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Las diagrammas suivants illuatrant la mOthoda. 1 2 3 4 5 6 »«K»ocon nsoumoN tbt chart (ANSI ond ISO T£ST CHART No. 2) lii Hi 1^ |Z2 I^M^ _^ /APPLIED IM/OE I BrVi ^65 J East Woin Street S'-S Roch«ft«r. New York 1*609 US* ^S ("6) 482 -0300 -Phone ^S (7^6) 2Se-5989 -rax hi^ J! I! ik THE PRACTICAL Containing a plain description of the Parts of the Human Body and their uses ; Chapters on Food, Drink, Care of the Skin, Teeth, Hair. Eyes, Bathing, Etc., Etc. Special Chapters giving important infor- mation for every Woman ; with clear and full information for assisting the skillful efforts of the Doctor and for the Treatment of Accidents and Diseases. Arranged for ready reference. A CYCLOPAEDIA OF l=amilg Medicine, Surgem Nursing and Hggiene ' ''OR DAILY USB IN THC PPCSCPVATION Or HC.LTH AND CA^ or THE SICK AND INJUPCD Bv HcNPY Haptshopnc INTKODUCTION Br ALEXANDER McPHEDRAN, M.D. Etc Toronto - Canadu AOCURATHLY AND PHOn;SELY ILLUSTRATED New'Atid Revised Edition l^ntered, kreordinK to Art of Congress in the yaer 1901 , l>y W. E. SCULL In the office of the Librari«n of Congress. INTRODUCTION. By o-r ab!l"5S^^j:,^«J^f^^^ book w. Written hou^holde, especially in thoL pl^''j,^° *J« ^^^^-^ ^'"-of their cal Assistance is not easily oEef tk°"^ in which Medi- foundinte«,ting.especially'^the r^^ ^'^^'''^ ^^--^^ will be NcHs,NOTHi.8icK.TmonVXo?e^«rT ^'H^^^^^and to formstructionsinsuchmatterSmZ \*^'™ " ""^^'^ °««<1 ^ Livmo to keep people we7i ^aT "'\^ ^°°« ^^ H^^lth- be neglected in teaSHhlm what clnd^" *'*' "° "^^°« ^^-''^ what am injurious, in ordeHhlt th- ^ '^^"'^^^"l. and avoid the latter as far as ^iSe '^'^ '^"^ "^^ ^^e former and -^^^nrsirir^t^^^^ *^« -fort and that the chapters devoted to Nct™f ll' ^^^^'''^ '^»-°g. «> by all who have such duty topd °"'' "* ''^"^""^ «*"died each wiirCl?n:^illtTnd7' !'' ^-^^ -fol for of a Physician cannot be oSf n J ^"'' "^''^ *^* ^'^'^ mtelligently applied. the^^uZt t"" '""'^ circumstances, ^'^^ P'-djn s'uch d^^^^ ""' "^'^^''"^^ *^ intended' to"dtprceThe^ilr^m ^^^^^^ T *^'* '^« ^^ « »<>« to assist in canying out t^hysi Si"-" T " ^"^^^^^^^^ -^ patient. Many of the most serious dl *'°°' '"^ """'"? tbe For instance, in Dxph^b^*" h^ \'™ ^"'^ "^^'^ ''t fi«t. throat at the beginn^Tnd trv Zl ^ °°^^ ' ''^^^^^ -™ cannot be certain what th;di J 7J^'^ «ven the Physician --present. - it must notpX^^;-°r r^^ MANUAL OF MEDICINE occur quite unexpectedly when not prevalent. So it is with Scas- vet FcvEB, AcuTK Brioht's D18KA8K, and others. While it isi therefore, desirable that parents should not be over anxious about the slight ailments of their children, it is important that they should not forget that many serious diseases b(Bgin as slight aiK ments. During recent years much advance has been made in out knowledge of the causes of some diseases, and the best means of preventing and curing them. For example, the germ of Malaria is now quite well known, and it is practically certain that the disease is spread by means of a certain kind of mosquito — ^the "Anophbles." The malarial germ grows in the body of the moequlto and is ii^eoted into human beings when the mosquito forces its proboscis through the skin to suck the blood. Almost all living in low-lying districts in which water lodges have malaria because they were bitten by these infected moequitos which were present in great numbers in such places. When such districts are drained most of the mosquitoe disappear, and thoee left lost their infection. The Malarial Germ as well as the mosquito •eems to require staginat water for its growth. Of Typhoid Fever our knowledge has greatly increased. It causes many deaths annually, and also entails great loss of time and money to the many who recover. To prevent its occurrence it is only necessary to provide pure vaUr for household use and to have our houses properly drained. Wells often become impure, and the use of the water for drinking, for washing milk-pans, dishes, etc., may spread the disease. If the purity of the water is in doubt it should be boiled to destroy the germs in it before being used for such purposes. We cannot judge of the purity of water by its appearance, as it may contain many typhoid and other germs and be quite clear. In late years perhaps most advance has been made in our knowledge of the causes and the means of spreading Consumption, and the steps necessary to be taken for its prevention and cure. We know that the disease is caused by a germ which grows slowly wherever it finds lodgment — in the Longs, the Bowels, the Jointb, •te. It is very difficult to destroy the Gbbm in the body, and it lives long after being cast out of the body. It is present in the Spot0m, if the Lunqs are. a£fected ; in the Urine, if the Kidneys Me ftfliBcted ; and in the Stool, if the Intestines are affected. It is ^^^f^^L OJ^ MEV/CINS « W. them. Of .h Jito^'r ' •"" -'"' ".<« who 1'; 2>>«^Mmoxa«notp«;nt'^* '^°°°* ^ »"« that theger«'«?f »ay not be visible, and JTny oMh-'"''"' "" ""^^ *^«^ germs ^t « P^bable thariulf^ * ,? ^"'"'''^^ »'•« ^o«ded wiS^ « -ually contracted by tC^^oaL^ ^n^''^" ^'^'^^ *^«^i-^ of danger is mucii mo« difficrjt t! T"^^ *° '*• This souS Spdtum. AsfaraspossibwK , ''°°*"' *^«° that from f^ inf-tefeaSe^*;^rd";j^'^^^^^^ -ws. and b«ef fro» boihng or cooking. This so^r^ of L?*""' "''^ "^ ^««t«>yed by ^™m breathing air in whkh ^« ^"" " '""^'^ ^^ than thai <J-ger is to child«n. as th;' d^/rd "*" '""'^^- ^^« cl' . Jn the prevention as well J^^L ° T"^ ™"^ 'ha^ adult^ important means is livini.^„ *""" ^^ CoNscMPno» the rlL -;i «ight. Cattle al welf :;" ttSr °' ^^^^ *^ ^^'1"^ ito r^'^ f«>m Co^ohSS Th •''''^ °"*-^f-^oor life Z factory of the Indians of AnS Jh \7'" '""«'™t«d by the We on the p^iries, sleeping inTelesl ° ?.'^ ""^^ «* *«°dering CoNsuAfPTioN among them R.T "" *^« ope°. there wa« ^f -d ^^ivein ^^,::ryX'Sl^l^^?. ^^^^Z ™N. The reason is njain n *u ^ ^*^o died of CoMRm«^ P"-; there is so muc^ ^it fh^t ft' "'"'" *^« «'' -« ^^ t^-g. as germs of all U '"^ 'l^^l^Xr""- ^^*^ -^- P lysweptaway.justasthe MANUAL OF MEDICI NK waters of the lakes remain pure, although refuse from the many •hipe on them is thrown into them. In their houses, on the other band, little if any care is taker as to ventilation or cleanliness, and the air soon becomes loaded with whatever germs gsin entrance into them, and tho Bacillus of Tcbercvlosis soon finds its way there. The lesson from this is very simple. To prevent the disease as well as to cure those who have it, the first requisite is a life in Fresh Air night and day. In order to live such a life both the living and sleeping rooms should be well vrntilated, and as much time as possible should be spent in the open air. All housed should have at least small verandahs attached to them on which the family may sit in mild weather. Those afiected with CoNsuiaTioN should spend as much time as possible out of doors on these verandahs, or in summer houses, tents or shelters, even sleeping all night in such places in summer. There is no danger from exposure to cold so long as sufficient covering is worn to prevent chilling. By wrap- ping up warmly aud the use of foot warmers, even weakly persons in advanced Consuhftion may sit or lie in a couch in the open air for several hours daily in our coldest weather. No degree of cold that we have :hould prevent consumptives being in the fresh air. The cold, wet weather of the early spring, is, however, rather severe on people so affected, especially if they are weak and unable to get about with fair vigor. Change to a mild, bright climate is advisable for such persons, if they are able to secure all the com- forts necessary, because they are better able to live out-of-doors. However, the air of these climates — of California, for ezample^is no better than the air of our own country, except so far as it is lees cold and wet. The way to " stamp out " the disease is wA by seek- ing other climates, but by making our homes healthful and living much in the fresh air. In proportion to our doing that will be our success in A«eing our c rantry of this terrible scourge tli has been well named the "toAtfoji^iM." •LLUSTRATINQ MODERN METHOD oTrRniZ!!!!!^^^^^^ ILLUSTRATING MODERN METHOD OF TREATING CONSUMPTION AT THE NATIONAL SANATORIUM, GRAVENHURST, ONTARIO Cottage! and Tents near by. PREFACE. IT is the aim of this book to convev in . «.,»i i'lnes«, or of Snt when - T"*"?' """^^ '"«t«nc'^ of sudden .or sev'e™, ho^ 't'ia 1^^^^^^^^^ »- o^'tained. perhaps if not all concerned, shourknoTenorh tol '""" T' "' '"^' and ought to be done • as LZ ^ ° promptly what can the diffLnce U;i felS Zth'^lr "'"' ^'^"' ™*^« occur in fe^ilies, particuL^ alng^hri' TJ,""^^^^ enough for it to seem necessary to «nd fi a nlv ' ^. "^'" which it is important noft7 n ^ * phywcian ; and yet in which, withouTSrc«rmav.«f ''"""T' ""'^ ««»^'«°«^ The "«titch in tSe-T: T^ ^^^ *""* """^ «'^« ""^'h twuble. treatment^ I'ony ^ Sv^a^r;"''!""^ '^'^°'^- «-»> under the direction of a nh?,- advantageously carried out all, not dweltTl in tSe'^^'Z^ V^f" ''' ^' "«°*'°°«d at for special aadTjded^irtirt; tt^kt/ t'^^"* r^''^'^' medical treatises. "°'^' *** P^fessioual r--- J i«i , Dui, axaed by the illustrations, it mav snffiAo f«- ♦u before unaoquaintad wifk 4k> u- . "°'"""»/ ««"Cei for those 11' ■" ! I- M .11 ^ PRBFACS. Hygiene, the scieuce auti art of the PreMrvatioD of Health, ig •yitematically treateil in the second diviiion of the work. Th« author hopes that a careful perusal of what is said in these pagea upon that subject will reward some readers, at leant, for tl, time devoted to theui. Undtr Domestic Medicine, after general considerations concerning the Nature, Causation, and Symptoms of Diseases, and ui»on the modes of action of RomediTs, attention is given at considerable length to Xursing. Then, in regard to Special Diseases, Accidents, Iiyuries, and Poisoning, information is supplied in detail, sue' as uppeart< to be suitable for u work on Home Medicine and Surjjery. Those portions of the book are arranged dphabHienllfi ; for easy and convenient reference. As there are, IwHides a very full Uoneral Index, several special Indexes, it is hoiked that few if any questiona appropriate to such a work will occur, to whi«:;j answers may not be readily found in it, expressed in terms which will be undentood by all. » ! HOW BEST TO USE THIS BOOK. Two pur:«ie8 belong to it : 1. To itnpnrt such knowledge a, u-ni the iMpo^iU. iu the absenJofT/o^-to;^' ^'"" '"" *° "" fulhTthl^^^t""''' ""J' "^"' P^^'*'°'°«y «"• •'« -^'1 to read can., fully the sections on Anatomy and PiiVHiouxiy ^,1, 35-11 it xn xxYGitNEjpj.. 117 199). It ,8 meant to tell all about how to hen ^ The author has tried to .aku it inten.sli„« and easily unZ to fh*1? f ^T"''' °' "'"^ ^•'•° «''»'«^-' to become such mav find it pSu V' \ ^ ^^^■*"* ^'"' "^^"riKK "P DlSKASfM- also Part II.. from p. 256 top. 291 on Rkmkd.ks; and es,HH.ial v Par't III on ^uiwiNo, from n. 262 to .. 2fln vw. ^'*l'«*'>a"> 1 art III., "^ ;' f-'-^'m m«.i bo very p„„p,, u i„ t;' , ;;'° " n.'rf»,f "TZ ';,T.td A ""' °"*"^'"" °^ "' '^»^' 1'. t j,j 10 p. 078; and Aicidexts and Ixji-Biira ,-„ «i.o «L T„ . f . * P^^^"^ ^'^^ "«e t^cm chiefly for refer- «"«. In the treatn^cnt of diseases and injuries all is told that tn Tii M9W BEST TO USM THrs MtfJT. U Miiij don« without a doctor. For infermation about what a doctor will And and may do, raadan may b« nferred to strictly medied hooki (as, ftir example, the author's EmmHab ^ PmeHcal MmKeiM or Flint's Praekoe ^ Mtdiemt, tto.). Doses or Mkoicimr an given from p. S57 to p. 359, and Oiv. nm Mkokimks is considered from p. 382 to p. 384. SicK-Pooni •re told about from p. 373 to p. 381. If AMAOKMBKT Or Labor (childbiHh) is fully dealt with, giving all necessary particulars, from p. 391 t« 102. There are seven Indbxes: 1. P. e>. of Local Dinrden <md Ipjarim. 2. P. 666, of Dimum. 3. P. 928, of AoekknU and It^w rim. 4. P. 929, of Pouom fi. P. 670, of Oa-a i^f Rmtdim and of Siek-Fhoda. 6. P. 671, of Mediemet and other Remsdim. 7. P. 76, GmxRAL Inprx of aU nJ^t^la mentioned in the t>ook. The usr -)t the special indexes will often be convenient, bat u a sutject is not at once so found, look for it in the Qicvriul Index. The GLoesyvRY contains definitions of all technical and otherwise out-of-the-way words used in the book. While convenient for ready reference, it is made -dmoet unnecessary by such words being explained where they are used (which is as little as possible) througliout the book. The author has endsMVored to write so as to be easily understood by all readers. CONTENTS. jWnmAt Vi«w or tmm 8oii»ct HMdaadFac* ... Spinal Colnmn jn«»«orciiwt. .!!!;;; Tbigh. Ug, MMl root JHnJoum MuKun . . Ttim Skin . SmilACH AND fioWRU 2^«* Aj^OMWAt O.OAK. : OmoAtn OF kimoDucnon ANATOMY. BKAIM AMD NnvoUl SVITBII PHYSIOLOGY. Oioatnoir . . The Hcwt . Arterie* . . CMiUcrici . ^ Th« Blood .' Bkiatrino . . Animal HsAT . MCwnfioH. . . The Uver . The Kidney* The Bowels. „ The Skin ... Oua Moving Powws RI^'moJS""*''^' »'"«»'«'"»«y.«»d Mixed How W8 Pwa, AND .Vnow : : Keflex AcUoa Netre-Oeatrw Nenret ... Ougiia Spinal Xanow . .' .' ne Brain . . Seamy Ganglia '.'.'.'.[ • as 41 44 4S 47 4» 4» 5S S3 S4 • TO • 7» • 73 • 74 :n ■ 77 77 IS 8i 8a § 86 90 SI CONTENTS. MtMcnlar Seiue "■ Cerebenum 9* MedttUa Oblongata ... 9° Idea», Bmotioot, and Will % Our Special Sbnsim ^ Sight 98 Hearing 98 Conclnrion '°9 X13 HYGIENE. History of Sanitary Progress .... „, Foundations of Hygiene ... \J. HsAiTHY Breathing \~ Food and Drink V, Varieties of Pood of Animals .... ,,^ Causes of Demand for Food "| Questions as to the Hygiene of Food ,,, Manner of jjating "J Frequency of Meals "a Quantity of Food J,„ What to Eat l^t Elements of Food '*' Oi^anic Condition necessary ... !;, Solubility in Digestive Fluids ,|, Not Poisonous ; containing no Parasites ,„ Not Offeasive to Taste f33 Care of the Skin J^| Uses or Functions of the Skin ..... ;57 Bathing '34 Cold and Cool Baths JS Tepid Baths '36 Warm Baths |37 Hot Baths '37 Vapor Baths '3? Hot-Air Baths '37 Sea-Bathing '3/ The Hair . '38 Care of the Hair in Health J j? After Disease '*° Early Baldness 'j° Hair lotions and Dyes 'f ' The Bear I ......... ' IV. The Teeth ''^ Causes of Early Decay in Anieric- ..!!!! JIt How to Preserve the Teeth ** Toothache '4^ Treatment of Toothache f; Excretion '4^ The Bowels '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. \\ Constipation and iU Treatment ... Ho Regular Habits \% MoscoLAR Exercise J^" How People are M.ide Strong :J| Good Blovd and Nerve-Force \\. Exercise and Repose ," tteaith-uft ; ; ; '5* Rowing '5* Walking '5* Riding on Horseback J53 Driving and Sailing . " Swimming ' '53 Skating '54 Games ; Cricket, etc 'S< '54 COA'TE/^TS. Ow^bmlniog ia Matches, etc. , anntio^ ••...,, Gymnastici Calistheaics Healthfulnew of Kinds of Work ' Onb Day's Rest in Sbven. ' dsxuai, hvoibne .... Pbytiolugical Considerations General Principles . . The Social Evil. . Healhfulncse of Marriaae ' ' " Advantages of Society . . Co-education ... Needful limitations. Hygiene of Girlhoid . . ' ' ' ' No Normal Disability . . Invalidism ..... Timely Precautions . . Gestation . „ S^t'MdS'^-""""^''*- ""' "rn.'^o'f^ifiir"';" ^'^^- Correction . . Color Blindnev '. Weakness of Sight .' ." Hearing . Deafness ..." Hygiene of Infancy Birth Nonrishnient— the Bicmt Weaning ... Bottle-Feeding Other Foods Clothing . . . . ; Bathing Exercise Airing •....]. Sleeping .... Discharges Teething .....' ' Cries of Infants Lancing the Gumi ' .' Summer Dangers . GutAT Longevity How to Uve Long .....'.' zl • • 134 • liS ■ ■ 155 . .156 . .156 . .156 . . IS« . . 158 . . 167 . .167 . .167 . . 169 . . 170 . . 171 . . 171 . . 17a • ■ 173 • • 173 • • 174 • 174 • 175 ■ »75 .176 ■ 159 • 159 . 162 •163 . 164 •16S . 165 • 177 »77 .178 . 180 . 180 . 181 . i8a . 184 :m, . 186 .187 . 188 . 188 • 190 191 193 193 196 198 DOMESTIC MEDICINE. PART I. '^'Thkt'IsX^r'' '''^"^ «" ^»«-««' Causes of Disease . . ! ! ! Hereditary Disease Functional Causation Mechanical Injuries . . Condittoual Causes ao3 «03 304 304 205 2o6 ,ao6 II »U CONTENTS. rAM Digestive Morbid Catuea 306 Otwtructive Causes 907 ConU^ion ao? Infection ; Atmospheric Causation jo8 Theorj' of Disease Germs . , . . aoo InfiaenceofTime of Life ! . . 21 j Malaria 3Iq Cansation of Yellow Fever !!!!!!.'!!! aai Causation of Cholera '. . .rtx Cholera Infantum ..aii Diphtheria '..,..'.... 2ii Natdrk of Dishasbs . aa6 Local Disosdbrs . . aa6 Irritation 997 Hyperemia .....'.'.'.'..... .irj Innammation aaj Hypertrophy . . . 319 Atrophy jjo Degeneration 230 Dropsy 330 Mortification 331 Morbid Growths 332 General Disorders 311 Debility .333 Anseniia 2H Plethora 33^ Cachexia 934 Neurataxia 336 Tozsmia ; Blood-Poisoning i ' 836 Fever m Classification of Diseases 339 Signs and Symptoms of Diseamis 240 SvMPTOMS Affecting the skin 340 Symptoms Presented by the Mouth, etc 341 Symptoms Presented by the Throat 341 Symptoms Presented by the Stomach 343 Symptoms Presented by the Circulation 342 Hemorrhage 343 Symptoms Connected with the Breathing Organs 344 Symptoms Affecting the Muscles 345 Symptoms Affecting the Senses • 346 The Eye in Disease 247 The Bars 347 Headache 348 Expression of the Face 349 Delirium 349 Stupor 3j(9 Dizziness ; Vertigo 350 Loss of Speech 250 Symptoms Affecting the Shcretions 250 The Bowels 250 Constipation 350 Diarrhoea 250 Dysentery . . 250 Excretion of the .^dneys 251 Retention of Uriue 2jt Suppression of Urine 351 Qualities of the Urine 25a Gravel aS3 Stone in the Bladder 254 Gall-Stones 354 Perspiration 354 Menstruation - 354 Physical Diagnosis 254 Temperature in Diseases 355 CONTENTS. PART II. RSMSOIXS Self-limited OJMinea '. '. Need of Iliyaiciont Scope of Home Remedies CI^JFICATION OFRKMBDIKS . To Kelicve P«in Composing Nervroua Distnri}aiice PromoUou of Sleep . . Purgative Medicines . . iMjectious Suppositories ...!!! To Check Diarrhoea ToCbeclt Dysentery . Sick Stomach ..... Indigestion Continued Indigestion . ! To Reduce Inflammation Fever Cough ".'.'.. Hemorrhage Nose-Bleeding .' .' ' ' " Bleeding in the Mouth .' Spitting c " lood . . Intestinal ceding Monthly Irregularities '. Dropsy Prostration ; Debility General Debility . Anaemia and Nervous Weakness '. Tonics Remedies for Special Diseases Alphabetically arranged, to ' DosBS OF Principai, mIdicines' ■ : HousBHow) Mbdicinbs siil r*GB . . 356 .256 •a57 •»57 .257 • 259 . 265 . 267 . 269 . 270 . 270 . 270 • 271 .271 ■ 273 .274 ■275 . 282 .285 . 286 . 286 .287 .287 . 288 . 288 . 290 . 291 . 292 . 292 . 293 •a93 • 295 •356 .360 Ndbsing Qualities of a Good Nurse '. The Sick-Room . Warmth . . wght ....■.:■■■ Air The Sick- Bed . . .' ." ' ' ' Sick-Garments . , ' ' ' Washing and Bathing '. '. Food of the Sick Receipts for Sick-Foids ." .' Giving Medicines . . Weights and Measures . Metrical System Excretions ...]"'" Sleep Mental Management Rubbing ; Massage . . " MANAGEME.VT OF LABOR Sig^s of Pregnancy . . Dnratiott of Pregnancy Preparation for Child-Birth First Stage of Labor. . . Second Stage of Labor . Favorable and Unfcvorabje PART III. . 36* .362 .Z*6 ■ -.'"'j • J^7 •367 •369 •371 ■ 372 ■373 •375 ■ 382 •383 •383 ■385 ■387 .388 •389 •391 •391 ■ 392 •392 •394 395 396 ZiT CONTENTS. Sappottof th«Pcriaenm ... '*^* C«re of the Cord .... 397 Third Suge 397 Hemorrhcge ^. 397 Attention to the Inftnt 398 Put to the Breatt 398 Prevention of Fever ♦** Time of Sitting up . . . .' 4«» C«re in Recovery ... 4°» 4oa _ PART IV. Sprcial Disbasis Alphabetically arranged, to ^3 •- -378 PART V. Accn>£.-nrs amd I^jcribs AlphabeticaUy arranged, io . . 79 Tranaportation of Injured PerK)n» i*3 o 15 PAIIT VI. POnONIKG General Account of Polaons **9 Irritanta 6*9 Neurotica 6a9 Complex Poiaona ... ^''9 Special Poiaona, Alphabeticaliyarranged, to .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'' '^ PART VII. Ol4> AOB AND DbaTR Natural i:>ecline ....'.'.'"'' ^9 Cauaes of Death . *39 Sudden Death 66<» Condnaion 6fio Index of Ivocal DisordMa'aiid Injuriea ^ Index of Diseaaes . 063 Index of Accidenta and lojurieti **5 Index of Poiaona ... ^7° Index of CIsaaes of Remediea ?7» Index of Sick-Pocda ^» Index of Medicines and Other Remediea S^' General Index "73 Gi,OSSAKY 67* 697 ILLUSTRATIONS. Human Skeleton Spinal Column FwntViewofTho«x/. ^e Scapula . , Tne Humerus . The Ulna . . The Radius. TheWnit. The Bony Foot .' Striped ijuMle, Magnified Mnsde.; Front View Muscles; Back View Hairs and Oil-glands Sweat Glands and Dncta Ahmenury Cand . . XbeStomacb AMominal Organs .' .' Th! ^-^"^y- »«'d open . . tS:^:^^^,*'^""---^ Great Blood-vessels ' c^p'te''''''"^'^"-'- •..::;. ••' Mammary Glands S"f"S"rftce of the Brain ." B^J^^t^Z^-^-- ■■■■■■■.:■.:: ?hfo"p'iiX-''«"— 'iP-tsnearit. . . i . N^^^t^ffl^"^;^°«other:: ::::::;;:: P^^^^i^t^- ■■■■■■:::::::: Plan of Circulation A Human Heart, laid open gKSeK:£^--:: :::::: torK" °^«'°<S-corp„sc.esi„ diffcni Anim.ls PtaaofAir.tnbesandAir-c^g. ." rAOB ■ . 36 ■ ■ 37 • • 38 ■ • 39 • • 39 • ■ 39 39 ■ 39 . 40 ■ . 41 • . 41 43 44 ; : 4I 46 ■ • 47 ■ 47 48 . 4S 49 • 5'-< • 51 • 51 • 5a • 53 ■ 53 • 54 • 55 • 55 • 56 ■ 57 57 ■ 58 lo' . 61 ■ 63 64 64 65 65 68 69 69 69 70 71 ILLUSTRATIONS. SactioB of a Kidney ., Strnctnr* of Kidney, much Magnified n% Section of Skin, Magnified ' ' ' rt Haira and Oil-glands, Magnified ii The Thte« Kinda of Levera ,§ Mechanltm of Movement of the Head 78 The Bicepti Mascl? !..'.' 78 Striped MuMular TImup, MaKuified 70 Elongated CelU of Smooth Muacie ,q Simple Reflex Action ^^ ! ! ." ' 8a I^wer Part of Human Brain . . . ..','....'.' Hi Brain and Spinal Cord g. Connection of a GanRlion with the Spinal Marrow ..........'.' i\ Section of Spinal Marrow, Magnified ! ! . ! 87 Section of Spinal Marrow, showing Roola of Nervea .' 87 Perrier'a Paycho-motor Centres .00 Interior of the Brain ' ' Jj Base of the Brain 2, The Cerebellnm 3 The Medulla OblougitU '...'.'.'.'.'. 07 Refraction through a Prism aa Refraction and Inversion of Light in tlie Bye joo Section of an Eyeball ,„, The Optic Ncrvca '. . ic» Choroid Coat, Iris and Pupil, Enlarged i(^ Stereoscopic Picture ,og Mu*cle» of the Right Eye . . . 107 Tear-gland and Duct .' . .' ,og The Ear, in Seclion ...'.'."..!' ' 110 Small Bones of the Bar ...'.'. no Labyrinth of Internal Ear ,,, The Cochlea '.'.'.'. n. Living Things in River Water ,j, A Simple Shower-Bath '.' ,„ A Hip-Bath Cf, The Health-Lift '..'.'.'.'. Jo Development of Teeth .*!."' 180 Infiamniatory Lymph-Bands '. . '. aal Hypertrophy of the Heart Ma Tuberculous Lui ,,? Feeling the Pulse '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' 3^ Urinonicter »,, A Leech '.'.'.'.'.'.'. „% Leeches Applied " ' ' «i- Cup, with Elastic Top .....'. 370 Cupping Apparatus viL Scarificator . 270 Cantharides ,f^ PalmaChr'sli ^ . Colchicum Plant '.'..'.'.'.' tA Digtalis Purpurea r,Q Gentian ,,, Spray Apparatus '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. %i% Croup Kettle tao EueniB Syringe '. „, Lobelia Inflata f jg Poppy Flower . . . jifi Cap°ales of the Poppy . «6 Spigelia Maiylaudica' ,,« May-Apple . '.'.'.'.:'.'.'.'.. '.^^^ Poultice covered with Oanze ijo Cinchona Cali^ya fj,. Rhubarb Plant 5I, Valerian f:' Medicine Chest ||* A Bed-Table A Bed-Rest ..." Medicine Gluiea Bed-Pan . Slipper Urinal [ Ophthalmoscope Aneoriim of Aorta Apoplectic Ciot ...'.".' Cerebro-Spinal Fever Clnb-Foot; Varna. Cub-Foot ;TaIipe.Eq;uiiua Shoe for Club-Foot B^!!.^';"»''7"' '" Trachea .' ." Bronchial False Membrane Bar-Trumpets. . Bmbolna of an Artery Exophthalmic (Goitre G^l-Stoue« in Gall-Bladder .' Laryngoscope. IntUMusception of IntMtine .' Wasting Palsy . Male I.onse, Magnifik Female Louse, Magnified .' Pleuritic Effusion, displacing the Heak " Longs and Heart in PUce " "*" "*^ • Trusses for Hernia . Elephantiasis of the Arab.! Itch Animalcule . l^c^Vegetation of a SIcin Disease-; Curved Spine . Uric Acid Stone Mulberry Calculus Syphilitic Teeth Vaccination Scratchea Elastic Bandage, Applirf .' .' Hohge 8 Pessary . A. H. Smith's Pessary. Lnnibricoid Worms A Tape-Worm ..." Trichina, Magnified Rr!l!?i'"l^'T" '?"*'='•• Natural' size Bandaged I,imb . . Rolling a Bandage Reversing a Bandage' '. Artificial Respiration A Simple Sli ig . . Broken Arm in Splinu • • • . . nili" ^""dnse and Pigur^ of 8 Dressing for Fractured Rib. . Bandage for Fractured Taw Extension for Fracture of Thigh Dr. Hamilton's Fracture Bed Invalid Lift .... Bandage and Splints on i,ee A Fracture Box . . Various Knots . ', Dislocation of SJio'nl'der .' belf-reduction of Dislocation 'LLVSTXAT/OJ^S. • . . .370 • • . .373 • • 374 ■ ■ . .1»2 ■ ■ 3»S • . .385 . . .396 . . .400 ... 408 . . . 41U • • -414 . . ,4»9 •437 • • -437 • • -Ai^ . . .44S ■ • -449 . . .451 ■ . .463 . . . 465 • • -47' • • .473 • . . 476 . . .484 ■ . . 4Vt . .508 • .511 • .5»a • .5" . .316 . 318 • •S3a • -544 • -546 • 546 • -549 • 549 • -551 • -351 • -367 • -572 • 572 •574 •574 •575 •575 -380 .580 .580 .586 •59a •593 •594 594 •595 •596 •1^ •599 «05 606 tL:USTRATtONS. \ PrcMnreoa Artery of til* Ann «,. Spaoiah WindlaM JJ* Prcwnrt on Artery of tba Thigh *,o PrcMure by Blaatic Band «iZ Wheeled Litter 22 Modea of Carrying anlnJuredPcraon '.'.'.'.'.'.''' ' tri-iai Rocking Cbair for Carrying a Patient TS Aconite Root ill Aconite Leavea and Plowera 21? Cantharidea 2! Spurred Rje ?« ««»'»<=>' '■'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.::::::::: .(^ P«»ley Si Poot'a Panley Trt Jaueatown Weed .' S3 Tuberculosis A CuraUe and Preventable Disease BY LAWRENCE P. FLICK M D ^^:^^^^^:!:^^ ^'-e^ o. ... ^' m«.^. of the PIH,„0 Ja7l" "Schrr " T '"^'^ ^''^ «nd which had led to «««««♦•♦• ■ "*'' "^^ understtKxl intelligible. Di.i\7X'fir tZ^'r "^'T" ^'^'^^ -^ ch.r«ct.r and c.me within th^ ^m ro of ^^"'"^ '" '»« """l «.ct ba«8. In the ^.^, of PaZ ?« ! T^ "° * "''«»«» «d active cuse of consumption a S\^f ^'T-'' *^'««^"ed the fundamental laws as govern all 1.VJ *!'• ^ ""^J^^^ to the same l.tion an onslaught up^m' o"n^^r I^^ ^-"'« «- with every step since tb«n and wiH Zf ' ^"' ^^"'"^^ ^"'"'^o extermination of the white plague Is '1""°? V^' "''"•P'ete eriv termed. *^ ^*'' "^ «'n«umpt)on has been prop- What Consumption is P,.^. of certain n,icrJrganisms inZtZ T'-'^'l^''^^^-^^ inicr<>organi8m8 grow in us i„ th. In "•" '^"^'- The«e and clover grow in a field. The chic f Tr"^' "=' "'^''"^' '"^otby c le bacillus. Without it comnmiuL "" " """"'^ »J'« ^"I>«'- .lone cannot produce „I, thZZZnTT u'^' P'"''^' ^"^ it sumption. Some of the others whTchl? Z "^ ^^ '^""''^^ "« «>«- are the streptococcus and t " S.^ol" "'"'^1"^ *^'' ^'^a- Humpt.on moans burning, up L uT "'• ^^^° ^^"''J en- tile person who is affected ;. ; " ^T" 'V'^ ''"'"* ''— *>»med. In oldon times the dta'c ..'I "'Z^*'"^'' ^' ''^'^ in- patient was on the brink of thZL rf '"""^""'^^'^ ""*'' 'he to this fatnl termination wore^," , ,],J^f tT "'"■^'' '^^ "P diseases and were Icno^vn undeToher i. '""^^1 "P«" "^ other was not recognized until soionll \ ™''' ^^'' ^'^^^tiomhlp body after d.ath and earoS ,v 'tucKMh T' ^'^ '''■^^'^'■^ ^'"^ '"""«^ place. It was then that the wo d, bore t""^" "^"'^ '''>'' ^-"^en was gradually substituted forTho w "/ '"' '"'"" '"^« »«^- It What Tuberculosis is T, f ""^ T''""^*'""" ^wth of the tubercle bacillu Hh^ir '' *^° ''"P'-tation and --- Thetuberciebaciic:^:;;-^^-:^;- 17 l^ 18 TiatHCLUMUa nearly to fbo lawi governing the vegetable kingdom than tboao governing the animal kingdom. It ii rotl-ghaiHjd abuut one «ix- tbouMundtb of an incb in Icugtb and about one bundred-tbouundth of an iufb in tbickneM. It gruwi on tbo tissue a* a parasite and ordinarily does not grow excppt upon tbe tissue of some living tbing. It can be grown artificially in a laboratory on boiled potato, in beef tea and on agar, but it is difflc -It to grow in tbia way. It is only when it grows upon a living thing that the phe- nomena which it produors are called tuberculosis. The word tuberculosis is derived from tbe Latin word "tuber" which means a little root or lump. Tbe name was given to the disease because the first stage of it is the production of little lumps. Distinction between Consumption andTuberculOb. <. In the popular mind consumption and tuberculosis are one ant! the same thing. They are not tbe same thing, however, and it is worth while keeping tbe distinction in mind. Consumption '... the ter- minal stage of tuberculosis but tr.berculosis does not have to be- come consumption. If tuberculosis were ah/ays recognized when it is merely tuberculosis and proper treatment followed, nobody would need to die of the disease. Wh(>n the tubercle bacilhis geU lodging in the tissue it reproduces itself very rapidly. The cells of the body at once start a iSght with it and in the stniggle many of them die. An accumulation of dead cells and living and dead bacilli take lace on the battle field and a little lump forms. Tbia ia the lump -lich has given us the name tuberculosis. By and by when the little lump grows large enough to become a foreign body, nature cuts it off from healthy tissue in order to save that which is still healthy. Here is where the other microorganisms come in to help the tubercle bacillus. Tbe streptococcus and the staphylococcus which exist very plentifully in nature, and which can do no harm to tbe body so long an it is jterfectly healthy, get lodgment in this injured tissue and help to break it down. What is called softening takes place and the little lump becomes a cheesy mass. This is consumption. For the purpose of getting rid of this dead matter nature breaks a channel into the nearest opening of the body and throws it out. This is called ulceration and ejection of the dead tisane. During this time there ia danger of the tubercle bacillus again getting back into the system through re-'nfection. If the person is at all uncleanly or does not destroy every partiele of this dead tissue when it comes off, he is sure to re-inoculate himself. Recurrence of Tuberculosis. N"o one ever dies of a single attack of tuberculosis. The first attack is mild. This is followed by one sliirhtly more severe, and there is a ceries of attacks, each ' ""-" "o »...«„.,., „„,„ not primary cauw, hi.» ^ i '^«<""J«<i «• •udi. Thcv >•« down the individual and hnrlTZltZt'T '"" '"''' '« ''^-«k cannot ,hem«oIve, produce t/J.^, ^i "'"i"''"'^''^-'-'' f-ut fhey k«nd. of micr,H,r«ani«m, wbiL nfll, ''';^"'''-^ •^"•' "' ^■«'--»- «:Produ«. iu own kind nndca„evotu'r'^r "'''"' "«" «n'y fnyr<H,.T,ani«m.. A cold wi™ k rcL„ nr""^'""""^ "''" "^her •nf?uen.a will .Jw„v« pn.,J„<; ilfl.^^r "^^«^'' P-xhu-o a cold, produc. pneumonia and tubelLuS T'""'"^ will nWay'. ^o««. ^-'or a person who haMntr . .iT '""' '^'""'"'^ •"'>-^^'- ;n^^ or pnenmoni. i, „ o ^ "!«; "" "'l'"'' "*" •"''''• '"«"- Jj^rcloua people ,ho„,d Jp awa/C^ '""^, ^'"L '»•" ««-» '•'WMci. J" "^»:'' from pooplo who have those worId^7fon^bac^a"En"■r«lT'''""^'r" ''"^ "^'"f*''' 'n tha ^-rth m all time. I, j, , £7,; J;.5«;^'^" " P'«^- "Pon the »n,ong thoao in the lowont Mall/of i^o ^7* "f """"''''«'' ««'» upwards of „ hund«,d thousan iMn o%- Z'!" ^'"'^^'^ ^tate, throughout tho civilised world there al ^/^ "^ " """""">•• «"<! • ^«"f ^r^"" the disease. We are anf f "'' ° '"''"«" '^'"^ths prevalence by the death rn e from *! j ™ *""' '^'"«^ «''""' it. Jive a true picture. Ma„v X",^''?;';" ^'""^ ^'-'' "<>* ^eath .« recorded under .omT^^Jl^ t„bon>„,o.«i, „nd the moreover, crippled bv the dil •., "' ^^^""-^ FH'ople are names under which eons 4 rpara ""' '''''"■ «-« "^ ti^' ^>t» scrofula, inanition. pCronitip T i"""''""'' '"<'">»- r"'"f ^'"^^•'"«PPen;seven nLl '''""'" ""'' -'''^^ pho.d ferer, pneumonia and n"euW,! ir ' ""'""''' «"^h «" ty- People whom we see on the str^ £" b "" 1 '""^ '"'"-'''•Pen losis Ifearly all spinal CMn-atr.., , " """^'^ ^" V tubercu- o^ the horHble clis^.^emeTts of tl V'"'' ''^ ?''' '^'-«-- Some - censed by tnbernLis. slt If th '"".^'"' *" '"P"« ^^^-'cl^ ^'sease. In realitr the death rnt/ ^^ T''"'""^ ^"^ 'J"«' to thfs J'ead of consumption ^t^T^t^ ^^^ -der the ^ iaint picture of the toll 20 rVBKUCVUM» which tuberculci. kvio. «p.m lb.- h«.n«n f.mlly. Oiir mMn. ,«iuH. of tuberculo.!.. .nd giv« «.mo u.l.c.t.on of what thi. diMaae co«U the huitian family. . HowTub.rcuio.i.lotlntoth«WofJd. Tho qnr.t.on .. often ..ked how did tulKTCuloai. get into the world? A. a d.«e.«« it pn>bably came through the .in of n.an. It » not however due to providential intervention. « many formerly b.hev.d, but i. th. natural rem.lt of tho working ont of nature', law.. W e now know that there are in nature million, of micro^rgnni.m. of vanoM kind, which have to do with tho chang.'. going on m nature all . the. time What wo know a. Mprophitic micro^rganUm. chnngB dead organic ti..ue into inorganic tiwue. They break up tho«, thing, which had life, and which for one rea«)n or another have ended their ujH..fulne.. in death, into inorganic .ub«tancc. «> that the element, can again go back to nature to be taken up a. fmnl by the living thing, which are .till growing and developing. In thi. way the chain of change from organic to inorganic t,..ue an.l from ino^rganic to organic tis.ue i. kept up. Tlu, probab.ht.es are that the tubercle bacillus originally wu. one of these innocent m.cro- organisms which gradually acquired the power to grow on living tissue through tho debasc-ment of that tissue by mnn when he fail, d to live up to the laws of nature. Even now the ind.v.dual who keep. him«-lf perfectly well, live, in the open «»' ""^ «"/•. onlv the things which he ought to .-at can ns.st tuberculo.is When, however, through dissipation, through overwork, throug^ improper housing or through any offense aga.nst the laws of good health he puts his tissue below par, bis colls Income a ready prey to the t,.bercle bacillus. Tn time by evolution this bacillus has acquired tho power of attacking living cells and this no doubt i. how tulxTcnlosis rnnie into tbo world. Is Tuberculosis Inherited? The r.ld idea was that tubercu- losis was inherited. People got this idea because they saw the disease occur so frequently in famili.s, and saw .t run tbrou^ two or three generations. We now know why this happens. It is not because tuberculosis is inherited but because it is communi- cable in a peculiar way. For communication of the disease a long intimate association is necessary, such as most frequently exists in the familv, and therefore the disease is conveyed oftenest along the familv tree. The intimacy which is necessary for the spread of tu1)erculosis may also exist outside of the family in places of emplo^Tncnt, and the di^a^- is sometimes cunvcyed m A CVHABUS ASU fHKVKSTMH.K MMM4»K 3| Ulit way. TiilMTt'iilonin i^ uwfr rriin.i..i>i.. i / i • Hom.-„„...H „ ..hil.l is iK.rn with th. .li^.'u,,, ,.,„ ,,, • • , The chil.I i. ,h,.„ iH.mni h . i '^ . '•■ ''"■""' •^"""'■'• after birth F . 1 T '"^ "'"' '"•""">' •"•"• "•"'rtly wor... t.......,.L eatH:;,:.;!:, tz.t' ;;:;:::"r r •"" lata. Some rnwH ^-t the <lis..„8o roa.Iilv h.,t h«v„ i • ^ I viHK and by oxcoh., in .atin^ «n< r,?i„t t .•' "Zt'^P"' «ifion mnv b«. duo to inhcrifod tl ""^'"^- *^"""'r prtHjiRpo- which tho f„„,i ; live. Si 7 frr" "■: !" '•"^•'•■•-"'''nt under to .be .lisen.. „„, ,,.. resist..;... ! I ' ,7 , .'f rV'^r'^ against the dwase. We ,I„ nn* In .. . '^" 'P pre,Ii,,po.i,i..n „,.d whv i o^l'",' r:"^''''-^- T''"! -"^'i^-'e- soil for. certain ero,« Vrill k, ' "'' "'" "-f-lnes. of -me ...il. than o 1 er; „n I i It ;;; '^ 7"" '""'': ''" '•""•■• ^ -P« on the .a.e ..il, ve r ^a I C.:? ;';; T "'f"^ ^'^ ""•" of tin.e until ,he soil will „! I " '"^ " "• '^ '"< "nl.v a question «"«ll pox. m™.lo., wh~,pi„,r ™,»h .,X:.I '- ,-■ 'r. '»'"■' woket. m,y, for ,„„.„„„_ p„j„^ ^|_.^|_^^ ^^^ 22 TUBlSHCCLOSia and thereby interfere with healthy breathing. Enlargement of the adenoid tissue also interferes with breathing. Kheuinatism may do damage to the heart or to the jdeura or the lining membranes of the joints and thereby pave the way for the tubercle bacillus. Much of the blumo which is put uj)on small pox, measles and such acute diseases as a predisposing cause of tuberculosis is probably unwarranted, but it is possible that the damage which these diseases may do to the tissues may make soil for tuberculosis. A person who has gone through an acute disease while still weak oflFers good soil for implantation of the tubercle bacillus if he is exposed to contagion at that time, and in this sense, at least, all of the acute diseases predispose to tuberculnsis. Dissipation as a Predisposing Cause. ])issipation is a predis- posing cause of consumj)tioii. In this way consumption is the wages of sin. Dissipation is a scattering of vital forces by excessive indulgence of :iny kind. It always strikes at the most vulnerable point, and this is true when the indulgence oven seems to feed the body. Whatever makes for lowered vitality makes for consump- tion, and dissipation of every kind makes for lowered vitality. Dissipation which directly or indirectly grows out of the affinities of the sexes, self-abuse, sowing of wild oats, bo:iu catching and all the arts and devices which go with it in these times, may make soil for tuberculosis by exhausting the nervous system. Loss of sleep, excessive eating and drinking, excessive use of tea, coffee and tobacco all are predisposing causes. Want and Overwork as Predisposing Causes. Two of the most potent predisposing causes of consumption are want and overwork. This is why tuberculosis is so largely a disease of the poor. Want means not only bad nutrition of the body but bad housing. When the body does not get enough nutrition it becomes good soil for the tubercle bacillus. Bad nutrition may be due to insufficient food or insufficient air. The poor are apt to lack both food and fresh air, partly because tlioy cannot afford to buy them and partly on account of ignorance. Jfueh of the food which poor people buy contains little nutrition and they, moreover, do not know how to prepare it so as to iimke it digestible. Poor people shoidd learn to buy milk and eggs rather than jiastrv and sweets. They can really pvt more nutritition for their money in milk and eggs than they can get in any other food. Fresh air is at the command of everyone and there can scarcely be any excuse for anyone not having enough of it. In a sense, however, we are compelled to buy fresh air indoors because we need houses into which fresh air can be admitted. Houses are not built in a way which makes it easy to get fresh air into them, but with i ^ (^^■'^^B'-^ AXO PHBVS.WTABLE DISEASi: ,,3 humble the dwelling the inbabhan o7i/V , T""- ''"• """-•- the sleeping room so ventilated that hi ^ ^^^^^ '""T "'^"'^ ^"^'"^ . air. A, to ovenvork tb^ s not ^,1' '' P^^'^tically in tbc oi,en individual. Workinrpcorr ) T "l'", ."''' '""'^^^ "' »^° cesaive fatigue greatly prcdr';;' "^ '''"^'^^ '^''' '^■ have to work hard should ^ ^rjV""^ "" ""«°' ''"'^ ^vhen they When people have tnbercl t Tv T' f!' '"^^''^^''^'^ "^^-^ion. within the limits o fat^ o ^"T '^^'"/'•'^ "''"<•« their work to under. Of all predisposTng c^au^^rto 2 7 "' ^°""^ ^"^ ^-^ probably the most potent. ^^ '^''"'*^^^' "^'^'^^ork is Alcohol in Tuberculosis Tn 1 1 great many people even now alJohol ° look"] u"" ""' ""°"« « and a cure of consumption It i, \lVu ^ ' "' ** P^f^'-'ion a predisposing cause, and when « .' ''"' "" '^^ ^""^"y i" develop the disease. ' It „JvttharT "' *f"^"'°^'^ ^^'^^ ^«- . alcohol taken at mealtime is of ue f '7r '""'^"'^ ""'"""* «f even this is uncertain. But whe"her a' n"^ "'^ ^^"^ ^•^'^■^' ^^' beneficial or not it is qS cer h thatTh "™""" °' '^'"'^°' '^ safely be taken dailv is evcoedS n" ''""'"''•^ ^^'"^'^ ''^'n amount is exceeded ti ale, o K'' '™'' ' ""'^ ^^"''^ ^^'I'-" this The only safe pract ce ^ foHow "T' 'r"°"'" """^ '"J""-"- alcohol altogothL. AlelL. t 1 it "" '^""^ ^^ '^ "^ degeneration in the offspring, nml ' """•'"'^■^^••- '< •"!■* to tuberculosis in the oS" For P' '""'' u ^'"''^'■''P-'fion to there is only one safe j^r e£e Z IT^T T'"'"-^ ^"'--lo.is alcohol. ^ ^°'' '*"''* '^ *o «hstam entirely from Climate andTuberculosis. It used to hn * i , cure for tuborculo.i. was olim.tV V^ T'"''' "''''' ^''" "^"'^ an idea that climate i a verv t' . 1 ""^ f^''"^''' «^'" ''"vc velopment and tr.Un.^t I.^:!^ 'X""' '" '"" ^"^ ^'- chmate has no influence either upon th^l' f " "'"'^"" '^^ ^^"•' n^entof tulK^rculosis. Ever par^^7H devo op„,o„t or the troat- and nearly eve^ part oACt , '^r' il'^;- '''' ^'•'••'-"-- disease is more vin.Innf ;« • flisfnse now. The ai^manypartso the r. . Slhart'^^ ^'"° '" ''''■ ^'^e tuberculosis but which .ZniCA "' """^ ^''"*^ ^'"'^^ ^^^m abundantly as anv otb l pla 0^^^" T "^''"^'"'^'^ ^••"' '* «« than places in which the d so. e ht^I "'T.T ""'"'' ^^"'"dantly present the beautiful c im" of CnHf ^^'""-^ ^'"^'^- ^* Nevada,CoIorado,nndsnmclftt .'•''• ^^'■"^"°^- ^'^^-^> est mortality from tubtcXi: in thoTn 7'; ?"''" '"'^ ^'^^ '''^^^- W cold climates give bettcr-X--:^-^;-- 24 TVBKRCVI.0S1S are of more use in the treatment of the disease than warm climatea. For some people high altitudes are better than low altitudes, lut for some consumptives low altitudes are better than high altitu jes. It is iH'fectly safe to disregard the question of climate entirely in dealing with tuberculosis. Immunity in Tuberculosis. There is a resistance to tubercu- losis in human beings which is called immunity. Most people possess it in some degree, but some to a much greater degree than others. Some races possess it in a greater degree than others, and some families possess it in a greater degree than others. The probabilities are that immunity is gradually develojied by resis- tance to the disease, and for this reason families and races which have been fighting the disease in some of their members for long periods have great resistance. Children bom of tuberculous parents are apt to have more immunity than the parents had, and when the disease has been in a family for three or four genera- tions those who have withstood it usually have a very great im- munity. Of the various races the Jews have the greatest immunity. There is no permanence in immunity against tuberculosis in the individual, the family or in the race. It may be lost after many generations in the family and it may be lost in the individual through depression in health. Racial immunity is probably the most durable of all. Contagiousness of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis being due to a living thing is communicable from one person to another and cannot be gotten except by communication irom a previous case. The mode of communication of tuberculosis is by contact and the disease is therefore contagious. This contact need not be direct but may be indirect through a place or thing. A room which has been ocoipied by a consumptive or a thing which has been used by a consumptive may accumulate enough of the contagion to convey the disease to another person who subsequently occupies fluch a room or uses such a thing. Nowadays the words contagious and infectioTis are used synonymously although formerly they had different meanings. The old meaning of infection was convey- ance of a disease through a force generated outside of the person giving the disease to the person receiving it. Yellow fever, for instance, is an infectious disease according to the old meaning of the word because it is carried from one person to another by a mosquito. The contagion of tuberculosis differs, however, from the cf)ntagion of such diseases as small pox, measles and scarlet fever, in that it is very much slower and requires longer and more intimate exposure. You cannot get tuberculosis by a single con- tact with a person who has the disease ; you have to be in intimate i relationship with such a person fnr •. ^" ««t small pox, measl,. ar^taH. "'''''''^''^^i- time. Vo„ eaa -ntact with persons vho ha^ W T"" ^' " ^'"^'« "^oJnZ "Hidness of the con.agion of t ,t t'""'^'- ^''^ ^Jowness a,>d cuici. i. alwa,. «>m„rld nXt'd • ^'^ ^^"'"^'^ "^ ^"^- ^rson who has the disea^. uruallvtr /•'""' ^'''^ ''^ "v ^ho !f« forn, „f spit but ^ netimes itTr^ '^'V^''"' " '^'«^-n off in ^hen a consumptive cou^s hi ^ '^ ''^ '^-^ '°'-"' o^' matter 'matter i„ his cough and he ml do th'""' ''"'' ""' -"- « hS «>°tag.on is not in the brea"h how '""! '''^'" ^' «"«--• The »ot contagions „„ti, he bogi r.?" t L"'"''^'"-"' -'^i-f is ^a-e there is no contagif". If „%f f^ '^-^ m'atto A tuberculous subject who .rivo? IT. . **"'' •'''"'^'en down matter J^^™-lf non-contai^-oLt; fr't d' ''^^ '''^■° ^"""^ -' S mediately when it is given offThJ I ''"""^ "^ *''«^ "tarter im- t.ve themfore, depends upon h^s ^1? """^^-^ •'^^^---■C ;^hen he coughs and sn^Ss a^J "/"r"' "«^'^'" »" ^^'^ -nouth ba^where he cannot smea n^^hlg L''^' ^"^^- -"'^'•" -"a How Contagion can be Pr. ^' " *'°*"^^:^ «afe. •^"Jd alwavs put ev^v r TTu\ '' ^"'--"""^ subject J^^Ptacle immediatelv Wh . ^ ^'■•^'^'™ ''^'^^n tissue into a Je should hold a paper spu,, , 7" ^^- If l^e expectorate! does not distrioute anv of h mlt " '" ^''^ "'^'"^ «> ^^at be expectorating he should carefullv w ^^ ^'^ '''«^J>'°g; after whtvt "^ ^'^ ^-^-SnTd';i;T-' ^'■''''^«- f J ^ °^ ^° accumulation of I ^f- ' '" " Paper bag tW He should alwavs keen b ?''^ '^'"^^ ^'^ «I'0"J.I burn ConsomptionaHouKDlM... r. -« .... 0, err :xtt'Ji;tnr;f •» ^"r wnich the disease is most . f. 26 TUBERCULOSIS frequently contracted is the home, because it is in the home where the greatest intimacy exists and where a consumptive spends most of his time. A house will harbor the contagion of tuberculosis a varying length of time accordingly as it is sanitary or unsanitary, light or diirk, dry or damp. The tubercle bacillus does not liv? long in the bright light and fresh air, but may live a very long time in a dark and dingy room. Damp, badly drained houses are particularly conducive to the development of tuberculosis. Next to the house the workshop undoubtedly is the place in which the disease is most frequently conveyed from the sick to the well. Working side by side, day in and day out, with a consumptive who expectorates carelessly in the shop is exceedingly dangerous. If the consumptive can be induced to properly care for his sputum there is no danger whatever. Stoves and offices also are the means of spreading the disease. In such places the danger is greatest to those who are next to the consumptive and seldom extends much beyond this immediate environment. All this danger can be done away with by proper disposal of the broken down tissue. Hotels and Boarding Houses as Means of Spreading Tuber- culosis. Hotels and boarding houses sometimes become the media of 8i)reading tuberculosis, although perhaps not as often as people think. The occupancy of a room by a consumptive for a single night or for two or three nights would ordinarily not contaminate the room sufficiently to make it possible for a subsequent occupant to get the disease. Neither would the occupancy of a badly in- fected room for a single night by a healthy person likely convey the disease. It really takes some time to implant tuberculosis, and one would have to occupy a room of this kind for a good many days before he coulJ get an implantation. Something depends upon the condition of one's health. If one is much depressed he will get an implantation much easier than when he is in perfect condition. Servants and Employees as Spreaders of Tuberculosis. Ser- vants and employees sometimes give tuberculosis to their employers or to their fellow employees. A consumptive cook, for instance, could very easily infect a whole family. A consumptive chamber- maid or dining-room girl might likewise give the disease to those upon whom she waits. There is all the more danger from sources of this kind because the person who has the disease is apt to hide it. Employers should insist that servants and employees of every kind shall use the proper receptacles for expectorated matter when they cough and expectorate. Contracting Tuberculosis in the School Room. Much fear has been expressed by some of the danger of contractiug tuberculosis ''^ TABLE DISEASE. 27 Severthcle,, ,11 ! i^' "» ''<"« • lime Z'J ■''"•'*■ "" '■> "■« floor, ,t "w i^°7'".»''«"W M be u°od LV"" ,"""■ '"X ^«%vervJittir„;?;°f'"^""'cConveya^ T, . disease in hf « w^l u ^'^^''^ ^-'« « im t '." ''"^''^ -°- ^vhich both fL •^' ^"« «&«in. as in th^h . , .''^ ^^"'"^ the become d^nZl. ]^^ " ^'"^^^ manv J,„„ ''^P'"^ ^^rfh. . ,^«*w v:re^x: : otr ''^^ ^«'-"- '^^^' " ^'^ trr? ^t -''^ --■•-^"n"t.t"oL ;;^ ^- «^-., been «ver a spot on which f' '" ^"""^^^^ "^ tJ'i^ m t' 'T'/ ^'-^'"^^^ t'-n^e very l:^"r^ «-' P'''-emenTo ! ! ' '° f ^ «" ''"P'-'ta^ -nee of on ™' '"f ?.™'^' ^"^''••cnJosi.s. Thlr- '"'^'^^''^''^hip '^-aseCani::r'Th^"^^^'^^''--b^;^^^^^^^ one ana the same ll ' '"""^' '-""l human .rf"^ '^" that the f„K "'"*',«isea,se no one denies Tf • ^"^ercnlosis are .»b.„,e b,ei„., .b,.,t ^. -- '.^» P-k*, b,„„ ™ aecuMomed to gt„, „„ 28 TVBZRCVLOaia animal tissue will not readily grow on human tissue, and that the bacillus which has been accuatomeu to grow on human tissue will not readily grow on animal tissue. The preponderntiiig evidence seems to be in favor of the view that human beings i)ractically never get tul^errulosis from animals. Until the subject is cleared up, however, one should not drink the milk of tuberculous cows in which the disease is far advanced and particularly in which the udder is involved. vVhatever little danger there may be of getting tuberculosis from the meat of tuberculous animals is obviated by cooking. The danger which may exist of taking the disease through milk can also be obviat<"d by pasteurizing the milk. How the Tubercle Bacillus gets into the System. In this connection it may bo worth while considering how the tubercle bacillus gets into the system. It may got in by the skin, by the stomach and by the lungs. It rarely gets in by the skin, probably most frequently by the lungs and sometimes by the stomach. Whatever way it gets in, it first goes into the lymphatic glands or is carried into the circulation to be distributed throughout the body. By reason of its getting into the lymphatic system, it may lie dormant in the body for a long time before it develops into a disea-se. Duration of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a long-drawn- out, tedious disease under ordinary circumstances. It is a long time before it shows itself after implantation and frequently it develops even to the stage of breaking down without manifesting many symptoms. Sometimes people have it for a lifetime without recognizing it. Some of the first symptoms are a sense of fatigue, indigestion, loss of appetite, loss of weight, slight feverishness and occasionally a little cough. At iiiter-.als the cough becomes severe and prhaps there is expectoration, but this is usually ascribed to a cold. Between these attacks the health is pretty good and the individual is deceived. As each little process matures and some of the broken down matter is thrown off there is a reinfection and each subsequent attack is a little more severe than the preced- ing one. Finally the individual discovers that his health is under- mined and that he is in a bad way. The average duration of tuberculosis from the time of implantation to the fatal termina- tion, when it terminates fatally, is about ten years. The severe symptoms often last from six months to two years. The dying period is usually about two months. Tuberculosis a Curable Disease. Tuberculosis is a curable disease. This has been proved beyond doubt, Fp until recently the disease was looked upon as incurable and many people still have this false impression. This erroneous idea came about be- " '""''■' ^-^^ ""'^y'^-STAB,, o,.S.,s,. 39 -""l now that w'e f,.;,; unSLTSl^'r^ ^' *«" ^PomaZZ, cur praetic.% aJl ea J if^" ^ 'T'^ "^ ^^^^ ^^^^ u-c can tendency to recover is reallr v.rv u '"* """"^^ e°«"gh. The • fo - fatal tennination, and U ^h? ^""''^•- ^'^''^ '^^ ten den'; individual who has received Jn °''''^'">- " »« Place the Under modern method even fa r vTr'^^ f"*^ ^ ^''1 n^eover. r;3.onalIy ver^ "Jvanced ca^l '^I^^^r^ T" ^^ -^" «nd becomes extremely emaciated Tnd th V ' f " *^« '°''"'dnal evepr organ of the body that th^l u *""'* ^"^ '«^°*^ed almost tuberculoais, but there are a L„. " "" "P^'^''' '^'-'edv for «!"lfully u,ed at the pro^r tte hT°^ ''"""^''^ ^^^<^^ when The essential elements in'Thetr-.^^ °"*"" ^''^ t^« victory food, air and proper exercise D "' "^ *^« ^'««««« are res^" -store organs of Se b^ ly to thet nh "", *'• "^ ""^'^ ^'^ to TeS ■n^pediment to recovery. Food is th^ °^ "'"^^ ^^«"v be an «"; As the disease wastes The I. '"'"'^ ^'"^••*«"t '''^'"-nt oj only restore what has b^" J^'t^u t "L " '''' *'^«""-t '"'-t not Fo^d i„"t;^ Wh^t is neeS "^ "^ " ^"^'''^^ «^ ""trition organs and all tho"*^rts'ofM" K*"^"'"."'"- ^' t^e digestive n-'trition have been weakened ^y th J- ''^'''^ ^»^'« *« do^w th select food which is easil/d tstd 1 1 ''"^^;* '' ''"Portant o food which produces indigest onll l ''^•^""''«t'*d and to avoid food for the treatment oftTb" n, ^"^. "^ '^' '>'''"^- The best ^gg«- A good plan is to take hr^"' '" """^' ""'' ^^" -■^•' be a daj. This should not be done ll u '''^"'' °°'^ t^reo meals overburdened and the change ^f ZT'V^' '^''"'''^^ «.^-^em get' reason o^ the fatigue of the oriL P IV'^^"*^ '^ mcomplote by ;oa.t beef, roast mutton or m "L J.' ^' 'f'"^ "''^^^ '>-'-feak lre.h fruit should be taken ?h l!^?' ^^^ ^•'^^■^"Wes a^Td and at least an hour should be devo^7 '^""'^^ ^' ''^^^ careful^ be taken in the middle of the dt or In ,»;' '^^^ ^^^•'^ ™-I ^ay starchy food which has been fried in " '''"'"^- ^^^tn^ and ^- J ;noans ver, 'itl "^ 1° Zf r "'°^^'- '^^'^ taking of - •••P^--^r nutrition as i.odand-.h:;:;^ttloo^ ao TVBKRa-LOSIS upon as part of the food. So far aa possible air should never be rcbreathed. Air which has once been breathed is deprived of some of its oxygen and what is still more objectionable is loaded with some of the poisons given off by the bo<lv. A tubcreulosis subject should sit in the open air all day while under trratment and should sleep in a room with the windows open on two sides unless he can do what is better still, sleep out of doors. Even well people should keep their bedroom windows open because what will cure Will also help to keep well. There should be no shades or blinds on the windows and houses are better without shutters. Sun and air should bo allowed free access to every sleeping room. There need be no fear of draughts. One can sit or sleep in a draught provided he is properly clad or covered. Rest and Exercise in the Treatment of Tuberculosis. Rett and properly graded exercise are important factors in the treat- ment of tuberculosis. So long as a tuberculous patient is below normal weight and is running some temperature he is much safer at rest, even complete rest in bed, than taking exercise. During the fever stage of his disease absolute rest in bed is really neces- sary. After he gets better and no longer runs a temperature, exercise if taken within proper limits is of value, and under proper direction can be made serviceable to recovery. When a patient gets up to full weight he should have graded exercise and should gradually harden himself to considerable endurance. Deep breathing exercise should never be taken while the disease is active and after it is considerably advanced. There is danger of tearing loose adhesions by such exercise and again setting up the disease. Slowness of Recovery from Tuberculosis. With the very best treatment recovery from tuberculosis is a very slow process. Restoration of physical health comes much quicker than complete recovery from the disease. This often leads to mistakes because people who look well and feel well cannot convince themselves that they are not well, and sometimes being thus misled do things which lead to fatal relapses. The time which it takes for recovery depends upon the advancement of the disease, the amount of tissue involved and the amount of tissue destroyed. When a patient comes under treatment very early, he may "recover in six months, and when he comes under treatment very late if he recovers at all it may take him from six to ten years. No time can really be fixed for recovery and every case in this matter must be a law to itself. After a great deal of tissue has been destroyed recovery never again becomes complete in the sense that the person is as well as ho was before he took sick. Such persons, no matter how well they pet, should always be content with a half loaf. Even thoae who have not had the Jiaease very far advanced will always '"■•"" ^"•° '•'■•— ««».„ absolutely no *1 ^ ""'^ " ^'"'"g to do ./ ^ '° °*^^'* If i^' one cannot get L T'' '" f "'^ «"* J"^' what to w "^"T *"'^'-<="- P'^vention o^ the dt"^ '^."^ -"■ ''ecessarwl/;' '"^'^r" ^^^n «'««*' for fear oT""^^^''^ to pre. ve„;T^ ^"P'« «« protection of others T^ ""^ '^" «" that k ' "° Wnsunip- from being f^^^- J^' P^etices which wi] 1™"?' ^'"- ^f!^ "-'■''fecting Smself T 7' ^'■" »'«« Preven hr^!,"* •''"^ ^"«»«e infection reco^^ ' ""'^ ""'««« Precautions «lVf^"''^"«^ f^om •^^^ °ov:S;r-;^^-ie place. ^ ^«^- agai.^, ,^ '^i«nfecthoT^;",C'""> ^»"d« oTStr' *"'^'^"^-» *"•* telling p^2 .'**°'^^ individual an!?i "-f '"^^^ *<> oecupied bf aTon ''^"' '^ '^^^ Whene"t "^ ?'*"^»*« ^itera- i«« practiced rr'"'"':'' '''^ thought ha,\^""'' ^«« l>-n In fact, it would ^!y^l "^'^ '* " vacated h. '^°'^' '' " rooms ;hich thet 1 \^. ^"''^'-^ for co„tumnT''"^ ""• ^^^^^^ ^h^-r own prot«L?°P-^^'^'"f^*ed from t wf ?' *° ^"^« the °f those who *I! ? ''^'"°''* ^'nfection aJf *[""' ^^'^ fo' Humane ,,;ra«:rorA/^^^ ^^ ^h-- ^ ' '"*"'*'''° ^ 10 80 guard and » TlUkCVUMt J iMiugB a oonaumptive in the homo during the lut few monUw of life u to prevent him from infecting tboM around him and contaminating the room in \.-hioh be Jive^ In a hoapital thia can b« done becau»o there are nuracii on guard all the time and linen* can bo changtd an often a« goilt-d. Humane isolation of the dying oaaea and of other caaes during the acute procew of thi> diseaie ia really the moat valuable mean* at our command for stomping out the diseaM. It ihould bo practiced everywhere and by everycw* u far as poatible. Oroundleaa Pear of Consumption. The nervoua and timid nowadays are to much afraid of getting consumption that thej treat the poor consumptive inhumanely. There ia no ground for such fear and timidity. All that ia necesaary to avoid getting conauQiption ia to use common sense, to be cleanly oneself and to insist upon cleanliness in all those around and about one. We can safely bo in contact with a consumptive provided ho takes the proper precautions, and we ourselves should insist upon every con- tive with whom we come in contact doing those things which are necessary to protect us against contracting the disease. Should Consumptives Marry? Should consumptives marry I This ia a question which is often asked and the enactment of a law prohibiting marriage has even been agitated. ':'on8umption is not hereditary ; on the cont. .• i immunity may be inherited from a consumptive parent, lue . ran therefore be no reason for pro- hibiting marriage for the protection of the offspring. Consump- tives who still have the disease in an active form or tvho have been very seriously damaged by it should not marry for their own good. The burdens and responsibilities which come with married life are prejudicial to them and may influence the disease towards a fatal termination. People who have recovered, however, and in whom the disease is entirely dormant can safelv marry. Should the Consumptive Mother Suckle her Child ? Another matter which boars somewhat on this question is whether a con- sumptive mother should suckle her child. As a rule she may do so for some months at least. But if she is in the active stage of the disease she ought .ot to do so. It is much safer to remove the child from the parent than to have it in contact with her and this should always be done when it is possible to do so. Where the mother has to feed the infant it is safer to suckle it than to feed it artificially. During the time of suckling the mother should take a very large quantity of milk, even more than she takes . ordinarily. After the child is strong enoujrh to thrive on cow's ' milk it should be taken from the breast, but its food should not be prepared by the mother. ^^ATOMY Am PHYSIOLOGY, ^ GENERAL VIEW "^HE HXTMA^ BODY.. I I Fnmlal Bone, ■"arletal IVine. Xatwl Boiit'tt. Oooipltdl H<nie. (irhila of Eveic. Malar Biniu. Upper anil Ixiwcr Maxilla. Nasal Cavity. Cervlral Vi'rtetini-. CUvlcle. Scaimla. Sternum. KibH. 14, IlurKal anii Lumbar Vertebr. Innoroinata. ^cnim. Humerus. Radius, riiia. Carpus. Metacarpus. Phaliing:es (if Man^l. Feninr. Patella. Fibula. Tibia. Caids and Astrttf<alus. Cuneifbrm ai»l CuU>i<l. Metatamus. Pbalaiiui-siif Ti»~i. A FBONT VIEW OF THE ADULT 8KELKT0S ANATOMY. ^ of the hv.«g body as will enab^t^Z/''' T^'"" ™'''' «» «««"»* 2^ concerning the p^rvation of"S 1""'^"*""^ *^« «*-*'•''' uieir management. ^'*"» ">« cauaes of diseases, and Anatomy, with which we beo-in ;« *i. «^l"'ch the body is nJe u7^" f !,«^"'^^ «^ ^«P«'^ or organ. <^. "P' "^ "f *he ^7 in which they ar« ;J of «;rs;:tsT;r ^"'"'^ - ---atingof a number Bones, Muscles, Lungs and Air-Tubes, Skin and Fat, J^*^ '^ Blood- Vessels, Stomach and Bowels. Reproductive Oi^ans, IJver, Spleen, Kidneys. S""T'* ^^^ ^ ' ^-je, Ear, etc. BumJb<:i^'^Of"th^;^^^^^^^ up the «oIid f«„.ework of . ^ tW; twenty-five ^ ZfC!'^^ *^' ^"^ '^^ &«; one in ^;bone; sixty-fourareiu^est;.?^^'''* "''^tute the ;pi„e " tw^m ^ehips, thighs, I^l^udtt'^-'"-'-^ ^-^^ -<jW skele^ ^~"''- -^ ^«--«e. are the natu«l divisions of the -d fo^^^t",: T *^ ?"" (--ium) of a grown un onheh«.tir::::rinr;sjj- ^^ *"y («nbiyonic) life 36 AlfATOMT. they number thirty-two or thirty-three parts ; but five of these, at the lower portion of the spine, grow together into one bone, the aaarum ; and, later, the very last three or four (below the sacrum) unite, making the 08 ooooygis, which is the rudimentary or undeveloped tail of man. Fio. 1. BtrUAN BKiXETOII. Each of these links in Uie spinal chain is called a vertebra ; all animals having bacli-bones being called Vertelmites. Tliey constitute the highest division of the Animal Kingdom ; with Man at tiie summit of the whole series. TUB HUM A If SKEL ETON. 37 f 10. 2. SKWAL OOLCMir. as ASATOMT. The thorax, or chest, ia made of the brenst-bone (sternum) in front, twelve ribe mi each aide, and the dorsal part of the spine behind. NatunJly, it is krgest below the middle ribe. Tight-lacing spoils this shape, by narrowing the chest below, to the great disadvantage of the heart and lungs, which are contained within the thorax, injuring the health and often shOTtening life. Sometimes sudden death has resulted from this cause. Below the chest are the hip-bones; which, with the wedge-shaped sacrum between them, include the cavity called the pelvis. The upper extremity of the body consists of the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. Fio. 8. nioirr view of trobaz. For the $kouider there are two bones in Man : the «AouWer-6/arfe (scapula) and ooBar-bone (clavicle). Fig. 4 pves 8 view of the aeapula or shoulder-blade; the flat praiion of it, which rests against the ribs below, and the ridged part above, which makes the shoulder proper. One can feel either of the davicka or collar-bones easily, in front, in his own person, below the neck, between the shoulder and the upper part of the breast-bone or sternum. We commonly soeak of the " arm " as being all between the shoulder and the wrist Su^ns and anatomists make the elbow-joint the boun- dary between the arm and forearm. In the arm propw there is but om long bone, the humerus (Fig. 8). The head of this bone fits into a shallow socket rf the scapula, in which it ia kept by ligaments and surroiuiding musdes. Much taon '•^^ MCMAy SKsisrotr. yiy, however, tl.an ih« tu: u i ^ ftlk or blows, wir.i ""«''-'»ne, tJi^, humerus mav K„ k fio.«. RftflL Fi8.r. hard jobt to dialocaL bZd' . !t '"' "* "'"'^ «^-«-.o«^Tt; '»M»ij?« of the five 'H* WaiST. metacarpal (aext tu 40 ANATOUr. Fio. 9. armn bones which -nake Uie framework of the hond. Although wvered by muscnes and held close together under the skin, we can easily trace the form of these by feeling for them : one bone for the thumb and one for each of the fingers. Every /»isr«- (digit) has ihree parts or joint* ; the thumb only two. Phalanges these are called by anat- omists; Ist, 2d, and 3d phalanx of each finger; 1st and 2d for the thumb. The lower extremity consists of the thigh, leg, and foot; with joints at the hip, knee, ankle, and toes. The iliigh-bme, or femur, is the longest bone in the body. Two bones, tibia (the tliickcr one) and fibula (slen- der), make the skeleton of the leg. At the knee, in front, is the small round and flat patella, or fo.ee^«»«; which gives protection to the joint. Seeen bones constitute the ankle and instep of the foot, called the tarsus. The heel-bone, one of these, is called b anatomy the os calcis. Next to the instep come the five long, slender, metatarsal bones of the foot ; and Uien the toes, or digits, with three parts or phidangen for ea.h, except the great toe, whicli has but two (Fig. 9). THE BOmr TOOT. JOINTS. Bones are hdd together by tough, fibrous ligaments. Between Aeir ends, or in the sockets of some joints, are pieces of cartilage, mere are two principal sorts of joints-more exactly called articulatioM- fixed and movable. The sutures of the head are examples of fixed or immovable joinings or articulations of bones. Movable joints are various, as follows : hinge-joints, as at he elbow and knee; ball-and-socket, as at the thigh or hip-jomt ; gliding as at the junction of the lower jaw witl, the temporal bones of Ae head. All the other bones which are connected together have their union secured by ligaments, variously (and yet simply) arranged : as the pieces (vertebm) rftfie spinal column; the collar-bone (^l^vicle), at one end with the .shoulder-blade (scapula), at the other wth the breast- bone (sternum) ; the ribe with the spine, etc Occipital Bnne. Cemcal Vertebrae. Scapula. Dorsal V'ertebTW. Lumbar Vertebne. lUa. Ischla. TnK'hanter Major. Tnjchanter Minor. fondylrai of Kemur A BACK VIEW OF THK ADULT SKKLETTON. JHfrscitH. « MUSCLES. ^ or fibrin., each of which ^, L fornTJET:' -^^.-n-y l^r bodies, placed end to e«d, like bea^ "'^"''' «"-'"«» Fio. 10. cuiar««tof thcali™enta,;i^n^t.fh« .T""^ '"^ ^^^^ ("•«■ ve««el«, specially the sSle^rf^ c^! ^^ "' «»*« °^ *»>« "ood- will ha. no i«wev; their JLITttvo.S^^;'"^ .7^"^ ^ ^ voluntary, exceut the h-or* a '"^ . """O'- All red muscles are lower sJwinrmt, 'Tr ,^^^ ^'^f"^ -->-> ^ which our feelings are npontan^^^ ^^^ ""^Y ""' '"'^ ''^ altogether a muscular o,^. Ife^L T^' „ ' ^"^ ^ '^'»«* tract regularly by a po^r residinfr^K ^^^^ """'«^' ^^ «>'>- "%thm.-e. LI, r::,!^'Z -^-;;je e.act cause of .hc«e AWarelon^Und^Lt; rtt^Srlr'^ "^ ^'^^'^ *^>^- thiu ; a few run th,t>ugh or over diltinS T "" ^'"^' ^'''' »°<J of their action. By L onrin JT ^l^'"' '^""^"^ '^'^ ^^io'^ to a bone or other Ct at Z ..^f ' ""' """" ''' '^tUu.hment h a round, white, fibrous coitl caui TtZ ' e "^'^ *** * ^"«' •- flat instead of nnind. K^! n iti 10^-?,.^"^*^^ *-<J°- a nuniber of the mu«les in Ae b^ ' "' '^' ^"'™ •"«* '«»«o» 41 ANATOMY. Fw. n. MUSCIiKB, FHOMT VIBW. nvaeisM. rn.\% MD8(.I^ aACK VI£W, :P .! M AilAfOMt. THE SKIN. W« have a Uv» ticin (cutis), whkh i« laid bare bjr a btfator, and b vary ■owitive ; and over that the protective, delicate, leath«r-Uke Guti« ela, aptdamala, or imirf-Rkin. TliiM hw no feollDg at all ; on <«n Iw easily ihown by clipping it carofully where it i» thick, as near tlie lidw of the finger-naihi. Tlie tough parts of oorn* and waii» t»nskt of cntiole. • Of the true skin there are at least two layers ; uodemiast, oue oom- posed of a flbro-elastic tissue ; and on that another, hav' .; a multitude of little elevations on it, giving it a hill and valley cliuidiTter all over. Rows of hillocks, with valky liues betwe^'it tbco<, aiv easily seen on the palms of the hands. Fio. 13. Fto. 14. ^ ^^p■^ ^^ \^ MAtas AMD OltrOLA^M. 'm^^M ^/^-"yWg HWEAT-Ul^NUt AMD UUOTtl. -1 Each little hillock (papilla) of the skin contains thv ending of a tiny iiranch of a nerve, and a little loop (or mon' than oue) of small blood-vessels. The warmth and nourislimcnt of tlic skiu depend on these vessels ; its fwling renides in the nerve-endings. The cpiderm or cuticle (sicarf-skin) is funned of layers of flatteued neU» (epithelium) ; seen under the micn)scof>e to have that character. Under the epiderm and upon tlie cuiix, or true skin, is the color* layer, com|)oeed of cells which contain u dark matter. Blondes, as we call fair-complexioned people, have but few of these color-cells. Bruneltcti, such as Spanixh or Italian beauties, jwssesa more of them. Chinese, Egyptians, American Indians, and Mulattoes show still more; ,^^as^^ KegfMB, and Km* mUvw of Swith,.™ ii- i then, my bl«,k. fiut the «,„ evkZ 1 [' " ' .•"^'' ^^ ""k* (fnd.. Tlu. |,„u.p „U„„7Z. ill " '• r"*-«'*'«'» «•«' oil. •Jem ,vith „ „„...„., K-.^'^jt; 't "r"."' "'•' '""■"*' '■"""•"'"•nK --K up ,..««.«,. „.e .ki.,, , ;jhT;' t «'rk.Tt.w-Iike tulM, run- without «„th,...i.,« i.. ,,,,,. crki T' *""'^'"'' "'" - -i--. • l»<ki»K material l.tw,.I Z "" r?""^V'"« = --.-.We „ 1*11. heart, «„,1 Uldnvy J, ,/.,. J o" /'."."' "" "'^'""^ '^e eye- STOMACH AND BOWELS. of the swallowiug throat; the" lower 'n-.:^ ^, '^"'' '" "'^ "I'l*'- !«" the stomach. ' ' "''*^' »*" '« ^'^' «»oph«gu.. going j^ The •tomach is a lanre Har or k» l rf»oe; with th. In.K^reTtowarfsthflt"'^ **''""''""8 "'^^ •»» old the outlet (pyloruaTfJtheTt^^^tll^^^^^ ^^ "^''* ^^ ''' iuto which pou.. the bile f^nXe r ^^' """'"*' "" ''"«»«uni. pancreatic juice fron. the~:e^ ^^^7^. """■""'""' ""^ "^^ *he , The whole lenirth of th. h- ^ ^'^' "' I«n'-r««s. '•-; of the lowefo; U?;^ :j,r^;-«ine .-^ -bout twentv maiing from thirty to thiny-fi^ft "Lt P 'u" ""*^ "^^ ^««t'; full-growa maa,. Occasionally atJ ."^'*' "'' *''« »«^1« of a within the iut«rt.n«unt,ntha;acoTT"" ''" ^ '^'"'^ *« "ve 4e whole c^l J Thi, woL''^ 2^1"°" *^ '""'• ^^e length of v«y wide. ™ "' '•*'**v«-, quite flat «ij thin, «,*! not AUMEXTABY UAHAU In Fig. 15, the beginning of the large intestine is seen at the lowei right side of the subject; its ter- mination (the anus) is diown on the left side, below. At the jnnc- lion of the small and large intes- tines is the ileo-coUc valve. Not far above this is the place where there is usually tenderoesB on pressure in cases of typhoid fever. Somedmes, also, inflam- mation of the boweb begins vxau the some resrion. ^ ^»,. OTMMM ABDOMINAL ROANS. OTHER ABDOMIXAL ORGANS. Fio. 17. 47 color and genera] fom, a calf's liver 13 considerably like it. Underneath it lies the Gall- bladder. A tube or duct car- ries the bile from the Liver to the Gall-bhidder, whence it P««e8 out, from time to time, into the rfuorfenum,already men- toned as the first portion of theanall intestine. lie Spleen is a round, flat- *««« gland, a good deal smaller Via. 18. W»1)K« SURFACE OK THE UVHt 48 AN A TOUT. Fio. 20. than the liver, and of a rtony bluirfi-red hue. It lies near the 9tonia«3v 8ome^vhat on the left side. It is often euomiously enlarged in penww who suffer with chill« and fever ; being then called « ague^ke. The Pancreas is a mther long, flat, and thin gland, lying acn» tiM. middle of the body, just below the stomach. It has a tijbe or duct, which empties into the Duodenum, near die entrance of the bileHliRt, which comes from the Liver and Oall-bladder. The two Kidneys lie, one on each side, far bade in the abdo- men, between the ribs and the hip-bones (ossa innominata). The Kidney is dark-red in color, containiug,especially near its outer surface, many small blood-vessels (capillaries) full of blood. Its slwpe is very much that of a "kidney bean;" its lajgth,aboHt four inches; wid^i, Fio. 19. THB Kimnof, USD om. THE KIDKI1Y8, 0B«T«R8, AKD OBSiX BLOoo-vrantA fvo, and thickne* an inch or so, in the adult. Out of it proceeds the ureter, a tube through which the rine flows to the Bladder. The BUdder rests in front, be ■ ,v the intestines, jast behind the bony ridge of the j>rf««. From the Bladder the urine escapes through a tube called the urethra. the my ii a ■ I "M BSAkT AND Bioon-vKsseia. 49 BREATHING ORGANS. tl« blood.v««el8 aud nerves connected with tlie«e. T^imugl. tl,e nortrils or the mouth air entere the Larynx. tne Adams apple "is in a man's throat. The f"'*-*!- larynx is tJie organ of voice ; hence it is lanrer and lc« simple than if it were only to bmSie chiefly oompo«ed of cnrtUayinow, rinffs; and this t'"rj;i::r'' '" °~~'^'' '"-' '^"^ ^-'^ 8lateK«IorecI. which fill up almost all thl spac^ witihin the chest not occupied by the heart and great Wood-v«el8. After death, a healthy lung craSL «oftly when preyed by the hand; and will float on wato-, on account of the air contained in it. ax hundred millions of ai^cells, it is calcu- th. i.abvhx. HEART AND BLOOD-VESSELS. T^.?i?';-^T"""- Ofthektter,morehe.^ft... ^^'"^ A man s heart is about the size of hio fi« U u t^ t . . ThI K ? f ^ , ?'■* '" "^'"*** ''" '■" ^«>"* "f the other half The hear^ „ placed beJiind the b«as«^bone (sternum) with i^ kr«>r ^ upw«ds,.nd it, tipCpex) pointing downwari'tl^' As ,t» huxer and stronger parts (ventricles) press out the Wood f^^ tliemselvea into the great arteries the h«.rf^!.. / / • . "^ i^all, under the fifth^ ' ^"^'^ ^'^ "8*"^ ^•'-' "^^ 4 10 AHATOUr. Into the right auricle enter two large veins, the largest in the body, one from above and the other from lielow. ThcHc bring all the blood of the body back to the heart. The right auricle opens into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle a large vesnel, the pulmonary artery, passes out, and branches into the two lungs. Four veins from the luugs (pulmonary veins) enter and cany the blood into the left auricle. This opens into the left ventricle. Out of the left ventricle goes the aorta, the largest artery of the body ; whose brandies supply all parts of the system with blood. Fiu. 22. THE HKART, I-AID OPBK. Over the Heart is a covering sac, called tlie Pericardium. The Aorta forms an arch above, and goes down behind the heart (Fig. 22). It gives off branches all along, and descends in front of the back-bcme (vertebral or spinal column). Eight alongside of it lies the great vein (vena cava), which carries the blood from the lower part of the body and pours it into the right auricle. There are a great niany arteries in the body. You can know whwe one lies by its puUating or beating, like a little heait. There are still MtA "^ ^^D MLOOD-VesaBLS. bright-red bWl fl„,v., with^erkint 7 ■ ^ '''"" "" "^^O' « «>», co.r.es out, with „ steady flow. Fron « T '"*' "'''' "«-bUck blood the neck, enough may „,.„e tc. a^Zll^U^ T,"' "" *''" J"«"'«' "<" BmaJl vein ,„„<.!. I«4 ^..^ j^ J" ^"^ *f '. " « ''«'« while; but fm„, « when an artc-o' ^ womuled. ""'''" *'*'''P«' ''^ P-^^-n- than P«^/>fec. whi,.h it. destinaUoralJowl' ' " "''^^' "' "'^ "'«•* Fi'i. 24. a.Ortheskloort "nger; *.of the Snuli Intestine. tAPll,LAlllK8 OF' A TOOTH (Much MAgnlBedO *• S-" veins ^^:r^.T:x:^z^^^^:^^^^^ "Jg into the great ascending TaZ ' l^^'^'^^ ""it* in empty- which p«« f«,l below "daW ?„.''?""'••"« ^^'•"« (ven. cavl - d.p^, compantst hete t "fh '""''" ^"^ -- a«d can be readily «een. Nearly all aIv^' l!'" "'* "* **« «»'^««> ooojje, by which their blood "^.vit Z% " "■.!r^' "'""^ *^- blood-^ovenaent in the veins n.LSo^'^^fr^f^J^^^^ A If ATOM r. of the wteriw have vtlveB, exoept, w before wid, just «t the origiiM, In the hewrt, of the pulmonaiy artery and the aorta. Oue exoeptiou there w, iu regard to vein* always joiiiing to maka Fiu. 25. UlCTKAU AMP LYMrHATIOI. larger and largw tnmka. There is a large van in the oaitre of the body, called the portal vein, receiving blood frwn the etomach, small intestines, and spleen, which divides up into capUUries. These then LYHFIUTIC VnaBXU AXD OttAKUi. .ft . A go through the liver, and are again united into a vein {ht^^ vwn), vhidi rm» oat fW«n the liver into the great asooiding trunk (vma «to (except Uh, two 1.,^ duoU whil ^' Tt*^ "^ """^' ""^ *»"" «JorI« fluid. c«l|«, lymph '^«?ofT"' ^^ ^^' "'^ "^"^ « ««vey . n.nk.|ike fluW .« led Z,/. ^''^'T" ••««*i««. however. All abog Um ™u„ of 4, ^r,"|" r ^"^ <!»• on ih. right .id,. ORGANS OP REPRODUCTION. Our purpose will be here best aerv«l K, • • ««H« of the «peeie«. Tho^ of X^ f f ""^ "**"'«' *« *« contiii- "Hi the Uteru. "'" ^*'^''' ''>'«te.n are the Ovaries wCf r^Sr""" "" ^'^ ««e,«u«,..K,c. iu ehe"b™«, Via. 27. OVABUB AND ITERcs. iiich« long, tm^,,JZ°T ■ **^'* B on e.^. s«^ , ^u- g^,^ M AlfATOMr. Fi«. 28. outar «nd rf ««* duct widetm out, and \»/nnged (tee Fig. 27). Oidl- ntrily, tli» end opeai into the cavity rf the abdomen ; but at certain ]imods it preMea upon the ovary, eo i» to receive trom it« surface a dieduu]ged ovum. The Utcrua m a pear-nhoH body, bmodcrt above, »tts|)tnded by ita ligaments iu the peWia ; that is, tlie lowest jjortion of the trunic It ia about three indies lon>?, two inrfiCH wide at its upper part, and an inch thlclt. When in its right poaition, ita upper end is directed upwarda and somewhat forwards; its lower end, downwards and slightly backwards. Behind it is the bowel {redtm), and before it the bladder. Anato- miste speak of tlw/undiM or bodj/, the oerri* or neek, and the os or mouth of the Uterus. The Mammary gland, or bread, is a part of the reproductive system, bang designed for the nourishment of oi&pring. It is composed of a great number of cells, in whiclj milk is secreted from the blood. These open into tiny tubes, which unite to form larp;r ducts, making of these at last fifteen to twenty iMCtlferoua ducta. All tliese converge to th'e nippk, where the milk is supplied to the infant after its birth. The mammaty glands commonly grow niuoh larger at the approadi of matemit}'. BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. All vertebrate or bock-boned animals, among which man is the highest in tlie scale, have a Brain, a Spinal Cord, Ganglia (nerve- centres), and Nervea. Man's brain is mudi larger in proportion to his body than tliat of the most manlike Apes, such as the Gorilla, Orang- outang, and Chimpanaee. . , . „ • Nearly the whole cavity of tlie skull in man is filled with the Brain. It is made up of a grealer and a lesm- brain (cerebrum and cerebel- lum). Eadi of these is in two halves or hemispheres ; but the divMum is deepest between the right and the left half of the upper, front, greater brain, cerebrum,. Three membranes wrap and protect the brain ; an outer tough, fibrous one (dura mater) uext the skull; t!K?n a tliiu layer (aracbnmd). MAMMAIIY «il.ANlW. MIA Itr A »0 Jf^M yo PS , rBTMM. „ Viiwk "•** ***■ "•"*'' »'««*» «ii wade np of bIo«t I UHBER 8URFA.i! Or THE BRA.IC, Fio. 30, OM MBUWHERt; or THB CEBEMUK. n»J» are rnnooth-bmintd Man »..= *i, "<• ■!!• -il.., „», L,^> ^XT """"»'°f —'««««. .!i-!r app«,ranee, Jk; iraagiued to be mad* Fio. 31. ff A HA TO Mr hf J* bnOn gmwing •Imort too Iwrge for the skull, ud w Iwoomtaf Krinkkd, M olothai do when pwked in » trunk without being fokkd. Anatoniiato speak of thn^e lobet or portiomi .rf" the Mfrebnim, ooe behind wwther ; but th€«, m well •* tlie inner rtrw-ture of the bmln, need to be d«Kribed only in a t«hni««l or jmifatnional rtudy of the sub- ject We m«y say here nwn-ly that, while the outside jwrt of ea«* hemisphere, where the convolutions are, is compoMd mostly of gray nerve-cella, much the greater part of the cserebmm is of whlta nen(Ji- ■ubstanoe ; and this, when examined with the microscope, ia seen to ba made up of myriads of tiny tubea; the same as those of whksh th« iurvt$ are oonsdtutod, all over the body. About a do«n paira of narvaa are oooneoted with the base or lower part of the cerebrum. Among them are the cptic nerves, for the eyes ; olfactory nerves, for the nostrils ; auditory, for the inner ears ; one pair for the mnsdes of the face ; another pair for the tongue, etc. Several of thene are shown at their besinninos in Fig. 33. • . , • at uiwr «Ki ug- B ^^ c«r«b«Uuin, or lesser brain, m behiml, and, in Man, though not in all apimals, below the cerebrum. It is, in Man, considerably smaller than the latter. Instead of convolntkms, it is marked outside with lines, and within, when (!ut open, it has a brandied ap- pearance, fancifully called l^scmie old anatomists the tree of life. It has no more, really, to do with life than the rest of the brain. Out from the cerebrum, and partly also from the cerebellum, there passes down the beginning (medulla oblon- gata) of the apinal cord (medulla spinalis). The Spinal Cord, or Spmal Mar- row,extends all the way down the back,encafled within a <*aonel immedi- ately behind the bodies of those pieces of the back-bone called vertdnvi. Nerves which go in and out through the small holes on each side of the back-bone, are Aown in Fig. 34. These spinal nerves carry messages, 80 to speak, between the brain and the hands, feet, and other parts. Were any of them cut across, some parts of the body would be deprived of feeling and of the power of motion. In F^. 33 we have a view of the two optic nerves ; which are pecul- iar in joining and canemng each other between the brain and the eyes. AN ixRiDC vir.w or the bsajv. FMkO. -cnti,.. Oym^r., olan«, and «,«le-fi,h<* have no b.,.iu „«^ Vm. 3,1. THB omc KliHVES. :«»■ f i'M 68 AS ATOMY. The most «gul.r amingement of g.ngli. m Man ».n « "^^jr; ou the two sides of the back-bone (spinal column), ontonde of it, ihese nnirlia have nerves emnedmg with the apinal nerves, and they send SamAes also to the great organs within the body (stomach, Iwer, spleen, heart, lungs, 1 idneys, ovaries, uterus) and tc the artenes, which have r Fio. 34. 4; BSAIK AHD SWHAL COBD TOOBTHKB. no other nerves. Moreover, there is a small ganglion on each of the hindmoat of the two roota which eveiy spinal nerve has. ^ Behind die stomach lie the lai-gest ganglia in the body, caltea, Irom their half-moon sliape. the two semilunar ganglia. Near them is a great med, (plexm) ..f nerv«., called the solar plexus. B««UHe of Uieir close connection with the spinal marrow, and also with the heart, n "tAIN AlfD ySHVOUS arSTSM. 59 •.h. pi. of -h. :i!:^v^» Ltrr ■"" ■ ■""' ■"»» "^ Auatoinists have long lieen acrustomed ^.^ ™li ,u Fio. 3.5. XEKVlfS or THE BODY parte together ; yet ^ feeling belongs uot to them l.,it tn fT.« / • (S«PiivaioLoav.) ""*■''""= S>«.m „ Oj^,ac Lift. PHYSIOLOGY. r\i Physiology shows the actions ami uses of those p«rt» of the IkkIv (called organs, or inMmmenta, their fabrit« being i-alled tlie tissues) whoee ^apes, sissef-, an<l places in th« system are set fortli in Anatomy. Fio. 3«. HAND OF MAN ANi) UORILLA. Two sets ct functiom or operatioiiB are performed by different orgaus or instruments in the body. One set, being exi-eedingly like functions performed also by plants, are called vegetative functions; the others, fiecnliar to animals (iacladiug Man), are tei-med animal functions. Of the first set there are: Digestion, Respiration, ' Circuli^on, Ebrcretion, GroMrdi, Bcproductioo. Of the seccmd set : Sensation, Intellection, Sppntaneons Motion, Emotioo. "OW WK TAKB FOOD. ^ •I HOW WE TAKE FOOD What .8 chewioj. for? It is ^ ZLil I *'"« °^ '"««1- ™« it with the saliv. of th .,1^ Th'is f'''^ '^ ^'-'' -<^ swallow, aad begin, its digestion M„/J; ""'^^ '* ««>•* ««y to "bread, potatoes, ,^^, beat, etc" coSclfl" T'"'''' ^ ^-*^'' "I'va acta upon moist, warm staiSr,^-*'^ "''"*''• -^"^ the partiodar change, the L^nniu^''^i'^^"'l!' ---hat- That intertine. ^''' ^"^ "" ^''^ter and is ended in the small fia. U7. ICfcol fcr apioa, M^, "^'°'' ^' «^^» ^"i* keck. -anage 1>, a„ act of the wii 1 « th "! «'' --"-ing we can SO farther, in spite of us. E^u It t ! f • " '^''" "P'^' "' ^^^ "«>a-'-ng,»ao to speak. A la ^,1 . ^J""'"^ '' "*"^''"^ »-'■'• tl'e throat so well. Put the nill Jnl ' ! . '^^«""wing rauscl«, of back on the «K.t of th t^gn' ^TtLrS "' ^'J^"^' " ^'^ '' «»' down it wiU go. *^ ' "*'° '•''« « drink of water,--and fl rursioioar. DIGESTION. In the stomach h flecreted (cliiefly jnrt after f.xKl has lieen taken) tl»« gMtric juice. This is au acid fluid, «)ntaiiiing a substance called pefWin (from a Greek woitl meaning difjeMimi; dyitpejmia is liad digestioji). It dissolves and changes, that is <ligest«, the lean part of meat, the pasty part (gluten) of bread, and the cheeay part (casein) of milk. Tlie fatty portion of our food scarcely l)egins to be digested till, after being made into chyme, it all passes out through the pylo- riM, from the stomach into the small intestine. Into the beginning of this, the duodenum, pour the Wle from the liver, and the pancreatic juice from tJie paiKatas. By these fluids, iu the small intestine, tlie ytwem of digestion is completed. ABSORPTION. fief(H« food which is digested in th^ stomach goes from it (through tlie pylorm) into the duodenum, it is converted into ch)rn}e. Part of it, eBtirely dissolv*-!!, is soaked up, absorbed, by the small blootl-vessels (eapilkries) of the stomacli, and is carried by tliese and larger blood- VMsek (veins) into the (jmhwhI eii-ciilatioii. A good deal of the blood fi«H the 8 omadi (and also from thtr small intestine) goes through the fartal v«B, into tlie liver. Jn this blood there is ccmveyed to the liver a iwge anjountof noarishing material, which afterwards (lasses into the fgeaeai cinnilation. Cft^HK, aeted n^n in the small intestine, is dianged to dkylt. This m a milky fluid, wiiich is taken up, very mud» as the small i-ootlets of plante tJke water from the grotuHl, by vessels called lacteals. All the hKbedn empty into the ^aotacic duct (see Anittomy), a tube which en* at tlie JuiM>tion of two fao^ge veins at tlie upper left side of the cliest, just lielow tlie throat. Th»* the chyle gets into the yood. But, all along their track, tke lact«ds go througli small round, flat bodies (made of reiUi), called tiie mesenteric glands. These act ui»oii the chyle, changing it, so that it becomes more like Idood. This kind of change is called assimilation. Blood going through the liver and spleen also seems to be anstmilattd, that is, made like or similar to the titRoes of the body ; and the glands scattered along tlie other absorl)- ent vessels, called the IgmphaAea (see Aiwtomy. under Circulation), assimilate the lymph, which they take up everywhere in the body, t« the blood-lymph, which nouridie all the tissues. «?? >i?*^£<WSj5;vs5^ asass^ ~:'^sa^^^^^i^h^iSiiSF^^ ABBOKPTIoy. ^ diiMrtion Ai P?**"* '^^^ *« •*«•"'* nourishment; ami «>Hom «rS^ ;^T'^?' ''•'" ^*"''«" '*' "'"" l"*!*"^. iuo the bl«^ Fio. 38. '5^ THE LACTKAL8 AKD LYMPHATTCS. Tl,at any part of the body, a« l«ue, mnscle, or b«iu, skall «t,w aini k^. healthy and st.xH.R, neecls seve.„I oo,.ditio,». 1. iHn ,^^^a^^ a «.ffic^«t supply of blood. 2. The blood .„„st be of a go^ J^^" I 64 PHYBiohoar. 3. There raiwt be also ■ supply of nerve-force, through connection with a healthy nervous gystero. 4. The part or organ must have its natural and proper share of lue ur exercise, ft. Between the periods of exercise there miut be time enough for sufficient rest for the repair of wastf. CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD. Beginning at the right ventricle of the heart (see Anatomy), the blood passes thence to the lunga. Thcnoe, after being aired, it returns Fio. 40. Fio. 39. it PLAM or TRS CIBCt ■ LATIOH. A aOMAH HEART, LAID OPKIT. to the left auricle. This pours it into the left ventricle. Out of that cavity it goes into the great aorta, the main artery rf the body. Between each aiuicle and its attached ventricle there are bands and cotds, making a sort of doors or valves, shutting behind the cun-ent of blood when it passes from the auricle to tlie ventricle, and preventing its return. Some of these are shown in Figs. 40 and 41. f'rfotriArroy or Tffg BiooD. ^ from tl.e half-.„Si «hape7f t^^^c'S ' "'^"'™""' -"'»"'«'. When the heart act« during life t^n. r.F tu open, aud two of then, shut A «T T ^"^^ ^'^'^ «■* «>^» o..t their «,„teat« iu" t .et.af ^S ' t' "«''* ="^ '^«' '^"«- great arteries (pulmonary and aort.^ they Pit. 41. ""*"" ™T Or«K. ,H0.,.„ ™. ,,,,„ „„^ ^^^ ^^^ cAw the mentbranous valves behind Hw.„, j BenMunar valves of the aZ; ' ""'^ ** *''« «"»« «nie the «nt,a„d the r..m^l::^ZZ£lu'- t '^''-l^'-^ '^'ood cur-' h«.rt .n ma„,„n .„„„.,,„,, 3^, ,,^^^ .night be de«criW a. two Via. 42. V^I-V- or THK .OKTA. «p..KAD OPK. (x.ok.K,,.), «Hl ,t8 branches. F«,m thoec bmnd.^rt is^^wi "^ *^" ""•"" c^-He. ,^,^ bi^^-vesseCt: -; ^;:;^t ;;P^;;^c»,^e M pnrstoioor. Through the velm, Joining togetlier like Iminchm of a running iti«an\ the blood in nt bnt (by the vam cava) n.>tnnH<«1 to the heart lluscU (rc(), i>tn{iod) inakm np the milwtance oT tlie heart. It ne\'et •ti^ acting, whether we are Hlcoping or waking ; taking uo rent, except in the short pnueeh, «ie of which occurs ader each beat, before the next begimi. • When the vi'iitriclcs contract, the tip (apex) of the heart kuocka gently against tlie insiite of tlie chest, just below the fifth rib. As we feel thiH, we call it the impulse cif the heart. If you put your ear oo any one's chest, right above whera the heart is felt to beat, or a little nearer to the niicMle of the l>rca8t-bonc, two sounds will be heard, lub-dnp, lub-dnp ; the first the loudest awl strongest. Tliese are of much im]M)rtaucc to physicia:! •, iu jutlgiug about disordera of the heart. A grown man's heart beats o" the avci-age, when qtiiet aud iu health, seventy times a minute ; a wonmn's, seventy-five times. Tlicre is no harm, however, in a pulse (as we tall it when counted at the wrurt) beating only sixty times a minute. Exercise, great heat, cniotioa, or stimulating drink, may hurry it up to more than a hundred per minute in any one. Standing, it is most rapiil ; a littk slower, sitting; sbw- est, lying down. Infants have jnilses of a liiiudixtl or moi-c beats per minute while perfectly well. Old people have tiie pulse slower tliau those of mkktle age, until they come to be t-o.y okl, when it may be weak aud raiikl. Fever is always attemlcd by' a rapid jmlse. C^ium poisonif^, aiKtplexy, and compreesiuu of the braiu from a broken skull, are marked commonly l\y a alow pulse. When one becomes very feeble, especially (mm long illness, the pulse is amall aud rapid. Dying iierauns most generally have a rapid, thready, snudi, weak pulse. The arteries have each tliree coats : the outer one toagh aud fitooiu, tiie innermost thin aud very muootli ; the middle one both muscular (white, unstriped muscle) and clastic. When Uond is iHii^ed iato tlie arteries by the heart, tbe>- contract upon it ; and m help to amy it iarther, into the capillaries, and, througli them, iirto ^ veina." As ^ most aasiitauce to tlic movement of the blowl is waaled at the greatnt distance from the heart, so tlw moat muwcular ai-tCTitit aro the saiallaat branches. By these, die ammiut of Uuud given to diiervat parte is r^nlated aooording to their needs. * Many phynoloi^ do not acknowledge that the «rl«ric« awial the bear* in foRJim the blood onwards; thinking that they regiilale ite flow nuwly by reaklinx it, iiiow or len Bnt, alter much study of theButject,theanthoriBiiatisfied (hat the atwv* aaoatmt k correct. / . y**"* ■"»«»»/«««» on tlwlMck of any one', |«„,1 ti • inJo the right Si* ""'*" "^ '^' *"'™»« "^ 'he ven. «v. without a n,ion«coj.. B^tt thorn t J J ""* "^ "'"■" ^ "^ «*" l».-t» of the body L AnltLt -"^ «^ *^ *"*• '''">"»'' «« <-, belong- to the c^piHart ^;Ti;;,T;:r;' 'r' ^ ^'•"■^ •'"• ve«b by tl.e h«„t, ided by the arteri^ • S \T '''"* ''""•" capUIaiy attraction. ' ^ "*"''*^ somewhat l,y This kfml of attraction may be sfHlied outside of ^ body ako P^ uimards. &o, too, ,„ H,e littl,., ddicate roots of « .>W...« * T.7 ' '" ""^ "^"«, delicate tibi the uiHvaitIs *y H raraioLoar. THE BLOOD. M«ny QiU«TMlIani «nd Wmnw have blood whi«* fci » mMM, gtMuisb, or brownUb liqukl. Man'a blood, and that of all the higher animals, to a colorlem liquid, in yth\A fiont roultitudea of minute bodiea, r«d corpuaelea, which give it a red color. Eight milliowi of theae oor|MiM!lea would not more than cover the head of a pin ! WWi a micTOBcope tlieae are aeen, shaped, in Man, something like nilway mr-wheels. !.*« easily ob8er\ed, ami much fewer (only one to aeveral hundred of the red) are the somewhat lanjer whits or Fm.«. •izK or BW30iHX)BFUscLia iM mrwrnwin akimam (am- MAOKmisD). colorleas corpiiscles. The white are rather more, and the red rather less, than one three-thousandth of an imh in diameter, in Man. Wasting diseases lessen the number of the red blood-corpuscles, and reduce also the amount of iron \v. them, which is important for their and our health. Hence physicians often prescribe iron to be taken as a tonic medicine ; it might i-eally, in such cases, be called a food. Blood ha-* a saltish taste, and contains " salts," ns chemists call sub- stances more or less like common salt in their nature. Wlien the Wool dies, it doU or coaguUtea. That is, it separates into a watery liquid, called serum, and the dot, or coagulura. THM s/.ov Alioat to, „,in,„<^ ^^^^ ,^^.; Klo. 44, Flo. 4S. •UM)» co4«, la very low from exhausting <liZf . iT , ""*' "'"'' '*''•»" '■<■« » and hasten d«,th. ** ' ''"** "'"•'' '^'•'" i" «!•« heart it«lf. Use* of the blood ai* ♦«•,. . . to .timuLte. thatt i u a ^Zt 11 '"'^ "'' '"^ "^^^ -' J ana 8i,u, on, the actions of the organs. Fio. 47. Fjo. 48. CAPiuARies, '•.Of,b,.k,„o/,ri,„e,:».ofthesm.n IntMitne. AIR-CEI.U. A»D CAPILLABIB OF A HUMAJ, LUKO (MAOmriED). •••aOCOfV RfSOlUTION TBT CHART {ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) Li, Hi 112 12. ■ 2.2 la Hi lit u u nil ■ 2.0 il.8 1.6 J /1PPLIED IM^GE Inc ^ 1653 Eost Main Street rj5 Rochester, Ne« rork 1*o09 USA S ' ' 6) ♦82 - 0300 - Phone S (^'C) 28a-»89-F(u 7i WflTM0L90T. BREATHING. Oar taDg» oon«rt of aboat «x hondred ™:»'«™ "^""^^ "^"^^ ,«a,ried by v«y fine aipillary v«»eU, carrymg blood. 1^™ ^« "^ ^POoSi the thin wiaiB of the «1U and the delicate ooate of the oapilkry How is the air made to go into and out of the chert? . _,,^ By the action of the intercostal muscles (see Anatomy), we im o,wribi,ioniswhat as we open an umbrella. Abo, the dUphrHm, Fig. 48. Btr<rAll WIKP-FIPB, LOSOe, AKB H«AM. the dooHHihaped muscle arching across the mrfdkrf the bodynnte the lungs iXhesrt. cont«ct« and goes down, Wung ^J^ Thus, .?y much as with the two sides of a pair of beltows^ exp«^ the diXand draw the air in through the noetnls or mouth, or both. When <A«e are dosed, we cannot breathe at all. ^ai^ Women lift their ribe mort in b««^^ ; 't'^!??IJ,ZiJ[ phrsgm mote, a. shown by the bulging of &e -^-^J^^ S^reath. d«at equally in both '^y'-. J^fTSl* "^1 rogeon will bind the chest pretty tight with a bwad b«daBB,so •• to ke^ tiie ribs nearly at rest iSKA TBiiro. 71 Fio. 4». N-AH OF AiR-nnin axd AIB-CKLU. When th« JangB an disewed, or the breathing muscleg are weak ao much cannot be taken in aa when we are ' weU. It is a good sign of health to be able to draw a very long, deep breath. Life wjsawoce exambers sometimes use this as a test of what is called mUd capacity. About sixteen times in a minute is the average breathing rate of a grown peraon, when quiet and in health. When ill, as • with inflammation of the lungs, or even merely with fever, it may be hurried to forty or more times a minute. Children breathe more rapidly, taking much shorter breaths. What we breathe for has already been partly exphiined. It is to get oxygen mto the Wood, and carbonic acid gas out of it We also exhale watenr vapor constantly; as may be seen in the little murt before one's nostrib out ofdoo«m cold weaier. Also, the f^ |ng«f. window-panes shows the freezing of moisture, part ^ l^^f wh.d. « from the breaths of people in-doo«. More^vV^the Xr rf Aebreaa. of most pe«ons gives proof of the giving off of ««L ^ (d«d and dymg particles) from the blood by L lungs T ^' ^,^«««^ ^P«r. each of us breathes oat, in the same tunj wh^ wouH make, if condensed, n«rly a pint of^. ;♦ «Tr*'« ^ ''^^ '"™'*«' '^t^ "^' «««>t be breathed at aU • « S^H'* T "^r f"^'"^ ^^ - "^ quantity rfd^t' «n hreatibe it easily enough ; but if there is one^enth or less of it in Z ?^, • '^'^.'^'^^^ if P«>longed. is the sleep ofZI. f^ a good chim^y, «* thus overeome in a short time. Common PofaiT' Sri K ,r*'^'* or bituminous coal, is even more Z^T" f t°^^^ '^"^ '*^" ^ » ™«™ where, from b«l Aa^t, a Stove or other fire gives off gas enough to be known by the ^J"^ P«. »«d for lighting, is likewise very poisonous when h«Aed Not a few pennms have lost their lives, through ignorant then going to eleq> where the gas 18 eacaping. ofwh«dithe«i..«tu«I«,pp,yof,.ri^^^ XW^ 72 I'uraioLoar. heavier than air, and lingers awhile near tlic earth. When a man goes into the cave with a dog, the animal, being nearest the ground, is soon overcome, and falls as if dead. If taken out at once it will revive .\gain. NUrogen gas, which makes four-fiiUia of the air, appears to have no important pail therein, except to dilute the oxygen. ANIMAL HEAT. On our commonly used Fahrenheit thermometers, " blood heat " is put at ninety-eight degrees (98°). But it should be niarktiJ higher. In the armpit of a healthy man or woman, a tliiirmometcr with its bulb remaining for five minutes will mark 98.5°. In the heart itself, it is 100°. Our bodily heat does not increase Wuch with hot weather, or in tropi- cal climates, because the perspiration modifies it. Evaporation, of water or any other liquid, cools the surface where it happens. Thus an engineer can attend to his fires where the thermometer marks 110° or higher, so long as he sweats freely ; not otherwise. Flannel is the best thing fw clothing under such circumstances; because it absorbs per- spiration well, and is also a dow conductor of heat — that is, heat does not go through it rapidly, as it does, most of all, through metals. All clothing is useful to us chiefly by its slow conduction of heat, either Jrom or to the body. (More will be said of this under Hygiene.) Chabert, who was called the .7ire-king, by special training and preparation of his clothing, was able to enter safely a large oven or fur- nace heated to 600° Fahr., nearly three times as hot as boiling water.'*' Hot-air baths are often taken at 150° ; some use them as hig'i as 260°. Yet if the blood is really heated up to 110°, life is endangered. Many reptiles are killed by a temperature of 100° Fahr. What causes the warmth of the body ? This has been briefly ex- plained already, when we i-eferred to carbon being consumed, burned (alcmg with hydrogen, etc.), in our bodies by oxygen. It is not in any one part of the system that this occurs, as in the house it does in a stove, grate, or furnace. It is going on in the blood everywhere, as it flows; but the heat is of course greatest near tlie centre of the body, in the heart and lungs, where there is the most blood ; and is least in die parts farthest away from the centre, as the feet. * Watw bdlf at 212° Fahr., and bteui at 32°. HXCKETIOtr the feet a« f„«„, .^^ mLy^n^ *«"7* «"d mo«t. When only Arctic explo.^h«,, ^^^^^^^.^^^J^; - thy^ffer^r may sur.wl dy of being fiv>«en to death fZ i"^' ^*" «"^ «»« « in Jhe'r^tri^^^^ he..e«, to KMo, 106°, or 106°, or high^^ "''' '^'' ^^»™P'«' *» ' 'run up ^CRETION: DISCHARGES. 'We all do fade as a leaf" All . P»rt«le by perticle-life and deati aTLT ^''u '"" <'" «'«'' *«. we have compared the heat-makhJo^nrlL ^'''" everywhere. A.s buying of a fire, «o our 1^^^^ 'r" ""''^^ *° ^''^ ^'ow «noke, and «J,e8 of the furlTl^ Tk Sf- ""'"^'^ ^ the ga,, or the fire is smothered and^g„ilid ''"«^ """^ «" «»o^^; -rxT.^;rn^^-^^^ vapor, and minut« dead wrticL If ' • ** "^^"''^ »««, watery Other o^« help in Ct^is^^ZZ''''' '""^ ^^ ''^ kidney. a„d bowel, (large intesCT , **' ' ™*** ^»«*'y, the the Wood, .t must become poisoned bv I^ ^ ' '"''"^ °^ P""fying of breathing did not kill aHT b, ^ ""^ ^'^>'- I'' *he stoppai would soon do so by a^^Lti: ;! ^^f 3!^^ f^^ «^ o.y^, the skm ceases to transpire for a day ^th '75 "" ?' "«^- ^hen a w^k. or the bowels for two or t^^X dlT 'f *" "^"^ '^ Secretion is the process by whichlnlT-:. ."^'^ '"'^"y ^""ow. -«1 from the blood. Exc««onlT "'' ""^'^ "^^"^ i« «epa- matter is entirely thrown off "* w^t^ ^^,7?^ ^"^ to it when JS. alHo are „«eful, in moistenbg theTjt S? ' "^ ''^'- ^««^- Tea« fmes gives relief to the bmb u^drthel" ?"'" '*''""^«°^ ^^^^ow at Altogether excretory ^Z? • I ^^'^^^en* of strong feeling and that of the kldneli." ^:ClT''''' '^'^ '^-^^ "ntes^ne m maintaining the soLess a^ 3 l"^"".** «'"°' has its „.e •nrface of the body. sT's^l^f T?. ^« tompemture, of tS! but also «^.«, a pu'^K^e L'dlS. ' '"'"' " ^'^ «^-^^' 74 raraioLoor. THE IJVEB. Tliw is the Uk ": of the glawlB. It spcretes bile ; bnt that w not all that it does, i i««ivc« blood hy an arteiy, coming from the aorta ; bnt it also receives venous blood, thn.ngh the portal ve«n (see, on a previous jiage, under Phymdogy of Uie VirrMlaium). Now this i>ortal vein i-eceives a gtKxl deal of blood from the stomach and small intestine. When these have receive*! and digested food, the chyme and chvie there formed are absorbed (taken up) both by capillary blood-vessels and by lacteal absorbents. And while the lacteal vessels take their chyle, through the mesenteric glawls, to the thoracic duct, which empties into the great veins at the left upper comer of the chest, the capillary vessels go to the portal vein, and thus supply food-enriched blood to the liver. The liver then acts uiwn it; assimilates it to the stuff of the body which it is to build n|) and repair ; that is, to nourish. Going into the liver as finid food, the blood leaves it more like flml tiiune. The spleen, as already said, ])robably docs a work somewhat like this ; but exadly how these organs act, it is very hard to make certaia. The greenidj-yellow bile, when formed, goes generally from the liver into the gall-bladder under it. Then, an hour or two afto- a meal, it 18 forced from the gall-bladder into the duodenum, Into whidi alao is jwured the secretion of the panoi-eas. Both of lh€«e liquids aid in finishing digestion. The bile, also, stinmlates the muscular (peristaltic) action rf tlie intestinal canal ; in common woi-ds, keejM tlte bowela open. Owtiveness is veiy apt to be accorapnied by clay-coloi-ed discharges, Iwving little or no bile in them. Vsry bilious ones are yellow, or yellowish-green. Their natural healthy color is a dark yellowish-brown. Bhck iwsssges are not common, except when iron is taken as a medicine. Right action of the liver is very important to a healthy conditiw of tlie body. Its disordei-s are most coi unon in hot climates, and (in any climate) among those who drink alcoholic liquors. Jaundice is a yellow- ness of the skin from the coloring matter being tin-own out on the snr- fece of the body, instead of taking its usual coui-se through the intestines. The " whites" of the eyes are then commonly tinged yellow also, and Koir.etinies the tongue. Mod of the bUe is re-absorbed, wiUi digested food, from the small intestine into the blood ; but not all of it. And it is necessary to liealth- it would seem essential even to life— for it to go fix)m tlie liver or gall-bladder into th intestines. Experimenters have found ti»t if, by a tube, they turn off the bile from the body of an animal altogether, it will die. TBK KIDNSrt. THE KIDNEYS. abJe arrangement of secreting ^"'•'*'- cells, iuJU or knots of capillary .blood-veaselt. and little tubes (all microscopically small) begin- ning in a sort of cajie over these tnfta or knots. Theae tubes run into larger ouaj, which al< join (see Fig. 60) Fra. so. WCnoN OF A KIDXBT. ~.„„. OTSrCTCBE OF KIDNFV. MUCH ?• iOMFIED. to go to the ureter, the dnct th.-o„gh which ,he urine runs to the (t A^ato^r " ^'" """ '^'""^"' "^'" ''' "-"y'y *"« «-''- The urine is a true excretion ; mere waste. Two or three nint, nf it C i ,w^ '^' "'"^ '^"' '"^ '""«' «« it were, in their work Both act all the time; but the more we pei^pire, the les^ i, ,»ZlTl„ catch cold, as we say ; ,«,lly, the col.l matches us. When both skin a.Kl k^n.. have tl«lr ^^ „w ,,,.„,^ ,^j,^^,^ o. l^lti; 76 faratohoar. knened, dropgy niny follow, from the water (commonly going oiit M perapintion and urine) ciMn|>ing from the blood- veaseU, iinder the skin, w into tlic aljtlonieu, ehe«t, or eldcwhei-e in the body. Slight changM in the qtwuiity, color, or cleamem of the nrine are not important. When a physician susjKN-ts that Huincthing is wrong, he ex- amines the urine chfinically and with tlie microscoi»e. Bometimes there is a good deal of augar in it, making the disease diabeUn. More often, e8i»ecially in somewhat broken-down people, there is albumen (very nuich like wljite of egg) in it. One sign of Br!gfW$ ditetue is this, albuminuria. Some things taken as food or medicine pass out bnt little changed with this secretion, Thns may be observed the od;<r if asparagns, and the color of rhnbarb, etc. In jaundice, especially if there is less color of bile than natural in the passages from the bowels, the urine is often of a dark Ijrouze-yellow or porter color. When HO secretion from the kidneys occurs at all for days together (suppression of nrine) uraemia, or )>lood-poisouiug from materials of nriue not removetl, occurs; with a tendency to stupcM* and death. G)-avd and §Ume in the bladder i-esult from a change iu tlie urine, owing to a fault of the kidneys, and generally of the blood still inan; tlie wau. secreted not dissolving all the mineral matter eufficieutly. INTESTINAL EXCRETION. In Man, as already said, the large intestine takes no jiart in digestii^ food (as it does iu grass-eating animals, such as the ox), hut only carries out refuse and waste; excreting, as physicians say, the/ece«, or disclmrges from the bowels. Not only what is left over, either because indigestible «• because too much has been eaten, goes tlnis out from tlie bod/. Along the largt; intestine there are small glands, njade of miuntc cells, which have the duty of taking from the blood the most offensive and putrescible of all waste mattei-s. Tnese and tlic I'efiisc of food, t(^ther, make up the excretion. Its necessity to health is well known to all. We shall refer to it again iu connectk>u with HyoiESSL '"' "fJ^-O^H MOVJ^O rowsMs. n THE 8KJN. •"jury, a.,,I feeling or «ei.«atiou ^'^ '*"*"^ •"» f»"» of these are ve,y mn„f,Yni*-270() •="•«• M. are mart unuH-rou* „,H.n ,«,,. ,^v. ered with liair. Fio. 42. •«CTIOM«,THBSKW(MAOKimD). H41R» 4NU «E8*IK,U8 OLA»D» (maokified). suit :;;';^lt^:jlTStr^^ ""''"' -'-• »^-^-- o- ^^e -•« dm,«. The oil-glau.fe are 1^ T " "?' '*"^P'™t>o« collects the skl„ „ear the i,'rir::t' ^iJ^s;'"!':/"^ ^"^ ""^- ami «ee„ or felt ,K>.«,.i«tion together we !iv7 ffZ. *"'"''l""«ti«" p.m« of water f... the akiu Sy^'Z^Z^::^'' "" '"' *'*"' OUR MOVING POAVER8. 7t niTBtoi0or. i < ■ Fis.Sft. rr rr In Um iBeond, the wtight » between the Jvkram vaA the foiM^ the third, the power ia between \\wjutirtm and the wti^. Working a pum|>-han<Ue Fm. M. {a an example of the fird » _ kind of lever. Hoisthrow- p iuj, .meV head back or for- ward ; the ful«!runi then iie- ** ing at die junction of the - heu«i with the mtiier end of the spinal column. Of the «r.»fMf kiiMl of p. lever, wheeling a whecUior- I row gives an cxami-le. In the b«ly, we ha"e it in ruii*- ing fine's self on the toes. Then the /ulcrum m at the tocd, the weight i» the whole bodv, and the powe^ w tU.it of the muaelea of the calf of the leg, applied by the te do AekUlk (eee Anatomy) at the heel. .. , „ , a„ The third sort of lever is used when we pull a ladder out t*om a wall by one of its lower niugB, while keeping the end on the ground with the foot. In our bodies it is exemplifieil by the muscle with which we ^mi the arm at the elbow {bicepB muscle). Fio. 66. S P 1 THB ■maw' ximM or Lfc- Tias. 1. Flan of lb* IVenmt. X Bn4 of the IMgltL «. Th« Mmcl*. which la the romr, when the Head la mortd baokwarda ou the Spina. IHB BIC1»B MCKUL Here the/tfcntm is at the elbow ; tlie power ads where the tendm of the musfle is attached to the radius; and the weight is that of the forearm and hand. In this arrangement, there i- uot more than one- fl.tt«.iugd„w„ under the lung« ; ex^t 1 ^bt Th' '^^ '««»''•"*"' forcible (blowing) b^r the flat n.Lr.K.t M / r'*""* ""') '" '"*'« i Here are many niiwcmlar nurt- „e .„.„ i ,. , * OMtral of our vM Early iHw I T '"" '*'"*^' "•* "^ »»«W tw-g *-• id of the S or «; .Th ' 7'" --.ugave^«^„,,^,,,,;Jf-- Fm. 67. Flo. 08. WmPKD MUW.'M& •MOOTH MUacLB. «*K» •• the red kind It is not ao quick in its PMrMiOLoar. wbioh every am: can «ln with tm he will. Involuntary nif Mtify thorn of the »tonuK'li, Itowt-In, hl*)«l-vp»n'Iii, irl* nnmrnl tlw i«i|»ll in tlie eye, and tlie henrt. The liwirt in Jvmnrlcabic in lieiiig formed of red, ^iptd miMcle, aiHi yet heing no', like them, iiiKk>r the command of tlie will. Enudiim nctii upoii it ; an when it lieatu strongly from excited feeling, dngit weakly from oorrow, or cornea aliiioet to a swltleu Mtop iVom fear. So, in many laugtmgeH, " the heart" i» lakt to be the Mat of all our fceliugH. In fact, thin in not true. Tlie heart '» qfedtd by oor feelings, but their rml mat in (he bniin; of which more after awhile. mixed rauicled are thi*o over which we have wnie power, but which alM> act without, and nometiiuei* agaiiiHt, otir will. 8«ch are those of the lower |i«rt of the jJutrifux, or gwallowing-tube of the throat Oct mmething kalf-veay dmen, nitd (nnlcm it w too large or sharp and stioka fast) it will go the rent of the way, whether you wish it to do so or not. Our hmiihhig muwiles an; by no means altogether under the power of oor wills. Wo may hold our breath for some seconds ; it is difiicnlt to do it for a whole minute ; no6o<fy,cau do it for two minutes at a time. 8aickle was never committed by a person holding his breath until ho died. It w«dd ne%'er do for a man to be able to manage his breathing at his will. How, if one co»dd,woidd we get on when sleeping? Some uer>'ous people Avonld be afraid to go to sleep at all, for fear It would Rt(^ altogether for want of attention. Another set of mixed muscles are those of tho face ami of tlie vocal windpipe (larj-nx), by which we naturally express our emotioiM. Most people sliow in their faces whether they a»« happy or unhappy,.pleased or angry, courageous or frightened. Also, the tonea of our voioea we expreib joy, sorrow, anger, pity, r fear. All tliis is done by miia- dea ; those of tlie eyebrows, dieeks, Him, and organ of voice (larynx). We con frown or smile, or speak softly or harslily, at will ; but the natural way is, for our feelinga to expreaa themaelvea involuntarily. An WJtor who wants to represent a charecter does it best by throwing hiintetfinto the perwn whose yart he is taking, so as to suppose himself to be that character. An orator who wishes to arouse feeling in those to whom he speaks, must first feel strongly himself; and then he will express it so as to affect them also. Artificial, studied tones and gestures, are much l^s effective tlian those which are the natural language of emotion. Every muscle, whetiier voluntary or involuntary, acts by drawing its ends or sides towards each other. This is called the contraction of the muscle; its diortening. But, while it shortens, ot becomes smaller in one direction, it thickena. growing larger in another direo- tioB : ita whole bulk remains tlie same. - kf§ "'^^^^rKglAyojCAOH. "tnmger m..K...«. g^, of .,.,„^, J^ T^?^, •""""'« «'""»K Hfe. Th. h-ve pe^,. ,,„ ,,,. ...^J,":^; 7" ',;- -J "";il «.x or .even houn. l-*«. off; «,Kl then .l««y „r „,.. JiTi '•)■ '^- ^^""'""'b- el.w «"t"6./are the .tiff rJZZT T '*"r'" »"'^"'' '«r " Inyln^ •» t.^ left veutriole, „,«! theXi't ^^T T '''^'- ''"'«^'' '» •'^•••"• the be«rt. «« ta-t part , o coutnict i. the right auricle of dead .,«n', feee Im its eyeTi^ b^r r " """^ ^ '''< "1'^" « without auy «,cl. c«„«e, SdlJ^ thl i* ''^ "'"^^ ^^--"""X. HOW WE FEEL AND KNOW. l"glie8t«nu„al«. for fo.h„„ knowint i V "*^ *^ apporatus of ti.. Plai:t» have 1,0 braini, finir ^' ^'"'"''«^' ""*' ^"'ng- mg-tube. Nerves are ^nde to take ml. ^"'"t-^oor bell or a 8,«,k- »«-««■- '\enaJ««,tl ^^ to 8p«,I the office, at whJd, gauglia. "*""*• ^" »»"»«•« tl«t have nerves have 8S PHTSioLoar. Why ihoaW a fly need a neiAoua system, when an amojba (inngleHBdl animal) does not ? Because the amoeba feels, so much feelmg as it bais e glunX HCTLK ACTION. a.8*ttofTonch. 6. (Imigllon. c.Mk* of Motion. ^aUoteratimce. A fly does not. Suppose that, flitting about, ,t toudies '^-^ foot to something burning hot. ?:he message of i>a.n goes through a --ve ftom its foot to its central nervous cord (where there are ganglia. Fio. 60. Urnn PAW OK HCMAK BIUIKi AI.I. TH« UPPER POimOH COT AWAT. thoa^h not brains like ours), and from that centre a me««ge goea to the iriuff, making them carry the fly away in safety. The simplest movement nnder i.»w,^ reflex actioa. It„eed« two ^eXesTra 7""""'™*''''" '" «"«> « 0»e nerve takes au imrresBioT^,! ! , f \':^*'-""*« «' ganglion, part t. a nerve^„t«. C oSier^I" a .' ^'^^ ^'^ "^™ '» ««"«'t'v« f-n the ganglion to the n^uset^ll^^ l^ ''.TT ^^'^ "^^ " "Bsomethinglikethereflection Ja«von .T**^ to motion. Thi« theterm «fle, action. Iti^^"leZ,ff*^T"™''"^'' whence ^ ^^'■^•'' -^ ^« '•'"^-•- ^ at roiSnr s s: St Pro. «1 ^' Fio. 62. CONNKCT,ON or A OAKOUOM WITH TH. «PJ»AL MARROW. e,«pin.,M.r„,w. .. Nerva ,„,„»„. c.„,„^ anywhere within it; al«o whether it ^ to . snnple ganglion apart fron. b™in or „M L (see Anatomy), to the spinal co«l orH bm.n. Or, again, whefter from^'^L^- " centre, whatever it may beT» • ^"«'«""° reflected to a mnsclTL^' '"'''^'™ » teare. ^ »«retion; for instance, of In those animals which, Iffe^ tJie i„«^ j, - ^ ^ «^ - -2X.°°tet :r' ■«*I» A»D SPIHAL CORB. 84 rBTBIOLOOT. i aton? A dock, a mitch, or a rteam^gine i« one. It fa a »«h*n« that ooet 0/ HmV, after you wind it np; or, if wonnd up or fixed op, then a touch, or a ahovelftJ of coal now and then in the right place (as with the steam-engine), will hetp it gohig. A man is not an antom- aton, because he lias a will of his own ; but many subordinate actiona in our bodies are automatic. , , . • u u In Fig. 60, the white substance of the cerebral hemispheres fe shown on each side, bordered by the convolutions (wnnkle-marks), which are mostly of gray nerve-substance. The hollow spac« are ventricles (cavities) of the inner bi-ain. At the lower part of the Fijrure, we see the cerebellum. ..... ..l- *u Below the brain, the medulla oblongata, which begins within the skull, goes down into the spinal marrow. Out of and into the spmal narrow and brain many nerves pa*.; afferent nerves taking impr»- sions to nerve-iJentres, and efferent nerves takbg impressions oirfworrf fnm nerve-centres to muscles or other parts. (Afferent, from ad, to, and fero, to bear ; efferent, e, from, and fero, to bear.) Moreover, nerves connect the spipal marrow, all the way down, with a number of ganglia (once called sympathetic); a double row of them being outside of the back-bone, a large pair bdiind the stomach, and others near the different internal organs. NERVES. As shown above, the simplest possible nervous sj'stem consiste of a ganglion and two nerves. One of the hitter (afierent nerve) carries impressions from a part of the animal's body to the gangUonic centre; the other (efferent nerve) takes impressions out from that centre to some pOTti(Hi of the body. We find oertam general facts, which may be called lam, to be proved about nerves. 1. Each nerve-filament (of which thei-e may be many in each nerve, which is a bundle of filaments) conveys im- pressions only in one direction. No fihunent is both #«"«rf and ^ei-ent. This is different from telegraphic wires, which take messages Sther way; from Boston to PhiUidelphia, or from Phibdelphia to Boston, for example, at the will of the operators. But, in our nerves, each bundle n^iy have filaments, some oi whidi are afferent (in-carry- ing) and others (outMarrying) effferent. And these filamente are so fine and flo closely kid together as to seem in a nerve like one solid mass. By aid of the microscope, howew, not only is each uerse shown to »s» ma. 8fi «»«»* of a laiwj number of th u *^ tube, whoee ^^^^TZ^ ^^'.^'jt "'"""* « ^^"^ ^ «« . ^^•y «oft. ^ *^ ""* "'■""«* »>• quite fluid; certainly A^ni;:::^!;:??^;^^ h«^„g, ^en, ^^ wha^ centres and oi^„« u con^ No '^T"" ''«P«°<''' "Pon "nell with l.i8 eare, or see wi hT , *"•" """ ''''"" ^'■"' h» ev« m^mm or otherwise. Ai^Z^T 'k'. "''''*''''* '* ^ ^^^^ ^ CW of the world ; bnt^^^C th2 D' ""'" i""' ^^^ ^ *»•« onler of nature; whatever seems toviZ?. '^'**'™ *« *™« "«"«! or «omebod/a mistake. Clil elSS v""^ "^ ^'^'^^ » ^^^ the former; in private circJTl^T, !"'' '* '« ™«* ''^ely to be the part of good^«ense to St^LTft^^ ^r" ^■'•^' ^^^ "^ ^^ fare, as made known by the cL J/;!, I """'^'^""^ '" ^^e order of , of science. ^ '''" '""^^^ ""^ many fi^ u^ iuq^irf^ ^ gtneral is this fiict f ft common touch is not conveyed Lv'th!*"'*'*^ of sense-nerves, that even ^•nell When an eye h JS r^n ovrb7 °' ">'^' ''"""»' *-^. «" ing the end of the optic uerve JZ ?! ^^ ? "T^''^' °P«™foo, tou;h. «bo .blow on the e/e makJone^lr"' ^\'^' "•^^^- *> «'«o; but this is bemuse nervea of^'ch . !? " ""^""""^ P«'» nerve of sight (optic nerve) wl f *" *^" "y«' «« ^e" a«The t«t with the oU,er special JI^rtH ""' *'"' '''•' *" «"« ^•'-* that it is true of thenTali. ' ^"^ '" ^^^-^^ »«««>n to believe How, then, it may be ask«l a li- . fng the information ^,en,^'^ """^ I^P'^ g«t about? By t^bluHlman/«^^hn;^.rhisS,"^^ Y- - «UMl Itatenmff intently for all «,nll f "'' ^^ ^«°*, in a room) ."d h«.r more acLyZn Thel wt" hav''T^ • ^^ ^^« ^ ^ Pe^n« can learn to read with the rfinl^ ll^' '^''«''*' ^""^ ^. Howe, who was 6lind and rfL/ frem^' '""^ '«™«- P««-t of' - Pet^eu., .u,ht . Wandi^T^t-yl;,^-^ -J -itrS;=":^^ - -in. .o« "Id the finger next to it -Tl • ' "^^'°^ ^''"^^ in the /fife tfJZ T M rnraioLoar. InaudioB to those two fingere ; iind it reports the effect as if it was in th* fingen themadvea. So, when a leg has lieen ciit off while tlie {Mtieiit was made un- coiisdoiis by breathing etlier, he may fi»r some days feel pain or itchiug, as he will say, " in his toes," when there are no foes there. The im- pression really is in the stunip, where the nerve was cut off. Pain from disease is, likewise, not always felt in the seat of tie disease. Hip-Joint affection (comlgia) a attended iwnally by pain, nti in the hip, imt in the knee ; and there are other instances of the same kind, in different maladies. When a tooth is iwrtly decayed and inflamed, the impression of lain may become so strong in the nerw-eentre to which its nerve goes, that the Wtofe aide of the face may seem to adie with the offending tootli. THE GANGLIA. Scattered in different parts of our Iwdies, these nerve-centres always have two sorts of connections: one (by nerves) with the spinal marrow, and the c^her with viirious organs. Those organs are always the *>:'-:) concenied either in digestion, assimilation, circula- tion, secretion, or reproduction. Of these functions, a good deal has been said already, on previous pages. While, then, the power UH«1 by these ganglia way come from the spinal marrow, it is almost certain that they mainly regulate the actions of the heart, arteries, stomach, bowels; liver, spleen, kidneys, ovaries, utenis, and lympliatic glands. To these actions or functions the name is applied, ** the func- tions of organic (as distinguished from the more truly animal) life." They serve to keep up tlie conditions necessary for the action of the organa, and thus of the organism, i. «., the whole living body. Animal ftinctions are those which animals have and v^tables have not; as sensation, motion, and thought. All tlie ganglia now spoken of tt^ther make, with their connections, the Ganglionic System of Organic Life. SPINAL MARROW. Up and down the whole length of die back, in a channel for it in the spinal column, lies the soft nervous mass called the spinal cord «p marrow. (The marrow of bonea is a fatty matra-ial, iwt of nerve-sub' stance.) ~ m SrilrAL MAHSOW. Qniy mntfer, formed of nerve-cell. J • , f^ "ir'l'' o«t 1» four C"'"" '" ♦''«'"»«Horof the««l, PTtoftheFig„,^)a„,t„.„, oneJ behind. *^ Out fmm fl,e «,„•„„, , ^rt:^' '^ '"*'"' ««> ""•' f^h «Mle, through holes (f„«„.. "») amnged for tJ,en,. There ^«;lrty-onc pa.Va of «,,„,, E«ch of these uerves has two foot*: an Mterior (front) and posterior (l«ck) root. ^ " On «,ch posterior root there is nx»t, Jixpennient proves that ft.-i- j»...ri.r „«,, „;„„„ Tll"^rjT '" "" ""< "•""«'• «» •"""""'•"".-...TO,. ■Mm 88 PBTSlOlOOr. fed anyUiing Jteue to Uic port which thr« nerve mf^m; hot motion din lie effected through the nnterior root. Iniprewioiw imwt go to the brain in order few m to feel them. Therefore the bjmimiI nwntiw inu»t carry them up to Uu hmin. Tliat, aud bringing down from the brain commandu for movementa. are two of the mea of tlic flpinal marrow. Under Anatomy, it hao been Bhown tluit several nerves (of «firW, Uute, tmeU, hearing, aiul of /ouefc for the head and face) are directly connected with the brain. No nerve of any speraal wnse except touch endu in the spinal cord ; bnt all the 31 pairs of spinal nerves ai-e nerves of touch as well as <rf" motion ; that is, they contain filaments of both kinds. But die spinal marrow has some business of its own, besideB being subordinate to the brain. When a frog's head has been taken off, if one of its feet be touched, that limb will be jerked away. How is that, when, as the brain has been removed, it is supposed not to feel any- thing? Some physiologists think that tlie spinal cord may feel as well as the brain. But this conclusion is not here necessary ; we can explain the foot-movement otherwise. It is a reflex action. A few pages since, we gave some aooonnt of suqii actions. In their simpleat form these do not need a brain ; any ganglion will da So there are reflex act ius whose centi-es are the ganglia of oi-ganic life, referred to above, not long since. Othere have their centres in the gray snljstance of the spinal ooid ; still otliers, in the medulla oblongata, which connects the spinal marrow with the brain, within the skull. Tliese last are the most important of all ; breathing and swallowing. When an animal wpHhed by passing a knife through the uppermost part of the back of the neck, dividing the spinal cord just below the medulla (*longata, it will die at once if it be one of the higher vertebrates (man, mammals, birds) ; and after no great length of time if of a loAvei- chiss (reptiles, fishes). Breathing is a beautiful example of a reflex action. Want of air is/fft by us only when rather extreme ; but before that, an impression, not felt, of hat Avant, goes from tlie blood in the lungs up to the medulla oblongata. Tlience is reflected dovv award throngh motor nei-ves the message of command to ilie breathing muscles, namely, intereostal muscles and diaphragm (see Respiration). Tliey at once i«?pond, lifting the ribs and flattening down the diaphragm, sucking air in through mouth or nostrils and windpipe ; whidi air goes to the lungs and freshens up (arterializes) the blood. Tliis goes on regularly, 16 or 18 times a minute, day and night, o/ a«e//, automatically ; with- out our attention, If the brain proper (cei«bral hemisiiheres) be stuiie- fied by opium, or bv pressure cf a clot of blood, breathing will still go on, ao long as the midulla oblongata is all right Tims, when suiigeoM »ftirAl. MAMMOW. J.t the patient feel, „o p.i„ , Stle ± . """ ""^ '* " '""«! the unprwrion being oonveved to »L J^^ ? "". '^"*""'* V mwou of thence, a, a motorTm^r^ m^"?'" '''''"T *»' ""'^ "^«^ the «tlna l.a« ,«t its ilSt ^'^ SrtTfTr '"* ?« ""P")- ^^ lei» of the eye) prevents the i-avs fS' 7 I t"^ ^°''"*''*>' "'' 'he wni not contact under Jilit Thl ^"^ *'" •*"'»' *''« W« flex action in the body ""' '"""^' ''♦''*"• «««"?>«» of L ^'^^'^ZZS^'^^ff^^r-''' -«" »<*-- V child the gun., is « tdeg,^,,, e?' tTZ^h! ''' '" '?'''"«• Comment of refl« action of „u.c,e.. kno-vn T^or ^Z^"^ " ^'^'*"* Or, again, tvomu, or nni^raoved i«nainde«Tf^ • . my irritate the gpiiwl marrow Kv Z- *^' '" *•»« bowel., -d convnlsion^ «a;Ll Tht Z-T!"" ™''""' **""^'' "-^« t.ble in infant, .than in older peln, 7"^^,V"«^'' »°« irri- of this relieves theirit^L It ^1 oul^ M "' ^ ""^^"^^ «'»«»»* Oulywhen it issogreatalTo wit jfp '«. *^ '""''' ^"PP'-^^^l- be given to keep it in cl.Sk Whe^"tf '"''' ^'''"'' ^'"'"W »«Jicine tender, over a tL. not "t Ihigh « nTl "" ""'> "•• *^"* ""^ tooth with a Shan. l^^^t^nm/^wLn^/'"" '"* '^"^" ^ *''« ''^^ eiU,er ti:e motor or the .ecr^torv ! ' v '""^P-^^^"* »•• Pnt away reflex actions. ""etory (excito-motor or excito^ereto^r) Hysterical peoj.le, those who liave lockiat„ r»-o ^ . who suffer witli hydrophobia (frortJ.eS. / °""^' ""^^ ">«» f-ate morbid reflex cions, h? ^^^ ^ ! ^!J' '''*^' "" '""*• expkin in this place ^ " ''°"'*' ^"''e too long to to putBioi.oor. THE BRAIN. When the A-ai Ym been jwHly removal, awl the brain U ieen nn- rovend, It look* like a wrinklwl, gray ran* «f putty ; m two equal i»rtc right and left, with a i^lSt (figure) part way down Imtwoen ihenu Wooderfiil, indeed, that mcfc a material •hould ever have had to do with knowledge, love, fear, hope, right, wrong, cooKaenoe ! Yet it wan oQoe 10 during life-the dome of thought, the palace of the twul. Already, we have spoken of the main parte of the bram. More partioaterly, we may now sav that, in the human brain, they are aa fol- low., 1. The hemiapherea of t]:e ..rebrum. 2. UmW it, Hom« pwtB of gray aud white nwve-matter, wnvenicntly called the mid- brain (thakmi, corpora striata, tubercula quadrigemina, cb-., of auat- omieta). 3. The cerebellum. 4, The medulla oblongata. Many well known facts show tliat the outer rouml rUHl convoluted Fro. 68. wws-viaw or aaAiH, showwu FemBiBR's mvcuomotob cbstbbi. surface of Uie hemiapherea of the cerebrum Iws the niost to do with mind : that is, knowing, feeling, and will. Gall and Spurzheim, foundere of the system of phrenology, thought that they could map out the brein-flurfaee (even by examining it outside of the skull) uito a cer- tain number of organ», each connected with one of the fm-uHten of the mind. Their system haa been refused acceptance by physiol'igists, for want <rf satisfactwy evidence. Something like it, in so fer as it is an effort to show that certam pow- eni of the aiujd belong to particular parts of the brain, has been going on amongst physiologistB ever since Gall's time; that is, during Uie last By^Sig bare the bmins of different kinds of animals, as monkeys, dog^cats, and rabbits, experiments have been tried, especially wiUi elee- rnn BHAiir. »1 trfcityj •"*« <he «<ioiw of the auimalu, when oert«in rartM am toochrf and excited, have been noted. ' ^^ For our present purpose, it will be onoiiKli just to mention theee ob- dnouMion. n,e subject m rtill comparatively a new one, and acientiflr men have not yet rearmed a final «,nelui»ion aUmt it. One point only mar be further noticed here. Of all the« " locationi. " of function, in the cerebrum, the strongeet case has been made out for that of the fat- v'fy of longuf^. Jn the third frontal .tmvolution it is believed timt the power of uaing words t<. expr«« our thoughts and emotions resides, and almost or quite, exclusively in the left hemJ^pliere of the brain. ' Aphuia is a singukr and not commci disonler, in which the m- ticnt cannot talk; not because of any ailment in his "vocal onmns" (l«r>-nx), but from brain-trouble ; or. if he speaks, he gets the wRmg Hwds and tdks nonsense. Along with this affection, quite often though not ahvays) there is palay of the right arm and right lee right hemiplegia). Now it has long been known that, because 7t the crossing of nervous fibres at the uppermost part of the spimU corf, tne right arm and leg communicate with v'e left half of the bnin- and «oe rerad. So, when paticnte having apharia and hemipUgia of iht rtghi «cfe togeiier have died, and their Krains have been exami J. there has often (not always) eeu founu disease at or near the third fi-ontal eoiivolviim on the left side of the brain. But, after aU,thii subject is 8urrou.Kled with difficultiai. Although by electricity acting on t} i convoluUons of the cerebral hemispheres motions, that ib, muscular actions, are excited, this cannot do away with the abundant evidence which has proved that the chief use of the cere- brum 15 to act as the instrument of mind; of knowing, thinking, feeling (emotions), and willing. As a general thing, a Urge brain goes with lai^ mental ability. There are it is true, some very positi.e exceptions. The average weight of mens brains is about 3 pounds, sav 60 ounces; those Tf women, 44 to 46 ounces. Very few brains have been known to weigh over 60 ounces. As women are mostly considerably hghter in their whole body weight, their proportionate weighs of brain is scarcely less aan that of men. Proportion, in this matter, is very important Comparing otJier animals, the proportion of brain to the whole body for the chuB of Mammals (to which man belongs) is 1 to 186 • in Biixls. 1 to 212; Reptiles, 1 to 1321; Fishes, 1 to 5668. In Man. it Z about 1 to 40. Only Ho creatures present a lai^r rektive proportion; a little bird, called the blue-headed tit, and the field-mouse. With n pain/oLoer. thaw, it k iKit that thrir bniiiw nn> kirge, biit that their bodioi an vwy atnall. AI«o, in them, th«! cerebrum, thlnlcing Imiin, ia not lo laifa in nroportion to the nrt, an it i* in man. TIte avenge »iu t^ihe hfoit, rmiml by trying iiow mnrh the iikall, emptied of its itnin-mntentfl, will hold, in, witli diflbrent mcea of men, from 80 to 0() eubio iuchni. The InrgeHt of 9()0 *kiills memnred by a diadiiguiabed Oermau ttoatmniat, R. Wagner, waa that of a woman—* lift cubic incheo. Famoua largo hoada wen thoae of Oliver Cromwell ; Ge«nge Cuvicr, the French naturaJiHt ; Volta, the Italian natural phil- oaopiwr; and Daniel Webater. The hu^gcat akull ever meamired, how Pm.«6u I1CTERIOR or THB BRilX. e\-er, ia said to have boon that of a not at all famous Gknnan baker, of Louisville, Kentucky — 125 aibio inches! Likewise, the heaviest bmin on record was that of an English bricklayer, who could neither read nor write. He was " not ver}- sober, had a good meraor}', and was fond of politics." Periiaps, if he had lieen sober, and had kept out of poli- tics, he might have been a great man. Turg^uieff, the Russian novel- ist, had a veiy heavy brain ; Gambetta, the French statesmau, one not above the average. Raphael, Charles Lamb, Lord Byron, and Charlea IMokois had heads rather smaller than usual. The brain receives, in Man, a veiy large supply of blood ; about one- BMSaour OASQLtA. |. Wood l» the ,.««, L",Z^Hy t Znr^ ""^ "*■ »«»vw in ,nd out Oindor tJ a • ! "^ P'**""', a watery fliikl III "leep, the brahi re«u : bent wh«fi .!.«« .• rf hoan unbioken and witLT^ -I^ continiwa for a nun.l^r SENSORY GANGLIA. JL^ ""'f ""'" '**'' '''««'y "t F'g- 66, he will «ee at A . ronoded man shown at thn ha>» «#•♦!.- k • . ' " "» • hiKt l«l..-„J «'own at the boae of the brain, aoroe^hat forward : aiHi the relix^^P ™ motor impulse.. The thalami ai* probably aI^aT- °^ •"'P'«"T °f ••"••tion fmm all ,«rt8 of the b^y At A and ^ ,n the same Pig„«,, „^ two smaller bodies on each S all fonrbemg together the tubercula qu.drigemi«i of a^mt' of the brem, oome the ends of (l,e auditory nerves ^of h«-.^..„^ ^ tory (of »„.ell) and g„.t.tory (of taste) .X^r ^"'^ '>"""«)' °»'«- turMtoioor. Thw mII torto of — im t kw oratra in thk rtgion of the bniin, wbieb Jtmy b* catM the IcMOriiim. The inipmwium of M>tMe mn mit up (rtportid, mt to iprnk) flrom the ■eiMuriuin t<i tlie wMivulutioiw on the iNrtikle of the himtephcrct. Thrtv thry are iMnl iw tin) " nw imti;- ri«l " of i4«M mhI tit tnMMe emotioiw. 'ilH> will <lratM with iien«- tioin, idcM, awl eniutitMM, hy itM {tuwi^r of attention, chole*. umI direction. 'Hie will mwum to set " eveiywiien'," en bim ur genenl ■u{ierintetMl«ut, in tlic! ImUn. But it ie renuu-lcsltic that tlie tenaory and motor gangliooio eentrea (tbeooipori itriata iMiing (iu! hitter) are plaivil wry near tu tncli other. BAKE or TUK MIAlll. fll OIkMoiT Ntrr*. n. Optle Ncrrc. 25. Attdltory N»rT« "2 uid M, 'a part, 3wUlor]r NrrrM, Why 18 this? Our oomnion way of doing tliiugM Hhuws tlie namm fw it When I l)^n to writ.5 this page, wlial do I do? I look at tlie paper, and then, guided by my eight, traiv out the letten and wordu over the page. When you wallc out of doora, do you Icecp your eycB shut? No. Try it (in a safe place) a little while, and observe the diOerence. Blind persons can learn to sing or pla) well on m instrument, by ear. A ''good ear" is necessaiy to evoy musician, as well as a gnnd voice and a skilful touch. Tluite who are ban' deaf are mute, simply be' MUMCVLAM Mgjrgg. . ^ flMw, hwring BO .mind., tb^- ,-ntin,4 Inint U> Mw»k If ihov !-«« -tret, or n«| « „., ,„,„,,,, j,,„,„ .^^,^ J '« ^ • -J"«^ III piauo niiwio that tlwv m.v n.ii i •«"• "• «» "o profloient nikldl« of . . i 1 ^ ^ " ""''*P "''■'■ »" '"••tnmient in the ftngued. k.ve l«en known to «,> « ,„„„.hi„K on," with n^ul^r rtel »H»! >^»nnamhuiua» («l«.|>.walkc«) go aU„,t with thnTem „|2!' •wi^mIiowu l,y their m.,eniberii.K iMrthinK of what ZvliT^u' jniiiig. ThiK „,..rv«tion .hoL that 'hI.,: ^ ^111^^." ainerent function, ami power.. One i»irt iimy be nuif^t .«,„.. -ouujaHleep, while otl.er part- ar« awake « J active "^ ^ ' '''" What nmh..« .t diffi<,.lt ami ch.UK..n„,«. to met people, to walk nnon a narrow plank „t « K««t height? (>„ the ««rpLk I.W '„ ^ midclle of a broad fl.«r. the«, is no diffindty at all. It i^ Zi^ J^ .mpH*..o„. lunde upon our ^ight. when we „„.ve „„ „ .lllZT 1 % fr««u^5r Blomlu, learn«l to w„lk u,h.„ a tCht-....^ with . ZZl b» l^k, aud eveu with hia e,« bliudfold.1, ovt Ki;;; PallT MUSCULAR SENSE. But Blo«l.n muat have d.,.r.ded ohieflv. when on the tight-rope hTl folded, .pon another sen^e; the muacular sen.e. By thrwe ^ made aware of the W. .lirreiion, and amount of fom, uLl by Z Tf ^r nuu^le. Put a lxx,k u,H,n your hand, and ga«« w^t ito weUt my be; or put one on «,.A hand, aiHl «y which is heavier S judgments are for.ned by aid o.'" the raa«!ular sense Siahyf nrnkbi^ the best cxan.ple of the use of this sense. A skater needs hissightonly to know that nothing ia in his way on theice SiS paraioLoar. cannot guide him, becanse the soles of his briots or shoes, and the nar- row, stiff irons of his skates ai-e between his feet and the level ioe, whidi is all the same, whichever way he turns.* A blind man might learn to skate perfectly well, by his muscular sense alone, if he could be made certain of a wide space, with nothing in the way. CEREBELLUM. This is a partly separate portion of brain ; behind, and in Man and the higher Apes below, the cerebrum. Fio. 88. THE CEBEBELLUlt. «, MednlU ObloDgkU. e, Pons VaioUl. w, HemKpherei of Cerabdlnm. i, Middto nsteb. • to 7, Nervei. Contraiy to the opinion of the phrenologists, who took quite a differ- ent view, observation, reasoning, and experiment have made it probable that the cerebellum has to do with r^ulating voluntary motion. Animals whose movements are active and somewhat complicated have it largest; those of simple motions, smallest. The Bear, which can stand on its hind feet and hug with its fore-limbs, has a larger cerebel- lum in proportion than the Dog, which always behaves (unless (aught " tricks ") as a quadruped ; aud it is larger still in the Monkeys, whicli are wonderfully nimble climbers. Among Birds, it is lai^est in swift and varied fliers, as the swallow ; smallest in clumsily flying species, ■uch as the Pheasants, Partridges, and domestic Fowl. * Kflu-ljr the aame thing b true of the Ueyeif-ruier, than the skater does. but he nuJces more nse of right MEDULLA OBLOSOATA. MEDULLA OBLONGATA. 97 Already it has been expkined that breathing and swallowina hto, m bemg usually automatic, and in serving punx*^ co„nei«l ^ m«re hving. not thvnMng, which is done in the hZ BnT^^ n«d to have «,n,e control over breathing, for use of thTvoice and to hold our breath under certain cirenmstanees. Abo itTsT^? olr^T '" ^ir'l! *" •"^^ ^^^ ^ «>"*«' *•>««-* ^rt of hTTet of swal owing. So the medulla oblongata is placed as aUnk between the brain above and the spinal ooid below. «"«" between Fig. 69. MEDULLA OBLONGATA. il.Con«.8trUu.n.. K.Th.,ama.. C D. Cohk.™ Q„.«^„,^ X.Po»V.„.m. The pons (Pons Varolii) (X, Fig. 69) is a 6rKty« across (under in from side to side of the cerebrum and cerebellum. 0..7irr'''' ."f^"'-^"""^^™^ of the pen. have not been made certain Oin^ reader will have noticed, that much is yet to be learned in ^ about the different portions of the bmin. Nevertheless, whatVe do Wis of intei^t and value; and Physiology is a «>nstan'tly a^vrdng 98 pHTaioLoar. IDEAS, EMOTIONS, AND WILL. Mart persons suppose, with the phrenclogists, that oar knowing and thinking powers are locatcl in the iront part of the brain, and the affectional and emotional feelings in the ha^k of the head. But it appears to me more probable that, \n»iea.A, the emotions are connected with the anterior, and the intellectual powers with thf? posterior, portions of the brain. Reasons for this belief are given in another work.* The will, or what we call Self {ego of the philosophers), appeara to have no special seat or organ ; but to be consciously present wherever any of our faculties are in action. If any one treads on my toe, or mashee my finger, I seem to be Owre. Even our minds are to- some extent automatic. Our thoughts wander on while we are awake, with or without our consent. In dreaias, they make still stranger excursions, which seem real because all other impressions are shut out If we try, we can dwell on some one thing or thought, keeping it before us; and that is about all the power will has over thought. Emotion is still more gpoiUaneous. Tears flow, not because we wmA them to, but because something «|ouche8 our feelings." Passionate anger may be repressed, not by a direct effort of the will, but by think- ing of, or looking at, something which will divert our minds from the object of wrath. OUR SPECIAL SENSES. These (besides the muacidar sense) are Sight, Hearing, Smell, Taste, and Touch. The last, although special in the fact of differing from the others, is general, in so far as it is common to many different parts of the body. I w, SIGHT. What is light? It is a wave-movement of the very tJjin, subtle matter (called ether) which fills space ; extending as far at least as the re- motest star, which is a long way beyond the sun. Let us try to illustrate (he subject of wave-motions. Throw a pebble into a pond j the water breaks into waves around the place where it was struck, these cireling, •Hartdiome'B Aiatomy and PhyBiology for Medical SUidenU; Second Edition, p. 293. aranr. . ^ m.u.y other things) has sonorous vib" ions The ^btli'tr " 9am^ (as n^^Z^U^lC^ :. ^ij-^— '7' A sort of waves thclseTng" ' °""* '""^ *''"« «*" '-*' "^^ the higher rod^nlT'' f /r* '"'^ "^''*' «'^' *-•« « « ^lar scale Put a vided into the seven rays. This *"'" ^"• bending of rays so as to take new directions is called the re- fraction of light i2ed rays are lea«t refracted ; violet rays moa ; the others come in order (as above given) between. The arrangement of divided rays Ltained bv m^ c «»"ed a spectrum. A beautiful study Sfof LT^ " P"'" " uses) is «>nneeted with it. But, beyo^i tJ fl '^T'^ ^"^ ''^ shorter (higher) waves, which we do not rbTl h'h T /'* effects; of the kind which light shows ru^fi.H ^^\^^^^^ ^oi>A« (light-pictures). ' ^'^""^' '" '"'^"'g i'A<Xo- ci^ ^er^Twr;^: ri^t r ;- - r -' - ^-^ « ^-^ °^ Or, put a quarter-dX inl Tt^^'orafe"' 'T''^ ^' ™*^'- -lowly hack until you Just don. ^tl ZT^^^l t^Z^ REPBACnoN, THROPGH A PHISlf. 100 fBraioLoor. §oine one to fill the cup with water. The coin will aeem to rite, so that you see it plainly. Both of these last are examplea of refraction of light. If you let fall a stone, attached to the end of a string, into the water in which you liave placed a slanting sticlt, the string will then be parpendimJar to tfie surface of the water. As you see the stick by the rays of light coming from it to your eyes, — the rays coming through the wafer from the stick are shown to be bent away Jrom the perpendicular string. Then we have a rule, or law, namely : A ray of light, passing from a denser material (as water) into a rarer material (as air), is refnuted firom the perpendicula •. A ray paa»- iug from a rarer into a denser medium, as from aL into water, is refracted towards the perpendicular. Our eyes are optical instruments ; more wonderful than any made by men. Rays of light passing through them are reacted, just as they Fio. 71. RXFRACnOR AlTD INTKB8I0N 07 BATS OW UOHT. are through the lenses of telescopes or microscopes; so as to make im- ages or pictures within the eyes. Reflection of light is also important. Its rules or " laws " are like those of the reflection of other things. Throw a ball straight down on the floor and it bounds straight up again. Throw it slanheiae, and it will rebound in a line slanting jud aa much the other way. Incidence is the long word for driking. The " line of incidence " is the direction in which a thing is made to strike. Then we have a law about this. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This is true of ball-throwing, billiard-playing, of sound (in eehoea), and in the reflexion of light. You can observe it any time in a looking-glass. Schoolboys sometimes make this experiment with a bit of broken looking-glass, which they get into the sunlight, so as to throw a bright ray into the teacher's or some schoolmate's eyes. We see things by the li^t which they reflect. White things r«fl«ct aioa,T. 101 Ae «Ao& hght. Red thing, reflect only «d nyn, «A keep (lake un absorb) he remaining rays; blue thingn «flect b lue mys Jndt ^ black things Of prrfe^y bla«k), ^. A« black things LT^ ZZh -rl^7T'"V?"" "r" '" "°* ^^ ^- moticnVbutX ™^.fTt ^ *? "^^ '"^ A^o^wuvm Hence a black hat i, a very W^t -T^"*^ "; ""*■• '"'•^^' " ""'»"-•'« -» than a wWte Imf Wh.t« » the coofert 0/ aU, for the same n^son. Red flannel ZrlL im«nd«. garment, is no warmer than white flannel; bu" r«l Zn" tir "^ °"' '* " """^^ ''^ "'"'« -''"« ^- -'^- Tdre .11 th« ml «ys out of white sunlight, and what is left? FlO. 72. sEcnos or as SYvoAhu Green. If you take all the green out you hav^ red left. These «»lo™ are therefore called con;plementa.y colore to each other. Blue and orange are likewise complementary colore; and so are yellow and purple. It "well known that in dresses, carpete, etc., complementary color, nhmys look bed together ; as red with green, yellow with purple, blue wiA orange. This we commonly call the onfrcwrf of colore We may reverse the separation of colore by the prism, simply by throwing them so as to pass in the oppoeUe ^y thmugh another p4m. If in the «im« way, they would be partec still more widely. Or 102 paraioLoar. : I ( ■ I \ paint all the seven colors, like spokos <m a wheel, upon a round pieoa of card-boaxd, and make the wheel revolve rapidly. As the vo\an run together in our eye^, their combination makes the wheel look while (or nearly so — not quite, because the wJorB are not perfect). Transparent bodies let almost all the light go through them. Translucent ones allow a iwrtion of the rays to paM through them, but not enough to see things by ; opaque Ixxlics let n'-- light through at all. A window-pane is transparent; ground-glass is transluocut; wood is opaque. Ligli; travels through apace at the rate of alwut 190,000 miles in a second,— very much faster than sound posses through the air. One can get a good idea of the make-up of a human eye by care- fully examining the eye of a sheep, which can be obtained from a mutton-butcher. The eye is almost a globe, at the end of a stem, which is the optic nerve. In front, htjwever, there is set in, like a round glass in a round frame, a slightly projecting part, the cornea— the window through which we look. It is quite transparent. Examining the round frame or sash of this small window, we find it formed of a thin outer coat (conjunctiva), a thicker one (sclerotic), another containbg blood-vessels, and black within (choroid), and a very delicate one innermost of all, connected with the branching of the optic nerve (retina). When a ray of light strikes uiwn the eye, it first passes through the coi .lea ; then through the front cluunber of the aqueous humor to the opening called the pupil, surrounded by the iris, which draws together and makes the pupil smaller when the light is bright, and opens wider when the light is weak and faint. (Cats, by the way, have a pupil, not round, but a sort of dit; this shuts up closely in the daytime, and opens wide at night, so that they can see when, to us, it is dark.) A little way behind the pupil is the crystalline lens. Next to that comes the lai^ chamber of the vitreous humor, and then the retina. On this, like the " sensitive-plate " in the photographer's box, the aigU- pictnre is taken. This picture must be upside down, because the rays cross each other at the pupil. (See Fig. 71.) Yet we do not see things upside down. This is because we follow the rays, in our sight, to the place they come from. So, when rays are reflected from a looking-^lass, giving us an image of an object, that object appears to be behind the mirror ; foUowing back the line of reflec- tion, as far as the object itself is in front of it With two eyes, we see but <Mie image. We explain this in two ways. First, the optic nerves join each other (as no other pairs of nerves aioar. 103 , Fio. 73. THE OPTIC NKRVM. ?°i[ "'f^ ^^ ?"''* *""'"*"*" «^'"«-'' g" ■cro.i from the rigkl ey« to the Uft 8Hle of the brain (btbemUn qmdrifftmina awl (Mamtm), aiul fninj the left eye to the rig/it side of tht- brain ; Ijcsides those whi<'h |nim8 from each eye to its own half of the eentres at the Iwse of the brain. Thiw the two nerves, right and left, combine in their re- Itort (ho to sijeak) of the impresHioiw niacU; ii|iou tlie two ey«*. Secondly, the eyts (wliieh <lo not, in Man, really stand ont in himIi ditter»nt ilirwtions as they are made to in Fig. J.'i)* are dii-eet^l towards the same ob- ject, so that straight lines drawn through the pupils of the tAvo eyes iwrpendicu- larly to their corneas (making the vuitnl oxen of the eyes) will meet in the same point of the objeet. The two images formed on the two retinas will therefore eorrespond, ami make one pietnre. When any one squints (is <nws-ey«l) the axes of the two eves do n..t meet on any objec-t looketl «t, and the imagt^ do lu.t n.ritipoud A iiersun soaffeeted (with strabismus, as (K-ulists «ill it) sees double- bnt he gets the habit of giving attention to one of the two images (or a|.i>arent objeets) and neglecting the other. The same inconvenience rwults in another way, when the refraction of the two eyes is not the same; one eye being far-sightetl and the other near-sighted. To this subject some attention will be given in a later part of this book. We can put our eyes out of correspondence for a time, by piiJiing one eye to one or the other side with a finger; or by « looking cross-eyed " on purpose. This hist is not, however, a good thing to do often, lest it become habitual. Looking at a far-off prospect, or at the blue sky (if not too dazzling) one 8 eyes feel a sense of repose. An effort, usually sliglit, is made '"il.u^"'^ ""'' ^''^''* *° ^"" "P"" "nythiiig near us, as in reading a book. We can cause the effort to become quite perceptible, by gradually moving a book nearer to our eyes, until it is too near. Our sight then has to be adjusted for near objects. Tliis is done by changing the form of the crystalline lens. Before age has hardened it, the lens is somewhat elastic. When left without •That figure r^prssents rsthej- a dissc-cted, separawd t>re|wr)tUou of the piMg : not their exact appearance and poaition. f~ i "w 104 rarnoLoor. praHora, it k modenteljr ooovtt. Bring tarrooiiM by tha i^Harjf Hgth- mail (F%. 74),* this pudiai in ite nirfaoe, making it flatter, that is, kai convex in fVoot A muscle, not shown in eitlier of our figures, oalled the ciliary muacle, when it acts, draws this ligament away ; and thus allows the lens to bulge out more, or become m(H« oonvex.f Let us rem'imber, then, that rays going into a denser medium are bent towards the perpendicular. Passing through a pane of ghus, their direction is little changed, because it is flat and thin ; and the slight change tint occurs is rectifie<1, as the i-ay soon goes out from the denso glass to the rate atmosphen. again. But, take a sheet of paper and bend it ova- into Via. 74. THB CHOROID COAT, IBIS, AMD FUni^ Xin.AllOaD. an arch ; you will see, then, that ita perpendiculars must point inwards; and rays bent towards them would meet somewhere in a centre. This is what happens with a convex lens; and the centre is its focus. Then, the more convex the lens, the more the rays are bent And, as the image is made, in sight, by all the rays from the object being focused * The leu ii, in that figure, Kiddm behind the iris. t This is the account oi it given in the Text-books on Physiolagj. It is not, however, qnite certainly the true explanation. It seems to me not impossible tliat, instead, the ciliary miBele acts by itmpixmng the drenlar maigis of the lenR, so at 'ske its cen- tral portion Uigt/onBordi ; that is become more convex. BIOBT. lOfi (»«r«. *,*,„,/ ^ fr„,) the ray* fmm any object ,„ak. their in«« Rays from dwtant ob>ct« „rr nearly parallel. Tho* from near ^'ZT" V*" " "^« T' '"^"«' = ""^ "^ '«« -«««'«»' '" 'heir nmrom. Now ;«r«/W my« «ro, «, to «peak, «m/y bent to « foci„ • be more convex Ie„H « wanted for near objecto,. to bring their n.y» to a ft^-u- on the retina. 8uppo« the eye to be <oo Icmg ThenT •mage wU fall inJnnU of U.e mina; and the my,, croaTg each other "iLrrK''"^''"' •'•«'^'- '''"- •- near-lghtedne... ^Tm^/^ corrected by umug concave glanes, whi,;h spread the mys and throw Uje .mjg. farther back A near-eighted pe«on holds a book close loZ ««e (,f he wean, no glasHes). because thus he make« the mya from it ^ a gi«.t deal, and p„d,es their foc-us back so «. to^„«eh tl^e Too «W an eyeball ' as tl.e inmge to fall behind the retina. This aong-.ightedne.B) .s tobe cr,rreeted by convex glassy, bringing the rays «<x,ner to a focus. Of this, also, more hereaiW. fl JJ^ r f "? ^""^ *''"*' ""•'""■ '^'^ «'•">»'"« «<■ -"ore strongly t«. l^oit ' : *^'r"»'«*- -'^^ - look at near objects. Th" shuts off the ^er,noa rays, which diverge too much, for the size and shape of the eyeball, to „u»ke a clear pictun. (spherical aberrlTion) Afeo the crystdhiie lens is munt dense at the centre; so as to t^ij^ moa the rays which are nearly jKimllel, and /««< the outer rays. In using imperfect glass lcnsc«, sometimes white light is broken un as in the prism) into color.. This is oUIed chromatic aberration It « prevented, m our eyes, as it is in good instruments by opticians ^the diffferBnt transpart^nt parl^ cc^rectmg each other's differ^it refrac' tion of the color rays making up white light. Every eye has a bUnd ^. To prove tliis, make two dots on a piece of pap«r about two inches apart. Then close the right eye and look at the ng/U-hand «pot with the left eye, holding the paper about eight mdbes from the eyes. The l^.f,nnd spot will then disappear. This T^J^r^""? *'"' ^'P''" ""'"•' ^'^'^ *he eyeball. The centre of morf dutmct vwion ib a yellowish spot, about at the middle of the How do we know how far off is anything that we see? Only by using our knowledge, if we have such, of its size, and judging by experience of the effect of distance upon that si^.. St^adi^^ a «uln«d track, when a train of cars is approaching, we «n seeit giw- IM PHTMIOLOOr, tag mpldly Uwgef •• it come* near to iw. Wf cm Rowt t»« flIrtMW ■* any ronment, becwwe we are fainiliiir with the w« «»f cnginw and cm* Biit the diitance of a iI.HMi ..verhcail, ' of the «in, m«.n, or rtan^ wa «n form uo «itii.iat« of, from llw^ir a|>i«inince ; w. we have no deflmte notion of their «»B. 8,> it i« with nil ither .>l^|«i*. (Similarly, if we know th« diatance from iw of a howie, tnw, oi niiKia^in. we am ertimatfi it« alxe ; otherwiw, w*. In a fog, the dlmntu of thing- l»r.«lu«* «iu »he effe.'ta of dlrtan.*; and, Buppown^ ol,ject« seen to l» far off, wc \u ,.ne them to U liurger than they are.' On the contrary, in an uncommonly clewr atmoaphere, everything aeenw near ami reUtively Hmall. An image form«l upon Uie retina remains •' 're for t moment; not no strongly impr«««l an to interfere with another object, but ao aa wnift. times to blend or combine the two inuigei. On a white card, draw, on one side, tlie figure of a man, and on Uie other a horse : or on one side a nEBBOabCFIC PICTURK. biitl and on the other side a cage. If you can then fix the card so a? to revolve Bwiftlv, you will see the man and horse, or the bird and ca«e, b»>tlj in one picture. When a burning firebrand is whirled around in the air at night, it looks like a circle of continuous flame. The same fact about images explains the approach to whiteness of a wheel painted with the seven colors of the rainbow, and made to rotate rapidly. A prettv experiment is this: fix yoiu- eyes intcuUy for alwut half a minute ujwn a piece of bright red or clear green stuff (of any kmd) kid upon a sheet of white ixiper. Then take the bit of colored stuff suddenly away, and you will see in its pbu^* a figure of the same si« and shape, but of the complementary color. If the stuff be red, the spectrum following it will be green; if it be green, a r«d spectrum will appear; and so on. It would take too much space hen; to explain this and .H-milar feet- about ceJot-apectrs. Stereoscopes are now familiar to most people. BiQtir, 107 They art hy throwli^ two picture*, reprcMiiting liie Hiue object, into ono, by the n-fnictiiig puwer of « (tHipIo of t<suacH, «ha|ied and plwod properly for th<' ptirpoae. Sonw pcnwiM (not nmny) nun no ex- aggerate the action of tlie muMiilur apinrutiw ot tlusir vyv*, an to llin>w the two piauriM into uuv withiNit a ntcntMcoiMS Thu cfHi-t, in eitlier (Mite, '» to nwl<e a piiliirc wljith atanda out aolid. um it were. Thin ia CMpefially mioi»wful with vit-wit of ttiingn wimrh ui« really aolid ; aa •tatua*, iiionunit'ntM, ami hulldiuKM. A^jiutnient of the eyjn to a near object nfiuimi, IwMidea the action cS the ciliary muwie uimn the lenx, the convergence of the eyca ; that |«S tuming botli eyw enougli inwanl Ui l<M)k right at the object. Thia w done by two of the Mhort ami MmUjht muncleM of tlie eyea; the In- ternal lAraiglit niU2jci«H of the two eyea. Fio. -a. MUKLBI ur THE RUiUT EYE. Other uovementa of the eyeballs also are effeetetl by their miiaclea, which are six in all, for each eye : internal straight (i-ectns internus), external atraight (rectus externiiH), superior straight, inferior straight, auperior oblique, and inferior oblique. The hist two roll tlie eyes slightly. The suiieriur oblique has its tendon to go through a pulley at the inner front edge of the orbit of the eye ; which ravenea the direction of ita action. A pecidiarity of the Mraight muscles of the eyeUll is that very often the external of one eye acts with the internal muscle of the other, and viee verad. For example, to look towards the right, we use the external straight muaele of tlie right and the mta7ial straight nioscle of tiie left eye. JOt raraioioar. Id ft tnm«/iA fmnaa, oim of thu Ntmight muaolM (ratarMl or la* tarml) of MM or both ejrcM b too weak ; ami the opposing mm geti the ftdvftotige, palling th«t evo or eye* in itM tiirectioR. Meet commoa b " Mcma/ irtnbinnufl," in mhitkk the t«o Mlenia/ neH mneelee dnw the eyni too mui^h inwsnia. HarijeiiiM HotnetimcH remedy this, \vt dividing the stronger niiMole, with a fine l<iiife, ao that the weaker om \m enabled to keep up ita proper |in>portioii of action. TEARa Theae flow trom the4achryinal gland, which iiea in the np|ier and outer part of the orint of cA(4i eye. Constantly tliere Ih n gentle flow of nioiatnre over tlie eyetmll ; the alight excenH of which runa along tlie gutter or t^iannel between the griatly (cartilaginmui) edgea of the lida, to paaa down fnHn the inner comer of the eye into the noac by the lachrymal duct. Oocaaionally thia duct beooniea narrowed, ami the tears overflow all the time. When very troubleaorae, relief may be given to this by strett-hing the duct^with a small silver tube. • Weeping rasnlta from a large excess of secretion by the lachrymal gland, under strong emo> ''"'• "• tion. The eflect of emo- tion is to increase the flow of blood towards the front part of th? H it; thia flr.'.li relief from ttte escape of Home of the watery part of the blood through the blo«xl- veflsela of the tear-gland in its secretion. Grief that ia " too deep for tears " is the most apt to wear upon the health for want of that n- lief. Our eyelaahea, wbidi curve two ways, Herve some- what the same sort of pur- pose as the " cow-catchers ** h front of locomotives, to keep things from getting into the eyes. The eyebrowa turn perspiration upon the forehead away from the eyea, beadee aiding tu deadening the force of blowa which may threatae VBABOLAirO AKD DCCT. BKAMISO. 101 Wto^lm will) of th. ro,„Kl (cH4An,|or, mu«.|. whi-h doL the ^. jnnh.«« .«„«. very .H^ ,,. ,he eye, w wi„k -,.>o..,„«.;,y ,o Z Am t)M eyw, th« wjihIown nf the liewl, »„, very miu^ exn.««| i» of U.e« «T»,^me..t« f.«. their pr,.«.io„ in .hown lly ,he Z^f |«n.>u. injuneH U. then. Many n ,.,.,„ ^-t."™ hl«..k eye." »H.t .K HEARINO. If • doek .h«.W he p!a.«| „„,lera„ aiMight "m*iver.»or.ny kiirf of tight cover and the „ir nhouM tl U- all .Imwn ,M,t of tL Jy m«.n. of an air-pump, wo «»„I.I prol«blv h«.r it ti-k „„.l ntrike B«t ,f ,t, or a be I, !« hung by a Hlen.k-r .-onl in a m*iver en.ptittj of t?v?b7.r "'f ". '" r"" ""-'' ""■• ™"" ^-- then, i-'no ^ to vibrate ; am! all onlnmry «„,„kIh an- bmught n. .ir-w.ve. to our «!«, Yet, nn j,«t said, or implied, .olid InnlieH al«o may vibrate and g.ve out or cany «H,nd. Put your ear .lown on a piaao,'or a ml^ box, while . m playing, and you will find the «ound to be much louder than when Iwtening ajMirt from it. .Sound goea tlirough liquida al«o. Its rate of movement through the air .. a l.ttle over clcvn hnndr. I f„t i. u ^„d ; through 3 .bout four thouaaod feet in the «ime time ; thi^ugh s^lid., S Her but not the «ime iu all. Denac bodies, su-h ax iL and other m7X Th^: '^Sif ^"^ ' -' • '"-' ^- ^^y '^^^ ^r^^' ^^ .bi;;!ff^^,f''-°" * »'"r"'^ P^' t™vel«veormueh farter; about 190,000 milea m a second. Why din* thunder often follow m fc ^tfr ""^^T'J"^ "' » "o^iderable distance ; and the flash »«enjath the speed of the progress of %A/-waves, while the thunder- peal t^hea our ear« by the slower souml-wave movement. If the '^t w^ L T'^"^: '*" "^*""'« ""'' ^'»"»^- -'» «>- blh at once Watch the cutting down of a ti^e a few hundred yanls off- you will see d.e axe fall some moments befo.^ the sound of iHwl' hard^d the same with the firing of a gun at a distance: vou ^ th# Sash before you hear the report. 110 PHYSIOLOOr. iir The highest noted of sound we can hear are made by 38,000 vibra- tions in a second ; the lowest, by twenty-seven or twenty-eight vibra- tions (waves, impulses) in a second. Probably insects, and some other animals, may perceive (either by hearing or by very delicate <omcA) wave-movements yet more rapid. We have already, under Anatomy, briefly descrlljcd the outer, middle, and internal fur. *^"'* '^- The outer is the cartilaginous, flexible portion ; which, in the (log, horse, and some other ani- mals, can be turucd alxiut in several directions. We have, instead, fixed cars (with unde- veloped csir-moving muscles), but so formctl that sounds from all quarters are jraured to- gether into the meatus, as the passage is called. The haire and wax in that entrance to the car seem to l)e intended to keep out insects; which very seldom find their way in. At the bottom of the niea- tm is the drum-membrane (membrana tympani). Beyond it is the drum or tympanum ; hol- low, but containing a chain of very small bones (magnified in Fig. 79), reaching from the membrana tympani at its outside to the membrane of the vestibule of the internal ear. The handle of the hammer-hoiif (malleus, f/ in Fig. 79) is fastened to the vifmhvana iiimpani ; thru comes the nn- rj7 (incus, «•, fc,same figure), the little round hone (orbiculare, a) and the stirrup (stapes, «) which is attached to the menthrane of the ge vestibvJe of the inner ear. Three veiy small nuisjcles tighten or loosen these together. The drum of the ear is air-tight only on its outside; it commtmicates with the back of the throat by a channel in the temporal bone calletl the Eustachian tube (c. Fig. 78). By this, air can enter it, to balance the air pressing or beating upon the outer memlnrane of the drum through the meatm of the external ear. This THE EAR. ft, Put of the outer Eur. m, Pniifiage called Exter- nal Meatiu. <f, Dram-memhriine. t, Iiittrior nf Drum, called Tympanum, r, Eustachian tube. », Semi-circular Canalg. c, Cochlea. Fio. 79. UTILE BOMBS OF THE EAB. BSA a/yo. Ill Fi(4. 80. » .mportant. When a powder-mill explode, a house ..ear it, with all •te w.ndow« and doo.. sh..t, will have all of the windows iTrcS one w.th seve.-al of then, open, will at leant suffer le«, danZ t.' dunng battles, gunner firingoft- big ca„nono^M.;,.,«o„//.rS;tin^^ of a dLscharge, so as to let plenty of air in by the Eustachian ♦nbe to the middle ear. If this tubp i, ... ,!,\.„ ,,r choked with phlegm fron- l m\a, tin lifavrr is for tho time impairet Three part8 , f ,h,. interna . car (maki..K togetlK-r the labyrinth; a.c, he vestibule, semi-circular canals, and cochlea. At the vestibule cnd.s the chain of little ear l)o.n.s- the stirrup fitting by its iUt into a., oval window in the bony wall. A..othcr round w.udow, covered by n.embrane, opens from the snail-shell-like cochlea into the tym- panum or middle ear. In the vestibule a.« some tiny gravel-stoi.w (otoliths) whose use. -s doubtful The vestibule, the «K.hK n. au.Uo. x„ve. .. Se^.e....- and the sem.-oircular canals are all fil|«l '" <'-">»■»• c. (jochiea. a Waii "f with a liquid; and in this liquid a.-e .sprc-ul ""' '^^"'■'"** "■ «p'«' »t« irc.«. ouUhe fine ends of the b.«..c.hes of the nerve of hearing (audito.y The cochlea is most rt^maikable for its double spiral staircase. LABYKIKTII OF THE tNTISR.VAI. EAR. n, Auditory Nerve. », Semlclrcii- THE COCHLEA. nir K^ 7"!' ''*"'']"^ "P^" '^' ""'''" <lr«m-membmne. a.^ can-ied cochlea. Each wave enten, at the broad foot of the staircase and it ^^ZZ^r'^r "^ ''''':^"'''' *"- •^owntheX^'^dtto cease at the round membrane-<.