic of other days may be
Inferred from a letter to the Senators from Florida d j^ntpoa
of its importance and value :
" New York, May 10, 1856.
^^ Messrs. Yulee and Malhry, U. S. Senator's from Florida:
" Gentlemen, — Although I liavc just returned from Florida, where I
have passed tho greater part of the last winter with my family, I feel
some dclicac}', not being a Floridian, in writing to you on a matter
chiefly of a local nature. But, as the whole country has an interest in
it, I shall make no apology for presenting it to you.
*' I allude to the condition of the old Spanish fortress at St. Augustine,
which I consider disreputable to us as a nation. There arc numerous
reasons why it should be repaired and preserved. Let me state a few
of the principal ones :
"1. It is necessary for the defence ol St. Augustine, which I regard as
a most important position. Suppose us engaged in a war with Great
Britain. From the vicinity of St. Augustine to the St. John's River,
Savannah, and Charleston, it would afford great facilities for depreda-
tion on our coast and on commerce. Although the bar at the mouth
of the harbor is in its present state an obstruction, it might by a very
little drctlging be made a convenient and safe resort for vessels of light
draught; and its vicinity to the Bahama Islands would enable the
enemy with ease to supiily and defend it. I know no point south of
Charleston which could be converted to so great annoyance to the
whole Southern Atlantic coast. But I need not enlarge on a subject
which you understand so much better than myself
" 2. The fort, as a specimen of military art, deserves to be preserved,
and put in a state of perfect repair. I have seen few works iu any
300
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
!i (
country better calculated to illustrate on a small scale the theory of
scientific fortification. It is rapidly falling into decay, and a few years
more of neglect will complete its destruction. The wall over the case-
mates is worn away, and some of them leak badly, though others are
yet perfect, and are used for storing ammunition. A very little expense
would arrest this process of dilapidation. The casemates secured from
moisture would be perfectly dry, and suited for quarters for a garrison
in case of war. The stone of which the fort is constructed seems to be
admirably adapted to the purpose. It yields to cannon-balls without
breaking into fragments, as may be seen by the indentations made by
the batteries of General Oglethorpe.
" 3. As an antiquity of extraordinary merit and interest it should be
repaired and preserved. I would not incur the expense for this reason
alone ; but when considerations of utility are so strongly in favor of it,
this argument may be urged to strengthen the case. It is one of the
few memorials which the discoverers of America have left on tlie north-
ern part of this continent, and it would be discreditable in the highest
degree to us to allow it to perish.
" In a word, as a woiic of military science and art, as an indispensable
protection to St. Augustine, and as a memento of those who preceded us
on this portion of the American continent, and to whose enterprise wo
owe our homes and all the prosperity and greatness which after-ages
have in reserve for us, let us preserve this ancient fortress and restore it
to its pristine condition. Tiie expense will not be great — not half so
much as would be necessary to construct a work of one tithe of its cfii-
ciency ; and when Congress (I intend no disrespect) is scattering the
public treasure with so lavish a liand, is there not every reason to be-
lieve that a joint efibrt on your part may secure an object which is essen-
tial to the protection of the Atlantic coast south of Charleston, and in
■which I feel tliat the good name of the country is concerned ?
" As to the barracks at the other end of the town, the sooner tlie gov-
ernment can get rid of tliem the better, especially if they can be applied
to any useful purpose. They are in the wrong place, are rapidly decay-
ing, and would not, I think, by supplying Lny future military want,
indemnify us for the expense of keeping them up.
"You will excuse me for bringing this subject before you. Though a
New Yorker, I may say (taking a slight liberty witli the poet), ' Nihil
(Americaui).'
" I am. Gentlemen, very truly yours, John A. Dix."
A part of the following year was spent at Cornwall-on-tlie-
Iludson, a delightful summer resort, and evei more attractive
1853-1860.] LETTERS FROM THE POET N. P. WILLIS.
301
in the autumn. The scenery is perfect ; the air pure ; the
prospect diversified. There the Highlands open toward the
south, and the broad waters of Newburgh Bay give the idea
of an inland lake bordered by stately hills. Next to the
house at which we lodged was " Idlewild," the residence of
Nathaniel P. WilUs. His health was at that time seriously
impaired, but his manners and conversation were as charming
as ever. My mother and he felt a strong interest in each
other, as she was still very delicate, and not yet entirely re-
covered from the severe illness contracted in liome. Many
pleasant notes came to her from the mansion on the other
side of the glen, where the trees made a perpetual twilight
above the noisy little stream that flowed below to join the
waters of the river. Of these I transcribe one or two :
" Idlewild.
" Dear Mrs. Dix, — Tho elements have relented toward you this morn-
ing, and the south-west wind is good for our mutual consumptions and
sorrows. It will be soft and sunny over the hills this afternoon, and I
will re-claim your tender comijlianco of yesterday and call for yourself
and daughter at 3 p.m. Please bring all your griefs and shawls to the
wagon with you, for I long for sympathy, and wish it to be warm.
" Do not trouble yourself to answer this, unless you are too ill to go.
" Yours very sincerely, N. P. Willis."
"Sunday morning.
" Dear "Mns. Dix, — You have too much of the conception of genius
yourself not to be interested in seeing the author's child before birth,
and so (by way of announcing my return, alive and well) I enclose you
a proof-sheet of my leading article for next week. It is to give me an
excuse, also, for announcing to you that I propose to cross Idlewild cat-
aract at 11 A.M., and report to you my voyage of discovery to the myste-
rious Hon. Mrs. Wliyte. Please have your astonishment ready.
" It seems striving to clear off, and will achieve it by noon, I think.
Illcantime, dear Mrs. Dix, I remain,
" Yours most truly, N. P. Willis."
*' Idlewild, Thursday morning.
"My dear Mrs. Dix, — I have a brother named after you (Mr. Ricli-
ard Willis), and it is 2?tci'a intention to be here to dinner to-day. lie
302
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
is, like liis namesake, worth knowing as a variety of tlie liunian type,
and a gem of liis kind ; and wc have all agreed, therefore, tliat you and
he must not die in ignorance of each other. To prevent this catas-
trophe I shall be at your door with my wagon at half-past one, this day,
and I trust you will let no obstacle prevent my taking charge of you for
the remainder of the daylight. I will restore you safely at your own
hour of the evening with the family wagon. We shall have some good
music after dinner. Believe me, yours most trulv,
"N.P.Willis."
During those years in wliicli lie was excluded from public
life my father gave much time and thought to matters con-
nected with the development of the country. He was ac-
tively employed as one of the pioneers in the gi[^antic en-
terprise of uniting the Atlantic and Pacific coasts by one
continuous line of railway. On Vv'itlidrawing from politics ho
accepted an invitation to become President of the Chicago
and Eock Island Railroad, a post which brought much hard
work, with small pecuniary return. It, gave him, however,
what he most desired, constant occupation, and filled his
active mind with large and important subjects. His jour-
neys to and from the West for several years were frequent ;
and as the work under his immediate observation grew so did
his enthusiasm increase, until he saw, by faith, the " Union
Pacific Railroad " already an accomplished fact. His speech
at Davenport, Iowa, in the month of June, 1854, in response
to that of the Mayor of that place, contains his views of the
grandeur of the work in which he was engaged. An excur-
sion was made in which some twelve hundred citizens of the
East — capitalists, merchants, statesmen, geographers, and sci-
entific men — took part. On returning from St. Anthony's
Falls to Davenport they were received witli appropriate dem-
onstrations. The Mayor, in addressing them, said :
"Ladies and Gkntlemen, — AVe invite you to an entertain-
ment on this side the great water. It is not of breads though
we could feed a multitude, and we touch not the wine. You
see yonder archway invading the bold shore of old Missis-
-'.*'«.
1853-1860.] TEE MAYOR OF DAVENPORTS ADDRESS.
303
eippi, fit monument to the genius Redfield. That is the road
to California and the Indies.
"Wo have haniessed up a horse which, like the fabled
steeds of Diomedes, vomiteth lire from his nostrii.\ and,
without grants of land or other aid than your own, we intend
to land the first train on the Pacific. We are on a great line.
It is not a line dividing states and empires ; it is not Mason
and Dixon's line, but it is Dix's line to the great West.
" Our train is now ready to start through the Iowa prai-
ries. AVe have a Dix for a conductor, a Flagg for a finan-
cier, Famam for an engineer, and Sheffield for a fireman,
and we have all the men who have been engaged on this
road from Chicago to aid us in the enterprise. We wish
you to join us, and with such a noble company we shall be
at the metropolis of this State in December next, and we
invite you to celebrate another such a scene as tliis in two
years on the Missouri.
" Embark in this train, and before our rivals are done talk-
ing of their projects we shall have the railroad to California's
golden sands half finished, and invite them to celebrate the
completion of another link in this great chain on the summit
of the Eocky Mountains."
In reply General Dix made a speech, from which I take
this extract. It shows the cherished purpose of New York
and the East :
" We have, as yet, gentlemen, only reached the Mississippi.
But the tide of population has fiowed far beyond it. Iowa,
the great State of which we have merely touched the bound-
ary, one of the youngest of the American sisters, is still west
of us. With I know not how many hundred thousand inhab-
itants — you, fellow - citizens of Iowa, cannot tell yourselves
from week to week how many people you have, so rapidly is
immigration adding to your numbers — with fifty thousand
square miles, and the richest fifty in a body in the whole
Union — if the reports of the government surveyors are to be
804
MEMOIRS OF JOHX ADAMS DIX.
I
a
1
:'!;
Vi
II
tl
trusted — no estimate can be formed of the rapidity of her
growth or the standard of wealth and strength she is destined
to attain. We have come from the Atlantic Ocean to the
Mississippi River by an uninterrupted line of railroads. If
we had come seven months later we could have gone on to
Iowa City, nearly sixty miles farther west, by an extension
of the same iron track which has brought us here.
"It is unnecessary for me to say to you, fellow-citizens of
Iowa, that a railroad is now in progress of construction from
Davenport, on the Mississippi, where we now stand, to Coun-
cil Bluffs, on the Missouri, by the Mississippi and Missouri Rail-
road Company, for the work is going on under your own eyes.
The two rivers are three hundred miles apart. The grading
on the first sixty miles will be finished in September, and the
rails, which are now arriving in New York, will be laid before
the 1st of January next. One hundred and twenty miles
more are ready to be put under contract. This road must
and will be promptly completed. It is the great highway to
Nebraska, and its speedy completion is vitally connected with
the future prosperity of that Territory.
" Let it not be supposed that we are to stop at the Mis-
souri River. The character of the country still invites us on-
ward, and we shall go on. Our surveyors and engineers have
been beyond Council Bluffs into Nebraska, as far as the Platte
or Nebraska River; others have been several hundred miles
farther west, and they report that it has the same fertility of
soil which enriches Iowa so greatly. Gentlemen, we may as
well come to the point at once — we are on the way to the
Pacific; and we intend to go there. It will require years
of perseverance, but the work will be accomplished in good
time. I may reasonably expect, with the ordinary chances
of life, to live to see it. So long as the same rich soil is
spread out before us, we may continue on the line we are
now working.
"The country, as it is settled and its productive powers
are developed, will furnish the means of sustaining the work.
1853-1860.] EXTRACT FROM GENERAL DIX'S SPEECH. 305
The State of Iowa now provides all tlie money to grade the
road through her territory by subscriptions within hereelf.
She has not received a single dollar from subscribers on the
seaboard. She only asks of the Atlantic States — where her
improvements will virtually terminate — to funiish rails and
the running apparatus to put the road in operation. The
gentlemen who have constructed the Chicago and Kock Isl-
and Railroad are engaged in the construction of this, and
it is their opinion that the one will be as productive as the
other.
" I have said, gentlemen, that we are on the way to the
Pacific, and that we may continue on the line we are now
working so long as we have the same rich country to traverse
— a country which will continue to draw men and means from
the East, and especially from New England, ' the Northern
hive ' of this continent, sending out her legions, not for plun-
der or conquest, but to extend the arts of civilization, to carry
the hardy virtues of the Pilgrims, perpetuated in their de-
scendants, into the pathless wilderness, and make it what the
country before our eyes has been made in a quarter of a cen-
tury of time. Where this great highway to the Pacific is to
cross thj Rocky Mountains we need not care to know. The
question is not an urgent one now. Whether we are to bear
north, following the course of the Platte, or incline south,
may be settled hereafter ; and it must be settled, not by cur-
sory exploration, but by the most careful and minute exami-
nations under the directions of experienced engineers. One
thing is certainly desirable — that the States from the Lakes
to the southern boundary of Missouri .aould have a common
exodus from the American wilderness, which spreads itself
out from the eastern face of the Rocky Mountains.
" The railway companies between the Atlantic and the Mis-
sissippi have a common interest, and they should l.nre a com-
mon aim. Let them go westward in the respective districts
which they are traversing, and when they reach the wilder-
ness beyond the Mississippi and the Missouri they may, by
I.— 20
306
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
their combined influence and means, open a common avenue
to tlie Pacific, or more tlian one, if their western termini must
be fixed at different points. A large view of this subject
should extinguish all jealousy, which is always bred in nar-
rowness of feeling, and is almost always blind to the very
interest it seeks to promote."
The work on the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad was
pushed with the rapidity and energy which characterize
American enterprises. It was commenced April 10, 1852,
and opened to .Toliet, 40 miles, October 18 in the same year;
to Morris, 61 miles, January 5, 1853 ; to Ottowa, 83 miles,
February 14 ; to La Salle, 98 miles, March 10 ; to Peru, 99
miles, March 21 ; to Tiskilwa, 122 miles, September 12 ; to
Sheftield, 136 miles, October 12 ; to Geneseo, 158 miles, De-
cember 19. This was the first continuous line of railroad to
reach the Mississippi River from Lake Michigan. The west-
ern extension of the road was the Mississippi and Missouri
Railroad ; and the bridge connecting the two sections of the
road was a good sjiecimen of engineering skill. It is an
interesting fact in his life that General Dix should have
been connected with these great works, and with the grander
project for which they prepared the way. As was observed
in a letter to him from Davenport, June 20, 1854, by one
engaged in the same enterprise :
" Your earnest and devoted label's are M'orth to the com-
pany a very large amount ; and not only so, but they place
your name high on the pinnacle of fame in a different line
entirely from any one in which you have thus far won a
great reputation."
Referring to the work then in progress, General Dix wrote
to Mr. Dean, member of Congress, as follows :
"New York, March 21, 1854.
"My dear Sir, — If j'ou have constitutional scruples in rcsjject to
grants of lands to States for roads within their own limits, it will not bo
worth your while to talvo the trouble to read this letter; but if you re-
1853-1860.] GENERAL DIX'S LETTER TO MR. DEAN.
307
gard the question as one of practical propriety, I should be glad to have
you inquire into the merits of the Iowa land bill, which, I understand,
•will be shortly reported by the proper committee in your House. The
bill has passed the Senate in strict conformity to the memorial of the
Legislature of that State to Congress, It is a clean bill. It will not be
pressed on your House or its members by any unworthy appliances, but
will be left to stand on its own merits.
" You are, perhaps, aware that a railroad was opened last month from
Chicago to Rock Island, on the Mississippi River, and that it has been
constructed in an almost incredibly short period by private capital and
enterprise. Our friend Mr. Flagg is treasurer. It has cost between four
and five millions of dollars. It has been opened by sections, and has
actually yielded, on the finished portions, in ten months, over $600,000
in tolls. The receipts the next year will not fall short of a million.
This unprecedented success points it out witli certainty as the great
route to the Mississippi from cur own State. A railroad has been com-
menced in continuation of this from the Mississippi, at Rock Island, to
the Missouri, near Council Bluffs. It is in rapid progress, and we hope
to open a section by the 1st of June. With the aid of tlie land bill it
can be opened to Iowa City by the 1st of January next, and to the Mis-
souri by the 1st of January, 1850. Over twenty years ago Redfield,\vho
lias distinguished himself so much by his scientific writings, particularly in
respect to the laws of storms, pointed out this route for the great railway
to the Pacific. It is now the principal channel of emigration to districts
beyond the Mississippi, and I think is rapidly confirming Rcdficld's sug-
gestion. It is the line of enterprise and physical power. I have been
associated, as President of the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad Com-
pany, since its organization ten months ago, with the Iowa gentlemen
engaged in it. They are prosecuting it with discretion and vigor, and
with clean hands. Tluis far the enterprise has been carried on by Iowa
capital and credit, and we are preparing to procure the iron by means
obtained here.
"I believe the Iowa land bill to have as strong claims on New York
as it would have if the lands it appropriates were to be granted to her.
I believe the appropriation of tlie lands to the contemplated improve-
ments in Iowa will be more beneficial to us than any application of the
proceeds possibly could be within our own limits. They will penetrate
the heart of the richest region in the Union in proportion to its magni-
tude, and pour its products into the lap of New York. My object in
writing to you is to ask your attention to the subjcc —that is, if you
have no conscientious scruples as to such grants — and, if you desire any
farther information, the Honorable John P. Cook, a member of your
i1
i
1
808
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
House, can tell you all about it. If you think favorably of it, I should
be happy to have you sliow this letter to our friends, Messrs. Bishop
Perkins, Hughes, Westbrook, Fenton, and any other of our State dele-
gation, if you think proper. I am, dear Sir, sincerely yours,
" JoiiN A. Dix.
"Hon. G. Dean, M. C."
The following letters bear on the same subject :
" Miignolia, Florida, March 14, 1856.
" My dear Sin, — I perceive by the newspapers that Mr. Brown of the
Senate, on the Gth instant, reported a bill for the construction of a rail-
road and telegraph line from the Mississippi River south of latitude 37°
to the Pacific at San Francisco. This project cuts off St. Louis and
isolates the State of Iowa, so far as a central road to the Pacific is con-
cerned. The phrase 'south of latitude 37° ' is very vague; but I take it
for granted it is intended to endorse the rccommendation of the Secre-
tary of War to adopt the route near the thirty-second parallel.
It strikes me that such a bill would be very unjust to those who have
invested so largely in carrying railroads beyond the Mississippi, and who
have completed nearly one-half of the entire line from the Atlantic to
tlie Pacific ; and if this bill is to pass, it certainly ought to make a simi-
lar provision for the route through Iowa, otherwise a severe check may
be given to the progress and the ultimate prosperity of your truly noble
young State. Under a general view of the subject it is of little conse-
quence through wliat part of Iowa the great road to the Pacific should
pass. But the bridge at Davenport and the comi)lction of the line to
Iowa City seem to indicate this as the proper one. I have always thought
tliat the line from Dubuque west should meet us at the Missouri, and that
we must go together through the Platte Valley to the South Pass. I am
told fifty miles of road are already in operation on the Sacramento, and
that the California improvements point to Utah, the South Pass, and the
Platte Valley.
"I send you a speech which I made at the Iowa City celebration,
and which has been printed in pamphlet form since I left. I consid-
ered what I said as intended only for the persons present, and those
who were interested in the particular line, of which we had just fin-
ished the first section. Had I foreseen that so much prominence
would have been given to it, I should have gone more in detail into
the subject.
"I really hope this matter will take a right direction, and if the line
of 32° must be taken, that the friends of the route through Iowa, Illinois,
1853-1860.] ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC RAILROAD LINE. 309
Indiana, Pennsylvania, and New York will insist on a grant of 160,000,000
acres of land for that route.
" I write you in haste, and am, dear General, sincerely yours,
" John A. Dix.
"Hon. M«. Jones, U. 8. Senate."
•' Magnolln, Florida, March 21, 1856.
"Deau Sir, — I iierceivc by the newspapers that Mr. Brown introduced
into the Senate, on the 6th instant, a bill making provision for a railroad
and magnetic telegraph, south of latitute 37°, from the Mississippi River
to the Pacific at Snn Francisco. I consider this movement as an adop-
tion of the lino of 32° through the Colorado desert. Such a road for all
the purposes of transportation and travel will be nearly useless to the
North-western States ; and to tlie line of Chicago and the great Lakes
its influence must be positively detrimental. The great route between
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is marked out by natural features too
strong to be mistaken. It is from New York by the Hudson River,
the remarkable level from Albany to BuflUlo, and the Great Lakes, to
Chicago, Rock Island, Council Bluffs, the Platte Valley, the South Pass,
Utah, and the Sacramento. I have no objection that the Southern
States should have 40,000,000 acres of land to aid in the construc-
tion of their road, and any allowance for carrying the mail that may
be thought reasonable. But every consideration of fairness demands
that the same provision should be made at the same time (I mean in the
same bill) for the other route. The road through Iowa and Nebraska
will pay as fast as it can be constructed ; and the local business will sus-
tain it to the end of time. The North-west, the North-east, and the
Middle States are all interested in it. I believe it is in your power to
put this matter right. I write to you promptly to invite your early at-
tention to the subject ; and you will excuse me suggesting that not only
great public considerations, but others personal to yourself, render it of
the highest importance that this measure should be carried by your
efllcicnt aid.