«vered wi.Klow of tl.c cochlea, opening on 112 PBTstoLoar. the middle ear or tyiu)nuuin. Aloug the edge of the middle spiral of this staircase there are arranged some tliousauds ( f little rods or keys (rods of Corti, seen only by aid of a microeoopt ), which may respond to the different notes of sound, like tlie keys of a piano or organ. The uae of tlie semi-circular canals is not ceitainly known. The prevailing opinion is that they have to do witli our balancing our- selves, especially in the erect |K)8ture. Animals in which they have been injured turn round and round, or over and over ; and there is a disease of the labyrinth of the ear now and then met with {Menih-e'a disease, so named from its first describer), in which the patient falls to the ground ; generally inclining to one side more than the other. We probably judge of the direction from which sounds come, partly by comparing the impressions made upon the two ears, and partly by the sense of touch, whicli is very delicate at the openings of the ears. Mice and bats, whicli are very quick of hearing, have a par- ticularly large supply of nerve-endings in the lining of the external ear. Of tlie distance from which sounds reach us, we can only form an estimate from their loudness and character, as learned by experience. A skilful ventriloquist, by imitating the muffling of sounds in a closed box, or their softening by distance^ and at the same time favoring tlie delusion by his woi-ds and actions, can i-eadily deceive us, unless we are guarded against it. Dulness of hearing, of slight or moderate degrees, may result from in-itation of the meahis of the car, causing the formation of too much wax ; or from "a cold " iii<' icing a swelling of tlie drum-membrane, or of the lining of the Eustachian tube (like that which produces hoaraeneaa in the windpijie). More serious deafness may come from disease (as scarlet fever or small-pox) partly destroying the drum- membrane, or filling the drum with matter (pus or mucus), or eating away more or less of tlie little bony chain in the tympanum. Total deafness comes only from paralysis (loss of sensibility) of the auditory nerve, or of that part of tlie base of tlie brain to which it goes. We can tell whether, in any case, it is tliis last kind of loss of hear- ing or liot (as it, too, may be of various degrees — in old people it is often gradual), by trying the person with a watch or music-box. If the deafness is only from any of the other causes above mentioned, a . watch can be heaid tick, or a music-box to play, when it is placed between or against tlie teeth. In total nej-»e-deafness this will not make it audible. We have now given as much siiaoe as the plan of this work will allow to the study of the structure and fuucti(H» of the Human Body. lIKARlSa. 113 As needs hardly to be said, lu.wever, the body is not all. Mau is more than an an.mal. Not in his l>odily o.^„s, nor even in his su^ P^o. >«.„, but in the gift of „„ in,..ortal spirit, is the crown aid wS; tl IIT' ^ "^"^ '■" ''""^''* '" ''« "-"-' ^J-t-^tion only when the wdl. do.n.natmg over all the l^Klily and mental faculties, and freed from d^mbng .m,K,rfoe.ionH, lKH«,«es a^imilated, in its ftve choice, to tlie Divine Will. y HYGIENE. THE SCIENCE AND ART OP THE PRESERVATION OF HEALTH HYGIENE. AUR present subject derives its name, in English, from the French ^ word, Hygiine. This may be traced l«ck to a word meaning healthy, in the Greek. Hygiea, the ancient goddess of health, was the daughter (some say the wife) of .Sisculapius, the god of Medicine. From the earliest days, men must have observed, more or less ex- actly, the favorable or unfavorable influences of the circumstances under which they lived. As an art,, or practical study, in its ru«le beginnings, Hygiene must have preceded Medicine, and even Surgery. The early temples of ^k-ulapius, before Hipixjcrates, were mnUaria rather than medical schools. Hyg-ea was named, with other deities, in the oaUi which eveiy physician was required to take as one of the Asclepiade: "Qy A1X.II0 the physician, by ^Escubpius, by Hygiea, Panacea, and all the gods and goddesses." Hippocrat^ wrote the first hygienic treatise now extant-on Airi^, Wnterx, and PUu^ He therein ,M,iuted out the crte..ts of climates and loaUities, not only upon health, but also upon the chanu^tere of ra(*s of men; anticipating, at so early a date (400 b.c), the conclusions amyed at in recent times by Montesquieu, Miohelet, Guyot, and Buckle. Positive sanitary measures were probably first instituted by Acron of Crotona, of the school of Pythagoras, who is said to have dissipated the muse of a plague at Athens by means of fii-es burned in the streets. Empedocles afterwards found it possible to .lestroy <,r impede the action ot malaria; in one instance by draining a swamp, and in another by building a high wall to protect an exposed town. Phidias provided a water-supply for Athens by means of a tunnel under Mount Athos said to have been eighteen feet in diameter. Herodicus was so famoui for Ins application of gymnastics to the improvement of health that Plato accused him of doing an ill service to the state by keeping alive people who ought to die, because, being valetudinarians, they cost more than th^y wei* worth to the .ximrar Jty. The Spartans revereed this, in their custom of exposing young children to the elements, whereby 117 ! f i'' 118 BTOlKyS. only those Hurviveil and grew ap who were poaseMed of natural hardi- hood. Ancient Rome tihowed an appreciation of Hanitary art by extensiv* drainage of the bane of the hilln on whiih the city was built ; by th« imnienfle sewer, Uoiwii Maximt, of which a port i8 left, the oldeot ruin in Europe, thirteen feet in dbmeter at the outlet ; by the a(|nc«luet8 ; by suburban intermentii, whose number is still attested all along the Appian Way ; and by the apixtintment of officers (cetlileg) whose duty it was to insiiert and reguktte the construction, with a view to salubrity and safety, of all private and public buildings. In Egypt, the great pyramid of Cheops bus an arrangement showing an early recognition of the principles of ventilation, applied to its interior chambers. Em- balming the liodies of the dead, not only of men but of animals, how- ever it may have l)een assoitiated with religious ideas, is so well adapted to the prevention of insalubrity in a populous land in a tropiial clinwte as to make it appear likely that it sprang, in part at least, from the sanitary sagacity of the priesthood. Since a resemblance is traceable in many particulars l)etween the Mosaic ceremonial law and the usages of the ancient Egyptians, it is likely that some measures for the preserva- tion of health, prescribed in the Levitical code, corresponded with usages known to the Israelites whiW in the land of bondage. Moses, however, must have much extended the provisions required for the care of the health of his people. His regulations concerning food, ablu- tions, and other purifications, and sc^nigation of persons having certain diseases, were prottise and imperative. All the most enlightened nations of antiquity held physical culture in high estimation, Socrates, the philosopher, was of powerful bodily frame. Plato also was a superior athlete, and so were Pericles and Aldbiades. It is not altogether improbable that the intellectual supremacy of the Greeks was in part owing to their sedulous care of the whole organisatwn, brain and body together. In meet of the cities of ancient Greece, public baths existed for the poor as well as the rich. Rome also had, at one period, hundreds of private and public baths; some of whidi, as those of Caracalla, were palatial in grandeur. Al- though at first designed for health, these afterwards d^nerated into means for eflfeminate luxury ; as did the gymnama, at last, into scenes of gladiatorial combats of men and beaste. In the School of Saleraum, in Italy, the oldest medical school of Europe, founded in the ninth century, instruction was given upon the prevention of diseases and the preaervatitm of health. That institution gave forth, in the twelfth oentuiy, a very remarkable treatise, the Regimen Saniiatit Sakmikmum, a poem ou the uiatuUouuice of health, MYOIKSK. 119 in rhyming liAtin vcrew. Many of the precepU in this "Oxle of Salernura" are wiiiml uwi gtKicl ; Honio of (lioin have pai^icd into alnuMt proverbial nxuk-rn hhc. The in«titiitiou of ifmrantinr, in the fourteenth centniy, in Italy, to pxpIimIi' tin- plajfii*'. wom an event in the history of Nanitary pmnroMH. Fn»m Flon-iK-e iImh iiicthml »»f nwtrirtion of inter- eoiirse with infw-twl pla<-«»« Hp;Yail, finrt to Veniee and Jtettlinia, and af>erwan]H throughout Kuro|H\* Jenner's intnxluftion of rfUTtMithn, for the prevention of small-pox, is perhaps the greatest of all the triumphs of " preventive medicine," as sanitary scipnoe is sometimes, and in this case at least not unfitly, called. Vaccination dates from 1798. The other benefits conferred upon roan tind th.-ough the advance of knowledge in r^ard to the cmues of diitaat, and the conditions necessary for health, especially in large communities, have l)ecn obvious, great, ami numerous. In the time of the grei»t me«li(«l milhor, Sydenham (1624-1687), the largest part of the mortality of I^mlou was pro«lu<x»l by four diseases, —plague, small-|)ox, scurvy, and «lysentery. ()f these, the first has long ago disappeaml fmm Great Britain and the continent of Kurope ; the second has been, by prevention, shorn of nnjst of its destructive power ; the thin! m now seldom known except in places remote from civilized life; aud the fourth is at least very much less mortal than formerly, especially in cities. Macwulay, in his JTutory of England, estimated that the liffervnoe between I^oudon in the seventeenth, and the same city in the nineteenth, century is as great in rq^rd to mor- tality as between that of the time of prevalence of epidemic cholera and that of onlinary years. In Constantmople, in 643 a. d., 10,000 people died daily during one season of plague alone ; in 1666, 68,000 died of that disease in the city of London. In 1686, not a sickly year, the deaths in London were one in twenty of the inhabitants ; now they average annually about one in forty. In France, in 1772, the annual proportion ot utaths was one in twenty-five; in 1846, one in forty- five. The mean duration of life in France, in 1806, was 28 J years; now, 34J years. At Geneva, the mean probability of life in the six- • The first oecMional prohibitions of maritime intercourse on account of the plague were made at Florence in 1348. Viscount Bamabo enacted the finit peremptory regu- lations at Venice, 1374. The earliest legal code of (|uarantine was put in force at Venice, 1448 ; the flret Uuaretto was establinhed in Sardinia, 14.53. A Board of Health was organized in Venice, 148.5. Bills of health for vessels were first made out in 1527 ; they became general at European portt about 1666. Regular quarantine was not enforoed in Ei^rland before 1710. WUliam Penn, as early as 1700, instituted a qu«^ ■ntine law at Philadelphia. The term "quarantine" is derived from the Italian fuarmla, forty ; this number of days of detention being apparently derived ttoat tha tJise of parifiiatHm prescribed in certain cases under the utiieut Levilluat law. 190 aroixvM. teentb century wtw iiboat twenty-onr yeara ; in the Kventeenth nentu/y, twenty-tive to twenty-nix yean ; in the nineteenth, aisout forty yean. Life may be safely Mid tu have been, on the average, in dvilind cotintrieii, prolonged twenty-five per ivnt. dnring the lant fifty yearn. While improvementd in medical and niirgical prartiw hnve, no doubt, had their »harc in effecting such a remilt, the greater part of thin very important change may h«? iwritied to increHM<d knowledge and appre- ciation of the lawB of health. Yet much remains to !» done before the ideal of perfect sanitation is «ttaine«1. Yellow fever bnd diolen are still at times the dea<lly scourges of citii>n and of «)me other plai'es ; malarial fevers render a few localities almost uutiihabitnble ; and the mortality of towns, especially amongst young children, continues to be far in excess of what it ought to be were the conditions of health proiv erly maintained. The beet hope of the sanitarian and philanthropist is to be derived from the increasing interest in all that l)elongs to health, now prevailing everywhere amongst educated men and women, both in Europe and in .Vmerim, No subjec^t lias, of lute years, advanced m(>n* rapidly in public interest, or in the actual development of valuable practiial knowledge •"uicerniug it. Hygiene has its foundations in Phynkingy and Snnitanf exjierieiice. What may lie expected to favor th^ health of the body is known by the study or , action of its different organs ; and such expectations are c'onfir..)e •; conwtel by oliscrvution of wliat really liai)|)ens "ith individuals and in comnmnities under various cnnmmstances. Our best way of considering Hygiene will Ix; to follow \ery nearly a phygifAofflcal order, taking up the different functions or o))erations going on in the brxiy, and noticing what is good and what is bad for their proper performance, and thus for the maintenance of the health of the whole system. Certain subjects incidental to these will receive attention on our way. MKA L rit Y BHHJ Til! SO. 121 HEALTHY BREATHING. We have learned, in our Physiology, liow, and for whot end, hreath- iiig gocH on, no long w ii.".- .•ontinufs. LUtlt- tlii.ujflit ix nc«l«l, then-fi.n-, for every one to set' that for ^mA brentliiiij? there irnwi U' sound lungs and air-tubes, and strength in the muitclRS of the chent, w well im pure air. Conmmptim of the lungs interferes with breathing, beeaiwc one lung is, or both are, gn«tly alten^l by the disea** affeeting them. PneumonUi \<* attended by nhort bii«!»thing for the name kind of rt^won, although the «tate of the lung or lungs is different, UMug that of wlive inflam- mation. Croup luw for it« worst symptom olwtruttion to the breathing, wluksf si-at is hiyh up in the windpii^-, in the larynx or tmehea. (Hee Anatomy.) Strength in the miiw^les uaed in br««thing in of (<t)U'>ie necessary. It seldom gives out until everj-thing else in the bnly, ineluding the hmrt, IS exhausted. But we find the limit to what the»« muscles can do, even in health, when, in running, we "get out of b«-ath." And sometimes, no doubt, in a very feeble iwrson, thi^i may, under exertion, cause death. For example, I remember the ease of a patient prostratiil by typhoid fever, who, while for a few moments unwatehed, ro«e and walked into another niom. He there fell dead. Th(>re is need of great care wiU. such patienta, to save the little strength they have, until the attack of diik.aac is over. Our breathing muscles can be strengthened by exercise. All active muscular movements of any part of the body, but especiaUy brisk walking or running, quicken the action of the heart ; and, as the blood then goes more rapidly through the lungs, it needs to be, and is, aired, accordingly, by quicker breathing. At great heights, as in climbing mountains or going up in a balloon, the thinner of Uie air makes it harder to breathe. On lofty mountains^ men and horses pant and are worn out with moderate exertion. Those' however, who live for years at such heights, Iiecome used to it, and their chests grow larger than those of lowlanders. This is said to be the case with the people of the highlands of Patagonia, in South Amerim. Using the voice a great deal (as in speaking or singing) in early life, promotes the growth of the lungs and the strength of the breathing muscles. Those who belong to consumptive families should, while young, be ix-castomcd to active ouH.f-iioor habits ; and for them, read- ing or speaking aloud wr singing (vocal gymnastics) will be wholcsonw Its MrarMiTM. •iMviM ; that b, m long w th«jr ut wpII. When the hingn ut artnally diwMed, nrtive effurta of all kimlH iih<MiM lie bv<m«Ic<1. Pure air, ami />/«7i/y of U,'u a couatant iiwtMuty for health. The an>lication of thia truth belongs in many waya to our «very-day life, e^wcially, of poumc, within «l«>r>w, t>it of doom, in some phut*, the atmuaphere is nuiile unwholesome by what in called malaria, which u tha oaiue of certain fevem ; or by the infection or rontafi^on of other dkeaam. Thew rrquire to be cdnitidcntl hereafter by thenuelvea. A* Heveral other important t^otulitioiM of Ix'alth are i-lotiely connected with the |Mirity of the air, we may advantajretiunly look at these t(i|{ether, making our next topic the houae umi ittt aurroundinga. BTOlKHa. 118 POOD ANI> DRFNK. I ."I^ "C?" '""'"^"^ "*" *''•' '^•^'' "'>■ "'■ '"^'"♦"™' ''^■i«'n««« ..f Phil.. .W,Am, Th.m,«« H„y, ^, U^nKlK^I •».. linn. .Hk.n i„ ™,i„K hin mml.. « to w,Hh |hHt h., w,.«. m«,l,. wifh n «i,„|..«r i„ hiM .„„„.«.|, „, ,h„t h« .-".iW |Hit in n .Ihv h niipply »|| ,a ,„„,., „,„, |^. ,,,„„. ^j„, j, j^^^, .j. •hat wen. p«. with m, pr-UMy tl„. I„„y „„,„n,|i„ ,„„, ^,„„. ^,^ wo„kl .«i.mo,m y forp-t ail „U,„, ie. „,„| ,., „„• Un\y n,n .l„w„ t„r want of f,.«|. W,.«r„n..,n. wim-ly ,.m„„|. II„„p.rH,„| ,hin,. n-mimi «Hn< our ,H*,k Natnroliy. w., .Imn. f..«| hUn,, tl.r,,. ,i„„^ every davj a. I««t twi«! a .hiy w.. niUMt Imv,. if, „r Hutll.r in hmlth anil atrpn^th. Why m,iMt w« take f,«»l ^, „«,.„ ? Ffc.,.,,^. ,•«„„,;. i. ,h,. law o\' lifr No particle, u. .H,r h,.Ji,.H in .,1,1 a^.- is the k.h.o ,,. wh«, wo wrn- iK.rn • nuioh of ,Hir MubHtam* h.w alt.-ml a little ex.-n «!„„. vivtmiay It Ih "..t tn.e that all „f the U.ly is „.,h.w«I ,,„,* i„ «.;,.„ y.,„; ^^, h.m««rB„cw Kmwn entin-ly only after hm^ ,K.ri,.lM: .he enamel .,f the teeth. ,HKv l.>«t, in never torn..,! „p,in ; while the ..u.er .^vering epithelam.) of the skin in l.inK sI.hI in h„.|.«, like liny |.«v.*, all the time, and our bl,«Kl in nnderx-miK hourly, nion.entarv ehannen. We are, aa m said in .( Jen**!*., niade of Hu' dust of the jtriMind The elementa of « „,„ther earth " are the very san.e as thone of ra.r 'bodi,*. J heae elenmnta elinib tlmaiKh veR^.tahle life i„,o a «.nditi.«. higher than that of the mineral kintflom, and then aninmk transform them Hito their own HubHtaucen, an.l after a time, having m.l them for the purposes of th«ir org:an«, throw them out again. Thia JH the i»rpc.tual mund or ryele of natun.. What do plants live on / C hiefly water. earboni,. a.id, an.l ammonia. ( )n what do animahs live. Plantn. Lhmimra in rating «,eh other d.. the «une, oniv in- directly, ^mlarily. What are the results and pm,luct«, the " .smoke anda.he8, of animal life ? Ammonia, .-arlKmie aeid, and water. So everj- ,«rt«-le ri«e« from the earth, m drop of water am.,,,] in the fountain ; after reac-hing its higlu^Ht ntate. it h.k,i, Ingins t« .h^^nd, ami fall8 again " to the earth as it wai.,"-diwt unto .lust. Every animal, then, mu«t have food; but how various their diet! ()ur domertic animals inatimtively show this. The ox browses and chews the cud; the dog and oat tear and bolt raw fle«h; the hog is content with either kind of food. Wild animals likewise differ: the birds and beasts of prey tear their victims with teeth and claws, while deer, anteloj^ and camels coasnmc n„ly vegetable food. Some eat the gTMB and herbs at their feet; the tall giiaile breaks off leaves and 124 rOOD AlTD DSrNK, twigs of dees. Ducks a.i^ «eese find nourishing things in mud and water; king-fishers, pelicans, and cormorants seize and devour fish, i'he big, ugly hipjjopotamus feeds on fish by day, and at night steals ashore to consume herbage on the river lianks. Some i)irds eat worms or flies; others grains or fruits; many both. The humming-bird lives on honey and insects, his long tongue being usabie either as a sucking tube or as a pair or nipjjers. Bees take for food both honey and the ]M)llen of flowers. Certain animals, mostly small, live in or on tlie bodies of othere;, parasites. Hunuin beings are so invaded by round worms, tape-worms, trichinae, and others. But the smallest creatures do not escape such attacks. Silk-worms and flies are beset by tiny, destnictive enemies. Prof. Leidy, with his microscope, has shown that parasites themselves sufier from parasites; thus making almost true the doggerel : "Great fleas have little fleas, and these have fleas to bite 'em j And these again have lesser fleas, and so ad infinitum." Many animals, large and small, are wood-eaters : elephants, beavere, some larvae of beetles, the teredo (enemy of the dikes in Holland), and white ants, for examples. In tropical climates, white ants (termites) attack houses in such numbers as to eat out all the interior of posts and beams, leaving them ready to fall with slight shocks. Even camphor scaroely protects our garments and carpets from clothes- and carpet- moths. In the sea are stone-borers (Pholades and Modiolw), which, with their shells, can wear away solid columns. The famous temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli, in Southern Italy, bears witness to this in its pillars half submerged on the margin of the sea. One insect-grub (Sirex giganteus) has been known to gnaw leaden bullets in soldiers' cartridges ; another (Cetonia) to pierce the leaden coverings of house- roofs. Blood-suckers are the mosquito and the vampire-bat ; of the latter, extravagant stories are told: it does not often suck human blood. Sap-suckers upon plants and trees are the aphides (ant-cows); the birds of that common name (sap-suckers) pierce branches only in pursuit of worms or grubs. Literally, it is true that one animal's meat may be another's poison. On the Jamestown weed of this country (Datura stramonium), whose berries sometimes poison children, goats can browse unharmed. There is no drug most deadly to men that does not furnish food for some creature : lunar caustic, oil of vitriol (onoe thought to destroy eveiy organic substance), opium, strychnia ; even the venom of the rattle- snake ! These last poisons are fed upon at least by amrmhulai, which t:ik« the leavings everjwhere of the greater animal world. Infusorial araisifis. 125 animalcules ai innumerable in many waters, and they, and equally mmute fungoid vegetable forms, abound often in moist air. This great mruty of food is essential to the balance of nature. With- out It, no cheek would exist upon the overproportion of a few kinds of bemgs; the sea would lie filled with fishes, the forests, denser than JJrazil, would become crowded with animals, and the air clouded with Fio. 136. UVINO THIN08 IN BIVEE WATBR. Magnifled about 200 dlametere.— (Parkes.) birds and insects, in a very few years of ordinary multiplication. But the stru^'e for existence keeps down this excess, and the >ro and jtattwo of a warm country- may supiwrt together thousands of species. Uak trees alone feed 200 kinds of caterpillar ; nettles, 50 different sorts of insects; pine trees, 400 species. In Sweden, one kind of yellow I t i I I i 126 FOOP AND DSIHK. \ fly devoured in a single year 100,000 tone of barley; another fly in France, 3,000,000 of olives. Insects (among them the phylloxera of the grape-vines) are computed to destroy in France 100,000,000 of dolhus' worth every year. In our Western country, the Rocky Moun- tain grasshoppers, during some years, do nearly or quite as much harm. Bat this immense need of food for animals, so much greater than that of plants (even of the lai^;e8t trees), needs to be farther exphuned. It is not only because we waste, as fire does in burning, and the tree in growing and shedding its leaves, but also because we work and go, that we must have so mndi nutriment, and must have it often. We are, so to speak, living locomotives. Action, as well as growth and wasting or decay, must be supplied. And this action is of two sorts— within and wUhowi us, Eveiy heart-beat uses energy ; digestion is a kind of work ; so is secretion, and, of course, req>iration. Foot-tana are the measure in which we estimate the daily work done ; for ex- ample, in the circulation of the blood by the heart and blood-vessels. What fuel must be necessary for all this,— besides all that our muscles do in labor or exercise of every kind ! A young bird has been Jcnown to eat onoe and a half its own weight of food in a day ; a robin, 800 flies i/i an hour. A pair of swallows will cany 200 or 300 worms and caterpillars daily to their young ones in the nest What becomes of all this? Not all is appropriated in growth, for their increase in weight will not account for it. A good deal must be consumed as fuel, for getting up energy ; very much as coal or Avood is burned, undei- an engine-boiler, to get up steam. When the fuel has been all used up, more must be provided, or the animal dies. A mole, kept without food for twelve hours, will be starved to death. A cat (once to my knowledge) may starve in a week ; a wild-cat, in twenty days; a dog, in thirty-six days. An eagle will survive without food for five weeks. The boa constrictor of South America, after swallowing an enormous meal, perhaps an animal as large as himself, lies still, digesting it for a month or more. A fat hog has lived 160 days without food. The scorpion can fast three months, the spi(?er a year, the sacred Egyptian beetle (scarabajus) for three years ! Man cannot compete witli these slow livers in long abstinence. On the average, nine or ten days without food will end a human life. After the wreck of the steamship Arctic, a man floated nine days in the water and was picked up alive. Benjamin Lay, the eccentric "hermit of Germantown," PhiladeliAia, fasted three weeks and then became de- lirious, uid was fed by his friends, saving his life. Dr. Tanner's forty days' self-fitarvadon and survival, in 1880, made him famous. Miss " Lizzie " Bml% died at W^lutc Cload, Koqbhs, m 1884, of starvation, MTQlElfg. 1S7 after a fi»t of fifty-three days. She had made a vow " never to eat or speak again," and kept it. Shipwrecked persona have not only huDgcr but often thirst, as well as cold and fear or expectation of death, to aicl m depressing vitality. This was the rase with Lieutenant Greely's party, whose sad story became so familiar in the year 1884. Their s.«ntv rations, under long suffering from terrible cold, made it not incretliblc that some of them might have eaten the flesh of their companions who died the soonest. Yet a reliable author, Dr. Robert Willis, tells of the master of a water-legged ship who survived twenty-eight days without any solid food, having also no drink except rain-water gathered in tlie palm of h« hand as it trickled down the mast Captain Hopken, of the bng Shelehof, in 1871, was taken alive from the wreck of his ve»^.l, October 19, havmg been there since its disablement, July 3, and the gpoter part of that time without food. He had, before the wreck, wnghed 235 pounds; when taken off, 120 p,mnd8. All on board but himself had died some time before he was found and rescued. Questions about the hygiene of food- are th«e: 'how should we eat how ofim, how mucA, and wludf That is to say, we inquire into the manner of taking food, the frequency of meals, their quantity, and theur nature or quality. As to the manner of eating, the precepts are simple, but not without importance. We should eat dowly, cheerjully, and, if iwssible, in good company; and we ought to r«rf awhile, in mind and body, before and after meals. Slowly, in order to chew well wliat is taken ; dividing all mait and oUier solids up, so that the chemiail action of the digestive fluids may be complete, and mixing the saliva with everything, espe- cially with the darchy food. * Hunying our meals promotes dyipejma (very common in America Irom this cause), and, probably, early decay of the teeih. Some business men snatefa half an hour or less from their mid-day work to boU some- thing, or else content themselves with General Scott's -hasty plate of soup. This is very bad. Merehante, as well as day-laborere, should have an hour at least free for a noon meal. « After dinner, sit awhile • after breakfast, read awhile; after supper, walk a mile." This sensible maxim refers to the need of the oompletest rest after the heaviest meal, iwen reading, unless it be only a newspaper, is not beneficial immedi- ately after dmner. The habit some college men have of taking a book for study to the table is, hygienically, a vicious one. After a rather light meal as breakfast, reading, at least, may come soon ; and supper, which wight to be the %hte8t, may be foUowed by a moderate walkT 128 FOOD AND DRINK. What is the reason for tliis rest at and before and after meals? Hini- ply that digestion requires energy; it is internal work; and there is only a limited supply of energy available for work at one tune in the body. It is somewhat like the fixed numb>er of" horse-powers " furnished by an engine in a building, to be distributed for different operations; or the water-supply of houses according to our system in Philadelphia. When the steam or water is l)eing used in one story or room, there is less or none obtainable in other parts of the building at the same time. All who ride or drive horses know, likewise, that it will not do to drive an animal hard immediately after full feeding. The same principle applies with tiieni as with ourselves. Stress of mind, anxiety, or disturbance of feeling, will oft«n interfere with digestion. " Bead o'er thi», and this ; and then To dinner, uitk vhul appetite you am." Hence cheerfulness and sociability belong, so to speak, with the din- ner-table furniture. Mirth is better, at dinner-time, than metaphysics; " laughter, holding both his sides," more wholesome there than all the wisdom of the Egyptians. Mallock was wrong, in his " New Repub- lic," in making learned men aiul women discuss difficult problems of life at the table. It was like giving Aera stones for bi-ead ; they must have gone away dyspeptics, and so have tliought life haidly worth living. To the question, how often we should eat, there is no absolute or universal answer. At least twice a day, it may be said with entire safety. Many people, in France, take (besides a cup of coffee on rising) but two . >eals — bi-cakfast and dinner. Most English people are accus- tomed to four repasts — breakfast, lunch, dinner, and supi>er. I have tried both ways while travelling, and found no difference in comfort, health, or strength ; the more meals, the less is naturally taken at each. But I believe three meals, the most common habit the world over, to be the most natural, and best on the whole. Custom has much influence here. English people, in Edward tlw Fourth's time (fifteenth century), ate dinner at alwut ten o'clock in the morning. In Queen Elizabeth's day (sixteenth centuiy) the hour was between eleven and twelve o'clock. Cromwell brought it down to one o'clock. Charles II. imported French usages into England; among them, lateness of hours. Addison dined at t\vo ; and Pope, the poet, complained of being invited out to a four o'clock dinner. Another century made it common, as now, for it to be later still. Germans have ttraisNs. J29 the dinner-hour mostly between one and four o'cloek. In this country here « every variety of houn,, with an incr«i«ing tendency (Z^ lateness, at least in the cities. ^ lowards People say that it is reasonable to put off the chief meal of the day «th evrnr- f. 'Y '"' '" 'r- ^'"'' '■« ^' •'• '"^^ dinner s to S for L r TH •■"" '"".'"""' '■'"^'' '^' ''^^'^ - 0- « good for^mueh. Th.s was ,«mmon in the old days, such as Burns ^,roSTf, " Who first beneath the table fillg He ahall be kbg among us three." When great statesmen and authors(..ot to say pi^t.-hers) were, as to their edly the best for dinner. But all this is changing; and gluttony as well as .nebnety, 1^ almost ceased to be a virtue." In the nerX"n both will probably be called vices. gfueranon If we ask, then, what are the best hct.re for most people, nature and exj^nence fur„«h a reply. A meal is dig.«ted in fVon th.^ to four <T five hours, therefore the interval between meals ought nofto 1 Z hau that ttme. Few atn comfortably take at once enough flcS to Z rcca over sue or seven hours, at least when they are doing^o^ Luy or mental. Henee we can name the lin.its : nit less thrnffaur , ™ ^ than seven h.urs betme,, ,unls. Best of all, I believe, are the old Z ways : breakfast, an hour, more or less, after rising-saytCnT and 8 o'clock; dinner within an hour or so of noonil2 to U oX-k Slipper, early m the evening— 8 to 7 o'clock. ' How does h hapi,en that English people often take a very solid L bS' "SI? T^^ T^-!' - " ^^- ^-g. J-* before g to b«l? Becau.se, dimng late in the afternoon, and no tea follo^dng Je ttme elapemg before they retire allows the meal and its eff^ to d^ppear, ^pecially if they sit up late. Then they are ready tZne pere of nd.gest.ble superfluUies, taken not for hunger but for gLii^ sict-headache, and dyspepsia naturally attend upon them. We are thus brought to recognize a principle in the hygiene of diet ^mely^at kun,er « the «^al for the taking of foodf and i m^ be m.nded w,th advantage, as a rule. Some pj^ple almost never 7ed hu^, even when long fasting. They, however, feel empty „nd w^k (more or less) when their«blood-fuel" runs low and sucli LJi^r^ m«in w,th them what hunger means with othe«. ^ W t^ ."V^,:* '"'^''7' *^^"' ^^^ "«J«? If the time is very long, yes, .f „ot, generally, no. But, if hungry or exhaust«d, e.^ 130 900 D AlTD DMIKK. between meak, a lUUe. A crumb »r a drop in time wil! do better than nine left late. Feeble permus, especially, ought to regard this as a rule, neetr to go irry long without food. I have known attacks of sick head- ache, neuralgia, and even convulRionf*, to be brought on by the delay of meals ; and, when threatening, to be prevented by the timely ad- ministration of food. One who has to sit up at night with a sick person, or on any other duty, should have Home aetm food to take during the night. A little may do; but that little will make much difference in the fatigue' of long watching. About the diet of the sick, more will be said later in this book. Just now, we may remark that it is a subject much better understood now than formerly, — even half a century ago. Once "low diet" was very low, and was kept up long through illness. Now we know that disease weakens the body. There is a time at the beginning of a sick- ness when a person, liefore strong, may abstain from food with advan- tage; but feeble persons cannot bear even this. We wade during illness ; and althot^^ appetite is absent, and the stomach cannot digest ordinary solid meals, yet the body must be supplied. This is done by giving muxll quantities of droitg liquid food often. Milk and beef-tea are thus advised ; during some cases of typhoid fever, for example, every hour or two a tablespoonful or two at a time, day and night. We have now seen the reasons for our need of "daily bread." How much food is required every day ? A grown person, on the average, during health, will consume two pounds and a half of solids, — of which at least two-thirds may be v^etable food, — and about two and a half pints of water, including tea, coffee, or other beverages. A good mpply will be three-quarters of a pound of meat (counting the lean only), a pound and a half of bread or other vegetable material, and a quarter of a pound of batter or other fat Ouldren have need of quite as much in proportion to their size as working adults. Their growth requires new substance, and their active play takes the place of work in consuming " fuel-food." An infant, six months old, will take comfortably from two and a half to three and a half pints of milk in twenty-four hours. Solid food should not be given to babies until th^ have some teeth with whk^ to cbewit. Apart from starvation, it is interesting to know the lead amount any <Hie can live on. An Italian gentleman, Louis Comaro, when about eigh^ jrears old, set himself to eat only twdve otmoes of solid food, and aroiBNt. 131 wwh It down with fourteen ounces of light wbe, every day. He livetl to be a hundred years old. Mont probably \m oonrtitutiou wa. remark- able, and he lived a quiet old gentlemanly life, with nothing to wear him out. Under the preaiiure of neoeasity, Captain Parr>-, tl«. tmvelkr with hu. men, lived for some time on nitiou« of /ir«./y ou,i^» eadi of -ohd daily food. Nobody m likely to live long on le« than thi*, or, at all events, on less than Comaro'a minimum. Maximum amounts we read of in the Aretk: regions. Big fires furs and much food are needed there to keep out the cold. Warmth of the body IS sustemed by increase, especially, of fatii, food. Seal's, walrus', bear's fat, the Eskimos consume freely. One of them is said to have eaten tweniy po,irul, of fat meat in a day I An Eskimo Iwy is told of who devoured in one day ten pounds of meat and fat, besides a pound of tallow candles thrown in for variety. Under the disease called 4u- ftmm, wiU. a mori>id appetite, yet greater quantities have been taken- but instances of this are rare. Must we weigh or measure our food to get its right amount? No C)ur appetite is, by nature, proportioned to our needs. When hunger w naiUsfied, it is time to stop eating. Not that we should eat as much as we can with enjoyment or comfort. Stop while you couW still take more, but feel that you have had enough. We should never /erf ourstomachs, when in health ; one ought not to know, except by studying anatomy, that he has a stomach. But while hke other oi^ns inside of the body, the sound stonuwh has no sei«e of touch, no feeling, it soon becomes sensitive when not well treatwl When worried by having more put into it than it is prepared for, it suffere, and 80 to speak, complains. If there is a decided internal feeling after a meal, it shows that something is wrong. Eitlicr we have eaten too much or too fad, or have been «y)mW at it, or were dyspeptic at the time Dyspepsia is habitual indigestion. Errors of diet are its most common causes. We cannot, to^Jay, anticipate to-morrow's dinner; nor, even, eat at breakfast (without injury) enough to last the whole day. It is worth whi e to take much pains to avoid dyspepsia; for it is almost a kind Z.A ^"" ^"*^'*» ^■^•T seldom eat too much of mmple, wholesome foal. When they are pampered with goodies, as sugar-plums, candies, and cakes, they often do hurt themselves by lai^ exoesa. What shall we eat? Nature here furnishes our common answer- wience simply interprets and explains nature. There are certain elea^ Acta about aU articles of food. Firet, they must contain some of the 18S FOOD AlfD DRISK. elements of the body. Thew elemento an Curbcn, Hydngm,Chygm, NUrogm, StUphur, Photphonu, Iron, Oahium (the metal of lime), Poku- aium, 8odium,CM>rine, Fluorine, SUieon ; occattionally, Manganese, Mag- nesium, and one or two othen. In onr Phyaiology, we have M>en that the most important of thcxc are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitro- gen ; but a certain amount of Bulphur, Phosphurus, Iron, and Calcium \» indiHpensable ; and the body needs aim, from time to time, a rapply, not large, of all the rest. Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen arc in all the tissues. Nitrogen in ail except fat, Sulphur is in the bile. Phosphorus in hxtAn and bones, Calcium in bones and teeth. Iron in the blood- oorpuscles, Potassium and Sodium in the blood and other animal fluids, Fluorine in tooth-enamel and brain-sul)stau(<e, Silicon in the hair. Here is quite a wide range ; and most of our usual articles of fooil contain several of uiese elements together. Secondly, our food must he (except watfr and mU) organic, not mineral ; that is, of vegHahie or animal origin. Plants live on mineral food (as has been l)efur«> said) ; animals, on plants or on each other. Lime b always obtainable from bones ; but pure lime will not answer as food tor us. Birds tsn peck a little of it, as it helps to make their diells. Infants sometimes pn>fit by having liniewater put with their milk ; but that is rather medicine than fcKHl. We do not want to put lime in substance upon our tables. It is fui-nishcd combined with otlier things, in various articles of food, each giving a little; ni«it, bread, milk, vegetables, fruit ; all onjanic. Plants, under the sunlight, have a mar\'cllous power (which we have not) of working up niinenil muttci's from th(- Moil and air into the orj^nic f^irte ; animals take this ready-made " life-stuiT," and modify it as their own orgLDS and uses require. Literally, tlien, as well as figuratively, " all flesh is grass." There would seem to be an exception to this, in the strange food of the dirt-ealem. Such people exist among the Indians of California and South America, and in Finland and other parts of Northern Europe. " Mountain meal " is a name given to earth, of which cart-loads are used by La|^ and Finns in times of scarcity. Ottomakas in South America are said by travellers to live sometimes for months upon earth- food. They then become thin, weak, and pot-bellied. There is a fasci- nation in this habit, a morbid craving, which grows, like the taste for opium, tobacco, or alcohol. But the explanation of the undoubted fact that earth can take, in part, the place of food, is, tlwt it contains some organic mcMer. Betzius, o( S^roden, proved this, with the microscope, in " mountain meal." All mould has in it remains of dead animals and plants, not yet quite aratMifs. 183 mineraliztd; and, hIso, wme living germ., at leut, of pknta and jmnakoflowtype. Th«e «t, the /oorf part of earth ; «hI vciy poor food It IB, at the bent. ' *^ Thirdly, what we eat miut be capable of being cnwhed or broken up ; methanu-ally divided and reduced. Andirarite coal in nearly pure airbon; and carbon in an ingrwiient in all our f.wd : but tml will not do in our diet, even though of " clieetnnt " «ia?. Fourthly, it must be soluble in «.,me of the digettive fluids Beoiuse it m not m, charcoal, altiiough pure oirbou, is sometimea a go. J medicine, but never an article of food. Other example might be »m\y iMVUght, if needful. r o j Fifthly, it murt, of course, be not poisonous. We have no occa- sion to dwell on thin iwint. Along with poisons may be named para- •ites ; 8uch aa trichinie (spiral thread-worms), tape-wornw, and otheix We avoid these, by eating only wtU-cooked meat and by drinking only pure water. Lastly, food must be not ofTensiv* to tMte or wmiSL Home excei)- tion must be admitted to this in times of nhipwreck or famine. Men will eat annlking rather than starve to death. Dreadful (and sometimes true) stones are told of those who, after shipwreck, have drawn lots to determine which of a boat's crew should be made food for the rest; and in besi^ed cities equally horrible things have happened. These are exceptions to all rules. 134 OAMM or TMM MJCtJf. CARE OF THE SKIN. More than one me belong! to the " tegument" which ooven the wli of oor bodice. Some aniniala have a naturml wrapping whidi ia only protective : aa the shell of the oyster, snail, nautilos, or tortoise ; or the armw-jdatat of the armadillo ; or the bony mail of U>e rtuineon. Al- most as little endowed with feeling is the hide of the hif^potamus, rhinoceros, or elephant ; and the fur of the seal, beaver, ermin«i, uUe, and other animals, appears to be of use rhiefly in keeping out the oold. Birds' feathers are spread out on their wings for flight; while their oolmv, we need not doubt, may be designed specially for the purpoae of beauty. Man's skin is, first, protective, t alioate as it in, its removal from any part shows, by the suffering produced, the importanoe of Ait service. Secondly, it is aensitive. By touch, we learn much of the thii^ around us, not only by our hands, but all over the body. Thus we are warned of danger when close at hand, and by experience come to avmd things which are injurious. Thirdly, the skin secretes and excretes. These words do not mean exactly the same thing. Secretion in physiology k the separation i^ any material from the blood by a gland or " follksle." The latter (fol- licle) is a very small folding of a membrane, into which a little mucus or other fluid oozes by secretion. A gland is a collection of " oelb," which take from the blood a material peculiar in each case: the salivary glands in the mouth secrete saliva ; the liver, bile ; the k)<'neya, urine ; etc. The skin has Ueo sorts of gbinds. One kind, most numerous (on some partr. of the bot' >ver 2000 to a square inch) are the aweat-glands, secreting pe <>u«tion. The others arc hair-grease glands, called "sebaceous;" they are most abundant near the hairs (see Anatomy). The latter keep the hair and skin supple and smooth. The perapiratio,^ prevents the skin frcMn growing dry and harsh ; but also, by evaporation, it cools the body when exposed to high heat; and lastly, it is excretory. That is, waste matter of the bloo" is thrown off b/ it, including some oar6onto- aeid gas and certain aaUi, which (although less conoeatrated) are not unlike thos resent in the excretion of the kidneys. Because Oi the sensitiveness of the skin, an extensive injury to it, audi as a large bum or scald, causes a great shock to the nervous system. Thos & bad burs may kilL But, b::ddes this, the e xa- do r} ^ aetioB oS MrOlMITM ISS At Afa .. » importMrt, thrt tf ft fa wpp««d ov«r . kf« p,rt of tJ» iis^^^'^Jf ^ '*°'*^ P**"™"*" by the wMte (gfST) matter retMoed, and this endangen life, or at lowt health. ,l!T'!T^^l'^^ /""* "■*"''" '^^ ^ ^' •^Jn* tJ«n we do; «H»gh,rt k «id to keep them alive for «m>e time when air i. J rilowwi to entw their lunjp. Moreover, if they are c!o«eIy covenrf ,11 over with aomethuig which air cannot |)enetrate, they will die. mifoeaUd (m a eeiue) ; their lungi not airing their blood fast enough i,A S^"**^ ""'*' "***** *«'** *" ^« *»'°'« "f • "•«"'« body, and kept there all day would probably caiwe bin death hy mipprrmon of penptratum. India-rubber ia altogether unHuitable f.,r iwe 08 a cover- ing next to the »kin, ami even wh«n farther ufT, a« in n.bl*r bo.,t. or ahoeH, it Hh.Hild l« worn only while riml«l to kctn out water, and then removed. ' ^^ The Mibject of nioKt interest «>nn«-ted wiUi the Hygiene of tht Bkm u Bathing. IM mroiMMM. BATHING. AluMit all ancient mtimw nude ablutkma a part uf tlieir religion. Clcamiag the body with water in a natural synibul of (Hirilication of the floui. For thin reaion, and becauae of tho refretthuient it gives in liot clinatcM, a« well as for cleanlinew, Imthing wan cunimon among tiie early Egyptians, GreelcB, and Kouiuu«. "Diven* worfiiiigH*' mad* a part of the Moaaio ritual of the Israclitat ; and tliey wrre continued to ■one extent by the Mohammedans. In mipient Home thcru were at one time over 600 public baths. Home ■ . (hone were very oxteiwivej aa thoae uf Caracalla, whoee niinii yt cxiiit. in the Mitklle Ageis l«thing was largely pnn**!*' ( ir) iMinipe iw n pn-vt'iitivi' uf leprwy. Miohelet awertii, howcva, '-.ul Ji* fenfuriiw KumiMitnt* ih-hIwUhI Iwth- ing altogether. Water-baths affect the body chiefly ni-conling to tlivir t<>ni{)erature. They may be divided as fcillowfi: Cold .32°-70» Ftdir. Cool . . . ' . . 70°-8fi° " T^id SS^-HO" " Warm . . . . . »o''-»6"' " Hot. . . . . . m°-ioo° ** Beaidea these, there are baths of Vapor 100°-120«. Hot air 1.30°-260°. Of the cold or cool bath, the rfiVec/ effect is ne/lntirf or depreaaing to the system. If one remains long in the water, t]ii« is its vl)ole influ- ence. But if soon out of it, in a tolerably warm place, a reaction occurs, in which a glow of warmth is felt. On a careful trial with a thermometer, I found, in one case, that there was a real rise of temper- ature of at least one degree, at the surJaoe of the body. Ordinarily it is this reaction after the cold bath that does good. Therefore one should not stay in it long at a time ; the roldor the water, the shorter the time of immersion. Some persuus, moreover, have little or no reaction, and for these the cold bath is not suitable. The shouer- bath answers for some who cannot derive benefit from the plunge-bath ; the shock promote* ifw^ion. Tnfanta should not be bathed in cold watw. At first, for them, it diould be 90° at least. » Am I so. 137 Bjr iHgnai^ in Um mmxmt thm-, it nwy \* lownd, wntohiiiir tho note, to «6», <*, with wmif , HO'' ..r Tft", Ttpid btthg are alwnyit mfe f..r minify ami y.Hith »• l«i»-t. NVhwi long oontiauad, t«pi<i w»t«T relnxcH nn<l .^.n.n, il,r »ki„, prolu. if.jf th« •ppeatmoca «wn on warttit rwoiiivn'M fiiipiM. Warm hathH an- <i«id«Hlly ri'lnxin^r. Thry i,n- not l»-n«'fi<ml t« peroooa in hnltii, but are often of valimblf mW\w in tlie JnnitnMMii .f diseaac. Hot JwUia excite the oim.lafion of the I,|,«h1, qiiirlteninx tho piii^ «.d fluahing tho <VH,. tenam*. Thin i« not ko.i.1 for miv «...« i„ heahh. In certain Hiatca of the system, dopnwH.l in vitality, or suffering wiih l»inful jointa, etc., Jwt bathing Hoai.tinieH <l,x« nnirit (^hmI. Vapor bathM are of ui« only in Home nt^it.*. of di«we. It i^ pon- Fio. 169. siblf for a Nt«<nni-lmtli to \w. m> hot n» to Im dangir.Mw to lifr ; th.- uw of tmch n rem- edy reqnin*. jiidgnH-nt, Hkill, and dire. Hot-air Uitlw, N<jinj'tinM-n <idl«l Kii»- Klu. 170. A UMFUB 8H0WBB-BATa. HIP BATH. sian baths, must be always taken with f/rv air, ^ as to alluw of fre« perapiraUon and evaporation from the l>.j,ly. This so n.iH^,tes the eflfect of heat that many people can liear an ai. bath u.wve 2iW° with- out inconvenience. Still, for persons in hmlth, 130' to 1o(P will always be safer and better. Its siKJcial bewfit is lim iion.. ^ , hango of surface attending it, removing more of the eiMdennic " w-ak;. ' (s, arf- akin) than a water-bath will, unless at a tcn.jK-n.turc too high to U- borne The Turkiah Uth iu<-hideM immersion stucchsivcly hi w.iter-Utlm of different temperatures, l)e<.ide9 a good deal of rubbing. This also must very effectually cleanse and renew the surface of the skin. Those who have tried it consider it veiy enjoyable and reA^hing, One rfiould never take a bath immediately after a mral : not for less than an hour (better two or three hours) after dinner. Neither should • cold or cool bath be taken when exhausted, or when the pulse is much 138 BTOIBHE. hurried bjr violait exerdw. Best times for fai^liuig are befwe dinner and befwe going to bed at night A ahower-bath may be very veil taken before breakfast. Sea bathing differs from fresh water bathing (besides its temperatore, not the same at different places), in the density of salt water, making more pressure u|kju the exterior of the body ; the tUmulating action of the salt upon the skin, and the abaoiftiQn of moTe or lees saline matter, which acts upon the bowels and kidnejrg of some persons. Because of the pressure being greater, it is easier to float in sea dlan in fresh water. But that pressure tends to force the blood towards the head ; hence the importance of the rule, alway» to wet the head upon entering the surf, and repeatedly afterwards, so as to keep it oool and ]MVvent fulness of blood in the head. By the stimulation of the skin in sea water, it is made less chilling thiin fresh water at the same temperature. Still, experience (especially m observed by physicians stationed at Boulogne and other watoing places) proves that a ahort time in tlie surf is much the best for health. lifleen nUntUeB will be long enough for the greatest advantage to people generally. I have known a few persons to stay in the water at Atlantic City or Cape May for an hour at a time wi^out apparent injury. Others, after half an hour, oome out with blue lips and lingers ; some with headache and langoor; now and then one wil! Huffcr with diarrhoea. There is no doul^ tiiat fiftieen or twenty minutes ^t a time in the surf on our shores will be long enough to do good to any one. Kc^ evoy one is benefited by sea-bathing. Very feeble, delicate persons, and those predisposed to apoplexy, should not risk it For these, salt-water gpanf/iKg mzy often be quite useful. filTUllEB S.7BF TeMPEBATUBEB.* Cape May Flcmda Coast . Charleston, S. C. Norfolk, Va. . Nantucket, R. I. Portland, Me. . Englidi Coast . NcMrmandy . Baltic Sea . . Mediterranean (Trieste) TC-SO" Fahr. 87°-88» M seo-s?" « 81''-«2» « 75°-76° M 60°-61° M 68°-72° M 69'>-70° H 66°-660 « 86°-86o (( * Hm aTuage t^Dpentor* of Um Atlantic^ oot st ms, is aboot M* Fahr.; of tte G«lf8lNM.6S«. MA TBItrO. 1S» JMly bathing in fmh or salt water, at such a temperature as is fol- lowed by a good reaction and a feeling of refreshment, may be com- mended for all. But those who have not opportunity for it in th« winter-time may keep their skins in a pretty good state by frequent ablutions without whole bathing. A particularly good habit is to wash the neck, bread, and ahovldera (as well as face and hands) with cdd water every morning uproi rising. When this is done with a moder- ately roug^ rag or towel, it is sure to produce a brisk reaction at once; one is warmed by it. Sensitiveness to cold is thus lessened, and one is thus made a great deal less liable to take cold under ordinary exposure. At a time of sickness, however, warm or tepid water should generally be used for ablutions. Some persons are annoyed by a strong alor from the armpits, which in a few cases is perceived by others near them. This is owing to an excessive amount of ejrerdion by the glands of the skin in those regions. To prevent or remedy it, the bowelt should be kept r^ularly and well open ; the general state of the skin neetls to be made healthy by fre- quent bathing, as well as by change of clothing, especially the under- garments ; and the armpUs should be well washed, morning and night, with »oap and water. An agreeably scented soap will have in this OMB the K(^ effect. 146 UXaiMlfM. THE HAIR. Hair is more like a ratable growth than anything else belonging to tlie body. There is reason to believe that it and the nails may con- tinue to grow for a few days after death. Each hair has a root, which is pkttUed in the skin, with one or two sebaceous (grease) glands close by it to maintain its suppleness. When left to grow naturally, the hair .will acquire (as the eyelashes do, for example) a certain length. Cutting it promotes a longer growth, which", however, still has its limits. Many women have hair reaching to their waists or hips ; a few, almost or quite to their feet. Were we all living in a worm climate (of whidi Man was, no doubt, originally a native), and otherwise in a state of unsophisticated nature, we should have no need of cutting the liair in either sex. But, with clothing, wanned houses, hats, cape, etc., men's and women's heads have often a poor chants of raising a healthy crop. Like an over- grown grass-plot, the hair may become too thick, unhealthy, and threat- ened with dying out at the roots. As mowing is good for the grass, so then is shearing, more or less dose and often, for the liair. After severe illness, it is quite a common thing for the hair to fall out.. Then it should be cut very short, or, still better, ahaved from the scalp once or twice. Should the head be vxinhed, like other parts of the body? I be'ic^e this to be wholesome for the hair as well as for the system generally. Water alone does not easily remove the natural grease from the head. Soap should not be applied to the scalp, at least under ordinary circum- stances. Is it well to use hair-ffreaae f Certainly not, unless the natural supply of imctuous material is deficient ; and then in very mnall amount, and not often. If much is applied, it thickens, crusts, grows rancid, and irritates the scalp, to a great diaadvuntt^. A hair is a growing tuh<, filled ^vith nourishiug fluid. AVheu old age comes on, the quantity of this fluid and its quality decline ; henoe the h. i'' either grows pale and white, or withers, dies, and is not re- newed. Some heads grow baM, others ffray or silvery-white. An observing physician told me that all the very old people be had known have retained their hair on the top of the head, thou^ white, to the hurt of their lives. This has generally, though not quite always, beoi the case with those whota I have known to approach or pass their nine- tieth year. If, then, anything interferes with the healthy nubriticm of tlw aoalp) TBS BAtR. 141 even in early life, it may suftfer a premature "old age of the hair" while the rest of the body is atill young, or at least not senescent. This may result from the debility c«U8ed by illness, or, as has been suggestwl from irritation of the skin of the head. Heavy hats, nasty « chignoiw " once too fashionable, and living in ha rooms, are among the c-hu4 which may spoil the crop on the outside of the head, whatever may happen within it. Also, excessive care, or, perhaps, lu,«l studv, may bnng on baldness or whiteness of the hair; by affecting the cire'.Uation ot the blood, which is intinmtcly ««iu«ted within and without the skull. Instances (though few) are autheiitimlly recorded, in whi.h fright, or sudden grief, ha« Ikh^h followed by the whitening of the hair m a single night, or at least within a few duy.s. What ought to be done for rnrly l«idn««? I lK,lievc in daily wash- ing the head quickly with cold water. Adding a little whisky and salt to the water, and following the washing with a moderate brushing, pro- ducing a glow, without the leant soreness (irritation), is also likely to rtimuhite the cireulation favorably. Many hair w,«hcs are patental. The materials mostly contained in then, are ammonia, cantharides quinine, and castor-oil. These may <lo g,xKl, or, by excessive irritation, harm. If one w«hes to try a stimulant in such a c-ase, one of these will be as safe as any : Take of Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, Spirit of R,«eman., and wtTsll^ / wl. T .^"/«»''«*P««"f»>«) ; Tincture of Canthar- ides (Spanish-fly) three flu.dmchms (three teaspoonfuls) ; Rc^-Water enough to make eight fluidounces (half a pint). Mix, and use as a wash,' Or, as an unguent : Take of Balsam of Tolu, two drachms (by weight) ; Oil of R,*emary twoflu.d™chnis(tAvoteaspKmf„l.); Ca.tor-Oil. four flnidmchms rfo„; te^poonfuk); I^ an oum^ and a half (by weight). Mix, and" n.b nightly over the scalp. Hair-dyes are easily obtainable which will make white black at will • but th^are dangerous. It is next to impossible to dye the AaiV with- out wettmg the mdp a good deal with the dye-stuff; 'and the effective agent ,„ ha.r-dy^ is had. By its poisonous action, absorbed in this Si % ^\T^ "''^ ^"'"""« ^*'^'" '^'^ »f Mademoiselle Mars, a famous actress) have been lost, and many persons have been -erious y injured. The King of Sweden, some yL. ago, sufferJa -evere Ulness, ««ribed by his physicians to the use of a " Zr-r^^A which, on examuiation, was found to contain a hu^ amount of oxido im l«l BrtftMtra. rf lew). I wil^OTn ProftwMr Chandler'8 •ooount rf ha aoalyn of kmm popular prqarations.* Hair Rebtobkbs. Omai of LMd in 1 1. (« Clark's Distilled Restorative .... 0.11 Oievalier's Life for the Hair .... 1.02 Circassian Hair Rejuvenator .... 2.71 Ayer's Hair Vigor 2.89 Prof. Wood's Hair Restorer . . . .3.08 O'Brien's Hair Restorer, America . . . 3.28 Gray's Celebrated Hair Restorative . . . 3.39 Phalon's Vitalia 4.89 Ring's Vegetable Ambrosia .... 8.00 Mrs. S. A. Allen's World's Hair Restorer . . 5.67 L. Knittel Indian Hair Tonique . . . 6.29 Hall's Vegetable Sicilian Hair Renewer . . 7.13 Dr. Tibbett's Physiological Hair Regenerator . 7.44 Martha Washington Hair liestorative . . 9.80 Singer's Hait Restorative . . . • • 16-39 LotioM for complexion — no injtirious metals found except " Peny's Moth and Freckle Lotion ; " that had in one fluidounoe Mercury in Bolutaon, 2.67 gr. ; Zinc, 0.99 ; and the sediment a little mercury, lead, and bismuth. Of Enameb some are innocent of poisonous metals, but Eugenie's Favorite has in one ft. on. ... 108.94 gr. had, Phalon's Snow-white Enamel has in one fl. oa. . 146.28 " Phalon's Snow-white Oriental Cream has in one B. ox. 190.99 " As the Beard is as much a natural growth as the hair, it is remarkar ble that it should be common anywhere to remove it. In remote antiquity, the Egyptians rfjaved off their beards only as an act of mourning ; at which time also the Jews sometimes tore their beuda. One of the Levitical precepts is, " Thou shalt not mar the cwners of thy beard." Alexander the Great, and, after him, the Romans, made their soldiers and gladiatras go beardless, so as not to afford their advo^ saries a good hold in personal combat. Scipio AfHoanus, the R<»nan generd, shaved every day. Bab Pliny says diat all Romans, not in the tanks, were expected to wear tlHlr%eard8 at f\ill length after the age of • K«w York Uati'Volitu Boud of HMlth Baport, 1M9, pp. W6, C68, 8C7. TMM BAta. 143 fortjr-nfaie jmn. Emperora of Rome were shaved until Adrian', who wore his beard » hide blemishes upon his face. His suoeeiMora fol- lowed the same fashion untU Constantine, who changed it again. In more modern times, bearded faces were usual until a Papal nuncio at the Court of France originated the style of smoothness. Louis XIII. of France and Philip V. of Spain, being naturally ahnost beardlew, confirmed this tendency ; but, besides the shorn and tonsured monks, European men have mostly preferred nature's oma- mmt and iHt)tection to remain upon their faces. CromweH's " round- heads," in the days of the Commonwealth in England, made a strong contrast in this respect to the dashing " tavaliers " of the royalist party. Gewge Fox's "Friends," in the same century, although some of them wore their hair long, shaved tlieir faces. Among persons of refinement, in England and the United Statee, fiftj- years ago, the moustadie was hardly ever wwn. Clergymen never, and even kwyera or "gentlemen" seldom, then thought of it. Gradually the custom spread from France and Germany to America, and more slowly to Enghud. Now, ministers of the gospel often are " bearded like the pard"; and, in the United States, nine men out of ten wear the mous- tache, whether the cheeks and chin bo smooth or not What reason is there fw shaving? None at all, except ideas of ap- pearance. In cold climates the beard is useful to protect the throat from cold. Even the moustache, if tliick, may warm tlie air a little before it enters the nostrils. The time required for the use of the nutor every day, from nose to throat, and ear to ear, appears to be entirely wasted ; unless (me can do as a learned friend of mine did, acquire a language bjr gbncing from his mirror to a book, all the time while ^ving himself. 144 BTOIMUM. THE TEETH. While travelling in a Nile-boat, many years ago, I was Htrack with the whitenen of die teeth uf the native crew, who were Egyptians, Nubians, and Arabs. Yet it is not likely there was a tooth-brush among them. Was it race, climate, or food that gave them such an advantage ? On the other hand, I once saw a child, in I^hiladelphia, but thi«e years old, every one of whose first teeth was alreitdy decapod- This, of course, was due to a constitutional defect. But most people in this country, and, I believe, in Europe also, lose some of their teeth by decay before they are forty, and not a few part with several before they are twenty years old, aiwl have scarcely any left by middle nge. The causes of this early decay have been much discussed. The fol- lowing have been suggested : 1. Deficiency of lime in our food, which is needed to make firm tooth-bone and enamel. Tliis is not quite impossible, altliough cor v^tables and meats both contain considerable lime. Probably the soil of a country affects animal growth somewhat by the quantity of lime in the water drunk, as well as in ^he food raised upon it. Cattle are said to be larger lM>ned when |iastured in a limestone region than when brought up where the water is all itofi ; that is, containing no excess of lime salts. The tallest men in this country are the Kentuckiam, and their State has a great deal of calcareous matter in its soil. Sdll, it does not seem probable that there is so little lime in our food and water anywhere as much to affect our teeth, especially as rickde and other bcme- diseases are lei« common in Amerim than in Europe. 2. Race. Very likely tliere is something in the constitutional ten- dencies of races of men, which makes them liable to different defecta and diseases. Possibly this has much to do with the difierence men- tioned in regard to the teeth. N^roes, brought up in this country, generally have good teeth, and keep them longer tlian white people, while using essentially the same water and food. 3. Excess of acid in our food lias lieen thought by some to have an influence. But sour things ai'e not very much eaten among us, and the vegetable acids, as vinegar and the fruit aculs, also the animal lactic acid of sour milk, have but little power to dissolve the mineral matter of tooth-enamel, the hardest substance in the body. More than in any other way, acidity may act upon the teeth, when there is indiffedum; some of the stareh and sugar of the food undergoing the acdous fermen- tation, and the acid resulting finding its way to the mouth and remain* TBM TMMTB. 14A lliis ia connected with the Int ouiae to be men. log thore for a time, tioned, namely, 4. Eating too fant, without auffldent chewing of the food No- toriondy this 18 an American habit. Most people in thia country an too much m a huny about everything, and especially in eating. Gen- ml Wmfleld Scott's " hasty plate of poup" was famously charac^teristic ; but soup can be safely swallowed without chewing, while meat uinnot. We are not furnished, like the dog and the boa eondridor, with stom- achs capable of disposing of flesh in solid masses. Hence this practice makes many persoi.i dysjieptic, ami troubles them with acid eructationa mto the moutli. More directly, however, imperfect chewing acts by leaving fibres of meat and vegetable substances between the teeth. There they undeiv,> partial decay, and become nests, so to speak, for paraaites, microscop- icaUy small, which make their home upon the surface and in the cracks between the teeth. Thus, by degrees, a crust is formed, which is known as the tartar. Of these parasitic growths the most abundant and im- portant has received the name "kptothrix bucoali»." Some dentists have thTOght "tartar" to be protective to the teeth, postponing thdr decay. Possibly it may so act to some extent ; but much better for the duration of the enamel is a watooth mr/aee, afifonling no lodgment for anythmg. How, then, are we to preserve our teeth for the longest time ? First hy taking care of our general health ; secondly, by always chewing our food thoroughlif before swallowing it; and thirdly, by cleaning the teeth eflkitually and often. A rather hard brush is the best; not wide, as it need not rub the gnms. It should he med at least once daily, upon rising in the mom- '^■/L "i**"'"^"* P"*^** "• *" '''™" *•>« **«* '^^f «>ch meal ; to get nd (besides the use of the tooth-pick) of particles which may have lodged in the crevices between them. Are tooth^H,wder„ necessary? Certainly not for children, or for any persons whose teeth are still perfectly sound and smooth. When rough- ness or tartar has begun to appear, a good tootli-powder may assist thorough cleansing. Instead, however, pure caOile map may answer the same purpose ; touching a pieoa of it with the moistened brush iust befijre using it. "^ A tooth-powder must not be coarse and rough, or it may wear away the enamel A good combination is of very fine charcool powder, oistik soap, myrrn, and Peruvian bark. Myrrh is one of the best of all preservatives of the te^. A very convenient and useful way of employing it is to add about twenty ti y I 146 aratMNM. tUriy drapi rf tfaotare of myrrh to • qnuter of • tumbkrftil of wrt«r, ukl uae tbii mixture in cleaning the taeth and in rinring the moath afterwafda. - u Wh«i decay has begun, and Undemtm is felt in an imperfect toottt, pun tiMbirt ^f myrrh, applied directly to the offending part, will very often idieve the mmomm and ward off trouble. It ia, however, not ■troog Mough to cure metre pmn in a tooth ; ita valiw is aa a yra- DitagrttabU bretOh, except in those who eat onions, use tobacco, or drink stiwig liquor, is nearly always caused by bud teeth. A skfiful dentint will make the best of these ; by cleaning and filling thoae which an worth preserving, and removii^ the rest, making way tat artificial nibstitutcB. But, meanwhile, nothing is more immediately effectual in sweetening the breath than a strong mouth-wash of tintture </ aqjrr* and tDoter, used as jurt mentioned. On rising, liefore goii« into oompaoy, and befbre retiring to bed, the use of such a wash will miti- gate the w(Hst of breath-odors, and will remove all unpleasantness in moot cases. Not many persons, after diildhood, have the natural bt«atb perfectly sweet, especially on first waking from sleep. Toothache may be o( three kinds. Least common is 1. Pure neuralgia. Faoe*ohe^ tic douloureux, and hemksrania are names given to this when, as is mostly the case, it extends all over cme side of the fiu», w &ce and head. 2. M«« frequent is inBammation of the jaw. This may come from a "oOd," when all the teeth are sound. But much most gai«r- ally it starts in and about an i^iparfect tooth. A severe attadc ia at- tended by a gr«at deal <rf pain, heat, and swelling of the side of the fine aibcted. A krge "gum-boil" is very apt to form; and when this bceaks <rf itsdf or is opeoed, the discbarge of matter is followed by idirf. In rare instuioes the gathering opens outside on the cheek, sometimes leaving an ugly scar. The longest continued attacks are those m whidi mattor collects at the roota of one or mtre of the terth (stMom more than one); entire ease not being obtained until pulling the tooth lets the matter out 3. Much mort common ia the aching of a decayed tooth with aa expoaed and irritated pulp. For t*^.. , creosote, carefully applied, is a seMwu-faUii^ remedy. Take a knitting- or darning-needle, wrap <Mie (Old with a littfe bit of ootttm, and dip this in a small bottle of pure creasote. Then, with a kxJdng^lass (if the suferar haa to be t' per- atw also) for guidance, push tibe m(H8tened cotton i^ht into <fc ^ots <rf the adiiiu sooth. It will give no pain, but wUl reUeoe tiie p, a aa I the creMWte touchea the expoaisd end of the norve. A red-Ad rMM TMMTM. 147 iron wire will act In the ■«»• way ; I «m«nher Bmng mv fcthr rwlw. avuiuea M tir as pombie; and a e aas of cold w»t»r ■>!».» k- ».tZlT?u '^' **'"*^ di^ourag^ the ««e of th« remedy for tooth- •^, upon the «,ppo«itioD that, by kilhng the nerve of tL t^Xil ironW h«rten On f«.her dec»y and dertruction. I .n, .1 thia^Ll ««eth which had been thoroughly cauteriwd with ch^^JITZi ^in. when they fi„t b^n to^ve' troubletjdLrTbeltrdr ^ h.v now given up the apprehension of any Jh MunTr^Z |«, «d aome employ it freely to prepare teeth fl plugj^ VZo^ »g their ,en«tivene«, through iti, «ut«riaing poL.^^lZTTZ P«ed end of the nerve, «k1 the caoatic action extends no fkrther. 148 MT§rMMM EXCRETION : THE BOWEIA Hnv we havn niiH>h rtxMii for mrp nf the health. M«n'« Urge inlet- tine (aef Anatomy) Han nn oflkv except the removal of two Morta of waste: 1. Incoiiipleti<ly (li|;cMtixl luaterialM of food; 2. Eflfete matter excfetni by tlie f/lawh of the inteetine from tlie blood. Thia matter ia the moRt puirmoaU (undergoing the moat offenaive kind of deoompoai- tion) of all that earapra from tlie blood. 8in«« Mich matters must be removed, whether we are active or inac- tive, and whatever the aniiHint of food, we see why rick persoiM must still have tb'ir bowels o|jen«Hl, even whi'n they arc lying rtill in bed, and take little or no nourishment. Indeed, as deoonipueition gueaon in the blood during sickness more rapidly than during health, it n more iniiN>rtant, during aetUe illnetw at leant, for the sick person to be so relieved daily than it is for those who are in health. One daily emptying of the lower bowel is natural and most suitable fw ninety-nine in a humlred people. Exceptions are met with. At-oounto are recorded of some extraordinary ones; as of the Dutch General Graee, who lived for thirty years wi^out an evacuation. A studoit of the University of Pennsylvania told me in 1874 of a blacksmith whom he knew to have lived to be seventy-four years old, who for forty yearn had a movement of the bowels out once in nine days ; yet with ordioary health otherwise. When at sea, I have passed seven days without the least disposition toward a movement, and a relative of mine has, also at sea, been eleven days without it. On the other hand, a not inconsiderable minwity of persons have the Irawels moved twice daily while in perfect health. Once should be regarded as the standard. It is a g<x)d thing to have a habit of such movement at the sanje time every day. Most people can best arrange for this right after breakfast ; some just before retiring to rest at night When there is sluggishness of the lower bowel, gentle pmtmrt, alter- nately on the two sides of the alxlonien. may assist in getting relief. Several causes promote wnstipation of the Iwweb. First, n^fUd in res|ionding promptly to the call of nature. Tlie rectum (lowest and last part of the large intestine) is not constructed to retain an3rthing, hut only to trangmit and throw out what descends from the colon into it. If it is compelled to detain anything, it ctHitracts upon it, render- ing it less easy of subsequent removal ; and at the same time the coats or walls of tlie rectum (through its mucous memlntUDe) will abaorb into the blood much of the watery material invsent Thus die blood fMM aoWMlM. 149 •ml inoompleto. P«*wtal«u action u alow «« their nerve-fo,.^^ TJr„rT^- T**" "'*"' '^ "«-* ''''««y to Uttk, i. leftVr^ilv ol^rr^'" ""'"■ '"*'> P"-"t«. that ton ^^ nue. oot^^«. ^i.,^ ,^.^ tji^ritirjs: ««» («. m^Ies 1^1 T'J " "?, •" »h« ««t -t"Ke of mart ,!». der«»iioo.1SC;,T; Jr V"^^^ ^■)' ^^''ieh begiu with inCo4o.r^JLrw:thii'7 T^^ ■"'^ "then,, however, It i. n<^ . *_;ii- w>>^ew, iiHliicing ooDstination. l»«iS^ wr.^nr„S;" """^^^^^^^ habit. the«,an, tion of swelliflgs called pjfe, T ^^T^T' "°*''*'" *" *^« *"«»- bowel (within Twh loutlTwhth^ *' "*"' *''* ""*'«* "^ 'he »t the imvel luakir^ I^ i ^"""' "*■' ««P«^«'ly i« women, it. place. If Sfe^« Z^?' "7 '"•" "*'•"'* ^ ^'^ •-•' -♦» «^p: -7^-erm^ jr/^r '^^^^^^^^^ Moiw uuoommonlv neiAft^tA ,»^»-*; ^i- "wovere rror this. ^»^» ^11 io t« be called) to which the body is liable. "■.?T*«M§'> mi attiw nrjin-j dw vlwit iqmImi htba$ i» » Jhiihwiimi ft» of ftvlL MM lilOOlL Rmt «e «• to Moan M|idHi^ of tiM boiiritt . Aim* A* AuM iiiiiiiiiMi aAir bMooriiig mw* of dN <MMMia% iNftn nMivlBg At iMPwboMl. If WiMiri to b» «Brtif% U ii M M MJh i mm^Im ■ m i pi i n to aw^i rt fMgth, <■! tvwy 4y taw >w»><0. IftelviMifilMi flMiMt te iMdl^itaMl ihtit (iipHii^f alinMd |Mta$ M^ MMNT U^ pnjpoHi' JBNni wWMf lun^ ■ Inwrc win BMMgr pMNHk Bhsdi «kiM MM B8l bt wai iB tf, M&lM wgr bf n^ditd. WMwM idfte of • fbfridH^ tiw fbvgwi^ (root)in hMBi^Md «t df • ai|^ jmlim »m d fl i wrt m w k yffl. anpb ritahM^piOiflftte ■podmiiy dMi^ wltt» of «o«im, do ir«7 irA TMwffl «Mft4Mwlw« !«■••• Hwiaitb mmM; nri Hi tUi,«irkii atfwr — rf ttny^ d» i w o l M ii i^rfwr <kw ii tlmqw <ifcii» wyjioiihriw (to l» tUpH into ^ kwwr fawM) WMfa hjr tto Ibnd hf • mmbor (tf penooa vMy ooDVti^«wt Hid dAMtiv» ton&n nwHprtinii (Od eoart^pi^ioii ia ytrnm duldna, m« |Mg» IM.) Vj^ ■' t >'<1 3. (i. 7. s. a. III. II. 14. III. 17. IS. lit. ■-1). 21. Krmitiil IV'llics of tin? Ocoi iiit»- Knmtnli'*. Uouml .Miwlf iif til.- Kv.- Iiiln. Miistl.'ijf llii' !,i).aii.l NiiM'. MiiKsi'Ur. 11 ( lifuintt .Mu Kiiiiiul MuwUiil llie l.ll* l»u|»atw<iri»I the lower l.ip. I'lmvsnm-MyiukH. IK-llni'l. Iv-i'tomlin MHJiir. Ui(i?l« Kkxi.r lit till' -Vnii. Anterior )«irti"iu>l' i l>f Tiii > ps Extciisiirof till- \nii. 8u|iiutttor«.f till! Konturiii. I'n):'..it<iri.r llii- Fnrv-ai-uj. K.-Jleiiwirof llif Wrint. Kxten»i-.r iif tl-.i- Tlnmili. AltDlilur l.ijninimt. I'ahnnr FH«<-iii. lllili<|Uil KxP-riius Al«liiuiiiiis LineH .\|Im. A.l.liu-Uir DmgUB. .'Nirlurut'*. i;.-i-iii- l-Vniiiris. \'a--iiis l-;\h'iuurt. Vii«!u--< IhlrrmiK. Ti-n.loii of klii-e- IMlll. IloiiliU- Mli«-I« iif thiMulf. Tililnlis Alitirus. Til.iil.- I'.-llllollKol'tllf Kx lrliMi(iil'tllt^'riM>. \STEKIUU VIKVV OK THE Mt SCLE3 OF THE BODY. MUSCULAR SXMB018M, 151 MUSCULAR EXERCISE. How tre people made strong? there M a good sum of power in the bodv ^ k i J ^"'^ «u««lar system falls sho^in energ/ "^ '"''"''' °^ ~""* *^« Some people misundenrtand this veiT much in re«i«l f„ iK • i. ^ those who are delicate « T«i,„ -^ .""•™ " regard to the siok and But perhaps 4 W „ot ^'Uf'^ T''.'^' ^*""'«^'" ^''^^ «y- han^renorgh ^ sU ;l t^^^^T^rltavTo:^^ ^^^"'"^^ n/h. b.t wTn'i;!^; Jt^w^it^^^:-^ *''" "* "«'^ ^* •- over .^S^'^^r : r^ - orhirSatTh: a^™^^- "^7 Hts^ifstZ-hrjfo^orr^^ ^^^^^^"^ found the besf^y f^itJ^I "" ™'*'^^'« *"■« "'^"J" Powe«. He Seldom did he Zw L^ „«^"Tr "-^"L' ^"* "^ '^'"^ «' « '^• more thiu. halfThSnr at'^T,!™ ^Uh we.ghte, ba.*, ,ifti„g, ^^.^ f^ things would be d" e ^'\h"X" he d" It k"' "^'^"' ''•«'«'^"* mootha, and treWed it in . ^l" ^^^ ^^W " '*""^'' '" '' ^^ h«Uthy person, by f«q»entXrt "^^"'JlT"' T ^* ""^ can double or treble hfe or heT^renXn tL^^ ^'^ "" ^ "P^" "••' The conduit nec««,rv forSt 1 "^^ ^^• those required for the hSl^y nmSn^^rfl "> «ood o«fcr an, namely : ^ nutnuon of every oi^gan of the body; I. Good, rich blood; 162 araigtrs. beat on, day and night ; they rest only bdwetn htai«. Our breathing luuseies heave the chest and lower the diaphragm, sixteen to eighteen timcH in every minute; but while we are breathing out, they rest. N(»thing that lalwrs can do without shorter or longer jjerirxls of repose. Even very short times of n-wt help. After a miurle contracts, mor" biwxl floWK towards it. Thin j^^es it new "fuel" for energy, and more Fia. 171. "stimulation," tiKi. Try the principle for your- .self, in tliic way. Take a pair of (either ii^t or heavy) dumb-bells, and raise Aem abovr: your head an inany times as you can, withont being much fatigued by it. Then rest for two or three minutes, and try it £^;ain. Almost certunty, you can lift them two or three times more than before. Rest t^in. Probably then y«u can raise the woigbtti ttewrai times more thm the first, or second time. The hiiUih-tifi is made to act aeefully on ibtt mine iiriuci}>te. Finding, by trial, liow many pounds one may lift with comjMirative case, that weight is raised once. Then, after a rest of al»out three mmates, nearly always from twenty' to fifty })ounds more may be lifted, without any .greater appavrat effort. AgtHfl a rest ; and another addition can usually be made. Of course there is a limit t>i this, commonly i'(iun<l, after the third or foiuth trial, each time. By this means good exercise for a nuiul)er of muscles can be obtained in a short time; although the general effect on the system is much less beneficial than that of longer continued active out-of-door exerci.se. • In romwj, it has .seemed to me that this idea of nhoH rridnfor nceumut'itivn of power may be, and has been (perhaps without thinking about it) carried out. Some years ago, I noted, on ac- count of its bearing on the physiology of exercise, the rate ofpuUitUf in the Ixiats in the great prize contests, at home and abroad. It appeared ntit improlwble tliat the Harvard crew lost, in its admirably contested ratie ^tiaiust tlie (Jlxfonl University crew iu England, about fifteen years aim*, by too quick a stroke. The Harvard men pulled 42 strokes a minut«, the Oxford men 40. In 1870, the Cambridge crew (Englaiid) beat the Ox .>. meUj the first time for several years, on 38 strokes to THB HBAI/TH-MFT. -•?£M'^«; ■■:K:r?iff^ MUSOVLAK BJCMRCIS*. ^» ^^T' -^^ T f ' "*■ ^* '^' '« 1«74, the Columbia C«Ile« e«JW won agaimt the other college boate <it SoraUxn, „„ U n T^^?^ mm beat the Cambridge c«w in 1875. on 35 and L .Jkt to ^ minute; and in 187« Cambridire a«iin Lt rw<- 7 ^.u **** ..rota, o.^H v„,i., (:^T:tt^t^.'':7!^:^z v^king. Fanner. ,„ «<>„,, pi„,^^ ride ou ho,...ba.k almost always ' mente in town. B.cychng mu,.], resembles riding in effect crew led at fl«t with 4oT,^kL bm a^.h ^"l' """'' ■''"' '*'* '^'''«'«" <^'""'«« beat .11, with « fb« 3t «1T atrC. a J": „rr "" V'"" '" "" "^ = ^'"™^ with an ever, stroke of 32 to the minute ' ^ **'"*'' """ ^">- ".inute. On the wl^^; i Te^^T tat ,11^^^^ TT '' '° ""' ^"'"^ »*' weU as U.e ...^h «.a endurance :^i':L.1.1itJr " '^""' ^'"""'^' " I 164 araisss. Rowing is a capital exewiw. More muscles are used in it than in walking or riding on liorseback ; hands, arms, back, legs, and feet are all strengthened by it. Enough has been said of it already, a few pages back. Skating is as wholesome in itself as any exercise can be. Always in a cold, bracing atmusphere (except rolkr skating, of course, which may be anywhere), even in a " rink," with fi-ccilom and variety of movement of the body and limbs, yet without violence, it is excellent for both sexes. Not many years ago it was verj' popular in our North- em cities. An alarm got about tliat skating is not good for girls and women. This is untrue, except so far as belongs to imprudence. Skating in pleasant comjany is, to those who are skilful in it, delight- ful enough to tempt some to keep it up loo long, and get oner-tired. This, of course, is beneficial to nobody, and may do considerable liarm to those who are delicate. Again, there are iiiiu» when the feminine system requires avoidance of all uc-tive and fatiguing exereise, especially on the feet ; and, lastly, sitting down on the ice to cool off, after being very much warmed up, is an extremely easy way to catdi cold. All these mistakes can ami ought to \» avoided ; and then, I repeat, tliere is no more health-promoting exereise than skating. Of swimming, as an exereiite, apart from the good obtained from bathii^, we cann<rf speak so favorably. The pressure of the water, and its twnpmB ture if cool or cold, force the blood more or lesM from tlie sur- &ce of the body to the head. Swimming rapidly is, also, a violent exereise. But every boy and girl should learn to swim as early in life as possible, so aa to lessen the danger when " overboard " unexpectedly anywhere. Out-<rf-dow games, as tennis, cricket, base-ball, are all, in modera- tHMi, not only enjoyable, but wholesome in their effect upon the bodily eoo^tion. Exhilaration of mind makes all exereise more beneficial. It is aetoniehk^ what an amount of vork people will do under the naoie c^ J^ay. A Chinese mandarin, on seeing a number of English gentlemen engaged actively in a game of base-hall .or cricket, said, " In i»j' coBUtry we always pay people for taking i*> much trouble to amuse us." No treadmill, however, would ever build up muscle like the cricket gi<ound. Yet tmek things may be overdone. Cricketers sometimes bring on excessive actim of tlie heart ; the most famous one iu England, Lilly- white, died a few years ago, under fifty years of age. The strairj comes, not io ordinary pia3rn]g, bat in the public matches, in which aaibition and excitement lead swne players to go beyond their strength. So it is in boat-racing. Dimng one of the American mnt<^«, Renforth, a splen* did oarsman, fainted iu his boat, and died a few houi-s afterwards. IM 1V8CVLAR SXEBCISB. j^ to inquiries sent to all CoIIa^c^:"^':^ '^ «>''«^ --we^ yean,, about their health and the^ff^. ^^^^ "''*'"« '^" '" ^^^y Of 294 n.en who had Si' X •:t;l°2; "' ""^'^ ""'"« '»"*«•'- one in fifteen of them all, rl^T t^e ^ ™^"»^'^. ^'venteen, 3,^„t -nsideml that they were Jn^^ Jnd mt 't:^\ *'^'^''^' '' ''' nence with the oan,. Thi8 vrnxZiTe "^^'^' ''>' *•>«''' «^Pe- •at^ enough to strength 1 the^r^ f '"•'"'^'' ""' '" ^«^"' *« "^-'i^ nata« of the ^, Z Thi le athST """"•' '"'"'"' '^" '»•« •If "1 to health, the strain pr z 1^"^"". ""' " '"'^*'™*-"' "Wely to do harm than goal I hll ,.*"'" " '""^'' ">°« college authorities to forS alnntei^S^- 7 "' "' "°"'^ ^ ^^ «>' Tennis i« a modemter^ ^e Z"^'t ^""^^ <l"»ng term-time. P-tty safe from doing h'a™' r;LT" c:!' 'T ••"'' "^'^' ^^^^ dorri"rSrhr5;:hrrrm: - n'tr ^^- ^- - its activiiy. Excursion^ L tht ri ^'f^^^' f " ^«'"^*»' ^l''^"^'' •nineralogy, |.,teny, ornith;^ ^.21;. ""'"'*' ^■'"^' ^ g^'-^'. become ve^^ delightful to th^'wrTt"^,:""" «^"«™' "«'»™J ''i««^ -methingorgetlmeti;:;'l^h:e:hll'"f""^ "^ '''^"'*«- excursions much more l.n,S„/to thThl.^ ? '>f^ purpose makes such walks ean be. Those whoT^-lufts f ^"^ '""" " -««titutional " find some objec. to take Z^a orTeu t^ T' IT'^'*^'^' **" ^-» »« erton, in his book on rlu- I„Xtual I if " I*^' l"^ ^'^^'- »«»- of bodily activity is ^m Ji^e Shi ^^ ^ ^ *''*^ * «^ ^^ Sir Walter Scott, though tme Z ^ '""'' "^ •°te"«^al l^. the poet Wonls^orth werelthtlt" 1."" '""'^''' »~^ ^e and poet, delighte,! i„ riding ^L^l "" '''^- ''"^'^' ^'"^ ««""»« Walton's fishing-^ i«,/„C;5's:r"T-"t ^' "''^- ^««^ alpenstock; as well as Charles k"1T' uT' ''"•'' **"" '^^^"'^all'. in the fom.t« of the \li^ c^^^'*^^ '' T^'*^ '^•^ '''^ '^^-^ -'"J P^ia-„t, has often ZZj'^^'^': '"^ "^ ''^ *- '» '««Jen; there are probably Z K^r ^T"**"* '''"^ '"^ «t Ha- excursions, neyertheless mpidly ^''!"T''", "^ ^-. «Port«, or wh«h they enjoyed thoroughly i„ t^r pShL v ^^"^ "^'■*^' game,. The won! 'VmnL4 " ^« fi^tThe?"?"' '"'^ ^'^"P'" on «x3ount of their often strinnin*?*. . i ^"*^ ^'»''«*' ""ked, stripping themselyes for the strife, of the «r«* Hi IM BTOtMira, H«iioe eoMhmit* (from halo», beaatiAil, and tOimot, atrong) m the batter w(Hrd to use for lighter exerciaea. Modem gymuaatioa are aaid to have arisen first in Qermany, with Outhsmutha of Schnepfenthal (1784) and Pe^talozai. Ling, a poet and iicholar, atarted an institution for physical training, under aid of the government, in Sweden, abont 1813; and Captain Rothstein opened one in 1848, in Bavaria. Austria, Denmark, and France, a number of yeani ago, made gj-mnastic exercises a regular port of their gystems of mili- tary education. Ling, the Swede, is also credited with liaving introduced the Ughier gymnasticB, or calisthenica. In our country, this system was first de- veloped and made popular by Dr. Dio I^wis. It consists of regularly varied successive movements, with light wooden dumb-bello, roils, rings, etc. ; no ooe eflfort requiring much use of strength. The order of exer- cises is often pknned, like a pi«« of music or dancing, in detail. It may be timed by an inbtrument, and performed by a company together, so as to iataoduce the social element. In this way, some twenty years or so ago, it Decamp quite the fashion in this country, promising aimont, frar a M^ile, to rival or supersede the dance. It undoubtedly promotes eoM and grace, by the vM-iety of movements, causing e^^mmetrical de- velopment of all the muscles of the body. It is very well adapted to girls, and may, with great advantage, be made a part of tlie daily regime of schools. Without looking back to Samson, Hercules, or even Thomas Topham (who could pull against a team of horses), we may notice a few of the more recent feats of strength, a» maxima. J'j Fbrkes, in his work on Hygiene, mentions a workman in a cop- per- rf,Ving mill, whose day's labor nometimes amounted to 723 /oo<- '<-r<s; that is, raising 723 tons one foot, or a ton 723 feet, in the ajurse of the day. 400 foot-tons would be a hard day's work for meet men ; 300 foot-tMU a fair average performance. In India, eight palanquia- bcarcrs carried a weight of 200 pounds twenty -five miles in a day, equal to 600 foot-tons for each man. Many palanquin-bearers will i-m with a weight up an ascent ten miles a day, equal to raising 500 tons one foot. In walking without a weight, on a level, a man may be estinsirted to raise jV of his weight to a height «^«al t«> the distance walked. In ascending, he lifts his whole weight to the height of the ascent. A walk of ten miles on a level is about equal to raising 200 foot-tons. Walking 1000 miles in 1000 houre, at first thought, may seem easy enou^. But it is far otherwise, because of the short time obtainable for inter\'als of red. It has, however, often been done. More remark- able are the performances of Weaton, ^well, and two or throe others. ismm-m I»cc'l|illa! i,.,ti,„i of 1)..- (),..,.i,„i,^ ''oni|ili'vii« Ma.ssclt r. Hlcriiii.ci MllMiiiili'tlv iiflt'.iil. Trl..M« E.v.,-,.>, iell'lliH-tiK ))4Hl "f ilii- Trin-i,. Anrctiiir K,ij;, ■ll|.MI,lt..| .,|' K..II MMII l;n.nut.,i , I (-..n. ,111,1 K.M..lL^,l„rilwFli,K,-,. l-;.xiiiiM.,r.,rthc •Ihmiil.. Kxl.lis.,! T,ii,|,„|^. lii^'Tiiin ,.r ihi'Trli' fKli'iiMiriir Urist Ksicris.t ,.i Kiiiff,.|>. "«i<i>luy.-l..,.l Hk.U. "'* I'-ailiiMiii^ <'ri"ii, l-xriTiniM. ' '•lliI(MWM,.,|i„t. i.luH.ii- .MiiKiiii«. Hir4,|jF|,,,.r„f ||,„ , ^"•nii-T,n,llri,»„>. ^ ixmbk. Mu..u,,.f t,,craif. AihilkisT,.,,,!,,,,, POPTKUIOR VIl,vv ,., r„,,. „,.^, I.K-J OF TIIK EOriy. <^K^'%n£.ailK3^JflKZ;%JWi. cjir«w«pf MaacOLAM STMSC/at. i^ «„,«. k r *^' ''^®'*'® ™"^ a flay «Pe counted by autharitiw »* « 1809, duee Bntmh Pegimcnts martied .ixty-two mil«in twentvlx' ■n the sun ; aud the next morning „.a«hcd ten mil«, ilntTl^.I tune— rf .MUrrn; nol very far at once "^ Bonie lower animals ! A canarv hinl in i»<. ^ "-^ J™n«wnflcd by flea wJl l^p nac-e timi. tw., humh-ed time« its own Ien«h ■ anS; at Bcure tuny>uff will roll a load exa.^ing many timen t ^wn w^hf * FiUgeraM in New York, M»y 1884 w.lt-1 ^„. w,« .. " drink nolkinr. but -r^ dnHnTfc*^!!:!!!'"/^"'*'; J' " ""'"'^"ve tht Rowell wiJl *«Wid imp«r hi. eoduranc of itig^' "" ^ '^'^ *"*" '^ •^^«^= P<«»»«»» Ifil MT9IBSM. oT their fall ahan of v^. Bakmee, eymnwtry, k what k wanted fat ideal health; "mmu tana in eorpore mm;"—* KMind mind in a ioand body ;— with no exoe« or defioioicy anywhere. A veiy iniiior> tant advantage of active daily exeidae (always beat in the opni air) from early life, w, titat it m> prumuteH the dnnilatjtm of the blood, quickeiM tlie breutliing, favore the em-afie of pcnpiration and of other eecretioaa, an to do muth towards the uiaiateiumt! of the gen- mral hmlth. Indml, it is very diffleult to keep good health without exercase. Sedentary employment!* are, as a rule, the leant healthful. ThoM whoee businew does not take them out of doors, should go out on pwrpoM, day or evening, for as long a time every <Uiy as they can g.jt for it. As a last resort, if notbbg eke can be done, the use of dun-.tn belk will prevent actual stagnation of blood in the muscular syateo'.. As to ipori, certain kinds are more favorable than others to health. Worst, are those in which a stooping position is required. Best of all, when ww-irfy of muscular atlion is in place, without anyone effort being severe, or the whole lab.)r prolonged too much. Women cannot, as a rule, do nearly so much as men ; and children should never be put to severe task-work. Laws limiting thk are necessaiy, and exist now in several civilized countries. They are, however, not suflSciently enfmtied, even in the United States. Seumg-maehine work haH been charged with being injurious to the health. I believe this to be a mktake. Some olwervation and inquiiy among those who use the sewing-machine have given me the conviction that sewing with it is lem tiretome, hour by hour, than aewmg by hand; and a great deal less so than running up and down staire, or even «<ond- ing all day; as shop-girls nearly all formerly had to, and some still (very wrongly) are compelled to do. Tom Hood's " Song of the Shirt " was, and could have been only, written before the sewing-wadune invented. BToraifK. 150 il HYGIENE OP THE SENSES: EYESIGHT type. w.tehn«ki„ret; r, : y of Sr V T'"^ *'"' '"™'" »ullfe«d for yau, with headache ik.,!'^?!^ t""" J^""™ '""« togJvrup the busSin Irf^ ^■"' (""'"•^""«' «Wigi„g them A young relative of mv oJTJTn f '^'^''°"' ""^ ^""W*'- without holding he ir;;L^vT:'^'*'r"'^ "«' '*«' • ■-««' She could in '^^ . "''"•*' ^" *""'■'' »»'« end of her no«e upon the level of other ^^^' CL^V ''^l ''^? ^"^ '"'^ f"' "fe ring a new sense. " *''""«^ " '*'•»«'* '"«« confer- " Only skilful opuli«(« <»„ .Ical wi«-e»«fnllv u :»!, -„ • fective vision. But the general fa 3^ £ L-L "L *^*' "' ^'^ Physiology.) ' '''«>'-ganization of the retina. (Sec ventr "o*f^7e:1;tar;: h""'"^'™"- -^" -- eyeball is too long (or X lenT tr * ?"" u^'"^"'''"^- "^^ ^^ f-m an object ir/to t : z:Tf^:T\'''' T "'' '^^-^ upless, that is. the object is J^l rL^ZriZ"'^''' ''\""''"' dwergenee of tlie ravs oom!n„ ./*'* "^ »*«; ^ the eye, so that the th'HLge rorna^TrthTn^^XrnT ''''' '"'' '-' ""^ •'- withle ;pp3f;f o7^ '" ^' "'''^■*^ '"'""«« *'>-'» --« on __AlI^pe«ons have a different range of vision at diffe^nt times of life. MKXOCOPY KBOUniON TBT OMIT (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART h4a. 2) /APPLIED IM/C3E Inc 1653 Eoal Main Slrett Rochester, N««r Yori U609 USA (716) 482-0300- ■'hone (716) 288- 5989 -FOK 160 HTOIBlfE OF THE SENSES: KYESIOHT. Our eycB are (as explained under Physiology) at red when we look at a far-off prospect, or at the sky. Aocominoilalion is necessary for look- ing at near objects. This has its limits. At ten years of age, a child with good eyes can " accommodate" its sight so as to see a thing clearly which is brought to within three inches of its eye«. This is its near point. At twenty years of age, this jwint is about four inches; at forty, s»3ven inches; at fifty, usually twelve inches; at sixty, two feet. AVith healthy eyes the far j>ohU is in remotest space, where we see the sun, moon, and stai-s ; although the clearness of vision for distant ob- jects must, of course, dejicnd upon their size and the amount of light coming from them. But with nearsighted people the far point is, projierly s|)eaking, not far off at all. Some of them cannot recognize their own mothers at the distance of ten or twelve feet ; many (without glasses) cannot tell a horse from a cow at twenty feet distance. Their range of vision, then, is very narrow. For things brought dose to their eyes, their sight may be very good, indeed. Another defect is longsightedness (hyijeropia, or hyperraetropiaV Here the lens is ttni flat, or the eyeljpll is too short; the rays di veiling from near objects, and even, in some cases, those from distant ones (parallel rays) make their image;, so to sjK'ak, beyond the retina. In other wonls, the image on the retina is a confused one ; because the rays are not brought to a focus uiicn it. Old people have their " near point" pushed farther off (presbyopia), as above said. The lens in the eye becomes gradually harder, and will not yield to the muscle of " accommodation ;" it remains at last per- manently flat. Moreover, the adjusting nniscle itself loses strength. This change begins in most persons Iwtween forty and forty-five years of age. There are exceptions, however; a few, even without ever having been nearsighted, can do without glasses to an advanced age. Even with these, more light is needed for old eyes to see well by ; the retina, optic nerve, and eye-brain grow lens 8en»ltive to the stimulus of light Hence there may be need of gla-sses to magnify objects in "a poor light, when there is no loss of accommodating power. Lougsighteduess (hyperopia, or hyjtermetropia) is met with not infre- quently in young persons. Those having it can see well things at a distance, but, without glasses, not those brought close to them ; the very opposite of nearsightedness. Another far from uncommon error of sight is astigmatism. This is a kind of uneven or diglmied vision. It results from the eyeball hav- ing its curves unlike ; being somewhat spoon-shaped instead of spheri- cal in form. This " spooniness " may be either horizontal or vertical ; BTGIENE. l(i\ and accordingly, !,„«,, forms, and spaces are changed soniewl.at in one or the other direction. Many pernons have .lightly astigmatic vision It IS important only when considerable in degree. The Ud for it is ea«v enough. ^ HomZONTAL. so' 90' i?.o' lllmll If, in looking at the large N and Z of the above series of letters, the lines of both look equally heavy and dark, there is no astigmatism, either vertical oi horizontal. If this is so also with P and B, there is none ,n any direction. At l«u,t one in three or four j^reons, however, will see somewhat heavier linos cither in the N (,r in the P. To show that tins IS not owing t<. a r«d diftcn.,..-c in the lettciN, let the l),K>k W. turned half-way round; the lighter ones will then Ijecome dark, an.l niv verm. In order Ut examine the umk-nexH of sight, as well as to ascertain the pn«ence or absence ..f neai^ightcdnms or fareightedness, types niav be used, prepared for the puqH«c. Jager's tyixs range from 1 to 20 •' the extremes being these: ' kiKaa, k^<.<,»tftkl|,l,la ••«M«n«i%%^B,|.K om Good eyes can read the smallest lette..* (Brilliant, etc.) within a range of from seven or eight inches to tliree feet. The R O M can be seen distinctly by them at from forty to sixty feet distance. Neareighted and longsighted penwns show, in looking at them, their opposite defects. Another, more conveniently available set of types, are those of Snellen, ot which the following are examples : 11 102 BYOIBNE OF TOE SBITSES: ErEStOBi. z N One having perfect sigh, should be able to discern A in the above ■eries at eighty feet distance ; Z at forty feet ; N at twenty feet, and L at eight feet. StrabisiDus, squinting, or cross-sight, is due to a want of proper balance between the miwrp/f« which draw the two eyelialls outward (from each other) and those which make them converge (towards each other). Those having this defect, althougli they must always see two images for every object, learn by practice to ^/re aUenlioti only to one object ; and thus suffer but little uiconvenience from the double vision. Squintmg may be increased, indeed probably may be brought on in a child, by the habit of drawing the eyes often t<^ther to look at a very near object ; as a hat-string dangling before the eyes. Children should, for this rea- son, not be allowed to squint on purpose, as they do sometimes for amusement. Wlien strabismus is very bad, it may be cured by a surgical operation ; the over-strong muscle being divided with a very delicate knife. As a ni/inptom of disenM; in those whose eyes, when welt, were riraighi, squinting points to trouble affecting the brain It is then usually of serious importance. Correction of Tiearmghtedness is obtained by the use cf concave glasses, which spread the rays from distant objet^ts farther apart., so that they will form a distinct image by focusing upon the retina. The concavity muse be greater or less according to the d^ree of error in each case; which can be ascertained by careful trial. Those whose sight is only moderately shortened require glasses chiefly for reading and writing, or other close work. They see much more of the world, however, and to better advantage, if they use two pairs of glasses ; the stronger pair for distant objects, and the weaker jxiir for reading or fine work. Longsightedneaa is corrected by convex glasses, which bring the rays $ooner to a focus, so as to make a clear image on tlie too short eye, or make up what is wanting with a flat lens in accommodation for near dtjecis. Old people wear convex glasses, to read ot write with. Thq? 163 BraiENB. or pate them away for ihrZl^'T- ^^^"^ '" «>"ve^tion. have been modeiy neli^Jr. '-^ T,^ *^''"' *° '•^- Some, who put back, when C^r^t l':ir'fJ''^''«"f '^'^ "''- l^-t'- n^ding. and yet their " far ,k" 't 'n' '^"r' ''"'''''' ela«se« for com«ve gla««« for distant vision ,™'".""'''!' *'? '•<^1"»* the ase of to meet thi« doub-e diftlcultv b l.avt ^"•''""'" ^"'"^"" «'«*"^«l concave, for far-off obiec-te Itl H / *'' " ''^'^"" ''"'>" «^ "^''h gla* - -. A ..•ni.t:rraitrLS7-' f /J- iieh ar s h^rr '^"'^-^' - - - B,^,t :: ? • in- tend t:'n:Lrr'er;oi: ij^^r '- *"-^ ^---^ ^^'^^ ««ing them when he ey^^,* ,1 „ 7^ " S"^' 'mistake to put of Get tho«e which make Bi^ht TntS" r"' "?f °' *'"'•• «-•«*«"-• and u«e them whenever S:^Ui"uL;7'"'^^'^' "" ^"" "^ ^-' ofterthTr^^Tifrw^dtn^t^;- ■'''^ "'"-"- «^ ^■•^'^ ^^--^ ^ cai^ful examination. TulltlZwrZ " ""f '* '^ ^^''^ ^^^ - ment of gh«es to corj It ^' ^ ^"''^^'^ '° '^^^ «''j'«t- the^;'tit:»:rr^X"i:3^ By the., *««ether of .o«.| ,™ : '^0!^::;^™ ■"'" ^"'^'^''''^ *^« ?"«-« section of a cylinder ^'^ •"■ •^"^■^*' a"'' the other I .ion""' Li;"t:tn« Tijr r'-r ■ ^' « «^ •«- wome., .0, „„e i. . ,., , J^'W^ " ■»»" " les. <„l„,.blW; of wowed., of v„-„„,'C^i """"J •» »«, exaclj, coloml 1 164 HrOrSXK OF the SSXSSS: EYSaiOBT. is by this pmdke, chiefly, that we can explain the rarity of color- hlimliiess in wunien. Weakness of sight (siithenopia) is often quite troublceioiue, without any error of refrac-tion. Those who Imve it cannot read or write long without weariness and pain in the ey After an attack of measles tliis is not uncommon. It needs a grea uJ of core not to increase it or makf it permanent. Having had peidonal experience of this diffi. culty from my Iwyhood, I have learned by necessity the advantage of frequent short rests for wearied eyes. Often, I close them for half a minute or a minute several thnea in an hour. Thus the pain and sense of fatigue are relievetl, and work can be continued ; without such pre- caution, absolute inability to use the eyes may follow, as was tlie case witli me once for a wliole year at a time. IrritabilUy of the eyes (which are naturally sensitive to the touch) is easily increased by slight causes. There is some wisdom in the odd old saying, " Never touch your eye unless voiih your elbow.*' tfT^ietTM. 160 HEARING. I^ ex|K)Hed, (18 our eaw aro ftlmt .« #l,» • r' '•^•nng) than our ev«., to in ^n ^ ' '""'''' "^'''^^ ««' api«.n,t,« b.h y ,n old ag.. />^;,,,, of 'tholr, T "' >"'l«'">."nt of .en«,-. eration in this plac.. (S^. Special d7s1::1 '"• "" ''"'• *•»-'■"' '— -H- Deafness. or what in leTZl; !!""'• 1" ""r "*'= '^*<>«'='«-) proceed fn,„. either o/ «even.l 4^- „ ^ •''""" ^^ ^^'"'Va may A^cio./^, of the drum n.Z,Z ^CuT T.""' '^^ '" *^« -'; (-nneefng the middle ear with the thi "\r' ''" '^'«^-*-» '"^^ n..ddle ear; perforation, ;„ the dr„„.T.^' I ""'"'" "'' '"""^ '" 'he "--/.« little bone, in the midd/eT, ' T' '"'""•*'"" "'" «- J e ear p„„u^ ,„ ;„,^, ^ " -p ,n.«^ out. Irritation of fi"« "P the whole p«s«,g,. ;^^';; "^ ^"7 ""««er, ,vhi.h sometimes out. A quill ear-pick mfy be v ^ Sr tl"'/'"' ""^ »" '«'«" even a shght d^,^ of violent Wha t" " "'"^ '"^ '""'"'^l ^y nmy be softened by pouring ^ warn !?"""? '" ^''^ ^^^' ^ Instead of a syringe, Uirinfffl ''' "''""'"^ ""»'"• glvoerif tume.1 well to one"! ^r £ of „n " 'TT "'" '^"' "'^' ''™^" ^"g -h-h cannot risk doing h„™ ^f „'!,'" ''"'f ™'>*-WW uj, "gainst the drum memb Jo •"*''" ""'• '^^^ ^''^ «>"* «f it« jet --'rr;i:::^r^^t--...i...^.,^ «me ca.«ation, the small ^ ^^ I il^' ^^ ^'•' "'"J- tf^^ nnddle ear to the upper P^hel^ if Ttr '"*"' '«"» «>« emily either of those efCof at d^ i ^ ^'^'"' ""• ««»- TLere .s, at all events, no advanf,^l„ ^l "''"•" '" " ^"*' "^k^- Andthesameistrueofthe.-Cl:^\trr treatment for them. ^S:^ Vr t^^ t:- -1;^, .". .ave their hearing Bo.ler.make.,s„Fer likewise fC tTe W ""i- *'"'" «"'""» Joud hammering. Both of th^ but ZlT r""" "«"• ^''^ «f 166 HEAR ISO. sound, 80 that the air can freely onter the EuAtachian tnhex, ami balance that which strikes upon the tymiMuio rncnibnuieH through the outer ears. One precept of some authorx who have written upon the care of the ears I must ptksitively dissent from ; that is, never to let cold water enter the ears. I am sure that cold or cool water is, for healthy ]N!oplc, the natural thing witli which to wash every part of (he botly. From abundant observation and experience I can assert that worthing the ean* daily with cold water " strengthens " them, that is, gives ttme to the surface, and renders them loss sensitive and irritable ; less liable to be affected by cold, and less apt to suffer with accumulation of wax. I believe this to be true of sea- as well a« of fresh- water. One doas not need to stop his ears while bathing in the surf at the shore, unless they are already in a disease*! condition ; although it is well to avoid the tlashing of heavy breakers against the cars. ^y a /Air a. W SEXUAL HVGIENE. - with the ...„^. u, Jt';.;::; :;i: ;;^ ;j:rf j... . .. bl.KMl nuu.t l» n.acle to ,„„v,. ,,^..,.,..1 •/ '*'"'"'*' ''™rt, h..u^. ti.e Hto.ua,.h to appropriate f,..l 1., ^ . ,'" "^ ?""^' »»«' «' «''h the ".ateriai. et.. JJ.'.t other ol .. -en .. "'. "^■"■''' *" ^"""-^^ «-'^' f' life A bi«l may have TS « L """' """ ""* ""''"I-xnWe . *he«,„ti„ua«c;ofthesn«iri.lrt r^ r^ '"" "M'uq.^ i. n.ay be quite inac-tive thr:..S a L^^^^ ^'"'j. "'••.^' «- "'""arri«i, l^rentage «.ur, their nervl. ^ S J Tr *"'"'"''' """•'•■■'*^ ««'« P"^ <n'««t«dmin.bleiuLrn a I "'^''-^ " '•»»"*«•'«'"« mtunU oaring. It is tn.e tha a p^^^Si.:iJ"? '''" "'^ """"«'"-"» of larly. while in health. But thrill """'"''' "'"' '"''''"''> "^^ -^ual activity, pmperiy t ^^ """"' "»'>' ""^ not a ^aX" «.i t'nSvnri'illlHT''^-'' ^ -P->-ive acivit, under «o,W .wW;o«.. Let ,w hi s. * ""'T' ',' " ""'^ '""^""We ^or ihe^or wt'I^rSlir^^ ^« ^----«» - n^ful it»'p^trzstr''^"^"-*"^'^p«^----^--.it,of ««ly causing einlep^^l^J^/rtr, ^""' '"J"^' *° ^^l*^' »«* rfeW/%. * '^^' "^*' "'^ '^ *«''-^ '«*««%, or general nerum IM aSXUAl BrOtKHK. the attraetitm of oppomUn, wliii-h at the muw time Iwve iitore of like- NAM than of iiiilikeiMMi in tbf ir iiatiiri!. TIium the North pole of cm magnet attrariii the South ]m)])> of another ; l>o(li nn> nuiKiielit-, hut op> pmiteiy m. Anything cl«ctriiie«I by nihl>in|{ glaiw attnu-tM whatever ia exciter} l)y nihbing with w>aling-wax ; one in ealletl a nianifeiitation of pomtive, and the other of nrtjiUire, ele<'trieity. We (nil by the nam* of chemiciil ufinity, that attnu*tion by which, for example, ]>hnitphonw uniteH with oxygen, hiintting into flame an tb«>y nombine rapidly. Like- wine, even intn tilinifs drop|NHl into ii jar of jwire oxygen will catf-h ttre^ in a Hort of " |)a»>Hioniite " union. All tliriHigh living nuturt^ we Hnil m'x to Im) pruHent ami domiuant HometimcH, in plautx and rertain of the lower trilMw of unimalH, mal« and feniaic an; iwth upon the wnic organixm. But in the higher ranks of plants gencralh' and in all the higher orders of anii^iak, fertilintiou ia effected by two lividualft. Darwin makeH great account of " sexual fielection " in the animal kingdom ; believing that the choice, by thom of one Hex, of such of the other tm have dupcrior ({ualitic^. temls to jwr- petuate these, and do to elevate the H|)ecieA. Lmz is the word by whi«'h we expr -w th.i attraction of one jteriion for another. While the highmt kind of love, that which m Divine, i^ not sexual, that which \h next below thiH in grade findrt its completCHt type in murriuge. Here (when well artHorted) w seen the union of all that attract- through the " congeniality " of raoe-likeue^, with the sex-oppo- nteness which accords with the great law of polar affinities in nature. Yet, like raaiiy other of the best gifts in man's possession, this endow- ment of sexuality has been very often so perverted as to become the sourc* of much evil ; of many disani rs. Bfrth history and fable teem with Huih resultM. It was by a woman that was shurn the strength of Samson the strong, and by women was overcome the wisdom of Solo- mon the wise. A woman bred the ^reat Homeric war of the siege of Troy, and many a royal and state trouble since. Every man finds himself called upon to watch against dangers connected with his passions in the world ; and if he leaves tlie world, as many an anchorite has done, he may find that thus he has only m. -owed, not avoided, the field of conflict ; which, from Origen and Jerome to Abelard and since, is unavoidable. Every one, her< 'n, must learn to be his own master. Society, in this, by its code of opin'ons, aids women more than men ; and so far, men lose, on the whole, some advantage, bfjfch in the realm of hygiene and in that of morals. When sexuality is abused, no function is capable of greater injury to health. Reproduction is, of all the organic functions (see Phjrsiology), the highest ; being almost the creation of a new being. This require* trrti/KjTK. l«i!) •>n.i„aHo„ of ,tiV'"li; "" "'" •'"•^ "■'""'"•^'' """ " "•« ,«>^:.:;:x; 1!:::::; ;r:t:;, t::'- r '^i '^-^ '^"•" -^ n.^::«:i;';;:r;::;;s^^^ ^ 7^.-.n....... .. «"meti,„«,yo„„„.rHtill-" bn Z 1 u r '• '"■'""' ""'^**" >•'«'>'; wSrrS'ritr :.it: "™' ^"'"""«- '- -"-^- «n<l elevating am^tH W„ ' Zi!: :. "T':""^/ " '"« l~"t injury (o health „.„v i ' f ? ''"" •''""'f •" 'tH .Hivt.. «„i,„„„ for the insane. MoreovPr tuT ^."^1'}"^'' ' '•"*'l"»u«.', nn<l ho,pit«|« aexual life(„f wh^^H 2/ ^ T" ' ''7- «»-ln„t up..„ i4n.Iar tom-hle enough whoukrn r^"'- '^"""""'^ " '""" "'^ ''*'"«"3' •institution nmy £,«„J „v,E. ft'" " ""l'^''*" "'''^"""' " '"«"«''v principles o; p bH< Sr fI, "^'"^ r"*''*'^' '"'^ '^^"^^ -"<1 of Paris) nroNes th«f it .1^ ! ^ ''"^ Bureau des Mwurs" of diJe':.reh ft l^^'^P^-^-^^ -- J-n.thean.ount Acb." we.^ pas^xl a nSr^f ""*"'^""=^ "Contagious Dine,.^ y in stjrie and expense, so as not to have to wait half a lif*. 170 BKXUAl aroiKiTB. • I I Ume brfoiw thHr union, maj r!n miirh Tor uncial mnrnlity, health, ud happincMR. Wi- have almidy i«i<l Ihnt iiHliviilunl lif*- iimi hmllh >ln nol nrrtl i»- pmHu<iivi> activity ; ami yvi tlint thf> nmrritnl xtiito ix, tw a nil<>, the nwHt favorahlo t«) hnilth. How \n iIiIm Mfniini; rtmtnwlii'tion rpram- riled? In the flrxt plarr, all know timt, thnHi);h i\\f infirmity of hnnMn nature, sexuality ii* not nciirly alwnyt* <i)nAnf<l to the Htate of nmrria({p ; ami then itit irrcf^ularity iIoch harm in vnriouM wayn. Moreover, the atiectional relatione uf nmrriufp', with the <i>nuuon niinx, eurni, ami tlea of family l{fe, are mentally and morally, indeed in every way, whole- name for men and women. Children are like "armwn in the quiver" of n marriwl pair. 1x4 no married p«?rnon winh, nnu-h irw* end<nivor, to he without them. Min- ehief of mont wricrtiH kimlf* lia.-* -tliUM U-cn wroiif^hl, un<ler wron^i; ami mistaken idea**, in niativ liou-ieholdK, <>.H|M!cially in tliiH rf>untry. No right-minded perwm xhould dare thus to tamper with the onlinanrt- of nature t<) " inemtw and multiply."* On the other liniHl, a man may tymnnixe over a wile ho far art to make her the vuiim of iucetMant (rliild- liearing, beyoml what her Ntrength nnd heidth enn emlure. ThiH in inhimtun alt«)frelhcr. The true ideal of marri»^> in that each Hhould bo a ecMwiderate " helpnurt" to the other. About the reid Haluiirity of the married condition, many facta might he cited. AmongHt others, Dr. Bertillon, of F'mn«', collected Ktatistitu, which showeil that, in variouH Kuroiienn countriei*, "a Iwchelor of twenty-five is not a Ixrtter life than a marrieil man of forty-five. Among widowers of from twenty-five to thirty the rate of mortality is as great ar< among married men of from fiiVy-five to Hixty." In France, the rate of mortality among married men between twenty and twenty- five years of age is ten per thousand ; among bochelore of that agr sixteen per thousand; and among widoweis, nineteen i)er t' ousand. Dr. Stark, of Edinburgh, has proved that in Scotland, during nint years, the death-rate of single men between twenty-five and diirty years of age was dnuhle that of married men of the same age. Between fifteen and thirty years, married women have a greater death-rate, on the average, than single women ; after that age, a longer expectation of life. In a perfectly well-regulated state of society this difference would almost certainly not be so great; but the facts are interesting and instructive. * In tlic year 1866, tfaei;.- were 200,000 msrrieci couples in New York State wilhnU KrotKirp. 171 It .wght ttlway« to k. rwii«nilien,l li.nt tli.. \nw iflatioru. U Jw.rii ihe wxu. ImvH ,,uij,. „thiT hihI hiKlur ii..|mrtuM.T. ilmn tlmt wlii.l, i« „K.„.ly onprnir. Ihw may Im miii in o.nUuiphitiiiK tin' tio, of l.n.tlurli.«.l «iM .,,.t.rlH««|, „n.l fh.H,. U.t«...„ »U,|...r an.! .I..u«h...r. .n.rthtr uiul «mj HiHl ul«. il,.^. „»• „„„„,,l rnwj u„.| Uiu.v.,l.iir,., Im-imik! out l,y ilm w. i„uHtaiMf« of war ..r ..ih.r .■ulun.ititM - ..f „ hi. I i.. „ur age, Flonuits Aightmiptle \uu< U-i-n i|m! ty|.i.«l iv|.r «nlutive. "(> wiiiimn, in mir liniitK of raw I'merlniii, .Hiy, mill Imnl I., iilrnw; Wlirii iwin ami uiiKiiiiih wiiiiK lli« brow, A niliii>i«riiiK RiiKel ihiHi!" One of Hie luKhpst J.^fH of . iviliwitinn ntnong in.livi.liiM ,„(1 „«tloM w III.' n*i)«t hIiowii towuhls w •„. uii.l the right n aluuiiu,, of a true aiMi |Hm- woiimnhiNNl. Uji..ii tht«t. views we .hould Ik. far fro,,, ,!iH<,>„raKi.,^ .he fr,.,„i.nt h|«ihI and frien.lly ii,teri,.ii,Klii.K of the ,, The n,ore tt.i,.tm,tly they mingle, of .•o,,,-*. with |.,-o,H.r jr-mnis u. .1 ii.Hiieni^*, from early lile, the \im will U- the tenclen.y to ,nn,hhl .,,nmlU,,; nmh ..f wl.ieli Hpnnga fron, u ...ml.inati. m ol i,„|,eff„t ,.rin.i,,le with injudieioiw eoiwtraint. That whi-h i« f„rhid.len is a,.t, in u„r hnn.an nature, to IM. most eravwl u« well a« „.,«t misj.j.prelui.d.^l. If, then, y^yn and girta, young men and women, were allow.tl to mingle fre.,uently a» playmates, whoohnates, .-ompunion^, and friends wl.ile «onje of the Hentu..entality, n.man.v, and exaggeration, whi.h m ofU-n ..venloud the relatiom of the «excH, wonid l.e dinitlU.!, a more safe and «ul»,tan- tially u«erul, and uJUigether a h a.pier, nen*, of fellowship would be eHtabliMhed. For such reason*., coeducation may U- exixrtal to be moi-e favor- able to the physical, mental, and moral heidtli of Iwtli sexes, than the monaster)' ami nunnery-like methntl of isolation during «.hool and college days, which has until latterly m much prevailed. Within the last twenty-five or thirty years, so manv institutions, from kiudergar- tens up to universities, have tried the exi)er!ment, with uniform success, tliat It may now Ix? confi«lently said that ccjeducation will be tlie method of education in the next century, if not in the next generation It unsexes nobody; it tends to make men more manly and women more womanly. Those who, on theory, object to it (no one does so who has seen ,t fairly tried), forget the great difference l^tween the case of Paul and Virginia, alone together on an island, and that of a dozen, a score, or a hundml Pauls and Virginias, in the school-room, lecture-room, or even pn the cricket-ground, or in a debating society, together. Aa to 172 aszUAL u rat ENS. morbid sexuality, the case is somewhat like that of oertaiu electrical ammgemeiite. How can you get up the most extreme electrical excite- ment ? By putting, as in the T^eyden jar, two coats of nictal, un oppositt; sides of a thin separating ghiss, and then charging them. A great sluN^k comes when they are suddenly brought into communication. But if the same charge of electricity were put into a row of metal plates, already in communication with each other, it would be harmlessly diffused. Here comes in, however, an important qualifying thought. The social principle, natural and wholesome as it is, may be abiu^ed. Under the above allusion to Paul and Virginia, some of this kind of ilanger may be recalled. Readers of that beautiful romance may remember how tlie sweet girl's heart grew troubled in its fondness, just before Paul was sent away. Sexnal excitement, aroused and heightened by too familiur contact, liecomes perilous. If, under unrestrained impulse, with opportunity, it be yielded to, one or two lives may be socially and mor- ally ruined. .If, on the contrary, it 'e encouraged witliont satisfaction, it is always more or less, sometimes very decidedly, injurious to health. Hence the waltz and the German, witnessing the ballet, and all other provocatives of strong sexual feeling in the unmarried, ought to be con- demned, on hygienk grounds, ov^r and above what moralists have to say about them. So, also, long enf/agements, sometimes encouraged for economical reas«>n.s, are far fnini beneficial. When once Ijcti-othed, it is better for marriage to follow as soon as jirndence and ciix!umstan<'es will at all allow. We may venture also the suggestion, that our idea of " American liberty " has gone now pretty far, in regard to some social usages. No- body will ever want to get back, in Europe or in this country, to the customs of the Hindoo utuina or the Moslem hare.n, where women, young and old, are kept in slavish seclusion from men. But there was something real in the experience which long ago suggested, in the rare of young people, the value of the " duenna " and the " chaperon." Pairing, or " arking," at our summer resorts and elsewhere, has been well satirized by humorous writers, such as Robert Grant.* It is not altogether impossible that less amusing occurrences may, sometime, show that, even in America, liberty may be safer, and thus happier, under prudent limitations. * Author of th« " Little Tin Oocb on Whwli," etc. BTaiSNX. 173 HYGIENE OF GIRLHOOD. About fifteen y.«w of age (earlier in tmpi«,I „.u„trie8) is the perio.1 of transition from ohiWhood to adolesc-en.t., commonly called puberty A great change is then effected, not suddenly, but by a deyelopment, In" .which the apparatim in ,M.rfected through whi.h maternity is made pos- sible So regular, a««rding to the natni-al law of oigani,- econorayJs ite subsequent periodicity, that its interruption or disturbance may 4ri- ously affect the health. ^ As Dr Mary Putnam-Jacobi has shoNvn in a very able treatise, the crisis m the system Ix^longing to the monthly process Ix^ins a day or two or mort, before the flow, which is really its last eyent. Girls requin.. more special t«rc than gn.wn women, in ,t^pe,i to the fnll establish- ment of rey^dariti,. The crisis ought to ocvur on,* in four weeks, to the age of foify-n.ne or sometimes later; interrupt«l, in the married, onlydunng the months of pregnancy, awl for a few months after its completion. (pinions and statements have difleml, even amongst " those who might be supposed to know, as to the amount of dimbilUy connected, in hailthy giris and women, with the nmnthly crisis. On the general prmciples of Physiology, we should not expect any disability at all to belong (« ,t. Seyeral physicians of repute, however, assert that even healthy women are, at such times, altogether invalided; unfit for bodily or mentPl exertion. Dr. D H. Storer, of Hoston, has mentioned thfa as a reason against women undertaking to i.ractise medicine; because, fM- about one week in every four, they have to be j^tients themselves. The late l^ed Dr. Clarke, of Boetou, published a book on "Sex in Edu^bon (which did, in my judgment, a great deal of harm), in which he asserted that the whole business of the education of girls and women must be conducted in view of this one-quarter-invalid life of the sex. But these gentlemen have, as practitionere of medicine, seen most familiarly, the invalid m,l. of the subject. Many women, and some girls, are not healthy; and, in them, this periodical function is often prominently disturbed. This does not, however, determine the law of neatth concernmg womanhood. Several able answers to Dr. Clarke's book have been written and TrTt'- .7!!! '"*"* ^•'^ ''"'■ P"^"* P"T«** *" q»«te the wonls of Dr. Ehabeth Garret Anderson, of London ; one of the firet medical wom en of Enghmd. She says; *" It is, we are convinced, a great exag- • OMemp^ry Sevim, May, 1874. Anna cljrackelt, amongrt othen, has exprweed the Bunejudgment, in her book on "Education of AmericanGirki." "•'P'*«*' 174 HTQIBlfK OF aiRLHOOD. geration to imply that women of average health are periodically incsr- pacitated from serious work by the facts of their organization." Aoeepting this as the truth, coufirnie«l by my own opi^rtunities of observation, I must add, that the examples of those whose health is below the averoffe are not few in number. Some women, and more girls be- tween fourteen and eigliteen years of age, are decidedly invalided every month ; and a much greater numl)er require ffreat caution in aey-nuin-- Offcment at such times. Indeed, a// women ncetl to be particularly care- ful of themselves J t(«< before and during the menstrual crisis. The thbgs to be esiiecially avoided then are, 1. KtjHmire to cold and %eel; 2. Fatiffue, especially long standing or e.\en'ise uiKin the feet, or on horseback ; 3. Menttd strain, or much mental excitement. By the first of these causes, the flow may be arrested, and subsequent im^larity brought on ; or pain and illness may result at the time. By the second, the occurrence of excessive hemorrhage may be endangered ; or conges- tion (overfulness of b? A) of the uterus may take place instead, often having secondary consequences of various kinds. The third cause, mental strain or excitement, in some constitutions, puts off or inter- rupts the normal flow, or gives rise to painful attacks (dysmenorrhoea), from the nervous connection and sympathy between the brain and the ovary and uterus. ' On the whole, it is probable that sedentary and luxurious, rather than active and laborious, habits, are the most likely to promote irregulari- ties and uterine sufferings in women. These do not so often appear, for example, amongst domestic servants as amongst their mistresses; the kitchen and the laundry tiy the system less than the parlor and the ball-room. A young lady who, rather tlian miss an occasion of enjoy- ment, will, at a time when she should be quiet, dance nearly all night, may be expected, next time, ia have to lie still, whether she will or no. Almost the worst of all, however, is the morbid life of which the most active exercise is the occasional drive in a carriage ; the sofa and the navel characterizing the hours mostly sjient within doors. Along with uterine tnmli'-s, giving large occupation to professional specialists (gynsBcologi.-^! \ these are nearly sure to be affected with neurasthenia; a term brought into use by au American physician to apply to the myriad-formed nervous debility, which some foreigners have latterly called " the American disease." MrarsjfR 175 Pfil':GNANCY: GESTATION. By this (derived from a Latin wonl meaning (o carry) is meant the period during which offspring is undei^ing development in the uterus, its first signs are, the non-appearan.-e of menstruation at the usual time and tlie « morning-sicknees," which is sufficiently deseribetl bv tliat term In the fourth month, perhaj^ at its beginning, comes 7,<««uV.«; Yi' It "'"''^'"«"^ "*■ ^^^ animated being within the maternal frame. Alwut 270 to 280 days are occupied by the whole process of healthy gestation; the last-named perioti is probably nearest to the average of Its duration. ^ Much care is needful at this time, especially in delicate women, and most of all when it occurs for the/,«< time, lest miscarriage be brought on; this being un occasion m.t only of disap,K)intment, but of danger Bodily fatigues or shocks, and mental distuiban.*s, are the m,«t likelv causes of such a result. ^ It is quite important for a woman in this condition to have the boweb reffular. Active purgative medicines should not be used, nor any except wnen necessary. When consti,M,tioi. o(*„r«, simple rhubarb pills will generally do; or, if not, a teasiHJonfiil dose of flowere of sul- phur in syrup, or (especially if the kidneys do not act well, as shown by a free flow of Avater) with a teaspoonful of cream of tartar, mixed together m molasses or fruit-syrup. Such a dose at night, once, twice or thnce a week, will generally l)e enough. If not so, medical advice had better be obtained. The full-blooded state called plethora some- times occurs during pregnancy, and more important still is the inter- terence of the pressure of the enlai^ing uterus with the circulation of Wood, aflecung the kidneys, and sometimes endangering convuMons laeae are very serious. Mentaf. tranquillity is very desirable during gestation, for the sake of both mother and offspring. Among the conflicting accounts and probabilities, it is rather difficult to decide whether marks really occur on children, in consequence of their mothens having seen strikii-g or startling things. While such are more likely t.) be coincidences only we cannot say that such effects of strong mental impression are entirely impossible. And it is certain that a fright or strong agitation of mind during pregnancy may produce abortion; or, without that, may so impair the nourishing power of the parent that the child may have its development interfered with, and, if not a monster, or stillborn, it maV be at the best but a weakling. Therefore much pains should be taken to promote the serenity of mind, as well as health and comfort of the body 176 M 0TB SB AHD HfFAHT. o( the mother, during thU period. Hartl labor ia very nnmtitable for pr^^nt wonten. Almost m bad is leaving the l)ed and going to work too soon afte) delitxTi/. Many working women are thus injured, and the lives of their clrildren shortened, by their mothers not lieing able to furnish them with sufficient nourishment in early infancy. The exam- ple of the generous French manufacturer, M. Dolfus, was an excellent one. He paid eveiy married woman in hJH service, when brought to bed, six weeks' wages, without requiring any work for it. MOTHER AND INFANT. Parisian women have long ha«l, whether they deserve it or not, the undesirable repu^^^ion of putting off the care and nutrition of their infants upon hired nurses, to a larger extent than is done anywhere out of France. It is said that ladies of wealth and fashion often send their babies away from home, in charge of such nurses. This kind of " baby- farming" is very unproductive of healthy life. TAe naturaJ. fam of matemily include« Ute nurmng of erery chiUl hy its own mother. Unless her supply of breast-milk fails, or her deficient general health and strength unfit her for it, this should lie regarded as a sacred duty, as well as a source of liappiness. Nt\i best, when this is impracticable, is the service, near the mother, of a healthy wet-nurse. Last, 'w the resort to the " bottle," feeding by hand, of which more will be said in another place in this book. Under such customs as that above men- tioned, the natural increase of population in France is reported to be less annually than in any other civilized country in the world. Our own coimtiy has increased wonderfully in population, which has, several times, ituublcd itself in twenty-five years. Immigration from Europe has had a large sliare in this. Apart from that, it is by no means certain that our numbers would now increase very fast Dr. N. Allen, of Lowell, Mass., has shown by statistics that the number of children bom of foreigners resident in Massachusetts is decidedly greater Uian in native American families. It is not easy to make sure of the explanation of such facts ; but they seem to show that something is wrong with our people. Climate may have to do with it ; but we may fear that our life is, also, too artificial ; too far from healthy nature ; with not enough, escaitc from money-getting on the part of men, and from soeial ambition and house-slavery, or society-servitude, with women. At all events, let us look around carefully, and tr^* to dis- cover the cause of this apparently growing anomaly ; and correct it, if tKissible. SfatKjfB. ^ 177 HYGIENE OF INFANCY. So much has been said already in H.ia lu^u ing. Bathing, etc., which a^^fj * T, «'»«n»«g Food. Cloth- that of the hilth of dulta 5 ITn ^^ ™'* "^ '"^""'^ «« ^«" « '" BHlti„u.«,li.,„ Jif ^^; ™' ;' 7« - New York. Philadelphia, have added a ti.inl- «!„• . ^""'' "'"'titU'Jos of childn.- i- tin.. i:fori'fty ;::;':; t"''' "r ^''- tw«,th.«,"„ security of childhood, ilmi^^ '^ '""^ '"*'' *''^ «>'"l>amtive BIRTH. A child is bom into the nni?.! t t* • doctor has tied the '^«..i" ^^ ,;,,,', ^'^ ;:'««">'"ly 5 ve.y well. The ««« months of Kftttation '"^ '*"""♦'" '''is moment, it had, durinir Thn>ugh that bon„Shn^„"~f'. -tally -*'' «>« -tier* into it« system f«>m he" aSn, n^ ^"f'T '•^**"""^) ''^^ P-«J and development. Now h™ L ""^ '''"^"'"^ ^^^ •*« g«>wth ent) existence. NotWnein Z u^ ""^'^''' (*''""«'' ««" depend- Exhansted with he if C r"""? '' ^ """'^ ''^^'''^ - '*' Another (a r^nJ^V^'^^Jt^Z^T "^ f ""^ *" ^' -»>''- warn,. She ruhe it all ovl , ^ ° *'"'**'"'" '^™' sufficiently docto. now P..fer v:l- r ;:: :X^^^^^^ ;-•> 'a"J or oil (.m^ over; for the .„a..rial on the nrZ ofTh ' , f ""'\ ^^"'"^""^' ^^ The ,«o„M, and eye., and ilde o th "^^ T'' '* ''" "^^^^'^d- witha...spo„ge7or^oy.n:;^f Jt^'-^j;^^^ •- well clean^ after the greasing, white castile ^ a '''"™ ^'^••- Then, wash it thoronjiy r„X !fZ f T" ^'**''' "'"'^ '^ ^^ ^ be as «d almost as a brick 1 fl i k^^™' '^'"*^' «'^'- *»"■«' will the na«er,the ««d g^m " StinTew '".!'''' '^ "^' -"^^ '"^ the "yellow g«m." Ser of h^ """^.^ ^'"^'^ ^°' « ^^^days: tonally the yellownef ty ^^^ tt:\""\''^^^^^ ^- bom." ^ ^™^ '"*** " real "jaundice of the newly ITS NOUMiaHMXHT. nine davB. At fiwt, the best thing to do i« to cut a piece of old l.nen or mu8lin about two and a half inches «qua«; mp out m .ts cutre with«i«o« a hole large enough for the cord, and after Hmeanng the rag well with oimple cerate, cokl cream (from the apothecary «), or bm- S rinc ointrnL, p««B the c^rd thn,ugh it, and doublet over tw.ce ^ a light, soft flannel band nmy be wrupped over th« around the babe'B aJomen, not fu,My ; just tight enough to Btay m .to ph«. Every day, when the child is bathc^l, put a frv^h gr«i8ed rag upon the cord If there comes to be any odor to it, «pouge .t (with a spc.n»j kept clean just for that) with lim-v^aler insteadof common watei. Should S Horcnc-' s or rawness remain after the cord drops off (as .t should. 2r some days, without being pulled), a soft doubled rug or c«mpr^ tliiclcly sprea.1 with lx.n««ted zinc ointment or s.n.ple cerate, should be kept upon it until it is quite healed. ^ .„ .u„ After two three, or four hours of r«,t, the chdd may be put to the mother's breLst. Before that, or later if the mother's condition cause delay, the babe «mfe nojoo^l or drink, and is letter without it m first milk, called " coloM.-um," \. unlike what com^ bter^but will help to move the infant's, Wels; which .s well It is ^ood /or Z mJ^er (under usual eiivumstaiu^,) to have the child 8.«n at the ''Tdw we will appose the fii-st crisis to have passed Babyh«xl has begun. Knv must it be ««ml for? Any mother of a ^"d f 'W c2 tell, as experience is better than any other teacher. But w,th the fa-d baby, at least, much is yet to be learned. NOURISHMENT. Every mother should, if she .-an, nourfeh her own ''l""^' .f'^'^i^' own br«»st. " It is as mu.ai !ier J .ty to suckle it as to bear it. This is nature's law, as well as the law of love. ^ ^ f, - ... At fi«t, for a few weeks, every Urohmrs will not be too often for the child to be suckled, even at night. But the night interval should be gradually lengthened ; so that by the third or fourth month «^'ree hou« Ty intervenreach time during the night and two hours all day Then, also by degrees, the between times should grow longer » Ae daytime. A ch^Tx months old may often be trained to take the brist every tliree hours through the day and evemug, and not at all between ten or eleven at night and five, six, or seven o clock m th. morning. BrOtSlTM. 119 if it i. 2T "n ■. ,°* ' "^'•"i' "« "' »('/«, and mat of .11 ^M have „,a ™-.,-,";":::!k^;j™r;,i""i,t S',r' oe inven it. from a hnHio «.. „ * • Hiioiild then <i«.th of .„ i„,i,„, ,;,„ J, luLff "'^ /"™i"'>» ««i .-,«, by..g„ ., ...r 'hLI ; r,2 ;::"" '»•"? «™'% saw her huslmnH In J„ /• -^Hiiiple, vt a case. A woman offitrii'^trAf ''r*''^' ^''"""^ ^""^'^^ -»™h»-t for their risk ttaV lh^« to X^ it '^/" •° '""^ ^^"^ ''«''*'' *''«* it will unsafe for ^^l^hS maltr'" ""^ °^^ *^^ °^^^ -«*' Certamly, some other hedthy mother's bmst wiU be the next b«t 180 WMAKtHa—BOTTLM-rKBDlIitt. tWng? Chn this be had ? Far from always. A good wet-nune may t^n be aztremely hard to get. And one wh<. i» not good w worse than none. She miwt be sufficiently yoiir.H-,yet muMt have hml some expe- rience ; twenty-five is about a good 9^. She must l« heuHhy, deantif, kiwi, yooilrtemperetl, not ntupkl, aadfnUh/ul. If all these qualities .«n be found, for love or money, in one jwreou, by all meuiw have a wet- , nurse. , , K not, we must resort to the boUle. First, however, aseertan whether the mother has not tome good milk, even though not enough. If she has Ao// enough (as is the case with quite a number) let her give the babe the benefit of this, if it lasts, until the child has passed through the most of it» teething, or at least has weathered its//»rf tuvinur. lict her nuree it two or three times in the day and evening, and give it (or have given to it) the bottle for the rest of the time. Indeed, it is a good » .an, under all circumstances, for a child six months old to leai-n to use bottle-food, so as to make the cliauge more easy later, especially if illness or some other cause should oblige the mother to wean it suddenly. WEANING. This never thmdd be sudden, if it can be helped. How soon should it come ? American Indian squaws are said to suckle their papooses through their second year; some Asiatic mothers, even till near the end of the tliiri year. Why not? Another gestation may interfere with it; making the supply of milk less in amount, and less wholesome. Some hu/e Uiought that the return of the monthly period stands in the way ; but of tliia there is not sufficient evidence. On the whole, if a mother can nurw; her infant a full year, it will be well ; if eighteen months, still better. When she has, up to two years, half enough for it, let it get what it can from her, and eke out the rwt with outside I! Miishment. Never let a child be weaned in nmmer if it can be heli'tl, BOTTLE-FEEDING. We speak rf this at once, because the bottle is vastly better than the spoon. It imitates nature better ; it allows the food to go more slowly into the stomach ; and it gives the infant desirable exereise in taking it. If, then, the chHd cfinned have the breist of its mother, or of a suit- able 'subrtknte, get for it a glass bottle, holding about half a pint, with BraiMNS. 181 ■ rubh-r nipple., l.ut without a tube. Two botfU „.. -♦ i ^ . IWl, f".l»l«-l»..l«ln.m«i.l,„U,l,alr. |„,|o „, ...JTuA, MILK. Whf.t shall "bottle food" bo? unii, e % I^t u« he„, here ouly empha«i.e a few .nattem. ^ ' th?r' \f -Z "'""^ "''■ ""'^ "^'"^ -^ '•» this .x.unL7 • here and Albuminoids (casein and albnnien) Fatty matter (cream) . . ^ P^ Sugar of milk * " Ash (mineral nlto) . • • • ■ . 7 Water . 0-20 86.80 Cow'g milk contains more than twice as mnoh ^r .!,„ / : >^°*'"°*' considemblv !e« ,„gar, WVml^' mHk^ ,? (n.lmgenons) albuminoid^ and . Vecific g«vity oMMl w^rbl.^^rl ?' "T '*"'^ ""« ~*'' ^^. having r- « riiy oi ivai, water beii^ 1000, and cow's milk 1029 to 1030. isi MItK, loM water b needed, sod within tlie ><sr, oAm, none at all. A great iniriUke waa fomieriy uuule, in mixing two pints of watw with every |»int of millt ; the p<K»r thing* noiuetiiiw*, iii> tlouht, »tax\vi\ umh* mioh a reginMHi. But, snaietiuiea, tlic Utwkrr ami hnnler cunfe made in tlie HUrtnatU with . ^*'i» milk may Ije diffii-ult for tlie 1«1« to dig«*t. It bewmiea colkny and fretful, or it re fiw-a the 'uottle. Thru we nnwt add rather more waUT, ami Nomething eU to help to lUffam Uie cli.tH,th.w keeping them from forming iiolid ntawut. Starchy (farinareouH) materials will do this pretty well. Such alma will not nourish a child fully, aa explained in our Phyaiology ; arow- root, farina, and other stanhcH contain no nitrogen, and tome cf thia element w imlispenwble for the growth of muscles, bones, and l^raina. Mwwver, during the firnt three or four months very little saliva or pancreatic juice is formetl, and, with<mt thcsi', starch is not digorted. But the vuehaniml qualitim of stanh fit it for mixing up tl»e t«»ein and albumen of milk in the fluids of the stomw-h, and so promoting ita digestion. ' Simple articles, especially barky, rke, and ofOmeal, are commonly available for th- purpose. Either of them does best when ground (or beaten in a mortar) to a fine powder for use. JiarUyvmter answers well when the b<»wels are alxmt right (that is, from two to four moderate, natutdl pofwiges daily); rice, ivlicn tlicre is diarrhwa; o<i/»i«i/, wh:n tlie child is " Inmnd," or not i..« enough in the bowels. For barley-watt^r, a tawiMKtnful of barlcy-iucal for a two or three months' old infant, twc ; :ii»po<mful8 for one over six months, inay be mixed with a tablesiwonful or two of cold water, and then put into a pint of water. Bring this to the boiling-ix.int, and boil it doum to half a pint. (With an ordinary fire, this may rcfpiire half an hour or more.) Strain it through a fine sieve or a clean linen cloth, and stir it in with ■ pint of milk, adding a IMk salt, and an even teasptwnful of granul^ white sugar. Put what is not used at once, in a cold place (on ice, if it be summer time, or in the spring-house in the country) to keep for the next feeding-time. Never give milk twenty-four hours old to a young child, under any circumstances. Rice and oatmeal may be prepared in the same way, and used accord- ing to the state of the child's bowels, when milk alone does not appear to diged well. Should neither of these simple additions meet the difficulty, you may safely try some of the " infants' footls." Mellin's, Horiick's, Nestle's, and Imperial Granura are, I think, the best These " foods" we not, like arrow-root, sago, and tapioca, merely darches. They con- tain some also of the niirogmoua materials. Imperial Granum, for iu- BroiMiTM. 83 •, b reported to comiKt of polert«d mm] nnM\y im-mml irAffl/ Mejg« fixJ « ,«rt,...l«rly ,l«.ign„| <Wr Infa,,.,, wi.l, w.«k (h,w..Ih F.» . httU, cod wa,.r ,,„t jt in,o « ,.i..t of wa.er . „d U,i| it do„.„ .„ hjf ^ than pther. 8,.,ue «.it one .hiUl, ..„.« ..,„ther ; a.ul all of irStr«.£ ? '^'«';1'"«'^'-" '«>. «r v.,naiion./r^,, never •• total robrtituteu for milk. fW/,«*«£ milk n.ay U uaed when vou It « not n«««,ry, indecl it in h.mlly .l.^i„,|.lo, to ank a dairyman to funnnh only the milk f„,n. om, <... y., ,..„, ;.,.,, „„. ^J ^^ jeU t. Ik, Hure that .U .n=lk in th. In.t. A ;„^l ,fnln;,nuu I. the »k2 ll^J^il y' '•'•'""•'•«y ,>/•//.. ;«,.., „., I keeping „.ilk !„ a pu^Hno^rre i.« well an a ..h.1 one), a.^- of ..xtn,«.o im,K7rtam*. Slrr. *f^'•••"'"«l-"^-^" • '"<« it kecphetter,-„„d then «t ,n tho eool«,t a...l cleant^t ,»,.rt of ,1... J.ouHe ; U*t of all, p„t on i«.. A young mfant, under a ymr ol.l |.a,l U-.ter t^ikc all itH food m,nn ; fi3»s" T ^JT'^ '"•"[ "*■ '""• "'"'"""""er. With the Ihermomete; bSeorouT. '"" "^^"""« "' "•'''"''"' "">''•'"« >»'^. Arown np, or oobcky pa.n ,»ftor filing, or JK-ginning lo««ne«8 of the to lY:r"!r'''T'^ ^" '^^"^ ''^ '""^ »H.ttle-food.^ A table^poonfu to the bottle wdl not J^ t,K> mneh. It is al wayn harmie*, if the bowek are not oonst.i^ted ; and it often does a greid deal ofgoo^l. When mi, tough curda are formed after taking c^w** milk, a pinch of »o,la (bi- carbonate) MTdl help to di««,!ve them ntiU mo« effectually than lime- «^ or the stareh fixxl.. R„t ^nla muHt be u««l in « Jtf A.^, „,„, "«~»//y only Lime-water „u,y W, if ,«11«1 for.an evervnlay ku,- * or W«.«< between xeeding-timee, in summer weather, the best plan B to give cold water moderately, and supply from time to time a soft Clam rag coutainmg pounded ice for the child to «uek. When * k child has fever, however. It Oia^ often need to drink a good deal IM OlOTMIKB. cixmfiNo. Rcrcrring afsUt to what \m tteni lAwtAy m\A in anothw part of thin vi^ume about plothing for prrNomt of all ag«*, wc may now »h.irtly rcpwt Rome main thingn in regani to habim. Let their clothing, fttwa birth, »» nwm rwnmh ami /'»o«- pmmKh for cfHnfiirt. No tight hand* »hiHiId ever be put »n them. Some |iai«ntis in over-anxiety about cold, put on thn* timce t» much w» i* needed, and then ahnt all their chamber and numery wimlown » '«iorH, with big, hot flree; wondering, then, that their bnbiea are fti-i. ., get ekin diteaaea all over, and often uoem to caUh cold alii int every time they are taken on ' Babiea r actual »«ld 1«« wfely than old.r \wxn^m ; but junt rnPM/h clothing in a. ays better than too much for tliem. And they do not need to have tht rtionw they live in any warmer than we do— way ««" to TO" Fahr. UMially. They arc abo more hurt by done, fi)ul air tlmii grown people arc. When they are old cmnigh to wear short clothea, a common miittako had been of an opponite kind : t« leave their nnm and leyn bare; they are m pretty thuH ! But many an attack of croiip and of inflammation of the lungti, Hom«tim«» fatal, ha« followeil such exposure in a chilly atmosphere. Children kIhmiUI have nn lem pnitection of their liml* from wild than men ami women. Even though, when healUiy and active, they do not seem to feel it; it is not safe. Very important \* the rhnn^inf/ of clothes with infants. When their thighs are wet, ami ill next to them is soiled, they should he changed at Off, always, h'. ,'l«ct of this may cause chafing of tlic skin, very dirturbing to the chi t<I, and sometimes 4 had as a burn. A soft sprage is, when the skiu in temler, better than a rag or towel ; but a sponge mM be well elearueii every time, with soap and hot water, to b 'ised again. Dusting with a little " pat" filled with fine starcli or arroi wt powder is very soothing and protective. V.Tien the skin ha-^ liecome sore about the thighs, the child will show it by a sharp ciy on wetting itself. Redness r !so, as well as tenderness to the touch, will be found on examining it Then tallow, cohi erenm (of the apothecary), or oxide of xinc ointmetit, should be applied gently every night and morning (or oftener if need be) after changing it. Thr worst oases, sack as come only from considerable neglect, ma;- need to be treated like boms, with soft rags, wet with lime-water and sweet m1 (equal parts, iPvxed), and covered with oiled silk. Babies, as well as adults, ^ould have tiie head kept cool, i id the HruiKXK. m> iMjr •!* better withiHit it. A ft«,u«,t trwibk. m with tin. UJ-,«v..n. at ..ight. Fin^t, n..v.r for- grt that .,.v,.„„« ,«,.i.,. „,, «,,„,^A of \t^\(, I, onlv it../M (l,v - «..Klu.j...„) wimt w«r.ntl. ,h« U.lv lm« of it. own. S,. f a l,.|,v L w-rm all „.Kht. I ..that .«h«. ,he UHUI..thi..K .houkl »k, Ln,W fl.S^, R«tl««c^,l.ln.„ will oft..,. Hi,.,,..,,., ki„k „„. u,u,„,,, ..„..„. „t «.ght ; ami t .« cxjk^^, the., to faki..^ .„!,,. Wal.hi,,^ ,h..,., a|| ,,M,i -«y «^ /.^A/ (l.k« ,..it.....H) a. ,1... .....IH of ,1... |.,„.,H a...l f«.t iniZ do U..t,w eveo'th...g oIhc u«; thin will k.rp tl...... ntill ,,„.», warm. Mu«t ,nf«,.t- alwavH wmr fla,..u.| i„ the .lavti,...-' IMU^w o„eH alS^ri fl ; "' "•"■ '"'""'^■'' ''"'■•* ("'""«'-'*0 flnnml in winWr. Td 1 "1 '" """"r '""'"■ ^^'' "" ""■'"" ^''"^v" it«-ir, «^ two ^1 S" "^> '" .'„''?"'•'■' "^ "•"• """"•' "'".v •- M\ off ••lely. iW*, . .. menuo, will do for all t...t weakly ehiklre... BATHING. A i»w.bora child should l.e bnthwl only in trarm water in a warm ~»n. From 950 t„ 90" .ho..Id I. the U.„.,.™t...vT^teh ""^ Uiennometer had bettor Ix, „«h1, «, the to..eh i. «, .......tain.* kX ^ dder at lajrt if it «..„.. «,.«..rty." the water „,av be alWc g»d«.lly to go down to 86°; or. in „ar,u weather, even 80°. The after the beth. A cb.ld nhould lik. its bath, if it i« rightly mana^d"- never 8tartl.ng it with a .udden plunge, but u«n,,toming it to it KJ ^. "^J^- '-' l-tter Uthe her own l«by, if L is well and strong enough to do ho. «t^/r' JTu^ "^ ^ r'*^'^ '""' '*'""'8 " '■»'"'l' «"- ^«t «" over. Jrt Aa// m and halfout of the water, being thus ehill«l by evapomtio. from the uncovere.1 i«ut of U.e body. A little patient of mbe, just Ju'nSr '"•*"'r"'*' •'-"• '• »•*" ''•"««'• On.^, when mr baby wa. to b, Uth«i iU mother i«nt the nu'»e with the thenm.u.eter to we wheiher fh. ,J! ' 186 EXEROiaS.—A I KINO. ill getting well after scarlet fever, lost his life through this kind of im- prudence on the part of a nurse. During our hottfd weather, when the thermometer ranges between 96° and 100°, even a young infant may profit by a cool bath, say at 76° or 70° ; but ther it must be a ahort-Ume bath also. The cooler, the shorter the time of immersion. Much soap does not need to be used in bathing infanta. If the child be bathed daily, it needs (after it8^r«< thorough cleansing) only an occa- sional employment, unless alwut the thighs, of a little of the best castile soap. »Siift may be addetl to the Iwth if the child is weakly, for its tonic effect. In awknem, warm or hot baths may Ije of great service ; but our account of the use of such l)eloug8 in another place. EXER(;iSE. After the first f~w montlis, a l>al)e should Ix; allowed and encouraged to sprawl; first on a wide l)ed, being watched that it does not fall off; afterwards on a carpeted floor, or a rug. This will spread its chest, and bring most of its nmscles into pftiy. Thus it will gain strength, and get ready, in due time (don't hurry it) to stand up and walk. Crawling comes first, according to the true nature of bodily development. It 1 AIRING. Very soon every baby ought to begin to be taken out in fine weather. In summer, no matter how soon ; in winter, it requires care about keep- ing it warm, of course. But quite young infants may be, with proper out-of-door clothing, accustomed to being taken out into the sun^ine and air every fine day. A nursery ought to be always a minny and well-aired room. As already said, infants suffer more harm from IhuI air than grown people do. Scarlet fever, measles, whooping-cough, vliphtheria, and all other diseases are commonly worst, killing the most children, in tenement- houses (like those of New York and Boston); and, elsewhere, in crowded alleys, where people live too close together and do not have fresh, pure air to breathe. BTOIBlfB. 187 SLEEP. For the fii^t month or two, a.i infant naturally sleeps more than half Its time All through the fiijt year, many babies sleep from twelve to Bixteen hour, „. the twenty-f„„r. It is a grand thing for all concerned when the ktle one can be trained early to sleep mod of the night. Habit may be formed, m such matters, very soon. On this something was said when we were considering the feeding of babies La^ th, child dou>n to sleep, from the start ; do not get it used to being earned about to go to sleep in somelxxly's arms. Put it to .leep in its cnb afone asa rule Hard to believe as it seon.s, some weaiy shimbro-is mothers have ot-er^am their babies; that is, .x,lk^ upon then, while asleep and suff!x«t« them. Mo„K>ver, the vajKn. from another human body make the bed less wholesome for the .hild. Yet, with a mde bed convenience may sometimes afford reason for a child being laid beside' but not too near, its mother or nurse. ' Never reck a child in a cradle. This has, happily, quite gone out of fashion. If ,t ha.s any effect, it is by cuusing a kind of dizziness (like seasickness) winch cannot l)e gcxxl for the child. I^t the baby soon get used to going to sl<«p in the dark. fXherwise when It gets older, it will be afraid to do so, with a fear often very hanl to overcome. •' Pat no c«W«,W alK,ut a bed, for child or gn.wn ,K.n<on. Bed-curtains were an absurdity of an almost inexcusable kind. It is hard to get enough pure air into a sleeping chamber; let alone inside of a closely curtained bed If we slept out of doon,, as men do in c^mps, we ought o cover our bod.^ warmly; and bal.l people, their heads; but even C^' °!?''{'^^ ""f *" ^ °"*' «"y^^h«'-e at h^t short of the neighbor- hood of the North or South Pole. Most babies, when they do sleep well early in the night, wake very early m the morning, and then want food. Before noon thev are apt to be ready to take a nap of two or thrt^ hou.^. Some will also «ant an afternoon nap of an hour or two. I^t them sleep all thev will • sleep and grow fat Never wake a young child (or indeed an older' one) suddenly ; it jare their brains. When their sleep is out they will wake up of thcmBelves. r / n 188 DISC HA R a ES.-THETHIira. DISCHARGES. Every mother ought to know that it is natiiml for infants to have two, three, or four paswagew from the Iwia^cIh every twenty-four hours, when jierfectly weJl. In the first mouth or two the <lirt(!lmrge is more or less fluid ; afterwards it becomes more nearly solid, but always softer than later in life; of a brown color when nothing is the matter. A akk child may have the stools slate-colored, yellow, green, black, curdy, Blimy, or bloody ; all of which changes are imiwrtant, aud will bo noticed in the metlical part of our work hereafter. (Si« jKige ."508.) Water is passed from tiie kidneijH of an iiifuut several times during each tweuty-four hours. If that is not the case, sometliing is wrong, and requires attention. Wanning the water of its biith more than usual is a suitable measure at sucii a time ; and giving sweet sp. of nitre, 3 or 4 drops at ont«, in a teasiKwnfid or more of water. TEETHING. Mothers and nurses ought to know wliat to look for in their babies' mouths, as the months follow ea<rh other in their first two years. Only twenty teeth, be it i-ememberetl, come in the first set, or ** milk teeth." Thirty-two follow these, and take their place, iu the second set. About the end of the sixth month (from the fifth to the eighth), it is common for the two lower middle front teeth to appear through tlie gum ; and not long after, even sometimes before these, the two upper middle front ones. These are called cutting or incisor teeth. So are the next to come out — alongside of the first— the lateral incisors (side cutting teeth\ below and above ; which apjK'ar between the eighth and the tenth months. Before th< nfant is a year old, then, it usually has at least its eight front teeth out : four below and four above. Next, we might expect those nearest these to appear ; but they do not. Instead come the fird jaw or molar teeth : two below and two above; between the twelfth and the fourteenth months. Then follow, between the fourteenth and twentieth months, the tiomach and eye teeth, as people call them ; the four canine teeth, two below and two above ; pointed teeth. After these, and last of the first set, come the seco^id jaw or molar teeth: two below and two above; between the eighteenth and the Oiirtu-eixih iiionthe. In each jaw, in all, there are then four incisors, BraiEXB. 180 o .ti™";../''^ '"""^'^"'« ''"*-» «'-- ^l'-. with the o„le; of their 8uc(«i«iun : 5 3 4 2 M M C I M M C 1 5 3 4 2 1 I 1 I 2 1 4 C 3 5 M M I 1 I I I 2 c 4 M M 3 6 I stands for IncUor; C for Canine: M for Molar. Th.8 order is the general mode of Huoce««ion; but variations from .t are far from rare. Often the upper teeth, fn^nl and all, «.me JZ Fio. 172. DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH. the lower ones. The time for each group of t«.th is fre. .cntly bfer and someume. earlier, than that above n.entioned. J^t uefk S example, I was told of a baby Mhich ha../..- front teeth olfat fit ...onths ; and I o„ee had under n,v ™re an Irish child „hLh Z l^2^s.il. two upper teeth. Hi.storians tell the san.e thing of iuhul A., the time eomes near (about the sixth or .seventh year) for the second dent tion. the new^et, whose gern.s were in thejaJatli^h grow steaddy larger in the gums. The milk-teo.h an, « j /o.^ o^! K under the wonderful natuml adaptation of ,K.rts, their fangs iL' gmdually a6«^.W and thus they l.x>sen and drop out, or areTasilv (How oft ;;:^ ™'*'^ '""' '^*'^^ •'^""'^ -' of'permanem ^l (How often not ver>, prmarient m „ur country, all the dentists know.) 190 TSETHtNO. These are thirfy-two in miinl)er (see Anatmny). The first to come through tlie gums are the first molar or jaw teeth. Next, at about seven years of age, the middle incisors ; then the lateral incisors, at or near the end of the eighth year. After these, the first pre- molars (bicuspids) or lesser jaw teeth ; and in the ninth year, the second premolars. Between eleven and twelve years, the permanent canines, two above and two below. From twelve to thirteen or four- teen years, the second molars; and from seventeen to twenty-one years, the last molars, or w'mlom tetth. These last are often imperfect fix)m the start. Occasionally, even the second teething is attended by soreness and irritability of the mouth, nervousness, eK But very often it would pass almost unnoticetl, except for the " bother " of getting rid of the loosening first teeth, as the others come. The really trying teething time is with the first set of teeth ; from the sixth month to about the end of the second year of infancy. Dentition is a process of ^o«)<A. A great deal of blood ia needed in the tissues of the jaws for this purpose. Moreover, for the teeth to " come out," the ffuma must ffiue way, by absorption. Should this be slow, a tension of the gum may occur; and, through the nerves, the whole system may be brought into sympathetic excitement. As the nervous apparatus is much more irrUable, more easily dvAurhed, in babyhood than in adult life — we often have, from this cause, wottj'- ing; fretfulnesfl; sometimes fits, or convulnomt. A child which was "alwaj's good" before, now may cry a great deal, losing its reputation for goodness altogether. A word here about babies' crying. A heeUthy child, not teething, if leell taken care of, wiU very geldom cry. Some mothers and nurses will not admit this ; but from a good d^ of observation I insist upon it. Mark, I say a healthy child, well taken care of. If a child's wants, namely, food, warmth, sleep, and timely changing, are duly attended to, why should it cry ? But if it l)ecomes very hungry, and is not nour- ished, or is cold, or too warm, or is left with garments soiled and wet, of course it cries. And, the habit once formed, cry it will, though the whole household and neighborhood regard it as a " crying evil." Several sorts of crying may be observed, which it is desirable to understand. First there is the cry of surprise, on tlie child being first ushered into the world. That is all right and natural. " On mother's knees, a naked, new-born child, Thou onlj wept, while all around thee smiled. So live, that, sinking in thy last long sleep, Thou than may'st smile, wliile all aruuiMi Ihee o ■jf.'* BratEyE. 191 Next, ooniee the eaUing vry, of hunger, thiwt, or other trant Shan»r and shnller, sometimes a violent «r.am, i. .he 'cry of jHvnVJo^S^ orearache; or of fright a« when aba., n^lln outTf itsL or^rib .^: the floor Mu.h hke the «y of «i,„,,Ie want, but habitually haJoT findmg that ,.A«<.r^ i/ ../.,/„, ,y „,y/ ,, ^^„ •„„ ^„; / ' « the (sometimes fairly impish) m.r and «„S.ion of Jl^I. o ' fe«i>«- ^d ;,«««b„. nisease has various cries ; a«x,nli„g "T 'ha"' Ch CT •' -^ ""'^ "^ ''''"* ™'«"' attending^,!; X breath. Other times ,t is hoan«.., as in croup; along with a short Te'eth^l '7 t "" *^^^'"'" "''"^^' •"««= in another pla«,. rejA,y M not a disease, a morbid process, at all. But it is an "nportant d.ange, which for the time mide,. the child moiL ha be ore or after lia6le to di«>.de., under any disturbing c^Z;Z .nes ,t*lf be ... in-rfc-tly acc.j.„pli.hed. The most ,«mm«n and least Trie? "7''-:-."i>atl.eeic. imitation" of tithing is Z^J^ ^stem. ThHK. or four, or even five .noclemtely free ,«u«age« f,.,n, the ^tt f ' "c "/•'""' '^" r • ^^^^'"""•^''' ""^ n.uch'ttter Iht Z«r (^-Z " .: "-^ /'•'*''''*'■»' '" ^«'">W. and attend«l by danger. Oi these we w.il s,«ak in the medical ,K,rt of this work. Here however, ,t may Im. suitable to refer briefly to lancing the gums. Once, th.s pnact.ce was univen^l ; ever^ bal.e had its gums cut aL« eveiy t,me that a new tcK,th was about to appear, whether it gave mTh tmuble or not. From this (as with bleeding fi;m the arm,^ud Ze other old meth.Kls of practice) then, has come to I. a m..io. . a..d "me physimns never lance irfants' gums at all. Having been bn,ught up and beg,nnmg practice under the old rfglnu; I have seen enoLh to where. Healthy bab.es may oft^n pass through tiieir teething without needmg to have their gums lanced. But some may be, by thl sir 1 and harmle«, n.eans, kept from having cuvulsions, which, if bought diviir h " "'r^' ""^ ^ ^- ^^'^ '•'''-' «'-T lancet, 3 div de the gum w.th a straight, firm cut; in the direction of the edge Li r '"""*[' ^'^ ^'^ ^^^ '^^ if a molar tooth; and then there will never be any ««^» or other treuble. Perha^ once or twice .n a century-, in America or Eumpe, a child may be found which 't^^^My^^;hle^err* so^tjhe smallgUnit wiU hanirbeft • Hcemophilia of medical laivri^ge. 103 BUMMER DAKQMHa. If ao, Buch a tendency raust be a family trait, alnody well known and to be remembered. My belief is that it is well to lauco tUo gums whenever tli^ are niudi ntdlm, ml, painful, and irorrying, to the child, making it ner\-oiv» and hard to get to sleep ; or when, even though not swollen, the tooth in evidently not far within the gum, which wenis tense, and a source of irritation, calling for relief. Many a child, once helped by this measure, will ask for it, with looks if it has no words (a» 1 have seen) to have it repected. A leaser, but not unimportant mcaii.^ of relief for worrimcnt of the mouth during teething, is the use of rubier rings, bits of ivory, ete., smooth and firm, but too large to swallow, for the child to bite upon. When there is much heat of the mouth, a soft rag filled with pounded ice will, in snmmer ti'ne, do the moHt giKxl. At no time is it more needful than (hiring dentition, to be very care- fi.l about the fowl which the child takes. Indigestion is a very i»mmou exciting cause of convulsions. SUMMER DANGERS. In our American cities hoi weather kills more young children than any other cause. liook at the woekly record of deaths in New York or Philadelphia, an<l you will find that every degree of noon temperature above 95° costs 8con« if not hinidreds of little lives. In those cities, about one-half of the deaths of childi-en in the first year of life, and nearly one-third of thoee in the second year, take place in June, .luly^ and August. Hiffh heed; crowding, fiUh, and unsuitable fowl, conspire against chil- dren in the summer homes of the city poor. But the rich may suffer also, from excessive heat, town air, and improper diet, for their children ; and these causes produce many cases of summer complaint, or " cholera infantum." Whoever, of our city families, can take their infants out into the conn- try, during their first, second, and tliinl sumniere, for the months of June, July, August, and September, ought to do it. With those who cannot, the next best thing is to take or send them out on frequent ex- cursions, on land or water, and to have them often in the open parks or tquares; for as much pttre, cool air as they can get. It is the best pre- ventive, and often the best curative, of summer complaint For those who are obliged to live in the crowded itatia of towns or night undr^ It. spong^Tt td put IT r /T '""'■ '*^ '""'«• ^^* thoroughly air the dav-i-lothmll i ^" . '"" ™"""* ^ °ff«'^e^, U^eclL'diapenJlllTC'lltr^' ••'^'""■"^ *''« »'«'•»• the num;rv or in the sittinir^v^n, ''^'" ''"^ * ^''"^ »»e in without fin,t w,lhl„g il ^ ' '""' '"'*"■ "^ """ ^- « --"d time never give it any miriu Sr , ^''""* "'^ "*'^'"* "♦ « phy«Vinn, by p...™« ™b„iSdtTuMr°r,r- ?^ "'/"' """"• 194 8VMMSR DAlfOtMa. i ^ enoogh, die moot not weiui the child, but give it, be^iden the bniaflt, goat's or cow'8 milk, iw preiwred under Rule 8. Nurae the child once in two or three houre «lurinR the day, and a» Beldom an posBible during the night. Always remove the child from the breast an ff*M as it has fidlen asleep. Avoid giving the breast when you are over-fatigued or overheated. RtOe 7.— If, unfortunately, the «hild must be brought up by hand, it should bo fed on a milk-diet alone, and that, warm milk out of a - nursing-bottle, as directed un«lcr Ru'e 8. Goat's milk is the best, and next to it, cow's milk. If the child thrives on this diet, no other kind of food whatever ahmiUl be r/ivcii whiU tlie hot weather Uuti. At all seasons of the year, but especially in summer, there is no safe substitute for milk to an infant that has not cut its front teeth. Sago, atrote-rool, potatoe*. corn-flour, eraeken, breml, every patented food, and every artiele of diet containing ttnreh, cannot <nul muxl not be dei>ended on om food for very young infants. Creeping or walking children miU not be allowed to pick up unwholesome food. ItfOe 8.— Each bottlcful of milk xhould !)•• swcetentxl by a small lump of loaf-sngar, or by half a t«i>*|VN)nful of cnwliwl sugar. If the milk is known to be pure, it may have one-fourth imrt of hot water a»lded to it; but, if it is not known to bo pure, no water neetl l)c addetl. When the heat of the weather is great, the milk may be given quite cold. Be sure that the milk is unskimmed ; have it as fresh as posHible, and bnnight very early in the morning. Rjfore using the pans into which it is to be iKUired, always scald them with Iwiling suds. In very hot weather, boil the milk as 8<»n as it «)mes, and at once put away the vessels holding it in the coolest place in the house— upon ice if it ran be afforded, or down a well. Milk carelessly allowed to stand in a warm room soon spoils, and becomes unfit for food. Ruk 9.— If the milk should disagree, a tablespoonful <»f lime-water may be added to each bottleful. Whenever pure milk cannot be got, try the condensed milk, which often answers admirably. It is sold by all the leading druggists and grocers, and may be prei»red by adding, without sugar, one teaspoonful, or more, according to the age of the child, to six tablespoonfuls of boiling water. Should this disagree, a teaspoonful of arrow-root, of sago, or of corn-starch to the pint of milk may be cautiously tried. If milk in any shape cannot l)c digested, try, for a few days, pure cream diluted with three-fourths or three-fifths of ^ater — returning to the milk as soon as possible. Ruk 10.— The nursing-bottle must be kept perfectly clean; otherwise the milk will turn sour, and the child will be made ill. After each meal It should be emp nnsec «.t;'i,-^t ::.:":.,;?'.«:';", ^"^ ■^"■^ •■' •""■« "- '■■■• part, outofainirHiiii».l.n«l, . i !■ , . ""^ ""'"» "'«"«ii a in often save the life of a S.l 7 ^ T"" '''■'""^' '* "'""« «'» child i. over «ix n.«„th 1^ "?"^'"« ^'''^ '"'^"'^ ^^'ho,. ,he «ivin,ito„«„;Lr^ :'i; :,2; r tt ^'^ «^"'»*^'' '->• eight months to a v.,.r M i m„v . ^ "'"^'"K-'-ttle. When from whieh stale b««„l ha. I^.u^ iL u^;" 7, "•"'^"-'•"'th in«o have a little meat finelv ,.,!,«"!.' . "'' *'""' "'"' '* ™" p-ciHi^.,and,.otLh';:::;':,X::;4:Ut" ""-'' '^ '•- WXSTIPATION OP THE BOWEI^ m CHILDREX taken); or «W. «,.,, " /!?7 a "'^ ^'* " "'''*** ""<! •^"■'•y «-« (H.sba„d'« or H;nrv^rltTmav'V "' ''" 1"" ''"•^' '"«^- IM OMKAT lotfOMrtrr. 1 GREAT LONGEVITY. Lurned Biblit*! wlwlam w* not agreed w to the true renderii^ of the sa<uuut of the ugot «.f the Fatrianb. iwntioued in the Book of UeiicMU. Some ..f them hold that by the term w.miiumly tnii»lmt«l " yeaw " are meant |ieriwlM eath ,.f not iwvre than three nionthn. It however, altORethir ..>n.*ivahle that during the fronh vigor of the yoi of the human rw* life wa« m.K-h Im.ger tlmn now. " Tlir»H*H,re yew* and ten" are mentioned in the 8iTipture« tm, in SiJon.onH ti.nc, wliut would be called the " expectation " of human life. Y.-t, apart from the commonly undemtocKl rentnrieH of Methuselah and otliern, gcx-l r«wou exiata for believing tliat, at iti. early be«t, the longevity of man ought to have l«en at leant two hundred yearn ; ami that i.ow it ou(?ht to be, under the m.iHt favorable i-onditionn and i\nwmUxmv>i, n hundml i/mri. Actually, nowackvs, not more than al)out one in 3000 or 4000 pe.»p!e bom 18 a oeutenariaii; while, of every lOtH) bom, from 150 to 200 die in their firet year, and from 250 to 400 under five yeara of age ,^ the average duration of ho an life being under, or perhaps now aUmt, forty ^*B*. Farr, a noted English authority, says that if one could watch the mareh of 1,000,000 people through life, the following result would b« obeer>-ablc: Nearly 150,000 will die the first ymr, 53,000 the He.«nd year 28,000 in llie tliir.1 year, ami le* than 40<J0 in the thirteentli year. At the end of forty-five years 500,000 will have di«l. At the end of Hixty years ii70,(m will l)e still living; at the end of eighty years, 97,000; at eighty-five years, 31,000, and at ninety-five yeani, 2100. At the end of one hundred years there will be 223, and at the end of one hundred and eight years there will be but one survivor. Tradition, beginning in the obscurity of antiquity, gives a considera- ble list of men and women said to have exceeded a century of longevity. Among these were Hippocrates, "father of medicine," 100 years; Haint Anthony, 105; James the Hermit, 104; Saint Jerome, 100; Simeon Stylites, 109; Cardinal de Sales, 110; De Belloy, Archbishop of Fans, 100; Kenti-era (St. Mongali), 185!Ephraim Pratt, of Slmtesbury, England, 117; his son, Michael Piatt, lOT; Henrv Fruncisco, in this country, 140. One record published in l.ng- land names the following also : Robert Pooles, of Tyross in Ireland, 116 (died in 1742) ; Mary Power, aunt of R. I^lor Sheil, 116 ; David Ker- rison, a soldier of our Revolution (died 1852), 117 ; Uml t^hicken !), of Holdemess, England, 120 (died 1722); Charles Cottrell, of Phila. delphia, dying {im) 120 years old, lea a wife 115, thcj- havmg hvod uroiKtrM, 197 » wiie, 00 yean a widow, dm) (1728) 120 vt«» nl-l . Wiii- u^'*" who fought .t the .««!« of L ft V : Sn 1 m . ^!'^' « iiuK,TiU«| with he imme of KliwUth Ix-wm, dvin^ in 1715 nx^idHUmeWnoIlv I 'V*^™'*'""^ '" Conway ohun-hyanl In .Wu„l H-K another a.,.,„„t). J.,„h. Uwrnu* nwhclTrmi «.h.M 140th ytur; theCountt-* Khx^<„,, a, ,K«„, „,„„., ,"',,""' "iwemy, 1^1; fontontllo, Secretary uf the \(flil..niv um • u • Other instanoes, le* notwl, have lKx.n those of Keziah Smith of Vir tunc .}» Ra,.hol Byer,«.i,| to Ik- living in Iowa, in 1866 uTl Canad.an unter and ,„ide in Kan... ,.4' Ka..n .. ^^^lZ{. T'^ traveller, dyinir in l«7r> ino. /• t ■ „ «""■"%, a great Penna., vho L in 18 '4 n r^" . ' "^ ^^""'"^ ^*"""»>' m:» j" "leri in 18,4, 111; Mary IxK]iiaire, native of San D.i- Airs. Helen Hunt Jaek«,n des<.ribetl in the a,rM„„ V,L, i„ i«si a woman named Eume^ia, whom she vi.sit«l in the f W:^ i S who was she. on ^ evidence to have been born in 176^ ' W. J. Thorns, F 8 A., of I^ndon, pubbshal in 1873 an es«.y on the gr«.t ages ascribed by common report to Henn- Jenkins TW ' P-^and the Co«nte.<« of D««no„d, Ivc mentSneJ S^" buwe^-er, at W five centenarians: Jane Chasset«.u Williams, ofto -' IM HOW TO II TK 1.0X0. doe, 1739-lMl ; WHllwn Phnk, nf Englwid, 1767-1887; Jacob W. Liming, i^ HWK.VW, 1787-1»7(»; (3»thi.ritie Rle.i, of Eoglwid, nnd D«vid Rcnulc, of Hf.<luml. Hm revi«*« in th.' Nfw Y.h-W .V.rf.oH, nimtUtm al*. nevcn iiutl»sutHiiU«l iuMtaiKi*: K.wr llnrvanl gmlu«t«H Dr E. A. Holvokc, Timothv Kiirrar, Httri.|M)n Mi'ltw Blowem, awl Dr. E«aGr«n,Diuit.| WaMo, MdiiraM.^ Iktrk.r I'iimr, amJ Ann. Him|»- wm Dix. Sir Mimw M.mtefli*f, the wroltliy ttii«l Um«voleiit fcngli-h I»raeHU.,w now Hving (18M5) iii l.i« liuiulredtl. yiur; ami Chevwul, the mwt Fr«nth .hciniHt ami |*>f.*«.r -till .leliv.-m U-ture*, although certainly more than nlnrty-four y.<arH ol.l, a.»-onliiig t.. ..ne ac-onnl nearly nim»ty-nine. Shall • - wi«h l..i.g.'r life to tlami ? • Vcrv grmt ago i- Htwn«ly to U- wi4u^l for, m* many aru it* privatioiw ami infirmitiw. Yet, with oil llu- aii|.li.m.t.H of .Mir n»o.leru civilixation, it may now bo made more tolerahle than ever before. HOW TO LIVE I/)NO. No one of the venerable ••on.pivny ..f th.w^ who have mirviveH n hun- dred yeara baa left IxJiind .ny Hp«-ial mret of long liie. t All that we • Th« f.)llowl»g \» twm • Phllwlelphi'* .Isily |«|>er ..f ISM: A LivKi,y CtXTri«AMiA«.-Mir.H«bni(iil.l«.. wl.-mc ro.i.tvm'. at Norw.««l, R. r. «m beyond the nwrnory of the ol.|«t inh.bil»nt, ha«, «s,.rdiiw «" the rm.r.1, hiii«hed iUr.HJhandredth ye.r. 8h. Iiv« J.«.. d.«. .11 her own h.mM,w.,rk «*. »o«I for her own fire, «ul bring, it on her \»ck from the wu-.U She 1. . "•^»; "-"'Y J the Bible .nd religion. b.^.k^ re-uU wlthont gl«*«, end i. .lw»y. m«ly to .x|«tUa. upon «.y Pa-age of Hcripture. which .he .JU.n d.«. to th..« imtheml .r.Hmd her. Hhe kihe iJt onTgenemtion. She h«. hurie.1 two .i.ten., VMh^r ,ly.n« «t th. .ge of one hundred ye*™, wid H«nu«h «t nearly the name age. Ai renuirkable, at a m>u,ewhat earlier age. wa. the .t.tcn.ent ra«le m the .uinmer of 1881, that Capiain John W. Andrew^ of Snmter; Sonth Carolini^ the n"'^'y;'h™e Tear old H«»"«n, who .t.rte.t to walk to B.».t.m, arrived m that rlty from lUrtford by rail. On reaching Hartford, whert- h* gave np H^alkmg, he had made .00 mile, on foot, at an avtrage rile of i'l mile, fer day. . • . t Hora.» Binnev, of I'hila.lel,.l.ia, who live,! .....re than ninety yearn, «,.d .n an.wer to a .,"e.tion on the ...l.jct, " I have never taken any M»,^T«." Ite n.eant, pro .hly^ that he wa, never in a hurry, an.1 nndertook nmhing beyond h.. .trengtl. \V.ll.«n Cnllen Bryant, the poet, who die.1 in c«n«M,ucn« of an amdent '" »'" "'f^^y-f"""; year, wrote thu. of his habil. when about «!venty-.ix : " I n« early, at th.. time of year (March) about half-past five; in .ummer, half an hour or even an hour earher. I begin Immediatelv, with little incumbrance of clothing, a «rie. of exercue. designed to «pand the cheJt. etc Thc« are performed with dnmlvbell^ mth • poU^ a hori^ xontal^. and a light chair swung around my head. Afker a fuU hour p«ed in th. manner, I bathe fW)m h««i to foot . . . . My breakfast is a «mpl. one-hommy and n.:lk, or. in place of hominy, brown bread or oatmaal, and, m the .wson, baked sweet uraiKiTM. 199 fl. Reirt, If y.Hi (tin, whf.i linil, ami »l«.i, whin hI.vi.v. An.l • DOMESTIC MEDICINE. •CAUSES, NAT.BE. AND SIo.. oF „J«KA8B. REMEDIES. NURSIKG. SPECIAL DISEASES. ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES. POISONING. OLD AGE AND DEATH. 201 i I 1 \ OROANS OF TDK CUKkT AKO A1UK>MKS. Aort«. I'liliiionary Arterr. innoiiiiimtt' Arti.TV. Left Canatil Artery. r>. lA'fl Sut«'l«vlan Artery. «. Viim Ciiva 7.. \xf\ Vena limumiimta. 8. Kivht ^'eiui luuuuiiuaUi. H. I. 1,. It HfHrt. l^irvnx. l.iVC-l. Uall Bladder. 3I.SI. Oilnn. st.imnoh. -mall Intwtln** I^A.RT I. CAUSES, mUM, Am SIGNS OF DISEASE. WHAT IS DISEASE' '•ealth, „„d obeyed £ a lit" 'I , "^''T'' "" *''^ '--"*' tl.oasiiudyeaiv,, withers nJ!„ T" t '^ tree, though it live a on the breeze, hav-, set terms Z^Vf I ^\^^'' 'J'^""^'-"l »^^-t timting organism is Urn, .lit Tn'/i t .'''■ f " «'"■" "^ ""-' -'-t«vef only, i.s immortal. "'^ ^'"■""^'''^^ °" ^^'^Ptio" J hi. spirit, n-nl^^ trt^.^"tZ^^"-- - mi,h, p«.ibl, well-condu,.ted all thr„ud. fT " ■ "' "" ^'"•'*'''^'>' ^^■'■'* «»d '-« from the .... t 2 'tl an ? ' T """'"' «"*-'>' ^--^ <-o-///<*- "on.; mauy'thoa4 d ud Zr , T """' ''^''' -^"^ "^ ''-'- ^y :.n !:::r^r^:i tit:!'' t: "'"^^"^^"' - ^^^ '-- round it. uunk of it. A aS I' " f ''" ^"^' '^''' ^"'- «top ite motion at once aTIi^ -l '," T'"^ '"*'^ ^''« ''«»« n.ight the side of the nec-lc wS' ,et1i L'- ''" '"^'^ "^-^""g « «"-" tnl/in a few drops of pru.ssL J5 t " '"■ "'""'"'*' °'' """»*-• O^b' electriclig^t wire j^t o^ Zl^'^'r ''^ ^""^"^' "'^ «^^-* W^arealm.ttheii,e.to?:LtJr;i^^^^^^^^^^ '"^ '•-'-- disease? ^'^"^ ^^' "^"'^ of disease. What is ^'^ZT^ll^^^Z 7f^ ^7 ^ '^ *°''^- There may the body. 'M^e tlan llrr^^ tT;:' ^' " *'^ ^"^ "^^"^ «' taat men reaii^ an3, however; because cow^oo- 203 'li I i! }■ ! I i I i ■ 204 DOMSSTtC MEDICIKS. tiom of diseaaes ot«ur, and each orgun, or the general Bystem, may be out of sorts in a large niun))er of different ways. First, it will lie well for iw to coiwi«ler wluit vuiken the hotly, or i>art« of it, get out of onlor; in other wonls, let u« give some brief atteutiiMi to what medical writers call Etiology. CAUSES OF DISEASK These may be stated together, thus : as causes which are- Hereditary; examples (though nU alu-ayn inherital), c«iiMimption, gout, epilepsy, cancer. Functional : that is, depending uiKin the action, either too great or too little, of one or more of the organs, or ..f the IkxIv generally. Ex- amples: over-exertion, over-excitenicnt, l(«i of sleep; or, on the other baud, want of exercise. Mechanical : as wounds or injuries of various kinds, tight-hicing, etc. Conditional ; as extremes of heat or cold, sudden changes of tem- perature, dampness of dwellings. Digestive : as poisoning, unwholesome food, intemperance, abuse ot medicine ; and, on the other hand, starvation. , , . Obstructive : as negknt of the bowels, uncleanliness of the skin, ill ventilation. Contagious : ns small-ixix, it<h, hydrophobia. Atmospheric : as autumnal fevers, yellosv fever, .-holei-a.* Hebeditaby Diseasr We often see consumption affecting several n.eml,er8 of the same family through several generations. The «ime is true of uisamty. Gout is many times transmitted from fatlier to .s(,n, but seldom to a third generation. Epilepsy, also, does not often extend to grandchildren, nor does cancer. Each of these diseases may come tcWmtt inheritance. Then, we «ui sometimes, though not always, find at least a partial ex- planation of their origin otherwise. ,., , ^ . Not all (if there be several) children in a family are likely to have the inheritable disease. Perhaps all may escape it; now and then it comes again in iJmr children, having skipped a whole generation. Children are not 6orrt with transmitted diseases; except syphilis, . Critical readem will oteerve that this inclusion differs f""" !"«*"' P°P"!"°P^ ion; but the diflerence u the result of deliberate conviction, after much study of tb. wlqect. CAUSES Of DJSEASB. 306 Sometimes eJic inherit«l t-iint : • , .^/v ? • ill inliuHT. i^^-'-'^^'it of tlmr nervou.s systems, ami oftt,, die tious,lh,m«.WM,/U, „"t lir "'T''^ ''•^" "''"'*' l'«i'"'''' I-' ««1I«I "the great toJn; 1 ' r '." >" '"'""' "'""^ '' ""'^ vic«.,with ,Towde<J aiul uikCI 1 "y*"'"*^' '"^'^'"J'*'™"*. «"d other "P this; nowhere won^ ^ ^^^ .a^t'T T"' ■^'"•-""•''•"^-. -l^e York ; which have, i„ i^^^'^^ *'^'r"-»-''""- of Xew of that city. Latterlv by " 1 .?'„ •''' '"'"■" "'"" ''""" •''*^' '""rtalitv Functional Causation Our exam,,It« of this, above give,, need littlo f ^. Over-exertion, nay ,>r,Hl,„^.oxha,.st^nT- '^^"^'"''" """*''''• nmyend in death. Or .hor onil J "''' '? " P^*^^" ^^''--^ '""^^e, w«.kn..s slow to ,. HH ; , ■^' 'r r-^ '" '^-">'''>t on a .tat., of i^ le. ea,.bie of re^isti,.: ,m Zs j "!'' '^ T' "T'-'^'' "'^ "-'^ A:r,W,>. .^,„,, „,,,. ;^ " ^'^ "''''•^'"«' tl'an when in full vigor. Wh.Ht is ..mn.o„lv so .dl«l i mthe L Jff"^ 7 ''''" " '"""'"" '^«"-^'' repose, to ordinary health But tn . . ^"^^ '■*^*"™' '^"^^S^ -ent,nayp«xluce'eittr^„i^^^^^^^^ ir«m-r:rA««^</o«. La« oSl , "^'^'f '"'"• '"^«"%. «>■ Prolonged Hanlly any one c.n^vive d'nri^^^^^^^^ ^"'^""^^^ «-'' ^^'^- g- wesK would finish nit«t people's lives. 2fM] DOMSSTIC MBDiOISa. 1 n u J! t ' :( ; i Mbchamcal Injuriks. We will coiwider th«« nftor awhile; broken linibf., displaced jointB, wouikK etc. Under Hygiene, we have neen hfiw tight-lacing is a me- ('hHllif^rtl miweof intcrrii|)tii>ii X» tiie right iM-tioa of the lungs nnd heart, <n»wding th«»i»! and otiier organi into too wnull a t^\m\\ I'mitim of (he IxHJy ui'tM nitdianic:illy, («inietinicH, in priMnoting itrtain nuiiuditft. Whoever iH predisjHxntl (o aiM>i)lexy, iw ei*i)ceially liable t« luive an attack while HtcKtping, or lying with tiie hiwl low. Conditional Causes. By theHC wc ineini higii Iksit, great cold, danijineHM, Kudden change* and partial exi»o«nit« of the Ixxly to either extreme, and electrind influ- ences; these la»t l)eing ven,' little uudenitoiKl. SiitiMrokf is a familiar aecitlent in warm < limatt-s. Coltl-*lroke ih leas common, but I have known it to \k almost iw wudtlen a« the opposite. 0)iUinued heat predi8p)«e« to disorderw of the livn; utomach, and bowek. Cold, with dampuexn, promotet* afl'eetions of the lungs and other organs within the dieid. (Mching cold: what is it? For example ; one eome« in warm from exeroit<<? on a spring or antumi) day, taki-s off" \m coat, and sits down near a window to "«-«h)1 oft"." Ilis fkin is relaxed and moist witii per- hpiration, whoBC evai)oration, under the window-bnx-ze, go«* on rapidly. Suppise the breeze to blow on his Imek, l)etwcen his shoulders. Th(d jwrt is «-ooled more than the rest of his Ixxly. Ilx blood-vessels and (skiu-pores contract under the cooling process, «letJiining the i)ei-spiration and driving the blood inward from the stirface. Some of the wast* matter which the skin would have throwu off by sweating, but for this chilling, is now k'-pt in the blonl. If there be, then, a wi-ak or sus- ceptible part within the chest (bronchial tulies, lungs, plenr.i, or heart) i7 suffers from overloading with bKwd and wa'<te material ; and we have a bron>-hilii>, a ptmimonia, a ptenrmi, or an injtammation of the heart. Among these, the first is the most frequent, and the last the least so; but even it dt»es sometimes happen, esixfially in a rhfumidic prson. DlOl'STIVE MORBIP CaI'SES. Ingedive would be the more exact term ; as some things taken into the stomach (/. e., ingested), as poisons, for example, are not digested. Food, however, may have to do with producing sickness, in several ways. Excess of food may cause indigestion at the time ; or, if often re- peated, habitual indigestion — called dyspepsia. A less amount of excess or superfluity may bring on an overfuhiess of rich blood in the system — pleAora. o^vaas or DisKAas. ^^ t.ou of iWrA, Htarvation will 1^^^. ."''"";"■'• ^'^'""' f"-'v»- WiellOUt .lirti,.„hy. -^ "" '" '•> """S-* *V|....|, o,Ju.w .«.. .li,,^, <>»■ tilt" .Ii.^m|,.w i.i^hIiic^I 1,v !„i ,, «-r>'« or '/'■//w,«,;^.,,,i:" ;^ T^;';-"'-- "-'t ii.,uon„; „:„,,: f - on^nie troubles. In oCmn : 1 '' ''""'"".' '""' "''""• 'V-v- tJie habit of drinking al..J. I^'Z " , '"" "' ''"' ""'"" '' J''-'^*; - tlmt its «nbje...t .L.i bntlT Tl """^ "-'•l-v-i"g tl.o wil,,' «•«"/«. "*'"• ^ '""'« -^^'''f times Milled ,„,y;i^ O'WTittXTiVE Caisks. ^v.-rytliin^r tJmt intorfi-r.^ with tl.o ..|«. • U".lerHygiene.itlJu;, ;,," r r '""'•^ '*' "'J"- iH-ahh. '•f carried to a crtain extn^n,. b7sL iT''- "'" ^'"^ ^'■" «^ '•"«> various kinds. The 81^^,;^' '''"'' '' '""""'"''^ ^^^^ of "-t deaths from Hca^'tf "l' Z!,'" ""^ ^•'^>- -'>"'' -i" ^''ow the «ueh disonle« an, p..va lin" n,„;f //' T ^V™'" ^''«'^"'' -»- ""purity. UndeanL.^ ^'i^^^^t Z "m '^ '''^" '""""P*'-- certain and serious degn.. ^l^^L TZ ^" T'' "^">- *" » '«« I'eadac-he, and dys,.,!,; nowTn?;! , ^^"'^ '''»''•'' *« «^tiveness, «''"-''h "my endanU ii 1- or m J ? "^"T """'"*'"'« (''"P'"'^' <^'0XTAGI0N. blood, or, ,t, loM „,^„ u^ . . ■°'' >'™" of Uie di«««, i„(.j fc 208 OuMKHriV MSDICINil. the only diseoMM (exrapt hmiuc vcn- tintimimou ou^w Ukeu iVoni aui- ituil») tluit an< ifitaitilif i-ontuKiou^. Soiiu- ittherH un> HU|ipuiiMl by nmuy |MH>ple, iiic'ludiiig u ttrtuiii iiiitulicr of phyMiciniiM, to be ho; Intt a dit- ieivnt fxpluimtiitii U iiiori! pntliubly cornvt. Infection: Atm<i«I'HEKIc Caiwation. Certttin idatvit, ut |iurticulur UmeH, uru inik-tMl with iiiitlad'ics which attiu'k a K"*'*"" '"■ '***• ihuuIht of thone liviiifj or vixiting there. Soinu or thuM! diiH:aM«4 urt- Muid to Ik> endemic ; timt is, they are hoiited to quit<> clearly dcHiicd pliiccM. So, aijue and uiitiniitml biliout* or remUtem freer aiv foiiiul to previiil in some ucighlxirhoodH, every fall and Hpring; while other jtlatieH, ]M:rha|iH not more than a mile diMtunt, are clear of them. \'(itow fertr \> an endemie dimu-H! of the vicinity of the w'a-<'Ottt«t of Culw, while the higher n-jjions of the same island an' friH' fnnn it. itidtrit i« emlcmic oidy in Hinda><tan, ni>ar the IwinkM of the Gani^ft river. When these, or any other diseoseM, overi>anH limitctl places, and either at I me time or one after another fall u|¥)n many KKfllities, they are said to Ite epidemic. Yellow fever i« often epidemic ; ajine and renut- tent fever bnt ran'ly ho. Clioleni, once in wvi'ml years, s(art.«( out fitjm India, and (raveln, montly w^ifttwanl, over land and sea. Thus it liao reached, in turn, nt-arly ivery oart ;if the world excepi the cold polar regions, haviiifj t-ven pme ax \\\- • nth an Finland ami Nortln;rn Ktu«ia. Alitioxftlurir tnuisiniKsidn oi ' wd infei-tioii i.» reii'<onal>ly supixMed to (((••rur with the cjnisi's of these iliswiw-s, Ikxuum*' it is chiefly throu);h the air that human Unlies can l)e influenttxl by the cowliHons of pkuxn. But it must be «M)nfesstHl that our knowledge of the causation of endemie and epidemic maladies is, as yet, imjx^rfect. Some physicians believe fffphoid fever to be always produce*! by a persmial transmission of a specific poisonous material iwssing from the Iwwels of a jMitient having tlie iliseaw;. This tlepemlcnce upon })crsonal iransniseion I am cjuite sure does ni>t exist. Cholira is thought by a lai-ge number of medical writei's to Ix' likewise extended only from j)ei>i<Hi to |)ersou, the conta- yitrn existing in the diselmrgCH from the liowels. An over^vhelming numl>er of fact** disprove th-s popular thwrv. Plague was once universiUly, an<l is now generally, believed to be extremely contagious. The weight of evidence is in favor of its being only endemic, or locally infedimui. Few physicians now consid":.- yellow fever to be personally contagious. Places and tJiitufs (ships, for exam- ple) receive, hold, and give out to susceptible persons, the " poison " which causes this mostly tropical disease. h}rff8ij)elaD and puerperal fever cannot be positively said never to lie eitcuJed froin one pereou to another. Transwninsion by contact under "Ttain cin.uri«ton«« (wl.i,.h „„,i., . , or .....4 epE'a:;' j::: tT '•'" *■?'""""« "'^- --'••.. theory of D.Ws..." ^ ' " '"=" "'"•'' '^ nill.tl tl.o " (ii.„„ THKORV OF DISEASR-CJKHMS '•■^"itum, visible to tl.e nak.l ,';, n """ '"'"">'' <" tl.e .s„,all..t r""r "-»>«>..„.„, in/WMtsriWi,. Jl^i/'V!"""'' '■" """^'-'- that of ...an about as a .s,„rn,w to h" S 2 " ^''"T '"*' '"'"'•""- '" grows on it« ^fe. of the Jitdea ,. .. ,"^' "'"' '^' ""- «''->l' ^red he.,,,,, that their sii't:':;H ''"^ ^--nhoek di.s..- the hon.. The ...ore the mU-r,JThjt '""' "" '^' '"^ "«'' the naseen world, a differ,...^ i„ 1? " 7 "" ""."""'^ '""> Pla-U^ -f ti'e herring ami the whale ^'"""^ ^""''•'"- '" 'hat betw^-n f iit:;:s-tr^,:t::^';i^7f-p^^^ «-. f?'^ beings. Among th^t^'is tf 7' '•' ''"* '" *''« """^ find exceedingly fey. that Ls^Tfil !■ "»'^'^i>ic world, we 11 tio DOMKtriC MKUiCINK. to even the low«.t cIm. of tbo ft-nin ; only tin, U.w.*t ,.l»nt foniiM. wbk-b we iwiuUly d«.igiwt« M «\m «"«' «■"'*!. '"'■"» »'»« ''""'^^'' "^ ""**"*• of the invWhle wwrUh . . " But the more the mwr «oniiuti««i of nii.rom-o|.u- orKSumnw w wui- pliAeil tlw fewtr api^nr «o Iw the .ImmcterwtU-H whUh w. twily «t'|Hirttt« plant-'aiKl animaU in the vi.il.l.- w..rKl. The iufum.rm an- wantiUK m miwle awl iwrv, while v»-*iU uii.l l.nulhinn oinaiw arc v.ry luilier- f«<|y devt'Io|M^I. On the ..th.r hund, ini.r.iHe„|»ic piautx »how iwle- pendent .n..venu.iU, au.l even ornuim of inovei.ient, hu.Ii a^ we are .rtily imwtonml to «ml in aninmk in the v.n low.^l or^.n.mH, anmu»l-| and phuit* Bi.p.«r U. run unto .«.h .rth.r,und tlie natnrnltm im ni doubt to whieh of tl.e two kin»»loum he Khali a^igu the r-ulih-t of Iiih u.v.-h- tiinttioni*. . , ^ " But the HuialleHt, and at the «une tinu- the nnnpU^t aiHl lowi-nt. .-. .11 living- fonm, we ndl llavhrUu They fonn the lK,undary !me ot life- hcyoml then, life d.K* not exi.t, ho fur at h«Ht .w "ur pr«-nt mieU^pif exp.Hlient« rt^.h ; an.l tht«. an- not Huudl. The Htr«nK«'Ht of our magnifying leiineH, the immersion HVHtem ol Hurtnwk, (jivw a nmitnifving ,H.wer of fn.m :«MH) to HMH Wlimneters ; and .•..uid we view a man under «uh a leiu., he w.rt'd.1 ap|M,,r an iar>;e .i. M..nt Ulan.-, or even (•himl.orar.... But even under thin .-.l.^^d an.plifu-at.on the smull.^t U«-teriado not ap|«.r larger than the iH.ints and .•ommas of ^hhI print. Of their internal uirt« little or n.-thing i« to Ik- .listiuKumhe.!, and even theirexistcnce would for themo^t part remain hidden,did they n..tl.vem Bueh gregarious ma«8e«. Thene snudleMt l«eteria n.ay he eo.ni«red w.th nmn alnmt 88 a grain of wind to Mont Blane. ^If it is important on their own a<...u«t to learn to know these snmllest and at the same time simplest of organmms then wd our :«! be iner«.s«l through the knowlcl,. that just ''-'tt^e forms a« of the verv greatest n.oment; simv they, w.Ui u.v«.ble, yet ,r«. sistihle ,K.wer;g..vern the most in.,..rtant p..KWs of an.nuUe and inaninmte nature; and even sei.* on the U-ing ot ..mu se.-retly, but at the same time fatally. , „ ".The forms of the l«n-teria resemble sometimes balk or eggs, some- timc-s shorter or longer nxls or fibres, and someti.nes cork-screws c»r screws. The bodies consist of an almost e<,lorK«s al >«nunou8 substance, in which numerous shining, fatty g ranules are imlKKlded,* and wh.eh . Some of tW gnuiules hTve recentlybeen found to oon»«t of cryrt.Ulne sulphur fC.™ COHN) ^ey h.ve been ol»ened in M««a, OUnii, Ba^rm S.Jphuraty'n, S " .he^fff^L Se. of B.^a.0., which l..Ur nre fou.Hl mo- f^^^^ •™ „,,, ^,,j-4,,„ ,:u«^here th« ,.'- . -n»t ,-6U in the ellm.n.Uon of «ilphur, «xi the diiiengi«ement of tulphuretted hydrogen (.MaoswJ- '•^''0/,rorDfSKA>,t.OKXMS. Ww. ' ^ "•" '''-^''W"'-!' I"..!!. r.«|, Hl,r... am/ *,,.* " NViirly all luMfci-in ihimmw »« lu- "f ye.«t «.||« „,i,,,. ..,„. kil..^,n.n..;.*",V ,'"■"""""' "*• ♦^^•^'<V^^' vuh «uitaWe f..,, ,.,, ,^. ;, • "• "-.v a.v in ,.„., ,,,« H||., t«re.,ty-ro,n- h„„^. ov.-r o„. | . "'"?'" '""'•'•'•"•Im.I, i„.i,|,. „f. thenMv.. K, tl„. ,„„;„,. ,,. " 'I'"'- .. a.r or „,,t„r . ,j„., ,,,„.j, ;^e« cleco.n,..ai„., ..-n.,.,;;:. .:-;"" ''-lop i.. ,..„^, .,..,. ;» -■"-, it will ,,,,,.„, ;,;-;' r,'"-'- ;;".'.;.ai o,- v..,.,aM,. ,!,„,,•, t''e .same ti,„e the\ „t3"r '" '"''"'f''*'''^^'^- «'' tlu'uator- 1 ^fter a tia.e the thick„.« ,,Cp" 'r^' ^ f ;"*^' "'-"■•-l ...n.l,ination«. ^lorless, the „,^„ie material^ , '" '™^'''" '^^>"'«« "'ear and ^■thout motion „h white «edimen ' If !?' ""f ^"^ "" *'"' '-«om ■ ■ • ---_ '' '"PP^-^ «<■ °"Wtive nwte. • A ki,og«„.^ i. . ,„^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^-— ^- 212 DOMES TIC MEDICINS. I rial be added to the Hui<l, putreiaction and tho multiplication of badtej, which are not dead, but in a state of tempora-y repose, arc seen to begin wimt follows is taken fniiu an article written by myself for a penod- ictil designed for general readers : * Firet as these minute forms are so conuuon, how can we ever get ric of them " The Italian Spallanzani ascertained, in the last centur)-, Oiat a lK,ili»K hc-at, followed by exchu^ion of the air, will pi-eveut putrefac- tion in animal or vegetable materials. Count Apport, ot K ranee n,v plied this method many ye.ii>* .450 to prot«-t meat, vcg.>tables, ef., tn.m spoiling; ""J ""^^•' "" t'"^ '^""^ i^'"''"''''"' *''""T'' "^•'""r,"'r. ";■ ^^ted yearly in the *-anning of fruits, and, indeed, ol almost all knuls of perishable food. . « .1 1,. • If a glass flask, op., at the top, is filkHl with an anunal or vegctabl. mixtu,^, and then lK,ile.l (or even subjcc-tc.l for s<Mne lime to a hmt shor of iH^iling), and the mouth of the flask is, while st.il hot, melted mu neaW together, it is know.., a..d n.ay l« shown by the '"™!^'';'"; „o nrin,haetena a.. c...taiu«l in it. They are Hlways k.lled by a h.g heat. But, withont melting a..d sealing the mouthof the flask, bach, .a may be, after cooking, kept o.lt by a ping onhorouffhh, iieanxed voffr.u And, simpler still, in 186:?, Pasteur, the .n...t cn.i.,ei,t .nv.^t.gator .n this field, found it sufficient to soften the glass neck of the flask by heat without melting it, and to hen.l it into a hon*-shoe shape wiA he mouth down. Gravitacion in the atmosphere w.ll then prevent particles, living or dead, from getting into the flask. When itwasdis<-oveml that shutting out all hv.ng minute organ.sraB (fungi, bK^eria, ...icHK^xvi, spirilla, a..d spo..«) coi..cidc.l with the al,- Lce of fcrn.entati(m a..d putrefaction, nothi..g was ....m> n.itural tl.a.. to infer that these minute oi-ganisms are the mme. ol those changes whenever thev occur. , Ix,nge«t kn«.wn has l>ee.. the s,v.«il«i aln.hol ferment, yeast-plant tor^Jn ^saecharovu/re. rn-rrUin: This is ahvays fou..d ,^nt m yeast when examined by the aid of the micwop.. Its an.az.ng power ol multiplication was mention«l in the accou..t above extracted from Dr. ^ trore minute but exceedingly numerous are the vegetable organisms called SchizoplrvU. or S<-hh<yniretrs. With these the true rod-like 6ac- teria belong ; as well as the spherical m/crococc.-, and the ciirlecl orj^vy ^irilla. A bacUrium {b. tow,) is commonly believed to be the prodncv tive agent (" ferment ") of putrefaction. The souring of milk, the con- • Iht Fritndf Raitv, Philadelphia, 1881-62. food, and consists, as Ztlr^r' 1 ''"^f' "''^ '"-^ ^ «* - ml. spherical «,Wo«e<« 73;^":'/' ^ '^'""^ '""'''>'>'•"« ;-d '^>-''-n„:.ts for noting Li t^:'^^^^ J^'"»-. «> nn.ch action of bactoria. ' ^'"-' '^*' '" ""'« "« '»'"« color to ti.e abo'::; tts t;rzf:: ru:„""TT '-"^ •^''"-* -^^thing human boclie. ? Do the^,' oZZo'r' "', ''" '"^'■'- -'--up.' Before the time of 1 L7 *""' 1"''*^"'^ di-seaM.-s? ^ K'-her, had sugg^ rhaT::;; ;;::utrjt' ""• -f ^"^-^ --^ ™>ght have to do with epidemic ll ,1 ^r '' '" *'" '''' '*' «'«»*■•• the idea, in a rather crudeC" w h ? ,;""■""" ''"'^^'' '^^^ "P Much n.o:.definiteIy,lH.fo^' CSle 'f ; """'"•' *« •^"■^'-■" '' thoughtful physicians p^Dosed n !" "" P'"'"*"^ ^«''t'"-^% several Henle.of 4L; anoS^f^ hT Vn"-, ^"-'' '''emwL, P ™f the late Dr. John kMiSlflffe^^^^ ^^^^-''^ a thini which the writer of this art CSf" m' V"' *^'«1"^''* '-t»- the probability that malarial W "1 ""f'"'"' ^'- ^^^''^^hell showed nat-ons f„.,„ f,..,„,, plants lWvrrr"n""-^ '^^^ ^'-- Ohu,, asserts! that be h.i found w"h ' "^'''^'r'.^'-- ''^•''•''I-n', «f very plants thona.selv(«, „l.i,.b J.e ^Z p / "^z ' ""'••^.jk., the European phy^ieians, ^n Italian -^a n \ ''"'•^' ''^^' >•-•' •-> ^-rW«n.toanuc.«..;^;l;^:7'^^^ the nan.e d-«ooverj'in the Pontine nmNicTrT f ^\h„-l. they rc>p«rt the ftven, of that region. ^^ ^'"'>' ' *" ^^'''^h they tn.(« the i^-t'-^^fnZX,^^^^^^^^^^^ - this topic, we may Jora..nside™blctin1e k Iri i Z; ; J'^'"^' l^-'^- have ,J. K-amples are: ei^ot or "sp,„^/'; '?.'/; ;"7' -""als, and plants. «ometm,es made poi.sonous to n nndl f "l"' ^""■" ''"^ ''-» potato rot, so disastrous often to I 'L TT" '" ^'^"'■''' J'^"'"!'^' -• the Irish; „„«^„,,„ and " 1 j "^"""'■'"'•^'•-'"'-"I'on orop „f' worm : these are all pan.it caSr 'tTn ''""T ""' *''« ^'"^- tl.e iteh (whose parasite is a littTe ""ht W T"^ ^"'"'^ *"'''''""' «"<' «ugar mite), a numberV skin dZ^ll"^\ T''""' "''''*«' *« 'he 214 DOMESTIC MSDtCtyS. pox, and diphtheria. What has the mioro«oope shown us about them and their causation ? , . . , t ■ * „i.„„i,l Were our readcn, altogether una«iuainted w.th the subject, we shonUl begin our answer to this question by di«-ounvging high exi>ectat.ons. S inqui,7isacon.,«.n,tivelyrec*nt one; only aln.ut l-'f -«:"♦";>• old a^ yet It is, moLor, very ditHc.lt, r«iuiring mueh sk.il .„ the ^ of the mien««,F. and extren.ely oar.f..l u..d l«t.e..t work. Some sanguine scientist, are rmdy to pro.iou.u* the " ge.-.,. theorj- pnuui- absohitely. When we ask for precise facte, however, a g.x)d nmny ot these simmer down to only probabilities. ^ Has any one demonstrated that small-i^ox has an organ.sm as .ts T«ison-cause' No. Cohn gives a drawing of the « microooecus vao- dnue •" but Dr. Beale, an equally go«l authority, denies its existence as an 'independent vegetation. Has a.,y one demoastrat«i yet the m.- crol,e" of cholera or of yellow fever? Not to the sat.sfact.on of the majority of competent j.ulg... Yet. withi.. the last ^^ /--' J"^- books and periodicals, and lately even the newspa^rs, tell n,a.^enous things of the bimlhu^ of the fatal a^^thrax of sheep, and the bac^Um also of leprosv, one of typl«id fever, and a..other «1 consump urn (tubercle) ; microeocc.- of diphtheria, erysipelas, scarlet fever, and other disorders a ^rUlun. of retailing fever, etc. Undoubtedly, able m.- on««,pists have seen in each of these instances m.nute ^-^^^J^-^ coincided with the oc.ur.^nce of the d.sensc« ^^^^''']^' J^'^JZ proved that this coincident m«...s a ways c-ausat.on ? ^"^« "^ « reasoning, p-o a..d eo«, alK>ut this q..est.o.. n.ay be worth a l.ttle t,.rthrr ** l^rJolm Tyndall, of London, a nun.lK-r of yeaiB ago, in peri-orra- ing some experiments upon light, made si^ial otaervat.on of the mul- titude of particles floating in common .ur. A flash o sunl.ght .a nK>m a.,ywherc ^vill exhibit some of these. Prof, fyndall f«»nd *» « he mild obtain "optically pure air" by exhaust.ng a glass vessel bj Ins of an air-pump, a..d then introducing into >* "J- a.r .^.^ was filteml through cotton. He also repeatwl and .nod.faed the cxpen- ments of Pasteur a..d others, showi..g that air macle opt.cally pure .n his way or otherwise will not pn„..ote fern.e..tat.on or putretact.ou. Meat or sonp,fin,t strongly heated (to kill "gern,s» - >t) and then le.1 up in Lh an atmosphere, will keep without ta.nt for an .ndefi- nite time. Let in but a single breath of common a.r, and BPo.l>ng J' » go on at once ; and then the micn>«>F -i» ^'-^ ^^^ P>^"^ °^ '""'- Kudes of rapidly multiplying badma «^ "^her .H.eropAjJe.; jUh usually, also, infusorial animalcules. Prof. TyndaJl is a strong advo- Te of Ihe opinion that similar minute organisn« in the a.r and .n water are causaUve of various diseases of men and animals. •^BBORT OF DISEASE.OERMS. Philadelphia, b^n an elaS^to h." I '^ '""' "' *"™H of diphtheria. i.itr„;ts ™S'T T ^'"^ ""'•-*'■-«'• P«tient« affected with that ^Z^uJ^^, ?"" "'" ^''"^^■^ of AWy.r, the, examine., .ho I^r ^ i; 'I , ^ '-"."l''^ !"«•--. found ,t to contain a gixat manv nii.n.f„ 'TPlynig it, and etc.). The anin.al. flZ Zt S n" 'T""" ^'"'•'"''■•' ""■^'^--. For a long time, however not, .^.^ '*^"" "'' ""^ «>nie dial "erabling diphthe^ ' """^ ^"" ''«"***«1 ^'^h anything .^ obt^i.^™li7Z; *t: 0?:: '"^^7 ^" *"^ — '>^ -•- diphtheria, ooeurring L a^tant ^Sl'^'t.''^^'^""* ^1»^-- o^ lated with this, diphtheritic svl^k ^^'*>° '^bbits were inocn- ining the n„.t«rial'l W ..rrlT' ''^" '"*'"'' '"""^^■•^- E-*- -|.e, the, found n.^^X^^T^::'^ ^f^^'y --^^^^ tl.. mi.ro. with th.^ which, in thL p::^^r ;r a tad t,Tr '" T"^"- •^ultH. One diffeaw* however I • '' ^ I"^'"'« «"''' »« appropriate "enltnre li^ ";, ' ^.-l^'^ I'»"'-"K »h-n into -Hid be „.a.io to i.p.xiuc"the k ^^"■'^'"''^"'"'''■^^ tions; while those of the mU,l!:^;i^^^tt-'''"^' "' *''^"^™- n-crocoa. are all really of the .„ne sji^^tu if"''^' *'""' *'" stances imiwrtont to be fnrther l,«ke,l H .1 ' *'"*'^'" "'""""- "^7 i« certain «,.e., which is not ,«\-f I"l'''^"-« ""«''> q».demic, or in what are called '• JZ^^ S ""^'"T ^^P^ "^ *»>« the disease. sporadic or occasional instances of physician. After many y^^TCT"' " •^'"'' ^'"''' » ««™«" with tuberele (the n^aterid found Hh T""'*r ""'' ^-PenWntation etc.), he has arVived at ti.e t; .^ ^ ^ ':;^J^ — Ptive patients, v^-etation. This he exhibits by nrnsc^. Ir'T " " *"^ '^'^'^'^ microscopic |«rticIos, so as to distin!?. l lu . ^""^ ^f daivinf, "bac..U.tulreul.Js''r!:friXl^"^^^^^^ Hi! pr.Hl„ction of so ,.,nnnon an.l fat ' n '^ ""^''*^ "" '''^«-* ^ ^he <'..e-half or one-fourth the tof ' ,i" " '""-"Pt-"- It is but -ith to one twe..-thou.:i;; : tr 3^^^^ ^^ r «'-^-*'- very distinctly shown, there have but fe of".K u' "^' ''^'""^'' one specimen of diseased human In! v f ^T^ ^° ^"""^ ■" ""X of trumpets announcing thrdl!l?/"'"*''^"*°« *^« """-^h ">mpetent oh.™ ^^^ ^TZ^^y ZT:!^'''' '^ "*''- ««« of co^^ption has been made Sown '"^ ^°*^ 216 DOMESTIC MEDIClIfK. Let U8 now glance at eome of the applicationH in prartice of the theory of disease-producing microphytes. Prof. .I«»*'P»» l''^'*''' ^^^J' raerly of Edinbui^h, now ..f Ix)iMlon), about 1 8B0, proiweed that wounds, amputated limbs, and other imrt« of hunmu IkxHch liable to m,ppnrniion^ or to become places of entrant* for bUKMl-poinoning, should 1* protected fi-om the atmospliere by "antiseptic prix-autions." Tlicsc consist in the use of knives, lijraturcs, sponges, etc., dipped in a solution of carlwlic acid; sometimes, al*), a «^«viy of such a solution thrown over the part . during an operation ; and dressings of wounds, stumps, etc., which are sooked in a similar pi-ei«ration. The object of all this is to destroy and keep out badc-ia, etc. ; without which, it is held, neither suppuration nor blood-poisoning (septicffiinia) can occur. Listerism, as this method is called, has now become common amongst surgeons in all parts of the world. Most of them have adoptwl it, and its advocates claim that better results follow great operations so managed than ever were obtained. before. But all leading authorities in sui-gery have not come to this conclusion. Calleiidcr, I^wsou Tait, Sjicnco, and othei-s have savetl the lives of as large a numb of their iiatieijts without it as other surgeons with the whole routiu, .f antiseptic surgeiy. What is certain is, that all such invcstigatio:>. Jinve provtxl tlie deadly influence of /oh/twm, in air, water, and clothing, on the human Wly everywhere ; whether tliat foulness be p.)i8onou8 of itself or only by mesiiis of the minute organisms which it contains Hence the practical conclusion, which the suooesseB especially of the non-Listerian surgeons establish, that the most necessary condi- tion for recovery of a human kxly under wounds and operations is ah^olwte deanlineas of eve./thing in, upon, and around it. This Cal- lender and the other sui^:eon8 named have maintained, and so their patients have done well without the carbolic acid rfffime. So far, little has been said, in this brief narration, of Pasteur; the most eminent of all those engaged in this line of inquiry. A volume would be required to tell all that this great French chemist and expen- raental biologist has done and is doing ; for he is still actively engaged, although getting old and in feeble hejdth. His labors, more than any Mhere, have settled (for our age at least) the question of npontaiiemu, ffencration; that is, he has shown that life will never spring up in totally dead material without the previous prescace of living beings; no life is without parentage. Pasteur also defendetl vigorously against the great German chemist, Liebig, the opinion that fermentation really depends upon the vital action of the yeast-plant, instead of being a purely chemical procew, of which the »n^.haromyee» is only an accident pr a coincident He is credited with saving vast amounts to the mdus- TltMOtT or DlStASt.OlMK,. j,- V.O' mud. like ,1,1 i C™." IT '" •1~"'"" """■"«■">■ »•■, it c.l,.„g., it, ,,„„rt "; " "I'l""l'™'f liquid. .xp.»,l ,„ „» -mbic L ra„.!, 'I 'ir; ,r,:,:z:;"'i;T '"-' r- '■• ino.-ulat«] with this wW/A,/ |«u.ill,. f ■ . ' """•' " «''«*P '•■« of the iKKly whHx. it i i, tlr ' " ^^'''/ '"«""""""•"» -^f the «rt and the aJmal il t X^Z^''' "'T' °' *'"' '''"' ^^'^'"^ ^^^ exposed U> its c^nta.ion Tr T""' "" ""^^"'^ "^ '^' ^^^er wh.n preventive of cA,ei.« J/l " J t" '''' TT' "'''' •"'""'«*'""» ^ " whose c^asatL he r^m:'J';jr:::^^': of .W«. ,.«^., These are some of his oo„,.h.,iol . '^•'"^"/'/'^'••- '"• *A/r«mycv<.«. ^hi^ph^X^xirfr^^^^^^^^^^ variably produce! the diJ^ t, ' 'i' '''^"7""^ « ''^n's egg, etc., i„. form. . . . ^^' "'""^^^ "«»«"y in a wn.pamtively mild f«>m further infJion." ""*" '"'•l"'^"^. Partial immunity ab^™!rvUtiitrii:.t,r™' r™-^ -hoHti. All such facts .mind ^ atrc^of Itr'*^'"^- (-^^^^^ ^Inst small-pox, which isjustlvLsLe^ h! ''TtV' ^'^^ tioneverconferml upon mankiL h ,- ^ * ^*'"*"« '^^f*^ to have, he„.fter, J^eJ^f^l^'^"^' f "!' --- A«. we h«.na« beings, on the san.e ploTple We ma T''^ '"""'"*'°" *"- oufeason; but such a ^uL L' J::^!^';: '''' ' ' '^'^^ ^'^- 218 DOMESTIC .VKDlCiyB. Indeed, tlie whole inquiry is Htill incomplete, and the central idea of the "germ theory of disease" is only probalile-not place*! heyond doubt. Coincidence of two things does not necessarily prove that one is the cause of the other. Ami, if the general theory were ai»«pted as proven, we should still need to study the different life-histoiies of all the schiaomycetes or "mi robes." We must know what conditions favor the presence and multiplication of each, so as, by removing these, to escape the invasion of the disorder producwl by it. We must know also, if possible, what medicinal or other agencies will destroy each kind of poison-parasite within the body as well as outside of it. Already important differences are known to exist in the propagation of epidemic and endemic diseases, concerning which, unfortunately, all physicians and sanitarians are not of on« mind. Some call all such diseases eanlaffloun, from person to jwrson, including yellow fever and cholera under that description. Others (anwng them the present writer) are very strongly convinced that neither of these two diseases has its cause, whether a " disease-germ " or not, formed in or given out fmm the human body; but that yellow fever is a disease o^plaeen and (hln(/*, which give it to human Ijcing^* brought under their influence ; and that epidemic cholera flies like a cloud across laud and ocean, from east to west around the glol)e. No railroad can hasten its sikmxI, no sea (nuich more certainly no qiiarautifu) can forbid its progress. It lights and stays where it finds material suited to its existence and increase ; and, after a time, disappears for years or decades; possibly for centuries. One thing, however, is clear. All these scoui^es of mankind which are, we may say in spite of our caution, mod probably produced somehow by myriads of minute fungi or other organisnis, are favored in their per- sistence, multiplication, and diffusion by Jiith. Filth is " matter out of place." Cholera, yellow fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever, typhus and typhoid fevers, all these and other diseases analogous to them, while not. cavsed by fiUh alme, are invariably made worse by it. They come oftenest, stay longest, and destroy nM>st lives in filtliy cities, streets, ships, and houses everywhere.* Were all the world as clean as it might be made, "disease germs" would die out without either qimra-tine or . Listerism ; and the atmosphere, if not opticaUy pure, would at least lie too sweet to nuiintain any epidemics. • Autumnal or malarial fevera, remiUent and intermittent, it must be noted, are e» leptions to thi» statement, being essentially comtryjaeri. tJfriVsycS or TIMS 0> UrS-MAZAMIA. 219 INFLUENCE OF TIME OF LIFE. chicken-pox, a«d ^^^TJo^^^VZ'JS^'-'T''' ""'""^' moHt commonly met with .„ ehil L ST ^- T r ' ""^ "" children escaiKJ exn,«„re to tL i . ■ " """'''^ *^"«« ^^'^^ than om« iJa 1 ?eEr ol:'""' /'"^ ^^ ""' """""j' ««- """- have them, when Cning noTJ^ t J:: "" '•"^"™^'>- ""' chihihooil. *^"'""'^ «*!'***'' to their contagiuu during tanoer, etc. •'^ "*" ' ^ g""*, insanity, to increas nir troubles Thw ,.~> • ,, »,.,!*' '"»« the lean ones, yoimg on^, snbM under distuZng Li^ t 1. f r.T'^/'''^ «c«l «weinn,, .d .tarrhal a^T.-tion^. rt^Sirit'irj: here to that of a W he m f ™'' ' ''"^''»»--'' ^^^^ fitting •« interested. ™*' '™P"'^""*' ""'' '" ^Wch most people MALARIA. "PPoeirfalniMphericcLanf^T',- . ?'»"">''lj' "PP'W il to *. 220 DOMESTIC MEDICIIfS. tgae (alao called chUh, or chilh and fevrr) may, if it is not prq>erlj treated, continue to have it all thmufih the year, wmmer and winter. The main facts, aljout these afTectionf*, which bear on their c-uusition, are these : 1. Malarial fevew are always Iwal in their prevalent, having ccrtani boundrt even when epideniie. 2. They never prevail in tlic thiekly-buUt parts of ej<t«t. 3. A mean Bummer temiK-rature of at least 60° ia neccsBary to their development; a continuaiu* of decided wanidh for more than two montha being required. 4!»rhey are most i-ommon ami n '^t severe in frojiicnl or nearly trop- kal climates. Yet some i-egion»», m which the xiiinmerB are both hot and long, are exempt from thent. 5. They prevail lead where the mufat* of the eartli iH ntchy, and mod where the soil ia lomled with orynnio matin: 6. The existence of Hnr/are-w<U<r favors their development. They haunt chiefly the Ixttders of marwhes, sliallow lakes, and kIow streams, but not exclusively. 7. Those dwelling u{)on thenAwM of large lakes are more snbj^-t to them than those who navigate their central watera M. The ncighbt)rh(MHl of the «« is comparatively free fn>m them, unless inland mavKheH lie near it. 9. In the midst of unbroken /orc«<« they are rare, but are apt to fol- low the vleurhu) away of wotKllands. 10. Heat and moisture sometimes exist together (as on the Gulf of Mexico) without (other comlitioui l)eing alieent) producing these fevers. 11. Draining dams or |miih1.>», or other exposure of surfaces before cov- en-<l with water to the suu, hai* often l)een followed by fever. So has the first cultivation of a new soil ; but continued culture is followed hf a diminution of malarial disease. 12. Some seasons are healthy, and others unhealthy, in the same place, without any observpil ditt< rence in its (-onditions, except that tally heavy rains, followed by drought late in the summer, are apt to presage an unhealthy autumn. 13. A decidedly hard/i .»>^ always puts an end, for that season, to the danger of exposure to malarial influence in the region where it cK-curs. Nearly all these facts point to the jtrobahilitij tliat an organic cause, of a vegetable nature, produces these fevers. Notwithstanding, how- ever, all the inquiries of Morsen, Salisbury, Tommasi-CVudeli, and others, we have not yet a complete deimmstrafion of this subtle " disease germ " which has the power to impair the health of thousands of people in our own and other countries. a A usATtosor ysl low fs vsm. mi Important jMvrwj/Jw mefuurw may be deduottl fm„. ♦!.- x. r ooncerning malarial fevere. ™ *'" '"^*" '^ 1. Avoiding localities, known to hp itiil.i<w ♦« *k ^ .J. fcvoii II, n iiwjarious tlistri.i, l.iiiniu., „ tin- !„ ih.. I CAUSATION OF YELLOW FEVER tf, are upon or not far fn.m the Imnlen, of fhe AtuTtir^ K Canton, in China; Bombay, India • ^cutta,m India; Alexandria, l^^^pt; Athens, .„ Greece ; C,.„„tanti„opI vr„;key Often, yellow fever \xm prevailed on the West Coast of Africa, North CWt of South America, West India Islands, Vera Cniz, etc, in Mexico, Occasionally, it has been known at Rio Janeiro, Natchez, Vicksboig^ New Orleans, Mobile (formerly), Savannah, Cliarleston. Gibraltar, Marseilles, Barcelona, 222 DOMMSTiO MKDICIHM. I I Hemphill, Norfolk, Richmond, fittltimore, Philadelphia, New York, BofltOD, Qtd\t, Malaga, . Heville, Cartha^na, lif^horu, 8i«nly, etc. 2. Yellow fevor only oorare in any place when there i»« continuoua warm weather (iwually 80° Fahr. for a n«onth or more) ; mort gener- ally, alao, a gotnl deal of moidure in the air. Like malarial fevers, it always ceases with a good hanl front. 3. It u a diseotie chiefly of wo-yjo***, or of hintu on (arr/e rirrr* etm^ ned'mg with the aea.* 4. It is promoted ef«pe<ially by vegetative decay, at deivying wharves, newly uptumeil noil, <«rgoe« of rotting iK»tatot»<, etc. 5. The infection of yellow fever has njostly rather' narrow limita; often they may be marked ou^ \afracticm» of a mile. So it was in its visitations in Phiktdelphia ; i«rtain atreeU and bhckt of hoiu»f» only were infected ; all who kept away from these were safe from the disease. 6. It is not peraonally contagioua ; tliat in, the caiwe of the dis- oider is not forrae«l or multiplied in the bodies of those suffering with it; only outside of them. 7. It is aeldom, if ever, i-onveye<l by clothing, liwlding, merchan- dise, etc. Still, the iiwmibUitif o( mt-h couveyiuur iiHoitlH n^won for precautions cont«ming milniad cars, sti^niUwtx, liaggiige, etc. 8. Ships sometimes tran»i)«)rt it, by carrying in their holds a quantity of infeoUd air awl foul mtderiah fmni infei-ted places. This fact justi- fies Aip quarantine under certain cin-umstanci*. 9. But, when thus carried, no extemion of the disease ever follows, un- less the phice to which an infected ship comes has the promotive con- ditions olhigh heat, moixUire, and foiihuns from decay abounding in it. 10. Thorough cleansing, airing, and dhtinftdien of ships, steam- boats, railroad cars, clothing, and merchandise ( leept rottiiuj vegetable matlera) will always deprive them of tJie power of generating or extend- ing yellow fever. 11. Removal of the population ... a place infected with yellow fever will certainly always put an end to the prevalence of yellow fever among that population. • I belieye thmt this fcct, or tt least the prevalence of yellow fever only on or nemr the boiden of the AOmlie Oetan and iw connected waters, was first |)uiul«a out lijF mysalt It is not gMierally referred to in books on the sulgect. OAOSATiON or CHOLKHA. m 12. Pfrmml dfUittim nt qimmntiiK., of oithcr nirlc or ».lf ^^ .rr VI.., ,H. „ vollow fever vll. or ....'.i.., fl..: a;^ , W H" CAUSATION OP CHOLERA. About thi8 we n,a.t renicnber the .lifferenc-e between common cholera "^I'u., wh.eh ...ay «x.„r anywi.e™ and at «ny Heanon Tholh mZ ~.n .n «„......er) and ,,....,,..«,.„ «.l.ed^w J:J7';J2^ Tl.is liiMt <!imwc iH .iidemic, every year oi.Iv in J.uVn -n .i ei.um«t«„c«,are...,ario.bIe. The^ilt:::;£ v^^ flowe.U.ve.yy«.r l.y the risi,,, „,.,, «welli„s „f H.e rivc-rXL .1. .luring the river-Ul. „..., th^^iZl^ lZ^JZ^7r^^ enu.n«tio... S.,K.n.titio.. ai.s„ ,«..!. the Hh^il: T t^lf /L ".to the Oa..gcs, a« "the ^ate of {.eaven." The habiZf thn^ u..>ut tJ.eir house, a., very „„..,c.„ly. All «oi^^ .f ptt'^ f^.^a? decay abound evei^where. This «<«,„„ to be tl.o J«^ »* «"«">«> ore^olen. The.m.eal.,..a,pecifi::L%^^ ha« not yet Ikwi, certainly found.* ^ ' ""** PhyHicianH and others resident in India do not, a« a rule think of eho leru a« bc-.ng eontagionn fn,m per«<,n to pe^on, in anv wa^ t n.^ vajb .ta^rtain plaee; avoid that plaee. and ^u a.^ ^JI'flT An army e„ca„,pod in attacked byeholem; the commander mov« h^ soldiers to a h.gher and more open, heahhy place, perhl not L„ than a r^le or two from the fin,t cmp, and no mo.4 L« L^ All the history of th.8 dl.sea«, nhotv-n the importance of animal filth (Imn^^andotherjiviug and d^i™.tli„g and exZLg it tiM Koch*, "comm, badllu." i« «,< the Bpedfic «»« T^uT ^ °°* "^ 3S4 DOMMaria JUMDiCI/fK. ItM ntortality \am bfim fcmtott in Movow, fhrii), Maneille*, Fiiveqmd, MMH-hntti>r, Kdinhiirffh, New Yitrk, ctt;., niid wnn«t of nil, in thvJiUhitd /MtiU nf thtiMi himI other ritin*. Yrt it fhtBH wit ti^pfwl on hunmn in»eri'«>nriw for it* iiiigmtion over lh« world. It may fam i'roiii one town to iinothrr without nffW^ing itnothcr tiiwn, lying right liHw-een auci on the way. M<wt *triking of nil, it liau several tiniwt attwki-d *iAiy*< fur imt id urn, when tlicrf won no eltulem at all at the portj* from whioh they wiieil.* No explanation eiiatoi for aut-h fwin hut that the mywterioui* epiileniif caiiw travels ua a "«^lera elond," over sea and laml, lij^hting bimI Ktaying where it ntb (like a cloud cf iiiHecta or a fl<N-k of hinlx) iiinterial t»^ feed upon, iSiirh material is alwayi* preacut where men live in i-li\ hoi tv, with foul cellar*, yanla, atrectM, slaughter-houHeN, graveyarii> ' *• Moat plainly, biid tfrinkln</ water ha* l)een Hhown to increane the number of victims of fholera. R«» nmcli hun heen mmle of thifi, that the current |N)|mlar theory of the extension of the dlteai*e (mitsidc of India, where they mn Hee it pliiiuly otherwiw) U, that the Hjx>eific canao ia only c(»nvey«l from pi ./i to imtmou and fi-om place to place by the diat^argea from the lMt""l»< of tlilini; having the dixeoMC. I am nItog«!ther mtittficil (affor a i»^' i Jcal of Htwiy of the (*ui»ject, <hiriug three cpidemifM, 1849, 1854, «.>.( ;.»<16) that thin fln>ory !<• nof Iriii: AH Iwiil tlis«'harge», and nil fonl ' ttr, foul air, everything that in foul, pMinotcx cholera; the excreinentH of a jiatient with it are no woi-hc in this respect than any other foulnean. Not l>eing contagioui4, then, quarantine agninut cholera is of no use at uli i while detaining jicnioiw at (jiiuruiitinc iu an infected vessel hui* repeatedly coat m-ores of lites. Foul xliijm ought to be deai-eil at once of their passengers as soon as they reach a port ; th^y cannot give the diseasj to any one, wherever they may g*>. The ward ixtmble thing in to detain them in an unhealthy steamer, or whatever it be, on whicit cholera has prevailed during the voyage. Personal detention at quar- antine, in fact, has no excuse in wmnection with itny disaise. It might perhaps have for small-pox, but that the true and efficient preventive of that is universal vaccination. Cholera is to be prevented by cleanliness, clranHnrm, deanlineaa ! That one word sums up all there is about it. * I have gir«n a M\ •croimt of tliette fact* in mv little hook, "Cholera: Facta and CoDcluwoiis upon iti Cauaation, Nature, Prevention, and Treatment." Piiilada., 1846. OMOLMMA t^rAUTVM.-VltUTUKHtA. »-i& ..ri.«w. ,k, ™i„ ,Ji™ "T:„t„ :,r''''' "■- •"■ -'■ wlJl be oooiudaml W-r i.. thitj^jT ' ""*''" ""•^"""^ mPHTHERIA. 1. Di|*tli,.ria i»B,.„fr,llv, 1„.., ,i, . ..^' .' .".^.XllV"' •"" ""'" '■'- ■*■•. ••"' ™l. ».».. c,n- JKa DOMKSTIC MEDtCINK. NATURE OF DISEASES. Children sometimes die of old age. That is, their original endowment of life nwrrni was m Mimll as to lie oxhanstwl d.iring infancy. ahew die verv soon localise of m.uu. <^/f.-<;r« fh^ehpnimt of a vital organ or organs." Mon.ta-^, now and then, are met with, l)orn Withont . a hea.l or without n heart, et. . Sphia bijula Ih what phyme.ans eall a clfA.,nne! the usual imtural hony ...vering of the spinal n.arrow not being perfect. Most of those bom thus die within their first year. CvanoHs, the blue disease of infancy, is not always fatal, but is gener- ally so- the dark color resulting from the blood not being arlenaUzeil properly; this being due to an imi^erfect dcvelopiuent of the heart or of one of its great vessels (pulmonary artery). At any period of life the disi)ixlef8 to which we are all subjei-t consist in one or both of the foHowing changes : , • . 1 Disturbance of the ad!ou of sonic organ or organs by a nu.rb.d <ause. 2. Alteration of the drudu^c or H,U>xlanve of one or more organs; inducing, of course, change also in its acti<m. To the first of these the term « functional disordere :>* applied ; those of the second sort arc "oi-ganic disinu**." Temi^rary changes in the sulBttince or sti ucture of an organ often .Kx-ur, as when it is m- Jlamed, from which there may or may not f.Jlow iKumanent organic alterations. ,. , , i ^ i i. Only xligld affei-tions of even small )«rts of the Widy .-an take place and last for any time, without involving the general system mo.^ m- less in disturbance. Also, a disoixler beginning in the bl«id, rnd thus being a genc-al malady, nearly if not .,uite always puts some of the fum^ions of the organs out of onler. Still some c-ases do begin m and chiefly affect, particuhir organs; these we «dl local disorders; othen, beein in the blood, and involve the body in many of its functions; S^ are well described as general diseases. We will give attention here, firet, to the nature of the disturbances coming under the former of these beads. LOCAL DISORDERS. Medical books speak of irritation, congestion {h^/iymetnia), inflam- mation, mortification, and degeneration, a. affections of organs of the body. Atrophy, hypertrophy, and morbid growth, are such also; and le«, purely local, but often more or less restricted, an* drop- siesl effusions. LOCAL DiaORDSRS. jgy Irbitation. ■•t -.ain longer, /.i. .^Iwr.;^:!^ r'" ""•''"™- '*' allowed to a.t, it will mnhu^ !..Hn, , *'w-''"'«; uext, if still tain poi«,„ouH sultanStt^^sSl'iriT" '" '^^'' '^ -"- sublimate. ' ^ *"'^'' '^'^'«'. at>«nic, or oorroave Hypeb^jcia. The older name for this is cmmeMmi Tf m„ u of more blood thai, common X^ A ^ "^ °" **"•'' ""^''ng blood /„ tl.e part SjZ^,; ^ >" '"""'' "•• '^ /'«*«'- «'lIeetiou of beyoudthelinH^^'hca'ti T;:itaf ""' '" '"™^'-^ ^'^ '^ 1— centn, of the irritatioT a2. T' ^'''' •""^"«» «=«"« "t the termination of W^ ^1"'"^^'°" '° ^'« P^-^^ «'^"»d it, De- ve^deeided.c»lledl:^l^^;;^,P«7" "^^^^^ "1^ "^''^ »-' ^•'- «« called a loc«l a„.^/«. "^The Lt'simntT^^^" "•"'"*«"» «^ -> <»^n «e«x>nd, */««wy of blood. ^ ^ ' " '""^ «^ l'l««d ; the INFI.AMMATION. All the world knows when a \mn,\ « fl^* Wbially. the si,„s „f this"a.t ^ Jlj ''".«^« ^ -^-'. The redness is owing to the exoe«, nf hZT' u . ' ^"*' ""** '"'•'"''^f' with al. p„,bably le luclTo; h^^tj, et'"*-*^ ^ ^""^ --' -notquitesoclearlytobeacoountcxlSr t^iTo^ '''^^\ "**"" to ca,«, pa,n ; and the .xcess of blood l,«it;„r^ '' "^"^^ '" '^''"'«° « *"^«o«, must indue. eonsidemSe p^ul T ^^ '^f T'"" "'^'"■^ however, often oceure without infl ^^'"'ve-pain (neuralgia), Some one lu«wiselysaidl.tl-;tr"" •""'' "'"'""* l''^"'- port towards deatJ.f ft uJZy"-''- ' '^^" "'"'' *""*'^»'^- '" the or genera, ; and that is p.^^: ? LT'r'T "' .''"^'•'^' "''«'^' '-" 23g DOMESTIC MSDicnrs. ako, in some cases, pass Uirough the walls of the vessels. Then the ^uied lymph, with or without corpuscles, undergoes changes, which are important. An active or acute inflammation may end in several ways : 1. Resolution w the early passing off of all the inflammatory symp- toms, leaving almost no sensible change in the part. 2. Effusion of lymph, not at once absorbed, shows itself m bwids which glue togeUier tissues naturally movable, or in a collection of fluid (serum), constituting a form of local droi>8y. In an attack of pleuruy, both of these results may follow instead of resolution. 3. Suppuration is the formation otpus; that is, yellow matter, which is very seldom absorbed, and whose best destiny is to be got out of the Fio. 178. ISriAMMATOBY LYMPH-BANW". body by an opening, natural or artificial, at or nftir the external surface. Every « gathering " or abscess is an example of this. Pyftmia is a gen- eral disorder of the systen., with a disposition towards the formation of collections of pus in different organs, with fever and much weakness, endangering life. . • _*, i 4. Mortification, also called ganffrme, or doughmg, is the actual death of the part. Frozen feet mortify, not from inflammation, but from tfie directly killing effect of cold, .uflammation does not often end in mortification; if it does so, it is either from the extreme in- tensity of the inflammatory process, or from a veiy low vital condition of the patient affected. Inflammation is modified considerably by upedfe caunea of disease. A gouty toe is one example of this; a wiisl or elbow inflamed with rhe«- Flo. 174. LOCAL DISORDERS. 229 matic fever is another. The sore thmnf „r • and that of diphtheria ««aJl^S.« . '''""'^' ^'^^ °^^^^'*'* ^^ver. fn^m the othe^. 2 Zu eJv •^' ^'''r* ^"'"^^hat differ. and HO on wi£ other^;: S^" ''^^'""* ''^ ">"' °'" '''-'^-I''- ; '«« swelling, are pre^^rS^'i ' 7 "* ^"^ '""■'^*'' ""'' ""-^ "r ""•ght often with adva";^ tl , "^^ wo thns, /mV„A/. .„e*. irriM^Z K- T .? ;'«*"''i"g the disonler: • irrUahle brain, Z ""*' "'''"^^ *'«'''''''' '>'•''«*& '^A. Hypkbtrophy. much, with a g.^at change i^ its Z "''^'' "'"^ "''"'^'' ^•^'^ aeter; for example, a tumor of the bmist, oradropyofthehead. Again, an or- gan may be stretched or difated without even an .ncrea«e of ib, .s„I»,tanc*. Ihe heart exempUfie, two of these changes ,n diifce... instances. If one of Its valves through whieh the blood he heart has to &6o. more than as,mlly l,r'"'/-'''^-'to,..sshytheoli stnirtaon. L.ke other muscles (the heart be^gr^lly a hollow m„.,e),Lext labor may have either of two results ^ » *«x.nl.ng to the conditions present. If ^WSS^ tne person s oonstitution be strong and '"'^™'>"" <>' *hb rbakt. contra^- be the ca^, with a S si ' '' i^^'"''"^/'*^- »«*, if the weakened by its exc^s of labor IVit™ ^T^ '^"' ''''^' *''^ ''«^ " ated) and dilated. ' "* '* ^"^^^"^ ^' »'«^'nes thin (attenu- The thickeninir of the atln ^e , . and so is a irart; both inv^l, • .^*^ A wwtms a hypertrophy, -tide. WW ^ Xrirat:^ "^^^ ^^^ °«^«''-- - ^^j^^^^^^^^ pmpfc* show a gr«ter change of 8uhrt«n<* with IH S30 D0UE8TIC MSDICIirS. Atbophy. This » the opp«ite of hypertrophy. Want of blood or of the supply of nervous enei^or .vill cause an organ to shrink away. So a paisied hand often, in time, withers to half its original si«. Atrophyoocun. naturally, il over the body, with old age. F.n<t the fa . absorb^! then the muscle., and alterwards other part., unt.l the " well sl.runk. shank" is far within the " lean and withered i>aiJtaloon. Dfxjeneration. Insuad of lessening in size, however, fr«m lo«< of life-force, an organ may grow brger, with cftani7eo/««6<rf«n.r. Tim \^ orgnnk degenera- • tim The substan.* taking the pla«3 of the natural tissue of the part is always in/mor m charader to that tissue. Thus fat n», f.ke the place of muscfc, as in " fatty degeneration of the heart." Or lK»ne-hke material may form in pkee of the prop,.- substan.-e of the artenes; making " ossification " (mlcification) of those vessels. Or the l.ver or kidney may be enkrged, the normal cells of either organ bemg replaced by a material like the areolar (« cellular ") tissue of the surface of the body under the skin. Tul^^rcle, of the lungs or other parts, .s «sen- tially akind of degeneration; although it often (not ahvays) follows attadcs of inflammation. Acute and chronic inflammation of vanous org-'W is frequently followed by hardenmj or ^Jleaing S »>"»»» of these being modes of d^nerative alteration. Dropsy. Seldom does an accumulation of >vater occur in one part of the body without some previous general disorder of the system, or at least an afifection of some of the great organs : the heart, liver or hdnty». We do sometimes meet with "white swelling" of the knee; but nearly alwa>-8 there arc also signs of a « scrofuloiw" constitution to predispose *° Inflammation may, however, c«use an effusion of serum, ^Wch n.- mabs after the acuteneas of tiie attack has passed. The simplest illus- tration of this is seen in a bUder. . , , j Suppose mustard to be appUed to the skm; as mentioned already, when refe^ng to irritation, etc. First, we see stimulation, shoMm by redness and heat, wiUi very Uttle if any swelling, and no pam. ^ext, irritation, with sorfeness and pain, perhaps quite severe ; tiien inflam- mation, followed by efiuMon, which raises the skin with what we rail So, also, when thejifcuro, which lines tiie ribs and wraps the lungs, LOCAL DISORDERS. 231 M«)RTIKI<ATION. Once i„ . iu Hi, 'f:;:;'^j° r*'' *«'''• " "«•" »•■««■»• e-gn^K,. When t '*; "it rr "»■-: ""*'«»*» •«' ■'■y .^ tho^ ■""*•"» •'« P-". it may bcm. f.„.l. Or « „2; .0. o L™lr„: fX^.^T" f"""^*' WyZf.^„ iiuger, tne rt-st of the system being in a healthy state a. lin, „/• d^u.rcaU,„, naturally f„™«, ^p«™,„, ,,X, ,^^ ^[; ;^' « W In »o.u« «««,. a Hui^n will then c.n«ider it best to haatel aLl l^! I I iti 232 DOMSaTIC MKDICISM. plete the prooeflg, by rmovinff the slooghing part, by an operation. In other instances, the dead parts will drop off, leaving a surface which will gradually heal. Morbid Growths. WarU, corm, buniotu, wenii, mohi, bony eniargementa, fibrotu antl fatty tumon, are all unsightly, and the last named may be considerably in- convenient. But they do not of themselves tend to undergo such increase or morbid changes as to Ixj dangerous to life. They may there^ fore, by comiMrison, be callwl innocent growths. Malignant tumors are generally indudwl under tlie name cancer. They tend to grow indefinitely, at the expense of the neighboring jarts and of the general system. They often change their chanw-ter, be«>m- ing open, dischai^ing, offensive sores; the seat, moreover, generally of severe pain. At last, the whole iKxly of a cancerous jiatieut becomes unhealthy ; and the end, after vnrioiw periods, is death. Cancers may be either achirrm, coMd, or encephaloid. Schmnu is hard cancer. CbSoirf is jelly-like. Eneephnlmd is soft, almost iikc brain substance. The parts of the Ixxly most liable to be attacked by cancer (especially after middle life) are the tromt, the/ma/*- brtua, the «<oinac/«, and the lower bowel {rectum); but various other organs are sometimes invaded by it Sehirrua is most apt to lie met with in the breant, stnmach (pyhrvs), or bowel; colloid, in the glonlnch, bowel, or covering of the bowels (b*«»«i- tery, peritoneum). Encephaloid may (K-cur in any organ ; it is the <mly kind ever seen in the eye, liver, kidney, lung, etc. H^theUoma will be spoken of on page 463. OMITMBAL DiaoSDBMa. GENERAL DISORDERS. We may name them r8 debilltv ana-mi. -i *u DEBtUTY. «•» weak fmm fo« o/ WW A„ T' ^ ,'" ^'"^'"^ ^"'"^ " *"""«'. drop. fn,m eaZiVa^,' ^l "^T''"/ "^ "' ''""« « «»<J>' »" hauation. ' ^^" ''"^" '^' ♦'^a'nples of ex- or ha« been i.nMyJrliZ;^^j: 'n' ''".?* "<■ " ''""^ *" *« g-^-nd. tic. .... . j:^^^:::^xt- - -- miit^, or other /«,.r iTh "T'^-^:"^'' "''«'%>*«'. «nfrm/««^, „. - .to «iK«k; «km,kXT;K^,,'^;rr;:'t^^ their actiou, and the loaded I,Ioo<fhnV J- ,*'"'"' ^'"•''"'^ '» functiona. ^' *'"''' '" '^"»"'«te aright the various movement of the Jndulum n^"^'"'}^' '"^''"^ ^°'' « *'™« the the worka, which d!« notlD^hr'T' 't ""^^'"^ «««^»g -»« •o that it goea out ^ time W '!^ ""u ^"' °'**^"''^ ^^^^ «Jt«« i* «/> the clockTthe alnd bv J^'^f" *''' '"* ''^ ^''^^ »>^ «""'»^^ •lebility, to diHtinguiHh of what kid it" i« ^'! '"'^'^'' '" '^'"'"'•^ illnesa, is to be recovered fZ. .? ^Aa«««o«, as after long y.'- air, etc. ^"^^ ^ '2 .'' ""?' "--A^/-/. 4 case. C>ppre««W of the onraLs^Hr.^i'*'^^*''^^"^ the by uMnff the sy^ K!l f ""««*.«f'» disease, is best relieved mote the J^mof'^k^SfT" "^''"'"' '"^'^ *^ *''«<''> P">- by the withd™^ ff blt^ ^m ;J°^^' "TT' '° "» «^'y «*»8«, centmlpart. "'^ ^" *^« "™' «' by leeches or cupa froma I > 334 DOM sane MEDtCINt. AvXiUA. Poverty of blood is what thin wonl nieann. It may rwnlt from varioun diaeMeo, or from Um of blood, t(K> long naming, eU.: WeaktMss accom- panies it, of the kind above called exhaiwtion. An auKniic person » UMially pale (though |ierha|w ewily flushed by excitement), rather thin, and " nervoun." In women, mvh a condition i» apt to be attended by monthly irregularity. There is a form of it c«llal progrets'm pemieiou* aiuemia, which cannot be accounted for by ordinary causes, and which (unlike Umple, common unseraia) it is almost or quite impossible to cure bj any treatment Another serious affection of the blood is Ituhamia, rf which we wUl speak in another place. Plethora. This is the opposite of anicraia. In it, the red corjiuscles of the blond are too numerous, and the bltKxl it*>elf is redundant in amount. A ple- thoric person is round and plump (not necessarily /a^, with full blood- vessels jumI a high color. Such an one is more liable than others, in early life, to acute 'wflammaiiom and aeim- hnnorrhat/ea ; aftor middle age, to apojdexy. • Cachexia. By this wo mean a hml habit of contlUulion, Leubcemta* (or leucoc}-thiemia) is a disease in which there is an www of white or coUrrlfn rorpuai'irs in the blood. Another cachexia is mun-cy (scorbutus) ; brought on by deficiency of fresh food ; especially vt^table food. Another is goitre or hronchooele ; whose main feature is a swelling in the neck, involving the tFtyroid gland. With this, in Switzerland, there is often crdinimn; a depraved constitution in every way; stunted growth, mental imbecility, and general weakness. OUoro»i«, or " green sickness," is a cachexia sometimes met with in girb or young women ; the name is given because of a peculiar sallow- ness of compl«^xion belonging to it. Rickets occurs tolerably often among tho ill-fed poor in tV c cities of Europe; n'uch more seldom in this country. Those having it are feeble from oJiiklhood, with defective development especially of the Itones ; which are easily broken and subject to decay. Ttibereuhtia is the constitutional affection of which consumption of the lungs is the most familiar n "-lifestation ; but it often also affectii the bowels, brain, and other orgaua. Thtberckg arc the gmall^ irr^ular, •Something more willbe «ud of e«Ji of Ui«m •JftcUone in » later pert of tlifa book j mtdcr SrcciAi. Diskach. OStfSRAL DtaOMDKMa. S3« roundkh depoito tmuA .fter death in the place of h«dthv tk.u«. ■tH. »». "irl> ,„ l.lo, 1.^ Hwd^.n^, of the y««,/. ..f ,1... „„.k ami dmvh.n «l««y..f the W« of the h...l.H, or «>vhit« HweIlinK» <.f the k,Hr h tuberele of «ome c«,«„„,,.tive h.„,.. Many ,.hv«icia„« bXve I think c^rree ly, that *r,>M, „„,! ^e/.r,v,W. an.- «Le„tialIy varie H 'of he name cachexia. Itn ehanu-teri^tic K a tonde,.,.^ to >I,JJTZll .nfla „„,„tory affi^tion. of .liffe„,„t o.^..n>, of the L\y, with "w^^J- formle. ...atenuJ, .uore or h^ ..hccw-like at fi«t, l,„t'di.,.^, r^ Fta. 17& Lm:^ TriiKHcru)i-.s i.i-N((. (oc^asionuJly Jiowever, kH.„ning ./.a//^, inst.a.1) and to cause al^,^ (gatherin;;s with pus) around it. aow-ejwes Diathesis is another «o,.l „,ed at tiinr^ with v.rv .u>arlv the sa„,e „.i,.,j • „. , , . ' " "^ '"**' ""N «<'^'t, itiHl 6rm«w, nmk nir ™l»r or ,™futa n,entagiti,, i„ ™„h „,„! „,,, „ i,|,,fe " ,4 .-I 1 1 236 DOMKariC MKDlOtHK. Nbvrataxia. I have coined this word (from nmrm, a nerve, in the Greek, and aliuia, irregularity) to Mguify nervoua ditordcr. NewaMhenia hat Iweii niuih Hpolten ond written about of late yeam, meaning nmwiK fleijUUjf. The latter, debility, docs very «»fteii prwlinpone to and yrmhfr diHordcr of the nervoiw Kyftteni ; but the «ither term in want«l hecnu*- au amount of iimju/urUy in the nervoUM fuiMtionn may ami docK ollleli oc<'ur unite tnit of pMjwrti^Mi to the wmkne** present ; iiMleMl iiometiiiu-n in those who <«n Hi-Mn«ly U; waid to U' in u conjlition of nwrkwl debility. Ilytitrla \» the nuint cttnimon dewrijitive wonl for varioiBi aUixu< (uu- lMlanee<l, «Mit of «»rdor) nervonn Myniptonw. It eovcn* not only what are known n»* " fits of JiyHteriti*," but ahto a great many /r«iA« of diHeaw. of hotly ami miml, well known to physioianB. Among Hpeeial dweaHeti, hereafter, we may j-oi wider more particularly epllepty, infantile ami other cmmUnmu, lock-jme, ete., an diworders of the ner^'ou» Hytrtem. ToXiBMIA: BliOOD-POIBONINO. An old saying is that " the blood is the life." Everything that ever make8 imrt of any organ of the body must reach its j>Uire therein through the blood.' Ami all that exists to-day in lUe solid structure of our frameH will, Home day or other (unless it be on the skin or some surfm* eonnecting with the,out»»i«le), dissolve in the blood, to be carried out and away. Moreover, every beat of the heart, ever>- drawing of breath, everj- Uiought flushing through the brain, nw<k a supply of jfwre blood, that it may be done rightly and well. Bloml-poimniiuj, then, eon never be a trifling thing. We would be in «kadly danger of it every day, but tliat so much is arranged in our bodiea not only to pn-vent it, bnt to relieve it pnmiptly when it liegins to take place. Indeed, each particle of wted-up tnaitrr, which has 8er\'ed its purpose in any oi^n, hetsymen potMonotut the moment it gets into the blood. But then, at once, the lnn</», »tm, kUhey», and hoveh, witli help also from the lim; take from the blootl these dead particles, and earry them out, in the ejchakd bieoUt,perapirntion,urlne, and «ycmntt»<. Thiw we are safe, althcmgh, most literally, " in the midst of life we are in deatlj." If, however, either of these blood-purifying processes is stopped, or mm* obstructed, real danger comes. Waste material collects in the blood, and the organs, thus badly supplied, work badly. There are several forms of blood-poisoning. One is uramia, from suppression of the action of the kidneys; another is ehaiamia, from non-eecreti<Hi of bile by tfie liver. AuoUier might be called aapnmda, from rcteatHO OMJTMMAl DtaOHDKKB. 237 rf |mtn.flHbK, matter m* carrfcd off by the bowel.; but that w«d i. othorwiNB iwett by mnw writere. All tlMM, u„, i;,„,« of bI.Kx|.p„jHo„i„«/,,„,. WM/n ; th«t i.. by mnt- .Im^-I by the „bm.>;Uuni of f«,l imtiTinl fn.n. a «ir>y „f ,he Uiv or n".r ,t; ,w trou, a KniiKreiioiw huuikI or un .,.,h«iltliy «l»«x-« ; or fmn. the unm»ov«l •' Lx-hial ' di^Om.,^. f„l|.„vi..« .LiM-birtb. />.,«;„ i. U.e t«r.u ap,.l,«I to muh ,K,im..u„g wi.en it w followed by a <le,»o«it .rf IMW III variouH jmrtM of the lK»ly. i " » /W«. uuk« reiiovKl (rownnlH which rh,. nkin alwayn d.K^ a Ao/aw,« *ldom HhowH ..uh d<«tn„.iiv.. ,..w,.r. but i« nmnif«,t«J by d.«,ne*., Hu.k,K«. ot Htommb, h^ulmhc, bitt.r ta.te in d.e mo.,tl,. ai^l yellown.«« of the «kin. to„«Me. ..ml ..yt„.« </^w.«W/„,, „/ <A., W4 ti«««, blo.Kl-ta...tn,K I'v .Hm-,..,novul of |„u,v^^.„t n,at..rial through the,rNec.n.t.on; th.iH. ami by other ,„„„.., it kill8 .,m„nonly in a week or two, u„l,XH ...ne „.«,„h of „.lief 1^. f„„.,.|. Se,Ui»t,„ia and ««,„,« wdl »)<■ treated of hen^ifter by th<>MiN..|vi-K. 0.*te«/. ,K.i..nH r..a,.h the b through the ,..o.,tl, and Hto„«ch, by the u„KH, or iy the Hki„. >'o, ...w ..nHideri..,, «r.». ,K.i.on. (.uch L a.,.,nu., c«rru.,ve sublnnate, ete.), ue ..fe, he,v to th,L of a «ubtl^ nature a« ImuI dnnhn:,-,n„lrr, .utUuin, and the <«.«e« of th.«e di«ea«e« which for a long tune have been c«Il«| zymotic, now men, often ZS enthetic-a« snm l-pox, H,«rlet fever, yellow fever, cholera, etc.-about wh«e eauHat.ve ..story .,.„ethi„g h„« been «aid in our ««;ion on Eti- ology. Lach of tht«e lu« «,„„• or leH« chamcteristic effect,, to be d^HT-bed hemfter .„ their due pla... That which i« common i IZ all wdl be our now next following ...hjeit. Fkver. When one ha* a hot, dry .ski,., a glowing red cheek, thimt, a rapid pulje, and weakn^ of body, with nu.n. or \^ dulne^ or di« ur£ of the mental faculties, we -ny he ban fever. Constipation of the bT e^H. and scanty secretion f„,n. the kidney., ako .«mm^lv belong to tie nxirin h bf ^'\^' ^~"" ''' ^•^'"p^*''"^' '"^^ -«* '-'- plr F A ' " h-rmomete, in the armpit will mark 98.5° *ahr. Fever often runs ,t up to im", 104°, 105°, or even higher itOMtMTia Mh.r>lCiWM, Wl»tc«tt«Uikt3MW«ofh«t? Sevendcoojwitam have beMi mad* Rbout it; bwt not mu.h Hm Iweo proved. The roont warly certain ex- |diu»aoD », thrt it in owing U> incrwwed " con»bi»ti.m," thut in, oxida. (ion, going on in Uh) Wo«I. Alway., oxygen i», during lifr, and rtill more mplly after death,. «otnl.ining with and ".frnMiniing" the el«n«it« of the b«ly, in tlie bl.^J und in the ti-wiw. Tlii« «in»iiin|)tion or .tmii- bonUon, whidi prodw.w animal heat, » cimiftlM and irya/«W, dunng health, by the living eiierjo' (life-forr.-) of the Uidy ; the ncr\-.H» wntri* being the inrtrumente of thin r.>gula(iou. But when a «HHtur».ing ele- imat it intowdiiwd, life-energy i« lowere.1, and dicmii-ttl ehang«« g») on mote rapWIv ; hence n binhcr hmt of bliioil-«Mnlm»4ion. Fever is met with in .i.nn«-ti<»n with lunny diKeu«w. InHammatKHi of any of tlie great orgaw, bniin, lungH, lieart, pleura, hnmchial tube-, atomach, bowehs et«., will, when w-tiYe, !» attemleil by it And, with- out any inflaminaUon, wo n.eet with it in typh.w; also with mflam- makwy alfeotion»«eew»cfcw^ to Uie general disease, in mwlet fever, wimlj- pox,m«a(iK«l'I*tl»e'»; »"♦' *'*'' ^ witliout l.ral inflammations, in yellow fever, in relapsing, intermittent, ai«i remittent fevere; perhapa abo aometunea without any true acute inflanmiation, in typhoid fever. Two sorta of originntion of the febrile ntatc seem thun to exint : one, when U/oflotM a local inflamnmtJon— irritative fever ; the other, when it prcoedea inflammati«>n or «vun without it, having itu morbid cause in the blood— tox«mic fever. The varioua exampk» of it will receive our attention again after awhik. oiAaainoATioy of »tMKAaa». CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES. ««/«rt ..r inocUation: primary svohiH. 1«1 ! ""'" '>' chicken-pox. .cMl-t frJ, «'"<■'• "n- ,vWai, .„ • 8,.,aM.pox. Hw*. Bcariet fever, measles. :\. AlliwI hAU i cough. 4. yy^'^,..r<ui^e,i,.:i:.z:.jz^'*z^^ typhu.. spotted (,rr..|.„».«,,i„„, fever er Ja ll. ^^^""^ ^''''"'' influeiua. diphtheria nl-L. i I . ^ '^*'""'P"*''P«"' 'ever. (oo.,g«rtive) fever. '"^"'"•"•nt. remittent, ami perniciou. leuk«mi., genera? dro^vt/'i'"'*' '""'"'•• chloroaia. -yphUi,. 2 !t " tri , / r" °'*'' '*"*^"' ""'titutional -curvy, gout, iifli:.:^;!.^^'::;^^^^ "' ''■."""' ''■'™'-'- eoitre. Bright'. diseaseT •..,*' <''*■«"""'-•"'""-)= "•. cancer, lent, place in Urn LL ' ' '" """"'*"' '""•^' •«"^'«'" pwpl. from wmewlwre Om. ^ ^'*' *^ '*™«- - "i««* wliicli eofflei upon . 240 DOMESTIC MSDICtSK, Nervous ditorders may also be only ii^ pnrt named here : apo- plexy, paralysis (palsy), epilepsy, catalepsy, hysteria, chorea (St. Vitua's dance), tetanus (lock-jaw), asthma, angina pectoris, locomotor ataxy (one form of spine-disease), convulsions, neuralgia, delirium tremens (niania-a-potu), insanity. Of undassifiable diseases, not easily fitting in either of the above groups, there aj-e dyspepsia, cholera morbus, diarrhoea,' colic, jaundice, hemorrhages, local dropsies, worms, etc. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES. On approotihing a siok jwrson, our first question, whether put into wortls or not, is naturally, h th/re miu-h the muUer f Other inquiries fiillow, sutii as these: Has he/<««f Is lie verj- Kwti.' Is his ]wml ektirt Does he suffer ijxun anywhere? What wgan or funeHon of his body is not as it ought to be? So we proceed from one "thing to another in forming what doctors call a diagnosis of a ease. Experience makes such an examination more and more easy, rapid, and efficient. A Ixjsetting temptation, even witli physicians, is, when cnougii has been foimd out to give a probable name for the malady of the iwtient, to conclude at once that this is the whole matter, and thiit wi; know all aho^U his case. Thip lOt Iw true, however, unless we have («refully scrutiniml nil his oi-^aus, or at least have satisfied ourxelves on good evidence as to the presence or absence of disorder in them all. Our plan here makes suitable only a short account of the principal sjrmptoms found in connection with different parts of the body, and their meaning ; or, at least, the conditions with which they are moat likely to be associated. Symptoms ApFEfTiNo the Skin. The skin is hot awl dry in fever. Moisture is nearly always a favorable sign. Exceptions are, the cold and dnmmy perspiration of great prostration, and the mpiom sweat- ing of advaneed con^tinifdion. Emaciation (wasting) is seen generally in those long sick. Some* times it occurs rapidly, as in severe diarrhoea, or in the summer com- plaint of ■children. The color of the akin may be changed considerably in disease. Tlie &ce is — Pale, during fainting, with sick stomach, and in anemic prsoos. atQlfS AND SYMPTOMa OF DISSASES. 241 S!^w***:i'fT^*"'^ ''^ "^ *P°P'*^y' »•• intoxication. Cheeks brightly flushed, in hectic fever of consumptives. Purple or hvid, in typhoid or typhus fever. Yellow, in jaundice, bilious fever, and yellow fever Sallow, in chlorosis, dyspepsia, and cancer. Blue, in the collapse of cholera, and cyanosis. Black, almost, in suffocation from any cause aJS'niZ" "' ^ "^ " ""^ ''•^ "'■«• "« "- Symptoms Prerented by the Mouth, etc. mo2 IT'' ^r^' '"u"^?'" P"^"'' *•"'' '" *="i«t fever, inflamed mouth and sometimes when the stomach is inflamed {ffa^rUU; furred -md.g^t.on, and ve^ often in fever; 6.0.,, or Ll; ZiTluk fi<mred,m Unc fevers, as typhoid or typhus. It ispo^W oui vnih diffi. ouflymlowfeyen,, and after an apoplectic attack; going to on. «,//i„ paralysis affecting one side only. ^ *' ' " The teeth are covered with thick brown stuff called "sonles" in low i^'rof izT '^"^'' ^"'^^"'^' '^ -- ^^^ in^l?"'t r T"'? "V"^ 'P""»'' ''"^ ^'^^ *« Weed easily m »eurvy. A Wue /»« along the gums is obsei-ved in lead poisoning ll^i'lirrr^h ■" '^-ci.g -sumption. Sweinug^Tll' 'ix)j)jwrj'" tastte ness of the gums, with tenderness of the teeth ami a m the mouth, are signs of mercurial mUi^oCm /ncreo*, 0/ Wm gives the name to this affection, o^ not uncommon n med.a.1 practice. Iodide of pota^am, taken m;iiciually, winZl t.m« salivate Urge dose, of ,aAo W/. or its active prinJpe^I^ earpin, generally does so. * 'utipie, piio- The taste is morLIdly bitter in disonler of the liver; »our, often in d^ps.; «^«A, with spitting of blood; puirid, in ^ngre'ne of tli: The Throat. Wfficulty of swallowing may result fmm inflammation of the tonsils or gullet (pJ^rynx); spasmodic closure of the tliroat • ,^nna! ob,truct,on.as from a bone, etc.; paralysis, as after diphdierl « extreme weakness, in the dying mtc pauieria, or colT^i^* " '''°^''' " **" ^'P^*' conditions: high fever and low fit JHiMSSTIC MSDICISK. The Stomach. Appetite is almoet always dthjmeni in both acute and dironic diaeaw; most 80, liowever, in the tbrmer, as a rule. Perverted appetite oocure in cases of eMorom, and iu soine hygUrical subjedB. Nausea (sick stomach), mih or without vomitiog, is met with in indiyeslim, colic, magichif^, jmynnney (morning sickness), gaglritig (in- flammation of the stomach), hy^terin (.XKasioually), ffe)/«a morbus, epi- demk cholaa, biliow remiHeidjVve,; yellow fever, ulcer o/Motnaeh, cancer c^ etjomacli, gtrangulaM fui-nia (rupture), obdruetion of the boweU, in-i- tamt poiaming. Symptoms Bki-onoing to the Cikcttlatimj. Palpitation, or disturbed lu-tioii of the heart, may tk-jieud upon inflamnuaMH of its viembranen [pericardHiii, cnfiocarditu<), efdargemmt {fiypairophy or dUutation), valvular <lkea»; a-nmnm, witli weakness, ner- Vvi. 176. I FEEUNO THE PClfiE. voM irriiabiiUy (nervousness), as from strong coffee, tobacco, etc., dya- pepiaa. brain disorder. The polBC mav be, in disease, natural, drong, weak, firm, yielding, full, mnaU, comprembk, rapid, dow, (juiek, jerking, hard, soft, tense, gageow, trdeil, wiry, thready, imperceptible, reffukir, inegular, inter- mittent, dmible (dicrotous). A fever pulse is moderately rapid, and in the early stages of an attack, strong; later, soft and compressible. When violent acute in- flammation of any organ is present, it is quickened, hard, and rather ftdl, as a rule. A nervously disturbed p"l«e is quick {jerking rather than mptd), and varUMf, under excitement . icpose. In extreme weakness, most of all in the dying state, the pulse is aT0ys AyD aruPTOMB of dismasm. 343 MMly alH-avh rapkl and »mdl, or "thready." A duW of 1«» i«n Hemorritaoe. If from the stomach, it w t.r««)™i i„. , . ' *'*»^*- from the 1„„.. I , ■ P™"' ''." »«™". »i«l » •Hmktd. M'heii the account of thi. affection later in the book.) ^^ •44 DOMBSriO MBDtCtlTM. Vomiting of blood (heemaUmeai*) may be one of tlie eyrmptana oo< curring in hytUrkal women ; or it may result from ,ufoer, or cancer of the stomach ; or it may be (as above) substitutive or vicarious of absent menstruation. Uterine hemorrhage (other than the natural monthly flow) may come from eongegHon of the womb, or its ulceration, or cancrr. During preg- nancy it thrrateriH misearrifu/e, or results from misplacement of the pla- centa (after-birth). Hemorrhage from the bowels may be connected with piles (hemor- riboids), dysentery, ulceration of the bowels, cancer, rupture of an abdom- intd aneurism, tyi^id, malarial, or yeUou: fever, or viearunu menstru- ation. Hsematuria (bloody urme) may follow a mechanical injury, infam- $naUmi of the kidneys, done in the bladder, or a bad state of things in ; o( scarlet J'ever. 8YMPTUMS CONKECTED WITH THE BeEATHING OrOANB. Sixteen to eighteen times in a minute is the ordinary rate of breathing wUe at rest, in healtb, for a grown person. In fever it is almost always • good deal/(M#«- than this ; often thirty, forty, or more respirations in s MJnutr When a person i* poisoned with opium, the breathing be- cosMS morinff, and very «/ow,even only six times or less in a minute in hesrr larostigm. Apoplexy, and pressure upon the brain from a piece of a broken iMl, are also ^tended by stow, snoring respiration. Difficulty of breathing {dyspn<m) may be caused by Irrei^table gmn (a» chlorine, etc.) in the air ; Obitrtietion in the air-tubes, as from croup, asthma, or bronchitis ; Diae^M off the liHsgs or pleora, as ia pnetuuonia, consumption, ot pleurisj-. Disease of (he he«t or aorta ; Abdominal dropsy, pres^io^ ui?ward«. Coughing, also, may have a variety <>i' eansee, of the nature of whidi we may ofttn iiuige by i&i dmraeter. Thus it is, commonly, Dry and t'ght, in cnrly brmd^k; Soft, deep, and loose, in admvnc^ bronchitis; Hacking, in the beginning of eam'ximplion ; Deep und distressing, in adt^meed o»iBamptioo. Short and sharp, in j>»«/mon»a; Hoarse and barking, in an erniy stage of croup ; Whistling, in advanced membrun<-.is cro^; Paroxysmal (iu spells) and whoopixq;, la KKooping-emgK Dry and hollow, when sympnthe^ or m>pitm»>. STOirs Atrn 8tmptomb or lyissASsx ^6 ru^y, in the middle BtZTZZo^r ^ ,^TT^ hnn^Ui,., developing con..rnpU,Xl^ThLy'' '"'"' '"^ ''""'"' '" The breath ;« A^ i • ^.'''^ ^"^"•^"^' '" '/"".'/'''"e o/<A«/«nf/. cl>ild. B., teeth aud utirtSh^'^''^^"*^' '" " '"^^^''^ pleasantness in it U ^^, digestion are <«ninion causes of un- ^«.dn:s^::;tae!:;wiS'.":jt:~'~^ Hiccough is producc.1 by uCl' ofl? J T^"' "^'^^ '""«• tJ.e chest. It mav donen,! „1T • dmphrmjm, at the floor of -Wion. irtlK t r .r:''^^*'"-' "--" '''•-■'/-, o.- great torn. ^ *'''*' " '^ g^"^-™"j^ a decidedly bad sy,„p. figure of Uu ,k„U, a.d clr^ZnL it T /"''" "^"^'^•^^' ooureewe do not for^t tlu, r ' ""'■"*''""" ^Z' «/^'«««- (Of their natural and hX ^^ ^"""^ ^"^^'^ *'--'-^>' ^-ing Symptoms Apfectixq the Musclis. Position is often signifiauit i„ ji.^,^^. owing to ^en,T«/,rm/L, W,„ ,w ,- ^"^^^''^ty *« rise maybe liver i,„^,,,^„HW,,dis«»,hr, " ""'**''• ^l"" '!«> «on6ue,„„t. "^ ''"* "'"" '"™ ^ng lak« ™,<>f a,ei, DOMSartC MMDIOIITE. Spasm may be of eithw of three kinda : fixtd, or tonio ^aun, at in lock-jaw (tetaniB); regvlarly jerking, or o/onto, as in fits or oofumMona; and irreguhirly j&rkiag, w in St Vitus' dance or ehorta. Ordmp is a short-timed tonic spasm. Tremor (trembling) is of two kinds: eonsUad trembling, as in «/tat-> img pai*y {parnhjitu agiiam), and tremor only when doing something, as in one form of dwease of the brain and spinal nmrrow. Rigidity of musnles is different from mere spasmodic contraction. It occurs In certain severe and continual eases of paUt/ (paralysis). Jerking of the tendons («uA*nftiM tendinum), especially at the wrists, is met with in low Males of continued fever, typhoid or typhus. SVMPTOMfl CONNBCrrED WITH OUR SENBEB. Pain is variously interpreted, according to its place and charactor. It may l)e Acute, sharp, cutting, as (n pleurisy ; Shooting, darting, as in neuralgia; Piercing ^lancinating), in cancer ; Gnawing, tearing, in rheumatism ; Dull, heavy, aching, as in pneumonia ; Griping, twisting, in dysentery ; Bearing down, in second stage of labor ; Pulsating, in tlie formation of an abscess ; Burning, smarting, in erysijielas ; Stinging, nettling ■ urticaria (nettle-rash) ; Constant, or interir.it! nt ; fixed or wandering. Tenderness on p.-- ..re is generally a sign of inflammation, although SMue neuralgic cases have it ; possibly from inflammation of the sheaths <rf' the nerves. Tired miucleg also are often sore to the touch as well as on motion. Sometimes pain is relieved by pressure ; tliis is often the case wiA colic. In such iastances we conclude that there is no inflamvudion. Pain is not always at tlie place of disease. In disease of the Up-joint, tlie principal pain is at the knee ; in dyspepsia, often, over the middle of the bread; when the liver is disordered, under the rigid shoulder- blade; in irritation of the wonU>, at the top afthe head. Loss of sensation (anaisUiesia), occurring from disease, constitutes one kind of paralysis. The other form is loss of pmoer to move the limbs or parts affected. When paralysis involves one side of the body only, as the right arm and leg, or the left ami and leg, we call it hcmi- plegia. Paraplegia is palsy of both legs i^ ^ saaM time. (See p. T,\l.) wmgifmim A.;''v>>v -A^.^f itv: M10H8 AND STMPTOUa Or DtajBASta. 347 The Eyb nr Disease. Blood-thot eyes show either Inflainmation of them or /ulneu of blood inlhehead, which is often present ia/ever». H one eye only i« very red, of oouree the trouble raiwt lie in itself. Yellowness of the "whites" of the eyes ooeunj in bilious disorder. The eyeballs are notably prominent in that curious and rather un- oonunon disorder called « exophthalmic goitre " (of which mention will be made again hei-cafter). Prominmce or bulging of one eye only shows a probability of disease, as a tumor, behind that eye. Sinking of the eyeballs in tlieir sockets is seen to some extent in consumption and other tmsting diseases. Sinking of one eye must result from wasting of its own substance or of the socket behind it, the former bemg often observed in the blind. Rolling of the eyes from side to side is common in great nervout reiUeamem of infants or young children. Squinting (drabmvu), which is natural with sonic, and an acquired habit with others, becomes a serious symptom when it occurs as the result of disease of the brain. The lustre of the eyes grows dull often a short time, perhaps a few houre, before death. Briffht eyes are wmiuonlv noticed in advandng consumption. They may glare in mmw, (insanity), or, for a time, in acute mflammalion of the brain. Very small pupils of the ey«« are swmi when eiUier </tey are, or the ftrnn. IS, the seat of inflammation. In opinm-jjoiiionmg the pupils are contracted, at least until very- near death. Tlicv ai* Utrge (dilated) fwnmoaly, ,n apoplexy, wat^r on the brain (hydrocephiUus), and poison- ing by pnwwc aeid or by Jmneslomn we^ (stramonium) or bel/adonna. Great shrinking from light (photophobia) exists in severe inflam- msjooot the eyes, and also in a.ut«i Inflammation of the frmtn. SfBU, rings, ete., floating before the sight (musoa volitanks) show &e praeuce of <^aqne particles in the interior of the eyeball {mtreous hmmr\ which are not of much importance. Fixed dark spots are of mow ooBsequeuce ; they often show a banning of biindnesa. The Eabs. Pain in one of the ears, earache, may be either infkmmaiori, or neu- ra^o. Other signs most be considered along with it to shew which It 18. Ringing in the ears {Hnniius aurium) ocmns from either of at least two or three causes, to distinguish between which is not always easy. ijarge doses of ^unine, and of one or two other powerful medicines. 848 DOMMSTIO MEDlCtHM. idU make many people', can ring or itMur. DJmmw of tlie mridll «ften produce thin s-mptom, even when the dkewe is not severe at the Ume. Inotherbiflt«noe8,frroma;Aai««on,or«>«9«<»«i(overfuln«BBof blood) of the brain, tnay give rise to it. If it be heard only in one ear, we may be confident that the cause is in that ear itself. Deafheaa. or hardness of hearing, in various dwreea, may nrooeed from ' , Cold in the head ; Very lai^ge doses of quinine ; Typhus or typhoid fever; Wax accumulated in the ears; Diaeaae or injury of the ean; Brain disease. Headaohb. Pain in the head may depend in diflfereut cases upoa Neuralgia ; Rheumatism ; OverfVilneaa of blood [wngcdion, hypa-mnia); Blood poisoning (as by ak-ohol, opium, etc.); Fever (remittent, typhoid, etc.) ; Diaeaae of the brain ; Sympathetic irritation (as with uterine disoi^r, etc.). Skill OS well as care m^y often be necessary to make out, in an actual case, to which of th«» a headache (cg>*a/(%/«) belongs. Neurdgie headache is neaily alwi^ys on mu aide only or chiefly, and extends to the face also; it is shooting or dartbg, and there is with it some tauUmeM m pretaui-e. Sheumatmn of the scalp is muaUy accompasiad by stiff- ness of the mugcka that move the head and neck. HtadadK from ful- ness of blood or fever is attended by Aca< of the head ; the pain is then apt to be thr(M>mg in ekuacter. Pain from dimue of the brmm is gw»er- ally in one spot, either /a^ or in spells (periodic or panHtymal); aad some other sipi of brain disease is also present with it. (See p. 519.) Expression of the Facb. Acute diseue is apt to alter this mwe than that whfch is efatwiic ; but it is often changed in birth. An anxious or distressed expressioii giving wy to serenity is always a good sign, nnUss it be tiie remit of mofiificatlon or pcJay coming on. Great anxiety is seen especially in organic diseases of the heart, and m acute disorders of the abdomen, as well as in melancholy. Terror belongs habituaUy to deliikim tremena, also oaUetl iwmw- a-potu, or the horrors. JX^I^.^'Z." ^'^ («••• •^•^. -^ to »™, own obaracteristic exDm«!n„ ^ f* , """ ""^ "»«' J"** '»« the cornen.. and whi; g W e^^ t::;^; ."""'' '?7" '"'"^ "' DEMRrrif. This « a di*,rder oi c-oufusioo of mind, in acute disease „n* fl i for a long tuu, iik„ 1^^,,^ ^^^ ,j,pendi ' ,, " "'^ , "'^' "'** ^^"^ Snrpon. Coma is the medical word for thi^ t* • fro. whid. one cannot Z:^J^Xe IZ ZS^Tr^'^^V^ lowing: alcoholic drunkenness ."IdTunk^ o ' " -^^ ^'*'- (na«»ti8m); aooDlexv • vn« i 1 '' ^P'"™ Poisoning Lin fbm fraZld Lull ' '' ' '*'" = "^"P"^«" "^ »'' ^^is not a W« easy to .,, in a particular «^, which of th^ i« Itaarioaiim k genorally shown by the odor of fh. A /A , , rS^rf-^' even Sen no^nX^^lh^if^rnLlT'^' *-. .*«. . not 0. -xii^xte:: ^^;x it ?«■?'. .-:^Rii>«^.- no »OMM§riO MMPtOHTM, k Amnd oat fagr emftd mmiaatkNi of the hnA. (Ot tbk tmia hm^ aftar.) DissliMM (giddinon, vcrt^o) k aoooanted for in diffcrent imlanoM 1^ either of four oMaea: mero weoAnew; dieoider of the Uvfr (Jbitiom- DCH, (Matmia) »ad domach; dinne of the tnlemo/ ear/ diecMe <^ the&nrin. The hut of thau ia the lent oommon, unlea in penona ov«r aixty yean of age. Lota of apMch (opAcuna), or getting the wrong words inataad at duM intended, oomea from a disorder aX the brain. It k often acvom- panied by Ion o/ power, enpecially in the rinht arm and leg. Loaa of vckt (aphonia) \h another thing ; resulting from thickening of the lining membrane of the windpipe (kurynx), or paralysis of its miiadea; or, in the dying at nearly dying state, extreme debility. Sympioxs AFFEcnito THK Secbetionb : The Bowku. Conatipation (tightness of the bowek ; absence or rarity of move- ment, and aniallness of amount discharged) is almost always present during the first days of a ftmr, of any kind except typhoid. Even in that, also, aldiough early InosenesH of the IhjwcIs is mwe common, there M in a few caflcs a Hhort time of constipation. Pregnant women are very apt to have the bowels constipated, from th J partial obrtruction produced by the pressure of the enlaiging uterus upon the lower bowel (rectum). Sea-sickness, also, is veiy often attoided by slowness of the bowels. But the moirt obstinate and alarming con- rtipation is that of obdruetuM of the bowels ; as in dranffulated rupture, or in iniumucfpHon (both to be again mentioned in aniother place). Diarrhoea (excessive liquid flow from the bowels) is symptomatic of various disordoed ocmditions. It is present as a rule in typhoid fever, and is common in advanced pulmonary eoiuumpHon. It is an easential part of the attack in ehoUra morbiu, epidemie cholera, and chokra in- Jantum (summer complaint of infants). It occurs frequently by itself, particularly in warm climates, and in the summer season. Discharges in diarrhcea are either natural (fecal), mueous (slimy), bilioua, or watery. In cholera nwrhiu, which may be met with any- where, the passages are nearly natural ur bilious, uuleas near the end of a veiy bad case. Epidemie chitUr-i js distingnishable partly by the riee-water-likr abundant discharges, with no biliary color at all. Dysentery is recognized by scanty but frequent bloody diaduuges, with gripmxg pains, and a disposition to bear tfotm. Slime (muoua) is apt to be mingled with blood, also, and at a later period in aevere ( there may bepua. BI0lfa ASD UtHfTOMn or DtnttABMB, 861 EzcRmoir or the KtDiram. %MptoiM a»D«ct«l with thi* exoMtion .ra: ttraMurv lAxft^M «>■§ of power over the bladdnr 'I'l.;. : greater ^« j/«^rAa,.« n^, ,,,.«« it i„ either «x, but e^pe^ia l/o^t nywencal women. Af\er ekUdJtSrik U r. ii v^miiy mwia in of the bladder In LT r.''^"^ J* /""««* I"**""! upon the neck Z^Tof it T K '"?^ •* ' "•' "'■ '"" '"'■"♦> " ^^ «> '"V give Z rid^nf ^ ">« Jowe«t part of the lielly.ju.st in front, above the bonv nenoe ot urme. ll« symptom, however produced, often calk for relief S.S a^^L;:!: t .^it't^r-^' "^ "-^^~ .•nto^LVwa:;^' £r:m:^-:,:----^^ «jrfet fever, and long standing ca.e« of disease of the kidner ^"1 !.S.r d^:tr''" " "-^ ^«"-« ^^' ^-^Tz Excew of urinary discharge is called by physicians dinh^s It ^nS. V o ^y^^'J ^-^ «*«"• nervous pewons aL mav l« •ftctrfwithit Common «port say, that aoldie«'XostaIwaX^ MKXOCOrV RBOIUTION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 Li |2^ IM U£ ■ — if 13. u ■ 22 Ui- _J /APPLIED IM/1GE Ine ^y- 16S3 Cast Main Street Kb Roche^ttr. New York U609 USA •Jgg (716) *«2 - 0300 - Phon« as (716) 286 - S989 - Fon 252 DOMESTIC .vEn/crxn. need to empty the hladder just before going into a battle. The chronic (prolonged) digease railed diabdeK is attended !)y a remarkable change in the character of the urine passed ; which is ver\- heavy and contains migar. Qualities of the Urine. About forty, or from thirty to fifty, fluid ounces (a quart, more or less) of urine is passed by a healthy grown person every twenty-four hours. It may be retained longer in the female than in the male bladder, but not many hours commonly in either. More is passed, and more frequently, during winter than in summer. Warm temperature promotes perspiration, cold, urination. The color of healthy urine is that of amber. It should be clear when passed, and should have very little settling at the bottom, evoa after standing for some hours. Yet some change in color, lighter or darker, or variations in quantity, and even deposit of sediment, may take place while the iiersoii coutinues in health. iSikIi alterations often show the successful relief of Uic system, by excretitju, of what, if not carried off, might have caused disease. Great and cmtiniud alterations in the urine, however, are important signs of something being wrong ; and, under skilful examination, the nature of the disease may thus be found out. For this kind c)f inquiiy the skill of the physician, trained in the use of chemical testg and the microscope, will he required. Our present plan calls ouly for an account of what any observant {lei-sou may discover and understand.* We judge of the character of the urinary secretions by noticing, be- sides its quantity, its general appearance, weight (specific gravity), reaction with chemical tests, and the presence or absence of different kinds of sediments. In appearaiu-c, it may be clear or opaque, light-coloKd or dark: If clear and deep-colored, we infer a too rapid wasting of substance to be going on in the body at tlie time. lu jaundice, the urine is ffcnerally verj' yellow, and sometimes is as dark as porter. When opaque, it is either white or dart;. White opaque urine con- tains either mucus or pus, or undissolved earthy sediment, or all of these together. Mucm floats more as a cloud than ptts ; the latter is apt to be opaque throughout, though with a more ci-eamy layer at the bottom. Pus, however, can be readily diflused (more so than mucus) by shaking. (Mucus always shows a less violent, or less advanced, inflammation than pus.) • See the author's " Essentisls of Practical Medicine," under Semeiologf, tar Anther narticnlars on this siil^f^t. aieys aad syvptoms of diseases. 25,? B Fio. 177. Dark-colored opaque urine is moet frequently tinged witli hlood, giv- mg It a pinkish or browuisli hue. Blood may be in the urine eidier from the kidneys or from the bladder; or, after an instrument has been used, from the uret/ira. Bile also may give a dark ,«lor to the urine as in nou^ixjtion of bile by the liver (or its reab.or,,tion) m Jaundice. Ihe weight (specific gravity) of the urine may be eiusily determined by usmg a unnonieter (hydrometer), which is a little glass ui)riLrht with mercury at its lower end, and a marke<! sciile above. In healthy urine (as in pure water the 1000 mark is just at the water-level) it should only sink so flir that the 1017 or from that to the 1020, line just touches the level. In diabetes m<l- lUm (with sugar in the urine) it may rise to 1060 or 1070. In the clear and abundant urine of some hysterical jiei^ons it mnv be so liffht as to mark 1010 or less. _ Tests require for their use, as already said, chemical skill. It 18 easy for any one, however, to find whether the urine is (u:td or alkaline. In health, and mostly also in disease it i. aeid, more or less. This is shown bv its reddening a strip of hlmw, paper dipi)ed into it. If, instead, it l)e alkaline, it will restore the blue color to litmus paixjr which luis \xxn rcddenal by another acid (as vinegar), and will change the yellow of turmeric brown. AlhUine urine is noticed particularly when mucus remains for some time.in the bladder. I'hysicians use tests especially to find out whether, in cases *=^*=''- of dis^ tlie urine contains albumen (as in Bright's disease) or sugar (as m diabetes mellitus). For these processes we must refer to medical or cheniical works.* In those also a.-e descril)ed the various minute lorms of crystals, corpuscles, etc., observ«l in the fresh or drietl sedi- ments of urine, by -•d of the microscope. Gravel is the term applied to small stony particles which are forme.1 m the kidneys from disease, and jhi^s, fii^t along the ureters to the bladder, and thence out through the urethra with the flow of urine Fam, sometimes very severe, may attend both of these short journevs of particles, if they be large. Often, however, they are moi-e like sand than gravel and escape without giving pain, except that both the kid- neys and bladder are apt to be in a state of irritation at the time of an "attack of gravel." It may be merely mentioned that nUHc acid followed by heat v.ill cause a inilkv appearance ,n a/6um.„o«, urine. BolH are needed to make the te«t .ure. One tl^ for «^ m unne h, to add a little strong solution of sulphate of ^^ x^\ portL, of i, Si. Jr;'."^''''' »>u>kof .o/„.<„.«/po.„«„. Sn heatS the m.^tu^a ye .' lawiri, or reddi»h.br«wn precipitate settles to the bottom of the veLl. Gla* t^-lntei *ould )« used for «Kh purpo*^ with a spirit-lamp. ^ '*"°'*' 254 BOMB STIC MEDICiyR Stone in the bladder is of the xame nature, only the ixuticles aocumn- late into one or more masses, which may become very large, and coxae great suffering ; not seldom, unless removed by an operation, shortening life. Gall-stones are formed by thickening of bile in the gall bladder, which lies under the liver, on the right side, near the middle of tlie body. Although the gall-duct, through which such stones pass tw the small intestine, is short, a large gall-stone (biliarj' calculus) sometimes gives extreme jHiin in its passage. Complete relief comes when it enters the small intestine (duodenum) ; as is the case likewise when a ffravd- alone escapes from the ureter into the bladder. Perspiration, Besides deficiency and excess in this important secretion of the skin, it is a familiar fact that it has, in some persons, a very unpleasant odor, especially in the armpits and about the feet. Perhaps this is somewhat most manifest in the African and other tropical races, but much depends on individual constitution and cleanliness. A few persons, with all possible care of their skins, still have a considerable (xlor, at least in warm weather. For such it is important to bathe frequently, applying good soap and water daily to their armpits and feet ; and also to keep their bowels regularly and sufficiently open. The odor seems to be due in part to an unhealthy misplaced (vicarious) excretion by some of the glands of the skin. In small-pox, typhus fever, and some other diseases, an odor peculiar to each is given off (ia some cases at least) from the body. Menstruatioj.. This is not truly a secretion, it is rather a periodical and natural Aem- otrhage; although of somewhat altered blood. Its deviations from health, besides mere irr^ularity, are amenorrhoea, menorrhagia, and dysmenorrhcEa. Amenorrhoea is absence of monthly discharge. Menorrhagia is excesiive flow at such times. Dysmenorrhcea is the term applied when it is attended by pain. W^e must leave for another place further con- sideration of these affections. Physical Diaqkosis. By this is meant the close examination made by physicians into the state of the organs in the chest and abdomen, by measuring, feeling, tapping, and listening {menaurcdixm, palpation, percussion, and auscul- tation). Percussion is tapping with a finger end, or a small hammer, .1 BT01T8 AlfD SYMPTOMS OF DIS8ASKS. 25.5 80M to compare the sound l,rought out with that of a healthy rhest or abdomen. Auscultation is listening, either diiwtly or thmugh a tube (stethoscope) to ascertain the6mrfA/«^M,un.l8,or thao belonging to the heart m ,Ls rhythmic action. An attempt to di^K-uss at length this huI,- .loct, which can only be pn.rtic-ally un.h.rst.Hxl with the aid of consi,],-,- able exi^nencc, would be out of plu,^. i„ ;, ,vork ou Domestic M.vii Temperature in Disease. Thcrmometere are n.ade for awrtaii i this (ehuK-al thcrmometen*). The bulb is commonly placed in the a.m- pd (sometinu^ under the tongue, or in the bowel, by direction of the physician), where it should remain about five minutes, to get the tem- perature of the body. During health this will be, in an adult 1)8 6° (from 98.4° to 98.6°); in a child, 99° or 99.6°, poasibly 100°. In tropical climates, it is sometimes a degree higher than in temperate regions. In the latter, it is apt to be highest on waking in the early morning; lowest at midnight. In tropical regions, it is lowest in the early morning, and highest shortly after noon. During fever, however it is always highest a few hours before midnight. ' A rise of temperature, in disease, of 1° Fahrenheit, corresponds, as a rule, with an increase of the rate of the pulse of from eight to ten beats m the minute. The tliermometer has been known, especially in scarlet fever, yellow fever, and tetanus (lock-jaw), to mark as high as 108', 110°, or even 112°. An authority on the subject (Aitken) says : When the temperature is increased beyond 98.5°, it merely shows that tlie individual is ill ; when it is raised as high as 101°— 106° the fever is severe; if above 105°, the patient is in imminent danger; with 108° or 109° a fatal issue may wit!'out doubt be expected in a compar- atJvely short time. " Convalescence from disease does not begin until the natural tempera- tii- of the body returns, and is maintained unchanged through the day PA.RT II. REMEDIES. REMEDIES. DO doctore, properly siicaking, cure the diseases and injuries of theii patients? Yes, and no. Citre conies from a Latin word meaning care ; to iake care of somef liing or somelxKly. Tiiat a good pliysician will always do. Sometimes, also, he may and must actually interfere with what is going on ; as when he' gives an antidote for a poison, and so saves life that would otherwise l)e lost. But, in many otlier instances, he simply tahit care of ihe ])aticnt, and Nature cures, in tlie full sense, of that word. There is, as we are created, a U-ndency to get well, which was called by the ancients vU medkairix naturw. A bone, for example, is broken. What does the surgeon do? He draws it out straight, gets the pieces into tlieii proper line, and puts vn splints to keep them there. Then the bone knits, in a few weeks, of itself. So also with the heal- ing of a wound. Its edges ai-e placed and kept close together, if that can be done, till tliey unite again ; or, if that be not possible, the wounded surface is covered with something v hieh can do no harm, and which protects the part from outside air and other things, until it heah, of itself. Here we see that certain conditions are ^vanted in each case, in order that the knitting or healing will take place. So it is with diseases, as well as with injuries. Some disorders are naturally self-limited ; that is, they will, if the jKitient lives for a certain time, get well of them- selves ; they run a tolerably regular course, and then end. Scarlet fever either kills or 'o jiassmg off, generally, within eight, nine, or ten days ; small-pox ri.n8 its course, living or dying, within about three weeks ; typhus fever, in four weeks ; typhoid fever, in the same or a longer time ; and so with other fevers, all of which are self-limited. What the doctor has to d? iu such cases may be shown by au illa^ tration. 256 RKMF.nTKS. 257 Ho k like tl.e mptain or pilot of a .liip. TI.o win.l, or st«.n., drm, tt on; he Minply dimtg its miuNo; «^«t« //, away from .lan-en*, and towards its intondo*! Iinven. ' b > ' As, ho«v.v(T, soinetimw, the <:.|,tai,i of a vessel ha*, more to do than only tostoPr it-in ti.nc of groat danger, for oxan.,.!.., to Mr in >,„V, mU do,rn „ rntsf, or tim.w ovorlK«„.l his .arj;..-.., there „rr ,«sos of dmn.em whi.h (ho ,,ln>ioian must aotivoly mA,/.,r; and cwm of tryur;/, m win. h the surgeon nni-t ojH-ratr. The* (us«s are fewer than those ,n which "steering" „nly is calkxl for; but thoy ar« vn-y m- portent. ■ and only a skilful physician or surgeon can with confidence ascertani mIiou and how thoy are to Iw do:dt with. Hence there will always bt need of doctors, and of skilf.d. well-traniod, and well-informed on(>s, too, however highly we may ai^ preoiate the powere of nature and the value of g,Kxl nu'iving Th.»^ who undei>tand the* lK>st wHl bo the most able todo justi<-e to the roid worth of a judicious medical or surgical practitioner. The purpose of this part of our book, on Home Medicine, is not to attempt to show how docto.,. can be d:si»ensed witii, but to enable those who, under cir- cumstances not very .-are, («nnot at once have com,K'tcnt medical advice to judge what is the bcM thing to ,h while ,rai(inff for U. Also it is hoped that the knowledge thus sot forth mav enable our Kadere to un- der»(aml better, and thas place n.ore mtrllignU confidence in, what doctors advise in cases that ai-e brought under their care. The times of super- stUious expectation of magical .loings on the part of the physician (like those of the Indians' « medicine-men ") have well gone by. Every one knows that no skill will aluays avert death. But it » important to be sure, also, that by the timely and xvell-judged use even of simple measures, death may often be averted or long postpon«l; suifering may be much lessened, and recovery may l)e hastened from diseases which otherwise would be of very uncerttiin and far-off i-csult. Looking at ivmedies from our present standpoint, wc may classify their objects as follows.* Whatever their nature, they are used for one or more of the following purposes : To relieve pain ; To con'pose nervous disturbance; To proinote sleep ; To open the bowels; To check diarrhoea ; To relieve vomiting or sickness of stomach ; .,*. T, Tr''f '''T'°.^"."^ "°f^' ""^ "^""^ sl^hTdiflfeiTnces, in my little book enH- -led The Family Adviser and Guide to the Medidne Chest;" Philadelphia J B Liippincott & Ck), r t ■ • 17 258 DOMESTIC MSDIOISX. To allay indigestion ; To improve woak digestion ; To reduce inflaiuiuution ; To lower fever ; To case or quiet cough ; To stop hemorrhage ; To regulate menstruation ; To I'-lieve dropsical swelling; To support the system under prostration or exhaustion ; To increase strength in prolonged debility ; To cure certain diseases by 8pe<;ial remedies; To expel worms ; To antidote poisons ; To obviate the danger and suffering of accidents or iajuriet. A full consideration of all the articles and procedures that are or may bfc used under advi<« of physicrians for thct* different purposes, would ml^ke a work on " Materia Medica and ThcraiKiutica." Many such technical and profo»4ional works have been written.* Our present aim will be to give a simple general view of the subject, and to dwell on such remedies as are safe and available in Home Medicine, when no physician is to be had ; only briefly mentioning, also, some wf those which are less suitable for domestic employment, although ased in med- ical practice. • The nioBt satisfactory inrormatiun of this sort may be obtained by reference to the " United States Di»penBaU)ry," by Wood and Bache and their sucotMon, or the « }>«(ior il Dispeniatory," by 8till4 aud Maiafa. kSMSDlHS. 2^9 To Relieve Pai.v, Much depends on vhere the puin is, and ..f what nr,rt. Anodyne, .re med.c,neH whc«o a^-tion is to c,„ell pain, by their influence upon .he bnun or nerv... But we do not nearly always have to nsort t^ \Z «n ae,-ouKt of ,„,n, i^pcrlMlly when \tfr.t b.,jin. to b felt. CM all pert, of.he Ih-Iv. pn.i«hly the abdomen is the most f«.,uent ^t o, p«... "S,.„,a..hac.he" and "<.li.,"an. ver^. ..nnuon. 'S most general ,,««« of sueh attacks i« m.%«//„„ with //«/»/,«,.,. (win.l .n he 8toma<.h and Ik^wcIs). To n.ake the ,n.^ula,- ,;., of the sto na.h and mte,t.nc. co,..., actively and .n.l„, „„ «,..,„ ,.cir len„ at least .f done eaH,, 1h3 pretty sure to give relief. For this p. r,K.«,: pern^nt. Essence of Gmgcn-, or s<wnc other aromatic (spicv) mclicinc the nil '^T wT"' '"■""''' f"'" "' ^•'^' '*t"n«Hl''<'r»K,wcls is ^ iZTntrd'T '^"'" "'^''^-^-"- 'Vinst this we have what ar. willed antacids, bec-ause they mutralhe acids hy c.„„hn,ing wih them Such arc lane-waer, ,o,lu, and maffnmn. Often there is g„-.t .. Jvantajre .n^ of colicky pain, in abiding one of thc«c to an aLati,-.* ^' »„ T!r ' I ""* ""'" '^"*">""' ""d""- the same cin-umstances. and th.s makes matters worse. It is of nm.-h in.,K,rtan«. then to mo/e the boweU, by purgatives, or, as the milder ones are calld, laxatives havmg a double advantage. Rhubarb is another; it is combined with luT L",?"^' f'-Pofmubarb,.n exclk^nt pre;™tb., J^ omlly forchddren.and n, a mlriuff li^uul ov "vehicle" for other stronL and more unpleasant medicines. Another, often good in colic, though nasty, is castor-oil. " JniJT^" "°? °^f ''"^ ""^^"^ "^"'"'y ^«'- l^J" i« the abdomen, or. «deed,anywhere else, ,s the outward applic-a.ion of a mustard plaster When doubtful what else to do t.y that. Properly used, it can do no harm, and i wdl most probably do g,Hxl, often a gm,t deal of good. LHow to makfe aud use a mustard plaster will be explained later in this book.] A nght hot piece of flannel laid over the oelly will so.uetin^es be almost as useful as a mastard plaster. a.licky pain may be lessened (in my own pei^n it is cUirely relieved) by firm presmre on both hip bone,, near their front edge. This am be done with one's own thumbs and fingere, or by those of another. The P^r. .bout the medicines now »d shortly to be mentioned, will be given hel 260 iXiMUHTtV MKhtCISS. prcKHure should be pretty luird, though rteady and oot enough to hurt of itm-lf. Gentle protHun-, and stiH Iwtter hmtiting the boweU, at the teat of pain from rtatultiur-, will otten help to cutter the wind and promote itM moving and iio«»ing downwanlx, whi« h \h very imjiortunt in eolie. Al*», rubbing over the »tonui"li and \mk witli a hnir-bnuh or elothe«- briisli, M briskly as eai' l»e eomfortjil.ly t)orne, will HometimeH do a wonderful amount of good for eoli<'ky |xkiiM. If such palliative meanH a« those ju-nt sjKjken of, an iiroimtiM, fuxa- tivea, and oiitiranl wurminf/ opolmtluux, do not, in u reusouuble time, »how wgns of alfonling relief of severe jxiiii— we may have to obtain medieal ailvitn;, or in its al>H«'nce to rtv..rt to anodynes. (Jf thcHe, tlie ilokest and nuwt ett'ec-tiud urt^ tli-* iimde from Oitimn, i-specially ^tuUinum (tincture of opium). A much weakc^r one is Pn,rf,orio (mmphorated tincture of opium), (hmjilior is, in the form of Spirits of Camphor, btJth un uromatic and ix„ nnoiliiiu; ; in the. latter quulty, however, less potent, at leusi n ort'inur)- doms, tlism opiiuu. IJoth, and especially opiun>, inquire great larc in their us«-. [Doses will Ik; meu- tioi»ed particularly hereatter.] Pain in the alxlomen, however, nsults by no means always ♦'rom in- digwtion or colic. It may possiblv Itc the Iwginuiug of mflamnhJion of the bowels, or of diinvnUrii ; or ot jKrilonilin ; or of obxtrm-tion of the bowels; or it may Ik; seated in the liv>r; or in the /•iV/zi'-.i/'* (then rather in the back); or, if low down, in tiie bhMer; or, in the female, in the ocarle« or iromA ; or there may Ix; an aitcnri'oii of the aorta, or a mnca- ; or it may be only a form of imiralgia. ¥"T each of these, whi<-h a gtxxl deal of knowledge may be iieetlwl to ascertain, a ditfeR'ut kind of tix-at- luent will be called for ; the pain l)eing only one of the manifestations of disonler. Therefore any suspicion of so serious a jHJSsibility as either of these (or even aem-c or obstina'-. cola-) will be a proper reason for promptly obtaining tl»e advice of a physician. For the relief of pain in the aide or chest, a mustartl-plaster is to be considered, aft r trial of rubbing, and simple heat (by a hot flannel, hot flat-iron, Iwig of h t salt or sand, or a tin vessel fillwl with hot .vater) the first active remedy. So much here deiwnds on the origin of the pain, that no further uniforn treatment of chest or side jwins can be advan- tageously laid down. Pain in the chest nuiy i-esult from pkuruty, pneu- monia, nmralgia, rheumatism, heart-diaea«e, aneurism of the aoiia, etc., or from so secondary a cause a« dyspepsia ("heartburn," cardialgia). Each of these requires some difference of management. KKMUniMH. 261 nijmirmn-. oftrn .in-, for the relief of «vwe or "J^tinate .«.„ .Vo7,A,a; wh..h in p.t f.-..,., opium. With them, , .uvorite «uv of' eniploym^ .hi« \n l,v in.h.hu ing a H„|„tio„ of if „n,lr,- the ./.in, J.y ihr* .H n.llwJ "hvpo,|,.rn.i.. inj.vtion." A «m«:i .m-l fi,„.|v p„i,„.,l .Vri,,^. .H Uu, '"«tnm,cn» f.,r thi. p;,r,K-He; l,„t it i. h„:,llv «,lap,„| f„r ,tL„,,Z- prwtirn. A All! nr'cout.t o it i,. given iu mcliml work*.' Pain in the head ha« been, on a pn-.-ionn ,«^., «,i,, t„ he of neveral k ml« „,Kl .lepmlent on m-ven,! enu.e^. y,n «.|,1„„. are ano,!.,ur. .".table .w n.n,«l„^ for hen.lm.he. Ikh^uhc. they „1| „.t mon^ orl,.^ po^verfully on the hrain, and ho. if they do not do f^,n\, thev :»av do n«l ham Ah a n. e. we nmy H„y,„,r«. take opiates or other 'an..lvni^ for hea,lnrh, unle.« d.«.ily nn.Ur «„ ,11,^1, „hhe. For " ^vk hculak. " whieh u Imbitnnl with ,-ert«in |«.,>H,n., and then v.rv- hanl t.» , ,.„■ or even reheve, the nu ♦ frojucth, useful renunly in „ d.^. ..f m«7«.W,/ and «,.«„,„/,«. .„,.v „/• ,.„,„,„„,•,,, „,,^^ „,„, „j,,^.^ p,rtieuh,w hereafter). H hen an nehinR hea,l .. ,,of, we arc- «,fe niway^ in tr> ing to W <V, l.y laymg upon the <.,rel„^,l „ li,,,.t hamlke^-hief wet ever>. few minute, with i-oU water. A wurnhjir h.n.da.he wil- Ik- more likely to be hel.K.I hy npphmtion of h,;,t to the ,«rt aJftHtod. Gentle rubbing with a tin- cAotmevthol, Bu.h a« i« „ ,w sold by dniggiHt8, will often mitigate, if not relieve, it. Pain in th.- face is likely to Ik- of one of three kindn: (mihache in a decc.y,d tooth (or more th:.-, o„e); h.fiammafhn of the jaw- or nrn- mA^ (« tie douloureux"). For the //,>/, the m..t ..rtain n-nLly i.. ,.. apidy to the hollow of the a.hing tooth the end of a Ixxlkin or da'rninir- n^le^ around u^ieh h wrapixxl a little bit <,f «.tton dip,K,l in pure Orea^c^. Ah thw will burn the li,« or gumn if it toiu-hes the a, ™re should be taken to have it oN-erflow a« little as possible; and a da* of cold wate, must be at hand t<. rm^^. the ,li^p or two away, if euoh ,W^ escape mto the month. If the ereasote reaches the r.y,/ ..of, .' will Til' ?"° "1 °"7- '"' "•'■ "''"'"'' "^ •" ^'"^ «"">« >^«y. « •-'^rly as effectual ; and rather less so is laudanum. Yorwflamrmiiion of the Jaw, advice had bette. be taken at once from 8 dentist or a j.hysician. A hot poultice of Flaxseed-meal, into wnieh the painful s.de of the *ace, and ee.vered with oiled silk (or oiled pain-r or thin 8he..t-rnbl,er) to prevent i from drying up and getting eold t<x! soon. Afflm/y,a may be best co .idered in ano ther place, hereafter. j Jif** " *^''"^ "^ ^^'"*' Medidae," before «fer«d to, on thi. «d kindred »b. 361 POMgariC MEDICISt. Barach* k mont «>ommon in young chlWren. A simple /ri< rpiwdy for it ii) a clri)p of mtrm «..*•«<< oil poiired fn)in a hottle or a teaspoon inU> the car. If that fail to n-lievi', a drop »r in a child two or throe yeari old, two dropn) of LaHffannm may follow it. Pain in tho jolnta w iwially «'«II«h1 rhfiimatie; althmigli thia word u iM>t alwBVH tlcftniuly iwcd. Winn there w no KtttUing, or hent (signa of iiifliininiation), iwicm api^iciit'utm are likoly to do good. For the pain of the jointM in injinmmntonj rhfuimitlmn, the nuiKt relieving thing M /muhnum ; 'ayiug on the joint n hit tif rug, douliktl and wet with laudannm, and himliiig over it » pii-o' of oih-d filk. It will not do t<» put lauilanum in tliis way over ^>o vntiiif jwrtM at on«' ; as noinc of it ia absorbed, a large amount of it niight uareotiu the patient. Neuralgic fiain in any part of the hotly in genemlly but one symp- tom of a ffpnentl coniHtlon, de|)eniliiig on a pmiunimitUm of the nerrous ityidem and (in moat, not all itwe*) itoveHy of the blood. The former, being ponntitutiouttl, i» to be pttended to by all the wayfc we have of favoring tlie general improvement of health and strength. Poverty of blood is tnrated also by go<Kl nourishing <(K)d and Iron. For the immediate relief of atbiehi of neundgia, many things are help- ful, while nothing is certain in every eaHC ; except that, if driven to it by great suffering or exhaustion from pain, anodynes (as opium, or morphia, or some of their preparations) will stuj^fy sufficiently to " drown " the agony. Temporary leeahtess often brings on attack* jf neii-algic pain in tliose disposed to have them. Such persons should nerer <eaU too hnyj'or a mecU. Likewise, hot food, as a cup of W milk, or cocoa, or beef-tea, at the very beginning of the attack, may stop its progress. Heat applied to the painful part will frequently do good ; any con- venient mode of application will answer. On some parts of the body a mustard-pUuter is just the thing. Sunshine will (as I have seen) cure some attacks. On the other hand, I have read of iee applications hav- ing the same effect; but I have never witnessed ite trial. The Japanc-ie remedy, mentJiol, or oil of peppermint, is conveniently applicable in the fon. of rounded sticks, made by the druggists by mixing it with sper- maceti. One of these may be gently rubbed over the painful part for a few moments at a time. Various powerful anodynes are sometimes advised by physicianB te be put upMi, or hypodermicaUy ityeoted near the seat of severe and ob- MMMMDtMM, 263 ■tin.t« nmimlKic p„io. Por Home AMicine, I venture ooly to m-t wlmt wiu mH\ alKJUt rhrunMlie hints, ".at a rm, ZtT! • > ^^^''T"** ^.tr.„gtha„<l«are(„ppli„, out.lde only): n o..,W J., '":':, rubbed m, f«r a lew m.uut.. at a time, ov.r ti.e ,«rt «ffW>t«l «i.h ,«i„. Pai... at thu ti.no .,f men.truation v'y'.«.o*W..„) in |,al,i,„al w|,h •..me womin, „.„| ,H,Twi„„al uitl. oth ..; F..r i.- T tunc, and M,,. for ano,!.. ' ,, or tw... Wh... ,,. ^J, ,.„.,„ for eut.n, comfort is al.. ..«.in.l. //o/ .rU, huI. J":/Z^^^^^^^ ho water ...., a lietlc /i..,.. .f ,,,•„,,. ,, ,, ,; , toa.p<.„ • d "f ^Z xo«^;paoth:wr,,o...;;r;,^,^^^ I«rt of he aWo„«„. Very a-vere Hufferin^, of Hi ki..d mav a mL ;-^^ll for ...jeetion of I.u.lauum into the bowels; of wTid. a^iT Piles (small lumps at or near the >mm, i.e. outlet from lower bowel) are sometimes verj- painA.l, t..,K..iaIlv at or after th. t.mo of" movement of the l^wels. On.ti^,,on should be avoilw JTr 1 P-^.ble by those who are tn,uhl«l with piles, „„d yet ;>„r,4 actively or Sulphur; wo< Magnesia. i«/om^ pilen may 1« sootluxl, if mu.-h heot«l, by application of vory ^er w 11 7''\T""^^'^'"'' " '' '^"^' "•'"^"' - n.«len.tely aS water, W.11 g,ve st.ll more comfort in son.e cus... A flax.seed jJlti.* into which a t..a«iKX,nfulof Lnu.l„,„nn has iK^en ,K.nr«l will Ih> suitable when the patient is in l,ed with a bml attack. An ointment, as Cohl Cream (of the apotheear>'), should Ixj frequently appli«l. It is well to know that an attack of ,«ii„ and soreness in piles (which nrc often pn«- ent withoiit giving much trouble) may be many times ;,m-entef by the early and free anointing of the parts with Cold Cream, Tallow, or Lrf Fissure of the Anus is a still more distressing .ffeetion, our fur^ ther reference to which may be best left over for another phice. 264 DOMESTIC MED I CIS £. Strangury (pain in passing \rater) is to be treated by the warm batii, or Aip-bidi (sitting-bath), followed by application over the bladder, or between the thighs, of cloths wrung out of hot vxUer. Also, taking Cbin- phor Water, and Flaxseed Tea containing a little Sweet Spirits of Nitre, us a drink. Severe cases may justify an injection of Laudanum into the bowels, or the pkcing in the lower bowel of a suppository of Opium (of which hereafter again). ^ v Under the name of anodynes (pain relievers) several other drugs are named in medical books. We need only mention here Hydrate of Chloral, Belladonna, Hyoecyamus, Stramonium, Cannabis Indica, and Chloroform. Every one knows, also, what a boon to those who have to undergo surgical or dental operations is the breathing (inhalation) of antesthetics, as Uther, Nitrous Oxide, and Chloroform. These are called by that name because they annul sensation, for the time. For ex- tracting teeth, pure Nitroiis Oxide is the best ; for larger operations. Ether is much safer, though less convenient, tlian Chloroform. The use of either, iu this way, requii^ much skill, judgment, and care. REMEDIES. 266 CoMPoeiNo Nervous Distithbanoe. the^wt" '^"'^ ^"^"^ "'^ ^'^' °° *'" «"^ '"^d °»t»- of A wakeful and fretful babe, for example, nrnv need rimnlv ♦ i warm, or to have ite gums lanced. Do not n«ort to G.xlfrev's (C„i ^Mrs. Anybody's Soothing Syrup, for ..tless babi J 1 " tL^^t ^ ^ Tea or a drop of £««.ce o/ Peppa-mint in a small drink ofZZl ened water, or a teaspoonful of Chmphor Wate.- (not A^'rife of Camntr m sueha dose) or the same of Milk o/AssafaiL; ciCof th^wm be a good and safe infant's soothing draught. Overloading the « by keepmg the djild at the bm«t all night will have the o^p^ife eS making it worse instead of better. "I'pwsire enect, JZ ^T' "" Tu '^.''^^" ^'^'^' °^^°»« disturbance may vary aU the way from shght fidgeting to fits or canvrMon.. Mild miiciZ AssaMtda, Umphar, Valerian, and Haffv^nn's Anodyne. Physi^ian^ oft» p.^„be also, Bn^ide of Potassium (or of Sodfum), S^Td Convulsions are very much more common in children than in grown people; and most so of all at tithing time. 11^^^ dangero^ during infancy, but a., always frightful. Ju^ Iw" e^* concerned only to speak of composing neasurl adapted to them. C «uue appj- generally at all ages, so far as the attack itself Lstn«.mrf What IS to be done between times to prevent or wan! thl ri ™ imporiant and often difficult ,u.tion fo^ even^L pTylctllr; men a chdd « has a fit," lay it uix,n a bed, loosening all its cE" e^udly about its neck. Have good tr^h air in the xxK>m, bufZ sufficient warmth. Let one or two pem>ns make two mustai^Xe^ S i^T f ^ P'*^**" "^ l"^T*«d firet, put them on- if thi TthfLf *''^'"r"'"' p'"^ ^''^ ^•'"^ '-^ t^'warm ::to;;;Lt .hJld • ^LTA ' "^ r"' ^"''^ '^^^ ^*«^ over the h.ad while the chUd IS held laid in the bath. The mustanl-plastei. (whethlr fil „r rl'" Ss? ,dt ^ "^r:, w enough to ,.!«, ;: S: the sk n. This should be ascertained by looking under the plaster everv Add 8 skin If the plaster be strong of mustarf. But it will be i^r After the bath, have got ready a mixture of ^p and hot water, nsA 266 DOMESTIC MBDtCIlTE. into a teacapfol of this put a dessertspoonful of Milk of Assafoetida (jf at hand) and a teasi)oonful of Castor- or Olive-Oil. Let this be thrown into the bowels with an injecting syringe ; a towel being then held for a little while against the fundament to prevent the injection from escaping at the moment. By the time these things have been done, if not before, the Doctor, if sent for when the attack began, as he should be, when accessible, will have arrived ; and, if the attack has not yet passefl by, he must say what else will be proper in the treatment. If the newly coming teeth are troublesome, it may be hoped that he will lance the child's gums. Adult men and women rarely (although they do sometimes) have convul- sions, except those which are either hysterical, puerperal, or epileptic. The principles of management of hysterical and epikptie convidsions, iiuring the aitaek, are essentially the same as for that of infantile con- vulsions. Treatment between attacks is a more difficult aflfeir — to be conducted by those who ate skilled in medicine. Puerperal convulsions (that is, occurrbg during labor, or after child-birth) are more peculiar, and ought always to have immediate attendance from a physician. Few cases of illness are more serious and critical than these ; not only in appearance, but in reality. RBMEDrBS. 267 Pbomotion of Sleep. b^^o^ore prolonged and distn^ing than ...„,,. Jail Turi^T W j.gH«d. th. eye of ,be ,.„»,; if „,„^„„, ,„ ^„4^_ ,f J!;; If diflieolly of deeping (i„^,„i„) ^|, f„„ di,,„,,,^ giassrm ot beet-tea, may then make a better night. No excitement of- veiy well taken ni the evening to promote sleen \ wait -Ik ^ joa pressure, when tve lie down, uioi-e blood flows 368 DOMESTIC MEDtClNS. into it If all is healthy, we get asleep nevertheless ; but not always when predisposed to sleeplessness. Best, therefore, in such cases, will be an inclined posture in bed, with the head ^d shoulders somewhat raised, in as comfortable a position as possible. When real sleepiness comes on, one may then lie down as usual. Some people imagine, that if they cannot get asleep at once, thty might as wel.' be up and doing something, reading or ^vriting, or walking about. This is a very ffretU mietake. If not sound asleep, or even far enough towards that to entirely lose consciousness, we may yet get a good deal of rest in paHial sleep ; and the more of this we get the better, in the saving and renewal of strength. Keep still, then, in the dark, wilt, closed eyes, and try to dismiss active thought. Count 100, 200, 300 ; repeat doggerel verses, as wrong as you can misremember them ; watdi imaginary sheep jumping over fancied stiles, one, two, three, four, and on, to twenty-five or fifty. Fight your eyelids ; after a while, the bram-vibrations, like those of a bell that has been struck, will lull by degrees, and sleep may come at last. Hardly without a doetor'a advice, if that can be procured, ought any one to take strong ekop-compelling doses, such as Hydrate of Chloral, Laudanum, or Solution of Morphia. Laducarium, which is obtained from the garden lettuce, used for salad, is much milder than opium ; and Camphor Water will, when mere nervous restlessness is the matter, often compose so as to allow of sleep. Hoffmann's Anodyne is similar in it» effect, and Tmdure of Hops, or a tea made of hops, is verj' quieting. Even a hop^ilhw, made by sprinkling hop-leaves with alcohol and bindujg them in a pillow-case, will sometimes bring the tossing head to rest. As to the effect of the old English " night-cap," a glass of whisky, or the less dangerous ale or beer, for sleep-producmg, I am afraid to say anything, lest the too perilous temporary remedy might prove at last worse than the disease. BSMEDTES. 269 PPKOATIVE MEDICims. a»*»4i( con,.. „,.« 1 ""^ "• " "I" « good iulkntlle lajatire. tWK. a« much Sliced S^p of RhZh, well mixi^T]' ^"^"^ '* '" Xbm IS tme 88 a rule, of ,«.««/.«, ,ca>ld fever, whooping-couqh small- p^, and ranoloul; and, with mo.. diserimim.tion o/c^ and n^ef ataon m doses, also of rf.>M«-,a and t.pM.ferer. %,Ao;/fev"r ,1 rf««rrAa.a as an early symptom genemhy. If, in it, the bowefe are ex ce^onally costiv^, only a teaspoonful of cJor-oi had Hter TveT tui^ upon to relieve the bowels. In measles the bowXlmet '^" .nclme to be too free; bnt this should not p..vent our rakinT*^ ^oT ?„r1 '^^r, t "'^'' ""' "" "" "" P"""*'^' menTon^ "^ TurkL ^/ rtTf' ?*" '^''^^■"^ «* »^*™« « «™» piece of Irf i-f Iri^ ?" '^'^ °« •* I^>' "'• *^^S at that time a^A^ 6«r6 i^ W.11 be the best thing to begin with If that fails tZ another piece, or another pill. also, before breakfast Ompound m,U>a.rb Pilk are .ifr<my«.,. they wili, with m«,t p«,ple, 270 BOMXSTtC MgDIClirS. purge nihee actively. Compound (Muirtio PUh, of the United States li«t, are too strong to use except when a very decidetl purgulion is needed. Often, when the mildest and least disturbing way of emptying the lower bowel is requiretl, an enema (injec^tion into the bowels) will be the best. For this, a simple and generally satisfactory mixture will lie made by dissolving a thumb-si!-^ piece of Castile soap in warm (almost hot) water, and stirring into this a tablespoonful of Molasses, a table- siHionful of Table Suit, and a tablespoonful of Olive or liard Oil, or a dessertspoonful of Castor-oil. There are different kinds of injecting arrangements. With the most convenient, a person can (unless ill) wait ujion himself. If too sick for this, or if only the old-fashioned straight syringe can be had, its jwint should be greased with lard, and then, the jiatient lying (best on one side) on a be<l, it can be very gently introduced into the opening to the bowel to the distance of an inch or so, and grad- ually the liquid may be forced through the syringe. Thoughtful common geiuie will find nv> difficulty in this, even the first time. Suppositories are sometimes yet more convenient, and are lewd rfw- tiirbitig of all; but they are W so sure to take effect, and their action does not ev*end far upward. A supiwsitory is a small soft mass, pre- pared for the purpose ; rounded, about as large as the last joint of a -soman's little finger. Common Brown Soap, cut into such a size and shape, and dipped in castor-oil, or lard, may be so used. All that is to be done is to push it well into the anus (outlet of the bowel), and let it stay there. After either a suppository or an enema has been introduced, the patient ought to try to retain it for some minutes, for effective operation. To Check DiARRnasA. Not every looseness of the bowels ought to be stopped at once by medicine. Sometines it is a relief to a condition of the sj stem which would involve a worse Illness if it did not come. Infants, especially, need to have the bowels moved two or three times daily ; most of all while they are teething. We do not call it diarrhoea in them unless there are at least four or five large liquid pass^es in twenty-four hours. Of course when it ix excessive it must be attended to, or weakness and exhaustion will follow. Correctives, generally, should be the first things given in babies' diarrhoea. Sourness of stomach is commonly present with it ; therefore Lime-water, being antacid, is particularly suitable. Another good cor- rective is Sliced Synip of Rhubarb. On account of the gpices in it, this article does not purge like Simple Syrup of Rhubarb ; it only promotes an even, regular action of the muscukr coat of the bowels, and so tends to get things right again. MBMSDlSa. 271 -can. of U,ei, itSrOpL",;,""''' """' '" ""' "'^ ""''"-'^ »» mamgement of dysentery will be d«,lf w.fK i f • *!'""'*^-) ^he Sick Stomach. rft^trZ."^" .variety of ci™»M.nc, ,ho ,^ tteatmoM r.tC3^fS: '° °"^ ■"* "" """■ '"■» • '-P-*' ixmue cwi with ,ce, >eiy orten assist in re eving nausea. Whpn =J »ct. .«d mi.»d.w^ .ffl bo Hi.1, u, hoi, J„ C-yr^ oi:; 2TS DOMMMTIO MMDIOINM. b pment, iet^*po(n\ful doiai of appropriate. The smaUneM < ^ Brandy or (the bait) Whisky may ^* appropriate. The «i»Uiieia of the dcee !• hew «•• p«bSyLp<Lnt, ^ kn^d not often be repeated «"ore th« A«. rfo«rtimrri.iervHkofh.lfanhourorBOunl«i,re^^^^ i8 impending. Very aeldom ought anything aloohoho to be ventored upon « a remedy without the exp««. advice of a medial authonty. It m an edgrd tod, of the moet dangerous sort. ChMe doees^of such and of «« strong medicines, should be very small. Ten drop»!fJ>^7 or whisky will be enough at a time (if nee<l. 1 at all) for a ch.U d' two or three years, where a teaspoonful would be given to a grown or nearly *Tr°om!i^c* Spirit of Ammonia is reviving to one who is faint with sickness of stomach. It is aiUa^id as well as stimuknt Soda (Bicarbonate of Sodium) is antacid, but not stjmuhwt. It u eenerally very comfortable to a disturbed stomach. Wrimlng stomachic doses for nausea are Ginger, Oaves, dnwimm, and other Aromatica (spicy articles) in moil doses. Large drmght^ of ginger, hoarhound, Chamomile, or Boneset tea, or even of clove or cinnai^n infusion, will brh,g m vomiting. Thb is an instmcUve exam- ple of the opposite- effects, often produced by the same thmg, m maU and in large doses. (This gives, however, no sort of support to the absurdity of the infinUesimal doses, the thousrjidth dilutions, etc., of Homoeopathy.) . „ . ... Sometimes, with constipation, or even, especially m summer, wi Ji oommencmg diarrhoea, small doses of Magnesia are composing to the stomach. The same is true of very small doses of Calomel {^ tot of a grain), which, however, is another « edged tool," belonging to the physician's rather than to the home list of medicines. Still, out in the country, where advice cannot always be had in time, a family medicine- chest may very well have in it, among other things only for j>^ or occaMonal use, a small box or package of ^-grain Calomel Powders. They may be serviceable particularly at an early stage of summer eom. plaint in children. i:„„„j Paregoric is the only other medicine needmg here to be mentioned among those Ukely to assist in quieting a nauseated stomach. Outside, an early remedy for vomiting may, in my case, safely be, a Mustard-plaster over the pit of the stomach. For a young child, a Spice-plaster witt, for this purpose, be preferable; made by mixmg together one or two teaspooufuls each of several spice^-as Ginger. Clovee, and annamon, or half as much Red Pepper, with a similar amomit of wheat or Indian flour; wetting these with whmky, and spreading them on a piece of muslin or thin flannel. This, when laid MMMMD/sa. 873 IWDICIEBTIOy. A much overloaded rtomach . t himt «,i;„., i i i. . out Us intents under theti^^'a^'^^^tti/ Th' ""'? *° ^"* preciate the ^^ionate gluttony ."f ^^'f ' .' p "" ""' ^^^ *" "P" wouH afte. eating a luxuriordilrrM?-^r "'"'*"'' *»>» «.»mething wiJl be SLer PoSonO ' ' "** «f eraeti«, «t«>ng enough, not fo^ T:^^^:'"'' 1 T^^ ''"^ ^''^"^ " d«fo„«ay.i«tomakesu„,tlmtt];^:'bowe"^^^^ "'mhcation,' aM the refu^ of undigested or halMi^tc^Z! ^'"" ' '" '""■'^ "^ *''« indigestion. If, wii, th^T tt^ ^^^"^ '^"" '""'"'»«" ""^^-^s of - '3.e.,andabi::ft^r^;t r™t::-'^ tonw designated usualwJi:,; '^ ? awaking_a set of symp- Whea my father v™, . b„„ u,o djl "^ nt J.*' '""''' '''»* We l-to beta, «,„ <.W ^^t^lTf^^e rr,?"-' gram doses. Even in familiev s,u.l. i ^ '" ^'^ ^ ^"^^"^y lo such Quantitioa tl><x^». • i ,. ^ nieaieal advice. As on 4e wC:?;'rprrri:K.r„ff'^"'''"r «<«'••« f«^ iwr to do h.m, I, i £„„?;. '"""'* ""■" "o' «P- Practically siK^kinf of P. pC ' *^ """t'^ued too lonp.) signs of paieiSiVthfw ^^^^ L"''' '^. ^''^ •"'^'^^-> -^h the next mo.niiLg; and peril lit ,^ ^^'T" "* "'^''^' ""'^ «««i° Compound Gen^an pE^X^ ak n\T' "f ' '''^"* ^^ relief doc-s not come soouer! This i^ their " '^'^ *'^«' '^ ^"^^ fashion: "'''"' *^^"^ P^^nption, written doctor 18 274 DOMMBTIC MKDiCIMM, B. Mm. E«. Hydmrg, i». t- . PuW. lUd. Rli«l •» EitMci. GentlMi, mSJ. Wt. In PIL No. 20. 8. On* or two rt oiwfc Which, done Into EnglwJi.reacUthiw: ^^, ^ , „ ^ ^^.h^ Takeof Bl«^ Ma«, five gmiu. ; IWdiT of Rhnbarl. Root, oiidEjrtrM of Gentian, each twenty grain. , Oil of CUm.. four dn^p-. M.x th«e togetJier, and divide the whole into twenty pdU. One or #0 to b« ** wiifnlhTre is lingering indigestion, after an atta<k, with some flatu- lenee, the boweU not being nufficicndy free, yet not n-qmnng a «bjong nnrgi, eHH, of the above pill« may be taken, twu^ r.aUy, for two or tim« dayf; not longer at one time, on account of tl.mr eontam.ng ajnmH anfou'nt of me^-y. It would take much m.re mercuna m^.me than that, however, to salivate anybody ; unle« .t were tha m« and uneomfo^ible individual who i« one in thousand- for HU««pt.b.hty ; one Zmight be made hn-py by C)««.r WiUWa sunflower; or who wouW « die of a roue in aromatic pain." We do not count upm siteh existing, unl€«, we meet with them, and then they are to be managed all in a way of their own. Continued Weak Dioestion. Expecting to 8«v something about this kter in the book, under the head of Dv peps'ia, the remark may b« made new, that the claw ot medicines which partic-uhrly tone up a weak and relaxoi stomach a« the single Vegetable Bittera. Such arc Qiiama, CUumbo, (M.ftan,and someolken,. Simpk bitten, we call the«e, because they have no other venr poeitive quality except the bitter taste, and no marked effect upon the human bysteni except as tonics to the stomach. (In large draughts, as already said, their infusions or " teas " will w4 as emdica.) Soma bitters ther« are which have other very important actions. Quinia is one, got from Peruvian Bark ; it acts powerfully onthe ner- vous system, and is the special remedy for malarial fever«. The same bark «.ntains also Cinchonia, and several other more or less bitter tonic and .uTr/H^"alkaloid9,"as the chemists name them. ^ , . ., . Nux Vomica is a verv powerful bitter nervine tome. Out of it is obtained Strychnia, one of the deadliest of poisons but also one of the most valuable of medicines, when used with judgment^ carcjmd skUL With this information, we may venture to add that the Jlndure of Nux Famicct, in ten^rop doses, twice or thrice daily, is one of the most effective of all the stomachic bitters, in cases of continued weak- I of digestion, with flatulence. ««m,.k, under U.e ...uu^J „?'^^,v i^T-f . ;"'''*«'t '^-'. '- Arid. AV<m«,W/„ A<.ul .„,.|« ad. Z'^''"''^'"' "' A«"'i"ti.- O.H, or other of .hc^. . W.ril ... ? ir."^ 1' ""* "'-"' "'« "vt-r. given ,o the subj„^"r ^ ul I " • ' ' " *"' '""""•' ^^ ""«" bitten.. •' l'"''""K«" '"d.«t^tM,n, along with Uic vt^<i,bj« To JlKLirrE InkLAMMATIOM. .bout it in a work on Hoi Zliei"":' '7' •^' """ ""-V "".v.hinK t" be all that .«„ be hm IZn 7", •' ''■'"'''*" '"'"' di«c.u«ion of the Hul,j«.t to tltt^^ "Jf '* . " T'''' '"• " '•"^'• Infla.un,«tion (a« alix^l-^ m„ 7?' '^"" *•« "'"'"«' P"»fo«ion.* . with tl.., nature of Zl^L^^\^*'^ " ""•^ '^'"^ -f-W' ''-'» living b«3y. When tn ' IT ""•'' "'^'"' "' l-«""» »»' «'•« An.ton,y). or even' e.^J^1^^^Z'£:ir"'''^r^ ^'"^^ danaerw by it If „„i„ „ n '""** '"" **'". Me may be .;u- j."% *., with™, rirt„ i, ^, ,^ II "S™^;!"^ f•^^ ■■'•"■""«»> ally also a number of th^ ^..i ,^ ^, \ <^puJKUa; occasion- Ifl bOMMMTlO MMDtOtXM. thU «h1 .«tt.«W, it gluc^ part- t^y^her (/^««*.o /y»./>*) J^" ^PP^^ in th« pl«.rm In the p-ritooiH.n., i.. Hm' p,.n....nh..m, nml ». th,- hh . - ^r. of the bn.in (U An.tomy ». If. .^.m tlH-n- .n- nM.«y white tu?nm\ ; we have .uppur.tlon ; with ■ .h.;r .... nt^.^, '^' ";""*' » y..llowi«h ..r gm»i.h pHmlfHt </.W,«.t/, n .»^vore bronchUi.). ^ Th« i- o... w«y i.. wl.i.h the three .t««.- of i.,fl«n...«.tHM. n«y loMow 0.W anotlHT. But, differently fro... thi., there nmy l« theyJr|rf .tagB .rf rclumtnt. una 'the «««n.l. of exudation (.-ffU-io..). with, lor . thinl, iuHteml of Huppurution, gangrene, or m,.,iiji»itt»n. Happily, Z, the ««-rf /m/.«..< ..f «U i- bett..r thn., e.th.^ of UM»e; fUn.niut..r>' .Kcitement. ...hI .mxleratc or ...mil exudation followed Z reaolSion ; that S tlH, iuflammatory pr.K«« mM.,«/, w,tho..t .Itler «uppun.tion«rgan««ne; ..ul the part «ud the paUent g«t^-« J«J' • whh ve.y little danuHSo ,e«.lhing; except that both the part .ihI the jp'oeral Hyoteiu are somewhat weaker than before. . . «.„ >^ow. what can be do..e by Imdnunt agbinst the going on of inflam- mation to it« wornt (ga»g«5ne), or the next wornt (nuppuration), or the ihiid in nerioUHutw (liquid ciriiHio..)? m. :„ «.„„ Wo ««n attack it in the fin*t Ktage of excitement, with, in man> m^ very kikxI effect. ThiM m wlwt we mean by reilmu.uf inflan.ma- ti..., ;' moderating the violent,.. <.f the cM.flict l«twee« the M.rnMU.d.ug thi .bbing biood-vw* n and the iA«trueted eentre, m U^ the least pos- sible damage shall be done by it. . . ,., , ui^„ For d.i« purpot*. the means uvaiUble m different cases are, chiefly, Reat; Poaitlon; Cold; Diet; Purgation; *:iood-lett.ng : Cool- ing Medicinea ; Nervoua Sedativea ; Counter-irritation Keat of the part is iudispensable in all .nflaminatiotw. V.T.en the part is small, and is not used in moving alK>..t, the bocly need not be !ibs,.lutely confined. If it l.e otherAvise, as when an ankle is inflamed fro... a severe sprain, and still more when a lung, or the pleura, or a 1k,«.1, is so affectetl, the reHt .nu.t 1« i-omplete, in bed. Carrying a sore Imml in a sling rests it; covering an ..flamed .ye with adhes.ve plaster ck«ing the li.ls, or renuiining in a darkened r«om, gives .t re- pose But any one with an inflamed luiig m- t be kept mdMrnpo^- 5^ ; and must not even speak, unless in a ^^ i.isper. i: the brmn be jj^g^^^ ^^,^ a.«l almoet. ^'^rhit»^ will be neceaeary, to avoid ^mtoi as well as bodily disturbance. Mt KDIKg. tn long without ft«l,orc.ve.„ with L 1 r.V.HKl V T^ .' ' "T''^'' ''"'"'^ Wood and thuH prom..ti„K „ .uieter „,,i..„ ,,• tht hea t lid artor .^ 'Tiw favors the j-ediiotion of the exntenient «l.;,.l. i ? inflammation of any part Tho ^Jhlli V u ^^""''' " '■'°'*'"* my .wo .„„..„ .V _ rf „„■„„ ,^,.^_ ^,^;l™ t^' 278 DOM sane MSDICINS. besidea many do«i« of leecbeB having drawn their fill from my supply of blood. Yet I " Btill live," although I have paaeed, smce iMtnnty, through the dangere of a bad disBecting wound and of an attack of ty- phu8 ;5ver ; and, like others of my much-bled contemporanes, I have now as good health as need to be, iu the early part of the second halt century of life. In fact, there have been, in my knowledge more people going on to their eighties and nineties of the generation of the bleed'ng- bowl and the lancet, than there seem likely to be m the present time, when these appliances are, with many physicians, obcolete. We may see however, evidence that the « wave" of reaction against bleedmg is sui;8iding. Many leading physicians, both in Europe and 'n th« ^u.^ try, have now the sagacitr/ to see that, while our fathers bled oftener. and more than they needed t« do, yet there is a place of vnportance Jor blood-letiing, local and general, especially in the treatment of the early, exeUed stage of violent infimnnMiions. _ During an experience of twenty years in the practice of medicme, 1 have bled many people, and had leeches and cups applied to many more ; and I never once had occasion to beheve Fio. 178. ^^j jjjggg remedies were otherwise than useful to my patients. Still, it is by no means all cases of inflammation, even of the great vital organs, that need, or all constitutions that bear, the loss r.i blood. It ia a matter for careful judgment in each case. Few persons who have never seen a vein opened will feel like bleeding any one them- selves. It may be mentioned, however, that a mil bleeding for a grown man from the arm will be about twelve ounces ; for a woman, ten ounces. When a child is bled, if ten years old, four ounct-s ; if five years old, three ounces will do. In using leeches, it is to be remembered that each leech will draw, on the average, a tea- spoonful of blood. A^nerimn leeches (making the smallest bite) are always best for children, and for adults anywhere unless on the hand or A MBCH. ^j„ tijg ijack^ European leech-bites sometimes bleed mor« freely than is desirable if applied on the neck, etc. Cut cups draw blood according to their size and number. They are more painful than leeching, which, indeed, gives no pain of any account. Leeching should be preferred upon parts that are tender to the touch ; cups are especiaUy avaihble on the back. The cup is a small round glass BEMBDISa. 279 from which the air is exhausted ; sometimes by a pump apph'ed to ita top. Bemg p,^ j^,,.„p„„ ,,^ this'drBwing'rSf th:aJ "n-kes the parts ^11 under the eup, and become ihL M o/ZZ. Fio. 179. UIECRES APPLIED. Then the ctipper takes off the glans, and, with an instrument made for the purpose, scaniies the blood-filled .mface at seveml pkaTrhe; Via. 181. Fro. 18a Fio. 18a CUP. WITH ELASTIC TOP. AKOTHEB ,ORM OP CUPPINO 8CA«mcAT0U. APPABATtM. ^mj» tow blood to tkesurfteon wkichlhoy an, pfc™!, .^ DOMESTIC MEDtCIirS. HO help to rdieve a loaded or inflamed organ beneath it. Thw is often very Lvioeable. It ia ea«y to arrange for dry cupinng without any special instrumentB. Take a number of egg-glasaes, or lemonade^laases I^ything BmaUer than tumblers. Put under eadi (one at a time) a «mallbit of paper, doubled up and dipped iu alcoho or wh^ky ^^t lighting the S>er, ^^ » <«»^ll« ^' otherwi^.. The heat of the bum ng p^per drives out most of the air in the glass; when put down on he E, the flame goes out for want of air, so that it does not burn the Dart Cooling at once, the air left in it contracts, shrinks, and so draws in the skin, with blood in it, just as is done with the cup and pump. When dr^ eu,^ are used, it is commonly well for them to stay on a good while (fifteen or twenty minutes), to make a decided impression, ■ in the diversion of blood to the si rVace. __fi,ii„ A v^eduxukal leech has been invented, and is sometimes sucoessfulty employed, to take the plac* of natural leeches when they cannot be "^Forinflammation of the Umgs, pleui«, brain, or bowels, local with- drawal of blood by lecvhes or cups is, I believe, sometimes a very im- uortant part of the treatment. „ . . « Cooli^ (sedative) Medicines are in place chiefly in inflammatory affections of the breathing organs, as pneumonia, bronchitis and pleu- risT I^rtar E.r^ic is the most powerful of these Once it was ve^ Wely used. Its hai^h action upon the stomach and bowels has ^used TSl now given mostly in very small doses; from the one^ixteenth to the one-fourth of a grain only, for adults, at an early stage of a via- lent inflammation attended by fever. Tartar Emetic is not suitable to be used as a domestic medicine. .^. u * Ipeeaemnha resembles it in ite disposition to bring on vomiting but is vVniuch milder and safer. Ipecacuanha is a very proper article for family use. under many circumstances. mJ> of .toMium is a sedative, cooling medicine, not now very largely used by physicians. DiaiUdis was once considered a seda ive; „Tft is calli a tome to the heart. Ergot has great popularly m the medical profession at the present time, in the ti-eatment of subacute inflammatory troubles, particularly of the spinal marrw. iSone of th^ la.st, Nitrate of Potassium, Digital^, or Ergot, can be advant^usly used without medical advice. . , • j „, ^tf^^ Some nervous sedatives are imi»rtant in their secondary effecte upon inflammation. The nerve-centres have much influence over the movement of the blood. . i ^ ii Ae«n«e is one of these. It i« a strong poison in any but very small doses, and must be used only with the greatest care. Tm-mre of Aco- SSUEDIKS. 391 «^ « the common preparation. It« do«e i« from half a dn>p to one or two drop,, m water ever>' one. two, or three hour,. Some physicians of expenenoe g.ve .t in almost all cases of inflammation of fhe lunr pleun. etc., even in children. If it is kept in the family medicineJ^r It should be distiucUy marked Poison. '"•^"esr, . 0^«j« has obtained a very large place in the tn«tment of one dan- gerous mflammafon, d.at of the peritoneum {pentoniti.), .vhich lines ^e whole mterior of the abdomen. Opiun. tends to Lti Jte Z awlVr "'^-l«>«^^«g-. and therefore it do«, not appear to Ik- suit- able at least at an early stage, in inflamn.ation of the bo.ek, hrain, or Vy« or m «.„fe broM. AfW the .mWu< lu« mimU, in , ,«- «^.^and ^nbronehitU, perha,« sometimes in pneurnonia, it ^.ay a'd 1 allaying pam and checking excessive discharges mde to draw blood and nervous excitement f.-om an inflamed part by a harml^ .mtat.on or inflammation somewhei* else. BUste,; are strong means of this kind. A blister is n,ised by leaving on the sk"n Ta whh of r-.Tp rf P'"*"^"* "' ^^r.ty..r^.V.., I Anting the^rt with Oantharidal Colloclion, and covering it, while moist, Jth a pL of oiled 8.1k With a child, an hour or two will geneml y be enou^ to allow the Cantharides (Spanish Fly) to act. if a g«.i ,,eZ may require three, four, or more l.ui.. There should always berpi;<L of gauze between the skin and the blistering plaster, so that it cJn be en^re y removed at the pr«,.r time. When it is taken off, the scarf- skin (cuticle) being raised in watery swellings, these .riy be pricked with a point of any kind, to let the water out. Then i>. .re should be placed over the sore surface a piece of muslin or lint thickly spread with Simple Cerate, to heal it up in two or three days of Tn-l^'T-^fl' ''"'''•'"^ ^^^''"^' '' ""'-^ '"^ ^«' '» "^t'^^^l^d attacks of internal inflanimation) is not at the beginning of the c«se, but a.ter the excitement of the cireulation has cea«^. The disoniers, in the course of which, at such a stage, a blister is most likely to do good are ^njU^mm<U^on of the brain, pneumonia, pleurisy, ^i membranou^ Other modes of counter-irritation (better, perhaps, called derivati<m) are painting the skin with Tincture of Iodine; rubbing over a smal olfSL' "' *''" "*" ^'"^"^ ^'' "' ""'^ " ""'^ ^'"•'«'' ^^^^ Painting with Iodine is a milder measure than blistering with Can- thandes; and it may be resorted to in a greater number of cases, of moderate violence. Croton Oil and Tartar Emetic Ointment are only 282 DOMgSTlC MEDICINB. employed in fMinaU cknmic cases of irritation of intfirnal organs. They produce very aore, pimply, or pustular eruptions.* Feveb. Reminding the reader of what was said, a few pages back, of the nature and ingns of fever, it may be said now, that what we want to do when those signs {heat, excUement of the circulation, locking up ft/ were- tiont, and mahu»s) are present, is, firet and chiefly, to ascertain and re- move, if possible, the cause of th.e attack. If this cannot le done, instead of it, or if it can be, then along with that endeavor, w ^ should try to lessen the heat, promote the return of the secretif-ns, and support the system through its period of weakness. To diminish the excessive heat, cold water is the great remedy. Almost incredible it seems, that physicians were once afraid to -ive cold drinks to patients suffering with raging fever. A man with small-pox, two hundred years ago. was shut up in a close room, with red curtains hanpng about his bed, blankets piletl on him to promote perspiration, and, for the same end, only hot and bitter drinks, herb teas, were al- lowed him! All the world kno^va better now, and follows nature's pointing better than that. Third is •m almost universal symptom of fever; and frequent draughts of cold water are its best remedy. Ice- water is not the best, at least if the draughts craved and taken are lai^ ; it may be, to the most advantage, of about the temperature of deep t well water; about 50° to 52° Fahr. ; although nearer the freezing-point will answer well. If the stomach is very irritable, as is often the case UJ autumnal remittent and in yellow fever, small lumps of ice melted in the mouth and then swallowed, at short intervals, will do better than drinking much water at a time. Cold water outside is a remedy naturaHy thought of; and it may be used, but carefully. Sudden chiUing is not saf ?. Some physicians, especially in Germany, now treat cases of typhoid fever by immersing the patient for ten minutes at a time in a really cold bath. This seems to me not a plan to be approved. But the sponging of the face, arms, hands, and, part after part, the whole body, with cold or cool water, two or three times a day, is an admirable means of relief in fevers generally. Its service is perhaps most marked in scarlet fever, when • If either of these should be used, great care must be taken not to get the oil or ointment into any one's eya. A patient of mine nearly blinded himself by neglecting this precaution ; putting his fingers to his eyes just after rubbing croton oil upon a part of the skin. t Very deep (Artesian) well water is much w- mer thap this; the temperature in- ereasing with the depth, after the first fiirty or fifty W MSMSDISa. »3 I Ae sarfaoe of the body ia often intensely hot; the whole okin seems to be inflamed. Bear in mind the great principle : we want to temper, to moderate the excessive heat; not to chill the body below its nonlial Certain additions to water as a drink will contribute to its refrigemut action. ^c«&havetliistendenc)'. Lenumadc md the jui<^ or oranges are generally s.nuble. Citrate of Pota^um and Acetate of Am,rumL are the medicmes m«t sure to be safe and beneficial for the same pur- pose; the former when the bi.wels are natural or constipated, tl,e latter when there IS a disposition towards diarrhoea. attentK>n .n fever In most cases of typhoid fever and some J. of fneaslo,, the bowels mdme to looseness from the start. When, in those d^. they are not moved at all during the fii.t day of the fever, a Wu^f r ". '"j?,P"'^*'^'^, ^'^y ^ g^ven ; in typhoid fever, a t^- T?^{ «^^astor-0,l ; m measles, a teaspoonful of Citrate of Magiiesium (80hd), or a half-wmeglu«ful of efferv^ing Solution of Citrate of Mag- nesium ; or a teaspoonful of Rochelle Salt. These are exceptional febrile diseases. In Remittent (autumnal. b,hous, malanal) fever, a good brisk purging early in the attack with a adme medicine, such as Citrate of Magnesium (an even table.,Kx,nful «ohd, or a wineglassful of the solution, repeated^ six hou« ifTdo^ TuS" l^A^'^"' ^''. ^'' *«^'-P-»f»l), will be pretty sure to be useful J^hm fever requires caution, in expectation of great weak- ness; half of the above doses will be best folTts treptmeST CL the <ky the attack breaks out. Dr. Josej.h Eartshorne, who had a very krge experience in Philadelphia, used to say that the chief reason why some ca^ of ««rlet fever and allied diseases had troubl^me late It Tf^ • *"^' t ^"^' '^"^'^ ^"^ *^ "^^'"^ "f P^'Fr evacuation at the be^nnmg. Purgatives at that stage help to clear out frem the bowels and from the blood impurities which, while they remain, re poisonous to tlie system. ' fn T "^ ^'•^'^'■^,^'«''g« i" fevers, as a part of the treatment, only to the early Stage. After that, we need merely to see that the l^wels are not constipated; a daily moderate movement will suffice. Some pereons suppose that because a sick peraon takes only small quantities !L .rJ*^** J^" ^^' ^ ^'°S "" ^^^° ^"^'' than during health, and the discharge from the bowels comes from this ^te as well as from the refuse or excess of food -0»r of the skin is I . ^lar symptom of fever. The most fre- 284 DOMESTIC xEDicrys. auent exception to it is in the febrile state of mJlamrmloryrheunHUimt in which Uio skui, while hot, is sometimes quite moist. GencraUy, the dryer the skin, the wo.>e ; the coming of moisture »ho^« the nubsukm* of the fever. The high heat and ilryno-s are eonnetted tj^etlK-r. Ite- duc-e the temperature, and pen-piration will break out. Thcrt-fore, the cold drinks and (careful) cold washing arid sponging, spoken of a8 appropriate to lower the excessive tcmi-erature, will serve also to res^ro the s^n^tion from the skin. Citrate of Potassmm, Acetate of An.mo. nium,.and some other medicines favoring this effect, are called diapho- retica in medical books. i,:,lnov« Diuretics ar« agents which tend to increase the action of the k.dn^s, the flow of urine. They are among the more uncoTtaui remedies ; they do not always act as we wish them to. In this they differ very much from purgative medicines. ^ l. . ^ e The salines already mentioned (Citrate of Potassium and Acetate of Ammonium) as diaphoreses^ are commonly diuretics also, bo are t.ream of Tartar and Sweet Spirit of Nitre. The latter is very often given in fever when the amount of urine passed is small. Do not forget that aometimes, in hw fevers, the bladder is full, but the patient cannot empty i* This must be examuied into. If there is rdentum of urine, it must be drawn off with a cathder. , . . ^ %, Weakness, in fever, is not quite the same thing early in the attack as towards ita end. In the first place it is an oppression of the system ; after a while there is more or less exhaustion. The first is best relieved by the evacuating (unloading) means above referred to ; purgatives, diar phoretics, diuretics. At that stage, with persons of average strength, the amount of food taken may be small and its character light. (Per- sons always feeble will need to have concentrated fo,xl from the begin- ning ) As the attack goes on, even towards the end of the first week usimlly, and in scariet fever and small-pox so<mer, the system loses strength, and support is necessar>'. What shall the means of that sup- ^^Liquid, strong food in small quantities and often is the rule. Milk (with lime-water in it if the stomach be very weak) and beef-tea are the things to stand by. Strong mutton broth and chicken soup (with all fat fully skunmed off) will do for variation. Supporting treatment for gmit debilitj- has always, with physicians, included the use of something alcoholic, wine and whisky being mostly preferred. Oijinion in the medical profession on this subject has tended of late years (in the minds, at least, of its safest leaders) towards a les- sening of the amount of alcoholic stimulation in fevers, and towanls rworting to it in fewer cases. Once it was almost a universal practice RKMKPrKn. S86 to give whisky in all cascB of typh.)i.l, nn woll bh of tvplius, fever Now many ca«e« of typhoid fov.-r are fm.m! to get thmugh well without it! lyphiw ,8 attended hy more positive <l«pp««ion ; yet in mv own pereon attacked while a resident physician in Penunylvania H.ipital, tvnhns was treated without alcohol, excvpt one wi-.,cgla«.ful of wine whev which, as It did not seem to agree well, was not repeated. ' ' On such an imiwrtant matter, in every actual case, the judgment of « physician should be obtained. The safest rule in Home management of the sick will Ix) (unk^ in , vfraordinary emeqrencies) not to Rive or take alcohol in any form unless advised by a competent physician. Cough. How many different kinds and rauses of cough there are, we have a reacly mentioned when considering it among the svraptoms of .lisease. It cannot be treated exactly alike under all these diften.nt ci.vumstan,«. As a symptom, howevc, it is unpleasant, and often M-carisome; and it IS well to know of some domestic remedies which are safe and useful in many cases. First, a dry cough must bo softened and loosened. The three best home remedies for this purpose are Ipecacuanha, Squills, and Wild Cherry Bark. Of the Syrup of Ipc«icuanha, for this effect (not to «»use vomiting) the doso is from a quarter to a half teaspoonfiil. Of hynip of Squills, which docs lK>st at a later stage than Ipecac, half a teaspoonful to a teaspoonful. Of Syrup of Wild Cherrv Bark a tea- spoonful. This last may be given along with Syrup of Ipecac at fii^. and with Syrup of Squills afterwards. There is also real asefulness in the soothing effect upon cough of Lic- orice, and of pure and well-made candie.^ ; hoarhound candy for exam- pie. The advantage of these is that a little of cither can be taken very often, so as to keep up a nearly constant influence of the kind desired Although such things only touch the swallowing part of the throat {pharynx), not the wind-pi,ie {hryw), vet the nearnt^s and sympathy of these two snrfa.-es c^nse the oxtr„si„n of the effect from one to the other Spencer's Chhrnmlne pastilles arc usffiil in this way. After loosening, a wearisome cough may need to be quieted. This must be done with care, since to stop secretion and dry m a cwigh will make things worn;. Opium and its preparations, including of couree Morphia, have the mast power of this kind. They arc often added to cough-nuxtures. to l,e used after free exix^ctoration of phlegm has come on. Wistar's Cough Lozenges, when made after the regular formula are composed chiefly of Lir-oria^, with a little Oj.ii.i.i addt^. Syrup of Lactucarium, also, is quieting to cough, and is a milder nareotio 286 DOMXMTtO MMDtCttTK. than Opioin. It may be ined iooner aod with lew apprehaosim of exoeesive efleot Compoond Tincture of Baiucrfn often haa a veiy good efieot, in fifteen to twenty drop doaea, each doae taken on a lump of sugar. About other medicinea adapted to particular kinda of cough, something will be said in connection with special diseases. A full account of them is given in all works on Materia Mtdiea, under the title of Bxpectorant'i. Hemorrhaoe. What cause* bleeding must always be the first qiiwrtion. If from a wound, it will come under Accldenta and Injuriea, to be considered in the latter part of thin Inxjk. If a symptom of a disease, the necessity of treating the disease rather than the bleeding is plain. In such a case, only a large and weakening hemorrhage calls for special measures on its wxmni. This is trie of the bleeding at the nme in the first week of typhoid fever, itpitting of- blood in consumption of the lungs, romUing of bloo<l in ulcer of th« stomach, and bleeding from hemorrhoids or jnlea. If hemorrhage from the noae, stomach, or lungs takes tho place of the monthly flow in women, we are less concerned to stop it than under other circumstances. It is well to state clearly that there are no remedies which are always certain to stop bleeding from any internal cavity of the body. N08E-BLEEDIMO. Often this is rather relieving than otherwise, in ful-blooded young people, who without it would have had headache. The occasion for stopping it comes when it is so large in amount, or contin -ea so long, as to weaken by loss of blood. How shall we stop it? Tell the patient to avoid blowing his nose. Clotting (coagulation) is the natural way of stoppage of all hemorrhages. Bathe the forehead and outside of the nose and cheeks with cold water, or apply ice to the forehead (not too long at once, but enough to cause the impression of decided cold) ; or, if this does not suffice, to the back of* tiic occk Put a plug of cotton well into the nostril from which the blood comes. If first dipped lightly in a strong solution of Alum, it will be more effectual. Let the person keep quiet, with the head and shoulders raised. Holding both hands high above the head is said to help to stop bleeding at the nose. Only one in a very large number of cases will be really dai.^ ous. When all the above m^nr^ fail, a physician will be needed, who will effectually plug the bleeding nostra. For this a watdi-spring arrange* aSMKDIEB. 887 < ment Is sometimes used, or an elaiitu! mtheter. If the latter, a atviiig (waxed ligature) is put Uirongh tho hole at the end of the iimtrument, aud that is oiled and very gently puiwed h«rk into the nostril until it can be felt at the opening above the throot. With forceps (nippers) one end of the string is then seir«l and brought out of the mouth. A piece of cotton is tieil uiwn if, ,ind then the ratheter and the other end of the string are drawn out of the nose, and the cotton plug is held firmly against the back of the nostril. If still necessary, another plug may be again inserted in the front of the nostril. Bleeding in the Moitth. \Vhen a tooth has been pulled, or, in an infant, the gums have been freely lanced, sometimes con iderable bleeding will occur. If from a tooth, a plug of cotton may l)e dipped in Vreamte, or Tincture of Chlo- ride of J,un, and pressed into the bleeding <«vity with the end of a bodkin or d-ruing-ueedle. Ice may 1« applied to too freely bleeding gums, or they may have put against them a soft rag wet with Alum- vaier or a mliUion of nndure of CMoride of Iron. Spitting op Blood. Is it from the lmgi>, or from the thrmit, mmith, or nogtrihf Not unfrequently, blee<ling from the no»e goes Iwckwards, into the throat, and the blood, then hawked up, is naturally imaginetl to oomo from the lungs, sometimes causing great alarm. Inquiry and examina- tion will make it clear whether thiri, or bleeding from the mouth, is the case. Ulcerated throai^ sometimes bleed. The ulcer can then be seen, in a good light, if the tongue is pressed down with the handle of a table- spoon. This sort of bleeding, however, is not at all common. When romiting occurs before blood appears, we ascribe it to the stomach. The blood is then, usually, rather dark and thick ; not fresh- loeking. If real bleeding from the lungs takes place, the blood is coughed up (perhaps quite softly and lightly) ; it is, as a rule, bright red. Only a httle may come; sometimes merely streaking the expectoration; or it may be copious ; mouthfuls all at once. In this last case, it is attended by danger of exhaustion from the loss of blood. No unprofessional person should think of taking charge of a serious hemorrhage without the aid of a physician, if one can be had. While waiting for one, however, what ought to be done? Put the patient upon a bed, with the head and shoulders comfortablr raised with pillows. He must keep very still and not speak. Let a 8M DOMKSTtC MSDtcrirg. pieue of ice be taken iutu hin mouth every k * minutet, and swallowed •lowly. Then faitten aruutid cuck urtii, above tlio elbow, a slmwl-Atrap, if such be at hand, or u long haudkcrchief, <iuite tightly ; ksviiig viwli on, however, only a few minutcH at a time. If the bleeding doen not stop, let them be tightened oguiu uml aguiii, Meventl tinieit. Hhould tliia uot ituooeed, atid the doctor hatt not yet arrivwl, nim Htrap« or baad- ages may be applied in the same manner to tiio lowt .imbe, just below the knees. If bloorl oomus from tho tdoiiutch, it may be from xilneraiion, or eai\oer ; or it may be hydn-vial (that i^, eonueeted with (renerul jrvotis disorder), or, in exceptional rases, may Jake the plai-e of menstruation which is suppressed. {Dnrtliwj of an aneuruiiu ojthe aorta is a {Miwible soun« of hemorrhage, either from the stomach oi from the lungs ; but the existence of such an aneurism will mostly have been before disooverev' by an attending physician.) To moderate or chec;k large bleeding from the stomach, tw shown by free vnitiug of blood, tee is the sufci-t ami most hopt'fid of n^meilies. Keepii quiet, and taking the least iNMsibIc food in the liquid state, are important. Boiled milk with lime-water will be the most suitable nourishment; or arrow-root, tapifjra, etc. In the iilwence of medical advice, no medicine had better be ventured upon ; unless it !