" I made a speech at Iowa City early in January, in whicli I took a
general view of this question. General Jones of Iowa has a copy. It
was a dinner si)eech ; and as there were many others to speak, my re-
marks were necessarily brief. I am at present President of the Jlissis-
sippi and Missouri Railroad Company, as you will perceive. I have no
selfish interest in tliis matter, my only motive is to see a great public
enterprise succeed ; and I stand ready to relinquish my position at any
moment, if by doing so I can farther the object in view.
"I am passing the winter here on account o-f my wife's delicate health,
and shall be in New York about the middle of April."
m
m'
310
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
The year 1857 was one of varied interest in the present his-
tory. I shall first mention the attack on Trinity Church dur-
ing the session of the Legislature in the begnining of that year,
in connection with a statement of the service rendered to the
Corjwration by my father at that time. But here it may be
proper to state the leading facts in his history as a member
of the Episcopal Church. Born of a Puritan stock, and
brought up under Congregational influences, he has given
us in his autobiography the story of his early sentiments on
the subject of religion. The questions of man's relation to
Almighty God, and the duties consequent upon it, were ever
regarded by my father as of the utmost importance. That
this was his habit of mind is evident from the fact that, at
an age when the thoughts are little inclined to turn serious-
ly to the subject of religion, he asked to be baptized into the
Church. lie was about twenty years of age, and stationed at
Fort Constitution, Portsmouth, N. II., when he received the
first of those great sacraments ordained by our Lord Jesus
Christ for the salvation of the souls of men. The record is
in the register of baptisms in St. John's Church, Portsmouth,
of which the Eev. Charles Burroughs was Rector :
"John Adams Dix, nn nrlult, agecl 20. Samuel Larkin, Esq., Timothy
Upham, Esq., and Mr. Samuel E. Watson were his chosen witnesses."
The date was July 10, 1818.
From that day my father remained a staunch and exem-
plary member of the Church to whose fold lie was then ad-
mitted, lie was prominent in the congregation of St. Pe-
ter's, Albany, as I have already related. He received his
first communion in the English Chapel, outside the Porta
del Popolo, at Home, during our residence in that city in
the winter of 1 843-' 44, and he was always a regular and
frequent partaker of that holy sacrament to the very end
of his life on earth.
On the 12th of November, 1849, General Dix was elect-
ed a member of the Yestry of the parish of Trinity Church,
1853-18G0.] GENERAL DIX ELECTED A VESTRY MEMBER. 311
in tlie city of New York, succeeding his fatlicr-in-law, Mr.
Morgan, who had been a member of that body for many
years. It is hardly necessary to say that ho was neither idle
nor inactive in that position ; his energetic character and
practical sagacity found there a new field of exercise, and ho
became, in course of time, one of the most influential mem-
bers of the Corporation. His attention was early directed to
the fiiumcial condition of the parish. For a long series of
years the policy had been one of profuse, not to say prodigal,
liberality ; largo sums of money were given away to parishes,
colleges, and societies all over the State of New York, and en-
dowments of land were granted to such an extent as seriously
to diminish the estate and revenues of the church. If that
policy had been pursued, not enough of the estate would have
been left to carry on the work of the parish in this city. Per-
ceiving a danger to which his fellow-trustees seemed blind,
General Dix resolved to endeavor to secure a cliange of policy,
and thus save the Corporation from deeper embarrassment.
He has often told me the story : how he introduced certain
resolutions, tending to stop the profuse donations to other
bodies, and to restrict gifts to a comparatively narrow com-
pass ; how he had difficulty in finding one of the vestry to
second his proposed measures ; how he urged the new policy
of retrenchment and economy year after year, slowly making
converts ; until, after the lapse of several years, he had the
pleasure of finding a majority on his side. Ilis view was
this : that the proper field for the use of the wealth of Trin-
ity Church is the city of Nev/ York, and especially those dis-
tricts which other churches have abandoned ; that ours should
be, first of all, a missionary work among the poor and needy
in the forsaken regions of the metropolis ; and that no dona-
tions, subsidies, or aid of any kind should be made outside
the parish limits, until every need within those limits had
been supplied. The results of that policy are seen in the
vast work, spiritual, educational, and eleemosynary, now car-
ried on in this city under the auspices of the Corporation of
312
MEMOIRS OF JOnX ADAMS DIX.
Trinity — a work for which tho efforts and perseverance of
General Dix did much to prepare tlie way.
Devoted as lie was to the Cliurch, and deeply interested
in tho success of these designs for the glory of Almighty
God and tho salvation of the souls of men, it may be imag-
ined with what feelings ho regarded tho assault on our par-
ish in the year 1857. For nearly two hundred years Trini-
ty Church has been an object of attack ; no* his to bo
wondered at, considering the jealousy of wealthj *d the more
aggravated jealousy of ecclesiastical corporations. Moreover,
in the case of this estate, as in that of many others, peraons
have set up claims to the property, and designing men have
succeeded in persuading the credulous, and perhaps, at length,
themselves, that the Corporation is irreligiously excluding
them from the possession of their own. But the attack now
referred to was much more serious than any previously made,
either by lewd fellows of the baser sort, who lust after gain
and seek to lay hands on the wealth consecrated to God's
service, or by the crazy dreamers who march under the ban-
ner of old Anneke Jans. It was commenced ^d kept up
by some of the best people in the city, by v( M clergy-
men, and laymen conspicuous for every Cliri>.aan virtue.
Induced by I know not precisely what desires, these per-
sons framed the theory that every meml)er of the Protestant
Episcopal Church resident in the city of New York was ijpso
facto a corporator of Trinity Church, and had a right to vote
at the annual election for church-wardens and vestrymen, and
thus to control her concerns. According to this notion tho
Rector of the Parish of Trinity Church should be regarded
as the Rector of the entire Protestant Episcopal population of
the city ; and they must be regarded as members of his parisli,
with a right in its government ; and the Easter elections must
be decided by a levy eu masse^ at the head of Broadway and
Wall Street, of the members of all the parishes, which, in fact,
seem to have been considered as mere parts of one stupendous
whole. Accordingly a bill was introduced into the Legisla-
1853-1860. J A rnODIOIOUS ATTEMPT AT SPOLIATION. 313
ture, the effect of which would liave been to overthrow the
existing system, to give the property into the hands of per-
sons not connected with our parish, and to secure — what many
conscientiously regarded as desirable — the complete undoing,
overthrow, and destruction of the oldest corporation in this
city, and the division of its lands and property atnong a
crowd of hungry organizations, some of which had sprung
from its own bowels, and many of which were the recipients
of its steady and free benefactions.*
It seems a marvellous thing that such men as the Rev. Dr.
Muhlenberg of the clergy, and Mr. Robert B. Minturn of
the laity, could have been carried away by these notions and
become the advocates of the scheme of 8i)oliation. I shall not
trace the history of the attack, as it went from stage to stage
in the Legislature, nor relate the particulars of its iinal defeat;
it suffices to add that the Corporation found one of its ablest
champions in General Dix. Called to appear before a Com-
mittee of the Senate, but supposing at the time that it would
be impossible for him to do so, he prepared a communication
to be submitted to them. This communication was sent to
Albany by one of his associates in the Vestry; but the ses-
sions of th( Committee continuing longer than was expected,
* This bill, wiiich was presenter' 'n the Senate, March 25, 1857, and
which, as its distinguished mover 'I'en stated, emanated from a rector
of one of the largest parishes in the city of New York, numbering up-
ward of six hundred conununlcants, provided means whereby all the
inhabitants of this city, to whatever parish belonging, should vote, by
representatives, five from each parish, at the annual election for church-
wardens and vestrymen of Trinity Church. It further provided for the
management of the financial affairs of the Corporation, by instructing the
Vestry of Trinity how they must, for the future, apply their income; and
it required an annual report from them to every parish of the city, in
which they should give, as to their masters, an account of their steward-
ship. There are occasions when one is driven to the use of vulgar terms
to characterize actions; and, after due examination of this bill, I cannot
avoid describing it as one of the most prodigious specimens of "cheek"
within my recollection.
314
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS I) IX.
he was able to appear in person, and read his paper as a part
of his testimony. It was subsequently printed in pamphlet
form, and may be found in the Appendix to the present
work. I have only to add that it received the highest en-
comiums from such theologians and canonists as Drs. Samuel
Seabury and Francis L. Hawks, who regarded it as unanswer-
able, and that it did unquestionably produce a powerful effect
in deciding the fate of the bill. The document is particular-
ly valuable, because it contains the views of General Dix re-
lating to the mission of Trinity Church and the duty of its
custodians, and shows that the principles which he advocated
so strenuous] v in the financial administration of the State and
general governments were deemed by him of equal soundness
in their application to the affairs of the Church.
It is proi)er to notice at this point the aid rendered to the
Corporation by the Eight Rev. Dr. Potter, Bishop of New
York. At a critical hour he addressed the clergy and laity
of his diocese in a letter worthy the chief custodian of the
interests of the Church and religion in this great centre of
activity and intelligence. The letter is here given in full :
"To the Clergy and Laity of the Diocese of Keio Torh:
"BiiETmiEN, — Extraordinary efforts liav; been made of late, in several
quarters, to turn popular feeling against the venerable Corporation of
Trinity Church in this city. The public Press has been enlisted; the
report of a Special Committee of the Senate, made up of partial and in-
sufficient materials, and filled with erroneous views, has been industri-
oisly circulated far and wide ; private influence has been employed at
the capital of tlic State ; and it is believed that the object of all these
agencies is to surround the Legislature of the State with sucli a pressure,
with such a clamorous expression of popular feeling, as will constrain it
to some aggressive measure against a Church whose only crime is that
she has property, and that, with all her giving and spending for pious
uses, she does not give and spend quite in the way, or quite to the extent,
that certain persons desire !
" While so many influential persons are lal)oring, by partial statements,
to exasperate the public mind, and to prepare the representatives of the
people for lawless acts, I should feel myself unworthy of my high office
if I did not step forth to warn and entreat you not to allow yourselves to
1853-1860.] BISHOP HORATIO POTTER'S LETTER.
315
be drawn inconsiderately into movements -which, whatever their authou
may think, can only tend to violent and illegal issues.
" But for local and fugitive circumstances of recent date, it is believed
that no respectable body of persons would ever have been found to ques-
tion these two propositions :
" Ist. That the title of Trinity Church to her property is unquestion-
able.
" 2d. That it was the intention of the original charter, as it has always
been the practice, to confide to the members of the parish, and to those
only, the privilege of electing her wardens and vestrymen.
"To attack her property, thereibre, or to attempt to dictate to her
what she shall do with her property, is the same in principle as to attack
tlie property of a private individual, or to attempt to dictate to him what
use he shaU make of it.
" Those who have been within her Vestry have seen that she has labor-
ed hard to serve the cause of religion and learning. She has assisted
two hundred churches in tlie State ; she has provided free education in
schools and colleges and theological seminaries for tlie poor; she has
prevented the whole of the lower part of this city from becoming a
moral waste ; she has four large churches where no otlier churches would
remain. Besides parting with a portion of her original estate, she has
ventured beyond her income in her forwardness to do good, and has
thereby incurred a large debt ! In a rehearing of the case these facts
are now coming out before the Special Committee of the Senate. They
are facts well known to all who have been conversant with the doings
of Trinity Church. Tiie public will in due time see and recognize the
truth, and will interpose to protect the rights of property and the char-
acters of good and faithful men.
" I flatter myself that the Churchmen of the Diocese of New York
will, for the most part, be too considerate and too temperate — too mucli
the friends of public order and public justice — to allow their influence
to be pressed into the cause of oppression and violence.
"Horatio Potter,
" Provisional Bishop of New York.
"New York, February 23, 1857."
This communication from the eminent prelate fell like a
bombshell into the camp of the enemy. A meeting of
clergy and laity was held, at which violent expressions were
used by certain prominent Rectors of the city, one saying that
" the day had gone by when the ijpse dixit of a Bishop was
316
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
to weigh with the Church ;" and another declaring his opin-
ion that " the Bishop was not responsible for the letter, hut
that he probably affixed his signature to it while under the
influence of chloroform administered by one of the "Vestry."
The meeting, which had been called previoasly to the appear-
ance of the Bishop's letter, broke up in confusion, after pro-
ceedings so disorderly as to resemble those of a political cau-
cus ; and an intelligent gentleman who was present gave it as
his conclusion, after what he had seen, that, even if Trinity
Church had no legal right to the exclusive control of the
property, it would be better that it should remain in her hands
than fall into those of the persons at that meeting, since, if
they were to undertake the management of the affairs of the
parish, the disaster of Pandora's box would be repeated, and
things would end in confusion worse confounded. It is due
to the venerable Bishop of New York to say that to him be-
longs the honor of striking the first decisive blow at a con-
spiracy of a most serious character, which threatened vested
rights and religious interests, and which, if successful, would
have wrought infinite mischief among us, and ended in de-
stroying i\\Q most valuable and important endowment in the
Episcopal Church.
The motives actuating the jjromoters of this agitation were
as diverse as their character and princij)les. Some conscien-
tiously believed that all the inhabitants of the city in com-
munion with the Protestant Episcoj)al Church were, by virtue
of the original charter, corporators of the parish ; some desired
to relieve their own parishes from embarrassment by tlie spoils
of the venerable mother ; some hated Trinity Clmrcli because
of her wealth and honors ; some detested and dreaded her for
her Iligh-Church princij^les ; and some were mere adventur-
ers, going in for everything from which they might hope to
draw personal adv^antage.
The excitements of that year were not confined to ecclesias-
tical circles ; a spirit of lawlessness and disorganization seemed
to be in the air. There were riots in the city during the sum-
1853-1860.] LA WLESSNESS AND BIOTING IN NEW YORK. 317
mer. On the 16th of June, as our crack regiment, the Seventh,
was on the march down Broadway, to take the steamer at 4 p.m.
for an excursion to Boston, orders were given to halt oppo-
site the City Hall, and then to take forcible possession of that
edifice. The Mayor, Fernando Wood, suddenly found himself
a prisoner; the City Hall was garrisoned by the National
Guard. There were at that time two sets of police, each
claiming to be the lawful guardians of our public peace. Be-
tween them occurred desperate collisions, while the citizens,
wild with excitement, found their safety due, for the nonce,
to bayonets and field-pieces. On the 4tli day of July follow-
ing there was bloody work in the Five Points. The rioting
continued during Sunday, the 5tli, and the city was again pre-
served from mob violence by the Seventh Regiment, which,
together with the Eighth and Seventy-first, repressed the fury
of the rabble, marching through the dangerous districts, clos-
ing up shops, scattering crowds, and arresting ringleadere.
Those were exciting days for us, who could not leave the city,
and were kept in continual suspense, passing from one crisis
to another. All tragedies, however, have their dash of com-
edy; and, looking back to those times, I recall a certain odd
character, by name Stephen II. Branch, who flitted constantly
before the public eye, acting the part of a clown or jester^
though, no doubt, with serious intent. He was a man of good
education and some abilities, and had a command of language
which made me often regard him as a kind of combination of
Carlyle and Ruskin in the state of lunacy, if such a thing can
be imagined. Take, for example, his proclamation proposing
himself as a candidate for the ofiice in which Fernando Wood
had so distinguished himself ; it is one of innumerable squibs
emanating from the same eccentric genius. We used to read
them with eagerness for their delicious absurdity, and I re-
member the General's delight at the awful threat of assuming
" doubtful powers :"
" I have been far out beyond the remotest bounds of civil-
ized beings, and have scaled bolder cliffs and higher peaks
318
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADA MS DIX.
than Alps reflected in the placid waters of Switzerland.
From bewildering heights I beheld the gorgeous scenery of
the vales, and the eagle on his mighty throne, gilded by the
moon and her pretty children of the firmament, while the
music of the winds and birds and rivulets, and the mountain
fragrance, and the glories of the morning and evening sun,
filled my soul with supernatural joy. I exchanged these
pure and tranquil solitudes for the vice and tumult of the
plains, and now proclaim myself a candidate for Mayor of
New York, subject to the decision of the people. If elected
I will toil and sweat to reduce the taxes from seven-and-a-half
to five millions a year, which will give bigger mouthfuls, more
commodious apartments, and better apparel to the people. If
I fail to reduce the taxes, I will blow the City Hall and its
thieves into a million fragments. And if I fail to render life
and property more secure, I will drown the entire Police De-
partment in the dog-pond. I will also drive every alien from
office with American bayonets. This is only a sample of what
I will do. In a word, I will assume doubtful powers, for the
public good. I am in the field, and all the threats and money
of the eartli shall not allure nor drive me from it. To death
only will I yield. Up, then, Americans, and charge for a
Mayor who will charge the sad aspect of these tiiii, .i."
During the summer of this year the house on Manursing
Island was sold. On the 20th of August we left it, to return
no more : the sad associations connected with the place tem-
pered the regret of parting. After that time the General
spent his summers on his beloved Long Island, excepting
when absent from the United States. The autumn of 1857
found him established in the city of New York, and occu-
pying a house in Thirty -first Street, near Broadway. His
youngest son, Charles Temple Dix, was pursuing his studies
as a landscape painter. The General watched his progress
daily, with the hope of seeing him among the first marine
painters of the day. This, like many other aspirations, was
1853-1860.] PRESAGES OF THE COMING CEVEL WAR.
319
destined to extinction, through the fatal influence of that
cruel war of which the presages were becoming more defi-
nite from year to year.
The attention of the reader must be directed once more to
the unedifying spectacle of party strife. The poHcy pur-
sued during the administration of General Pier(;e resulted in
widening the breach between the North and the South. The
repeal of the Missouri Compromise was resented at the North,
and bitterly denounced as destructive of the hope of better
days, and indicating the determination of the propagandists
of slavery either to rule the whole country or to break up
the Union. This feeling was deepened by the proceedings
of the notorious Conference at Ostend, which looked to the
acquisition of Cuba, either by purchase or by force, in order
to prevent the emancipation of the blacks in that island — a
measure already projected by Spain — and to hold the island
as a fountain of sujiply of slaves and a market for their sale.
Then followed, in the month of May, the outrage in the
Senate House — perpetrated by Preston Brooks of South Caro-
lina on Charles Sumner of Massachusetts — a brutal act, which
still more embittered Northern men. About that time the
Republican party came to its birth. The Whigs, as an or-
ganization, had ceased to exist, though a remnant held to-
gether under the name of "Know-nothings." But these
were soon to be absorbed by that great political power which
Avas destined to rule the future with an iron sway.
General Dix supported the Democratic candidates, James
Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge, in the canvass of 1856 :
he did not, however, take an active part in the contest. John
C. Fremont and AVilliam L. Dayton were nominated by the
new political organization, by way of distinct menace to the
South ; and Millard Fillmore and Andrew J. Donelson repre-
sented the Know - nothings. The position and views of Gen-
eral Dix at that particular time may be understood from some
letters which follow, and from two communications addressed
to Mr. Buchanan, the one before, the other after, his election :
}
t- I
u
320
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
"NcwYork, Juno 13, 1856.
" Deak Sir, — I have just returned from the West. I heard at Chica-
go, with unfeigned gratification, of your nomination. It lias relieved
the sound and considerate portion of the community of all parties from
a good deal of uneasiness. The ratification meetings now in progress
in this State are bringing together the men who have been most active
in keeping us, for the last six years, in a perpetual ferment. The work in
the counties— which is to tell on the result of the canvass — will com-
mence in a few weeks, and it will give me great pleasure to contribute
my best eflforts to its success, which I look forward to with confidence.
"I am compelled to return to Iowa next week (about the 20th), but
shall be back early in July. I am, dear Sir, truly yours,
" JoiiN A. Dix.
"Hon. Jas. Buchanan."
" New York, June 17, 1850.
" Gentlemen, — Your invitation to address the meeting of the united
Democracy of the city and county of Rochester on the evening of the
19th inst., to ratify the nominations for the Presidency and Vice-Presi-
dency at Cincinnati by the delegated Democracy of the Union, and to
respond to the declarations of principle and policy made by the Con-
vention, was duly received.
" Concurring, as I do cordially, in the nominations and in the leading
declarations by which they were accompanied, I regret that engage-
ments here will deprive me of the pleasure ot accepting your invitation.
I hope, however, to be able, at an early period of the canvass, to take an
active part in it.
*' I consider the nomination ot Mr. Buchanan a vcy fortunate one,
both for the Democr"cy and the country ; and I look with confidence to
his ability, exiicrience, and sound judgment for a satisfactory adjustment
of the disturbing questions by which the public peace is endangered.
Firmness, moderation, good-sense, and fearlessness in the discharge ot
public duties are always indispensable to the administration of our gov-
ernment, representing, m it does, so great a variety of interests ; and they
are pre-eminently so at the present juncture. Few public men are as
much distinguished for these qualities as Mr. Buchanan ; and he com-
bines with them a thorough knowledge of public affairs, foreign as well
as domestic. Believing him to be able, honest, and equal to any emer-
gency likely to arise in the administration of the government, I shall
give the Democratic ticket a cordial support.
" I am, Gentlemen, truly yours, John A. Dix.
"Messrs. Isaac Butts, etc."
1853-1860.] INVITED TO ATTEND A MASS MEETING,
321
"Philadelphia, September 11, 1856.
" Deak Sik,— The Democracy of Eastern Pennsylvania, and all other
friends of the Constitution, will hold a monster mass meeting in Inde-
pendence Square, Philadelphia, on Wednesday, the 17th instant, being
the anniversary of the adoption of that great charter of American liberty.
" In fulfllment of a pleasing duty as Chairman of the Democratic Cen-
tral Committee, and conscious of your eminent ability as a friend and
champion of the Constitution, I most earnestly ask your attendance ou
that great occasion. Yours truly,
" J. W. Forney,
" Chairman of Democratic Central Com. of Pennsylvania.''
" New York, September 15, 1858.
"Dear Sir, — Your favor is just received, inviting me to attend a
monster mass meeting of the Democracy of Eastern Pennsylvania, and
all other friends of the Constitution, in Independence Square, Philadel-
phia, on 'the 17tli instant, being the anniversary of the adoption of that
great charter of American liberty.'
" I regret exceedingly that an engagement to address a Democratic
meeting in this State will deprive me of the pleasure of accejiting the
invitation. No one can venerate more than myself the profound wisdom
and the spirit of conciliation in which the Constitution of the United
States had its birth, or appreciate more keenly the vital necessity of
maintaining all its provisions with scrupulous fidelity. It is only
through such a strict adherence to it that we can hope to preserve the
union of the States. I have never for a moment doubted that the people
would be faithful to all its requirements, and frown with indignation on
every attempt, from whatever quarter it may come, to dissever the Con-
federated States, and to inflict upon us and the cause of popular govern-
ment throughout the world the greatest of calamities. And though
clouds darken our horizon now, I look forward to the election of the
distinguished Pennsylvanian, whom the Democracy of the Union have
chosen for their standard-bearer, as the dawn of that brighter day which
is to succeed and dissipate them. The pleasure of attending the meet-
ing of his political friends at the great emporium of his State would be
greatly enhanced by the opportunity of bearing testimony by my pres-
ence to the importance of the day which they hf.ve selected for the pur-
pose ; and it is with great regret that I am compelled to relinquish it.
" I am, dear Sir, truly yours, Joiin A. Dix.
"J. W. FoRNKT, Esq."
" New York, November 19, 1850.
"My dear Sir, — I hope you will not take it amiss if I say a few
words to you in regard to the condition of our political affairs, Avhich in
I.— 21
I
1
!
'« • t
I
I
822
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
the Northern section of the Union arc very unsatisfactory. Still, I be-
lieve it to be not only possible, but comparatively easy, to regain the
ascendency we have lost. This, I think, is mainly to be effected by giv-
ing us different issues — not new ones, but issues as old as the Democratic
party itself.
" I consider the slavery question settled, and I think it should be ig-
nored. The Kansas-Nebraska Act is simply to be emorced, and tl^'s is a
mere matter of ordinary executive duty.
" When General Pierce came into office I pressed on him the adoption
of a system of thorough commercial and financial reform by means of a
modification of the tariff and a reduction of the revenue ; and I have for
years believed that this could be effected mainly by adding to the free
list foreign products not coming into competition with our own, thus
avoiding any injurious interference with our domestic industry. This
subject has composed the chief staple of my speeches during the two
last canvasses for the Presidency ; and I have feared at times my friends
might think me in a little danger of becoming monomaniacal. I believe,
however, the great body of the Democracy throughout the Union feel
as deep an interest in the subject as I do, and think, like myself, that our
enormous surplus revenue is corrupting Congress. If your administra-
tion is placed upon this ground, I have not the slightest doubt that you
•will rally around you the larger and better portion of the great political
parties in all sections of the Union, and that they will bring to your sup-
port a weight of popular confidence which will enable you to carry out
successfully not only the measures referred to, but any others which you
may deem essential to the welfare of the country, and which are un-
deniably within the pale of the constitutional authority of the govern-
ment. In a word, I am sure it is in your power to organize an adminis-
tration which shall be alike honorable to yourself and the country. If
you agree with me in regard to the necessity of such a commercial re-
form as I suggest, is there any man who is likely to be as serviceable to
you in maturing and carrying it out as Mr. Walker ? Is there any man
who in that department would be more acceptable to the commercial
classes and the friends of financial reform ? I think not. There is no
one who has given so much thought to this subject in all its complicated
details, as you well know from your intimate association with him while
be was framing the Tariff Bill of 1840. You are sure his views are
sound ; it is not absolutely certain that those of any other man would be
equally so; and the Treasury Department is the one of all others in
which a safe man is required, independent as it is, in some respects, of
the head of the government. I hope you will excuse these suggestions.
They are dictated by a sincere and disinterested desire that your admin-
1853-1860.] THREE TEARS PASSED IN PRIVATE LIFE. 323
istration may be a successful and distinguished one ; and I can say with
the same sincerity that I Imve no other wish than to see you call around
you in organizing it the men best qualified to be serviceable to you, and
best calculated by their reputation for talents, integrity, and moderation
to command the public confidence.
" I write this letter currente calamo at the sick-bed of one of my chil-
dren. You will, therefore, excuse it, and pardon also, in consideration of
the motive, the liberty I have taken in alluding at all to a subject of so
much delicacy as the organization of your Cabinet.
" I am, dear Sir, with sincere regards, yours, John A. Drx.
•' Hon. Jas. Buchanan.
" P.S. — The suggestion in respect to the Treasurer is made on the sup-
position that the present incumbent has determined, independently of
any wish of your own, to leave it at the close of General Pierce's ad-
ministration."
General Dix held no official position under President Bu-
chanan during the first three years of his administration. lie
passed those years in private life, and in congenial occupation
as a man of business and of letters. It was not until the year
1860 that he was recalled to the service of the public, under
circumstances which I shall proceed to relate in the following
section of this biography.
VIII.
POSTMASTER OF NEW YORK.-SECRETARY OF
THE TREASURY.
A.r>. 1860-1801.
The New York Post-office. — Isaac V. Fowler.— General Dix as Postmas-
ter. — Resists System of Assessment for Political Purposes. — Letter to
Andrd Froment. — Reception of Prince of Wales, 1800. — Review of His-
tory of Parties. — Republican Party. — Secession. — Question of Slavery
with Reference to General Government. — Review of the Course of Gen-
eral Dix on the Slavery Question, and Conclusions. — His Paramount
Desire the Prescvation of the Union. — Slavery a Secondary Question
in Comparison. — Autumn Elections of 1800. — Sympathy with the
South. — Autograi>h Memorandum on Events between 1801 and 1805. —
Election of Abraham Lincoln. — " Confederate States of America," Feb-
ruary 4, 1801.— Efforts to Avert the War.— "The Pino Street Meeting."
— Address to the People of the South. — Financial Embarrassment of
the Government. — Appointed Secretary of the Treasury. — At the
AVhite House. — Action Relating to Custom-houses, Light-houses, Mint,
Hospitals, Revenue -cutters, in the Seceding States. — History of the
Famous Despatch about the Americau Flag. — Major Anderson at Fort
Sumter, — Sensational Story about a " Cabinet Scene." — Close of Mr.
Buchanan's Administration. — Return to New York. — Reception at
City Hall. — Other Compliments and Honors.
1860-18C1.] GENEliAL DIX Al'POlSTED POSTMASTER. 327
VIII.
It was discovered, during the early part of the year 1860,
that great frauds had been committed in the New York
Post-ofRco, and that the I'ostmaster, Mr. Isaac V. Fowler,
was a defaulter to a large amount. The disclosures caused a
feeling of unusual public excitement, and even of personal
alarm : they were regarded as an illustration and result of
the demoralizing tendency of the prevailing system of pub-
lic appointments. Rumor magnified the evil ; the journals
of the day raised a hue-and-cry against the entire corps of
the Post-office, which filled every one connected with the de-
partment with trepidation. The general government found
itself gravely compromised ; the accusations of its opponents
were incessant and violent ; and it was obvious that the ad-
verse current of popular feeling could only be withstood and
checked by the appointment of some person as Postmaster
about whose reputation and ability no question could be
raised. At such a crisis the day of the mere politician is at
an end ; a man of integrity and unsullied honor, a man of the
highest moral grade, is demanded. The President, in this
emergency, called on General Dix, and earnestly requested his
acceptance of the post. Ilis name was sent to tl o Senate on
the 17th of May, and the nomination was unanimously con-
firmed, without the usual reference.
In accepting the position thus tendered to him, under cir-
cumstances peculiarly honorable and complimentary. General
Dix bade farewell, for many years, to the tranquillity of the
domestic circle and the quiet of the retired citizen. His ap-
pointment was regarded with universal satisfaction as one of
328
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
the best that could have been made. The field for the dis-
play of executive ability was an ample one, and he possessed
the confidence and esteem of the business community.
Twenty-one years after that date the men\ory of the Gen-
eral is still warmly cherished in the New York Post-office,
and men who knew him then as their honored and beloved
chief delight in recalling incidents of his vigorous, wise, and
kindly administration. I have had no greater pleasure, while
engaged in compiling this humed record, than in gathering
information respecting those days from such men as Post-
master James, the venerable Mr. Forrester, Messrs. Yeoman,
Bradley, Dunton, and others of the staff. Tlieir statements
to me ran somewhat as follows (I give them nearly in the
language of the narrators, and therefore place them, in quota-
tion marks) :
" "When he Avent into the Post-office he found it in a state
of alarm and uneasiness, no one knowing what was to come,
and many sujiposing that a comj^lete sweep would be made,
without regard to merit or demerit, by way of satisfying pub-
lic oj)inIon and exhibiting a specimen of thorough reform.
General Dix, however, reassured them, promising a radical
investigation of everything connected with the service, but
guaranteeing justice to every man; and he kept his word.
No one was turned off except for incompetency or neglect.
To each one who came inquiring if he might hope to remain
the same answer was made: 'As long as you attend to your
business properly you shall stay here while I do.'
" lie made it his first business to master the details of the
service, lie looked into all matters, great or small; noth-
ing escaped his attention. The men said that no one had
ever asked so many questions before. lie would give no
order until he understood everything that it involved. • lie
introduced improvements in the method of cancelling stamps
and in that of making out the way-bills, in rcqviiring a care-
ful comparison of the bills, and in counting the letters. lie
was the first to pay off the employ(;s by checks payable to
1860-1861.] POLITICAL ASSESSMENTS FORBIDDEN.
329
his own order, by which means lie compelled every employe
to appear before him personally for the needed endorsement,
thus becoming acquainted with every man under his direc-
tion, and breaking up certain dishonest practices ; for it is
said that a considerable number of checks thus made out
were never presented to him, their holders fearing detection.
This system has been in use in the Post-office ever since. In
some of his practical reforms he met with opposition. Men
said that what he wished could not be done ; upon which he
would take hold with his own hands and do it, shaming them
into compliance. Every honest man liked him and felt safe
in his charge ; the dishonest silently disappeared. Nor was
he inattentive to their morals. When he wanted information
he went to the men who did the work, and not to the heads
of departments or superintendents of sections. It created
some jealousy, but it gave him what he desired — a personal
acquaintance with the entire force. Hearing of one man in
particular who was addicted to profanity, he sent for him and
said, ' It is related that General Washington sometimes swore,
and that General Jackson also did ; but I have never found
the need of it, and I request you to discontinue it.' That
wa^ the end of swearing. He was always kind and courteous,
even to those in the lowest positions — to the porters and the
errand-boys."
But if there is one thing more strongly impressed upon
the memory of his old force than another, it is his resolute
conduct in defending them from the extortions of the politi-
cian-assessor. He found a system of political taxation, every
employe being expected to pay a certain percentage of his
salary for party purposes, with the tacit understanding that if
he refused he would lose his place. The General was partic-
ularly incensed at this custom, and set ^'imself to break it up.
When the party assessors came to him as usual, asking for a
list of the men under his charge, with a memorandum of the
wages of each, he perenq^torily refused it, and forbade them
to solicit subscriptions in a place in which, as he said, every
330
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
m
one's time belonged to the government. He farther ad-
dressed a circular to his men, telling them that if they chose
to subscribe they might do so, but that if they refused to do
so it should make no difference with him, so long as they
were honest and faithful in their work. His proceedings in
this respect greatly increased his popularity. His noble words
to the Committee of Assessment were heard and reported
everywhere :
" Gentlemen, the force in tliis office is the hardest worked
and the poorest paid under the government. It is an outrage
to exact from their small jHttances the means to defray the
expenses of campaigns ; and, as long as I am Postmaster, not
one cent shall be levied on them for political purposes."
I believe that his action in this particular was un2:)rcce-
dentcd in the political annals of this city ; and, that his views
on the subject may be the more clearly understood, I give
them in the shape of a letter thoroughly characteristic of the
man :
"Post-office, New York, October 15, 18G0.
'^'^ Andre Fvomcnt, Esq.,
" Chairman of the Democratic General Committee:
" Siu, — I have received your letter soliciting a contribution from my-
self, and the privilege of assessing the subordinates in my office, to raise
funds in aid of the ' Union ticket' and ' the coming Presidential election.'
" Before your letter was received I had engaged to contribute as large
a sum as I can afford in aid of that ticket, and it is hardly necessary for
me to add that I shall support it cordially by all efforts in my power.
" In regard to an assessment on the subordinates in this office, I annex
extracts from a letter ■written by me a few weeks ago in reply to a simi-
lar application from another organization:
" ' I may say of a majority of them (the clerks in this office) that the as-
sessments (proposed to be made) on them cannot be paid Avithout pinch-
ing their families, who are utterly dependent on their salaries. I cannot
consent to be the instrument of wringing from their necessities means
absolutely indispensable to their daily wants. I think, moreover, that
this system of assessing subordinates in i)ublic offices for political pur-
poses, when they liave for the most part no more than is sufficient to
give their families the common necessaries of life, is all Avrong. If men
of means — lawyers, farmers, merchants, capitalists — whose projierty has
18G0-18G1.] TRINITY CHURCH: ITS SURPLICED CHOIR. 331
BO deep a stake in the maintenance of good government, will not consent
to pay the legitimate expenses of our elections, we may as well abandon
all hope of keeping up our organizations by money,
'"Let me add that my contributions are made by me as a private citi-
zen, and that I do not recognize the right of any committee to assess me
as a Federal officer for political purposes.'
" I must refer you to these extracts for an answer to your letter.
" I deem it proper to add that I know nothing more degrading to our
public offices and those who fill them than the practice which has exist-
ed of sending political tax-gatherers to the doors of the i)ay-room, to
levy contriljutions on the clerks as they emerge with their hard-earned
stipends. I cannot allow this office to be so dishonored. I intend, if I
can, to restore it to the respectability which belonged to the earlier and
better days of the Republic. I shall be pleased to have my subordinates
contribute voluntarily whatever they think they can afford to the sup-
port of the Democratic cause. But I cannot permit any forced contribu-
tion to be laid on them. On the contrary, I shall regard it as my duty
to protect them from a system of political extortion disgraceful alike to
the government and the country."
The administration of the New York Post-office was
brouglit to the highest state of efficiency yet reached under
the management of Colonel Thomas L. James, now deservedly
promoted to the place of a Cabinet Minister. I have it from
himself that many of the improvements introduced by him
had their origin in the policy and suggestions of his prede-
cessor, General Dix.
I ask the indulgence of the reader for introducing at thia
point an episode of a totally different character. In the au-
tumn of this year Trinity Church saw for the first time a
surpliced choir Avithin its walls. For a long Avhile the singers
— men and boys — transferred from the organ -gallery over the
front-door, had occupied benches in the chancel ; but wo could
not obtain the Hector's consent to put them into the proper
cathedral dress. It was a motley band of spirits, black, blue,
and gray, with garments of divers patterns and variegated
neck-tics, that the congregation beheld, Sunday after Sunday,
between themselves and the altar. A generous layman had
presented us with a full set of vestments, to be used when the
!l
332
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
good time should come ; but these were locked up in a cup-
board, salted down and carefully preserved, biding some hal-
cyon moment. At length it came, ushered in by no less a
personage than Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, who arrived
in New York on Thursday, October 11, 18G0, and presently
signified his intention to go to Trinity Church on the ban-
day following. The announcement led to great results. "We
knew that the choral service would be fairly well sung, but
we also knew that it would never do to parade our Fal-
staffian company in their secular costumes before his Royal
Highness. So, seizing the opportunity. General Dix and an-
other of the Yestry waited on the venerable Dr. Berrian,
then Rector, and obtained his consent that +he choir should,
for that occasion only, be permitted to wear the surplices, in
case of the Prince's being disturbed by the sight of their
incongruous and varied toilets. It is hardly necessary to add
that the surplices once on, were on for good and all. The
congregation could never endure the sight of the secular dress
again in the holy place, and thus, somewhat notably, it came
about that, as we owe our endowments to the Crown of Eng-
land, so we are indebted to the Royal Family for another good
turn, in getting our singers " decently habited," some time be-
fore it was deemed j^ossible. To do justice to the good old
Rector, no one was more delighted than he : at heart he was
in favor of all that we now have and enjoy ; but he was far
advanced in years, and timid, and lived under the bondage
which has daunted so n^any in their time — the dread of criti-
cism and the fear of bigots.
I approach with reluctance the terrible scene of the open-
ing of the war for the Union. I desire that the position of
General Dix during those exciting days should be clearly un-
derstood; that it should be made rpiite plain what he was
and Avhat he was not ; what were his views as to the possibil-
ity of erting the fatal conflict ; what was his faith in those
trying hours ; and what thought Avas uppermost in his heart
when the storm did finally burst on the laud. For this pur-
18G0-1861.] A BE VIEW OF SOME PEE CEDING YEARS.
333
pose let me briefly review the transactions of some pre-
vious years with refercace to that political organization with
which he had been connected during the whole of his public
life.
The repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, in the
year 1854, was substantially the death-blow to the old histor-
ical Democratic party. It re-opened the question of slavery ;
it was the beginning of a schism never to be healed. The
effort of the Democratic leaders in the North was to hold the
party together as long as possible, and so retain control of the
government. But to this end it was necessary to make con-
cessions to the Southern Democracy which were denounced
by a great number of the peoj)le of the North. On this side
the Republican party was growing up out of the disintegra-
tion of the Whig and other organizations ; on the other side
men were clamoring for Southern independence. The Union
Democrats had a part to act which could hardly have been
more difficult : to resist the growth of Republican ideas and
to keej) the fire-eaters quiet. They played it with consum-
mate skill, but in the end they failed. They were held in
check at the North by a feeling which they could not disre-
gard, Jind with which, no doubt, many of their own number
were in sympathy ; for opposition to the extension of slavery
was a genuine Democratic tradition ; and yet the pressure on
them from the South grew daily heavier, with louder threats
of secession unless the North should accede to their full de-
mands. This was the jiosition of the Democratic leaders
during the seven years which included the administration of
Mr. Buchanan, and were rudely- terminated by the proceed-
ings at Montgomery. Their defeat and destruction as a
national party were due to tlic Southern chiefs, in whose
hands the Union men of that part of the country were like
children in the grasp of a maniac.