« swallow- ing very small amounts of solution of Alum, or, once in two or three hours, a single drop of Creanote, dissolved in two tablespoonfuls of water, Intehtixai, Bleedinq. For hemorrliage from tho boweh, the same kind of management is applicable as that appropriate when blood is thrown up from the stomach ; as just described. BUrding pile* (hemorrhoids) are, of course, troublesome, but the bleeding, as such, does not nearly always require treatment. If it continues very freely, the patient must lie still in bed, with a piece of oil-cloth or rubber-cloth under the lower sheet. A piece of sponge or a napkin dipped in ice-water may be held against the fundament. If anything else is to be done, it ought to be upon a physician's adv ice. Monthly Irreoularities. Proposing to refer again to these hereafter, under the several heads of Amenorrkoea, Difmienorrktra, and Mmorrhagw (our present aim being to bring forward general principles in regard to remedies), our most important statement now is that there are no certain specific medi- cines which will always bring on, or always delay, or otherwise regulate menstruation. MSMKDIKa. j-j A wmparkw will bm, |^ instructive \Vp «.« i «« romU with au emrlh. W.. ^ T ' 1* If 1 T "^ "'"''" ""^ meditiiMi.. Mo-t nmlyil.l., ;.. «n"Hi«r o( tliti viOhaHiv -f".*--' ""'r.' ;1::3;;;:'p:j;;:'u «.- ^^^^t:\:^^z^:::T::,^J;:^7' •- - •" !«-«» it, or, .l.e„ i. „„.,„ ,„ „Z, nllT ," "'^''"' """■•'" lion of blocKl .««.n„L ,l„. |„„,„ ' ' '""''«■''' pn>lli™ II lUteniiin,. "0»-m.,. I» Bi,™ k1 " ,? ', P"'««"n'^ ><«»po„uful „ f~n. am, „J «e«lv »^1 ™ "J . IT" ™>' '» '"^ '•" Thf^rtf "J,' ""^"f "■'»'"»< «»«! « ™riely of fc..^™, 2vCr"c° rw"*"Trr •'■• """'^ "'^g fl..t- .^ pr» ent ,t. ^«|, flie expwted time He .offerer, who \m 3M DOMKSTIC MKOtCttrW. NMOO to r«r It, -houkl lie .till in UhI. When tin. Miwriv. flow oonm, cold wet rlotlm limy be Uid upon the •Women, tl» rert of the body being lce|.t «.mfurtably warm. Only a tl«-id«lly b«I amc will fail to be thiw ni.-«lerat«d. Further treatment, nuth m in.Ming hot water, or vinegar and *vater, into the vagina, i.r Hqii«i«ing a rnt lemon therein, or plugging with witton wmked in alum water, etc., had beat be left, whenever poMbfe, U) a phy«i<ian. For our porpoee, in lhi« phce, it moy be «id that there ■»«»»'«« clawa of dropaical trouble*: general .lr.)p«y (a««arc«), auperficlal local dropey {mltma), and local internal dropnie^ After eoarlet fever, the kind nu*t likely to come i» anamr.yi, general dropiy. From great weakneaa and tliiunceii of the blood there c.<\en come« wfcmo, or looil watery Hwolling, of the ftd. IIfart-<lisei«e, liver-di«iuie, or kid- ney-disease will often bring on yrnernl dropy; but, not mfrequently, liver-disease will be attendejd by nMominal dropy {omsite*) almoat alone. Ched dr .py (hyihothonix) is another lo«i»l internal form ; and water <»» tlu head (hythoeeiihal>u>) «ai^\wr. For the cure of any of these, the groat thing is to And the ««««,<"« remedy it, if possible. We have to mention this ./, because, of all difficult diseases to cure, those which pnxluc.. dn.fisy are, in many cases, among the mo«t obstinate. It is often, though of co..r-f n- Mwuyr, one of the last results of disease, which itself may have oontmued for weeks, months, or veare. The best hope of its Ixing cured is in those inses in which there is not much else the matter, and when it has not yet lasted long. Just for the dropy, as a symptom, when it is right to treat that, physicians give diuretica and prtrgalivc$. Of the first may be named Cream of Tartar, Juniper Berries, and Squilh. Cream of Tartar (Bi- tartrate of Potassium) acta also moderately on the bowels. Another purgative uaed in this way is Jalap, frequently given with Cream of Tartar. More active is what is called the dratiic cathartic, Ehdenum; which, even in veiy small dose, will purge severely. All these medi- cines, indeed the whole treatment of dropy, ought to pome under the judgment of a skilful physician. Such an one, when unsuw-essful (as may happen) in reducing dropy by diuretics and purgatives, may con- clude it best to tap the patient; that is, to let out the water by mtnv during a small tube into the swollen part. This gives immense relief, sometimes permanent. In a certain number of instances the fluid aocu- mnlatM ««ain. and the operation may have to be repeated. Tapping the abdomen has long been an approved practice; doing the same ioc MKMKnrKII. ni ^^^^^ / »" iiwii M> rpiievMl ill MNiiu (iiM«H within a Ibw "»l««u •wellinij. TI.I, „|.„,i„„, i, „||„| „„,„„,„,„j J*»«TRATIOX; DeHII.ITY. tZ"^'"^^'' •:•"' "'^•"' '" ""- "'"" '- kind of weakne. d^ of T; ''^"rJ^' "« «"«'•'< "'• '•'"•lem ...oilMiH, or a «ele« du«t8e of Boiuo It-ngtli of <'<>i.ii,.,.„i..r. unJoLlnTir"""' '""• " ^'"""" '''' «""' -'-titution ami ..rength SI k?dt'. "' "' '" •""'"'-'•^' ^^"""■"«' '"^'"K- -<^ -^- «!•' to I^K*****'!""*"' '"P'^"* '■' ™"'-'^ *'"'•• ^"^'"t deeming it expedient to go here ui o an argu.uent about it, only mentioning that IZmt ^^zxz:'rr'' !'■" '"• p''U-ian/ge„::,i: f„ fwl alcoholic .stmniiation is, i„ bidden or great |.n».tr^iion whereas, without it, the patient umy «ink and die. ^ ' Alcoholic stimulation i. very often abased. It is employed when here « no occasion for it, an.l when r«,nml it i« fix^ ZK,^! " m amount. Everj- little feeling of weakness d«« not^opfly cT " a^ of wine or whisky ; far fn.n it. Fnintiruj is b^tteTtitol Z fr^^, as much as ,^ible; dashing or sprinkling cotd .caZou the face, and A..r,umu^. Sn^Oing ^ (Carbonate of Ammonium) pu^ fo, 292 DOMESTIC MEDICINE. a moment at. a time, under the noetrik, will hasten recove^r from a fa^n lyn^j^). When swallowing is iK^^ible, twentj' or tl"rty fF «f the IJdL SpirU of Ammonia may be taken in a w.neg a*,ful of water. STwhen a peion is almost dead from lo«s of blc^l, or an extenB.ve bufn or the shock of a railroad accident, with wkte l.i«, shrunk n ch" ks cold skin, and rapid, thready pnlse, we need to s jmulute w.d. Sol but not U much. A /ea^oon/«/ of whisky will be enough, ^'^:; iln<^, ..peated in ten or fifteen minutes, if the ^t.n d^ n" t show lection. A tabkapoonjul will be a large enough dose at one SlghTin any ca^. More will do no better towards stmmlat.on and thTfL eff^ will be wov^e. Always, moreover such st.mul^on mu.t be withheld as B.x)n as the depression has p^ away, and then the less alcohol he has had put into his system the better. General Debility. After an acute disease with fever, as scarlet fever, m«>«l^. tyP^^^'d fever, etc., convalescence is accompanit.! by more or Ic^s deb.hty. But when evei^hing goes weU, appetite is then strong, and the losses of the r^rTmad! ^Tby the appropriation of food A person who was Shy before such an attack will commonly need no help from mcdw cines to "build up "again. Running down in strength, however, with or without acute disease, and often without any fixed" disorder of any great organ, is not uncommon, from various causes. Too severe, monotonous, and long-continued labor, out of proportion to one's strength; worrj', particularly when it pre- vents refreshing sleep ; living in a clc«e air, without change and exer- cise ; these are some of the conditions in which people are apt to get down "belowpar" in strength. Poverty of blood (anaMnia) is generally present m such cas^. ho is Urn of appetite and digestive power ; and nermm depression. These are the three elements of ordinary continued debdity. To meet these, we have, besides rest from care, change of air, and generous feeding (all of which are of the greatest importoce , tl«^ sorts of tonics : blood-^enewers, appetizers, and nmnneg. Of tlie tirst cl-^88, referring to works on Materia Medica for others, the most^vdu- able, in the generality of cases, are Iron and Cod-Liver Oil. To the second class^long the vegetabk Bitters, as Gentian, Qa^c Cdumbo ChnnumiU,et..; and the Mineral Afds,^ f-Tf'l "^ Znan^ (Elixir of Vitriol), and othe«. Under the third head 'W />« "J"?^ Quinine as most largely and safely applicable to general debilitj. Physicians also use, in some selected <^, Strychnia ana Phosphorus, « powerful nervine tonia; but they are too dangerous to allow in the Jii:MEDrSS. 293 family medicine chest for use without medical advice. One preparation ^labelled /W, and kept out of the way of the child,.u ZP^ nmt servants, may .somoti.u«, fi„a ^f, ,,^ ^ „ ^^^-^ j^^,, f "^ .ve organs .u„l tot;. .,,..... ,y,tem; r/ne/«.e o/ Nux Vomica Sfe inthe«malld<^.. - <W,>s tv. I, . r thrice daily. "* ''°'"'^" ' ^^^^ 1 CMiDIKH F(l« ; I'ECIAL D1SEA8EH. We have very few .... .,.,; .HHiu sjHciJics for the cure of particular rT\ J^'' r'* ^' "f '•'« "'«"™' P-^^f-ion is of itC^r to with Qu mne au< with some other pix,pamti„n.s from the san.e murce mmely, the Peruvian Bark. Syphilis i., undoubtedly, cumble Te remet he. Mercury (var.ou.s prc,mrations) and Iodide of Potassium Itch ,.s always c.nque.ahle by a .utticient application of Sulphur Tn* ointment or otherwise. ouipnur, m Scurvy is curable, without much aid from n.edicines (tonics if anv) InHammatory rheumatism is beneficially influence! by Salicvlic Acd and A kahes (Potassa, Soda, Lithia) ; a« Gout has bin £ known to be by Colchicum. "» oeen loug Besides antidotes for actual po«o,«, and m,.licines which kill or drive out «...« from the bowels, we cannot elain. any other clear examples of specml ren.ed.es f,.r particular disease,. It used to be saTd t^ Iod,ne js a ..rtam cure for ^o/<.. (enlai^mcnt of the thyroid gland k U JlTnot . " " ^'-b'g«»-"y-rviceable in that'affectLTbu" hr^l»..TnT''- ^"''>''>'' J^'^^ not always cure ague I breaks" the ch.lls, but in one, two, or thn^ weeks they mfy «.me z:::;!.:::' ^-^ ''-- '-- '- ^ '^^^^^ ^^« .nonth^ortir: There hi« not yet l,een discovered any specific remedy for scarlet fever, measly, whooping-con^.h, small-p<,x, typhoid or t/phus Tver yellow fever, or cholen.. All these diseases must be, the efo.., co": ducted through t e attack as safely as possible; n.eeting the sv^i^oms as they occ^u.-, with the most reasonable measures we know of.' I ha" sometimes told n.ed.cal students, when talking of this subjc^-t, of wlal once happenecl to n.y father, while he was practising medicine Having to drive several miles out of town to make an early visit to a J«tient, h.s ho.^ was put into the carriage without any breakf^ On the way home, on a turnpike, the animal's hunger, and perhaps vvrath l^^^rl'^VT, ,^i^*«^^-'^-^Awas,':iternirto check his speed. As he dashed on, a turnpike gate came in view. What I 294 DOMESTIC MEDIC IN X. vaa to be done? Stopping the beast was impoasible. Had Ae reins been abandoned, although the gate was open, going through at^fuU speed, not guided, would probably have resulted in knocking carriage, turnpike gate, and doctor all together into pi, as the printers call it. Therefore the doctor, being a man of good steady nerves, held the reins carefully, and drone through the gate, without even grazing a hub ! After that, the runaway used up his excess of animal spirits without serious harm to anybody. So it is, then, that, in the »elf-l||">t«^ diseases, above mentioned, we are to drive through, as skilfully and carefully as we can, attacks which we cannot abruptly stop; but which will come to an end of themselves after a while. Worms, Poiaons. Accidents, and Injuries will Imve their special consideration in suitable places later in this book. PHINCIPAL ii^DtCiyss, AlfD OTBBR REMEDtSS. 293 PRINCIPAL MEDICINES, AND OTHER REMEDIES. For Ae reader's convenience, we wUI now give a brief account of «oh rned,c.ne that has been spoken of in the pr^^ing, orZ^yL Acetate of Ammonium Solution. This is a mild, moderately ooomg ^edieme, very suitable to promote perspiration uuring fever fnto ^^^ by dipping small pieces of Carbonate of Amracn^ium into good Vinegar, piece after piece, until it ceases to bubble with effer- TT^ ^^ "^r^^ *"'■'*'" *^" ^'''•^"'" ^«d ^ P««""ng off, being displaced by the Acetic Acid of the Vinegar.) ^ ^^ ^ '"*""« _ Dee of this Solution, a Tablespoonful eveiy two or three hou.^. It IS preferred to other sweating medicines especially in typhoid and tuphm fevers; low fevers, stwalled. It does not act uikju the bowels Aconite. Tincture of the Root of the Jlonkshood or Aconite plant A dMdly sedative poison in any but very small dose. It acts mainly on the nervous system, but indirectly on the circulation. Some phy fflcians use it in m<.- - ^ o( inflammatory fever, as in that of pneumonia pleurisy, ete j or two drops, in water, for a grown person. ^^7Jr'. '^' ^'"''^ A bottle containing it should be k' belied Poison. Aloes. A powerful purgative medicine, having a particular ten- dency to act on the lower bowel. Therefore it is not a suitable cathartic in cases of Pife. Yet, in a very small, not pui^tive, dose, it is some- times added to other medicines for the relief of pUes. Its action on the ower bowel makes it rac e appropriate when delay of the fembine ^y^yP^ « treated by laxative medicines. The Tirusbive of Aloes and Myrrh (Elixir Proprietatis) has been much employed for this end. Doee ot Aloes, from one or two to ten or more grains. Dose of Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh, from one to three or four teaspoonfuls, in water. Alum. A mineral, called a saU by chemists. It contains either Ammmtum or Potassium with Aluminium and Sulphuric acid in oombi- nabon. (There is also an Iron Alum, in which, likewise. Ammonium IS present) It is crystalline, and has a peculiar taste, easily recognized after making its acquaintance. Alum is not often given as a medicine by the stomach, except as an emetic in bad cases of croup. For that purpose, Its dose, in powder, is half a teaspoonful, with the same amount 296 . DOMESTIC MEDTCINS. of the powder, or a teaspoonful of Syrup of Ipecamianlm. I" jma" dofle, it is an astringent ; that is, it tend, to make tlie tissues which it touches sliriuk or coutn«.t together. Thus it helj^ to lessen the swelling of the mu«>as membrane, which is inflamed in sore throat, and it is miu-h i,aed for that, either in powder or in solution as a gargle. The iwv.Ur may be blown into the throat through a quill, or, sometimes, pid «n tlie sore place with the end of one's finger. A garffle is made by dissolving a piece as large as a thumb in half a tumblerful of water. It is usecl by taking a mouthful of it and throwing the head back wtthoid sttat- Imring it, letting it go as far down into the throat as it can without being swallowed. , i a Alum should not be employed in ,»ou//.-wa8hes, because, when left long in contact with the teeth, the Sulphuric Acid in it acts somewhat upon their enamel. A solution of alum in pure water makes a go<K asHngent eye-water, for inflammation of the e>e8: an even teaspoonti-l of alum in a tumblerful of water will l)e strong enough. Ammonia. Vohtile Alkali and Hartshorn are other names for tins subetan.*. When pure, it is a gas ; but it is used either in the for.u ot the Solid Carlwnate of Ammonium, or in solution in Water (Aqua Am- monia), or in Alcohol. Smelling salts consist usually of the Carboimte. Drug-ists keep a stronger and a weaker waterj- solution of Ammonia. Thrmedicinal form most used is the Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia {^ solution in Alcohol, with SpicesV This is a stimulant and antacid preparation. Its dose is from ten to twenty-five or thirty droi«,ia water. Aqua Ammoniw (Water of Ammonia) is used to make \olaUe Liniment, by mixing it with an ec.ual quantity of Olive or I^>^/^'>; This liniment is a verj- warming thing to rub into the skin of the throat for a sore throat, as a counterirritant. Amyl Nitrite. See Nitrite of Amyl. Anise-seed is a mild aromatic or spicy article, warming and agree- able to the stomach. It is hardly ever used by itself, but is employed Bometimes to flavor medicines. It gives the peculiar odor and taste to Paregoric. , „ . . /Sollinaris Water is an ef^er^'e8cing " mineral-water," having no marked property or action beyond that of the Carbonic Acid gas which makes it s^rkling and pungent to the taste. Travelers in Europe often take it at their meals, so as to avoid the usual dnukmg-water at doubtful places. In this country, also, it is getting to be a popular table-water. (St. John's champagne !) , .x ;„ „ Arnica The Tincture of the floweis (or of the whole plant) is a popukr application for bruises and sprsins. It is a warming applica- tion, and not suitable where the skin is broken. Being poisonous when rSTXCIPAl MEDICINES, AND OTHER REMEDIES. 297 swallowed in large do«», it should be kept m labelled, and so used as to prevent mistakes with it. , «"u bo usea a» to the White Ox.de of Aii^n.o (An^nious Add). /',„•/« (?,..en a ^ood exterminator of potato-bu^, is an Ai^-ni..! p,.pan.tio. with'cop^ The medicinal lorn, in which Am^nic is gene.X preH<^ribe<l hv TJ ' aunans is the Solution of Ai^.nite of PoLium (FoXs LbtS" andTuri:!. ''"'''"'""• "" '"'-'""""'' '^'''' ^^^ ^^'^^^t. Jd'n!lw fn"!' ;^ ^"'""'^"'' ""^ '''"^ ^i^gr^hk odor and taste; a good, mild, and «ifo composing m«licine for disturbed ner^•es. As^. people. Thi3 drug ,s ako good for JluMenee. Wlk of AssafcBtida is a ^e^ «ervic^ble n.^icine for i«^V«' co//. />„., , teaspoo^fd, tl Atomization. See Inhalationij. 298 DOMXaTtO KEDICISn. Bark, Peruvian. See Cinchona and Quinine. Batht. Enough has been said under Hygiene concerning bathing during hv-Uth. In treatment of diaeaae, the kinds of baths most used are the warm and the hot bath. Wa may call it warm from 90° to 96° Fahr., and hot from 96° to 100°. It never need be hotter than this last figure. Warm baths are very often useful, for relaxing and tranquillizing the system. In croup, cohpuWotw, and foct^atc, as exampH such effects are often well obtained. Hot baths, though lew frequently called for, are sometimes veiy aervioeable; especially in cold and low states of the system. Chronio rheumatism is one of the affections likely to be benefited by it. Hot Dry Air Baths (Russian bath) are occasionally advised by phy- sicians, in obstinate prolonged skin affections, etc. Vapor or Oeam baths are occasionally used for the application of heat and moisture to the body. They are not safe beyond the temper- ature of lie, or possibly, for a short time, 120°. Moisture conveys heat to the body much more rapidly than dry air at the same temper- ature. A steam bath may be given, by the patient being stripped of clothing, and seated in a chair, wrapped, chair and all, in a bknket ; his head only projecting- above the latter. Then vapor may be generated by dropping very hot bricks into a pail of water placed between ha feet. As above said, care must be taken about the temperature ; -<uid, on the whole, it will be hardly l)cst to resort to a vapor bath without the advice of a physician. Hot and Warm Springs, as those of Virgmia, are medicated by the sulphurous and other contents of the waters. Sometimes they do much good (bathing in the waters) for chronic troubles of the Uver, kidneys, etc., and rheumatic joints. ,^ , , , ,.. t> i Belladonna. This product of the DeoAlly Nighbihade (Atropa Bel- ladonna) is a powerful narcotic or brain stimulant drug. The Ednuit of the leav^ is most used by physicians as a medicine, in neuralgia, etc. Atropia, a very strong alkaloid principle, is obtained from the root. Its solution is often dropped into the eyes by oculists, for the examination and treatment of affections of the eyes. It enlarges or dUates the pupils, giving them a more brilliant appearance. Indies are said to tase it sometimes before going into company, to make their eyes « bnghter ; whence the name, from ftdfa donna, /air tody. i>o«e of the eoUd Extract, a quarter of r Gram to a Grain; of the Tincture, ten to fifteen drops. Solution of Atropin for the eyes, two to four grains to a Fluidounoe of water. Neither should beused without medical advioe. PHrifCIPAL MSDICiygS. ANt> OTflKR REMEDIBS. 888 Benzoin A resinous Hubstance, from the Styrax, an East Indian tree. The Compound Tinctm-e of Benzoin i« a good medicine for bron- chial cough. D,«e, fifteen to twenty dro,«, on a hmip of «ugar. evenr three or four houw ; or at the beginning of a 8,k.11 of coughibg. The «me Tincture, appli«l with a c^mel's-hair pncil, is ver>- healing to a "ore nippfe or a <rarl:ed ftp, or even a/*.,nr „/ the anu^ Bismuth S.bnitrate. A nothing sto,na.-hi,- n,«b«ne. 1).^,. ^ to 5 grainri. ' Blackberry Root. Conntn- iK..ple gcnondlv know the astringent property of th.s; but some make a mistake in .sup,x>.ing the (varies to have the same ; whuh they do not. A tea made by cutting . p a handful of he root and soaking it for two or throe houn, in lK,iling water (kept hot)^wdl answer a good puriK)se in cha-king diarrhcea, in tablcpoonful Bleeding. An opinion roneorning the wxusional usefulness of this old-fashioned remedy having l«n exprense.! „n a previous .mge. we have now only to say a few words alxiut how it is done; although few people will want to try it Ijefore they have seen it done. At the bend of the arm is th- most convenient place for vmeseetim (openmg a vein); choosing a cross vein if there is one, as is generally the case. First, tie a bandage or handkerchief around the arm, above the elbow; not as tight as it .«uld be, as that would stop the flew of blood into the arm through the arteiy. What ^sv want is to check the return flow of blood towanls the heart, in the veins, so that they may swell up and be easily seen and struck, and will then let out a good stream of blood. Of course the sleeve mus. Ik^ put out of the wav for the operation. When the chosen vein l)ecomes distended, it is oix-ned by means of a lancet. There arc two kinds of blmling lancets. One 18 a simple amall blade, tapering to a sharp p.int, which is dii.ped. so to speak, through the coat of the vein, nearly in the line of its dltw bon. The other is a spring lancet; the small jwinted blade goinir forcibly into the vein when a button at the side of its c«se is pressed upon Either will answer. When the «j)ening is made in the vein, the blood, commonly dark-blue or purple, spurts a little, and then flows in a steady stream. If there is high fever, its color may be bright red, like that of arterial blood. Now and then, if the vein cut be just ove^ an arteiy, the pulsation of the latter may make the blood come in an interrupted jet, as if from a wounded arteiy. Unskilful bleedere have sometimes opened an artery along with the ve'., an accident which may give senous aft«r-trouble. ( If it should happen, pressure on tlie wounded artery, at and above the wound, will be required to stop its bleeding ) When enough blood has been taken, which may always be known to be the case If the patkst becomes jsle sad fuiat from ii, the bandage 300 bOMKSflC MtHflClIfg. fOiould U' removed. This alone will uHually stop the lilctiding at once. If not, prewurc with a thumb or finger on the vein just below the cut, will certainly control it. Ten ounces will be a nufficient bleeding fw mo«t grown penjona ; much lew of course for a child. The effect, how- ever, is the best guide. No patient i« to be drained of blood ; we need merely to reduce exeittnunt or remove oppremion. In mjinrntnation ot the brain, lungs, larynx (aa in severe croup), pleura, or peritoneum, the former is desirable. In congestive apoplexy, or poisonnig from breath- ing coal or burning gas, the ktter is the mode of relief. Leeching and cupping will have tn<wt of the good effects of bleeding from the arm ; and in doubtful cases may lie sul)8tituted for it. Blisters. We use Mu^lnnl-PhdvrH not to blister, but only strongly to warm and stimulate the skin. For raising a blister, CaiUhandeH is mostlv resorted to. The oldest way is to spread the Ointnmtt of Can- tharidc* on a piece of buckskin, three or four or five inches square ; cover this with a piece of gauze, and lay it on the part. This will draw a blister upon a gro'wn person in four, five, or six hours ; with a child, in two hours or less. Then nip (do not remove) the raised scarf- skin with the point of a pair of scissors, and lay ui^n it a soft muslm rag thickly spread with Simple Cerate, as a healing dressing. CktiUharidal ColMion is a strong liquid preparation, wlm-h, when painted on a part with a small bnu^h (camel's-hair pencil), and covered with oiled silk or rubber oloth, will draw a blister in from an hour and a half to three hours generally. Blisters are unpleasant things, but are sometimes very beneficial; especially at the middk stage of a serious inflammation, as of the brain, pleura lungs, etc. In severe inflammation of the brain in a man, I have known great advantage to follow shaving the head and blistenng nearly the whole head at once. Once in a while atrangury (difficulty in passing water) will fol ow the application of a blister, from some of the Cantharides being al>sorbod into the blood, and so getting through the kidneys into the bladder. FUnnel wrung out of hot water applied to the bladder and penneinn (crotch, just between the thiglis at the pelvis); Spirits of Camphor, taken in twenty-drop doses; and, if the difficultj- lingers, a Laudanum injection into the bowels, are remedies for stranguiy. Blue Pill, or Blue Mass. This is a preparation of Mercury, one- third of the strength of Calomel. It is a soft solid, easily made mto pilN Apothecaries usually keep on hand three-grain Blue Pills. Much discussion and some change of opinion have taken place m tlie medical profession within twenty-five years about the use of Blue M^ and odier Mercurial medicines. Their power over the liver has been mtyctPAL MSDictyss, aitd other rkmmdiss. aoi dkputed and their control of infl«nm,ttt„ry Httaelo. i« not «>nfided iu uow a, .t formerly wn« The d,^ ,.f „,,„,,„„,« „!.. have ,x„„e to U much rec.uc«l. The late I)r. .Wph Ilar.«h.,„.o wa« one of the Am to ol^erve the n«-,«ity fur thi« nHl.ution. He ^ave tw,- an.l th J Km.n d.«eH <.f Blue Pill, when „.«„, pra-titionen^'gave ten 1,' ^^ . .M b,l..H.<n,^," when there i. a l.i.ter ta.te i„ the mouth, ..,.- emly ou awak,„g „. the morning; with ^.nu- .h-grc^. of nau^a (Jek fec-hng u the .ton.aeh), and nu.n.. „r 1.^ v..|!own.^ of the tongue and of the wuteno the eye.; ,K.rha,« of the liu. or the nkin getndly; the l..weiH ak, IxMng .„n.ti,«t«l, or .he .U.A. .Iate..,]oa.l Ltead of brmvn or yx-ilowish-hrown, ,w in «atun.l. < )„,, „r two gn,in« of Jlh.c 1 .11 at M ,n,e, an,l the Kune ag:nn i„ .ho n.orning or the next evening, takmg m all rom two to four grain., will do well, without any ri.sk c!^" salivation, at least m all l.ut one <«.^. or «o in a thou,«„d CaW i« better for a similar purp,.^ a. a baby'« n.edicine. Indi- g«.t|on and commeno.ng diarrhoa in infants are often mu.h helped by small d«ses of Calomel; powde.,,, ea.rh of which a.nt«in« one-twelfth ol a grana of the me<lieine, with a grain or two of Skxla (.Soclium Bi- carbonate) or Magnesia, or only Sugar; the \^t for ta«te,and to give substance to the small dose of the drug. Borax. A verj- familiar article this in, in the n.irserv, for mre mouth. Itjs a mmenil astringent, milder than Alum, and n;uy be used more freely ; either dissolved a, water ,w a M-.i^h, or in powder with Sugar, put with the finger ri ' < on the sore sjnjt in the mouth. Bromide of Potassium. Bromide of Sodium, and Bromide of Lithmm These "Bromides" are nervous sedatives; tianquillizine an exeited brain in a different way from Opium; having 1^ sleep- compelling power than it. Bromide of Pota^ium is lai^ly prescribed by physicians for epilepsy mid some less serious but obstinate trouble, of the nmous system. Bromide of Sodium has the same sort of effect but perhaps ,8 more agreeable to the stomach ; and the same is ti-ue of Bromide of Lithium. Bromide of Ammonium is less often used for similar effects. Bromo-caffdnc otlen help, nervous headaches. Dose, of either, five to fiftet-n or twenty grains, in water. The lamest .lose* are best borne when taken at bedtime. Long use of We d^ ol eidier of the Bromides sometimes causes an eruption on the skin aad some other unpleasant symptoms, call«l brwnmn, by physicians 'por any one who suffers gi^itly from the sting of a bee, or other insect, twenty-grain doses of Bromide of Potassium may be advised. IQf DOMBSTIC MMDtOIJrM. C«]upat oil. An •rom.tlc gr«n«h (or, when old, wddtoh) dl, ftom the l«iv« of an E«t Indian tree; one of the bait remed,«i f«r /W«fen< colic,mp«M\y when " gouty ; " and abo for /y.«j; g^ •«! '^^^.tr'fT; to ten Dn.|«, on a In.p of ..gar, ^ollow«l by . '"cillT Chloride of M..vn.y. See abovx. uncler Blue Pill. Caktl « a white iK.wd.r. /^.. from on^tw.lfth o a gru.n. or an Tnfant, to one-half grain, one grain, or nona-timcH p.»«.bly mo,^, for an Sr Nat to be Zed as a dovu^ic .ne,Urinr ; u»ie«H, after expncK*, the very humII mlonicl p.^Un., for inaig«.tion of .ulant«. C JJphor. A mmt nneful -,um, from an evergreen tree nat.ve to the south ami ««t of Asia. Every one known it« white or «.lorle« traiuj- rrfaT tTpeculiar odor, and pungent and yet m.ling tante. It w S; ThaHTif left in the air it will nlowly go off in vapor Ve.y Httk of it will JiH^olve in'water. Ca.p^or;eater in a very m.ld pre,«- • ration. SpirU o. mphor, mmle with Ak«hol, .« much ntrongt- . CrmrhTr i« a .cmpoaing nvnlieine 1« the nerves; Homewha mo. .timulant than A«Hafoetida. In very large do«« it « narc^tie (ntupe- *"^SMor-««fer i« an excellent tranquillizer f«' ^»»-« .^'«;' j;;'"^ alHO like the apices, warming to the stomach, and somewhat anodyne. HU excellent bo^lic. SpirU of Camphor i« best when an anodyn« effect iB specially needed ; as in colic of grown people. Fio. lit'V OAKTHARM VITTATA. CAHTHABI8 VBICATORU. DoH of (Jampfu>r-trater, from a teaBpoonful (an infant dose) to a tablespooiful. Of SpirU of Camphor, from ten to thui^D«P« ' on 8ug«^nd stirred in water, or in a thick syrup, as 8p.eed Syrup of fiSJarb. When dropped into water, the Alcohol unites with the water and "throws down" the Camphor in little white flakes. Poreoorio is a Camphorated Tincture of Opium. cSI^dcs. Powdered "Spanish Flies." Th«e ar. insect*, mdy fc«#/« not flies. Tbev ar« rather pretty, having shming green backs , Sr^d^fto the south of Europe From their powder Bliatcnng Ointment (Cantharidal Cerate) is made. See Blitter.. raiirotrAL Maoicttrss, and otosh kkmsdims. 303 Carbolic AcM. ThU (al-o died Phenic nod /»A«.y/fo Acid, .od Phenol) i. . product of ccl-tar. w CruMote i. of wood-tar. It k not mll7 » Kid, eheiui«illy, tluHigh m rall«l. Wl.t... ,,ur,., and entirely diy, it tt in nearly colorim crystaU; but it .««ilv al^orb- wat*r and nTr '"»»:** (''•'"'J'^'^') ^h^'n e«Po«d to the u.r. Cnide, impun, embolic Ac,d ha. a brownUh .x,Ior. It- od..r in clinagreeable ; it> Lw hot, foUowed by tangling and perhaps numbn«« of the tongtie. ll Fio. 184. PALMA CUBUTI. bum, like Cr^«>te, «hen dropped upon the skin; but this is imm*w diately followed by loss of feeling in the part. Carbolic Acid has no proper place as a domestic medicine. It ha8 bad great popularity as a disinfectant ; more than it deservas, in com- panaon with several other leas unpleasant things. Sui^eons often em- ploy It in -'antiseptic " dressings and lotions. Cardamom Seeds. Ompound Tindnre of. A warming aromatio preparataion, ofl«n added to Soda, etc, for aickn^s of the rtomach. VoK, a Teaspoonful, in V^^ater. 304 poMKKrro MMDicrvM. C-tor-Oil. Exj.n*«l fro,., tin* ».«..« .ht -«xUi of ^^^J^^ ^'' . ,;X..e plant, origi..Uy fn.n. A.i« I. « .J-ty. ''^^«>'y J^^i . go«l, eff«-Uve. .ml yrt mil.l purgative- m« «Jne It .« theb^ «&, evtm for l«l.u*, wh... m.y unV<,<«,i, oj the h^U i. I««ent, M in thrwita'Hinir of .lym-nUry, nn^l in *>n.e .w»« of .•olio. » to rti it well with twic-e tl.e .,"'"«tity of >>..•-</ Syry oJ Phnbarb. Tute^! Thave hacl l«tieut- .o take it wi.lumt fi..ai..g out wh«t .t "^.techu. An Kxtnutfr.,.., the W.K.1 of an Oriental tree It in ..tringent una in v.-rj- u..f..l in .luork TnHurrof C-..t«1.« ^ The bLt pnM«mtion. 1^, Half « T«v-,k«..1uI to „ r.....pc.>»f»l. ' • Iter A.? xcvllent ,..«lici..e U> ohe<.k tronl.U^.me .l.Hrrha. .-...« «U :?^ual part- of 77«Wur. o/ r«/.e^.« nnd V..o<^>^'; of tj« "- '-' the d.»« iH « TettM,KM>nful. rep«,t«l ac-<.r.linK to the urrney of tho .-a*^ Cattart c Pin. (Co.«,K..;na). The* an- nuule of tha. «tn...« pur- gaUv. Sicinc. witV a little Calon.el. They are t.x. aet.ve to .. .H« !lr o«Unary c.n«tip..tL of the WeU; but are very .^nven.ent when a <leoi(le«l punration is ne(!tUtl. . , Catheter A tubular in«tru.nent for drawing the unne from the bhSZ wl en the K.ent e.nnot ,». it. The o.. for the n.ale .« o..J a^cu ved; that for the fcmle, nhort, and w.th only a nlight l.^^»d nt Aeem 1 It i« nmde either of silver or of prepre.1 gttm^la«t.e; Thlttlr being Hexible. the fonner firni Bjth ^-;^^^^/^j::^:^ and eloned at the other, which in ro-indtHl and BmcK.th j bnt .«t u^Hno the elosed end (whi.h i« introdu,«l into the bladder) are several holes, t ad^the later. Skill and c. are .k..1c.I for the u^^f catheter. The diffieultv is greatest with the male Of eourne the instrument must be well oiled before being inttodueed. cZL. Several of the^ are .«ed by plnm-ians. We may name he« a fe V of them. Lunar Caustic is Nit.-ate of Silver. It .« \^ de- s^etiv X the Vegetable Ca..tie (so^Ued) Potas... Strong Ac.ds ir^^de ; aa Nitric and Chronic Aeids. All of these^'hen moj^- Ted. will bum the skin, or any other portion of the body. Luna Stil if very lightly touehed upon a part, will not exae^ly burn it, but wnUhange L condition of the surface in a way often benefiom^, espe- Sly in clonic infla^nmOim.; also, in destroying the -P^-^fi^^^"- ^r of an inflammation, aa of the throat in diphtherm or m smrlet 'TU are often destroyed by the stronger causties. Care must be used to aet only on the wart, a..d not on the parts around »*• ^^ ^> of tha eaustie runs over, it should be at onee washed away; best, with •a antidote to It ltnf)Iution. For PoUi*yi Vm»™. : .ntid«e; for either of the aZ^ZT^' ^ "" "'''-'"' "'' Ctratc. This unml meaiiH noniMhinir iiiatK' with «,.v «i i Water) ami thm m .o„.oti,„.« „ ,|.H.i,l.,i «.lvant..Ke. nJir;fV;:;^:n:,...fi i^rt:;;.:;;;^'"": '"^ :- ■ "-'•''- />o«. « Tnl I ^. !• I , ^"""-'^'•''•"•. <'l.v.Tm, »i,.l ( 'inimmon Water tor .„d .„„„i,, Of ,„ j« ., i. „„„,,. , 'tiii„„ „,■,:„;;,: Charcoal. Pow,l,.„,i rhm.^A i, „ ^..^kI " Mv^tener " of « ..„n k oppr^cHl with flatul...... fn.u. „„li^.,,*^,.,, ^ Z Tjf a Ll T^ Cr""' ': ' rr *^'^^" ^^" .-h-;!u";s^ ►«:y/n<ypowdertHl ,!,an.«l i„ „},<, „ u^fiil i„i,,«li.„., : ? ' />o«y/.,... on «.«,„„t of it.s <.I..un.i„g .u.tion *" ' '" "^''- forts i:ron,."""h":"r, f " » ""'■" ■■ '-' ■ •"'"■ «» ""'" AfeviritJ**^' Pot^-ium (Chlorate of Potash. «>m.no„iy c.l!«I) hltr^' ii- , '^'^ "'•''* »^ *'^ •'^'^ n'°"'t-^. ••" babies esJialJ ■ '^;^^'>'-»g™^Pe»<»,fn,mt«ntotwentyGraim;forachild,thr«, 306 DOMSSTIC MEDICtyE. Ite solution abv or four yeais old, five Grains; dissolved in water, makes a very good gargle for sore throat. Chloride of Ammonium (Muriate of Ammonia, old name) ; some times also called Sal Amynomac. A medicine of value in a variety of cases; in chrmk branchial cough; in torpor of the liver; and in some oases of neimUffUi. Not well adapted, however, for use without some medical knowledge and exi)erience. Dose, ten to twenty grains. Chloride of Lime. VhlontmUd Lime is a more correct name for this white powdery substance. It is used as a disinfectant, chiefly on account of the free chloriiw. gm wliith it contains when fresh, and gives off slowly into the air. While it does, no doubt, something towards destroying foulness in the air of a place, when laid about in saucers, etc this must not be considered as amounting to very much. It re- quires a great deal of Chlorine to really disinfect a room or building in which there has been contagious disease, or ammiulated foulness. Chlorinated Lime dissolved in water is an excellent disinfectant of privies, etc. An objectipn to its being so used in water-closets and bath- pipes is, that the Chlorine it contains corrodes lead and iron. Chloroform. The most prompt and powerful, but also least safe, of the articles used by surgeons as anaesthetics ; that is, for patients to breathe before and during operations, in order to prevent them from suffering pain. It may be taken into the stomach in larger quantity than by tlie lungs, without danger. In flatulent colic, it is often very relieving; but no more so than Camphor and Cuajuput, as well as Opium. Doae, by the mouth, ten to forty or fifty Drops; in a krge draught of water, as it is very pungent. A teaspoonful holds more than 200 drops of Chloroform. I have given it to a number of patients in teaspoonful doses, without any bad effect ; only sleepiness, like that produced by opiates. A CWo- roform Liniment may be safely used as an outward application for rheu- matic or neuralgic pains. Cinchonia. One of the alkaloids of Peruvian Bark. See Quinine. Chlorohydric Add. The name preferred by chemists for what was formerly called Muriatic Acid. It is not often given as a medicine ; but is present in NUro-Oilorohydrio or NUro-Muriatie Acid, a good appetizer and liver-tonic. Cinnamon Water. Made from die aromatic bark of the Cinnamon- tree of the East It is a pleasant spicy solution, slightly astringent; good with other things in mixtures for diarrhaa. Dose, for a child, a Teaspoonful. .... . i i,- Citrate of Magnesium. Commonly taken m effervescent solution. It is about the least disagreeable <rf all purgative medicines. Apoth- the bottled Sution, a WiatCu^nrr: f "' '''^"- ^"^^'^^ amount of pui^iug needed) Of i ' T '•^' ^^'^'"^ *« ^^^ spoonful t« I lilXS: In t^^^^a«ri ?"^' .^■"^'" « '^- cathartic; although noUo rapid in i^, . f ' '* " ''"'^'^ »" '"■*'^« ThM 18 neutralized by Pota««iuni^«n„li, . t '^""e Jmoe. ski».ndkid«,,i„fc^' ""'^"'"'''r""*"""'™ from .1,0 The ia may ti n, J by ZrS T™ T1 ^V.''""'' "' «''■' «""• a pledget of cotton wpI I wi'fli ;* »« i t • . " """"w lootn. Wet -thie end of :Mi\„i'.;:'i:^4!:„tir"^ ^^^ -'^'^ °^*^« ^* Cocoa and Chocx>late are n^e' Col Lr' " T "^ '' "'''^^ -tion for 6™««, of any pai of thXly I I IS^r*'''"^. "P"''' in the house. ^' ' '^ "'^^ "'^"^s ^ have it Fw. 186. 808 ' DOUSSTIC MEDICI NS. whether any way (unless it is put up in geUitin oaprndes, as some a^^- ecaries do it) is better than to satt and pepper it, as if it was (!) a fishy delicacy, and then Iwlt it down; afterwards rinsing the mouth with Tincture of Myrrh and Water. Children generally do not mmd t»kmg it unlcw their fears have been aroused by talking about it. Colchicum. A bulbous (cormous) plant, whose root and seeds are both used medicinally. The llln. of the Root is the best preparation. In large dose it acts on the bowels ; some- times irritating the stomach also. It is a diuretic, and influences the nervous system in a way not very well defined. It was formerly the favorite medicine in gold ; and probably does as much as any medicine towards curing or mitigating gouty attacks. Dose of the Wine of the Root of Colchicum, ten to thirty Drops, in water. Cold Cream. This is the UnguerUum Aqua Rowe (Ointment of Roee-water) of the apothecaries. It is a soft, easily melted, and very soothing application for sore places, chapped hands or lips, etc. It becomes rancid when long kept exposed to the air. Collodion. This is a solution of Gun-Cotton {Pyroxylon or (Moxylon) in Ether. When it is painted upon any Borfiice the Ether evaporates, leaving a thin cottony film. Flexible CoUodion, made a little differently, is less apt to shrink together in drying. It is a convenient article to cover a part whose skm is broken or ulcerated, as sore nijjp/eg, cracked lips, etc. Oardharidai Collodion has been mentioned already, as a bhstenng "^Coiumbo (adumha, root of an African plant) is one of the simple vegetable bitters. Like the rest of its class, it is a tome to the stomach. It is given sometimes for dyspepsia. Convallaria. See Lily of the Valley. Cprrosive Sublimate. £«cWor«fo 0/ Jferoury this is, or Mercuric Chloride. Calon^l is the Mild Chloride, or JtfercuroiM Chhruk of Mercury. The Sublimate is a deadly poison, used often to kill bugs, etc Phvricians sometimes pi-escribe it in very small doses (one-tweltlh to one^th of a grain) int«maUy, and of late a Solution of it (one part COIiCHICDH. Mi'lClSES, AM> 0TB EB REMEDIES. most powerful disinfectanteT^ "««e-gemw. It is certainly one of the thougroL*IrTnmS". ^ '°^'"°*' "*"* «"'^»^'« f«r family use -ctini n,xr;e Ztt^'XTr^s^^^^^^^^ « ^-^^^-T- name for on,np. Xo doubt til i "':'"• " ^^•^•'^" '« «" "W the same kind of eil Iv !^^ ^"'^."'"'i '" '^"^ '' '''^"P' '»'* which is milder and ql7fe " T ' t"^''"^ "''''' Ij-caJUa, tmte of Antimon, an^;^ J^t^/^aSr -7^ ^-^^''^ ^^- Cream of Tartar (Bitartrate of P„tassium\ "n ^' • ">•<! purgative .salt, which also incJ^Xfl^' . • " ' '^''"^' It ia very often given i„ Jroj^^, n^Zll fZr "^'"^^i'""*-)- m water. Ver, little of it Hi dt^ve TeasjKx>„fuls, stirml Creasote. A product of Tar A Imf f„ f- poisonous if shallowed i„ mcSemteri^^' "^ '■''"''"'"« ''''1'"*^ 5 mouth or skin which it touh^pt^f-'"'^,'!"''':''*-^' •'"'"■•"? the for sick stomach, ulcer of ttln^eh I'^ "'"" '' '" '"^'^^ ^<^ forltrt?h:ro: ttr 'r 't^;"^ --^ ^^-^- -ed, should be wn.pped arold with?.-.M " '""''" ^'^-'^^^'-S-ueedL dipped into cLCe THen t'fi^^^^^^^^ *''^ *- when other cathartics fail ta «^ u ■ P''^'"''""^ m rare case, p.«™. .o ,w.„o. .oT.s.iri: ;i" ,;;. - '"""-'"^ •» -• •"- a powerful counter-irritant i I • , '"' "'^^ sometimes as Cuppln,. See Bl„di„,; „a .Uo, T.ki„, b,„^, ^^ ^ I. 310 V DOMESTIC MEDICISS. Digitalis. Faxghte » the common name of the pretty plant whose leav Jfurnish this medicine. The lYnrfure is moet used. PhysicuuM give it often when the action of the heart is too rapid, and p«hap« irregular. It Im also been given in large doses m Minrmbrmm>>. Ite common dose is ten Drop, twice or thrice a day Bemg diurttte it is sometimes p««cribed in drop^. It« very F^erful «^.ve pnn«ple is Digitdin. Of this, if taken as a medicine, tlie dose is one-fiftieth of a Grain. Fia.186. DIGITALIS rUBFUBSA. Dover's Powder. Made of Ipecacuanha, Opixm, and a cooling Bait (Sulphate of Potassium, or some similar compound), this medicine Tcomi^sing and diaphoretic. Some persons find it agree with them at the beginning of a sever* cold, takmg it just before going to bed, after a^rm m'ustard foot-bath. Dose, *«" «™- ; -■J*"-;^ -« Grain of Opium and one Grain of Ipecacuanha, ^s *« « « fu"^ ular dose of Opium, it needs to be slept, as well as sweated, off. Betor not take Dover's Powder without the advice of a physicum ; at least the first time. c«mpc««l o„ thelZint:^;'" '* '^P**''''' '« '»'« stomach. It « of this solution, and add to Ta T h^"^ ; T"" ""' » Table^poonful into these a TableZorfuI !!f f ^«^'^P««nful of Water. Then pour may furnish imSkZlui^ZT^"''" """'"* ^ '"«'' "» "Po^h^^V in four Fluidou*:! 7^, TtlZr fS^ot^ °' "^'^ '^^^ water, ™ay take the place of Lemon^ui^' " ^ '^''' '"''' °"« °^ •«o .JSTn; ttZt^z^Tn''''''^'^'''^^"^ ^^^ B-ls when ripe. It r^ires 2^^^^^^ P'""* throws out it^ f>ii PurgativrcausinTTn ^'' "' ^'"^" ''«"''' »"«» power- appiJrs^; frrS^':frtXt:\tv'r^^^ ^-'-"^ i-'-o/.^; also, for nn.njXTZttLTTl "^^""^ "' pressed menstntallo,, hn,i Lr a '""""«"«», ohl sprains, sup- with acid solutions etc • «n^ r T • ^^' composed of metals material between thpm n3»f L ■ F' ^"^ "*^ ""^^^ W'tb a these methoiin„ eZrd:; ""' '^ *'' """ '""^^^''^ "^ ment. The intermoTed rZ! ? "^ P^-^veranoe in alterative tLt- that electridty is E^ufkl to do *^!,^"^'^^ °P'^«" «f Pb^Bicians, while there fa Inl n ' It *n %^ f ''" «»''^ «*«g« "^ Pa%, »; ames it ^ ^ "* '" ^¥ammatory about the attack which ventttp^L"Ts'tIe:ir;:i«^ '^ ^ P'^^^'^^' *« '"-^ - ___^PP«™tus ,8 the m«j;;..^&c<ric arrangement In this, as com- 815 DOMESTIC MEDtCISS. monly made, the interrupted current ib generated by a "keeper" (a small piece of iron) revolving, when a handle w turned, bo as alter- nately to approach and recede from a magnet. A very strong ami rapidly successive series of shocks may thus be produced, oontroUed, however, by the sliding in or out, at will, of a rod provided for the purpose. In order to take effect upon any part, a " circuit must be made, by each "pole" of the apiiaratus being brought in contact with the body (that is, both at once). For this handles are arranged, usually with soft sponges at the ends, to be moistened when applied. Too strong currents or shocks of electricity may do considerable harm The application should never be allowed to be pamful or dis- tressing, or be continued 80 long as to produce positive fatigue or ex- haustion. . , , Various patent contrivances are sold to maintain constant currents oi electricity when they are worn about the person. While it is not im- possible for an appreciable current tlius to be kept up for some time, it is seldom the case that such instruments act otherwise than through the imagination. That faculty, however, is very powerful in its influence upon die bodily conditions of many people. Perhaps it ought even to have a section among remedies by itself. Elixir of Vitriol. Ar(maivi Sulphurie Aeid is another name tor this, which is often prescribed as an appetizer; sometimes also for diar- rhoBa, and occasionally for hemorrhages. Dose, ten to fifteen drops, in water ; best taken through a glass tube, to prevent its touching the teeth ; also, for the same reason, washing the mouth out well with water^r it. Elixir Proprietatis {Elixir Pro). This is an old name for Jinotore of Aloes and Myrrh; which has a popular reputation as a medicine lo bring on the monthly courses when delayed or suppressed. Dose, a tea- spoonful, in water, twice daily. , . ^ t Emetics. Articles which cause vomiting. The most unportant occasion for their use is when jxmm is known to have been swallow^. Then the quicker and the more thoroughly the stomach is emptied, the Ixsttcr Handy emetics in every house are Mustard, a teaspoonful, or Salt, a tablespoonful, in a teacupful of warm, not hot. Water. Let it all be swallowed at once ; and follow it in ten minutes with another teacupful of Warm Water, if it has not in that time taken effect. Among emetic medicines. Ipecacuanha is the mildest and safest, and it is usually active enough. In bad cases of croup, with formation of membrane in the throat. Alum may be added to it Of powdered l5«>rw a teaspoonful will usuaUy produce vomiting; of the ^p, a teaspoonful, F^haF needing to be repeated; of the Fluid Extract, half a teaspoonful. Ziwi. Sulplwue »f Up™ rt !^i?''" "'»"»' «*•» (S«lpl,a.e of "mW iM<lr„| .rfvl, ' °°*'" '•"' '» be o«l e„«p, rf th«e effects, it i, give„ S^er ^°M?!r ''^ •?" '"^""* "^ '^^ «-t t'-tion of the blood^iti^^a'^^r- T- ^'^ --"«" — vanous hemorrhage, and al«, in cZT T "'" ^'"^ P"^"*^*! for the spinal nu«.|.>r The rl of w •"•^7""'''^' ««P«"«»>- of ployed. Dose, of it or of tie kL^T '! ?' P'^^"'*'«° "*** <^">- to two Teaspoonfuls, in Water ' ^""^ ^"^^^ "^ Teaspoonful i»ject«l„nder'thestin$::r:f arji"* *'^" f-»owed,or «he« portant use is as an anasaittTc 11?^^^"^'" *^""«^ ^'^ °'«'t im- «>nder them painl^ It" ?"'»,'? '^'^'" ^"'^'«'J "P^'^fons, to -«alwayof^dmri;tet^^;'ifi^'^X^^^^^ low cone (a chimney-sweepVhaT L„ ".^^^f^""^" *« «»>«?« of a hoi- plac«lasponge,o/wbirE'^1rrS"'^Tr'^^ patient's mouth and nose for him .^l .V ' T *'''" ^^^^ «^«^ the ''•^thing harf, and droT^i^^ h^h l^w^' T '^ "^"" ^ ^^^P'" eou^iousne^. Then thf Etir is "l^^^" ^j^,*^^ ^ ^^^^."P. - -- great while, it may be neo«««rv L 7^ f " *" operation takes a keep up the insensibmtySSout Jhe ^ "^ T'^"^ ^'"' ^" ' constantly, besides watiinJiT/!. ... ^'" ""*** ^ fe't, however »ot be bSughlt WiJ'i^S^^^^ " *'!''* «»*«^ — t- Shan taken; with Chlo^form ., fe ^^ ' J T ^''^''' '' ^"« -«* ^ with great precaution. ^'^'" ^'^'^^^ *« ^ "voided, even "a^eTweTia !Z'JZ!rZ V'' """^T'^ '^ ^ ''«^- - eoges of tliis drug are servil^We^ a JL "*"""^ ""' '^^°^- I-- «*«A- Eu™lyptu8i«aI«3in'?'^"^'"^f-«Hin bn,nchial ^ of the tincture, a teasp<S • "^ T ''' '"""^^'"^^ "^ »^« ^'-''rf-. '^, ten to twenty'dro^rr^^'CrSr" ^"^^ ^' ^^^ U4 DOMMBTIO MMDlCtWa. F«DiMl-t«ed. A v«7 mild aromatic ; awnetim« made bto a taa for babwa' colic; nuw often added to Smna Tea, or fluid ExtraH (^ SmM, to keep that purgative medicine from griping the bowels. Flaxaeed. Thia maka a good soothing drink, Flaxaeed Tea, for ton throat. Pour Half a Pint of boiling Water upon a Tableepoonful of whole Flaxseed, and stir it up for a few minutea. Then let itstand covered for a few minutes more ; but do not put it on the fire to bo 1, aa that would bring out the oU (Liiiseed Oil), which is not good to dnnk. What is wanted in the tea is only the mucUagt of the seeds. Lemon- juice and sugar added will make Flaxseed Tea more agreeable. Fhoseed Mad makes a good warm and soft fouitke. Mix a suffi- cient portion <rf i e meal with hot water, into a mushy mass. Spread this with a taWespoon on a piece of thin flannel or old muslin; then double in half an inch of the edge all around, to keep the poultice from coring out. The best way to have a poultice warm when put on, is to spread it on a hot plate, dose by the person to whom it is to be applied. When it is on, cover it at once with a piece of Oiled Klk, Oiled Paper, or thin Rubber Cloth, to keep the moisture in. Without this it will dry up very soon.' A very little Sweet Oil or fresh Lard put over tlie surftoe of a poultice before applying it will make it more soothing and more easily removed. For the latter piuTKwe a piece of tarletan or gauze may be laid over it before it is applied. When pain in the part is severe, a Teaspoonful or two of Laudanum may be poured over the poultice before putting it on. Fly-BU«ter. A plaster of the ointment of Spanish Flies (Canthsr rides), ^ied to draw a blister upon some part of the surface of the body. Such a remedy is only required for a rather severe case of inter- nal inflammation, or for that of an eye or an ear ; in either instance, not during the first day or two of the attack. In serious inflammation of the bndn, a Mister to the back of the neck, or even over a large part of tihe shaven scalp, is sometimes one of the best of remedies. A blister is usually made by spreading a piece of buckskin, three or four inches square, with Cantharides ointment, covering this with a piece of thin gauze, and laying it upon the part After from two to five or six hours (according to age and delicacy of the skin) the skin will feel very sore, and on taking the plaster ofl", the outer skin will be found to be raised in a blister. This may be tapped with the points of a pair of scissors, and the part may then be covered with a rag spread thickly wiU» Simple Cerate. It will heal in a few days. For inflamed eyes, the back of the neck is the best place for a blister; for severe inflammation of an ear, jwt behind that ear; the plaster bdsg cat to fit there. t -to tonic pilb (C«npo„„d f k-nt^ Pni.Tf i'. '*" ^^"^ » "^ o[tl.e «to.„ach. Gent J ;a't2: 727^" ^'"'" '"''' ^•«'^'•'- I>«e of the Compound Tin.tur « 'Z """'i", »"««'• "tomachic tonic. «n appetizer it i« Lt uJnZ7'f. /• ^™-'''?'"'"'' "" « 'i«Ie Water. A. be^e be«t time for it. (See pa^5 J"*^) '""'' "''"'^'^ «^- the meal will «l«4il> Flo. 187. OtSTlAN. *• *atrinsrent A /«.-> ». i Of this the do^ is from a Td.lZo„f!^ "'^J"*"'' *^°^ *« « P-nt. oountr, remedy for rlUnrh^^^"^''^ *" " ^^'»^Ja««f"l, given a« a ;^frarotat,:^;i;;-t7^ use. Li.e but now much cultivated in S^wL InT r"^'' " ""^^^ «^ A«ia, ™oet used with us. It is the Ul^f l ""^ •^«'"'"«' «'Vr is the four feet high. ^* ''^ « niany-etemmed plant, th«« or ^^'>^nce of Gineer is a vo«, ~.^ « a warming stimSant tol^Sf-^ T-? ''"^ ^ *« ^ouae. It diiuuy^^^. X^7;'^>anda.d8gr«.tIyi„«]iefof J -^ ot a strong preparation of it (as Brewn'a S16 DOMESTIC MEDlCrffK. Bwnoe of Jaraaim Ginger), ten to thirty Drops \n W«t.r. It mty nUo be applied ou<^?^ over the »tom«rh and bowel.; ^""K^P^;* of thin flannel well with it, laying it on, and covering it with Oiled 8illc to prevent too quick evaporation. . « . , * i Ginger Tea u an old favorito Btomafh-warmer. A Tableapoonful or two of the bn.iH«l root may have a Pint of lK,iling Water ,Kmr«l on it, then Iraving it to rtand covered for an hour or my. We don t bo,' aromatic tea-s or other pr.'peration«, becaiwe tluU would dnve off their vfJaiUe Oih, which arc their active principlca. M" Ginger Tea. the doae ig one or two Tablexpoonfula at a time. Glycerin. \ sweet, traiiH|Mirent liquid, obtained from fatty ralH Htanoea. Only pure Glycerin (Bower's or IV *'«) nhouldlx. uml. It« principal employment in iw an external application ; to chapped hands, iore lips, etc. To a verv delicate skin it is, when pure, somewhat irri- tating. Adding the same ain<mnt of Rme-Water makes a very nice preparation. Glycerin and Borax mixed make a good paste to put upon »ore» in the month. In Teaspoonful dosea, Glycerin is gently laxative to the bowels. It is given soiuctimes for this purpose to children. Glycerin is antiaeptic ; that is, it tends to keep dead animal matter (meats, etc.) fwra putrefaction ; and to ward off the effects of decay poison upon or within surfaces of the body. It is therefore a good ingredient in washes for the parts involved after dtild-iiirth. Glycerin with Tannin makes a very good astringent lotion for./ro»tod fed, also for enlarged tonnla, gore nipples, running from the ears, and ftmtre of the anus (of which an account will be hereafter giv For the Glyoerole of Tannin, rub together one oun-je of Tann' lannic Acid) and four fluidounces of Glycerin, in a mortar ; heat f. - mixtore gently (best in a porcelain dish) until a perfect solution is made. Gum-Arabic. A soothing (not nourishing) material for a drink, in cases of irritation of the throat, or cough. It is simply dissolved in water, a Tablespoonful to a Half Pint. Some persous like to chew and dissolve the gum in the mouth for the same purpoee, instead of Licence or Candy. ,„„ . • u [Compound Gentian Pills, mentioned on page 673, have m each pill one Grain :' Exti-act of Gentian, one Grain of Rhubarb, one quarter of a Giiiin of Blue Mass, and a quarter of a Drop of Oil of Cloves.] hemorrhage fr,.n, .he lu^., the .t ,7 1 "'"■' ::,."'"'"'"'- ^HMk, drop every- hour or two/ U "7^1 !' r"" ^'l"""^' •"">' '* """ with wme iK.«o.u.. It i, al^'-'T^ *:'.'"'' ""^''''''"« ''««la.l.e voi!;^Z'; w'th'':,i'rv«e^^^^^^^^^ •"'""'•"* '- '•••^ -- in ijt.ck« of ^o«/ in a. I^I^'Zr^JC"'". '' '" "-"■"' weaktww, any,,Mi peoto,-*, rwhi..h Z , ' V^'"'"'"*" *""« or with Hops. Familiar to manv n.>.mi<. — the p«duct of the Hop TnTS t« r^"" '" T"' •"■"•'" "^ "^'i A ^op.p.y/0. in «oi;i 321 '" "'"".V Pl«-. « «n.Il piJlow.««e with Cwtv 1 ';""'"• ^" '"••'''"^ '^ «" to bring out the active priSpL " ^'"■"''^'"' **'"' «''«''»> p«^"Tifr;fr;,]r;iLT:'r ^ ' " '"''? ''•^•-*'" •••• ^'-p- Power of the same kind , C bl^h ^ T '"'"7''''' "'" ""'"^^ ''"« »'«« <¥um c, chio™, ..d th;ir:„^:!i.s.r "™''"^ ■" ""^ "••^- ^•- Hot Water. Om-e in a while somethin., I «ne, and even with phpieian, ^^Zl^^ 'TZ': '-^"'"^'"««- Bh.e GJasa; a enue which a«ldod n,anv tn, . . .. ^""^ °'^'' '^ "''" trampai^t medium of del^rn imoThr " '^'^P"^'!"" of that with a la,^ number of peopHn^^^^^^^ ^-- (^6) it i.. bury treatment" of chi^Kirdll^ "' '" ™"«' "'^"SBli«- in imaginative pa.ient«; or riTv^tlt '"7' """'""■^' "^'^ '^^• of the sv«tem). L about rfolrVht;- "' '"" ""' '^''"■'^"■'*'' ^^''^^ "«h meal, you must swallow a MtM '"""V'/'"-^' «" ''""r Jn-fore 1I0» to 120° Fahr.; sippinT .tf'? 7^ ''"" °*" "■"*^''- '' '•••"»' occupy tea or M.„^.i'„^tL^> 1 C^^^VTi*- "^^'^T' ^" "« '" in order for full effect, for siv n.ontl s i " " '" '"^ ''*'Pf "1>. treatment obstinate o^cs o.^vlnff'*'"^''' ''"'"' *''"' ''-^' "''- which had ..ist.^ «„ other r;ef""";r-' '"" """ ""^•' disease does resist all onlinarv m„n? ■ ™ " «'«*^ ^^ chronic able to to- this pn-etic^T ? "-"agemont, u will be safe and »^„„„. he«, exeept thel...urk L Hof wIT ""' "^ "'"' "" ''"'' ^''J-^ to the interior of the bodv/is7stilt^^ TtTeT '''r ^^^'"« ''^^ -«-.uckof the ^^,:^:^:^^^zts: •M OOMMBTtO MBDICtNW, Uke fMing, wMdardfUuUn, or other «tliniilMito ipplM to the o^ •ide 1^ the body, Mich intnriMl excitation m«y tatke m powerflil Md oft«i lervkwible alteimtiv* iniprawon. ., * l„ Hot Witer k now much iwed by «irgeon« vaA obntetriofani ft>r the arrtd o/btmUng, (nm injured mirfiiiw, from the womb dWr W)or,«tc. For this purpow, It •houkl Ime a tempemture of nUiut 120° Fabr. Hunyadi J«no« Wattr. A Uuiative (mildly purgative) nilnerri wiUer, wld In bottlt^. Do«, a WIneglaaaful. Huxham'a Tincture tif Peruvian Boric. A good tonic m feeble conditlona of the body, as in alow convalchoencc from an illii«>«, running down with work in Mimmer time, etc J)oae,f t«apoonful, three timca • day, in Water ; beat, a «h«M< time before ru<;li meal. Hydrochlorate of Cocalnr: V ,,.»>i<«ration of the active pnnoiple at the leaves of the Houth A!-> . i.-u. Eryihtox^lim Coca. It haa been found, when applied (a few drop, of a four per cent. Solution m water) to the eyeball, throot, etc., to render the port itwensiWo to i«iu ; m> oa to greatly faclUt»te Honie surgical operatimw. It« u»e» a« an mtemol medi- oiiM) ar just beginning to be invcatlgated. Dom, five to ten.Dropa of a foui- tier cent Solution. Hyoacyamua. Frok the leaves of this pknt (Henbane) are made tt aolid Ex&ad, a Fluid Extract, and a Tindtire. Hyosoyamus is an anodyne ; a good deal like Opium in Its effects on the system, but weaker ; and, instead of constipating, tendmg to art gently on the bowch.. Of the Extract (solid), the dose is two or throe (5 rains. Of the I? luiil Extract, from two to ten or fifteen Drops. Thi« last is a very good quieting medicine for the violent coughing spells of severe tchooptng- eough. ... Hypophosphitea. Compounds containing phosphorus, m a pecu- liar state of oombiiuHion with other medicinal substances. Much used as an effective tonic, in low stat^ of the system, is ihc preparation called jytows' Hypophotphike. Dote, a Teaspoonful, in water, after each meat K in Mi|H.r of «oiiM. kiud; wlii.li :- fio. 188. WHAY IPPAJUTOT. 320 DOMESTIC MEDICI SE. Fio. 189. when long pipes (niirghileh, chibouk) are used, requiring chest-breathmg to draw the snioke Uirough the pipe. Chinese opium-flmoken, however, actually iuhale the vapor of the narcotic into their lungs. Pure dea.n is soothing to an irritated throat It may be inhaled by placing a towel, or a paper funnel, over a kettle which is kept boding, *^ and breathing the vapor which emerges from the spout. A simple inhaler may be made of a wide-mouthed bottle or jar, throuph whose cork two glass tubes are passed, one straight, the other bent in the mid- dle. The liquid to be inhaled from should not more than half fill tlie bottle. The straight tube should reach down a little below the surface of the liquid ; the end of the bent one should stop an inch or so above it. Thus, when the patient draws a breath from the latter, the air which he receives has to pass through the medicated liquid. Tar, creasote, i-xline, hops, laudanum, etc., may be thus inhaled. A volatile mate- rial, like ammonia or nitrite of atnyl, may be inhaled directly from a bottle, small or large. The former of these is a potent stimulant in cases of fainting ; the latter (nitrite of amyl), often gives relief in attacks of angina pectoria. Instead of vapor, fine powders are someti-nes blown into the throat. For sore-throat in children, (Uum powder may be thus blown in with a glass tube or a long quill ; or with one of the powder-squirts sold by apothecaries for blowing borax, etc., into cracks to destroy insects. Atomization is the introduction of a very fine fipray of liquid into the throat and air passages. Such a spray is made by the odoraiora which are used to spread cologne or other perfumes in the Mr. Instru- ments are made for atomizing in cases of irritated throat, with which solutions of ipecac, chloride of ammonium, etc., can be applied. A cigarette for medicinal inhalation may be made by the use of a glass tube, six or eight inches long. Near one end of the tube put in a piece of fine soft sponge. Drop into the tube, from the other end, the material to be inhaled ; tar, creasote, tincture of iodme, gum camphor, etc Then insert a second piece of sponge near the upper end of the tube ; through this the patient is to breathe for the inhalation. Cottos or tissue-paper will do instead of sponge for the purpose. CROUP-KETTLE. w considered more nromnf «„^ "^ ^ '"'^■^'" ^"'e'- when this The o]d-fas,„on JCT, ^-W" * *'•''" "f ^ ^^^ "'^' "^^ can use l.in,solf. Onlv S^nZ^TZ "" T'''''''' ''''^^^^-- f the oiled end of the tube of" tlr k nd S"^ '7 '^ '"^'•"'"'^*'- to cause the material to enter. It Idd '^^ F"'"'^ °'°^^™t« ft*"* for five or ten minutes, for an effL^ff T ^ >* ^y '^' P^feut course, half or .narter' pin^are sdlrS".' •, f"""" ''""^' "^ warm Water alone wil sometrmr^ffi ^r c,„,d„„. p^^ ^ ^j^. open., injections . made ., :^^ t^^th^TSntte!:;;) If Fio. laa P«i»« . («.«(*„ f„„ ^e S S'-h"";,' .?""' '='■'' »f "*•- S23 DOMBSTtC MS D Tory A oa\y thin enough to pass through n syringe), and then to use a small syringe— holding from Half an Ounce to two Ouuoes only. The object here is to have the material injetsted to remain in the bowel, as long as it will; so that the anodyne (Laudanum) may have time to take effect. Sometimes great suffering will justify sixty-drop injections of Laudanum, or even more; but such had better be used only under the advice of » physician. Other medicines also are occasionally preaentod for administration in the same way. Now and then four-Ounce en€H niata of Flaxaeed-tea are employed in dysenterj'. Nourishing enemata arc often resorted to, whin, for various reasons, food cannot be taken by the mouth. Half or a quarter of a pint will be enough at a time for this purpose ; as it is important for it to remain and be absorbed. Beef-tea, Milk, or raw Eggs beaten up with Milk, will be the best materials. Sometimes pure fresh beef's blood is so used. An example of a nourishing injection may be the following : To five ounces of finely scraixjd meat, and five and a half ounces of finely chopped sweetbread freed from fat, add three or four fiuidounces of lukewarm water. Stif together into a pulp. It will be well to wash out the lower bowel with an injection of warm water, about an hour before introducing a nourishing enema. Injections into the nostrils, vagina, and urethra, as well as the use of a syringe for the ear, had better be left, with rare exceptions, to be advisbd professionally, and carried out under careful direction. The same may be said of Hypodermic injections (into or under the skin). It may be just mentioned, in view of a possible emergency in the absence of a physician, that the instrument used for Hypodermic injec- tion is a small glass syringe made for tiie purpose, ending in a tiibe of Bteel or sih'er to puncture the skin and introduce the liquid. Having drawn into the syringe tiie amount to be used, the skin of the part selected (an arm, the back, abdomen, a thigh, or the calf of one of the 1^) is drawn up witii the forefinger and thumb of the left hand. With the right 'u-nd, the point cf the tube (after being oUed) is pushed almost horizontally through ihe skin, and then the fluid is rather slowly preawd out of the syringe. The latter is to be witiidrawn without twisting it ; all must be done so as to cause as little irritation as possible. From one- tiiird to one-half of the dose by the mouth is the quantity of any drug employed m this way. Ar lyne and itimvkvtd medicines are, more tiian any others, used hypodennically. Sometimes the habit of taking hypo- dermic injections of morphia is acquired, and is as hard to break as smoking o^um or laudanum drinking. Iodine. lMg(^» Iodine SoltOum, the Tincture of Iodine, and Iodide (^ Poto«w«m all have medical uses; but not. as a mlc, in domestic ^■r PencI) for a '^ntinued cough Slttf ?'''' "^ ^^^^ ^"^^^'^ thnoe daily, in^ater. Io<Udeofp2^^' . ^'^'"' ^«° ^^l^. twic* or ««e n a number of diseases Mf tT- "7 T ■* ^'^'y '•"'I-^-t mcJi- solved in water, thiice daily ' "™ ^''' '« ^^^^^y grains, dial Iodoform. A powerful drug kent in tK fo™ of a powder. Somecim^^i^S^ L "^'^^'^ ^«P« '" ^^'^ ««oM.,«&«.o///«,,to„,«,,, ekT". "".«" '"t*^™*! medicine in ^ore often u«ed .s an outwa^ til?";" •'""'• '^"' '' « »-i> ^ ^, co„.ecHve and pi^venli f ff f ""''''f'' l>-'"g antiseptic ; however, a little of the poX of W ""^ Put^faction. While now and then over a fonl'l« to '.^ItT T "^ "''"''^ '^"'^^'^ - not «,fe ,« ^ ,, ilif Ta / ""^ '"' '^^""^' •* "ay be even poisonous. A bottTe I'r T ^^' ^^""* "^ «' absorbed labelled Poison, ^"'' ""^ ^^ «^ 't ought, when kept, to he an ex<«„ent loosener of eo;LTxt^, '" «-"er .uantitie,, itl^ of perspiration (diaphoretiT iT T'} '^'' '''«' » P">n'oter ^J'-^^, in a wa; not' e."^'La ^^ H t- '? "*■ '^'-'- '» an emetic, except when made .C SZ - ^^ '° ^««'«- (chiefly as of Ipecac, ought to be in eve^frS ''':jl '"*'* "^^- The S^j, fi"t medicine in croup and i-nT^^Sa , ■"■' ^^^' ^* ^ ^''^^^ oongh at fi«t do-, and n«^i«7to ^ /'t"2 '^^l ^ '"^^ ^^> with asanmetia i^^ to «^^. ^^-^ 'rf"f )" Ak., it will answer or fifteen minutes if it does not ZTl^t ^T^""^") ""^"^ ^ *«" tonmt), five to ten Dro,« for an bllt a n. ." <><>"fff-ioosener («peo. fu for a grown pe,^i Whi e lljn ^^ ' '" " ^^'''^ Teasj^ f«l will usually be enough Half a t1^ '^"^' " "^"^^ Tc^sjoon- a^ stomach if taken ly^g dtn or ^bef "" "^^ ""^ «^- j^n* of Ipecac, is ve,y Liar i„ Ct t^t? f "^ *" ^- ^he «m>nger; and the form of SyJl^^J: f ^^^P' »>« is mther expectorant medicine. ^ ^"^ advantage for use as an 324 DOM EST tc MBDrorirs. raan- thm, pale, and weak people have too little of it. Then, to add srmp of it to our diet is really to improve our food. Iron w a me- dicinal food. Its common designation in the books « "«|f»e|;*» tonic." The condition of poveHy of blood \b called, medically, Several preparations of Iron are used. Only a few chief one^ need to be here mentioned. The stningest, and also the most convenient to keep and use, is tl.e Tmdure of the Chloride of Irmu Do»e, ten to thirty Drops, in Water. Tlie only objection to it is that it has a di^ poeiin to stain the teeth brown or yellow. This may be prevented W taking it through a tube, of glass, or of two quiUs put together. AH druiists keep glass tnlK« for such purposes. The Tincture of ChloridTof Iron is somewhat astringent; and therefore is useful in hemorrhages. . ■, . a e T~>n Syrup of Iodide of Jrov unites the properties and influences of ^r«n and Iodine It is, therefore, an alterative tonic, good in many cases of scrofida and in some yther cAro. :c complaints. An aUeratm medi- cine is one which tends to cliange the <«ndition of an organ, or of the vhole constitution; setting up its own innocent and tnms.tory action instead of the disturbing and life-shortening action of the disease. Vo»e of the Syrup of Iodide of Iron, ten to tliirty Drops, in Water, two or three times daily. , i. ^ i » PiU of Cdrbonate of Iron (Vallefs Mass) is a very good form to make up with QiUnine in treating obstinate cases ofckUls (intermittent fever). T^ree Grains of the PiU of the Carbonate of Iron with one Gram of Quinine, three times a day, taken for a month, after "breaking tho dhills, wUl cure ninety-nine cases in a hundred of that troublesonw sfiection. , ,, J ,f Other " chalybeates," as preparations of Iron used to be called (Iron gpringa are still called ckUybeaie waters), are: Gtrnte of iron^ a pretty red salt, not unpleasant to the taste, dose, five to ten grams ; Pho^, « green solid, dose five to ten grains; Soltdion (Liquor) of the N^ale of Iron, the moat astringent of these preparations, and beneficial in cfcronic diarrhoea; dose, ten Drops, in water thnce daily; Soluhon (Liquor) of SubsulphOe of Iron, generally called MonsePs Solution ; a good strong astringent for outward application, to aid in d^tng bkeding from any part For the rest of the compounds of Iron (Ferrum) the reader may be best referred to works on Matma Medux, (« \J. 8. Dispraiaatory," " Nati<mal Dispensatory," etc). 01«y. Iti..ven.«JIvrf„™^ ""'*""'' "'""^Morning prescnbed, along with Cream „f tL \°/'^°/^ '* '« ooRwionalJy i*» excellent efl£t in .Z^^T ""t ?"'"«• ^ — ^-^ oo-tipation. i)o,,, ten t:TwX^il ^'^"'' "'' ^*"'^' -'^ Juniper. The berries nf fK« i • ^H^ie in X andtaveX^^V''™''- The,are.„nd. Their u«e in medicine 8 as a diureticTr/ """T^' '^^ *««^«' by pouring a Pint of boiling Wul'S'f ^^'^ ""^ *" "^'^ Janiper berries, stirring and then wT •. '^ ^'"'«' °^ ^n.ised before pouring it off o^ I'l" ifTr M ^""''^ ''"'^ "» »'-'■ Tartar may be added; and It iLt H-^/"S''PT'^"' "^ <^^ «*" drunk (a little at a time) in twLrwl" ^T f '^'' *«* ""^^ be ««»/«>«„</ SpirU of Junip^T:tT 1 ' "' *^P^^' prepa^tion. It ha« the Xunl^ 'f t"™^?'*' "'^ "^ "«'^t" Tea^poonful or two, in Water 2^ "f ^'^^ «.'^^" '« «««« ''««, a - a^eed to ^^bi;patient::;r rjii-^m-r ^^-'^' IK DOMESTIC MBDtClNK. LactucMium. An extract from the common Garden I«ttaoe(I«» taca). It is madlynarrotic and anodyne; promoting deep like opium, bat with much leas power. The Hyrup of Lactucarium (named Avbtr- ffU/t Syrup), is the meet convenient preparation. JJok, one ot two Teaspoonfuls. Lady Webater'a Pills. The important thing in dlese ia Aloes. They are purgative, and, like otlier aloetic preparations, have some effect in promoting a tendency of blood towards the pelvic r^on of the body. They have much reputation as aiding to bring on delayed or suppressed menstruation. Tliis is called by physicians an emmena- gogue action. Dme, one pill, at night. Some persons find half a pill enough to operate on the bowels quite as much as is best. A few will need to take a second pill for suih an effect. It may be here repeated, that there is no certain emmenagogue medicine. We can only promote the restoration of the absent utmne flow, and succeed in a considerable number, but not in all cases. Laudanum. Tinctj^ of Opium. One of the strongest of the Opiate Medicines. It is therefore a powerful anodyne and hypnotic {i^eep-prodvuxr). DoM, for a grown person, from fifteen to thirty Drops. In diarrhoea, however, as small a dose as ten Drop will often answer. Children are more afiected by opiates, in proportion to their age, than by any other kind of medicine. One drop will be more than enough for an infant less than a year old ; at least to bc^In with. T<wi«l^^nnm is often applied extei-naUy to relieve pain. On a sound part of the skin, in a grown person, Half a Teaspoonful may be so applied with safety ; but only a few Drops at a time, even externally, in the case of a young child. Anodyne injedums into the bowels are most frequently made of Laudanum and Starch. (See Injections.) For Hypodermic injection (under the skin) Solution of Moqihia is preferred. In keeping Laudanum, it should be remembered that it strengthens with age, by evaporation of some of its Alcohol. (All iindurea are made with Alcohol.) What is left at the bottom of an old bottle of Laudanum may be two or three times as strong as a fresh article would be. MoMunn's Elixir of Opium Lb a preparation of still greater opiate strength than Laudanum. It has no very certain advantages over it. The same may be said of Black Drop (Vinegar of Opium), except that both of these are less disagreeable thin Laudanum, and agree better with scHue stomachs. Lavender. Aromatic flowers, well known tot their pleanng per- fbme. Tlw. I »TUBR RSMSDtMa. 327 *^^PVen in hot water. ^ ^^' " Tea«poonfuJ, in w.t«J •rfW*ml«f".:^^;«*«;;^^ Sweet, but poisonous. A pow-^ f^, after tl.e /J J toT. i:^"'^ '* in son.e c^T:? *««•/-«, in he,^Hage», Tanlr^l^'f ™'"'«"/ i- obstinate (hypertrophy) «f the hm^. BuT^TT.. "'''■'"' ""'^ '» «'W«»^«I domertic „.edicine. ZW Lalfa pI ? ?"^ ^°'' "'^^"'«J '^ ^a Water; but with g„«ter «>nve."CLt, T^*' ''^ *^'««>lving it i„ jrepo^tion. Of thi«\a«t one Dt^TLt? M ^ '"'^ ''^"^"^ ''>" *"" «» generally strong enough fo^l^J ^"'''^Poonfi'k «f AVW •pp«~«, to it, ta. ,,«. j'.2'2 £"''^'- Ti* give. . „,i,i,y <«» of the body. ""'"" '" ooling Mlon „p,H, tl,„ ,„^ AJI proparatioiw of Ixad .» „„■ ^•rt. It had better not be token h ^ P''>''""«»« «« « tonic to tJ.e a large bott « and oresH iV.f„ v ^'f*^ I^"ne in pure Water T«l,-. ;*« depth. Pour in^^^tir :„Xf«n ^^^^ ^" «•-"* -"fo-^^ •whUe. On Standing, the dear T .1 ' *^'° ~"^ "^^ shake it ?^J the Ume is disJlve^^X ^rr" "'" *^ ^^'^ ^^ "- If Water is saturated ; that i^,Ctoins " T"!' "* ."^ *« "- «"« Aat the I-ime-water is the maiu ^ZTlZ T^' "" '* ^'" ^^'ve. or for n«„.ea th«aS Lt ^ ^"""t'^^^ '^^iting. «P0«ful. When nouHslS,^^ i^^^f "xtJ^;^"^ ^'^ « '^^^ ' "«««l, a rableqwonful of Miik raay 328 D0MM8TIC MtDtClSS. Tta. 191. be added to one of lime-water. Otherwiee, it may be dUatad witk aa equal amoont of Water, or CinnamcHi-water. lime-water b dten added with great advantage to Milk for babiea, when they have mmr $lomaeh or diarrhaa, uitia antacid and some- what aatringent. A Tableapoonful of it may be put in eveiy HiJf Rnt of the diild'e food, ao long as sudi an ooobbioii exista for it. No harm will be done if it should be taken in that way for days, or even weeks, together. Liquorice, also spelled Licorice. The roo< of an herb growmg on the shwes of the Mediterranean Sea. The Edrad is chiefly used. It is bUwk, hard, and sweet There is also a Fluid Extract. Neither baa any important property except some soothing influence over the lining membrane of the throat. By "sym- pathy of contiguity" this influence extends from the gullet into the wiirf- pipe, and thus Liquorice helps tosoften and loosen cough. It is the largest (though not the 8trongest)'ingredient in 'Wistar's Cough Lozenges, which contain also a little Opium ; and it is used to flavor cough mixtures and other medicines. Lithia may be just mentioned here, as one of the alkaliea, like Soda and PoUma. It is considered by physi- cians a useful medicine for gmtt. The earbonaU is employed in one- to three- grain doses. It has no place in do- mestic practice. Lobelia. A common weed, £o6e- lia aetata. The cardinal flower of the swamps 1^ another, more beautiful, species of the same genus, not used in medicine. ^^^ MJK^Y^i^ '^^ ^*''^" "^ *°p* °^ ***** ^ ■TflP pCx^ Wf are employed best in the form { \ I Tmdwt. It is a powerful sedativ. OMdioine; capable, like tobacco, iu large doses, dl prodocii^ fatal iH<rs- tration. Its most important use is f<w aalhma. It a often very relieving in attacks d" that affection. It may be safely g^voi (watching its effects, lABELIA ntnJlTA. Md •topping it at onoe if "omit.„„ , Tewpoonful d««,, even, half hour '^ 1. *"** '^'"♦"^'* "'"•'0 i« Half. twenty minutes, for thm, or fo«r doieT ^™^ "' '^'^''•' ^veiy Logwood. The reddish heartwood* of «r. » .. 330 DOMKiTIO MBDIOllTM. ManiMia. A v.lu«Me fc«w ro«iloine, w an .nUeld l«i«tli«. It Ih particuUrly g.«l when ther« » rm^patUm, with md^ •<'«««* -"f HM. II «t i»H. beginning "J. 'I'"-'^- rtj^jj":^;^ iM nmnv ti.ne« the »«* «>rr«tive n«JKnDe. (,l.fc.n«i M««»«V» '^ .prcferml for..., and, in PhiUuielphia at lea^t, HuJ^nd'. » the lb»t. U L alra.«t no tast.., but ca.w« a gritty feeling on the to°K« ^M » «>* pl««ant. Water doen not di««.lve it, «> it nu«t l« turrf weUin a little Water when tuk.n. /M-. a full Te»l«o«ft.l fur a po^ p^. If designed to operate on the bowels Mneh 1«« w.ll d" to reh«v« «.iditv^ naunea. MagneBia in not a good med.«,u> to take^eu one has pikn! ^ it Ho.nctinic. prtxluoes a bumtng in operaUng freely. It i« not! ho;ever, a powerful catl«rtic. CiMe of Magneamm \m been spoken of on a previoiw page. „f.«.^ Malt Extract. Especially in Germany, large use u made of prepa- rations under this name. A» aold in this counter. «>me of them are too sweet to agree well with the stomach. The best .s Johann Hoff a " Malz-Extract ; " made in Berlin, and imported in short thick botUes. ■ The use of this extract- is as a tonic. i«rticnkrly when digestion is weak. It may be taken at meals, a quart.-r of a tumblerful at once. When taken at bed-time, it is pr^-notive of sleep. Manna. A sweet substance obtained from the tnmk of the floww- ine ash tree, in the countries bordering on the Mediterranean. Its only important use is to open the bowels of cliildren and delieate people, m- eluding women during pregnancy. It may be eaten like sugar The dote is not very definite ; a Uttle experience will show how much » re- quired for the desired effect Maasage (rubbing). See bter, under Nuruing. Mineral Waters. A volume would be required to treat fully of these; and such volumes have been written.'' They may be classified «mply as: 1. Alkaline. 2. Saline. 3. Sulphur.,u9. 4. Chalybeate, con- tailing Iron. 6. Purgative. 6. Limestone or Calcareous, 7. Thermal, ,• e , Warm or Hot Springs. While some special properties and eflfecto upon the system in states of disease belong to each of these cla«e8 of waters, with differences also among the members of each class, they all ttgrt* in exerting an all^ative influence, which is especuUly likdy to be Sncficial in chronic diwJiders. Very much is added, also, to this effect by the pure atmosphere of the localities of mineral spnngs, with rest, change of scene, social enjoyment, ete. StUl, something important may be awribed in certain cases to the action of the mmeral waters them- • 8« W.lton, on ih, Mia.rU SpriBff «rf tk« Unitrf 8U»« «d 0««d. : D. Applto. ACmNwYwrk. '•eve neidxty, et... The m«,t r,..^ ' . "'''"^ (««'««inii.ff «,|„) ,„ ^^ «f «--. with «,„.e /ro;.). KielTT'Tr^' '"''""•" (-"^^ -^ «^«f Xew York; Beclfbkl S^^^^^^^^ «'.«e l„ the P'"W»*'ve), in Pennsylvania. ; ', ^"**'<^' '• *••. "onteining irr,„ ami better always be obtained before th^ -^ P'ommnV ,„lvi,v had du««e of any kind. ""^ "'^' "^^^e.! to in ,,^ ^f ^J'^ ^pT::^ otht':r\it2:n^^^ i. TbeyarepowerfuIlvanodyXT'C„r. "'V^^ '"^ "' ,„e.h-eine ofSnlphate of Morphia, one Omi„T„" r! ' T "^"^ •" *»'"»'•«" Teanpoonful, containing one^,VhT r "" ^^"™ «f Water. A,*, « 8-«etimeswe„,eet wirZ^S.;''! «^"" "^he Mo^hia 8^'u" ««. ^t^r- / '• UHing either, Zi TZVtT "* '"^^' '^'^'"-'' «« whjch ,t «. J, ,„ „„t „ece«;rv to W M J '''"y '^"''•"1 to know ebert; Uudanum and Paijr^^ J? ^f 7^^^ " t*"^ «>'n.lj^ medicine circumstances. ^"'^ *"' ^« for Opiates u.uJer aJmoet all ^r of the HimaZySe^:^"--^^^^^ r'«' Hy the .^,. ^. composing t.. distnrbeTnenCX. •.ir"*"P""««>-. ^mg-caugh and for «m«,&«J X ?^"'^' ^^^^^'^^ *or «rm.xture. ''"'•^- ^'^^ ^^e to ten Grains, i„ pij| T^'^^'^i^^'^y^yt'^T^ ^'■"'"•^^'^ "«ftl of all dom«tie *^> if you do not kCUat d"^ ''■"■"' "''' •"^^' il W ^ '*Br?e tiiat to, put the sit bOMMMTtC MBPtotira. I miwtMd-plaitor on the middle of the b**. If property itteiMhd to, it on do no hum-, and in ninety-nine <«■«■ in • hundrad U wffl do Mune good ; •ometimw n grant deal of goi)d. To nudie one, mix from one to three or four Inble^poonfule of Mtw taid (either white or black, no called) with the nme amoont of Wheat or Indian Fkwr. Mix th«« with enough hot water to make a parte. Th«i on a hot plat*-, near the person who m to liave it on, by a piere of *>ft okl mualin, or Uiln flannel, twice a« large a« the pbrtar ia to be ; but spread the Muirtanl awl Flour paste only on half of the rag. Thto done, double the other half over it, and ititch the edgea together, alt around ; or, turn the edges over instead, to keep the stuff to. It may be put on at onoe, while warm, and left on until it is felt to bum quite amartly, if the patient is conscious. If not, it must be looked under, in a quarter of an hour or so, and, if the skm ie deddedly rod, take it off. As soon as it is removed. Lard, Tallow, CoW Cream, or Vaseline should be gently rubbed over it, or a fresh rag spread with one of them may be laid upon the Jiart. We never intend to raiu a blUter with Mnataid, it i» too severe. The aim is just to heat the Mn very actively, mostly for its use as a counter-irritant, to relieve some irritatiou of an internal organ. Readf^made Mustard-Phieters can be had now of Pharmacists, and are very convenient One of them has only to be dipped for a moment or two in hot water, and it is ready to apply at Mwe. It is well always to have a supply of Uiese in the housb. Muah and Miutaid Poulticea are often very useful in toflammatory and other painful affections. They are made with one part of Mustard to four parts of Mush (of Indian meal) mixed, and applied hot on the chest OT abdomen, as required, and covered with Oiled Silk, at Oiled P^ier, or Rubber Cloth, to retato the moisture. Such a poultke may stay on for hours, keeping up a moderate and bearable excitement of the skin (warming and counter-irritant) modi longer than could be borne with a strong Mustard-Plaster. Myrrh. A- gum-resinous substance, obtained from one or more treea to Africa and Arabia. From ancient times it has been known ("frank- incense and myrrh") for its aromatic properties. Internally given, it is stimulant and tonic, and is an ingredient in some preparatiiMis intended to act upon the bowels or to restore suspended menstruation. For homo use, the Tincture of Myrrh is very servweaUe to the care of the wov/h. A few Drops of it to a little wi^r, say about twenty Dn^ in a quarter of a Tumblerftil, used as a month-wash, will correct a bad odor in Uie breath. Such a wash may be used with advantage twice daily, to deantog the teeth. Whan fh« teeth begm to decay, a »* r ^:v: ^^■: 334 DOMXBTIC MSDIOINS. Nitrate of Silver, or Lunm Qtu^He. Physimm. often i»e thfa « r^t o? .^. When long continued it ha« «on,et.n.es dyed the skin makine the face almost as black as ink. . , ^., , . p^ Nit«. A name for mpdre; called by chem«t8 m rate of P^ , wlr It is a cooling, sedative salt, when taken inter.ially. In SS^iindos^ftl^^il medicine in «.«. 6.nc.f«/ inflan.mat.on fb^chitis), and might be added with advn..tage more often tl.a„ .t .«, tn couoh-mixiures of the loosen.ng kind. Sweet Spirit of Nitte {f^pirU of Nitro^u, Bher) .s a l.qn.d prep^ k™ d nJbe Cee Half a Teaspoonfnl of '^ 'n a Tumblerful of cold t r dnX^Slle at a time. arthir.t p ,., through the nig^ wiU i ml ikely to relieve a hot fever, with the coming of per^.ra- 7l ^aTa whoLxeaspoonful taken at one. This is because the lar^ S^« simulate the delation above the necreting point," to use an old kZ is very often useful. For this purpose, in the al«encc of high t^ Ta^do^ -ill -it tl.an when that condition s present. Irom S a^poonful to a Tcaspoonful, well diluted with water, w.l be f d ur^ic drfor an adult ; to be repeat«l in a few ho.i« if nc^f« Nitrite of Amyl i« a powerful agent, used by inhalation, from one to foui o five di.^ only at a time, as a remedy for the attacks or pir- oxvsl of angina peJk. It commcily caases imraed.ate Jushmg ot ZrZ If ^fuIouUl be as soon as the attack (with distress a-ul pain about the heart, and along the left arm) Ijegms Nitroglycerin, the explosive, fn.m whieh dynaniit« ,s made, .« oc.^- Bionallv a^ as a medicine fur angi.ia pectoris, etc by physK-ians. D^! oneWredth of a d«>p. It is tcx, strong to be employed, as a ":-murii:ic Acid. Called A^.V.o.A^.-V-^.«f by chemist. It fea mixT. of Nitricand Chlorohydric (Muriatic) AcKfe, an^-;-- some free Chlorine gas. It is important in the arts, as the only th.ng wiUi them. Also, a silver «rHK>n shouW „ T „ '" '™'« '" '•«"*«* »t <h8«,lve8 silver as well as gdT ' "^ ""''"«' *« *«"<•'> 't, as favonte n«.t.rial fordenti^tH to 7^ Trl , """• ^* ''* ""^^^ '''^ It IS, thu«, one of the an«stheticr T^S, /'"'T *T'' ''''^''^' I™'"- only a short time, it i« pn.UbirrXS,""'' "''"' '"^*''«i '- be pure for such use, and skill an '*""'• ^* "'"«^ '"'vvfver dentist .h„ empw/ie S /CLl^rirr'^-*'-^^ Pf«n to be an«,tl,etize<l to dv2 . ' ''^ '^'•"«^ »^'"We fo,- « •WelU, the dentist, who ,^t t^Z^lv ''"'^■^^ ^^^'''^- "'-« about this last a.,tio„ until »e" me t!^'^ 7"''^ '''^''' ''' ^'^^'^ t" ^'v that Ph,,eians ofte. find /:^^roVAWv '''"' " ""•^' ''*' "-''""«' smdl dose (a quarter to half a G^L) to t! ""V ^"^ ='*J'^'«"' '" b'bty The ^„.,„,,, ,„ ten-DroplS, ;r''7'".* ^•"" ''™«'"-' 'J- '«»>« for great w«W ./ -w/^h /'^' " ■""' ^""""™' '»«!- even the^) should not be ve«' ^^^ {'"l^'"'''- ^-^^r do., (if ^v.t of the ve.7 powerful na^u^ofTh: ^t"' "'"''"' "*^^'-'- - IT^e Tmctur. of Nux ^^nuV« should il'l^S C^''' "' ^^'^ '^'^ 338 DOMESTIC USDIOIKM. Olive Oa. Probably the gentlest of all laxatives ; iu TeaqKxmful to Tablespoonful doees. For a deUcate infant, needing to have the bowels acted upon, a Teaapoonful i« very good. The imitation of triM Olive Oil, =wld under its name, or as "Sweet Oil," w leas bland, but will answer if the genuine European article cannot be obtained. Sweet Oil, mturaied with Camphor (Camphorated Oil), makes an ex- cellent application for more or less inflammatory swellings; as, for ex- ample, a mother's breast threatening to become inflamed whjk she is nursing; or, mon« often, when her infant ceases to draw milk, as from illness or the death of the child. Sweet Oil, with an equal quantity of At^un Ammonia! (water of Am- monia) or Aromatic Spirit of Am- monia, makers Volatile Linimet^ ; m» excellent outward application for Hore throat. Fio. 1»8. Fig. 102. POPPY FLOWBH. nam capshliss op thb poppy. Opiam. If all the medicines ui the world were to be destroyed, ex- cept three, and we could choose the three, they should be Quinine. Opium, and Iron. The firat cures the greatest numl)er of cases oi iUness ; the second gives the happiest relief to severe pain ; and the last does the most to build up a debilitated body. Under the heading of anodyne medication, on a previous pagi-, enough has been said on the general subject of the action of Opium and its preparations. Of these, also, Lamtanum and Morphia have Im-n mentioned. The doge of Opium in substance (got from the seed-ca|>sul6 of the whii ..vrered Poppy plant of the East) is one Grain ; e<|ua to thirty Drops of Laudanum, or a full Teaspoonful of Solution «t Mor- ^ia (not Magendie's Solution). luv^lM^itfBI ;-te a. parti, ^u.^t^^'^^ ^"«*- o/ 0^,„, ,^ J contains only one G^n of O "^"^ ^"* ^hich fj « 1 "'? Je«g tJ.e,^o«a much wlln'""'" '" " ^^Wespo. .fu, ^f p„^^«^- i»ur Grains of n. • .^^''^'^ Opwte than U,uiJZ , ^"'''fforic; "■""' ' '■"•■""■'»■»'../*,«,:,. ,w, Pink-Root ThU a '"♦^'^.just "JOJaefiPiiik-root; Senna ^^^■.^•/|^ 3M DOMSSTIC MSDTCryS, Leaves and Fennel Seed, each two Dracluua ; Manna, one Ounce; and boiling Wato, one Pint Let it stand (after stirring) covered fw an hour. Dose, a Wineglassful for an adult, Half a Wineglasrful for a child two or three years old, thrice daily. It is best not to go beyond these doses; a», iu very large amount, Spigelia acts poisonously. Fro. 104. mSKUA MARTIANDICA. Tliere is a Fluid Extract of Spigelia, also, a convenient preparation ; dose, a Teaspoonihl ; aad still l)etter (liecause the Senna makes it moru sure to pass off by tte bowels), the Fluid Hxtract of Spigelia and Senaa; dose of tiue ako, a Teospoonful, repeated eveiy two or threo hottiB OBtil it openWB. |fc#^:^¥- m •""•""(Pom,) s„, ,. """ I"'*.'™ modi- ^ "««;. Solution of P„*„„ . ■ ■ " '""*v Traeu &40 D0MS8TIC MSDICINM. V* Fio. 196. « ' 1 1 \mg H n. 1 POni.TICE, COVl»ED WMH BACHt. n «rffc»Hiff (roppunrtioii, ab^w) is expected. Abo. they often dogood in oases of inUrnal injbmmatim {pneumonia, for example) ''J »v°n°8 the return of Wood to the skin, and thus unloading the port troubled with excess of blood. , ,r i ci- Baxseed (Ldnseed), Bran, Bread, Munk, fUtp- pery-Elm Bark, Charcoal, Chopped CarroU, and Lye are among the materials most used for poul- Flaxsecd meal, mixed with hot Water, makes a good, soft, convenient pouliice for common use in " gatherings " of different parts of the body. Mix the meal well with enough hot water to make it hold togetlier and spread eaaily, and yet not too 'soft to stay where it is put; a poultice should never run. For use, it should be spread upon a piece of fiannel or muslin laid on a hot plate or hot waiter; something hot near th ' patient, so tiiat it will be warm when applied. The edges of the rag should b^. turnetl over, to the width of about an iw*, to keep the stuff in, and upon it may be laid a piece of thin and soft gaxvze or tarletan. The latter makes the poultice easier to remove, but is not otherwise neoessaiy. 1 few drops of Sweet Oil (or Lard Oil) may with •^ ->ntage be poured, or a little Vaseline spread, upon the surface of a Ffuj -<?ed Poultice. When pah. is great. Half a Teaspoonful to a Tea- spnv :ul of laudanum may be poui-etl upon it. As soon as the poultice is put on the part, it should be 'H>veretl with a piece of Oiled Silk, Oiletl PapCT, or thin Rubber cloth, to prevent evaporation, and thus keep it moist. Without thib, it will dry and becf,me hard and cold m a little while. Bran will do as a substitute for Flaxseed meal, when the latter caooot be detained. Bread and -tftwA poultlceo are made and applied in the same way. Que made with crumbs of modir<atki ttale bread foxA hot Waier ^better this always than milk, which may sour unpleasantly) is as soothing t- the port as any poultice can be. Powder or slips of Slippery-Elm Bark are alho very soft, and perhaps more cooling to an irritated skin. A Mush poultice (of Indian meal) is the warmest kmd ; very suitable for application in internal injUmmationn, as pneunwmia, pleurisy, dysen- tery etc. It may be m«le by using hot mush, prepared just a.s if it were to be eaten; »pre«l, applied, and covered in the same way as a Fkxseed pwltice. , ,. i. In changing or lentwiag a poultice, be sure to have the fresh one warm, close \^ the patieat, so that the part will not remam for a momen' unoovM«d. Should it do so, the chill caused might more than undo ai* the good ^feosed h^ iac poulfec. I^ a« weJi as /W«./..;i^f „X^^*^"''«" Purgative Mine^J Mentor Pumpkin Seeds TI.«« », ™^r!j"'K"'"' "f "» <•"* i I: ,7';°"' "» •"■"- f*". I if 34i POMMariO MSDICIHM. QuassUu The wood of a Wert; Indian tree. It b bitter, and a good, Htiuple utoiuachio tonic, suitable for dygpepgia. It is bort taken in the fwm of a Tta. Half an Ount« of it may be boiled for an honr of two in a Pint of Water. Done, Half a Wiueglaflsful, two or Uiree * ddlr. ' Fio. 197. CIHCHORA CAUSATA. Quinine. What is commonly so called and used in medidne is the Sidphate of Quinia. The alkaloid Qubia is the raow valtable of sev- eral obtained from Peruvian Bark ; that is, the bark of difiFerent spefics of Cinchona tree. These are native to the Andes of Peru, grow.uir mturaliy as evergi^ens, upon high grouiiJ, from H^rly 400 tn ovr 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. The Cin<*ona tree has, hawever, %a «.o„„eaiu« of India." ^7'^'" '" T^' "'«'"- "^ '»'« Hima- '•ark from tree, which tJ„.y f,|j ,; j ' '"' """^^^ "'" iVn., to ,■,11,,.. Yellow Oilimya hntU U »l, • i ^■* »d u,e / Ja„i:' ■';„;:■;:;;■' ,<'- ; «. .. ■<> .^ „„ Because wat.-r diss^K,^ ,.oiv Iff,!, r • ^ A.-ul-mak,nK AV/y..^... Su]„| , , oV n •"" ' ""^'''^^y «"'l*"ri,' (E ...r of Vitriol), about two D^'il / ■""''" ''''''•''""^' ^^"W Quinine is a fiiH,,- »_ • , - -"^ goo,! a« anv n.edioint J^ " '"^ '^ ''''"""**^'' '^ -"^ « suitable, to i„,.rove its ton..' X^a^. T'^.^^''*'- ^'■"" *"• '^'•^'"^""•" the treatment of malarial fevers Zt ^'Z "'''"" "'" '^"""■"^ '« '» «"tumn, a though ^nsidLhlv a ., i . , . 'r T,"' '""^ '" '^e '7 "•••^ '■''"m.terized bv;,..-;/- ^ ' .^ .•^^''^''^ *>' '''<' year. All of .ollowmg each other at i„Lva,; fj^^"' "J^^ '- -*."'lar .,.//., %, or every other day, or on ,he fi,s7 . , V 1 t ""'"• ^"■^''^•'- ""''•-' « petimes, only on-e in^even . p ' .'"n'' f'"^ (*^"«'-*«" «K'«).- ftver, and that ly „ «,.,, ^:;^^,,,,^f ^^ ""' "H i-* followc^^/j . »-^e. [Mo«.„b,,utthos;.hen.'dW] '^'^'^'^'^''"'^^^^^ '""- it« 5^«^ eve^ri:,: :xr;L.r:T;;; ^-^"-' - or two The form nf -7' • """' *"^ toeiL'htr!i~iii2.«o,.p.-l,. ... »44 DOMMBTIC MMDiOtKK. ftom twdve to lMU«n Gwim dalljr for about thno d«jr% wri then kw ening p*A\xiSSj, to ton, eight, and six gmin* » day, cootinaing the latter for two weelw. In pemieiowt intermittent, in the Southern Statw, yet lander daws aw required. tUmiUmd fever will be apoken of, and the principles of its management mentioned, hereafter; It may Just be said here, that it needs the knowlwlge ami jiulgment of a physician to deal mfely with it , . « . • Gw^uMM (Sulphate) agrees wiU> «oroo perHonH better than Qumine. The ktter, In doses arammting to over eight Grains tkUy, makot many people's eara riny, or hum, or r«ar. Cindionia hardly ever d.)e8 this ; at least, In mo«lenite doses. Quinidia and Cinohonidia al«o suit ca torn patients the best. . „ l The popuhw idea that guinwie injures the health, especially when long taken, is entirely mistaken. If prescribed only in ordinary doses (not more than fifteen pr twenty Grains in twenty-four hours), it does no harm, and, in malarial cases, may ofteu save life, as well as shorten the time of sickness very much. In over-do»e», it may cause tempo- rary, or possibly permanent, deafness. Extreme doses might even kill, by poisonous action on the brain ; but such amounts are never given by physicians. I have known Quinine to be taken, as much as from six to eight, or occasionally ten. Grains daily, by a delicate person, for years togedier, with good action as a tonic, and no disadvantage. Quinine may be taken in malarial cases, whether there be fever or not; for example, in iK'riodic attacks of neuralffla. Other diseases, also, in certain localities, take on the periodic form : bat fw these we must refer to larger medical works. Flu. los. »"tB,H, f,„^^^ p,^^,,^^, •*^g cathartics), as well l^r »'" "'*' -*„«„<„ ,^ »o»« other medicine of fKMOCOn MSOWTION TKT CHART (ANSI ond ISO Tf ST CHART No. 2) A /APPLIED IIVHGE Inc ^ 1653 east Moin Street T^S Rochester. New York 14609 USA S (^'*) ♦^^ - OJOO - Phone S ('1C) 28a-»89 -Fair MG DOMESTIC MEDICIXR nasty taste, as Castor-Oil ; or those which do uot readily dissolve in pure Water. The dose of Spiced Syrup of Rhubarb is from a Tcaspoonful to a Tablespoonful ; not as a purgative, for which effect the Simple Syrup of Rhubarb is better ; but to coirect and rdieve diarrhoea, especially when aocompanicd with pain, at an early stage. Rochelle Salts : TaritxUe of Sodium and Potassium. A not very disagreeable, moderately active, purgative medicine ; one of the most ooEvenient and suitable at the beginning of an inflammatory or febrile illness ; such as bronchitis, pneumonia, meaden, scarlet fever, remltteiU fever, etc. Dose, from a Teaspoonful to a Tablespoonful, dissolved in a fourth or a third part of a Tumblerful of Water. Rubbing (massage). See later, under Nuning; dos^ S teS"'^' ^'"^^'■'"^ vomS^"'':"? "" *''« ««-, head. «u aaujt; a quarter of a f;i^,„ , ' ""^ ^rai" will bt. « w (thoeesmall oneTwl,; k . . ,^'^"'j or 1.S8 fop , ., , J;'" »« a dose ing of Zn '"''"'"■' *he lower hiZ ^'"" ^'■'^-"■ww «»X TW " '^"^'^*> Supposi^ricr'/"^ ?""-»«>'-« itch. donate Sty C '■.^^'' ^"^'^ ^dZT'''- *^*^-' »f JwfiJrrl^r'"'™'' •"■& L.S f- rower 348 DOMESTIC MEDICiyn. ionianiam." One day, for a cold, she kindly mixed for me a pint bowl- ful of " No. 6." After smelling and tasting it, I asked her to leave it for me to finish by degrees. The first and last degree, when her house- hold chores took her from the i-oom, was riglit out of the mndow. I trurit that most people have thrown Thomsonianism, with its hot red pepper draughts and hotter steam-baths, out of the window, a good while ago. Fluid Exlrad of Senna is a neat and not very unpleasant preparation ; with a drop of Oil of Fennel to each Ounce, it is a very good laxative for infants or older children. Fluid Extract of Spigelia and Senna has been mentioned already. Slippery- ilm Bark has a demulcent property which makes it Boothing to an inflamed or irritated part of the body ; in erympelaa, for example. It is rather heavy to the stomach for internal use to ad- vantage. Soap, (hetik Soap is the kind preferred when nicety is particularly desired. This is used by aome people to clean their teeth. It is an ingredient, also, in some piirgatice p'dU, and is commonly employed for laxative mpposUories, and to make warm .^nda for opening injecUom. A lather of Soap, made as for shaving, and applied with a shaving- brush, is one of the most relieving applications for itching ; for exam- ple, in poison-vine eruption, or other affections of the skin. Soap Liniment. Camphorated Tincture of Soap. An excellent bathing material, soiled ; that is, for rubbing a part, to warm and stimakte the movement of blood at and near the surface. It is good for sore-throat, sprains, etc., in this way. Soda. Bioarbonaie of Sodium is tfie chemical name of the article which is used in baking and washing, as wpII as in medicine. It is an excellent and not disagreeable antacid, relieving sourness of stomach, and often nausea (sickness of stomach) better than anything else. For such a use it may be taken, in small quantities. What would cover a little-finger nail, if it would hold it— a pinch, we may say— is an ordl • nary antacid doee, although twice as much may be taken for a single time. It is often prescribed by physicians for gravel. Soda Water, or mmeral water, has no soda in it, but is made by forcing into common Water Carbonic Acid Gas, given off by the Bicar- bonate of Sodium in solution, upon the addition of an Add to it, as Sulphuric or Chlorohydric Acid. Chlorinated Soda is a liquid disinfectant, containing some free Chlorine gas. It is strong, a little going a great ways towards deodor- iaag fool vessels, etc It will not do to pour it often into wateivcloeeta, (m aooonnt of the Chlorine corroding ihe iron or lead pipes. """"■-'^ „„„„, ^Xp^ &r '"'"'"^- ^'~«'' *« >-. «d of ... „„,„ Squills. The hnIK e S^aphy^agria. Stavesacne A X. ^ ^'"^ *"°«« daily. Pam«^«c.y., especially trSrtH,v1.. ^ "^ '" P*'*^^'- «« an effeetjv. Strychnia. The altVl ^^ ^^ ^^ '"' "'^'^ " of lice poison, in even «o 1 n "' ^"°"'>'« «^ ^'^'^ ^ow J ^^ . 6 «ia nas Jtuj 3d a child three venr« «u a ^ One-sixteenth of pus action is, stiffening the S lit , t'^^' ^^«^ «^ ''^ Poin- I'hysicj -" prescribe Sf rv»i. . , *" * family medidne. P»™rf"I Benend tonic to th„ „ ' " "^ «»»" doM ii i, . o/lfercury. The most ^mjuttTn,^''''^"^ P°^"' '^^ ^ichlorul. 'ear of aocidenls. ** *®P* "» the medidne^eet. for 3fi0 DOMSSTic Mst/crys. Puysicians vatne Corrogive Sublimate for its antiseptic property j arresting putrefactive decay, and destroying " gemu " of every kind, some of which are supposed to produce diseases. It is, for thb effect, employed as a iveuh, one rt to a thousand of Water for the skin, and one part to two thousand the vagina, etc. It is also given internally, sometimes, in ityphUui,' anu latterly, attention has lieen drawn to its ap- [lareiit usefulness in dipMheria. Done, from one-eighth to one-half a Qrain, twice daily, under medical advice. Sulphide of Calcium, in quarter-grain doses or less, has the confi- dence of many physiciaus as a remedy for b»Us, wl.en one boil keeps following another. A fresh-made solution, of one Grain in a Pint of water will answer; two Teasi)oonfuls being taken every hour or two for a few days at a time. Sulphites and Hyposulphites. These are "salts" or compounds of Sulphurous (not Sulphuric) Acid. Their power to arrest or prevent fermentation has suggestetl their employment as medicines in what have been called " zymotic " diseases ; but the results have been, on the whole, less beneficial than was expet^ted. Sulphiie of Sodium, in doses of from five to tifleen grains, does good in some cases of indigestion, and per- haps in some of boils or carl>uncles. Sulphur. Brimstone, the popular name of this, is a corruption of bumdone; given on account of its combustibility. It is a mild and good laxative ; particularly suitable for piles, and for those persons who are often troubled with colic. Done, a TeasiMwnful ; in molasses or milk. In recent cases of aktn-dutewie, it is often given with an etjual quantity of Cream of Tartar. Externally, Sulphur is the specific remedy for itch ; not the only one, but the most convenient and frequently used. Ii. is applied in the form of ointment, rubbed well into the seat of the eruption, where it kills the aearm or itch-mite, which keeps up the disease. Sulphur, when burned, gives off fumes of Sulphurous Add, which is a potent disinfectant. A pound or two of it burned in a large room (with all the people out of it, of course, as the gas cannot be breathed), with the doors and windows closed for two or three hours, will do more to purify it of any contagion or infection than anything else that can be done. Sulphuric Acid. Oil of Vitriol is the commercial name for this very strong sold. It bums (corrodes) any part of the body which it touches; being destructive of organic matter by means of its intense affinity for water. When swallowed, it is a terrible poison. A boy under my care as s patient drank a mouthful of it by mistake, and veiy narrowly escaped death in consequence. His throat, including the P«^vem the 1 '^^"""^"<'«1 to WO.C . rf""" ''*''''''•"• A ^•".o„t much if „' r ''•"'''"'"'' ^-d) «"in^ ^^""^'^ "'■ ^' upwards gcifJv „,,.:7^. „ '^ ^"'" «^y "'tr-Kluchon IV .^'^P**' '" '^-^icL)BuUer ;sa "^' ^''^'^-'''- ««' muscle suppositories. witJi «.!,• I ^'^"^ common and com-^n- . 362 DOM sane MBDtciya. Tannin or Tannic Acid. This u the astringent principle of Oak Bark, of Nut Galla, and of muuy other vegetablu materials. Itu pres- ence in Tea-leaves accouuts for irou hiiooiw being blackened wheu left in Tea. Catechu and other vegetable astringent medicines contain Tannic Acid, some of them also the very similar Gallic Acid. Tannin is often given as a medicine in pill for diarrheal and for hem- orrhaga>. A good astringent i)ill is made with three Grains of Tannin and a little Opium, from one-twelfth to one-half a Grain of the latter, according to the case. Tannin is also frequently niatle part of an astringent gantk, particu- larly in rather vhronic (prolongwl) cases of sore throat. Tar. An old-time remetly for chronio bronchial trouble; especially likely to do good by inhalation. A tin cup containing Tar may le kept over a slow flame, in the room with the invalid, so aa to give o«f Tar vapor into the air. A good way is to have the cup of Tar in a vessel of hot Water; the heat acting upon the Water, so that it never heats the Tar so much as to decompose it. Or it may be used with a simple inhaler. (See Inhalation.) Tar Ointment is a valuable preparation in some »kin dimma. It will generally cure ringworm. For this purpose, it should be rubbed gently but thoroughly over tlie ringworm at niglit (the part being, if practicable, the-i covered with a soft light rag, over which is oiled silk), and cleaned off carefully with warm water and Castile Soap in the morning. Taraxacum. Everybody knows the Dandelion plant (Dent-de-lion, French, fo. Uon's tooth, from the form of the leaf). Taraxaeum Detm- hcmig is ita botanical name. The leaves are liked by some people as a kmd of " greens " for the table. The root has long been known, when chewed or drunk in the form of a tea, to act upon the kidneys, increas- ing the flow of water. Besides this diuretic action, it appears also to aid in relieving torpor of the liver. Eictraet of Taraxacum is the most convenient preparation. In ten- or twenty-Grain doses it may be taken by those who have symptoms threatening bilious colic, or who, from nausea, dizziness, a bitter taste, and yellow eyes and tongue, appear to suffer from imperfect removal of bile from the system. It is thus a mild and safe assistant to, or perhai^ substitute for. Blue Mass. Tarrant's Powders. A moderately active and not uupleasant cool- ing purgative. Dose, from a Teaspoi m = ful to a Tabl ;poonful, according to the amount of effect desired. Tartar Emetic. A very harsh drug in its effects upon the human body, unless it be given in very small doses. Other emetics are always Country r^^u ^^^'^ ^ «» mduWnc* Thl J^^*^'"* '^'^ ^a^e dig. -^'d in a fi.„ . ?^ °"' "« «t««gth. If kI' ^T "^ ''"^'' '^ot wafer «f Tobacco into (h? hT , ^''^'"«'«« now and thT- • '^"»'' •'"« -H'edicineintenXV'!'"/'^ ^^^^ «««^onally bv nh •• *•««, even a teaspoonfri '° "*'^^ rhJniatiJn V^ " ■^'*'»- . dote for «A^ "T^Poonlul or more, in casi* «r / ' '" ^^i^er quan- .'"' -"v- ^ts t' tr °°"» "" *n.s,: :■? ■«■■■«. 354 DOilKSTlO MKDtCtSK. Fio. 19-). Valerian. The niot of on herb iwtive to the Old World, of whuh the !.>«<«« and FMd fJ^fnut an, nu«t umnl. It » a mild narvou. atlmulant nnd antiapaamodlc (.•«)in|x*inji; ogeut). Ill hyMeric(U aiM», nml i" noim «»«* of dflinuM IremeHK, '^ \n vi-rv f^erviiwhl.'. f)(»- of the Tinctun-, » TeaMi.Hmful; of tlu! Flui<l Extroft, the san.o; either being diluted with Water when b»ken. Valerianate of Ammonia in often given, in the form of an Elixir, in t.-nwi)oouful diwes, to promote Bleep in ewes of rcHtlewnisa ot night. Valerianate of Zinc iM a ner -e-tonlc ; somctimet prcacribed by physiiiaii", in one-Gruiu doses, for qtllejmy. Veratria. A vi>geta!iie alkaloid of gnat power to ttflkt the uervoiw iysteni. Like Aconite, when applied to part it caiweH a pri.kling sensation and i: Mnbr.c.**. I n the Htreii^'th of twenty Grains to on Owmt! of Fiard, it makes an r.intmcnt which may be 'applie.1 to the wnit of pain in aevere muralijia. It is rarely given internally ai» a rac.licine. Veratrum Viride (American IUllel)ore). A very iwwerful aeda- tive; too much so for domestic practice, without medical advice. It is Kiven by physicians in iuflammator, febrile attm^ks, and also m the pro- longed over-action of the heart and blotxl-vc^ls l^longing iocxaphUud. mic goitre and ar^arl ,n of the aorta (which see). Dooejtom three to six Drops every three or four hour^ ; the ^.fect being closely watchetl, lest, with nausea and vomiting, it prtxluce dangerous prostration. Vichy Water. An alkaline (antacid) Mineral Water of France, more agreeable because of its containing some free Carbonic Acid gas. It is recommended for dyspepsia with sour stomach ; for r^w/, and for gout; especially when the last named affects the stomach and digestion, my hxenges are sold by ap^ '^ocaries, being intended to imitate Vich/ Wtter when dissolved. They are often found serviceable to persona Bubject to sournt a of stomach after eating. VALEBIAH. *^"a Cheiry Bark f>,. i- '^'«u«^/«„ oy /., / ' "^- i have kn„n„ it to do „,hxJ J ^ m ^ se« DOMKMTtO MMDiCtlfM. Many mon drug. niiRht Ik; here n«n«d, and thdr propertk. and i»w dmxihtd. But I think it bat to wntlne mir uttcntlon to tiwm U*« tried and known to the medkia prof««oo. Otlami may be read about in medieal worica. wwe of Ammoniu .1 H„luti„n i t 1 1 A*»foBtJd«, Milk ' * •"' *" 5 ^raiiM. Blue.™ ' ■ ■ '■*"'"■""" '°T-.l-p«w. 3fi7 CHIuputOJl . Cyomel . * ■ • Camphor, Spirit Camphor Water C«teoba, Tincture ' Clilonil Hydnte chio«jeofp„e3«,/„ : : ^rAroir-- ^^"^^ ChJoroform, ,„/^o^„ * ' J «<> 20 Gnun^ Cinchonia, Sulphate ' ' **««<> Drops. Citrate of MaimeBinm tLi .' *" ^ ^™'''»- «-«.. of mSI; ^^-.-i^ ■ » 2 wi«gh^^. Orf-WOil . '."°°.'^,'^^»'-»''?Tia,l«p,„.M Colr^himtn nr- . . ^ * i iat/lesnnnnA.I 4 to 8 DropH. AOmint.,2or3 0raini. T««,K«„fu, to TableHpooDful. JI^«'ea«po..„fi.,toTa».l.poonft.,. 8 to 20 Grains. Cod-Li\'erOil Colchicum, Wine of Rotit Oeam of Tartar CVeaaote . [ C«)ton Oil, internally Jigitalia, Tincture. I^over'a Powden . ] Elaterinm Elixir of Vitriol .* Elixir Propriei^, ' Epwm Gblts . %ot,Winerf ,* ' J Tatlegpoonful, I0to20DrDpe. Tjs^nfultoTabl^poonfd. iDrop. 10 to 16 Drops. 10 Gnuns, at night tV of a Grain. 10 to 16 Drops. 1 OP 2 TeaspoonfWfc H^ TeaapooniU to 2 Tea^poonfeh, MM Gentian, Compound Tincture Ginger, EaBenoe of . Glycerin, internally Hoffmann's Anodyne . Hopa, Tincture of . Hunyadi Janos Water . Huxham'a Tincture Iodide of Potassium Iodine, Lugol's Solution . Iodoform, internally Ipecacuanha, Syrup ov Wine Iron, PiU of Carbonate (Vallef Iron, Tincture of Chloride DOMESTIC UEDICISB. Jalap ). Lactncarium, Syrup Laudanum . Lavender, Compound Spirit lime-vater . Lobelia, Tincture . Lupulin, Tincture of . Magnesia, Calomed Morphia, M^endie's Solution Morphia, Solution . Musk . . • • Nux Vomica, Extract . Nux Vomica, Tincture . Opium . • • • Far^ric . • • Peppermint, Essence Permanganate of Potassium, nally . • • • Pink Boot, Fluid Extract Pink Root and Senna, Extract Podophyllin . Pallna Water 1 or 2 Teaspoonfuls. 10 to 30 Drqie. 1 or 2 Teaspoonfuls. 1 or 2 Teaapoonfula. 1 or 2 Teaspoonfuls. 1 WineglaasfuL 1 Teaspoonful. 6 to 10 Grains. 10 to 15 Dropa. 1 Grain. 10 Drops to 1 TeaspoonfiiL 's) 3 to 6 Grains. 10 to 20 Drops. 6 to 10 Gndns. 1 or 2 Teaspoonfuls. 10 to 30 Drops. 1 or 2 Teaspoonfuls. Dessertspoonful to TablespoonfuL 20 Drops to a Teaspoonful. 1 or 2 Teaspoonfuls. 1 Teaspoonful. 4 or 5 Drops. 1 TeaspoonfuL 3 to SGhuus. \to\ Grain. 10 to 20 Dropa. 1 Grain- inter- 1 Teaspoonful. 1 to 10 Drops. 1 or 2 Gruns. 1 TeaspoonfuL 1 TeaspoonfuL jGnun. 1 TablespoenfbL Qninioe 1 or 2 Grains. .3ol) ^^helle Salt. ilhubarb, in RU Rhubarb, Simple S^rup Rhubarb, Spiced Syrup Santonin Senna, Fluid ktra^ °«ia, Bicarbonate Squills, Syrup Tannic Acid . Taraxacum, Extract Tarranfs Powdera . Veratrum Viride, Tincture Warner's Cordial . Wild Cherrv Rflpt fi * -i^ Wild Chen; Ck vSv ■ ^ Tous,x)onful. rO« A / ^"^* ' TeusiKK>„ful. L^n Admtntttration of Median.. Hf Medmnea, see A^uasiifo.] Fio. 200. Tcaapoonful to TablespoonfnI. TeaspoonfuItoTablespoonful. 1 to 3 Grains. "rCrai:""^^^^'^^"^- Half Teaspoonful to Teaspoonful, 3 Grains. 10 to 20 Grains. Teasixxjnful to TablespoonfuL 3 to 6 Drops. 1 or 2 Teaspoonfula. 1 TcasjKwufuI. *>I>ICn»B OHBS s«o DOMMMTIO MMDIOftTM HOUSEHOLD MEDICINES. From the author's "Family Adviser and Guide to Ae Medicine Chest" is taken the following list of the most useful "^^ d^irable mn^ dies needed. They may be adapted for every sire of Medjcine Chest, whether for Plantations, Ships, Families, or TraveUers: LiQUiOB m BoTn.E8. OastoivOil, Easen^^ of Ginger, Laudanum, Farq^ric, Spirits of Hartshorn, Spirits of Camphor, Sweet Spirits of Nitre^ Hoffinann's Anodyne, Tincture of Arnica, Soap Liniment, Syrup of Squills, Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb, Simple Syrup of Ehubarb, Compound Spirits of Lavender, Chloroform Laniment, Syrup of Ipecacuanha, Tincture of Chloride of Iron, Fluid Extract of Valerian, Chalk Mixture, Solution of Persulphate of Iron, Washed Ether, Aromatic Spirits of Hartshorn, Collodion, Diarrhoea and Cholera Mixture, Wine of Ipecacuanha, Wine of Ergot, Wine of Colchicum, Essence of Peppermmt, Glycerin, Tincture of Myrrh, Tincture of Catechu, Warner's Cordial, Tincture of Aloes and M>rrh, Fluid Extract of Spigelia and Senna, Tincture of Lobelia, Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, Syrup of Sen^, Tincture of Capsicum, Chloroform, Spirits of Turpentine. PiLM, POWDEBS, Em, From which selections can be made and adapted to any of tte Cheeta famirfied by druggists. Assafoetida PQls, 3 gr.. Lady Webster's Pills. pnxs. Ehubarb PUls, Compound Cathartic Pills, Blue Pills, Compound Gentian Pills, Tannin and Opium Pill^ Quinine Pills, Opium Pills, 1 gr., FOWDEB8. Alum, Borax, Chlorate of Potash, Cream of Tartar, Sugar of Lead, Husband's Magnesia, ■Tarrant's Aperient, Bicarbonate of Sodium, Citrate of Potassium, Gum-Arabic, Rochelle Sala^ Calomel, 1 gr., Dover's, 10 gr. SUKDBIBS. Opium Suppositories, 2 er. &nt«nin Suppositories, 3 «. Santonin Dragees *^' Wistar's Cough Lozenges, Simple Cerate, Cold Cream, Blistering Cerate, Cocoa Butter, Camphor Tablet, Adhesive Plaster 'ooasBOLD MSDicrifsa. SCI Court Plaster, Camel-Hair Pencils. Lint, Oiled Silk, Enema S^nge, Scales and Weights, Mortar and Pestle^ Spatulas, Tweezers, Medicine Measun^ Scissors, Castile Soapy Sponge, Thread, Cork-Screws^ Lancet, Wax, %e-Glass, Ear Syringe. ^ Medictne Chest, No. 1. CWor.n.1 **' *'^*'- Castor-Oil, Essence of Ginger, Spiced Syrup of Rhubarb. Simple SjTup of Rhubarb, ^Jamphor-water, Lime-water, Cinnamon-water, Par^rio, Spirits of Camphor, Spirits of Hartehom, laudanum, Sjrup of Ipecacuanha, Syrup of Squills, Sweet Spirits of Nitw, Hoffinann's Anodyne^ Chalk Mixture Powder Conjound Spirits of Uvendw. Tincture of Arnica, Soap Liniment, Essence of Peppermint Spirits of Turpentine, Collodion, ' Aromatic Spirits of Ammook. Tincture of Gipfiicnm, Aromatic Sulphuric AckL Wine of Colchieum, Glycerin. PART III. NURSING. IN many kinds of illness, especially continued fevers, and other attacks attended by great debility, good nursing is well known to be as im- portant as good doctoring. A careful physician will direct not only the medicines of the jfntient, but also his food, and all other mutters con- cerning him — as hid covering, changes of clothing, air in his room, etc. fiat the carrying out of such directions must be left to those immedi- ately in charge of the sick person from hour to hour ; and questions will occur in the doctor's absence, sometimes of much importance, which those who nurse the patient must answer and act upon at the moment, from their own knowledge. Moreover, tlie manner of doing things in the care of a sick person makes an immense diSPerence in his comfort In critical cases it may even decide between recovery and death. What are the qualities that make a good nurse ? They are kindness, good common sense, carefulness, quietness, neatness, handi- ness, cheerfulness. Kind a nurse must be, or mere professional skill and obligation will fail to effect all that is needed for the best welfare of a patient. Sym- pathy is worth much to a sufferer. It is to the mind what warmth is to the body ; and the absence of it, shown in face and manner, will act like a draught of cold, damp air or a wet blanket Patience is often called for in attendance upon the sick, and selfish people do not have a large stock of this, which can be Iwught with money ; it must come from love, or, at least, from genuine kindness of heart. Common sense, tliat is, intelligence such as most people, not par- ticularly deficient, possess, will enable any one to learn what is necessary in norsing, and to do it respectably, at least Of course, really superior intelligence is a very good thing in nursing ; and will bring the best results in this, as in anything eL<%. But idoet people can become good nurses, if taey try, with the help and advice of those who have had experience.' »8 whether 2^:1^: '^T t"'^ "'^'>' ""' ^ o'L'T, ""* '"- doctor," is a verv ' ''""'*•'' ''e or she "L-„o . '" """*' house.' "''' ''«"^""- and ""^uital.Ie' ,.7. ""/'""" *''« *ifeg>/>.7A«„«7, • P^'^'"^" have alK,ut the ^ou^doratoueh Ru « • !' " ^"^^ thiug to learn I ■ " ""* n'ght, for wppLo <.' . ^ a* "'e Ms tie of an ;n ^" " ; '^'" ^«"«w. Or the time for fC ^ *'"^'^" "«". and a dead I • previous page, the doctor is tl,„ T. • ^ ' '^ '^'^ have snggestw? n„ -e" be given to the nZ.^ ''^ "^'«'"' *'- P'^ce of st.^:!:' Zl "nen many doees nf J^- . "'^ tfiet,m«audq„antiti«8ha]] 3(J4 DOMMSTiO KBDICIITS. be tmtf«n do'tm, iiwtead of trusting to memory. And then, a mark ol reooid of Bome kind lieing made when each thing « given, thit make*, ready a report of the treatment for the doctor to see when he comes. Quietneaa is very necessary in the sick-room. Stamping around m heavy or creaking shoes, talking in a loud voice or loud laughter, swing- ing in a rocking-chair, slamming doors or windows, or even much rust- linK of gamients ; all nom, are utterly inadmissible and injurious. Yet J»peHr^, and creeping on tiptoe in sight of the patient are al«ut as bad. because they attract his attention unpleasantly, and that is always to be avoided. SlipF" «' soft shoes should alwiya be worn, and a wrapper or something that does not rustle. Rattling of spoons or disha also must be prevented. Nothing should ever be cooked or washed in the sick^haniber. If coal is to be put on the fire, let it be wrapped m paperoutsideof the cha.nber,andput,paperandall,into the grateor stove. Never ask a patienf whether he would " like to eat or dnnk such- and-Buch a thing. Pn^pare and bring, under the directions of the doo- Z what W.11 1^ best and most likely to be taken, and offer it quietly. If not taken in a little while, remove it out of sight. Keep nofood or n^edkine in sight of a »ick person. The next room, or «"«"^ °««[; may often be convenient for such things. >\hen one room only is available, find a place out of his sight for them, or put up something as a screen to conceal them. „u„„u Neatness is a very similar quality to quietness. Nothing should be allowed to be slovenly, much less dirty, around a sick f"o«- ^« « fuss " and much movement in clearing up are to be avoided. A wei cloth will be better than a brush or br«.m in cleaning fumUure and carpet (if there be a carpet, of which something presently). When the SLness of a pa ient puts all his bedclothes out o^ order, gently iSlSrthenTu^againf not for his comfort of body oaly,but for the mental impression going with it. „ _, „f ,i.:„«. ;„ Handiness is an excellent quality in doing all sorte of thmgs n the Ik-room, as well as everywhere else. While it is not absolutely mdispensable, its opposite, clumsiness or awkwardness, r^^y,<^^'^f discomfort. I have known one or two men who, m a surgical warf of Xital, could hardly go near to a patient without -mehow hiut^ him Sudi F«ons as are miturally and unavoidably clumsy h.^ better be called upon to do ouMe errands rather than bodily service m^medi- ately about the sick. Great kindness, however, will ofi«n conquer th. 2mity. Very seldom will a mother handle her baby so clumsily a« to^^t; alSough examples have occurred of their "ov«-lymg Im^^t is, turning over u^on them and smothering them whil. «.leep boride than m b«d. Jfotattro. 860 A W face or a whi^^ vdce Zl , "' ""'""'* ""^ «^ '»« «'«". iog enough al,^,, £ "v^rf ""^^ T' '''''' *'>^"' ^J"*™ « «"ff«=r. th.V. and the :n«t ofTor Shir T' ''^ "''^^ ''"' '^'t "^ «" them they «« getting well when tj " " *" '**'''"^' *^''''' «»J tell one physician fho hfd tbe'v^tj £„rt "o^d' • " t ' ' ''"^"^ ''"-•" wrong, and inexcusable. It only ^0^ ,h *^™"» *'"«• -^t ia morally makes it^lf k„own. Ba hoi uTl ""''"^ '^""^ ''^''' '^e truth doub^ lining towa«, the bri;CIL^^^^^^ the. is while there is life there is ho,,e " ' ' °* ^''^ P^^'^'''' «•>•«> fu/Slir l:r;f r ^P^- ^ ^^^ P-- Me. when need. no discussion or mention t^Lj-„n "'""^l", ^'«>' '^en, „ust be ift^taK,-^o/„„,/,„;i,tr„ * ?^-^^^^ - deaths. fereswiththatr..<o/W« whU inaM . r'.''^""'''^'*'-' " '"ter- So far, we have bin coIISm !" rr "' '"''^' ^ ''"P«'^-t. one for the duty of nr .a^? Now *! '^"I 7 "^•"■''•*^ *° "^"Pt any o/<A* «cA, on their side, wh^ch have m^/'^'' f ' ^''^ PartieuJ „.«^ of them. These conc«™ the .oT. tt^ ^f '^ .*" ''^ ^^^^ '« <^ha,«e i^pUlows and e,W,^, and thT^; IrT'-^'.'^^'' ""^^ -> / the i^ «««*% or bathin^rC/Jd Z/^°'' '■/"'^'"i/ next his pe«on ; his «««rward8 r««ive our^t^ioa. "'^"'«^"«°* "^ <^*'-*^, will dso f 9M POMMSrie MMDIOINM. THE SICK-ROOM. When H iB poMible to chooHe, the room ».hould be oh the ninny Bide of the hou«e, and on the second floor. It k .uld he as large a* «m be; It is. aa chambera are in moat dwelHng-houaea. 'fhere will be no advantoge in ita being more than twenty or thirty feet square, >..th twelveTfifteen feet of height to the ceiling. If a room u. nec^nly Lll. more contrivance will be miuired to meet all the cond.t.ona malted in the care of an ill person. a. , j ,u^„ Plenty of large windowa are desirable in a «ck-room. Should there anfor.aitely bTonly one window, it will be alnu«t impoa«ble to a.r the room properly, unle« the,« be an open transom ovtr the door, or the door b; leil oppu most of the time. When two rooma <^— „«te ^ of them may with advantage be given up to U.e pat.ent, and the other to the nurse and to various appliances, which may thus be kept oat of the aick one's sight , But little furniture should be in the sick-room. A few cha'^s^^ tables will suffice, one being a bedside table for frequent use. A bed- chair (nightK^hair) or portable earth-closet will be very Hervic^ble for a patient who is string enough to get or be helped out of b^ No uirpet should be on the floor, except movable pieces or rugs, placed where ti^ey are needed for warmth to the feet and to prevent noise in moving about. No bed-curtains should be allowed; nor. heavy window-curtains. Good blinds or shadea are needful to regukte the admission or exclusion oflig^t Wabmth. A Bok-room should, generally, be kept at a temperature between 68» and 70° Fahr. In a few exceptional cases, physicians may wish to have a room much warmer, at particular times, men fuel is scarce, and the room is small, it will be best to secure good air to breathe, even at the loss of some do-rees of temperature in the room ; this being made up by sufficient covering for the patient. But, in most instonces, air may be, with care, kept pure and sufficiently warm at the same time. The best kind of fire for a sick-room is an open wood fire m the chimney-pkoe. Next to that is an open coal-grate, with a go(^ draught to secure it from escape of gas. If only a stove can be had, a wood- burning stove should be preferred. With a stove which bums coal, the ereatest care will be necessary to prevent coal-gas from getting out into L room, and also to keep the air moist enough by having watar in a nan always upon the above. TOM MtCf.goOM. The warmth of mm rurmeen fc. li^ ^"/"PP'ement an o,*„ fl;^ ^"'/-^ to time, 4-bllv C t'*''^- , 'f-W'--^^^ ^t always ,„«..^ warmth ; th.-y o„ v 1 ^Jt' it " ? "'"' •'"'■'"• ^'" i««elf. Jr/i^^^^,, .^^. ^ "> I'l^'tcrt It when tJie bocly Iin« it of '^ <^pui to M... A hC;;;/: :; :f ' --''"-"^ -- .c; t «r pan of hot water, „r a l«^ „r ? ' ' !'. """">^'" '"••'•k, or a bottle ^«'«-M.w..a;;;J:::;:;;::i:i-;;;- P7'n'« ey«, should not be ex,CS^ ,„?? '^"^ ?'« ^« ™«n,, the sick f« turned that the windo^is o i^^tie * 1 ^''^- ^''« '-^ "'«/he "*• At times, when sleep is desimbh-Tl ' I T^ "'. "^ "'"^''^ ''« ^V^ from outAt night, no flame ^^t ' 1 t '""""'^ ^ «'"««»" Zt «P«ed to the patient's view S' Tl'. ''' K««-'>"™er should U conceal^. Ag^bumerry ofl„l1"? "-.^aded, or otherwi^ f^vable tin burner-shade atelS t^tl"™"' '''"°' "^^ ^^^^ ^, even when well, c«nnot s^wi^ H^T ^"Vemenc^. So.S t«n.ed a gas-burner in their sight It f ' T' "^ '''' «> W- a gas-burner vejy W. A cW of ^'Z ""' '"'^' '"«™«^«'. *» turn "»7 put out the light and «lJf ,P^"'* "^ the source of suddI^ o'^e sleeping i„ tl,e ,Sm '""" " '^^ '' «-. da»ge«>us to'.^; rt'^T^^;^^^^^^^^^^ have b.„ r.Uy,;. t^ constantly, and al ZZS tTme to ^"' ""' ^ ^^^ '^e «'> "Pon the patient's bed. If therTT^ . P"*^^"* ''•"^t draughts -^ the bed may be o^n aS^^t ton 7''?^' «" b«' thete -eront4^-r^,raZ--t-'.^ r *- vera door; or, in the abaenoo JtOMBBTtO MtDtOtHM. of thl»,th« door l*»lf nay b« left open. Thfa will require ftttwitJoo to the air of tke room, or pMMge, communlaiting by that door with the room. If the air of the hoiwe in fwil, thrt will hurt the condition of the ripk-room, when tlie door of the Utter b left open. Yet, ivmehow, 6o(A an tn&t and an oviid are needed, to change the air of the room. In very cold weather, when it is impowlble itafely to have (a« in alwayi hart) a constant and considerable movement of air throiijifh the room, the next best thing will be to have chceeu «m«i of airing it thoroughly. Cover the patient \\' \\ extr? blankets or cov«>rli<ls, pro- tecting even the hewi and face for the time ; and then oiM-n the window or windows and doors wide/o.- a Jen minuUM. Upon closing them, see that the patient Iceeps his extra cover until the room is warn* enough ■gain. Few people appreciaU; the value of purt air for the siek. During the Civil War, it was fojnd that woundetl soldiers, and those ill with fever, did better in tiie tent hospitals, or even ont on tlw open field V There •onwtimea, after a battle, they were unavoidably left for two or three days), than in the chwe wartls of an onlinary hospital in a town. I remember two patients suffering with inflammation of the lungs, one of them a UmJ- more than eighty years of age, whc felt the need of pare cold air ho much, that they insisted on having the windows in the r looms open all the Ume, though the thermometer stood at several do- graes btLw the freeauig-pdut. rmt iicK.BMo. M» THE SICK-BED. 2;jws with . thick but -fr„.a^tl ',? u ii"'J" ^^' '""• "" «-' with a fwther bed upon the mI„7 / * •*■ '^"^ b«k<«d. tl,o„ '^''^^f^^^r^Z^T^Jl'\:::: ^ -"-. no «.i' J^«bund«t .u,,,l, of air .., .,.„ i.'^jr "'[^ ^h-k the fa, ooon, in winter, curtaiiw mii,l,# i-. *^ "',*. " ">•■' bed were out of '--";«1 when hou«, H^„ „fl r: 7'''^- T''*^ *-. - dou.^ ■Wo*, ahould be of full Z a "' °"f-°f-<'oow. ^•ow. .„ „K.n u^H^i^r;:!::^ "-'-"•'- ^^^^^ m. to relieve «,»« particular pLu^^V '""'''""« « P"'**"* up, or •Joald be „o,t to the body, '^e "ianket r.' " " """' "^^ « '"-'^^ P«J»nt i. very hani to kefp w ^ o^wl e.f '" ''"'^ ^''^' -»•«" "■•« •«» o"t of a bath. A down q«^ ia til , ^ ''" '"" " '"^ '»«« ^. great adv«,tage. Some ^ nfe " H.'^t?'""*' '"'^ ''■«''»"«« the bedclothes. Over an infln^.^ " r Z^1\ "^ ""^ P"^"" «f to put a support to keep them off -A" ?^' '* » °'^» "^^^arv Whoop in two, aiip^te oS^ "'"^ "^ ""^^ ''-^^ ''««^ 'ubber^oth or oiMoth .hould bLput Zi ?.' ^' " '"^ P'«« of under dieet In ««« of labor at^-llTJ^" ""'*"«'' ^^^'h the be pl««l upon the lower sW^T u^'' °' °"-<^'«»^' had better h^ -nd the upper rubSr^a "av ^ " **"* "'^^ '*' ^ *hat tS protected. *^ "^'"'h may be amoved, leaving the h^ JJ »jke th. change, warm a d.^ thoZwv 1" " "^"" ''""-^ ^o «/irrfy efry,. « j^^ ^ mav bl l j{ '"^ '*"* ''"'* that it is Then fold abo lengSwi^ one ^.-J: j^,^^ ' ""'^ fid it, length.!. »««'««t the patient's aide. P^h the f^l '^''■■'''*** °° ^^e bed, „p b»m^.udhave some one to lift Lt b- T 7""""' '^''' "W near ^ his legs and feet ^hen 'w,lt ll^^'f ^^"''^^'^' -''««-- ^.u-der and beyond hL 'andt„ tu^!? ' ^"^ '^ «heet ."r.trthe^^--i^^^^^^^^ ..^z mA u mJTiSttfAi m f«7 iNaUNHMmwIa ^^9919 WKK^' ■BB wBH» jBWO^fc ^^^H W > ^^f Ww ^^^W ^P ^^^^^m TiWl iiwy Mi fwftiw ftwtt ttw to Mib Tkiii»A»a ftHlMii«r«lw«il^«h» iBMMlllMlMMltiMllMAfM h* «ri— te piJM' 11 Iht ■oMiliii of tiw rida wJMw <t h —t _ fm. It awt hi mwinifl iTTij -^T- ^ 'n*'^ r^ '" "■*T .... ■■|i|r Wlw w*w» wi i wrfm— rf >lw Ai li|ltel» » pwlMrfBM to ft . dt in iiypifad, by egrwfai tfwfHlwilli* 4|iiM of toll, tiiiek iMoMnn, apoB whkii Mcf^^ ■pmdl ; or, if Uwt M not at bud, two kqrwi vS ad'- «iv» piMtar, «i^ ^«ioaM^a^iMMtottMmrfiMW,wiUdofbr^parpc . SomU (ttloiil^' or air- or iwH» euiMoiM, fa ri^orodMr dM^uvoAni Mt^oytd to trite hatB—u» off oft— dor porta. llMgrMgrMBaliaModoiiSflll^ tal, ia MU^ IMMtiee, I h«v« b^ rtportodljr di^ppoiatod irl& MfMlolly vilb dr- ud woteiKMbiom or pOlovm. WImb badnw •otarity ooeor, H k neeeimry to rdiov* tiie aoreo ft«n prMoro; Mid, bMidH^thafmMtbetrMtadHkeopoBWODndoflrakai. (BooUkMlk lirter, andor Aedtentn ond IqloriM, eto.) U9M.§4MMMMn» m ^mmGAMmantk K^Sri^^jsr; si:- rr i*"*^ ^ •w*^ ^ g^^T'' "^ •* **««VJy biftW, «d th- ipwrf flat hi th. " ^I^ IU T tS Bts m 373 DOMSSTIC MSDtCllfM. i WASHING AND BATHING. Eveiy morning, at least, a sitk pereon'b face should be freshened up l)y washing, in whatever manner his strength best allows. One r«ally ill must have it done by another person. A soft « wash-rag " may be used. The water may be cold, if there is fever, or if there is not prostration with a tendency to chilliness. In the latter case, warm water is better, even for ;he face. Warm water should be used also to wash the arms and 1^ and other parts of the body. In weak conditions, whisky may be added to warm water for bathing the limbs, and pure whisky or soap liniment should be used to bathe any parts of the skin which are subject to pressure. This is often important to prevent bedsonn. If the skin is quit, or almost broken, a piece of buckskin spread smoothly with soap-plaster, or a piece of elastic adhesive plaster, or even common ad- hesive plaster (two thicknesses) may be, as already said, put on to make an artificial protective criticle. When fever is hot and high, cool washing of tlie body is of great value. Some physicians now advise even cold baths for typhoid fever. I do not think well of this practice; unless, at all events, the patient is put in water which is at first varm or tepid, and cooled down gradually ; also, without exposure to a low temperature for many minutes at a time! But cool sponging, in scarlet fever as well as in typhoid, is, without doubt, not only relieving but useful. It may be repeated two or three times daily. In cases of Urn fever, and other cases in which restlessness at night is a symptom, bathing the arms and legs (one at a time, so as not to chill by exposure) with whisky and hot water (equal parts) often gives much comfort and promotes sleep. Warm balha are frequently very beneficial in states of nervous excite- ment ; as in the convulsuriM of children. Prolonged warm baths are also advised sometimes for tetanus (lock-jaw), and to promote the induction of hernia (rui)!;.re). In spasmodic croup in children, a warm bath is often helpful. Hot baths do go«l in cold or depressed conditions of the system; as in chronic rheumatiifm or neuralgia; and when the eruption does not come out or stay out well in scarlet fever, measlea, or smaU-pox. (See pages 342 and 556 ou Bathing.) 90 OD OF THB SICK. Fig. 202. FOOD OF THE SICK giving K„„g,c„„e™r.ttd IcKxl i„ (l,,. K^J,^ ■ ^"''""'>'' li)' Mlies, at short intervals. ' "' '" ""•" l"'"- A young and tvdjust Doinon «.«., „* .1 1 . . be betti. f„ . d., „ . j:r.s : td^/Sw " '""•^' an one w 11 rain hv *nl-:.. r , '^"^'^ ™t> even such tion and appropriation. In typhoid fever for exanjple almoat f„,„. the begbning, l^liet ;»ay be fed with two tablcsp,K>„f„ls of milk evel two or three honr^, day and night. Another con^ntrated article i.s beef-tea ; and stronger yet beef-essence. As was remarked undeTHy- pene. the mistake has been veiy often made ^is encouraged in many books on such s.,b-' i^ l! ?'*""^ or//tev«^ beef-tea, after it has been subjected to a boiling heat. Its most uounshmg part is thus left Iwhind. It ou-ht to "^'^^'""-^ (with back). tt tr It '^t:^rT ^-^^^ -"-^ ^-^ «^ --) ^^ -tco-; butshoni.1 be'^horou^LvrS ;':; ;;::\^"'"^^!'™"'?'^ «m bo -osteff.tuallydone^.h;;tevll std^^fr^^^^ '''f K^^cept in the wam,est weather, they should hLtl^; TL il^fZ^l^rnr^'^ '1 ""''' '" ""' ^ -- ^-ble in getting P«rt of the meat and il^^^^^^^ ' ^'^"''^ ""* '""«* «f the nourilnff ValentirJlTf- "" ""tntive gtimuhint than a focxl Fo^,^,.. ieef^juu. ,s prepare! u.^o«. *<>««,, and has tlr^l.tancx, u: 374 DOMtaTlC MSDIOINK. of the beef in a verjr oonoentrated state. Most people can take it veiy well Two tea&poonfiils of it may be added to about a quarter of a tumblerful of water (hot or cold, as preferred), this being given two tablespoonfuls, more or leas, at a time. JfJmmm'a fluid beef is agreeable to some persons, and, when so, an- swers a very gootl purpose. To my taste, it j» unpleasant. Many phy- sicians recommeml it, and use it hirgely. Beef peptonoiih are much used. Jelliea are weak food ; good only for variety, or to hold something stronger, as a matter of taste. FruUa are commonly pleasant during fever, but they are most of them rather too hard to digest. Malaga grapen will almost always agree well. Oraiif/e juice (without swallow -a^ the pulp) does so also, and is often veiy refreshing to the sick. Lemonade is pleasant and cooling, but requires consideration of the condition of the stomach and bowels at the time. One of the best things to dean afoul tongue during fever, is half a lemon, passed slowly over it now and then. Stimulants are often added to the diet of the sick, when patients are much prostrated or exhausted. Their use requires great caution and judgment. As a rule, they should not be employed without the advice of a physician. Ulne-^hey and whi»ky-punch arc most frequeritly ad- vised. They are most apt to be appropriate in typhus fever, in the weakest cases of typhoid fever, and in the late stages of severe acute dis- eases. Also, they may be called for in cholera, and in certain conditions which are met witli in advanced or advancing consumption of the lungs. Convalescence is generally attended by the return of a good appetite and digestive power. The system has to make up for what it has lost during illness. Care is necessary that the pa- tient does not venture too soon upon a varied diet, or the use of things hard of digestion. Jifter typhoid fever, this is particularly necessary. From the special condition of the intestinal ca- nal in that disease, life may, be endangered at * that time by a single imprudence in diet. Grad- ually, however, after most diseases, recovery is marked by ability to eat all ordinary wholesome food, and a variety of digestible dishes may be indulged in, always, of course, avoiding excess. ,FiG. 208. BED-RSST. rOOD OF TBS at OK. 375 We wai now give direction for preparing a number of articlee ei*. pecially suited for the food of the rick ; tho«e, that is, who cannot prop- er^ take ord.nar,^ solid mealH .♦ Different things are required for different case,. Of this the physician must judge, when one is in at- tendance. In h.s absence, those in chai^je must be guided by the symptoms and conditions present. Beep-Tea. Chop a pound of good lean round of beef into veiy small pieces Pour over it a pint, or km (never mor.) of cold water. Cover it, and let X stand for two hours near the fiic, or c.n a jMirt of the range or rtove where it will not become very hot. Then put it right on the fire and hnng ,t to the boil. As soon as it is fairly boiling, remove it, and tal.^ off all the scum from the top. Pour it of from the pieces of meat at the bottom, but do not f Iter or atrnin li, unless through a coaree sieve Strammg robe it of much of its nourishment. The fat must be care^ iuUy removed, which can be done bt«t with a cl«m piece of blottine- paper, or a small (salt) spoon. Salt may be added according to taste • when the stomach is weak, also black or retl pepper. In the extreme weakness of *ftWum traiiem, red pepper may h^ freely added ; a little ot It IS smtable in nearly every case where beef-tea is needed. Beef-tea should be stirred iM&i before using it, so as to get a rich brown color. Beef-Tea, Cold-made. C^op finely a pound of good beef. Add to it a pint of .-old water m which have been put fifteen droi^ of chlorohydric (mi,r,4tic) acid wjd a pinch of salt. Let it stand an hour, and then drain off the liquid' Pour another half-pint of cold water over the beef that is left, and add It to the first quantity. All may be then tramed through a coarse sieve, and used cold. Frozen Beef-Tea. Put a suitable portion of Beef-Tea, made as above firet directed in a convenient vessel, within an ice-cream freezer. Let it tlien be frozLn aa If It were cream. This is particularly suitable in the mmmer complaint (cholera infantum) of children ; also in some other cases in hot weather ««,lt^f u Z*^ ""^ '"'^'* *'"" ^°' » '*"»"' "f ''■"«' I •'.ve just read .n «.Uowed by mwtrite K>me rtrong lye, the eflect of which w« to contrwt hi. oe«»h.! gu (Iow« gollM) ao much, Qm he anu aftarwsrdt could swallow lolid food. 376 domestic mbdioihb. Beef Ebbence. Cut np a poond of good lean beef into small pieces, and put it intd a pint bottle (or other handy receptacle), without any water. Cork tha bottle loosely and place it up tu its neck in water in a etcwpan. Then />o!l the water in the pan for three or four hours. This will bring out tlie juice (eesenoe) of the meat, which should l>e jxmred off, not strained. The fat must be removed as with lieef-tea. This is the most concentrated of all articles of food. It is oilen of tlie greatest value in condit.ons of prostration ; as a little of it goes a great way, while requiring aln. jst no effort of digestion. Rc<l pef per may usually be added to it in mijd- eration, and salt according to tasto. Broiled Beef Juice. Broil a pound of lean beef. Cut it into strips, and press out the juice with a lemon-squcczer or meat-press. A pound of meat will give about three tablesiKwnfuls of "gravy" or juice. When salted aooording to taste, it may be taken either hot or cold, as preferred. Raw-Beef Extbact. Cut up good lean beef vertf fine, and put a pound of it with half a pint of cold water in a bottle. Let it soak for about twelve hours, skaking it well half a dozen times or more durinp; that time. Then pour it off* through a 'Kmrse sieve, and salt according to taste. Raw-Beef Scbapikgb. Take a piece of good tender beef, and, with a rather dull knife, scrape oft' all of it that will come, leaving the tough, gristly portions behirid. The pasty meat thus obtained may be salted a little and used at once as it is, or it may be rubbed up with half its quantity of granulated white sugar. The latter plan will be likely to suit children best Good well-boiled ham (as well as dried beef) may be treated in the same manner. Infants recovering from summer complaint are some- times very fond of such food. Chicken Bboth. Clean half a chicken and remove the skin. Pour on it a quart of cold \vater, and salt to taste. Add a tablespoonful of Carolina rice, and boil slowly for two or three hours. Then skim it well to get off all the iat, and add a little parsley. This is one of the most agreeable of dishes for many sick people. root) Of THK SICK. 3J7 Oatmeal Gruil. Boil a pint of water, and while boilinjr. mix with i^ ♦«,« ♦.w-^ fbk of (Cau^la, Bethlehem, or Ohio) l^ZV^l^T^TZi thmugb a hair «ieve, sweeten, and add a little uutmqj. Ti^^ may be added before the Iwiiing. * a lew raiains Indian-Meal Grl-el. ^.^ «.<! h."r „ J ' r :;:,;;"; ::;;,?'"' »'>"7 thiVlfonwl «„u . men ixjii It until It IS moderately Barley Water. Wash well two onnoes of p.arl barley with ,.„ld ,vator, throwine that iZl' f^ T *" *"•'''■' "'"' ""^ •"• ^^''"' J-"0"-J"i.H> and a litt'e iTSTb^ oit:^":"*" '"^' "^ '" -^'"^ '^ ^" ^-^ --'--' ^^« '-: Rice Water. Boil an ounce of Carolina ric* in a quart of water for an hour and a cording to taste. Salt will generally be best. Toast Water. Cut a slice of stale bread half an inch tMck, and toast it orown all ^t«ely, and let cool ; then pour or strain it oft" for use a« a drink So e patients hke it letter when a sli,. from an apple, and a very little lemon-peel, are laid on the toast In-forc the water L. added. Bread-and-Butter Soup. Spread a slice of well-baked brt^id with good fresh butter, a.;d sprinkle rt moderately with salt and black p,.ppcr. Pour a pint ^boilin^"' r ov-er ,t and let it stand a few minutes before use. This will do fot patienta who - - not very sick, i soft article of low diet. 37$ DOMBSTIO MSDlOtlTM. Panada. Cut two slioes of stale bread, without crust. Toast them brown, cut them up into squares about two inches across, lay them in a bowl, and sprinkle with salt and a little nutmeg. Pour on a pint of b(Hling water, and let it stand to cool. Veqbtable Soup. This may be made, of course, in many different ways. The follow- ing is about the simplest: put two potatoes, a handful of peas, one ripe tomato, and a piece of bread, into a quart of water, and boil it down to a pint Then throw iu a little chopped celery or pareley, and salt. Cover, aud remove from the fire. A delicate stomach may require it to be strained for use. Boiled Floub. Tie up a quart of wheat flour in a pudding-bag, tightly. Put it into a pot of boiling water, ^d keep this boiling for several hours (all day or all night will not be too long). Then take out the flour and dry it near the fire. Peel off and throw away the thin outer portion, and grate down tlo mass, with a nutmeg-grater, into a powder, for use as wanted. Oiiv or two teaspoonfuls of this may be rubbed into a paste with a little milk, and then stirred into a pint of milk, which is to be ncalded; that is, just brought to the Iwiling-point, without being boiled. This is often beneficial in the diairhoeaa of infants or older persons. Arrow-boot. Mix a tablespoonful pr rather more with a little cold water, till it becomes smooth and pasty. Boil a pint of water, stir in the arrow-root, and boil it for a few minutes, until it thickens sufficiently. Sweeten to taste with white sugar, unless salt be preferred. A little lemon-peel or orange-peel added before boiling will improve the flavor. Tapioca. Cover two tablespoonfuls of tapioca with a full teacupful of cold water, and let it soak for several hours. Put it then into a pint of boiling water, and boil it until it is clear and as thick as is wanted. Sugar, nutmeg, lemon, etc, may be used to season it Sago Jelly. Mix well tt^ther four tablespoonfuls of s^o, the juice and rind of one lemon, and a quart of water. Sweeten to taste, let it stand half an hour, and then boil it, stirring constantly, until clear. roo» or TMM Mier. ^^ Fakina Gbukl. Jfix two tableipoonfuls of farina with a quart of water, and let it !^ r T^^ *° ^' '^'^' ^'^^ " P'"* «^ '^'^^ "d « little 1 andl then bo.l agam for a quarter of an 1 our. 8-,eeten accorfing to Rice Milk. Boil a tablespoonful of rice for an hour and a half in a pint of fr«,h (granukted) wh.te sugar, and boil again for two or d>rJiuinut«. Oatmeal with Beef-Tea. Mix a toblespoonful of oatmeal quito smoothly with two tablespoon- fuU of cold water. Add this to a pint of «t«,ng beef-tea. and ZTto ^e bodmg-pouit, stuTing all the time. Boil for five mim.tee. Then remove from the fire, skim off all the fat, and «,rve for use. Other occasional additions to beef-tea, which will m^ with all ex- Dr. J. F. Meiqs' Gelatin Food. Soak for a short time in cold water a piece of prepar«l gelatin two .neh« square Bod it, then, in half a pint of water until k dissolves, «v^.ch wdl take ten or fifteen minutes. Rub a teaspoonfui of arrow! root into a paste with a little cold water, and stir it into the gelatin water a the end of its boiling. Add also fn>m six to twelve toble- spoonfuls (accordmg to the child's age) of milk, from one to four table- spoonfuls of cream, and a moderate amount of Ir^f-sugar. Imitation of Mother's Milk (Dr. A. V. Meios). Obtain from a druggist packages of pure mUh^ugar oontainimr each Heventeen and three-quarter dmehms. Dissolve one package k a pint' of hot water. Mix togetlier two tablespoon fuls of cream, one of milk two of hme-water, and three of the milk-sugar water. Warm this mix- tin^, and add .t to the pint of solution of milk-sugar in hot water. It Js then ready for use. The packag^ of milk-sugar, while dry, will keep for a long Ume. The solution of it should not, in hot weather, be kept on hand for more than a day or two, at most Ego Broth. irf-!?\*Tr ""T "*" 1^' "^^ •" ^^ " P^* °^ ^W water, u)d let it rtand half an hour. Then boil it until it become, smooth and suffi- li MO DOMBSTIC MKDtOnfK, dently thick. Beat the yolks of foar fresh eggs with half a pint of cream ; th«i mix with the mgo, and stir the whole well with a quart of beef-tea, or chicken-broth, jtut made and at boiling heat. Ego with Wiwb. Beat up a raw fretih egg, and stir with it o»<) or two tableepoontula of Sherry wine. This, as well as the pre{Mration8 that next follow, is only suitable where ffimuhiion is rcr|uired, under the advice of a physician. Caudle. Beat up a raw fresh egg with a wiueglassful of Sherry wine, and odd it to a half pint of hot oatmral, Indian meal, or farina gruel. Flavor with lemon-peel, nutmeg, and sugar. Wine Whey. Boil half a pint of milk, and while Imiling add half a glass or a glass of Sherry or Madeira wtne. Strain off the curd through muslin or a sieve. Sweeten the whey to ta^te, und grate upon it a little nutmeg. Miuc Punch. Into a tumblerful of milk put one or two tablespoonfuls of whisky, brandy, or rum. Sweeten, and grate nutmeg upon it. In some very hw states of the system, punish may be directed by physicians made still stronger than this, even as much as a tablespoonful of whisky to one of milk ; but the use of such a powerful means of alcoholic stimu- lation needs great bkill and judgment. Koumiss. This mildly stimulant and somewhat nourishing Tartar and Russian drink is made by fermenting mare's milk. ' It may be quite well imitated, however, by adding to a quart of cow's milk a teaspoonful of granulated white sugar, and a teaspoonful of brewer's yeast, and leaving the mix- ture to ferment in a covered vessel or corked bottle. When this change has shown itself by the bubbles of effervescence, it is ready for use. If kept for any time, it should be in strong bottles tightly corked (the corks tied down) and in a cool place. Roast Oystebs. Convalescents can sometimes relish and digest these sooner than an^ other solid food. (I speak partly from a personal experience, after iyphua fever.) Place a dozen fresh oysters (that is, not long oot of their native water) roob or tbb sick. asi ly tti fill' ,f "1/ '*"'' '' '""^ »"' ^-J) "P«" - n'«ler. To Keep Ice for the Sick. Cut a piece of clean flannel aU.ut eight inehcn Hq„„rP. Put this raft.r Z^Zl ^^""'^ '■" i^ ^^"''^^ "^•'^ •'"^ '«'• '"^ ^"- tunl pnt b nd the flannel fa«t to the tun.hler ui.h a tape or c^nl. When < i pat mto h,. flannel cup. layover .t anothor pi^ of clean flan I ... ^^^ ^"- «<' — ,, it .iU .., «. hon., eJ^' •; Floij! F(mh) |.(»i{ Infvvts 1^.^.0 change .a, ^ efl^t^T a^ 1.^: th^l ^ ^^^ ^^ tinge The flour nhonhl bo j^ratnl fn.„. it as i, i. rc.,uir«r for u^ and.t^cHj toscparau. the .s.uali lumps which an, likelv to LZ12 off -y the s-eve The infant will 1. bettor no.u-i.hcl if instead o" preixi^ byboiluig a fou- n,„,nto. this fl„ur in water, be en.plovcl Two heaped tea.poonfuls of the tiour t„ a pint < f w.tor 2 7' ^nfant. under the age of thrc ...onths. U.:j Z.;^.:^ ^fZl l-tween the ages of th«. and six months, and J toaspoonM; f P^..t of water after the age of six months. The proporti-Vof the gru^ emp,;:' "'""'' "-''' ""'^ - ''''^ "'--■ ^^- P"- wat^t MS POMMinO MMDiOlMM. OIVINO HEDICIN1& No one who ounot read shoukl pour oiit a doie of mei. 3. Bottlct ooDtatniog poiMooiudrugH »)iould b« lab«l«i Poison, and »uoh ahould, when practicable, be kept apart bjr themselves; a«d should, especially, never be left within the reach ot diiidren. Before pui'-ing out or otherwise preparing a dose of medicine, look carefully at the kbel. No nvdioine should ever be kept in a bottle -^r other receptacle without a kbeL If a bottle which has onntained one R<edicine is wanted for another, let it be thoroughly washed with hot water ; and, on putting something new into it, change tiie label at once. If diere is any doubt about the medicine in a bcrttle, throw it away, do not venture to use it without being sure of its nature. After ]'>- Ing well at ^the label, before b^inning to pour from tha bottle, turn ie labeled side away, so as not to pour over it; as soma Fia. aoi MWIM OI.AS>. ORAOUATEO MEOICIKB OLA8U drops are apt to run down on the bottle, and might thus stun and ob* scure the 1^1 so that it could not be read. Dropping medicine requires care and skill. To do it, moisten one edge of Uie top of the bottle with the contents of the lx>ttle, and then, holding and tiiting the latter in the right hand, with the left very slowly and cautiously withdraw the cork or stopper, until a drop rolls out. As this comes out, at once push the cork in, and then repeat the same proc- ess again and again, until the right number of drops has been obtained. To give medicine (or liquid food) to a patient too ill to be lifted up in the bed, a bent glasg tube is very copvenient; and so are the half- covered spoons and cups sold by apo'' ries. OlasB vessels with the quantities .-.jrked mx them are ocmvenient cZow" ThH t:ZtZ ^'T.'^^ -•^eTn.ini.nTf Apothbcaiueh' Meabitbk. 0Omiainw(m) . \f.i,„ a j . 16 fluidouiiom 8pinta « « pint, gallcn, Apc.hxcabieb' Weight. 20<n»in.(gr.) . . Make one «ruple. 8 draclinu 12 ouooeH ounce, pound, O. C. 5. S. lb. 1 fluidnu^tn . 2 fluidrachm8 . i fluidoanoe . 2 flnidottnoes . 4 fluidounoes . Common Ur.Amw». Equals about 1 teaspoonful. " 1 desHertKpoonful. " " 1 tablespoonful. " 1 wineglaasfiil. " " 1 teacupful.* Mktbical System. ;;j||«||^Mth^P«r^^ a hundredth, and th«?r.?r,S ? fdi° T ?r'«''' •« "-^'"^ *« thia; not hoWi.^ wm S84 DOMKBTIC MKDICIKM. fieriliter • tenth {wrt of « liter ; « ileniUtpr t«n litcn, beototttcr • hniH dnd, and kil<>ii''<r or mUti*, a thiHmtml litem. A millignun b Um thou- Muwlth |nrt of a gram; iviitigroni uiM--htiiHlre<llh, am! dedgnun om^ tenth part of a gram ; a ilvcugram ttm, a itntigrain a hundred, and ■ kilogram one thouiuud gnuiw. Thnto mPiMiircn and weighta aM not yet much in uw in thia country ; but thoy will probably, K>me time, b»- vomc uni venal. Medicine hottk;* or «imilar fixturm ulinuM never be kept in night of a |Mticnt; nor iihimld the mixing;, ilro|i|>iug, vU;,, Iw done where ho can «.« it. If but one nK)in in iiviiilnhlo, n wn^n hnd lietter l>e nuulu («»f a umall rlothrw-horxe, for exninpk', with hIiuwIm, etc., hutig over it) behimi which Huch things may Ikj ottciidwl to. When ixnwible, tlie next room, or a table iu the a(ljoitiin)r entry, will Iw lietter. The timrit for the adtniiiixtnition of medicines will, of coune, be directed by the doctor, ^hcy had better, in nil wrions and continued illncMW!*, be wr.lten down m i*ooii iw onlcred, to prevent mistakea. In the abncniK of u physician, no niwlicinc should ever lie given without a t^mr and good reamn for it. The idea timt «»mcl)ody must " do some- thing " always fm .HickncMH, whether anylyxly present knows wliot to do or not, is abrturd. Sui'h may turn out to be " <leadly doing," ifKlec' Better do nothing at all than risk harmful interference with uatura. BJCMlr(OHi. m KXCKFrriONS: I»I.s(|i.U{(JFs 7 "^^'o^'^iZl^z^^z: ,;■,;';::""•' •"•" '"^"« the pl.V8i..ian to oxnrniiiP H... ,Ii i ( " " '" "»I''>'tant ft i fJ the Chan. . ' fo 'di7^^ ^ '« k-pt nwa, he at o«.« e„,,..i.,l and ..aJZZ^J^ 'X ""' '*^*/'"' -Tt^ Pto. W. BED-pAjr. HJPrSB CRIMAL. eff^nal than he above articK and » mu.h moi^ di^^ble ) a^;^f S nlu"'""'" 5^'^ "" « *^-^»^ --'-t If hi^head „„7 Tt """'■""? ^^""^ '"^'"e pla«xl under the patient while anyone IZZTl"'''''"' '"""'r^' "P^'^'^ *h« ladder, In ln«^ .?! V^J ^ ^*"' •''■ ^^'^^ ■« '° tfie room. Is '^-""°«"- A« «lr«,dy said, this must bTreniembeml il 386 DOMESTIC MEDICIXB. and watched for. If the amount paaaed is very small, or none, th« l(»wer part of the abdomen should be examined. A full bladder will make that r^ion firm, perhaps a little swollen, and giving out a duU sound when lightly tapped (percussed) witli the finger. In such a case, a mthder must be introduced ; twice at least in twenty-four hours, t«> ilraw off the water. (See Catheter, on a previous p^, under Reme- dies.) If nothing comes away through the catheter, there is mppre»- mon of urine, which is a very bad sign indeed. See page 304. In persons who have had an injury of the. iqnne, or who suffer from severe dwease. of the spinal rnmroir, the discharges from the bladder and bowels may come away involiintiirily ; ixirhajis without being felt by the patient. There must then be frequent inspection and attention by others, not only for the sake of cleanliness and comfort, but to prevent irritation of the skin, as well as contamination of the air of the room. Foul odors are always a sign of the presence of something unwholesome^ making the air unfit to breathe. To prevent such odors is best. When they cannot be prevented,'oin««7 the room well (with care to protect the patient from cold draughts) is the next best thing, mtinfedants strong enough to have much influence upon its atmosphere can hardly be used in an occupied room. Burning grains of coffee on a heated shovel is the most agreeable way of concealing or modifying unpleasant odora in an occupied apartment. BLBEP. 387 SLEEi^, liriunT^; .•« „ rf r •^;"^"'^- ^'^l^ 'ightlyiVBt; where then. !« do- l.mn It « n.«r« hkely to be present . t uight than in the daytime. ^^uletne98, of course, b a prime neeessity when sleep is sought; quietness of mmd a« weU as of the body and of sights and .imds f„ aLd a^d the -k-chamber The night-light had better be in the next room, with the door open, or in the passage outside; if in the room with the ,,atient ^rigSl one"""* ™"^ '•"'" "' ''''' '^^ '''' "^''* ™"«* "«^ be « m^u^ Jt^ T T '''"P"'^ *'""' '"^ ^ fc"^ tn^nquillizing tio^ mStrlj;-"-- ^-^ ^'•-•^ -' - ^ ™'^^ -- whfr s mn«/ "" ' T"*!'""' '" "*"'' "^ «f g"^"* prostration, whKi ,s mos m^ry-unbroken sleep or frequent nourishment. In ^phoid and tyihus fevers, there is mostly a drowsy habit ; so that after bemg awakened to take liquid food, the patient In d«.i;"ff to sll again In sueh cases, it is right to rouse him every hour or t^vo to take -methmg, 1^ he "slip through our finge..." I Lember well, when gomg through an attack of typhus, the dmidful feeling of "gonene^" on wabng from an hour's sleep; relieved for the tin/by a taWes^^.- ful or two of milk. In severe illness, tl,e ti.ne of gmite^t weakn^ U8uaUy « between one and three o'clock in the morning Wien sleep or drowsiness follows a severed mi the head, it should be tndulged and mcauraged. It is U,en very needful, to allow the bmin to recover from the severe shock. o«.?f rt"'''' '"' **'' '^'^ ^'''" ''''^' '^"'*« from poiecming unth death. The pat.ent must be kept awake if jK^sible, even by reugh in^ ; as slappmg h.s back or limbs, or making him walk alx.ut. This ti« ^"iT^'T !" ''^\'"^P°"^°* "••<'' that d.ep is nature's restoro. twe, not mlyfrom fcUu/ue, but ako front sickness. MS DOMESTIC MSUIGIHH. MENTAL MANAGEMENT. In this, the niu-seV jddgment iw shown m much as in anytliiug else. A nurse must never lie " go«sipy " ; must, indeetl, nehlom " talk " at all, beyond quietly asking and answering nceesHur)' (lUiwtions, As few questions as possible should Ix; asketl of a patient. His wants shouUl be antieipaied and i)i-ovided for. Never, for example, ask whether lie would not like this or that arti.le of foKJ. Bring what is suitable, in as pleasant a way as can be ; and, when it has been taken or refuse<l, remove at once all dishes, etc., out of sight. Of all things, do not tell a sick person a)K)Ut othei-s who havolately died of the same complaint, or any other doleful news. As to his own case, encourage hoix', without falseho.Kls; whidi are inexpedient as well as immoral. Wear a cheerful coHnU'iuimr, always, in the sick-ciianilwr. Yet the sufferer must know that he has your syinpatiiy. If there is delirium, do not contnidict or argue against strange imag- inings. Rather accept them, sik^nfly; c«r, if a reply be wantetl, turn them in the quietest way from any thin;; llsturbing. Vmtors often do much harm to sick i««ple. One person in (he room at a time should Ik' the rule in serious illness, and (hat one as near as the mother, wife, sister, or nui-se; that is, one of these in Inni with the others. It is intolerable <;ruelty, or else suicide, for one woman or man, alone, to be allowwl to remain constantly, day and night, for wix-ks to- gether, iu charge of a very ill patient. But the general principle is, that patients having/etw, of any kind, and those having nrrrom apni,- tonu, sliould nee no comjKiny. Even near and dear friends should Ih! excluded, and should only send kind words of inquiry and symixithy. This often seems hard, but it may turn the sc-ale at critical times, and ought to be iusistetl on. Chrmiic diseases, such as consumption, dropsy, etc., will often bear a moderate amount of company ; but eavh ease should l)e judged of for itself by the raedii-al attendant. Convalescent patients, whose fever has all gone, will often benefit by seeing new faces, at least those of old friends, though oven their visits should not be long. Change* is generally a good thing during convalescence. If the room of the patient cannot be safely or conveniently changed, .^Iter the • Change of position in bed, so far as to sit propiied up, is refreshing, when Btrenf^h allows it For this, in the absence of a " bed-chair" or frame made for the purpose, a eottiHSoa ehair may be !i=H, plsring it tipside danrn. behind the pillow*, »o that the hw)k «f Um chair makea an incliiud plane. HUB B I HO: MASS A OB. ooo arrangement of (he cI,ai.-H in it, „n,l c.f the pictures on the wall I et flowers be put .n sight. Somehow, n.alce from tin.e to time^L Inl agreeaole .mpre«„on,, to ^move thr«o whi.-h ill„«« ha.s left. YeTmS are often wc-ak and senwtive for «on,e time after illness with fever ^ RUBBING: xMASSAGE. Systematic ruhbiug over the n,us<.|e8 and other paits of the bodv is now often ...ed, .s a n.ean. of ,„i,.i<o„ing a ..lowl^.ulation a^'r moving torpor „, n„t,,Uon an.l o.l.or functions. Such rubbing •,„ J kneading .. n^assagc. or manipulation. A rubl.r in, in tI^I — .; .t female, a .„.,.. U i. an ancient pnu^ic^ even, a i.! -vage ,K.op .s; the/o.W„./of the natives of the .Samlwich ill ^ an example of ,t. It has ben familiar to .he Bndnnins of Ind and KS traa.1 back as far as to th. K,vp,ia„ priests, l.forc ,1.,. im ? H pp<K.„.tc.. It .s now cmplovcd ..hicfly in ...ses of gcncn.1 .Icbi va d nervousness, w.th pa,:-.' , who arc no, i„ a condition to use mu^h f any, muscular exen ™' " boo?"F..fafd"BI , ;;'• '" V;- '• '''^"- '^'^'•'"•"' ■" '■'« ''«!« oooK, i<at and UIcmx ^ and ITow to Make Them " • in 1^1, the manipulator starts at the feet and gentiv but firmlv nine 2 up the sk„,, rolling it lightly K^twccn his fingen, and goim. 3LlIv ove^the whole foot; then the toes are bent an^S moved'aSt h"^ hn^efon ; and next with the th> uUs and fi. -.^rs, the little muscldj the foot are kncadcHl and pinched more largely/and the interseTu!* groups workcKl at with the finger-tips l.twin'the bo J. AttT e ankles are dealt wUh in like fashion, all the cn^viees betweenThe arti u li^'zror^fr"-"''"'^'^'^^'^''^*'^^ ^ T '^ '■' ""''' ^''^^'^' «^* ^y surface-pinching and hen by deeper graspio^ of ,hc ai^olar tissue, and last hy indus£ and deeper pmchn.g of the large muscular manses, which for Zpu pose are put m a position of the utmost relaxation. The gn.sl f^ Wh h^ "^ "T,?'^' ""^ '"'• *'^ ^^^ "^"-'- "f '^^ '^^ and thigh both hands act. the one contacting a, the other loosens the grip fn ^tu.g U,e firm muscles in f:x,nt of the leg, the finge.s are mS; r«U •^'^--d^nndei^^ * fietween the long booM of tb» took. 890 DOMESTIC MEDICINS. manipulator seiaes the limb in both hands, and lightly rons the giwp upwards, so as to favor the flow of venous bloo<l-current8, and then returns to the kneading tif the miwlcs. The same pnKtwi is carried on in every part of the Ixxly, and *!*»iHitial c-are is given to the muscles of the loin and spine, while UNunlly the face is not touched." At <irst this is continued for but half an hour at a time; gradually it mav be increased, if it upiKsn-s to agree with the patient, to an hour daily or every other day. Men who are very hairy had better have the limbs and breast shaved, to provont the irritation of the skin from pull- ing the long hairs, which sometimes even causes sore pimples or boils. Every " rubbing " should be followwl by at Icasi an hour's entire repose. Dr Mitchell advises that, after the first few days, cocoa-oil or vmielme shall be used to rub with. I iKlievc this to 1« a very beneficial ad- dition to massage, one not appri-ciutctl as highly as it deserves to be. Some oil is alMorbed, with not only a soothing, but also even a nourish- ing effect. CoMxver oU is sometimes thus employed, csiiecially with feeble children. ^- ^ n When there is tendemeju, anywhere, rubbing should be practised all around the sensitive part, gradually approaching it. In this way, as over the spine, or on some part of the abdomen, it can be at least all included in the manipulation, removing the tenderness, to great ad- vantage. .1 • J Whether rubbing will do good or not, depends largely on the judg- ment and skill of the ma^eur or vm^Hcme. Dr. MiUhell's advice to disregard such effects as increased nervousness and loss of sleep, is, as I know from observation, not sound or safe. "Professional" rubbers Bometimes think they must rub their hour through, if they risk rubbing out the patient's life ; and thus they may do harm to feeble patients. If the patient " feels worse" after the hour's ma&sage, the length of time given to it had better be lessened, and the inttrval between times increased. Electric massage is practised by lijjhtly passing over different muscles and other parts a metallic brush of fine wire, connected with a battery.- • To show what refinement of procedure is brought int. "rubbing" by some prac titioners, the foUowing extract U Uken from a medical journal : „^igi_» « Thk TBCHNiauE OF MAB8A0E.-Dr. Benster summariMs the method of practaing ««.ge, followed by the Fnmch, as follow.: 1. ^J^-'^^^^e^tle fnctwn con«»'^..;^ ^SdTlong, gentle, centripetal strokes along the cour« of the veuis «d ly""P»>»^'» SIS hani The pr«ure is intennittently fin. «.d g-J^^- -^^ ^^ produce a aort of p«>iTe peristalsis. 2. 3Ia»^ & fri^um, the rubbing rtroke. This S^mJ^hed brmakiiTelUptiaa stroke- perpendicul^ly to the long «» of 'he uT^ith th. fln^r-dpe of one hand, while the finger, of the other hand p« f«m ahoyd«wn«rd^p«.Ud to the axis of the ^^'^^ "S^lL^S^ i,the»a«<.9eparu»<i«Ja<ion,»tttedbyLai5i»ial«imbajpK 8. «fr»-a9«, kneading. » ■XTT^" MAlfAOSMENT OF LABOB. 39, MANAGEMENT OF LABOR rid^^Z If ""8 "P«" ^^' '* ^'» ^ *«^" to go l«ck BO fur a« to «,n. rr^'-Jr "'"-^^f «"»"«' happen, I.. the niarrie,! a« well a« the oomamed from cold, mental disturbance, or other <«uses. But whh probably „,d,rat.ng what « to „,me. I„ the fin,t month, m,^nhn ^rk- n«» as general y a «,nHpicu„„s «ign; hut it varioH nm. . in ZZL Some ««.x. ly fool It, while othon. are ,„x«trate.l by it f„r nitl TnT; obta.n.„g rehef with j.r.urition. Mo«le..te nau.sea an.l vo.nit.r h ^ the hn, a.K «c.ond n.ontl., are the rule. Quleka.n,,, towanHl. J beg.n8 to lue; .t u, a hv.ug being fr„m the time of «.„,.ption. In the h^t month, there Ls «,n.e xlnUnr, to be seen in the region of ti^e W, afterwanl, at k^t in two tnonths more, that region ^^bs to fill up and ex,»,„d. IMarr;.n^t of the aUlomen is not marW "nt^I at least the th.rcl month It Ixx^mes «,n.pi<.uous by the fifth osS The breaMs enlarge quite early. The "areola," or .,«„. around the mpple, often „„,,„, ,,;„, g,„„,,„,^^ or tuk-rcle^ in it abdomen). But when those signs just mentioned are all prx^sent there oin be no do.d>t ; quickening, of com^, if ee>iainl, felf, bdng L; mo^ ooncW Di^^lorations of the nkin over the abdomen are C„en"y ^rf\ " f : """*'' ^"'^ ^'^''^^ "-''»'- Swelling of ZvS IS n H "?"• " ""* ""™'""°" ''^""^ the same Le. llZ nmth month, vonutmg occasionally returns; sometimes the pressure upwards causes difficulty of breathing. During the last week oHC however, Ijefore delivety, the aixlomeu often "goes down'^iX jehevmg the breathing, but making walking ulmfo.table.'^Z 2 ha. piles, at such a time is apt to have them swollen and troubl Jnl »^e«lw.y.n a direction from the periphery toward the centre, and in «,ch « w.r that the morbid t^iues are seized by the hand, raised up and kn^uled Thk !.!^ ploy«l in »dema of the .kin, inMtra.lon, into .Le subcut^eou, c^^eSve^„« Z tncjn^ 4 Tapument consists in a tapping or beating of the diseased parts by tha • Utde rubber baU fastened to a piece of whalebone. Thi» ir*mp!oved chJHrta "curaJgi.."