The Secessionists had already announced that they should
consider the election of Mr. Lincoln, if it occurred, as the
signal for the development of their designs. It did occur,
A
■ .V
1 ' '
" 'i
'/ 'I
1
:
li ii
I)
334
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
and they kcjit their word. But their fatal error was that of
resorting to violence. There is reason to believe that they
could have obtained by peaceable measures what they desired.
Never did men make a greater blunder. Their attack on the
govennnent instantly obliterated party distinctions ; its effect
was to divide by a new line the country for or against the
Union. The subject of slavery was dropped for the time ; men
forgot all else in enthusiasm for the country and the flag. The
war, when it began, was not an abolitionists' war ; it had no
reference to the black man ; its sole object was to maintain the
National Government and the union of the States. On that
question the Northern Democrats were strong and united:
they became "War Democrats; they led the movement by
word, by pen, with money, and sword in hand. The madness
of the Southern extremists forced them into that position.
Their action was not inconsistent. Their effort had been to
preserve the Union ; for that they had made great sacrifices ;
they had conceded to the South all that they could, and even
more than they ought to have yielded. They had compro-
mised themselves in the hope of conciliation ; they had gone
to the verge and last extreme — but in vain. When, in spite
of these efforts, they found themselves set at naught, disre-
garded, and treated as imbeciles and fools, they had a right
to feel the indignation whicli they openly expressed. And
when at last the National Government was defied, its officers
attacked, and its flag turn down, they had but one course — to
fly to arms. The acts of the Southern leaders drove them to
that position.
Underneath this the Power was working which rules in the
affairs of men and mysteriously orders all tilings in heaven
and earth. It is diflicult to see how the country could ever
liave been at rest while slavery remained among us, or how
slavery could have been abolished Avithout a civil war. It
had been from the very beginning the crux of our existence.
It was tlie subject of debate and agitation in 1784-, in 1787,
in 1819-'20, in 1848, in 1850, iu 1854— always and every-
i
1860-1861.] SLAVERY NECESSARILY DOOMED.
835
where. It was a shadow overhanging the march of the
nation, ever threatening storm, and
"Darkening the dark lives of men."
Slavery must be destroyed before there could be peace.
But slavery could not be destroyed except by the power of
the National Government. That power could not have been
exerted for that purpose in time of j)eace: a state of war
was necessary before it could so act : and that must be a home
war, not a war with a foreign nation. Such a state of war —
the indispensable preliminary to the destruction of the insti-
tution of Slavery by the United States Goverament — was
brought about by those who madly attempted a violent seces-
sion. If they had not attacked the United States Govern-
ment there could have been no war. If there had been no
war the United States Government could not have abolished
slavery. If slavery had not been abolished, and the impossi-
bility of getting rid of it had become a quiet, settled convic-
tion, there would have been a peaceable ser>aration : the South
would have asked it, and the Democratic i)arty would have
led the North in assenting, though with sorrow, to the re-
quest. That solution of the question was rendered impossible
by the course taken by the Secessionists. Even then years
passed before the under current became an upper one. The
war, at first, was not an abolition movement. Stri-l "x-'iors
were given to our generals not to meddle with slav. ;'y in
any way; and so things went on. But it is said tliat bay-
onets can think. It took some time for the Army to per-
ceive thot unless slavery were destroyed their work must
fail. "When that became perfectly clear slavery was doomed.
When the question was fairly put which should live. Slavery
or the United States Government, the answer was prompt,
and slavery vanished like wax in a burning, fiery furnace.
These considerations explain the joosition of my father and
many others of like mind in those trying and terrible days.
He was, as he had been from his youth, a Democrat by con-
1
;i
330
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
f 1
vn
i' t
viction : he believed in the party, and gave liis energies to its
cause. The movement of 1848 was disapproved by him ; he
tliought it unwise, predicted its faihire, and was connected
with it only under the pressure of influences to which it was
no dishonor to yield. lie was flriii in his opposition to sla-
very ; he was not less firm in asserting the constitutional rights
of the Southern people. lie knew that those rights could
only be secured by the maintenance of the Union ; and there-
fore, for the sake of North and South alike, he strove for it
with all his heart. lie yielded to the stress of necessity as
times grew worse, and in his horror of disunion was willing
to give up to the South at a later period, for the sake of pre-
serving the national existence, what at an earlier period he
would have refused. Above all else, however, next to God,
he loved the country and the flag — that flag under which he
had marched to the field as a conmiissioned officer at the age
of fifteen, and which, in his last hours, he ordered to be wrap-
ped about his coffin instead of a pall. lie felt for his South-
ern friends and comi3anions, appreciated theii' trials, extenu-
ated their faults, and labored with marvellous patience and
forbearance to calm their angry mood and bring them to a
better mind. lie never was an abolitionist ; he opposed the
nascent party which the South held in such dread; he did
everything in his power to avert the final catastrophe ; he
would have given his vote for a peaceful dissolution of the
old compact, had that ordeal been demanded. But when the
question was reduced to that simple, lucid j)roposition pre-
sented by the leaders of Secession arrayed in front of Fort
Sumter, he had but one answer, and he gave it with an em-
phasis that could not have been stronger, and in words which
were as the lightning coming out of the east and shining even
unto the west.
And here, as well as anywhere else, I may say what ought
perhaps to be said on the question of my father's consistency
to his principles, as regards that subject which tu.'ned our
world upside down. The only part of his history about
1860-1861.] AX ANALYSIS OF TUOUGHTS AND MOTIVES. 337
which there might be misunderstanding among those who
thoroughly trusted and believed in him is that which relates
to his connection with the agitation about slavery. I have,
therefore, made that part of his life the subject of careful
study and long reflection, solicitous, not only to refute in-
vidious criticism, if it should be attempted, but also to ascer-
tain, for my own satisfaction, what was his precise position,
and what was the working of his mind during those vexing
and unquiet years. The results of that investigation I now
present. My analysis may not be correct, but it seems so to
me, and the light is, at any rate, the clearest that I can obtain.
A man's actions, if questions arise concerning them, must
be interpreted by the motives which appear to have influenced
him most strongly. But those in my father's case were the
love of country and devotion to the American Union and
Constitution. About this there can be, I think, no reasonable
doubt. He considered the Federal Constitution as the great-
est achievement of the human mind in the field of political
science, and regarded the American nation as fortunate above
all others in their system of government. To the maintenance
of that system, as bequeathed to us by our forefathers, he post-
poned all other questions. He did not regard it as perfect ;
he looked on slavery as a blot upon it ; but he expected with
confidence the time when that blot would disappear — it was a
transient and temporary evil, destined to pass away under the
slow but irresistible working of natural laws. While the evil
existed it must be accepted as one for which the nation was
not responsible ; to interfere with it by legislation would be
to invade the constitutional rights of a portion of the Ameri-
can people : those rights were protected by the system which
blessed all alike ; they must be faithfully maintained ; and to
time, which cures all diseases, it must be left to eradicate the
malady which impaired the common health.
But in the course of events two new parties appeared upon
the scene — the Abolitionists on the one hand, the propagan-
dists of human servitude on the other. He thought it his duty
I.— 22
i.:( i
• .1
I 1
338
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
\
to resist them both. lie opposed the Abolitionists, as invaders
of the rights of a portion of American citizens ; he opposed
tlic advocates of the extension of slavery, because their policy
was calculated to postpone for a great while the date of its
extinction. But he never became unduly excited about sla-
very. He had no sympathy for the religious or sentimental
side of abolitionism, nor was he moved by the words of the
philanthropists, preachers, or poets by whom the agitation
was set ablaze and persistently fanned. lie probably regard-
ed it as an evil of less magnitude than several others that
threatened the country. In the summary of the articles of
his political belief* nine points are mentioned first, which
have nothing to do with slavery, and only the last two con-
cern it at all.
In his course in the Senate this attitude is distinctly marked
in everything that he did or said. He voted for the annexation
of Texas, where slavery already existed ; he opposed the ex-
tension of slavery to the free territory acquired from Mexico.
Yet he admitted that a peaceful dissolution of the Union, if
the slave-holding South should seek it, was to be preferred to
a civil war with a view to its abolition. He would have had
no fighting about slavery, either for it or against it. The
charge of being an abolitionist ho always repudiated with
earnestness.
The fusion of Democrats and Wliigs during the Free-soil
movement was regarded by him, before and after its develop-
ment, as a great blunder. He believed that the safety of the
country depended on the ascendency of the Democratic party,
of which he had been an active member ever since he began
to take an intelligent part in political affairs ; and he thought
it unwise to divide that party for what ho deemed an inade-
quate cause. The thing to be thought of first was the preser-
vation of the American Union, the An\erican Constitution,
and the American Nation ; and for this he relied on the
* >Stfepage 231.
on, if
1860-18G1.] GENERAL DIX AND THE FREE-SOIL MOVEMENT. 339
Democratic p^xrty, whose principles ho identified witli the
pure Kepublican tlieorj. He de{)recated swerving to tlie one
Bide or to the otlier ; he tried to keep the ship of the party
steady on an even keel ; when it deviated with a strong list to
the side of the South he was perplexed and distressed ; and,
contrary to his judgment, and mainly under the influence of
a personal pressure which he could not resist, he joined the
Free-soil movement.
But as soon as it was possible to do so he retraced his steps
and would have resumed the old position. lie labored to re-
unite the party in which he still trusted, r.nd from which lie
had never separated. lie hoped, and perhaps fondly believed,
that the slavery question might be regarded as settled, and
renewed his efforts in the line of national progress under the
compromises and guarantees of the Constitution.
Then came, nearer and nearer, the 6j)ectro of a dismem-
berment of the nation and a separation between North and
South. To him this was the most terrible of prospects, except-
ing that of a fratricidal war. The dissolution of the Ameri-
can Union would have been, in his opinion, tlie greatest of all
disasters, not only in its effect on our own people, but also as
certain to extinguish the hopes of advocates of popular gov-
ernment throughout the whole M'orld, lie yielded to avert
so horrible a calamity. He made concessions which at an
earlier date ho would not have made, in the hope of saving
the nation : first in his thoughts were the country, the Union,
the flag. Men in extremis must sacrifice something to save
the rest. The only chance was in making common cause
with those at the South Avho still adhered to the Union ;
their support could not be obtained at that critical hour with-
out the plainest assurance that their constitutional rights
should be perfectly safe, and that the privileges enjoyed un-
der the Constitution by inhabitants of the free States should
be enjoyed equally by them.
Then came the war. His course thenceforth was clear.
They who in fog and mist are puzzled which way to move,
1 ■■;'
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340
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
doubt no longer when the winds arise and l)low away the
clouds : they see once more the beacon-light, and nothing else.
One dominant principle, love of the American Democratic
Keiiublican system, as practically realized under the Federal
Constitution in the union of the States, had ruled him all his
life; it ruled him then, lie went into the war because, by
the action of the South, the chance of a peaceful separation
had been destroyed. The contest, though connnenced by
slave-holders, was nut for the destruction of slavery, but for
the defence and perpetuation of a system, under which the
institution of slavery was amply protected, and might have
continued to exist a thousand years more. Slavery was a
dead issue for the moment ; they who drew the sword did so
for the assertion of principles deemed by them vastly more
momentous than any rpiestion concerning the relations of
negroes and white men. It is true that Emancipation follow-
ed, but only after years of blood and sorrow, and as an after-
thought, of which the "War Democrats" never dreamed
when tlie^ rose in defence of the country and for the honor
of the nation.
To me, carefully studying the subject, this appears to be
the simple story of his course. He lived, from the age of fif-
teen to that of eighty-one, in active service of his beloved
country. To whom is it given, in this j)erplexing world, to be
perfectly consistent throughout the immense and varied activ-
ities of sixty-six years ? Yet he was, I think, consistent, if
tested by the question, what he regarded, next to religion, as
the hig^' st duty and the proper aim of the citizen. Every
act of his political life may be ex2)lained by one of these
convictions :
(«) That the Constitution of the United States of America
was an all but perfect work ;
(b) That it was for the interests of the American people,
and those of all advocates of jiopular government throughout
the world, that our jjolitical experiment should prove suc-
cessful ;
flr^"-i-
I IV
as
-cry
lesc
3rica
18C0-1861.] DISTRACTED STATE OF THE PVIIUC MISD. 341
(<?) That the old Democratic party was tlio tnio exponent
of tho principles of the Constitution, and that tUo safety of
the American people and the liope of mankuid in general
depended on tlie continued ascendency of those principles ;
{(I) That the preservation of the American Union under tho
American Constitution, at any sacrifice, must bo the supreme
object of those who enjoyed the blessings of its protection.
These convictions are consistent with each other, and they
explain the acts of liis public life.
Nothing could have shown more clearly the distracted state
of tho public mind, as the administration of Mr. Buchanan
drew to an end, than the sight presented in the autumn elec-
tions in 18G0. There were no less than four sets of candi-
dates in the field : Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and Iler-
scliel V. Johnson of Georgia, nominated by tho regular
Democratic Convention ; John C. Breckenridge of Ken-
tucky and Joseph Lane of Oregon, the candidates of tho
seceding Southern Democrats ; John Bell of Tennessee and
Edward Everett of Massachusetts representing another sec-
tion of the people, who, rejecting the older organizations,
aimed simply at the enforcement of the principles of tho
Constitution and tho preservation of the Union without
farther agitation of vexing questions ; and Abraham Lincoln
of Blinois and Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, tlie leaders of tho
Republican national organization. It had been found im-
possible to hold tho Democratic party together any longer.
Their national Convention assembled at Charleston, April 23.
Irreconcilable antagonisms were soon apparent, and scenes of
great violence occurred. At length most of the Southern
delegates withdrew. The main body adjourned to meet at
Baltimore, Juno 18. Tho seceding delegates, having adopted
a platform satisfactory to themselves, called a Convention, to
bo held at Richmond, June 11. Separate nominations fol-
lowed, and the fatal schism was complete. But a much worse
thing was impending. It grow j)laincr every day that, in
case their demands were not complied with, the Southern
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
States would seek to form a separate organization ; but in
what way no man as yet could tell. True, there were om-
inous signs in more than one quarter, yet it was probably the
general oj^inion that the secession would be peaceful. Even
that prospect was regarded with dismay by patriotic Amer-
icans. The end seemed not far off — the edifice, reared with
infinite toil and pains, appeared to be tottering to its fall.
Great numbers of us were terribly peri>lexed in those days.
Doubtless there was a glamour about t? Southern cause which
influenced men in spite of themselves, a certain sophistry of
logic which gave to their demands a color of justice. It
should be remembered also that many of us never tliought it
possible that a violent separation from the Union would be
attempted ; we conceded the right to a peaceful and orderly
departure, if our Soutiiern brethren should insist on having
it so. It is a matter of little or no importance what were the
feelings of the writer at that particular time, excepting as a
specimen of those of a considerable number of persons, wlio
loved at once the old Union and their kinsmen in the South.
As for myself, I never dreamed of the coming war ; I detest-
ed abolitionism ; I deemed the course of the Ilejjublican par-
ty one of unjustifiable and mischievous aggression ; my sym-
pathies were with the South, and I had no doubt of their
right, if they chose, to free themselves gently from those
bonds which held us together. Under t)iese impressions I
v^ted for Brcckonridge and Lane, leaving my bed while suf-
fering from severe illness, and taking the risk involved by
standing in the cold air on an inclement day, waiting my turn
to vote, because I felt it a sacred duiy to do whatever my one
ballot coidd accomplish to prevent tiie election of Mr. Lin-
coln. Looking back to those days is like looking into a land
of dreams, WIvat broke the dream at once, and set me and
others in my position face to face with facts never before un-
dciotood, was the opening roar of the guns directed against
Fort Sumter. AVith that portentous sound the old illusions
passed forever and a new cycle came ii ,
1800-1801.] GENERAL DIX'S VIEWS ON SECESSION.
343
As the fatal time drew nearer the anxiety of men in high
position became intense. I recall occasions when my father
spoke to me on tho questions of the day, disclosing tlie grave
trouble that possessed his thoughts. On one such occasion
he referred to the possibility that New York might become
a free-city, entirel}^ independent, in case of a general break-
up ; not that he advocated the idea, but he placed it in the
category of possibilities.* It was his opinion that a separa-
tion, if sought by the South through peaceful means alone,
must be conceded by the North, as an evil less than that of
war. A memorandum, written in the year 1875, gives his
views on the subject of the attempted secession :
1 1
"NOTES BY JOHN A. DIX CONCERNING CERTAIN EVENTS
AND TRANSACTIONS IN WHICH HE TOOK PART, DURING
THE CIVIL WAR OF 18Gl-'65, IN THE UNITED STATES.
" Ten years have elapsed since the attempt of the Southern
States to withdraw from the Union and to overthrow the
Tederal Government by force was frustrated. The Great Re-
bellion, as it will probably be termed in after-times when the
history of that epoch shall be impartially written, cost the com-
])atants a desperate struggle of four ycai-s for the ascendency,
the loss of half a million of lives, a debt on the part of the
general government of twenty-six hundred million dollars, a
heavy indebtedness in most of the non-slave-holding States,
wide spread ruin throughout the South, the emancipation of
four millions of s\T,ves, and an inability on the part of the Con-
federated States to redeem the pecuniary obligations they had
contracted in the prosecution of their enterprise. When the
Itrejudiees and passions enlisted in this fratricidal conflict shall
have passed away and another generation shall have come to
manliood, it will l)e diflicult to lind an adequate cause for this
insurrection against the connnon government. The pretexts
* The plan was atlvocated by Fernando Wood, i ♦he annual message
addressed by liim to the Common Council of New York, January 7, 1801.
344
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
on the part of its authors were that the non-slave-holding
States did not execute in good faith the requirement of the
Constitution of the United States to deliver up persons escap-
ing from labor or service — a provision acknowledged to have
been intended to include fugitive slaves — and that the elec-
tion of Mr. Lincoln by the votes of the non- slave -holding
States alone, against the unanimous vote of the slave-holding
States, was dangerous to the prosperity of the latter, and to
their equal participation in the benefits which the Federal
Government was instituted to secure. There was no just
ground for the former pretext. Congress had passed all nec-
essary laws for the purpose of compelling the surrender of
fugitive slaves, and the Supreme Court of the United States
had decided that there was no obligation on the part of indi-
vidual States to legislate in furtherance of that object. In
some of the Northern and Western States individuals, who
believed the tenure of slaves to be a crime, had associated to
shelter fugitives and to facilitate their escape to Canada, where
they could not be reclaimed by their owners. These associa-
tions, though unquestionably in violation of good faith, were
the acts of individuals, and involved no responsibility on the
part of the Federal Government. The escape xrom slavery
was almost exclusively confined to two or three slave-holding
States bordering on the States in which slavery was proliil)ited.
" The election of Mr. Lincoln was in strict conformity to
the Constitution ; and a decided majority of the Senate of
the United States was opposed to the policy of his party, and
in favor of maintaining in good faith all the obligations of
the government. There was, therefore, no possibility that
the rights of the Southern States could be inq)aircd by un.
friendly legislation.
" TJie real cause of the secession movement was, beyond
disp''^"e, a belief on the part of the slave-holding States that
their blave property was imperilled by their association with
the Northern States; that their prosperity would be pro-
moted by the establishment of an independent government ;
18G0-18G1.] SECESSION nUSHIXG OX ITS FATE.
345
that tlie intellectual and social condition of the two sections
of the country, arising out of the tenure of slaves in one, and
a prevalent conviction in the other that it was a violation of
the laws of God, was incompatible with an impartial adminis-
tration of the government, and that the association was a per-
petual menace to the existence of slavery. To this cause may
be superadded the influence of the suggestion that the new
ofiices, which a separate political organization would require
at home and abroad, would furnish more ample means of
gratifying the ambition of their aspiring statesmen.
"It is by no means improbable that if a separation had
been sought by the slave - holding States persistently, and
through peacefuJ means a^ ""c, it might have been ultimately
conceded by the Korthern States in preference to a blooviy
civil war, with all its miseries and demoralization. But the
forcible seizure of arsenals, mints, revenue-cutters, and other
property of the common government, and the attack and cajit-
ure of Fort Sumter, put an end to argument as well as to the
spirit of conciliation, and aroused a feeling of exasperation
which nothing but the arbitrament of arms could overcome.
Acquiescence under such circumstances of aggression would
have been ascribed to pusillanimity ; and it should not have
been expected from any portion of a community which, in
the establishment and maintenance of its independence, and
in the vindication of its honor and its rights during a period
of nearly a hundred years, had never hesitated to put life,
property, and all it held dear in peril.
"The result of this great conflict — one of the most notable
in the history of human society — has been accepted as conclu-
sive by both parties ; and although time alone can wholly re-
move the animosities to which it gave birth, it may be safely
said that no civil war of such vast dimensions was ever con-
ducted l)y the cojnbatants with so little cruelty and vindic-
tiveness. It is, no doubt, due in some degree to this absence
of the worst characteristics of intestine strife that the two
sections of the country are coming together in the ancient
r; .,
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340
Miamiiis or joiix .ii)A.]rs nix.
Hj)irit of fratcniiil coneonl, to ooiiHult and labor for thoir
coiumoii prosperity and fauiu."
Tlio doctioti of Mr. Lincoln, Novonibcr 0, ISOO, wjis tlio
boi^inniniij of the ond. TIio Sontla-rn leadors had agreed to
rc\i>;ar(l that cvont aw a wiirnal that tho Union could ho main-
tained no loni<;cr. Nothiiiuj could have ])r(!vente(l it except
a consolidation of the Democratic, forces, North and South,
which was innHKssihle. Action soon followed : on the 20th of
December the State of South ('arolina adopted an ordinance
of secession. On the 4th of February, iSd!, jjrecisely one
month before the time fixed by tho Constitution of the United
States for tho inau,!j;uration of President Lincoln, a convention
held at Mont_i:;omery, in Alabama, announced to the world the
existence of the "Conkkokua-'k Statkh of Amkkioa."
There is somethinjj; almost i)athetie in the history of the
elTorts which were made, during the profjjresH of those startling
and sinister events, to avert, if possible, the comin<ij shock.
The state of public feeling became more intense from day
to day; and, as the outline of the terrible future was more
plainly revealed, recourse was had to every action by which it
was thought possible to propitiate a threatening Deity or to
conciliate angry men. Friday, the 4th of Jamiary, was desig-
nated, by ]>roclama*^ion from Washington, for observance as a
day of humiliation, fasting, and ])rayer that it might please
Almiy;htv Ciod to avert the horrors which seemed to be clos-
ing darkly around the path of the nation. ]^>isho])s issued their
pastoral letters to the clergy and laity of their Hocks, and set
forth sj)ecial ollices for the occasion ; cluirch doors stood open
all day long ; fathers gathered their households together about
the Iiome altar — one great petition for help went np to Heav-
en. Meanwhile, citizens of repute and intluenco wore engaged
in strenuons elTorts to bring estranged brethren to a better
mind, to calm wild passion, and to exorcise the spectre of Civil
War. Among the notable movements of the hour may bo
mentioned the introduction of the "Compromise licsolutious "
1800-18(51. J TUl'J NICW YOlili "I'lMi STIUCET MEKTlNa." ?A1
ill tlio Uiiit(!(l StatcH Soriiitu, Dorcmlxsr IM, JHOO, l)y .lolin J.
(Jrittcii(U'ii of K(;iit,ii(;ky, and the HUHHiuu of the "I'eaco Cori-
grt'HH " at VVuHliington.
Procecdin^H ii; tlio Banio general line took j)Ia(30 in New
York ; and hero I may Bay a few \vonln about what was
known at the time as "the Pine Street Meeting," in whieJi a
large nnnihor of our most reHj)e('.ted and inHuential (Mtizens
took ])art. My friend ('olonel Jiichard Lathers has furniHluid
me with some interesting details of its })roeeedings, whieh I
give in his own words:
''Tlie period referred to in your note is quite fresli in my
memory, and I have always recalled the incidents connected
with tiie Tine Street Meeting' as wortliy of more prominence
tlian the patriotic [>urposes of the actors have received. I
will give you a short history of the affair from the beginning.
"General Dix, in 1801, was the J'ostmaster of this city,
and, in accordance with the whole tenor of his life, was an
active ])articipator in everything which sliould intcsrest a citi-
zen or promote the welfare of the whole country, his influence
being felt and vaaied in all sections of the Ifnicm, in and out
of his own ])arty, and far beyond the confines of his own
section. When the Union was first menaced by F.ecessiou he
was the counsellor and ready adviser of all ])atri(;tic men ; for
while he was an advocate of Soutiiern rights under the limits
of the Constitution, yet he was a firm and uncompromising
Union man, and, ju» sucli, l»cnt his energies to convince our
erring Southern brethren that secession must fail; tliat it
could not be justified in any event ; and that even those who
then sympathi/ed with them would promptly confront them
if resistance to the authority of the government should be
attempted. While in eonnnunication with prominent men of
the South, by personal interviews or by correspondence, he
.addressed a letter to the Hon. Howell Cobb, then Secretary
of the Treasury, but showing sigT;s of secessionist proclivities.
It contained an exhaustive and most convincing argument on
the question of the day. This letter he sent to me to read be-
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348
MEMOIUS OF JOEN ADAMS BIX.
fore mailing it.* I immediately ran up to the Post-office and
requested a copy, to send to a few prominent men in South
Carolina, under cover of a letter of my own, which I had pre-
pared and submitted to Mr. Evarts and other distinguished
Republicans, and in which I had expressed the view that the
probable measures of the Eepublican party would develop a
policy favorable to Southern interests. In my letter I re-
quested a formal answer from my correspondents in the
South, and promised them that a meeting should be called
to consider the whole situation from a friendly stand-point,
irrespective of party lines.
" The meeting was called by a private circular addressed to
leading men throughout the State of New York ; among the
signers were your father, William B. Astor, John J. Cisco,
"Wilson Gr. Hunt, and James W. Beekman. The responses
were so hearty and general that I found there might be some
two thousand persons present ; and 1 was compelled, instead
of receiving them at my office, to hire a couple of buildings in
Pine Street, in order to afford accommodation for so large a
body. Charles O'Conor was called to the chair. I opened the
meeting with a short speech, by request of General Dix ; and
speeches were made by ex-Senator Dickinson, John McKeon,
Mr. A. A. Low, and other distinguished men of both parties,
and representing different sections of the State. An address
j)repared by General Dix was passed unanimously, without
debate ; resolutions appended to it were amended, and then
adopted unanimously. Ex-President Fillmore — who, though
unable to bo present, heartily endorsed the objects of the
meeting — was ai)pointed chairman of a committee to visit the
South as bearers of the address, and of this committee 1 had
the honor to be made a member. Another committee was
then appointed to take measures for a public demonstration
by the citizens of New York, and this led to the great meet-
ing which was held at Castle Garden a short time afterward.
* See Appendix, No. V.
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1860-1861.] FUTILE EFFORTS AND MISREPRESENTATION. 349
"At the Pino Street meeting the letters which I referred
to were read, together witli replies which had hy that tiino
been received. I regret to say that they were not as concilia-
tory as had been expected.
" Mr. Fillmore was unable to go South ; but I carried tho
address and resolutions, and read them to Jefferson J)avi8
and the Governors of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.
The general response was an expression of regret that tho
action had not taken place earlier, before all parties were so
far committed to secession. "While I was at Mobile, making
a Union speech before the Chamber of Commerce by tho re-
quest of members of that body, irrespective of party (General
Walker, brother of the Secretary of War of the Confederate
Government then just organized, presiding), the meeting came
to a speedy end, before I had concluded my remarks, in conse-
quence of the reception of news by telegraiih that the attack
on For. Sumter had commenced.
" By invitation of the Union merchants of Now Orleans I
went there to address the Chamber of Commerce of that city ;
but the newspapers assailed me, and the Mayor, calling on me
at my hotel, requested me to return home at once, and said
that a Union speech at such a time of excitement might pro-
duce a riot, and certainly could have no effect in the interest
of my mission. I took his advice ; and on my return to New
York I found gveat excitement here, even against myself, the
papers having stated that I had gone to the South to give aid
and comfort to the rebellion ! Such is life !"
Among my father's papers I have been so fortunate as to
find the original of the address referred to, with the auto-
graphs of the signers. These I now present to the reader,
and with a personal statement A\hich will explain one motive
among others for j^reserving them as they stand. It will be
observed that my father's signature is at one side, with that
of Mr. James T. Souttei', and that these two names are some-
what apart from the rest. Mr. Soutter was at that time Pres-
ident of the Bank of the Rei^ublic, a man of unsullied repu-
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
tation, great abilities, and a noble spirit; remembered now
with respect and love by all who knew him. He was one of
those Southerners who, loyal to the Union and strongly op-
posed to secession, regarded civil war with absolute horror.
The South had many such patriotic citizens within her bor-
ders, but unhappily their voices were drowned by the cries
of excited revolutionists, and they were ultimately swept
away by a torrent which it was impossible for them to resist.
In after-years, when this good and kind-hearted gentleman,
having patiently sustained a long and sad trial of unmerited
suspicion, unjust persecution, and exile from his native land,
liad found release from his earthly sorrows in a Christian's
death, and when many of the distressing events of those days
had faded into dim memories, there came into my own life
the greatest brightness and the fullest happiness I ever knew,
through my marriage with a daughter of his house, a woman
who does honor to the name she bore, and fills the perfect
measure of wife, mother, and friend. I never had the good
fortune to know her father ; but, in looking on her, I can
imagine what he must have been. One fact more I venture
to add in this connection. When Mr. Soutter returned home,
after years of involuntary absence, upon the conclusion of the
war, it was necessary for him to seek his pardon and amnesty
from the Government of the United States — a pardon for
crimes never committed! — and the first signature to the
petition addressed to President Johnson in his behalf was
that of John A. Dix.
The address adopted at the Pine Street meeting appears to
merit preservation, as throwing light upon the history of the
efforts to avert the dissolution of the Union :
" Fellow-Citizens and Brethren of the South, — It has
become our painful duty to address ourselves to you under
the most alarming circumstances in which we have been
placed since the formation of the government. In the ful-
ness of our prosperity, our strength, and our credit the Union
1860-1861.] THE PINE STREET MEETING ADDRESS.
351
to which we owe it all is in imminent danger of becoming a
prey to internal dissension, sacrificing the great interests of
the country, and forfeiting the high position it holds among
the nations of the earth. To avert a calamity so disgraceful
to us as a free people, so difastrous to the common welfare,
and so disheartening to the friends of representative govern-
ment in both hemispheres, we appeal to you by the sacred
memory of that fraternal friendship which bound our fore-
fathers together through the perils of the Revolution, which
has united us all through succeeding years of alternate good
and ill, and which has conducted us, under the protection of
the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe, to wealth and power —
by a progress unexampled in the history of the past — by all
the endearing recollections with which this association is hal-
lowed, we conjure you to pause before the current of disun-
ion shall acquire a force which may prove irresistible, that we
may consult together, with the calmness due to the magnitude
of the crisis, for the removal of the causes which have pro-
duced it. We make this appeal to you in entire confidence
that it will not be repulsed. "We have stood by you in the
political contest through which we have just passed. "We
have asserted your rights as earnestly as though they had
been our own. You cannot refuse, therefore, to listen to us,
and to weigh with becoming deliberation the reasons we have
for believing that the wrongs which liave led to the existing
alienation between the two great sections of the country may,
with your co-operation, be speedily redressed. "We do not in-
tend to go back to the origin of these wrongs. "We will not
review the dark history of the aggression and insult visited
upon you by abolitionists and their abettors during tlie last
thirty-five years. Our detestation of these acts of liostility is
not inferior to your own. We take things as they exist, to
deal with them as an evil not to be eradicated by violence,
but to be remedied by a treatment which shall at the same
time be considerate and firm. We call on you as friends to
delay action until we can induce those through whose agency
m
352
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
.
the evil has been brought upon us to listen to the voices of
reason and duty, and to place your relations and ours to the
common privileges and benefits of the Union on a footing of
perfect equality ; or, failing in this, until we can bring the
majority of our fellow - citizens in the North to co-operate
with us, as we do not doubt they will, in the proper measures
of redress. We do not despair of securing from those to
whose hands the reins of government are about to be intrust-
ed a recognition of your rights in regard to the surrender of
fugitive slaves and equality in the Teniiories. We know that
great changes of opinion have already taken place among their
most intelligent and influential men — that a reaction has com-
menced, which is not likely to be stayed — that errors and prej-
udices which in the heat of the canvass wc\e inaccessible to
reason and persuasion have been on cool reflection renounced ;
nay, more, that many, whose opinions have undergone no
change, are willing, in a praiseworthy spirit of patriotism, to
make on questions which are not fundamental in our system
of government, but merely accessary to our social condition,
the concessions necessary to preserve the Union in its integ-
rity, and to save us from the fatal alternative of dismember-
ment into two or more empires, jealous of each other, and em-
bittered by the remembrance of differences which we had not
the justice or the magnanimity to compose.
" Let us enumerate briefly the grounds on which we repose
our trust in a speedy accommodation of the existing disagree-
ment between the l^Torth and the South :
"I. The late Election. — Although it was adverse to us
throughout the North, we have in the detail added materially
to our strength in Congress, where the power to redress
wrong and prevent abuse is most needed. In this State,
against five Democratic and Union members of the present
Congress, eleven members have been elected for the next, and
in the other Northern States five members more have been
gained, making a change of twenty-two votes in the House of
Representatives, giving a decided majority in that body to the
:
1860-1861.] MOTIVES FOB A CONCILIATORY POLICY.
353
friends of the Union and the equal rights of the South, ren-
dering all hostile legislation impossible, and affording assur-
ance that existing wrong will be redressed.
"In regard to the general result of the election we do not
hesitate to say that the conservative men have been defeated
by their own divisions rather than by the votes of their oppo-
nents, and that it is not a time criterion of the relative strength
of parties. The slavery question was but an element in the
contest ; it would have proved utterly inadequate to the re-
sult had not the Democratic party been disorganized by its
own dissensions. Even in the city of New York, with an
overwhelming majority, one of the most conservative Con-
gress districts was lost by running two candidates against a
single Republican.
"In the Congress districts carried by the anti-Republicans
the canvass was placed distinctly on the ground of sustaining
the equal rights of the States in the Territories. In the
month of May last an address was published in the city of
!N j'v York reviewing the controversy between the two great
sections of the country in regard to the Territorial question,
and assuming as a basis of settlement the following grounds :
" 1. A citizen of any State in the Union may emigrate to
the Territories with his property, whether it consists of slaves
or any other subject of personal ownership.
" 2. So long as the Territorial condition exists the relation
of master and slave is not to be disturbed by Federal or local
legislation.
"3. Whenever a Territory shall be entitled to admission
into the Union as a State the inhabitants may, in framing
their Constitution, decide for themselves whether it shall
authorize or exclude slavery.
" We stand on these grounds now. We believe the contro-
versy can be adjusted on no other. Many who sustained in
the late canvass a candidate who did not assent to them dis-
agreed with him in opinion. We speak particularly of the
city of New York ; and we say with confidence that we be-
L— 23
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
l
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lieve the gieat conservative party of the North may be ral-
lied successfully on the foregoing propositions as a basis of
adjustment. In carrying thein out we shall re-establish the
practice of the government from its organization to the year
1820, running through the successive administrations of
Washington, the elder Adams, Jefferson, and Madison. The
Territory north-west of the Ohio River, in which slavery was
prohibited by an ordinance adopted under the Articles of Con-
federation, was an exceptional case. In the other Territories
emigrants from the States were freely admitted with slaves
when composing a part of their families. The adoption of the
Missouri Compromise, under the administration of Mr. Mon-
roe, was the first departure from the practice of the govern-
ment under the Constitution. We nmst go back to the policy
of the founders of the Republic if we hope to preserve the
Union. We believe this great object can be accomplished,
and that harmony may be restoied to the country, if time for
action be given to those who have its destinies in their hands.
"II. The Republican party. — It cannot possibly remain
unbroken during the term of the incoming administration.
The two chief elements — the political and religious — can nev-
er harmonize in practice. The process of sejDaration has al-
ready commenced. While those who ostensibly represent the
religious element are as fierce as ever in their denunciations,
leading politicians, no doubt, in view of the responsibility to
devolve on the President-elect in carrying on the government,
have renounced ultra opinions, and proclaim the duty of en-
forcing an efiicient fugitive slave law. In Boston the Union
party triumphed by a majority of several thousand votes in
the late municipal election, and the abolitionists have been
expelled by the people from the public halls in which they
attempted to hold their disorganizing assemblies. In other
cities of New England the same reaction has taken place.
The theorists and the politicians can never hold together
when measures of government are to be agreed on; and it
is not believed that the Republican party can sustain itself
1860-18G1.] TBI! FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW CONSIDERED. 355
for a single year on the basis of the principles on which it
was organized.
"It is a mistake to imagine that the whole Republican
party, or even the great bulk of it, is really at heart animated
by any spirit hostile to the rights or menacing to the interests
of the South. Antislaveryism has constituted but one of va-
rious political elements combined in that 'Republicanism'
which has elected Mr. Lincoln. We pledge ourselves to you
that, whenever a fair opportunity shall be presented of a dis-
tinct and simple vote of the l^orth upon the full recognition
of all your Constitutional rights, a very large majority in
nearly every Northern State will be found true to the Con-
stitution, and true to the fraternal relations established by
it between you and us.
" III. The Fugitive Slave Law. — Eight or nine States have
passed laws calculated, if not designed, to embaiTass the sur-
render of fugitive slaves. Wrong as these enactments are in
principle and in purpose, they have been practically nugatory.
We believe no fugitive from service or labor has been dis-
charged under any one of them. They are, nevertheless,
utterly indefensible as the index of unfriendly feeling ; they
have wrought in practice the farther injury of furnishing an
example of infidelity to Constitutional obligations — an injury
to us as well as to you ; and no one doubts that they will,
when brought before the judicial tribunals of the country,
be pronounced violations or evasions of a duty enjoined by
the Constitution, and therefore void.
"A movement has already been made in "Vermont — the
most hopeless of the Republican States — to repeal her per-
sonal liberty bill, and the question, as we understand, is yet
undecided in the hands of a committee. Massachusetts, it is
believed, will repeal hers at the approaching session of her
Legislature ; nor is it doubted that Mr. Lincoln, who has pub-
licly declared that the Fugitive Slave Law must be faithfully
executed, will exert his influence to procure the abrogation of
all conflicting enactments by the States. That it is the duty
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS VIX.
of the States to repeal them, without waiting for the courts
to pronounce them invalid, no man who justly appreciates the
existing danger will deny.
" IV. The Conservative Men of the North. — Since the adop-
tion of the compromise measures of 1850 we have firmly
maintained your rights under them. Previous differences of
opinion were cheerfully renounced. The contest with the
ultraism of the Republican party, active and strong as it is,
has not been unaccompanied by personal sacrifices on our
part. They have been encountered unhesitatingly, and with-
out regard to political consequences to ourselves. We felt
that we had a stake in the issue not less important than you.
Believing the Union essential to the prosperity and the honor
of the country,; holding that its dissolution would not only
overwhelm us with calamity and disgrace, but that it would
give a fatal shock to the cause of free government through-
out the world, we have sought by all practicable means to
maintain it by carrying out with scrupulous fidelity the com-
promises of the Constitution. Though beaten at the late elec-
tion, it is our sincere belief that we are stronger on this ques-
tion now than we have been at any previous time. We believe
we are nearer a solution satisfactory to you than we ever have
been. We regard it as certain to be accomplished, unless it is
defeated by precipitate action on your part.
" These are a few of the grounds on which we rely for an
adjustment of existing differences. There are others which
M'e deem it needless at this juncture to press on you. But we
should leave the view we take of the question unfinished if
we were not to add, that any violation of your Constitutional
rights by the incoming administration, if it were attempted,
would meet with as prompt and determined a resistance here
as it would from yourselves. We desire it to be distinctly
understood that we speak with full knowledge of the import
of our words, and that we pledge ourselves to such a resist-
ance by all the means which may be necessary to make it
effective. But we are satisfied no such danger is to be feared.
1860-1861.] AN APPEAL FOB CONTINUED FllATERNlTY. 357
It cannot, in the nature of tilings, be an ultra administration.