- Wi^ Med,cm^ Wockeni-Mrift, October 27, 1888. ^ 393 DOMESTIC MEDtCtSh. OmstipatUm of the bowels is frequently present during pregnanqr , witb, in a certaiu number of cases, deficient secreliou of water by tba kidneys. Both of these are results of the pressure of the greatly en- larged womb upon the intestines, and upon the large blood-vessels, inter- fering more or less with their usual circulation and functional action. Keeping the bowda open ia important, all througli ; but gentle moans must be used. Such are, oatmeal mush or gruel ; fresh or stewed fruit, especially prunes; rhubarb; sulphur; and rmall do8c» of mild salines, as Tarrant's Powder, or Piilhm, Friederickshalle, or Huuyadi Yanos waters. For scanty seci-etion of urine, cream of tartar is a safe med- icine ; a teaspoonful, diffused in a tumblerful of water, and stiiTed up when taken, in the course of the day. When headache is present during the latter part of prcguaiicy, it is especially important to kcrp the bowels and kidneys iu a good state of action. If, at the same time, the face ih flu^^hed, and the pulse b strong and full, medical advice 'h«d better be obtained. One of the dangera then is of congestion of the brain and convulsions. Some women are helped, at such a time, by mwleiate blee<iing from the arm. A vege- table diet is, as a rule, then suitable, if the patient has ordinary strength and appetite for food. - Nine montlis are commonly undei-stood to complete the normal period. It may be more corrtntly said to be two hundred and eighty days. Still, not much error is likely to occur, il wt count nine onlinary montiis from the time the patient was last uiv.vell. A variation of a week or two, either way, may take place, without anything being seriously wong, (Miscarriage, abortion, will be considered hereafter, in due pla(«.) Wlien the anxiously expected crisis, the most momentous in a woiiian's life, is near at hand, she commonly becomes uneasy and restless. Some vaginal discharge ("slmw"), more or less colored towards the last, with sickness of the stomach, and disposition to empty often the bladder and bowels, are apt to precede or attend the first pains of labor. Labor has three stages : 1. That of the opening of the os uteri; that is, the natural orifice at the lower part of the womb, through which, by the contraction of the uterine muscular fibres, the child is to be extruded. 2. The expulsion of the infant from the uterus and through the external (vaginal) passage, constituting biHh. 3. The separation and expulsion from the coiitracting womb and external parts of the plai^a or after-birth. Timely preparation for labor is needful, to avoid confusion, which might be disastrous at such a time. The room should be in the quietest part of the house, well aired, and Buffieiently warmed If it be winter; afeo, free from danger of any fffli» rtmoephere, from a water-closet or any imperfect drain. dullC^" "t'SLr^""*^ ^' " -ght-chalr if obtainable; Z. of toweK and water fo^W t f?f' '"t ■^'" "'' *""' 1''^"*^ always b^ at hand) ako W n^' . I '" ''"^'"« (''"'"' ""^"- ">"«' / «= ui liana;, aJao, ice; a cnjet of v negar : sfveml nvtr,. .» * two o,Woth8 or rubber-cIotH half as large rtbeti X^^'f ? fT'' or corrosive sublimate, t«o grains in a nint oi «^/», .^^**""' may be directed. ^ ****"' *"" ^''atever else The bed must not be a feather b«^ Tf «,„. i. •booH h.ve an ,nj^io„ into th, lowe,- bowel of „™> m^ pLt wf. wL no l^;LJt .TS^'f '""^/""^ °f W be used . i,nl«- ♦!." 3 HBr^ibrr tu houis, a .»theter had '^^ be used, unless the n«r» can. bypassing two %«« into th. 8M DOMSSTIC MSDICtlTS. vagina, presB the child's head up and aw-ay from the bladder, bo aa to remove the obetruction, and allow the urine to be poiwcd. When the patient ha« to be fairly pxA to Iml, her clean clothing should be turned up above her wai«t, and an old nkirt, or a nheet foldeil of proper width, should be fiwtened around her hip« and lower hmhi; all of which can be taken away when deliver)- has been accomplished. First Stage. This is the longest of the three ; it may vary from an hour to a day or so; commonly it tak.« throe or four houn* or n,om. It is marked by «t«»«7 and ffrindhr, jiains, chiefly towards the bi,ck, with consider- able intenalsljetween them. As the <//W«//o» o///..o..<M-.come8tobe nearlv completed, these iiains follow closer together, and ar« more severe. If 'a physician is at hand, it is desirable that an exammaimn should be made, during this stage, to know what part of the chi d is pre- senting "-that is, wming down first In nminal (the most favorable) labor, this will alwa>-8 1« the head. If no physician is at once pnxmr- able a nurse may asc-ertain the general nature of the presentation. Tlie forefinger of the right hand is, between two pains (after being anointed with lard, oil, or vaseline), introduced,* knuckle first, and then unfolded HO as to touch the descending, partly^F"«l, o» uteri. Withm this, when there is a hard, broad body, uncovered if the " vraters have come away (that is, if the natural membranous covering of the foetus, containing fluid has hrokm, as it do*s neariy always, during the first stage), or, if not, rearhabk by gentle prcssui-e through the covering membrane-in such c case, the hem! is coming first ; which is, so far, well. If a «>/? timior, narrows and double, is felt, it is the breech. If a shoulder^ hand, foot, or the cord comes down first, difliculty in the labor may be apprehended, and a skilful obstetrician must be summoned as soon as Dwsible. In this work, it would be out of place to try to substitute, bTspecific directions, the knowledge and skill needful in ^g"^^'^" of labor. Such knowledge and skill can only be obtained by study and professional training and practice. Our account of the subject ,s properly intended to aflbnl such general information as wdl enable an inteUigent per^n tod« what may be safely done before the doctor com^, and to understand, appreciate, and assist or sustain the practitioner m whatever he or she finds necessary to be done. ^^^ "Tno one should m«ke ^.ch'an'examin.tion without fl«t cming «.d d*^"^ '^e „iU and then w«.hing the h«d thmmgUy in hot «>.!>-water. adding to the wa er .1 ^^^ble some anti^ptie wlution-*. carboUc «dd and glycerin (a te«ipo«nful of St a :::^po^ul ot L^bar^iu^. »lntion of chlorinated soda, or a *.lut.on of corwriTe sublimate, from two to ftre gtwns to a pint of water. MAJTAOKMgJfr OF lAMOB. S»6 Second SxAfiE. H^, try to help the ,«,n,, l,y any vo!„„f„rv oflj.rt. Wl,.,, „«!/,„,, , ^e kne« bent, and the feet pn.p,KHl a,..i,.t rhe fo.,t.U„ , tht' M with the hmbs bent up, near one «ljre of the Ik.1 ' downwunk ' "• "'"f"« «'»' it** heud prenentin,? In tlie mechaniHni of natiiRil Drocesam n,>»i.,., • tmnmt and exit, when mature, into the outer world Obstetricians spak,* in n^^anl to h.....d presentations, of several vo- W,o,. • a....rdin,. to the .//..,/o. i.. wInVi. ,1.,. iJk Jil^uZ prq,«t. AH they de.. ■., a« ...urring i.. the s...nd stage „f 1 W t"J"T^7 movements of the .k^.nding head : j,e.ion at th u^l P-^-^rol.U.on,. erJeWon as it emerges; and h.tlv, restitutio irr it' ha« escaped through tJ.e outlet. All of these has^ to bo,.>n.e fh H i- It must be remenibered that while perhaj^ ninetv n a hundred inl„^ are born without anything amiss, or any o<.«.ion for interfe^nc" b" a physicmn, Uie other ten a^ may be attended with serious c.mpiioL n Home of these, without skilful assistance, the life of the m. tT ^ of the chdd,„rl«th,maybe lost, Henc. the importan,., not ah^ ^ eTLT K '"'"^ ''"''"^"""^ ""*^'"'""- "' ^'^ time ^f ,lelS! ,rA ^ ' '° Tu"^' ''" ^"•'"'- "'">' '-- ve,y little to do bT.t' ««teA <A« ea.e Such watching often enables him or her to shorten greatly the suffering of the ,«tient, and in ..rtain cases (whS. tnTcJ be anticipated before the labor comes on) to save life. m i"!!.t*"^J^ ^b" '" "=«•''""'«'» «™v«««. 0/ tt« JMWio./ Sconce,, ^ WW, etc J or my wtak on Obatetrin. ""••«» ockhco, p, ^ j ^9 396 DOMMMTtC MMDICtHM. We may point out a few of the indication by which, on examination with the finger-tip, Uic practitioner rtHxigniw* the presentation and poai- tion, during tlw second Htttgf. , u _ By its brwidth, and haitln«M, tho he«l itself » known : also, by its »,.<«'« and /«»/«.«■//.-. (Sec Anatomy.) The «^«m an. rough /m.-, wwily felt ; the foidoneUe^ arc «ptutt« where the miturA ..leet, i he jmi^- teri'T fontanellc i« the one lu.-t dcHimble t., find coming towards the ceutral portion of the vogiuol i.utlet. It \n .mailer than the other, ami is made by the mci-ting of three .uturc-liuc* (*c Fig. 207) The «»^.- rior fontanelle is larger, is on the ti)p of the front part of the head, and^ has noing out from it /our suture-liues. More unfavorable than the pi-c«cntation of the occiput towards either «de, is that of the/«cf. ^^^ ^ ntCLL AT BIBTH, SHOWIHO TII« FOSTASBLLW. Subject to much uncertainty as to its progress, and requiring skilful management, is presentation of the imr/i. Sometimes the : .^ees or feet present, or a xhoulder, or a hand. AW of these, and their treatment, are described and ronsidered, with their treatment, in professional works. Tlirough the second stage of labor, the nurse should promote he sufferer's comfort and encouragement, by all the attentions that intelli- gent sympathy will suggest. She may wan^ her back to be firmly presst.l during each pain. She had better not get out of bed during this stage, but she may find relief in occa-iional clumges ofpogUion. Do not urge her to « bear do^n," as that will come of itself. Give her cold water to drink, if she wants it. If the labor is long, she may have a cup ot hot tea for refreshment. It seldom bsts le** than an hour, and may continue all day or all night. . When the end of the second stage is at id, a critical part of it a MAJTAOMItSlfr or LABOH. m th« stretching of ih^ perineum! that i«, tb* r.^i„n j.wt l«,.k of or U. violent «*pe.-»Ily,„«/,r,„.,>,m./...«„„„h..r i., h.-r t^n-t .UiUlUnU Si-H ifir " ""!'?•""' " "•"" "- ""^' ^"'^'■"•'^ ••'-■ "'"- that the ch I.U h«u w «,,,,r.«..|nng extruM»„, ,«rt of it havine a|,x«dv .xJll oac. without .^ .,• ,i..„, K, ,,, ..,_. ,„,,. „ ^^,J^^;l'2 tha of the ,«t.en,) .« .ili ....al.l.. h<.r. with ..id...; the ri, L oril deft Imnd. to pla.. the j.,f,n tinnly m,k.,. .hc ,K.rin.«l «,.„.. (i....,,,,,;,,' u, .«tendc<J vagmal out!... .No.v, with ml. ,H.i„, ,,L, with a tlJaa ueurly a« ,K».,ble .,W u that felt l.v the hL.]/, ,h>„ the X" ^ «»v em by the i„hn Kor what •.' To ke..,, it fn.,.. Uin^ l.u'f " n or" -ut an „,x,,|,„t which, if unavoi.lal.l, i, L. hup,.n, ,4 Jl;."- " «.>.t .nconvenien,. a„<, di.tn., often eun.hie o'nl, h, « :^!X;:^ «c.ttn Hometimen the u.«bili,«| f„avel) „.„! :s nro„n,l the ehildV nS It, It will mostly b«. easy to /.//•« H ,v/-over the head If »!,;- .„ Ti .««^«i with, let the c., at ...f. /„.. /n::!; „ /e ,:::: ^ «t to .tra„K e It; and then, tl.e h«.d iK-ing ali^dy delivemi, t^ pam, hrst by a finger in the nearest armpit, and afterwnnU I., i ■ K^tly upon both «ho„lden,. Mneh the^irilS .^^S alj^y. belongs to the W/ delivery, whether it cm. fi.t or fit ^Z ent position, with the fac* uncovered and the body p„„«.t.,l by some Sirs" "-"" - ^"^ '-- ^« -tjasto.jrt";: Third Stage, Now, the placenta (afterbirth) is to be detaehwl from the nterus as lLi?Z, """"'^ -nmunication, by which nourishiTg a„" a«^ted blood was given by the mother to the " fa,tu«," which, surrounded by fluid, could neither eat nor b.^the, but lived much like an oyster or hke a silkworm or butterfly-pupa in a c«eoon. With the beglt J a« cord may be outi and soon the womb then throws out the afterbirth SN DOMtMTlO MMDlCtlTM. by Jte own oontm^bn. It » well to pitM.H.te th», ^ the n""" Pj^"} rLcl upon the .Women, .ml gfnili, c^remng the upper p«rtK>o o< Wthat w. .1! riKh.: If it doe. not, but, i« .pite of g«,tlc n.W.u.g wS. trnr«.-r-ti,., r...»«n. larg... !«--', u.kI flabby, the ,a..*« « may riw to Le i^ay, or. won--, then. n«y be " fl.K-bng." .. .. hemor- 'Xp<- th.-- •- fl<-li"K. at th<. eml of either the --™1 "'J J« J]"> rtage .If Ubor. and the .U.tor hm not u.mc ; what » to Im. *"«? W rgentle rubbing wiUi the finger, over the w,M«b «!«., .«e suriW» of the'aUlomen. Hend for i... ami ^^ pi- of .t a« »«'^; -« -'- .lowly over and anmnd the plm-e where the womb w felt under U,c Zl Kai.. U.e ,>elvi« (a^ion of the hif.) of the ,«t.e„t by a pdlow Xl under it. Dip u .,K,nge i.. i.*.l vi-^r. or cut a lemo« m two. L «,uee.e it high up in the v.^ina. If thc^- mea»un« fad, trjm- luU l^ol vinegar and .*ater («p«.l ,«r.. of vim^ ami water - hoi ,« 1 /.«,./ »nZar it) in the »«me way. 13«.idi-. al the«e tlung. « wine of ergot oufrht alwuy-* to 1« within nm-h when lalx,r w exi«eted, Z fu^if «1«*W«/ of thi. every Mu.n miuut.. from !«-'-«"";"« l[ flooding, or ^en witlu>ut hen.orrlmge, ./ the romft doe, not i^nl.tui t!rrr the ehildbirth ha« Ik^u a™pli.h«l. But a slight blo.«y flow ml not be connidercl a hemorrhage. We c«ll .t ««eh when the Tnuunt i» to be estimated at lea«t in teaeupful. ; the pat.ent aW bec^m- Tng U. «>W. «-» »'''"*' ^'^^ '''^^'"'«' ""^ " """ ^ ^^ "'^^^^ ^ "^if i^ here noted (though not exaetly in r«g«»" «"!-)/"'* ^'T' ever bleeding from die womb .x^urs during pregnancy 6f>re «A« >« Z^uZ^in any month previous to the end of the nmth med.cal Xc. should be at once obuined. It threatens either «'-'^- ("- carriage) or mmi>fe*«'.'.^-n/ «/ tJu- aflerhhih (plac-enta pnevm); >»h.ch « very dangerous, both t«. mother and chdd. ..,.,, MoHtlyTin half an hour, mo,-e or le>^, U.e afterbirth wdl ome away of it«elf. It mast not be dragged out; gentle dmwmg upon ^ omx in all that will be «afe. To pull hard upon it before .t .s sepm«^ fro- the womb might end in mp««W of the womb ; turning it trmde out . Tvm ugly JLident. Ik>moval of an a^lhernU pl««nta « an operative procedure to be ventured upon only by pr.>fes8.onal hands. ^ Meanwhile, the coreZ having been cut shortly «««; t_J« ^ Jf ^^"^^^^ by its cry, that it breathed, and was ready f«r an outside life, some one Lc giTe proper care to it. It must be rubbed all over wiA krd sweetSl. oVv^lliue ; then all tbi. and the material on the «k.n from the waters, ete., must be washed away with warm soap and water. A t^fTAaKHtUfT Of lABOH. 3»j) thonnu/hly Morv. Ummk l,r,..,Kht int., the r.K,„. .^jui,, After well i\ty\u^ ,1... i„r„„,, „ t,,,,.;,.,.,, . ^,,. p.or«Hl ... the „.iddle with H.!..... s, Jl „ i.h va.!!,... . Z»^ w.th. , «ho,.t two .„,.h<. of tho .hihr. iHKly. <;|,u..,nv' l«.kua.tl i. «/ m lu^ ,^,c,„ ttiHl ,,,t U.t«-,..„ ; „„I.^. a. I.„>t. w.. aif oi.it,. ,„r. ^2 T: 't" ^"" •" '^'""•- '^ '"""■'""•■•"'• ■•''''-"- «eco,„ tj.ng b«.t ai.yhow, aK pr..,»oti,.K the (..,.tn..tio„ of the woinl, by «tent.ou of bloocl in the ph«..,.,ta; but this a,,Kn... ,o n.e ver, HlZ S«,,,,o^, however, that a ehild, whe,. bro..Kht into the worU, ,loe, iM' ^I'^'l-fx-nf It „,ay I.; b..t jHTha,. not. 1.C Whether the „,„1..I,™1 «,..|,.,w„,, .f ;, ,,„,^ „„. „,,;,/, .^ ,^^,^ ^,^^^, .^d'.'r rLl ." '" "?f .'^:- ^'"■'' "'• -'""""i-ti- with the mother a little loiip-r, nnt.l the .hild ha« a .ha.Mv t„ ^.t l.p^^th 'n.en,put a el™„ b.,.,lker,.hief-en.l, o,- MM..ethin« like it, over , ho and throat of phlegm. I^.y the ehild on its ru,hl side (for whi.h there 1^ T'V r/*"^"*:'"*^^- ^''' ^'"' •^»'' "'■ « '-v^' !» -W water and 8lup .ts back «eve.-al times with it. Have hot water p,.t into the «mull bath-tub, and (when the «..,1 ha« ntoppcd pulsating, S iZ^l fed and cut) place the chil.l in that; «nd, while the^ sprinkle S ;j.ter .n .t« face. If it «till doc. not b...the, ..... artifi^ioL^iJon, thu.: dr>.and <«ver it qniekly.and then, hohling its ..L with 1 th..n.l fully as of^n ; next put your n.outh over the baby'„ mouth, a..d b{o,r, e,tj".K T • '^'^\'!''*' — '-' f-^> '"to it. hopitig thus to HttW. r^- ^ '^'^ ""^"^ '"'-''''y ^'^^^ " """"^. which in a el If," ^l"^ i?"™ ""^'"^ ''"^''•^"S- ^I««°>vhile, some on^ mouth, and when you c««e that, bring its elbows down and pm« hold the chdd w,th your hand, under us ampits, and swing it^ body and legs over yoor head and back again, repeatedly. 400 DOM sane MEDictsa. Once more returning to the mother; she must, after some mihutsBof partial repose (much longer if threatened with hemorrhage) be deaned up by the nurse. Plenty of warm water and soap (to which may be added some one of the antiseptic sdiiiiom before mentioned j say a tablesixwnful of it to a pint of water) must be used. Towels or napkins are to be (as already explained) preferred to sponges. After this clean- ing, a large soft napkin should be placed well up between the thighs; the pelvis may be gently lifted, and the soiled sheet (and uj^pcr rubber- cloth, if there be two of them) drawn away, the clean sheet being then brought down under her. Lift her (witliout raising her head) into a comfortable position in the bed, place a long towel or " binder" around Fio. 208. BREAST SUSPENDED. her body, and leave her for an hour or two of perfect rest If it should be three or four hours, with quiet breathing and general appearance of comfort, so much the better. Afler paim are, if felt at all, likely to be later. They need not be the occasion of any treatment, unless uncom- monly severe and long-continued. If so, half a tablespoonful of pare- goric may be given at or after usual sleeping time, to relieve them and procure sleep. Within a few hours, as a rule, the baby should ha put ia the breasi. The first milk (colostrum) is laxative, and thus beneficial. The act of notion promotes the secretion of milk, which is good for both mother Xht^ nTt"^ „'^7j f •* -"> <^ve^ two hou«. d«v and at njght. A child five or si, mS V ""^ '^ lengthened, fii^t a Aarrf and «,,■« breast (threatening Z7 .- ^^ *•""& *° '^the ab«ee8e)w,U,,WamyJ.a/,75"t'f """"«''''» "'"' "gathering" or can^phor a, it wiJl tfke .^ '"'"'^'*^ ^^'"' "« "^^-^S^Z with pure Wwater, ^J^^ZToV T ^'"* **" ^•-' '«'*ho alarming. A cMllMlo^^ b^/'J^S;'""^ ^'l! ^'^'^^ <l».v. i^ -t to a saspieion of the oS^tTf ' t'Tr ^"'t'"'"^ «-^Xd hemffer, in its p,ac« among 8^;/^ ''"^ "'" "'"^'^^^ ^- iVereniibn of puerperal LJ^^lZ. ^''^' -endings n,.^t fr^uT ^XS V ^'^ -"''^^■•- -<^ when perfect cleanliness is observed 12 n ^' •, , " " ^""^ «/«<o*i>A«-e, ««« with any other sick pe^t^n^ not hLH '' '""""""'-^-n ex-' preeminently of erewded lying iL Lnll ^ r'"- ^* '« « '^^^^^ ventilated places. ^^ i^'^r^^tnls, and other uncleanly and ill- buf^SiS^dr ^SVrl^ r--' ^ ."^etne. and a simple neither ought she to be LvS (IIT' T' *" ^'««-"lat5; broths (chicken soup is the „Lt del^.T' i^""' '''^*' *''^» '"'"H^ and no fever .eals of iu fXayt^^i^"'' '" " '^^' '«^'«' '^ ^'^^ '- of^^wXrr\::ilf "''-"^ ^^«- ^-^-Vwomen at the washtub the day Zr L^ T ^'^^ °*' ™^ "^ ^vhom I Z ^^-eiythu^ to be resto«d to irTrdina^ ^^^^S. '"^ '"^r '^ ^- « 'nary state. On a moment's thought, 409 DOM sane MED I CI SB. any one may peroeive that this cannot at once take place. The ntenw, 80 long distended to many times its ordinary dimensions, must return graduaUy to these. Its internal surface, from which the placenta was detached, must heal, like a torn wound. The abtlominal musclea and other tissues also have been stretched greatly by the fatal growth, added to, somewhat, by its « bag of waters." They, too, must have tmie to shrink and regain their toM and elasticity. All these changes require time, and a mother is likely to do best, on the whole, who does not sit up in bed under three, four, or five days, and does not leave her bed for the traditional nine days at least Delicate women may often require a longer time for entire reoovery. PA-RT IV. SPECIAL DISEASES. Rpni '"«''« "fi''*"™ to this part of our book ns ««y and «», ■^ venjent as possible, an nlt^habetical arrangement wih bTSeT ^ cident,. Injuries. Poisons, and Sudden D«th 'Si belated of* J^our««^nnt ofdi^a^es has ^n c»uc.ud«l, n^iX^TpSi:! My purpose now is to give a brief account of all the disoide« nnn„ ^h.ch a general and unpn>fe.sional .^der is likely io n^ltltC Z TS^ ^" "^"'"^ •'"'^ "^ ^ ''^«»«'. «> that their naZw^i be understood when met ^vith. Othere will he descrlS «^ "^ t known when o«.urring in the family • and of thJlT ' "" "^ *" ^ |-^,in the ab«Lof a;h;Si;n vm t^ttrt'^^^^^^^ Hon, see Remedies (|)ag.,-« 295, etc., and 357). by iSf We Wn 7^ 'f « P^ «f g-^e-^l dmpsy, or it may occur all n^r '^T '^ ""*''"* '^^ '^^ "^'"^^ «f the abdomen eyenly all oyer; drdn^on pereu^on (tapping with the end of a finger) iS of the u«^al hollow sound there, mdfluci,uUi<m. This laTL TZ pl-«ng .finger of the left hand upon the belly on one S Stil We feel the hguid sent with ajar, so to speak, from one fin ^ to the 403 404 DOMESTIC MEDIOtirg. other. Very thick fat may cause a slight dulnew on percuaaion; a tumor may give a very dull resonance ; but in neither of these caaes will there be fludualion. This may be present in ovarian (encysted) dropsy ; but, in that, the swelling is not even all round. It begins on one side, growing toward the middle. Moreover, in common abdominal dropsy (ascites) the intestines float above the water, making a place of clear resonance on percussion about the navel. In ovarian dropsy this does not occur. Abdominal Dropsy is generally an obstinate complaint. Depending upon some disease already existing, of the liver, iipleen, kidiiei/g, or heart, or resulting as a part of general dropsy, from suppression (almost) of the geeretion of perspiration and of urine; or, lastly, upon a thin and waiery condition of the blood, it can hardly be cured while those morbid states exist ; and they are oilen incurable. Still, an important amount of relief may always be for a time obtained, and some cases may be cut! entirely. , }'; medics for abdominal dropsy arc : diuretics, purgatives, and lapping. Diuretics are (as was said in giving an account of them under Rem- edies) uncertain in their action. Cream of Tartar, Juniper-berry Tea, or Compound Spirit of Juniper, Squills, and Watermelon-seed Tea, are the safest diuretics for family use.* Purgatives nuesA to get rid of water in the abdomen are, besides Cream of Tartar, Jalap, Rochelle or Epsom Salts, and (under advice of a physi- cian only) in souie ca-ses Elaterium. Heavy purgation vseakena a patient, however ; therefore moderation must be used Math it The strength of the patient must be considered. Tonics, as Iron, and alteratives, like Iodide of potassium, sometimes aid in recovery from Dropsy more than diuretics and purgatives. Tapping, of course, shoidd never be undertaken by any but a pro- fessional hand. It is, simply, puncturing a small round hole in the water-swollen abdomen, and inserting in it a tube {oanula) through which the liquid can escape. The puncture is made with a trochar. The place for it is not far below the navel. Some patients are tapped a number of times, to give relief to the dijffieuUy of breathing (dyspnoea), from upward pressure of the water against the diaphragm (muscular roof of the aljdomeu, under the lungs and heart). This is the most distressing symptom of severe and continued Abdominal Dropsy. Abortion. See Miscarriage. Abscess. Every large " gathering," or inflammation followed by * For the dota of medicines mentioned in thin tertinn nf the hnnk, look hjicfc, uader Remedies : page 357, and also, page 296 to 366. BPSCrAL DTSeASSS. 4Qg Oram, etc. In P^n^^a, alMce^sos form in various parte „f the bodv They are not uncommon nJno after Typhoid Fever ^' An Abscess is usuallr painful from the start, Avith tenderness tn tl,» onch showing .•„/«.„.,«, when ..ppurafio'r, JclZlZT Zl a tendency towards "pointing," that is .softening of he skin or ot' wiSTof t^L Pf "^P^- ^^''^" ^f*'" tokes place at the tL -f .'**^'^' ""'^ '^^'^'•^ -"^y b« ^'^I^tcl to follow B^ da of thT";"*' *'■ T*^ '^^ ''''^''"'■"' -•«">« ^f « lunger fl Ittl^"!^"""'''' theab^lomen, much trouble is likely £rL„t ftB often good treatment to anticipa^. the spontaneous opTn^gTft Absoess, by openmg it with a surcical knife Onl^ o c f ,, t^^ judgment should determinelt t^is XrSnZ:Cl by ^;rbltl Tr. 7^ M ^'' '" ^'^^ ~''' ^"^-^--g life ab^^f le w; , ' "^ '^'.^'"' "'••»•" ""^"'^ »''« openingof a real abbess, .f the kn,fe happens to slip to one side, or to penetmte too far Whenever, therefore, the signs of an Absce«s of Zy Zh tJT; medical advice ought to obtained. ^ ^ ^^' the effect of the ear y internal use of SnfpMde of (hlelum (gr. ,.„ to «• ^rt ; and that among the alleviating ea^ternal applications empl„vTf!r -mmencng Abscess^, BeUadonna oirUnr^, and /orfo/orlTS^ Fa«e/t,i^, are important to be remembered. « '««^<< »/^ n '^^i'^u^i' °'**^"- '^ ""* ^'"^n''' affection, in which the skin all over he body assumes an appearance like bronze. Af^r Z h the m« pL- /li^"'^'' "'"'^ *^" «*P«-r™a/ ca;^„fe. (Qee works Z Practice of Medicine for a further a«x)unt of it) Ague, also called " chills," or chills and fever, and JrUermitteni F^ world have never known it. It is a disease of the co«„^rrrnecialIv «ncnte. Harm saiume«* are necessary to its existtnce. It is pre- 408 DOMBariC MKDtCIini. i.i! eminently a disease of tetuona, autumn especially, but also sivii^' Na new cases originate after the first Imrd frost of early winter. Patients already afiected, iowever, may, if not suooeesfally treated, have their chills to continue .'11 through the winter. One attack does not lessen, but rather increases, the individual's liability to the disease on exposure. Any one can recognize Ague when he sees it all through a paroxytm. First comes tlie fhitl or cold stage. Weakness, dulness, headache, sick stomach, pain in the back and limbs, a Jeding of coldness (though the skin may not be cold to the touch), with shivering, and paleness of the face, and blueness of the lips and finger-ends : these are the symptoms. After a half-hour, an hour, or two, seldom more of the chill, comes the Jever. Now the skin grows warmer, the face is flushed. Headache is severe ; the pulse is rapid, the temperature becomes hot ; with dryness of the skin and mouth, and thirst ; the Ixiwels are «x)nstipated, and very little water is passed from the bladder. From two to four or five hours may be mentioned as the usual length of the hot stage. By degrees, the skin grows moist and cools down ; the pulse slackens ; thirst and headache dimihish ; and then the mreating stage comes on. With this there may be a copious discharge of urine. Thus ends the attack or paroxysm. A chill, with its following hot and sweating stages, may come every day, when it is called &.quotidian intermittent ; or every other day, named a tertian. Both of these are about equally common. After the third day, the seventh day is the most likely time of recurrence of a chill ; once a week. Other periods are mentioned in medical books, as now and then met with ; but they are rare. Hardly any dis^ise has so well-determined and reliable a method of treatment as ague. Since the Countess of Cinchon learned in Peru, and made known to the physicians of Europe, the virtues of Peruvian Bark, the world has possessed a irtte cure (very seldom failing) for this malady. The alkaloid principles, Quinia, Quinidia, Cinchonia, and Cinchonidia, have all the needful powers of the Bark, in much smaller doses than the Bark itself, and more acceptably to the stomach. Quinine is the sulphate of quinia. It is most generally depended upon ; although sulphates of the other alkaloids named (and also quin- oidine and dextro-quinine) will almost always succeed. If obliged to act, in the absence of a physician, in the care of a case of Intermittent, begin with quinine as soon as the sweating stage has fully cdme on. Many physicians give it in five-grain doees. My ex- perience leads me to consider it better to give one grain every hour (while awake), or two grains every two hours, until at least jyieen or liaieen grains have been taken before the time when the next diill might 8PSCIAL DtaSAaBS. ^fff be wpected. Under thw doBbg, that chill unU ,«rf com., in .t W ninety-nine out of a hundred caaes. ' ^" PnLl W^ ^ ^"""'' "'"'"'•' ^ «'^'^"- I'" "" ^hill !'«« yet oc- curred then *u, grains every day for two weokn will .„ffic« Mojj fi^h ca«« wdl thus be cuml; „„1«« the i«tient Ikr, In a Zlar^.Z^^ and no froet has yet kiUaJ, for the y«.r, the lo«.l ,.u.e of th: iZ ' But repeated exposures and attacks r.^y fasten the hahi,, so to .peak of having chills upon a pereon; that is, chronic intern, ttent K' nine, in such a«es, will break or interrupt the s..«««ion J tL^^^^^^ buu. three or four weeks they come again. What are we ToTZ'^ Give quinine as usual, so as to bre^k the chills; and then begin at onT* with .ron It « a blood...diei„r, and the blood is injured hn'alTid a^ks. Let the patient take three pills eveiy day fo'r a nion h J. "' pale and weak, longer), each of which contains three gmins of ImI masso/carb^ateofiran, and o.e gmin of sulphate of ^i„ia (q.^M Outside of a positively malarious district, this will veiy'seldom Hati never know^ u once) fail to cure the complaint. It ZiU no^l any one to reniam as a resident in a pla«> where he has contmcted a dfronic Arabian Js ights. ' Better sell your beautiful countrv place, or give up your salaried business position, and move somewhe^ else, reth!r diaj be run down to a skeleton and have no enjoyment of life Among the niany substitutes for Quinine preposed and used in treat- Ss r/ ^e»e, French authorities assert the power, next after the alka- loids of Peruvian Bark, of green or unreasted Ofee, made into a t«, by bo. mg decoction), and taken fi^ly a few hour/before the l^^^^ hardly known m American practice. Albuminuria. Presence of albumen (teeted chemically) in the Z oZ^llTe «J:"""-"« -*^""* «"«^*'« ^•--. ^^ -.etim« (not often) Bnghf 8 disease without constant albuminuria. Scarlet fever dtL js::!!''' """'"" ""' "'"" "' ^''^ '"^^ -''•^ p- Alcoholism. A general name for the results of intemperance; 408 DOMMSTtC MBDlCiVM. 1 I t Fiu. 209. npecially applied, however, to the slow poiaomng and degenwation of the great orgauM of the body, liver, kidney*, heart, and brain, which end in ruin of the liealth and premature death. If these are not pre- rented, by abatiuence or early refunu of habits, they are not curabk bjf vudicine, and are very seldom recovered from. That is, after " gin- livor," or diiteased kiducyi«, or a fatty heart, or an impaired brain, haa Hhuwu tiuit the fell dcsti-oyer litu set \\m brand upon the victim of ex- uesw, it is too late to restore prfect health in any way. Even then, reformation may greatly prolong life. At nny stage, withdrawal of al- cohol is imperatively deni. led. Anything is better than to die drunk. Alopecia. Baldness. (8ee Care of the Hair, uuder Hygiene.) Amaurosis. A name, not now much used by physicians, for blind' neaa deitcndiug on disease or failure of the optic nerve or its centre in the brain. Milton's blindness was of this kind. "So thick a drop serene hnth quenched these oris." Gtitta terena was an old ^uanie for it ; given because, unlike cataract and some other muses of blindness, it does not show, ou looking at the eye, without the aid of an iustruuicut (ophthalmo* scopoV Amblyopia. Dimnens or cloudiness of sight, short of blindness. The degree of this may vary in the same person, at different times. It is an important symptom, showing that the eyes are threatened, and must be taken great caie of; but it does not necessarily end in blindness. Amenorrhcea. Absence or suppres- sion of the menses o: monthly uterine flow. Exposure to cold and wet, or mental £^itation, may interrupt the menstrual process, sifter it has l)^un, or prevent it, when it is about to come. In such a case, rest and warmth, hot mustard foot-baths, or warm hi{)-baths, may renew it. Habituai absence of menstruation, one month after another, may occur under several circumstances. Weakening chronic disease, as pul- monary consumption, may be attended by it. Anwmia (poverty of blood) Has to do with it in the greater niunber of instances. Occasion- ally it is met with in plethoric (full-blooded) women. Married women, or any who become pregnant, have cessation of the menses as the first usual sign <^ dist condition. OKrrHALMOSCOFK. SPKCTAL DtSKAaxa. ^yj, xl^r f"* * ^T^ "'' '"J'"y *^ i"«>i>venien«. will m.ult fW,m hlv!^l r f"»-'^'"«'«> woman may suffer with l,ea«lache aiid the effect, of the irregulaSy '^'^ '^ ** *''" '*'"'"• ""' We are first to be sure that pregnanev is not t^rt^nt ie •* ■ •. • ir^ .h.n .h<« above „,.„„•„.„,, „ ,„„«'„f„„::i',:ns: t-ure lor such an affection, but ts in-oiri-esH is iLsimllv ,,.«, i j • «.n,pton« not n.arked until it hLltl^iX " , ^n^t:'' "^Sk:! prmi^ed to from birth in some constitutions): 1, bv loss of blood ^pec..Uly with twins, or one's own bal>e and another's); 3, scveL ^^ t«uedd«rrh««; 4, typhoid or some other fever ; «.maUl,^W 410 DOMESTt C MSDlClltg. %, in wi unhwitliy loctlitjr ; 6, dcfiiienoy of fuwl, warmth, light, and tnA ttir, in crowded and unhealthy {Mrta uf towno or villages. Sgna of Anemia are |ialenewi, thinneM of body, wcakne«, ner>-oiBi- ncM; iometiiues palpitation of the heart. In extreme va<te», the lip are white, and the tongue thin and almost cnlorlew. TrtObntnt of thia condition n>quirct« good nouri8hing (not nece««arily Rtiniulating) fixxl, of whicli a counidcralilc {urt should be unimtl, Bref, mutton, chicken, game, fish — if there iit appetite and «lij»c» tion for them ; if not, beef-tea, strong chi<^ken-brotli, etc. ; milk ruther i lian tea or cofllv ; taridy of food, but no unprofitable daintim of any kind. Irtm ami eod-livfr oil are tlic staml-by mcdiciucH for Antemia. In some casea physicians give arsenic, in very Hmall doHCH. C'lianp> of air, sm-bath- ing, and mineral waters containing 'ron, all may contribute to rwovery, PemioiofM Aniemia is an almoHt or quite incurable, but rare affection. Upon this, see Ententiais of Pfodical Mnlieine, or some other extended medical work. Anaesthesia. Loss of sensibility. i4>ur«/A(fiV«arcagcnt8 which, like chloroform, ether, and nitrous oxide, when breathed, take uway for the time all feeling, so that shrgical or dental o[)erationH may lie performed without pain. Sec page 264. ParcUytic annsthesia is common in cattca of palsy, being confined to one tide in hemiplegia, to both loinr limlM in jxiwplfgia, and extending to all the extremities in general pandvHiH. Anasarca. Generul dropsy. It may result from exposure to cold and wet, checking suddenly the action b(»th of thr skin and of the kidneys. Diuretira an purgatives are the me<Iicine8 appropriate . it. (See Remedies, under tiic heading Dropsy, page 290.) Aneurism. An enlargcmept of a part of an artery, from bursting of its inner and middle coats, making a me by stretching the outer *brou8 coat. In tliis sac a por- tion of blood coagulates solidly. Tliis mry happen on any artery. The most serious of all Aneurisms is that of the aorta (largest artery of the body), in the diest or in the abdomen. Anenrism of the thomeio aorta (that is, of the part of &e artery within the chest) is known by a bulging, slowly increasing, in front of the chest, in which apulmilion may be felt, apart from that of the heart ; Fio. 210. AxxcauK or aobta. BPMCtAL DISMASMg. 4|| c ular effort or .ctive „.ovc„K.«t ' '""^"^ ''^ *""" U1K.U the mid.ne of L MouZ /S I In '"''^ '"^^' :;-^^.....totj;^:;^-:— ^ Xt::::^f te.2r '--^^ -- ^ --- "'12::;^: Mof „ka„..oda.rc«.i,,ai,..te.l,„ot.i„:,.;:^^^^^^^ /orf«/.o/;^a«..«,« „„,i„u«l in moderate do«» for a loagimamS^ to have done good in a nun.bcr of t««e8. iiY«<ro-,«.3, 7 '^'i ««ed with .„««« by «even,I p^c.ition^ ^''"''^''"^'■^ ^"^ »-« U^T^dth-IS^^Tel^^^^^^ «ca.dg™duale.hau«tio„; or «..4of ail the^Jn^^S p^' ureinterferangw.th breathing, swallowing, digestion eV ^ "" ^"^ Aneunsm of other arteries is met with not infn..,uently.' At the bend of the elbow, .t has ocx««ionally followed an aeJidenta wonniof tif aj^O' there m .he operation of opening a vein (bW^i^" .^ionT ^bewhere, du^ i„ an arte.y may result in bun,ti„g of t inn^^^i ■ .ng to the «« of the arte^ and of the swelling. Thus the« ZZ ^^^r^^zt^rtt:::-::^^- Angina Pectoris. A disea.se contiistinff of attacks, nf i»™- • about the h«u., extending nlong the left „L l"^t LTT S of neu«dg„ of , be heart; connected in nuu.y,b«t n^:S!Z^Xt 412 DOMMMTtO MKDlCtKa. MNue dMUige b Ha ■tniotan. lUraly, the fint putn^n k fttaL Moitly, nuuiy attacks oivur, at variable iotervala, of moatlu, weeka, or daya ; in any of wiiii-fa it ia powible for death to reault. Dr. Oialmen, of SoiitlamI, the eluqueut iuioi»tpr and writer, aiid Dr. Tbotuaa Antoid, of KuKby, died of thiM diwinlvr. It wkiooi, if ever, tSvcUt young peo- ple, and irt more cuniiuoii in iiicu than in women. For tlte relief of attackn of Angina Pectoris, many madiciiMi hav* been tried. Ainon^ thone doing guiKl are litfrnann't anwlyne and lawl- , amm; aliw, tableMpoimfiil doaen of whiaky. fiat tli tioat effective weiUH to be breathing a few drops of nitriU ofami^,iuM. at the time of the attack. This ia a powerful, even dan(.roro«it« agi>ut, to be uaed with extreme caution. A mnntard-plaster over the chort or U i« jen the sbouldera, and a hot muatanl fo«)t-batli, will be suitublc, if a paroxygm lasts long enough to allow them. It is generally over, however, in a few minutes. Anorexia. Loss of appetite. This is common in <Ul acute, and mod chronic die fw. It (Kfurs bIho when no diwnse can be mid to be preaent, other uinn want of tone in the stomach or in the general sys- tem. BcJ-'.U i improving <he surrounding •■omlitions, of air, light, dn-er- luine»,- c, we may u«c as appctizerH nu<h mo«Ii«'iuc« as chuinmnUe ten, jwr^'u fftnlian, fluid ejfniH of wiUl char if Ihi,!., aronwtic milphurie acid ; iM-, if anaimia is prcwnt, some pre|iaration of iron. {For doscM of all these, sec Remedies, |«Ke 2ft«, etc., uiui |)uj.t; 367.) Anthrax. See Carbuncle. Anus, Fissure of. A very painful n-nrk or furrow at the edge of the outlet from tiie lower bow(!l. It is most coininon in middle life. At first, there is a smarting at one spot, when the bowels are moved. This afterwards becomes more severe, with burning, aching, and some- times throbbing at the part, lasting for au hour, or even Mev( ral hows at a time. Coughing, sneezing, or in bad tasee even sitting on a hard •orfaoe, will bring on the pain. For its treatment, soothing ointments may be first tried ; simple cerate, ointment of oxide of zinc, iixloform ointment ; or washing the parts every morning with castile soap and water. Dusting with iodoform powder will be good, especially for a large old fissure. So will painting ('with a camel's-hair pencil) upon it edlodim, to which a very little glycerin has been added ; or, used the same way, eompound Hntiwn oj bemoin. This last should be applied at least twice every day ; the hat time on going to bed at night. Touching the sore lightly with a crystal of blue stone (sulphate of copper) will promote the cure, if It comes slowly ; or with nitrate of silver, more carefully. Whan ttM attacks of pain are eawssn've, a one-grain ojnum ntppotitorj * tfBOtAL DtBMABBB, «V ht iatrodund into Ui. bowel. Immedtately .fW • ««*«,. Thk ?^ ' •ggmvito. Uw trouble. Thwe are mugiaU opentiotu in u«e for obHtinate cw»> .)f ihi. .»l«w two, f..r whW, we n.urt «fcr to work, on H^^JT Uoo of the m<«m, 6r lower bowel, from rtmlnliiK at «tool ( 1,II.lr. ..... mil «..ietini« g,, Wit of it«lf, but in n««y cmm m.uin! nlJ |»r««ed bnck gently, with welUiled finge«^ ^ ' '" '* To pmwa thw inconvenient and «Muetim«, diirtiminK •ccident -«..«% «houI.IU.<li.«u„,H. and n.«le unn«««,,. ,.y ^r^^^l the boweU re^iurly and moderately open. A hiah^Jt ZZ Lx P^motive of I>„,|.,.„. than a low o'ne Z chambeTveTl ''" thel:trir:rr st^Jh;::::- ''•^ -^^ ^-"-^ ^" -'••^-^-^ Aorta, Aneurism of. See Aneurism. Aph..|«. L.-«ofla.,^ge,fmm brain di«orft.r. In m«.t but ZiJ. iron's '^ W^ ''^'\""" -^ ''^ ("«»•* hemlplc^iaTa!;.:; panies ,t. In some .nrtancew the patient ainmrt mv any wwll at »ll • Anh , 1^- ,^* "*y ™°^"*' *'"' »»«» ««'« change for y. J Aphoni.. Lo«of«Hcr; quite diffe.,nt fmm o;,Aa.fa. Td'S upon an m.pa,nnent of the healthy condition of the Inrmx o^ue voK» ; either a ikirkenU^ of the veil ligarneni. i^lJlT^l^.Cl SlelT'^^'^S'^^f'''^^"^^'"'^ Botha^olnl;;:^^' P«.^jw.y. El«.rieity ia one of the .medies e„,.Ioy«l for it lit mo. often aeen .n young children. Chhraie. of palatum is a^nl: m^.ane and Io«l application for the., but it .nSTtt l^^C doi chin^notl:"'^ '"'^^ (ci-ert^poonful or tah^Z of^'nfr •^""""'P°"""°"«- i"«. however, safe in doscH of two to five grams for a child, and ten to twenty grains for an JdT li 414 DOMSaTtC MEDICI vs. Apoplexy. Bnin>«troke, either from rupture of a blood-veswl within the brain, causing pressure by a clot of blood, or from an ex- treme congedion of tJie brain ; that is, exoeta of blood in its veeeels. Both of these, by pressure, cause dupor; ooma. The patient falls or lies unconscious, with a flushed faee, hot or warm head, full daw pulse, and moring reapiroHon. If he regains oonsciousness, paby of some part, as an arm and leg, or the organs of speech, or the muscles of one side of the face, remains. The first attack is very often fatal^ either at once or af^r some hours or days. A second is still more likely to end life ; a third is seldom survived. What is to be done when an attack of apoplexy occurs? As above described, it is altogether different from JainUng (eyncope). In tliat, Ki«. 211. APOPLKCTIC CLOT. the head is cool, the face p^le, the pulse absent or almost so, the breath- ing feeble or stopped for the moment.* We are, then, when we find a person falling unconscious with & flushed face and afuttpube, to place him in a redirdng posture, with the head raised. Put a handkerdiief wet with cold water upon his forehead or all over his head, and wet it afresh every few minutes ; meanwhile, some one having gone for a doe- tor. Never undertake, without medical knowledge, to deal with so grave a disorder as apoplexy. So, with the doctors we may here leave our supposed patient, so affected. .Ajtpendicitis. An infectious disease of the vermiform appen- dix, a small organ (average size 3V1> ins. long, % to ^ in. diameter) in the lower right side of the abdominal cavity. The * Mixed attacka are now and then met with, in fatty degeneraticm ot the heart, hav- ing some (rf the features of synoope and aome abo of apofdwjr.. BfSC/Al J>ISEASes. Hurf.ee of th^ Tbdoj: " .'.d the^^eWr oTTh "' '"""^ '''' '°"^' inflammation of the appendix is liahll I f 'r^'"'"""- '^^^ symptoms of acute apSdt ! i^ r '"''"'! P''"t««iti*. Three of the right lower qZZntTfwL'': '^''''"'^^^ «"^ ''^^^ity the disease is rapid'^dTalll'! f^'^--^'-"- The couSe of -nee of severe p'ain in theX^me: it^lt ""^^ ^^« "^P^- over the ro^ion of the appendL.Tr' ^he maximum intensity tenderne«.s in the ri(A^S^^tf'^'''T' '^^''""•*•"R. «nd a point of the cornea of "tbe^et^^'oft ""• ^^^ **'*^"^ ""^^^ »•• ^^g around ofapp^ingorir:eint:.;.t^::t'^"^^^^^ ev^, hve a good while after ite apL^r " °^ **"'"' ^"^- A.cite,. See Abdominal dJ^; Asthenopia. W^b^iof til ^' ""J"' ^ccidenta. page 613. judgment 6f special oculisT' ^*"'"*' '^«''°« *« the genemlly not more L;"^L7orL"«^''""""'"^^ attack every night • othere aTw ^°" '•°""' ^»« P«tients have an when theyTi^Sd-n V piro^^ '"^l«r bten^als ; some only is one of the names f^n^r ^t^^r^wh"^"^' • ^"^ '"*'"- people have at the same dme eve^^^ ' "'^''^ ' '*'^" """"ber of The attack of ordinary asthma is often very distressin., TK .- fflts up, leans forward, eoes to th*. ^i^A . -7 °'**'*^'ng- The patient Death scaix^ely e^tLfcTn^Jj/^ T' *°'''"^ ""^ '*"^'°g ^' breath, of phlegm o.^rLl'ai^thl'tEfst.'^r'"- ^^^'-^'-n pmmotingr^kxaZ»r^ Physician, should have the aim of U.od^dtS^U^iZZ"','^"'- i^^'-ff-tiondikeaU J^^Crt^rjc:^"^^^^^ 416 DOMHartO MBDtCtNK. ! paper into pieces six inches square. Pile theso oSt ♦/wJa "*"*""»- pile »dl tato tte Wli„g „Zi„„ ,f .it ^d^.S^!' T up, when dry, liKhter-fiiahinn fi.. a Tu u . ^''®° "*" **>«"» T„ fiw.Ki ^' *"'*'^ tashion— for Asthma, bum me as cijmrettes. do better there than higher uo Snmo .! T ^ ^°*""' '^«" Kppoeed to b.,e -.^OiTtT'', "^.."T'l*"'' •»« >»» i.. » fir. „<«,y sf b*r ww'rt 2r/r "^"^ ■^'•^ SPSCIAL DISEASES o -%. Other elevated ilTZZe t' ""^ f "•''^'■" ''^^ «"!«« southern eou„ti«, i„ New YoSc f ^'i '"''"'''"« '^« '"i'h ninl of western bonier of the Cete^TaT " ^?''" ^oumainTtf t ' f'evatio«of twotI.o„«,„,f;'^^^7' -Jhe. ^umie. havin,, navv, and the «,„„tr, north of the !,^ ^t T'*^ '^'«"'» ^^^Mlk- 'he Mi^is^ippi, at St. Paul. Minnl^rh " '" ^"""^''- "'«' '^^^ond not equal to that of the uL S Z ' ' " **'^'"" '"""'"lity but Oakiand aud other elevated minfc , ; ^"ejfheny Mountains at -and North Ca„,linaS,r „;::! r; ''^T"' "" '^^ w' vated interior of Maine and ,*« """""> '^^ To the east, the eK -%. Mount I)c^rtTnt'^^ t': '"'". t^^ '^'^ P^-- -^ thought to give relief If i ' " *™^ °<^ ^''^ islands about it Z -t.of theSt.John.:he„i tL^-«; " r^^-l. the whoTe '^'^ fbjects of autumnal c^tarTh^ SuZ l"" ^^"^^^^ '« open toTe -« these favo,«l i^ions, Ta «.ne™, , ''^" ""'"^^^ P'^'^h their tel b«t n.. H,„ ,,e7.,v^ rr s :? v°* °"\^p^ ^''^^ --,t tSTtlr -r ^^"^'^^ -- -?^er' "'' " ^'«°' ^'•-^ be'-ng opoon-shaped in^d" oTlnhl™'"/'^"'™^ «^ *''« ^ve (or eyes) |'-^n>adeofny,w:.W;2f''-^^^ oorrect«l b/.L^J ^0 spinal .arn,w. in whielu^/'lLuIJ:"?^^ "^--^-n of tie control of his Wer lin,bs £l V ' *** " «"'8iden.ble extent. Wrds, of one foot afterTheoth? i? " """« ^'^ « -« of 2 'non, at variable intervals Thl • f ™ ^'"' '" ^he legs are com a'- the characteristic ^ptolTri-^"'"^"^ ----TwXC lasting .any ,«..; b!t C^y f^ttT " ^'°" ,'" P-^-> oft^' d?S l*" '^'*'°''^ 'nedical wX 4 ^"^^ ^"^ P^«tive d.«order should be under the c^^Tf a ,Kvt ^ ""^ *"^^"°g '^^ this Atheroma. A mode nf ^Z? " Pn^sician. •WWy IS the eonseqoeiM,. ^^ '" ■"?!»»• ''« tie bndo, ■^lar ii,„vc„„„,. I, ^ t„"°^ , ^ involmi^ Md Bcre or l~i 418 DOMESTIC M ED I cry R Baldnesa. See Alopecia; and Cure of the HtUr, under Hy. giene, pugo 14U. Barbadoes Leg. See Elephantiasis. Bedsores. See Nursing, p. 370. Bilious Fever. See Remittent Fever. Biliousness. A term of vague meaning, and often mistiaed. Many people say they are bilious, when they liave mere indigestion. Ther« ia a condition of diaortler of the liver, to which smh a name may lie given ; when one or both of two things may be present. One ia de- Jident secretion of the liver; the materials which it ought to remove from the blood being left in the blootl, and finding their way out through other secretions. The other is, obdrncfhn of the gatt-il d ; the collected bile being reabsorbed into the blood; then, also, afterwards escaping by the kidneys, as well as in the pcivjii-ation, and in the secretion of the mucous glands of the mouth, etc. ; when the amount of bilious coloring matter is great, Gaining the skin, eyes, and tongue, yenow (jaundice). At such a time, the passages from the boweh, instead of being yellowish- brown, are slate-colored, or nearly a dull wliite; the urine being dark, sometimes like porter, loaded with the coloring matter of the bile. This is because the bile is wthheld from its natural course into the bowels, and is, instead, thrown off largely from the blood by the kid- neys. A third kind of disorder may be, an unhealthy condition of the bile secreted; and in sea-sickness, and i)ossibly in some other instances, still another— the ;)own"n^ back of an excess of bile from the duodenum (first part of the small intestine, into which the bile is conveyed by the biliary duct) into the stomach. Signs of liver disorder, at an early stage or in a transient attack, are : sickness of stomach, generally without pain or vomiting, headache, diz- ziness, especially on turning the head or the eyes; constipation of the bowels, with slate-colored stools; a bitter taste in the mouth, especially on waking in the morning; yellowness of the whites of the eyes, the surface of the tongue, and, in a marked case, tlie skin ; pain in the right side near the edge of the ribs, or under the right shoulder-blade. TVeo*. ment of this condition includes a simple and rather spare diet, of only easily digested food ; toast and tea, oatmeal gruel, diicken or other broth well skimmed of all its fat, eta Of medicines, for home use, magnesia is especially suitable, a full teaspoonful (if tlie bowels are, as is usually the case, ndt free) thoroughly mixed in a wint^lassful of water, or in a tablespoonful of spiced syrup of rhubarb. Blue piU is the " auld lang syne" remedy for biliousness. I believe fully, from often repeated ob- 8er\'ation, in its efficiency ; but it is not a medicine to be carelessly and promiscuously used. The practice of fi% or sixty years 4go, of taking ^FKClAh DISS ASKS. 419 ten or twenty gmina of blue man at random for every little attack of wdigertioD, has now, happily, gone out. ^ ^ When, however, the syraptonw above described are pr«e„t it will be .ppropmte to take at least th.^ grains of blue pill ; 'Lt one. ™h^ a^ time again If the "b.lious" symptoms are not relieved by this and magnesm (or, when constipation is veiy decided, .Hrai. of nfaZil Tarrant's powder, Seidlitz powde.., or Rochclle ^Ite), it wiU £3l to continue smaller doses of blue ma^ for several davs. Vor this pZT grain of blue ?•", w.th one grain each of extract of gentian and urrn^ Inocn^nence. oi unne, S?o„e, (?,ar./, and Injiammaiicm of the Bladder (cystitis). On all but the last of these, something will he said nnder the heads named hereafter ^ /njfcmi»«<um of the Bladder is a not common but ver^ distx^nir inahdy. It may be caused by blows or other injuries; by Uie p^n« of a large stone (calculus) or small solid particles (gmeDrorT^ o^ction (stricture) of the urethra («utlerf..m thrbladdi ) Tnducini retention of urine, which unde.^ de<«mp<«iti„n. SymplL of thS mflammat,on are: pain, and so.„«« o„ pressure, in thl bladder Z quent d«,.re to pa^ water, with dis,K«ition to strain, and burning in he urethra when .t is ,«,k.ch!. 1„ an n-uto .a.o, tl.er^ i often feve 11 hap with .rr^nlar chilN. lu,, ,,,.. ,.,,,■ also .iek stomach, ddrirm fZ ""P'^'^'«'»' F-^n «hould, if possibly avoidab'., undertake to tm such a disease. All that i. in place her« to mention about its hon e 1^ , with milk, gruel, arrowroot, rice, etc., for diet ; flaxseed tL (iced rf agreeable bet«-ecn whiles as a drink ; a la^^e warm flaxseed or mush eml with oikd sdk) u,>o„ the lower part of th. alxlomen. If the patient «n be moved without suffering, a warm whole Uth or hip-bath daily will be reheN-mg; and if j«ii„ be very distrtssiug, a one- or two^in opium suppository may l.e inscrtetl into the bowel at bedtime eveiy^ght Bleeding. See Hemorrhages. ^ Blindness. See page 467. Boils. A boil is a small abscess. It begins as a i«d, sore, and roundly swollen nsing, on any part of the body. It increases moder- ately m size; becomes more and more painful and tender, as well as 4S0 DOMSSTIC MEDICIVB. ml, for two, three, or more days; and then points, growing yellow and «oft at one spot, generally near its centre. This will in time break and discharge, if not opened. At the heart of it theio is a small dead mass, called the " core." Some persons are often troubled with Boils ; othen never have them. Now and then we meet with a«ocit», in which one may have two, or three, or four of them at a time, and crop after crop, almost all over the body, lasting even for weeks together. This may be confessed to be an opprobium of medical art; for no certain means of catting short such attacks have yet been discovered. Some physiciam have confidence in the internal use of mUphide of calcium, (one-tenth to one-quarter of a grain two or three times daily) as a means of arresting a tendency to suppuration, whether in boils or in larger abscesses. It is worth trying, but is as yet far from being an established specific for this purpose. The treatment of single Boils is tolerably simple. If anything will " nip in the bud " a banning one, it is either a piece of ice, held to it almost constantly for an hour or so, or apiriU of camphor, freely applied at a very early stage. When it is clearly going on, a bread and voter pouUiee will soothe it best ; covering the poultice with oiled silk, oiled paper, or rubber-cloth. Near the time of its coming to a head, a/ar- »eed poultice will most hasten the softening of the skin, making way for the breaking or opening for the discharge of pus. Should a Boil be opened, with a knife or lancet, early or late? Sur- geons generally advise quite early opening. Those who, like myself, have felt the pain of an incision during the height of an inflammation, in a tender part, as the hand, will incline towards mercy, and will want to wait till pointing occurs. Then the skin at the soft yellow spot loses its SMJaibility, and can be cut with little or no pain. This may be much lessened, however, by freezing the part with ice before it is cut. The incision ought to be large enough to IH (lie matter out freely and fully, so as not to delay its emptying iteelf and then healing up. Bowel, Protrusion of. This is called by physicians Prolapsus Ani. It occurs most frequently in children, from Mraining at atool. The foroed-out portion of the bowel may commonly be returned without much difficulty by gentle but steadily-continued pressure with well-oiled or larded hands. If not, a physician must be called in at once. To prevent the recurrence of such a protrusion, the child's bowels should not be allowed to become constipated (see Care of the Excretions, under Hygiene); and it should be made to sit, when having a move- ment, on a rathjw high seat, the body not being much bent at the time. Bowels, InBammation of. EnteriHs of medical books. Blows or other injuries may cause it; or n^lected constipation; or, sometimes, 'PMCIAL lUSSASMa. „ IS'MS'i. i. .h. .„„, ?v™ br Phv^ili^"''^ ."'""'' "f ■"''• • kind- impomiil enrlj remedy ■ .(W .w I ^^^ *"'*^ '^ ' ""^"e, >n rJlJ^'Ji'^ »°^ bj .ntLlt^k'r„:^ "1°^ '°"^/ ""^ be soft and soothing, as arrowroof t«T ^' ^ '^ *"''e° ""««* 8nu,II doHes of opium every iC hoZ f v '^^^«'"«»« ««*» advise ^weis. p„^ei!;e medieii':L'r;;:id::,'" K^T^^ r' '^'"■^* ^« foil, an mjection of dive oil witl, ^Z ZT ^^^ '*'*"'" ^""'^ » emp«J- it; or one of a tal.l.*p,l^lf., 1^ '"' •T"''" ^'■»*'''- '""X bo used to ^Wa« sometimes enIT ,!. tl^:' '""^^•"'*'- «»«' o"- •ki" to open it and j" out U. ma" e:^' ^'"'^^^ "'"^ ^^'^ -^«U for the b^ prof««io„,, judgment ^ "^ "^ ^""^ ««d «dl Brain Exhaustion. Under M..ntoi u • ««1 on this subject for the purl^"?!"^"*; '"""«*■ ^ »^» P«»ted, that most instances ofFThJ '^' ^' '^rM be «- f»t r^is mo« exhausting, Xa^rEr^''T"V°''"^"^ ^«'»'-; labor w very much more weanw7hIn.Vf^uT^' *^* "»«»<*>ny of ««d that the one iudispensTb e f J^" ^^t wh.eh is varied in chan.^^., and prohnffed brain r.k^ "^^ ^"^ ^•^"' Exhaustion is complet: Brain, InBanimation of SJn^ *«. which envelop the bn.in, are aW^i *' "'«»4mn«,, or "meninffe.," -nation, this affection is LZrSwtll^"^ chiefly affected with in&^- There ar. two forms oTairt^^';il7'"^'V" '"^'"'^ ^J-' i^r comes on more slowly, after sSo?« l!/,'^-^'"^ ^' *h«* ^« Pffent, who. nearly alwa^, is a S th!n{ "l'^'^'''^ " *« dworder is somewhat sloww- ^d .t!f -1 • *^^ ''^"^^ «««« of the ^4 these distinctioi^t Srl?l'* " r"^^ '^ recovered fron., »»th VBrietia, ' °^ 8^*™' description will answi for "««=«« "^ »« ««Taer m adults is much 423 DOMBartO MMDtCtHM. grmter than of the hitter. Oimm of the former are: blows oa the head, exposure to the sun, great or long-contiiiued mental excitement, erysipehu of the head, scarlet fever, extension of inflammation from the ear to tfaft brain. Fint, as signs, we <)bBer\'e complabt of severe headache ai)d irrite- bility, with heat of head, flushed face, constipated bowels, add sick stomach, even vomiting. There is extreme sensitiveness to light, so that the room can hanlly be made dark enough. Sounds, abn, if loud or sudden, disturb the patient, who sleeps badly, talking or tcrtammg when partially asleep. The pulse is full, strong, and raf id ; the con- dition is one of fever. A aeoond Maejt usually follows in a bad case, in whi«h, instead rf irritability and delirium, there is aupor ; the patient bein» unconscious, not able to be roused, with a «low, full, more or less irregular pulse. This is the time when (as ascertained after death) eff^,uion of water (serum) within the membranes of the brain takes place. The third tlage occurs only in the worst cases, from which very few are restored. Now the patient continues unconscious, bui has also oon- mlnona, followed hj paralya'ui of one or more of the limbs; a rapid and feeble but not irregular pulse ; the contents of the bowels and blad- der being involuntarily dischar^. In a case of simple meningitis going through all these stages (which, however, pass graduatty into each other), death results at the end of from eight or nine days to two weeks. Sorofulom menmgitis lasts more frequently three weeks or perhaps more. But from mm]^ meningitis recovery often happens. I have seen several such cures, even when the symptoms were very severe. In onn case, that of a girl ten years old, a violent convulsion occurred, without paralysis followmg it, just before she began to improve and get well. For the treaiment of Inflammation of the Brain, a phvsician must be called in. Will he allow me to say to our readers what L hope he will advise oi do? Should he differ from the present author, of course the book will be closed and put away for the time, as it is impossible to "serve two masters" m the care of one who is ill. But my hope is based on considerable experience in this disease, with a g<x)d degree of success. What I would do is this : have the patient put to bed iin the quietest room in the. house, and pve orders for all in the house to avoid ncdses of every kind. Let the light be shut out of the room, exoq>t just enough to see the way around in it. Have the hair cut very diort all over the head ; better yet, have the whole head ihaxed. This will not (Hily promote the cure, but, as the hair is apt to oome Km, after such ao 8l'F.CIAl. O/SSASA-a. 423 i» . severe c«e, LaZoZHTfZ^u^ '" '"^'^ '"'■"'^•' ^ *«"'•'- iKKl^^Tfean. (J Proven an!'!"''''."'"?'^" i» defea.n«, to «..;„.. or cul^,p,. i^Y^ ij. , " " ; l"" fv of the neck by l„A,. have the he«,l kept wet dTvll 7 ' T' ™'"*'"P'- ^ ^""W -J-"" i«od. I would give'the patio t.^^'^X ,"7;" "™' "'" '^ "" weaker Hubjecte. I would ha%n.rr.-?r . ."^™ '^'"'« '""»«^'« «'' milk-toast iriee^ jronc^^rath^*^. /^^^^ « dme went on, after the Jt lelk ' "/,''"/' P^'^''*"-*- water. milk; other broths; g^uLly muTnirf' ^^ f'T"^^ ""''^ ^^-^> <>' «««». If, in S^Sl th ^ "' '^'^ "* «'nvalc««nce p«. pjion betw^n the slK>iL:2 ^ S"^: T'*^ "'^^ ^^« dmw, over the back and top of theTa w / l*"^ '"''"«^ *° touch« the pillow when lying down i'' til 7' '''''*''* '^'' ^"^ ^^age c^o^^,"^! r^t, r^^^^ - ^^--^ .-"ge. If the thin, •"J cooling Bkin the rtZtt ''n«.n,ly«,s, rapid, w«,k pube d<«es of i»ilt« or otheT c Jh J !!-^" "" '""'"' *"^ S^'^g «»«"« the^;;sxi; t?n;tish7;::s "^? ^^-'''*" - - «^^^ -^ ical booics for all th^t ouIhJl^ h! -^ T '" "*'' **' ^**^^"*'«J »«d- fom of d.„ J^,™r X„ f ?1 ."" ' "" ""'«"•*• ^^'^^ -^ one bardeningfalSrrVom of w"' """. -fl«"^-ation ; ZosU or m bodi beinir the m^rKU ^u ^. ?" ^"*^-the essential element 4U DOMSiTtO MSDtCtNM. U ' I'! I Braak-bOM F«v«r. Also called Dmffue. This haa been oftenot aeeo and bart Inown in the Southern United States, though oocanonally met with in the Nwth, and io the Eart and Weat Indies and in Egypt. It is not a dangerous diseaw, but is attended by severe pains b the Iwad, back, and joints. There is generally at first a chill, and then fever, lasting from two to five or six days. A slight rash is oommonly seen towards the dose of the fever. On tills passing off, the patient is left very weak for a time. Treatment of Dengue requires rest in bed, mod- erate saline purgative medicine at the start, liquid diet, and good nun- ing: nothing else. Bright'a Diaeaae. So named after Dr. ft-ight, of England, who first gave a dear account of it, some fifty years ago. It has been veiy elaborately studied since, by many physicians. For our present purpose it is enough to say that it is a slow chronic disease of the kidneys {peut* firight's disease is also sometimes rather inaccurately spoken of), whose most notable sign is albuminurias that is, the presence of albumen in the urine. It may be caused, especially in a pers a whose strength has been in any way reduced, by exposure to cold and wet, or fay the use of alcoholic liquors; even in what is called " moderate" drinking. It tends gradually towards death, a cure being not reasonably expected. Symptoms are, pdeness or puffiness of the face, weakness, dryness of skin, general dropsy, headache, sick stomach, diarrhoea, frequent urina- tion, espedally at night; often bronchitis and enlai^ment of the heart; last of all, unemie stupor, convulsions, and death. The treatment is chiefly paUialive and eoanomical of strength ; to prolong life, which may often be done, with care, for months, sometimes for years. Bronchial Dilatation. A (not at all common) stretching and en- laigement of the brandies of the bronchial air-tubes, on their way towards and in connection with tl)e air-oclls of the lungs. Very trou- blesome cough, with thick and almmlant expectoration, is the only marked symptom of it; the certain proof of its existence needing per- euaaion and auacuUation, by a practitioner skilled in those methods of examination. PalUatim of the cough is the only reasonable measure of treatment for it. (See Physical Diagnosis, pages 254 and 255.) Bronchitis. Inflammation of the bronchial tubes. It may be acute or chronic. AeuU Bronchitis is, simply, a "severe cold on the chest," in which there is neitiier pleurisy nor pneumonia present. There is weakness, fever, soreness on taking a deep breath, and a cough. The cough is at first dry, hard, and more or less painful ; then soft and loose, with white mucous phl^m ; last, in sevwe cases, with yellow or greenish purulent expaotoration. It is seld^n fatal, exoept when, as Capillary Rwj<*itw, 8PXC/AL DISKASKS. ^^ "f the «iMub«,, .. .h..;, enter tJ.clSl ^'J """ " '"'H •'«»<*« •««.th;n« that it i« ,uite «fU.„ a .uortaT.liiL "* " '""^* *'^ ».» pro...,.,,. ,v/„x„/;„„ ,„j J,,,J'"'^l W«the«,„gh; that m. ful ever), tl.r,. or four l..,u,l. A J" " V'""''".': '"'''"'' •«»?-»- g«nemlly through the .h.v : tJ e W j .^'f »;":"""' will be eiKHigh -poonful. Fla;«c«l-t<«;Lac JrJr'v "" "" '*''"<'' '"•if ti juk. and «.,,„•, will Ua .l:f: I ^ 7 "'"VT"'^^' -"' '•'•»«" mu«tard-ph«tor „my be anpiS fi 7 I, '.' " ''"'" ""•' '^""•' ^ front ,«rt of the clit; au! 'a w f "^' "",'""•• "^ -*««'- "PPer ««ti„..l^ gone, the «u„ p^n t ; t 3"7 ."' "'"' «'•''««''*-£- give instead *yn.» «/ j' '//l ! i^'' ? ^^"•'■' '''"* # the ipecaJ. aud te-poonful do4 of^ld ..l.er^;™^ " ''"^ ''™«* ''""^.- «''« -th always ea«y «« 4ell as expedietH w I'' ^T"' '* ""'^^ ^ '^"'^ of a.r^ Bronohiti«/TZ ,'^'r2^;'''f «■• ''" '^-|«' -'- - ca«e» •-nmrked upon the n.oclic.tFr t^J' trdX' 'T'T ^•'"**'^"' once fairly loosened, and vet tr„.wZ; ' f, "' ''^«^- ^^''^n ?'"'^V For this we ha^e t^^l't^ rj """'""'■ **' "'«''*' '* '-"'^ «wnA« (hoarhound the fav„ri!w "'""'' "'^^'A.V,^ action of •nay, with . loose^i' ^ 1^ T , '^'^ '^'"'P «'' "''^ ^^W t««Poonful (aooonii^rih^^^ntit? \^T''' '^''' ''^ ^^ 4M POMMMTIO MMDtOlira, tX ni^t, ilowly diwdved in the moath and iwallowad ; from om to foar, M needed, in « nigltt. IKeaAetetei of Um lystem, laatiy, may reqnire Emulating ezpectmwit medicine (hrbonak of Ammonium iit ihc beat reprcaentiUive uf UiIm clam ; doee, from two to five gniimt every two lio<int, diMolved in Donw cxpeotonuit tyrup (m wiltl clicrrjr, for example). On recovering from eitlier At-ute or cliroiiio Bronchitis, preteetion of Ihc diest tnan cold is of much importanrc. A warming-plader (an Allooolc'g poroiWiplaster, or simple Burgundy pitch-piaster) is excellent for this pnrpoM. Indeed, mich a plaster ought to be put on early iu the eaae, and kept on for several weeks. Also, flantwl next the akin, and, in mid weather, an extra piece of flannel, or a rMnt tkin over the bre ast , will rsnder good service in preventing renewal of the oough on going out in American weather (the mont extreme and changeable b the worid^ Bunion. This is an enlargement of one of the larger jdnta of the toes, comm«me8t on the outside of the great toe {inner side in relation to its ncamcMi to the other foot). The skin inflames and thwken^ undo- the preiHure of an ill-fitting shoe ; -the joint ibtelf becomes then more or less involved in the inflammation. It may be very mm and painfbl in walking. It will lie quickest cured by remaining in bed w on a ooodi until all the pain, hout, and tenderness have subsided, under the appli- cation of a bread or flaxseed-meal poultice. Then treat it like a large rwn. (See Coraa.) Wear a slipper in the hoiwo, and a loom shoe (with a piece cnt out over the bunion, if necetwory) out of doors. Para off all the thick, hard outside skin, and put over the base of the bunion two drclcs of ailbcsive plaster (round pieces with the centres cnt away) and on the summit one small round piece. This will shield the tender part from friction and pressure. Boma. See Accidenta and Injuries, in the last part of this book. Buraa, Enlarged. A bursa is a sac, filled with watery fluid, mads by a collection of serum in part of the sheath of a tendon. Such en- largements are most common on the back of the hand, near the wrktt. An inflammation, produced by a blow or sprain, causes adhesion of the fibrons sheath around or above the tendon, and thus the fluid, increased in quantity also by the inflammation, makes a round, firm swelling. It may become as lar^ as a hickory-nut, or larger, but more in shape like a lima bean. There is no danger <»> great inconvenience in such swell- ings ; they are merely clumsy and unsightly. A sudden sharp blow with a middle-siaed book will often break up the adhesion, and make the swelling disappear. If this fails after a trial or two, it will not be liest to reiterate it, as the iuAammation productsd by much violence may cause it to grow larger. A snrgecm mi^ safely puncture the borsa with a hypodermie injecting tube, or with the needle ^ an Mptrotor. ttMCIAL DiatASMM, 427 Cachexia. An milMMlUiy Btete of the .^.teni ; « morbul Iwbit of body, or faulty eoortltuUon. See the Natura of Disease, at tite cwly purtion of Domestic Medicine. Calcttloa. Hce Stone in t)H> Bladder. Camp Fever. Hce Typhua Fever. Cancer. A malujmnU (m,wr ..f any iwrt of tii« lj.xlv ; umt in to •ay, a «weliing wlii<-h grow-i Mowly, i» vit>- |«inful, ontii \^^xomm an «»pen now, sn»l at laM wi>ara i«it the rtnincth of tl. jotiei.t; i-au«!nK death withiD a year or two fr..m it* k-KiiiniiiK. I( : » . frw^uently at- taclta the womb, female l«wwt, 8tonia.h, or low«r Lo^I ,„d i^ „ot often met with before mkldle life. There are thi.- p. '„•,,., xar„ t? . of Cancer: Aa«/ («.irriiou«), jvUjf^ike (..Jloid), ;,•.>! «o;> iluain-Hif, encephaloid) Cancer. lk«Ht known t«. unprofe*ional p, inoi.. i, ( m,. ,^ of the bread. It beRinH in a Hniall lianlenins of a jiart of .?,f. „ ,i, u^^ gland, which gradually and irreguhirly enlarRw, and l««)Mh=, the ^,if of acvere pains. After BCNyral months, it tumM to a lar^e, •►jkh, iHm- charging aore ; with more and more pain, wealcness, and distri'tw. Tlie lymplwtie gUnds near italao cnkr^e; the whole system bet-omes hh ftebled and « cachectic." The face \» pale, the l«dy wa«tea, and at laM death ends the history of the disease. Cancw of the riomaeh is met with at the pylwua; that is, the rigid end, where the stomach opens into the small intestine. It so ohrtructs and interferes with dif^ion as to darrt the sufferer in alwut a ye«ir. Cancer of the vxmb may continue for two yrom l)cfi)re death. There is no mrt for Cancer. If discovtml and cut nway, veiy thonmghly, not long after itn hfghnmg (wliich can sometimes Im> done wiA OanGsr of the breast), it may not always roturn. M'hen au €ul- tanced Cancer is removed by an operation, either it starts again at the «eme place, or, within a few months, invades some internal organ ; aa the liver, Inngfi, brain, ^c. Were I to be affected with Cancer, I should have tried upon myself a treatment which has never, so far as I know, been tried, or even pro- posed, before; namely, introducing (if tlio |iart be within reach, of TOUrHe) imre alcohol repeatedly, and in sevm.I places, by means of a hypodermic syringe, into the sulistance of the tumor. I think it would probably act somewhat as it does with dead animal tissues; slirink it up, alter its texture, and arrest its growth. The management of a case of Ctooer, apart from the question of an operation, consists merely b taking care of the general health of the patient, and, in time, nsing measures for the relief otpam. Opium, or morphia, is the main dcpndpm^ for thir. It is imporfant, for the patient's advantage, not to increase the dose of the opiate too fast. Let 4te DOMsario MEDiottrii. no more be used, of laudanum, for example, than is neoesBaiy, at fint only at night, to keq) the suffering abated enough for a fair amount of aood sleep. If given too largely, not only will the effects at the time be disturbing to the stomach, to the bowels (by constipation), and to the whole nervous system, but the anodyne influence will be tcewferf; the Husceptibility of relief from it being lessened more and more. Canker-mouth. An ulcerative sore mouth, on the lipo, gums, and also extending to the cheeks; sometimes reaching the throat. It is most common in children, from two to six years of age. It is quite painful. The child sloblicrs, and the odor of the breath is offensive. Touching tlic ulcers lightly with nitrate of silver or bluestone twice daily, and covering them often between times with a powder of 'prepared chalk and gum-arabic, equal parts, will be a safe treatment in tlie ab- sence of a physician ; the general condition of the child being dealt with on common general principles. That is, if the child is thin and weak, give it cod-Iivcr oil, iron, and beef-tea', as well as milk. If it is costive, open its bowels gently and rvjgularly with mild medicines ; if it has diarrhoea, use lime-water, and, if need be, stronger means (see Remedies) to keep it in check. See page 271. Carbuncle. (Anthrax of medical books; though this term is ako applied to a malignant and fatal disease of sheep.) The bigge- -r;? worst kind of furuncle or boil. Sometimes it is as bmad as the top t»f a teacup or a small saucer. With an intense and most painful inflam- mation, the central part dies (sloughs), and there is no relief until it is somehow discliarged. It is possible for death to follow a Carbuncle, especially if it invade the ne<k or chest. Surgeons generally take charge of the ti-eatment of Carbuncles, and mostly think it best to cut them open early and freely. Less painful is it to freeze the part with pounded i(«, which benumbs the feeling, and then bum away the sur- face with caudic potaam. One eminent English surgeon, Paget, does not open Carbuncles, but feeds the patient well with beef-tea and milk, gives him quinine, and nurses him through ; trusting to nature to open out fmd relieve the inflammation and sloughing in good time. I am not able or willing to decide between this high authority and the ma- jority of other practitioners. It will be best to be governed by the judgment of tlie sui^eon or physician called upon in each actual case. Cardialgia. Heartburn. Really stomach-ham ; a symptom of iy«- pepsia. Tlie feeling seems to be, but is not, in or near the heart. Caries. Decay of a bone, resulting from inflammation. Necrom is the death of a part or the whole of a bone, whether preceded by in- flammation or not Caries of the Spine, See Spinal Cariea. BPXCIAL I>I8SASSa. 428 a which he remains for a short time with aU the mSS rigidlTfixS m one position. (See extended Medical works.) "^""P^'^fi^'^ Catarrh. Physicians mean by this a disorder of any mucous mem, bmne, as the nostriJ,, bronchial tubes, etc., in which acuteTuZm^n SinrSr? °y*'"''"^ by a flow of phlegm (mucous Ti^C) inTn^nn 1 '"^"'' "***" ™^'* ^'^ '" ''>« breathing pass^ n common language a Catarrh isa cold on the chest; or one 3S the nose and chest together. (See Bronchitis.) «"« "A^^'ng Cephalalgia. Headache ; which see , iK««a .fewT. une of the less wmmon varieties of fever, but Fio. 212. CUBMHO^PINAL FEV'ER. (j. LEWIS SMITH.) v«7 fata ; more than half of those attacked with it die. ChUdren are oftenerits subjects than adults. Armies, and garrisons oftrr have^been the centra .f its epidemic p.valenTin a numbTjft: inJ\!t„Tw '^u' ^'*V^""°^' ^"^'« P«'" 5° ^« ^^> extend, mg to the back of the neck, nausea, and vomiti.jj. Delirium follows ending not infrequently in stupor. Tetanic spasm, or rSv of S muscles of the back of the neck (and .sometimes of the back and hIm « common. Convulsions are much l«.s so, but do oc.ur, part, uS m the young. Painful sensitiveness of the surface of the hJZ pS jn most^, when thei. is not stupor. L<^ of sight and hea ng^y lake pbce during the middle period of the attack. The pnbe is ft Z T^JSr^tSlr'- T'«^-!«— ^veorabouV.irj::Jth SZ-re? JS. ^ TT T^' "°* °"''^ ""' of the ca«; have fPO<^red, purple, or bkck-all over the body, from thmniaarteps of 480 DOMXariC MEDICIITM. ua inch down to a pin's head in size, not disappearing on preasore. These have given the fKjpnlar name of Spotted Fever to the disease. An attack mostly ends either in death or witli the beginning of recoveiy within three days. How do we know this disordt-r ity !<i^t ? Its diagnosw is often more difficult than that of almost any other fever. Peculiar, liowever, are ite middmnegfi; the ^ijffkess of the ««««•/«•»; ami, when tliey owur, tlie spoU. Mciignant scarlet fever sometimes resemble it ; and so may the ekill of permeiouti interrnittent fever; but each of these has dft^erences of histofy which, witli can>, may suffice tVw distinction. Expeneaee amongst physicians with tliis disease has not led to so SBtisfactfHy an j^reement upon its treatment as would 1k> dwirable. Bmne management, therefore, must include but a few simple u»ei«ure«. Let the patient's hair be cut very short. Apply cold (iml) water to the kad frequently, if it be hoi; not otherwise. Put the patient, if a child, arm adalt not too heavy to be lifted, \nto a warm l«tli, almost hot, say at 9#r Fahrenheit, and keep him there for twenty miiii\;e^. After drjiiig (wWi great eare to jtrevent his l)eing chilled), apply a lonj; and wide miMtard-pbiBter (half Mad half umstard and wheat or Imlian flour) from the Ijack of the neck dowu the back ; leave it on until, upon locking oBdn it every few minutes, the skin is seen to be decidedly reddened by it Besides this, dry cups may be applied to the back of the neck atrf between the shoulders, and left on ten or fifteen muiutes at a time. If any medicine is given, let it be a moderate dose of a saline rathartic — R«jchelle salt, Twrant's aperient, or citrate of magnesium. Whife food can be swallowed, let it be beef-tea or milk only. All other treatment had better be omitted in the absence of a physician ; and happy is the piwititioner who contends successfully witli this mysterious and danger- ous, but happily not common, malady. Chicken-Pox. Called rarieella in medical IxK.ks. This term is a diminutive of variola, small-pox ; and the disease resembles the latter, or mther vanoloid (modified 8mall-p<«, aft^r vaccination), a good deal. It is eontagi'.n : from person to person, but is the mildest iuid least dan- gerous of dl coutagious or infectious diseases, not even excepting mumps. It commonly affects the same person but once in a lifetime. Four or five days after exjiosure to the contagion, pmp/es form, «c«<- Ured over the face, limbs, and body. On the next day, they l)ecorae wateiy vesicles ; two or three days later, they scab, and shortly after fall off. They seldom fill with vellow matter, and almost never pit like small-pox. Little or no fever, „v..ierally, is present, though I have teen two or Uiree children quite sick with it. The eruption often comes oat iB two or three successive crops ot sets of pimples. Like other 8PSCIAL DlSSASHa. 481 ■w* dueases, children are much more frequently attacked by it than adults. Chicken-pox needs, in ft-eo/wen/, only careful nurriny ; keepin'» the bowels open, with simple and soft f.Kxl, the pntient remaining in one room to avoid risk of taking -nikl. Tf fever should c-o.ne on, solution of citrate of potassium (see Remedies) or iic^-tate of amm.miura may be give:i while it lasts. Cait; on Jir»f rjoing out is ini|)ortant after any such disorder, as the s^-stem is tiien always especially susceptible of depression from cold and dampne-s. Sec paj^e 283. Chigoe. This (also ralle<l jif/ffrr) is the penefraCng flea of South America, whose bite is a mucli sorer atlliir than other common flea-bites. Chilblain. See Frost-bite. ChiW-bed Fever. See Puerperal Fever. Chills S«h' Ague. Chloasma. An atfection of the skin, iu wiiir h dull mldish-yellow spots of various sizes and shapes appear on the chest or alxlomeh. It is curable hy purnsiticide applic-ations. l.eing deixndent on the presence of a minute (microsoopically sinall) fuuftoid vegetation. Tar ointment, mercurial ointment, and sf.lution of c.nntnw mhWvmiv. are examples of agents usable to diwtroy Huch parasitcn awl cure tW ikin diseases ca^ed by them. (See Ramedies, piig. •« 293 and 544.) Chlorosis. " Or«.« Sickness." A disorder of girls, Ix-tween four- teen and eiglifeen years of ajjc, asually. Th, .■omplcxion is yellowish « greenisli in hue; fhc lipn arc |wle, the Jwdy is weak and nervous- men there is paipilation of the lieart. A curious symptom present in many cases is a morM appelUe for a.sh(», st«<.-iH;neiIs, clmlk, or other out-of-the-way things. Disturbance ..f tJ» menstrual function, espe- cially its suppression (amwKwrhoK*), is apt to \m jwesent. No danger to life attends it, hut it am last for iiK»th> or vears, Treulm-nt of Chlorosfc mnst aim to huUd up constitutional vigor. Good, but not stimulatiiiR. diet, daaige of air, sea-batiiing, and ligkt gymnastics O^listhenio.^ will be important. Iron is the medicine most depended upon. A f«» patients do not iKisr iron well, on accouat of fulness of the head, im^reasetl by it. Such can generally take it, u kast in rather mall dos», uAw Iwing mod«*ately pui^ed with some saline cathartic. See pag*" 3St! for doses. Choked Disk. An expression used by ocuUsts when, on examining the ey<. with an c<|»hthalmoscope, they find the part where the end of the optic nerve-trank eoR-rs the eyeball conffmfeti; that is, swoUen with an excess of hlofxl. Cholera-Morbus. Vomiting and purging together, coming on as an attat^k of disease, nut caused by a poison. It may be produced by indigestible fa»l at aay season ; but is much most frequently met with 4t2 DOMESTIC MEDICI SB. in warm weather. Being chitted after getting very w^ami is especially promotive of it. Sometimes it ixxjurs without any known error of diet. Pat the patient to bed. Apply a lai^ mustard-plaster (half and half wkh wheat or Indian flour) over the pit of the stomach. If very ill with it, molcc him use a bed-pan instead of rising to have the bowels moved ; in any case, do not allow him to walk out of the room. Have ice at hand, and give him a smnll lump of it every few minutes to melt in the mouth and swallow si While waiting for the doctor, or if none can lie obtained, it wili ^ safe to give the following simple, but very efficacious raedicii t : Put a Teaspoonful of Ixst «dcine<l Magnesia, and a Tcaspoonful of Ammatic Spirit of Ainraonia, in four Fluidouiices (about a Teaci;pful) «f Peppermint Water. If that is not at hand, pure Water will do, thougli not so well. Shake the mixture in a corked bottle; and give iif it a ten«poonfnl every fifiein or ttienty minuffH (shaking it alway.s be- £m« pouring it out). Tf this \k conthmed for an hour or two, right afaiag, nine times in ten the imtient will he relieved. Bed tases may mfOK also an injection of laH^anuin and starch into the bowels (see T — dtnnm, under Remedies; ; and, perhaps, whisky or port wine in foiyniful (>r dessertsjxionfnl doses in arrowroot or rice-water. But ■ot RMBT instances of the ntx^l of ,«uch stimulants occur ; they had bei- ler be avoided Biiless yrffd ejehmifihn (not mere sickness of stomach and (fistress) i»=. jwesent. At the b'ffinnlng o{ an attack of Cholera-Morbus, aloefaolic driaks of imy kind will lie likely to do liann ratheithan good. Cholera. An epidemic disease, whose original htinie is India ; there it prevails, more or hm, every year. 8in<* 1832, it has visited Europe, Africa, and Anierica several times ; travelling in a way of its own, as "on the wings of tl>e wind." It visits fowm, mllugtH, and HhipD, almost at- clusively ; remaining seldom nwre than a month (often less) at one place. Of those attacked with all its symptoms, about one-half die. Very many cases of watery diwrfaeea, " cholerine," occur before, during, and after its visitations. Filthy towns, and the nastiest places in towns or villages, as well as the .st«M>niges fif ships, may be atfected, while the clean arjd airy portions of the same are free from it ; unless among those whose W(ilcr->supi)!.y is bad. It is nof cotdtiip'ouiijrcym permii to person. I assert this without hesitation. It is generally so understood in India ; yet tiiauy medical writers (clsfwhere) cling to the altogether uuproven notion, that it is only conveyed by the passages from the Ijowels of thtMe sick with it. As if that could account for outljwaks of it, of which there iiavc bw-'n nmny, on sliips two weehi ami at iva; even when tliere had not Iwen, for years, a single case at the poH^t those vessels had hjl! (Ou Uiis, gee previous remarks under Causation of Disease, [)age 223.) ■■ ■H 8PS0IAL DTSSASB8. ^ morb.« the matter thn>w„ „p a"d^ S?h f "'7^1 " *=^°^^«- Htomaeh or bowels, i. oo/„r/.>« and ^.^ ''..Z f ■™"'''' ''*''^'- ^•^'" nnd therefore ,«!1«J rice-water, liltZ: ! '""'^' *'">' ''"'^■^« '" '^ greater b Ohole™ {JJ"Z7^T\ ^^^.•' "-'-«'•'"- -nueh This is a condition of col,ZJ,\Tl- ; T"'"^ "'*" '^' "»«P»«- and W„«..^ of the .kinTTf rot "^TT"' ^*''^'' ''"'< "'"•'«*'-/ fall and die in ten minute.. Most of 7l ^ , • ,' ''""^ «''^ "'"v- winning of r«x,ver,-, within tZZlfJ^^'V" "' °'- '" "«■ »- la.-rt« for two or tJ.ree days. •^'"*'t.mo< a low .sort of fever Inijwrtant to be attendeil to ;« fl.^ tholai^rnumberof i^trl^^tXr "''r'^^ ^" '-'' out pain,* pre«>d^ ,^^ '^: 'J^'^'^'^'^^-^] f ^ho bowek, with- affected, in eholen. tin.e, oL tol ,/" "r^ '"'""• -^".>' ""« «o take acme warming n,e.iiei..t!:,il;h^^^^^^ "^ ""'*' '--" ^uiet, and tionia,., I will here n iSiS oX fh '^ f"?'''?" ''^^'^''*''-) ^- I«r- am sure many ,K.c.wi;i,„tv«^^^^^^^^^^^ I'l-Mdelphia; by which i First, the premmitoru diarrhm, reoniw.- I • i stronger than es.encJf m,u,,rZZ '""' '^'' '"'*'"'« the former, with half ItL^LZ^Z^ '"' "^ '*'"" ^'^^^ «^ 'n .some of the later opidemk. 1 i ' f h I ^^ ^ """^^^^^^ ^' -^» «hculd confide much in'^its i'fo 1 ■* """" "^"^ '-•^' ^ •l^PB of it, in a small M-inXfu^ of 1^'""'"""'^ '"""•''«" = «*'^-" It may be aU^^a with XHilrS;:^'^-^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ W ^.^~5S^:^?^^-^'-^«^^'"-^^, wh.h without bei^ atfcto Mhelii^ '^^ ""'' '" -"-» -e^l d.,. C '^ *t U 484 DOMSSTIC MSDIOJlfM. glass. Take of Chl«»v^<nrm, Lftudanum, Hpxita of Camphor, and AroLoatic Spirit of AminMiia, tach a fluidrachm and a half; Oil of Cinnamcai, eight drjps; Creasole, three drops ; * Brandy, two fluidrachnw. Mix, and keep m stoppered vial. _ Diflsolve a teaspoonful of this in a wineglawful of cold water, and give of that two teaspoonfuls etcry five minuta,; following each do«e with a small piece of ice placed in th.- patient's mouth. Small and ftequent drinks of ice-water mav be allowatl, if wanted, as they are pretty sure to be. Intense thirst is almost always present as a symptom. Also, mix together whisky and red ppFr (exact proportions are here not of consequence; only it must run as a thick liquid), and rub the aims and legs constantly with them. Put bags of hot mUt, or tins of Iwt waier, to the back and belly, or on each side of the body, in the bed. Give a tablespoonful (not more) of whisky every hour or two, in about twice 08 much ice-water ; this, too, being followed by a lump of ice. If, on this method of treatmen*. vou do not save your patient, I do not believe there is any chance ft. uu otherwise-. Yet, tm I liave before said in regard to other di^ea,-^. len your doctor arrives, close the book aiid trust to him. I ha^ie i.« may approve the above practict; ; which is, iii principle, very much like what Dr. Aitken, in his valuable Ti-eatise on the Piactice k Medicine, mentions as being used with success in India aud England.f . •. /> j. When collapse has fully set in, if that thoM happen in spUe ot such measures as the above— all treatment remains to be desperate experi- mentation, with but little ground for hope. Consideration of such a subject belongs to more cxtendetl medical works. One popukr error about Cholera nee.U to be correc-ted ; namely, that a particukr kind of did ^viU prevent any one frf.ni being liable to it. Quite as many (probably more) persons are att^ukecl, during an epidemic, who live on* rice, arrowroot, ci-ackcrs, eb-., as of those who take ordi- nary food ; including meat, goo.1 smind vegetables, and fresh frmt Of couree it is oecessarj- to be c*p^-«illy mreful as to the qu^Uy mA eondt- Hon of food at such time*. Cucumbers among vegetables, and ehemea • Thi* wMOot in Prof. Homer'. p««ca^on ; «k1 I am not «W8 of iu importwo. in the Irettluusul. t See "F«mti«Ii. of Practice of Medicine," p. 3S7, foot-note. »r*eiAL Dt us A SMS. ^g- Mcewive indulirences or pv J . i- • "" '^^olen; and so do to our owl LounJ W i T ^* *" ""'""^^ '*' ^'J'^" '«" age, who^e pa«,„tH en a^Sbn l^^tl id I 't h"'" ''" ^"" "'" remain in New York riiiladplnhr n u- '^ **""''7' ^^^o"!'' etc., during July a'd W '1^' t"' ''''"'"""*'' ''^ «^- ^«'«' <Jie in a few dav. oZerTCr '' '"''"^ ™'" ""-"'^ -"^ and for a 8tiJl longer time ^ ' *''*' ""'"""'f^' » ^"'"^ked, Biay be given with milk J th T ""' 1"''''^""'' ^'mt-^vater t-«,atTntervar rl' h:r tr ' ^.J^P'"- •"'" ^"'' -^•«'^' continue, then get caW ^X "ieitf '^"'^''^^ one of these rubbed -.r. Si ' T t ' "'^"5^'"" '" «<eh; put -aotnesHiHLi^'^ti fp^^te)^: l-I^" ^"*^^ '^^ ^-' '"* Also, mix a ^/.^^-XrC^ ^' f ,' ^^ ''""^"•''^•^'■>-*'''^''«»'^ -dcinnamo„^,3t*tlV-^^^^^ enough to ..ver tJ.e whole Mlv anT l-l ! ■'• "' ^"""^^'^ ^"^ <>*• oiled .s,Ik or thin rubber cIoH; Who' 1 ' -"T^ V"*^' « P''^'* t«ke it off for a moment, we with ^Xslv '"""^ T 'T^'"" '^^^ «-d, one plaster will ,a;t a whol da d'n*S;''' t "^ '^JJ" • "^ i-lean hnen rag iuto small bits, mav be n^ t^ bat'sT: h^o^ mg SmslI drinks of iced thin nop-wntur ;er may 31=5 jf /<.«rJr,;r.^r:,::^±^^J".r«- nilk. bad, orro,^roo< mrf^ k-^^a »,««• (see Food for I'cem- or. the 431 P0MK8TIC MgDtOttrM. tick. p. 373 in th^ bo-.k). BhouM be given, in ««aff amamt^ ev«y tw« or three houni. W hen the skin i. cold «,d the child takes little and •■ veiy w«ik, ten drop, of the heM whi«lcy or bnuKly n«y be added to the fo«l about once .n th^^c honm. Xotwith«t«.Kling a different view held by a few medK«l authoi>,. 1 rcganl it om an uma/e pnuilce to rive tea- «lHH.„fi,l doacH of whi«ky or bnu,dy to young infantn, under «.y cir- ciinistatux'H. ■' Calomel ijowden, and «o,la belong ... ihe frH two or three da^, of an attack of Cholem Infantum. After that, if the symptoma continue wverely, especially with much ihairheea, w^rufenls are wanted fo check It. Blackbe,-rv-,vof tm, iu dcm.rtHpoonfnl dtises even- thn« lioure, with five dro|» of i>areg,.ric ewh time, will do well. {*> will gemmum (wild geraniun., of our woods) root tea, abo; w h^,roodta,- or ten-drop do«es of the tincture of catechu, with j^regorie. If the .Uarrhoea pn,ve8 obstinate and exh,m,th,g, un iiyi^ion (one or two tea- ^nft,k at a time, with a «n.,// syringe) of March, with one or tm> tirops of laudanum, will be niitable. Late ill the attack, when prol,.nged, .trong and varied diet beimr needfbl to Hupport strength, *../-<«, {ieed or from, will be best in thS complaint), cA«,fc-„-,m/rt., and nmUm-brnth mav be given, turn about w,th perfectly go,Kl and fW.h milk. The milk.' by tfe wa^, iJlSt ^d (brought to the boil) just before being used. Boikdjimr food (mentioned under Food for the Sick) and Meigs' gelatin foo.1, may have their place also, a« alternative.. When slowly .«„val«Kent, to suck a piece of kan ham, or good dried^f, may be relishing; and so may be the expressed juice of Imn ratt beef. Now, in all thin, we sh.aild liavc \^n beginning at the wnm end of the matter, but for the statement alremly made, that no ^*adZderJm years o/ogr. should, ,f avoidable, re.min in anv of our large cities, dC- .ng July and August. If, while remaining in town, som™«. ^^kdi^ comes on, <afe d avmy to the count,,, at once. Any high, opeij nd country pkce, where it can get good milk (if it Ims not its m«!therV in .ibundance, or has been weaned in its se<«nd year), will do. So will die sea-shore, if f,,.^! fresh milk and .^oorf drinMnff water «,n certainlv be had. Prompt removal to the countn- will often cure with ve.; little medicine; the In^st medical treatment may fail while the child remains in town. Chorea : St. Vitu^'s Baru^. A nervous affection, nearly always of .voung persons; characterized by irregular y«-i%mor«n«,fe, which con- tinue more or less all the time except when the patient is asleep. Gen- emlly it hurts several weeks; sometimte months; in rare cases, yeare. It o«urs mostly m rather thin, pale, and weakly boys or girls. Some- W^iOf^ iPMOUl DlSMASMi. ^ for n«diaU «fv^. ""^n J ute^ f ' ^'m '^i" ''""^^ ^^ '*»'-'^«' «te for it. ^ remedml raeu«ur« l.kcl.v to be appmpri- Chronic Diseaa* ti ■ ■ ent fevers. u„d ^overTflan.!! '^^^^^^^^ '"«"^-' ^'- <'''^- Jwve a time „f <w„ „, a« ; , k "i! ''"'"'*"«, pneumonia, etc., , fm. 218. Fio. 214. ClUB-irooT. ^ SS" Z:TZ; ""'""'' "^' ■""»"•■ *•. i»v. ' later, fcufiaiipsn<jii, vomiting, ■^^«l^«P»«Hippi •■■■■■ii ■■i Ml bOMMSTlO MMDtOtHM. debiUty, w«tlng of Jje body. drnp^. «>d enlwgement of tb. vd- over tbe .bdomw, Towards tbe cloge, bleeding from the bowoU (per- hap. vooutmg of l,lood), del irium, and .tupor, with t«nvd«on. b ^ ««., jwmr brfbre death. For all thi, ooun* of eventa, be.ld« wIa- paUiattPt, not, with any hojK-, cumtive, treatment. Club-Poot. A deformity with which sonic children are bom • Iwt which oooaaionally i» o«,uirtHl, from dtbUity, and H-ant of knowledw •nd care on tbe part of parents, during infancy. Only a child whoL nwvoo.^^ i, defective almort or quite to pardyais, can auflfer thk latt miafortune, with ordinarj- attention from its care-takew. ji.,0. 216 '^^^'^ ""* '*^'®"^ varieties rf Club- foot. The foot nay bo turned in, ao that in standing the child would rest ou the iuter side of the foot ami ankle ; or bimed out, the weight of the body com- ing ou the inner ankle and side of the great toe; or the toot miy be exientled, so. that tJie heel will not i«ach the ground; or the f.iot may be bent up towards f he knee, the heel only, without the sole or toes, touching the ground when the bodyiserect. (Figs. 213, 214.) Many cases of Club-foot may lie cured by pro|x«r treatment; some ran only be improved, and rendered lew inconvenient. The thing to do, «.f course, is to get the foot straight and keep it so. Surgeons effect this in certain suitable cases by cutting one or more of tr- tendons (" leaders ") of the muscles ,khich draw too much one way, and then, by means of apparatus made for the purpose, allowing the healing of the divided tendon to take place at grniter length. Other esses ,an be brought right by the long^ntinue«l application of apparatus (made to fit each case) which gradually forc^ the growing limb into its proper shape. If even a cure is not thus effected, the child may often at least be enabled to walk much better than without such assistance. Ortho- padte Hogpitals are established in various places for the special treat- ment of this and similar deformities. Colic. There are several kinds of abdominal pain, aU often called Colic SHOE FOR CLm-roOT. BfMC/At. D/SKASSS. ^^ «• or both of the o«w*. wIT TT ''"'" "***'"* "^ I*"" "' with «ve« and obinate™^^ <'^'"** "-> " •'t'^-'W *h« lower bowel. fiCp^^^/rl? rn-t^T.? ■"•' ''"^'^' ''"«" •»dgr«,tdktm«. IneveVle„fZ?J?' T^ '^*'""' '«'"«' I«i" of these mishape need- 1^ 2Z!m S .'"' *■"''•' ""^ l^-^iWhty of one CoW«Kl wet, however, ^mZwZTf !^' '" """"* '™'«»««- i- chiefly feU in the XK"l ^rtilrof^'T"" *" '' '^'' P"'" the mWdle of the belly • but .V « 1 , . ''"■«"' '«t«t'ne) «ax« partofthebowelH. ThVniL^^I;"'" V'?^'' -'""ed ^ that i- not tender to the touch 0^1"^ . ^T^T """^ °' '«»• »>"» ..umber of hou« PiT' "ft "?' "" ?"'"'* ''"« '«"tiaued for a •eh « not «nZ;„oa r^T^^^t.: rr "'V"""' "'^•'"•«" "^''*- P-ent «. . rule ...h ^r,; a T .Z ^'7 "' ^ 'r"" " .nencemcnt of relk-f m r«m/,//„„ „f *i 7' . '^ "«" •'* •'"> '«•»- »ov« down.anb; t,: ^^Xri^^'::? ti '^''""'*/'"'* *''^' ^'"^ and .;:::^otpe?ri;:^^^ --^'^vepain P«»vent repeated aVtacks ' "^ ."Aiuinrntion ; and to dof S*' '"V^lll^t' t':V"''^" '"«*'-'-^''""'- «" over the ab- water is the moet convenient thing for Z^r^' "" "•■ ^ "'"''"t teen dmi«^?!he ^nd t^H "^'^ .'-^ '^^^^^ " P'"^'' "^ ^'e fi.^, fif- not follow thi^^orZ^i' C^ "^"'"' -t •'^^ ''^'- «''-'d nW ««t give a ^^mVZ1'"'"'"'u'''^''' ^^ "^ ''"« or «>. of "Piced sympVf rl.uUrrali„ X' Tf,""' ""'^ " ♦"Wespoonful well miWwith twice rmuIT;!. ' *" ''^^P^'""' "^ ««rf«-o^ (or simikr) do«es d^^^ / T" 'P'^"''^ "^'^P- ^^'hen such bowels notll^loveS li"!*" ""''!."''^' f"'«"''"* '"'»'«--. the -tor-oil. ^cp.'^rin jr: iir^^r^v.^ ^^^^> «^ page 821.) If the nain «fji| ^J- . (** Injections, on f". ".i^. 2sri.T";"Lre::t'r """ '^° ""^ riiiHi ••etocofr IBOWTION tbt chart (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) _^ /APPLIED IIVHGE I ^^ 1653 East Main Street S^S Rochester, New York 14609 USA ^S (716) *S2 - 0300 - Phorw ^S (7'6) ^88 - 5989 - FoM 440 DOMESTIC MEDICINE. 4- obtaiu competent medical advice. Physicians are, sometimes, obliged to administer opiates to relieve extreme pain, in doses too large to be safely taken under ordinary circumstances. A certain amount of re- lief is often given to Colic by gently hicmUntj the bowels with a warm hand, to aid in pushing the wind through from part to part. In m v own person, I can always entirely relieve such juiin by pressing finnly on the frmil edye^ or mtrs of (he hip hones (acting on nerves passing there). Believing this to be a discovery of my own, not without value, it may often fail with f.there, from want of patience in its application, or from not applying the pressure in the proi)cr place. I am about hav- ing made a pair of compressors, to ascertain how much can be done in this way towards the mitigation of abdominal pains. One of the simplest, and yet most nearly sure, means of relieving the b^inning of flatulent colic, is mbbing the surface of the abdomen and back with a hair-brush or cMm-brmh. It may be used as briskly jis can be without hurting; passing the brush from" left to right over the lower part of the belly, and then in ^ circle round from right to left at the upper part, above the navel. This is useful (the brisk brushing) also in fresh pains of other parts; as the muscles, from cold; what is commonly called rheumatism, although it may be just cdd-puim and nothing more. One who hits never tried this simple brush-remedy for commencing pains, may be surprised at tlie amount of relief it will give. Of cour*! we cannot expect much from it in an advanced case. The above is an average treatment of a bad case of flatulent or crap- ulent Colic, which is the commonest kind. BUiom Chfie is slower in progress, with more vomiting, and very obstinate pain. It may kst from one to two or three days. The treat- ment of it, however, is essentially the same, with more patience and per- severance. Some practitioners will begin the treatment with a dose of oahmel or bluepiU; perhaps with opium (a fraction of a grain) added to either of those correctives. If a gall-sfone passes from the gall- bladder to the small intestine, the pain will stop suddenly when it entere the latter. Tlie same is true of gravel-dones, when, passing from a kidney, through a ureter, they enter the bladder. Spasmodic (often gouty) Colic is frequently called cramp in the stam- ach. It IS very apt to attack the stomach rather than the bowels It comes on suddenly, and is very severe and prostrating. For it, the treatment must be prompt, wm-ming, and anodyne. Paregoric or lauda- num may be given at once, in spiced syrup of rhubarb. OU of cajupui MX or eight drops on a lump of sugar, is very good for this kind of attack. A mustard-plaster over the stomach, and, if the feet be cold a hot mustard foot-bath, will be proper. SPECIAL DISEASES. ^^j lievilT u^ ^'''''' "^""'"^ ^'^ ^"°<1 to move, aud re- I'CMug the pain ; these are the " indirations." Sweet- or castor nil 1 mag„es,a (again i„ spic^ .^rup „f rhubarb) willU iXlr t he 1^ not nanne , wet if nee*! I«. ^viVl. -. „ /• • '"^v, witn a scalds, lieavy falls, or railroad accidents • what..vor ^l,^i *u clT^n"""'- ^ "'■'"°'' <="« «f 'he Sight. Mi DOMESTIC MEDlCiyS. Comedones. See Acne, under Skin Diseases. Congestion. Accumulation of blood in a part of the body, mon than is natoral. Adive congestion exists when the blood flows through an oi|;an in unusual amount; paanve congestion, when it collects with- out quickly circulating through it. Congestive Fever. Better named Pernicious Fever; which see. Conjunctivitis. See Eye, Diseases of. Constipation. See Hygiene, on the Excretions. Consumption. Pulmonary Consumption (that is, of the lungs) ia commonly meant by this; c&Wed phtkisia pulmonalk in medical works. Some families are particularly liable to this; several of their membere, occasional iy all, dying of it. Other cases begin after an attack of iibess, especially a bad cM (bronchitis), measlea, or whooping-cough. Sometimes, however, consumption bt^ins without any such anteoede I; perhaps first with loss of appetite and weak digestion ; tlien a ha/chng cough, slight, but continued; pallor, loss of flesh and strength. No time of life is entirely free from the possibility of the setting in of Consumption ; but much tlie grea^t number of cases occur between the ages of fifteen and thirty. Fewest, perhaps, are those which take place in childhood. Galloping Consumption {acute phthisic) goes tlirough all its course, ending in death, in from four or five (seldom) to eight, ten, or twelve weeks. Much more often Consumption lasts for one, two, or more years ; rarely, a dozen or twenty years. More than half the cases reach their end in from eighteen months to two years. Cough, at first hacking (unless it follows an attack of bronchitis), and gradually deepening and increasing in violence, is one leading eymptom. As the disorder advances, 8hc"*nes8 of breath becomes more and more troublesome. Eq>edoratinn is at first moderate in amount, and whitish or yellowish-white; it becomes thicker and thicker; more and more abundant, streaked with blood, yellow or greenish-yellow; at last it comes in roundish lumps, which will not all float on water. Waating of the body is what has given its name to the disease, Con- sumption. Appetite is poor, digestion difficult; late in the case, diar- rhoea comes on. From the first, the pulse is usually quickened. In an advanced case, hedio fever is characteristic. It tomes once (|K)Ssibly, though rarely, twice) a day, mostly in the afternoon; with heat and dryneffl of skin, greater rapidity of the pulse, and a bright red flush in the middle of each cheek. Oopioua perspration (night-sweats) also marks an advanced condition of Uie disease. The hair falls out, the eyes have a pearly lustre, the joints look as though enlarged, the feet swell, the vwoe k enfeebled, the night is disturbed with wearisome spells 8PMCIAL DISEASES. 443 Of ooaghing; Wr%e from the lungs oocars, early or late, perhap. ^^ H' '°,*:°-tl^'^ of the ««es. Yet, with all these disWT wonderful cheerfulness and hopefulneas are more common than the re^ vene. Towards the very last, in a protracted case, deUnum may come on Pl»,nsy now and then complicates the trouble. Death may result either from gradual exhaustion, copious hemorrhage, excessive collection ot phlegm which cannot be coughed away, or the sudden breaking of an abscess (ronttca) of the lung, producing sufforation. Prixentum of Consumption, in those whose family or individual I loiy shows predisposition to it, has been considered under Hygiene (th of the Breathing organs and their function). Its treaiment is as much hygienic as medical. Whatever promotes or economizes strength favon. Uehy ,n the progress of the case, and adds to the chances (which are not many, but exist) of recovery. Nourishing food, including milk (uever 8kunmed but nch with cream), beef-tea, and whatever else, easily di- gested, the appetite will accept, are proper. Cod^her <dl is a naturally prepared m^icimil food. A tablc^poonful of it thrice daily will not be too much, jfthe stomach will bear it. Get a good, reliable, not too thin 0,1. Cod-liver 0.1 is nasty; but most people can get accustome,! to It, and can take it after a mint-drop, or in the froth of ale, or in coffee; or alone with the addition of a little salt, as if it were fish. (relaimcapgulea of it are now s<,Id, which prevent its being tasted at 1 u!f"° "^ °^^ '* ^""''''" '** ^^^ cod-liver oil. Some can only bear It m the winter; a few cannot take it at all. For these eream or nch milk will be a tolerable substitute; and plenty of good ^^^6ee/-<«, (two pounds of l,eef to a pint) wUI help in the »me Dr. Robert Koch, of Berlin, in 1890, announced his supposed dis- covery of an almost certain cure fc- consumption of the lungs and «>ther tuberoulous dieses, in their early stage, by injecting under the skin a few drops „f an extract of tubercle dissolved in glycerin. This he f -.nght, would cause the tuberculous matter to be thrown off, and wr .revent the progress of the disease. Great hopes were excited, and scores of patiente, in Europe and America, were subjected to this tr«itment. A number of them seemed for a time to improve under it- a few were apparently made worse by it; and within six months it was given up by most physicians. The idea of this treatment was sue- ^ted by the belief that tubercles in the lungs and in other parts of the body ai-e caused by minute baeUli (seen only through a microscope). Varons iontcg, especially iron and quinine, are often given in Con- sumptjon. These may be left to the attending physician ; a« may ako be the ca,tgh mfdkinf,, after a few worxls of remark. A weak stomach 444 DOMESTIC ilKDIClNE. i. :i must not be worried with medicine of any kind, in such a weakening disease. Si/rup of wild cherry bark will be a good expectorant early in the attack ; adding to it paregoric in small doses, when the cough gro\»> troublesome, at night. Wistar's tough lozenges will also then con»e in well. At a late stage, httion nj morphia is usually relied on to pi - mote night-reit. Keeping the skiit. wa. m, by sufficient clothing, especially about the ch-'st, is very necessary. Flannel under-clothing will be l)est, with an extra rabbit-skin, or doubly thick flannel, over the breast. Dr. Mays, of Upper Lehigh, Pa., asserts the cure of several cases of consumption by thoroughly warming the patients' chests, in a nianncr thus described by him : " I had lately made, by Messrs. Tieniann & Co., of New York, a steam-jacket of tin metal, which, from a somewhat protracted use, seemn to fulfil all the ends I had originally in view. The insi(le surface of the jacket is covered by a lining, an inch in thickness, composed of cotton wadding, covered with several thicknesses of flannel. This lining is moistened with water and heated before the jacket is adjusted to the chest Thus arranged, it will be obf>rved that it strictly fills all the requirements of a strong and iwwerful external stimulant, and, while its action is the same in kind to that of a hot flaxseed poultice, only a great deal stronger, it possesses many prominent advantages over ordinary poultices and other appliances previously eniploye<l. It envelops the whole chest completely. It is light and readily adjusted. It retains its position on the chest without difficulty. It is easily managed and oper- ated. It maintains a constant and uniform temperature. It requires no renewal every hour. " The patients are allowed to remain in tea steain-jacket for a varying period, from two to five hours each day. The steaming, Ixjsides causing an intense thirst, also calls forth a copious perspiration, and, as a pi-e- cautionary measure against a too sudden change in the bodily tempera- ture, the patients ire advised to dress dry and go to bed, cover up well immedi.itely after the jacket is taken oif, and to remain there until suf- ficiently cooled off. The thirst is so great (hat a patient frequently drinks from two to three quarts of milk, or of milk and water, during three hours' steaming." * But the air is of more importance, perhaps, to a consumptive than anything else Shall he change his climate ? If he live in our Northern States, it will be desirable for him, when practicable, to spend the wintei' (from the first of November to the end of March) in the South ; iu * Medical News, ?hiladelphijk SPECIAL ft r UKASES. 44S Florida, Colorado or Ciilifornia better than anywhere else. That in, if lie in well enough to travel. If in the last stJige of Consumption, a Inxl-confincd invalid, it will be k'tter to remain and die at home. I knew one eonsumptivc to spend five suc(i>t<five winters in Florida and summers at Newiwrt, losing very little from year to year. The first winter spent North, because of a lameness, was his last. Yet pure air, even in the North, may answer well. Dr. Trudean, in hi-s wmitarium near liiike Saninne, Adironriaek?, New York, reports recovery of many eon-umi)tiverj under a ciireful fre.»l:-air treatment. Convulsions. Under Hygiene of Infancy, a gmKl deal has l)e«n said on this subject. Conviil.-ioii-t may be, at any age of life, eitli ,'r occasional or habltwtf. The time when ocr^sionnl convulsions are much mo«t likely to happen, is the jx^ritxl of fiething (dentition); between six months and thirty months of age. They are also less dangeroiu) then than later, although somelinies even the first one may In- fatal. A grown jjcrson may have a " fit," m hen hurt by a Idow on the head, when ex- haasted by bleeding, or when much agitatwl in mind. .VIso, the condi- tion of pregnancy, imd still more childbirth itself, prcdifsposes to very serious (puei-peral) convulsions. Habitual convulsions are either epileptic or hysterical. In the former, the [Hitient is entirely uncoufsoious ; knows nothing at all that is going on. In the latter, some consciousness is R-tainc<l. The sjmsmodic^ mus- cular movements are usually less violent in the hystericid than in the epileptic convulsions; and the hysterical form is much the most frequently curable. Indeetl, we may say that those having tiie former generally get well from them, and those affected with the latter only recover in exceptional cases. Everybody knows a fit when he .sees it; by the regular jerks of the limbe and muscles of the face, on one, or more often on both sides of the body. Epileptics also frequently foam at the mouth. Hysterical attacks have uncontrollable Ijiughter or crj'ing, in many cases, before the "jerks " begin ; and during the latter, the body is sometimes rigid ; perhaps arched, resting on the back of the head and the heels, \fter an epileptic fit, deep stuptir follows in some cases ; in others, temporaiy but vie nt and dangerous frenzy (madness). What to do for a convulsion is tolerably simple. We can seldom shorten it much ; but we ought to tiy to do so, and may f ueceed at least in not promoting its continuance. If the patient is known to be epi- leptic, he should be laid on a soft lied or pillowed-floor, with everything loosened about his neck, and as much fresh air around him as can be obtained. Then it will pass off in a few minutes. When a grown 446 DOMBSTIC UKDlCtyM. penon not epileptic has a convulsion, we should try to learn his previous wndition uud tlio niiise of the attack. If he is of a full, strong habit, and the face is flushed, the head hot and the pulse strong, I tiiink (but some other doctors may not) he ought to be liled moderately from the arm. Then apply a large mustard-plaster to his back, and cold water to his head. Also, give him a purgative injwtion into the bowels (if then- is tin«e for it). The same treatment exactly u|>plics to jxia-prral (chilil-ljed) convulsions, when there are pi-oofs of a full-blooded and not exhausted state of the system. Otherwise (diut is, in a weak and thin- bloodctl person of cither sex), bleeding is out of place. A wurin or hot bath will then be better; foUowetl by mustard-plasters to the back, pit of the stonuu-'h, and lower \\m\m ; taking cjire, of course, tlmt the skin be not bliiitered by them. If tlie feet lie cold, apply hot bricks, or bottles, or bags of sand or salt to them at once. (Be sure the hot bricks, if usetl, do not burn the patient ; I knew that to ht\^>im\ onw, as the poor fellow had no feeling at the ti...- ) In weak, nervous cases of convul- sions, breathiiig ether (or even chloroform) is ofceu a good remedy ; it is so in the full-blooded cases after bleeding or cupping to the back of the neck. This can hardly be ventured u'lxm, however, in the alwence of a physician. For infanUf convulsions (as said under Hygiene of Infancy), the same principles of management apply ; only bleeding from the arm is almost never suitable, and, as a nerve-tmnquiliizer, milk of assafcetida, a tablespoonful tlirown into tlie Iwwel by raejins of a small syringe, will be a help, if the tit lasts long. The trarm both also is more easily and beneficially used in infp.ntiic convulsions than in those of adults. Lancing the gums is a valuable means of relief, whenever they are swollen, or even tense and irriti\te<l. (iis shown by the child jron-ym*/ with them before the fit). A clean cut down to the totith is the right thing. A sharp penknife will do in the absence of a regular gum-lancet. Freveniion of Convulsions requires all sorts of care of the general health ; adapted, of course, to what that may be. Some may require purging and low diet to render them less plethoric; more wdl need toning and building up. (See Epilepsy.) Corns. A Com is an overgrowth of the epldmnk or outer coat of the skin. It is nearly always caused by prenmire, aa that of a tight oi ill-fitting shoe. Hard Corns may be sliced off carefully with a sharp knife, not cutting " to the quick." Then put on the place two thick- nesses of adhesive plaster, cut into little rings, am' a third piece, not so cut, to cover the central part. This will protect from iressure, and allow the com (at least aftp: the same has been done several times) t« atop growing. t^l BPBCtAL DISr SKS. 447 A Kft Corn in iuflarmil aii<l tender. You nmrt soothe it flrut, with bread poultiw-s ut uiglit, and wearing, when moving about, a -dipixr or H *hoe with a liole niaile tor that toe. Then, w hen tlie sorcuesH in all out of it, ti-eat it witfi canCnl |)arin>{ and plasten* a« alK)ve doworibed. Cough. See Bronchitis, Hooping-cough, and F medics, i>. 285. Coup de Soleil. Sh' Sunstroke. Cow-pox. See Vaccination. Coxalgia : Jlip Dixrme. A tlimnie inflammator}- affection of the hip-joint ; one of the nianilV«tati«n« of a scrofulous (tnistitution. It iH-gins almost always during diildliood. Pain is felt first in the knee; but the knee is not tender to the tomb, nor swolkii ; and if the lient knee be tapjied fn>m below, it will hurt at the hii)-joint. S.x)n the child gets to walking lame, lx.nding the knee on the aHected side so as only to touch the toe to the ground. After a while it w tlisabled from walk- ing; the hii)-joint is likely to have matter formed in it, and the head of (he thi^di-lxMie may undergo inllanimatory decay (caries). 7t i« not always so had on tliis ; if attended tt) early, ivcovery may *-«kp place in the (wurse of a few numtlm. The principles of tniitmcnt are two : to rellrve the joint from premire, aiid to build up tlie aydcm of the child. For the first, splints are made, with arrangementa for stretching the limb, so that the head of tlie tliigh- bone is kept from pressing into ita socket ; or, if the limb is not rtretched (a« was the older practice), it is at lejist kept at rest. The " building up " niust be done by good food, salt Iwths, sea or niountaui air in sum- mer, iron, and eod-liver oil. Cramp. A sjjasmodie contraction of one or more muscles. It does not always shorten the nmscle, but only makes it hard and painful. Some, especially elderly, persons often have cramps in their legs and feet. Others get them on stepping upon a < Id floor, or when bathing in cold water. Lives have been occasionally lost by a swimmer being attacked with cramp when in deep water. Epidemic cholera almost always has cramps of the limbs among its symptoms. They are much less common in cholera-morbus. To relieve cramp.-, the best thing I know, besides sufficient warmth, is to ffra^p and press firmly the muscles affected. Bandage them tightly if the attack is obstinate, always being sure to apply the bandage to the foot as well as to the leg, so that the foot will not be made to swell from checking the return of blood through the veins. Cramp of the Stomach. See Colic. Cretinism. A kind of idiocy, with general stunting of the body, aocompanie<l mostly by goitre (whic h see) of the throat It is little known anywhere excei>t in some of the valleya of the Alps. ijff 44S DOMESTIC MSDICiyS. Fid. 210. Croup. TUctb are three varietiw of Croup: 1. Sudden, n/Mnmoilie night Crwip. 2. Morlcratcly iiiflaiiiiiiutdry ratairhal ('roup. ;}. Dunger- .oujtly iutlamiuaUtr}- ntewbm uoim {:ro\ip. Tlin m.-wntl nmy glule into the la«t, unleiw properly treated. Night Croup uoniM on withrmt warning, at or before midnight, in childn-n from two to four years of hj{«-. TIio chihl, well on going to bed, wakfN with a Hhort, ! .irking cimgli, and difHciiit hoarH' l>reathing. ThiH diffifulty in diHtnt««itig. By giving it half a t<a*«iHHmfui of /ty>Hy< of ip,ftu: ttt onw, and rp|)eiitiiig tiiiH in fiflwii niimit<s if not relieved, and yet again if ne*-*! be, then' will \», in riumt oawn, t-axe given to the breathing, and tlie child will go to nU'i*. If vomiting foUowH tiie taking of the i|)e<»ic., no matter. If not, it will work off by the l»ow- elo in the morning. Should thiM laxsing not at nncw auMwer :he pur|K»ie, put the ehild for ten minute** into a tturm btith ; tlun w iix it dry and warm iu lied, or d bathe its th>^>i»t with "hartshorn and oil"; that in, equpl parts oi either wuli,- of timmonia or aromatio apirit of ammoniu and hwwt-oil. When a child has/zc- (juent atta<?k8 of nigh't-ert»up, mill: of aamfoetiJa is a good thing to add (in equal \ya,vU,) to ti.e syrup i f ipe- cacuanha. Catarrhal Croup often begins in the night, though less suddenly ; an 1 while the above treatment relieves the breathing at the time, the child is not free from hoafeness and a .short Imrking cough all day. When night again comc^ <m, ucu.- midnight, its cough grows sliarper, and the croiipy difficulty of breathing returns. Tl.'s is likely to hap))cn three nights in succession; IS trachka! *'*'* prompt treatment, seldom more. We should, in this kind of attack, give a good dose of [mrgtUke medi- cine in the morning ; citrate of magnesium or Rochelle salts will do. Also, keep the child in doors • in one room if the hou.se is not ciiuall/ warmed throughout. Give it small doses of .syrup of ipecac, (ten to twenty drops, Rcwrding to age) everj- three houre through the day ; then half-teaspoonful doses, only if it has real distress of breathing, in tk-j night. Membranom Croup Is a much more serioas affair. Not a few phy- sicians consider all cases c*" it to be examples of diphiheria. I am sure this is a mistake. I saw many cases of membranous croup (and medi- cal books gave full accounts of such) years before diphtheria was known in this country. Diphtheria is an epidemic disease, and somewhat con- tagious from person to person. Membranous Croup is an inflammalonf disease, occurring in children (and occasionally in adults) anywhere and SrSCUl. DISSASHB. 44» Flo. 2,7. •t any time. Uvxwn\ Wa.l.in^oii Am\ „f it. Tk-r ,. inmbnim. Jornicd I., the wi,H|,,i,H, i„ ,,.„«!„ .iu«« of .li|.l.th.riu ; but it v. then fim f«r,u«| on tlu- fusil, an.l !,. ,1... " (a..,..- " ; ,h..t i«. the unm-r o,h.,.- mg port of ,h.. ,hn«,. |,. „•.,.. Cn.n,, i, i „,j„„| ,., „„. ..il ' ' ,, he la,ju- «,„1 ^,W.«i, „r, evt-o. «,.,„rti..,.^, .xt.mlinK .low., into th. We know a cuHt. of inHttnunatory, thrt^teuinw to l*«-..me n.e.nbmno,,.. tr-up, l,y ,.« k.jr„.„„.g ^,t h,w a^ o<:..„ an not) in the davtin.e; „„,i eontinunig with hit!,, vh.m^v throni;Ii the •lay ami niyjlit ; ul^,^ „,„i t^|Krially, l,v (he fever that atU'iids it. Alwiiyn W ('oikviih^ about a ca.« «)f cronp in w hi.h then- is fa;,' and i7/nf«. «// ,hn,. 'l'h,.n> uiv, houcver, times when tlio dinkiilty of l.r<'atl.iii>r is worse. Wlieii (he .•ns«> pK-^ on, tlus.- iMK^.me more frequent and seve ; nn<l the Imuthing at last M no longer h<. -/w, but l,im„(, nu«l whiMliifji from the ^rrcat narrowing of tiie witidpi|)e, olwtruetcd by iiwmbmne formed iu it. If relief comes, the nigu of it i« a »>fi mucoui mttliMj in tlie tJiroat with the brejithing. Otherwise, within two, three, or four day.M iwiially (w.metimes 1.-*. th:tn two ^ days), the wi,-idpi|)e Ijeeonit. more and more tJ •Jwtruetcd, and tieath ensues at last from Mif- "yI focatioD. Trndment of membranous Croup <-.iiinot be riglitly niidertakeu by an unprofessional ;jersou. All that we can sjiy here* about it is, that, ,"heu no medieal advice cian Ije ob- tained, the pressing i- "d of relief for the paroxysms of difficulty of breathing must be met (as in night Croup) by stimething relaxinff vfhkh promotes ,ecrd!on ; and for this, ipet-ac. is the safest thing; to. t being added half-t«i.,NM,nfu] doses of ,K,wdered alum, in a ease of alarming obstiua.y. Trarl,.oto,>nj (ope.iing the windpipe by an ineision), the last e^rt of phy>.cians in «.ses otherwise iiope- ?uZi. ""*'' "^•^"^' '"^ ^'«°t"'-^-d "l-on by any untrained and un- skilled hai.c! Cne measure may e mentioned as not difficult to carry out, and likely to soften the membrane, whose detachment gives the only chance of recoven- ; making .;,e patient breathe vapo,-from water poured on umlaLed hme. In the absence of an « im,.-.! ,r." this tan he done BKONIHIAL FALSE MESIBR Kfc •i 480 DOMBSTIC Mfinctyi:. mwit Kiiiiply l>y pliKtiiig n ImiwI, <-'>ntainiiig the lime and UHling wnt«r, lUMlcr the iip|M>r Nht-otof tl> ' child'M lied ; it Umiik then coveml with tlie ithvct, face aiui nil, for a few minuteM nt n tinx-. A if<n|M)t may lie uaeil imteod, whoMj H|Miiit (when it U l»"iliiig) will j^ive <Mit the vapir from the lime rienr the little patient'it nioiiih ntxl iitMiriln. I have mt-n rw><iveri«M from riu-niliniiiiiii!* CriHip; Imt i( is ouj of the m«»t clanKcnxiM of the n<iite dimmlei-H to whii-li chiKln'n are liable. Crutta Lactea. Milk fniM; an ntTeetion of the itkin in young rhildreti. Hee Skin, Diseases of. Cyanoaia. The " Him- DIhi-iw." So «nlleil iK-eanw the infant bom with it \n blue ill over, from imperfect aeration of the blorMl. ItM cause w incomplete development of one of the ^rwxi blcMxl-vniHclH (pulmonary artery) near the heart; or the non-el(wur<; of the o|ieuing, which exists before birth, between the ri^ht and K>fl side;* of the heart. There \» no cure for thix affection. All that tnti lie done ix to place the child on its right side at on(« aiU'r biilh, and to makcHure also that the trouble is not merely a temporary imperfection of breathing ; in other wonk, that we have not a case of asphi/xia instead of ^Cyanosis. We conclude that it is the latter only when the child brcitheH and cricH an uxuul, and yet continues blue, as a permunciit condition. Sr.ch a child seldom lives many days. Uurc examples, however, have been known of those par- tially cyanosed surviving for yearn. Cyatitia. See Bladder, inflammation of. Cyata. These are cavities formed in various organs, containing fluid. They originate either in the enlargement of n natural cell or cavity, or from the dc->eIopraent of a ])amsite (cj'sticercus, hydatid) within tho organ. Ovarian cysts arc the scat of ocariun drop* On this, see Women, blieaaea of. nrtciAt. niauA»u». 441 Dance, St. Vltut'. See Chorea. Deafneee. Thw k of *vural VmV aiul diffi-rent cWai*. 1. tW genitaj ; that ih, U.injj W« .Icf. Su. I, . Ml.lr.., aiv al.*, nra^orily .lumb -deaf.mut«. 2. Fnm.mlv,., .\^,, Thm i, ,«rti«» .mly ; „.., |y, .V \ r.^ Uu*„«. .u. H,.mll.,»..x, H.,.rN (V.v..r. ..r nrvon. i.,.la„,,„aUou „f .1... «r de«tro,-..,K ..r ....pttninj^ ,1,, „„..|ui.,„ „f ,. . ^../^^ ,.^^,^. ,^^^^^ or the ty,n,«nK. ...embmno. .,f the r«r. 4. Fn,m u vi..l..ut expUio.. near the h.-ad, niptunug the ty.n,wi.i„ memhrone. />. Purtiul uud ufU>n Fio. 21S EAR-TRlMPETg. and obstructing the small .,.„al l,etw.*n tl.e ear ami throat (Eu«tu- chuui tube) with mucus. 6. Matter filling the middle ear, from i„. flammation 7 Collection of wax, formed in excessive amount, in the outer channel of the ear. The la«t of these is the only kind which can be pmperly attended to by any unprofessional treatment. Ears are almost as delicate and easily injured as eyes; they will not bear violence without injuiy. When wax « thick and over-abundant in the ear,the m . jrmoet part of it may be, genUy and carrfuUy, got out with an ear-pick. wCn some 462 DOMESTIC MEDICTirs. of it remains at the iMttom of the passage, it may be softened and loosened by repeatedly pouring warm water, or glycerin and water (equal parts), or almond-oil, into the ear from a teaspoon or a little glass tube with an elastic suction-end. Syringing is often used for this purpose, but the spoon-pouring is gentle" and better. I have known persons to he made dizzy and faint by having their ears syringed. There are specialists who practise ear-surgery, and who are called upon to treat cases of chronic deafness. Far be it from me to disparage their skill and ability ; but they would probably acknowledge the great difficulty of their calling, and admit that it allows of fewer successes than are obtained by oculists. Degeneration. See earlier in this volume, on the Nature of Disease. It may be added now, that degeneration consists in the substitution for healthy, active tissue in any organ or organs, of a lower kind of forma- tion. So, in the heart, fat may take the place of muscular fibre (fatty degeneration) ; in the arteries, mineral matter may form instead of the natural coats of the vessels (ossification). Thc^ are also other kinds of d^neration. In old age, such ehimges are simply modes of slow decline of life, ending at last in death. Intemperance, over-fatigue, acute diseases, etc., anticipate old age in certain cases, bringing on de- generations in different organs, such as have been mentioned. Delirium. A disorder of the brain, shown by random talking, ges- tures, and perhaps more active movements. It occurs often in fevers, especially in typhus and typhoid fevers. It is to be distinguished from insanity, in which there is a more lasting mental derangement. Delirium may come and pass away within a few horn's. Delirium Tremens : Mania-a-Potu. This is the most horrible kind of Delirium ; commonly well named " the horrors." It is brought on by intemperance ; most frequently from the use of distilled liquors (ardent spirits, that is, whisky, gin, brandy, rum), but sometimes from fermented alcoholic drinks. It may be fatal in a first attack. If re- peated, it becomes each time more and more dangerous to life. Trembling, as one symptom, has given part of the name of this afi^ tion. Sleeplessness also belongs to it. When the patient gets a long sound sleep, he almost always wakes up well, or nearly so. Weakness of the stomach, loss of digestive power, is another part of the worst cases, making it much harder to get them through the attack. But the most terrible part is the brain trouble ; the mental Siffection. All kinds of dreadful images beset the victim, and seem real to him. Snakes, rats, wild beasts, and armed pursuing enemies, are around him day and night. The horror is in himself; most of all when alone, and in the dark. He might say with Milton's fallen Lucifer, " myself am hell." SPECIAL DISEASES. 453 In rare instances only, the illusions which take the place of realities in this delirmm are, though very real-seeming, without horror. If ever obliged to deal with a patient so aflected, remembe'r, first, that the cause of his malady is alcohdic poimning. He must be rid of that If you are afraid (as many are) to stop abruptly his supply of drink, at least make him « taper off" rapidly. For his habitual half gallon or quart or so of whisky daily, sul«5titute at once a tablespoonful every three hours; which will make about two wineglassfuls in the day and night. The next day make the interval twice as long-eve^ six houre. Ihen withhold It all day, and give him a single wineglassful at nine or ten oclock at night. Let him drink also a pint of hop-tea in the couree ot ttie day. If seeming strong enough to do right off without whisky let him have for a few days a bottle of ale or porter daily. NourUhment for such a condition must be strong and .lusily appro- priated. Beef-tea (not filtered, but well skimmed), to which plenty of red pepper is added, may be given freely; in the weakest cases, beef essence. Any light animal food that he likes mav l)e added ; as chicken broth, etc. Milk will be very suitable if he will'take it, as is sometimes the case. If a mirm bath can be prepared conveniently, a stav in it of half an hour, towards night, being rubbed dry quickly afk<rwanls, will promote sleep. ^ As to medieim. If you must act in this emergency without medical advice, laudanum is, on the whole, the best i-esource. Begin at night with thirty drops. Should he not sleep after three houre, give him' thirty drops more. Then, if he continues wide awake, wait six houi*. and begin with fifteen droj^ every four hours. Let the dose at half-past nine or ten o'clock at night be doubled-thirty drops. Dare we push this opiate treatment further, if it still falls short? I hesitate to recom- mend It to any unprofessional person. But I may say that I have known larger quantities of it, similariy used for four, five, or six davs, tollowed at last by a long sleep an 1 recovery. For other plans of treatment, the reader must be rcfcrml to professional medical works. Dementia. Wreck of the mental powers ; imbecility, coming on in a person whose mind was previously sound. It often follows acute or chronic insanity. It is more hopeless than nrnnia or melancholia, the other chief varieties of mental derangement. Dengue. See Break-bone Fever. Diabetes Mellitus. A disease characterized by the presence of »uj,ar m the unne. It is a wasting disorder, but slow in progress ; often last- ing for months or years, but seldom cured. What does the sugar come from? Certainly either from the food 4S4 DOMESTIC MEDICINS. taken, or from the subetanoe of the tissues of the body. Since the body wastes away gradually, and yet not very fast, and a good deal of sugar is passed dally, it is probable that both the food, after it gets into the blood, and the tissues, furnish the sugar. The liver always has in it some sugar after death, and contains a sugar-forming material, glyoozen, during life. Whether the liver is to blame in this case or not, a bad habit of sugar-making exists in the system. How may we discourage (if not prevent), instead of promoting, this habit? Reiwonably euough, it is thought, by letting the patient take no sugar-producing food. Not only sugar itself, but starch, everything containing starch, is to be with- held, in accordance with this view. As nearly all vegetables and fruite contain a great deal of starch, meat and bran bread are the chief ingre- dients of the commonly advised diet of dial)Ctic persons. Milk is ex- cluded, -because it contains lactose, the sugar of milk. As for medicines, there will always be time enough for these to be considered and directed, in Diabetes, by a competent medical authority. To discover the sugar in the urine requires some knowledge of chemistry. (See " Essentials of Practical Medicine ;Y or works on Medical Chemistry.) There are no special symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus (beyond the dis- charge of a very laige amount of heavy urine) sufficient to make cer- tain the presence of the disease without a chemical analysis of what ia Diet tables for Diabetic patients have been constructed. The follow- ing will answer for that purpose. One so affected should not eat : Sugar, in any condition. Wheat, rye, or Indian com Bread. Potatoes, Turnips, Parenips, Carrots, Peas, Beans, Rice. Arrowroot, Sago, Tapioca. Pastry, Puddings. Fruit, fresh or preserved. Calf's Liver. IK^>etics may eat : All kinds of butcher's Meat except Liver. Ham, Bacon, corned Beef, dried Beef. Poultry, Grame. Fish, fresh or salted. Soup (except vegetable). Beef-tea, etc Bran, gluten, or Graham Bread. Cheese, Butter, Eggs, Cream. Spinach, String-beans, Asparagus, Lettuce. Cabbage, Cauliflower, Broccoli. Tomatoes, Onions, Radishes, Celery. Jelly, not sweetened. Custard, made without Sugar. Nuts and Pickles in moderation. SPEQIAL DISEASES. 465 Diarrhoea. Excessive and liquid discharges from the bowels. Sometimes this occurs by itself, but in many cases it L a symptom of a general disease; as in typhoid fever, cholera, and advanced pulmonary consumption. There is also a form of " consumption of the bowels," with wasting, in which diarrhoea is the most conspicuous symptom. Diarrhoea by itself (idiopathic) is the most common in warm coun- tries and in summer time. Infants are especially liable to it in summer. (See Cholera Infantum.) Treatment of Diarrha?a has been already considered pretty fully in this book under Remedies : How to Oiech Bian-hoea; which see, |)age 270. Diathesis. A morbid constitutional condition or predisposition : as the gerofuloua, goviy, rlmmatw, or titfphilitic diathesis. Dilatation of the Heart. Stc Heart, Diseases of. Dilatation is enlargement of the heart, without thicikcning of its substance. Diphtheria. An acute disease of the general system, with violent inflammation of the throat, in which a thick yellowish-white membra- nous deposit occurs, sometimes extending into the windpipe and causing diphtheritic croup. The disease is generally epidemic; but, with close contact, as kissing, or inhaling the breath of one affectetl, it has been shown to be contagious. Princess Alice of Ilesso, a daughter of Queen Victoria, is considered to have Ix-ea the victim of a kiss, by which she caught the disease from one of her children, just recovering from diph- theria. Several physicians have died of it, in consequence of inhaling the breath of patients on whom they were performing the operation of tracheotomy. Although described as sometimes seen by ancient writers, and in mod- em Europe and America at long intervals (as in New England in 1736, and New York in 1771), Diphtheria never prevailed extensively either in Europe or this country liefore 1865-6. Now it is often absent from many places for years together, and then may break out, in a village quite as often as a city, or in a single family, even; destroying in such cases a number of lives in succession, especially among children. As to the carnation of Diphtheria, the two most important practical points are, one, that it is sometimes personally contagious ; and the other, that it is promoted by an impure atmosphere; such as that of large tenement-houses, close alleys, leaky drains, stagnant sewers, etc. Reason exists for believing also that impure dnnhng wuta- tends towards the same result. Diphtheria is, in part, like typhus and typhoid fevere, a filth-bred disease. How shall we know an attack of Diphtheria from one of common sore throat ? Unless Diphtheria is known to be prevailing at the time, do not suppose it at all probable that any case is of that disease. Multi- 456 DOMESTIC MBDtCTlTR tudes of people have qnimy, and greater multitudes flight inflammation of the/aiK-es and pharynx, without any Diphtheria. In the latter, there is a severe illness : the throat is very sore ; and, when you press down the tongue M'ith the handle of a tablespoon, you may see on one m\e or both, baek of the tongue, piUvlicK, whitish or dull yellowish-white (late in the attack sometimes almost brown), looking like hardened phlegm, They are almost of the naturt* of uuicus, only more solid, and not separated from the lining of the throat. Be sure not to mistake for such diphtheritic deposits, either 1 , small bits of phlegm, ordinary mucus ; or 2, small pimplen or enlarged and inflametl follicles of the throat. To make sure, let the patient (if old enough) wash out the throat with pure waiv. ; and then look again. If mucun, the patches will have been \ra8hed away. If either pimples (papules) or enlarged follicles, tlie v/ash- ing will make their small size and regular rounded shape distinct. A diphtheritic throat, moreover, is all red and swollen with inflammation. Bad cases have this to extend also into the nostrils, witli an acrid, nasty dischai^ from them. If there be a raw place anywliere on the body, as from a blister, diphtheritic membi-^ie will be apt to form on it also. Diphtheria is not ^tii orally a very rapid disease. Sometimes its prog- ress for several days is gradual and iu«idious. The child or other pa- tient does not appear to be so ill as he is. But in three days or so, most generally, it shows its»lf to be bad enough. Very many get well ; but a considerable fraction of cases do' not, but die within about a week. On recovery, great debility is commonly left, and sometimes partial paralysis, affecting the muscles of speech and of swallowing, or, it may ho, the lower limbs. What are we to do for Diphtheria ? I am reminded by this ques- tion of what I heard a celebrated physician, the elder Dr. Hodge, of Philadelphia, tell of himself. When he liad been some time in practice* and married, a child of his had a convulsion. " For heaven's sake," said Doctor Hodge, " somebody go and run for a doctor ! " So I must say to the reader when a case of Diphtheria occurs : go for a doctor. It is impossible for me to dogmatize about its treatment, A dozen or two plans for it are set forth in medical books and periodicals. I will only say that those of my cases in practice have done best in whicii I gave early and large doses of chlorate of potassium ; five grains for a child under ten years of age, and twenty grains for an adult, every three hours, dissolved in water. Of course the patient must be kept comfort- ably warm and quiet in bed. An early moderate dose of citrate of magnesium, or Rofhelle salts, or Tarrant's aperient will be suitable. The throat may be bathed repeatedly outside with soap liniment or "hartshorn and oil," and gargled with alum water or a weak solution of chlorohy- aPSCIAL DISEASES. 457 (Wc (mariatio) aoiVl mix«l with houey. One of the most agreeable and iwefnl things, however, will lie the swallowing slowly of Bniall pieces of iee, at tolerably short inten-als. Liquid food must lie given from the Ktart; milk, beef-tea, chicken-broth, etc. For the account of further particulars, and various mod.« of tixatnient, I must refer the reader to "Essentials of Practical Medicine," or some other pn)fe88ional medical work. Diplopia. Seeing double; two ubje(;ts instead of one. Hmiopia (more rare) is seeing only half of an oi)je<'t at a time. Dipsomania. See Methomania. Dissecting Wounds. Poisoned wounds, got while handling re- cently dead bodies ; as in pod-mnriem examinations made by jjliysicians, or in the dissecting rooms of medical colleges. Similar results follow from even ve-y slight wounds, us the puncture of a neetlle or a n, into which matter from ulcers, abscesses, or any unhealthy sores, lias l)een allowed to enter. During my early medical experience, I sutfered from three such wounds; two of them producing serious illnesses. They are often fatal. In my own, as in most other (uses, inflammation of one or more of the lymphatic (al)sorl)ent) vessels took place. A bright red line, very tender to the touch, ran up my arm to the armpit. There, in my worst (^"e, a glandular abscess formed, as large as an apple. When it softened and was opcnetl, I began to improve and get well. Prevention of such poisoned wounds is always attainable, even when one's hands are immersed in the pnxlucts of decay and death. First, never touch such things if there is the lead scratch on the hand. Sec^ ondly, if a knife, needle, pin, or edge of bone breaks tlu; skin while at work in such materials, at once wash and then suck the part thoroughly ; and do not expose it to the same things again. ITiis is not u pleasant precaution, but it is very efiective and important. Diuresis. Excessive discharge of urine. Diabetes means the same thing; only in case of sugar being found in the urine the term meUitus (from mel. Latin for honey) is added to the latter name. Dracunculus. Guinen-worm ; one of the iKii-asitcs which, in trop- ical climates, occasionally live in the human body. Dropsy. A collection of watery fluid, either in the coimective tissue all over the body, or in some of the great cavities; as hydrothorax, dropsy of the chest, hydrocephalus, of the head, ascites, of the abdomen ; anasarca, general dropsy ; cedema, watery swelling of a part of the body. Of the causation of Dropsy, enough for our purpose has been said under the Nature of Diaeases. Concerning its trealracnt, see Remedies ; under the heading Dropsy (page 290). 4tt D0MS8TIC MXDlCTIfS. \ Drowning. See Accidents aud EmergenciM, in the last part of this book. Dumbness. Every one bom denf niunt he dumb (mute), hecvuw, without hearing, he cannot learn to ispeak. Of latter years, a system has been invented by which deaf persons can, with lung perseverance, be taught to speak by looking at and following t!ie motions of the tongu«, lips, and throat. A few are without speecli from malformation or de- fect of the organs used ; t. €., the cords and muscles of the larynx, the oi^an of voice. Impediments of speech from such causation are not un- common. Idiots {bom imbeciles), and those who become imbecile from disease affecting the brain, are sometimes dumb, simply from want of sense. Dysentery. An inflammator}' affection of the lower bowel ; with frtqaad, mnall, aud bloody discharges, passed with pain and glrainiruj. The belly is tender to the touch or on movement ; fever is often present in severe cases. Dysentery is most common in and near Philadelphia in August and September ; but it mt|y occur in scattered cases at any season. Some localities, es{)eoially in tropical climates, have it evety year as a rrt o'i endemic disease. Eating unwholesome food, as unripe fruit, is one of its causes ; l)eing suddenly chilled after great warmth is another. In treatment of Dj'sentery, rest in bed is indispensable. A large warm niiish and mustard poultice sliould be laid over the abdomen, and covered with oiled silk. At the very start, half a tablespoonful of castor-oil, with ten drops of laudanum and a tablespoonful of spiced syrup of rhubarb, will be a good dose. Leaving to the physician to prescribe the rest, it may be said that ipecac, in small doses (not more than a grain at once, best in pill) is one of the most useful medicines in Dysentery ; opium has to be resorted to tolerably early, also in small doses ; from one-eighth to half i grain, according to the suffering nnd number of discharges, every three <.>r four hours ; later, obstinacy ui the case may require mtgar of lead, half grain to a grain several times a day, as a sedative astringent ; and latidanum and starch injertions into the bowels (twenty, thirty, or forty drops of laudanum in a tablespoonful or two of starch) constitute an important part of the management of severe cases. Food only of the simplest and most soothing kind is allowable in Dysentery ; arrowroot, sago, tapioca, oom-starch, made with milk to make them more nourishing, will be the best things ; with rice-water for a drink. Giicken-broth may be the first variation from these ; Jter- wards beef-tea, etc. In convalescence, care must be used not to get up and move about too soon ; also, not to venture on all kinds of food be- fore the bowels are altogether settled. CAronto Dysentery depends aPSCIAl DISSASMS. 459 usually on ulceration oi the lower bowels. It is sometimes difficult to oure, even iinder the care of a nkilful practitioner. Dyunenorrhcea. Painful mcni>truation. Sonic women suffer con- siderably ever>- njontli ; others only owasionally. IVskIcs such treat- ment OS belongs to professional skill and experienif, tfrnientic pre- cautinimand mcastires suitable arc these: Avoiding fatignc of bodv or mintl for a day or two before, iw well as at, the regular time for' the change remaining at n-st in Ui\ or on a wueh through the needful time; applying a flannel wrung out of hot (not merely warm) water over the lower abdomen ; and taking some warming antispasmodic or anodyne drink. Such may be spirit of camphor, twenty drops, with compound spirit of lavender a tca^ixionful, in a wineglassful of hot water, in a mild case. In a severe one, a teas[)oonful or two of pare- goric should take the plmw of the camphor ; and such a dose may be repeated, if pain is great, in two or throe hours. Married women who have children are likely, if subject befcre to Dysmenorrhoea, to get rid of it Dyspepsia. Habitual indigestion. Its most common causes are, eat- ing indigestible food ; taking too much food ; eating too fast ; swallowing the food without proper chewing; and mental worry. I have known it to be produced in a >vorkingraan by drinking a liowhul of strong coffee three times a day. Symptoms of Dysjieiisia are : pain or discomfort in the stomach, increased after eating; bekhiug, from flatulence; sour taste in the mouth; sometimes " water-brash," /. c, a fluid coming up from the stomach into the mouth ; in certain instances " heartburn," the feeling really starting in the stomach, though seeming to be alwut the heart ; poor appetite ; constipation of the bowels ; low spirits {hypochondria). Some dyspeptics cannot forget their stomachs at all, and also conijiel all their acquaintances to remember their unhappy condition. This is often a very hard disorder t« cure ; but it is not immediately dangerous to life. TreatmeiU of Dj-spepsia requires, first, great care in the diet. When everjlhing disagrees, die jwitieut is often not a good judge of what is best for him. Meat, tender and good, especially beef, lamb, turkey, and chicken, niast, with stale bread, oatmeal mush, and crackers, make the bulk of his nourishment. He must eat slowly, take time for it, with his mind as much at ease as possible. Secondly, his habitg of mind and body must be improved. Sonie- tfiing to do every day, will lie advantageous; exercise out of doors is veiy important ; but ovc-fatigue, and Morse, over-worry with business, will not suit him at all. I^et him always sit awhile, talking or reading (not studying), after a meaL I 4m DOMsarrc MMDrcnrx. Thirdly, eonglipaiiun must Iw nlleved. Fresh fruit, espGcially peadieA, or the best apple.-, or in their iibecnce stewed prunes or dried peac^iei:, will generally help much. Ilhubarb is the best of medicine as a "peri- staltic persuader" for the dyspeptic. Fricderiehshalle or Hunyadi Janoi» water will do now and then for a change. Fourthly, tonics are appropriate, especially the simple bitter tonics^; as gentian, quassia, columbo, etc. Probably the most convenient of ell is the compound tincture of gentian ; a small '••ssertspoonful, in a little water, after each meal. Fifthly, aeldihf may be counteracted by occasional doses of lime-water, soda, potash (bicarbonate of potassium), or, when costive, magnesia. Vi«hy lozengcx and " soda mints " arc gcHid for this purpose. Sixthly, although the poor and irregular meals often necessarily takoi in t.avelling an; not beneficial, yet chaiiffe of place, scene, and diet is generally goo<l for a dyspeptic person. It helps to get his attention away from his own ailments ; and it is a fact about a disordered stomach, that the more you think about it the more it won't Ijehave itself. Dyspnoea. Difficulty of breathing. It i met with in croup, asthma, dilatation of the heart, dropy of the chest or abdomen, epidemic cholera, and some other affections. Its woret degree (short of (uphyxia, suflbca- tion) is called orthopncra ; the pntient being obliged to sit up in order to l)reathe at all. Treutinent of it belongs to the disease which causes it. Dysuria. Difficulty iu passing water. See Urine, Retention of. MfMCtAL DISK ASMS. 461 Earache. Mont common in infancy and childhood. When a baby too yoang to talk Horcanw with pain, not relieved at all by a hot flannel over its stomach, and not accounted for by plnn, hunj^r, thiret, or tcnj- per, touch tlic .rntml jwrt of itn ca . If thii., on pitting it, makw it nhrink and cry more loudly, you n)iiy lie pretty huto it hax Earncln". Drop into it, first, a teaxpoonful of duwtil luA tenter. Should thir* not Beem to do gooc', follow it with twii (Imi* of trai-m mreH-oll, added to mi- drop of laudanum. Olwtiuate cjlhch may be tr«ited with poultices to the ear, of hops, much, etc For these semi for a diictor. Ear, Inflammation of: Otith. A |iainfnl ear, continuing so all day, and tender to the touch, must lie inflamed. TIiIh may he, aud oAen is, a slight affair, which will get well (jf itself in a few days ; but some- times it is extremely w vcre, pofwibly extending to the brain. A bad case will end in the fornjution of pu« (matter), which discharges either through the outer channel (meatus) of the ear, or, more slov .y, by the Eustachian tube, into the upper part of the throat. Very little treatment is available for ear iiifia.umation. Almond oil to drop in, is soothing ; and so io gently applying, all over the mai<gin of the ear-opening, the cold cream of the apothecary. 8evere pain may be relieved, as in simple earache, by a drop of laudanum, followed by a poultice of hops or warm niJish. If a poultice is used, it ought to have a p'ece of fine gauze between it and the ear, to prevent the n, terial from getting into the passage. Leediea are often applied with good result to an acutely inflamed ear; and,at a later stage, a mall bliMer just liehind the ear may hasten the cure. Eara, Ringing in : Tinnitus Anrhim. This may have several causes. If it be in one ear alone, it is almost certainly due to some fault in that ear. When both ears are alike affected, the cause may be in the ears, or, quite as often, in the general state of the bruin. Quinine, taken in lai^ doses, produces in most people ringing or roaring in ^he ears ; and so does salicylic acid. Staying in the hoase for days together without exercise will bring it on in some jiersons. Oeiierfd nervous exhaustion is fnxjucntly attended by it. All these are causes affecting both ears, through the condition of the brain. In the ear itself, obstruction to the conduction of sound, as by wax, or the stoppage of the Eustachian tube, will sometimes cause this symp- tom. It also comes, with dizziness, as premonitorj- of Menitr^s dia- aue. This is a rare affection. On the whole, while it is unpleasant, ringing in the ears alone, without other signs of serious disorder in the brain, does not neoessarily indicate anything very dangerous. Eczema. A disease of the skin, with a more or lees watery wup. tion, often scabbing. See Skin Disease*. iP m iJOMSariC MMDIOIJfM ■Icphaatlatii. Enlaigmusnt of a limb, or (^ th« aidi or tnmk. "eWphant-llke." See 8Hia DitMSM. Bmbolitm. Obitowtion of a blood-vcMl by an emMu»i *l»»t u, _. • ">»•' fragment of Wood-fibrin waaheil tb- ough the it 1 1 '^"^'**'"" ''^™ *" "^^ *'"''* » the «at of infhm- ^ Jf^ mation. An emboliu, m-tlng m a plug, may to arrnl m M/ **** '"FP'y of Wood by an artery as to cause the death ■ Mr of the port (aa an arm or log) by mortUkatkw (gan- Mm Emphyaema. Duk.Uim ot the cella of a Ini«, or J^^^ ^ the connective tissue under the 8kin, by air. It ia / r — "*'* " wnnraon oonirrence, in either situation. C-V Empyema. A collection of piw in the pleunl noa (mtnoim) or AMTBar. cavitv ■ the chest ; following pleurisy, or suppuratioa of the lung from inflammation and abHcew. Most ftwinently it a the rwuU of severe pleluriny. If a spontan^jos opening between the nba does not give it exit, physimns often deem it best to Kt it ODt by an operation ; as ptu will not, like serum, be a'uwrlied, and M always a source of danger to life when it remains in any cavity of the body. ' ' Bndocardit'.. Inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart It is attended by much distross, and may be fatal in a few davs. When not so, lasting injury may be left, in changes in the valvfa of the heart. See Heart, Diaeaaea of. Inflammatory Rheumatism is the principal antecedent of endo- as well as of pericarditis. Enteric Fever. See Typhoid Fever. Epilepay. The « falling disease ; " habitual or periodic convulsions. The parent falls, after little or no warning, becoming nnconsdons at once. His limbs jerk, and his jaws are dosed with violence; some- times bitmg the tongue. Foaming at the mouth is common. In a few mmntes, usually, the attack is over; but drowsiness, perhaps stupor, or occasionally wild frenzy, follows in a certain number of cases. The fits may come even- day or oftener ; or at inter%'aU of days, weeks, or months. Epilepsy IS hereditary in some families. Othemnse, it may be brought on by sensual excesses, abuse of tobacco, fright, or any other cause of gr«t nervous disturbonce or exhaustion. It is veiy hard to cure. Bro- mide of potassium has more power than any other drug in lessening the number of fits ; but its krge administration has inconvenient effecte on the systMiL Epilepsy, after long oonti..aance, mostly impain the con- dition of the mental faculties. Yet several of the most celebrated men have been epueptics: Cesar, Mohammed, Petrardj. Newton, Pet«r the Great, Aapolera I., Lord Byixn. tfMC/Al D/SKAaXM. ^gj lh.*.S»!l"?"'' 'J,'?""* "•»«'»'« growth. oon«i*i„g chiefly or ^mtottto form, c, w epiihHuU celU; ««h » .«n«tan5 to tW fijvof th. .k.„ «Kl to the «,«,o«. . ..ing of .he n,o.uh. ,h.«I ^ ^hS iir "ft'' """^^y' - -- 'ou-i K~wi„g'i. ^It ^^^ ^, « a rule wi.h ver>- few exception, it i.^^ Som^ HH^ when cut .way. or othern-.V- de.tr„ml, .^y ^rrH dc^ Eruption.. See Skin Di.e..e.; al.,, Ex.nthem.t.. «.ryii|)eu,. a ipretuliny inflammatory afflition of tlie Micin lU. h« been wou.kI«1 .„ «„,ne way, it xtead- gra.lually over th. .k . »^.m«. H Jon^ part of the Ixxly in than iavolvul/ WV J tf ^l ^ uie bnun may then follow, indicatijig great danger Kl«ewhp«. !.«-, r;l^"'7 En.iH„« may exhalfSe -t.^gth. v ^^S Jl ScTortwTeT ""■ "' "" '"''^ -^"'P .nflanTmatrn "e" tlTin Jr ^ *' ".y ""^ '*' """•'• <■«"»**'«" «*■ P«" under the 8km as to give great tronltle. * ^' E.y«pel«H pmaifc «ixv.aily in Ill^tUated h<»pUaf». Now ami -cii^'nTSarT •'"^' "^"'-"'"^^ otherZItaac^.:,.:;' Zt^T-^u "* ""' «>ntagiou« fn,m pe«o« to pe«on. Con- M puerperal ferer. Physiciana and nurses should never go from attend- .ng upon or vu.iting a cane of e.,.ipela« to take ehaxge of^ cTof £ Early local treatment may avail much in this dkKe. W^nVhe S ^rnmg aenaat on. with tendern^ to the touch and rcdnl ^mc.^ TTh J^^ ; ' ~°<'»«™*'«" ™«y l« P-^vented l.y the timely u«o i?oL":r :/s;:5ir "'^^ ^-^'^-^ -^ ^'•^ --' - ^^^^/-^ In l«atment of the disease, when fairly developtxl, nothing i« mined I^y trying t„ „,j,^ ,,,^ ^ ^^ .^ ^ > pZr ^ "^ «.deof «no ointment, weak lead-water, lime-water and il. Z' Sj!. n «• °^.''"'* "" '^'""^'"^ ''""" ^''^ ♦"'"k or fac* io the head fa^^expedient J sometimes it may «,c«*d. but not always. It i^ •Jtem^ by pamfng the skin thickly with tincture of iodi^J^ ^ ^ the mflamed part. Oodir^ medicine, as c-v ^^^mt Rocbelle salte, citrate of pob«ium, «ceta<« of ar „ ■ , ^^^"rJ ^ to tb. «riy, feverisl. .^c of an attac-k of E.,. .as.' l^^Z «.mulat«g. but nourishing liquid diet is also in pliioe; nutt, W-t^ BOMKirtC MMDtOtWM. tmUutii gruel, eto. Under widt « siiiipk' trMtroent, I have Meu ■ luft namber of cmcs of thh diwMe mtiviv, in hanpitalu m well im in private pnwtioe. The mmt tninbtl n>nicdy for KryipeUm, howpvrr, «ith matt phyiirlnnii »t thr |)rr«<iit duy, m Hudmf tj/thf (•hlorltlf o/lnm; flftetn or twenty i\nt]m ovcry thn* or fiHir li Honw nl«o (five alruhol fteely to cryHipclHtiHiM |Mtlrntf«. Thnt nonw tWni, mpeciHlly in hoipitala, nmy t^<<|iiin> it, i». entin'ly probe *>h'. I nitip<t mention, hi»\vever, that of nil the ^•«mf* of KrvMijN'liM under niy nire in twenty yearn, oil of whom gut well, iHit one took, by my mlviit-, u drop of ulnihiJ. Brjrthema, A mild HU|icdU'iid inflanimntion of tli<- ^kin, xprendin^f ■omewbat, but without the wverity of er>-i«iiM>Iufi. •• Skin Dii- tasca. Exanthemata. Tlie miite eruptive and felwih' diwmlern ; namely, miuill-fMKr, ntiiiJolii, i-Aieilm-yKu-, »iiifhi j'lrri; niid %tmwU». Ench of tbeiw h(M or will Imve it** plaei' niw) He)Ninitf conttide-rutiou in thin alpha- betical ftenm, Tliey nil come out witiiin one ur two woeka ailei expo- Huro to the cuntugiuu. StnaU'pox htm the eruption to begin on the third day, aa pimplea, becoming watery, ^imI then mippunttiug, pitting, drying, seabbing, and fiUling off. It la^tH in all about' three weeks. Varioloid reaembleH Bnudl-]iox, except tliat in all rp«pectH it ia niider, iiimI runs itH counie in a shorter time. Chichnt-pox {nirir^n) looks like very mild variolf" \ but with more si-ittered vesicles ; < niing out in suooessive small cropi, aud aeldom mippurating. The whole attack may be over in from a week to ten Sceuid fiver bM generally (in this like sma. rwx) pain in the head and back, with sick stomach, perhaps vomitini;, at the beginning. On tfa<> aecottd day, soretuna of the throat appears, the thruot and tongue being very red. About the -ame time, bright diff'uaed rednem is seen on the face, trunk, and limbs, increasing until, in marked casc«, the whole surface of the body has a red and swollen look, with a very hot fever also. Meatleg doen not have the eruption to *^n until Ae fourth day (sometimes later). Cotigh and redness of the eyes aud running at tlio nose come sooner, perhaps with the first mataixc of the beginning sick- ness. The measles eruption is in irregular p ehes or " hlotdies," and, on lookuig closely, we see that it is made up of small pimples, la>ger than any seen in the scarlet fever eruption. The redness, moreover. Is leas bright, ai^ the heat of skin leas intenst, than in that malady. Soren^s of tfie throat is oooMionally met wiA in measks, hot it is not a oharacteriirtio symptom. The duration of measles > from sevm to r ■ i ''^Sipr:. it! M '^H ) JH^^BVK I 8PE0TAL DISEASES. ^^ Via. 220. KXOPHTHALMIC OOITRB. with violence, especially npon exertion. It is a fli^nnlpr ^r i digUalu and h-^ T^ • * ^^ '" '^ management are of anykind. The nearer «< mrf from exertion he is, the better. (Fig 2^^ 460 Dottgariff MSD/oryg. I Eye, Diteaaea of. Ir^mmiaion of the eye may affect only the snr* face covering of the eyeball and lining of the lids, when it ia called conjundiviiis ; or the cornea, eomdHa; tbe hard fibrous coat, aderotiHs; the ring around the pupil, ifUta; or the retina, retinitii, A general in- flammation of the eye is called ophthalmia. This is common ; but the degree in whieli the different coata are involved varies much. In home practice, the care of conjunctivitis is most likely to occur. Ill that, the eyelids and ball aro red, the lids swollen ; nioclerate pain fiiul great soreness of the eye are f.'.: ; light cannot be borne with com- fort. All use of both eyes must be given up for the time. Iced susse- fius-pith water may he applied freely and often over both closed litis, witli a camers-liair |K'ucil ; or, l-.as beneficially, by laying a light rag wet with it upon tiie eye. The patient must remain in a rather dark room during the height of the attack ; but this must not be continued many days, as it is unfavorable to the general health. Leeches may do gooil in a severe case, in which the whole eye is painfully affected. An obsti- nate case, especially if both eyes are inflamed, may also call for the ap- plication of a small blister across the back of the neck. Guronic oonjunctivitis is attended by an enlargement of the superficial blood-vessels, causing " granular lids," which continue red and swollen, the eyes being irritable and " weak." Having suffered much inconven- ience from this during the first twenty years of my life, I may here mention what (after trying many things) most aided in curing it. This was the frequent painting of the order surface of the lids with lead-water; using a soft camel's-hair pencil. My lead-water was made by putting one drop of Goulanl's extract of subaeetate of lead in about a fluid- ounce of clean water ; and my custom was for years to return to it when- ever March winds, or any outer cause, renewed the irritation of my eyes. After the lead-water, anointing the lids at night with cold cream is a good practic SeUroOe inflammation is in most cases rheumatic in origin ; fibrous tissues are the ones generally subja-t to rheumatism. It is more painful than conjunctivitis ; but it is much less common. Wme of cdehicum root is an anti-rheumatic remedy, and oil ofcqjuput, on the same indi- cation, may, in sclerotitis, follow a brisk saline purgative dose. Rags wet with laudanum may be laid ujion the eye from time to time to assuage the pain, IriUa is not very common, but is in many cases connected with con- stitutional Syphilis. When there is nwrn to suppose this (or, indeed, whether so or not), calomel, blue mass, or the protiodide of mercury, will be likely to be prescribed by the medical attendant in the case. BeUni^ and opHc neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), tis well SPECIAL DISMASMS. 497 •8 eomeUi» and choroUlUu, are too difficult of diagnosis and special nwrnagement to be considered except in profo«ional works. Jftndum may be caused hy. 1. Failun. or paralysis of the "eye- bmn or of the optic nerve, as happens in some old people, and in what has been until lately «»lled amaurosis. 2. Catamct- that is opacity of the costalline lens in the centre of the eve. ThL opacity may, ,n an advanced ca«e, \^ ««ily see.,, a. a milky ap,H«rance, behind ^mmglyin) the pupil 3. Dctniction of ,.rt of\l!:'..f„.c^Tp;. «tus by disease, as small-pox. 4. Opacity of the comea, which is !ha transparent coat at ti.e front of the eyeUll, set (like a window in a sash) n .he sclerotic coat. Other causes of partial or total blindness exist I i these are the most fi-equent and important. Oculists have pushed their sjn^-ial studies and experience so far of I'^L , "''"" ^"'™' practitioners of medicine ami sun^ery are accustomed to We, when they .an, th. tn.tment of eye affSst tLin/ r ' ''r^^'-^'jr 'l"'*^ bey-"' -'• present Lpe to go far U^er into that subject. On ™« of vision, and their ^rrecZ, ae. Hygiene: Care of the Eyes, i»age 159. 468 DOMESTIC MEDICINS. Tio-douloureux (popularly called "tic doloroo!"). Sea Faceache. Neuralgia. Facial Palsy. Although not unfrequently consequent upon brain disease, palsy of one side of the face is, in the larger numlier of cases, especially in young subjects, the temporary result of inflammation from cold of the sheath of tlie " seventh nerve," which posses through an opening just below the ear. The effect of it upon the countenance is odd. The patient may smile with the healthy side of his "ace, while the otlier side is quite without expression. As above said, such cases recover, as a rule, in a few weeks, requiring little if any *reatment, be- sides what it- suggested by the "cold " in which the trouble took its rise. Fainting. Syncope. Under some depre%ing or exhausting causa- tion, the heart gives out, and refuses to send blood to the brain and other ports. Therefore, lK'«»ming unconscious, the person falls, unless supported. The face is jxile, the pulse absent, the skin cold, the breath- ing almost null for the time. What sliall we do? Lay the Jainting person dmm at once, so that aired blood may flow from the heart and lungs to the head, reanimating the "centre of respiration" (medu.Ua oblongata) as well as restoring consciousness. Keep all crowding at a distance. Ojien the windows to let in fresh air; or carry the " faintee" out, still in the horizontal posi- tion. Sprinkle cold water in her (it is mostly a woman) face. If at hand, hold smtlling salts (ammonia) near, but not too near or too long, to her nostrils. So, a mere faint will soon pass off. If kept in the ei-ect position, in the midst of a crowd in a close room, one who faints may have the " syncope " to fass into actual death. Prevention of a faint, when threatened, may be had upon the same principle; by the i)erson who feels like it dropping a handkerdiief, or anything else, and stooping doim to pick it up. This will attract veiy little attention ; and the lowering of the head will be apt to freshen up the brain and avert the attack. Famine Fever. See Relapsing Fever. Fatty Degeneration. As l)efore siwken of, this is the substitution of fat for higli r tissue, such as muscle, liver-substance, etc., of different organs. Fatty degeneration of the heiirt has been most fully studied by physicians. It is not common before late middle life. Coming on gradually, its existence may for a long time not be discovered. Some- times only death makes it certain. Its signs are those of weakness of the heart ; especially a sense of exhaustion and shortness of breath on exertion. The pulse is usually feeble and slow when at rest, often ir- r^ular. Fainting spells may occur ; sometimes with snoring respiration, like apoplexy ; but unlike that, in passing off with no succeeding polsy. SPECIAL DISEASES. 469 AJ«, in the "syncopal apoplexy" of heart degenemtion. the .kin » cold the pul«e wt«k ; while in true apoplexy, the h«ul at lea«t is warm, the face flushed, and the pulsi" full and slow Fatty degenemtion k not curable. What ,«n 1* ,lo„e i« to hunl^nd the strength, and avoid f rjing the heart l.y any gnat or sudden exertion or exctement. Bu.^ure (breaking or t«»ring) of the fatty heart in a not uncommon mode of death in tJKJse affatol with it. DiMMM ^ ""^^ disagreeable disease of the hairy scalp. See Skin fAu^""'..^ r"* •°''"'»"«'*''«n °f a fi»g^r, ending in suppuration. If the nm ter forms or finds its way under the fibrous sh Jhs of U.e tendons ("leaders") of the hand, it is very ,«inf„l; and, unices openeS by a surgeon, ted.oa». Professional opinion genemlly favo.^ (brides lH>ult,cing w.th brt^d or flaxsml) ™rly incision, down to the bone; so ihe hind" '""""" '"'""'* '' "^'"^'^" '"^""^^ '■" *''^ ^^P^"- l'^'' «f r.nr*?*T.^'"T' T""^" °° *'"■' ""'y*-""* '"»^'' l^» «"«!« under of the foUowmg varieties of Fever: Ce,-cbro.>plna/, MennuL^t, Re- mttent, Pern^mou.i Puerperal, Relaimng, Scarlet (equally a fever with M^Ies and Small-pox), Typhoid, 7>^A„«,and Vellol Fevers. On each of these something is said in the present alphabetical series Filaria. A genus of minute jmrasites of men and anin.als. One ol them flarm aawfumk hommia, swims aln.iit in the blood-vessels of hiunan beings, in some ti-opic-al climates. M,«^,uit..c« (or kindred in- sects) are charged, not without plausible evidouc*, with conveying them with their bills from one prson to another. Fissure of the Anus. See Anus, Fissure of. Fissure of Nipple. See Nipple, Cracked. Fits. See Convulsions. Flatulence. Wind in the stoma.I. or bowels causing uneasiness and more or less pain, an.l tending to esc^,K> di.sag,vc.bly either upwa«ls or .lownwarcls See Dyspepsia and Colic. For slight Jasional attacks of Flatulence, ten or fifteen dro,« of Essen.