No party in power, under our system of government, can fail
to be conservative, no matter on what declarations the canvass
may have been conducted by its leading supporters. There
is an undercurrent of moderation in the flow of popular
opinion, which will inevitably withhold those, to whom the
great interests of the country are only temporarily confided,
from running rashly into extremes.
" Let us, then, fellow-citizens and brethren, again appeal to
you to abstain from any movement which shall have for its
object a dissolution of the political bonds which have so long,
and so happily for us all, united us to each other. They have
given us honor, wealth, and power. If occasional differences
have disturbed the general harmony, they have been speedily
adjusted, with fresh accessions of benefit to the common wel-
fare. No nation has had so uninterrupted a career of pros-
perity. To what are we to attribute it but to the well-adjust-
ed organization of our political system to its several parts?
We do not call on you to aid us in upholding it on these con-
siderations alone. There are othera of a more personal nature
— not addressing themselves to you as communities of men
merely, but as individuals like ourselves, bound to us by ties
of reciprocal obligation, which we call on you in all candor to
respect. We should not make this appeal to you on an occa-
sion of less magnitude. But when the very foundations of
society are in danger of boino" broken up, involving the peace
of families, the interests of communities, and the lasting wel-
fare and reputation of the whole Confederacy of States, no
feeling of delicacy should dissuade us from speaking freely
and without concealment. We call on you, then, as brethren
and friends, to stand by us as we have stood by you.
" During the angry contentions of the last nine years we
have been the open and unshrinking vindicators of your
rights. It is in fighting wnth you the battle for the Consti-
tution that we have by an unfortunate combination of causes
been overthrown — not finally and hopelessly (far from it),
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358
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
but temporarily only, and with a remaining strength which
needs only to be concentrated to give us the victory in future
conflicts. Is it magnanimous — nay, is it just — to abandon us
when we are as eager as ever to renew the contest, on grounds
essentially your own, and leave us to carry it on in utter hope-
lessness for want of your co-operation and aid 2 We cannot
doubt the response you will give to this appeal. You cannot
fail to see that, by hastily separating yourselves from us, you
will deprive us of the co-operation needed to contend success-
fully against the ultraism which surrounds us, and may leave
us without power in a political organization imbued, by the
very act of separation, with a rancorous spirit of hostility to
you. We conjure you, then, to unite with us to prevent the
question of disunion from being precipitated by rash counsels,
and in a manner altogether unworthy of our rank among the
great nations of the earth, and of the destinies which await us,
if we are only true to oureelves.
" If the event shall prove that we have overstated our own
ability to procure a redress of existing wrongs, all the disnosi-
tion of others to concede what is due to you, as members of a
Confederacy which can only be preserved by equal justice to
all, let us, when all the efforts of pjitriotism shall have proved
unavailing, when the painful truth shall have forced itself on
the conviction that our common brotherhood can be no longer
maintained in the mutual confidence in which its whole value
consists — in a word, when reconciliation shall become hope-
less, and it shall be manifest (which may God forbid !) that
our future paths must lie wide apart — let us do all that be-
comes reasonable men to break the force of so great a calam-
ity by parting in peace. Let us remember that we have -pub-
lic obligations, at home and abroad, which for our good name
must not be dishonored ; that we have great interests within
and without — on the ocean, in our cities and towns, in our
widely extended internal improvements, in our fields and at
our firesides — ^which must not be inconsiderately and wanton-
ly sacrificed. If, undervaluing the great boon of our prosper-
r
1860-1861.] THE "PINE STREET" RESOLUTIONS.
359
ity, wo can no longer consent to enjoy it in common, let us
divide what we possess on the one hand, and what we owe on
the other, and save the Repuhlic — the noblest the world has
seen — from the horrore of civil war and the degradation of
financial discredit.
" If, on the other hand (which may God grant !), you shall
not turn a deaf ear to this appeal; if it shall bo seen in the
sequel that we have correctly appreciated the influences which
are at work to bring about a reconciliation of existing difEer-
ences and a redress of existing wrongs ; if mutual confidence
shall be restored, and the current of our prosperity shall re-
sume its course, to flow on, as it must, with no future dissen-
sions to disturb it, and in perpetually increasing volume and
force, it will be the most cheering consolation of our lives
that, in contributing to so happy an issue out of the prevail-
ing gloom, we have neither misjudged your patriotism nor
the willingness of our common countrymen to do you justice.
" The Resolutions.
'^Whereas, tlie Constitution of the United States was designed to se-
cure equal rights and privileges to the people of all the States, which
were either parties to its formation or which have subsequently thereto
become members of the Union; and, whereas, the said instrument con-
tained certain stipulations in regard to the surrender of fugitive slaves,
under the designation of ' persons held to labor or service in one State,
under the laws thereof, escaping into another,' which stipulations were
designed to be complied with by the Act of Congress making provision
for such surrender ; and, whereas, the agitated state of the country aris-
ing out of differences of opinion in regard to these provisions demands
that we should declare explicitly our sense of the obligations arising
under them ; therefore,
"Hesohcd, That the delivery of fugitive slaves to their masters is an
obligation enjoined by the Constitution, in which all good citizens are
bound to acquiesce ; and that all laws passed by the States with a view
to embarrass and obstruct the execution of the Act of Congress making
provision therefor, are an infraction of that instrument, and should be
promptly repealed.
^'' Resolved, That the Territories of the United States arc the common
property of the people thereof; that they are of right, and ought to be,
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DJX.
open to the free immigration of citizens of all the States, with their fami-
lies, and with whatever is the subject of personal ownership under the
laws of the States from which they emigrated ; that the relation of mas-
ter and slave cannot, during the Territorial condition, bo rightfully dis-
turbed by Federal or loeol legislation ; and that the people of any such
Territory can only dispose of the question of slavery, in connection with
their own political organization, when they form a Constitution with a
view to their admission into the Union as a State.
" Resolved, That wo pledge ourselves to uphold these principles by all
the means in our power; to seek by all practicable efforts a redress of
the wrongs of which the Southern States justly complain, and to main-
tain their equality under the Constitution, in the full enjoyment of all
the rights and privileges it confers.
"Jiesolced, That, while we deplore the existing excitement in the South-
ern States, we do not hesitate to say that there is just ground for it.
But wo earnestly entreat our Soutaern brethren to abstain from hasty
and inconsiderate action, that time may be afforded for bringing about a
reconciliation of existing differences, and that the union of the States —
the source of our prosperity and power — may be preserved and perpetu-
ated by a restoration of public harmony and mutual confidence.
'■'■ Iteaolved, That Hon. Millard Fillmore, Hon. Greene C. Bronson, and
Richard Lathers, Esq., be appointed a committee to proceed to the South,
with a view to make such explanation to our Southern brethren, in re-
gard to the subjects embraced in the address and resolutions, as they
may deem necessary, and to give such further assurances as may be
needed to manifest our determination to maintain their rights.
" Resolved, That in case either of the gentlemen named in the forego-
ing resolution be unable to perform the service for which he is appoint-
ed, the Committee on the address and resolutions be authorized to fill
the vacancy. "Charles O'Conou, Chairman.
•'James F. Cox; Wm. B. Clerke; O. G. Carter, Secretaries.
" JoirN A. Dix,
James T. Soutter,
Wilson G. Hunt,
James W. Beekman,
Gerard Hallock,
A. S. Jarvis,
E. Pierrepont,
John McKeon,
Thomas W. Ludlow,
Edwin Croswell,
Samuel J. Tild£n,
Stephen P. Rcssel,
Wm. H. Aspinwall,
G. Kemble,
Royal Phelps,
T. W. Clerke,
John M. Barbour,
j. l. o'sullivan,
Geo. E. Baldwin,
GusTAVus W. Smith,
Edward Cooper,
Richard Lathers,
ElIAS J. HiGGINS,
John Kelly,
J. H. Brower,
Charles A. Davis,
Watts Sherman,
Stewart Brown."
1860-1801.] AIMING TO OVERTHROW THE GOVERyMEST. 301
The alarm created by the proceedings at tlio South was
intensified by tlio conduct of the administration. Members
of Mr. Buchanan's Cabinet were in open league with the par-
ty of secession, and actually using their official influence to
promote the cause. It is not to be doubted that the Presi-
dent was personally loyal to the nation and to his oath of
office; but ho was surrounded by men engaged in the con-
spiracy to overthrow the government, and had not the force
to rid himself of their presence until they had wrought al-
most irreparable mischief. But the time had come at which
to apply an outside pressure on the part of the advocates of
law and order. The President received distinct intimations,
from the Democratic representatives of New York in Con-
gress that, unless ho could maintain the supremacy and dig-
nity of the government and protect the public property, he
must no longer rely on their support ; and it was said that, in
Cabinet Council, ho had expressed himself very strongly as
to the course pursued in the disaffected quarters of the coun-
try ; that he had charged the South Carolina representatives
with misunderstanding his motives and abusing his forbear-
ance, declared that his conduct had been influenced by repre-
sentations of strong Union men in the South who were oppos-
ing secession, and protested against the action of South Caro-
lina in forcing useless and dangerous issues on the country,
and pursuing a line which must end in making the question
a military instead of a political one, and settling it by force
of arms.
General Dix was in constant correspondence with the gov-
ernment, as a maintainor of its dignity and honor and an op-
ponent of schemes of nullification. lie had the confidence of
the community ; it was exhibited in a manner nol io be mis-
understood. The government was in imminent iieril, from
the seizure of its forts, arsenals, custom-houses, and navy-
yards throughout the South ; of the forts, at the close of Mr.
Buchanan's administration, there remained, within the seven
States which had seceded, only Fort Sumter, at Charleston,
362
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
and Fort Pickens, at Pensacola. Attempts at conciliation
were met with scorn and contumely. But there was a much
greater evil than any of these. The government could get
no money; the want of money would be ruin. Howell
Cobb, Secretary of the Treasury, resigned on the 10th of
December, leaving the Treasury empty, and joined the se-
cession movement, becoming President of the Montgomery
Conference. On his abandonment of his post Philip F.
Thomas, of Maryland, was appointed in his place. The choice
was an unfortunate one. The Secretary was coldly received
in Wall Street ; his efforts to obtain aid for the government
were met by a frigid silence. At length the President was
given to understand distinctly that not one dollar would be
forthcoming from the banks and financial institutions of the
metropolis until he should have placed in his Cabinet men
on whom the friends of the government and the Union could
depend. The argument is one to which administrations are
compelled to yield. The President asked what would satisfy
them ; and at a meeting of our leading men, held at the Bank
of Commerce, it was decided to require of him, as a condition
to their support, the appointment of General Dix to a Cabinet
position. The understanding among the gentlemen present
was that the position should be that of Secretary of the
Treasury, although they did not deem it courteous to express
it openly. No higher proof could have been given of the
moral power of a good name.
On the evening of Tuesday, January 8, my father received
a despatch from the President asking liim to come at once to
the White House. He went immediately, and was offered
the War Department. This he declined, infonning Mr. Bu-
chanan, as had been agreed upon, that at that moment he
could be of no service to him in any position except that of
the Treasury Department, and that he would accept no other
post. The President asked for time. The following day he
had Mr. Thomas's resignation in his hands, and sent General
Dix's name to the Senate : it was instantly confirmed. The
\,
1869-1861.] THE BEINS AT LENGTH FIRMLY GRASPED. 363
news of the appointment was received in New York and else-
where with profound satisfaction : the financial dead-lock was
at once broken ; the government found itself in possession of
all the money that it wanted ; and the country saw a strong
Cabinet and a Union Administration. Mr. Holt was in the
War Department, Judge Black was Secretary of State, Mr.
Toucey Secretary of the Navy, and Mr. Stanton Attorney-
general. The reins were at last in the hands of men ready
to defend the Constitution and oppose secession.
General Dix returned from Washington, on the 11th, to
make Immed arrangements for the ensuing six weeks. On
the following day a meeting of bank officers and directors
of moneyed institutions was held at the Bank of Com-
merce, at which the following resolution, moved by Mr.
Charles II. Russell, and seconded by Mr. Moses Taylor, waa
adopted :
'■'■ Resolved, That this meeting learns with great satisfaction the ap-
pointment just announced of the Hon. John A. Dix, as Secretary of the
Treasury of the United States, believing, from the well-known ability,
integrity, and honorable character of tliis gentleman, his devotion to
the Union, and his determination to maintain the laws, that the change
thus effected will inspire throughout this community increased confi-
dence in the administration of that department and the stability of the
government."
Upon motion of Mr. James Gallatin, seconded by Mr. James
Puunett, it was farther
'■'■Resolved, That we will meet at tins place on Friday next, at one
o'clock ; and in the mean time will confer with the Boards of our re-
spective institutions, and then determine the rate of interest at which
we will bid for the proposod issue of United States Treasury notes."
These resolutions tell the story in brief. As was justly
observed: "All parties have concurred in rcj( " Jng at the
appointment of Mr. Dix, but we have seen no tribute to his
worth more striking than this. A man has lived to some
pui-pose whose appointment instantly raises the credit of his
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364
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
country, from a simple conviction of his honor and patriot-
ism
))
Before his departure for Washington, General Dix went to
the Post-office and took formal leave of his corps. The men
were hastily called together. He addressed them, compliment-
ing them on their fidelity, zeal, and ability. Alluding to the
circumstances under which he had been called to the office of
Postmaster, he exonerated the men, one and all, from blame,
and declared his conviction of the integrity of those by whom
he was then suiTOunded. Referring to the troubled condition
of the country, he expressed the belief that, with God's help,
the peril would pass away, that the bonds which had held the
States together would be reunited, and that when he and
those around him should meet again it would be to welcome
the arrival of days of tranquillity and peace. And, so saying,
he bade them farewell.
General Dix was the guest of the President, and in resi-
dence at the White House, from the date of his appointment,
January 11, 18G1, until the end of that administration. Mr.
Buchanan was still hopeful of a solution of our difficulties '
but the members of his Cabinet could not have shared his
views. The six weeks to which I now refer were among the
most exciting of my father's life. He found the Treasury
Department in a state of the utmost confusion. Public busi-
i^ess had been neglected ; letters from merchants and capital-
ists remained unanswered ; complaints from all parts of the
country had been unheeded; irregularity in the transaction
of affairs appeared to be the rule and common practice ; dis-
honesty and knavery were apparent through their results;
underneath all was a spirit of disloyalty to the governinent.
In a r>rivate letter from Washington the following expres-
sions occur :
"Things look dark here to-day (January 16). The utter
inactivity of Congress stupefies those who otherwise would
have some hopes. The House of Representatives is an assem-
blage governed by the cant and hypocrisy of the worst Puri-
1860-1861.] DIFFICULTIES BESETTING THE SECItETARY. 365
tan elements. National men are discouraged. Southern lead-
ers reiterate that outside of South Carolina, even in Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida, the Union sentiment pre-
vails in the hearts of the people ; but that it cannot be got at.
It is buried in a present triumph of feverish, demagogic se-
cessionism. All eyes have been turned toward "Washington ;
but here nothing is done. Mr. Buchanan has but a few weeks
more to remain in oflBce, and can neither act upon hopes or
fears, as he would be enabled to do if his term were but half
expired. lie is next to powerless, though his intentions
are good, and he is surrounded by comparatively able men.
Stanton and Dix alone might have aided the country great-
ly if they had been in office earlier ; and then there is
General Scott, who is indefatigable. But I fear it is all in
vam
)>
The difficulties with which the Secretary had to contend,
inside and outside the department, were prodigious. Major
Anderson was shut up in Fort Sumter, and commissioners
from tlie Governor of South Carolina were in "Washington, to
treat for the surrender of that fortress to the State. Gen-
eral Dix and Major Anderson were old friends ; they had
belonged to the same regiment in the regular service ; it
may be imagined with what suspense and anxiety the for-
mer watched the fortunes of his comrade in arms. Men
of sense were cursing the folly and rashness of South Car-
olina. Congress w'as besieged by petitions for redress and
relief in some ways acceptable to both sections of the coun-
try. Hope was still entertained of conservative action on
the part of the Legislatures of "V^irginia, Kentucky, Tennes-
see, and Arkansas. Maryland stood firm. If those States
had proved loyal the Union might have been maintained
without a war.
The Secretary's embarrassments may be understood by an
attentive perusal of a letter, dated February 21, and sent by
him to Congress, in response to a resolution of the House of
Representatives calling for information on some matters of
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MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
va3t importance to the government. It embraces the follow-
ing points :
1. The collection of duties on imports ;
2. Light-houses, beacons, and buoys ;
3. The Branch Mint at New Orleans ;
4. The Marine Hospital ;
5. The revenue-cutters.
It appears from this communication that the duties on im-
ports continued to be collected in the ports of entry establish-
ed by law in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
Louisiana, and Florida, but that the collectors assumed to per-
form their duties under the authority of the States in which
they resided, and held the money they received subject to the
State authority. As a specimen of the unspeakable coolness
of those demoralized officials, take the following :
On the 4th instant the following letter was received from
John Boston, Esq., collector of the customs for the port of
Savannah, whose resignation, dated January 31, was subse-
quently tendered :
" Custom-liouse, Collector's OflSco, Savannah, Jauuary 30, 1861.
" Siu, — I to-day received the following despatch from his Excellency
Joseph E. Brown, Governor of Georgia :
" ' You will pay no more money from the Custom-liouse to any govern-
ment or person without my order.'
" Respectfully, your obedient servant,
" John Boston, Collector.
" Hon. John A. Dix,
"Secretary of the Treasury, Washington."
The following answer was immediately despatched by mail :
•' Treasury Department, February 4, 1861.
" Sir, — Your letter of the 30th ultimo, containing a copy of a despatch
from the Governor of Georgia, directing you to pay ' no more money
from the Custom-house to any government or person without his order,'
is received.
" You will please to advise me, by return of mail, whether it is your
purpose to obey his direction, or whether you will conform to the instruc-
1860-1801.] MISSISSIPPI NAVIGATION INTERRUPTED. 367
tions of this department, and perform your duty under the laws of the
United States. Very respectfully, John A. Dix,
" John Boston, Esq.. "Secretary of the Treasury.
"Collector of the Customs, Savannah, Georgia."
On the 12tli instant the following reply was received :
" Savannah, February 8, 1861.
" Sir,— Your letter, under date of the 4th instant, asking me whether
it is my purpose to obey the direction of the Government of Georgia to
pay no more money from the Custom-house to any government or person
without his order, or whether I will conform to the instructions of this
(your) department, and perform your (my) dnty under the law of the
United States, is this moment received ; and, in reply, I beg to say that
I will, as a good and loyal citizen, as I hope 1 am, obey the authority of
my State. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
"Hon. John A. Dix,
"Secretary of the Treasury, Washington."
"John Boston.
This declaration was carried out at a later day by refusing
to pay a draft for the compensation of a revenue-officer in
his own State.
It also appears that the free navigation of the Mississippi
River, which had been guaranteed as a perpetual right to the
people of the United States at the time of the purchase of
Louisiana, had been interrupted by the authorities at New
Orleans, to the great loss and injury of all the North-western
States, the inward commerce of the great West having thus
been made subject to the authority of the State of Louisiana
and tributary to her treasury. No madder proceeding could
have been imagined, nor one more certain to open the eyes
of "Western men to the results of secession.
The subject of the Marine Hospital at New Orleans in-
volved (as will be seen in the following extracts from Gen-
eral Dix's papers) some vigorous correspondence :
" The Marine Hospital,
" In the month of June, 1858, the Marine Hospital opposite
New Orleans became seriously injured by the overflow of the
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3G8
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
waters of the Mississippi River. Its foundations were so dis-
turbed by the flood that it was deemed unsafe for occupation.
The barracks, two miles below the city, being untenanted and
not needed for troops, they were, with the consent of the "War
Department, appropriated to the use of the sick, who were
removed to them, and have occupied them ever since.
" On the 26th day of January, ultimo, I received the fol-
lowing letter from the Collector of the Customs at New
Orleans :
•' ' Custom-house, New Orleans, Collector's Office, January 14, 1861.
" ' SiK, — I have the honor to inform you that the United States bar-
racks below the city have been taken possession of in the name of the
State of Louisiana, as will appear by the enclosed communication from
" C. M. Bradford, Captain Louisiana Infantry." I shall take steps to re-
move these invalids, if necessary, at an early date, and with due regard
to economy. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
"'F. H. Hatch, Collector.
" ' Hon. P. F. Thomas,
" ' Secretary of the Treasury, Washington.'
" In this letter was enclosed one fi'om Captain Bradford, to which it
alluded, and which is as follows:
" ' Barracks, near New Orleans, January 13 (Sunday), 1861.
" ' Sir, — On the 11th instant I took possession of these barracks in the
name of the State of Louisiana, and they will hereafter be held by the
same authority. I find herein some two hundred and sixteen invalids
and convalescent patients, who were removed here some months ago, by
your authority, from the Marine Hospital on the opposite bank of the
river during the recent overflow.
"'As these quarters will all be required for the Louisiana troops now
being enlisted, I have to request that you will immediately remove those
patients who are convalescent, and, as soon as in the opinion of the resi-
dent surgeon it may be practicable and humane, those who are now
confined to their beds.
" ' I beg leave farther to add that the quarters now occupied by the
surgeon and his assistants, nurses, stewards, etc., will remain at their use
and disposal as long as may, in the surgeon's opinion, be necessary.
" ' Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
" ' C. M. Bradford,
" ' Captain, First Louisiana Infantry.
"'F. H. Hatch, Esq.,
" ' Collector U. S. Customs, New Orleans.'
1860-1861.] MARINE HOSPITAL INHUMANLY MOLESTED. 3G9
" On the following day I sent to the Collector the following despatch
by telegraph :
" ' Treasury Department, January 27, 1801.
•"Apply to the Governor of Louisiana to revoke Captain Bradford's
order. Remonstrate with the Governor against the inhumanity of turn-
ing the sick out of the hospital. If he refuses to interfere, have them
removed under the care of the resident surgeon, and do all in your
power to provide for their comfort. John A. Dix,
" ' Secretary of the Treasury.
'"F. H. Hatch,
" ' Collector of Customs, New Orleans.'
" On the 28th I addressed the following letter to the Collector :
'"Treasury Department, January 28, 1861.
" ' Sin, — I did not receive until the 26th instant yours of the 14th,
informing me that the United States barracks below the city of New
Orleans had "been taken possession of in the name of the State of
Louisiana." I found enclosed a copy of the letter of Caj)tain C. M. Brad-
ford, of the First Louisiana Infantry, advising you that he had taken
possession of the barracks ; that they would " be required for the Louisi-
ana troops now being enlisted ;" and requesting you to " immediately re-
move those patients who are convalescent, and, as soon as in the opinion
of the resident surgeon it may be practicable and humane, those also
who are now confined to their beds." He also states that the barracks
contained " two hundred and sixteen invalids and convalescent patients."
" ' On this transaction, as an outrage to the public authority, I have no
comment to make. But I cannot believe that a proceeding so discordant
with the character of the peojile of the United States, and so revolting
to the civilization of the age, has had the sanction of the Governor of
the State of Louisiana. I sent a telegraphic message to you yesterday,
desiring you to remonstrate with him against the inhumanity of Captain
Bradford's order, and ask him to revoke it. But if he should decline to
interfere, I instructed you in regard to the removal and treatment of the
sick; and, in that event, I trust you will carry out my direction, not
merely with " economy," but with a careful regard to their helpless con-
dition.
" ' The barracks, it seems, were taken possession of on the 11th instant.
Captain Bradford's letter is dated the 13th, and yours the 14th, though I
had no information on the subject until the 26th. I infer from the news-
paper paragraph you enclosed, which telegraphic advices in regard to
the subject-matter show to be of a later date than your letter, that the
latter was not despatched until the 21st or 22d instant. I hope I am
mistaken, and that the cause of the delay is to be found in some unex-
plained interruption of the mail. I should otherwise have great reason
I.— 2i
370
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
to be dissatisfied that the infurraiition was not more promptly communi-
cated.'
" ' From the tone of the newspaper paragraph you enclosed, and from
the seizure of the barracks, in violation of a usage of humanity, which in
open war between contending nations, and even in the most revengeful
civil conflicts between kindred races, has always held sacred from dis-
turbance edifices dedicated to the care and comfort of the sick, I fear
that no public property is likely to be respected. You will, therefore,
have no more money expended on the revenue-cutter Washington, now
hauled up for repnirs, until I can have the assurance that she will not be
seized as soon as she is refitted, and taken into the service of those who
are seeking to break up the Union and overthrow the authority of the
Federal Government.
" ' I am, respectfully, yours, Joim A. Drx,
" ' Secretary of the Treasury.
"'F. H. Hatch, Esq.,
" ' Collector of Customs, New Orleans.' "
I must now give the history of the famous despatch refer-
ring to the American flag. It made a profound impression
on the country, and fell like a live coal on a mass of material
ready to ignite. There are two accounts, both given by my
father ; one may be found in the second volume of his pub-
lished Speeches and Occasional Addresses, under Section V.
of his communication to the House of Representatives. The
other is now printed for the first time. It was written for
Mrs. "VYilliam T. Blodgett, of New York, with the request
that it should not be published during his own lifetime or
that of ex-President Buchanan. The limitation has long since
expired, and I am glad to be able to present this most inter-
esting document to the reader, referring him for additional
particulars to the official report made to Congress :
" Ilcad-quartcrs, Dopartment of the East,
New York City, March 31, 1865.
"Mt dear Mns. Blodgett, — I fulfil the promise, made to you last
summer, to give you the history of the order issued by me to shoot any
man who should attempt to haul down the American flag. The only
request I make is that no publication shall be given to it during my
life and Mr. Buchanan's.
" I was requested by Mr. Buchanan to go to Washington early in Jan-
uary, 1861. He said he wished me to take a place in his Cabinet, and
^m^gjUMi
su,
f^
^diMoa^i
f
^0^^
^^^
'^a^
^^^
FACSIMILE OF THE DESPATCH.
1
II
1860-1861.] THE FAMOUS ''AMERICAN FLAG DESPATCH." 371
oflFeretl me the War Department, which I declined. Mr. Holt, Postmas-
ter-general, was Acting Secretary of War, and I told the President I could
do nothing in that office to which the incumbent was not fully adequate.
But I said to him that if ho thought I could be of any use to him in
the Treasury Department, I would not refuse it. lie replied that ho
thought he could make the arrangement, and I left Wasiiington for New
York. Before I reached homo I saw my appointment in the newspapers.
Howell Cobb had resigned as Secretary of the Treasury a few weeks be-
fore and returned to Georgia, for the purpose of co-operating with that
State in the attempt to break up the Union. Philip F. Thomas of Mary-
land had been appointed in his place, but had not responded to the
expectations of the President or the country in the performance of its
duties, the credit of the government having fallen under him even to a
lower ebb than under his predecessor.
"I entered on my duties on the 15th day of January, 1801, and at Mr.
Buchanan's urgent request stayed with him at the President's house.
Forts, arsenals, and revenue -cutters in the Southern States had been
seized by the local authorities. No effort had been made by the gov-
ernment to secure its property ; and there was an apparent indifference
in the public mind to these outrages which was incomprehensible to me.
"On the 18th of January, three days after I entered on my duties,
I sent a special messenger, W. Hemphill Jones, Esq., who was chief clerk
in one of the bureaus of the Treasury Department, to New Orleans, for
the purpose of saving the revenue-cutters in that city. He was then to
proceed to Mobile and Galveston and try to save the revenue-cutters
there. My orders were to provision them and send them to New York.
I knew if they remained there that the State authorities would take
possession of them.
" I received from ]\Ir. Jones, on the 29th of January, the despatch pub-
lished on page 440, vol. ii., of my Specclies, advising me that Captain
Breshwood, of the revenue-cutter McClelland^ refused to obey my order.
It was about seven o'clock in the evening. I had dined, and was at
the department as usual, transacting business. The moment I read it I
wrote the following order:
" 'Treasury Department, January 29, 18C1.
" ' Tell Lieutenant Caldwell to arrest Captain Breshwood, assume com-
mand of the cutter, and obey the order I gave through you. If Captain
Breshwood, after arrest, undertakes to interfere with the command of
the cutter, tell Lieutenant Caldwell to consider him as a mutineer, and
treat him accordingly. If any one attempts to haul down the American
flag, shoot him on the spot. John A. Dix,
" ' Secretary of the Treasury.'
372
MEMOIBS OF JOHN ADJMS DIX.
" Not a word was oltercd ; but tho original was hamlccl to tbo clerk
charged with tho custody of my telegraphic despatches, copied by
him, and tho copy signed by mc and sent to its destination. Before I
sent it, however, a question of military etiquette arose in my mind in re-
gard to the arrest of Captain Bresliwood, and I took a carriage and drove
to the lodgings of Lieutenant-general Scott, to consult him in regard to
it. Mr. Stanton was then Attorney-general. My relations with him were
of tho t^.ost intimate character; and as ho resided near General Scott's
lodgings I drove to his house first, and showed the despatch to him.
lie approved of it, and made somo remark expressing his gratifica-
tion at tho tono of tho order. General Scott said I was right on tho
question of etiquette, and I think expressed his gratification that I had
taken a decided stand against Southern invasions of the authority of
the government. I immediately returned to tho department and sent
the despatch. General Scott, Mr. Stanton, and tho clerk who copied it
were tho only persons who saw it.
" It was on Tuesday evening, the weekly drawing-room evening of
Miss Lane, and before nine o'clock I was with her visitors.
"I decided when I wrote the order to say nothing to tho President
about it. I was satisfied that, if ho was consulted, he would not permit
it to be sent. Though indignant at tho course of the Southern States,
and the men about him who had betrayed his confidence — Cobb, Floyd,
and others — ono leading idea had taken possession of his mind, that in
tlic civil contest which threatened to break out the North must not shed
the first drop of blood. This idea is the key to his submission to much
which should have been met with prompt and vigorous resistance.
During the seven weeks I was with him he rarely failed to come to my
room about ten o'clock, and converse with me for about an hour on tho
great questions of the day before going to his own room. I was strong-
ly impressed with his conscientiousness. But he was timid and credu-
lous. His confidence was easily gained, and it was not difficult for an
artful man to deceive him. But I remember no instance in my unreserved
intercourse with him in which I had reason to doubt his uprightness.
" Tuesdays and Fridays were Cabinet days. The members met, with-
out notice, at the President's house in the morning. My order was given,
as has been stated, on Tuesday evening. I said nothing to tho President
in regard to it, though he was with me every evening, until Friday, when
the members of the Cabinet were all assembled, and the President was
about to call our attention to the business of the day. I said to him, ' Mr.
President, I fear we have lost some more of our revenue-cutters.' ' Ah !'
said he, ' how is that?' I then told him what had occurred down to the
receipt of the despatch from Mr. Jones, informing me that Captain Bresh-
1860-18GI.] GENERAL DIX'S VALUABLE TESTIMONIAL. 373
wood rt'fiisc'l to obey my order. * Well,' said ho, • what did you do ?' I
tlien repeated to him, slowly and distinctly, the order I had sent. When
I came to tiio words, ' Slioot him on the spot,' he started suddenly, and
said, with a good deal of emotion, ' Did you write that ?' ' No, sir,' I said,
• I did not write it, but I telegraphed it.' lie made no answer; nor do I
remember that ho ever referred to it nftof ward. It Avaa manifest, as I
liad presupposed, that the order would never have been given if I had
consulted him.
" It only remains for me to say that the order was not the result of any
premeditation — scarcely of any thought. A conviction of the right course
to bo taken was as instantaneous as a flash of light ; and I did not think,
when I seized the nearest pen (a very bad one, as the fac-simile shows)
and wrote the order in as little time as it would take to read it, that I
was doing anything specially worthy of remembrance. It touched the
public mind and heart strongly, no doubt, because the blood of all patri-
otic men was boiling with indignation at the humiliation which we were
enduring; and I claim no other merit than that of having thought right-
ly, and of having expressed strongly what I felt in commou with tho
great body of my countrymen.
" It gives me great pleasure, my dear Mra. Blodgctt, to place in your
hands this plain history of an official net which has made me so nuich
your debtor. I can never forget that I owe to your kindness tho most
valuable testimonial of my public services that I have ever received.
The obligation is the more grateful to me, because you seem of all others
to be the least conscious of tho value of what you have conferred.
" With the sincerest regard, your friend, John A. Dix."
Such is the history of the famous despatch. In conchiding
it I quote my father's words by way of explanation and justi-
fication of his language. lie says, in his report to Congress :
" It may be proper to add, in reference to the closing pe-
riod of the foregoing despatch, that as the flag of the Union,
since 1777, when it was devised and adopted by tlie founders
of the Republic, had never until a recent day been hauled
down, except by honorable liands in manly conflict, no hesita-
tion was felt in attempting to uphold it at any cost against an
act of treachery, as the ensign of the public authority and the
emblem of unnumbered victories by land and sea."
The valuable testimonial referred to at the close of this let-
ter was a flag, designed by Leutze, made by Tiffany & Co.,
j:
374
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS BIX.
and given to General Dix by Mrs. Blodgett at the Metropoli-
tan Fair in 1864. An account of the presentation will be
found farther on. In the mean time the reader may be glad
to know the history of the flag which was flying on the rev-
enue-cutter when the now famous despatch was sent to Mr.
Hemphill Jones. The striking incidents are contained in the
following documents :
" Head-qnarters, Department of tlie Gulf,
New Orleans, La., June 26, 1863.
" My dear General, — When I read your decisive and patriotic order,
as Secretary of Treasury, 'to shoot on the spot' whomsoever should at-
tempt to liaal down the American flag, luy lieart bounded with joy. It
wns the first bold stroke in favor of the Union under the past adminis-
tration.
" It gives me, therefore, redoubled pleasure more directly to testify
my admiration by sending you the identical flag of the revenue-cutter
McClelland, which was the subject of that order, together with the Con-
federate flag which was hoisted by traitor hands in its place.
" David Ritchie, a young Scotch sailor on board that boat, remaining
true to his adopted country when so many of her sons proved recreant,
went on board the McClelland when she was being burnt by the Confed-
erates and brought oif the flags.
" His aflSdavit, which accompanies this, will give the detail of the
facts,
" I doubt not the Secretary of the Treasury will permit you to retain
the flags, which could not be in better hands.
" Believe me. General, most truly yours, Benj. F. Butler."
" To Major-general John A. Dix.
" * Statement of David Ritchie.
'"Am a native of Montrose, in the north of Scotland; have lived in
tlus country seven years ; have followed the sea as a profession since I
left school.
'"For two years prior to August, 1859, 1 was employed by Henry
Mitchell, Esq., in the United States Coast Survey Department, From
this I enlisted on board the revenue -cutter Hobert McClelland, at the
time she was put in commission in New York.
" ' Was on the New York station about a year, and then left for New
Orleans, where the McClelland was to relieve the revenue-cutter Wash-
ington. Arrived at New Orleans late in September. After Mr. Jones, the
1860-1861.] HISTORY OF ANOTHEB REVENUE-CUTTER. 375
special agent from Secretary Dix, arrived I lieard Captain Hudgins of the
McClelland say that Mr. Jones had read the famous order — "Shoot tlie
first man that attempts to haul down the American flag " — in the cabin
of the McClelland^ and had placed Captain Breshwood in irons for dis-
obedience of orders. About a week after this the Revenue flag was taken
down from the McClelland and put into the signal-house. For about
two "weeks no flag was raised ; then the Secession flag was run up to the
peak.
" ' On the night of the 24th of April last, the authorities here, learn-
ing that the Federal fleet had passed the f( rts, determined to burn the
McClelland. She lay at the dock in Algiers, and as they were remov-
ing such articles in her as they wished to save I remarked to a friend
that I was bound to get the old Revenue flag and the Secession one also.
About hf If-past two o'clock, on the morning of the 2J>th of April, the
McClelland was droi)ped off", and her anchors let go and then fired. Just
before she dropped off I jumped aboard and went to the signal-house,
where among various signal flags I found the Revenue and Secession
flags, and rolled them up and carried them off", and have since kept them
in my house in Algiers.
" ' I am perfectly certain and satisfied that this Revenue flag is the iden-
tical one which elicited the noted order of General Dix, and tliat the oth-
er is the flag which has been flying from the McClelland since, until the
capture of the forts. (Signed) David Ritchie.
" ' Subscribed and sworn to before me,
" ' (Signed) Wm. M. Ball, Provost Judge.' "
!
The history of another of the revenue-cutters may also be
given here, by way of completing the gloomy picture of that
anxious time. I take it from the Secretary's official report
already referred to.
The revenue - cutter Ilenry Dodge, at Galveston, Texas,
was understood to be so much out of repair as to render it
very questionable whether she could be safely taken to New
York. Under these circumstances, the following order was
sent to her commanding officer :
" Treasury Department, January 23, 1861.
" Sm, — If the revenue-cutter Ilenry Dodge, to tho command of which
you were assigned by an order of the 19th instant, should on examina-
tion prove to be seaworthy, you will immediately provision her for six
376
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
weeks and sail for New York, reporting yourself on arrival to the collect-
or of the port. While making your preparations for sailing you will
exercise the utmost vigilance in guarding your vessel against attack
from any quarter. If any hostile movement should be made against
you, you will defend yourself to the last extremity. The national flag
must not be dishonored. If you are in danger of being overpowered by
superior numbers, you will put to sea and proceed to Key West to pro-
vision ; or if intercepted so that you cannot go to sea, and are unable to
keep possession of your vessel, you will run her ashore, and if possible
blow her up, so that she may not be used against the United States.
" I am, very respectfully, John A. Dix,
" Secrctaiy of the Treasury.
" Captain J. J. Morrison,
" Commanding rcvenue-cuttcr Henry Dodge, Galveston, Texas."
"It was the determination of this Department to adopt such measures
as to prevent, if possible, the revenue-vessels, for which it was responsi-
ble, from being taken by force, and used for the purpose of overthrowing
the public authority. Any attempt to gain possession of them by mili-
tary coercion could not be regarded in any other light than as an act of
war, proper to be resisted by force of arms ; and it was deemed far more
creditable to the country that *^^hey should be blown into fragments than
that they should be pusillanimously or treacherously surrendered and
employed against the government which they were constructed and
commissioned to support.
" At the last accounts the Dodge, in consequence of her unfitness to
proceed to New York, was to be placed at the disposal of the Coast
Survey in the vicinity of Galveston for temporary service, in case of any
hostile demonstration against her. Captain Morrison, who was ordered
to take charge of her before his fidelity to the government was question-
ed, having been dismissed from the service, the command has devolved
on Lieutenant William F. Rogers, in whose good faith and firmness
entire confidence is reposed.
" It only remains to state, under this branch of the inquiries addressed
to this Department, that Captain John G. Brcshwood and Lieutenants
S. B. Caldwell and Thomas D. Fistcr, who voluntarily surrendered the
revenue - cutter Robert McClelland to the State of Louisiana, have been
dismissed from the Revenue Service.
" I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
" John A. Dix,
" Secretary of the Treasury.
"Hon, Wm. Pennington,
" Speaker of the House of Representatives."
1860-1861.]
MEMORABLE WORDS.
877
General Dix's service as Secretary of the Treasury, though
brief, was very important. When called to that position the
financial affairs of the government were apparently beyond
redemption ; the Treasury was without money, the adminis-
tration without credit. Ilequisitions from the various depart-
ments, to the extent of nearly ^2,000,000, were on the table,
with no funds to meet their payment; the Treasury notes
overdue amounted to about $350,000. Not a dollar could be
had from the bankers and capitalists of "Wall S';reet. No one
would have undertaken the apparently desperate task of
bridging over the interval between the outgoing and incom-
ing administrations except a man who was both confident in
his ability to meet the crisis, and unselfish enough to risk a
total failure ; no one would have been equal to the emergency
except a man who placed the love of his country above all
personal and private considerations, and had impHcit confi-
dence in her future. His success was complete. He cleansed
and purified, in great measure, what had become a house of
corruption ; he transferred to the hands of Mr. Chase, Presi-
dent Lincoln's Secretary, a balance of $6,000,000, applicable
to the current expenses of the government. In a word, he
set the National Government on its legs, restored the credit
of the country, and put it in a position to meet the shock un-
der which, if not so strengthened, ii must have gone down.