* of Ginger or five to ten droi>s of Essence of Pep,K>rn.int (difliised in water), or fiv'e or six drops of Oil of Cajuput on a lump of sugar, or a "soda mint," will Ik- mostly a sufficient remedy. The cure of the .lisposition to indigestion, however which causes the flatulence, should be attended to, when i recurs often. Frost-bite. Possibly sometimes the result of simple exposure of the feettocoH: mo^ often, cp > .1 by suddenly heating them when they have br lied. Coining .. .mm walking oi skating in cold weather ♦ii ' 470 It OM MS TIC MKDtOtirM. and putting the feet at once to a hot fire, » an almoit certain way of gettmg frosted foet The manner of this is like that in which pknts an killed by frost. Heat and cold alter the bulk of fluids more than that of the 9olid« that contain them ; and sudden expansion and then con- traction, or vice vend, bursts the delicate cells of the plant stracture and Htrains, if it does not burst, animal cells and tubes. ' Frost-bite is an acute inflammation of the skin, thus produced. K the feet aw actually /roiew, mortification is endangered. Several of Dr. Kane's con.imnions in his Arctic exi»editions lost their toes in this way Treatinent of Fix^^f-bitc (chilblain) may consist of the application, durmg the height of the inflammation, of lead-water, glycerin, and lau- danum (a fluidounce, /.«■., two tablespoonfuls, of lead-water, half as mud» glycerin, and a teaapoonful of laudanum). Afterwards, bathing the feet morning and night in tepid oak-bark tea or alum water (precise strength not important) ; followed by cold cream or simple cerate. Cabbage-leaves are often used for this trouble in domestic practice I BPSCIAL DISS A ass. 471 Q^Utone*. Haidened bile, of whi.h small luaases i>as8 along the duct from the liver and gall-bladder to enter the duodenum (6ret part of the small intestine). Ver>' Bevere pain attends this passage ; relieved as soon as the gall-stone esi-apes from the bil.Mluct into the bowel. Oc oisionally such stones remain in »!.,• gall-bladdtr for a considerable time. In a few c-a««, the gall-bladder, or du. i, bur^t^ letting its liquid eon- tents mto the abdon.inal ravity. This is a fatal accident. (Fig. 221.) Gangrene. See general ivmarks (jMige 232) on Mortification. JM-y (gangrene m the kin<l now and then seen in ageil ix.'ople, who thus die at the feet before the rest of the b<idy. Signs of Gangrene are, cold- ness, " mushiness," blackness and \(m of feeling ui the part. Briefly, it dies and rots; then sloughing off; -a " line of demarcation " forming between the living and the dead tiwue, if the process stops. Often, however, it goes slowly upwartls towards the centre of tlie body, de^ pressing vitality more and more until it ends in death. To arrest the progrcK- of Gangrene is often impossible. Strengthen- I'lo. 221. OAIX-STONE8 IN OAtL-BLABDEIl. ing the patient's system to endure it, and tt) throw otf the dying part 18 the main thing. Amputation of a limb is sometimes resorted to- ^18 will only save life if mortification doos not begin fgain in the stump. W (uhea of a stimulating character are suitable for Gangrene. I doubt whether any are better than pure whisky and diluie nUric acid (twenty drops to a half-pint of water), used, one or the other, twice a day. Charcoal poultices are sometimes applied for cleanliness (powdered charcoal mixed with bi-ead and water). Antiaeptic washes, to relieve the offensive odor, may be made of mlution of chloride of soda (a tea- spoonful of Labarraque's liquid to a half-pint of water\ or perrmngan- aie qfpotamum (ten grains in a half-pint of water). Ganffrene of (he lung is a rare but nearly (or quite) always fatal dis- order. It is recognized by the horribly offensive putrid odor of the breath. Supporting measures, by quinine, beef-lea, milk, and suitable alcoholic stimulation, are all that can be done for such a case. Gastric Fever. Old, rather than recent, medical books use this des- 472 DOMMano MEDICtNB. 4 If f when Huffenng w.th .Ddigention, often have ooDBldemble fever wHhT wuh d»order of the «to««.h an a .y^ptom ; a-ul Ijfphoid fever, InTf ,; .?.'"•*"■ "^ "'™« '"V «-orr«.p.>nH with what, «ijcty yeare aao H-an called Gastric Tever, «r InlUntile Ko,„itt*„t. ^ ^' Gastritis. Inflammatiou of the «tomm.h. Aeule (}u«tritk l,y it- seH w very rare except tVon. an injury or from ix.im.ning. Irritation w,th moderate inflammtion, of the ^nuu^h, duo^Lm, and llrT^Zi It differe from dy«pep«,a (to which it lu« a im-mWance 8o far as habit- the p,t of the stomach. Sfmulating articles, such as ginger, pepper etc. mc,«.He the d«t,«« „f Chronic Ga«tritis. Bland, s^ft foc;^^^^ tor It; arrowroot sago, tapi,K«, ricr, lime-water, and milk. Medicine appropnatc to ,t had better .. left t6 the physician. Snb-nitmte of bt mu h and mtn.te of silver (pills of onc.uarter g™i„. with one^irtL" grain of opium) are favorites here with many practitionere Gin-Liyer. CirrhosU,; Ilob-miikd Liver. One of L results or man.fetat.ons of alcoholic ,x.isoning; often brought on by lonTn^ntil ucd mtemperance. Symptoms of it an., indigestion, sickL If stom- ach, const.pat.on, nallowness of complexion, debility, wasting. aWominal dro,«y, and enlargemct of the veins over the surface of Se shd^^ 2i-ea(n^t of it is n.dl, beyond breaking off alcoholic indulgenTTd promot.„g the ge..eral healU. by attention to all the obvious^^ of a failing system. The coum, of the nmlady genemlly oecupi^^vll Cirrhos.s of the L.ver, however, sometimes oecura mthaut hUen^per. o^'v V " ''^--!^r fff -*-«. and may, though seldom, b^ S^t on by other causes which depress the vitality of the system. ^ Glanders. A oontagioas disease of the horae, now and then taken by grooms or hostlers. Beginning with inflammation of the "o^S" It extends to the throat, face, and eyes ; with fever, pustules on the skin and diarrhoea. Death results in three or four we^£ "'es on the sk,n, Glaucoma A painful disease of the eye, often ending in blindness A eWten^.c of it is, exc^ive tension of the fluids of the eyeS o ti^t, to a dehcate touch, it feels ha«ler than naturel. With th ^b- thalmoscope (a m.rror throwing strong light int« the eye, and p. \ Jith a hole through which an oculist can look), there is seLn a cLlike depression at the entrance of the optic nerve («yW disk) X tf^ trea^ of Gkucoma, see special b^ks on DisLS teky! BPKCr.Al DtaKAaKH. 473 UOITBE. U fH*"' „'^"''"«"""«* «<■ the thyroid gland, in front of the neck It valleys of the Alps, and in Home other p,„ .^ mountain dirtricts. What there cauaes it ia not certainly known. Exocbb of mineral Bubstancu in the drinking water is a pos- sible cause; too little sunshine with too great dampness may be another; and a third may l)e (at hast intensifyinjf tluw) close intermarriage of families. ( Wlinimn, which is a stunted condition of the Iwdy' with imbecility, often accomj: •nics the Goitre of Switzerlaml. Both are found to be, if not curable, at least capable of much improvement, when their subjects are re- moved in early life to other and more healthy sitimtions. For the treatment of S*I*TJi""^ "'*"'■. '^'™'»"y "".vwhere, iofUf,e has a high m,„ta- t.on ; but .t ,s not an infallible n-n.«ly. See Ophthalmic GoitT uonorrhaa. A <-ontagious disea*. of imp,,, , i„tcrcoui^ ; for which 8ee works on Surgery. ' "' tl,e°^**„„1'7'' ^""u '' "" "™'' "'"' ''''^' I"""''"' i"fla'»'"ation of U^to^and fingers whose most fr«i„cnt cau.se is high living; that is, fi^ mdulgenc. m .vme or malt liquo.^, with rich anLl f J, and bu httle exercise In rare m.stances, it comes without using any alcoholic S::3f ^r/'^L^-' "I-" t^- ™-titution, it may% a'. J/t^ or the heart. Also, it is hereditary in many inslances. Children of g^ parents, as they grow up, may have regular gout of the t,^ im^nrs^^Liiir^'"^ "^"™'^- ^'' '-'---^ '•« -^ In the treutnierU of attacks of regular gout, cokhieum is a 8tanda«l remedy ; wme of colchicum root, in ten- to fifteen-drop doses. With i( at first, magnesia is a good medicine; afterward.s, soda or potassa (bic«r- bon^ite of sodmm or potassium) or lithia in moderate d^,con inucd for several days The morbid agent of Gout appears to be an acid- unc or hthic acid-eome of which is always present as a result of waste of assue," but which is in excess in the system in this disease Wa««. may be app H^ on light rags (covered with oiled silk)To relieve the pain of the inflamed small joints. Someti.^es Opium may he taken mtmially; especially in the form of Dover's Powder "^ 474 ItOMKBTtC MKtHOilTK. Opium, uoder RtmtdiM), both to relieve pain »iid to pronu^ pirqilnh tlon. RepeKteH gouty inilamnuttom of the torn or fingen may leave the jointg irregularly wollen with ohallcy depoeit*. whk* almcat cmm- hle under prewure. For gouty attooiu aflkiing the atomach or haart. prompt me of anodyne and Rtimnlnnt remediee in , r| for : a teaiipaon- fill of whisky or brandy, or of Homnaim's an«lyn. Jlowed, if relief does not Kx.n corce, by twcnty-fivo or thirty drops of laudanum ; aim, a mufltard-plaster over the Meat of the 8paA..«odio paiu, and a hot ran,*. trrd foot-bath, m soon m poH8ible. Griyel. Small stonoi, or iwud, formed in the kidnevu, and jiaMing thenoe to the bladder. Them they cau-e irritation, with pain or burn- ing in pealing water. Most generally. Gravel con8i«t« of partfclca or maaaca of uric acid or ite compounds ; the mme that a« found in exce*- in the blood in gout Alkaline treatment ia proper for it, along with something soothing, and a light, luwtiniulating diet. Bicarbonate of sodium (" scMla ") in ten-graia <lo«w., with hnlf-teaaixjonful doaea of sweet ^rJt if nitre, taken several tim*8 daily in flaxseed-tea, will usually give r if. The use of the sweet 8[>irit of nitre is to increase the flow of urine, aud so dilute and wash away the exce* of uric add or other deposit. Grip or La Grippe. A cominou popular name for the epidemic of Influenza (page 488), which spread over the world in 1889, 1890, and 1891. Beginning in Hiissia in 1889, it mov«l gradually westward, aflecling several amutries in Euroi)e, and finally also the United States and Canada. A similar but more irregular course followed in 1890, and again in 1891. Multitudes of people were attacked, especially in the large cities. More prostrating than former epidemics of Influenza, a considerable number of deaths were ascribed to it, and the general mortality waa largely incrcawHl on account of the frequent complication of pneumonia and the aggravation by it of other diseases. In London, during one week in the eariy part of 1891, 500 deaths oceuried from' diseases of the breathing organs alone. In Chicago, during one week in March, 1891, 70 deaths were ascribed to the Grip and 240 to Pneu- monia—an unprecedented mortality from such diseases. In New York, about the same time, 146 deaths from all causes occurred in 24 hours, and 196 policemen were at that time ou the sick list, chiefly from the Grip. In Philadelphia it was not quite so bad, although almost every one had an attack ; and in tiie week ending March 24, 1891, the deaths numbered 463, which was 17 more than in the cor- responding week of the previous year, and largely beyond the average for that time in a number of years. In tiiat week 54 deaths were ascribed to consumption of the lungs and 39 to pneumonia. MPMCtAl DtBtASMi. 4741 The Grip v«ri«» good (M in iU .ymHom.. So much, in tho beginuing doe. it reMinbl. . oofninon "cold " tlwt every one who hii. ranght wid from any ex,K)«iiro i. apt to «,p,Kwe that he hiu. " U "rippe. (ThH term i- fn,m the French, hot it \n oonHi.lm>.l in lietter turte to translate it into our k-kkI nhort English wonl, descriptive of the strong hold it takes— ««• (hip.) Unually, fir«t come homlnche, butka.^lic, oAen l,^-nol,e, r<.n.in.linjt pliVHicianH of dengue, or l.i-eiik-lK,ne iev.r. But .Icngue has never -preod over the world lil<e thi. epidemic. Moreover, in alm,«t ail cases a cough occurs io the Grip, with running at the n.«e, «,„! often 8ore-»,hroat. Fever commonly cmes on the first or second day. In a great number of cases it is slight, and iwhhcs off, ns all the symptonw may m one, two, or three davH. In other instanws it niny last a week or two ; rarely a slow fever kee|)s on for several weeks Occa- sionally delirium, occurs .Itning the fev.-r; some jsrs-ms have, it is «Mert«l, taken their own liven in the frenzy thus pnsl.iwl. Almort always reooverj- from an attack of thisdiM.nl,.r i.atten.lcl by trrtthieu out of proportion to the violence of ti.e symptoms, and this »veaknes» may last for weeks, or even, in .wnie degiw, ftir months. What to Do fob the GniP.-In n.ild cases verv little treatment IS necessary. In all, early simple measures will l)e likely to ha-' excel- lent effe<*. I have had son.o which In^gan like severe atta«.'ks, to give way very promptly to this simple way of procefHling : Give the patient first a table8p<K>nf.il of Tarrant's Ai)erient Powder or of Rochelle Salts, or a wineglassftd of .Solution of Citrate of Mag-' nesium. Put a Img mmUtrd plmter, half mti-tanl and half wheat flour or Indian meal, and five or six inches wide, up and down the l«ck and leave it on until it burns quite smartly, so that he quite wishes to have It off. (Whon it «.mes off, if the skin feels sore, apply a large piece of hneu or soft muslin, coverwl with tallow or "cold cream " of the apothecary, with another piece outride of this to keep the gmise from the bed-clothiug.) Give him plenty of lemonade t.) drink-«>ld if his fever is hot ; hot if, instead, he inclines to Ih! chilly. If hU feet are at all cold, or even c<k)1, let him sit, near b(Kl-tinie,'for five or six minutes with them in a pail of moderately hot water in which a handful of mustai-d has been stirrcfl. If the c,aijr|, i, troublesome, make/<w:«eetf Ua (pouring a pint of boiling water on a tablespoonful of flaxseed, but not boiling it), and add lemon-juice and sugar, for his drink. Seven or eight out of ten c-oses of the Grij), treate<l early in this mild fashion, will get well without ftirther trouble. The other two or three will need a doctor to take the responsibility. Piiysiciany j aot all agreed as to the management of 'severe cases ! i- «74l DOM KMT IP MKDICtJfM. of tU Grip. Soon will giv. . gr*t ihd of quiaioe , othm, wbidiy Dov.r'. Powdm. which oootal« opium, .« fiivo,«I by m...y. Ur« Ztl'j;;^ ^ ■•"""'*:.'"■ p"«*i'i<««» of . oi«. «f m«ifdL js 'VT , T ^"' ;^''''' "^ """^^ P^***''^ '- M'e«-«r«) lower »h« hS of U.0 iMMly ,u fever by « ,»wertul littio,. „u the ui..rv.m. mtem My «^l«l for .„ the (irip; that whi.lcy h.l Mtcr U o.nitt«l lo th. nmiomy of cam* j and that the e.n,,loymm,t of the " nnti,.y«,tia. » j.,.t m«, .ooed « e,penn,ental , and aa the mortality from the Grip l«a Lu grater than hat ol pu-vou. vi«ita.i.,„. „f Inttucum, ^mh p„ctlce i. not likely to bo iieriimiitiitly coufiriiii-<l aud a»lopt«l FW the weakucan attending aud foIlowiuK the (Wp, uouriJiing food, u beef-tea, Ac, .« ,n.,x,rtan., with avoi,lan<H.. of severe exertion, quinine (6 or 8 graina a day), ,r.,„ i„ «„„,„ «««, and. «,«idly In .uoimer. change of air— to the nioontaiiM or the aea-dioi^!. Ouinea-Worm. See Dracunculus. whW. wouW U. p«f«.,y-.fe for othen, ™.,, with ...„, I. ^^ bW to d«th from th« «m„v.l by . .urg«« of a «,„U1 w«, on hfa Hamoptsnis. Se* Hemorrhages. Hay Fever. Hee Aethma. Headache. Variou- oaoM may produce pdn in the hm\; w. of the rtomai.h, bowek, or womb; ,/,W«. o/M* t>r,m. It m not alwav. ^ ^ 0/ AW rfiow. it«lf by flushing of the f«. ami h«.t «Zr f^^,f»"' » ■J™-* »'*«>•« on one niJe (Amic;y,„,«). «,«! extendrng down to the face ; al«>, it «, attended by tendeme* on p«*«. I!', i! '•*"'»«<«» of the head, the n.u«.l«, whirh n.ove the heall an, yr ZT" """?'''" ' ""d '•'♦""""^^''^ symptom* occur in other ,«rtH !«. \™Lj f "«/-/^*;"'"5',/'^^'-. «n«vV,. and .^..pathetic irritation «e reoogn.»d >n view of the hirtoij- of each c^m. When r/«^ „/ a^brmn is the cau« of pain, it ia usually confined to one «pot, com«, rfTe bmL'""'''^"™'' " " ««"npanied by other signs of discnier To rrfmw headache, we must endeavor to asrertain to which of tho* vanetiea .t belongs, and act accordingly. There is. of <«u«e, no «um- ""^r/T """"'^ '""'■ '*• ^ Neuralgia, and page 261. Stek headache is a regularly or irregularly recurring affliction which some people are subject to all their lives. It may be herwlitarv. n.n- mng through several generations. Coming on either gradually i.r sud- denly, ,tfl subject .s «lai,l „p" for the time by it., severity, with more or less nausea, perhafw vomiting, for from one to three days, dre of If !J.°*^ *°.r** ■**^'" ^ ^^"^ '"«"y » ?»'>•«'■-!'"' in it« search. If anythmg ^11 ward off the expected « spell," I believe it will be the use, from the first moment of threatening, either in the stomach or in the hewl, of compound gentian piUs («ee Gentian, under Remedies), two twice daily for two days. Towards rtHetmg an attack which has come on, nothing is likely to ■IH 476 DOMESTIC MKDICINE. be better than a teaspoonful of magnesia, with half a teaspoonful of aromatio spirit of ammonia, mixed in a wincglassfiil of water. One of the most likely tilings to bring on an attack of sick-heaclache i^ waiting an hour or two beyond one's usual time for a meal, especially dinner. Heart, Diseases of. Palpitation is not a disease, but a disorder of the heart ; a good example of & functioned disturbance, as distinguished Fio. 22a is POSmON OP HEART IN A HEALTHY MAN. from an organie diaeaae. Palpitation is a violent beating of the heart, more or less distressing, according to its degree. It may be caused by strong coffee, very strong tea, tobacco, alcoholic drinks, sensual indul- gence, or indigestion (dyspepsia). Even sedentary life, all the time in- doors without exercise, promotes it, as one of the symptoms of nervous- SPECIAL D/SEASBS. 477 ness. Avoidance of all these causes is the suJ^stance of the treatment of simple Palpitation. Inflammation of the heart affects chieflv either the inner or the outer membrane covering it. Mne form, therefore, is Eiulovarditix, and tlie other PericanUli^. h, m„. .,.„.,,, i„j,,^ j„ ^^^ ^.^,^.^^ .^ en(lang..ml. In the latter, eTusi- ,. of mtu.h nuy ,Iog the heart's movements, (.r they may be obstm. rV ,,y adlusion of the iK'rifarclium t(. the iicart. Both forms of heart if animation o eur most often in eonnwtion with acute inflammatory rheumatim^. h both, life is in danger during the attack, besides the after-effects above mentioned. The itympto.ns of both are much alike: pain and di.strc.s.s about the heart, with violence of its movement, hurrietl breathing, bad dreams, perhaps delirium, and fever. Only by auscultation and percu.ssion, which require trained skill, .an their respective signs be distinctly made out. In trmtmcit of such se- rious affections, of course, medical aid should be called for. In its unavoidable absence, we can only encourage perfe<'t rest in bed, with the shotdders moderately riii.,cd; simple, unstimulating, chiefly liquid, diet; at the beginning, a dozen or iwo leeches, if they can be had, over the region of the heart; if not, a mustard-plaster on the back, opposite to the heart; and, later, a small blister just below the situation of the heart's beat. Valvular disease of the heart is, as already said, a frequent result of Endocarditis. It most frequently affects the valves of the left side of the heart— either the mitral or the aortic valves (see Anatomy). One or both of these may Ikb distorted in shape, so as to keep the valve im- perfectly shut, or not mfliciemily open, in the alternate contractions and dilatations neces-sary to the circulation. « Physical examination," that is, in this case, auscultation, enables physjcians to determine, almost with certainty, the exact conditions of these valves. The effects of such im- pediments to the heart's action on the circulation of the blood are serious, according to the nature of the valvular change in each case; to the strcnfjth of the heart to overcome the difficulty presented ; and to the amount of exercise, labor, or excitement, by which the heart's action is increased. A marked difference l)otween mere palpitation and oi^nio disease of the heart is, that exercise lessens the tendency to palpitation, but makes worse the suffering fi-om valvular obstruction. In the case of Valvular Disc.a«e, however, neither medicine nor sur- gery can get at the heart to repair its injured mechanism. General care of the health, with avoidance of active exertion or much excitement, is all that can be advised or practised toward lengthening life. With such care, in a few instances, gradual restoration may take place; in many, the condition of the heart remains nearly the same, with tolerabia m 473 DOMESTIC MEDICINS. w Iiealth, through months or even years. In many bad o?^, and in more moderate ones where care is not taken (as sometimes s-ems inevitable in patients of the laboring class), the results of heart-disease go on to show themselves. These are, greater and greater distress with the heart's action and in breathing, often worst at night; and drof%y, of the feet first, afte^^vards of the abdomen and the body at large (anasarca). Weakness increases, and at last death closes the scene. Enlargement of the heart may be either overgrowth (Hypertrophy) or stretching (Dilatation). Hypertroi)hy is a true thickening of the muscular walls. Sometimes it may result from habitually excessive exercise; as in violent gymnastics, rowing in races, running at cricket, etc. More frequently it is brought about by the natural effort of the heart to overcome the i-esistance to the movement of the blood caused by valvular obstruction in the heart itself. Like any other muscle, the heart grows with exercise— that is, if it is well nourished, and has inter- vals of rest. But if no< these, then over-lalwr weakens it ; and, when the obstrnction is considerable, the heart is stretched, diktcd ; its walls at die same time becoming thinner (attenuated). This is Dilatation of the Heart. The " physical signs " of thip, as well as of true Hypertrophy, are fully set forth in professional works. Besides dropsy and debility, gradually increasing, a special liability of sufferers with Dilatation of the Heart is to attacks of congeglion of the langa. The management of both varieties of enlargement of the heart re- quires the same carefulness to avoi,; exertion and excitement as in the case of valvular disease. This is all that, in Home Medicine at least, can be well specified aliout it. FaMy Degeneraiion of the heart has been s|)oken of in its own place. HeaH-exhaustion has been met^with in a number ol" cases, such as those observed by myself and others in our Army Hospitals during the Civil War. It was brought on, for example, during the disastrous " Penin- sular Campaign" in Virginia, by the soldiers having to march a great deal at "double-quick " rate, with very little rest at night, poor food to eat, and bad water to drink. Although some of these men looked pretty well, and might be supposed to be able to do something, their pulses were feeble and easily hurried; and slight exertion would knock them up at once. Heartburn. See D}r8pepsia. Heat-stroke. Usually called 6'«n-stroke. Better described under the former name, because many cases occur in the shade; some even (m India and China) at night. Nine-tenths of the examples of this are met with in large cities. Very few people are sunstruck on the harvest- field, or when running upon cricket grounds. What causes the differ- ;r • SPECIAL DISEASES. 479 ence? Clenrlv it must 1^ the atmo^phe,-e of towns. Depression of the v^ energj. , foul air makes exc^ive heat take ..JZrt^Z over,.„te„^.r.,....predisp««. g^^vtly to this kin.l of attack. TW who snffer Heat-stroke are nearly always fatigued when it L^r roavoul .t the three things todoare: to live' in the ..nnZZZ the summer ,f you ean ; never to Hrink any whi.ky, wine or bJc. ,"! Zal " """ ""'''°" ""''^" ''^•^ thermometet'is o^^^l^t. ^mtorn.of Heat-stroke may he of either of two kimis, or of a mixed cSv J' S ;"""'"^''' "■■ ^''^' ^'"l''^'=>'' '" -J»-h tl'e Lead i« h 1 liri'Sr^"^'^"^^ ^'''^ ^'-' ^«--^ of 'he rays of the sun, 2 Hcat^oUapse, with pdeneas an,l ,,ro.tration, the patient }>eu.g eonsetous even to the last. In lx,th of these variet es the pX 18 generally rap.d. I„ a few of the a,K,pleetio kind it n,ay Z Iw t ul^ full, he .a»ath„,g snoring, and the patient unconscious, lay hi n n, the sha.le with h.s head and xhouMa. raised, and aj.piy i,...Uer egs If, on the other hand, the face is pale, the body as Marm as the h«»d the pulse w^ • . d .apid, the ,>atient eon..iot.s but fa nt"ng w debd,ty Lay h.m he sha.le, the he.d no higher than t £ fm Pour c.ld water o. ,.ead, trunk, an.l lin,bs (takh.g c«re. of IS" uo to do this too oia.n, so as at la.t to chill him) Give, by he „Z ^ a teapoonful of whisky or brandy, or a table«poonful of wine- and better be left to the judgment of an att.nding physician NeuraTgia."""' ^"" " "' "^' '^ "" ^'^'^- ^ «"<'«'='^« -«^ Hemiplegia. Palsy of one half of the IxxJy. See Paralysis ^Hemorrhage. See what is said on this subject under Remedies Acte^ fp'"^'" "i r'"'" "^ H~rhages, they may be either, 1. t^tiloTr<r '"""^f'.^''''"' '"J""")' 4. Symptomatic; 6. Cntical , or 6. V .canons. Arihe Hemorrhages are those preceded by an increased flow of blood towards the part. Passive are the^uh of weaknc^ of the walls of the small blood-ves«,ls, or too great thi^^ of the blood. TVaun^atic bleeding. f„,m wounds or injuries, belong ^ 480 DOMESTIC MEDICiyS, the domain of Surgery. (See Accidents and Injuries ; nearly the lti;» portion of this book.) Si/mptomutie Hemorrhage occurs from the nose in the early stage of typhoid fever, and later from the Iwwels ; from the lungs in consumption ; from the stomach, as blai-k vomit, in yellow fever. Critical Hemorrhage takes place sometimes in that and in some other fevers ; just before convalescence. Vicariom bleeding is now and then met with, from the nose, stomacli, or bowels, in women whose menstrual flow has been interrupted. Medical authors give the name epintaxin to bleeding at the nose; hKemojitysis is spitting of bloiKl ; hmnafemrnig, vomiting of blootl ; limim- turia, passing of blood in the urine. For the treatment of Hemorrhages, see Remedies (j). 286). Hemorrhoids. See Piles. Hepatization. A term applial to the condition of an inflamed lung, in the middle stage of i)neumonia ; in which it is full of bloo«l and lymph, making it red and firm to the touch, like the liver. He.nia. Sec Rupture. Herpes. Tetter; a Matery eruptive affection. See Skin Dis- eases. Hiccough (pronounced Hiccup). ' This, called inngultm by physi- cians, is a sudden spasmodic motion of the diaiihi-agm (see Anatomy), causing jerking breatliing. It comes very often from slight indigestion, or from prolonged laughter or crjing. In a jierson of ordinary health it is of no importance. Drinking a wincglassful of mid water, alowhj, will generally stop it ; at any rate, it will go off itself. When the system is greatly prostrated by disease or injur,-, hiccrwgli is a very bad sign. It does not make the patient woi-se, but it shows that he is sinking, nigh unto death. In such a condition, the only proper treatment is that adapted to the general state of exhaustion. Hip-Disease. See Coxalgia. Hodgkin's Disease. First deserilxxl by Dr. Hodgkin, of England, this consists of a general morbid enlai^ement of the spleen and lym- phatic glands, all over the body. It is now generally called Pseudo- leukemia in medical books, on account of the changes in the blood. Hooping-Cough. Peiium.^ in medical books. A disease generally affecting any one but once in a lifetime; contagious, also, although without any eruption on the surface of the Ivxly. Coming on rather gradually, like a bad cold with cough, the spells of coughing become more and more severe. In about a week, the child (or other patient) coughs so \'iolently as to get red in the face, often sick at the stomach, especially after eating, and out of breath. At the end of a paroxysm of coughing the breath frequently, in inspiration, niakes a whooping SPKCIAI DISEASES. 481 sound ; hence the name, whooping- or hooping-cough. But its subjecta do not always whoop. The easential part of the disorder is the parox- y»mal cough, continuing also for six, eight, or ten weeks. The patient may, particlarly when in the open air, be for several houre without coughing; and then .-omes on a terrible spll, as though he might cough his breath away. As it g.xM on, «)nsiderable thick expectora- tion IS brought up. Death does not often otrur in the pu-oxvsms, al- though they look very alarming. Feeble children are sometimes ex- hausted by the continuance of the disease. Now and then, in those predisposed to consumption, this may follow it. Treatmmt of Hooping-cough must at first, as with any other cough. bed.recte<I to soften and lo<.sen the cough; as by svnip of ipeawua Jm Later, the Kjwmwdio (nervous) element has to be dealt with. Amifcetida IS here suitable; for children, the milk of as.af,rti.la, in teaspoonful d«Hs; with syrup of squills as a simple expectorant. Among the other antispasmodics ust^ in HcK,ping-cough by phvsicians, the best are .r. w,X-^ and th^ fluid crtmct of hyoscyamm. Of the latter, I have known two-drop df«es, to u child ten or twelve years of age, very effective in ^ning the violence of the spells of coughing. A warming-plaster on the chest, or m the worst cases even a small blister, will contribute to the cure. While a child with Hooping-cough is not too ill to be move^l, being rften m the fresh air will be good for it, taking it out of do«,^ every sunny day at least. If a case be much protracted, with wasting and weakness ensuing, iron, cml4ker oil, and mtt bathing may h- called for to build up its strength. ' Hydatids. Watery growths in different oi^an.,, caused by the pres- ence of stationary parasites; echinococci. They niav infest the liver lungs, bram, or otiier parts. Little can be done for them, but they do not, a« a rule, produce rapidly injurious effects, the ^mtient often living tor years after their formation. Sometimes relief is obtained by tapping the watery tumor and drawing the fluid off. Hydrocephalus. Water in tlie heed, literally ; dropsy of the brain. Nearly always, this occurs 'u the first few yeare of life. Some children are born with it. The largest human head I ever saw was one in the Museum of the College of Surgeons in London ; it wa- that of a child two years old, enormously enlarged from water slowly forming upon «ie bram while the sutures between the bones yielded, and the mem- branes and bones all grew larger to accommodate the increase of the distending fluid. Commonly, however, death takes place from pressure within a few weeks or months. No active treatment is likely to cure this affection, unless it be the early use of saline pm^tivo? and diuret- i--.. I 483 DOMESTIC MEDtCIKE. ice, according to the patientV strength. Carefully tapping one of the distended sutures may l>e thought of by a physician in a case lasting longer than asual. Hydrophobia. A not well chosen common name for the effect sometimiw following the bite of a mad dog or skiuik. It ooeiirs in alx)ut one-tenth of all those wiio are bitten !>>■ ral)id animals. A very remarkable thing al)Out it is the length of time after the bite Injfore the symptoms occur. This is generally a montli. sometimes two months, or possibly more. I doubt the gtmuineness of oases said to have hap- pened a year after the bite. Some people deny or doubt the existence of such a disease as hydro- phobia. Even physicians who have never seen it have sometimes sup- jwsed that the cases must lx> examples either of hysterics or of tetanus (lock-jaw). But two cases which 1 saw (oue under my own («re, in a boy eight yeais old) left no doubt whatever that it is an entirely specific diseas(>. The characteristic symptom of Hydrophobia is, an irresistible spas- modic gasping, or sudden and forcible drawing in of the breath, when- ever any strong impression is made on tlie patient's senses; as by at- tempting to drink, by a flash of light, or a loud s«Hind ; or even by the pa.ssing of a wave of cool air over the face. There is usually also de- lirium. In my patient's case this was angry, furious. He did not, however, bite nor bark. I believe they never do, unless in the hyiitei'- ical cases, imitating hydrophobia, in pei-sons frightened into the belief that they have it, after havoig lieen l)itten. There is no /mr of water; great thirst exists. But the i>atieiit cannot swallow liquids, beciuise the effort to do so causes gasping and choking. Death always follows, in from three or four to eight or ten days. If ever a case of real Hydro- phobia has been curinl, it has been by use of the most jwwerful nartx)tit« in heroic doses, as woorara (prepared in Scjuth America by Indians for poisonal arrows), chloroform, etc. I gave my little (patient enough chloroform to breathe to have kille<l ten men, but it only mitigated the .sj)asnLS from time to time. Certainly, however, his suffering was much lessened thereby. Prevention of Hydrophobia requires two things. First, kill every dog as soon as he is reasonably suspect«l of l)eing mad. Secondly, cut out or cauterize (burn out) the bitten part, whene\ er practicable, as soon as possible. If a hand is bitten, for example, at once tie a handkerchief tightly about the wrist, to check the flow of blood. Also suck the part promptly and strongly ; spitting out the bloo<l, of course. Next, let a sui^eon amputate the bitten finger, or out out the bitten flesh, or apply to it a red-hot wire, or a piece of caustic potash or lunar caustic (nitrat« SPECIAL DISEASES. 483 of silver). Burning thonnighly will almost mtainiy answer without amputation. Pasteur has confidence in carbolic acid. How shall one know when a doR is jrottinj? mad ? He Ih at fin^t sick, indeed .II; „„ousy, re.tl.«H, nnaj.pinK at thinRH in the air; out of his e-Jiunion habits an.l ten.jKr alt^.K'eU.er. He nmv k- still kin.l to his ..Ulster; but this is m.t to k trnsl.^i. \Vh,.nev..r"a dog barks or .mnvis hmrncly moves a.on.id erazlh,, an.l fi>.hts or sna,>s at iniaginarv ene.nic^, muzzle h.m, tie him up, an.l waUh hin.. He <mst« to eat his ,u,tund o,k1, swallowing dirt instea,! ; u„,l ,so„n, if In^, will run aimlessly at large, b.tuig at everj- living thing, large and small, in his way. But It IS unmen-iful to suppose a dog to Ijo mad without good .eason If sus,K,-et«l, and .^haint.l up out of the reach of any „„e .so ,w to do harm he .-an k wat<lu-d safely, an.l ,K-rha,« savetl from an imde- servetl deaih. (.See page 484.) Hypera:sthesia. K.x,x«sive .'H.nsibility ; .shown by a very slight touch ot a part giving ,K,in. It shows a nu.rbid state either of the »t«-rf« (U th,- mrfmr, or of (hi. nn-r.-ventrvx of .st.n.satiou in the brain Hyperopia or Hypermetropia. An error (»f sight, the op,K)site of near-sightedness or myoph. !„ the latter, the image of an object falls short of th<. retina, unless the object is bn,ught very near to the eye. In Hyperopw, the image falls k'hind the retina, except when the object Ls at a considerable distan.*. The far-sight or long-sigl.t«:.iess of old persons is in part of this natur.-; but HyiH-rmctropia .kt-u.^ not unfrefjuently also in young i)ei>«,ns. It is .wrectwl by rwtcw glas.ses • myoput, the opposite, by concave gla.s.ses. (See page 162.) ' Hypertrophy. Overgrowth. (.See Heart, Diseases of.) A cwn IS a Hypertrophy of a part of the skin ; and so, widi some change, is a wart. It is not common for overgrowth of any org-vn to interfere seriously with the health ; but it is considered iw,ssible for this to hai)- F" ; the brain, for example, betH)ming too large for the skull. As a rule, the soft parts, as the brain, govern the growth of the hard parts in adaptation to them. Hypochondria. Low spirits ; desjwndency alwut one's own health The derivation of the woixl is from two wortls in the Greek, meaning iiiuler the cartilage; that Is, of the rib; referring to the licer. The ancients supixml dull spirits to proceed from di.sorder of the liver or of the spleen. Henc« also melanch^dy ; literally, black bile. See Dys- pepsia. ' Hysteria. A many-sided derangement of the nervous system, nearly but not quite always, affecting women. Young women of anamic habit ,-. "., with poverty cf biood) m-e its most frequent subjects. li» symp- toms show morbid excitability of the sensori-motor and emotional appa- %o* DOMSSTIC MEDICrSt. ! ntus ; now in one way and then in another, even in the varying from time to time. "Hysterica" are paroxysiiw of crying or laughter, or of varioiu movements, beyond tlie patient's control. Sometimes real amvuhjum* occur ; imitating epileptic convulsions, but without loss of consciousness. Imitation of various diseo-ses is common in those who have Hysteria ; not only imitation, indeed, hut fun<-tional disorders of a very positive kind, yet transient in duration. Such are hyderical pahy, hydero- epiUpty, hysterical blindness, and liyHterical hydrophobia. Morbid men- Fio. 224. UYSTERO-EPILEFSY. tal traits are often very remarkable; a strong craving for sympathy sometimes leading to pretended disorders. In treatment of Hysteria, moral and hygienic management are gener- ally as important as medicine. The patient must be instructed and influenced to exert self-control. Her general system also must be stningUieued. Iron is apt to \ie needed, to improve the quality of the blood. Satt-baihing, mUk for food, and abundance of sleep, are to be recommended. Light gymnastics, or active exercise in rowing, riding on horseback, etc., will do goo<1, if kept within the limits of the patient's strength. To mitigate the nervous disturbance in hysterical attacks, assafoetida, valerian, and camphor arc oftca serviceable. Some physicians believe tlrnt (as its name indicates) disorders of the womb have much to do with Hysteria. Undoubtedly they sometimes produce or increase it ; but they are not essential to it. [Hydrophobia is awerted by Pasteur, of Paris, France, to be oilen preT«utad fcgr inoculating the person bitten wiih a fcpeciall7-n.o<)itted matter taken from an sntinal which has had the disease. An inslitutiou I'or this treatment has been established in New York under Ur. Oibier (1890). It is not proved that it is a certain preventive; but, if sure that a bite was that of a mad dog, the desperate danger maj justify, whoi |>raclicdl>te. bu U«(ipenU« a remedy ae ioOD, if u aii, a& potfibl*. J BPSCIAL D18KA8SH. 4M Ichthyosis. Finh-skin diucaw. Ht* Skin Diseases. Icterus. Seo Jaundice. Idiocy. See Imbecility. Ileus. A painful attar-It, depending? on mme form of obtlruetion td (A«6ofrc^,< which nee. ImbecUity. FeeWe-mimlwlnnw ; sometimes congenital (beginning at birth), whtn it h called !,Uo<-!/ .- in other ra«e. produced by diwaae or injury afft-cting the brain. It varii-s in dcga^. very n.ueh ; from mere dulmss or natural rtupvlit- down to ubsenc-e of all intelligence or even affection. In wme c;i«ch the moral nature neenw to k- the most involved • the cinhl lacking attachment Ui it« mother, bn.then<, or sinters. Often one or two of the mental powers may amain in <f)ib.iderable develop- ment. I hav.- known an imlKtilo to ha\e a real talent for mechanical construrtion, althoii-h he could haitlly l)e famght to speak at all. WiUi an immense amount of iwitience and loving attention, almost every imbecile jK-rson can in time l)c s«, improved as not to Iks burden- some ; many am even be made usi-fid and ^<clf-8up|H)rting. This can be l)e8t accomplished in institutions i.stai)lislicd for the purpose; nuchas the Pennsylvania Training School for Fi^'ble-minded Children, near Media, Pennsylvania. Impetigo. A pustular eruption upon the skin. 8ee Skin Dis- eases. Incontinence of Urine. Much most frequently, this is a trouble of children at night. In adults it may he caused by a severe injury or disoise of the spinal marrow; or, possibly, by disease of the bidder. Cure of this difficulty in children is sometimes <)uite hard to obtain Important directions a!x>ut it are tl.ese : let tlie child drink but IMle liquid of any kind wit! two r.r three hours before going to bed. Be sure that it iinpties ilte bicuider jmt l)efore getting into bed; and that it does not then have the fed cold. If, notwithstanding these precautions, it still wets the bed, let some one take it up late in the night to relieve the bladder. Impressions upon the mind, of the nastiness and (not too heavily condemned) discredit of such a habit, will mostly amkt much in the final cure of incontinence. Infantile Paralysis. A form of ptdsy in children, not veiy un- common, luid more frequently recovered from than almost any other variety of paralysis. It comes on rather suddenly, with feverishness, and perhaps disorder of stomach ; in bad cases, with convulsions. The lower limbe are chiefly affected, and the palsy is seldom complete ; that 18, some motion, although feeble, is possible, and sensation is not entirely lost. One important fact is, that, unless car« be taken to prevent it, tli« helpless limbs will, from wrong positions, become deformed. .Club-foot 4M POMSar/C MMDICINM. it thiu Ramettmes ao(»unU>(1 for ; which might, with attrntion, have been prevented. Treaimeid of Infantile ParnlymiN n>quir(i« warm rultliing of the Hpine ami limlw; the warm or «>vcu liot Halt-lmth everi- «iuy or two, drying the inticnt c|Utclcly aiU-rwaniM ; and xun-IiathM, or, at any rate, carrying llie child frequently out into the Hunshinq and fn-sh air. C'od-livcr oH in gi-nerally Huitable ; ciectrifity i«, iw u rule (umnl with nioc'eration and caution) lx.'ncfictal ; and phyHiciauH are likely to prescrilie «>Uychuia in vety small dcmes, watching its cffectM. If, while a child i» taking strych- nia or nux vomica, it becomes very rpHtlcw*, inform the phyxiciun of the fact, and meanwhile witlihold the medicine until he given further ad- viiv. Infantile Remittent. A name given by medicnl writerH, down to near the prcHtmt time, to a combination of Hymptonis, not very regular, which are now conHidered to be bc;tter otherwise clatwified. The term gadric fever wm also similarly uh«1. There is reason to believe that moat of the severe casts an? really tuphoid fever; some, in malarious regions, genuine remHtent fever; and those; of short duration, intiiffft- tion w'Uhfevfrkh hj/. , '-uui. Under tho«»> heads, therefore, all that need be said in n>giml ♦-)> jncnt will k' found. Inflammation. 8ec this beading under Nature of Diseases, in an earlier part of this volunn; (page 227). Inftammationg of the different orgnns of the body are also treated t>f, each under its own head, in this alphabetical succession. Influenza. Epidemic catarrh. This appears to be a real epidemic, not dependent on bad weather or individual exposure ; but, at certain times, like the epizootic of horses, passing over the whole country and affecting almost everybody, old and young. Its itymptoms are those of a " bad cold all over" ; witli rather more headache, pain in the back, disturbance of the stomach, fever, and weakness, tlian in ordinary barl wids. Old pe(»ple, and very feeble younger persons, may die of In- fluenza; witii oti.c;rs it («n seldom be said to l)e a dangerous illness. TrealmerU of this affection does not .!eed to differ frtmi that of a severe general " cold," except that it bears letter and gains i aore from the use of quinine. If, when the first symptoms commence, two- or three-grain doses of quinine are begun with, repeated within two or three hours until eight or ten grains are taken within twelve hours, the attack may often be aborted or averted. If not, there will be no advantage in taking more than six grains of quinine afterwards, distributed through the day. Oth^r measure, if an attack be actually dcvclojK.-d, arc, a brisk dose of a acUmt cathartic, as citrate of magnesium, Rochelie, or (if one don't nruciAL DiaMASta. m mind 8 lUMty i\<m) Ep«om wItM ; flaxwitl lemomKle m a fiw,iient drink • • warm or hot miwtanl foot-lwth at niKlit. Of ,wr>«. the |«tieut miut keep warm, in one room ; if ill, in \n^\. Aliiwion niav I* iK-re made to other wny« often useii to .,tx)rt a «.l.l or iiii „tltt.'k of Influtiiw Home try U, do it by takinK a hot akt.|ioli.. ,|rink (•wn'm whlskv- pimrh, etc.) on RoinR to N,l. (hheiv, l,y « ten-gnii-, d,^. „f I).,ver'H powder («>nt«ininK a Kniin of opj,,,,,) at lietltinie. Htuh umimn-H do iikt*ed, in a ,-ertain nuu.Ur of <•««,«, i„ pnMhi.iiiK fn.-f. |Kwpiniti„n, aw wanhoK "A* an cxp«t«l attwk. But if they do nf,l hu«««I, they make tlungs worae; mon- heada<lie, hotl«r fever, and gn«ter weakncHH foUowmg. It i« a " kill or ture " kind of pructic* ; an objection which doe« not apply to the u«e of quinine in the way alwve mentione«l. In-jcrowing NaiJ, Hee Nail, In-growing'. Insanity. IleranKenient of the mind. Idiocy in deficiency of men- tal mpmity, from birth ; Imt)ecility. nuvh defi.i.-nov uIioHht tli,- i^rson wn« lM,m with it or h»» !.»-t IiIh fmnitii* fron. ilmtm- or injiny. Irwanity \h nnderHt.xKl to ,|,.p..n<l u|)on ,li^nlrr of tlie brain th. mntnunent of mind. I f any .xampl.* of it .Krnr fit.ni pnnlv mental "entanglement," the brain IkIo^' Kouml, they n.UMt Ik- yery fW; and Hueh are not reeo^nizwl iw |H»*il,|e by nuiwt aiithoritic-s on the Hubjeet. rorw^/« of Insanity a«! : ]. M„nin. 2. Mdniu-hdiu. X Denmdia Mama i» diyidetl into fSeneral Mania and Monomavia ; in the latter the patient l«in^r deranged .hiefly on <.ne .ubjeet only ; ak., into acute and chronu- Mania, mtt.rding to itn duration. Either the intellectual or the emotional powere may 1k' prwlominantly inyolve<l ; when the latter re mtjst so, it is often rallwl moral (emotional or impuhite would be t)ettcr) luHanity. Melanehohj !8 charaeteriml by gl,K)my and dcHponding thoughts and feelingB, which ocxuipy the whole mind for the time. It is less often cured than acute mania ; but rect>veries fnjm it do ooi-ur. DemenUa is the total wreck of the mental capacif°s. lin subjects are more helpless than any other human Ijeings except infants in arms. From it, recovery is never to be exi)ected. Treatment of Insanity i-equires the skill of those devoted esiiecially to it. Experience shows that, since the immense improvement in th« hospitals and asylums for the insane, which dates frt)m about the begin- ning of this century, almost every insane patient has the best poesibU chance of cure when he is taken early to such an institution. There he will be secure from danger of injuring himself or others; and wiU have, besides skilful medical treatment, every surrounding circumstance to promote the healing of his pertarb«l mind. Comfortable rooms, beautiful grounds, books, musical instrumentg, evening entertainmentB, 4M DOMMSrtC MtDICIHM. tnuH)uilluiug rcligiom iprvicai ; nmi, latterly, in vaitay mvAx placoi, op- portunity for work; all thow ar« nhundantly fnmiatiwl in the beat inodi'rn rctruitn, iw tlH>y tiiigiit tic mllwi, which aru fltt«>(l out an hoapitalii for th«! iMMiiH-. Tlwre, iii-uriy »r tjuite liiilf <»f Umim(' cntfrint; with Hmt attadcM art! curKl, within from tliree to mx niontlis ; and of thorn not cunii, tlic comlitiou i« mt much mon> toh>nU>l)> ihiui fW-wheri', that a visit to KUfli n plwr may (five rii«' to tlip <]Uiwtioti, whether anywhere elie in the world there ix u larger pro|Mirtion of enjoyment to Huflering, than within the domain of a well-eonHtruettKl and well-manage<l hospital for the iuHniie. It '» true that in a certain «mall numlier of eaam of patients who are not inclined to violence, and who are only |iartlally deruiged, treatment at their own honu«, or at leat»t in privati' houtwH, may answer well ; and may even lie better than to di^turl) tlieir feelings hy taking them tj an iiMtitution. But thenc an- exct'ptiimi*, and ought ulwayu to lie judged of by a phvHician who !)• well netiiuintcd with intwuiity. Insolation. .See Heat-atroke. Insomnia. HleepltwHueiw. Much luw liceu wid of tliio umler Hy- giene (Mental Hygiene). It may be brougiit on by iileoholic iiUemjjtr- anef, excessive use of strong eofir or tea, or lurain-tita'm by worry or overwork. In everj- case, the first thing in its treatment must be the removal of the caimr. Without this, u curt? cannot l)e exjieawl. When the cause is removed, sl(>eji may lie pr«>mote<l in several wavs; whose success will de()end chiefly upon the nature of each case. All of them may be tried when netMssar}'. Such an', a warm bath just before bedtime ; lying with the head and shoulders moderately raised ; avoiding study for an hour or two before the asual hour for retiring ; dumb-bell exercise for twenty minutes just before getting into lied ; rubbing all over near bedtime (sec Massage, under Nursing, page 389). Medicineg for Insomnia need to be used with much judgment, or they may do harm instead of good. Such is the cose especially with ale, wine, etc. ; as well as with bromide of potassium or sodium, rhloral, and all kinds of opiates. These cannot l»e recommended to be token or given without competent professional advice. Intercostal Rheumatism. Rheumatic jiain and soreness bdween the rilj«. It is sometimes troublesome and tedious ; but, by itself, not dangerous. Warming applications, of any convenient kind, constitute the substance of its particukr treatment. At the very beginning, direct heat is often the best thing ; for instance, a flat-iron, as hot as can be borne, laid upon or passed over the part re- peatedly. A flesh-brush, or a common hair- or clothes-bmsh, may mb oat a considerable pain, in some esses. A mustard-plaster is always tPMOIAl DttMAtMa. 4M «fe and likelj to do good ; kter, . Burguwly pit.* or AllooekV ,.,,«,« ptairter, to remain on for . week or two, for oontiiiuiMl n-Hcf and pro- tort on of the part from oold. One who i*. liable to In«<.n..«t«l i{he«- laatim ahould wenr flannel, nilk, or thick merino next the *.kin ail winter, and ihm flannel all the year rm.ml, for securitv agaiuit wither <*bangea. Intermittent Pever. Hw Ague. Intestinal Obetniction. Sec Obatruction of the Bowels. Intusniaception. Stove-pipo-like inolu«on of one |mrt of an intw- tine in another portion, alxive or below it. Hee Obetniction of the Bowela. Iritie. Inflammation of the irU, the rirmilar arranrnifnt of mtw- fular fibres around the pupil of the eye. It \^ nn^igniml by the .wur- rence of irregularity in the form of the pupil, fro,,, mlh^ionn of the inn when inflamed. In order to prev.i.t tht«e from |K..ri„.,ntntly namiwing the pupil. It M u«uttl to dn.p lot., the eye a (two to four grains to the flmdounre of water) solution of ulroinu, every day or two. Sec Eve Diseases of. ' Itch. Sec Skin Diseases. 490 DOMSariC MSDIOIITM Jail Fever. See Typhus Fever. Jaundice. Yellownees of the skin, from biliary coloring matter de. posited in it This must result from either, 1, the "verwrf removing the coloring matter from the blood, and its finding its way out through the small blood-vessels over the body ; or 2, the bile beii^ secreted from the blood by the liver, but being then reabmrbed into the blood from the gall-bladder, on aeeount of o6«<rj<c^;OTj of the gall-iluct bygalk stones. There is no apeeitd remedy for Jaundice. The treatment of those having it must be addressed to its cause, so far as made out ; and to the general condition of the system at th<> time. In a recent case, calomel or blue pill, taraxacum and nitromuriatic acid, are usual remedies. Kidneys, Diseases of. Pam in the Kidneys is felt in the back, on each side of the spine, about three inches below the edges of the ribs. Congestion of the Kidneys may be producetl by cold and wet It is attended by pain, with scanty, high-colored urine. Inflammatim of Uie Kidneys (tiephritia) is yet more piiinful; with bloody urine in some cases, and other changes in that fluid, discovered with the aid of the microscope. Brighl'^ Dkeme Ls a more prolonged aflktion, with albu- minous urine, and changes in the structure of the Kidneys. CSee Brighfs Disease.) ^ Congestion or commencing inflammation of the Kidneys may be ad- vantageously treated by Uie application of cupn; dry in a feeble person, cut so as to draw blood in a iiatient of tolerable strengUi. If this be not done, a large, mustard-plaster should be applied to the small of the back. Placing the feet in hot mustard water will be suitable; and so will be the free drinking otflaxeeed-tea; sweetened to taste, but without lemon-juice. It is desirable in such cases to promote the free action of the sl^ to relieve the kidneys. When pam is very considerable. Do- vers . uwder at night will be appropriate, to favor sleep and perepira- {ion. Other tmUnieat wouhl letter be left lo a physician. SPECIAL DISEASES. ^^j commoi. form of ,^L^]Z,-- "J^"™ -^wa-- The mM H c an. For if« f.,.*i,„. • 1 . ^ "K "n>e lor treatment by a nhv- Fig. 2l'5. l:»Al«YN(iOSCOPB. .»«be, of rh. white CO, jfe ^iizti f«r:;'t, ^ "" Leucorrhoea. In popular language, "the whites" A f ■ • 492 DOMESTIC MEDICIlTg. up" the general STBtem. Tinebtre qf the chloride of iron will be the best preparation, or ammonio-ferrto alum; the latter best when the dis- charge is profuse; as that medicine is asMngerU. IjocoI applications are important, used either as suppoaUoriea or by means of a vaginal nyringe as inje<!tion8. A suppository for this purpose may be made by mixing ten grains of tannin with enough cacao butter to make a nuss for the vagina. For washes, used by injection, oiik-bark tea, lime-water, and solution of alum (a drachm to the pint of water) may be mentioned iw available. Some practitioners advise simple hot water (110° to 120° Fahr.) as the best. Leukaemia. See Leucocythaemia. Lice. See Parasites. Lichen. A pimply (papular) eruption. See Skin Diseases. Lithiasis. A disposition in the constitution to the formation of an excess of lithic or uric acid ; shown sometimes in gout or grovel, in other cases by neuralgic or other manifestations of the action of uric add in the blood. Liver, Diseases of. This organ is frequently the seat of conges- tion ; produc«d by " catching cold," by errors of diet causing indiges- tion, or by the chill of intermittent fever. Its symptoms are : pain under the lower ribs on tlie right side and under tlie right shoulder- blade ; constipation, with lead-colored passages ; a furred tongue, bitter taste in the mouth, sicliness of the stomach, dizziness or headache, and yellowness (which may be slight) of the eyes and skin. TVeatment of this condition requires a simple, not fatty, diet, and medicine to act moderately on the bowels, and, if possible, to increase the flow of bile from the liver. Much experience has shown that blue mam or calomel, in small doses, will help to relieve liver-torpor. I advise, therefore, two grains of blue pill at bedtime, followed in the morning b> a teaspoonful of magnesia ; or, if constipation has been great, and the system feverish, a dose of cd»tife of magnesium or RoeheUe salts. Should the " biliousness " not be entirely relieved, a grain of blue pill may be taken night and morning for a day or two more. Chronic Ciongestion of the Liver luis some of the same symptoms , continued, in varying d^ree, for weeks or months ; pain in the side and under the shoulder-blade, indigestion, a bad taste in the mouth, consti- pation, and more or less yellowness of the eyes and skin. It will not do to go on taking blue pill, even for a week at a time. We may fol- low it with nitromurialic aeid, three drops twice daily, in water (in a glass ; do not put a aUoer spoon into it, as it acts upon silver). This may be continued, if need be, for weeks together. Danddion rwt-tea, or extract, of dandelion (taraxacum) is a favorite medicine for this trou- SPSCIAL DISEASES. ble with many who have tried it. Of the 48S Ihe Liver « aI«o subject to acute inflammation (hepatitis^ Tl..-. Wti.Xsvmp^o"rof tl :i^^^^^^ '"""" "-^"^^ -fla-n,atio„. and the existent, of rat^ js IVL 17"'"" "" 1"'*^ ''^""'' seqnenceB. There i« dLcT^ ^ . ^f ''°°"" ^^ ««'"« «*" ^^s con- Ts fom«ira^rn«^^rpoTretth:rl"T:'r'''^'^ ^« l*n«m,orintothe;,Jw^;^''oft^^ ?-"«'? ^^ ^^■ mllapee and death yuU result. If it cnL t T^ . ^" *''' '"**""• «*'^' the lung and be coughed a^- If „To„ ' '* "'^^ ^ '"*« ««). R«t, of «.u4 and Zt' friu^" ' » -W-- remains (which either into the bowels'or thZgh Z k ; , .U Z"l "' ^l "^ .nuch skill and judgment in the p^iriZ' 11 e JTT\ "^""" acute Inflammation nf ft,» T • t'?"'™''.^'^- ^ "« early treatment of Lockjaw. See Tetanus. ^'s^m'TSi; "•**!• ^ t"'^ P"'^'^« ^'^ -' the nervo.« "> walfang. Th« as shown m a kicking or jerking way of stepp,^ DOMBSTIC MJBDICiyS. art ; very different from the dragging walk of simple palsy (parapl^). If the patient shuts his eyes while standing, he will fall, the oidinaiy guidance by the sensibility of his feet being lost. Another curious symptom is the absence of the terulm-reflex movement of the 1^. That is, when one It^ is crossed over the other, and a smart blow is made with the hand just below the knee, the leg does not jump, as it does in a healthy state of the nerves and nerve-centres. Severe darting pains also, chiefly in the legs, Ijelong to this disease. Gradually, perhaps after a number of years, the patient weakens, with increasing loss of muscular control, until death. There is no cure for Locomotor Ataxy, Medicine has been so far shown to have only palliative, if any, effect. As with all slow chronic diseases, care of the general health may do much to prolong life and lessen suflering. Lumbago. A painful affection of the small of the back, generally met with in elderly people. The same name is given commonly to two diilferent kinds of attack. One is muscidai- ; a form of rheumatism. This may come on very suddenly, making it imiwesible for the patient to rise and walk, almost to move at all. Keeping very still, and ha\'ing warming applications made to the part (nuistanl-plastcrs ; or spirits of turpentine and sweet oil, or, with tougher skias, pure oil of turjientine ; or painting with tincture of iodine) will generally bring on recovery in a i&\\ days. Some old people, however, have frequent attacks. Such should alwajns wear flannel, and be careful to avoid having wet feet or sitting in draughts. The other kind of Lumbago is neurcUffic. See Neuralgia. Lungs, Diseases of. Injiammatton of the Lung is pneumonia; pulmonary consumption is pMhima. For the purposes of this work, a mifficient account of these diseases is given under the two headings, Pneumonia and Consumption. Lupus. A creeping, eating disease of the skin, hard to cure. Dr. Koch, of Berlin, Germany, in 189() claimed to l;e able to cure it with "tuberculin," which he made by dissolving tuberculous matter in glycerin. The difliculty of making and preserving such matter is much in the way of its use, even by skilful surgeons. aPBOIAL DISBASSa. 4011 M«l«rW Fever. The three varieties of thfe, all pr«]„oed bv th- ■ame causation, are 7nfemi;««i/ »-»;« * i "' .'/^^^^ oy the for flu. fi»* J , ■'™"*^' Kemtttent, and Pernieiom Fever. See lor the first and last of these Ame* f™. *i,„ i Z"^' °*» Fever. ' ^ ' ^ "*® "*»H Remittent Mania. See Insanity. Mania-a.Potu. See Delirium Tremens. Sme XThJ ~"*fg'«»«; «n<J "dually .^„ but one* in a <>iWi»tom«. J^irst, the eyes be<-ome red, the mm nins «,..! .!,„ It B not of so bnght a »d oolor aa Marlct fevop nor >n hn, .!T i !»! nor«, continuon, over the Wv mi limhl Tl. ■ , '"'°'" Sirte,aXr4r4;:.^cr2 obihfy of d,arrha« coming on in the oou«e of the attack Yet T^ Siist ' ""^^ P^rfi^^t'on; and pui^tion of theZ^fe p^ m^ a« by canymg off waste matter freely frem the body. ^ The cough may be treated with small dos^ of Rvr.,n ,f goodproteet.^1 ^ ^ ^™™^-g-pla8ter on the br«8t will be . Th^~ VM^ !" """' ''°'^«'« Ccatching) than Meadea. JWore, chddren who have not had it should be caSu% kenU^ ft«a .ny one «ck wiU» it; in another house, if pcasi J^i:'^ DOMSSTIC MKDICINS. may be teben by aoother just before the radi is out j and also for a week w imve after recovery has taken pkce. Forty day, from the beginning of the attack, is the period of absence from school prescribed by some authorities on the subject. Thirty tkys, in the case of Measles^ appear to me to be enough. Danger to life v* much less from this dis- ease than from scarlet fever; and, as hardly any one is likely always to escape from it, a healdiy child over five years of uge may about as well have it at one time as anotlier. A third person, as a physician or a nurse, going right from the chamber of a patient having Measles, may potibly give it to another liable to it ; but such things seldom happen ; especially when considerable time and distance intervene between their visits. Oei-man Measles appears to be a sort of hybrid or cross between Measles and Soariet Fever. It has a rash which is redder (deeper red) than that of Measles, and more in ^patches than that of scarlet fever. There is also more decuded sore throat, and less prominent cough, than in Measles. It is less dangerous than scarlet fever, and not so conta- gious as Measles. It requires no peculiarity of treatment; only good nnrsing to steer the patient through it. Some call it Fmxch measles. Megrim, miffraim; liemicranin. See Neuralgia. Melancholy. See Insanity. Membranoua Croup. See Croup. Meni^e's Disease. See Ear, Diseases of. Meningitis. See Brain, Inflammation of; also Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. Menorrhagia. Excessive menstrual flow. This may be either its too frequent occurrence, or too great an amount of dischm^; but both often occur together. Causes of this trouble are : general relaxation of the system; over-excitement ; thinness of the blood; and over-fatigue, especially long standing, or walking too far. Hemorrhage from th^ womb, not menstrual {mdroiThagia), may be due to vleer, canca-, or other tumor of the womb ; or, during pregnancy, miemrriage (abortion), or wiMpfacCTicn< of the after-birth {placenta ptrcria). (See Miscarriage.) Treatmeni of Menorrhagia must depend on the general condition of the patient. Most of those so affected are thin-blooded, i. «., atuemic. For these, iron is called for; the tincture of the chloride, taken thrice daily m fifteen-drop doses, for several weeks at a time. If headache follows tiie use of the iron, leave it off for a few days, and then try it in smaller doses. It does not agree with all. Near the expected time, or at once if it occur sooner than expected, the patient must lie down, and remain at rat till it is over. If very pnfim, fluid extract of ergatf half a teaspoonful every honr w two, aPEClAL DISEASES. ^^ Pt'm'ng mm be uml. Thk is Dr. T Gailkrd Th -" ^' "^'^' of cotton «oak«I in water, ur^^\ ' „ , fli 7 i"*"""" ^^ = ^'"^ each about the size of a vervTllM ^ ' **"' ^^ '''^ ""Ke". -it, of the vagina, unlii^:^/ L^fiSTh"^ 7'^ '""^^^ «not.metospare,wa*lHof-dn.cotto„V''i ^"'.''°'^«^«'-. there purpose. We need ha«lly rZ^T. Th '^' ^"^ '" *«' ^he same Priate for aa.ext«o„li.4Ti ^1^^^^ dently being weakened at Se ti.ie^ ^' ^ "'" P'^''"'* ^ «^ Menstruation, Errors of Tli of the monthly change • Dvsm.n„r,,'"*' '^'"«n«>"-h«a, siipprtt«,on Menorrhagia, exc«S;S!^r^-^K""' '""'"■"' "'^'"«»™ation ; and obtained b, it« subject U^ ^iu a ;vt:'; " " "r'^' '^ *" »- •quor, for at least fron. tUr^ltot nont^ " '" .T "*** ««* better. All temptation to induW iJ T- ,''^'" "'""'*' ^e much morbid api^tite 'wi.l ^JT ly^.^^, 7/;^ •>!; -'», in time the return of his bad habit It is n«Z.l /' ? '""' '''^ "'«^ «void « t«aUrtain f..m evervthi.^ ^^ t^^'^ T' ''^--er, alw.y« «.on table" has, in a n„ Xr of ;1 ^ "* *'"^ "«»"'"»- formed inebriat^. In^^^ ^^^"7' ?"^ *'" ^'^^"«>" «^ "" alty of excess a. rJl^^^^;^ «^ this te^ible pen- the Franklin Reformatorv Home in PhLi? '" f^ «^"°*'7; about one-thim of all entering rresto:^^'''''''^ " "" *^' ^"'^^' -''- See Skin DTsVasef "'""''^ ^™P^'°"' -"-''« ^-^ dentition. under the skin. It is hot whit/-n i ^f '"^^" prominenoes -ner or later, with feb^^t iw ^ « accompanied, hardness, and sensibility dimmkr J , v . ^^^ ''"^^ the heat, - longer or sho^r Z^^°^; "f^ ^"^ !""^ '*"«"''« edematous for nerpenod. The disease frequenUy, if not generally, f" nOMMSTtO MtDlOtHM. L ZT" °S^^«T^ "*«"»' ">• flow of bioS^rit^ T ♦K^ ^ *''* ''*'" " '^•^'^ completely obliteraterl." will b. the hatpta f„, . J,, „, ,„ ijUnmTCir '*"/*'«'' Miscarriage. Abortion; premature delivery, too early for th« MlA iMweg of miscarriage are: acute attacks of dia«i«> in f».» ^^u syphilis, accidents, such as falls or blows; mental excitement bv fri^ J^r, or sudden joy; over-fatigue; and ' certain dC^Te^f:!*' etc. Sometimes disease of the fcetus (infant in the w^mwTelfTi^' duces it» death, and consequent abortion ^ ^^ n J^t tTT" f^'^^^'y^-- « general feeling of „ne«u, ne«, pam m the back, and afterwards also in the abdomen oomin,.TH going like lesser labor pains; and a vaginal disch^^^!!' ^ ^ then hlonrlv re u^ /l • b""" aiscdaiige, first mucous and men bloody. If, however, the miscarriage occure during the firet thm. months, there ™ay be very slight sympZ^s besid« the fl^iZlS SreriTInt"^^"^- '^^(*^^-Hof.u..,isve.ysmaU^a:ri"4 yeiy quiet. If pregnancy has advanced beyond the fourth month and pam « oonsjderable, let an injection of laudanmn (foiTdZy'r* sUrchinto the bowels be made with a small syringe, withTirto « soon as th, threatemng symptoms appear. If it become phiin that ^thing«gou.g on, and the fcetus will come away, the pnu^S^^. ^ ^.tneoe««y„8om9««estoha8tenit,so.st«getthroughwithX least hemorrhage. In spontaneous abortion, this (the AooL^U 2l ODly certain way of brmging it on), there «« other dangew afeo; ^Z ^[•th • right to continued exi« en,* f.^L 1. " """* '""»«« "^''^ One cimim^ance only cTriSy aLfH " ."""""'* "'' «""*P*'«»' •^ competent phy«i (anXfuch^'l'ir' \-^^^-^y, determined th.t, from deformity or l\^ ZilT.s ^"^'^^'^ ^e oom,ultation) It i8 wonderful what lax anS f* f^^J "'^ "'"'''^•'« "<•«• enJIr weU maming^LpTe have i 'l " t"' '''" ■"•"«' «""« ^• people to «k advfce'T to how al'T °"" '"'^"''^"' •»'"^«J ri>ort, rimply because it interfeLl Xf "* PT""^^ """r •- eut journey. Yet the «,m. ^ '"'"" «"»'enien« in taking a much diflference. T^ evermlrriS . "^ ^'""^^ *'•««« ncJ • family i« divinely oS r^h. 7^ '' 'r"*"^^ " * "^sing; the •ociety. Let no one?^; ^^^ oTfo^ "' """^r """P'^' -'' "^ ii« thia in ita living devebnmeTl. ^' T"'* '''' ^""^^ «^ disturb. of ^ munler aKdSh'j;^'^ ^^■^'••'' »- ^e double quah^ body^r«wI^„y"itr;:::^it;? ^^j^'^ - ^« ^^^ neck, or physician or sui^n ' '"* "'"*' ** '«« *° ^he ju. Ig„,ent of a «-pl«. Thoh^tt^f^JStT 7'"?''^ '^ '^•^-"'- A ver^ am.oying form isC^I^L^' I'^J' r^"' 8«»««>tion8. «metim«, met with In^TZ ■\'' Tf"'^ ^^P**'*'"° *» «*«»>; buildings. ^' ^'*'«'"« « an insane desire to «et fire to of inaanity " to S^lty di I'^T^^^ '""'T''^ «^ *»•« "pli mimption alwaya i« t£ alt;*"l ""^''* *" *" ''^'^ '^^' ^^ P«- otherwiae; and\bo S IS *"" ""'"* el«"-ly pmven to be for their actions The on^^elr"; ^^ "" ^-^ ^^-^ ' when it ia shown tha 7I^^^Ttl^""'- Y P^"''*'" «^««" ^ ««^ o/^ «^, 30 that letTn Iw nTl 'r'*- ""* """^ *** not acooantable. Moreover C^^ f " "^ °*^.''^^' and so was by the confinement of^I^^' S f !.°T*^ ^'^'^^ ** «>»«^*d --%. Su^^apeJf^nT^frtT^L'^Lt^*^'^*^--- ■»«: Hj oe at liberty. Any <nie commit- MO DOMMSTIC MKlUCtSB. !•» 111' bg bomicid,, .Dd aoqaittod oo tml ba»u« of Inanity. Ao«Id (m i. th, kw u. EogI«d) be thereafter AtoWt .« « ^J\^ZZ Mouth, DlMu«s of. Leaving to Dentin, the are of the TcKh f^ I'T^^rl"^/^''""""'^"'-'''^ inflation, i Aphth*. 3. Thnwh. 4. Ulcer. 8. Owigret.. 6. Salivation 7 Nar«ee' tore mouth. 8. Scurvy. «u'vauon. 7. Simple inflammation of the" mouth may come from anythimr con«. T' " •^«'' •«'I*«™ «'W. etc. Boi of th«. HubBtanTZ^ «d ^„?*^ I "^ t '"*''' "^ "'fl-nm-tion r«,ui«» coolhig •ud -wrthing Ice, g^lm^lnlbic water, flaxsced-tea, glycerin ^diluted hj^«Kl half with water), and aI.„ond-«il, are he« atS" U^ Wwater, alum-^ter (followed by pure water, leet it act upoo^S ^A« have been already considere.!. See Aphth*. 2W begins with simple inflammation of the mouth (nearly aim of w inftnt), and, after a day or two.a number of smaJl whTSwT ^l^come together, forming a c„«l-like appeamnce. Those S A cff«d be r^wed In bad cases they bec-ome b^wnish in hue. he flhiWa mouth is hot, and sickness of stomach, perhapa with fever i^ comrn^,. The attack may h«t f«m one to twX^Ctl 't " »ev«r fttol, unless m a .hild otherwise ver, much run doJT^ tion^J «/ i«'««-»« i« the usual medicine relied upon in this affec fton. From three to five grams three or four times dnily may be given .n powder to an infant under four . ea« of age. MagnST^HuT^ «"table huative for the bowels. Feeble infal may aSZlTre qui! Z Th' T'Z •"'^'^ •™'" "' q^arter^in dj; som^^'hlm nOe nunUh we may apply at first gum^rebic water ; then glycerin and "«-water (one part to four or five) ; .K,n« in so!uti;n (twoXhl^ four ounces), or borax in powder, equal parts with sugar; later^b^ of njrri, m water (Wf a toaspoonful in a win^lassfSJ/or aW^ iJl of these may, mdeed, be used in succession, if the ase be obstim.t« IsT^ ^''' ■*"'^"«*"''^'«° "^"^""yio* though »fMCtAl D/SKASK9. g^, rh» complaint nwy la,t f„r Hoveral wIT *"" '"">' ** l'"**"«- "H-rt never fatal It « Jl ^^"l ''''" '»""'''«; t*"! it ii, „!- required; an quinine, iron. a.lCr oil S. r'" '""j *""'" •""^ »>« medicine, a« aronutti^ «ul ^i .^L Ll'^ "" "^^ effect. Chlo™tcofp„Jiur„,a7t;ie"lvr "»"»^'f' -V good infant; twenty imin« «.v„-„i *• /^'^^""''^^ «••""« or le* for an each ulcer once or tw'c-e a dav «^ » ' T ^" r^" "'"' " ^" '" ^»"*'h «»pper); or, veiy light" w ,?« i^i:??"'"' ''' *'"^'^-' (-'l'''»t. of Between the timL of «t e X«^^^^^^^^^^ "^'^'''^- or inside the check the paS "we f T ' ""' "•'*''-^'"''««'. «" the g„n« coming dark and ^s^cT^t IC^f j'-'f "' '"'''^''^•' »- other ulcemtiona form, an aeridlu d is^lt .'\ "*'"" *''""'«'•'" out I^w fever and nr^tJ- . '« '''*I'arg«l, the teeth may fall tioo^ and final., d^lir^ti;:"'' iftS 'T'""' ""'^ ^'^^■™- it early. ""'^ "*'P^ '» this disease is in arresting fuliy ?„,,x>rtioned an.uS^f T! "'^^ "■• ^''^^ P""''' «-- ever, two or thi«, h ,„„ «" ,! , ^'" "^ ''"«" ♦'"•F of whisky be suitable. wiAextreme tre f kt^ L .,'"7*"""' '"' "''^ ^"" very «,ft sj.^ ^^t with XlJS ^- irl^'r ""k '^ '"'^- ^^ Ml POMMtrtO MMPtOtMM, •II If obdmte, otiwr loml ramdioi un, ■ointiao at enaaoU in glyowb or In w«ter(fri>ni Uiree to twenty drop in IwUf • wimglM^i); /Mnnm- gonak qfpoUmium (ten grains in a fliibiminoe of water) ; Moiide qf Mme (one Kmin in a Huidomi'-e i>f water). Any of theMs out Iw bart applied witli a nanieiVliiiir |N!iH-ii to tlie |«rtii. fkditalum, (Vom IarK« (Iiimm »f i«lonH>l or blue niaw, waa once a ft». quent affeirtiiHi. Nowadap, pliyHi<qaiw «lo w* imI" !o their patienta. If any of tlieni, hy nonie a«xi.ltnt, niHiuld do m, !ic will iw at band to direct the truatnient; m we may leave it tn him. It nueda only to be ■aid, that the •igngof niervurial nor i, uitl., or Hulivation, are--a coihoim flow of saliva, a metallic taste in U. -iitHith, swelling and amvnon of the gimw, and tcndemeaa of the teeth when pr««ed together. Formerly, bad salivation would now and then cuiwe some of the teeth to fall out " Nous avons changi^ tout cela." We never do so any more. Nwm»' 8r-^ Month is, as its name shows, nn affection of thoae who ■re MK'klii.f" infants. 8omt'tinH»i it n^ay come even befora the child is bom. 1' ut<gins with small, harti, imiuful swellings on the tongue and <*> ' , whiih ulcerate and lieoome very sore. There may be general iM^HpoMition and fever with it. Trtaiment of this disonler re(|uire8 Morale o/potamium as the prin- cipal medidne, in ten- to twenty-grtin doses, three or four times daily. If the patient be feeble, iron and quinine will also be in plat*, with good nourishing diet, including plenty of milk. To the moulh, the applications above mentioned for Ulcer will be appropriate. See Scurvy f<w the sore mouth which is a jiart of that disease. Mumpa. A mild ccntagious disease, whksh most people (not all) have but once; characteriaed by iuftumnadwi and swelling of one w both of the parotid glnndn. Thc«e art, situated one on each side of the neck, just below the ear. In their healthy condition, they are so araall that we do not either see or feel them | m Mumps thqr grow quite lai^ and sore, and are hurt in the act of swallowing. There is little if any fever, and the attack lasts in all about a week. In a few instances, the disease undergoes a transfer {mdadtum) to the brain or some other poii j and then it may be quite a serious illness. I never knew or heard of any one dying of mumps. Very little traOment is worth while. Ijei the patient stay in-docM«^ on soft diet, take a moderate dose of citrate of magnesium w Bodielle salts, and bathe the swollen "chaps" with aoep liniment, to which a little laudanum has been added. That ia about all that need be done. Once in a while, in a child especially, «» of (he parodd or sab. maxiUaiy glands may undergo euhu|^men(^ not iiom mumps, whioh may raquiri aPMOUl DttMAtMt. iHta for a mmtidenbUs tintr. The diagnnwi in iiw-h a earefUl conuderation on the part of a phy»ician. MuMti VoHtantaa. " Flying fli«.," liumlly. Th*»» »n> npnta or qwolu, ringi or itringi, floating bdure the tight erf" one or both ejra. They often look like chaiua of Mnall pcnrlii ; riaiog whi'n the eyca an turned upward, and alowly urttling down again. They aiv tiny, tein^ opaque, Milid partirlm floating in the rilmut humor of tlie eye, in frout of the rntino. One niay have tlicni, as I liave niyiwlf, for twenty or more yeara, without thi«ir interfiling with aight. Fixwl «lark apota, ooniing Utwcen the Night ami ol)je(!tM in view, ami grwlually growing larger, on- more omimiiu j they nioy iixrwwe mo aa to eml in blindmwt. Myalgia. i/iMo^yjM/n ; aa neuralgia ia nerve-pain. Fatigue («Uf*m temimrary niynlgio |inin ; an cxhauKtMl peiwn may have it, a<iieL-ially in the Iwik, withotit exertion. Ita tiratmnU requirra reat and warmth, ■oinetimea anodynot (as hiwlanuni) to the parta affeeted. Myelitia. InflHmnmtion of tiu! j<|>inul iiinrrow. Sec Spinal Mar- row, Diaeaaea nF, in extended in<iiiiiil workn. Myopia. Near^ightednem; rpHilting fVom too grwit length of the eyeball, or too great «»nvexity of tlw .ryHtallino kn»» ; making the image of an dhyxt /att JwH of the ntimi, uiilewt it in very near to ilii« eye. It ia oorreeted by cottmvf ghtmm, pivaiing the Imager fartlier Ixti-k, m aa to reach the reUna. See Hygiene, Care of the Sight, page 406. Myxoedema. A rare, incurable, constitutional disease of women pai4 the middle time of life; conaiating of a general swelling (without in- flammation) of the connective timae umler the »kin, wpeoialiv on the npper half of the Ixxly. The fa.« has a waxy-bloated appearand ; the breaat becomes large all over; stupklity or mental derangement follown, ■nd death occurs within a few mouths. 604 DOM/: STIC MSD/CIA'R Nail, In-growing. A wrong name; it is out-gnwing (oi BweUbtr) Jhah, invading the nail, that ie really the matter. The nail never grows into the fleafa, while the latter keeps its natural ^.lace. But whenever anything causes the soft flesh of the toe, generally the great toe, t» in- . flame, a long or sharp-edged nail against it ag^vates the pain and soreness very much. It becomes excessively tender to the touch, and sometimes lames the foot in walking. First, then, we must mothe and liml the inflamed part. Lybg in bed, with a bread or flaxseed poultice on the toe; applying simple cerate freely over the sore place, night and morning; if very angiy, lime- water and oil, in equal parts. When it gives way a little, then we should very carefully cut away so much as can be done of the sharp end and edge of the nail next the flesh. Take a small, soft bit of lint or linen, cut for the purpose, smear it with simple cerate, and, with the back of a penknife or the blade of a ^u- of scissore, gently push it in Mween the nail and Uiejkah, and let it stay there. Renew this every day, unless it seems to keep its place well. If necessarj', by a small strip of adhesive plasio^, we may draw the jUA aroay from the nail also. In slow cases, collodim may be pouretl M, or applied with a hair pencil, to- fill up the crack between nail and flesh; or compmind tincture of benzoin, which makes a delicate artificial cuticle. A few cases may need « taking down proud flesh " by touching with blnestone or lunar caustic. Rare instances occur of maliffnant disease of the toe, involving the nail. Sudi cases may require a «<r<7jca/ qpenriiow. None is ever neces- aary for Uie cure of simple so-called « In-growing Nail." Navel, Started. Umbilical hernia. See Hernia. Nephritis. See Kidney, Inflammation of. Nettle-rash. A red, slightly swollen eruption, in wheals or patches, whidi bum and sting, as if the part had been touched by nettles See SUn Diseases. Neuralgia. Nerve-pain ; that is, pain having its place, or cause, in a nerve. It may have place in a nerve, when its came is at the nerve- embre, or in the blood and general system. Inflammation of a nerve- diealh may give rise to it, but not inflammation of other parts. Fwxwihe (tic douloureux), when not produced by disease of a tooth OT inflammation of the cheek or jaw, is one example of Neuralgia. Henueranw, is Neuralgia of one side of the head. Lumbago, pain in the small of the back, may be either Neuralgia or myalgia (muscle pain). Seiaitca is pain affecting the sciatic nerve, which lies along the ba^f the hip, thigh, and leg. Other nerves may be likewise afleated. Tendeniess on pressure often accompanies the pain. It is generally •harp, shooting, or darting in cJiaracter. SPECIAL DISMASSS. m Treatneiit. Three times out of four, at least, a neuralgic person is aniemic ; that is, deficient in good, rich red blood. Nourishing food, pure air, warm clothing, and iron are the chief blood-restorers. Other med- icines, possibly suitable, as quinine, valerianate of zinc, belhulonna, morphia, etc., may be left to the physician to advise. Only severe cases will require the taking of opiates, or other anodynes, by the mouth or by hypodermic injection. To the seat of pain, various remedies are applied, with varying degrees of success. Laudanum, soaking a rag with it and putting it on the pert covered then with oiled silk; paregoric, used in tlie same way; chhro- Jorm, so employed, which burm like mustard when kept from evapo- nrtmg; menthol, the Chinese or Japanese remedy, now prepared in solid sticks ; simple hot water, or anjthing hot ; direct mnshitie ; the half of a cut lemon; equal parts of chloral hydrate and gum camphor, rubbed to- gether; these an among the things frequently so employed. More se- vwe, is raising a s.nall blister over the part, and sprinkling on the raw surface a powder consisting of grain of acetate of morphia and ten grains of gum-arabic. Other jM-werful local anodynes are tincture of aconite, rubbed into the part until the skin tingles ; and ointment of vera- tna, ten to twenty grains in an ounce of laid. These last (morphia, aoo- mta^and veratria) are, when wrongly taken, deadly poisons ; not suitable to be reckoned among ordinary household /nedicines. They are among the edge-tools of the practice of medicine, hardly to be Imwlled safely without the advice of a physician. Neurasthenia. Nervous debility. On this, I may quote part of a page from my " Essentials of Practical Medicine : " "Neurasthenia is a term conveniently applied to a general deficiency tone «M strength in the nervous system ; producing symptoms vari- wialy affecting either the organic, sensory, muscular, or ptycliioal func- tions. If the first of these be involved, we have nervous dyspepsia, oooBSionally diarrhoea or vomUing; amenorrhcea, dysmenorrhan, or men- orrh^; perhaps retention of urine, etc When the sensory apparatus exhibits the results of neurasthenia, neuralgia is the most common symp- torn; sometimes, however, amedhesia occurs instead, or paralysis of tpeaal sensation ; e. g., blindness or deafness. In the muscular appara- tus, the same condition produces a tendency to cmvuMons, general or iwaL Psytiaeal symptoms of neurasthenia are extremely v&nonB in both sexea. In females, all of the above disorderly conditions and Mtmns have been commonly grouped together under the name hysleria." (»» Neurataxia ; alec, hysteria.) " But they ooonr in men and bovs ■fco, uitder circumstance^ sustaining the view that in eitho- sex the rek- tion to die rqnodaodve sjnton ia rather aoddeatal than cMential." 806 D0MS8T1C MEDIOtjra. n " Undoubtedfy, neunathenis bears an increasinglj large part in the diieaaed states with which the physician has to deal in the artificial life of modern society, especially in great cities. CauxB of neurasthenia are diiefly as follows : sexual or sensual excesses or abuses ; very large use of toboooo ; continued • worry,' i. e., fretting and wearing care about business, domestic, political, or other affiurs; too laborious brain-work with iuBufficiency of sleep; social dissipation, with tlie same effect of deficien<7 of rest; unhygienic habits of bodily and mental inertia, typi- fied by the oorad, the veil, the novel, and the sofa. Predisposition to nervous debility, with some or all of its attendant ailments, is, beyond question, often hereditary. It is promoted, sometimes, by inheritance <^ the gouttf oonstitntion." I\reaiment of Neurasthenia must vary according to the form which it takes, as well as its cause. When brought on, as it often is, by over- fatigue of mind or body, or by anxiety, social excitement, etc., total rerf for a considerable time is the most important thing. The bte Professor 8. Jackson, of Philadelphia, urged strenuously the idea of this; which has been developed into a system of " rest-cure," by Dr. 8. Weir Mitchell and others. In its completeness, this system requires the nervously ex- hausted patient (mostly a woman) to be separated from her family and friends, unless possibly one of them, acting as her nurse. She must lie in bed, and see no visitors, read no books nor pajwrs, and write no letters. Lite must be, to her, for a time, a comfortable blank ; diversified by her daily hour or two of rubbing (massage) by a manipulator; and, perhaps, the application, once or twice a day, of electricity. Her diet consists chiefly of milk, of which she is to take a great deal ; as much, indeed, as she can swallow and digest After from three to six weeks of this r^rime, she may, m favorable cases, be allowed gradually to leave her bed, read a little, see somebody, and, at last, return to the world. No doubt a ':rtain number of over-driven people (especially those who aie victims of social dissipation) ai-e benefited by going thiwugh a period of this extreme isolation and quietude. Bed, however, may often be obtained suflSciently without banishment from home, or even total isolation, at home, from one's friends. Good medical judgment is neces- sary to decide about this in eaca case. Other treatment for Neurasthenia includes the use of tonus, as iron, quinine, nux vomica, phosphates or hypophosphites, etc.; and, when available, sear-bathing (or at least sea air), or viating mountains or other rescnrts for change of scene. Neurataxia. This term has been proposed by me, meanmg loss ot harmmiy and ooordinalaon in the performance <rf the functions of th« norvoos syrtem, to deagnate the state <tf things in h^teria, assom^hing BPSCtAl DISSASZa. 807 more and other than mere nervous debilibf or neuraOhmia. Other anthorB have not, however, I believe, as yet adopted the term Neura- taxia. See Hysteria. Neurosia. A general term, applicable to any disorder of the ner- vous system. Hysteria, epilepsy, and chorea, for examples, are, or may be, called neuroies. Night-Sweats. See Consutnption. Night-Terrors. A child, from three to eight years of age, goes to bed apparently well. In an hour or two, perhaps kter, it screams with sudden fright, and calls for its father and mother; sitting up in bed, but not knowing any one who goes to it. Lift the child at once from the bed, well wrapped, of couree, and carry it around the room once or twice. Pass over its forehead and face a napkin or towel dipped in cold water. Give it then a teaspoonful of camphor water. Let it relieve ite bladder, put it to bed again, and it wdl sleep till morning. Then do not wake it up; let it sleep its sleep out, to tranquillize the brain. During the next and following days, see that it eaU nothing indigestible at supper; that it is neither over-violent m exercise nor has its mind much excited towards the end of the day; and that there is enough freah air admitted mto the chamber where it sleeps. Night-terrors do not show that the brain is diseased. But they do prove that it is very sensitive; and extra care should be taken not to aggravate this, in any way, into something more serious. Nipple, Sore. Cracked Nipple is one of the troubles to which mothers and wet-nurees are liable. To prevent it, the nipple should be wiped dry with a soft napkin immediately after the child has left it. On the slightest soreness being felt, apply cM cream (" ointment of rose^ water" of the upothecary); this being very gently wiped off before the babe is put again to the breast. Lime-water, alum-water, and oak-bark tea (one at a time, of course), are good aslinngenis to wash a tender niii- ple with ; using a fine soft sponge for the purpose. When a nipple has actually cracked, it must be helped to heal, by soothing and protective applications: as compound tincture of bemoin (very good) or ooflbdion (best with one-fiftieth part of glycerin added), applied with a camel's-hair pencil. Either of these will make a thin coating over the fissure, like an artificial skin. A nipple shield must be worn, or a breast-pump used, to avoid the pain and irritation of soctir by the child, when a nipple is cracked or very tender. Nurses* Sore Mouth. See Mouth, Sore. fioe DOMESTIC ME Old SB. ExcesBive increase of fat aboot the body. See Hygiene Obesity, (p. 123). Obstruction of the Bowels. Much more than mere oonrtipation, this 18 one of the most dangerous of accidents. It is less uncommon ia young children than in older persons. Its cnu^ are obscure; various kinds of obstruction may occur. Sometimes hardened feee» (excrement^ may collect, from long neglected constipation, into such a mass that the lower bowel has not power to exjM=l it. In a few cases, euvdn of un- dtgegted mOk have blocked up the rectum in the same way. Thie or accumulated feces, when disc-overed by examination, may be soooix^ out with a spoon. Iviwmtseeptim is the tucking or slipping of c... portion of intestine, stovepipe-hke, into another. The outer par. then contracts upon it holding It fast. l\cuXing of ... intestine may take place; or even its getting tied m a knot. There are, also, still other «,nditions, besides drayUatedhemui (rupture) which nuiy cause a mechanical obstruction of the bowels. (See " Essentials of Practical Medicine.") Fio. 226. Jinttim I.VTUSf^lSlt:PTIO!J or IimSTIKE. %>»pto»w of Obstruction of the Bowels are : 1 . Obstinate, unmovable OMMtipation ; purgative medicine having no effect. 2. Vomiting- at first of food taken, bile, etc.; later, of fec^ matter (excrement; "stcr- ooraceous" vomiting). 3. Pain and great distress, with coldmss and prostration. 4. In some cases, without any natural discharge, blood passes from the bowels. 6. Whon the obstruction is low down, the belly may be much swollen rvith wind (meteorisni). 6. In certain instances, with less general swelling, a firm tumor may be felt in one part of the abdomen. Often, the greatest degree of medical skill will not enable a practi- tioner to make sure of the exact nature of the obstruction ; while of tiie exiatenfie of it there is no doubt. The treatment of sucJi cases, there- fore, ii subject to gredt difficulty. Pn>b8biiities are ali that can be acted upon. SPXCIAL DISEASES. fi09 Whenever a person has constipation of the bowels which does not give way after taking ordinary active purgative medicines, send for a physician. Meanwhile, let the patient be put into a quite warm bath (96° or 97°) and remain in it for fifteen or twenty minutes. After lieing thoroughly dried, if the doctor has not yet arrived, let the patient, lying on a bed, be lifted up by the heclt, by one or two other persons; iioping thus to displace the wrongly caught portion of gut, if it be intussusception. If no relief follows, and medical aid cannot be ol)- tuined, the only otlier process I i-an suggest for an unprof^ioual person to venture upon is, to inject, with a common enema-syringe of either kind, two or three pints of wann water, not violently, but steadily, one quantity after another. Sometimes this will loosen things out, happily. It is now not uncommon, in such a desperate state of things as some cases of Obstruction of the Bowels present, for surgeons to open the abdomen by a careful incision, to ascertain the nature of the trouble, and rectify it. This operation is not without danger; but unrelieved ob- struction is almost always fatal. If no such operation is concluded upon, after other measures fail to give relief, it is usual to administer opium in regular doses (a quarter to a half grain every tliree or four hours while awake) to tranquillize the system ; and, at the same time, only liquid food in small quantities lieing given by the mouth, or redum (lower bowel), waiting to see what nature can do. Perhaps in one case or two out of fifty spontaneous recovery may result Odontalgia. See Toothache. CEdenna. Watery swelling ; local dropsy. See Dropsy. CEsophagus, Stricture of. A narrowing of the lower gullet, making it very difficult to swallow anything. It is f rare affection ; one of its causes being, swallowing a corrosive poison, in quantity not quite suffi- cient to cause death. For its treatment, see professional works. Oinomania. See Methomania. Ophthalmia. See Eyes, Diseases of. Egyptian Ophthalmia is a violent form of inflammation of the eyes, often producing blind ess. New-born babies sometimes have a very serious kind of suppurative ophthalmia, which, without skilful treatment, may destroy their sight. It should receive immediate attention from a physician. An excellent wash for it is alum-water; a teaspoonful of alum in a tumblerful of water; a little at a time being gently poured bp^.reen the lids, several times daily. Ophthalmic (or Exophthahnio) Goitre. Also called Thyroccerdiae Ditorder. In this singular and not common disease, three tilings are nnited, whieli seem to have no necessary connection : enlargement of the tiiyroid gland in die neck, throbbing of tiie heart and arteries, and •10 DOMESTta MBDlOltrg. \ staring promiDenoe of the eyebalk It » a slow chronic duoider ; w ooveiy from it may occur, but it often lingers for months or even year^ A person suffering from it should live a very quiet life, avoidbg raucti exertion or excitement Digilali,, verairum viride, iron, and ekelrieUy are the remedies that seem to give the most hope of benefit in Its treatment. Opisthotonos. Bending the head and body backward, in tetaniu (look-jaw) or hygleria, m that only the head and heels touch the bed. It is a 8ympt«n, merely ; n jt itself a disease. Orthopncea. Difficulty of breathing, so great that the patient must be prowled up all the time. It exists in many cases of advanced heart- diaeme, lung^mxue, and also abdominal dropsy; in the last-mentioned case, the fluid pressing against the diaphragm when the patient lies down. Orthopnoea is temporarily present, also, during an attack of aM.ma. Remedies for it are, of couwe, those required for the disoider of whidi it is one of the symptoms or effects. , Ovarian Dropsy. See Women, Diseases of. Ozoena. A chronic disease of the inner nostrils and nei^borii^ cavities of the upper jaw bones, with an offensive discharge. It is very hard to cure; the treatment approved by specialist practitionere is be- yond the scope of domestic medicine. One simple measure alone may be here referred to, which is likely at least to palliate the complaint, and cannot do harm : mneUing tar, from a wide-mouthed bottle, warmed at the time, for several minutes together, three or four times daily. i BPECtAL DISSASSB. 611 Palpitation. See Heart, DiaeaMs of. Palay : Paralyaii. Low of ;H>i«r, or of feelhu;, or of both together. It may remit frt,m di«ea« of the bmin, a« when it follows aixmlexy • or from d«ea«e of U,e spinal marrow ; or of a nerve, a« when pan.ly.is of one Hide of the faee is pmdii(«d by a wild. Ilm^Ui is Palsy of one side of the Uly; P„r„j>f,ylo, of b*.th legs and feet. Oatrnl paralysis involves all the lin.»« together ami some other ,«rts. Sometimes there is Im-a/ jwrnlysis, of „ue or a few muscles; or a local a,mdhe,ia, i. e., loss of sensibility of a part InJantiU Paralysis has been 8|K)ken of in its place. Much the hircer number of cases of palsy oanir in elderly iKH,ple. One variety is ,haMnn palsy {paralyBU> offUam). Hffsterical paralysis is more often curable than any other kind. For the treatm^Uof Paralysis, there is always time enough to obtain deliberate medK»l advice and attendance. Among the remedies likely to be recommended, are, coiutfa-imMlon, at an early stage ; later maii •afl-e(wh.ch see, under Nursing), ./«/rK% Ao< 6«/H and small and c«n>. Fjo. 227. WA8TIN0 PAL8Y. faUy regulated doses of stiychnia. Paralysis following apoplexy, and other cases of it in old people, are seldom recovered from ; and repeated attacks are very apt to follow, until the fatal end. Yet there are some instances of paralytics living for many years. Parasites. Epizoa Is the scientific name for external parasitic anmials. Lice, fleas, ticks, and bed-bugs are such, lai^ enough to be seen as well as felt The itch animaleuk (see Skin Diseases) is diV ooverable only with the aid of a microscope. Lice and fleas are true uwects; ticks and itch animalcules are more nearly related to spiders (arachnida). To get rid of lice, a " hand to head " warfare, armed with a fine- toothed comb, is the most effectual process; cracking all the nita, at eggs, lodged on the hairs, as well as the creeping things; and dusting afterwards with staphysagria to finish them. Washing the head (and body if there; as one sort, erab-Hoe, infest a part of the body) with n« 512 DOMSSTtO MSDiCltrm strong Boapeuds, after a general extermination, will oompleta the work. A woolly or tangled head of hair had better be shorn first Fleaa are famous jumpers, and so not easy to catdu They make large and rather tfoe iHtes. By shaking and beating oat dothing, and bathing, one can get rid of personal followers ; but beds and beddi^n are worse. FUa-poicder (much nettled and uiMid in the East) is probably either pyreihi'um or eoanUus indiotu. I proved the worth of one kind, I think pj/rdhrum, in Egypt. It acted like chloroform on the intruders. They slept and so did we ; and in the morning we swept them out, d la Sennadierib. Bed-iuga, small, round, flat, black, bad-smelling vagabonds, hide themselves well in all sorts of cracks and crannies ; in bedsteads as well as in beds and clothing. They are ugly to look at, and bite unpleasantly. To get rid of them, besides persevering detective work, the bedstead and its surroundings must be attended to. Oorrome gubUmate dmohed in akohd, or alcohol and water (two or three grains in a fluidoonoe) ii Fro. 228. Fio. 229. f^l^^SI^ CXH m^ XALX LOU8B (MAOXinXD). FiMALX Lovn (MAomnro). the moat effectual wash for such a purpose. Benxme also will answer very well. Ticka get on the body from plants ; as wild raspberry boshes, etc., in the country. They are annoying, that is all. The most objectionable lodger in or under the skin is the chigoe, atjiggr , a kind of flea of South America. Moaquitoea are rather itinerant visitors than parasites. To protect oneself from them, a cloud of smoke is in some places available. Otherwise, they are not likely to bite a face or hands wet with spirits of camphor. The p-,- a is a good application to " kill " the itching of the bites. Ammonia, however, is still better. Pennyroyal, a oommon weed, has the rqMitation in the country of keeping off mosquitoes. There l" a very small arachnid (acanis) sometimes present in the follicles of the faoS; when tliere is a pimply (papular) eruption, called aene. Of this, and the aarcopUa of itdi, more under Skin DisaMO*. ParotitiB. See Mompa. BrMCIAL DI»gA8M8. 618 Pellagrm. A way serioua affectkMi of the akio, knowa in Sootbern Europe. See 8kia DitesMt. Pemphigus. Sae Skin DitcMet. Pericarditis. Inflammation of the outer covering of the heart (pericardium). See Heart, Diaeases uf. Peritonitia. Inflammation of tlie peritrnxeum ; the delicate aeroua membrane lining tho abdomen, and enwrapping all its contained organs ; Btomadi, intestines, liver, kidneys, etc. On act-ount of it« extent, and the vital importance of these part«. Peritonitis is always a suffering and dangerous disease. It may be caused by blows or other injuries ; by exposure to cold and wet ; the bursting of an aneurism, or of an abscess of the liver or bowel (typMUu), or perforation of the stomach or bowel by an ulcer (as in typhoid fever); by some of the "accidents" follow- ing child-bearing; or by tuberculiaition of the abdominal gliinds, or of the peritoneum itself. Symptom of Perittmitis are, diffused abdominal ]iain and tendemen, increased by the slightest pressure or movement, even taking a deep breath ; vomiting, constipation, swelling of tlie l)elly, and fever, with a vc^ ropkJ, though not full, pulse. In bad cases, there will be also <]elirium, ezti«me restlessness, and prostration, tending towards collapse and death. ShnpU Peritonitis, however, is recovered from, under favor- able circumstances, in a considerable number of cases. Tktbircuiar Perito- nitis may always be expected to end fatally, after a long and slow prog- ress. Puerperal Peritonitis, when not epidemic (puerperal fever) though serious, is not nearly always destructive of life; when, however, it occurs ae a part of epidemic or endemic Puerperal fever, at least half of those afiected aie likely to die. Dreatment of Peritonitis will not, of course, be undertaken by an uoproteesional person, when it can be avoided. lu lecturing to medical students as professor of the Practice of Malicine, my instruction has been that,- in mmpk acute Pei itouitis, bleeding from the arm should be the rule, Jind leeching the abdomen (fifty to a hundrwl American leeches) shmild follow ; only decidedly feeble jiatitnts affi)nling exceptions. Ex- perience >varrants me in believing thut such ip good practice. If anv inflammatory disease, besides inflammation of the brain, can k> benefited by drawing blood, I believe this to he the ease wilH acute IVritonitis. I regret that a diflfereut habit of thought iind pradkt> has prevailed in the medical profession since about 1860. There are signs of a grsduid rrt«m to the old and souml view, that, while bleeding may be abused, so as to waste a patient's strength, there at« some instances where it wiU save it from the worse weakmi)^ of a dat^erous disease. After kedhlng =»? wi^Stit it if yira eaaaot get h, poultidng with BM IHIIIlik •14 BOMMMTIO MMDIOIITM. \ { ftuneed-mml, lofteiMd with a little lard, after pnaring npon the ponldra a tCMpoonftil of laudanum, will be well. When there haa been no leedt- ing, lonw prartitionem lay over the abdomen a light piece of flannel wet with oil of turpentine, aa a ominter-irritant Othern prefer a coil of indk-rubber tube, through which ice-water is made to flow oonatantly, without wetting the patient. Perfect reat in bed is indispensable in Peritonitis. No purgative medidne is oonsidered suitable, except enough to maintain a moderate daily movement of the bowels. Yet an injection of pure sweet oil, or oil mixed in warm soapsuds, may be Uf«d to empty the lower bowel, •very day or two. The only food allowable must be soil and light ; as arrowroot, tapioca, sago, rioe-water, Hcalded milk, or, if feeble, beef- tea or chicken-broth. No medicine has favor in the treatment of Peritonitis except optHm. This is given in half-grain doses, more or less, every three or four hours while the patient is awake, to keep down nervous and in flamm a t ory excitement If " resolution " of t|^e inflammation occurs, the patient will get well in a week or two. If, instead, it goes on to mppwraUm (forming pus or matter in tlie peritoneum), it will almost always end in death. See Puerperal Fever. CSbrome (t. «., not acute ; prolonged, slow) Peritonitis may be tuber- cular in nature, but is not always sn. If not, there is hope, though doubtful, of recoveiy. In its treatment, besides rest, letH opium than in die acute form, if any, is called for. Tincture of iodine may be painted over the abdomen as a counter-irritant ; or a blister of moderate siae may be there applied. Ointment of iodoform has latterly acquired a reputa- t»» in similar cases. I have seen excellent results follow the nightly applkaition of cerate of carbonate of lead (two dradims of carb. lead mixed with an ounce of simple cerate). Pernicious AnKmia. See Anemia. Pernicious Fever. See Ague, of which it is the woret form. Pertussis. See Hooping-Cough. Pharyngitis. See Throat, Sore. Phlebitis. luflammation of a vein. Thu does not often occur. Whffli it does, the blood is apt to cotigulate in the vein, forming a clcrt or ihrambua, obstructing the vessel. Fragments of such a clot may be carried in the blood to the heart, and thence into the arterial system ; if one of these fragments chokes or plugs an artery, it constitutes emho- Uma (the ftragment being an embolus). Embolism of the main artery of a limb, in a. feeble person, may so interfere widi its nourishment as to csnse it to undergo mortification. See, also. If ilk-Leg. Photophobia. Dread of light : excessive sensitiveness of the ietin% KfMClAL DrSMAiMa. 815 ■0 that th« patient caniMit open hia tiym in the light. This b (x)mnu» both in acote and in chronic ophthalmia, and in inflammatira of the brain. Phrenitia. Hee Brain, Inflammation of. Phthiaia. 8e«$ Consumption. niM. HffnorrlutulM of iiittditwl worlcd. Thew are mnall iiwellingn, hard or soft, eitlicr jiixt without or j»wt within the nnwi (outlet fnim the lower bowel). Internal pileH often bleetl ; Hometimw encHigh to weaken a peraon a good deal. Kxtcrnal onen, when hard, are in mime case* not troublemme; but tliey are liable to attacks of inflammation, which may be very painftil. With sonu' i»tieiite, they are sore and painAil at all times ; especially when the bowels are moved. Qiiue» of Piles are, ntylected nnudijHUion ; excemre use of purffative medimnfti ; sedentary living ; daiuHnrj on the feet a great deal, or sitting on hard »eat». Pregnant women are often subjeet to them. The com- plaint ia hercditaiy in some families. Trtatmml of a " fit of the pili-n," that is, an attack of 8«>rene»w and inflamniation, should Ugin ujKm the very first feeling of sorenct* at the part, with the free ami frequent application of tallow, cold cream, oxide of zino ointment, or vaseline. Early greasing may put out an attack, like a commencing fire. Also, the bowel* must be regulated ; not purged, but kept gently open by moderate means. Besides fruit, the best tilings for persons having Piles are rhubarb, mdphur, and coufeirtion or flukl extract of genna. Obstinate external piles may recjuire persevering treatment with adringent ointments; as of galh, tiiunin, carbonctte of lead, or creamle. Sopping or sponging the parts with cold water agrees with some ; hoi water, or soapeu.!-, with others. A nhort remedy is, cM«)n^ or ligaling (strangling) the tiimore, as a surgical operation. Sometimes, instead, they are treated by injerting them with carlwlic acid. InUnuU piles may need attention particularly on account of free bleeding. 0»1d water will usually help to stop this; so also (there is no contradiction — Ixrtli make small blood-vessels contract) will hot water (110° Falir.), if injected with a small syrin^'f. Alum may be added to the water; or a few drup of tincture of chloride of iron. If there ia serious hemorrhage, the pitient must lie still in bed. Plague. A very destructive oriental epidemic disease, most preva- lent in summer (though not at its hottest) and in large cities. In the sevoiteentb century, it caused tens of thousands of deaths in London, Marseilles, and other European centres of population. Its worst locali- ties fcOTaerly were Constantinople, Alexandria, and Cairo. It has not beat known snywhero ia Europe for mcH? t hffn a ee^aiyj nor ia 81« DOHMitlO MMDIOtirt. I I Egypt for tw«ify-fiv« or thirty ywn. Smeary im ^vvwm fd fa gwd- MllytstiagokhiiigitavarywlMra. P1i«im Imw mvw vWtMl thfa omuf try ; to we need not htm dwvll farther upon it. Pltorisy. Inflamnmiioo of the pkmrai thM fa, the delkate MitHW memlmne which eovelaps the Inngi ud Uimm the inide of the bo«y chert. " Taking cold," injuriei (ae penetrating wounds), and tuberai- iiwtion (aa in ooonimptiou) are ita muat flreqtient oinsai. 8ymjMm» of Pleiiriay are genenlly eaaily recngniaed. Emy bnirth givea piun,a aAar7><<«teA. Thfa luppena beoauae the fayenof the ptenni which nib over each other (one layer on the Inng and the other oo the iiNide of the riba), when inflamed, adhrae to ewh other, by the lymph Fio. »o. rucommo Brmioir DitrLAcura BaAxr. which exudes on them. Expansion <rf the lung in breathing, or imtfaer, we should say, lifting iheribato breathe, drags on such adboions pain^ fully. There is little cough in simple Pleurisy; more in plairo^mm- mania, when the lung also is inflamed. The attack may aflect one ude only, OT, in exceptional cases, both. Fever attends a decided wt Mt On auscultation, there may be heard over the inflamed pwt n/netion sound, correspmiding with the lymfdi-adhesion abo\-e spoken of. The second Mage of Pleurisy w that of eff\tmon q^ sentm bto the cavity of the pleura. This fa like the "raiBng" of a Ufater, but <m a Isigw srste. With it, the " fHeaaa mtoai * oo aosoultatiou dinppeani BtKClAl hiagASKIt. •It Md cTm&ww m fmmmUm beounm n»iiif«.t, from the praMmw of fluid iart««I of air on th« «ffi«tad «id«. In M cmw, thi* praiM. the luoa ohnort Into • iolid DIM. ; Md if the mme thiiiK happeiw with both lung*, «l«Ui matt molt. Another unfu^-orabie, though -Uwer, «.unii., » (or H TITJ"?'**** *"'**'*' ">"*''"*•'»« «»/'#«»'». Wtrum max •» Koulii- ally UMihed ; pw eauiwt. Hence ihu potimt with empyema ia worrie.! ont, with heotio fever, etc., In a few months unl.^. : . rr i« either a upon- taneow or a mrgical (^niiig, to let out the ikw. \\ au in the hist twenty- Ave yeaiw, phyniciam have n(t,uirt<<l mtidi luoitj «,iificltu.-c than Ibn.uTly in aaRfating nature to get rid of lai|^ u.n<Kiiit» „..• *;r«n,, or of any eon- ahUHwhle amount of im., <«lleeted in the . I,, -t. Kveu water, kft I..,m there, dupbcea one or both lungs, and aoicu.; ,iw tl . hcurt.aud scrioualy cn|^ breathing, if not tho ciitjulation .,< tj« ' '.jxl. TWsoftaoU of acute Pleurisy, at tl.e M.rt, «ftv . >..« „^, -hhm U^ pn wiUi ble«l.ng fm... the arm. Thi» h., fo i„v ,.^r,,, n .v ^-one . nt of fMhion Wlule there are. no doubt, mrt n f, ,v nc ,on^ I,., „,,uia not boar bleeding well, aomo attacked wiUi Wt ..rifv - .u!.l ...f ,l,„«wj, their attack, mud, better for it. Inching or e«,v < 7 th^ .,.rtu.„«i »i,k, I behe%-c, ought to bo the rule in Pleurisy, with vety l.w . :c«;ti(,a». Even m consumptive patientB, dry mi^ »my be used with ;ulvantaKe. Almost forgetting, in these remarks, that Home medidnc, rather th ui professional " theory and practice," is our prtHent object, I i-etum to it by saying that in every attack of illness resulting from exp««ure to coKI, as Pleurisy mostly elm*, unlcta in a jmtient alreatly exhausted from pre^ vkus disease, I would, in the alwence of a phyBitian, give one early doae of a mild purgative. (That is, of cour«e, unlo^ therts happcu.^ to be ^arrhoea also present at the time; which is rare.) .Vs to other medi- dne, I do not fee! ready to urge it widiout the pcnsonal judgment of a lAysldan upon the case. To him also must, of course, be left the qucs- tiwi of possibly tupping the dicst for an oppressive or rapidly increasing effiMon. A Wirfer on the side is a common and entirely reasonable ap- pUoation, at about the beginning of the second stage of the disease. Pleurodynia, /nferotwta/ rheumat'um! that h, pain, increased on lakuig a long breath, in the muscles between the ribs. Thia pain is much less sharp and severe than that of pleurisy. It may be treated by the application, first, of a muslard-pituier ; and when all the effect of this has gone off, a warming-pUiHtrr (Burgundy pitch, Allcock's porous- pbato', rtft), to r»nain on for several days, or until it oomes off of Itself. PUc« Polonica. Polish Twist ; a parasitic disease of the hair, un- known exo^t m Poknd or in some country not far from it Pneumonia. luflamumtion of one or both of the lunga. Qimnt Hi ; i[ 'LI .i 611 POM Ma no MMDtOINM. oold and wet, injorieB, or tuberculization. The last of these oomea under the conditions of pulmonary congumption. SjfmptovM : pain, rather dull, in the chest, mostly on one side, some- tin u>s (double Pneumonia) on both; oppression in breathing; a short, hacking cough ; fever ; in severe cases, delirium. In a day, or two or three, expectoration of reddish or reddish-brown mucus {nuty tpxuhmy in not very large quantities. If the case goes ou badly, this is changed after some days to a more abundant yellowish purulent expectoration ; or, worst of all, rotten and gangrenous. The height of the attack is Via. 231. LUNUS AMD REABT IN FI^CE. reached generally between the fifth and the seventh day. When fatal, the end seldom occurs before the sixth day, and may be as late as the fifteenth or twentieth day. Stages of Pneumonia, in usual course, are, first, congestion and com- mencing exudation of lymph; second, consolidatwn, with abundant exudation into the air-cells of the lungs {hepatisation) ; third (not reached in the mo^t favorable cases), suppuration. The last has varia- tions, which need not here be described. Physiciaus detedi the existence and progress of these stages chiefly by the j^tysical xlgns, ascertained by auaeuUation end pereussuyn. Of these, the distinctive one of Pneumo- nia is, in the middle sti^, the crepitant rdle; a fine, soft sound, like aPSCIAL DISSAaSB. fil9 what is heard when one rolls a few baire, near the ear, between the thumb and finger. Ihilimg on perettmon is present also, from the lung being almost made solid (hepatization, resembling ti.o liver) from exuda- tion of lymph through its cells, which in health are full of air. But the precise and extended study of these ^tyoiW «i>jw is too technical a subject for tliis book. (See " Essentials of PracUcal Medicme," or any other work on Practice.) Treatment of Pneumonia has lieen a "battle-ground" of opmion amongst physicians during the last fifty years. Before that time, it was pretty much settled. If a lung was so much inflamed as to cause fever, as well as distress in breathing, the patient was bled, on the firet or second day of the attack ; he also took a good dose of an active cathar- tic, as Epsom salts, and he generally got well. I was brought up by my father, Dr. Joseph Hartshome, a private pupil of Dr. Benjamin Rush, in thL, practice; and I never lost a case of simple Pneumonia in my life. Dr. I^ouis Geblmrd, a contemporary of my fatl er, told rai*, after fifty years of practice, that he had never lost a case of Pneumonia. People do nowadays often die of Pneumonia ; even young, vigorous men, from thirty to forty years of age, among tliem ; and these have not been bled. This point must not be further argued here, as this is not a professional book. But if any of my readers should be attacked with Pneumonia, while in the prime and vigor of life, I hope that his physician, if he will not bleed, will at least eup or leech between the shoulders or over the inflamed lung, and allow a good purgative dose, on the first or second, or even the third day of the attack. Time enough to feed up and stimulate, except in feeble patients, when Oie height of the acute inflammatory attack has been passed. In Home practice, I will name here no other medicine except ipecacunnha, to solien and loosen the cough ; free early secretion being very serviceable in lower- ing the inflammation of the lung and oppression in breathing. PotMc'ng the chest (after leechii^ or cupping, or, if such mast he, instead of it) is ver>' useful and important A lai^ and thick mush or flaxseed-meal poultice should be put warm on the diseased side, and covered with oiled silk. As soon as it bt^ns to dry and get hanl, have another ready and replace it, without allowing the side to be uncovered for a single second. Later a blkter will be suitable, if the symptoms show obstinacy or slowness in " resolution " of the attack. Some patients, especially broken-down people (from intemperance, etc.), such as are often seen in hospitals, will uot hear the loss of blood well, whatever their disease. In hospitals, moreover, they are likely not to come under care until after the third day of the attack ; and then it a too late {or bleeding. In sudi cases, and in all very feeble petscns, r ^ r DOMBSTtC MBDIOtSS. quinmw, btifUa, and, carefally, alcoholic stimulanbi, may coiwtitute (he ^ntial p«to of the treatment. I am bound to add thi« much, after the somewiurt aanguinaiy observations above made, on the treatment of Pneumonia. Typhoid Pneumonia i* inflammation of one or both lungs, with a hnn Maie ofihe ay^n (not constitutional, hnt a |«rt of the attack), more .,r 1.-S8 like that seen i.i typhoid fever. Phy..iciau8 who may look at this mu^ pardon me for ragi?«rting that sobm- cases becmne "typhoid" for want of active relieviuj; early treatment. Othei-s, however, ar« genuinely low HI their course all through. These will Imr no bl«xHng, and only dry cupping and poultki.g; and they roust l.f mpported ; not by pro- fuse }>otions of alcxjhol, hut by carefully regulated doses, watching their effects; also, by milk, beof-tea, or beef-e«8en«v, et«'. Pneumothorax. Air escaping from a lung into the cavity of the pleura; an opeiung l«ii,g made frani the lung bv a wound, or by the breaking of the wall of an abscess or "cavity" of a tubereuloas lung. This IS a not uncommon occurrence in pulmonary consunij^ion. Podagra. An old name for Gout ; which mx. Poisons. See the last part of thi-^ book, after Accidents, etc Poison- Vine Eruption. Most peiwus have seen this; very muy have ti-lt its unpleasantness. It comes from touching either the poison- vine {Mhu^ toxu-odendron), or, with fewer people, the Swamp Sumach. The eruption is made up of a mhltitude of verr small water-blistera (vesicles) on a red and sore surface. It itciics and buras, very annov- ingly ; on the face and hands mostly, sometimes on the lower limbs and body. I was ouce two weeks in bed with it. Generally, the attack a over within a week. Nobody, I Ijelieve, ever died of it TreatmerU. Unles^s on a small surface of the body (as it sometimw appears) it is seldom possible to " nip m the bud " thLs eruption Liks murder and scandal, it « will out." I am not sure that it would be safe to "drive It ID," if we could do so; an inflammation of some internal organ might result from retention of the poison in the blood. On a Imnd or arm, however, a stream of hot toater will sometimes kill it after three or four applitwions. Caustics (as nitrate of silver) may do the .same thing, but they require more care, and may leave marks. Ooolhiff and ead.ig the irritation of the skin is the aim in this afll^c- tion. Where the skin is not broken, painting (with a hair pencil) with weak Uad-xaier is relieving. If burning m verv intense, dipping the part, as the hand or the face, in mid waler, and holding it there awhile several times a day, will lower the heat. Ltnie-waie,; and a solution of mda m water, pretty strong, are, among many remedies of which I have •''i'-^^ ^i'-'i^'t'^' ■ ' .14' J. -i ' i{i.js i j * &ixwa,aiyii.i SPSCIAL DISEASgS. known the trial, the most generally useful when the eruption is at its height. I would iiy l)oth alternately; laying soft light rags wet with the solution of soda or lime upon the part, and renewing them often enough to have a cooling effect. Lately, Dr. S. A. Bmwn, U. S. N., has asserted that Bromine, ten or twenty drops dissolvetl in Oil or Glycerin, and ruhbed gently ovor the poisoned jwrt tliree or four times daily, is a spefifie for Rhus jioisoning. I do not ituow of its being yet extensively so used. Polypus. A swelling, rather hard, with more or less of a stem or narrow base, where it is connected with the body. Polypi are met with in the nose, and in other cavities communicating with the exterior. Their treatment (mostly by removal) belongs to special Surgery. Porrigo. Sco Skin Diseases. Presbyopia. Old sight. After forty-five, most people who have not been near-sigiitefl are obliged to hold their l»oks or newspapere farther off than before, to read well. Also, they need better light to read or work by, and •■aiuiot make out fine print at niglit Three changes have now begun, which u.-Hally continue to go on slowly: 1. SenifibiUiy is lesa in the eyes, requirkig stronger light *o make objects cbwl^ visible. 2. Ailjmtmut of tli«- eyes to near objects is feebler, the m»W« uj aecomiiuxMlim (cilian' nuiscie) being one of the first musclra of the UAy to weakm with the coi miencing decliae of life. 3. The crifdalHm lem becomes flatter a»Ml harrier, w that its refraction is altered, and images are thrown tm »r l)atk (behind the retina) unless objects m' Hi some dnteucc from tlic eyes. Correction itf old-sight is obtaiuwl by iihing cmiex glasses, which bring the ray.^ of light from objects sooner to a focus. It L* well to Ijegia to use gk'.ses us soon as the need of than is/eti, but not to have them any sironger than is liOcessary at the time. Oralists are now very exact aix)ul this adjustment. Alore- over, one «^ is often oMer (so to speak) than the oth(r. When this is so, a diflfere«ly focused glass should be chiwon, after careful trial, fw each eye. Prolapsus Ani. A failing of the last i>art of the lower bowel through the outlet (unu*i). This is most common in ciiildren, from straining too long at .stool. The gut «in lie rcpliiced, with well oiled or larde<l fingers. The child .-ihould then not be allowed to strain when the bowels are move*!. A high seat or chair will be liest to prevent this. Only bad or long-standing cases will re<|uire surgical treatment; possibly, a few, an operation. Prolapsus Uteri. Falling of the Womb. See Women, Dis- eases of. ^ DOMKariC MEDICINB. Prurigo. Itching, a? a continual diaorder. See Skin Disease*. Pseudo-membranous Croup. See Croup. Psoriasis. A scaly diawisf. See Skin Diseases. Puerperal Fever. An acute malady of mothers, banning not many days after delivei^-. Fiiut tliere is a chill; then heat of skin, with a very rapid pulse; pui,- and tendenieas, often swelling, of the abdomen ; vomiting ; in barl capds, delirium and collapse. About half the cases of it are fatal, within a week or ten days. Pogt-mmian exam- uiation shows, in most iustauoes, the results of peritmUu. But, besides that (and inflammation of other parts, as the womb, abdominal veins, and lymphatic ve*ek),in Puerperal Fever there are eviden^esof a (/cti^ era! blomUlkeim; of whi-h tiie peritoneal inflammation is a secondary symptom— as sore throat is in scarlet fever, bronchitis in njeasles, etc. Gaiuatim of Pnerpeml Fever is traceable to /ou/nfM .• of the air, as in hospitals; of conlagion, when carried by a physician or nurse from one patient t« another; of rfmiy, when perfect (vaginal) cleanliness of the person is not maintained afler delivery. In the last of these cases, at least, absorption of foul materia^ from decomposition, is inferred,' producmg ^jriicamia. Some physicians consider all cases of this dis- ease b> be varieties of septic«mia; others regani it as an entirely sue- cine dioease. In tlie/>to«!* of its prevalence, it resembles emipelas. It is at times endenue m lyiagHU hos{Htals, where a number of women are confined together. Worst, m predisposing to this, is the conjumrtion or nearness of such a hospital or ward to a surgical hospital. Practitioners find, from experience, that there is a risk in goiag from attendance on cases of erysipelas, as well as from those of Pucrpend Fever to attead m the lying-in ehamlx^r. H obliged t» do this, physicians and nu,^ lessen the danger to those under then- c^re by changing all their clothing, and washing their hands ver>' thoroughly in solution of corro- de 8ul»limate, chlorinated soda, or solution of (-ariwlic acid. Puerperal Wes-et It. .sometimes epickmic in large cities; never in the open countiy. Treafttimt at so serious a disease is never projKjrlv left to merely do- mttrtic care. It ma^, theretbre, be sai.l here only that, like other endemic and epidemic dkeases, it does not bear m/tWn^ measures, such as bleed- ing from the arm, as single (sporadic) cases of peritonitis usually do; that poutihii)ff the abdomen first, and biifienng it afterward?, are as safe BB any measures in its management; and that in ita prevention, as well as treatment, washing out the vagina twice or thrice daily with a cleans- n^ solution (lime-water, or glycerin, or corrosive sublimate solution, one part in 2000 of wa»er) is very important. Of couree, perfect rast BPEOIAL DISEASBS. 528 in bed is neceoBaiy throu^out die attack, the l)ed-pan being used yvHb an little motion as possible. The diet must be liquid, but concentrated in noOTBhing strength, for the support of the patient's system. Purpura. A singular disease, in which, from a sort of leakage of blo»Kl from the small vessels, spots of various sizes, at first red, after- wards purple, brown, or yellow, form on parl.s or nearly the whole of the botly. In a few cases actual hemorrhage from the skin takes place. There may be fever at first; afterwards prostration. The distirder is not without danger to life. Oaiuaiion of Ihirpura is oljscure. The blood nuist be in fault ; but some things tend to show that the state of the nervous system has much to do with the disortl. r. It is not likely to occur in a person whose general condition is that of Iwilancp of the different functions, as well as of tone and strength. Purpiini is not the same thing as .■<ciirri/. In that disease there may he puri)!c spots over the Ixxly ; but other symp- toms also occur in it, and it is distinctly traceable to a fault of the blootl from deficiency ofnomc nf the needful muteriu/x of fowl. (See Scurvy.) In trealment of Purpura, the condition of the patient must be consid- ered. As a general statement, the medicines most worthy of confidence for it are tincture of chloride of iron, aromcdic sulphnric acid, quinine, and erffot. Nourishing liquid diet (milk, »)eef-tea, chicken-broth, etc.) will be required. When the skin (»nies off over the purple patches, it will need protection, as by double layers of adhesive-plaster, or buckskin spread with soap plaster. Sponging the unbroken parts of the skin with alum-water, or whisky and water, will help to lessen the tendency to blood-leakage. When real hemorrhage from the skin occurs, death may be anticipated, with a bare hojie of exceptional recovery. Pyaemia. Literally, purulent blood ; jius in the blood. When a vein is inflamed, or any part of the body undergoes suppuration, from which pus may be taken up by one or more veins, it may be deposited elsewhere ; as in the lungs, liver, or under the skin, forming obscemen. This state of things is denominated Pysemia. Its Kjfmptome are : chills • low fever; rapid but feeble pulse; vomiting; delirium; swelling of the joints ; and " gatherings," with formation and discharge of pus, is the lungs, liver, neck, face, armpit, or elsewhere. These symptoms ffie very much the same as those of septiwmin (blood-poisoning from mailer of decay) except in regard to the formation nf gatherings or deposits of r"M. There does not seem to \ye any practically important diflferenoe between these two affcctiors: although the cmimtion. of septicsemk has, 80 to speak, more opportunities than Pysemia. The treatment of Pyaemia is always attended by discouragement fli D0MX8TIC MSIUCtirB. The aim of it is, to rapport the pattent'a enogy in the straggle of nature to get rid of the intruding and disturbing matter. Quinine, concentrated liquid food, and alcoholic stimnlatiou carefully nguhited, are oar dependence. Eadi abeceas as it fwms must, of course, have its own management. Pure air to breathe b very important in the care of cases of Pyemia. Pyrosis. Water-brash. See Dyspepsia. SfXCIAl D/SXASJta. 526 Quinsy. TotuiOitu; inflammation of one or Ixitli of the tonsils. These are small glands, one on each side of the upper part (threshold, m it were; called the fauces in Anatoray) of the throat. These glands swell when inflamed, and grow red, sore, and painful. Swallowiiit; gives much distress ; and even speakinj; may do so. In a very bad «i«>, ono or both tonsils may !» so enlarged as almost to check breatliinjt. In a few days, mppuratioti is likely to occur; and when the gathered tonsil breaks and dincharges its matter, id Id' at once follow**. Tonsillitis appears to have the saiiio citusation as common " sore throat," namely, "catching cold ; " but some pei-sons are much more liable to it than others. Those whose tonsils are large fi-om infancy not unfre- quently have several repeated attacks. Physicians sometimes cut of a iaxge part of a permanently swollen tonsil, to get rid of such a tendency or habit This is a simple and scarcely painfulTjperation when the ton- sil is not inflamed at the time. 7)reatmmt of Quinsy is essentially that of a "cold "with sore throat. Give a good dose of a saline cathartic; citrate of magnesium, Rochelle salts, Tarrant's aperient, or, if the patient be robust, Epsom salts. Make some flaxseed lemonade, and let the patient drink a little and often of it. Gargle the throat (gently) with alum-water, or tincture of myrrh in water, or hot sfronff tea (an excellent gargle), three or four times a day. Bathe the throat repeatedly with soap liniment to which water or spirit of ammoiiia (a tablespoonful in four ounces) has been added. If it is evident that a tonsil is going to " gather " (suppurate), poultice the net^k with flaxseed-meal. When sjxjntancous opj'uing ip delayed, and the swellbg in tlie throat is alarming, a pljysician may think it best to make an incision to let out the matter. Xo unprofessional person, of course, will undertake that operation. For enlarged tonsils, not acutely infl.inied, various applications are used to " shrink them up ; " not always with much success. Nitrate of silver has always disappointed me in this employment of it. Strong solu ion of tannin or glj-oeroie of tannin may do better; but I doubt whether anything whort of the " guillotine '" <t|)eratioij, al)ove mentionefl, is likely to have more effect in this way than will follow from fi-equeutly gaigling the throat with simple ice-water. Ml AM DOMMartO MMDtOtlfM. fUbie*. Balnea Canina ; canine madnem ; Hydrvphobia (which Me). Red Oam. A queer nursery name for a rosy rctlnesa over parts a tho "/hole of the body of an infant, with more or less of a pimply erup- tion. Starch or arrow-root powder and oxide of zinc ointment are suitable applications for it, with magnesia if its bowels are costive, Ume-watcr if it has diarrhoea. Indigestion is a common provocative cause of this affection, which physicians call drophuhu, or liehen atrophuliw. Relapsing Fever. This dis.a^, which none of my readers are likely to see, is aliw-t described by its name. There is a continued fever for from five tf> ight days ; with headache, vomiting, constipation, perhaps yellowno^ o.'" the skin, pains in the buck and limits. Then comes a copious jiorspiration, and the fever gms off. But, on the four- teenth day from tlie Ix^inning of the attack, the fever rdwru (relapses), and lasts for another time of from three' to e^ht days. About one in ten, or a leas proportion, of white persons, and a larger awaber of colored patients, die of the disease. Relapsing Fever has been called '* famine fever," because it so generally occurs as an epidemic or endemic among the ix^orest and worst situated classes in large cities ; otlim in Northern Kui>H>e ; a few times only in New York and Phikulelphia. In its ireatuient, a mild saline purgative medicine will be projwr at the beginning. If heatlache is severe, dry cups mny be applied to the back of the neck. Citrate of potassium or tti^etate of ammonium in solution will aaswer well thmugh the fever period to lower the temjterature and promote perspiration. During the remission of the fever, moderate doses of quinine (ten or twelve grains in the course of a day) will be appropriat*- for tonic effect Quinine has been shown to be not callable in this fevt-r, as it is in intermittent, of pieventmg the coming of tl*e rela])se. In the se(»nd fever, weakness may be so great witli some patients as to require onoentrated liquiu food and alcoholic stimulation or supmirL Remittent Fever. Autumnal Remittent ; Bilious BemittiBg Fwer. This is one form of malcaial fever (see Ague) ; ioMaiaag froai inter- mittent in that the fever does not go <^ (intermit) during the attock, but only reimi» or fessens in violence, to return in fidl ftwoe wi^in a few hours. Remittent Fever generally, but not always, begins with a chill. Then follow all the symptoms of fever ; headache, flushed face, hot dry skin, rapid and rather full but soft pulse, thirst, constipation of the bowels, scanty, high-colored urine. Vomiting i.s common ; delirium occurs in bad cases ; yellowness of the skin afler a few days is not unnsim]. The rrmiamyna come generally in the morning, but sometimes late ai the iFKClAL TitngASKS. 6S7 8aj2 seMom at night, at lawt before midnight. In th^m the fever J« not go off, but the puke beamies slower, the ^Icin \t>^ hot, nml lerhaps a litUe moist; the h.»daohe in lighter, thirat \m, intetwe tlic towathmg glower. So the attiek may <<..nHniie for a numlx-r of davs How long it would run without lieing interrupted by tnatnu iit, I «lo not know. All the eases I have seen were brf>ken ami curt*! by .juiinne, whieh is M« remedy here, at it is in iutcrniittftit fever. In (realmenl, begin with a go<xl, thon-h not too large, do«- of saline cathartic medicine (does the doei or Ik -in et^r^hin,, smWV muIi h .Inse'^ Well, yes; «««r/y so, and with ;^ood rcawn,'H,istainMl by e.xperienee)" •8 eitrtite of magnesium, R,K-hello «ult.s, et.-. Then during fli'- hei-dit of the fever give, every two himrn, eitrate of |H.tasNiiim Holufioi. (neurnd niixture, or effcrveseing drauKiit ; .see pp. 307, 311). ( >.. the iK-ginning of the first remfc i In'gin to put in cpiinine; two gniins .very two hours, while the patient is awak.!— until a full nniinHJon ...nies,' with free perspiration, and eopious or iit lej^t (on.siderabie dimliarjjc- of 'urine. Then lessen the dose of quinine to one grain every two houi-s; and after another day get it down to eight grains a «lay ; thi.s may lie eon- tinucd on for two or three week.s with advant.-ige. Pk^y ofnld wai^r to drink wil! k- imiK)rtant during the fever heat. Tf vomiting is troublesonw, fce, a little ver>' often, will agreo best with the stomach. I^mona<le or orange-juiee \* generally aeceptable. Food can only be taken in smaH fjuantities, and in the liquid state; tmtmcal gruel, toast-water, ipilk with H-ne-water, ete. For the vomiting, a .spice- plaster will be good, or a pieee of Manuel wet with essence f>f ginger, laid over the pit of the stomach and eovcrwl with oiled silk. If any one should be (as may happen, a- Remittent is a «>««/r//, not a «»<y disease) csuight in charge of a case of this malady without a" i>hy sician, the above descrilKsd treatment will be prrttv sure to carry the patient through. There are, no doubt, especially in .some intensely malarious places, as South Carolina rice plantations, or tropical " jnn'- gles," fatal cases of Remittent Fever. But I never saw one, although the disease has not, until duiing the last few years, been rare in the suburbs and rural vicinity of Philadelphia. I have met with a few tedious cases, retjuiring some viunation of treatment; but the considera- tion of such may be left for more extended medical works. Omplieu- tions of Remittent Fever, such as pneumonia, inflammation of the brain, etc., require treatment (l«sides the u.se of quinine) appropriate to each of the special complicating affections present. Cmvalesc^nce from the attack will be likely to call for building up, with iron, etc. Clutnge of ntr, esijecially if frost has not yet come, will l)e highly important. Whoever has had one attack of malarial fever in a plac« had better 34 Ill DOMMMttO MMDIOItTM. ptootoflluMoiiuimotkabk^MkliMvergobM^toIt. Itbqulto poMibU to nrvive a namber of such attaeka ; but they tire aun to in* Jnra, tad may nun, the ounatitution for life. Ratention of Urine. The moat fVeqtient oaiue of thia, in man, k dridmt of the urMra, through which passage the urine paaaea out from tiia bladder. For thia thcns must Ijc Hurgicul treatment, including th^ oae of the eatheUr (see Nuraingj, tlw consideration of which would be out oi place here. Slee pagco 2.'» 1 , 304. Women aometimea have retcnt!( i> of urine within a abort time after diildbirth, from pressure on the ueclt of <ho blodder. A catlieter may have to be uae*! for tliis. Hysterical women alao occasionally suffer from such retention. In citlior sex, it may o<wur as a symptom of tow /«wr, aa tyi^ua or typhoid fever. It should be thought of and ex- amioed for, in all low states of the system. If very little or no watw be passed, ascertain whether there is fulness or moderate awelling at the lower port of the abdomen. PerouM there (tapping upon one finger, laid on the part, witli the tip of another) to find whether it gives a clear or dull Bound. If the latter, a catheter should be introduced carefully into the bhtdder to draw off the water ; and, if water cornea through it, thia should be done twice in twenty-four hours. If no teater eome$, thoe is mpprtwtim of urine, which iii worse tlian retention ; a very un- fkvwable rign in any disease. Now and then we meet with cases of siiosmodic retention of urin^ from irritation of the bladder or its outlet, for which locally tranquil- liang measures are found to be relieving. Such are, sitting in a warm hip-bath] applying clotlw wrung out of hot water to the genitals and the lower part of the abdomen ; an opium suppoeitory (a grain of opium in a tnull piece of cacao butter), or a laudanum injection (thirty at (arty drops of laudanum in half an ounce of starch), by means of • tnudl syringe, into the bowels. Retina. Detachment of. The Retina (see Anatomy) is the ex- tremely delicate membrane at the back of the interior chamber of the eye. Upon it, aa upon the "sensitive plate" of the j^otographer's aiqnmtUB, the images fall., by means of which we see objects. It may be partially or almost entirely loosened from the tissue bdiind it: 1. By apoplexy (e{fu9loa of blood) of the eyeball. 2. By dropsical efiUsion in the same region. 3. By inflammatory action {retinUia) re- sulting in degenerative change. 4. By slow degeneration, not caused or preceded by inSammation. The retina being indispensable to sight, any d^ree of its detachment must impair vision ; and a large extent of such a change must cauaa a o tnnl blindneas. This, aa an effect, makes itself known at cmoe; but _^^gl^ ■■■I SPMCIAT. DtSBAaWM. $ff Om muM of die blindiMH om be nude oertaia only by exaiDiiiatkn of die ej9 with an nphthnlmommpt. Retinal lU «arhinent U, u a geaenl Act, inoanblc. Only in tvn instance will the loomenwl fragmpnt« Iw dimolved in the rltrtmu humor, and a pnrtinl mpoirof the damagnl j»rt of the retina tuL plaw, go as to 8uRii« for toknilile wght Hiu-h a rcBuIt is never, in any <fl«e, to be expected. Rheutnatiam. This name is commonly given to at least two kinds of complaints: slow, chronic, non-influmtimton' Rheumatisni of the mn«cles, ami aeuif, febrile, hjiamimtory HIieiininfiRm of the larger Joints, Tlie latter is much the more scrimw disciw. Infiammatory Rheumatism only occurs in certain individuals and families. It appears to be brought on by exposure Xo cold and wet, and yet it !■ not uiu»mmonly met with in summer. One joint after another, or several at once, are apt to Ik- affertwl ; the wrists, elbown, knees, and ankles all in turn or together sw.Il, iK'.-onie hot, painful, and tender to the toxuh. Fever is present, with a rapid, fiill, and rather hard pube, ami high heat of skin ; nltluuigh moiKture may be present at the same time. The great danger of this diwrder is, the liabilify to htarl inflammation as a part of it; endocimUliit (within the heart) or pmcardiHB (outside of the heart). (See Heart, Diseasea of.) The attack often lasts three, fojir, or six weeks; sometimes longer yet; and its effects, in crippling the joints, or damaging the heart, may continue through a lifetime. TVixament of Inflammatory Rheumatism is in part general and in put local. If in a gouty constitution, eolchicum will do good in short- ening the attack. Otherwise, the two reme<lio8 in whitrh physicians now have the most confidence arc (dkaliea (potaaaa and soda) and salieiffic acid. The two may be very well combined ; and so the attack may generally be abridged to one or two weeks' duration, with much less suffering. (For doses of salicylic acid and salicylate of sodium, see )>age 347.) Care is requisite b using such poweiinl medicines, which are'not well adapted for domestic practice. Overdosing with aalicjlic acid is poison- ous. Zooo/ treatment of the inflamed joints has for its intention the relief of poin. Cotton wadding, rubber-cloth covering, and laudanum are the most effective applications for this purpose. My preferred plan is to lay over the painful joint a soft; rag wet with kudanum, and bind gently over this a piece of oiled silk. This will generally lull the pain very much. Some limit to the amount of laudanum used is necessary, as it is pwtiy absorbed through the skin. A patient of mine onoe thm covered all his laige joints with laudanum, and in consequence slept most rf the time for two days. With children, such oatside anodyne ««e«OCOPY RBOIUTION TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) Ui|2£ Im US iSi ■ 2.2 i^Ufi ■^ » US 12.0 1 1.6 _^ /APPLIED IIVMGE Inc ^^ 1653 East Main StrMt ^S Rixhsster, N«w York 14609 tSA '■as {716) 482 - 0300 - Phont ^B (71 6) 28S - 5989 - Fax 630 DOMESTIC MEDICINE. drugging would be dangerous to Ufe, except with the use of only a few drops of laudanum at a time. Oironus muscular Rheumatism (sometimes stiffening also the joints) IS quite a different disorder from the above. It is unfortunate, indeed, for them to go by the same name. In ordinary language, every pain, soreness, or stiffness of muscles or jomts is called rheumatic. The first effect of a draught of cold air upon the shoulder or back of a person sitting or lying still, is pain. Next, soreness and stiffness on motion of the part. " Stiff neck " is a familiar example of this. It becomes inflanietl in many cases ; but this is a local inflammation, without fever, and not flying from part to part, as in acute Inflammatory Rheumatism. (Gouty subjects, it is true, have sometunes flying rheumatic pains ; a mixture of complaints, cimstituting gmUy rheumatism; which does not receive enough attention in many medical books. See Gout.) When such an attack b^ins, as the result of coid, A«rf is its natural and effectual remedy. Sitting near a hot grate or stove, or applying a (not too) hot flat-iron or bag of hot water to the pan, will, if resorted to early enough, often give prompt relief. Should such measures not succeed at once, however, there will be no gain in continuing them long. BalMng with soap liniment, with or without the addition of other things (as ammonia, oil qfsasmfras, and laudanum; see Remedies) will then come in place. Warming-plasters may follow, and, lastly, protecting the susceptible parte with flannel, etc, from the renewed action of cold. If there lie any tinge of gout in flying rheumatic attacks, oU o/cajuput (six or eight drops on a lump of sugar, three times a day for a day or two) will prove an excellent remedy. As a local protective to an afiected joint, some patients find a simple covering of thin india-rubber to answer well. Dr. John K. Mitchell, of Philadelphia, many years ago, pointed out that rheumatism often' if not generally, centres in the spine. Accordingly, I have repeatedly known the application of a dozen dry cups (left on fifteen or twenty minutes), or a large mustard-plaster, along the btKk, on each side of the backbone, to do good, even when the pains were only in the limbs. Chronic rheumatism may be, especially in old people, a tedious aSek. There is a much more formidable affection of the joints, sometimes met with in persons past middle life, best named by physicians arOu-itis deformans, but also called, much less accurately, rheumatic gout. In this, one joint afl«r another becomes stiff, deformed, and useless; the patient getting to be at last altogether helpless. This is an incurable disease. (See, also, White Swelling, of the Knee.) Rickets. A disease consistbg chiefly of imperfect development of SrsciAL DiaSASSS. 631 Ae bon^ w.th general debility; common among the chUdren of th. poor m the great cities of Euro,,e, but ran> in .Wia.. ThXnl 1 bnttle ; the spine l^mes curved and the li„d. cn.kcd ; the ^7.Z out with eariydecy. Convulsions an, not nnfm.uent/and T hild «o affected seldom Iiv«, long. The /.<.«,,««,^ of Ri -kets is in a will l^fng up if po^ible. the .institution of the d.il.i;' i is fe £ and dynig from insufficient nourishment. ^ chifdrr-sutn reatr' ^'"'^^ ^''"'"^-^ -« - Roseola. See Skin Diseases. Merles'"* ^"'^^ '*'''"''*' '°'°^*'™^ ™"«^ ^'^ Measles; see Rubeola One of the old medical names for measles; now conf, ,ed by some authors to rOthetn or German measles Rupia. A scabby disease of the skin. See Skin Diseases. Kupture. ir^rnfa; a protrusion of a portion of intestine, or of ita oovenng (jperitoneun) though a natu,^ or unnatural o,«^nI «ll ^"!! . P^*^ '^'^"^'' '"'"■'''' " «"?*»•* i« '"ost likely to take pl^: at the grom; just below the g„>in; and at the navel. Thl are S ('""^l'*^ ,'™P*»'^ « ™et with in newborn bal.es, and iVwomen who have Imd chUdren; seldom in men. The most cowman kind of all « luminal hernm. In this a knuckle of bowel, or a portion of per- itoneum, « forced out (by straining at stool, riding 1 mnl orhoi^Uck or Bome ^ver« muscular , ffort) th„,ugh two successL openinl,^She ^nt^^ieaiemal rings. These, in man, are natu^ly jSoT^^ Z tZ T'^f (See Anatomy.) When a part i p„,trX is not soon returned and kept in its place, the rings ar« stLhei and moj.and mo,, of the bowel comes down. If ^il, neX'l a't ^i It becomes w„c,% Pei^nshave been known to havfa l2 of ht kmd hanging down almost to their knees. ^ The proper thing is, for a rupture to be mluced as soon as it is dis- covered ; and then a tnm should be worn. This is a spring belt mtt to ^ an>„nd the body, with a pad fitting over the Z^^^^l i! replaced. This wdl seldom cure the trouble, but it prevents much in- convenience from it. A truss must be made to lit well, or itTwo^ than none. It should be worn all the time except while lying 11 or a HiS.T •" T^"^ «°t though one or both of li»e«inguin,i r\Z» beeomeswoUen by gas, or by aocumuktion from constipation. This m^v sas DOMSST/C MEDIO/yg. OBiue it to be ttratiffiUated at one of the rings or otlier outlets. Tha circulation of blood in the gut being thus stopped, the part outeide may mortify, and this is, in most cases, the cause of tlie patient's death. When a rupture threatens to be so choked or strangulated, it is of the utmost cinsequence for it to be at once rcihwft, if possible. Gentle pressure, to work it in again, as common sense suggests, and as tad may sucwed in doing, is the need of the ease. It will not do to be violent about it; that would make things worse. If it won't be coaxed in, then (if the doctor has not arrived and may not soon rome) a tcai-m bath, for twenty mbutes, may be tried ; mauipukting carefully while the patient Fro. 232. is in the bath. On coming out, let some one lift the patient's heels far above hB head ; and while he is so held, let another coax again at the rupture. Other measures will be most safely left for professional skill. If the protruded part will not go back, the last resort is a suigieal op- eration ; nieking the tight place at the neck of tlie tumor, so as to release It from the stricture and enable it to be returned. This may save life, but will not always be in time to prevent mortification, ending either in death or m recovery with an artificial opening at the place of rupture; an extremely annoj-ing result, lasting through life unless itself relieved by subsequent surgical treatment. UmbUical rupture in a newborn child is generally curable by early SPECIAL DISEASES. 633 treatment with a e<mpre^, acting like the pad of a tm^. The corapra* may be made of soft rag of any kind, cut and folded «, as to pr«« rtMdily upon the part which pmtrudcs at the navel. When rightlv adjusted .t may be kept in place by adhe«ive-plaste,^, aided by a Ld, TtSt' ''^•'*'r"r' ^"^^^ i<- "- "kin - irritable. theLmp««^ •hould be covered wiUi simple cerate or ^■useline when applied. 834 DOMMSTia MEDICIKM. '\ Scabies. Iteh. See Skin Disease*. Scald Head. Ringworm. See Skin Diseases. Scarlatina ; Scarlet P-ver. With physicians, these mean the same thing. In popular langut. ,he former term is sometimes applied only to the mildest attacks, witli /ery little fever. The disease is contagious, and usually occurs but once in a lifetime; most generally during child- hood. It is seldom, however, seen in infants under three montlis of age. First symptoms of an attack of Scarlet Fever are, headache, weakness, and sore throat. Children may have vomiting ; in severe cases, convul- sions. The throat, on being examined, is of an intense red color. The tongue often looks like a ripe strawberry ; red, with whitish spots over its surface. Heat of the body increases ; the bowels are constipated ; the pulse grows more rapid, and towards the end of the second day the red rash comes out. It begins commonly on the face, but soon spreads all over the body. It is very red ; almost brick-red ; the skin is swollen j there are no pat<'hes (as in measles) ; but, on looking closely, it is seen to be made up of tiny points or pimples, close together. The skin is hot and dry, pnd feels burning to the patient Thirst is great ; it is a condition of hiffh fever. The throat becomes painfully sore and swollen, within and without. If all goes on pretty well, this state of things lasts with but little change for three or four days, and then gradually subsides through several days more. When the fever has quite gone, the outer skin begins to peel or scale off. Sometimes almost a whole finger-cover will come away at a time, like the finger of a glove. After the beginning of convalescence, on slight exposure to cold, or even in some cases without this, the kidneys oet>r« to act well, and dropsy comes on. This is siiown by puffincss of the fao and swelling of the legs and feet. Worse will be dropsy of the t.W or of the head; of either of which patients may die. Even a mild attack of the fever has this danger left after :t But Scsrlet Fever, though recovered from in the large majority of cases, is far from being always mild ; and it is o.specially uncertain all through its course. Besides the possibili^ of general exhaustion in feeble infants, there are two kinds of peril attending the attack. One is, of great severity of the tJiroat inflammation. This may ulcerate, or suppurate, or may otherwise fairly worry out the patient's strength. If recovery comer, the disease may have reached the ears, leaving deafness behind it. The other and greatest danger is, of what is called maiiffnaney in the attack. A mal'gnant case is generally a bad one from the start; but now and then it seems to take z eudden change for the worse. The rash does not come out, or, after appearing, it grows pole again. The SPSC/Al DISEASES. 635 ehfld 18 cold iiuitead of feverfeh ; its jmlae fluttors or almost disapixaire. or It becomes stupid, eoimtose, not capable of being roused. In the extremest cases, it ia from the first like one stunned or struck \>y light- ning, and may die within twelve or twenty-four iioin-s. Treaiment of Scarlet Fever must be upon the rw^nmil priiK-iple that we have no specific remedy with which to cut it short or "cure it." It has its course to run, and we are to get the patient through with lu little damage as we can. A mild or average ca«e rccjuirus little active treatment A good dose of saline purgative medicine (always that, doctor?) at the start, or at least as so- n as the fever l)ecomes hot, will be an important thing. My father, who had an immense exiHirienoe, during a large practice for fifty years, used to say that "many of the troubles towards the end of tusts of Scarlet Fever and other allied disoises came from neglect of evacuating and depleting treatment at the beginning." By evacuation he meant purgation ; by ihpUtim, bleeding, or leeching to the thniat. In my early practice (belbre 1 860), I bled six children ill with Scarlei Fever. They all recovered beautifully. I gave up this practice, not from conviction, but simply in concession to the pressure in the medical profession against bloodletting, esinx-ialiv in such diseases. But early jturying I do not give up ; believing that, as' a means not only of cooling fever but of ellmlnatum (getting rid of foul matter in the blood), it is of great consequence in all such disorders. Further, for the /«'«•, plenty of mid wcdcr to «lrink should be given. A part of it may be in tlie forn. of iced flaxseed lemonade. Ice itself will be very comfortable to the throat. Also, solution of citrate of potassmm, with or without effen'escence, a doee every two or three hours, as a cooling diaphoretic. (See Remedies, pages 307, 31 1.) _ i'or the Uiroat, the early use of something to act as an alterative, chang- ing the spedfic inflammation to an onUnary sore throat, is reasonable The old-fashioned gai^le for i\mi wvi^ of cay mne jtepptr ami vinegar (hot for hot; coals to put out a fire!); it is not a bad prcscriptior,. Physicians oftener use solution of nitraU of giker (from four to ten grains to tlie ounce of water) applied with a camel's-hair pencil. I believe in ,e value of early leeching (American leeches) when there is much heat and swelling of the throat. If not, free grea^ivr/ ^v•ith laitl (some people tie a solid piece of pork around the neck ; rather heavy, I thiak) will do some goo<l. For the inflamed akin, the eruption, frequent sponging or otherwise gently bathing with cM or cod voater will give the most relief. I^rd, vaseline, and glycerin are also used for this purpose ; but I believe cool water to be the best The last thing at night, lard, taUow, or cold cream «36 DOMSaTlO MSDICttrM. II HU17 be rubbed over the face, arnu, and legs, if the irritation of the skin is great. What ia to be done in malignatxt caae^? If the attending phyHician agrees with my judgment, l»o will, if the nwh does not come out, or "goffl in " again, the skin In ing (W, and pale or durk-red, and thu pulse woaii, have the patic'it put into a hU bath, in which some wilt hax been dissolved. Then he will give, if the child can swallow, camphor, ammonia, Hoffmann'M anotlyne, t>r whisky (one or more of these), tm quick dimutanfs, to bring alwut tracthu, which givf* the only hope of life. If stupor is present, the IjowcIm, an is then apt to be the ciwe, being unopened, he will give a strong catlinrtic, as jalap; with a dii retic, as squills. I am sure I saved the life of one child, cfjmatose tor tliirty-«ix hours, by giving it powders containing each a grain of squills with three grains of jalap. Purgation fttUowetl, and the brain was relieved ; after which there was no further trouble. This was rather large dowing, but the case was desperate. Not many recoveries fioni malignant Scarlet Fever take place, whichever form it assumes. The dropty qfter Scarlet Fever results from the poisonous eiFect of the disease on the kidneys. The urine, ip such a case, is stainty and bloody ; or at least tinged with blood. This is an unfavorable sign. Most physicians will apply either a mustard poultice or dry cujis to the back, to draw blood from the congested kidneys. Of diuretics, to incretise the flow of urine, digitalis and sweet spirit of nitre are then the most suitable. A warm bath, also, may assist to p.Dmote perspiration ; tlie skin taking a part of the needful work of the kidneys during their oppression. I have said tliat Scarlet Fever is oontagioas. There is no doubt of this; although it misses takiiig, in those exposed to it, oftener tlian measles or whooping-cough. It clings, however, a long time to rooms where patients have been sick with it ; sometimes for months, unless much care has been taken to cleanse, ventilate, and disinfect everything. When the patient is well, say four weeks from the beginning :f the attack, the peeling of the skin being pretty much over, let him have a daily warm (not hot) bath ; in a warm room, and being quickly dried after it, to avoid the risk of taking cold. As soon as he can leave his room, let him wear dodiing that was not in the ixwm during the sickness. Let every article that was worn during the illness be boikd thoroughly (unless it be burned instead). Let the blankets be scoured, and hung all day in the sim and air, for two 01 three days. Carpet or mats in the room should be taken up and l)catcn, and then sunnc . and aired abundantly. Curtains or other hangings should be treated in a similar way; and lastly, sulphur should be burned in the room (everybody leaviog it, the windows and doors being then shut) so as to fumigate and aPKciAL DisKAaas. 637 disinfect the walls, ceiling, and fli)or thoroughly. Why so much trouble? Ifceause, although nineteen rases in twenty of Scarlet Fever end in n-covi-ry, the twciititth may dio, and thoy art- all, an li;u) lj«n ««1«1, very unw'rtaiu. It is worth while laking a great deal more pains to ovoid getting Scarlet Fever than it is measles or whwping-fougli. Sciatica. Pain, wsit*.^ in the wiatic nerve ; whi<h mw along in the jHWti'rior central n^vm of the lower extremity. Sec Neuralgia. Sclerosis. Hanlening of any tiwiie of the iwdy fnmi .liw-ase. It has ken xnant carefully studied by physicians as it occurs in affw'tions of the spinal marrow. Full a<-<tnmt of it is given in all recent treatises on the Practire of Medicine ; but it is hm pailioltMjicul a subject for this work. Scorbutus. See Scurvy. Scrivener's Palsy. Um of jjower in the right hand fi')m incesaut use of the fingers in writing. Convcyanc-ers, Nwkkcepers, reporters, etc., occasionally suffer from it. The cause l)cing exfiawtion of certain mtJ- cleit, the treatment must be Mnl rod of thfjse nuii^lw; to which may be added, the stimulus of pouring hot water over the forearm and hand, three or four times a day, for a few minutes at a time. Scrofula. Stmma of old medical books; King's Evil, formerly, in popular knguage. A superstition existed, even as late as the time of Charles II. of England, that the touch of a King's hand would cure this disease. Dr. Samuel Johnson, when a Iwy, was taken by his po- penta to get the benefit of this royal remedy. Scrofula is hereditary in certain families, l* is promoted by living in close houses,, with insufficient clothing and |)oor food. But, once established, it may descend to children and grandchildren, even under comfortable circumstances. It is shown by sore . es, sore nose, running at the ears, swollen glands of the neck, armpit, and groin, and disease of the bones of the arm or leg, or hip-joint complaint (coxalgia), or white-swelling of the knee; also, by a prcdispositioi. to scrofulous or tuberculous mmitiffitU, a generally incurable affection of the brain. Not every scrofulous child has nearly all of these symptoms, but some of them may always be observed as indicating tliis "diathesis." The treaimeiU of Scrofula must be partly constitutional, and partly in adaptation to the local and special symptoms. Leaving the latter for *he present, it may be said that the best possible surroundings and other conditions of healthy living are of the greatest importance towards get- ting rid of this taint of the system. Warm enough clothing, nourishing food {imik a staple, with cream and all), pure air, and out-of-door exer- cise, never carried to great fatigue. Of medicines, cod-liver oil, iodine, iron, and iodoform have showu the best reason for confidence in antag' 638 DOMESTIC MSDlCIlfM. onixing the tendenriw of Scrofula. It w m slow a thing in its prograH, that there will always Iw time tu obtain nK)di(«l advice about it in every otute. Scurvy. Before Captuit) ' 'ook aailMl around the world, this was a ooniinoa ufllictioii of iiuviguiorx, land exploren*, e8|)ecially in cold cli- inaUii, and invading urniieM at a <liHtunce from their honiCH. This faniou« nanimikc of tlie " Tourist's Guide " of to-day foun<l that the hu-k of frcjih veffeUMr foofl uniited Sc-urvy, and abundant i-onfirnmtion of his diMX)very hot* been furnished since. Dn*. Kane and Ilayea suffered fro ^ it on their Arctic expeditions ; tljc liritixh and French troops in tilt rimeu, in their war against Russia; and many other examples of the same causation have been known in recent times. Scurvy, when con>pletely dcveloixnl, hiv, these ehanictcra: the mouth is sore, the gums lx!ing soft, sv. lien, tender, and bleeding easily ; the legs are eubrged behi.id tlie knee, with a ratiicr hard fibrous dejiosit there; the skin is blotchutl with red or purple blixMl deposits on the limlw, breast, or alsiomen ; appetite is loJt, digestion is very poor ; there Is palpitation of the heart, with great <?:eneral debility. U'^less relieved, this goes on in a few weeks to a fatal end. Many cases occur, however, in which some only of tlieso symptoms are present. The tmiU/i sore- ness, which, when it exists, is very striking and peculiar, may be absent altogether. So it was with those remarkable cases (of which I saw a considerable nun>ber ii an arnjy hospital) brmght home from McClcl- lan's Peninsular cam))aign in Virginia in 1862. They lud no swelling of the gums at all, but they had purple blotc^hes on their bodies and limbs, were wasted almost to skeletons, and had scarcely any power of digestion left when they reached Philaf'elphia. Also, they all suffered with bod dysenteric diarrhoea. PreverUion of Scurvy is implied in what has just been said. No oue can long preserve good health withe „;, nearly every day, taking some food of v^table origin. Scurvy is always liable to take place when some fresh vegetable foo \ (or that which, in sealed cans, keeps s<Mne quality of freshness) is not tai m at least every few days. Fatigue, exposure to cold, and worry, as homesickness or discouragement, promote the effect of this deficiency of diet. > owadays, sea-captains, leaders of exploring expeditions, and military commanders, usually take much pains to keep or obtain supplies of potatoes, turnips, onions, or fruit, as oranges and lemons, to prevent their men when away from home from getting scurvy. Even desiccated (dried) potatoes have seemed to answer this purpose for some time. In the Arctic aone, fresh frozen meat has proved better than that which, even with ice, has been long kept. Treatment of Hcarvy is, in toto, essentially the applicafon jf the i I priiMjIple— furniahlDg an >l>umlaiK» of fifth etfj-Me footf. Wf plicl mir mon in hiMpital from tue Amiy <.f ih.. I .rtomw! witl. lfni..iM«l.-, orangCH, grajiw, pc){ut««, .-u-.r vlkMvh wlii.h, wUI. o,r/i/.«ry .li.ni|,«fl woald i>n)lMlily Imve finiMliMl m-i.. nV.. y,\mi ol tli.-ni n-.-«.v.itil ; a few hful no dignrtivc or bhxMl-niak;.!^ ix.wir left, u.,.l m wa^lwl uw.iy •nd died within ten days oi two wwIcn ..f tli.ir nrriviil fnmi the field." Sea-Sickness. A prijto may well Iw offiml for the dim-o.-eiy- of ^ sure remedy for tliat ! Having Huffered fn.in it nino out of ten w.'.k» at sea, tins i^ oaid by the author feelingly. There ii. 1,0 n,«l of a di^rij)- tion of this malady ; the word naima comes right from it in the Gn*k. Medicinet for Sea-sieknesi I Imve not tritnl, miluiH mi,„T<il tcit.r (,w bonic ai>kl water, "wxla " water) Ih,' .«I1«I »uh. This, a little at a time with Kv-, helped mo c«otwi.leral)Iy . I <loul>t wheUicr anything else Ih U-tter. Adviwm on il-i-board ffer on the iiuwtion whether one should " give up to Sca-ewkness, or si <iul up and «ght it out There was ,.0 siHi queetion with me. Down I must go; aial I advise every victiii of ieanuckne* to lie dowti till he is hetur. It is truc,/rwA atr h very reviving; and the air on deck is mn<li U'tter than down UIow ; hut to obtain benefit from it, one sh. uld be wmppxl warmly, carritd up, and laid down on tlje deek. Of dnigs, cocaine, chloral, ami bronii.lc of potassitim have had the recomme. '.ation recently of so..<c physiciui.s Alsu, Dr. John Clmpman'g tat^ffa to the gplne have obtainf.1 a n> i^urc of rtpiitnlion (or this ooniphiinL But it continues yet t.> be, like boils and hydrophobia, an "opprobrium" of the medi(«l profession. Seat- Worms. Sec Worms, and Santonin, p. 347. Septamia ; Septicaemia. Though the shorter of these words was earliest propnsed, the longer term is still the mosf u«xl. It means tuhU- ing of the bhod by protlu of decay. S^'p^u, is oi^nic decomposition, jMitrefaction; an antiseptic is something which prevents or retanls «u<!j changes. In the greatest cumber of cases, at lepst, under observation, the sep- tic matter enters the blood by (dtsorjition from a iwit of the body, at .t near the surface, in which decay is goirg on at the time. A wound not healing well; an absc. 3, not timely emptied of its discharge; the strained and pm!y torn tissues of a mother, shortly after the delivery- of her (iild, in contact with which ocomfjosing material is left : these are examples of the origination of Septicaemia. How does it differ from pyosmiat In my judgment, the symphim «'v essentially *he same, except that in the latter pus is conveyed and deiios^ xl in different places m the body, fcwming a number of abscesses ; which, in simple Sep. ticasmia, do not occur. President Garfield, therefore, we say, died wUt MO BOMKSTIC MKIurilfK. (hMilly of, for hln wnund wh!* mortal In nay event) |iyaiuiii. Thk, 1 would My, is St'pticwmia plwt th« foriimtion of local tieposifai of |hw. SjfinptoiM of SeptitiBtnia nn, reixatwl thilU; i ver, witli a very rapid but feeble pulgp; vomiting; dfUriuni; gnat debility; cold swmto; Rometimea Bwelling of the laiijer jointa. TrttttinnU of it (having no upccial rem«ly t«> cou&io in) we may It^ve to the pliyuitianB ; remark- ing merely, that the purest air jjoMiblo i» both pn-veutive of and, if anything can l)e, helpful in Septicastnia ; tliat oonwntrated licpiid food, a little and often, by tlie bowel if the 8t4»ma«'h ••uiinot B<t«pt it, in ap- propriate; and that quiuinc, ammonia, and (»rcful al<x)holic stimulation are reaaouably (jiven with a view to supixirting the fwdly flickering flama of life. Shaking PaUy. ParofyaU AgUnrut. See Paralyait. Shinglea. Ueqta Zotkr. See Skin Diaeaaea. Ship Fever, Hct; Typhua Fever. Sick Headache. Seu Headache. Skin Diaeaaea. A full aonount of tliewj might occupy a volume larger than this. Some definitions will ^be in place here, with general prinoipled of management, and brief particular mentitm of those affao- tions of the Skin likely to be met wkli in housibold experieooe. Of various damfieatioM of Skin Diseosea I prefer this : Exanthemat*. raahea : Erythen»u, Urticaria, Roaeola. Papula, pimpUt : Lichen, StrophuluH. Veaicul*. vxUen/ erupt iom: Ewjcnui, Herpes, Pcmphigua, Rupia. Puatulie, />'d<ufea; Ecthyiiiu, Iuii)ctigo, Squamc aoaiy liatatea : Lepra, Psoriasis, Leprosy, P'^vriasis, Pella- gra, Icfathyottia. Macule, irpoU: Ephelis, Vitiligo, Chloasma. Hypertrophic, grovAha : Neevus, Clavus, Verruca, Eiephantiaais of the Arabs, Soleroderma. Tubeicula, tubercle» : Acne, MoUuscum, Lupus, Elephantiaaia of the Greeks, Framboesia, Keloid. Hemorrhegiae, blood-diposiU ; Purpura. Neuroaea, nervam affections of tiic Skin : Prurigo, Annathesia, Neu- ralgia. Paraaiticte. paraaiiie diseases : Itch, Sycosis, Tinea, Pityriasis Veiw- oolor, Plica Polonica. Sypailida, a^philUie affections of the Skin. Erythema is a common and not aerious inflammation of the skin, of which a fair example is seen in " chapped " hands. This is pre- vented by always wiping the hands quickly and thoroughly dry in cold weather, after they have been in water. Cure of chapped hands nrtciAi T>t,nKAitKi. 841 t» hi* k efl^ocl hy gnwlnK tlutii wi-II nwl ..flr>n witli tnllf.w, o.kl (TPiim, or (inipli' ccmtv. TUv wiiim prin. .,ile of trentim-nJ npplim tn mhcr foriiw of Krytludnii; m th, <\( iufunu* loin-, etc., from wnn* of can-fuliitsw in their Inily toilet, iuhI j'l-oM^nte (uhi<h mv). I'rticafin w Ncttlf-Kiwli. (tM i ruption i« in lonj, or n.nml n-<l luintw or " whcalti," wliich wmu-tienw ifmw ami ^i witi. i n few hiMir-. nml while they nn? pn*^tit burn nii.! -tinjj vurj unp!,-.iHttnfIy, /,i//V ,.,/;„„ w the nicwt <«inmon pn>voki'i|r mwv of Xettl.-Rn^h. It lii-tw UMiiiIly a week or tw... Trnihnmf, a dnw- of n. uvm; light, c-.k»I, Hitnpic diet; war'h-jH.wdcr thiMtt] m the wlicil- . ^va»h with iii.nl.mtcly I'oiii vinegar nml water, or ghferin umi r.w -water; oxide of eine ointment, «tr. /togeoia u a dammk-n-d ermtion, in irregnlar pntchwi, un the Ik^Iv and limbH; witlifiut fever, o [.wting uttmlly Imt a few day». It Itiw MO relationship to seurlef fevir, nor to r<".theln or Oernian tneaNlefi ; allhoujfh this la«t. disonlcr in wnietinu-M ini«ralled Jlnseola, even Iiv physiciiuw. This nwh re«piirtM no tiiatnient exeept what ia suggHJted bv Uie general 8tate of the patient'^ m .stem. 8trophulu» is the " rul gum," or «mal!-pimply, red nwh of early infancy-. Starch or arrowroot jwwder and oxide of ane ointment will Ue suitable in its treatment. Uchen a the name for numerous small pimples on patients of any age. A mild form of it is sttnbmn, Lichen Tropinu. Thia may be treated like en-tht la or strophnlnx, as above mentioner], lAchm Affriut is generally the result of neglected simple i , lary Liehcn. It may scab, eraok, nm antl Ixj very tr«mble«ome The patient may need to 1h« kept in l>ed, with iwultiees of bread or flaxseed to el««n the sore parts, and then lime-water and oil dressing, followed afterwunls by simple eerate, to heal them. It is generally w«rt on the legs and feet, or hands. Eczema is now considered by physieians to take either, or sucreaaively all, the forms of eruption, pimples, water-blisters, pustules, and crusts .ir Boalis ; but through all its characteristic is that of an efmhe inflam- mation of the skin. Its vesicles (water-blisters) are smaller than those of ITerj)fit. Both of these are often, in popular langu^, called Tetter. Herpes has larger water-blisters, thousfh still not very large. Fever- bluitert around the mouth are an example of Herpes. Shinglet, Herpes Zoder, is a very curious but not common disease, in which a aone or girdle of bflaraed vesicles goes half round the body at the waist, generally on the right side. Neuralgic pains attend tb' . It generally laata but a week or two. Herpet Grcinatus is non-contagious ringworm. It is known from II 642 DOMBSTIO MSDICINB. Tinea TonturaM, contagious riDgworm, by having a great number <d minute vesicles around the margin of the rings or round patches of which it consists. Treatment of Eczema requires skill in the management of each case. Get a doctor to attend to it ; sometimes it becomes chronic and tedious. JfC/A Cru8t of infants (Cnista Lactca) is an example of it. The eon- ditwn of the patient must l>e attendul to ; the domach, the howeh, over* fulness of bhod or the reverse (anemia). Ctothirtg must not be too heavy, and must be changixl often. Booms must not be allowed to be hot and close. Food should be light and not rich (i. e., oily, fatty) ; easily digestible. If Eczema proves obstinate, arsenic is often prescribed for it ; Fowler's solution {liquor potassii arsenUis), three drops at first, twice daily, increased two drops a day until ten drops twice daily are reached, interrupting its use if the patient has headache, siek stomach, diarrhoea, or pt^ness of the face. Applications to the eczematous «r»tp- tion may be : lime-water and oil ; bran tea ; flaxseed tea with soda in it; glycerin and rose-water (one part to four or five); etc When chronic, some pliysicians keep the pai-ts covered constantly (except daily washing with Castile soap, or limerwater) with light rubber-cloth. Others use adhetdve-plaster all over it, with the same view of keeping out the air. IVeatment of Fever-blisters (Herpes Labiaih) about the lips may be by dusting with maynesia or applying coloffne-^mUer at the start, and afterwards, if they continue to return, calomel mntment (half a drachm of calomel to the ounce of cold cream). Shingles may be treated with bemoaied oxide of dnc ointment ; to which, if there is much pain, opium may be added (five or ten grains to the ounce). Ririffworm (scald-head) of either variety will generally be cured by two or three applications of tar ointment at night (covering the part with a soft rag, and over that oiled silk or rubber-cloth), washed off in the morning with Castile soap and water. Ecthyma consists of a few large pustules ; Impetigo of a variable number of small pustules, scattered or in groupp. In treatment of both of tliese, a good medicine early in the case will be wine of coUihicum root ten drops, with teine of ipecac, as much, in water, three times a day (adult dose) for several days. If obstinate, arsenic will be in place, as for chronic Eczema. Arsenic is the heroic aUerative in all ooutioued Skin Diseases. With care, it may always be prevented from doing harm. For this, the rules are: 1. Begin with not more than three drops twice daily, WBtohing the eflfects. 2. Never go beyond t«n drops twice daily. 3. Stop it at once for a week, if either headache, sick SPECIAL DiaSASES. «48 •tomach, diarrhoea, or puffinees (oedema) of the face appeare. 4. In- terrupt it for several days, in any case, after it has been taken continu- oasly for as much as three weeks. Lepra and Pmrimiu, are patchy and scaly chronic diseases of the skin, the principles of whose management are the same as those just set forth • but they are so hard to cure tliat any special application or variation of those principles had better be left to the judgment of a professional adviser. *^ Leprom, has had an interesting history, from the days of the Old and New Testaments down through the Middle Ages in Europe to our own times. But as there were, in 1880, less than one hundred lepers in the United States, this disease is not likely to invade the households of any of our readers; we may, therefore, refer upon it to professional works. (See "Essentials of Practical Medicine," fifth edition, p. 545.) PUyruudH is dandruff. Multitudes of small white scales form, espe- cially on the scalp of the head. Thb is generally cured (not at once, however) by keeping the hair short, and washing it well every day with Castile soap and cold water. If it lingers, a good wash will be Cologne water, half-and-half with water, to which one-fourth as much glycerin 18 added; or hot vinegar and water; or tannin (tannic acid) ten grains, glycerin a fluidounce, whisky and water each a fluidounce, well shaken together, and applied every night with a krge camel's-hair pencil, fol- lowed by Castile soap and water in the morning. Pdlaffra is an often fatal disease of Southern Europe (especially Italy), with drying, thickening, and scaling of the skin. It has never been seen native in this country. Ichthyosia,fitthrskin disease, is well described by its name. It is ratf, mostly congenital (bom with a person), sometimes hereditary, and, as a rule, tncMmife. I have only seen one case of it, and am not likely to see another. ' EpheUa is Sunburn. Only when intense from continued exposure to the direct rays of a hot sun, is this of any consequence. I have known a few persons of delicate skin, on the sea-shore for example, to suiTer so much from glare and inflammation of the skin, as to be almost ill with •t. One so affected must keep in a cool room in the house, on slop diet, Jrink cool lemonade, and cool the head at least, with ice-water often. On the face, arms, ete., starch-powder dusting, and cold-cream the last thing at night, will allay the irritation in a day or two. D-eclde$ are generally not admired, that is all. Can they be taken out? Not with certainty. If anything will have that effect, I believe rt may be hop^ from pencilling each freckle several times a day with either nitromuriatio add solution (ten drops to a win^lassful of water) 544 DOMMBTia MXDICtNS. Fio.233. or wlution of Labarraque's chlorinated soda (two teaspooufals in a win^lasBtul of water). VitUwjo is veaJtrtMn; unnatural whiteness of the skin. If it comes on the head, the hair falls out ; Alopecia, baldness. (See Hygiene, Care of the Htur.) It is, if curable, so only with difficulty, there being no specific remedy for it. Chloasma is a name for more extended spots than those which we call freckles, being, like them, yellowish or brownish-yellow in hue. If any treatment will change them, it is likely to be that above mentioned for freckles. Navm is a Mole. See Moles. Gamut is a Com ; Verruca, a WaH. See Corns and Warts. Elephantinma of the Araba is also often called Barbadoes L^ {Bw- mmia iVopioo). It consists in an enormous growth of the connective tissue and skin, of the legs, and some- times the trunk of the body and the neck ; so that the legs and feet, par- ticularlyj become elephajU4ike indeed. It is a thing of slow progress, but is seldom cured. The only treatment which has seemed capable of stopping the growth is <yiV/ a large artery which supplies blood to the morbidly enbrged and enlarging parts. Aene is a common kind of large- pimpled eruption, especially on the face. The pimples include "sebaceous follicles" (little grease-forming glands) in which their secretion is detamed. Acne Romeea is the form seen on the face ; so called because of the redness of the pimple and of its environs. Often (not always) in each follicle there is a parasitic animalcule, acarua (or demodex) foUiciUorum, seen with a magnifying-^lass in groups, each one-fiftieth of an inch in length. What may sometimes be taken for a parasite is a comedo ; Aat is, a solid spot of sebaceous matter, in a follicle, which looks like a black dot, and can be sqoeesed oat. An easy way of doing this is to push down over it Ae barrel of a watch-key. K Acne pimples puduJaU (fill with yellow XLIFBAHTIAUS OF THK ABAIM. SPECIAL DtSEASSa. 646 matter), when ripe, they may be punctured with a needle, aideunsf, to let the matter out The other TtUterculnr affections named in our list, MoBiuoum, Lupua, etc., are not common enough to be appropriately considered in any but a professional work. Of Hemorrhagic affections of the skin, except that which is symptom- atio of Scurvy, the only one is Purpura. See Purpura, and Scurvy. Prurigo is persistent Uehing, without the specific cause (to be referred to presently) of Scabies or Itch. {Pruritm is the symptom of itching, merely.) Old people are particularly apt to suffer from this. There is often no eruption, until one is brought out by scratching ; which is al- most imavoidable in the effort to obtain relief. Itching of the funda- ment (pruritus ani) is mostly caused by aeat^worms. When this ia so, they should be got rid of. (See page 347.) Treaiment of Prurigo in- cludes attention to the state of the stomach, bowels, and general system. Local remedies may be many, but not unfrequently disappointing, at least as to producing permanent cure. Still, they are generally much better than perpetual scratching, wliich increases the irritation in the end. Among such remedies are : cold water ; hot water ; flaxseed-tea, with soda in it ; lathering with Castile soap water, with a ahaving-brvtih ; strong salt-water; whisky and salt-water; pure \^^hbky; vinegar; creasote ointment; cerate of white lead (two drachms of carbonate of lead to an ounce of simple cerate) ; laudanum ; spirits of camphor; camphor and hydrate of chloral, equal parts ; glycerin ; olive or almond oil ; benssoated vaseline ; borc^lyceride ; infusion of toltacco ; etc., etc. Anaxthesia is loss of sensibility. It almost never occurs irom disease except as a symptom of paralysis or of leprosy. Neuralgia of the skin is not common. Wlien it does occur, it is a part only (as a rule) of a more extended affection of the same kind. (See Neuralgia.) Paragitic diseases of the skin ai-e, with good reason, believed to depend on the presence of either an animal or a vegetable organism. The only animal cause of this kind on the human skin is the sareopUa (aearus), which is the cause of Scabies or Itch. This disease is communicated from person to person, by the migration of the tiny acari. It appears as an eruption of small vesicles on a red surface, chiefly between the fingers and on the bock of the hand ; next often on the arms, legs, ab- domen, or scalp. It does itch terribly ; worst at night King James II. is the only person ever known to say that he enjoyed it On looking closely with a magnifyiug-glass, a little line may be seen going from almost any one of the vesicles ; this is the track or burrow of the ani- malcule, Sai'coptei Honuim ; one of the Arachnida — ^te&th cousin to tha n 646 DOMESTia MSDtOtKM. I^ider— « flat-bellied, roand-backed, tortoise-flluqied, eig^t-legged IHtl* pest Treaiment of Itch ia simple. Several para^tcidea will cure it ; but sulphur is counted, on the whole, the best. The patient should take a warm bath, washing head and all well with soap ; and then, at bedtime, rah the whole eraption over with ndphur ointment. Two or three ap- plications, with subsequent care with the clothing, as to cleanliness, etc., will usually effect the cure. Sycmig is Barber's Itch. It may be caught by being iihaved with a razor just used on the face of a man having the disease. With a micro- scope, its causative vegetative parasite may be seen ; called iricophyton mewlagrop'ityla by scientific writers. Thua is oantagiom Ringworm. In it, if there are any little vesicles, Fig. 235. Fio. 234. KAUB ITCH AiniLU.CUIJ[L MICBOeCOFIC YltOKrATIOK OT A 8KIH DI8KA8B. they are very few ; in the non-contagious kind (Herpes Circinatus), though small, they are numerous. In the two varieties of Tinea two parasitic v^etations are seen with the microscope ; a tricophyton and a micioapormi : Fuvus or Povrigo is another analogous attection. Tar-ointment, applied at night, after the hair has been cut very short and the head cleansed, and washed off with Castile soap and warm water in the morning, will generally cure it. Still more powerful parasiticide applications are : mercurial ointment ; solution of corrosive sublimate (both of these require much caution, the latter especially, as a poiaon) ; sulphurous acid solution ; creosote or carbolic acid in solution or oint- ment; etc. SypkOUic affections of the Skin will be alluded to under Syphilis. 8PBCIAI DISEASMS. 547 Sleep- Walking. • See Somnambulism. Small-Pox. Variola is the technical name of this very contagions and often fatal diHCitse ; which, lieforc the time of vaccination, slew tens of thouBands every year in Europe and America, and left its deforming marks on th'j faces of very many of those who survived its attacks. Synijitoms. AlKiut twelve days after exposure to the contagion, sick- ness b^ins with languor, headache, severe pain in the back, often vom- iting; soon followed by fever On the third day of this, pimples, at first small and red, appear on the face, neck, arms, trtuik, and lower limbs. The pimples go on to become vesicles (water-blisters), and then fill with yellow matter and become pustules; this change being complete by the ninth day of the fever. Next, they flatten and scab. Four or five days later, about the fourteenth day of the fever, the scalis begin to fall off; all being off usually by the end of tlie third week of the atti. . The severity of Sniall-pox dejicuds in each case chiefly on the amount of the eruption. When the pustules are so close together as to run almost together, it is called confluent Small-pox. The danger of an at- tack may be increased by the eruption invading tlie throat. I knew of one case made fatal by this, through interference with breathing and swallowing. Malignant cases sometimes are seen ; when, as in malig- nant scarlet fever, the poi»"n-cause of the disease prostrates the patient almost or quite from the first. In such cases, the eruption either does not come out well, or takes on a dark or livid color ; with a tendency to coldness of the skin, a small and feeble pulse, and extreme debility. Blindness and deafness are among the possible consequences of an attack of Small-pox; besides the "pitting" or pock-markbg of the face, which is the rule rather than the exception. Like scarlet fever, measles, and hooping-cough, Small-pox generally occurs but once ia a life- time. Yet instances are well known of a second attack ; Louis XV. of France is said to have died of such ; I knew of a fatal example also of it in Philadelphia some years ago. IVeatmerd of Small-pox is not specific, as we have no antidote for its cause. Care should be taken that the bowels are well opened early in the attack, and are not constipated afterwards. For the fever, cooling medicines are suitable, to promote (lerspiration ; as citrate of potassium or acetate of ammonium in solution. Plenty of cold water, or lemon- ade, may be drunk. The food must be liquid, but nourishing, and given oflien, in small quantities : milk, chicken-broth, beef-tea, etc. To prevent pitting on the face is worth considerable pains. The best way will be to abort (kill) the worst of the papules, on their second day, by touching each one in its centre with a small pointed stick of nitrate of silver. Then poultice the face with flaxseed meal, until all the pua- Mt poMssrro medicivk tu1« flatten out ; and, lastly, paint the whole face thickly with eoBodion, to which one-fiftieth part of glycerin has been added. This will protect the eruption from the air, and promote healing with m little of marks as poesible. Varioloid is 8malI-pox modified by meeination. (8ee Vaccination.) It resembles the original disease in its whole history ; but is less severe, and very seldom fatal. It goes through its stages sooner, and ¥rith less fever. Pitting does not often result from it; blindness or deafness never. Its treatment is the same in principle as that of Small-pox ; aooording to the symptoms and the condition of the patient No disease is more contagious (catching) than Small-pox and Vario- loid J and an unprotected peraon may take the disease in ite severest form from the mildest case of either. Protection is afiTorded, almost infalli- bly, by txKcinalion and retaccination (see Vaccination). But, since all persons are not certain to be thus protected, great care must be taken to lessen as much as poesible the chances of contagion. In cities, special hospitals are, v^ry properly, provided for such diseases. When a case is treated in a private house, the patient should be igolated as far as can be, from all oAers except needful care-takers. Upon his recovery, all garments and bod-clothing used during the attack had better be burned. Next best will be, thorough boiling, followed by long exposure to air tnd sunshine. A person who has had Small-pox ought, when the scab- bing prooeds has been completed, to take a warm bath (in a warm room) two or three dajrs in succession, to clear the skin ; and then should not be allowed to mingle with othei's, a child, for example, to go to school, within forty days from the banning of the attack. Snake-Bites. See Accidents and Injuries, later in the book. Somnambulism. Sleep-walking. The general nature of this was spoken of under Pbysiologyj when considering the functions of flie brain and nervous system. A part of the brain (chiefly the sensori- motor centres) is awake; the rest asleep. The sleep-walker t ves about with his eyes open ; sometimes going upon or into dangerous places, which, when awake, he would have shrunk from. At such times, it is dangeiflus to waken him suddenly; his alarm might cause a catastrophe. C!hildren, or at least young persons, are much more apt to be somnam- bulists than grown people. Sleep-talkinff, moreover, is more common than sleep-traflKng'. A few will hold a conversation with another when in that state. To prevent somnambulism, a strong impression of its inconvenience and danger, made upon the mind, will most often take effect. When this is not a>, the sleep-walker chn^ild not he left to Hl«>p alone, and should be romed by ha oomfuaoa as soon as he b^ns to move. In some in- MPMOIAL DlSSASEg. M9 •ewKjeB,fi»teiiiiig the great toe to a bed-post by a oonl haa been found effectual. Sore Th.'oat. See Throat, Sore. Spine, Diaeaaea of. The bony spine (vertebral coIubil' is subject to cam*; a slow inflammation, followed by decay c; ilic bone'; especially in the middle of the back (doraal vertebrce), in scrofulous children. The patient stoops from weakness of the back ; and at last becomes hump, backed. When the disease posses off, this deformity remains. In the tretUjnent of this affection, the favorite improvement of latter times is a contrivanoe for taking the weight of the upper y>art of the body from the diseased vertebrce (separate bones of the spinal column ; see Anatomy). This is done by suspending the whole body to a frame- work above it, by means of bands raising it by the armpits and head; and, while it is thus held up, the spine being moderately extended, a Fio. 236. Fio. 237. eeutm disease. CtJRVED 8PINE. jacket is made, of bandages soaked in plaster of Paris, or of porous felt, so fitted to the body as to keep it in the extended position, after it is taken out of the suspending frpjne. By this relief from pressure upon the bodies of the inflamed t^ertebrT, their chance of recovery with- out damage is much helped ; and also the tendency to humpbacked deformity is greatly lessened. Much skill is necde<l in this treatment. Spinal IrriUdion is an affection chiefly of die spinal marrow; but accompanied, as a sign or symptom, by tenderness on pressure in some part of the middle of the back. Othe? symptoms are, pains in the back, chest, stomach, and sides ; sometimes indigestion, palpitation of the heart, nervousness, weakness ; in some cases spasms of certain mus- cles, or even general oonvulaions. Patiente so affected are generally pak and anmnie (thin-blooded). In treatment, they are likely to require 650 DOMKSTIC MSD/Ciyg. iron, perhspa ood-Jmr oil, mlt-bathtt, and country air, to build 'them up. Also, advantage inay be expected from eounter4mlaiion along the Inok; by diy cupti, painting wiih tincture of iodiue, wanniag-pla»- ters, etc. Some other affections of the spinal marrow have been already con- sidered. Sec Locomotor Ataxy, and Paralyais. FVadure of the Spine will be spoken of under Accidents and Injuiiea, near the end of the book. Spitting Blood. See Hemorrhage. Spleen, Enlargement of. Although met with also in typhoid fever, and some other diseases, this is most remarkable in prolonged cases of IniermitletU Fever (Ague). In that affection, the Spleen sometimes gets to be four, five, or more times as large aa is natural. When the " chills " are cured, it generally goes down ; but not alwajrs entirely so. Spotted Fever. Sec Cerebro-Spinal Fever. Sprue. ^'<!e Thrush, under Mouth, Sore. Stammering or Stuttering. An annoying impediment of speech, which some jiersons have from the time of their first learning to talk. It is owing to a want of em\trol over the muscles of speech ; and w. a nervoM affection. It can almost always be cured by patient peracverauce in vocal gymnadica. A simple method of self-training fur this purpose l^, to read or recite uflen, at first alone, and afterwards in company with others, in a deliljerate, measured way ; taking each syllable by itHclf, as in chanting or singing. Thus : " Will-iam Penn was the found-er of Penn-syl-va-ni-a ; He-rod-o-tus was an an-cient Gre-cian his-to-ri-an." By holding on, so to speak, to each syllable until ready to bring out tlie next, praotioe gradually but greatly increases the control of the will over the speech. Stomach, Inflammation of: see Gastritis. Cancer of: see Cancer. Cramp of: see Colic. Ulcer of the Stomach may be here briefly re- ferred to. It is a rather uucommon affection, least rare in feeble women, between twenty and forty years of age. Its symptoms are, sharp pain in one spot of the stomach, with or without tenderness or pressure, but increased by eating, and especially by eating sugar; also, vomiting; a little blood being brought up. Sometimes, there is real and serious hemorrhage; hasmatemeai«. A very bad ending of an Ulcer of the Stomach is for it to perforate the walls of the stomach, allowing its contents to get into the peritoneal cavity. This is always followed by death within a few days. The above symptoms are much like tboee of cancer of the stonutch ; but, in the latter, tlie pain is less limited to one spot, and is not in so marked a d^ree increased by any kind of food. By aid of the microscope, also, the matter vomited will show anciAL DtatAaKM. 561 «»0|m,«H particle pr«nt; «rf, generally, » tomor au, be felt upoo OMrful cMuniiation if the diaeue is oanceroiu. '^ JW«fe^ of Ulcer of the Stomach includes the use of soft food as ^wnxrt m« e w..h milic. chicWhH>th with ri™, limewntcr ami mil^ worthyof tnal Op.um „„,y !« c«ll«l for .,„ am>unt of the pain- ^thhold the^ as long and far n. pHK-ticable, o„ -^unt of the dang^J of the ap^um arnu^ia h^it. It will pmmote the cu« of the ul^ for a oonsuierable part of U« nourishment for a time to be giv^nl; injections (bcef-Usa, egg. milk, etc.) into U,e bowels. ^ alvS^"L flr^lTtM "^^'J^^ «^"« ^-Hy forms almost always at first in the kidney; but after passing into the bhidder, if Fio. 238. Fm. »». UBIO ACID STONE. mclbe: HT cALeurtm detained ther«, it may gradually increase very much m size. There art, ?a1 77'/'ff-nt materials: urio Srf (the commoni)^^ phaiea, oxalate of calcium, etc, />/"">- Sifmptam^ of Stone are, pain in the bladder, and beycnd it in the male ; sudden stopj^ge of the 6tr«im while urinating ; distress on taking of the strengU, Certainty as to the existence of a stone is obtained by examining the bladder witli an instrument. TreainunU of Stone is, besides care to avoid anything to increase the mutation of the bladder due to its presence, an opeLtion'for iteZ^ This was formerly done by cutting into the bladder and drawing out Uie atone with forceps. That operation is still sometimes preferred ; but • I ■ \ poMMBTtC MMDICtlfM. procedon) Intoly gnming more into favor i* onutrng the iiton( by an imtrument Introduced througli the u^ethn^ nd then washing out tha fragmenia. It ia a aerioua operation, only to be done for the relief of very diatreaaing aymptonm. Strabiamua. Squinting; CroM-tytt. Thia rwtulta from the muaolea which draw the eyes in one direction lieing stronger than thoae whi<* move them in the opposite direction. Doubhs aight ia the conaeqw we, as the axea of the two eyes do nit then meet in an object looked at But, by habit, the cnwft-eyed pereon comes to atteml only to one of tba two imagea aeen, and ao is not greatly incommoded by it. For the nke of appearance, an qjeratlon ia often performed for the curr. of Strabiamua ; dimling, with a wnall sharp knife, the stronger muscle, so aa to give the other opportunity to keep the balance with it in movi. g the eyeball. This operation, never giving much pain (being done in ao short a time) mav be njndered .juitc painlew by the recently introduced nae of kudr.M'hl^de of comiM ; a few dropa of a two or four per cent, solution of which render the eye for . time insensitive to the touch, and even to the kuife. Considerable skill, however, is required to make audi oper- ations successful. l_ i. wt I; children, habitual squinting is oocaMonally brought on Iqr a liabit of producing it just for amusement; cr by looking a great djal at • hat or bonnet-atring dangling between the eyes. Such thinga should be carefully avoided. . . , ,, - • Strai^ury. - fficulty or pain in emptying the bladder of unne. It ia not often met with (except when there is stone, or gravel, inflam- matwn of t). • bladder, or stricture of the urethra) unleaa after a ;^ bUder, or when emUharidea (Spanish fly) haa been taken aa a meduane. Fot the relief of Staingury, camphor or assafeetida may be takm; warm cloths (wrung out of hot water) may be applied over the bladder and perineum (the crotch, in front of the anm, between the thig^); a warm bath or hip-bath may be used ; and, in a severe case, an injeo- tion into the bowel of thirty or forty drops of budanum, with starch, by means of a small syringe. A few drops of spirits of camphor on the surface of a blister will generally prevent it from cauaing strangury. Struma. See Scrofiila. Stye. A small, but often painful, inflammation of one or more rf the small glands or follicles at the edge of the eyeUd. It becomes ' red, swoUen, and tender to the touch ; in a day or two, if not relieved, it may suppurate; getting well after the yellow matter haa been d* diarged. , , _._ ii To arred the inflammation of a Stye, in its fwaing stage, a amaU pieo»of we, frequently applied, will be the b«at thing. If that ouiwt ¥= MfMOIJLL DtMMAtMg. wa be liAd, WMM oUwr odd thing, m a uteel key, may do. When not checked at the atart, no other treatment ui worth while, uuleaa it be neveni enough for the applicati. n of a bread and hot-water poultice at night. St. VittM'a Dane*. See Chorea. SuHimer Catarrh. See Aathma. Summer Complaint. See Cholera .niantum. Sun-Stroke. See Heat-Stroke. Syncope. See Fainting. Sjrphilia. A diaeaie, primarily owitagiou«, oiiginating in vidoua, FM.iMa <*>*> Tiairi' nrmhTtic terb. undttjte living ; at fint local, afterwar-lit corortitutional ; and in that fwni hereditary. Among its iiianifeHtatioiM are, wi^r-ooktred erup- Uoi»of several kinds; uloeratwl sore throot; indammation of the irJH of the (^e ; kiss of the Imir ; ri,. umatio pains and swellings of tlie bonw ; and degenerative disordere of Uie brain, lungs, liver, spleen, fAe. It in mostly ciuable, espetlally by early treatnitnt ; but is sometimes obetinatt'. Principal remedies in its management are the prejiBrations of mercury (i«k>mel, blue mass, iodide of mercury, corrosive sublimate), and iodide of potassium. For a more norticukr account of Syphilis, see special works on Medicine and Surgery. Any one who has seen, in a hospital or elsewhere, the victims of venereal or syphilitic disease, may well have a horror of the danger which belongs to prostitution. Ugly red lumps scattered over the face, ulcerated open sores in the throat, painful swellings ou the bones, and often very serious diseases of the brain, lungs, or other vital organs make life miserable; and, perhaps worst of all, if a syphilitic perscn has children, they may inherit the same disease, innocent sufferers from their parent's vice. .# « i i i ( I*OMMiriO MMDlOllfM. TabM Deraalis. 8m Locomotor Ataxy. Taaia. Thpe- Wonn. 8w Worms. TotaiMM. Loek-jaw. An alfectioa centring in the ijdmU mamm, tai prodnoed in muat imtanom by t)i« irritation nmv^ed fay oan/m flroRi * wound ; lometiiiHw, iKiwevvr, it in bruught ua by vxpoMirs to cold, or ookl and Wft. J^uiu-tuntl woiiihIn, an l>y a nail or pitchfork in the hand or foot, or extendve enuhing of parta, as in railroMl aooidenU, are especially liable to be followed by Tet SjfmptomaHe of it ia •tiflbcm of the iiiuiicIm; fimt of the jawe, wu...i are flmily cloaed, and uannot be qiened without external fo « ; afVerwardb, in marked emeu, '<) all the moaclfli of the body. HometimeR the boily is arched backward piethotonos) ; in other cones forward (e niprosthotonoH). Food cannot 1,.^ swalkmed ; the patient is sleeplesn; and, unless relieved, he will die witL.a a week or ten days. More than three-fourths of those ittaoked with Tetanus die. The danger is least when it fomcs fruni expcaure to cold ; greatest in tmumaiie cases (originating from wounds or injuries). . JVtatmaU of Tetanus requires abtdute quiet ; in a room mnriy dark- ened, and all Twma shut out or prohibiUjd in and near the room. Pro- longed warm or hot baths are likely to be beneficial. If obliged to wait for medical advice, the only niedivine I can 8U{rgest using to save time b opium, in the fonu of laudanum or solution of mor[^ia. Pretty hug* doses <rf opiates are often given by physicians in Tetanus. I saw two reoovurieB under doses of a grain of opium (about twenty-five drop of hutdanum) may two hours for three or four days and nighta ; also a taUeep<xmftil oS whisky every two or three hours. Milk and essence fd beet' ire the most available kinds of nomishment fw och casea. 8oaietini«s it is nacessary i gently piy open the jaws and insert a cork (m each side, to leave room for a tube for the introduction of food into the mouih ; or one or two teeth may have to be drr vn for the same purpose. Tetanus at Trismus of the new-bom babe is a very often fatal disease, particularly common among the negroes of the Southern States. Two causes ait believed to produce it> at least in children predisposed to nervous disorders : pressure of the bones of the bead (which are movable at birth) upon the brain, during or after delivery, and irritation of th« navel, where the umbilical cord has been separated. T! e former is probably most often concerned in the matter. To prevent the tendency to it, labor should not, avoidably, be allowed to linger for many hours; aiid, as soon as the child is bom, it should be laid on its side (the right side), so that no jpreasure can act upon the bade of ue head (occipital bone). Trfotmnd of Triasaata NoKmHum (of the new-bffln) had better be left altogethw to profeasional judgment 9fM0tAt, t>/tM4tM9, M *»s »;%* irs v:r:;:;j: r, •^- ":: mdenai mudi die WnM nimibtf of n»i nf .,_.!.__. JVrahmK of ™din,„y „„ ,|,„, , ^ n|,a„„„i,:.i i. ., , . prhjdp.e. Ad«eof«.H„gc»thart^^ TTnu>t8«pe„eDtorR«.|.elle«lte; flax««I lemonade to driST. d? .lowly, and often; alum-water, or tinctu.. of myrrh and water or W g««n or black tea. to gaq^le the thn«t ; bathing fhe thr^t o uHde w^ «»p hmment, to which ammonia h„a be«n add^. or wr^wl „« .S .joom, «,„al pon« ; „ hot m.urtard f«>t-bath at night, the fil t^ht and afterward, ak, if the,« in any c«l,i„«« „f tl.e feet ; the«e at aSmt' rfcm»^«/ Sore Throat ne.^ when not ^hi/Uic in orig „ to^chi„„ o the m«r or «!<.« wiU. cither the «„lid stick of nitiS "' oTlu er Oumu. caustic), or a solution of it (ten to twentv gmin« i^an ZZof water); ako applying powder of iodoform, a little daily, on aXhtly ^uZ'ij^'r'"'-. '' '* ** •^''^' *«>« eonstitudonal aSoJ reqn rea .od.de of ,«ta«sium (f5 ve to fn grains th.^ timea a day) S« Bimdar applications to the ulcere in the thix«t ^^' ^)to &e peisc^cml in; al«; touching the throat with nitrate of silver «IutH» (four to ten grabs in an ounce of water) ev«y day „ t^, aS o66 B0MB8TIO MXDtCiyS. I bathing outode witb spirite of turpentine dilated with flweet-cnTts qaii« heating application); or, in an obgtinate case, rubbing three or four drops of croton-oil over a limited siwoe on the front of the throat; taking great care not to get any of the oil into the eyes. This will cause a small pimply or pustubr eruption to break out, which lasts a few days, and affords a powerful counter-irritation. Thrombosis. Formation of a clot in a vein, which obstructs the movement of blood in it. Thrush. Sprue is another name for this. See Mouth, Sore. Thyro-cardiac Disorder. See Ophthalmic Goitre. Tic-Do aloureux. See Neuralgia. Ticks. See Parasites. Tinnitus Aurium. See Ears, Ringing in. Toe-nail, In-growing. See Nail, In-growing. Tonsillitis. See Quinsy. TootAiSche. Three kinds of pain may affect the teeth : 1. Irritation (rf the exposed pulp of a decayed tooth. 2. Inflammation of the jaw. 3. Neuralgia. The first is the most common. The most summary remedy for it (the achiug of a tender hoUoW tooth) is creosote. To apply it, wrap a small pellet of cotton around one end of a bodkin or knitting- needle, and dip this in pure creasote. Then carefully press the wet cotton into the hollow of the tooth, and leave it there awhile. If any of the creosote runs over into the mouth, it will bum the gums or lips unpleasantly. Cold water should therefore be at hand to wash this overflow off as quickly as possible. Sometimes more than one such application may be necessary to kill the sensitive end of the exposed nerve. This is what creasote does when it has a full chance. No harm results after^vards to what i left, of the tooth. Some dentists have inu^ned that the tooth itself is killed, and will then rapidly decay ; but I kept in my mouth several teeth for fifteen yeai-s after the ex- posed end of their nerves had been made insensible by creasote. Less disagi-eeable for the same use are oil of cloves, a drop of chloro- form, or laudanum, raw whisky to rinse the mouth, and smoke of tobacco. Either of these may ofi«n succeed ; but nothing is so sure a cure for this kind of toothache as creasote, properly applied. Inflamed face is a diilerent thing. At or near the root of a tooth there may be an inflammation, ending in a " gathering " (suppuration, abscess). Then there is no full relief until the matter finds its way out. This generally takes place after a few days of suffering. A " gumboil " may often be opened to advantage with a lancet, as soon as the swellbg fairly b^ins to soften with matter. In a protr-aeted ease the advice <rf' a den- tist will be very desirable. Occasionally the abeceas will be in the socket arMciAL DrsBAass. ^y duoed by b«athiDe^S,rr^ momentary insensibility pro- made on^nSl VtrZ S " "T--'^ I--f">- ^^ invention, for those >.ho hate or fear miu W " '^ onderful generally, it swells, aches, and dlbTes iwdl 1 5'? ''"" u '""'^^^ Poulticing it (putting lUj::':!TZ7^'tTj' T^'' •ng tl.e mouth with laudanum oc««ionally^ab^ J^^' "T for it, unless the earlu anni;,«*;«„ f ^' "* "" ''"« <»" do -d iLcing whJ ittS: •''°°^'^' *- ^«- ^--- '-;i., oJwt:^f;r:^nT:nT::s^t"t^"r^*^^^^ ^^-^^ have been needle,, Z^^l'^'Zfn^t o^ tf 'f 1/'^ ^■"' ""' the .me as for other forms of neu^ST'^:^ "^ '^ '-'-r'^ Tnchina, Trichinosis. See Worms Trismus. Lockjaw. See Tetanus. has been said^yrltTt L ".T' ^'""^'' ""*^ ^'""■"- ^^'»-'' «n ;„ I, I X • , ^ "PP'*'" **•«* a minute bacillus (- < „<• an mch long) is always the cause of Tuberele Th'JhZZ ^"T i to under the Geim Theo,-,, nf n:. ,, ^'"» ""^ been referred most pmbably r ^SJlt u , 'Y^ P*^"* "'"^^^^'^^ '« ^^at, Just af rat., m'i;:,td f W ^11^^^^^^^^^ 'jV^^^— '-^; bnt that ea««,«J, does notTxTsTin It It ' '™^''"^ '•""^' other.. See Consumption. ' "' "^ "">' "^'"'^ ^^^^ '" *»>« ^umo'^"";^ ''TJ"^'^- ^ ^"'"' Inflammation of. whenti«.ar^2iSir:^r:::t;^^^ DOMSaTIC MBDtCIlTg. as well be let alone. If they are so large, or so located, as to cause mnch inconvenience, surgeons often remove tliem to advantage. Internal tumors require much skill to determine their character. Tympanites. A drum-like swelling of the abdomen, from excess of wnd in the bowels. Typhlitis. Inflammation of the cceeum, which is the first portion of the large intestine, on the right side of the abdomen, just lower than the navel. PerUyphlitu is inflammation of the peritmmm (serous mem- brane) around the csecum. See Bowels, Inflammation of. Typhoid Fever. A low and slow fever, very prostrating ; lasting from three weeks to two or three months. It is not contagious, but in many instances can be traced to bad drinking-water or breathing foul air. It comes on more gradually than any other fever. Early symp- toms are, headache, weakness, heat of skin, bleeding at the nose, cough ; sometimes diarrhoea. Then, greater -.^Takness; soreness of the abdomen on the right side, low down ; diarrhoea; decided fever, with pulse 110 to 130 in a minute; heat of skin 103° to 106° in the armpit; constant drowsiness, with low mnttering delirium, especially at night; dulness of hearing ; rose-colored spots scattered over the surface of the abdomen ; a foul tongue, at first white, then brown,' sometimes almtwt black, cracked ; and covered with a thick secretion («orrf««) ; the face dark-purple, with a more or lees glossy appearance of the skin. Bad cases will have also bleeding from the bowels, retention or (worse) suppression of the urine, twitchmg of the tendons at the wrists, very rapid and feeble pulse (140 to 150), heat of skin in armpit 106° to 108°, clammy perspirations, coldness, collapse, and death. Much the larger number of patients with Typhoid fever recover; but it is always an uncertain disease, to the very last. Sometimes relapaes occur, when the patient seems to be getting well. During convalescence, an imprudence in diet may so irritate the not yet healed semi-ulcerated bowel (small intestine) as to cause j»er/o- rtUUm, with escape of contents of the bowel into the peritoneum, which will be almost certainly fatal within a few days. Good signs it Typhoid fever are: pulse under 120 in the minute; heat of skin not luiove 104° at night, 103° in the morning ; tongue light red, and cleaning off" early (within three weeks from the beginning of the attack) ; drowsiness not very deep, and delirium moderate ; urine passed r^ularly ; diarrhoea not very frequent or copious; weakness not extreme. Bad signs have been abeady described above. ChUdren often have vomiting as a symptom of Typhoid fever; adults very seldom. Jrr«^utor attacks are common in children, and not rare in adults; in which some only of the above described symptoms are present; making the cases sometimes quite uliMCure. a f set At DISEASSS. jjj fonnr °^ ?S°''' ^''''' " '»«««^«»«^V the« is no specific "cu™" soon. ^ ^"^ ™^' ^'**"'g up in bed too Medicne .s sometimes appropriate and in.porfant, for special svmn. do,mg U,c pane... w.th twenty g„.i„s of ,„ini„e at a time, ofpl^ngi:^ MO D0MB8TIG MEDICIlfS. him onoe or twice daily into a cold bath. Spare me both of thoae, if ever I have Typhoid fever. One precaution further must be spoken of. A patient with this or any other continued fever must not lie too long at a time on hia back. The circulation of the blood is sluggish in such a disease ; it may sta^f nate in the lungs, if one position be too long maintained, and then, first congestion, and afterwards inflammation (of a low order, typhoid pneu- monia) of the lungs may r«sult. Twice or thrice every day and night he should be gently turned over on one or the other side, so as to avoid this settling of the slavish blood. After recovery from Typhoid fevci, the strength may return very dowly. This weakness may be shared by the brain; mental e forts of much severity (as study oi- business) must be very gradually and cautiously resumed. Typhus Fever. So similar is this to Typhoid fever, that until about fifty years ago the distinction between them was not clearly maf'e out by physicians. In both we have great proetraiion, a doic progrm, dromineaa, deafruM, ddirium of a low muttering kind, and a duration of the attack, in those who recover, of not less than three, oftener four or more weeks. But in Typhus, the causation is almost always clearly traceable, to either orowd-po'mm or direct cotitagiim. Ship fever, camp kyerjail fever; those are names given to varieties of Typhus, under dififerent drcumstances, always those of crowded huntan beingg, taintmg the air with emanations from their bodies. Cold or cool weather favors the generation of Typhus. It is a disease of cold temperate climates, just as pkgue and cholera belong especially to tropical r^ions. A patient ill with Typhus seems to have in himself the poisoning power of a whole crowd ; in othei words, the disorder is " catching," as Typhoid fever is not* Yet its contagion is not very strong, and can, as a rule, be dissipated by cleanliness of the person of the patient, and abundant ventilation of the place in which he is cared for. /Symptom* common to Typhus and Typhoid fevers have been mentioned above. Differencea are these : Typhus is less slow in coming on, and more rapid in going to its fatal end, or to recovery when not fatal ; there is, in it, no bleeding at the nose, and no cough (unless pneumonia com- pUeaUs tlie attack) ; there are no " rose spots " on the abdomen, but there may be a rash, a little like that of measles ; the belly is not swol- kn nor tender, and there is no diarrhoea ; the face has a dusky instead of a purplish redness; there is more tendency to tlupor (coma) than in * I do not here diacon the oppoaite opinion to this, though it ia held by many m«d< icml men, becaow my omTictione are so poaitive on the aabject See " EMmtiala ef PncticiU Medicine" or other prefeeaionai wwio. aPMClAL DlSSASSa. 5III ^^oid fever; death may o«mr even within the linrt ten dav«- „d after death, examuution of the bowels shows the absent b T^XJ!' of changes which are characteristic of Typhoid fev!J i h„?^ ' Typhus This nSl , «* ^^dcn'y <« 5^^«fer i/r.^<ra/,o» in Jhey, taken ,n the c^ur^ of a day ; and as (hat did notlgree wel IZl subject. Theuseofqumineasatonicandofothermedicines in both ot tiiese fevera had better hp I*>ft t/> tu^ «k • • ■ ^"^""^> »" ootn 3 iiau Dtaer oe Jelt to the physicians m attendance. sea BOMMBTia JraDIOIKM. Ulcers. Son places on aoy part of the body which are bIow to heal They are most common and troublesome on the I^ ; especially in perwms who have aieoUen (varicose) veins. In order to heal an ulcer, the part moat be kept at rest The sore must also be covered from the air. With a simple, not very large ulcer, this may be done with simple eerate, spread thickly on lint or soft linen, and changed every day. If healing does not go on under this, then use, instead, lint, linen, or soft muslin, soaked in lime-^waier ; the rag bebg covered with oiled silk, or oiled paper, or rubber-cloth, to prevent evaporation. The lime-water rag should be changi d night and morning. TimMemme ulcers may Ix) either of the following: 1. Inflamed. 2. Indolent. 3. Sloughing. Inflammation of an ulcerated surface seldom occurs unless it is irritated by some sort of violence, as by walking about with a bad ulcer of tlie 1«^. It should be treated with perfect rest, and poulticing with bread or flaxseed meal. Indokni ulcers are those which look flabby ; not of a bright red color, with a clean, smooth, whitish edge, but dull-colored, and often with jutting rounded iMrts, called " proud flesh." Such require sUmdatiaa; touching daily (lightly) with a crystal of bluedone (sulphate of copper) or lunar caustic (nitrate of silver) ; th^ lime-water dressing will, as a rule, agree with them better than simple cerate ; or we may use this : alccAol one part, glycerin two parts, and lime-Mrater three parts. Iodo- form in powd< r, lightly sprinkled over the surface, may be applied every oUier day. \t hen the ulcer is large, this should be used in moderation, lest too much of it may be absorbed, with poisonous efiect. This will not happen, however, if, as above said, it be lightly sprinkled, and not more than every other day. Ulcers very slow to heal are sometimes assisted in doing so by sittn- grafting ; that is, nipping little bits of living skin from some sound liart of the body, and planting them in the middle of the sore. The healthy skin soon b^ins to grow, and spreads over the ulcerated surface, covering it up. Hponge~grafiing is another operation sometimes success- ful in an analogous way. Sloughing ulcers show a low state of vitality in the part, and probably in the whole system. The patient's general condition needs attention. If he be suffering from anything that drains his strength, and especially if he does not sleep well, opium in some form is likely to be called for, at least at night ; and quinine, as a tonic, eight or ten grains a day, with concentrated nourishing food; perhaps careful stimulation. To the part, cleansing and stimulating applications are necessary : as pure alcohol ; solution of chlorinated soda (a teaspoonful in a teaeupful of water) ; or dilute nitric acid (six drops in a teaeupful of water) to wash rtwo nair^TM • . ^ r '*'**'"''' *"■ «'«'*'»' («"e part), elvcerin ^wo parts) ; or chlorinated soda solution • nr ,^,^ . ? g'/cenn (ten gmins to four ounces ofwitlJ F™ P™""«^"*' "'^ P***^"™ water, used twice daSJ^^i C^L hT "tr**'' "^ ^"^"^ »«>? nicer of the sfoj^ h^ te^ s!^ken^?7"r^ 1'"* *'"»• For ul«r of the Th^at, s. ^Trottre '' '*°'""''- It occur. when7erfhetin;'"f """''' '^"'^''"" "'"'^ «'-^'-"«- happens towards the er;''^"^'^,^^"''" f T"^' ^''« Its symptoms a«: heada, he l^„1^7^!f'Hf ""'^•'.' '^^ ''■'J°«y»- convulsions, and, at last. stuArrrnrg in dl' T;'""' '-""'r at the winding up of an incLb « dS t^/l When coming thus portant effect upon suppi^ion of ur^^' ^t Tjd i 7 7 '"" result from other causes as exoosu^. f-! i 'V ' " '"^ *'*«^' ..e should tr^ to relief he kXv, t ^ "^^ ^'*' '' ^'^^^ f'^''' 664 DOMMSTIO MMDtOIirM. Vaccination. This may be rightly regarded as one of the three gnateal benefltaever ocmferred U|ion mankind by medical science; the othen being the introduction of anoulhdies, to obviate the pun of flurgical n])erationa, and the diicovery of the use of the allcaloids of Permian bark, tor the cure of malarioua fevers. Until about the end of the laat century, it was common to inoculate young person^ with matter from small-pox patients ; it being fouud that mostly the attacks rcsultbg were milder and less dangerous to life than those taken in the ordinary way. But physicians concluded at lui that this practice (introduced from the East by Lady Mary Wortley Mcm- tagn in 1718) ought to Ije abolished; because now and then the inoc- uktion was fatal; and the eomiagion of the mildest attacks was as deadly to those not inoculated, as was that of natural small-iiox. It was well known, however, that persons who had been inoculated suc- oeasfttlly very rarely had small-pox afterwards. Dr. Edward Jenner, living in the country in England, learned that it was known among dairymen, that cow-^poek was sometimes taken by those who milked cows which had pustules upon their udders ; and that persons who hud had oow-pock did not take small-pox when exposed to its contagion. Having a very philosophical mind, he reflected that if he could inocula*€ wUk cow-pock, it ought to have the same preventive rfPect. This he tried ; first in 1796. His success was such that he at once Ubored to bring this practice (called vaodnation from the Latin vaeea, a cow) into general use. It was introduced into America in 1799, and into Austria the same year; France and Spain, 1800; Italy, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, 1801 ; India, 1802. T" show briefly the eflect of the establishment of vaccination upon the ravages of small-pox, we may mention that for thirty years before Jenner's time the avei-age number of deatlis from that disease every year was, in Great Britain alone, 30,000 ; about 3000 in each million of jjcople. Were such a mortality from it to occtir now in the Ijnited States, we should lose in every year about 150,000 people by small-pox ! The greatest number of deaths from it ever recorded in the present century in America was about 4000, in 1881, in the cities of our countrj'. Estimates of the most liberal kind of the probable number for the whole country in that year, could not reach beyond 10,000 to 15,000 ; at most, one-tenth of that of average years before vaccination ! As to pock-nuirked faces, one example will do. In one town in Scotland, in the years from 1728 to 1764, of an average population of 4200, 3700 were more or less marked by small-pox. Vaccination is, as it is well known, very imperfectly attended to in nnr large cities. Philadelphia, for example, in 1870, with a popula*''on t M 4th mil Day. IMh . Iwy. ri«. 1. VAmOLOII). • 4th liay. «th jNiy. Mh 1>H.V. o ■ nth J 'ay. ICth I>ay. Fio 4. ITCH. tia. i. VACCINE Fm. 3. CHICKEN POX. . ! - t iJl MfMCrAl DrggAMgg. tu ffH!. 1^5?^ '~' *^ ^'^ ♦" 28,000 MUnn t>orn every yw, l»d bot 7190 of th«w v«x>inati^. Under the pnnie of nn etridemlc of «n«Il.po« m 1871-2, the number inorauKd t<. .'10,000 in i\w flrnt of rUm^i^ "'^^ '" *'"' **""•' ' '"'* '• w''"' '^»^« «K«iH, in 1875. to mR, If «*ry «A</rf Aom ww pr.,|...rl.v vn«,intti-d, aixl rm«v,««/„/ wl|en between ttj-elvc »Ki fonrteen y.i,rH „f „p., ,1^.,^. fc ^,,j „^„ ,„ tielieve that Mnall-pox wo«W hi- pxti'rniiimtwl. nrvaoeimOwnmUuportant. Why? Bwnnnt. .he fl«t v«mtmtion may Mt have been ,M.rfect; and nlw, lK'i-num>, although in the la.^ majority Of awea tlie protecHton given J>y vBc.ina»i.m Iwt8 f„r a lifetime, in a certain minority of inxUnceR it doo. not ; and the onlv way to !» aura about thia la to fry i> again. It in too trifling an operation to l« with- Hew, in view of the immeniw value of its proteetion when needed. Are there any sound ohjw^ions to Vaccination ? No | I have read the Btningect ami boldest orgumenta* .ver put forth by Ite opponents; and I dwbre them to be worthier against it. There L no room in thia ixwk to go into their di«nw>ion. The .n«,|.al profasion 18 almost literally «««»/,*„« on this Hubjcct. No feadituj medi«d authority, on either aide of the ocean, m or Ium ever been against it The antagonism to it must orij^inatc in morbidncw of mind; such aa maltai aome persons still believe in witchcraft, or others deny that the world goes round once in twenty-four hours. There is, with the simple care, which it » easy and uxunl for physicians to take, in selecting the virus used, no danr/cr oj gmmj any rliwase by vaccination. Is it best to employ "bfmne" virus; that is, directly from the c^wor heifer, or will that from an infant's arm do n^ well? I have studied this question with much care; and (include that, on the whole, the most secure and satisfactory ^vay is to use humanized vims. ; that which has been at least through a few (or even a few hundretl) healthy human systems. It is veiy well for those skilful in the matter to start new virus, now and then, directly from tho cow; the original Jennerian vaccine. But this requires more skill and pains than are always reli- ably given ; and there has been a good deal of disappointment of latter years with "bovine virus," both in Europe and in this country. An advantage of the humanized article is, tliat it has just shown its virtue by its ^eds. When should the first vawination be performed? If there be no exposure to the contagion, the second or third month of infancy will answer. If there is such exposure, let it be done any time after birth. How shall it be done ? Two kinds of material a re used ; the one is • See « review l^ the snthor of levenl of thcM pubUoUioni. in the Philadelishia Ama-icun, Sept. 2, i8d2. '^^ POMMtrtO MMDtOIMM. fyH^, taken no qaiU«pieoea fWm the wn in ita wi^arjr itafe, about the eighth d«7 of the vaodrntion. Alwayu, • htaHh^ hahat'u Jbnt vMoiiw- tioo k to be cboeen for the ropply. Th<- matter driei oa the qaiU<«adi^ and aw be kept, if eeakd up (Vom the air, for a few dajra (aekloni ao miM^li M a mouth) without l<wii>g ita npetnflo quality. Twrniy-Avo yennt ago, it woh tlie general practice in thin country to vaccinate with the aenb, from the matured puittule, roming off about the nineteenth day. With other practitiunen*, I have had every raaaon to be Mtisfled with thia. One particuUr advantage of it is, that the ap- pearsnoe of the Mab goea much towards judging of its genuinenen. It should be irregiiUrly cimikr, nearly flut, rather thick, and of a mahogany brown color; huger than a Hcub frum almost any othet kind of sore; decidedly huger than a scab tnm a real smalUpox puitriie. To r^rate : take cither tlie/rrsA lymph (arm to arm), if you can get it, or the dried lymph, not too old, or the ncab, less than a month old, and kept out of the air. Moisten a small portion of either o( the Utter with pure tepid water ; nuinhing the Mub, if it Iw employed, into a paste. A very little piece will MiflSce for one vaccination ; not more than the sii» of two pins' heads will be nocoaaary. What is wanted, then, is to got this matter through and utuler the akin, so that some of it will be abeurbod into the blood. You do not wdnt the part to bleed ; because tiiat would wash it all away. You may push out a little flap of skin with tlie imint of a lancet ; or puneiurr, the skin, making several little do(8 near together; or soraloA it in tiny lines, crossing each other, making a square; and, eitlier way, prowing, laying, or gently r''>b!r^ the vinu-poste in and on the part The art of the operation consists in getting through the ekh without eaumng blood to flow. When it has been done, keep the arm (the best place is the outside of the arm, halfway between the dioulder and elbow) undisturbed until it dries ; about twenty or thirty minutes. As to its course, nothing will show, if it goes on all right, for nearly four days. Then a little red point will appear, which grows lai^er, and becomes a vesicle (a little water-blister). By the tenth or eleventh day this has filled with matter, and sinks down, navel-like, in the middle; the characteristic " umbilicated " appearauce. It has, then, a good deal the shape of a tiny hat, with the middle of the crown pushed down. Before that time, about the eighth day, a bright red circle has formed around the sore. This fades after the eleventh day, and the pustule (which, however, has little or no yellow matter in it) dries up into a thick, round, mahc^ny-oolored scab ; and this comes off of itself from the eighteenth to the twenty-first (uaially the niacteea^) day. (X Fra. S41. it TAOCINATIOll SCEATCBML ««»• h may be •w^^kfciitoll.v nibM off «««. All th« K«. ... pltt«f. ». .f^do of «ve«l little «.n.. nu-nH Into one. * twil 1 ""*.r**"««'"" '''«•* ««' <«*', it »h,wUI k. .lom. a«ln. When tod better be tried 8,«„e ,ufu„t« a^. mml, 1«« «„«^,<i| k ,0 it tC "them; in . very few it will not take at all. There U Lon to UiirT -ome «».«, without any m^n> ,«,„i„^ ,„,» „„ „„. f . ' dnl.1 to be vacinat,,! nine tinu., with „t V^t .hr. "^eit ^7 '^^^::^ii^z:it^ --*« time for ,t « .lx,.,t the a^e of f.,„rt«.„ ,„,„. «,,„„., ^jj be b^tl'^f Fio. 24& diaeaae. I cloae my remarlcM on this object by wyinp. wiUi emphaaw, that eterxfl>ody ouyht to be mcci- noted, and revaccinated at leaat once VaricelU. Chicken-Pox; which aee. Varicow Veins. See Veint, Vari.oae. Variola. See Small-Pox. Varioloid. Moclified nmall-pox, aa it oorun, m pewona who have been vaccinated. See Small- Pox. Veins, Inflamed. See Phlebitis, and Milk. Leg. Veins, Varicose. Enlarged veins, without in- flammation. They are not un«,mmon in the legs • nude worse by standing a g«at deal. PregnaX' IB a promoting cause of varicosity of the veins, by the pressure of the gmvid womb upon the laU vems (especially the -rest mw cam) in the ab- domen. ' Variooee veins are sometimes cured by a sunrical ope^fon ; but this is seldon, necessa.^^ J^^^ thmg to do is to KI.A8TIC BAHDAOC, AmjXD. 868 DOMESTIC .VKDIClIfS. wear elaMic gtoeklnga, which compi-ess the veins enough to prevent incon- vcnienoe from their enlargement. If such fitockings cannot be had, bandaging is a tolerable sabstitute. A bandage of soft old muslin, two and a half inches wide, should lie worn while walking or sitting up. It must be wrapped first around the ankle; then around the foot; again around the ankle, and thence obliquely around the leg ; turning or reversing it at each round, so as to make it lie smoothly on the limb; firmly, but not uncomfortably tiglit. Vertigo. Giddiness; dizziness; turning in the head. Sometimes one's own head seems to be tinning around ; sometimes everj'thing else turns instead. Causes of vertigo are : m. «t fi-cqueutly, indigestion, with " biliousness "; i. e., the bile not being proinrly removed by secretion from the blood ; secondly, general debility ; thirdly, a disorder of the internal ear or ears, called Meniere's disease ; lastly, and most rarely, dis- order of the brain. TreatmeiU of this symptom should, of course, be according to its cause. For " bilious " d-jziness, a grain or two of blue mass twice a day (taken only for a day or two) ; a teafiiioonfui of mag- nesia; if the symptom comes often, omitting the blue pill, and using soda (sodium bicarlwnate), a pinch at a time, instwid of magnesia. Vertigo of debility requires that tlie patient's strength l)e savwl by avoiding much exertion, and improved by good diet, t6nies, change of air, etc. Ear disease and chronic affections of the brain are too difficult of discrimi- nation to be dealt with in Home medicine; they i-cquire skilful medical attention. Vomiting. This is a symptom of various affections, and has been specially considered earlier in this Ixwk, under Signs of Disease. Its treatment also has been dealt with in our section on Remedies, under the heading Sick Stomach. Sec page 271. SPBCtAL DISEASES. g^jg Warts. These are amaU outgrowtha of the eutkle or scarf-skin {ep^u); rooted, however, in the deeper niiddle coat ofTsk ." (r^mt^n, of the books). To get rid of them, pare away all h, out ^ ha.^ part, wh.ch has no fec'V, ; then touch the Lnainder with « dtp of nU.^ actd (takin, ,,... u .^t It Wj,on the wa,^, which r^ni^ management) or .-An uo r^-UJ, .. a ,.:,k of caustic potato SZ ^:^ZtJ^ ; -^''--^ ' ^- ^- -^-" ^^^ A.,^*!/'"'^™'*'' , ^ J^yspepsia. It may be mentioned here that or So? T''' '-'--nded by some pUtioners for th" u or relief of th.s syn.ptom of chronic indigestion. The term ^Vafer- brash n^e^^s the coming up of a watery fluid from the stomlh in to J rh*i:hitr::S; :^r ^""^' -' ---' '- ^° - ^^^ ^^ Whooping-Cough. See Hooping-Cough. Women. Diseases of. Many la.^ books have been written unon ^B subject ;wh.eh now has a department of Molicine and Sn^T^ teel^Iled Gyn^o,y. Its management involves as great diSti^ m practice as any other part of Medicine or Surgeiy. It wuukl the,^ fore, be qu.te vain to attempt to dwell at lengtl. ujl it in ^ZrklZ the present, which is intended for unprofessional rLe,^. Already we have given consideration, sufficient for our punx)se to Ameno„h«a Dysmenorrhea. Menorrhagia. LeucorihSHnd Chlorosis, m th.s alphabetiod series. Other difea;. pecuLTto T; <^ InfamnuU,onofthc Womb; Irritabk Ute^-us; Zlapsu. (MuZ rnai^on of the Omrj; (hanan Neitra/ffia; Ovarian M^plaJnent - O^^n Tumor and Brops,. A much longer list wUl be foundTan; professional work on Gyntecology.* ™ Probably the most important remark to be made here is, that no one ^ou Id too easily suppose hei^lf to be affected with any of hedirrdc^ pmiliar to the sex. Such disorfer., in marked degL, are 17 ve^ oommon; and they are agg,.vated by habits of invalidism ConlX dX reK;:tir ""'' "^" -^ '-^^ «^ ^^^ ^^ -^ - V^T It'is'S*.?''! ™'"" \^'* '"^^ ^°™^' ^ «'th a parallel ^Ibow ^his IS easily understood. It is equally sound advdc e that no ^^W^^:'^' '': ,?^"=^ ^--^ ''^ ^"^'^ T-tl.. on .h. " ™ wranwi, m»y be wpeciAlly commended. I; I: 670 DOMESTIC MSDICINE. woman should ever think of lier ovaries or uterus, unless their condition compels her attention to them. It is not right, of course, th .t any real symptom of ill health, local or general, should be neglected ; and the judgment of a competent physician in such a matter should be accepted and obeyed. But imaginary ditfcascs ought to be kept out of the way. The human body, in all its parts, is wonderfully well made j its mechan- ism, until wrongly used or ill cared for, is perfect, and does not readily get out of order. It is proper for me to be very cautious in referring to liabilities of medical minds, in a work like the present ; but I may safely extract a few sentences from the early part of the standard Treatise of Dr. T. G. Thomas, than whom, on such topics, dicre is no higher authority in this country. He observes:* "The excessive surgical tendency of many of the leading gynaxx)logi8ts of our day is a matter to be deplored by all who wish well to gjiiax-olog)'. Many cases which time and patient medical treatment would readily cure are met boldly, and without sufficient consideration, by oix;rations more or less formi- dable." " No one will suspect me of a want of appreciation of the op- erations to which I have alluded, nor of timidity in employing them. It is not to their use, but to their unquestionable abuse, that I am objecting. The last remark applies witli, equal force to the almost ex- clusive reliance which by many seems placed upon local treatment in the cure of uterine disorders. One who frequently sees cases of uterine disease in consultation, will meet with many in which he is called upon to urge cessation of all local treatment, -is tlie first step in the proper management of the case." Here also we may cite briefly Prof. Thomas's list of the main causes of disorders of the womb : " Want of air and exercise ; excessive devel- opment of the nervous system; improprieties of dress; imprudence during menstruation; imprudence after parturition (childbirth); pre- vention of conception and induction of abortion ; marriage with existing uterine disease." On the subjects of Inflammation and IrntabilUy f of the Womb we must refer entirely to professional works. Something may be said, however, in regard to Prolapsus and other Displncements. Prolapsus is falling of the womb. Its caases may be stated, in a general way, to be, 1. Influences increasing the weighl of the womb ; as fulness of blood therein (congestion) from standing or walking much during menstruation. 2. Influences weakening the natural supports of the womb ; as general relaxation, from loss of tone in the whole system. • " Practical Treatise on Diaeaaee of Women ; Historical Sketch of Gynawology." t This is not quite an etactjenn ; "Areolar Hyperplasia" is Dr. T. G. Thomas^! deaignation for it. BfMCIAL DiaSASES. 671 3. Tnfluenoea premng the wrnnb out of place; conspicuous among which are, tight lacing, and the weight of heavy clothing on the abdomen. Not only Prol. ,mis or simple sliding downward of the utenis, but other displacements, ...e pwnioted by these and some other causes. Those jnst mentioned are the ones most under control. Symptom of Prolapsus are: a feeling of dragging and weight in the lower part of the abdomen ; irritation of the bladder and lower bowel • pam m the ba«k and loins; unusual fatigue in walking, or in lifting anythmg heaw; and leucorrha-a (die "whites"). The presence of several of these symptoms together leads to a reasonable suspicion of the exwtence of prolapus. The certainty of its existence is obtainable only by a professional examination. On account of its importance to health It 18 right not to let false delicacy stand in the v ay of such a determina- tion of the real state of the case, when considered necessary by an at- tending physician. The other most common dhphicemmtn of the womb are antecernon (the upper part, or " fundus" of tlie uterus being bent too far forwaid) and retroversion (bending of the fundus backward). These are promoted by the same general causes as those above mentioned, as well as by pr^nancy and its after events and conditions. In the treatment of prolapsus, the chief aims must be: to lessen as much as possible the pi-ossure from above upon the abdomen, and to sti-engtlien and supplement tiie uterine sup|)orts. The first of these is done by wearing skiit-suspendei-s, putting the weight of the skirts on tiie ahoMera instead of on the abdomen ; by avoiding all unnecessarily hea\7 clothing; a- . the use of an external abdominal mpporter. This 18 of the natu: ' I , m but somewhat elastic band or broad band- age, which holds up i .. contents of the abdomen together. The direct support of the womb within the aMomen is obtained by the use of a pesmry. There are several kinds of jXissaries: Hodge's, MeiW Albert H. Smith's, Grailly Hewitt's, Cutter's, and othere. Prof. T g' Thomas speaks very well of Cutter's; which has a stem passing out of the body to go either backwanls or fonvards in a curve to a lielt around the bo<ly. The otliers a. ove named arc placed entirely within the body. Simple prdapsm, antevemion and retroversion require differ- ently shaped instruments, which should be carefully adapted to each case. This can only be done by a skilful practitioner. We must add, that examination should be made after a jiessary has been used for a few days, to see whether it suits or not, and especially whether it does or does not ffall or excoriate-the parts. If it does so, it must be removed at once. Even the best suiting pessary should be taken out once in every few weeks, and be well washed with Castile soap and water before 572 DOUESTIC MBDtCtNB. replacement SometimeB the instrument ie a good deal acted upon and Rl)oiled by the natural fluids. One who wears a pcssaiy should use a wash everj' night, with a vaginal syringe : lime-water, alum-water, lM>n)glyccride diasolvwl in glycerin, or, at least, Castile soap water. Cutter's iKssaries can, and ought to be, taken out every night, after get- ting into bed, and replaced in the morning. AnUiversmi and lielrovcraion may need to have the error of shape of the womb corrected by the skill of the medical attendant, before a pessary can be employed with advantage. Tumorg of the uterus are generally either 1. Polypi; 2. Fibroid; or Fig. 243. UK. Hodge's pessaby. Fio. 244. »B. ALBERT H. SMITH'S PESSARY. 3. Cancerous tumors. The last are, as a rule, incurable. Polypi are tumors with a small stem connecting them with the interior of the womb. The whole subject of the discovery and management of uterine tumors is too professional to l)e dwelt uj)on hen\ Ovarian diseases would also, for iwrticular consideration, take us l)eyond our scope in tliis book. A few words only are proper concerning Ovarian Dropsy. This results from the formation, in connection with an ovary (see Anatomy), of one or more watcrj' tumors called eyatg. These gradually enlarge, until tliey stretch the«abdomen greatly ; at last causing much distress, olKtructing breathing, and wearing the patient's life out. This may not hapjpen, however, for several years. SPECIAL PrsSASSS. 673 Ov&nm Dropsy Is dwtingwished from common aWominal dropsy fascites), by the following signs: it begins almost always in won^n between twenty and f„rty yean, of age; it increases slowly, seldom end- lUg in deatl. under two or three years, and often lasting much longer w.t , veiy httle change; It In-gins on one .ide,and ,pmuh over so as to fill the wJiolc alxlomen ; when large, the roundness of the abdomen does not flatten out when the patient lies on her Uck ; besides of ^r indica- tions obtained by j>crc,mion, etc., to Ix; appreciated only by those who nave had professional training. rz-ratarH^ of Ovarian Droi)sy can amount to i)ut little unless an oi)er. ation Ix; concluded uix,,,. An ovarian cyst may be tapped. Most pnu- titionci-s think it Ix^t to reserve this operation for the temporaiy reliof of patients upon whom it is considered not prudent to pt.form the greater o|)eration of removal of the diseasetl ovar\', cyst and all This kst operation is mlled ovanoio,ny. First performed by an Americn surgeon, Dr. McDowell, of Kentucky, near tlie beginning of tins centuiy, it met with much opposition for a long time. Within seven] years, howev-, it has come to Ik; recognized as proiK^r in a «m- siderable nuulxjr of cases. Although rc-covery d,K» not follow in eveiy case. It does, in a majority of instances, lengthen life; sometimes for many years. All details concerning the operation must be lefl for works m dynsecology. _ Worms. About twenty kinds of worms are known oc<asionallv t„ inhabit the human body. Yet comparatively few people are consc-iouslv troubled by them. Sometimes the inconvenience caused by them is slight; and when it is considerable, lliey are not always found out as proQucmg it. ^ The most frequently troublesome Worms arc. Lnmbrieoids; Seat- norms; Tape-imrms ; and lUchince. Lumbrl^oid Worms are the most common of all, especially in chil- dren They look a good deal like earth-worms. Is^^ and then knots of them accuK.ulate in the intestines of a child, "giving it fits " One of them may even crawl into the stomach and be vomited up, after a good deal of sickness of su,mach. This hap{Wh-i. to a patient of mine an adult. These worms enter with either food or drink; probably in most cases in not verj- clean drinking-water. They are to be got rid of by two sorts of measures: 1, to moke the bowels unsuited to harbor them; 2, to drive them out by vermifuges, i. e., "worm-medicines." The bowels are most likely to harbor worms, when they are all the time loaded by the refuse of food not digested ; either because too much w eaten, or because it is unwholesome m kind ; also, when there is const^ation. First, then, be careful of the child's diet; withhold aU 674 DOMSSflO MEDlCIifE. cakes, candies, and other trash ; and see that the bowek are moved onot a day. Then, if a worm is still seen now and then in the passages (which should be watched), worm-medicine ought to be used. How do we know when a child has worms? Only when it posses one or more of them from the bowels, or thnnvs one up from the stom- ach. Wo may reasonably sunpect worms, when a child's or older per- son's appetite is bad or irregular; when the belly is swollen; when Fio. 3M. Fio. 246. LUHBBICOID WOBM. A TAFS-WORU (t.«NIA SOUUH). (whether it complains or not of itching at the nose) there is itching at the fundament; and when there is grinding of the teeth and restlessness during sleep. But this suspicion needs confirmation by the actual sight of worms in the passages. For the lumbricoid worms, the best vermifuge is pink-root; spigelia Marylandica. The fluid extract is a good preparation ; or better, the fiuid aebrati ofapigeUa and s^ma; of which the dose is a tea3])o<MiftU, HreCIAL DIS£ASES. gjg Willi young d.il,lren, ,„ overdoM diouU M le civen . .„„1, „r 1.. i by .„„g_„n,WW p„,k „^.,„ , na, J,yt,.".r:;: Fio. 2^7. Fro. 248. ••fl. TRICHINA, MAONIKIRD 150 DIAMETERS. TRICHINA IV MUSCl^ KATUBAL 8IZB, i>-*c/»«a 18 a very .small spiral thread worm. It mav L f«k„n • mm in ,1 or not. If p«,nt, Ihey „n.nio,.ly «„.« by He huilnrf 0.«^, or eve. by i,.e million. The w.y'to ^, C'„,1S 17 676 DOMSSTIC MSDlOmt. certainty, is never to taste any hog's meat, or anything made of it, nnlea it has been thoroughly cooked — cooked all through. When Trichinae get into the bowels, they work their way gradually through the intestinal walls, and at last fix themselves m various mus- cled in the body and limbs. The st/mptom» during this progress are not very unlike those of typhoid fever, but with more pain and irritation of the stomach and bowels. When they are in the muscles, an imitation of rheumatism, with more or less low fever, results. There has been, as yet, no vermifuge for Triehinro discovered ; Trichinosis, well marked, is in matt instances (not all) fatal, within a few weeks at the farthest. Wrist-drop. A frequent kind of lend-palay, met with among paint- ers or other workers in lead. Sec Paralysis. Writer's Cramp. A disability of the muscles of the right hand, from too long-continued writing, as in bank officers, etc., who have to sign their names, etc., constantly for a long time together. The main thing for its cure is, toted and prdonged rent of the hand and arm from all such work. aeKClAI. D /St ASMS. A77 Y.II0W Fever. Oaly certain places are subject to endcniio or ep.dem.0B of thk dU^. On the subject of it- Ju«ti.,„ enoZb wL «a.d, earher in this book, under "C.uie. of Di.e.st" 'itTiT I z^.: T'^"" r"""' """^ "''■">■' "'• ^'"^ — er.ir'^ L V n .* "T °^ '"'"' '^^ ****"" »«»•• " "^-^r «r tlie sea. Havana and New Orleans have had mo«> of it, during the post TntaTlZ .ny other localites in the Western He„.ispbere' PhiSlpW fL ^ hadanu.nberof seven, epidemic visitations ; its last pm^.„ Ji" tl.il e.ty w« m 1865 and then only in a limited part of tKy-«dot ^T "/."Ti*"' ^1"""- ^" '^"^ f'-iue..ti..r«f cities, Yelw Fever « totally different from remittent (bilious, autumnal, ^aloriah fever whK=h ,s always a country, or at least a suburban, disc^^ ^ ' .%«^ of Yellow Fever are, in brief: an abruptly k-ginning fever J«t.ng two or thr«e days without .^mission,with violLu headache fl 2 forehead and eyes, often delirium, vomiting, M.*n.. 0/ Z'^^^t It beooines a time of great prostration, with yellowness of the skm and, .n the worst (nearly always fatal) cases, black vomit. Death when U oom^happens generally on the fourth, fifth, or sixth day of he at- ^'on e>r T ? '""'^"^ ?" -llapscsc^nda^y fever ocL.., whid. go« on either to a slow convalesc -nee .r to final death by exhaustion. 2 he « not hkely to have it again, however exposcl. As irthe c^se of sman-pox, measles, et«., this rule has a c-ertain number of exceptions. Iho sameis true m regaitl to its being taken by negroes 4oara certainly much less susceptible to it than ^liite people. Treatment of Yellow Fever is beset with difficulty; on the ave.aire one .n Aree of those who hnve it dies. Opinions in' the MeSidl JS fes.on differ so much about .,.. subject, that it will be best to leave the d,sc..88.on of ,t to strictly professional works. I remark these ,«inL found to have no control over it, such as it has over malarial .emitteut fever (wh.ch^„.bles Yellow Fever in some respects) ; amongTer certamly useful measures of treatment are, leedies applied to the pit of tre Stomach, an «.ly dose of a mild saline cathartic'L citrate of' mile- sum ; ,ce and mmeral-water freely during the fever, and, in the ^n.e stage^spongmg the head, face, and arms with cool or cold ;at«r in the pmod of prostratbn, small quantities of liquid food (milk, with wine or wh«^ xn email amounts in the weakest instances, beef-essence, etc), at short inteiA-ak, and qmnine in tonic doses, ten or twelve grains in th^ oooMe of eadi day. * "• uw 678 DOMMBTtO MMDiatVE. I rvpMt the convlctia. alrndj cxiNtMed under Cautra of DlteMe. that Yellow Fever ia n«w<»n<«jrw««/»t»mp«r»o» to p«Ti»n ; it » a dw- paae wigiuating in j>tocM, im-liuling /ou/ «/it/>«; to avoitl or leave tlie infected place is to eraipe the diiease. Thousands of people have, at many different timea, in Europe and America, gone (both sick and well) from Yellow Fever places to <Aher hmUhi/ places, withcmt conveying th« diseaM in any well authenticated inatwwiw. PART V. ACCIDENTS AND INJURIEa pIRST of all, let it bo raid in regard to all or any of Oiok, that eool- J- nena and pnmwe of mitul an' of the utinoMt con(«equenrt>. Danger is increased by alarm and corfiwion. One who has his senses about him may, by simple and prompt action, in some in«tance«, avert serous harm; in al! caxcs, the chances are in favor of this result when one or two, if not all concerne«l, are powsesied of their full intelligence. Our consideration of these, commonly called Surfflcal Emergmciet, will be, as nearly as practicable, in alphabetical order ; for convenience of reference by the reatlcr. Bandaging. General i-emarks only are called for here in regard to thii? ; some particulars being mentioned elsewhere, in connection with injuries or other occasions for using Iwndagcs. The purpose of band- aging is to retain certain parts of the body, or "dressings" upon it, in position, without too much pressure ; or, sometimes, to make pressure ^ time (as in cases of bleeding), or even continuously (for varicose . ..js). Mnterud for bandages may be unbleached muslin, about as thick as that which is used for sheets; or soft unglazed linen. It must vary in width and length according especially to the part upon which it 's to be applied. For the chest, as for a fractured rib, it should be about four inches wide; for the thigh or leg of a man, two and a half to three inches; for the arm, two to two and a half inchra; if used for a finger, an inch in width will answer. Aroimd the head, a two-inch bandage will be generally wide enough. The Ungfh may vary from a yard or two to five or six yards in a roll, according to convenience. To make a long bandage of short strips, make their ends overlap a little, and stitch them evenly and smoothly together, without any seam. All doublings and thick edges are to be avoided in bandaging, as they make uueven pressure and cause discomfort. How to roC up a bandage is a matter of simple management. After dwbling an end for a beginning, take it in one hand, between Uie ends 679 (MO D0MM8T/C MBDICISm nf the thumb and fingen, with the mlled part downwards ; holding the bandage then between the Hide of the forefinger ami the thumb of the other Itand, m> that it nmy ulide between the finger and thumb of that band, aa it is drawn and rolled up by the fingers of the other. In Fio. 34». Fw. 2ftO. aOLIJXO A BAirSAOB. Fio. 261. BAHSAOiD vaa. HKTCSUlia BAXSAOa. hospitals they sometimes have a small instrument with whidi to roll baiid^gcs rapidly. Two rules are very important in bandaging. First, never make any bandage so tight as entirely to check the movement oi blood, unless for AcciDSsra asu ixjihiks. Ml • •hort time (Mwith Eunarch'i robbeMulw compn^iou t« pmveat heroorrlage io optntion*) toarrait bleeding ; and ^-otA, uevtr «• aimiy • iMudage ae to comprew veina in a way to chum> Hwolling bUmc it To lultti the flnt of tli€«e rulai, the feeling of the patit-i.t, ami ,,m\ own comnum aenae, will genenUly aufflce. In regard to the i*h-oiuI, tli<. n,ck, of eouwc, mu«t not be »o JKiund as to interiere wiih the nturn of blood fmra the head through Uio jugular vein«; uml, wliin an arm, ..r any part of it, ia baiKlaged, the luinU uhm niu»t lie wvtrtd ; if it be the thigh, or log, all below it, including the foot, muHt \» wjuullv i-on.pr«(wd. Otherwise, the pnrta Ulow the Iwnihigc would Hwell up, and might, if so kopi long, even mortify. When Ijandaging the forearm and arm, it is \^i to lH>gin bv |«wsing thp bandage around the wri»t; then turn it down over the hand and cover It; afterwards go, with reverter, up the forearm, and, if nettmiry, Uie arm. In overing the lower extremity with n Imndu^^e, k.giu in like manner around the ankle; next go around the fo<*; and then, with revernes, up the leg. To apply a bandage to any jwrt, tnke the l>unda!,'o in the right hand, with the oiUttide of the roll held in the |mln., and the thumb touching tJbe part which is being nnn.llcd, along the wlge of the roll, inside. The left hand is then to fix the end, and succeeding iwrts, (,f the baud- age in place where it in applied, linxmng is dune to make the bandage lie smoothly on an uneven surface ; iw the hand, fm.t, forearm, leg, etc. It is effected by turninjr the rijrht hand which hokln the roll, so as to obliquely double the bandugc, for one or more turns, as nxjuired. A little practice will ma';e ihin t^sy enough. For farther 8|)ccialties in bandaging, besides what will Ijo said under Fractures, see works on Surgery. Bedsores. Si-e Nursing, page 370. Bleeding. Sec Wounds, page 617. Broken Bones. See Fractures, pag«" 691. Bums and Scalds. Burm are caused by dn' heat, or by something else than water; «coW« by boiling water, steam, or other hot fluids. The danger to life of either is in proportion to their extent of surface, and their depth. Even a superficial bum or scahl will kill, if it involve so much as half, some authorities say two-fifths, of the body. Death is then produced in two ways ; by the xhock, and by the arrefd of the neces- sary functional action of the skin. The treatment of bums and scalds is e«entially the same for both. What to do when ontfa dotha have caught fire, is important. Seize a shawl, rug, mat, coat or overenat, if any be within reach, and wrap it dosely around the burning part Or, if not, lie down and roll on the S82 DOMESTIC MEDICINS. carpet; at the same time crashing t»»« burning garment with the hands. If one sees another person on fire, the same thing ought to be done. A man's overwwt or a rug, etc., may be thrown closely about the victim of the flames, who should be quickly laid down on the floor, so as to be covered more readily and entirely. The reason for this is, that the way to extinguish any fire, large or small, is, to divi out the air from U. When a person is badly burned, the shock to the nervous system is followed by proaration or cdlapae. There is great weakness, pallor of face, flickering pulse, short breathing, and coldness of the body. For this condition, opium, in the form of laudanum (fifteen drops at once, repeated if necessary in an hour, until three or four doses have been taken) is a good stimulus. Small quantities of whishj or brandy also, one or two teaspoonfuls at a time, may be given, at half-hour intervals, for a while ; to be withheld at once when signs of reaction come. Such signs are, strengthening of the pulse, warming of the skin, and return of color to the face. For the bum or scald itself, there is no better application tlian Ume- wtOer and oil (flaxseed, olive, or lard oil) mixed together in equal parts. Lint, if it can be had, if not, muslin or* linen rags, should be well wet with this, and laid all over the burn. If the burnt surface be extensive, over the lime-water and oil dressing put a layer of cotton wadding, for warmth. Should it be a small burn, put instead of this a piece of oiled silk, oiled paper, or rubber cloth. A burned hand or foot will obtain the best relief by being held in oM waier for some time. A remedy for limited bums which has lately become popular is, a taturaUd aolutim of soda (sodium bicarbonate). Other applications sometimes used are, simple oil (lamp-oil, castor-oil, ete.), and potodered starch. But nothing is equal in effect to the " Carron oil," as the mixture of lime-water and oil has fong been called. When the sufferer's clothing covers the bum, it should be carefully removed by untying, unbuttoning, and cutting everything needful, so as to get all off without pulling or much moving the injured body. Raised water-blisters should be merely nicied to let out the water; leaving the cuticle to protect the trae skin undemeath. Tlien apply the dress- ing above spoken of. If the patient reacts and does well, the lime- water and oil rags must be renewed when they begin to get dry ; taking them off with extreme gentleness, so as to disturb the parts as little as poasible. After two or three days, a dressing of simple oeraie, thickly spread on lint or soft rags, may be substituted for the oily dressing. Deep and extenave bums are sometimes very slow to heal, and leave ugly contracting scars which may require special sui^ical attention. ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES. 683 Carrying Injured Persons. See Transportation ; the last item in this series of subjects. Choking; Strangling. These are not the same in causation ; but the danger is in both the same,— stoppage of breathing by an obstruction in the windpipe. In clioking, projjerly so called, the obstacle is within the throat; in strangling, it is from a cord, etc., outside of and around it; as in hanging. (For arrest of breathing by charcoal otw etc see Suffocation.) ' Chokuig is most frequently caused by getting something " the wrong way " in swaUowing. That is, what should go down into the gullet or swallowing throat {pharynx and oesophagus) gete into the windpipe {la- rynx and trachea). The windpipe is just in front of the swallowing gullet ; the latter is next to the spine. When one laughs, or in any way breathes, while swallowing, this accident may happen. Even a drop of water going the wrong way, will cause a distressing spasm of the wind- pipe ; but this is over in a few moments. Danger follows when a solid mass— as a mouthful of meat,— slips into the larynx ; or when a large piece of meat gets stuck fast in the ywrynar (gullet) so as to press on the trachea (windpipe) forcibly enough to keep air from being breathed through it into the lungs. Commonest of all, perhaps, is a fish-bone, or a chicken-bone, getting crosswise, so that it neither got« up nor down. Other things may slip into tlje wudpipe. I know a lady whose health was impaired for years, with i reatcning of consumption, by a little piece of gum-elastic, which she had in her mouth, getting into the bronchial tube; lower than the tra<hea, near one of the Inngs. No time is to be lost, when any one is choking. A long-fingered per- son should try to dip a forefinger at once into the throat as far as it will reach, to draw up and out the offending bone, or whatever it is. If it is a child, lift him up by the heels and slap him smartly, while in that position, between the shoulders. Children sometimes swallow pins ; they stick, as bones are apt to do, across the entrance to the throat, pretty far up. Surgeons have long slender forceps and other instruments with which to seize such articles and withdraw tliem. All such things, everything except a piece of solid food in the swallowing throat, should be taken out, not pushed down. If time allows, a piece of wire may have a loop made in its end, and then be curved near that end, so as to be passed rfotcn, behind or below Ibe obstacle, to draw it out A proof that the thing is in the windpipe is obtained if the person can swallow a drink of water, yet has great distress and difficulty in breathing. This dif- ficulty is great in expiration (out-breathing) as well as in inspiration. A lAysiclan being sent for immediately, in an urgent (Bse, fatal safl^tiwi being threatened, may find it necessary to open the Uaynx or trachea, 584 DOMBSTIO MEDICINE. by ao incision, in order to save life. If the immediate danger be passed, the question of sach an operation may still have to be considered, when a foreign body remains in any port of the air-paseages. Slmnffling is best known in the form of hanging. In the latter, however, as used for the execution of criminals, dropping several feet under the gallows adds another cause of death ; displacement of the bones of the upper part of the spinal column, crushing the spinal mar- row. Simple strangling kills in two ways : arrest of breathing, and prevention of return of blood from the head to the heart; through pressure on the great veins of the neck. Either would suffice for the result ; but the former is the quicker. Hanging is a frequent mode of suicide. If any one is found hanging by the neck, hold up the weight of the body, and at once loosen the cord at the neck ; cutting it will generally be the speediest way, if a knife is at hand. Then lay the person down, and, with as much fresh air around as possible, dash cold water lightly on the face (if it be in a warm place, on the bare ched aim). Rub the arms and legs briskly, especially upwards, to favor the movem^t of blood in the veins, which is towards die heart. Heat a poker or flat-iron, not quite to a burning heat, but so that a hand cannot rest on it long with comfort ; and touch that gently upon the pit of the stomach, and then draw it along down each side of the back. Apply mustard-plasters to the legs. But all these things should be got ready and done by the «eoon({ary as- sistant or assistants. If a person cut down from hanging does Lot breathe, he should be laid on his back on the floor or ground, wherever he is, without loss of time. A roll of clothing, like a round knapsack, should be placed under his shoulders ; and then artijunal resptro^ton should be attonpted, by SUvester's method. See Drowning. A CO ID My T8 AND tyJUllTSS. 685 Displaoements of bones at their joints. See Joints, Dislocations. Dislocated. Drowning. One whole minute under water will, except with a few practised divers, end life in a human being. Still, by active means, those longer immersed, as much as fi^e minutes, have bc*n restored. We read in books of this having happened after fifteen minutes' immeraion. This seems to me doubtful. But it is always worth while and right to give every drowned person the benefit of the doubt, and to work over him for at least an hour, even if no sigu^ of life appear, before giving him up. Drowning kills by exclusion of air from the blood in the lungs ; water taking its place. Otherwise, the water, as such, is innocent of harm. This is said to be an easy mode of death. Those recovered from it describe it as a sort of dreamy sleep, followed by entire unconsciousness. We may as well remark here hoie not to droum, when in the water and not knowing how to swim. (Every boy and girl ought, however, very early in life, to learn to swim. It is not hard to teach one's self. The whole art of it is to Orike out, slightly downwards and outwan' , with the flattened hands and closed fingers, both arms and both legs, all at once, time and again, without lose of time by any unneccssaty interval ; keep- ing the mouth as high as can be all the time.) In that case, there are two \vays of doing. One is, to tread water; that is, to let the feet go down, and tread, rapidly, one foot after the other, as if working a treadmill ; paddling in the same way also with the hands, one after another. Any one having confidence, as those have who have learned to swim, can keep this up with ease for a long time. Less exertion, however, is required for floating. In sra- water, which is heavy with salt, tliis is easier than it is in the fi-csh water of a river or in- land pond. Still, it can always be done, if attempted right Lie straight out on the back, with the arras at length by your sides, the mouth and nose out of water, the back of the head just under the surface ; the toes just above or at the surface, the heels submei^. Then paddle gently with the hands. In any other position, the greater weight of the lie-ad makes it go down first, and drowning must result. Dr. Franklin, it is said, used to go to sleep floating on the water ; so easy had habit made this position to him. A person has been, we will auppose, a few minutes under water, and w dragged out. At once, on the spot (there is no time to take him any- where else) lay him first on his stomach, and raise his feet a little higher than his head, for a few moments ; some one at the same time pressing with moderate force on the sides of the chest. The object of this is to let water flow out, if it will, from the lungs. My belief in this is am- 686 B0MM8TI0 MSDIOIITE. flrmed by what happened with a dog, which, with the intention of drowiH ing it, I had held under water about ten minutes. As it seemed to be dead, I took it out of the tub, and threw it on the ground. This dianced to siope, BO that tlie cur's head was lower than its feet. In about two min- utes, the creature rose and walked away, none the worse for his ducking. Fio. 262. ABTIFICIAI. BEO^ntATION. Next, lay the patient on his book', and put under his shoulders s toll of clothing, such as a roUed-up overcoat, a hard pillow, etc Draw out his tongue, with a thumb and finger, and get some one to hold it until it can be fixed forward, to prevent it from falling back and closing the entrance to the windpipe. For this fixation, best will be a strong bdia- Fio.263. ABTincIAI. Bm-tBATIOV. rubber band. If none such is on hand, a paper-cutter, or a small stick, may be held upon the drawn-out tongue, pressing it against the lower teeth. Now eomes the tSSatt to jaxidace arHprnl respiration. Slrester'a method if the best ACCtDSHTB AtlD lHJVRIBa. 687 Stead or kneel behind his head, and take hold of his arms just above •he elbows. Draw them both gently and steadily upwards, over and back of the head, at their full length ; and keep them there for a second or 80.* Then cany them back again to the patient's sides, and press the elbows firmly against his sides, for another second or so. Go on doing this, perseveringly, if necessary, for an hour or more. The object of it is, to promote expansion of the lungs to admit air, by the first movement; and its expulsion again, by the second movement Meanwhile, another assistant should cut the clothing so as to remove it, rub the skin dry, and cover the body with warm flannel. The legs may be rubbed briskly, Mpimrrf, so as to favor the return of blood in the veins to the heart. Smelling-salts may be now and then held for a few moments under the nostrils. If a fire be near, heat a small flat- iron, or a T>oker or shovel, not quite to the burning point, hut pretty hot, and touch it gently, again and again, to the skin over the pit of the stomach. This is a powerful mode of stimulation. When natural breathing begins, stop the arm movements. Continue the rubbing, but also have hot bricks, flat-irons, or bags of sand or salt, bottles of hot water, or anything else warm, laid alongside of the patient's body, and put to his feet. Get him now uix)n a bed. Shortly, he will recover so as to swallow ; and hat mill: or hot coffee or feo will be better for him than anything else. Fwing witnessed, at Atlantic City, some years ago, the drowning of two persons, who, after not more than five minutes of submergence beyond the breakers, were drawn out but could not be restored by the above usual measures, I have reflected a good deal on this subject of artificial respiration. It has appeared to me there ought to be some still better way of obtaining it. After various experiments, I have had made an abdominal tractor; a small hand-pump, to draw upon a large metal cup or bowl, placed upon the abdomen. The object of this is, to lift the contents of the abdomen away from the diaphragm (large breathing muscle at the floor of the chest ; see Anatomy), and allow it free play in beginning respiration. This can be applied and used at the same time with the Silvester movements above described, and ought to assist them materially. So far, I have had no opportunity to give this appa- ratus a tarial upon a drowning person. * The common direction ia, for two teeondt. ta»mj, in lach sIowimm. I Iwliere there ia no advantage, but tha MS DOMSSTIC MSDICllfS. Bar, Foreign Bodies in. So diaagrewble is the od<» of the natural ear-wax, and so sticky is it to inaeote' feet and the bodies of grube or wcMmas, that they very neldom find their way into any one's ear ; even when sleeptug on open ground or in the woods. Once in a great while suti- a thing may happen. To get an insect out, let the person lie on the other side, and let some one pour in, slowly, cold water. Alarm may then cause it to back out; if not, before long the . water will drown it. Then the larger part, or the whole (if it be not too soft) may be got out with a pair of ear-picks, or with a hair-pin bent mto a scoop at its round end, or a piece of wire bent at one end into a small loop or ring. Particles still left can be washed out with warm watra- injected from a small syringe. Children sometimes put peas into their own or one anotilier's ears. Then, water should not be poured in ; it would make the pea swell up and give more trouble, cireful use of an ear-pick or bent wire (as above), with a strong light thrown upon the ear-passage, will generally suooeed in getting the pea out. A laj^ hand-magnifier, such as is often used to look at engravings, etc., will help in this eflTort. If a shot has been put into the ear, pour in a teaspoonful of olive or almond oil, and then let the doM be turned rather suddenly over, so as to cause the diot to roll or slide out. Eye, Foreign Bodies in. Small partjcles, of sand, dust, cinders from a locomotive, etc, often get under the upper or lower eyelid ; most frequently the latter. If the particle be very small, closing the eyes and blowing the nose hard several times, rolling the eyeballs at the same time, will be apt to work it, by aid of the flow of tears, to the inner comer of the eye; where it can be easily removed. To re- lieve another person of such an annoyance, first make sure where it is. Open the eye in a strong light, and draw down the lower lid. Use a magnifying-glass, if one can be got (a good thing always to have in a house). If you see the speck, a camel's-hair pencil (small paint-brush) will be the best thing to get it out with. Draw the brush bcuskwardx against it; don't push at it with the point of the ktish. If there is no such bniah at hand, the corner of a soft handkerchief may be used instead. Should nothing be found under the lower lid, you must look under the upper one. Seat the person on a chair, and stand behind him ; then, with his head leaning back, hold a lead-pencil or pen-holder in the right hand, and, drawing out the upper lid by its lashes, the patient looking downwaid, you lay the pencil along the lid and turn the latter up over the penoL It is not cUfiScult, with a little confidence, to do this with n filler instead of a pencil, and standing in ftont of the patient While A0CIDMNT8 AXD INJUHIKt. SI9 the lid {• tttmed up, look cIomIj to find the mtrading putiol^ and remove it with a bnirii or a handkerchief, as above described. The eyee most then be Itept at rest, closed for awhile, to get over the dis- turbance; otherwise a troubleaonie inflammation may reiult. Quite often, when there lun been a particle in the eye, but it has been rubbed out, there will still be left a feding, exactly as if it was still there. When this is the case, a careful examination showing it to be so, the irritation will gradually disappear, if tiic eyes are kept quiet. Pieces of stone or iron sometimes fly into the eyes and are lodged in the front of the ball. Their removal will require surgical skill. A powerful magnet may assist in getting out a fragment of steel or iron fnmi theeye. After all, to get a mombk imrticle out of one's eye, the best way in most cases will be for the person to ojxiii l)oth eyes in a basin of clean cold water; while they are open moving the head once or twice from side to side, so as to wash the particle out of the eye. MO DOMaario ukdiqism. Faintiiic. One who faints, falls, unlan held np, aa when atanding or Bitting up in a crowded place. But not every fall ia fainting. It may be an epileptic fit; but then the patient is convtdtedi that ia, his limbs, and perhaps the rauacles of his face, jVri. There is a modified form (rf epileptic attack, not common, in which the sniTerer lies still ; in that, however, the pulse is not so weak as in ayneope or fainting. One attacked with apoplexy falls ; but his flushed (or at least not pale) face, warm or hot head, slow and full pulse, and slow, snoring breathing, make the case clear. An intoxicated person, or one stupefied with opium, may be found lying unconsciojis. The odor of liquor in the former, and the contracted pupils of the eyes of the latter, usually serve for distinctions. XXlor of liquor on the breath, however, does not prove that the person may not have apoplexy as well aa intoxica- tion.) In a faint, the face is pole, the forehead cool or cold, the pulse absent or extremely weak, the breathing noiseless and feeble. Once in a while we meet with mixed attacks; almost always in those whose hearts have undergone some degenerative change ; in which there is a partial stupor, perhaps with snoring breathing, along^with the other signs of fainting. Such an attack diflcrs from apoplexy in that it soon passes ofiF, and leaves no palsy after it. But such. spells are comparatively rare. Fwuting is most common in young women ; next so, in weakly old people of either sex. In these last it is most dangerous, and may in them easily end in death. What happens in a faint is this : the heart gives out, and sends no fresh blood to the brain ; the brain fails, there- fore, to maintain consciousness, and the person falls. This fall is ad- vantageous, because it causes more blood to flow to the brain, and, con- sciousness being renewed, the heart also having less laborious work when the body is level, all starts again. A crowded and close room is a fre- quent place for fainting. Fright, the sight of blood, and other mental causes, as well as fatigue, may produce it, in tliose liable to it. Some persons never faint, through a long lifetime ; others do so often, even on very small occasions. What to do for fainting? Lay the person down at once. Get the crowd, if there be one, to move away. Open the windows, or carry the unconscious patient (horizontally) out into the fresh air. Sprinkle cold water on the face; loosen everything about the neck and chest; hold smelling-aaltB, for a moment at a time, under the nostrils. An ordinary qmoopal attack will tlius soon pass away. Fractures. Broken Bones. Most frequently broken is the radiut; the lhamb-«dc bone of the forearm, whidi is mo«t dnsely connected witli the hand. We may bredc it hj fiOling m the hand with forae. ACClDMIfTS AJfD ISJVRIKS. «fl In the aauM way alio the vbia nxy be fractured ; the other boue of the forearm. Next often broken is the bone of the at-m (humerus) above the elbow; and frequently alao the davkk, or coUar-lione. After those (beaidea fractures of tha finger»), come fractures of the larger bone of the leg {tibia, shin-bone) Ijjlow the knee; the thigh-bone {femur); of the ribs; of the knee-pan; and of the nose, lower jaw, and Bkuil. We know a bono to be broken by the change in its sliap; the pain caused by every movement; and tlio irackling n<.iHe(uot loud), and crackling feeling to the touch, pnxluccd when the parts are moved, A broken limb is generally Bhortenc<l ; the mmAv* olwve and below the place of fracture drawing the two pieces so as to overlap each other. When the break is near a joint, it is sometinies diffiiult to be sure whether there is a fracture or a dislocation. This diffi<ulty is nuich in- creased when swelling and inflammation follow, some hours after nn injury. In examining to determine a change of xhape in a limb, always compare it with its own fellow, on the opposite side of the Ixxly. Tho two are almost sure, when sound, to be alike ; and if not so after one is hurt, this will help us to an understanding of the case. There is a dtange of shape also in dialocaiiom; but in tliem the bones cannot lie moved without great resistance ; there is no crackling (crepitation) heard or felt; and when the bono is put back to its right place, it will stjiy there. The most serious fractures an» those calletl eotnjtouwl fvctures; in which there is a wound of the flesh, communicating witli the broken ends of the bone. Sometimes one end of a fragment is forced quite out through the skiu. In the treatment of fractured bones, the two aims are, to get the broken parts into their right places again, and to keep them t.iere until they " knit together." This takes place by a natural process jf growth, exactly like that by which a wound is healed on the surface o the body. A thick colorless 6md,plariie lymph, is poured out around a id between the ends of the fragments of the broken Iwne. Gradually this fluid is, between those fragment-ends, changed to gristle (cartilage); ami, in time, that gristle becomes solid Iwne. In one Ixnie, when broken, the knee-pan {paiella), it seldom gets beyond the stage of gristle or rarti- lage; because that bone, from its situation, receives too little blood to enable it to grow or repair so well as other parts. Putting a broken bone back to its right sliape is called "setting" the bone. This is done, in most instances, by dretching the limb, so as to overcome the shortenmg action of the musclee; and at the same time a/^jvding the fragments by pi^ijer jutssure near the place of fracture. After this has been effected, as nearly as possible, some means are needed SM BOMMgrro MMD/OtJfM. Fio. 254. to hold the [Wrti in the auue putitiun. For tliis, »plint», bamlagm, ad- kmvt pbulen, etc, an uaed. No unprofeMional peraon ahookl ventun>, if avmdable, to mny out the treatmcDt of a broken bone without the aid ami direction of a mt- geon. It ofteu happeiix, however, that, at, the time of an acddoit, no profemonal OMistance can be obtained. It ia therefore desirable that, besides the above general stateniciitM, MumUhing Mhould be tiere said of the " first aid " required in tlu; Inu-tun* luont likely to occur. Forearm. Most oilcn the rar/,'nt, sometimes both it and tho utna, rafPer fracture from a iuuvy fail forwanl on th<> haiul. Except at iho elbow and at tlie wruil, there is seldom ditticulty in ascertaining tlie nature of this injury. Make a couple of splints of thin wood, or Uiick pnte- boanl, OT binder's-boord, each rather wider than the tbreanu, and long enough to readi from the elbow to the ti|is of the fingers. Lay along cm one side of each splint a layer of oAtaa ; and, while one person grai^ the hand of the patient, with his thumb upward, and draws moderately npon it, put the splints (we on the front, and the other on the bock of the forearm. Then put on a hand- atfe, about two and one-iialf or three incli^ wide, over the splints ; bc^u- ning near the hand end, and turning and reversing until the whole lengtli of the splints has been covered. This bandage should be firm, but not un- comfortably tight. I knew one ease in which mortification took place from an excessively tight bandage on th forearm. When the doctor comes, '> will examine and probably readj . </ tlie splints, and see to the farther care of the case. "WTien the splints have been applied, however, tlie arm should be phtoed iu a ding. That is, a large handkerchief, or a bandage, should hav^ its ends tied tdgether, so that, when it is hung over the bock of the neck, the hand may be slipped into the loop; the limb will be thus kept at rest in one position. On Ijring iown, take away the sling, and ky the injured arm at case on a pillow. If it be necessary ia any case to take care of a broken forearm or arm without a surgeon, raie thing to remember is, that the finga^ should be A BUCrUI SUHO. Fio. va. moved (bent and extended) every dmy or two, at leart after the fint week, to prevent their booonitng irtiff and xmXvtm. Near the end of the time of traituH!nt,i«yafter three weekn, the i*|>liiit «»n tlie imlmartiidv may Iw BO Hhortcned om to allow the Ang(>n« to lie licnt over itM roiimled cml ; ami tlie |iatii*ut tthould then lie Hure to jjivt' tht-m sm-h rxerviHo Mveral timus daily, to keep their niiuw'iut in (<oiHlitiori. Elbow ami wi-U injuriwi nre m difflrult of nianoj^ftnient th«t I lirMitate to endeavor to uperify particulant foiiifrniug them, as they will mgiige all the skill of the trained prantitiooer. Good sense, with pruttnoe of mind, will he likely to >*iiggcHt whatever addition to the alm-c first treatment will be safe while waitinR for professional advk«. I ni^y merely add that the reason for not put- tii^ a bandage over the broken foreiirin b^ort putting on the splints, i«, that the difiiculty, in fbcture of the nKlius or ulna, is, to keep the two bones utifiteivnUy apart; and a bandage alo)ie, or cue/rx/ applied, would fonw them too cIohc together. There is no danger of their being preased too far apart. Arm. The most common fracture of the humerus is not far from iU middle ; more truubleflome, is a break near either end. The first of these : '. easily rei-og- niwd, by the pain, mobility at the place of the break, and crackling on motion, to the touch if not to the car. An anffiJar aplini, one piece from armpit to elbow, and the other at right angles with this from elbow to ends of the fingere, will be here serviceable J also, three short spliutn, of tlie length of die arm, from shoulder to elbow, f^rd, however, the whole arm should be bandaged; from wrist around the hand, then up over the wrist and forearm (the arm held at right angles at the elbow) and the arm, to near the armpit and shoulder. The bandage slmuld be evenly and firmly, but not too tightly applied. If no splints can be immediately obtained, a thin twelve- mo book, of one hundred to one hundred and fi% pagm, may be pad- ded with cotton and placed under the arm to the armpit. Then pass a wWe bandage (three to four inches) around the arm and body ; the fore- am being held against the clicst with the diumb upwards. This will do to keep the injored arm at rest till proper surgical aid arrives. When a finger-boa', is broken, its treatment is simple enou^. Stafaightoi it out, and put on its front and hack small uplints cut from a cigar-box, <»• made of thick pasteboard, or the bock of an oU book, BRUKm ABM IM (PLUfn. ria.356. nwOEB lANDAUi:, AKD riotTMi or 8. ■ ( i! »oMMirio MMDtettrM. etc. Sdckioft-plaRter will h«n be more ooavmimt thui Iwiidage, to ratoio Um i^bU in place. OoUuf Bmu-, TbU iVacture ia not u tmy om U> nmoaKf! itum'Mifully. A number of kinds ai H|»i)amtUM luive l»cen invented and are used for it. The " indiratiun," an dw-tow (»il it, u to prow and kwp tlio nhoiUiltr upward*, outimitla, tml W/> trortl;!. The natural tendency, when the clavicle M broken, ia for the Mhoulder U>/all; the cnda of the broken bone tilting up near ita middle. Having seen a goo«l nianybro' i clavii'loi in liuepitol and private practice, >.iy deliber«te ad- vice to the unprofeiwonal g^nnl Hamaritan in, to get his patient h1 . lias «.utfered this accident to bed, on hit bac/. n- lie tliere as still as he can lujtil the doctor comes. In justification of tliis advice, it may be added, that some very good cures of fractured colku^bone have been obtained by this method "lone, carried out until the bone united. Jiibt, We k.ow a broken rib chiefly by pain in breathing, moving, «• in«BBing ,u the seat of fracture. ThA« is little displacement, one rib acting a« a splint U\ its next neighbor. A bad rib-fracture may involve the pressure of a frag- ment-end into the lung; wheu there will bespit- ting of blootl and nmch trouble. Commonly, fracture of a rib is one of the easiest of accident* to treat The old method, of enveloping the whole chest in a broad (four-inch) bandage, answers very well indeed. The idea of it is, to keep Ike rUm nt red, tho patient breathing ilnioet en- tirely by the diaphrnffM (abdominal respiration). Recently, surgeons generally prefer adhenve platUrt; a number of them, moderately wide, being sucressfuUy ap- plied only on Uie injured aide of the chest. Under cither method, while the patient may not need to remain in l)ed, he should move about very slowly, using his arms but little, and doing nothing to hurry respira- ti(m. A broken rib will hnU in about four weeks. A radiw or dwi fracture will be well usually in about the same time, or less; a hvanenu or d(m<h in scarcely more. A broken % (mia otfibrda) is commonly wellin a month ot so; a thigh (femur) m\\ require eight w ten weeka for security. jO. 267. DRcnwo roR rxAor- CRXO Rill. AOCtDMifTM Alft) ttrJl/MlKM. •M Tin. 2W. Kim. One «» both of the niiwll Ihnioi of thp none {m>v Anatomy) may be emily broken by a blow. The change of Ami»> of the mm may then be wen nud felt, until nwellinR maken tventliinjj olmtire. Itii- mediateij- nftur the injury, or, if timt Iiuh Urn nej^UnU'd, thcu uftir the inftammation iuw »ub»i«l«-«l (iindtr IcwI-wnter applioition nml twctity- four to forty-eight Iiours' time), endeavor itiiMulil \h- niiule to oitJiiM tJie fragmenU ariglit. It' tliis cannot be done fn>ni tin- oiiti«i<le alone, gt%wa with tallow or oil a slondar lewl-jieiK-il, or the tapering end of n wooden pen-holder, and very gintly piiHh it up the nostril on the wide wliich in depreiMMi. After so restoring iu xliajte, if it thien not stay m, innert a nnall roll of cotton, well anointed with oil, tallow, or vaseline, to act as a Boft splint. This should be changed every day aH long an it in uml. Jjomr Jaw. This may lie broken by a violent blow. The linr of teeth may Iw easily examined and founcl broken ; and the movement at the seat of fracture will be »t>en and felt. To «rf a broken jaw is mit difficult ; but more pains will be needed to keep it right until the bone knits, which liu|>- pens in from two to three weeks. All food niiwt be liquid, and intro«luccd by tneans of a quill, or through a glass tube between the teeth. The jawt must be closed together evenly, and lx)und w>. The required bandage is one under the chin ami over the top of the head. To retain that in place, another liandage around the forehead and back of the heatl shoidd be put on, and stvuml to the firwt over tlie forehead by pins. This simple apjinratus will answer at least till the d(K>tor i-omos. Thigh, The thigh-bone may l)e bn>ken in either of several places. Old persons are eHjKTially eamdaob fob liable to fracture of the nerk of the bone, near the ^^^' hip-joint. The shock to them is so great as to l)e often i.tal in lesult. Yet I have known two women over eighty to recover from (his accident : always lame, however, as Aony rennion seldom occurs umli't stu i» cit- cumstancfs. In younger persons, the (nmniuuest fracture is not far from the mid- dle of the fenmr (thigh-lione) ; and Miqm, so as to cauM! jwnsiderabh- shorteniag, by action of the mus<;ie8. Trtnbtmit of this requires surgi- cal skill and rare ; with the liest of which, from a quarter of an inch to an inch and a half of shortening will sometimes remain. This will not prove of much inconvenience. Indeed it is quite common for the two sound limbs of a person to differ half an inch or more in length. Il au old man or woman (seventj' years or more of age) tails and lies 6M i>OMSSTTC MSDIOtNS. helpless, with the toe of the mjured h'mb turned outward, and much pain at the hip on moving that leg, even if no crackling is heai-d or felt with that motion, and with verj- little shortening of the limb, it is most probably a fracture of the neck of the thigh-bone. Carefully lift such a one, one person taking charge of the injured limb, and two others the head, shoulders, ami feet ; and lay him or her on a bed. Make the hurt 1^ as straight as it can comfortably be, upon a pillow laid lengthwise. Then wait until professional advice can be had as to whether any appa- .ratus is worth while or not in such a case. ( ^ould it be necessary, in the absence of a surgeon, to do something for a fracture of the thigh-bone in the course of its ahajl (easily known by the deformity, pain, and emekling ou moving the limb), the same care will be necessary in getting tlie patient to bed, with a pillow lengthy wise under the broken thigh ; if comfort seems to require it, anothor FiQ. 269. KXTEN8I0N rOB FKACTCBE Ot THISH. pillow also under the 1^ and foot. Then pass long and broad strips of adhesive plaster in long spirals up the sides of and around the leg, as high as tiie knee (bandages will do if tliere is no plaster at hand), and make a loop of tiiem below tlie sole of the foot Attach a cord to this loop, and carry it over the foot of the bed, or over a piece of smooth round wood fastened there for the purpose ; and to the lower end of the oord attach a weight; from four to ten pounds, according to what the patient bears without complaint To i^etch the limb as fully as pomi- ble, draw him up by the shoulders, with some force, towards the head of the bed. The purpose of the weight is, to keep the limb all the time as much extended as it will bear, so that the bone will knit with bat little shortening. If the thigh is broken riraight acrots, instead of obliquely, and the fragments are set in place, end to end, there may he no Bhfflteniog at all. Further to protect the broken limb from bdag AOCtDElTTa AND UfJUBISS. 1197 moved out of shape, we want a simple splint. For this, cut a piece of gutta-percha, if it can be had, just long enough to reach from the fold of the buttock to the bend of the knee, and wide enough, when bent over, to cover about half the thickness of the thigh. Soak this piece in hot water until it becomes moderately sofl and flexible. Then fit it, by pressure, to the shape of the under side of the gound thigh, which can be raised for the purpose without disturbing the iujured limb. Put a not very thick layer of cotton inside of this splint, when it cools and hardens, letting the cotton overlap the upper and lower ends of it, to protect the skin there from rubbing. With great care, raise the broken limb and adjust this splint under tlte thigh ; and secure it by passing around it and over the thigh several pieces of wide tape or narrow bandage, which may be tied with moderate tightness above the thigh. If gutta-percha cannot be obtained, felt, binder's-board, or two or three layers of thick pasteboard, may be used in nearly the same way, bat Fio. 260. DB. HAMILTOH'e FBACmiK BED. with less advantage. There are other ways of treating fractured thighs, with splints, inclined planes, and so forth, which you will find described in works on surgery ; but the above is the simplest, and will do all that is likely to be well accomplished by unprofessional hands. One of the difSculties in treating this fracture is, arranging for the patient to have his bowels moved. For the bladder, a urinal will answer, with veiy little disturbance. The most complete way is to have a fracture bed; with a round or square hole in the bedstead, having a dropping lid be- low, and a corresponding movable piece cut out of and fitting into the mattress, near its middle. Eight or ten weeks will generally be required after a fracture of the tliigh brfore the patioit can venture safely upon his feet. Daring that long time, much care must be taken to avoid bedtorea, espedally in a thin and week person. Wherever there is constant pressure, the skin <Hi|^t to be bathed every day with whisky or snap-liniment. If any 6M DOMESTIC MSDICINX. ItMJ redness or tendemess appear, put on the part two layers of adhesive piaster, smoothly applied, or a piece of soft buckskin spread with soap pfnster. Air-cushions, water-cushions, or small pillowkts made for the purpose, are often used, and have advantages; but the double artificial skin made by adhesive plaster will seldom fail to give protection \a a tender part It is worth while to repeat here that shortening of the tiiigh of as mudj as an inch permanently will not cause any great in- convenience. A patient of mine who recovered with at least three quarters of an inch of unavoidable shortening, when I saw her a year afterwards, had forgotten which limb it was that had been broken. Knee-pan {PaMa). As akeady said, this is a very undesirable bone to have broken; it is so nearly impossible to have it knit solidly again. A fall upon the knee may fracture it; but it is quite as often broken Fio. 261. IKVAUD UIT. by a sudden and violent strain of the powerful muscles of the thigh attached to it; as in making a great endeavor to avoid faUing back- wai-ds. A tall and active man, who became my patient, thus broke his patelk in trying to save himself from a fall in skating. It is usually eas - rj make sure of the existence of this fracture, as the bone is small and covered only by skin, if it be examined immedi- ately after the ooeurrenoe of the injury. When swelling and inflam- mation have come on, there is sometimes difficulty. Always, however, the 1^ is disabled from motion, every effort giving much pain ; and, in the absence of swelling, the aeptmf no/ the two pUeeg is observable,— unless it be (exceptionally) a lengthwise, up and down, instead of a cross or horizontal fracture. . To treat this injury, the 1% mwA, be kept out draight, on a weU- AC01DSNT8 AND INJURIES. fijtf oottoued long splint, reaching from below the hip to beyond the heel Then « figure of eight " prtMure is wanted, to draw the two fragment^ (in horizontal fracture) as near as they will come together. If anything is tightly bound directly around the knee, it will check the circulation of blood m the limb more than is safe. But with the wooden splint beneath the knee, we may cause a great degree of pressure above the Fio. 262. BANDAOK AND SPLINT ON LBO. limb, putting whatever is used around the splint below. Adhesive plas- ters will be more reliable for this purpose than a bandage. One strip of Martin's (or Grovenor & Richards) surgeons' adhesive plaster, which is elastic, may be put obliquely over the leg just below the knee-pan and around the splint ; and another strip >«< above the patella, and obliquely downward, being secured to the splint underneath. Then fix the wliole limb to the splint with a long (2J or 3-inch wide) bandage, beginning below and wrapping it upwards as far as the upper jiart of the thigh. Leff. The larger bone of the leg (tibia) is much more frequently broken Lluin the more slender outer one (fibula). A simple fracture of the tibia is easily discovei-ed, by the change of shape, pain, and crackling (crepitation) when it is moved at the part broken. In treat- ment of it, if a doctor is expected, merely lay the patient on a bed, and place die limb (stretching it with moderate force by drawing upon the foot, if it seems shortened) on a pillow. Then pass around the pil- low and leg several pieces of broad tai^e or narrow bandage, tying them in bow-knots above the %. If no surgeon can be obtained, it will be well to have a simple /radure box made, in which the leg will rest on the pillow with more security. For this, it needs a piece of wood a f'o- 263. little longer than the leg (from the knee down) and also a little wider than it, to lie under it; also two pieces of the same length and of about the same width, to make sides to the box. These should be attached with hinges to the undeir piece, which last is the bottom of the box. Lastly, a jootrbcard should be made to stand up A FBACTDaE BOX. 600 DOMMSTJC MMDIOIHM. I t from the lower end of the under piece, being securely fastened to it This is t(> steady the fbot, when the sides of the box are brought up against the pillow on which the 1^ lies at rest Narrow bandages may then go under tho bottom of the fracture box and around it and the leg, to be tied 'tbove ; and a handkerdiief or bandage will keep tlie foot wiUi sufficient firmnebs against the foot-board, ^ortening is not common from fracture of the leg, if it be well drawn down and " set " in the first place. Extension of the 1^ can be practis-^d, if necessary, b/ means of a weight and pulley over the foot of the bed, as for fractnre of the thigh ; but it is seldom required. Fracture of the smaller bone of the 1^ {fibvJa) is hard to ascertain, and more difficult to manage. This bone is the one tliat connects with the outer side of the ankle (side of the little toe; the great toe being on the inner side). There it can be felt, and, if broken, there will be some change of shape ; more motion, though painful en pressure, than in the sound limb at the same part ; and more or lesp crepitation or crackling, felt if not seen, when such motion is made. If a surgeon cannot be had, which is very desirable, to ueat this fracture, have a wooden splint made, a little longer than the 1^, and of about its width. Pad it rather thickly, but evenly, with cotton, fastened to it by means of a bandage ; lay this splint along the inner aide pf tin- ley, from just above the knee to just below the foot, and bandage the spUnt to the limb, from below upwards, as firmly as can be borne with comfort This will be likely, if readjusted carefully from time to time, to promote the union of the bone without serious deformity or lameness. Fractores of the leg are often treated by surgeons with a dressing of splints and bandages soaked in aplcuter of Paris mixture, or a solution - oS tiUecde oj aodium (soluble glass); whidi becomes fixed, like wood or stone, so as to keep the bones in place even while the patient is walking about. But such applications require more judgment aid skill than ordinary q>lintB and bondages, and had better never be undertaken by unprofessional persons. We refer for the account of then to works on Surgery. Bones of the foci (tarsua, metataraus, and digite; see Anatomy) cannot well be broken without great violence. This being the CKse, apparatus is seldom in place in their treatment. Such injuries will be oonsklered under tnnised and crushed Wounds. Chmpound fractures are tiiose in which an «id of die broken bone projects through tibe skin ;, or, in some other way, a wound is made, communicating with the seat of fracture. They are much more serkMis aad difficult to tre:^ than rample fractures. If such should occur iidiere a&saigeeac^ beobtem^fsFaeosadaiabletiincjtlicpaticutshoaldfae ACCIDENTS AXD INJUR I MS. 601 put to b«J, and afmdurt box should be made, whether the bone broken he an arm or a leg. Let this box, instead of containing a pillow, be half filled with clean bran or fine mmhid; and lay the injured limb, as straight as can be, in that material. Evorj- day the wortnd near the' fracture should be examined. If a dischargo of matter (pus) occurs, very gently remove the bran or sawdust which haa Ijeen soiled by it ; washing the wound at the same time carefully with a little lime-water. Very gootl cures have often been obtained, of compound fractures treated in this manner. SkiUl fractures will receive attention shortly, under Head, Injuries ot. F 602 DOMESTIC MSDICiym. I.'f Hanging. See Choking. Head, Injuries of. Cuta and bruises of the tcalp will be qMken of under Wounds. BIowb on the bead may be followed by either of two results : eoncxunon or eompreation of the brain. Concussion is simply sAoo*. A person falls and strikes tho head. He is " stunned," and lies unconscious. His breathing is natural, his pulse feeble and rather more rapid than usual, his face pale. On shaking or speaking to him, he may be partly but not entirely roused. Let him lie sOU, in a warm place. Probably in a few minutes, possibly longer, rarely after several hours or even days, he will recover consciousness. Then, especially with a child, there is some danger, which is not over for at least two weeks, of mjkmmaiion of the brain following. Therefore; any one stunned in such a way should be kept very quiet b mind and body for two or three weeks after the injury; even if no unfavorable symptoms appear. Again, some one falls and strikes the head, very haid, or receives a violent blow upon it He lies unconscious, snoring with deep, slow breathing ; with a slow and full pulse, face flushed, and head warmer than natural. We infer that he has cmnpremm of the brain. This may result in either of two ways : the ikuU may be brolien, and a piece of it may be pressed down upon the brain ; or a ofo< ofUood may be formed where a blood-vessel has been ruptured. In either case, it is preggure on the brain which causes the stupor (coma). It is true, and important to be remembered, that the same sort of coma or stupor, with the same signs, may be caused in other ways. A man dead-drunk is in a state of coma. His breath will smell of liquor, and his whole "make-up" will mostly show his history. Poisoning teith opium (as laudanum, or morphia) produces a closely similar mrooiio coma. Such a one will, if his eyelids be open, be seen to have his pupib contracted. lastly, apojAacy, without any blow or heavy fall, gives the same symp- toms ; preamre of blood on the brain existing in an attack »f that disease ; from either excess of blood wi the vessels, or its escape from the vessels] forming a cM. When, then, a person has not been seen or known to fall, but is found lying in a condition of stupor, from which he cannot be roused, all these possibilities are to be remembered. Examme his head, with your eye and hand, all over. If any braised spot be found, cut the hair there very short, in order to make a more thorough examination. You may find a depression, or an inequality, showing a fracture of the skull ; or, with evidence of a bruise, no break may be discovered, and yet the inner, more brittU plate of the skull may be fractured ; or the jar may have extended elsewhere, making a raack (by "contr»Hx>up," as the deeiDMHTS AND iNJVRTMg. 003 A symptom of thia, sometimei French call ft) in the baae of the ikuU. won, M bleeding from the eaw. n.,^?"!"^ Whim on a bed and let him He Still. Itiaaimev. ou«m«taketo«upp«e that you must not let a penK.n sleep wh^he has ^ an u.j„p. of the b«in. 0,. co. ^y, ^tl. somewhat si ,^la V^ptorns, requires opposite management ; namely, the stupor of opiate or other namrtic pou>aning. When sure of <A.rf being the\natter it L bTa L f t^ u "^"" °^ *^' ■*""' "•• •^•"P'^ion of the brain professional hands. A smgeon should l,e had as soon as possible. In a fear case he may lift up the depr^sed fiagmentof bonejor perhaps with .Jeph^ne, may remove a small i^undliece of the skul ZTI ahho^h It «, one of the most precarious of su^jic^l operations as to ite S li " """.^"^"^ !l7 "'*''* " '^^"*' •" «""« «^. will dcstrt>y life and again, what lemble^ming injuries of the head may be snr- vwed and revered from. A man in Maine was famous some time ago for hving twenty years after an iron rod was, by an explosion ^^^tJ^ ^T *^'° °"* °^ ''''' ^"'"^^^ ^"-. where it ^ TT^' ..^ Y f ^^' ™^ ""'^ '" *'"' Pennsylvania Hospital a mrter who brake h« head by a fall while drunk. Four ounces of bmin^ Z: vi^ ^"^' "'"'* ^^-^ ^ - "''«« «ve or six inches ^ « b^„r ' ""' ^^^^ '*'""' - good (or good for ^'■I 604 P0MM8TIC MSDtOINM. Fia.a64. ■IMUI nwK DOOBLK »OW-KKOT. 0m4 fcr twtming tb< mudlii •Mpa umnd fractura apianliia, •ad th« thnndi Hcarinf tha UtU* taadatw tbont th« tMgat awl tcKottaft EKor. Xaplojed whan a Umd la tM ■imiBd aa artaiy. UMW KNOT.' mn aaiwtr t» an«a« Om va- naa dnalatloa dnlns Ta in iin tton, aad aoalilM tha oparator ta ■radaala tha iwimmiIiiii ia- •taatljF and aeoantaqr. DOOM CMomD AKD LOOnO KKOT, rACKUt'S KMCT. Is tha ooa formad orar Iha tampla bj tha knottad handafa of the head. BEET OB lAnoa*! KNOT, b tha ana aMtly naid to augaeaa oftta anawtdsr tat It gaHi Hiit artariaa la^Md of tha aBinoa<a kaet, for tha naaoB of tta la* BiMUIj to aUp, aad thaoMlaiBtjr with which U oloata Um CLOYB HITGB. VtsA te BWilyliigft* i gtai^in- taadf for the radaedoa of dlala- caHoaa, nniiiliti, aa aaaa Is the lcue,af t«ofacker% kaota laid iiHa lhar» aMOLB Hooax. 8Bp!oy*d *« ■*«» tha haada aad bataT • fattaatalnat ton- doqlo tha operaUoa <f Wlbaltmj, tHe. ACCIDMKTa AND lyjaitiMt. 9^ Joints, Displaced. DutocaHon is tho comnum name for a " bona being out of joint" Moat CMnmoo of dblooations are those of tlio Awmb otfingen; next, perhaps, of the jaw; then of thfs thoulder; next, the thigh, at the hii>-joiot. In bunging, or on falling headlong, dislooation of the head and find vertebra of the tpine may occur ; being usually called " breaking the neck." The jaw is sometimes knocked out of place by a blow, Init is more often dislocated by being opened too widely, as in yawning or scolding violently. It then stajrs wide open, and the mouth cannot be ithut. To get it back, some one must wrap his tAvo thumbs thickly with handkcr- diiefs or something else to proUd them. Then pkoe one thumb upon Fio. 36fi. SULOCATIOM OF SHOULDKB. the back teeth on cadi side, the fingers coming under the patient's diin. Press the jaw forcibly downwards (and a liiUe backwards) with the thumits, while ih'i chin is at the same time raised by the fiugers of the two hand-^, Thir, will bring the jaw into its place; and as it begins to come, slip ihe thumbs out, to avoid tho snap of the teeth upon them. Dislocation of a thusnb is not oncommou ; espeuia% with the thiuub pointing backwards. To restore it, we want to lift the ro«nd port of the thumb-bone over the slight ridge of th^ hand-b«>ae (mctocorya/ b(Mie; see Anatomy), at the same time drawing it forward to its pbce. This uuiy require a goou deal of lurcc in tnc case t^ A :^;uUgly-Knit person ; \liA taet or management is of great value itt raducing dislocations. The iM DOMtaTIO MttHOtHM. ■kill of *<iiatonlbone-flett«ni"fai DO doubt exaggerated; but there be differenoe in " knack " in suoli matt««, whwh roKj be unproved upon by close obiKirvatiun and practice. ¥\tsgtr diskwations an to be dedt with in the nme wajr ae thoee of a thumb. The eouncr the reduction is undertaken the better ; aa, in a little time, swelling and inflammation will make it difficult. Having once dislocated the middle finger of my right hand by a fall in getting out of a burse-car, I pulled it at oiioc into place, upon getting up, before reaching tite side-pavemeut. An hour later, it would have given oon- •iderable trouble. The ahotdder is not infrequently dislocated. This may happen In several di^rent direction«, according to tiw potUion of the tuvt and the direetion rf the force acting upon it, when the aoculent happens. Always, however, we may know a shouhler dislocation by the depretaion at the thoulder, where it ia naturally rounded out, under the deltokl muaolt Fm. 306. ■ELr-RKoDcnoii or msLocATioir. (see Anatomy) ; and by the constrained position of the arm, which cannot be moved without difficulty and pain. Often the round head of the arm-bone {humenu) can be felt in its wrong place; in the armpit, or more forward, nearly under the oollar-bone. If a surgeon cannot be had, it will be well for a strong person to try to reduce sudi a disloca- tion ; as, if long left, the parts adhere together, and the difficulty of restoration is much greater. The way to do it is this: let the patient lie down on the floor. The operator, taking ofl' a shoe, should sit down with his feet towards the head of the patient, and place his stocking-foot in his armpit. Then let him grasp the hand and wrist of the disloo^ed arm, and draw it forcibly towards himself, and somewhat inward towards the patient's body. After thus pulling it out as &r as he can, let U go mddpdy. It will thep generally slip into its proper socket The imn shoald thai be earned in a slii^ for s week ot more, for the 8traiu«d ligaments to heaL ACOIOMtlTB ASP INJVRISB, Wl Thigh dwloeatioa in ■ much more nerimw aookleot to deal witb,u nny be Niippnwd from the force necemry to dwphini m large a bone at lo Btrougly protected a joint. The head of the thi(|;li-l>one (/1M1.11,) may be pushed or drawn into either of (ttveral placet; in whi<h it may in many instancw Ije felt and perbap aeen u an uiiiutural swelling of the part. The limb cannot be njoved without great difficulty and pain ; but there fa no oTKkling (crepitation) heard or felt when the attempt to move it is made, as there is in fracture of the bone. The tnca of the injured limb are turned inward in all Uit one variety of hip dislocation (turned oiOwttrd alway» in Jratture of the Uiigh); and in dislocation the fixtd- n**» of the limb distinguishes it from fracture. Formerly, surgeons always nwrted to great forre in reducing dislo- cations of Uie thigh. I remember the pulleys and ropes in the hospital ■s used in my student diys, reminding one of the rack of the Spanish Inciuisition. Yet it was not cruel, because, when »u«-c»wful, as it usually was, it relieved the patient of a disabling laracncHs. In latter times, a more satisfactory method has been devised, of coaxing and working the bone into its place by skilful manipulation The surgeon knowing well the anatomy of the bones and joints, ascertains by examination which way the head of the bone was forced (through its capsular ligament) ou« of its socket; and then he matumvren, by movements of the limb, to reverw that direction and get it in again. No one, however, nt* familiar with anatomy, will, unless he be indeed a " natural Iwne-sctter," be likely to attempt so coiwiderable an operation. It may be ivmarkcti, also, tliat some of those who, without real knowledge, cbim to have the art or knack of bone-setting, have been known to break bonw or do other harm by injudicious violence. Dislocations of the etbow, ierid, hiee, and anik are produced only by great d^rees of violence; and are therefore injuries which demand Bcientifio professionnl skill for their management; especially as tliey are often complicated with fracture of the bones near the joints. We must tlierefcm leave them to Injoks and practitioners of Surgeiy. Dislocation of the n«s* is almost always instantly fatal. Not quite always. In tne Journal of George Fox, the founder of the religious Society of Friends, he tells that while travolling on horseback in this oountrj', a companion was thrown from hi« horse on his head, and lay as thoi^h dead. Fox went to him, and finding his neck " limp," look hold of his head and <rave it a good stretching pull. This brought it right; and the good man got on his horse again and travelled several hundred miles with his strong-minded and strong-handed bene&ctnr. Professor 8. D. Gross, of Philadelphia, is said to have had the good fwtune and skill to save the life of a man whose neck was dislocated. POMKSne MMPIOtWM. .d\ )' ) / F«w indMd, homtfme, an th* amm when wjr ikfll mmld «nil; m tlw ipiaal nMmnriig«MnII}roniilMilb]rtbt'<praeMi''i]f tlMHQoad * ub vwrtfBlim. (See Aaatomy.) Joints, SpraliMd. AnjoftbejoitiiennybewraKlwdorflpniMd, without Mttwl diqiihaMBnit Thin hafqiem <^n with the wikle, knee, wriit, dbow, togen, etc The lifpunenta an then etretdied, ud wow <^ their Abres mmy be tarn or brokeo. Henoe followB iimw« or le« in- ihmnMtio o, and huiieoe« until the ruptured lifamente have time to heal again. Since the " filH.itM tieaue " of which they ocHMiit hae oal|f a h>w grade of vitality, and not much blood ia givoi tot noiuMiment of die joints, this prooen of rqwirb ti' cm below. A qwained aaklt or knee may be bnger in gettii^ well tlian a brukoi kg woold be. At leaat thia ia qA to be the oaee unleaa the epnined Joint hM given to it dM beat diaBce pomible from the fint Thia ia to be had by die p»* tiiirt giving iq> to reit it completely aa aoon aa it fa hurt Thna bflam- Btttion may be averted or k^ low, and a modemte sprain may get wdl in a few daya. A qwained ankle, tfien, ehould be k^ atill from the very atart) whidi reqaim that the patimt dioold *ot walk upon it Beet tat it will be, remaining in bed ; aa all movemente out of bed, even when the foot M kept from die floor, will ^' the joiot more or km. Of couiae tftie total reat will aeldoro be Im^ needAiL If die joint be very mw^ awoflm, hot, and pninfbl, eoal qifdieatkiiM^ aa kad-water and laudanum, will be good for it Two doMii Amerioui leei^ee may be affMai to it; dieir bttea being enooon^ to bleed after the keohea drop off, by warm wet cloths hud on. Otherinae, tlM dftot of the leediii^ may be to draw aa much mora Uood into the awdka part aa they take out <^ it If the Hwellingia moderate and the heat of the joint not gmt^i qiplioations, or evm ckths wnu^; out of hot water, will give 'the i comfort Indeed there is no dogmi^ rule to be hud down about hot and cold applioadoos fm inflamed parts of the bo^y. Wluohever given the most relief will be the beat in any caee. Bandagmg fa die next thii^ in die treatment of a qKBtned ankle. Thfa will give enf^XMi and take down or keq> down swelb'ng. A two^ and-one-balf-indi muslin bawbge will i^nrar for an aduH ; two-indb fiira hal^gnnm penK«. Begin l^ pasnng an end of the band^^e anmnd the an£fe; Ibea, widi the^liigwre, not die diamb> tn at tiw roU- tide of tltt fauadage, tnm it down over die foot, moothly, iwening kt ol^oely to a^mid prqeetii^ wrinkka. Around the foot twice or more, md than oyiqady wound the a&ki« ng/iiu. Jwtmtcnr ah«>ulil be Ihe AOCtDMtrrS AKD IMJOMIMt, IM dn, witbonl aBcoolbrtiatl* t%bUtMs; if too Ught, it wUl do hwm latiMr dHU good. A i|iraincd Inra will, itill man ini|M!nitively, roqaire afatolute ml ftwn Um Btert. Il« koMmcM, if pmtractoil, will be a wufw in.«Hiveii- Inw than that of Ow mlde ; sad either nwiy, if miiglfctnl, be au a&ir of moDtlia, at even yean. The treatment otherwiai' of a »pnaiMd luiee, dioaid be oonducted apoo dio aame primiiiilw um that above meotiooed for a iiMained ankle. With eilher, when it ia getting well, there aiuHild be a gradual return to Ita uae: trjing it, at ev< iv i p, and giving up the movraMnta if they make it wowe again. H«i " n day in time iavea nine." Sow reooveiy, fVom the RlugfHah ciroul«!.m and nntritiou of the part, may be haiitened hy bathing tlie jr^nt witli anap-liuinant ; also by pouring upr,n it a stream uf hot wn r k4.vti-al tiniHi evciy duy. With vigorous penmns, in miramer-timi riu r..iji, .fR-ct of a ntn-fua of oidd water for a few minntea at a time st . /u to,. ,w«u -tUl \<^^'>■ r utu- poae. Sprdna of the elbow, wriet, fingera, ete.., ylionlil In- niuwwwl in tao aame way as the above. It is wonderful hou i mj? aiter » ^^.c-Art of My joint it augr oootinoe to be weak and smeitive on t ' jiiou. M <10 bOMMSTIC MSDJCINE. \ M : Lightning-Stroke. A shock of electricity from a cloud whidj will shatter a large tree, will of course destroy in a momeut the life of a man. Even the "dynamo" machines now used for electric-liglit currents gen- erate power as fearful, almost, as that whitli Dr. Franklin drew with his kiu from the skies. A wire from an ele(!tric lamp, fallen in a street of New York, was trodden upon by a horse. The animal fell dead at once; and the same thing happened again, Iwfore the current was dis- connected for safety and repair. But tlicre are all degrees of electrical quantity and intensity, and moderate as well as severe shocks, even by lightning. The subject of protection from lightning is outside of the scope of this work. It may be said, merely, that tlw object of light- ning-rods is, to carry electricity through a good metallic cionductor, down into the earth, instead of allowing it to pass tlirough the house. Its rapid passage through the conductor happens without violence; in the house, interruptions of various kinds cause damage to people and things in its \vay. A lightning-rod then must reach higher than the house, and had better have a number of points to receive the electrical excite- ment. Then it mast have no gaps on the way down to imimir its rapid conductivity ; and it must be well connected with the earth; best of all with a well or reservoir of water. A tin or other metallic roof does not draw the lightning, or in any way increase the danger from it. Rather, it diffuses the discharge, which is perilous in proportion to its concentra- tion. It is advantageous, however, to have several H-'l'tning-rods to every large house, with whi(Ji the metal roof may 1> aected at its lowest parts. In a house, the safest plat* during a 'thunder-storm is near the middle of a room, a^wly from the walls; also remote from any ojjeu windows or doore. Outside, the most dangerous place is niider a tree. The exposure of the top of a tree, like that of a lightning-rod, makes it liable to be struck ; and the conductivity of a tree is not, like that of a metallic rod, sufficient to carry the discharge without some of it es- caping on die way down to the giwund. There are many instances of persons being struck who have taken refuge under trees from the vio- lence of storms. When any one is stnick by lightning but not killed, he lies paralvzcd for a time. He should be put to bed, with hot bricks or bottles to his feet, arms, and body. Ammonia may be held, for a few moments at a time, to his nostrils. If breathing has ceased, yet there is thought to be a hope of life, artificial respiration may \w resorted to, as described under Drowning. A piece of iron, as a poker, may be heated, just short of the burning-point, and held for a moment, i«veral times in succession, against the skui at the pit of the stomach. If these means do not produce reaction and restoration, th« shock will prove fatal ACOIBMNTS AND INJVBISS. 611 When a person Btruck does get over it, he is almost sure to be weak for 8 time ; and will require rest of body and mind long enough to legain his usual condition of health. , MuBcles. Strained. A muscle or its tendon may be raptured or torn across by violence. Under sudden and extreme exertion, a tendon may be entirely sundered, though this is very rare. Tlie neareat ap- proach to it ever coming under my knowledge has been the tearing in two of ihe patella (knee-pan), the bone at the knee in the courae of the tendon of the great muscles of Uic thigh, by an eflTort to avoid falhng backwards. When a muscle is simply drained, some of its fibres are no doubt partially divided. It then gives pain to use the muscle ; it is sore also to the touch, and may perfiap become more or less swollen aud mflamed. The treatment needed is, chiefly, to give the muscle perfect rea until it recovers, by the healing or knitting together of the divided fibres or fibriUa: The time required for this varies very much. A strained muscle may be weeks, months, even sometimes a year or more in recovering all its previous strength. Bathing with a stimulating lini- ment, rs soap-liniment, will promote the nutritive action necessiry for such repair. Perhaps a bandage may be required, for a time, to 8«cur« the part at perfect rest M B0MB8TIC M£JfICiyS. t' Nail, SpUatcr under. To get oat a splinter which is beDeath the nail, pare the nail carefully, over the epliuter, making u narrow groove, until its upper end la exjKJsed. Then, with a jiair of email nipjx>rs or tweezers, or less easily with a thumb and finger, one may seiase and draw it out. When a nail is injured or destroyed, it j^rows from above, that is in the direction of the length of the finger or tot", downwanln or for- wards. This can easily be observed <hi w!it*'hiug the change of [Kwition of marks made and lefl by the injury, as tbf nail is gradiuUly restwed. Needle penetration. A needle gives almost no pain in entering ti»e flesh anywhere ; and it may slip about and Ix' jwished by the muscles in various directions, so as to come near or througl' the surface far from where it entered. An old lady, a imtieut of miii^', ba<l a nee«!Ie, which got into her liaud, to travel >is far iw her side, below !ier waist, where it made its appearance ;ind was taken out. If a needl' nhonld happen, in such wanderings, to reach the heart, it would no doubt .«o affwt its movements as to cause death ; but that is extremely unlikely to liappen. Still, nobody wishes t(( iiave even so small and .sm(K>th a thing slipping about in his body. If a needle, or piirt of a broken one, i.-< kitowH to enter tlie skin, a doctor had better be a.-<k(.tl to try to get at it, if it haa not already passed beyond being rcachetl l.<y a small incision. A (■arefirf unprofessional person, with a sharp jienknife and n pair of small foiT-eps or tweezers, may safely make such an effort, but it will not be worth while to cut very deeply for it. The same may Ih' said of bits of broken glass. If not seen and removwl when first getting in, they may remain a long time without much irritation or distnrltance. I on<« removed from the sole of the foot of a ser\ ant-girl a piece of glass more than two inches long, part of a larger piece on which she had tnxlden two years before. The lameness caused by it, slight at first, had finally increased under some accidental change in the position of the fragment. Nose, Foreign Bodies in. Childi'cn now and then push petis, anmll marbles, etc., into their own or one another's noses. If the intruding thing be not very large, blowing the nose very hard, while the other nostril is closed by pressure, may foixje it out. If not, a piece of wire (a hairpin will do) may be Ijcnt so as to form a small round loop at its end, and this (first being oiled) may l)e gently pushed up around and behind the offending object, to draw it down. Should this not succeed, the aid of a .surgeon mu.<!t be obtained, who will use slender- bladed but strong forceps, made for such emergencies. AcciDxyTs Afro lyjvRiss. 613 Shock. Several times already wo have had o««su»n to speak of thi?; «», for iiwtance, in mnneetion with lightning-stroke. A shock to the whole systen may be produced by a hejivy full ; by a blow on the head, chest, stomach, or back ; or a severe burn ; a gunshot wound of ary j«rt of the iKxly (iinleas only the hand; ; a railroad or madiinery injury, c^rushing or tearing a limb or l!ml»<; or a severe fright orother agitation of mind. The condition resulting is that of prostration or collapse, with jMileness, coldness, a ghastly apiK-arance of the face, feelde, flickering, oracansly pen-eptiblc pulse, thirst, and hies of voi<^'; breathing home- times gapping. It is a chwe approach to death. The " indications " for treatment of shotik are, for »•«*/, tnirmth, and careful stimulation or suj)- IJOrt. In the way of rest, avoid cany ing the i>crson injurwl to any great distance. The uiuirest suitable home or hospital, or even temjwrary place of reiK)s»", should be chosen. Then let him be i)laml on a comfortable l)ed, well coveiwi, and with dirwt heat to his body and limbs, by means of hot bricks, bottles of hot water, or tins of (lie same, bags of hot salt, etc., whatever can 1k' quickly prepare*!. For stinuilation, ammonia is quick and good ; lmlf-t(!asp<M)nful dosts of aromatic spirit of ammonia, each in a small wiiuylassfnl of cold water, every fifteen or twentj- min- ut**, for thrcH or four lim<'>. Also, I have confidence in the value of careful alcoholic stimulation in ciuses of sinsplc sluxk ; but there is no advantiifP", and often »rterwards diikIi disadvantage, to l)e expeclixl from tlje enormous d(B<es of wiiviky oi- brandy sometimes given. A dessert- spoouful (two tnaspoonfuh.) i* a winc^lasslul of water will l)e enough at & tiine; fcj^sfed, if need lie, in a quarter of an hour at first, and with lengthening intervals afterwards, until reaction comes on. After the first two or three doses it will be better to give the whisky or brandy in twii* a.«. iiiu«fe milk, instead of water. As soon as reaction dc<-idedly sets in, stOj> idke ammonia and whisky. Give, then, at hour-long inter- vals, strt>ng «iip or lieef-ten, with soim- Cayenne jxjijm r in it for the stomach's , sake. If over-stimulation 1m< ;.>ractis(>tl during the time of shock after an injury, lever will lie apt to follow, and the crnshwl limb, gunshot wound, or whatever may l)e the hurt, will Ix' liable to inflam- mation or other troiiblestMuc coiiMquences. Spine, fracture or troiu iission of. If at the neck, death Ls c«mmonly immetliate. When near the middle of fte back, life may continue awhile, with loss of fi-eliiig and [Km-er in the lower half of the Ixxlv • including the bimlder and bowels. .S'vere injury of the lower jMirt of the spine may cause only paralysis of the legs and feet ; with which the patient may live for months, jierhaps years, kHlridden and helpless. SufTocation with foul gases. The most txjtnmon dang-er of this kind is from rarboiw >ieid gas, which is jmxlui'c*! when charcoal 'm «4 OoMsarrc medichte. v. burned, and is tiie chief, but not the only, result of the burning of wood, coal, oobI-oU, illuminating gas, etc. Varbonic oride also is formed in the burning of coal or gas, especially when the supply of air is not great. Bsith of these gases are poisonous ; the latter the most so. Ten per cent of carbonic acid gas in the air will make it fatal to any one who continues many minutes in it ; and a less amount will cause a person to fall iasensible in a short time. Pure carbonic acid gas causes a spas- modic closure of the windpipe against it, so that it is really irrespi- rable. Sometimes a person, from ignoraaoe or want of thought, will go to sleep where charcoal is burning, with too little chimney-draught to carry offthegas. He will either die,orwill narrowly escape death,as was thecase with a patient of my own some years ago, and as happened to a fellow- Btndf-nt while I waf attending mwlical lectures at the University. Or, again, a coal-stove may leak out gas from some defect. This gas is a mixture of carlxinic acid with otlier gases ; but the elFect is of the same kind. The unpleasant smell should warn any one of this danger ; but that is not always regartled. A bad smell also shows when illuminating gas is leaking into a room ; yet many iiistanoes have occurred of persons blowing mt the gas in their rooms and then going to bed — never to rise again. Still another danger from carlK>nic acid is met with in deseemling into oUI miplywellii,iw into beer-vaU; in the one case the gas coming fruin the ewth, and in the other fermentation generating it. \t is a heavy gM, and takes time and expoMirc t<i diffuse it through the iMflMwphere. Natural gas, used in many places, is almost without smell. What is to be done for any one overcome in either of these ways? First, gtt the patmU mtojrah, pure air. Then tlarfi or sprinkle cold water into his face. If he does not bre^e at all, at once li^in artificial iwpiratioo. (See Drowning. t Also, let some one rub his 1«^ briskly apwards, to favor the oMvewent of blood in the veins towards the heart Warm bricks or bottles should be put to his feet. In the case of inrr fellow-student (afterwartls Dr. W. M. Morgan, of Kttsburg) oxygen was brouglrt from the laboratorv- of the Univei-sity, and sup- plied for hmi tf) breathe; but this an seldom l)e got. It is oft€u a presiiing (|uestion how to /rwnc any one overcome in a beer-vat, or in a well full of stagnant and poisonous air. One man after another may go down (as has repeatedly happened) and fall nso- less like the fir^it victim. Dashing water pretty fi-eely into the well or vat will hasten the absorpticn and diifusion of the gas. So will lettii^ down an umbrella and drawing it up again as fast as ]x*-\sible. One who g(K>s into such a place should bind a wet folded htindkerchitf over his mouth and nostrils ; ana this is also a useful precaution for firemeo ACCIDENTS AND IN J CRIES, 616 in nwhing into a burning bwildiiiK. Thm- is no dotilrf. timl nialiy peo- ple in houses on fire are Huflbc«tecl liy ^^ a.ul snioice \^(oty the flamea reach them. Another iuijiortant caution is, when illuminating gas has ewaped mto an apartment, not to take a ligiit«l <"an«ll.- or lamp.oreven a lighted match, into it, as an explosion will Ik. likely to follow. Some one should, instead, grope rapidly for (1... m indows' in the dark, and throw them open; and then get tlie sutfiKutcd i^-vmn out mmou as poKsible. Swallowing indif/aitihle tiunyg gives alarm in many ra.se** where there is little danger of real injury. Plm are apt to be swallowwl when held in the mouth, which is a veiy imprudent thing to do; but they will more often stick across the HpiMjr imrt of the throat than go down. (See Choking.) When a pin is actually swallowetl, there is rcaM.n to believe tliat it is almost sure to find its way at last through the bowels and out with the discharges. If a horn button, or a piece of india-rub- ber, or a marble, is swallowed, it will be pretty sure to take the same course in time. None of those things are poisonous. A metal l)utton, however, as one of bras,s, or a copper coin, as a pcm.v, is nmch worse' Such a thing may pas.s .safely through ; but if it stavs in the stomach or bowels, gradually corrodiug, it will poison the system, perhaps fatally A brother of mine, while a child, lost his life in that way, two years after swallowing a bntss button. From such a result, no iiuKliciil 'skill can provide es(ai)e; unless, when such a thing is known at the time to have l)een swallowal, pmrnpt dosing with an fwrf/c will bring it up with vomiting. A teasiwonful of {wwder of Ipemcuaiiha, or a tcaspoon- ful of Syrup of Ipecac., repeated in ten minutes if necessary, and tbl. lowed by a large drink of warm (not hot) water, will aaswer for this purpose. If no Ipecac, is at hand, a tablespoonful of salt, or a tea- spoonful of mustard, iu a teaciipful of warm water, will do. It is not worth while to give an emetic on account of the .swallowing of non-poimnom indigestible solids. Nor is it Ixst to give, on their account, an immediate dose of purgative medicine. I^t the person eat rather heartily of soft food, as mush, pudding, tapioca, etc. ; and the next day, if the bowels are not free, he may take a moderate <lf^. of castor-oil. While, however, such things, in a majority of caKs, flo n© considerable harm, exceptions to this do occur. Evenan appie-secd or core has been known to lodge in the appeiidiodim vermifm-nu, a small tubular appendage to the large intestine, and, by imlucing ulceration, to cau»3 death. I have known swallowing cherr>- -stones iu large nuaibers (aa is often done by boys when up a tree after cherries) to be followed by severe pain and irritation of the Ix.wels almost like dysentery. On the whole, it is well to use our senses of touch, \mie, and sight carefully, «16 D0MM8TIC MKDIClirM, knowing what it in the mouth always befwe we swallow H. Among other things, when eating conned vegetables, fruit, etc., take care not to swallow bita of soldering metal, such as now and then become loosened in the can. As these contain lead, thqr maj produce lead poisoning. Hiu has been known to hi^pen. Tendon, rupture of. This is a rare accident, but is known to have sometimee occurred, especially at the junction of the muscles of the calf of the 1^ with the " Achilles" tendon, which goes down to the heel. J(An Hunter, tlie famous English surgeon, met with this injury in dancing, at the age of forty years. Treatment of it requires rwt in bed for two or three weeks ; the foot being extended, 8o as to keep the heel well raised towards the calf of the leg, and bandaged firmly in that position. Transportation of injured persons. See the last part of the article on Wounds. Ulcer*. An ulcer occurs only as a possible aeeondcary remit of as injury ; as a large wound, biun or scald. For the treatment of such a result, see Ulcer, in Part IV., Special Diseasee. Vdns. injnrias d". Sec Wounds (pages 617, 618). AtetDMirra ahd ryjaaijia. <I7 Wounds. Then may be either Bruised, Cnuhed, CW, LacmUed (Torn), Penetrating, or Poimmed woaodfl. Bruiaea are familiar to everybody. If the blow or fall has beeo of audi moderate violence as to injure only tlie surface of the head, body, or limb^it is not a serious matter. Some blood will be forced out U' the small veasels; swelling and discoloration will follow. It will be flrrt red, then almost black and blue, and at last dull yellow w yellowish- brown. This is the history of a " bhick eye," or of a bruise of any other part Early use of a soothing application will do the most good. There is nothing better for this than cacao (cocoa) butter, or " camphor ice." Arnica has a reputation for bruises far beyond its desert. In the family, however, for every hurt " something mast be done " to ease the minds of those around. Arnica will answer this pur(K)se at least When a bruised part becomes painful, a cloth wet with lead-water and laudanum will be suitable. Later, bathing with soap-liniment will hasten the absorption and disappearance of the blood-deposit which causes the dis- coloration. Orualud wounds are much more serious, often endangering life. Such, affecting the head, will cause fracture of the skull (see Head, Injuries of). Falling on the chest, ribs may be broken ; or, worse, the heart or lungs may be so pressed as to kill at once or shortly. When a limb is crushed in a railroad accident, it may be wholly or partly severed from the body. We might expect great bleeding in such cases; but it does not occur; the arteries are pai-alyzed, and bleed little or none, even when torn across. The immediate danger then is from ahock, going down into fatal coUapge. (See Shock.) When thia is recovered from, the injured limb must be dealt with according to the methods of surgery. Amputation is often called for ; the damage being too gn^at for the limb to be possibly saved. Siock constitutes the greatest immediate danger in all vrushing inju- ries. Afterwards, there may be inflammation (or perhajw mortification) of internal mi^ns involved ; innjiN, liver, ntonmeh, kidneys, peritoneum, etc. Such eases will require jjeri'c t rest in \ml, with treatment which can only be judged of by an experinncwl pinctitioncr of medicine or sur- gery. Tetanm (lockjaw) oeeasionally follows a oiusliJog injury. Out wounds are dangerous at fii-st through bleedinrf. Bruised, crushed, and torn wounds bleed, as a nile, vefy little. Mnolj difference exists as to what is cut in an incised wound. If only small vessels, the capillaries, are divided, the blood flows steadily, of a moderately K>d color, being a mixture of arterial and venoiM blood. If a vein is cnt, the flow is steady, and the color of the blood is dark-r^, almost blue-black or dark-purple. When an caiery has been cut, bright red bkod o^aw oM 618 90MMSTI0 MKDTCIjrg. I in jda, timing with the puliatioiM of the heart (See Phjfsiologjr \ Circulation.) Whatever the source of a flow of blood from a cat wound, we should ende!i</or (after cleaning out, best with a stream of oold water,any foragn bodien in it) to stop the hemorrhage by putting and holding the edges of the wound together. Prmimtre may then lie added, so far as needfUl and available. Over a solid hone, as the skull, this will always be practicable. Bleeding even from a divided artery of tlic scalp can always be checked, by Arm pressure on the vessel against the bone. A comprtm may be made by folding up a fragment of handkerchief, or rag of muslin or linen, into a thick piec» nn inch square. Laying this right over the source of the bleeding, .i may be kept in place by the firm application of a bandage around the head. Elsewhere in the body the difficulty of stopping blc'ding may !' greater. Worst of all, of incised (cut) wounds at leait, not penetrating the chest or abdomen, is the cut throat. For suicidal or murderous puqMisos, this is not rare. Many suicides divide only the mnt^pe, or the windpipe {larynx or trachea) and gullet (phni'ynj:) together. They die a lingering death aflcr ^evcml da^'S. Others make a bolder cut, and sever also the jwpilar vein ; commonly on one side cly. This will bleed fearfully, enough to lause death in a verj' sdiort time. If pnmiptly seized between a thumb and finger, and then skilfully stitched with a small surgiisd ueetlle, it is possible that life may be saved ; but, with the best surgery, this has seldom been done. Now and then a .suicide may t^^h with the i-azor one, almost never both, of his carotid arteries, which lie cloBej- to thi; windpiiw than the two jugular veins, but ai* deeiier in the throat. 