All this was done, not only with consummate financial ability,
but in the spirit of the broadest patriotism, and with an ear-
nest effort to avert the terrible arbitration of war. Referring
to the desires and hopes which actuated himself and his col-
leagues during the close of the last Democratic administra-
tion that the country has seen, he left on record these mem-
orable words:*
"Throughout the whole course of encroachment and ag-
gression the Federal Government has borne itself with a
spirit of patenial forbearance of which there is no example
* Speeches and Occasional Addresses, vol. ii., page 424.
378
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
in the history of public society, waiting in patient hope that
the empire of reason would resume its sway over those
whom the excitement of passion has thus far blinded, and
trusting that the friends of good order, wearied with sub-
mission to proceedings which they disapproved, would at no
distant day rally under the banner of the Union, and exert
themselves with vigor and success against the prevailing
recklessness and violence."
In the London Observer^ February 9, 1862, a sensational
story appeared about an alleged " Cabinet Scene." It ran
as follows:
" Major Anderson, when commanding Fort Moultrie,
Charleston Harbor, finding his position endangered, passed
his garrison, by a prompt and brilliant movement, over to the
stronger fortress of Sumter ; whereupon Mr. Floyd, Secretary
of "War, much excited, called upon the President, to say that
Major Andei*son had violated express orders and thereby seri-
ously compromised him (Floyd), and that unless the major
was immediately remanded to Fort Moultrie he should resign
the War-office.
" The Cabinet was assembled directly. Mr. Buchanan, ex-
plaining the er^barrassment of the Secretary of War, remark-
ed that the act of Major Anderson would occasion exaspera-
tion in the South. He had told Mr. Floyd that, as the govern-
ment was strong, forbearance toward erring brethren might
win them back to their allegiance, and that that officer might
be ordered back.
" After an ominous silence, the President inquired how the
suggestion struck his Cabinet.
"Mr. Stanton, then Attorney -general, answered: 'That
course, Mr. President, ought certainly to be regarded as most
liberal toward erring brethren ; but while one member of your
Cabinet has fraudulent acceptances for millions of dollars
afloat, and while the confidential clerk of another — himself in
Carolina teaching rebellion — has just stolen $900,000 from
the Indian Trust Fund, the experiment of ordering Major
1860-1861.] A PERVERSION, TERMED A *' CABINET SCENE." 379
Anderson back to Fort Moultrie would be dangerous. But
if you 'utend to try it, before it is done I beg that you will
accept my resignation.'
" ' And mine,' added the Secretary of State, Mr. Black.
" ' And mine also,' said the Postmaster-general, Mr. Holt.
"'And mine too,'- followed the Secretary of the Treasury,
General Dix.
" This, of course, opened the bleared eyes of the President,
and the meeting resulted in the acceptance of Mr. Floyd's
resignation."
This highly colored narrative was not only untrue, but may
be taken as a specimen of the numerous inventions of a time
of excitement. I have the written testimony of two of the
alleged actore that no such thing occurred at any time while
they were in the Cabinet. General Dix, in reply to a letter
from a gentleman who quoted the foregoing extract, and
asked for information as to its authenticity, says :
" New York, September 11, 1863.
" Dear Sir, — I owe you an apology for so long neglecting to answer
your letter of the 31st ultimo.
" I do not recollect any circumstances like those stated in the extract
quoted in your letter. The extract is in more than one respect altogether
eiToneous. I never met Mr, Floyd in Mr. Buchanan's Cabinet. I was
appointed Secretary of the Treasury after Mr. Floyd had retired from the
War Department, and while the duties were discharged by the Post-
master-general, Mr. Holt. During my connection with Mr. Buchanan's
administration no incident occurred to suggest to me a tender of my
resignation.
" My public duties have been so engrossing that I have been unable
to refer to memoranda of dates, etc., but I will do so, if my answer is not
sufficiently explicit. I am, respectfully yours,
" JouN A. Dix.
"Augustus Scuell, Esq."
Judge Black, another of the persons mentioned in the ac-
count, says, in a letter addressed to me December 10, 1881 :
" What is called a ' Cabinet Scene ' was falsely described in
a way to do Mr. Buchanan gi-eat injury, and he felt it deeply
380
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
for tlie last seven years of his life. Some of the versions
represent General Dix as backing Stanton, and others in bul-
lying and insulting the President, who, according to all the
stories, submitted like a coward and backed out of his pre-
determined measure. It was a mere fabrication; nothing
at all like it ever took place. The date assigned to it by
the inventors was before General Dix was appointed. Never-
theless, the lie had such a run, that some friend of General
Dix, after his death, repeated it in an obituary notice. I
trust you will pardon me for suggesting that you may honor
your father by showing that he never countenanced this false-
hood. I cannot furnish the proof that he ever publicly con-
tradicted it, but you doubtless know that he often expressed
his contempt for it and its authors. I speak confidently, be-
cause he was incapable of doing anything to encourage a
mere slander."
On the inauguration of President Lincoln, General Dix
returned to New York. Before his departure from Washing-
ton he took leave of his associates and friends in a farewell
interview, which is thus described in the National Intelli-
gencer of March 8, 1861 :
" Valedictory of Mr. Secretary Dix.
" Yesterday, in the saloon of the south wing of the Treas-
ury building, there was a very large meeting, consisting of
over two hundred and fifty in number, almost spontaneously
assembled, of the heads of bureaus and clerks of the Treasury
Department, to pay their farewell respects to General Dix,
whose brilliant administration of the Treasury Department
during the past eight weeks has restored confidence in the
financial world, and his affable manners and prompt business
habits have secured him the affection as well as respect of all
those who were brought into communication with him.
" The meeting was altogether informal, and, by request, Mr.
Medill, the First Comptroller of the Treasury, made the fol-
lowing address to General Dix :
1860-1861.] GENERAL DIX'S REPLY TO THE ADDRESS. 381
" ' General Dix, — Tlie heads of bureaus and the clerks of
the Treasury Department have sought this occasion to express
to you their high appreciation of the dignity and efficiency
with which you have presided over and administered the
affaire of the Department, and to take a respectful leave of
you before you depart for that home from which you were so
suddenly and so unexpectedly drawn by the demands of your
country.
" ' Called, Sir, to a most difficult position at a time of un-
precedented embarrassment, and when the credit and the
Treasury of the country were almost equally low, it was not
long until your energy and high character restored both.
"'Your kind deportment and quiet amenity of manners
have secured you the pereonal respect and warmest regards of
all who had the pleasure of serving under your direction, and
we now avail ourselves of the opportunity to bid you adieu,
and to wish you every happiness which a grateful country
can bestow.'
" To this address General Dix made the following reply :
"'Governor Medill and Gentlemen, — When I came
here I was not aware that any remarks were to be addressed
to me. Much less could I have anticipated that they would
have been couched in language so far transcending any merit
that I possess. I beg you to be assured, however, that I am
not the less grateful for the kind feelings by which they have
been dictated.
" ' When I requested you to meet together, it was for the
pui'pose of affording me an opportunity of expressing to you
my deep sense of the fidelity and zeal with which you have
discharged your various duties during my brief connection
with the Treasury Department. We have, it is true, seen lit-
tle of each other ; but I know you must have understood the
true cause — the severe pressure upon me during a period of
unprecedented financial embarrassment, caused by a combina-
tion to overthrow the government on the part of men who
382
MEMOIRS OF JO UN ADAMS DIX.
1,1
were living upon its bounty. If I have, by the force of cir-
cumstances, been constrained to give prominence to the con-
eequences of that conspiracy in other sections of the country,
you may rest assured that it has been no pleasant duty. It
was performed because it was a duty, and because it was be-
lieved that the moral of this lesson of disloyalty to the Union
would be best read in the odiousness of its manifestations — its
recklessness, its violence, and its open disregard of high official
obligations. Happily, its influence on this and other depart-
ments of the Government has been neutralized ; and I take
pleasure in saying that, in the talents and personal integrity
of my successor in office, the country may confidently count
on an able, honest, and efficient administration of its finances.
You all know that I have during the last eight weeks been in
intimate association, not only officially but personally, with the
late Chief Magistrate of the Union, under whom most of you
have served during the past four years ; and I should do in-
justice to my own feelings if I were not to say that I have
been strongly impressed with the purity of his motives, his
conscientiousness, his thorough acquaintance with the business
of government in its most complex details, and his anxious
desire that the unhappy questions which distract the country
may have a peaceful solution. His responsibilities have now
passed into other hands ; and I trust that no one within the
reach of my voice may forget that an administration consti-
tutionally fonned is the government of the country, and that
its labors for the public good, and its efforts at this juncture
to restore harmony and confidence, should meet with a cordial
and disinterested support. I did all I could to prevent it
from coming into power, but I consider it a duty to test it
by its merits, and its just measures should never encounter
in any of us a factious opposition.
" ' And now. Gentlemen, I must bid you farewell. There
has been much in the course of our association, brief as it has
been, there is much in the surrounding circumstances of its
close, to render this parting painful. It is not in the order
1860-1861.] PUBLIC DINNER TENDERED TO GENERAL DIX. 383
of human life that another sun shall see us all re-assembled.
But, wherever you may go, however widely we may be sepa-
rated from each other, you will carry with you my best wishes
for your prosperity. For myself, having laid down the bur-
den of my oflBcial service, I shall return, with a feeling of
relief which no one can understand, to my domestic occupar
tions and duties, trusting that no public necessity may again
call me from them. But if the dark clouds by which our
political horizon is overcast shall continue to obscure it, if
the emergency shall come, I hope I may not forget that every
citizen owes what remains to him of strength, or health, or
life to the maintenance of the honor and welfare of the
country.'
"The company present then severally advanced and ex-
changed parting salutations with the highly esteemed Secre-
tary, ar.d afterward retired."
Upon his return to New York, General Dix received an
invitation to a public dinner. The letter and his reply form a
part of the history of his services as Secretary of the Treasury :
" New York, March 4, 1861.
"Ilonordble John A. Dix:
" Deau Sin, — The undersigned, your fellow citizens of New York, de-
sire to express their grateful sense of the efficient services rendered by
you at a critical emergency in the affairs of the country.
" Your management ot the National Treasury, at a period when dis-
trust and disorder seriously menaced the public welfare, was marked by
decision, firmness, and fidelity to the great trust confided to you. Under
your prompt and sagacious action confidence was restored, the national
credit preserved, and the integrity of the laws vindicated.
"As members of a community deeply interested in the maintenance of
all the authority of constitutional government, the undersigned feel a
just pride in the success achieved by one connected with them by ties
of citizenship and a common sense of public duty; they earnestly request,
therefore, that you will afibrd the citizens of New York an opportunity
of expressing these sentiments in a more appropriate manner, by con-
senting to accept a public dinner in this city, at such time as may bo
most convenient to yourself.
384
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
" The undersigned avail tliemselves of this occasion to assure you of
their sinccro and most respectful regard.
"LuTHEn BuADien,
Hamilton Fish,
P. Perit,
Wm, H. Aspinwall,
D. Thompson,
Shepherd Knapp,
Watts Sherman,
W. B. ASTOR,
B. R. WlNTHROP,
Benj. H. Field,
Wm. Chauncey,
Samuel Osgood,
B. W. Bonney,
F. De Peyster,
Geo, S. Coe,
Abram S. IIewitt,
Morris K. Jesui
Moses Taylor,
F. Tileston,
Jas, Gallatin,
Wm. a. Booth,
David Hoadley,
Jos. D. Alsop,
Edwin Bartlett, ,
Henry Ciiauncey,
Theodore Deiion,
O. D. F. Grant,
Wm. Barlow,
Morris Ketchum,
Joseph Laurence,
Peter Cooper,
Greene C. Bronson,
John H. Swift,
S. Baldwin,
James G. King,
Gracie King,
Henry A. Hurlburt,
Robert L. Stuart,
Robert B. Minturn,
Danl. F. Tiemann,
Wm. H. Appleton,
8. B. Chittenden,
John J. Phelps,
George Bliss,
Waldkn Pell,
George Opdyke,
Alex. T. Stewart,
Fredk. S. Winston,
J. Green Pearson,
j. punnett,
Samuel B. Rugoles,
A. E. Silliman,
M. H. QRINNEUi,
Wm. V. Brady,
R. H. McCURDY,
Nathl. Hayden,
Saml. D. Babcock,
Wm, & John O'Brien,
Henry E. Davies,
August Belmont,
Wm. p. Lee,
Gabriel Mead,
Richard Berry,
A. A. Low,
Royal Phelps,
Geo. T. Eliot,
Geo. B. De Forest,
M. Morgan & Sons,
J. Kernochan,
R. Withers,
William B. Taylor,
Charles A. Davis,
Edwd. Whitehouse,
G. W. Duer,
John D. Jones,
Robert C. Goodhue,
Wm. Nelson & Sons,
David Adee,
Jas. M. Brown,
Howard Potter,
AV. H, Hays,
Cammann & Co.,
E. T. H. Gibson,
Sajil. T. Skidmore,
Marshall O. Roberts,
George Folsom,
A. P. Halsey,
J. L. Douglass,
Edwin Croswell,
Wm. T, Coleman & Co,,
Stewart Brown,
W. C, Wetmore,
Henry Grinnell,
Alfred Pell,
G. T. Bobbins,
Jas. D. p. Ogden,
John J. Cisco,
W. H, Johnson,
Jonathan Sturges,
A, C. KiNGSLAND,
Wm. G. Lambert,
Tuo, J, Howes,
Morris Franklin,
Jonathan D, Steele,
J. M. McLean,
Ward & Co.,
C. R, Robert,
Wm. E. Dodge,
J, R. Whiting,
Arthur Leary,
Geo. p. Morris,
Cyrus W. Field,
Thos. Clerke,
Jos. Sutherland,
D. p. Ingraham,
Henry Welles,
Wm. H. Leonard,
John T. Hoffman,
Henry Hilton,
Chas. p. Leverich,
E. H. Gillilan,
Geo. T. Strong,
Chas. A. Peabody,
And. Carrigan,
H. G. Bronson,
James J. Roosevelt,
Alex. W. Bradford,
Murray Hoffman,
Chas. P. Daly,
J. W. Gerard."
1860-1861.] RECEPTION AT THE CITY HALL, NEW YORK. 385
♦•Now York, March 13, 1861.
" Gentlemen, — I have the honor to acknowledge tho communicntion
which you presented to mc yesterday, signed by a large number of my
fellow-citizens, expressing their approbation of my official service in tho
Treasury Department, and inviting mc to accept a public dinner in tliis
city at some convenient time.
" I have no words to express my thankfulness for tho honor intended
for me, or my gratification in being assured that my brief administration of
the financial department of the government has been deemed worthy of
the approbation of those whoso interests are so intimately interwoven
with it. I am not conscious of having done any farther service than that
which every good citizen owes to his government, in laboring to uphold
its credit and its authority. That it has been rendered with earnestness,
an'l without regard to any other considerations than those which em-
bro ced in their scope the interests and the honor of the whole country, I
can sincerely say ; and in your approval I see, not so much tho merit
which you are pleased to ascribe to me, as your own devotion to tho
Union and its precious institutions, baptized in the blood of our common
ancestors, and bequeathed to us as an inheritance to be maintained if nec-
essary with our own. In its defence New York has in every emergency
borne a conspicuous part: in war, by sending her own citizens against
the common enemy, when the power of the General Government was in-
adequate to the public security; in seasons of financial embarrassment, by
pouring out her treasure to uphold the credit of the country, as her chil-
dren have poured out their blood to uphold its honor. I need not say
that I regard the approbation of such a community as the highest testi-
monial it can give and the most valuable any man can receive. I shall
cherish the expression of confidence you have tendered to me as one of tho
proudest recollections of my life, never forgetting that without your gen-
erous and disinterested support my own labors would have been fruitless.
" In conclusion, Gentlemen, I beg you to excuse me from accepting
the public dinner you have kindly tendered to me. You will, I know,
appreciate my motive when I ask quietly to allow me to return to my
domestic avocations. Residents of the same city, we shall often meet,
and never without a deep sense on my part of your generous confidence
and kindness.
" I am, with the sincerest respect and regard, your obedient servant,
"John A. Dix."
Although the public dinner was declined, he accepted an
invitation from the Mayor and Common Council to a recep-
tion at the City Hall, " for the purpose of affording the citi-
L— 25
380
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX,
zona of Now York an opportunity to express their high esti-
mation of him as a man and a patriot, in liis noble stand in
maintaining the dignity of tlio American flag and in the dis-
charge of the duties of liis office." Tlio day fixed was the
14th of March. A detachment of Police escorted him to the
City Hall, where he was met by the Hon. Fernando Wood,
and conducted to the Governor's Room. His reply to the
brief address of welcome was as follows :
" Mr. Mayor, — I thank you for the kind expressions with
which you have been pleased to receive me, and for the gi'eat-
er kindness which, as the chief magistrate of this city, you
have done me by consenting to be present on this occasion.
My thanks are especially duo to the Common Council for the
groat honor they have conferred on me by tendering to mo for
the reception of my friends a place usually appropriated to
those M'ho have far greater claims than myself to such a dis-
tinction. They have thought proper to place this mark of
their approbation on the ground of my recent services in the
Treasury Department. But, in truth, Mr. Mayor, I feel that
in this service I have done no more than any other sincere
friend of the Union would have done. If the public credit
is in danger of being dishonored, who would not strive by all
the means in his power to protect it ? If the public authori-
ty is set at defiance, what citizen with an honest heart in his
bosom would not labor zealously and fearlessly to defend and
uphold it ? These duties are no more than the common obli-
gations of loyalty to the government and to the Union, of
which the government is the representative. They became
mine in a peculiar sense when I was called to a position in
which they devolved on me as attributes of official service.
Whatever dishonor there might have been in disregarding or
violating them, the merit of fidelity to them is only that of
doing what it would have been discreditable not to have
done. Sir, I have no claim beyond this to the approbation
of my fellow-citizens. But I am not the less thankful for
1860-1861.]
LETIEllS OF Al'VliOVAL.
387
tho honor the Common Council have done mc. They have
given to mo tho most grateful of all welcomes — that which
proceeds from the confidence of those among whom wo live ;
and I beg to express to them through you my deep and last-
ing sense of their kindness."
Of tho great number of letters received at that time I
limit myself to transcribing the two which follow; tho one
from Governor Morgan, the other from the Hon. Revcrdy
Johnson :
"Albany, March 0,1801.
•T/je Ilonoralle John A. Dlx:
"My dear Sir, — I niu uot willing to let another day pass without
bearing my testimony, nnil expressing my sense of obligation to you, for
tho valuable services rendered to both our State and country by your
prompt occeptauco of and efficient discbarge of the duties of Sccrei ry
of the Treasury, at a period of peculiar trial and peril to the Natio..i_
Government.
" During the few weeks that you were at the head of the Treasury
Department, at tho close of President Buchanan's administration, you
happily brought order out of chaos, and gave to capitalists and to others
confidence and assurances that treason and traitors had done their worst,
and that henceforth law and order were to bear sAvay in the councils
of the Federal Government.
"Your patriotic course during the late most trying emergency has
placed tho people under obligations to you, which should not pass with-
out some public rccognitiou. And I am sure you neither desire nor can
you ever have any acknowledgment that will bo so gratifying as the
consciousness which you must ever possess of having, under God, faith-
fully discharged your duty.
"I have the honor to be, with very great respect, your obedient
servant, E. D. Morgan."
. •' Waahhigton, March 9, 1861.
"My dear Gexeral, — I join, with your permission, tho universal
voice in thanking you for the able and truly patriotic manner in which
you discharged, from the first, your duties as Secretary of the Treasury.
Such firmncfes and ability at the commcucemcnt of our troubles would,
I have no doubt, have preserved the Union. As it is, God only knows
what is to be the result. The revolution, though begun without the
smallest excuse, much less justification, has now progressed so far that
388
MEMOIRS OF JOHN ADAMS DIX.
nothing can arrest it, if that can, but conciliation. This may preserve
the border slave States, and I think -will. And that done, I have hopes
that, sooner or later, the rest will return. But I doubt, greatly doubt, if
the President is at all fit for the emergency ; and if he is not, civil war
may soon be upon us, and this will be ruin to all.
" Nothing but a severe indisposition, from which I am recovering but
slowly, prevented my bidding you an affectionate adieu before your leav-
ing here. Happen what may, I shall ever look with interest and confi-
dence to your future. Sincerely your friend,
"Reverdy Johnson.
"General Dix."
l!^
END OF VOL. I.
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