8ueh a wound, unless it In> a mere rtick in the artery, will end life in a few seooada. A very slight incision in the carotid alone may, if at om* seized and held finiily, allow of the tying of the aiiery with a ligature, Ixdow the wtmnd. This operation not many surgeons have performed ; and it does n(4 always ^ooeed in avert- ing death as the final result. To stop bleeding from a vein, large enough to he seen, wh«i pressare at tlte wound will not do it, the rule is to peess just Mmr the weuod ; that Ls, on the side farthM frmn the heart ; as the fatood flows in the veins from the extremities towards the heart. When an artery bleeds, and pre^isun? at the wound fails <»■ canuoi ><« applied, pressure mast be applied above the wound ; tliat Ls, on the side nearer to the heart ; the course of the blood in the arteries being fron^ the heart In Physiology this has been fully explained, and the way to find the main arteries of the body has been set forth. We may just r^eat a few practical pmnts. AeCtDMHTB Atro tHJVMIMB. <19 If *Pn^r bleeds from a deep out very fiwly, premira oo tbe Aro •«d« of the finger will check the arterial flow and control it If the hnrul or foreann haii an arterial hen.orrhage, the brachuU arUn, (main ■rteiy of the am.) most be con.praml. ThiH is done by findine its H««ti«.« behind the bleep. m.«cVr. m the inner Me of the arm and n^Z 'Is r'*^ "" "■'."•'""' ^*'""'''''>- To «,ntln„e huc* pr«ure, a Spau'^Ji wu.dla«, nmy l« made. Pa«, a han.lkcn^hief around the arm and t.e « knot in it, clo«. to the am, on the :n8We. Tlnn pnt uider the handkerchief, on the ^.tnide, the handle of a lmir-bn.«h or flow of blood. If the am, is held up with the hand rained aUv • the f lo. 267. FtO-'MH. Fio. 'M9. PRBntTRB OR AKTERY or ARM, SPANISH WINDI PKBWt'RI! ON ARTERY Of THIOH. head, thw wdl be the more easily effecterl. Such pm^sure cannot l» veiy long maintained, without danger of mortifimtion of the limb Should the bleeding return as soon as the "windlass" is partially un- wound M.rgimI aid nu,«t be obtained to "take up" the artcrv; that is to cut down to it and ,m.ss a silken or catgut ,«nl (ligatu«.)'an,und it! and tie this so as to stop all movement of blo«l through the artery Some hemorrhages from the forearm or hand may be held in check by forcUy douhUng the arm at the elbmc, in tl.is way compressing the arteowhereitbranches., in front of the elbow joint. " If th./oo<, kg, or thigh is cut so deaply as to have an arterial heraor- n''. «90 MOMMiTIO MMBtVIirM, rfaage, tbe plan of ynMon (if H euiaot be apidicd niAdently at Um woond) miM( be ■( tbe upjter and innrr part qf the Aif^ ; that w if the ^MUiioh windlaM be lued, the application beinft ji»t the mune in owthui aa upon the ariu. But a Htill Mirer plwc of preaMin) \* when) the 9;taA artery of the limb paiwea over the booy edge of the pelviit; JuKt tialf-way between tiie uiiddk) of the pelvis in front and tlie pronii- ueiit point of tbe ridt(e of Imne at tlie front of the hip-btme (auteriw ■uperiw MpimMw proceaii of the ilium ; see Anatomy). There its pul- wtionH can be felt ; and the handle of a large key, wrapped with tope or ribbon to soften its prewure, may l»e held firmly down upon it ao aa to keep tbe flow of blood bock altogether. Huppow then tliat, having a cut-wound to treat, all bleeding ban ceaHod, and no dirt or fragmenta of any kind are in the wound ; wt most now try to prepare it for healing without delay or deformity. Fis. 270. pnaMUBa bt KLAvnc baxd. PUwe the edges together. Will they stay ao? Not often without sup- port On many jwrts of the body this may be given by drip$ of ad- hesive placer /* if the wound is large, several narrow stripe, with small spaces between them. When the edges are evidently not going to be securely held in that way, Mclieii will lie imjiortant. Silk or shoe- maker's thread (or other thread, if necessary to save time), waxed, will answer ; and a large common needle may be used instead of a sur- geon's needle, if professional assistance is not within reach. Two sorts of stitches are often empioyed : the continiioua and the ittlemipted. The latter is generally tu be preferred ; each stitch can then be dealt with apart as it requires. For it, pass a threaded needle from within the wound out thnmgh the skin ; then take off the needle and thread it with the other end, and pass it in t he same way out through the other • Martin's (or Grovenor A RiohMd*") roU» or qwoUof "Snrgwm'i •dh«iiTe phrter" tie the most convenient fo/ such UM. ACOlDMtlTB AKD llfJVMlBM. Ml M» of tl» w.WDd. Then th- twu „,k1i, ^,^,\^ be lm,ug|,t t.>r>ther and tied. Lii*s wwtw, <«n, maA mm» oOm |MrU wiJl lie apt to have gapiiw wound, ud i^ljr ^«ni, when cut, unlew stiKhw .re iwecl. We wwt • wound, tlR-u, to h«U " by tb« ttn,t intcnUon," an it b «ll«d. That u, *mjtfy, without any im> or matter being fornwd. AH hat ill noowaiy for -hi,, with a d«u,^t wound in « healthy My, ii, that the edge. d«Ul be brought aiul kept cl»« together for a few dav«^ without diatiirbanoe. Put over Uio wound, then, atter the phiaten.'.^ ■titcbea have been appli.>.l, a duuhltJ piece of lint or«»ft viean (mark thui, c&an) hnen, .pread with Mnij.le cerate, or ,lt«n tallow, and bind thw on with a bandage, jiwt tight enough to keep it in it« place. The part n,u«t then be kept at rest, and need not !« di«turl)«l, while it neonui oomft|rtable, for four or five dayn. I„ that time, a mrig^n\ advi.« oin u-ually be obtained. If not, and the wound do«, nU Kern comfortable, Jt miut be carefully examined, am] ix:rlm,« dit>««ed over again. After five daya, at all events, it may be very tarefully uncovered; removing the outer oerate dressing, and apeing wlieUier or not any of the adhesive Btripa need to be renewed. If thia be «., Ik- Hure to take them off one by one; drawing the strip towanh, not awny from, the e«lge of the wound ; and replacing each strip by a frcHh one. More another in taken off. Very little wasliing is necessaiy for healing incised wouiMk Clean the porta near with Castile soap and water, but do not interfere with the ptaitus prooeu going on at the wound itself. Water^resring is preferred to cerate by many surgeons, even for simple incised wounds ; but it appears to me to have greater advantages m the management of lacerated and penetrating wounds. iaoemforf wounds are those which are torn ; as by machinery, or bites of dogs, borsw, or other beasts, etc They are irregular in shape, seldom uu u'T' ''"^"'^' «>«»«^'''n« mortify, and haixlly ever heal by the first mtention." Mwhlrwri, injuries may be dreadful in «har- acter ; a whole limb being torn off ut ont* ; or a Imnd or a foot toni to pieces. Such may be speedily fatal by shock; or their results may entad a tedious and uncertain struggle for life; at least when an arm or a l.« IS badly Uceratcd. Erysipelas is one of the dangere attending MoAe'?""'*' '*^"'" (lockjaw), another; sepiioamia (or pycemia), Besides what may be needful on account of the general shock to tlie system (see Shock), lacerated wounds require to be carefully cleared of all fragments of foreign bodies, dirt, etc., and then protected from the T ,^ u ^' ^!^^^- '^° '^'^ «"*''' « ^«"°<J. a stream of water should be allowed to flow over it from a cfcon sponge, dipped in warm water and squeezed above the wound. Waier^remng agree* well MKROCOTY RBOUrriON TBT CHART {ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) /APPLIED IM/OE Inc 165J Eoit Main StrMt RochMtflf. N«N Yorti 14609 USA (716) 462 - 0300 - PtwTMi (716) 286-5989 -Fox 622 DOMESTIC MEDICINE. ti > lit with such injuries. Double a piece of lint or soft linen, and squeeze it out of cUan tepid water or clear lime-water. Lay this upon the wound, and cover it with a piece of oiled silk, oiled pajxir, or thin rubber-<-loth. Bandage it on the part with just enough firmness to prevent its being disphiced. Such a dressing will have to be moistened at least twice a day, and had better be changed once in twenty-four hours ; disturbing the wounded surface each time as little as possible. Before the dressing is reapplied, sprinkle iodoform powder lightly over it. This is antisep- tic, and promotes healing. Much is said in late surgical works of antiseptic dresninga for wounds. The idea of it is, by chemical solutions applied to injured part», and to the hands of «urgeons and nurses, etc., to destroy the "germs" in the air, water, and other materials which are supposed to breed putrefaction, decay, and disease. We have discussed this theory in connection with the Causation of Disease (Gei-rn Theory of Diseases) . Enough here to say that the importance of it is much the greatest in large hospitals, or other houses in cUies, where the air k apt to be foul; and that the practical results of antiseptic surgery, so called, are equaled, without any special " solutions," when absolute cleanliness is maintained, of air, water, and all other materials. \ When much irritation or inflammation of lacerated wounds occurs, a poultice, of bread or flaxseed-meal,' may be for a time beneficial. When healing is advancing favorably, instead of the wet dressing, lint or linen spread with simple cerate will answer, and is much less troublesome. Penetrating wounds may vary much ; from piercing with a pin to a bayonet, sword, or bullet wound. Even a needle or large pin may be forced into the heart, so as to cause death. One of the first Napoleon's generals so committed suicide. Usually, however, a needle glides almost harmlessly through skin and flesh, and the head of a pin prevents its deep penetration. The seriousness of larger penetrating wounds depends almost entirely upon the parts reached by the puncturing instrument or weapon. A bayonet or bullet wound of the heart will always kill. One of a lung will be most frequently mortal ; but the exceptions are many. General Shields, U. S. A., was shot through the chest, many years ago, and recovered. A patient of my own, in hospital, got well after a load of buckshot had gone through a part of his right lung. A {lene- trating wound of the sUmach is nearly certain to be mortal ; yet Dr. Beaumont, of Ohio, was made famous by his physiolc^ical experiments in the case of the Canadian soldier, Alexis St. Martin, who lived for years with a hole in his stomach through which food could be taken out during digestiop. Wounds of the bowels are only a little leas dangerous, especially because peritonitis is so likely to supervene ; and ACCIDENTS i.Xj. IXJURIES. ^ the same may be said of injuries of the //,.«•, .pken, kidneys and other ojjans contained in the alxlomen. Penetrating fvoundsofX wC been cona.de.^ already (see Head. Injuries of ). When an "m or ! may be hernarrhaffe, from a la.^ vensel being pierce] or div d J' Th' n «upplSt;L-fi ';"'«'«-'''f J-ger to life; but inflammation, Every one receiving a severe penetrating wound, of any part of the b«y must be kept in a condition of complete r;t, awaitbg H wh.ch need o receive the b^t professional attention, to mt^he dan ge.^ seen and unseen, belonging inevitably to such in uri^'rill he,o,c 5trug^le for l.fe, under care of the best sui^eons in America and come w.th the entrant, of a missile, which no human skill or pTwer I Poisoned wounds. These are seldom met with, even in war amount c.vd,zed nations, except by unintended causatioL This Z^hZTn -peemlly to physicians and su.^ns, in their opemtions, and t^ S St;nV:;^^jT- *'«^'^^^-"S^'j''odU,ori"Li^' ^ livmg ones, introduced even into the slightest scratch with a knife nmlle, or p.n, may so taint the blood as to j^oduce a dangT^ 1 iHnl' Not afew physicmns have suffered a fatal ,^ult from pricing a fiZ •n a pos^-mortem examination. To^e.e„< such i^ultB (besidl care^o avo^ lettu.g an abraded or punctur^ part come in contac7:.trmo7b d m«hately .ash^ and sucked, and then kept out of ^way of further In thetreatmefUot poisoned wounds, ther« is nothing different from tha of those whkh are penetrating or lacerated, unli tl" w^LZ .^e hyrabul ani^U or by „enor,u.^ s^^,,^] p,, eitLerT the^ cord around the arm or %, if either extremity has ten bitten then P^ should be made to bum out the part ; or a pinch of gunpowder may be exploded upon it. All these severo measures are ST^ rrM^rr 'r ^''T'-"^^' ''- blood-vesselTinXlyl tern. Although not more, probably, than one in t«n of those bitten C death. Therefore ,t zs worth while to do and suffer much to prevent m DOMESTIC MED /ay's. Buch a possible catastrophe. (See Hydrophobia, under Special Dia< eases.) Bites of rattlesnakes, cop])erhcads, and moccasin serpents in this coun- try, and similar reptiles in the countries of the old world, are often fatal. In India, thousands die annually of the bites of the oo&ra and other venomous snakes. The danger is greatest according to the amount of the poison introduced, and tlie part of the body bitten. After a rattle- snake has already bitten anything several times, his poison-bag is empty, and his fangs are almost innocent cf venom for a time. Biting through a boot, or thick clotliing, detains much of the venom, lessening the dan- ger. But if an unexhausted serpent of that species, or a moccasin, or a oopperhnd, bites the bare face or n&ik, or hatul or arm, death will be likely to take place within an hour or two. If other parts of the body be ! icten, it may still be fatal, but there are chances of recovery. Is there any reliable antidote ? You will read accounts of such in many books and newspapers. But Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, after a most elaborate series of experiments, con- cluded that, at the time of hia researches, no true antidote to rattlesnake poisoning had been found. Since difen, two such (for other serpent bites) have been asserted ; ammonia in Australia, and pervMnganale of potamum in South America. Botli are injected in solution, either into the poisoned wound or into the skin (hypodermic injection) elsewhere. Observers in other countries have been disappointed with Dr. Fayrer'a ammonia antidote. Dr. Lacerda's permanganate treatment has not yet had sufficiently extended trial for a final conclusion ; but, were I bitten, I should wish to try the latter. It can be confided in only when intro- duced immediately at the place of the poisoned wound. Popular rather than scientific has been the whisky treatment of rattle- snake poisoning. Yet science cannot object to it, since one poison is often an antidote to another. The pn ctice referred to is, to dose ihe vict'Ti with whisky pretty largely, with quantities which would intoxi- caie if the state of the system did not prevent or at least retard it There is reason to believe that patients <" netimes recover under this treat- ment who otherwise would probably nave died. Another (now quite unpopular) remedy is suggested by some facts observed in experiments upon animals. In those bitten by venomous serpents, it has been found repeatedly that drawing blood frcm ihdr veins has been followed by immediate improvement, and sometimes by reoov- ery. As a method of gettmg rid of taiTited blood, this appears to me a most reasonable procedure. Not anticipating its general acceptance under the now prevailbg opposition to this remedy under almost all drcamstances, I must be content with ooumending its consideraticm and fair trial to the coming generation. ACCIDENTS AND INJDBISS. 025 ^S^'^L ^' r P*' ^^"««^ J^^kete, and hornets, a« well as of some »pide«, and, in otiier countries than tliis, the tarantula and smminn are ofWn decided I, ^^inful ; in a few penin, tl!:;':" ^Z^r bees fly out and light all over a man's head, face, neck, au.l hands the not tr.fl.1 g. Horses Imve somethnes been thus stung to death. the .^V'"'^'''r"'T'^'""'^ ^ '"'^'' '■"""d effectual-smearing *e > oe at ouc^ w.th m,«/, from the nea^st s,«t where earth and wate^ Zhn./""' ^"^ ' ^""^"''' ("P'"^ «'■ hart.horn) is nicer, .1 probably more certam to be eflktiml, applied at once to the stung , rt If a person seems to be affected " all over" by even a single sting of a bee (whu-h some ,m^. hupiK-ns), half a teasjmnful aroLlc JrU of ain.non,a, m a wmeglassful of water, may be taken as a dn,ught, u on«^ an.^as soon as .t can l,e obtained, t^venty grains of bromide of potas'- »ium, m the same quantity of water. The latter dose may be reC«l in two or three houre, if required. ^ ^^ Hot «^ is recommended by some, to be applied at out^ to the part, as a remedy for the stmg of a bee, wasp, etc. I have not tried it bu Zr'i "'^ ^ '^™'' '^ '"'' ^*'*' ^y ^^^'^y'-g the poison A moistened e.gar. or plug of tobacco, is said to give pmmpt relief to the pam. An onton is also advised, in some popular works, as a loa.1 remedy, even for the bit« of a venomous se^^nt. I en give no opb- ion as to its value. ^ do better than follow Esmorch, the distinguished German surgeon.* When an ««ident occurs, be it in the country, on the high road or in a town, the first thing to be done is to transport the injwed pe4,n as quickly and as carefully as possible to adoctor or to a hospital " " In such creumstances, stretchers or litters should, if possible, be used Th^ are simply light portable beds made of a framework nf poles." with a piece of canvas stretched between them." "To place an injured person on a stretcher and convey him properly requu^ a certain amount of handiness-which, however, is easily acquired by a little practice. Only three bearera are required, unlei «ie distan^ be very great; Uvo of them carry the stretcher, and the third attends to the patient, and changes place with one of the bearere 11 necessary. 626 DOMESTIC MSDICISM. " To pW» the patient <»i it, put tlie foot of the stretcher at his head in a line with his body. If you put it at the wde of the patient, it is in the way of the bearen, and they may stumble or fall over it The two bearers then place themselves one at cither side, join hands under- neath the back and hips of the patient, raise him up, lift him backwards over the stretcher, and lower him on to it. The third bearer takes charge of the injured portion (limb or head), and steadies it with a hand on either side. The two bearers now take their places at the head and foot of the stretcher, liil it up, and carry it off; while the third walks at the side of it, as a saf^uard to tlie patient. " The following rules should be oliserved in carrying a stretcher : " 1. It should be carried with the hands, or suspended by straps over the bearers' shoulders. i WaXELBD UTTER. " 2. The bearers should not ke<>p step. If they keep pace, as in mardi- ing, the stretcher sways from side to side, and the patient is apt to roIL " 3. All jolting, hiu-ried movements, the crossing of fences, ditches, etc., are to be avoided. Look out for gape, gates, and doors, and make use of them. " 4. If possible, choose bearers of the same height. If this cannot be done, arrange the shoulder-straps in such p vay that the stretcher may be balanced as evenly as possible. " 5. In ascending, the patient's head must be in front ; in descending, beliiud ; except in the case of a broken 1^, when, if such a course were adopted, the weight of tlie Ixx'y would press on the injured part. "6. The patient must be removed from the stretcher in the same manner in which he was placed on it. " Should no stretcher be at hand, one must be improvised — i. e., you must look about for a substitute, or put together a variety of things on which the injured person can be transported without furUier harm. ACCTDSNTS AlfD tSJU»lM8. 627 Amongst the articles to be found in inhabited houseB which can lie used for •uch, are— bedsteads, l)odfran>es, sofax, window-Hhutters, Ixwrds, Iwnehes, cliairs, etc. Siidi hanl niateriaLs shoul.l be <H)ven'd by pillows, blankets, straw, etc.; mattresses, or sacks of straw, having .ings or loops made with straps attached to their four coruoi-s, niuy also Ik; UK<>tl as stretchers. Counterpanes, blankets, rugs of all kinds, may bo i-arried by the tour coruere by four men ; or may have two i^les sewn to their si«les, and be carried by two men. Empty corn or flour sacks may be used f.)r the 8F me purpose. From woods and gardens you can take branches and young spruce stems, and, binding them together with birch twigs, mak«i excellent temporarj- stretche-'u with supports." "If neither a stretcher nor material out of which to make one can be found, then try to transport the wounded man with your arms, which naturally can only be done for a short distance." " The wounded man nmst place his arms around Fio- 272. the neck of the man carrying him." " Should there be two people at hand to render assistonce, the wounded man may be transportt'd in a wriety of ways, viz.: 1. Sitting on the hands of the bearers, who pass two hands under tlie thighs and two Iwhind the loins, the patient , putting his arms round the necks of those carrying him. 2. The persons transporting a IJ .. ... ,„ *^ OA MODE OF CABRYINO AK wounded man join their hands firmly together, injired PEnsoif. forming a sort of sedan chai-, on which they can carry him a long distance if he places his arms around tlieir necks." We may add that a chair, especially an arm-chair or rocking-chair, in which the patient is seated, will answer well to carry an injured person. If he be faint, or if a lower extremity he hurt, the chair may be tilled backwards as far as his comfort may require. When two ber.rere carry a patient in any way without a litter or stretcher, they should keep step; as the motion is then more even, and there is no danger of his rolling out of their arms or out of a chair supportetl between them. When any one is so injured as to be in a state of collapse, approaching deatli, as from drowning, suffocation, or hemorriiage (bleeding), it is necessary to attend first to his prostrate condition on the spot; before taking him to a hospital, or anywhere else. (See Drowning.) When there is severe bleeding, its source must be found, so that it may be stopped (see page 618). For such inspection, do not wait to tofe ^ the clothing near the injured part; but cjrf or «j> all that k neceteary for the purpose. ^.>p 691 DOMMaTIO MMDlOiHt. FWJ. 878. Fm. 874. MODB OF cABBTnio htjubio muom. FN. trs. PART VI. POISONING. pOISONS are of several kindb : animal, sm snake-venomi and ean- ' tharidee; vegetable, lu upiuin, strychuia, tobacco; mineral, aa •reenic and corruBive subliiuate. But a more useftil clatwification of them ia according to their effects : as Depressants, Irritants, Neu- rotics, and Complex Poisons. Depressants arc Pnmic (Hydrotyanic) Acid, Tobneco, Looelia, Hetnlock, and Aconite. It is true, tlie eflects of thene, and indeed of ahnost all poimns, have some complexity; but their c/(m/ effect is de- pression, sinking, proKtration ; which, from a certain dose, is fatal. Irritants are strxing Aeida, as Sulphuric, Niirie, Hydrochloric, Oxalic, Citric, and Twiario Acids; strong Alkdiea, as Potaata, Soda, and Am- monia; Phogphorm; QK'vsive SubHmaU; Tartar Emetic; Salts of Copper and of Zinc; Oador-OU Seeds; Oolehimm; Orot^-OU; Can- tharides; and certain fishes and Molluscs (some Mussels,- e'\). Neurotic Poisons either produce ttupor, as do Opium, Chloroform, Ether, Chloral, Hyoscyamus, and Camphor (in excessive doses); or otherwise damage tlie nervous system, with either delirium, conmlsions, tremor, or paralysis, as Strychnia (or Nux Vomica), Belladonna, Slra- monitim, Calabar Bean, Cboeultts Indicus. Complex (Trritaftt-Neurotic) Poisons are such as Arsenic, Curbolie Acid, Creosote, Digitalis, Ergot, Fungi {TnadMods, etc.), Helldmre, Iodine, Bromine. Lead, etc. Aa already aid. Depressant Poisons cause prostration, sinking : with paleness, coldness, feeble pulse, gasping broath, with or without nausea and vomiting; all the 8>'niptoms of collapse. Irritant Poisons produce burning and pain in the knouth, throat, stomach, and bowels; ^ 'th nausea, vomiting, and purging; an artificial eholera-morbus. Neurotic Poisons have just been described as causing either stupor, delirium, convulsions, tremor, or paralysis. Complex Poisons may eombiae several of either a£ these kludd of efieets. 139 tan DOMMSTtO MMDtOtlTM. So far, \ »vp bwn oomldpring Poimmn m takoti into the domattk by the iiio.ifh. It tnuHt be iTn»enilK>re<l^ however, that the- may aim enter the ByBtciu hy lieing hmifhal into tlio liingM; injecieu jnd rtl;,e nkin ; or cv«n almnrbid from tlio (turfufe of the itkin (csinvialiy with children ; a tobooco l.«f biM been no fatally iwcd); or in^,-Ud into tba bowels, eto. With thew general remarks, we may now take up thoae poisons most likely to be met with, or heard or read about, alphabdieaUy, fw eaae of reference by tin' reader. .icids. A» already said, strong Acids are general';' britatd pobont, Hydrooyanio or Prussio Acid is a powerful A 'amid. Each vi theat Fio. 270. lOONITK ROOT. will be considered in its place. Just now it may be remarked that tli«* anifrfote. for Acids are Alkaiies and Alkaliue Earths; as Soda, I ime- water. Chalk, Magnesia, and Soap, etc In like manner, Aa^ • the milder sort, as Vmegar, Lemon-juice, etc, are a'niiddla for poisonous doses of strong Alhilie» or Alkalbe Earths, as caustic Potaaaa, Soda. Ammonia, or Lime -^—j Aconite. All parts of this phmt (Monkshood, A^ihm napeOm) are poisonous. The only form in which any one is likely to take it uijunously is that of the Tmcture of Aconite Boot, in o^-efdwe (th. potaoirrNo. iSl pwfwr d«» in „r ., two, or 'hiTc ilrop), or liy minfiilre for something el*. D.'ath hoH U^n ,mK.« i„ tluM way j two Urttl.* are HtamlinK ^ apotient'H l)«Wcle, one c-oiitnining a mwlicinc io be taken internally, and the otiier u liniment for external ap|ili.«tlt,n ; an attendant, by niiatake, rate a painful part with the medicine, and giv« him a tabkapoonful wm of the aconite liniment S,jm]^: buminif, tin.jli,,ff, ind ntimAn,-*, of mouth, throat, and •tomaeh, "xtendini? afterwanls Uirough the wh.,le body; iickm'M of fcomach, diuineM, prostration, sometime* convulsions; no delirium, no Fio. 277. ACONITE LKAVIS AND PMWr.Ka. rtnpor, unless In quite exoev ional rases. Death, fmm a mtfiam 'inan- tity, results in a few hours. Less than a half a tea'ii)oonful of ^ K-t- ure has proved fatal in some instances; a teaspoonful will alw ^l• likely to do so, if left lonp in the stomach. IVeaiment. There is no chemical aniidoU for Aconite, loow? «t should be produc-ed at once to get rid of it. In the household, do . < yrMt to send to a druggist, but give immediately a teaspoonful of mw lard, mixed in a teacupful of warm (not hot) water. Repeat this ii ten niinntes. with laige dranghte of wanr wata', if vomiting does eos ess B0MK8TIC MKDlCllfK follow. If no miMtanl k at iutwl, a UMe»iHH^ulo/mt!l, In a t<>:i<n|^l of «w«rm, not hot, water, will aimwer th«« Haiii.* |Mir|Mw^. Thsn mix pom- «/rm.' rktuvoal, a t«wiioonfiil .it a tiiu«, in water, ami let it be drunk ; iiiiJ alHo wry MroHf/ Ua, ftt*l,v taken. Let the linilM be briakly rubbed with warm hawb, and ph^e hot UM\m or brickii alouKiiitle of the body ami to tlio feet. If other (nwtmcnt in umtl, it iihouki be «»uly at the jiidgntciit of a phynksian, who dioukl lie aunmioiKxl ait ituon m pndble. Thin remark will apply to a/ZoaMs of poiitNiing; and need m»t there- fore bo horeancr repeated. Alcohol. Hanlly over by aorklent, bnt NometioMw thmugh folly, men have taken at one time enough whiHky or hniiHiy, etc., to kill! The qmntitjf neccfwry for thiit varicH, ewiKx-ially witli tli'.- Ml» of the penwn no doing. An old toper may nwallow a half-gallon of whinky in a day, with no extraordinary iflbrt. A roan unacfiwtotiuil to l^uor might be killeil by a pint; po««ibly even 'y \«m. In mv\\ a case, the aymptmna are thone of narcotic poimning ; witli but little priniaty ex- citement, he fallM soon into a deep stujtor. The face becomes ghartly, the lipa livkl, the pupihof the eyes krge, tJieeycH redtlcnwl ; tlje braith- ing in snoring, and an alcoholic .xlor IooiIh the brcalli ; «lcafli may take place within an hour w two. Short of guch an event, there are degreen of " dead dmnkenncBs," in whk^ tlic flame syniptonw apfM-nr, hut the Btujwr is lew complete ; on being gh'.ken and spoken to, the man will open his eyes partially and show aonie conncimisi.cwi. He will then relapse into stupidity, until, after several hours, he sleeps it off. lVe(UmaU of dead drunkenness, when there is not an actual nmrtal effect, does not gain by any vmleace. If the patient can swallow, an emetic dose of mustard (a teaspoonftil) or salt (a tablcspoonful) or i{X!cac. (a teasiiconful) in warm water, may be given. Wetting the head and face repeatedly with cold vmter will promote revival ; and so may aro- matic spirit of ammonia; half a teaspoonful, taken in cold water, and repeated in an hour or twa Alkalies. See Acids. Aloes. This is an active purgative medicine, whose effects in over- dose are those of an irritant poison. The same account may be also given of BMerium (much more powrrfut), GoloeiftUh, Gamboge, Jalap, and Scammony. Aay of these in excessive dose will bring on painful griping, vomiting, and purging, with consequent exhaustion. D-eat- ment of such a condition must consist in perfect rest (a bed-pan being used), aad often-repeated small doses of laudanum or paregorie. Au injection of laudanum (forty drops) in starch into the bowels will be well. Lime-¥rater and milk, equal parts, may be administered by the tabloipoonful to support rtrength; adding teaspoonful doses of whisky ptiisom <33 ar btaikly, b few tttueH, if priMtnitiun U- Krvat. \S urni hricki at but- tl«H of liot watiT, rti'., alwi, H|i]tli«(I to tl-i- \nn\\ ami ftft, will do K[omI. Ammonia. Th!* im the iiAutiU ulhtli. It liui* tin* miiik* i-lictnicnl Kintiitnit OH tiu! (ixttl itlkulii*, ixttomtu, mhIu, and litliia; Imt flit* off into tli« air wtn-u ('X|nmi-iI, n-<(uiriii(;, iidU'm dinr«ilv<'<l, fxtirtin- «>ld or vi-ry gnat prowim' to <ihmI' • •; Ik. Il im iiitviiM-ly fiuxijnU to tin- toMtvaml to Ui« tir»thiiiK orgii -. A twin uh uii in-ihtnl iHtimtn whci .tkcn in large qiuuititiw*. Two '• .' t«w|ioi.nful,-,at l««»t,of theMtronutT Silution of AniuHmia will .,^ •Kx.'cwary t4> euduii or ii futui rvxult. Anuiuitic ^irit of AniiiKHtia might liavi- hui-Ii an t^tli'ct, if a tabl(«p(M>iifid or two were swallowMl at owe. Sifm/t(om» «>f hu'Ii iMiinoning xn; extnnio burning tind pain in the Htoniuch, with nauMru iiimI von itiug, followed by eoUapm' (deathly pnwtration), whieh may eml liitally in a few hours. One caao haM been re|H>rtal in whirh tlii» took plau- in a few 'linuten; another, after thrw- days. It« being breathed freely J .a the effect. Tmttmtnt of ytolmmuif with Ammonia ia like that foi ..« Alkaiiett. Give Miuv/ar and water, or f^nnon-Juice, quiekly luid largely. After- wurds, Olive Oil ; then Milk ; or, if no sweet-oil in at huntl, Milk alone. The Vinegar or Iiemou-jui(« conibiucM witlj and neutniliam the alka- line Ammonia. Oil nmkea a nonp with it, whieh is innocent. Milk will then promote the requiretl wothing action, and will aloo nouriMh ukI support the patient. Antimony. This metal is present in Tartar Emetic ; whieh is an ingredient of Antinwntal Wmt- and of ibxe's Hire l^^rup. The last of these WHB formerly (but ought never to be) a common domestic medicine for croup. Syrup of ipecac, has now very properly taken its place. All preparations of Antimony are powerfully emetic, unless in extieniely small dose. They are porticuhirly severe in their action upon tfounff cAiWren. Symptamt of poisoning by Tartar Emciic are : a metallic (" cnppeiy ") taste, violent nausea, retching, and vomiting (the author suffered with it once, by accident, and found it worse than sea-sickness), thirst, pain in the stomach uid bowels, and watery purging ; then great prostration, with coldness and clammy perspiration. When only a single overdose has been taken, death may be escaped by all the poison being vomited up. If repeated soon, the danger is increased. The quantity necessary to kill N'aries much, chiefly for the above reason. Less than a grain of Tartar Emetic has killed a child ; four grains have proved fatal to an adult ; but, more often, twenty or more grains would be required for rodi an efl^. Mostly, death does not take place for several dajrs after the p(Maon has been swallowed. In wtaimatU of poisouiiig by Tartar Emetic, Tannin (Tannic Add) 'n <34 DOMESTIC MEDIOISE. considered to have some antidotal power. If infusion or tincture (rf OaUx can be soon obtained, let it be given, pretty freely. In the ab- sence of this, xxry dnmg Tea may be given. At the same time admin- ister moderate but often-repeated doses of some opiate; laudanum or Par^oric. la my own case, aliove alluded to, teas|K)onful doses of Paregoric gave relief in a few hours; the quantity taken, however, (through mistake of a druggist's boy) having been not very hirge. Arsenic. Both by accident and through suicidal or murderous in- tent, this is one of the most frequently fatal poisons. It is used in the manufacture of enamel, and of some kinds of glass, and in ship-build- ing and boiler-making ; as well as by farmers to kill potato bugs (Paris green), and in houses and Ijams to destroy rats. A medicine containing it, often valuable in its place, is Fowler's Solution of Arsenite of Potas- sium. Arseuic is present also in orpimenl and iu Scheele'a green (arsen- ite of copper), as well as in Paris green (aceto-arsenite of copper). White Araenw of the shops is Argeniouf Acid. MetaUie Arsenic is very seldom used -inless with Arsenious Acid \n fly-powder. Symptoms of arsenical }x)isoniug are complex. It is an irritant-neu- rotic in its action. About an hour after taking it, there are symptoms of faintness, heat of throat, thirst, and burning pain in the stomach. Violent retching and vomiting follow, and tlie pain extends tJirough the bowels, with straining and severe purging j sometimes with bloody passages. Prostration soon results ; with coldness, small, frequent pulse, and great feeling of weakness ; not infrequently delirium, convulsions, or even stupor, will precede death. In slower cases, headache, trembling and other distressing nervous symptoms are common. There is, however, considerable variety iu the symptoms of poisonmg by Arsenic. Death results in most cases within twenty-four hours ; exceptionally, but rarely, iu an hour or less; occasionally, after weeks, or even mouths of pro- tracted suffering. li-eatment. If vomiting has not been already copious, give a teaspoou- ful of mustard or a tablespoonful of salt in a teacupful of warm water ; and follow this with large draughts of wai-ni water, in which Magnesia has been stirred and mixed. Magnesia is at least a partial antidote for preparatio'^ of Arsenic. The most effectual antidote is Hydnited Per- oxide (sesquioxide) of Iron; in krge doses, in the moist state, and freshly made. This may he prepared by putting Tindure of OUoride of Iron in water (quantity not of very gi-eat consequence, use plenty of it), and then adding Aqua Ammonice (solution of Ammonia or hartshorn). A thick powder will be thus precipitated ; — which, after washing it with nlean W3t«r, may be given in tablespoonful doses as an antidote for Axmaia. After this has beoa freely given, or, in its absence, TtfrgtMMwn^ forsofriifa. 635 then an optafe, as Paregoric or Laudanum, may be adininistered in moderate doses, to mitigate suffering ; and milk, at first hot (unless pre- ferred cold on account of thirst) will be for a time the most beneficial food. It may be here remarked, that a practical question of some impor- tance is, whether there is danger of arsenical poisoning from the Jise of Paris green to kill potato bugs or other injurious insects on growing plants, in gardens or fields. Good authority exists for the opinion, that no such danger exists, when reasonable care is taken. Growing plants, as potatoes, will not absorb arsenic into their substance so as to make them poisonous. The Paris green is entirely on the surface of the plants, or on the ground, where it becomes so diluted with moisture and earth, as to be present, when ordinary quantities are used, only in harm- less amount. Mention has been made on a previous page, of the existence of areenic in the coloring material of many wall-papers. This is wrong, and should be made criminal under the law. When the paper is dry, arsenical dud may get from it into the air of the room, in a quantify sufficient to do much haim, and even endanger life. In one instance under my knowledge, it seemed probable that a lady suffered a fatal ill- ness from sleeping for several months in a room whose walls were cov- ered with green paper containing arsenic. 636 DOMSSTtC MSDICINS. 1 1 Atropia : Belladonna. Atropia is the alkaloid active principle of the plant, Alropa BeUadonna, called also Deadly N^htuhade, The berries of this plant have sometimes been eaten by children, with fatal effect. J^ymp- tom» of this poisoning are, dryness and heat of the mouth and throat, difficulty of swallowing, sickness of stomach, dizziness, dilatation of the pupils, imperfect sight, flushing of the face, delirium, convulsions, and finally stupor. When recovery occure, some of these symptoms are slow to disappear. Atropia may cause death in doses of ksa than a grain ; perhaps as little even as but half a grain by the mouth, and still less when intro- duced under the skin by injection. TreeUment of poisoning by Belladonna or Atropia requires the prompt use of an emetic. Give at once a teaspoonful of mustan), or a table- spoonful of salt, in a tea. 'ipful of warm water. Repeat this (or ipecac, if at hand) in ten minutes if it does not cause vomiting ; and accompany it with large draughts of warm water, Hn which finely powdered char- coal has been mixed ; or better, charcoal and magnesia. Physicians have much confidence in the antagonism between Atropia and Morphia (or Belladonna and Opium) ; but that part of the treatment had best be reserved for professional skill and judgment. The principle of it is to give, by the mouth or by hypodermic inje<lion, rather large doses of the antagonist alkaloid (morphia for atropia poisoning, or the converse), at intervals of half an hour or so, until relief is obtained, or die characteristic effects of the antidote appear. Atropia causes the pupils of the eyes to become very large ; Morphia makes them contract ; iu this way the predominant influence of one or the other can be seen. A lai^e dose of Morphia (sulphate or acetate) would be a quarter of a grain ; of Atropia, one-thii"tieth of a grain. Bitter Almonds. Oil of Bitter Almonds, whose flavor is agree- able, contains a small amount of Prussic (Hydrocyanic) Acid; and this is a deadly poison. Twenty drops of Oil of Bitter Almonds may kill. Sijmptoms of this poisoning, which come on usually in a few minutes, are, extreme prostration, coldness, nausea, dilatation of the pupils, sometimes convulsionsj; in otlier cases stupor, with snoring respira- tion. Death is likely to occur within an hour. In treatment, we have no certain antidote. Dashing cold water repeatedly in the face and on the chest (drying it at once with a warm to<vel), or even over the whole body, is recommended; and tlie careful but repeated application of ammonia (smelling-salts) to the nostrils. Recovery from the efleots of a large potion of this poison is, however, hardly to be expected. POlSOJfJXG. 637 Camphor. This is not mentioned among the poisons in books on Toxicology. A young relative of mine, however, as a boyish experi- ment, swallowed about a tablespoonful, or possibly more, of Spirits of Camphor. He lay iu a stuiior for six or eight hours, and then gradually recovered. I have never known another similar ause ; but this is men- tioueil to show the need of care in leaving powerful, even though familiar, drugs within the reach of children. Cantharides. S^ninish Flies. Ointment of Cuutharides is used to raise blisters. The Tincture is occasionally employed as a medicine. In lai^ doses it acts as an irritant poison, especially disturbing the uri- nary apparatus; strangury (difficult and painful discharge of urine) being its characteristic effect. Vomiting and purging also occur, and sometimes convulsions before death, which may not result for two, three, or more days. In treatment, as there is no chemical antidote for Can- tharides, an emetic must be at once given (mustard, salt, or ipecac., with copious draughts of warm water), and may be followed by charcoal and Fio. 278. CANTHABI8 VTrTATA. CANTHARiB VESICATOBIA. m^nesia water, or, if at hand, flaxsced-tea. Strangury may be best relieved by an injection of forty drops of laudanum, with a little starch, into the bowels ; also, cloths wrung out of hot water may be applied over the bladder ; or the warm hip-bath may be used with advantage. Carbolic Acid. This is also called Phenol. It is to Coal-Oil (Pe- troleum) what Creasote is to Tar from wood. Symptomn of poisoning by either Carbolic Acid, Kerosene, or crude Petroleum, are those of an irritant narcotic. First there are burning of the nioutli, throat, and stomach, pain in the abdomen, vomiting; then great prostration, faint- ness, coldness; lastly, insensibility and stupor, ending in death. A tablespoonful of the liquid Carbolic Acid will be pretty sure to cause death, in from half an hour to eight or nine houre. In treatment of this form of poisoning, we must first use an emetic (mustard, salt, or ipecac., with plenty of warm water), and then give the patient large dransht-s of Jnc^et oil. If that i« not on hand, fimfi-wnier and milk, freely given, will be likely to do good by shielding the coats of the stomach and bowels from the poison. 638 BOMSSTIC MEDlOtNM. C«ttor-Oil Seeds. From these the entirely safe though disograe- able Castor-Oil \» obtained ; but, when swallowed whole, the seeds have sometimes (three or four or more taken at once) caused death, in the mancer of an irritant iioison, in less than forty-eight hours. In treat- inent, give first an emetic (mustard, salt, or ipecac., with abundance of warm water), and theu flaxseed-tea or lime-water and milk ; also tea- spoonful doses of Paregoric, or ten or fifteen drops of Ijaudanura, every hour, until forty to sixty drops (if the latter be used) have been taken, to allay pain, vomiting, and purging. Cheesr. The daily papers, in April, 1884, mentioned two families having just been severely, but not fatally, poisoned in Brooklyn, by some English Dairy Cheese. A chemist who examined it thought the poison to be in the coloring-matter. The exact explanation of this oc- casional (rare) acquirement of a jwisouous quality by cheese is yet want- ing. (On this see page 131.) Unless made so by malicious intent a cheese not so spoiled by keeping as to have a harsh, unpleasant taste, is extremely unlikely to be poisonous; especially in such small or moder- ate amounts as it is wholesome to consume of even vety good cheese. li-eatment for such poisoning must consist in the p ^.rapt use of an emetic (see Aconite, Treatmerd), followed by charcoal and magnesia or lime-water, and paregoric, or small doses of laudanum, to allay suffer- ing. The instances of a fatal result from this cause are very few. Chloral. Hydrate of Chloral is the right name of this medicine, which is much used, especially to promote sleep. It is very uncertain in its action upon different people. ^Vhile some are but little aftected by drachm (sixty-grain) doses., otliers will be considerably nartwtized by half as much. Twenty or thirty grains will be an ordinary medici- nal dose. Less than a drachm has been fatal in a few instances; three draekma would probably almost always kill; although some persons have taken much more with impunity. The aymjOoma of tlie poisonous action of Chloral are merely those of deep narcotism ; the victim cannot be roused, and sleeps away to death, in a few hours. Treatment of it, in tlie abaenoe of a certain antidote, consists b the immediate use of an emetic, followed by very strong orj".. or tea; dashing cold water on the face and chest; if the patient can walk, moving him about, slapping the back and limbs briskly, et«., to keep him awake, as in opium-poi- soning; for last resorts, the galvanic battery and artificial respiration. A physician may carefully try the antagonism which probably exists between Strychnine and Chloral. Chloroform. This liquid is much used in Europe, but less than E<te in this country, as an anmthetic, by being breathed to annul the pein of surgical operations.' It is more dangerous, by far, than Ether poisoxiyo. 639 or Nitroiw Oxide, in thia modeot employment ; tad, of K.uree, it should never be taken or given in this way by .^n ..nprofussional person. I was the first pliysiciau to exiKniment with la itihi nnl use, on my own )K>r8on and afterwards on u nunilKT of othein, in the Pennsylvania Hospital, in 1848. I found that a nindi iargi-r (piantity is safe in this way, liv swallowing, than when it is breathed ; and have sinee given it many times in teaspoonful doses, with only moderate soporifie effect. A ease has l)een rejx>rted of a hoy four years old being killetl by a draihm of Chloroform taken into the stomach. Deep stupor resulted, in which he died. While this gives reason for caution, it is not likely that less ♦ban four fluidrachms (half an ounce, about a tablespoonful), and prol)- ably not oflen that much, taken by the stomach, would produce death in an adult. Symptoma of Chloroform poisoning are those of stujwr, from which the patient cannot be roused. This may be preceded by signs of great irritation of the stomach ; as Chloroform is very pungent and heating when swallowed. Treatment requires an emetic at once (see Aconite, Treatment) ; and then, as there is no chemical antidote, dashing cold water on the face and chest, and, if it can be obtained, the galvanic bat- tery ; as a last resort, artificial respiratiou. Citric Add. This is the natural acid of lemons, separated from them by a chemical process. It is only poisonous when taken in very large amount ; an ounce or more. Treaimenl for this, as for other add poisons, is, first, an emetic (see Aconite, Treatment), then magnesia, chalk or soda, or soap, to neuti-alize tlie acid. Coal-Oil. See Carbolic Acid. Cocculus Indicus. The berries of this Eastern tree are used in some places to poison fish. They are said also to be put, as an adulter- ation, into beer (in England), to increase its intoxicating power. Prob- ably not much of this is resdly done. Their poisonous principle is pierotorin. A tea ma. " Cocculus benies is sometimes employed to kill bedbugs, etc. ; ano iionally this has been swallowed by mistake, with fatal result. The nymptoma are, irritation of the stomach (pain, nausea, and vomiting), followed by a peculiar sort of narcotism ; a half- awake lethargy, knowing what is going on, yet quite without power to speak or move. Treatment for this poisoning, in the absence of any known antidote, must consist in the use of an emetic (see Aconite, Troitmerd), followed by draughts of warm charcoal aud magnesia water, and strong tea or coffee ; when the worst is over, allowing the patient to sleep it off at length, Colchicum. This plant. Meadow Saflron, Cokhicum autumnak, is used considerably in medicine; the Wine of the Boot and the Wine of 41 640 DOMESTIC MEDICllfS. the Seeds. By an overdose (a teaspoonful or more) violent vomiting, pain in the abdomen, purging and proetralion are caused ; in soma in- stances it is fatal. Treabneni for this poisoning should be the same aa for that from Castor-Oil Seeds ; which see. Copper. While this metal, when pure, is not itself poisonous, its compounds are ; and they are ..mle by the action on copper of the fluids of the stomach, or by acids and other materials uaetl in cooking, pickling, etc. In this way copper 'wisoning sometimes occurs, as well as among those working in copper. Mineral water (Carbonic Acid Water, Soda- Water) dissolves copper; hence reservoirs of that metal, without any, or with only an imperfect, lining of something not soluble, ought not to be used for it. The compounds of Copper most often acting poison- onsly are. Blue Vdrid (Bluestone), the SiUphaU; and Verdiffris, the Suhaodate of Copper. In large amount taken at once, either of iheae will cause severe vomiting, pain in the abdomen, and purging; afterwards headache, and, in fatal cases, convulsions or paialysis before death. Sfow p«)i8oning will result from taking small amonuts of copper daily, as in cooked or pickle«l articles, for a length 6( time. Symptoms of this are, a oopperj' taste in the mouth, with parched tongue and throat; nausea, retching, perhaps vomiting ; pains in the stomach and ' owels ; diarrhoBa, with straining; weakness, with nervous restlessness; dizziness, cold sweats, cramps, and at last convulsions. TreatmaU for rapid Copper poisoning (as it is itself an emetic) should consist in giving an abundance of whites of egga; albumen making a harmless compound with copper. MM may be given freely if no eggs are at hand ; its effect is of the same kind. For alow Copper poisoning, the main thing is to withdraw the cause, in whatever thing or things it may exist. Then, a milk diet, with moderate doses of an opiate, as Paregoric, or small doses of Laudanum, to assuage the pain and diar- rhoea, will be suitable. Corrosive Sublimate. This, the Chloride of Mercury, is a deadly poison ; three or four grains of it may kill a man. Symptomt of its action are, in a marked d^ree, those of the irritant poisons ; a metallic taste, burning in the mouth, throat, and stomach, pain in the abdomen, vomiting, purging, with straining, nervous anxiety, extreme prostration ; often convulsions, sometimes stupor, before death. Commonly, death does not result under one or more days; but examples are recorded of it»» taking place within an hour after the poison had been swallowed, TrecUment of Corrosive Sublimate poisoning requires (as for copper) free administration of whites of eggs; the more the better, until relief is obtained ; or, if ^gs cannot be had, large and repeated draughts of nUlk. Ik rotaos'rna. 641 CreMOte. This, obtniaed from Tar, has iwiiionoiw propertieg much resemWing thaw of Carbolic Acid ; which see. Croton Oil. CH)tained from the »r«l8 of the pUint called Cmtmi tlglium; this oil is a very powerful cathartic, us well an an irritant to the skin. Oiie drop of it will purge severely. Thirty drojis have Ikcii known to kill, with symptoms of irritant pisoning ; namely, vomiting, pain in the abdomen, violent diarrhoea, and prostration. For treutmetd of these symptoms, so caused, see Castor-Oil Seeds. Cyanide of Potassium. See Hydrocyanic Acid. Digitalis. Foryhve is the common name in England for this purple- flowered plant. The leaves are U8«l in medicine, chiefly in the form of a Tincture. Its active principle, Digitalin, is a powerful \w\mm. Not many cases of death from taking either Digitalis or Digitalin have been reported. The symplafms resulting fmm cither of them are, vomiting, purging, pain in the alxlomcn, dizziness, disordered sight, dilated pupils; tfie pulse full and slow while the |»atient is lying down, but becoming rapid and weak when he sits up. Later, prostration and faintnesB follow, with an irregular pulse ; towards the last, delirium, convulsiona, and stupor. Death does not generally occur under twenty- four or thirty-six hours ; although in one case it is asserted to have taken place within an hour. Treatment of Digitalis poisoning, as of that of other agents for which we h.-'.ve no oerttun antidotes,* must consist of the use of an emetic (see Aconite, Treatment), unless copiom as well as frequent vomiting has already occurred ; and then charcoal and magnesia-water, with such cau- tious use of stimulants (ammonia, whisky, external heat, the galvanic battery) as the symptoms appear to call for; and, if all else fails, arti- ficial respiration. • Aco^ia is Baid U . r physiological antidote for Digitalin; but it in it»«lf too potent a poigon to be dealt with bv any but skilful profe«ional hand-. I ! 643 DOMKSTtC MEDtCtlfM. Fia. 279. Ergot. Steak flomui'-n, or flpi' red Rye ; this is a kind of paratitie vegetable growtli u})ou the grain of rnmniuu Rye ; moat fV«queutl/ met with on damp gruundti in mnuo parts of Northern Europe. Before itH qualities ^ere understood, whole coninmnitim wore winictiiiics luore or less severely poisoned by it ; the wontt symptom at- tending its use m food being gniujreixc of the ex- tremities. Wine of Ergot it, largely used as a medi- cine, especially in cases of sluggish labor, or for the arrest of hemorrhage. I do not know of any cases of fatal poisoning by overdoses of this preparation. If any one should be made ill by such, or by the Fluid Extract of Ergot, taken by mistake, an emetic, followed by chon-oal and mugnesia-watcr, would be proper in the treatment Ether. Although much safer than chloroform as an nmxiUhdiei, breathed to prcxlucc insensibility under surgical operations, or to mitigate the pains of labor, Ether nmy possibly bo inhaled to such an extent as to cpjse dangerous and even fatal narcotism. In such a case, the puke fails ; it flutters, and almost or quite ceases. When complete insensibility has been brought on by any aniesthetic, as shown by the arm dropping at once when lifted, by deep breathing, and by the iids not closing forcibly when they are opened with the fingers, then the ether, chloroform, or nitrous oxide should be withdrawn at once. In using ether in child-koor, it is not needful or desirable to produce entire in- sensibility. The " edge " may be taken off of severe pains in the second stage of labor (expulsive pains) by the patient beginning to breathe the ether from a sponge wet with it and held near the nostrils, aa soon as a pain begins ; and continuing it only for a minute or two with each pain. If, under anaesthesia, the pulse ceases to be felt, the breathing becomes feeble, and the face shows collapse, dash cold water in the face ; put a bottle of ammonia under the nosc^ for a moment at a time ; and, if reaction is slow, lift the patient's heels above his head for a few seconds ; then, if necessary, b^iu artificial respiration. (See Drown* ing.) BPUBTIED BTC. rotaoimro. f Fish, PouoMua. Accounts are given of certain kinds of fish, chiefly ill tru|>ioal climates, being unwhuleMomc and even tlangeroiw fuud. 1 have never heard of a!'y wicli in thin rtiimtry. Most cai»e« m rcjwrtfd are probably instanivs of " idicjHyntTuny "; that is, peculinrity of individual ttiuittitutionH. Tlidsc so uffiH-tcil in ly n-nuire uii emetic, if the irritutiu); undigcHttxl article rciiinins in the Mtuniach. If the bowels arc not uln-ady purged frev ly, chamnl and niagiieMia will be ai)i>ro}>rinte ; and perha|)s moderate duscs of j>an>goric or lauilaiiuni may be aillei! f<>r falthougli not nearly always so) to allay lingering {lain and distretw of the stomach and bowels. Fungi. Muahrooms and Tnifflf« l)elong to this group of plants ; both being largely eaten, and agreeing with mmt jiersons. Botanists inform us that there are many spetnes of innocent and nou.-ishing fungi ; but thcife arc some, also, tliat are di ..gerously poisonous. While, tiien, the oeneral rule is, tlmt those whose color is not dark, nor to'te harsh, nor odor disagreeable, are harmless, ex{>erimentit ai-e not safe in such a matter, when made by those ignorant of the kind they have found. The true eatable Mmhrnom, Agaricua campeatm, grows on open ground, hmpink "gills" or a frilled arrangement underneath its crown, a small " ruffle" also on its stem, and a thin skin on top, which can be peeled off easily. The assertion made by some that even this plant is unsafe until cooked d(x« not agree with my experience ; us I have often eaten at least a small handful of mushiwm plants raw, .ithout any injun. Still, they may under some circumstances be less wholesome, and cookii g improves their flavor as well as secures their ini.oc!ency. Symptoma of " toadstool" poisoning are those of imtant poisoiv.ig ; vt.miting, purging, and abdominal pains; with, also, dizziness, i>artial blindness, delirium, perhaps convulsions and stupor, at least in fatal cases. Generally, the symptoms do not show themselves for a number of hours, if the irritant effecte are most prominent ; but gtupefying effects have sometimes ajv peared within an hour or two. No antidote for fungus-poisoning having been ascertained to exist, the proiwr trealiimit for it is, the use of mustard, salt, or iiKxac. tm an emetic, followed by charcoal and magnesia-water, nnd then stim ants (ammonia, whisky, etc.), if required by great debility ; lime-watar and milk for nourishment (later, beef-tea, etc.); and, if irritation pad pain without stupor be present, careful use of moderate doses of some opiate OB paregoric or laudani m, to assuage distress and procure relief. : e44 MOMMariO MMDIOIMM. Hillebort. Thne pUnU go by ihia name : BUuk HeUebon {H^i- horm Niger), Greeti HellelMiv ( Veratrim Viride), and U^Ufe Hellebon ( Vemfyvm ABmm). Thew are all poiHODoiu* when taken in ooiisideralile <]<Me; the WhUe Hellebore Uie niob'. ao, containing t» ita active principle vfitUria.* Black Hellebore is aometimet given, in the form of a tea, in En;;land, for wornw ; bat it is not a Mofe doniottic medicine. Death has aomo- times resulted from its use, with 8ym|>tums like those of cholera-raorbos. (f^reen or Ameriran Hellijbore, Verairum IliriVfr, is not infrequently prescribeil by pliy licians as a sedative medidnc, in the form of a Tinel- ure, in doses of two or Uiree drops at a time. In large dose, it will kill, diiefly by ptvttration. Veratria, in a dose less than one-twelfth of a grain, has caused alarming efleota. Two grains of it will kill a Fw.181. maoiocK. PABSLBT. cat in less than a minute. WhiU H^BAort depends for its action on this powerful alkaloid, TVeatmeni of Hellebore or Veratria poisoning requires, first a brisk emdin (see Aconite, Treatment), and tlieu etimulaiUa; as ammonia and latJanum. The la8t>-named has seemed in several cases to be especially useful ; but it must be given with caution, so as not to substitute one kind of pois(»iing fw aoot er in an excessive d^ree. Hemlock. Socrates, the Qreek philosopher, was put to death by this poison {Geuta of the ancients; now Cbnium maeulahim). It is a depressant; not very unlike Tobacco and Lobelia in its effects. Some* times Hemlock has been eaten by mistake for Pbrsley ; to which it has POtKOSIHO. 84A ■onw iwemblMoe in appewnuMV. Atll >im cynw/Juw, Fool'* Panley, b MMlhcr pokonoiM plant, gmwing wiW in New Knuland, wliich ba* Iwen iomitimM cati-n l>y niintalto for panli^. PittMrathn aiul Urn of power to move are tlie chief *ym/j<oi. # of i h action ; the njiiul Iwi « clear of iitu|»or or even deiiriunt to the 'rut. Pluto descnljen H«ic- ratM tm converning mlnily with his diwriplea until neor liiit cihI. Tteahnent of HcniUx-k iMiimminit niuut he by on emrth (niiwtani pr»- fert«d), followed by glimulalion, with ammimia, vhiokif {imall <lme» Ht iilmrt intervals), hnd t.i the Uxly and linibs, and, us hist resorts, the galvanic battery and artificial rettpirution. Fio. 282. fool's pabsut. Hydrochloric Acid, Muriaiic A<nd, the old name for this, is still much used. It is not so strong an acid as Sulphuric Acid (Oil of Vitriol), but its eflects are of the same kiinl. The smalle-t fatal dose recorded is half an ounce (about a taUespoonlul). Much larger quan- tities have been taken without destroying life. The symptoms are those of irritant poisoning. (See Sulphuric Acid for these symptoms, and also for their Treatment.) Hydrocyanic Acid. The common name for this is Prussic Acid. It ia «Mie of the moet deadly of all known poisons Yet, in small i •M POMMifiO MMOtOt/TK MBouDt, It k pnwnt (or b tmily ttmim\ (Voni) iwvonil rainilhur thin|pi| m |ii»rb-fliiw<>ni, IravGH, nml UrnH^k, hitUt nlnioiMlit, ap|>lc>-M<MlN, nummm 1^ the ohcny, plum, mm! «prk<ot, th« rout of thf moantiiin awh, nml tha (lowen of th" cheny-laun>l. Water ilbtillni fWmi tiiia butt («'hmy- laurel watet) U quite poiMonttiw. In all tluw, it i<> not th«* ai-itl itwlf tiwt i* preMnt, but two mihitanoefi which rmdily hmn it, whtm mixed to|(ether with water. Vnm\u witl in until in medicine in the oomlition of DUute Hjfdroeyanie And. It ia of two ptrengthit ; the oJfhinnl, two part* in one hundnxl of water; and 'SpA<W<>V, containing about Ave jwrta in one hundred. The niedidnal dnno of tho offlfinnl I'rumiic Acid in one drop. Fifty or itixtydropH will generally l» a fatal dfwc. The «yni/«<om« are thow of Midden and extreme prtmlration ; coining on in a minute or two, and ending life in tttm tm to fifUm mimiUm. Time for trtatment ia thus neldom albwod. JJaahing ooltl i-airr r^ieutodly upon the face and chest, and careful breathing and swallowing of Ammonitt, are about all that can often be done. DesHertspoonful doaca of whisky or brandy, a few times, will be appropriate. It would bo right to try also, in so dcaperate a case, the quick and powerful stimulation of Umittd drmg heat; by touching the pit of t^e stomat^h and the middle of the back, alternately, '.i the end of a poker, or a piece of stout wire, heated not quite to a reil heat at the ncan«t fire, gas, himp, or comlle flame. ICIei-trittity, an aualc^<>ii8 exoitant, cuii seldom Iw had ready in time for this kind of poisoning. Cyanide of Fotaagittm has precisely the same effects as Pnwsio Add, in doses Mtill smaller. It is used by photographers and in electrotyping. Treatment of poisoning firom it should be tho same as for Hydrocyaniu Acid. Hyoacyamua. The Henbane {HyoncyamuK niger) has a root like a small parsnip, and lias oooasiimally been eaten by mistake for it Poi- sonous effects result from this, na well as from swallowing the seeds or leaves. An extract from the leaves i« used in mcdiciuc. Sifmptomii of . Hyoscyamus poisoning are : dryncHs ot* the thnnt, with <lifflctilty of swallowing ; enlargi>nient of the pupils, and climneHs of vision ; head- ache, ringing in the ear.*, dixzine^, vomiting ; later, delirium, sometimes convulsions and pamlysis, and stupor, which may end iu dea>h. D-etit- ment of such poisoning, at least iu the absence of a physician, should consist of the immediate 'isc of an emdw (mustard, salt, or ipecac), fol- lowed by charcoal and uugnesia-water; freely given. roitoiriiro. ei7 ledlM. SdvmiiI prp|»ratini»t i<iHitiiiuinK ttiU w;twtMHv are uiwd in nK<ilH''ii« ; iMit tiM'V «r»' iw»l vi-rj- lik«'ly in lx> tak»«u }x>i«»uoiinly. Wore tliiM li» lut|>|iPii, this fffwln w<MiM In- ••lii«-Hy llmw! i>l' an irrUwtl |M»wtMi. 'T\iK titttkloir ft* IfnliiH' w W»m7i ; if it in im»< oh IuuhI in n jMire ntntv, fltmr ami wkUt, or riov-watt-r, iiimlc Uii<'k, will mpply it sufficiently wvU. JunM n Weed. See Stratnonium. jMsamii.«. Tlie Yvllow JoMmiuino {(lelitemum mmpervirrm) oon> teimi an alkaloid, (ivlm-miiiiii, wliii-h Iium prtNluml death iu tliu dam o( one-sixtli n( a jp-aiii ; with Myinptoiiw of irri^ttnt ami (li>|tr(>MMaiit |M>iMHi- ing. Of oounto t'lo plant ittiflf in duuKt'miw only when swallowed in muoh larger amount. An nmlir, ('lum<ual uml niOKUCHia- water, and Htimulation with ainnionia and whi«ky, etc., would be th« pruiMsr treat* ment for auch poisoning. Kalmia. The common laurel of lower Pennsylvania (Wiwwihiekon roods near Philadelphia) ami eW>wlier»', idno e«ll«l Shivp I^iurel, Kal- mia Lnttfolia, haw long had tlie n-putation of lieing poitxmtHiM. TliomaH Meehan, one of the Iwjt m-ientilic l)otaui!*ti* in America, n-cently {Gnr- dener'M Monthly, 1884), on the Imsih of exiH>riment« l»y ehemi»tH who found no poi»onouH principle in it,denii'H itn immhououh iiuatity altogether. He is probably right; but there ia no occanion for risking anything by ■ting it. Laurel. See Kalmia, above. Tlie Clierry Laurel lias in iti leaves the ingredients which, with water, make Priime Add. See Hydro- cyanic Acid. Lead. While metallic Lead is not poisonous, many of its compounds arc so. The one most nearly inert is the Sulphate of I.«ad. Hence Sulphuric Acid, and its salts, as Sulphate of Magnesium, ore antidotes for it. Sugar of Lead (Aivtate of Unul) and the Suljuoetate, present in Goulard's Extra<-t, which are often useil to make Ijea«l-water, are sometimes taken poisonously by mistake. Violent vomiting and purg- ing, with very severe puins in the abdomen, followed by prostration, have been the symptoms iu such cases ; death taking place (if the quan- tity was very lai^je) in from one to three days. Treatment for such aetttf. or sudden poisoning by I^ead, should consist in the use, if vomiting ia not oopiou^ of an emetic dose (twenty to thirty grains) of Sulphate of 648 DOMBSTtC MEDICINB. ii t Zinc, followed hy whites of eggs in abundance, milk, and moderate doisea of- Sulphate of Magnesium (Epsom Salts); with warmth applied to the body, and opiates (as Paregoric or Laudanum) to relieve pain when the most urgent symptoms have been overcome. tUow or chronic Lead poisoning is much more common. Workmen engaged in the sciiaration of Lead from its ores, or in the manufacture of « white » and " red " Lead, Lice- whitenew, card-glazere, painters, and also glaziers, plumbers, pewterers, and those who ghize pottery, are all exposed to it Sleeping in a freshly-painted room affects some persons. Cooking-vessels lined with glazing containing Lead, and fruit or vege- table cans in which it has been used in the soldering process, when acid fruits or vegetables have been kept for some time in them, make such articles of food more or less poisonous. Mineral (carbonic acid) water in leaden reservoirs becomes so. When leaden pipes are used to carry the liquid from such reservoirs, so much of the carbonic acid water as remains long in the pijies dissolves enough lead to be injurious. Beer or cider dra>vn through leaden pipes is likewise tainted. Using shot to clean wine-bottles, leaving some shot, in the bottles and again filling tlicm with wine, exi)ose8 it to this action. Wrapping tobacco in tbfoil ("patent" tinfoil) which contains lead, as pure tinfoil does not, is un- safe for the same reason. Hair dyes, to blacken the hair, generally contain Lead, and serious poisoning, once at least fatal, has resulted from their free and frequent use ; and the same is true of some enamels, etc., for the complexion. (Another objection to these last is the fact that sulphur, or sulphuretted hydrogen gas, will blacken such cosmetics ; with a frightful effect occasionally upon the faces so meant to be adorned.) Water may be poisoned by passing through leaden pipes, under certain circumstances. Not always, clearly ; as the tens of thousands of hydrants in the cities of New York, Philadelphia, and others, are so supplied. But so much has been said about this in a previous part of this book that we may refer concerning it to Water Supply, under Our Homes,' in Hygiene. Two kinds of slow Lead poisoning occur; Lead Colic and Lead Paley. Both of these have been considered in our alphabetical series, under Special Diseases. As, also, they are always sufficiently prolonged for opportmvity to exist to obtain medical advice, their treatment does not i-cquire here to be dwelt upon. Ley. See Potassa. Lime. Especially umlaked Lime, being strongly alkaline, is cawaic, and irritating to the stomach and bowels. Its effects, if ki^ly swal- lowed, are those of the irritant poisons; vomiting, purging, abdominal pains, and subsequent prostration. li-Mtment, vinegar and watar, or in roiBoyiya. 649 kmon^ice (botk acidt, to neubralize the alkaline earth, lime) and water, quickly and abundantly given. Lobelia. Indian Tobacco, Lobelia inflata, a common small plant in this country, has long been popularly used as a medicine. Tincture of Ijobelia is a valuable remedy for attacks of asthma. In overdose, it is very poisonous, with a deprcamrd action, resembling that of tobacco. The " Thomsonian " system of pseudo-medicine usetl Ix)belia freely, and thereby has been charged * with sacrifii'ing the lives of thousands of persons. Symploma of Lobelia poisoning arc ; vomiting, sometimes puiging, extreme prostration; in some instances convulsions before death. In treatment of Lobelia poisoning, as we have no special antidote, we can only depend upon an mnetie (mustard preferred), followed by char- coal and magnesia-water, and aimvlation, with ammonia, whisky, etc., and heat applied to the body. Lunar Caustic. See Nitrate of Silver. Its antidote is eomwion mU. ■ * By Dr. Back, in bis M«dic«l Jurisprudence. «60 POMMSTIO MEDIOtWM. Mercury. This metal, in the pure state, is not pmmnous ; but several of its preixirations are so; notably Corrosive Sublimate; which see. Morphia. See Opium. Mushrooms. See Fungi. Mussels. On the coast of Europe, in many places, these are used extensively for food ; but now and then they make people ill; whether because of their i)ecHliar « idiosyncrasy," «r on account of a change in the mussels, it is very hard to ascertain. The »ympt(m» arc generally others of irritant poisoning; an eruption on the skin like nettle-rash being also common. Death has sometimes resulted. In treatment, an me«c, and charcoal and magnesia-water, are appropriate. Nitrate of Silver. Lunar r^wAtc is the common name for this. It IS a powerful irritant poison. If swallowed by accident or mistake, the infmplmw, of its action will be like those of corro»/re nMimate poison- mg, only less rap-'J and violent. The antidote for Nitrate of Silver is common satt {ch le of sodium); which makes with it the harmless chloride of aUver. Let salt be taken,'a tablespoonful at a time, in water ; Its emetic action will be an advantage. Nitric Acid. Aqua Portia is an old commercial name for this pow- erful acid. Two teaspoonfuls of it swallowed will generally destroy life. Breathing Us fumes has repeatedly caused death Avithin ten to fifteen hours. Symptoms of Nitric Acid poisoning, and their treatment, are the same m those of the other mineral acuds. See Sulphuric Acid! Nux Vomica. See Strychnia. Oil of Bitter Almonds. See Bitter Almonds. Opium. This is the most powerful and frequently used of the sleep- producing (hijpnotic) and anodyne (pain-relieving) medicines. Morphia 18 its most characteristic and important active principle. Laudanum Faregm-ic, and McMunn's Elixir are familiar preparations containing it. The effects on the human system of all these are veiy much the same, in different degrees. Four or five grams of solid Opium will generally kill a pereon not habituated to it; and this amount is represented in a tempoonful of Laudanum, m a wineglassful of Paregoric, and in a grain of Sulphate, Acetate or Muriate of Morphia. The regular American Solution of Morphia contains one grain of Sulphate of Morphia in each fluidounc*; M^endt^s solution of Morphia contains sixteen grains in each fluidounoe. While, therefore, about two tablespoonfuls of the American solution rotaoNixra. <M wUl be the smallest poisonous dose, a half-teaspoonful of Magendie's Solution will be equally dangerous. Under the heading of Stimulantu and Narcotien, in Part II., on Hy- giene, attention has been given to the enormous do(«s taken by those who Irnve long been aceustomed to the use of Opium. Tliose suffering extreme pain, also, sometimes bi-ar nuieh larger than usual me«lieinal amounts j but the increase of the quantity in such cases re<iuii-cs a great deal of care. Children are remarkably susiceptible of the influence of opiates. Very small doses of laudanum, pai-egoric, etc., should be given to a child, before as<«i-taining its individual liability in this respect. Laudanum, when long kept, grows stronger; we should be especially cautious, therefore, in giving the last drojw of an oUl bottle of laudanum. Spnptoma of any kind of Opiate poisoning are: in not very excessive dose, at first a short period of excitement ; in oversvhelming dose, this is absent and the deep stui)or comes almost at once ; with closed eyes, whose pupils, if the lids be raised, are seen to Iw contracted ; pulse slow and full ; breathing snoring (stertorous) ; face flushed and skin warm, until near the end, when pallor and coldness pretiede death. The slow- ness of the breathing in bad cases is very remarkable. The condition on the whole bears a ch)se resemblance to apopkxy, dewl drunkenness, and cmnpremon of the bmin from fracture of the skull. In neither of these, however, are the pupils contractal as in Opium-poisoning. Death usually follows within from seven to twelve hours. Treatment of Opium-poisoning calls first for an emetic; a teaspoonful of mustard, a tablespoonful of salt, or a teaspoonful of ijiecac., in warm water, should be poured down the throat at once, if the patient can Bwallow. When this is not possible, a physician will use a st(ma£h- pump. After the emetic, if Tincture of Belladonna can be obtained, let twenty drops of it be given every half hour until the pupils begin to dilate. This is advisetl because of the frequent experience showing that atroj^ia (the alkaloid of Belladonna) and motpliia ant^^,'onize■ each other in their effects ui)on the human system. If a physician is on hand, he will be likely, instead, to administer (dropia hijpwlermicnlly ; that is, through and under tlie skin, in dases of one-twentieth of a grain each time, watching its effects. Also, cold water should be dashed upon the face, and the patient's body may be slapiietl vigtirously, or, if he can, he may Ik; nuule to walk alwnt ; anything to keep him awake, or from sinking into the fatal degree of lethargj-. (Observe how different a case this is from that of apoplexy, or of stujwr fron^ jradure of the. skuU. In either of those conditions, the patient should w kept as quid as possible ; brain-rest is then indispensable to give a chance of recovery.) The galvanic battery, applied to the back and chest, and a iijiaial rapi- 652 BOMMSTie MEJUCISS. It! I m ration (see Drowning) are last resorts in Opiate poisonini;. Touching tlie back and pit of the stomach lightly but repeatedly with a very hot iron (e. g., the end of a piece of thick wire, etc.) will be worth trying for the same roming effect. If the {latient b^ins to improve souh to swallow, stroi^ tea or coffee will assist in removing the narcotisnu Oxalic Acid. A small amount of this gives the sour taste to sorrel and to the leaves ^f rhubarb (pie-plant). When pure, it is a crystalline solid, enough in appearance like Epsom salts to have been occasionally taken for it. In taste, however, it is very different. The smallest amount ever fatal is a drachm ; half an ounce or an ounce may easily l)e so. Sj/mptonis of its action are those of an irritant poison (see Cor- rosive Sublimate, etc.), with extreme prostration, and also headache, delirium, and convulsions before death. A very large dose may kill in a few minuteg; generally death results within an hour. In exceptiDual instances, it has happened after several days. TreaimetU i. '- ~)xalic Acid poisoning must be, the immediate use of something coniaining lime, mixed with water or oil. Ckilk will answer best, unless lune-waier is at liand, to, be used freely. Magnesia will do, if there is no lime or chalk within reach. Scraping plaster from a wall and giving it to the patient will be better than to wait half an hour to send to a druggist, as there is no time to lose. f9IS»NlS9. 663 Phoiphoros. ThiB Bubstanoe, a small portion of which is always naturally present in our brains and in ourlvines, is, when in the separate state, a most destructive poison. It acts rapidly ; when, for example, emls of lucifer matches arc swallowed, through mistake or malice. It is known also to act slowly, in producing disease of the jawbones, with those engaged in making lucifer matches. Symptunu of acute or rapid Phosphorus poisoning usually begin to appcjii- a few hours after it is taken. There is a garlicky taste, with burning in the throat, pain in the stomach, violent vomiting, sometime* purging ; coldness, prostration, and either convulsions or stupor before death, which may follow in from one to five or six days. The amount necessary to kill an atlult is less than a grain. A child two years old is reported to have died in conse- quence of swallowing the ends of eight friction-matches ; and two of these have killed an infant two months old. Treatment of Phosphorus poisoning must be conducted without any known antidote, unless old spirit of turpentine, in teaspoonful doses, be such, as some have asserted. First give an emetic (see Aconite, Treat- ment), with plenty of warm water; then charcoal and marfncxia-water, abundantly. No oil (unless oil of turi)entine, as above said) is to l)c given after Phosphorus poisoning; oil dissolves and difluses it more n.pidly. Rice-water, milk, or flaxseetl-tea will be suitable to allay irritition, in a case which escapes death. Potassa. Caustic Potasaa, or Potash, is a powerful destroyer of animal tissues; liaving a very strong affinity for water. Ley contains it in considerable amount. Its effects, when swallowed, are tlioee of an irritant poison. (See Corrosive Sublimate, etc.) Injury of the throat may remain for a long time. Treatment must be by an emetic, and the neutralization of the alkali potassa with an acid; as vineffar or lemon-juice promptly and freely given, in an abundance of water. Af- terwards, flaxseed-tea, milk, rice-water, etc., wll l)e appropriate, to soothe the inflamed stomach and bowels. Prussic Acid. See Hydrocyanic Acid. lift I'll 1 1 6M DOMKaric Mxtuctsa, Sausage Poisoning. The history of this is quite obacate. Mart of the cases have l)een reported in Oennany, where uncooked sausage- meat is often eaten. Some of the deaths are undoubtedly to be accounted for by trichinoais, (See the account of the spiral thread-worm, trichina, under Worms.) Probobly spoiled sausage may sometimes acquire a poisonous property without these parasites. The symptoms described as following sausage poisoning are those of an itritan'-narootic kind, Emetieg and charcoal and magnesia-water will constitute a reasonable treatment for them. Soda. This alkali, when pure, is caustic, like potassa. What is commonly called Soda, however, is the Bicarbonate of Sodium. This is not poisonous; although tablespoonful doses would be irritating and Fio. 283. JAMBSTOWK WEKD (gTRAI«Oyltm). unwholesome for the stomach. For the aymptom and treafment of prf- floning by caustic Soda, see Potassa. Stramonium. Datura Stramonium is the botanical name of the com- mon Jamestown (often called Jimson) weed. Tliamnappk is another name for it. The seed^ are sometimes eaten by children, with fatal ef- fect. Both the seeds and the leaves are sometimes used in medicine. Symptmis attend Stramonium jwisoning, of the same kind, essen- tially, as those resulting from Belladonna or Atropia. For an account of these, therefore, and the treatment thereof, see Belladonna. Strychnia. This violent poison is contained in the finiit of the Nvx Vomica (Dog buttons), a tree native to India. Bruda is another poi- Moous alkaloid present with it in the samQ fruit or seeds, and in a few fotaoiTttro. M5 other plants. One nut or seed of Nux Vomica Is a fatal dose for an adult ; of Stryohnia, half a grain has killed a man. Symptom of thia kind of poisoning are quite pemiliar. Almost immediately after taking it, great restlessness comes on, with a fteling of suffocation. Hoon fol- low jerking movements of tlie arms, 1^, and head; and then a tetanio condition (like that of lockjaw) in which all the raustrlcM of tlio hody become stiffly contracted ; the body making an arch, resting upon the head and heels. The mind is at the same time unaffected. After a minute, more or less, this 8|)asmodic attack gives way ; hut it is .repeated in half an hour or so ; being hastened by any sudden sound, touch, or other sensation. Death results in some cases in a few minutes ; in others, not under several hours. The average time is about two hours. Treatmetd. Give at once an emetic of mudard, salt, or Ijteeac, with large drinks of warm water. Tlieu use chloroform, carefully, by inha- lation. Lay a handkerchief single over the patient's face; a 1 drop upon it, near tlia nostrils, one drop at a time, of chloroform, 'il the breathing and other movements are quieted. Then remove the hand- kerchief, but renew the dropping when another tetanic spasm appears to be beginning. The iidemal use of chloroform, in teaspoonfiil doses, well diluted with water, is also recommended ; having saved life in recorded instances. This is heroic treatment ; but there is hardly any more terrific poison to deal with than Strychnia. Sulphuric Acid. Oil of Vitriol. A heavy liquid, very corrosive. Swallowing a teaspoonful of it may kill a grown person, within twenty- four hours; chiefly from suffocation. Sometimes death is almost im- mediate. With smaller quantities, burning pain, vomiting and pros- tration are the symptoms. Dreatment. At once, soda, magnesia or chalk, freely given in large draughts of water or milk, if the patient can swallow ; if not, there is little hope of recovery. A physician may, in bad cases, use the stomach-pump, or perhaps open the windpipe to prevent death by suffo- cation. 42 6M bOMMBTtO MMDICtHM. I i 'At W. \ \ \ Tarur Emetic. See Antimony. Tartaric Acid. The natand aoid <^ gnpea. It ii prewnt b ereoai ^f tartar (bitartrate of potaMiom). In doaes as large aa an oance, or perfaapB len, it ia an irritant poison. It» tymptomt and their proper treatment are the aame aa those of Citric Acid ; which see. Tin. Pure metellio Tin is not at all poi^^unoos. Water may be liept, boiled, or conveyed in vessels. or pipes uade of it, with entire safety. If it is ever alloyed with IokI, which is said to be the case with one kipd of patent tinfoil, and some other cheap tin now made, this is an inju- rious fraud. It is doubtful whether even the long-continued action of vine- gar, or of the acid of fruits, in cans of pure tin, will dissolve enough of the metal to become unwholesome. Bits of aolder, consisting partly <rf lead, may sometimes drop into the contents of cans; and these frag- ments, if swallowed, will be likely to produce lead poisoning. One diould use the tongue, watiiftilly, before swallowing each mouthful of anything taken from a tin can. J)yer'» %>irU, a preparation omtaming ih^ chloridw of Tin, is an irritant poison of moderate power. ' Very few imtanoes of its being injuriously taken are reooided. Toadatools. See PungL Tobacco. Containing a very poisonous volatile liquid alkaloid, nieotm, the leaves of the Tobacco plant are capable of destroying life, when a pwtion is swallowed, or even long applied in a moist state to a considerable part of die surface of the body. Two cases are recoitled, also, of death from excessive smoking; one from seventeen, and the other fW)m eighteen pipes at a single attug. Probably a grown man, unaccustomed to the use of Tobacco, might be fatally poisoned by swallowing the whole of a single strong cigar. Symptom of Tobocoo poisoning are dizziness, restlessness, vomiting, sometimes purging, and extreme prostration. It is a depretsant poison. Treatment should be, the use of a mustard or salt emeUc^ followed by ammoMa as a stimulant, with warmth to tiie body and rubbing the limba to excite reaction. rorao/rryo. •57 2inc. Pure Zinc b not poiaonotn. The Zinc oommonl^ uwd, how- ever, contains aomo antimony ami \m], a little areenir, and other im- puritiea. It is not a aafe thing, therefore, to store water in, or to line cooking-vessels, etc., with. Sulphate of Zine (White Vitriol) is a powerful irritant poiwrn. It produces vomiting at once, and therefore seldom kills unless in vciy large doses; half an ounce or an ounce at once. Symptoms and D-eat- menl of such poisoning are like those of other metallic irritants. See Corrosive Sublimate, or Copper. Chloride of Zino is used in solu- tion as a disinfectant, under the name of Burnett's Fluid. It is still more corrosive and irritant thai, the Sulphate. Sec Copper, for tymp- lom§ and treatment of such poisoning. 1 , i r 1 r"-" I i ■1 'i i i ' ^ ! i i II ' h 1 ^^^^^M ^^^H '-. ^^^^H ,| ' ' H 1 ^^^^^^B if ^^^^H ; ^^I^^^^^B 'l ^^^^^^H i ^^^^H f' ^^^^^H I H^^^l jl , ( 1 ^^^H'- i { PART vir OLD AGE AND DEATH. WE AUi DO FADE AS A LEAP. NOT many penom die s perfectly natural death. Tliw, bh wm mii earlier in this book, mufht to take place mit mtich, if at alt, before the end of the hundredth year. Yet many perwimi may tnily enough be considered to die of old »ff!, without having any n<nnif(>Ht diwat^e, nt ninety, or even eighty-five yean ; indeed, ponibly, before their eightieth year. (^portunity to observe very cloeely the last stagea of one slowly de- clining life, with a lew direct acquaintance with several others, hivt con' firmed my view, that old age is, in several respects, a second chSldhnoil. The development seen in infancy, during the first five years of life, is, more gradually, rererted, in those who live to be from eighty-five to a hundred years old. The changes most noticeable are these : 1. Wn^inff. The least necessary part of the body, the fat, first dis- appears ; causing the shrivelied appearance of the figure, and the deeply wrinkled face and bony hands. Then the muscular flesh is absorbed, with accompanying loss of strength ; which, however, is less felt because of the little weight left to be moved about. 2. Food is wanted to be taken often, though not in large ammmts at once. After seventy, the old man should take food four times a day ; after eighty, even five times will be better ; milk being an important part of his diet. Near ninety, almost all his food should be liquid ; especially as the teeth have (with few exceptions) gone long before. It is true that the dentist's art, by supplying artificial teeth, when " the grinders cease because they are few," has now made very advanced age more possible. Beof-tea, or beef-essence, not filtered, but warmed and spiced moderately with red pepper, will greatly help out the diet of those who are very aged. 3. More and more hours of repose are required. They may not be •11 hours of sound sleep; as old pereaaa often do not sleep so many POMMMTIO MtDioiirm boiincaiitiBaoadjrwdionwhoanjroanger. IkA rmj tm vim AmUj riioaM iiwBd ai Uad eight hooni t^ the lirentjr-foar in bed or ndining on ft ooucli. AfW wBwaty, the hnnn of rrpuae nhould never be 1< « tluin nine } nftw wghly, ten j and at c* imu- ninety, half or more of ttie old nuut'ii time will nxwt naturally and ftdvantageoualy be itpent at imt. 4. Childhoui Ih refieftted alw> in the fnthlennw of mrata) power, frun the waating of the brain. Ttie nienmr}- ^u* Arat ; («p(^>ially the rewl- feotinn of reuent eventa. Far off renwmbranocH, of early daya, and of thoae of middle life, oome up alnmat aa frofihly aa e\-er; but what hap- pened yceterday, or even to-day, is eamly forgotten. ITie power to reaaon cloaely, or to give attention veiy loi^ to rnie aubject, next givM way. We need not dwell on the dimneaa of eight and dulneaa (d hear- ing, which are among the usual (but not un!veraal) inflrmitieB of age. In all theee particnlan, there in a vety great variety in individuals. Some of those who live the longest retain till the last more of their original mental capiHty, with good Might, hearing, and muwmkr strength, than those whoae life-ent-rgy '» exhausted not much after the end of four- score yean. 6. TrmpenUurf is lowest in the aged ; and resistance to cold is, with them, feeble. A very old person should be sure to wear a sufficiency of warm clothing, and dimild not sleep in a room where the thermometer marks less than 60° Fahr. Such a oue risks death from rold ttroke by wm walking out of doon when the temperature approaches aero. Life ends, be/ore old age, through general exhauation from disease, or through failure of one or man of the three great organs, the heart, lungs, and brain. Cessation of the hettrft action may be called death by syncope; that by interference with the Ainction of the hmg$, cw- fhyxia ; (mm (^pression of the bram, coma. Exhaustion of the whole system constitutes aidhenia. Sudden death may result fVom apoplexy ; or rupture of the heart, which hod undergone fatty degeneration ; or very copious bleeding from the lungs or bowels ; or bursting of an aneurism or an abscess within the chest, or of an aneurism within the abdomen ; or suffocation ; or ex- haustion from violent over-exertion, or from effort too severe or pro- longed for the strength to endure; or shock; as from violent mental fetation, of gri?f, fear, or even joy. Observation of not a few deadi-beds has given the writer the impres- sion that much suffering at the time of death is the exception rather than t)ie rule. A natural antedhema precedes the moment of dissolution ; when the eye grows fixed, and the lips scarcely move, there u but little^ eiD AOK AHD ttKAttt. m if uy, WBiibtlit left; and •vm the laet cmivtilitive movementii, which ■omednMi ha\> the eMpect (rf* agony, are utmally unnNwiiiUB. Th« moat natncml mode of (ksth liaa alnioat aa littk vbleiwe iu it aa the boniii^ out (^ a candle in its aooket. Pal* T»ia al Mmpi why do mm drMul to meat iliw f For all Earth'it tils, thy anudyiw \» Iwat. CooM fantly, t)Mitb ; then WMr; Lib will fmet X\tm, jU gm t» lh« Mill th* nMjr-ourt«iMd Wart. INDEX OF LOCAL DISORDERS AND INJURIES. Abdomen, dropsy of, 403. wounds of, 612. Ankle, sprained, 6qS. Anus, fissure of, 263, 412. prolapsus, 413. Aorta, aneurism of, 410. Appendicitis, 414. Arm, broken, 592,593. Arteries, woun(b of, 618. Bladder, disorders of, 419. Bones, broken, 590. Bowels, bleeding from, 388. costiveness of, 150, 250, 269. crack at outlet, 412. falling of, 413, 420. i iflammation, 420. looseness of, 270. symptoms affecting, 25c. Brain, concussion and cotnpression of, 602. exhaustion of, 421. hemorrhage in (apoplexy), 414. inflammation of, 421. softening of, 423. Breast, inflammation of, 401. Bronchial tubes, dilitation of, 424. inflammation of (bronchitis) , 424. Chest, water in, 457. Clavicle (collar-bone), fracture of, 594. Cranium (skull), fracture of, 602. Earache, 262, 461. Bar, foreign bodies in, 5S8. inflammation of, 461, ringing in, 461. Eye, diseases of, 465, 509. foreign bodies in, 588. spots before, 247. Paceache, 504. Facial palsy, 4(18. Fibula (of the leg), fracture of, 600. Fingers, broken, 593. dislocated, 606. Gall-bladder, stones in, 254, 471. Gums, altered in diseases, 241. Headache, 248, 475. Bead, injuries of, 603. Heart, diseases of, 229, 476. Hip-disease, 447. Humerus (arm-bone), fiacture of, 59«- Iris (of the eye), inflammation of, 489 Jaw, lower, dislocation of, 605. fracture of, 595. Joints, dislocated, 605. sprained, 608. Kidneys, diseaoes of, 490. Knee-pan, fracture of, 598. Knee, sprained, 608. Larynx, diseases of, 491. Leg, fracture of, 599. Lens, of the eye, opacity of (cata- ract,, 159. Liver, disorders of, 492. Lungs, diseases of, 442, 494, 517. Membranes of brain, inflammation ot, 421,429. Mouth, bleeding in, 287, diseases of, 500. Muscles, pain in (myalgia), 503. strained, 611. Nail, in-growing, 504. splinter under, 612. Navel, started, 531. Nerves, pain in (neuralgia), 262, 504. Nipple, sore, 401, 507. Nose, bleeding, 286. broken, 595. foreign bodies in, 612. CKsophagus, stricture of, 509. Patella (knee-pan) fracture of, 598. Pericardium (of the heart), inflamma- tion of, 477- Peritonium (of the abdomen), mflam- mation of, 513. Pharynx, inflammation of the (sore throat), 555. Pleura, inflammation of (pleurisy), 51& 6&» iii mw iw imt mrnmnmrn 604 INDEX OF LOCAL DISORDERS AND INJURIES. of, Radiiu (of the forearm), fracture 593- Retina, detachment of, 538. Riba, fractare of, 594- Shoulder, dialocation of, 606. Skull, fracture of, 6m. Spine, diaeaaea of, y.'j. injuriea of, 613. Spleen, enlargement of, 550. Stomach, diaeaaea of, 437, 473, 550- Tendona, rupture of, 556. Thighbone, fracture of, 5415. out of joint, 607- Throat, acre, 555. Thyroid gland, enlarged, 464, 473 Tibia, fracti - e of, 599. Toe-nail, in ;rowing, 504. Tonaila, inflammation of (ouinay), sa Trachea, inBammation of (croup), " " UliMt fracture of, 593. tteruj _won'b),diae«»es of, 56^ Veina, inflamed, 497, 5I4< injuriea '•*', 617, 6i8. vuicoiK.. 567. Womb, diseasea of, 569. Wriat, aprained, 609. INDEX OF DISEASES. Abdominal drop(y, 403. Abortion, 498. Abicew, 404. Addison's disease, 405. Ague, 405. Albuminuria, 407. Alcoholism, 407. Alopecia (baldness), 140. Amaurosis (a form of blindness), 408. Amblyopia (dimness of sight), 408. Amcnorrhoea (stoppage of monthly courses), 408. Amyloid degeneration, 400. Aniemia (poverty of blood), 409. Anaesthesia (loss of feeling), 410. Anasarca (general dropsy), 410. Aneurism (tumor on an artery), 410. Angina pectoris, 411. Anorexia (loss of appetite), 413. Anthrax (carbuncle), 428. Anus, figure of (crack at outlet of bowel), 4IJ. prolapsusof (falling of bowel), 413. Aorta, aneurism of, 41a Aphasia (loss of speech), 413. Aphonia (loss of voice), 413. Aphthx (white sores in the month), 413- Apncea (loss of breath), 413. Apoplexy, 414- Appendicitis, 414. Arcus senilis, 415. Ascites ^abdominal dropsy), 403. Asphyxia (suffocation), 613. Asthenopia (weak sight), 415. Asthma, 415. hay, or summer catarrh, 416. Astigmatism, 417. Ataxy, locomotor, 41 7. Atheroma, 417. Athetosis, 417. Baldness, 140. Barbadoes leg, 544. Bedsores, 370. Bilious fever, 526. Biliousness, 418. Bladder disorders, 419. Bleeding, 286, 479, 617. (See Hemor- rhage). Blue disease (cyanosis), 543. Boils, 419. Bowel, inflammation of, 420. protntaion of, 430.1 Brain exhaustion, 431. inflammation, 421. softening of, 423. Break-bone fever, 434. Bright's disease, 424. Bronchial dilatation, 434. Bronchitis, 424. Bunion, 426. Bums, 581. Bursa, enlarged, 436. Cachexia, 427. Calculus (stones), 551. Camp fever, 560. Cancer, 427. Canker-mouth, 428. Carbuncle, 428. Cardialgia (heartburn), 428. Caries (inflammatory decay of bone), 428. of the spine, 549. Catalepsy, 429. Cataract, 159. Catarrh, 429. Cephalalgia (headache), 475. Cerebro-spincl (spotted) fever, 439. Chicken-pox, 430. Chigoe (jigger), 431. Chilblain (frost-bite), 469. Childbed fever, 522. Chloasma, 431. Chlorosis (green sickness), 431. Choked disk (of the eye), 431. Cholera, 432. infantum, 435. Cholera morbus, 431. Chorea (St. Vitus' dance), 436. Chronic disease, 437. Cirrhosis, 437; Club-foot, 438. Colic, 438. Collapse, 441. Color-blindness, 163. Coma (stupor), 441. Comedones, 544. Congestive fever (pernicious fever), 405- Conjunctivitis, 465. Constipation, 150, 350, 369. Consumption, 443. Convulsions, 365, 445. Corns, 446. Cough, 344, 285, 435. 665 ' '1 ! 666 IX HEX OF DISEASES Coxalgia (hip-disease), 447- Cramp, 447 of the stomach, 438. Cretinism, 447- Croup, 448- ... . . Crnsta lactea (tiulk crust), 542- Cyano»is(blue disease), 450 Cystitis (inflammation of bladder), 419. CysU, 45°- Deafness, 451. negeneratiott, 432. Delirium, 452- tremens, 45»- , , , ,,;^% Dementia (wreck of montal faculties), 453. Dengue (break-bone fever), 424. Diabetes mellitus, 453. Diarrhoea, 455- Diathesis, 455- . . Dilatation of the heart, 47<»- Diphtheria, 455- Diplopia (seeing double), 457- Dipsomania (methonianta), 497- Dissecting wounds, 457. Diuresis (excessive urinfiUon,, 457- Dracunculus (Guinca-womi), 157. Dropsy, aso- 290. 403. 457- Drowning, 585- , Dumbness, 458. Dysmenonhoea (painful monthly sick- ness), 459- Dysp^aaVlfficulty of breathing), 460- Dysuria (difficulty of passing water), 460. Barachc, 461- Ear, inflammation of, 40i' Ears, ringing in, 461. Eczema (a form of tetter), 54i' Elephantiasis, 544- Embolism, 462. Emphysema, 462- ImfcSuis (inflammation of the inner lining of the heart), 462, A77' Enteric fever (typhoid fever), 558. Epilepsy, 462- Epithelioma, 4D3- Erysipelas, 463. Erythema, 54o- . , •. .t., ExaothemaU (eruptive fevers), 464- Exophthalmic goitre, 465. Eye, diseases of, 466, 509. Faceache, 468. Facial palsy, 408. Fainting, 468- Famine feVer, 526. Fatly degeneration, 400. Favus, 546. Felon, 469- Fever, 66, 73, 237, 409- intermittent, 405. relapsing, 526. remittent, 526. scarlet, 534- spotted, 429. treatment of. 282. typhoid, 558- typhus, 560. Filaria, 469. Fissure of the anus, 263, 4"- nipple, 401, 507. Fits, 265, 445- Flatulence, 469. Frost-bite, 469. Gall-stones, 254, 47i- Gangrene, 228, 231, 47»' Gastric fever, 471. Gastritis (inflammaUon of the stotu ach), 472- Gin-liver, 472. Glanders, 472. Glaucoma, 472. Goitre, 473- Gonorrhoea, 473. Gout, 473- Gravel, 76, 283, 474- Guinea-worm, 457- Hsematuria (bloody urine), 244- Hemophilia, 475; ^ _ Haemotysis (spitting of blood), 287, Hay fever, 416. Headache, 248, 475- Heart, diseases of, 476. Heartburn, 428. Heat-stroke, 478- . . .:j. „f Hemicrania (neuralgia on one side of the head), 262, 504. ^ . , . Hemiplegia (palsy of half the body), 9''5i'' „, Hemorrhage, 243. *86, 479- from the bowels, 288. lungs, 287. mouth, 287. noEc, 236. stomach, 288. throat, 287. womb, .89, 490- ^ , Hemorrhoids (piles), 203. Si5- Hepatization of a lung, 480 Hernia (rupture), 531- Herpes (tetter), SH- Hiccough, 480. Hip-disease, 447- Hodgkin's disease, 480. Hooping-cough, 480. S];drlfph'dus(w.terinthehead).48. INDEX OF DISEASES «7 le atom' 44- I), 287. ine side of he body), 15- • head), 481. Hydrophobia, 482. Hjrdrothorax (water in the cheat), 457. Hypertrophy (overgrowth), 239, 478, 463- Hypochondria, 483. Hysteria, 483. Ichthyosis (fish-skin disease), 543. Icterus (Jaundice), 49a Idiocy, 485- Ileus, 485. Imbecility, 485. Impetigo, 542. Incot^tinence of urine, 485. Infantile paralysis, 485. remittent, 486. Inflammation, 327, 375. of the bowels, 420. brain, 421. bronchial tubes, 424. eye. 465. 509- heart, 462, 477. liver, 493. lungs, 517. pleura, 516. stomach, 472. throat, 525, 555 Influenza, 486. In-growing nail, 504. Insanity, 487, 499. Insolation (sun-stroke), 478. Insomnia (slceplessneaa), 267, 488. Intercostal rheumatism, 488. Intermittent fever, 405. Intestinal obstruction, 508. Intussusception, 508. Iritis (inflammation of the iris of the eye), 489. Itch, 545. Jail fever, 560. Jaundice, 496. Kidneys, diseases of, 434, 490. Larynx, diseases of, 448, 491. Lepra, 543. Leprosy, 543. Leucocythit Ilia; lenksmia, 491. Lice, 521. Lichen (a pimply eruption), 541. Lithiasis, 492. Liver, disorders of, 492. Lockjaw, 89, 554. Locomotor ataxy, 493. Lumbago, 493. Lungs, diseases of, 442, 494, 517. Malarial fever, 403, 526. Mania, 487, 499. Mania-a-potu, 43a. Measles, 495. German, 496. Megrim, migraine (hemicrania), t/bt, 504- Melancholy, 487. Membranous croup, 448. Meniere's disease, 461. Meningitis, 421, 429. Menorrhagia (excessive monthly dis- charge), 496. Menstruation, errors of, 263, 289, 408, 463. 496- Methomania, 497. Milk-crust, 543. leg, 497- Miscarriage, 498. Moles, 499. Monomania, 499. Mother's marks, 499. Mouth, diseases of, 500. Mumps, 502. MusciE volitantes (spots before the sight), 503. Myalgia (muscle pain), 503. Myelitis (inflammation of the spinal marrow), 503 Myopia (nearsightedness), 159, 503. Myxoedema, 503. Nail, in-growing, 504. Navel, started, 531. Nephritis (inflamed kidney), 49a Nervousness, 265, 505. Nettle-rash, 541. Neuralgia, 504. Neurasthenia (nervous debility), 505. Neurataxia (nervous disorder), 236, 506. Night-sweats, 442. Night-teirors, 507. Nipple, s"-e, 507. Nurse's sore mouth, 50a Obstruction of the bowels, 508. Odontalgia (toothache), 356, 509. CB<1ema (watery swelling), 457. CBsophagus, sbicture of, 509. Oinuuiania, 497. Ophthalmia, 465, 509. Ophthalmic goitre, 509. Opisthotonos, 510. Ovarian dropsy, 573. Ozcena, 510. Palpitation of the heart, 242, 47a. Palsy; paralysis, 511. Parasites, 511. Parotitis (mumps), 502. Pellagra, 513, 543. Pemphigus, 513. Pericarmtis (inflammation of the outer covering of the heart), 477 Peritctiitis, 513. 3 , 66S INDEX OF DISEASES Peraiciont aiKeinia, Aio. fever, 514. 1»ertti»iit(whoopiti«[-coa^n), 48a Pharyogitis (sore thro«t), 555. Ptalebitii (inflamed vein), 497. 5«4- Photophobia (dread oflight), 514- . Phreniti* (inflatnnmUon of the brain,) 421. Phthisia (conanmption), 44a. Piles, SIS- Plagne, 515. Pleurisy, 516. Pleurodynia (intercostal rheumatism), S«7- . Plica Polonica. 517- , Pneumonia (inflammation of one or both lungs), 5«7- Pneumothorax, 520. Podagra (gout), 473- Poisoning, 639. Potaon-vine eruption, sao. Polypus, 521. Pomgo, 546. , .. . ,» Prolapsus ani (falling of the bowel), 501. uteri (falling of the womb), 570. Prurigo, 545. Pruritus, 545- ..„ Puendo-membranous croup. 44o. Psoriasis, 543- Puerperal fever, i,i2. Purpura, 5*3. Pysmia, 523. I^rosis (water-brash), 459- Quinsy, 525- Rabies canina, 5*6. Red gum, 526' Relapsing fever, 526. Remittent fever, 526. Retention of urine, 528. Retina, detachment of, 528. Rheumatism, 529. Rickets, 520. Ringworm, M'> 546- Roseola, 541- , , , Roetheln (German measles), 496. Rubeola(an old name for mea8le8),53i. Rupia, 531. Rupture, 53' • Scabies (itch), 534- ^ . Scald head (ringworm), 54i. S4o. Scarlatina ; scarlet fever, 534, Sciatica, 504, 537. Sclerosis, 537. Scrivener's palsy, 537- Scrofula, 537. Scurvy, 538. SeanckBMS, 539- Seatworms, 34". 573- . Septsemia ; septicaemia, 539. Shaking paby, 5"- Shfaigles, 541- Ship fever, 560- Sick headache, 475- Skin diseases, 540. Sleepwalking, 95, 548. Small-pox, 547 ,ui X ..« Somnambulism (sleep walking), 54»- Sore throat, 555- Spinal irritation, 549- Spine, diseases of, 549- Spitting bloo<' 243, 287. Spleen, enlarged, 550. Spotted fever, 4*9- Sprue, 500. Stammering, 550. Stomach, diseases of, 427, 4* 1, 550. Stone in the bladder, 551. Strabismus (squintinH), 55a- Strangury (difficulty in passing water), St. Vitus' dance, 43°- Stye, 5ja. Summer catarrh, 415. complaint, 435. Sun-stroke, 478. Syncope (fainting), 468, 59°- Syphilis, 553. t Tabes dorsalis, 554- Tsenia (tape-worm), 575- Tetanns (lockjaw), 554- Tetter, 541. Throat, sore, 555. Thrombosis, 556. Thrush, 500. Thyrocardiac disorder, 509. Tic-douloureux, 504. , Tinnitus aurium (ring m the ear Af>i. Toe-nail, in-growing. 504. TonsiUitis (quinsy), sas- Toothache, 556- Trichinosis, 575. Trismus (lockjaw), 554- Tubercle, 557. Tubercular menmgitis, 421. Tumors, 557- Tympanites, 558. Typhlitis, 558- Typhoid fever, 558. Typhus fever, 560. Ulcers, 562. of stomach, 550. Ursemia, 563. Urine, incontinence of, 405. retention of, 528. Vaccinati«»n, 564. Varicella (chicken-pox), 430' Varicose veins, 567. Variola (smail-poxi, 547- INDEX OF DISEASES Varioloid, 547. Veint, inflamed, 497, 514. Turicote, 567. Vertigo (dizzincM), 568. Vomitiog, a4a, 271. Warts, 569. Water on the brain, 481. in the abc'oraen, 403. in the cheat, 457, 49a Water-brash, 560. Whitlow, 469. Whoopiug-coagh, 480. Women, diaeaiea of, 569. Worms, 573. Wristdrop, 576. Writer's cramp, 376. Yellow fever, 577. INDEX OF ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES Arm, broken, 593. Artificial rcapirsUon, 586. BandaKing, 599. Bleeding, 617. Bone*, broken, 590. Burn* and acalda, 581. Choking, strangling, 583. Collar-bone, broken, 594- nialocations, 605. Drowning, 585. Ear, foreign bodiea in, 588. Eye, foreign bodies in, 588. Painting, S90- Finger, broken, 593. out of joint, 606. Fractures of bones, 590. arm and forearm, 592, 593- collar-bone, 594- finger, 593. jaw, 595- knee-pan, 598. leg, 593- tiose, 595. . rib, 594. sknll, 603. tbigb. 595- Hanging, 583. Head, injuries of, «». Jaw, broken, JM. Joints, displaced, 605. finger, 606. hip, 607. 670 neck, 607. shoulder, 606. sprained, 608. Leg, broken, 593. Lightning stroke, 610. Mad-dog bite, 623. Moacles, strained, 611. Nail, splinter under, 6ia. Needle penetration, 6ti. » Noae, broken, 595- foreign bodiea in, 01a. Rib, broken, 594. Shock, 613. Snake-bites, 644- . , ,,. Spine, fracture or concussion of, 613. Stings of bees, etc., 625. Strangling, 583. Suffocation with foul gases, 613. Swallowing wrong things, 613. Tendon, rupture ''. 616. Thigh, broken, 595. Transportation of injured pet«ons,M5. Veins, injuries of, 617, 618. Wounds, 617. bruised, 617. crushed, 617. cut, 617. penetrating, 6»a. poisoned, 033. torn, 631 INDEX OF POISONS. Acids (lulpbnric, nitric, hydrochloric, etc.), 630. Aconite, 630. Alcohol, 633. Alkalies, 630. Aloes, 63a. Amnionu, 633. Antimony, 633. Atscnic, 634. Atroitta, 636. Belladonna, 636. Bitter almonds, 636. Camphor, 637. Cantbarides, 637. Catt)olic acid, 637. Castor-oil seeds, 638. Cheese, 638. Chloral, 638. Chloroform, 638. Citric acid, 639. Coal oil, 637. Cocculus Indicns, 639. Colchicura, 639. Copper, 640. Corrosive sublimate, 640. Creosote, 641. Crotonoil, 641. Digitalis, 641. Ergot, 642. Ether, 64a. Fish, 643. Fungi, 643. Hellebore, 644. Hemlock, 644. Hydrochloric acid, 645. Hydrocyanic acid, 645. Hyoscyamus, 646. 43 Iodine, 647. • Jamestown weed, 634. Jessamine, $\j. Kalmia, 647. Laurel, 647. l*«d, 649, Ley (lye), 653. Lime, 648. Lobelia, 649. Lunar caustic, 650. Mercury, 650. Morphia, 630. Mushrooms, 643. Mussels, 650. Nitrate of silver, 6$o. Nitric acid, 650. Nux vomica, 654. Oi! of bitter almonds, 6ja Opium, 6^0. Oxalic acid, 652. Phosphorus, 653. Potaasa, 653. Prussic acid, 643. Sausage poisoning, 654. Soda, 654. Stramonium, 654. Strychnia, 654. Tartar emetic, 633. Tartaric acid, 636. Tin, 656. Toadstools, 643. Tobpcco, 656. Zinc, 657. «7I INDEX OF CLASSES OF REMEDIES. Accident*, to c«re for, 579. Anodyne, tnedlcinen, s"- ««». •*<• Antidotes (tee Jh>isons), 614. Bath*. 39S- bleeding, to check. a86. 479. 617. Bowel*, to open, 148. »69- ChiU* (ague), to •top. 4o5- Debility, to treat, »Ji, i<)l- Ditrrhcwi, to check, a?"- DigMtion, to strengthen. a74' Dropsy, to treat. 2SP, 403. 457- Emetics, 313. Fever, to mitigate, tit. Indigestion, to reliere, J73 Inflsm>. Uion, to reduce, 875. InbaUtions, 319. lojcctions, 311. Injuries. 599. Maia«ge(TObWBg),38?. Menstruation, to regulate, 316. poinful, to relieve, a6j. Monthly courses. See mHstruatt<m. Nausea, to relieve. »7i. Nervousness, to compose, 865. Pain, to relieve, J59- Poisoning, to trcnt, 519. Prostration, to raliC from, a9I. Purgative medirines, 169. Rubbing, 389. Sleep, to promote, 167, 387, 488. Stomach, sick, to relieve, a7J. Vomiting, to check, 871. Worms, to expel, 573' SICK FOODS. Arrow-root, 378. Barley-water, 377. Beef-essence, ',76. Beef-tea, 375. frozen, 375. Boiled flour, 378. Bread and butter soup, 377- Broiled-beef juice, 376. Caudle, 380. Chicken broth, 376. Egg broth, 379. with wine, 380. Farina gruel, 379. Ice, to keep, 381. Indian-meal gmel, 377- Konmiss, 380. Meig's gelatine food, 379. Milk, mother's, imiution of, 379- punch, 380. Oatmeal gruel, 377- with beef-tea, 379- Panada, 398. Raw-beef extract, 376. scrapings, 376. Rice milk, 379. water, 377. Roast oysters, 380. Sago jelly, 378. Tapioca, 378. Toast-water, 377. VegeUble soup, 378. Wine whey, 380. 67* INDEX OF MEDICINES AND OTHER REMEDIES. For Dosxs or MKiiiciNic* leeiMigeeij. AccUte of ammonium, 395. Aconite, 395. Aloe*, J95. Alam, 395. Ammonia, 396, Amy! nitrite, 334. Aniie-aeed, 3y6. Apolllnaris water, 396. Arnica, 396. Anenic, 297. Artificial respiration, 583. Auafoetida, 397. Atomization, 319. Bark, Peruvian, 343. Baths, 398. Belladonna, 398. Benzoin, 399, Blackberry root, 399. Bleeding, 377, 1 Blister*, 300. Blue pill, 30U. Borax, 301. Bromides, 301, Cajuput oil, 303. Calomel, 303. Camphor, 303. Cantharides, 303. Carbolic acid, 303. Cardamom seeds, 303. Castor oil, 304. Catechu, 304. Cathartic pills, 304. Catheter, 304. Caustics, 304. ' Cerate, 305. Chalk mixture, 305. Chamomile, 305. Charcoal, 305. Chl«il, 305. Chlorate of potassium, 303. Chloride of ammonium, 306. Chloride of lime, 306. Chloroform, 306. Chlorobydric aci<l, 306. Cinchona, 343. Cinnamon water, 306. Citrate of maf^nesium, 306. Citrate of potassium, 307, Cloves, oil of, 307. Cocoa butter, 307. Cod-liver oil, 307. Culchicuni, 30S. Columbo, 308. Cunvallaria, 337. Corrosive, sublimate, 308. Coxe's hive syrup, 309. Cream of tartar, 309. Creosote, 309. Croton oil, 309. Cupping, 377. Digitalis, 3:0. Dover's powder, 310. EServescing draught, 311. Blaterium, 311. Electricity, 311. Elixir of vitriol, 312. Klixir, proprietatis, 313. Emetics, 312. Epsom salts, 313. Ergot, 313. Ether, 313. Eucalyptus, 313. Fennel-seed, 314. Flaxseed, 314. Fly-blister, 314. Geatiaa, 315. «73 ' h4 ISDEX OF MKDiCtNBS AND OTHER REMEDIES, 0«nniMB, 315. Olagw, jiS' Glyctrlne, 31A. Gum snibic, 316. HamMstlb Virginhin*, ji;. Hoffmana'a daodyM, 317. Uo|w, S17. Hot wattr, 317. Hunyadi Jaaoa wrttr, 318. lIuxlMin'a tinctan of bark, 318. Hydrocblonu of coc«in«, 31s. Hyu«cyania«, ji8. Hypophoaphitea, 318. Ingluvln, 319. lahalationa, 319. Injectiont, 311. hypodermic, \n. nonrUbing, 3aa> Iodine, 323. Iodoform, 333- Ipecacuanha, 333. Iron, 333. JaUp, 334. Juniper, 334- Lactucvinm, 333. Lady Webater'a pilla, 335. Laudanum, 333. Lavender, 335. I<ead, augar of, 336. Leeching, 378. Licorice, 337. Lily of the valley, 326. Lime-water, 336. Licorice, 337. Lithia, 327. Lobelia, 327. Logwood, 338. Magnesia, 329. Malt extract, 329. Manna, 339. Maaaage (rubbing), 389. Mineral watera, 329. Korphia, 33a Muriatic acid, 306. Mnidi and mustard, 331. Muak, 330- Mustard plasters, 330. Mnatard and mnah poalticM, 331. Myrrh, 331. Nitrate of sllTcr, 334. Nitre, 334. sweet spirit of, 334. Nitritaofamyl, 334. Nitroglycerine, 334. Nitramuriatic acid, 334. Nitrous oxide, 333. Nnx Tomica, 333. Olive oil, 336. Opium, 336. Paregoric, 337. Pepper, 337. Peppermint, 337. Permanganate of ptrfaialum, 337. Pboapborus, 337. Pink-root, 337. Podopbyllin, 339. Potaasa, 339. Poulticca, 339. Piillna water, 341. Pumpkin seeds, 341. Quassia, 3»2. Quinine, 343. Respiration, artiftcial, 385. RhaUny, 343- Rhubarb, 343. Rochelle B.lta, 346. Rubbing, 389. Salicylic acid, J47. Santonin, 347. Sassafras pith, 347. Scldlitz powders, 347. Senna, 347. Slippery-elm bark, 348. Soap, 348. liniment, 348. Soda, 348. chlorinated, 348. Spice plasters, 349. Spiced syrup of rhubarb, 343. Squills, 349. Staphysagria, 349. Strychnia, 349. Sublimate, corrosive, 349. Sulpaide of calcium, 350. MDEX OF MEDtcrSKS ASH OTHER REMEDIES. SvlpbitM and iiypMtil|AltM, jsa Sulphnr, 330. Sulphuric acid, J50. Snppoaltoriw, 351. Taonin, Unnic acid, jjj. Tar, 35». oiotmtnt, 3j2. Taraiacum, 34a. Tarrant'a apertvnt, 35*. Tartar •mttk, 35a. Tobacco, J53. Tnrpantint, oil of, 333. Valerian, 334. Varatrum virlde, 3^4, VIrhy water. 354. Wamer'a cordial. 353. Watennelon-wed tea, 33.5. Wild cherry l««rk, 33":. Wlatar'a tozeogea, 333. [On adminislratioH of medidDea. Me page 38J. under NuMwo.1 «7S i-^-w f.1 GENERAL INDEX. A BDOMINAL dropsy, 403. *^ Abdominal organs, 47. Abductor muiclcs, 79. Abortion, 498. AbscMB, 404. Abaorbents, 74. Abaorption, 61. Accidenti and injnriea, 579. Acetate of ammoninm, 295. lead, 347. Acid, hydrochloric, 306, 645. nitric, 650. tnlphnric, 350, 655. Acids, poisonoas, 630. Aconite, 395, 630. Addison's disease, 405. Addnctor muscles, 79. Adjustment of yision, 103. JBscnIapins, father of the goddess of health, 117. Age, in relation to disease, 319. old, and natural death, 659. Ague (chills, intermittent fever), 405. Air, in relation to health, 123, 3o8, 369. Airing iniants, 187. Albuminuria, 407. Alcibiades, an athlete, 118. Alcohol as a poison, 633. Alcoholism, 407. Alimentary canal, 45. Alkalies, as poisons, 630. Almonds, bitter, 636. Aloes, as a purgative, 395. poisononsly used, 633. Alum, 395. Amaurosis (a form of blindness), 408. Amblyopia (weak sight), 408, 415. Amenorrhoea (stoppage of monthly courses), 408. Amhiottia, a* a medicine, 396. as a poison, 633. 676 Amyl nitrite, 334- ' ^ Amyloid degeneration, 409. Anaemia, 334, 410. Anssthrsia, 246, 306, 313, 33S< Anasarca, 410. Anatomy, 35. Andenon, Elizabeth Garrett, on health of women, 173. Aneurism, 69, 410. Angina pectoris, 411. Animal functions, 60. heat, 73. Anise-seed, 396. Ankle, sprained, 608. Anodyne medicines, 360, 364. Anorexia (loss of appetite), 413. Anthrax, 317, 428. Antimony, 543. Antiseptic surgery, 316. Anus, fissure of, 363, t. prolapsus (fidlin^ } 413. Aorta, 50, 64. aneurism of, 410. Apex of heart, 49. Aphasia (Iocs of speech), 91, 350. Aphonia (loss of voice), 350. Aphthte (small white sores in the month), 413. Apncea (loss of breath), 413. ApoUinaris water, 396. Apollo, god of medicine, 117. Apoplexy, 4'4- Appetite, loss of, 413. Aracnoid membrane, of brain, 54. Arcus senilis, 415. Arm, 38. broken, 593, 593. Arnica, 396. Arrow-root, 378. Arsenic, as a medicine, 397. as a poison, 634. GENERAL INDEX. •77 Arteries, 49, 66. wonnds of, 618. Artificial respiration (see Drowning), 585. Ascites (alxlominal dropsy), 403. Asphyxia, (suffocation), 415, 613. Assafoetida, 297. Asthenopia (weak sight), 164, 415. Asthma, 415, Astigmatism, 160, 417. Ataxy, tocomotor, 417. Atheroma, 417. Athetosis, 417. Atomization (spray), 330. Atrophy, 230. Atropia, 636. Auditory nerves, 56, 93. Anticlesof the heart, 49, 64. Anscnltation, 955. Automatic action, 83. DACTERIA, 3IO. '-' Baldness, 140, 408. Bandaging, 579. Barbadocs leg, 574. Bark, Pemvian, 343. Barley water, 377. Baths, 118, 136, 1S6, 398, 37a. Beanis, 143. Bed-bngs, 513, Bed, for fractures, 597. for the sick, 369. Bed-clothes, 369. Bed-sores, 37a Beef, essence, 376. juice, 373. tea, 375. Bee-«ting, 635. Belladonna, 398, 636. Benzoin, 299. Biceps muscle, 78. Bile. 73. 74. BilioM (remitting) fever, 526. Biliousness, 418. Birds (brains of), 91. Birth (attendance on), 177. Bite of mad-dog, 633. of snake, 633. Bitter almonds, 636. Blackberry root, 999, Bladder, 48. disorders of, 419. Bleeding (hemorrhage), 386, 479, 617. from the arm, 377, 399. Blindness, 159, 466. Blind people, other senses of, 85. spot in sound eyes, 105. Blisters, fever (fever blisters), 543. fly, 300. Blondes, 44. Blondin, 95. Blood, 68. Blood-poisoning, 336. Blood-spitting, 243, 387. Bine disease (cyanosis), 543. pill, 300. vitriol, 640. Boiled flour, 378. Boils, 419. Bones, 35. broken, 590. Borax, 301. Bottle-feeding, 18a Bowels, actiou of, 76. bleeding from, 388. care of, 148. crack at outlet of, 41a. felling of, 413, 420. inflammation, of, 420. looseness of, to check, 37a symptoms affecting, 350. Brain, anatomy and physiology of, 5a, 83, 84, 90. exhaustion of, 421. inflammation of, 431. softening of, 423. Bread, digestion of, 61, 63. Bread and bntter soup, 377. Break-bone fever, 434. Breast-bone, 38. inflammation of, 401. Breast, care of, when nursing, 179. Breath, how to sweeten, 146. Breathing, 70,88. healthy, conditions of, I3i. symptoms affecting, 244. Bright's disease, 76, 424. Broken bones, 590. Bromides, 301. Bronchial dilatation, 434. tubes, 48. Bronchitis, 434. «78 GENERAL INDEX. Browt (eyebrom) nte of, loB. Bruises, 617. Brunettes, 44. Bullet wounds, 633. Bunions, 436. Bums, 581. Buttons, dog (nux vomica), 654. Byron, Lord, size of head, la. pACHBXIA, 934- ^ Cajnput oil, 30s. Calculus (stone), 55i> Calisthenics (light gymnastics), 158. Calomel, 30a. Camp fever, 560. Camphor, 30a. as a poison, 637. Cancer, 932, 4»7- Canker-month, 438. Cantbarides (Spanian flies), 30a. as a poison, 637. Capilku7 attraction, 57. vessels, 57' Caracalla, baths of, 118. Carbolic acid, 303- as a poison, 637. Carbonic acid, 71- Carbuncle, 4a8. Cardamom, 303. Cardialgia (heartburn), 438. Caries (inflammation of bone, with decay), 42S, of the spine, 4^- Carpus (wrist), 39- Carrying injured persons, 695. Cartilages, 38, 40. Castor-oil, 304- seeds, poisonous, 638. Catalepsy, 439- Cataract, i59- Catarrh, 599. Catechu, 304. Cathartics (purgatives), 969. Catheter, 304. Cattle-plague, at?. Caudle, 380. Causes of disease, 904. Caustics, 304. Cephalagia (headache), 473. Cerate, 305. Cerebellum, 36, 90, 96. Cerebro-spinal fever, 4^9. Cerebrum, 35, 90. Chalk mixture, 305. Chamber for the sick, 366. Chamomile, 305. Changing bed-clothes of the sick, 369 Charcoal, 305. poultice, 341. Cheese, occasionally poisonous, 638. Chest, in Anatomy, 38. water in, 457. Chicken broth, 376. pox, 430- Chigoe, 431- Chilblain (froct-bite), 469. Child-bed, care of, 391. fever, 533. Childhood, Hygiene of, 177. Children, food of, 178. Chills (ague), 405. Chloasma, 431, 544* Chloral, 305- as a poison, 638. Chlorate of potassium, 305. Chloride of ammonium (muriate of ammonia), 306. of lime, 306. of soda, 348. Chloroform, 306. as a poison, 638. Chlorohydric, hydrochloric or muria* tic, acid, 306. as a poison, 645. Chlorosis (green sickness), 43»> Choked disk, 431. Choking, 583. Cholera, 432. Cholera, causation of, 393, 995. infantum (summer complaint), 435- morbus, 43 »• Chorea (St. Vitus' dance). 43*- Choroid coat (of the eye), 109. Chromatic aberration, 105. Chronic disease, 437. Chyle, 49. 6»- Chjrme, 63. Ciliary ligament, 104. muscle, 104. Cinchona, 343. Cinchonia, 343. Cinnamon, 306. GENERAL INDEX. «n Circulation of the blood, 64. •ymptoms affectiog, 243. Cirrhosis, 457, 47a. Citrate of magneaium, 307. potaMium, 307 Citric acid, 639. Clarke, Dr. E. H., on sex in educa- tion, 173. Clas8i6cation of diseases, 239. Clavicle (collar-bone), 38. fracture of, 594. Cleanliness, br-at protection against cholera, 324. Cloaca Maxima, at Rome, 1 18. Clothing, hygiene of, 184. Clotting of blood, 68. Cloves, oil of, 307. Clnb-foot, 438. Clysters, 321. Coagulation of the blood, 68. Cool gas, 71. oil, as a poison, 637. Cocaine, hydrochlorate of, 318. Coccnlns Indicns, 639. Cochlea (of the ear), in. Cocoa butter, 307. Cod-liver oil, 307. Co-education, sanctioned by Hygiene, 171. Cohn on disease-germs, 209. Colchicum, 308. as a poison, 639. Cold applications, for inflammation, 277- catching, explained, 206. Colic, 696. baby's, 441- Collapse, 441. Collar-bone, 38. fracture of, 594. Colloid cancer, 233. Color of the skin, cause of, 44* Color-blindness, 163. Color spectra, 106. Colors, nature of, 99. Colostrum, 400. Columbo, 308. Coma (stupor), 249, 441. Comedones, 544. Complementary colors, loi. Complex poisons, 629. Composing medicines, 265. Compound cathartic pills, 304. gentian pills, 273. Condensed milk, 183. Conditional causes of disease, 3o6. Congestion, 227, 443, '■ Conjunctiva of the eye, 103. inflammation of, 465. Connective tissue, 45. Constantinople, plague at. 119. Constipation, as a symptom, 250. treatment of, 150, 195, 369. Consumption, 442. tendency, bow to lessen, 121. Contagion, 307. Contracts n of mnscles, 80. Convalescence, 375. Con vallaria (lily of the valley), 337. Convolutions of the brain, 55, 90. Convulsions (fits), 89, 365, 445. Copper, as a poison, 640. Cornaro, long life on low diet, 130. Cornea of the eye, 102. Corns, 446. Corpora striata, of brain, 93. Corpuscles of the blood, 68. Corrective medicines, 370. Corrosive sublimate, 308, 349. as a poison, 640. Cortex of the kidney, 75. CostivenesB, 149, 250, 269. Cough, 244, 385. 425. Counter-irritation, 281. Courses, stoppage of, 408. Coxalgia (hip disease), 447. Coxe's hive syrup, 309. Cramp, 447. of stomach, 438. Cranium (skull), 35. Cream of tartar, 309. Creosote, 309. as a poison, 637, 641. Cretinism, 447. Cromwell, size of head, 93. Cross-eyed vision, 163. Croton-oil, 309. as a poison, 641, Croup, 448. Crushed wounds, 617. Crusta lactea (milk crust), 542. Crystalline lens of the eye, 103. Cupping, 378, 300. Cushions for the sick, 370. • GENERAL INDEX. Cntkle, 44. Ciiti*(*ldti), 44. Cnt wonnds, 617. Cnvier, tize of head, 92. Cyanide of potaaainm (poiaon), 645. Cyanosis (blue disease), 543. Cysts, 450- rvANDBLION, 35a. *-' Deafness, \ 11, 165, 348, 451. Death, changes following, 81. modes of, 660. Debility, 233, 291. Degenetation, 330. Dclirintn, 349. 453. Delirinm tremens, 453. - Delivery, management of, 391. Dementia, 453, 487- Deogne (break-bone fever), 424. Dentition (teething), 89, 188. Depressant poisons, 629. Diabetes, 76, 453. 457- Diagnosis, physical, 354. Diaphragm, 7a Diarrhoea, 350, 405- treatment of, 370. Diathesis, 335, 405. Dickens, Charles, size of hesd, 93. Diet of the sick, 377, 373. Digestion, 61. weak, to improve, 374. Digestive causes of disease, 306. Digitalin, 641. Digitalis, 310. as a poiaon, 641. Digits, (fingers and toes), 40. Dilatation of the heart, 47& Diphtheria, 405. cansation of, 215, 325. Diplopia (seeing doable), 457* ^ Dipsomania, 497. ' Discharges, of infant s, 188. Disease, causation of, 304. definition of, 403. nature of, 336. Disesse germs, theory of, 309. Dislocations, 605. Dissecting wonnds, 457- Distance, how judged of, in sight, 105. Diuresis (excessive flow of urine), 457. Dizxiness, 3jo, 56S. Dog buttons, 654. Doses of medicines, 357. ' Dover's powder, 310. Dracnncnlus (Gninea-worm), 453. Driving, as an exercise, 153. illustrating medical practice, 393. Drops, of different liquid*, 383. Dropsy, 330, 290, 457. ^ Drowning, 583, Dumbness, 458, Duodenum, 45. Dura mater, 54- Dysentery, 453. Dysmenorrhcea (painful monthly sick- ness), 263, 459. Dyspepsia, 374. 459- Dyspncea (difficult breathing), 344, 46a Uysuria (painful or difficult urination), 460, 528. CAR, care of, 165. '-' Ear, foreign bodies in, 588. Bar, inflammation of, 461. ringing in, 46:. structure of, 110. symptoms connected with, 347. Earache, 262, 461. Ecthyma, 542. Eczema (a kind of tetter), 541. Efiervescingdranght, 311. Effusion, 338. Egg broth, 379. with wine, 380. Elatcrium, 311. Electricity, as a remedy, 311. Elementa of the human body, 133. Elephantiasis, 544. Elixir of vitriol, 313. proprietatis, 313. Embolism, 468. Emetics, 313. Emotion, expression of, 80. seat of, in brain, 98. Empedodes, ancient sanitarian, 117. Emphysema, 462. Empyema, 463. Encephaloid cancer, 333. Endemic diseases, 308. GENERAL INDEX Endocarditis (inflammation of lining of the heart), 477. Bnemata (injection*), 331. Enteric (typhoid) fever, 558. Enthetic diieaaes, 337. Ephelis (gnnbnrn), 543. Epidemic diseases, 308. Epidermis (scarf-skin), 44. Epilepsy, 463. Epithelioma, 463. Epsom salts, 313. Ergot, 313. as a poison, 64a. Eruptions, S4a Erysipelas, 463. Erythema, 540. Ether, 313. as a poison, 643. waves, the causr of light, 98. Eucalyptus, as a medicine, 313. Eustachian tobe, of the ear, no. Exanthemata (eruptive fevers), 464. Excito motor actions, 89. Excito-aecretary actions, 89. Excretion, 73. of the sick, 385. Excretory organs, 73. Exercise, 151. Exophthalmic goitre, 465. Expectoration, 345. Expression of feelings, 80. Eye, care of, 159. diseases of, 485, 509. foreign bodies in, 588. physiological account of, 98. symptoms affecting, in disease, 347. CACE, expression of, in disease, 348. Paceache, 504. Facial palsy, 468. Painting, 468, 590. Famine fever, 536. Farina gruel, 378. Pasting, how long possible, 136. Fatty degeneration, 330, 468. Favns (a disease of the scalp), 546. Peeling and knowing, 81. loaa of, 346. Felon, 469, Femur (thigh-bone), 40. Fennel-seed, 314. Fermentation, cause of, aiak Fever, 66, 73, 337, 469. blisters (so-cal'.ed), S43> intermittent, 403. i'clapsing, 536. remittent, 526. scarlet. 534. spotted, 439. treatment of, 383. yellow, 577- Fibres, muscular, 41. Fibula, 40. fracture of, 600. Filaria, 469. Filth, as a cause of disease, 3x8. Finger, broken, 593. out of joint. 606. Fish, brains of, 91. poisonous, 643. Fissure of the anus, 363, 41a. nipple, 401. Fits, 89, 36^ 445- Flatnteuc9r469. Flaxseed, 314. poultice, 330. Pleas, 513. Florence, early quarantine at, rij. Flour, boiled, 378. Fly-blister, 314. Focus of a lens, 104. Food, quantity of, 130. requisites of, 131. Food, sick, 373, 375. Food for infants. 183. Formad, inquiry concerning diph- theria, 315. Fractures (broken bones), 590. bed, 597. box, 599. France, mortality of, 119 Freckles, 543. Friedrichshalle water, 331. Frost-bite, 469. Functional causation of disease, 309. Functions of the body, 60. Fungi, poisonous, 643. QALL-BLADDER, 47, 74. ^-^ Gall duct, 47. Gall-stones, 254, 471. GENERAL INDEX. OambctU, •!*• of haad, 9a. Game*, for exetciM, 154- Ganglia, 57, 39, 83. 86, 93. Gangrene, saS, 331, ^^l. Garmenti of th« aick, 371. Gastric fever, 471. Gastriti* (inflammaUon of stomach), 47»- Gelatine, food, 379. General disorder*, S33. Generation, sponlaneon*, impoMible, 316. Geneva, mortality of, 119* Gentian, 3i>;. pills, compound, 373. Geranium, 31s. German measles, 496. Germ-theory of disease, 209. Gestation, hygiene of, 174- Giddiness, 350. Ginger, 315. Gin liver, 473. Girlhood, hygiene of, 173. Glanders, 473. Glands, lymphatic, 53. Glasses, adapution of, to the sight, 163. Glaucoma, 473. Glycerine, 313. Goitre, 473. Gonorrhtea, 473. Goulard's extract, 337. Gout, 473. Gravel, 76, 353, 474- Greece, ancient, sanitation in, 118. Grippe, 474. Grotto del Cane, 71. Growths, morbid, 333. Gmel, 377. Guinea-worm, 457. Gum, 316. arable, 316. Gums, in disease, 341. Gunshot wounds, 633. Gustatory nerves (of taste), 93. Gymnastics, 155. O^MATORIA, 475- ** Heemophilia (bloody urine), 344- Hemoptysis (spitting blood), 387. Hair, cate of, 140. dyes, 141. Hamamelis (witch hasel), 317. Hanging, 383. Hay fever, 416. Head, injuries of, 603. size of, 93. Headache, 348, 473. Health-lift, 15a- Hearing, hygiene of, 163. nerves of, 56, 93. physiology of, 109 Heart, diseases of, 476. enlargement of, 339. structure and action of,49, 30, 63. Heart-bum, 438. Heat, animal, 73. measurement of, in disease, 353. Heat-stroke, 478. Hellebore, American, 334. poisonons, 644. Hemicrania (neuralgia on one side of ) the head), 363, 504. Hemiplegia (palsy of half the body,) 91. 5"- Hemlock, poisonous, 644. Hemorrhage, as a symptom, 479, 343. treatment of, 386. Hemorrhoids (piles), 363, 513. Hepatization of a lung, 480. Hereditary disease, 304. Hernia (rupture), 531. Herodicus, early nae of gymsastlcs, 117. Herpes, (tetter), 341. Hiccongh, 345, 480. Hip-disease, 447. Hippocrates, 117. Hodgkin's disease, 480. Hoffmann's anodyne, 317. Hops, 317. Hornet-sting, 633. Horaeback exercise, 153. Hot water as a remedy, 317. Hot weather, trying to infanta, 193. Humanity, essentiid crown of, 113. Humerus (arm-bo&e), 38. fracture of, 59Z. Hunyadi Janos water, 318. Huxham's tincture of bark, 318. Hydatids, 481. GENERAL INDEX. HTdrocephalos (water in the bead), 481. Hydrocblorate of cocaine, 318. Hydrochloric acid, 306, 64J. Hydrocyanic (pmwic) acid, 645. Hydrophobia, 89, 48a. Hygiene, 117. HyoacyamoB, 318. at a poison, 646. Hyperemia (exceaa of blood) 237. Hypeneathetia 'exceaaive aensitivr- ne«a). 483. HypermiHropia, loj, 483. Hyperopia, 105,483- Hypertrophy (overgrowth), 219, 478, 483. Hypochondria, 483. Hypodermic injections, 333. Hypophoaphitea, 318. Hysteria, 89, 483. ICE, to keep for the sicic, 381. ' Ichthyosis (fiah-slcin disease), 543. Ictems (jaundice), 490. Ideas, seat of, in the brain, 98. Idiocy, 485. Ileo-colic valve, 46. Imbecility, 485. Impetigo, 54a. Impulse of the heart, 66. Incontinence of urine, 485. Incus (a small bone of the ear), no. Indigestion, treatment of, 273. Inftncy, hygiene of, 177. Infantile paralysis, 485. InfimtUe remittent, 486. nourishment of, 178. Infection, ao8. Inflammation, 3*7. treatment of, 375. Influenza, 486. Ingluvin, 319. In-growing nail, 504. Inhalations, 319. Injections, 331. hypodermic, 333. nonr^shing, 33a. Insanity, 487, 499. Insolation (sun-stroke), 478. Inaomnia (sleepleaaness), 367, 488. Intercostul muscles, 70, rheumatism, 488. Intennittant fever (ague), 4C9. Intestines, 45. , excretion of, 76. obstruction in, 508. Intussusception, 508. Inverted images in the eye, 103, Involuntary muscles, 41, 8a Iodine, 323. as a poison, 647. Iodoform, 333. Ipecacuanha, 323. Iris, of the eye, 89, 105. Iritis, 489. Iron, 323. in blood, 68. Irritant poisons, 629. Irritation, 327. Itch, 545. 1AIL, fever, 56a ^ Jalap, 325- Jamestown weer,, 654. Jaundice, 490. Jaw, broken, 595. dislocated, 605. Jellies, 374. Jenner, and vaccination, 119, Jessamine, 647. Johnson's fluid beef ;474. Joints, displaced, 605. in anatomy, 40. Joints, sprained, 608. Juniper, 325. I^ALMIA (sheep's laurel), 647. Kidney, structure aud functions of, 48, 73. 75- diseases of, 490. symptoms affecting, 351. Knee, sprained, 609. Knee-pan, 40. broken, 598. Knowledge, how we obtain, 81. Koch, Robert, on tubercle, 313. Koumiss, 380. GENERAL INDEX. % - I ABOR, mwwgtmmit of, 391. ^ Labyrinth of tiw CM, III. Lactnti^ iroaada, 6at. tachrymal gland (for taan), loB. Lacteal vaaaela, 49. Lactiferoat (milk-bearing) dncta, 34- Lactncarinm, 396. Lady Wtbater't plUi, 396. La Orippe, 474- Charlea, aiie of head, 93. Landng babies' gnma, 191. larynx (organ of voice), 49. diseaaeaof, 491. Laahea, eye, utes of, 108. Lattdanom, 326. aa a poison, 630^ Lanrel, 647. Lavender, 336. Laxative medicinea, 069. poisonotta compoands of, 647- •agar of, 337. Leeching, 278. Leg, broken, 399. Lena, crystalline, of the eye, loi. Lenaea, convex and concave, lOS- Lepra, 543. Leproay. 543- Lencocythemia, 934. 491. Lencorrhcea, 491. Leakaemia, 334. 49I' Levers, action of, in the body, 78. Ley, poisononsly osed, 648. poultice, 341. Lice, 311. - Lichen (a dlaease of the skin), 341. Licorice, 398. Life, dnration of, 120. Lift, for invalida, 598. health (so-called), 159. Light, nature of, 98. in the sick-room, 367. Lightning-stroke, 6ia Lily ofthe valley, 397. as a poison, 648. Limc-wat«r, 183, 397. Uqnorice, 338. LiMer, antiseptic snrgery of, 916. Lithia, 398. Lithiasis, 493. Liver, disotden of, 493. s U uc li ue au d facetloBS ef , 47, 74. Lobelia, 338. aa a poiaon, 649. Lobes of the brain , sC. Local diaorders, 996. Lockjaw, 89, 334' Locomotor ataxy, 493. Logwood. 339. London, mortality of, 119. Longevity, unusual, 196. Ivong life, how to attain it, 198. Long-sightedness, los, 160. Lumbago, 494. Lnnsr caustic, 334. as a poison, 650. Lung, diseases of, 44a, 494. SI7- structure snd functions of, 49, 70 Lnpulin, 317. Lupus, 545' Lymph, 49. Lymphatic (abaorbeat) veaaeb, 49- 'm ACAULAY, on mortolity of Lon- "* don, 119, Mad-dog bite 89,483. Magneaia, 330. Malaria, causation of, 913, 990. Malarial fever, 405. 5«6. Malleus, a bone ofthe ear, 110. Malt extract, 33a Blammals, brains of, 91. Mammary gland, 54. Mania, 487. 499- Maniaa-potu, 459. Blanna, 33a Married state, most healthy, 17a Marrow, apinal, 56, 83, 87. Massage, 389. Maternity, hygiene of, 176. May-apple, 339. McMnnn's elixir, 336. Meals, frequency of, 198. Measles, 495- German, 496. Meaaurea, apothecaries', 383. common, 383. Meatus ofthe ear, no. Medicine cheat, 361. glasses, 389. Medicines, for the household, 36a how to give, 389. principal, 395. GENERAL INDEX. Madnlk obloogaU, 56, 88, 97. Magrim, migraine, a6a, 504. Meigs' gelatine food, 379. Melancholy, 487. Mewbraoa tympani, (of the ear), lia Membrane! of the brain, 54. inflammation of, 431; 439. Membranooa croup, 448. Meniere's diicaae, 461. Meoingitia, 6S7, 431, 439. Menorrhagia (monthly flooding), 496. Meoatmation, hygiene of, 173. irregnlar, 389, 408, 466. painful, 363. MenUl, management of the aick, 388. Mercury, poiionuuscompounds of, 650. Meaenteric glanda, 63. Metacarpal bonea, of the hand, 39, Metataranl bonea, of the foot, 40. Methomania, 497. Metrical ayatem, 383. Microecopic organ isma, anppoaed cauaea of diseaaea, 310. Middle ear, no. Migraine, megrim, 36a, 504. Milk, 73, i8i. crust (a disease of the skin), 543. fever, 401. leg. 497- mother's, imitation of, 379, punch, 380. Mineral waters, 330. Miscarriage, 498. Mixed mnadea, 80. Molca, 499. McdlosGum, a disease of the skin, 345. Monomania, 499. Monthly courses, irregnlar, 389, 496. painful, 363. atoppagn of, 408. Morphia, 594, 331, 336. as a poison, 650. Mortification, 338, 331. Moses, sanitary precepts of, n8. Mosquitoes, ji3. Mother's marka, 499. Mocntain-meal, 133. Month, bleeding in, 387. diseases of, 50a symptoms affecting, 341. Movement after death, 81. Moving powers of the body, 77. Mumpa, 50*. Muriatic acid, 306, ^45. Mu«c» volitantea (flying spacka la tlw eyea), 503. Muscles, hygiene of, 151. strained, 611. structure and action of, 41, 78, 107. symptoms affecting, 345. Muscular sense, 95. Mush poultices, 333, 340. Mushrooms, poisonous, 643. Musk, 331. Mussels, poisonous, 650. Mustard, a good emetic, 631. plasters, 331. Myalgia, S03. Myelitis (iuflammation of spinal mar- row). 503- Myopia (near-sightedneaa), 159, stg. Myrrh, aa a medicine, 333. use of, for the teeth, 145. Myxcedema, 503. N^VUS (mole), 499. Nail, in-growing, 504. Nail, splinter unucr, 613. Narcotic poisons, 629. Nature of diaeases,' 336. Nanaea (sick stomach) aa a symptom, 34a- to relieve, 371. Navel, started, 531. Near-sightedneaa, 105. i59i 5<q. Needle penetration, 613. Nephritis (inflamed kidney), 490. Nervousness, to compose, 365. Ncttle-rasu, 541. Neuralgia, 263, 504, Neuraathenia, 505. Neurataxia, 336, jo6. Neurosis, 507. Ncnrotic poisons, 639. Nerve-centres, 57. Nerves, 57, 81, 84. Nervousness, treatment of, 365. Night-mare, 139. Night-sweats, 443. Night-terroiB, 507. Nipple, sore, 4oi.507- Nitrate of potassium, 334. silver (lunar caustic), 334. as a poison, 6jo. GBNEKAL INDEX. Kitrc, 334. ■wMt ipirit of, 334. Ubieta, for asUiiiM, 4i<. Nitric acid, 630. Nitrite of amyl, 334. Nitrogen gM, 71. Nitroglycerine, 334. Nitromuriatic acid, 334. Nitroua oside, 335' Nu«, bleeding, 386. broKcn, SOS- foreign bodiea in, 6i>. Nonriabing iojectiooi, 3M. Nourithmentuf infante, 178. Nurae'a aore month, yxt. Nnraiug, 363. the mother'a dnty, 179. Nutrition, 63. Nnx vomica, 335. aa a poiaon, 650. /^ATMBAL gruel, 377. ^-^ Oatmeal, with beef tea, 379. Obstruction of bowel*, 5°^ Obatmctive cauaea of diieaac, 307. Odontalgia (toothache), 356. (Kdetna (local watery collection), 457- <Ea' ' igna, 4S, 61. #' are of, 509. OJ; feet, 336. <'' bitter almond*, 636. of turpentine, 353. of vitriol, 655. 0*1 gtanda, 43- Oinomania, 497. Old age, 659. sight, 160. Olfactory (smelling nerves), 56, 93. Olive oil, 336. Opaque bodies, 103. Opening medicines, 269. Ophthalmia (inflammation of the •yea), 509- Ophthalmic goitre, 509. OpisthotonoB, 510. Opium, 336. poisoning, 6s"- Optic nctres, 56, 93. (Hbicnlar bone, of the ear, no. Orthopncea, 5'^ Oacaleia (kMl-boot), 40^ eoccygia, 36. Otitis (inflamed car), 461. Otoliths, III. Ovarian dropsy, S73< Ovariea, S3- Overgrowth of parte, 339. Oxalic add, poiaonona, 65a. Oxygen gaa, 71. Oysters, roast, 38a Oxeena, 310. DAIN, aa a symptom, ufi> * Pain, to relieve, 339, Pale moadca, 4>- Palpitetion, 343, 476. Palay, 91,311. Panada, 378. Fancreea, 43, 63. Papilhe of the akin, 44. Pwalyais, 511. infantile, 485. Paraplegia, 311. Par8aites,sii,54S' Paregoric, 336. Parotitis (mumps), 503. Parry, Captain, small amount of food, 131. Pastenr, observations of, 312, 3t6. Patagottiana, long-cheated, isi. Patella (knee-pan), 40. fracture of, 598. Pellagra, 543. Pelvis, 38. Penetrating wounds, 63a. Pepper, 337. Peppermint, 337. Percussion, for diagnosis, 334. Pericarditis, 477. Pericardium (outer covering of Um heart), 30 Pericles, au athlete, !t8. Periataltic action, 7;. Peritonitis. 513. Permanganate ■>£ potaaainm, 336. Pernicious aneemia, 41a fever, 514 P«*pit!ition. 7»- in disease, 354. GENERAL INDEX. '■»'■•••• (wboepiflfcoagb), 400. ^MHtlMiS;!. •Wwifi^ of Aag«is ud tew, 40. ftaiyiigitta (ton tbraat), sm. »Wya«, 45, 61. Phlcbitit (inflamed T«Jn), 497, 514. Phoaphoriu, 337. •••poboa,6sj. Photophotik (drMd of Hght), 514. Phreaitis (inflanmation ofbtaio), 411, PhUiiaia (couainption), 443. Physical diagnoaia, *54. Phytiology, 60. Pit mater, of tb« brain, 55. PUw. a63, 5 IS. Piak-root, 337. Plague, 119,313. Plato, proteatinc egeintt protonging weak liTca, 117. Plethora, »34. Plenrity, 316. Plenrodjrnia, 317, Plica Polonica, 517, PnenmoDia, 317, Paeomothoraz, 330. Podagra, 473. Podophyllum, 339. Pdaoacd wonnda, 633. Foiaona, 639. food for some animala, 134. Poiaoa-Tiae emptioa, 33a Polypna, 331. Pond's extract, 317. Pona Varolii, of the braia, 97. Porrigo, 546. Portal vein, 33, 74. Potaiaa (potaab), 339. aa a poiaon, ^3. Ponlticca, 339. Pregnancy, hygiene of, 174. auning in, 391. Preabyopia (old sight), 521. Priam, action of, on light, loi. ProUpsna ani (falling of bowel), 331. uteri (falling of womb), 370. Proatntion, 333, 391. J^rijfo. 545- Pruritna (itching), 345. Pmaaicacid, 643, Piendo-membianous croup, 448. P»oriaeia,343 Pnerperal fever, 333. 44 Pitllaa watw, 131 Polmonary arttry, 5pk ▼tias, 3a Pabe.te, *4s. Pnmpkia leeda, 341. Pupil of the eye, 81. ia diaeaiw, 347. Purgative mediciaes, 369. Purpura, 333, Putrefaction, lappoaadcaM* of; lli. Pyaemia, 337, 333. Pyloma, 43. Pyrosia (water-braah), 439. QUARANTINE, iaatilatioa of, 119. Quarantine, penoaal, uaalaaa, 334. Quasaia, 343 Quinine, 343. DABIBS (canine madneis), 483. RadiuB, of the forearm, 39. fracture of, 393. Raphael, siie of head, 93. Rattlesnake-bite, 634. Raw beef extract, 374. Red corpuicles of blood, 68. gam, of infiints, 336. muscles, 41. Reflection of light, loa Reflex actions, 83, 88. Refraction of light, 100. Regimen Sanitatis Salemi, 118. ReUpsing fever, 336. Remedies, 336. Remittent fever, 336. infantile, 486. Reptiles, brains of, 91. Resolution of inflamnutioa, rA. Reatrfratiott, 7a artificial, 6^. hygieae of, 131. symptoms affecting, 344. Rest, one day in seven, needful, 158. cure, 506. Retention of uriae, 338, Retina, of tiie eye, ios. detachmeat of, 338. ^ Sii "1 y , CMNSMAL tNDBX. KhMunallMB, 919. intomMtel, 4*- RhabMb, 34S- broken, S94' Rkc, Milk, 379. wtter, 377- RickcU, 530. RiRlditr ofmutcln, 14*. Rigor mortb,(itilfeiiitig sfttrdMUi). 81 . RioKlnK in th* can, M7> Ringworm, 341. 94^ Reelwlle mIU, 34*. Rome, ancient, aaniution in, 118. Room, for a akk paUent, ^. Roaeola, S4I. Rotbetli (German neaalea), 45*- Rowing matehca, facts concemiag, 13*. Robbing (maaaagc), 399. Rubeola (a name for meaalea), 495. Rule* for care of infanta, 193. RupU (a diaeaae of the Akin), 340. Rnptnra, 331. C ABBATH, natnrd n«ad of, 138. '^ Sacnua, 36. Sago, 378. Salemnm, acbool of, 118 Salicylic acid, 347- Saliva, 61. Selivation, 341- Sanitary improvement, pr o gr aaa of, iw. Santonin 347. Saaaafraa pith, 347- Seuaage poisoning, 694. Scabies (itch), 545- Scalds, 581. Scapula (ahonlder-blade), 38. Scarf diia, 44- Scarlatina, 534- Scarlet fever, 534. Schirma (hard cancer), as*. Schyiophytea, aia. Sciatica, 304. Sclerosis, 537- Sclerotic coat of the eya, IOC. Scorbutus ^scurvy), S38. Scrivener's palsy, 337. 1 I. 997* fcnrvy, 93». Saa-ekknaaa, 939. Scat-worma, 347, 973- Sabacaoiis gknds, 77. Hacretioa, 73> Sedentary employments, 19B. Scidlitx powders, 347- Semicirenlar canals of ihi- twr, ill. Semilunar ganglia, 38. Senna, 347- Sensation, loaa of, <4*> nerves of, 8s- Senses, hygiene of, 139. special, 98. Semori-uiotor sctiona, 9t> " Senaorlnm, 94- Sensory ganglia, 93. Septcmia, 336, 339. Septicaemia, 336, 339. Sewing-machines, 138. Scaual hygiene, 167. Shaking palay, 911. ffiiingtes, 3W- Ship fever, 560. Shock, 613- Shottldcr, in Anatomy, 38. -blade, 38. out of joint, 6c6. Sick headache, 475- stomach, as a aymplon, 94*. to relieve, 971. Sick-bed, 369. Sick-food, 393. Sick-garmenu, 39I- Sickroom, 366. Sight, hygiene of, 159. physiology of, 98. Signs of diseaaes, 341. Silver, nitrate, 334- as a poison, 650. Siie of objects seen, how judged of, 106. Skating, 95. t54> Skeleton, 33. Skinv 44. 77. care of, 134. diseases of, 340. Skull, 35- ftactnre of, 60s. Sleep, pbj-inlog; ~f. 95. 95- in itOation to health, 387. mtNMHAL WDMX. . . *«7, Ji7. 411. BtMp-walkiag, w, 54*. tnip|)M7-«lm bwk, 34«. SOMll-poi, 547. Smell, Dstv ' of, 5A 5j. Snake-UtM, 6?^. Saoriog rMpiration, 145. 8«>«|>, S48. linimeqt, 348. Social •¥«, not pwntiMibl*, 169. Society, in America, umiUiik limita- tiotw, 171. Socrttti, ttblMe M woU u philoM- pbcr, iiA. S»d«. 34«. Solar pUsiu.jg. SomnaoibaliMti, 95, 54^. Sore tbroat, 553. Sound, natare of, 109. Soundr of f be heart, 66. Sour breath in infanta, 183. SpaoUh windlaaa, 619. ^>artana, treatment of infanta, 117. Spaam, 346. Special diaeaaaa, 40J. Hpcci6c retnediea, 393. Spectrum, aolar, 99. Speech, Iom of, 230, 413. Spherical aberration in eight, i«>s. Spiced ayrup of rhubarb, 345. Spi'selia (pink-root), 337. Spiaal cord, or marrow, 56, 83, 87. irritation, 549. Spine, aiiatomy of, 35, 37. (liseaica of, 349. injury of, 613. »plri« io ra!iij. not ia lower cr«atai«a. 8pUUn< hlcod, 843, aS?. Spleen, 47. eularRement of, 55a S|)OBinneona generation not poaaible, j:6. Spota before the eyea, 147. Spotted fever, 439. Spraina, 608. vSpiay, medicated, 330. Sprue, 500. Sqnilla, 349. Squinting, 103, loS, 163, 53a. W a •yiuptum, 247. StebMngwonnda, 6a». Summering, 330. 8l«p««(iiiimip.boar)ofaa», iHt. Starch, digeatioa af, 61. SUveMcr, (auphyaatrk), 34^ Stcreicoph- vtaion, 106. Sternum (br««<M.b«}ue), 38. Stiffening after death, «i. Stingi, of been, etc., 633. Htomach, 43. diacaae* of. 437, 473, 330. •icknna of, to rclieTC, 371. ■ymptooii affecting, 343. Stone ia the bluiWer, 76, 331. at»»Wa»aii (■quilting), loj, 108, 163. 5$a. ^ Stnunonium (Jamestown weed), 634. Strangling, 384. Strangury, 331, 364,333. Struma (acrofula), 337. Strychnia, 349. as B poiion, 634. Stupor, 349. Stye, 553 St. Vitoa' dance, 436. Sublimate, corrosive, 308, 349, aa a poison, 640. Suffocation, 613. Sulphide of calcium, 330. Sulphitea. 350. Snlphur, 330. Sulphuric acid (oil of vitiol), 330, 633. Summer catarrh, 413. complaint, 6<tj, 433. dangers of infancy, 19a. Sun- burn, 343. Sun-stroke, 478. Supportera, 371. Suppoaitoriea, 331. Suppuration (formaUon of pna, or matter), 338. Surf-bathing, 138. Swallowin);, 61,89. wrong things, 613. Sweat-gUnds, 44, 77. Swimming, aa an exercise, 134. Swine-plague, causation of, 317. Sycosis, 346. Sydenham, account of t«adon mor> tality, 119. Sympathetic syalem, ig ph««ic!e£r 59- Symptoma of diaeaaaa, 341. SMNMXAL INDEX. SyBCOpc, 401 59B> ^philte, 353- SyttMMoforsMt, a. TABBS dofMlto, 554- Tcnim (Upc-wona), S7S- Tannk, tannic add, 363. Tape-worm, s75- Tapioca, 378. Tar, 35a. Tarazacam (dandelion), 3S«' Tatiant'a aperient, 353. TacMW, 40- Tatter emetic, 3Sa> 543- Tartaric acid, 656. Taate, in diaeMC, mi- nerrea of, 93. TeariiioB. TMth, care of, 144- in diaeaie, 341. Teething, 89. 188. Temperature in diaeaae, ajS- Tendemeaaon prcMore, aaaaymptom, 34JS. Teadona, jerking of, 346. mptore of, 556. Tetaana (lockjaw), 5S4< Tetter, 541- Thalami, of the brain, 93. TliermMneter in diaeaae, 333. Thigh-bone, 40. broken, 595. out of joint, 607. Thoracic dnct, S3- Thorax (cheat), 38. Throat, in diaaaaea, 34t •ore, 535. Thtomboaia, 538. Thnuh, 300. Ihyro<ardiac diwirder, 309. Thyroid gland, 464. 473- Tibia, 40. trndcen, 399- Tie douloureux, 304. Tick*, 313. Tin-pipe*, aalt* of, poiawioaa, 656. Tinea (a diaeaae of the akin), 346- Tinnito* anrinm (ringing in the eata), 46t Toadato^te, poiaQBom, $43- Toaat-watM, 377- aa a madidse, 333. aa a poiaon, 636. Toe-nail, in-growing, 304- Tongue the, in diaeaae, 341. Tonsilitia (quinay), 333. Toothache ; 146. 5i^- Torn wound*, 6a i. Toxsemia (blood-poi*oning), 336. Trachea (windpipe), 49. Translucent bodies, 103. Transparent bodiea, loa. TransporUtion of injured peraona, 633, TremUing, 346. Tremor, 346- Trichina, 373. Trismus (lockjaw), 354- Trasaca. 333. Tubercle, 313, 357. TttbercuU qua^igemina, of the fatain, 93> I03- Tnbercnlw meningitia, 431. TumoRi. }3, 337. TorgtoiRli, aixe ofhead, 9*- Turkldi bath, 137- Turpentine, oil or spirit , 333. Tympanites, 338. Tympanum of the ear, 1 10. Typhlitia, 358- Typhoid fever, 338. Typhna fever, 36a I ILCBRS, 3&>- ^ of atomach, 330. Ulna, 39. nacture of, 393. Uremia, 76, 337, 563- Uretera, 75. Urination, symptoms aActing, 331. Urine, 73. changes in disease, 333. incontinence of, 483- retention of, 338. Urittometer, 333. Uterus (womb), 33. disorders of, 370. yACCINATlON, 119.564- V valeatiae'sbcefjuice, 373- Valerian, 334- Valvea of the heart, 63. GSNERAL INDEX. ValTutar dlieww of tha heart, 477. Vapor in breath, 71. VarieelU (chicken-pox), 43a Varicoae vein*, 567. Variety of food, wholesome, 115. Variola (small-pox), 547. Varioloid, 547. Vegetable toup, 378. Vegetative fnnctioni, 60. Veina, 51. 57. inflamed, 497, 514. injured, 617, 61S. varicoae, 567. Venae cavK, 50. Venice, first quarantine at, 119. Ventridea of the heart, 49, 64. Veratmm viride, 354. Vertebra, 36. Vertebral artery, 37. Vertebrates, 36. Vertigo (dizziness), 850, 568. Vestibule of inner ear, no. Vichy water, 354. Vision, errors and defects of, 139. Visual axes, in sight, 103. Vital capacity, 71. VitUlgo, 544- Vitreoua humor, loa. Voice, exercise of, beneficial to health, III. loas of, 250, 413. Volta, size of bead, 93. Voluntary muscles, 41. Vomiting, as a symptom, 343. treatment of, 371 W^ ^AGNBR, anatomist, on rize of skulls, 93. Walking, feats of, 156. Warmth in the sick-room, 366. Warner's cordial, 354. Wart«,569. Waap^ting, 635. Water, in the chest, 457, 49a living things in, isj. on the brain, 481. passing, as affected by dlsasii, 331. Water-brash, 569. Watermelon-seed tea, 335. Weak sight, 164, 408, 413. Weaning, 180. Webb, Captain, feata of swimming, 157. Webster, Daniel, size of head, 93. lady pills, 326. Weights, apothecaries', 383. White corpuscles of the blood, 68. vitriol, 657. Whitlow, 469. Whooping-cough, 480. Wild cherry bark, 353. Will, physiology of, 98. Wind, in the bowels, 469. Windlass, Spanish, 619. Wine whey, 38a Winship, Dr. strength of. 131. Wistar'a cough lozengea, 33$. Witch-hazel, 317. Womb, 33. falling of, 370. Women, diseases of, 569. Wood, Dr. H. C, on diphtheria, 315. Worms, 573. Wounds, 617. Wrist, 39. drop, 376. Wrist, sprained, 609. Writer'a cramp, 376. VEAST FUNGUS, 210. Yellow fever, causation of, 33i. Yellow fever, symptoms and treatment ofi 577- -jacket's sting, 633. ZINC, sulphate of, 657. Zymotic diseases . 337. GLOSSARY.* AMaaiCB. In oommon langnage, the •tomaeh or belly. Abdactor. Drawing from, or apwt. AkerratioB. Wandering, or going away from a eertain line or place. AborUoa. Mticarriage; childbirth before f jU time. Ab*e«M. A gathering ; an inflammation, with formation of liquid matter, called jnM. Abtiatbe. A poisononi intoxicating liquor need in France. Absorbeat. Soaking op liquids readily. Abiorptioa. The drawing or soaking np of a liquid into a tube or solid sub- stance. Aearae. A rery small creeping animal, something like a tiny spider. AccUni«tl>«. To make aoeustomed to a new climate. AeeoMBiadatloB. In the eye, the change by which sight is adapted to near chings. Acid. In chemistry, a substance which reddens litmus-paper and unites with alkalies. Acae. A diseaae of the skin ; moat com- mon ou the ftace. Aeoaite. A plant whose root and leaves are poisonous; used sometimes asa med- icine. Aeate. Allied to a disease, sharp, tIo- lent, and not continuing long. Addaetor. Drawing to or together. Adalt. Orown np ; of fbll age. Adaltcrate. To add something not he- longiag to a substance. ACratioB. Supplying air to a person, place, or thing. iBttbetie. Having to do with fine taite or feeling. ACiMrmit. Bearing to or toward a centre. I AflaKr> AttiactioD between different! kinds irf (ubataneea. After>birtk. The round flat mass to whieh the navel-cord is attached in childbirth. Afitans. Shaking; applied to a kind of palsy. Af ue. Chills and fever ; intermittent fall fever. Albanea. The white of egg. It is also found in the blood of men and animals. Albaniinnria. Albumen in the urine; one of the signs of Bright's disease. Alcoholism. The general effect upon the body of alcoholic intemperance. Alkali. In chemistry, a substance which unites with acids, and changes the yel- low of turmeric to brown. Alloy. A compound of two or more metala. Allapiee. Pimento; a pleasant, pepper- like article used for seasoning food. Allarial. Deposited from rivers, bkes, or the sea. Alterative. Something which changes the condition of a part of, or the whole constitution of. the bod.v. A I titade. Height above the level of the sea. Amalgaai. A compound of mercury with some other metal. Amaurosis. Blindness Aram failure of the nerve of sight. AaienorThtBa. Stopping or delay of a woman's monthly coorses. Amsba. A very small animal, consistiu( of one cell. Ampatalioa. Cutting off a limb. Amylaceoas. Starch-like. Anaconda. A very large serpent of South America. Aaseaiia. Thinness or poverty of the blood. Aassthesia. Loss of feeling: insensi- bility. Aanstbetic. Something whieh destroys feeling, aii ether or chloroform. Aaalytis. In chemistry, separating the elements of a substance from each other. Aaasarea. Dropsy all over the body. *U ines or diseases not named In this Glosary will be found in the alpbabetleally aaaoiCL a iMIlnnii of tjjls book, begliuiilis oa {aa?e» !S5 »jk! *at, \et^W:: 694 01 S8 A nr. Aa«t»air> The itndy of the pwrti of a bamaii or Mimal body. Aa««H*ai> Ad enUigement of put of an arteiT, uiiwUr containing a olot of blood. ABftiia* I>i8tnt>,thraateniog*uirooation. AaiUae. A substance got out of cool tar, nied for the manofitcture uf dyea, etc Aaiaalevle. A very tiny animal; for instance, that which cause* the itch. Aaaiiillata. To bring to nothing; to dMtroy ntterly. ABodyae. Capable of relieving pain. Aaoaialoas. Very nncommon; out of nsnal order. Aaoaaly. An extraordinary or irregular thing. Aaorasia. LoaB of appetite. Aataeid. Something which neatmliaes or destroys the effects of acids. Aatcvenioa. Turning fwwacd (as of the womb). AathelBiutic. Capable of kUling or driving out worms. Aatkrax* Oarbande, an extremely bad sore; also, a diseose of sheep. Aati<ote< Something given to nenttal- iaa or prevent the etl^ets of a poison. Aatif hlugistlc. Opposed or giving re- lUi to inflammation. Aatiprratie. Capable of lessening the heat of the body in fever. Aatiseorbatlc. Preventive or curative of scurvy. Aatiseptle. Preventive or corrective of rottenness or decay. Aaas. The outlet from the bowels. Aorta. The lai-gest artery in the body; going out tram the heart. Aperient. Opening; applied to med- icines which move the boweln. Apex. The pointed end of anything; for example, of the heart. Aphasia. A disease of the brain, at- tended by loes of speech. AphOBta. Loss of the voice. Apbth«. Small white formations in a sore month. Apoplexy. A stroke of brain disease, often fiital. Appetiser. Something which iroproves the appetite. Aqneoas. Watery. Araeknoid. Spid^-web-like; applied to one of the membranes covering the br^n. ArBoia. A snmli spscc or sr^l ', as aruunn Ae nipple. AroaiatiG. Spicy. Attanr. AUood-v«MlwUeheaRi«aUoe4 outward Aram the heart Arteaiaa. Kamod from a place, ArUnt; an>lled to a very deep well. AfUcalatioa. Pronouncing syilablesand words ; also, a Joint. Aspkyxia. Loss of pulse ; snflbeation. Aaalatlate. To make one thing Uke another; in physiology, to make di-- gested food like the material of the body. Aatheaia. Loss of strsngtb ; weakness. Astbeaopla. Weakness of the eyes, af- fseting the sight. Astkaia. A distressing disease, with dif- flealty of breathing. Aatif aiaUsai. A defiict of sight, giving things a wrong shape. Astriageat. Shrinking together, so as to cheek a discharge. Ataxia, aUxy. Disorder, irregularity. Athletle. Active; fond of exercise and feats of strength. ^Atmosphere. The common air every- where around us. Atoasisatioa. Making a tine spray of a liquid. Atoay. l<oas of tone or energy. Atrophy. Wasting away. Aaditory. Belonging to *he heaiing; a* the auditory nerve. Aaricle. One of the smaller chamber* of the heart. Aaaealtatlea. Listening; a mode of ex- amination in diseases of the Iqngs and heart Aatoaiatle. Going of itaeif; like an aatmuatoD. B. Baellios. A very small club-shaped «si- ero6« (which see). Bacteriaai. Aklndofiirf««>»e(whichBeo). Beaiga. Favoiable; not destructive. Beverage. A drink (as distinguished from a medicine). Bicarhoaate. A cMnpound of two por- tions of carbonic acid with auolher suiistance. Biceps. Two-headed: the name of a large muscle of the arm. Bieaspid. Having two cusps or pngee- tions: the name of one of the valvee of the heart. Bile. A yellowtah-green liquid secreted ! by the liver. iBilioas. Belonging to the bUe; often I qpUed to a disorder of digestloo. O LOSS A BY. 695 Bi(«rtr«t«. A oom|Kmad of two por^ tioM of Urtarie add with Motlier ■aiwtwiee. BilaMiBMs. Pitch.like;^)pHedtoioft ooai, ate. Bloaae. Of • fulr complezioD. Blue Htriol. 8ulph»U! of copper. BoUar* The scienoe of planta. Bright'* DUeate. A diMrdor chiefly affecting the kidueyi, uamed after Dr. Bright. BroaeKin. The larger windpipe, branch- ing into the iuuga. Broaekilia. Inflammation of the bron- ohia! air-tube& Broaehoeele. Quitre ; a iweUiug in front of the throat. Braaette. Of a dark or brown com- plexion. Baaioa. A awclling on one of the toe- Jointa, Urger than a corn. C. Cachexia. An unhealthy condition or habit of body. CalTeia. The ttrongeat active principle of colfoe. Caloify. To bring to a condition like chalk or lime. CalelBB. The metal of which line is the oxide. Caicniaa. In medical laDgaage, atone in the bladder. Caiiatheatea. Ugu esercisea to pro- mote beauty anif strength. Calomel. A drug containing culorine and mercury, Caaetir. A d'csaaed grovrth, naually &- tal unless early romoved. Caaiae. Belong!) to or resembling a dag. Caaker. Abadki jf sore month. Cannabis. Indian h^mji. Capillarr. Mke a hair; applied w very •mail blood-vessels. I Capsale. A small sac or bjK. Carbohydrate. Hade of carbon and wa- ' ter ; examples, sugar and starch. Carbolic acid. A subsUnco got oat of coal tar, used as a disinfectant. Caritoaie aci4. A gas civen out in bi«athiug and fntm burning wood coal, etr. Carbaaele. A very bad gathering, Urger and worse than a hoil. Cardiac. Belonging to or near the heart. Cardlalgia. Heart-bum j pain near the heart. Caries. Decay of a tooth or bone from inflammation. Cariaiaatlve. Something used to relieve colicky pain. Carairoroas. Living on flesh as food. Carotid. One of the large arteries of the nuck. Carpaa. The wriat. Cartilane. Hard griatle; for example, the ear. Caseia. Thecnrdypnrt of milk or cheese. Casnalty. An accident or a disaster. Catalepsy. A diaumo in which the mus- cles become fixed in one position. Calaplasn. A poultice. Calaraet. A film or opacity in the lena of the eye, caoaing biiuduess. Catarrh. A running of phlegm from the nose, windpipe, etc. Cathartic. A medicine acting on the bowels; purgative. Catheter. An instrnment used to draw wattr from the urinary bladder. Canstic. Somefhing which bums and destroys a part. Cell. A very small sac or bag (seea through the niicroacopo). Ceateaariaa. One who lives a hundred years. Cephaiaigia. Headache. Cerate. An ointment partly made with wax. Cerebellam. The smaller bimin. Cerebro.spiaal. Belonging to the biain and spinal cord. Cerebram. The larger part of the brain (in man and the higher animals). Cetapool. A privy well. Chalybeate. A name given to medicines containing iron. Chilblaia. Frost-bite. Chloral. A medicine used to promote sleep or relieve pain. Chlorate. A substance containing chlo- ric acid. Chloride. A compound of chlorine with I another substance. Chloroform. A liquid drog somelimea breathed to prsvent pain under sur- gical opemiions. Chlurohydiicacid. A compound of chlo- rine and hydrogen ; mnriatic acid. Chlorosis. A disease of women or girls, sometimes called "greensickness." Choiiemia. Bile in tho blood. Chorea. A Jerking diaaaie: St. Vitus' dance. Choroid. One of the eoata or layers at the eyeball. iM §iosaAMr. Ckro«at«« Aoompoaudofehnmileaeid. Ckroaie. Lwtiug for »ooii*idenible time. ChryMUU. The cwmm stage of an in- Kot'* lite. Ckyl«< What fooA beoomee when perfect- ly digeeted In the imatl inteetlne. Ckynie. What food beoomee nnder the ■etion of the gaetrie Jiiee in tlie CU1«« Eyehwhei; alio, very email laeh- Uke bain leen only through a miero- CilcniattoB. Moving of a fluid roand and round ; for example, that of the blood in the body. Oitrate. A o«npaund of citrio aeid, the acid of lemon-Juice. Clavlele. The collar-bone. C*oale. Fixed, rigid ; not Jerking. Ceac«l<»«< To ciut. Coehlena A part of the htterual ear. Ca«e4aB«tiaa. Education of boye and girls, or men and women, in the same schools or colleges. Colitis. Inflammation of the colon or large intestine. Collapse. Giving way ; a state of ex- treme weaknea. CoilodlOB. A solutitm of gnn-eottoa In ether. Colloid. Jelly-like. CeloB. The huge Intestine; the lower part of the bowels. Color-Miad. Unable to tell one color ttom another. ColostroM. The first milk IVom the bresat after childbirth. Coma. Deep stupor, from which a per- son cannot be ronsed. Compleneatary. Making the set ftall: red and green light tngptliermake ftall white light ; they ate complementary to each other. Compose. Toqniet and make comfortable. Composite. Made up of several things. Coaipoaad. Made of two or mote ele- menta-or parts. In snrgery, a com- pound fVactnre is one in which a piece of bone sticks oot through the skin. Coaeave. Hollowed out, like the inside of a watch-glass. CoaeeptiOB. The flrst beginning of life in a child in the womb. CoaeassioB. A shaking np or Jarring. Condimeat. Something osed to season food, as pepper, etc. COBdnetor. Something which carries; for cxamplr, eoppef Wire is a eondwitw of electricity. CoMaaltal. Bstioning with birth. CoBfoatloa. Settling of blood In a part. Co^laaetiva. The outermost ooat or eovering of the eyeball. CoBsaagaiaeoBS. Nearly related; as brother and sister, etc. CoasotoBi. Knowing what is going on. CoBsenraaey. FonI matter of privies, slops, etc. which has to be removed, s CoBstlpiBUoB. Stoppage or stow action ' of the bowels. CoBsUtaeat. Something which is a part of something else. CoBsaaiptioB. A wasting disease, in which the Inngs are commonly moat aAseted. CoatafiOB*. Catching, tma person to person. Coatamiaate. To make fonl ; to deflla. Coavaleaee. To get well of a disease. CoaveetioB. Conve}ring, as of heat, throttgh a medium, as air. CoBTerge. To come together toward one point. CoBvex. Bonnded outward ; as the out- ' side of a watch-gUss. Ceuvolatloa. A rolled or rolling part of the outside of the brain. COBTBlsiOB. A fit. Copperas. Oreen vitriol; sulphate of iron. Cordial. An agreeable warming or stim- ulating drink. Coraea. The transparent coat or covering of the eyeball under the eonjunetiva. Corolla. The showy part of a flower; composed of fttaU. Corpas. A body. Corpasele. A very tiny body. Corrode. To eat or wear away ; sa strong acids do metals. Cortex. The bark or outer covering. Cosmoline. Another name for somUim, asoft material used instead of ointment. Cosmopolitan. At home in any part of the world. Costive. Slow, tight, not easily moved ; applied to the state of the bowels. Coaater-irritaat. Something used to heat up the OHtride of the body, to relieve an initatiou mthin it. Coxalgla. Hip-Joint disease. Craalam. The sknll. Creasote. A liquid obtained fhm> tar; used as a medicine and to reliava toothache. Creaiometer. An instrament to : 8T© th« cr««n on milk. i CrotseooBs. Chalky or chalk-Iilca. LOSS A BY. etr CmUb. Ou« who U dmrfed tiud itupid, ■■ lorae children are in Swltwrliind ■od other pliinw. Crntlocamon*. Uavlug no floiren ; tot tnmfia, farm. €■!•■•«■•. BeloiiKhiK to the akin. Cyaaoait. Tbo blue diaeaw, iu which th« faoe U blue or pnrple. Cr«t. A ■mall bladder. CyMIUa. Inflamnutlon of the urinary D. Dakllltr. WeakneoL OMiasl. A tenth part; applied to the qntem of coanting which goea bjr tena, bnndred:<, thounoda, etc. Deevetion. What b got by boiling any- thing in water. DeeoMiioite. To break a thing np into ili eleni«nt«. Dag«B«r«tioa. Getting worae; going down from health and atreugth to weakneaa and diaeaae. DeglatitloB. flwallowiiiK. Oeliriaa. Wandering lu uiiiid, flightineai. Dellrery. Childbirth. Daaeatla. Loaa of the potvera of the mind. DeMBleeat. Something aoothing. Deagae. A mild kind of fever ; " break- bone fever," of the South. Oeaae. Thick; contniulng much matter in a amall apaoe. Oeatal. Belonging to the teeth. Deallfyice. A toothwaah. Deatiae. Tooth-bone. DeatttioB. The growth and coming ont «r the teeth. Depretaioa. A atate of low atrength ; greftt weakneaa. Deaieeate. To dry up, by driving water out. Daw-poiat. The degree of the ther- mometer at which moisture begina to aettle on a cooling body. Diabetea. A diseaae In which an exces- aive amount of urine la paaaed. Diagaoaia. Finding oot the nstnre of a diaeaae. Diagoaal. A line acniaa from one comer to another. Diagram. A Agare drawn to explain tometbing. Diameter. The ahorteat diatanee across • aorboe. DIapkoretle. Qiusing Inereaw et sweat (penpiration). 1 Diaphragm. Tlio rounded muscle be- tweoB the cheat and the abdomen. Diarrkma. Looaeueas.ef the bowels. Oialfeeaia. Au unhealthy condition or habit of body. Dicrotoaa. Double. Diet. What we eat and drink. Disestioa. The action of the atomach, vto. on food. Digit. A linger (in anatomy, also, a toe). DilatatioB. Utretchibg out, eulurgvmeut. Diphtheria. A disease iu which "fclae membrane" ia formed; esiiucialiy io the throat. Diplopia. Seeing double, aa "cma- eyed" peraona do. Dipaomaaia. Insane thint for intox- icatlug drink. Disgorge. To throw up or out. Diaial'eot. To purify air, water, eta' from thinga which cause disease. Dialoeate. To put out of joint Diaargaaize. To break up the atmctuie or organ izttt ion of anything. Diatil. To drive off by heat, and collect a part in a cold veaael. Diuretic. Acting on the kidneya, in- croaaing the flow of urine. Draatie. Very atrong and severe. Dropsy. Swelling from water collecting under the skin or inside of the body. Daet. A tube or channel through which ■ liquid passes. Daodeanm. The first twelve inchea of c bowel next to the stomach D|i8«-nterr. A diseaxe of the bowels with pain and bloody diseharges. DyamenorrhiEa. Pain at the time of • woman's monthly enntscs. Djripepsia. Difflcult and palnftil diges- tion. Dyapaoa. DiSicnlty of breathing. Dyaaria. Ohstmction of the paaaage of urine bom the Hi. i-^"-. Eceealrie. Going wt irom a centre; applied to a person odd, pecniiar. Eciema. A diaeaae of the skin, a kind of tetter. EflTerent. Carrying aomething outward flron a centre. Eflenresee. To bubble up, as soda-water, I ..-er, etc. do. Effete. Worn ont ; used np ; done with. Effasioa. A pouring or flowing out. Eiepboat Jpg, Large and hard swellihg of the leg; er<|ijkaa({a<ii. 008 OlOaSAKT. B«a«latlMi. Waitiat away iUmatUt Mid fluab. BMkrfs. A ynj yoang, osboni ehUd or •oiuial. Eaatie. A drug whieb will, wkmi taUtm, OHiae voBiHlug. ■■■VMitogiie* ProaotiT* of moDtliljr Sow fruiu tb« womb. EMoUoBal. BeloBKiag to tho ibollaci. BarklfsoMa. HwtsUiug of tbo ikiu witk ait ondor it. MmffmM, A eolicctioD of pw (natter) In the obesl. BMpyreamatie. Prodnead by tbo aetioD of iiro. BaeeyhalaMi Biain-Uke. BaeaHuilaa* Theoonteutiof tbebead; the brain. BMlaBila« Appliod to a d lm w piavaU- iag in a eurtain place. BBdocardilis. luHammation of the in- DOT lining of the heart. Badoapcrai. The iiwide lining of a aaed or ovam. Baeaia* An iiO<«tion into the bowrli. . Bsterie. Belong to an intestine (bowel). Bateritla. Inflammation of the bowel*. BBtbetic. Introduced into the body fkoa ontaide of it. BntoaiOlogr* The icienoe or itody of inaeetk B^eaeral. LlTingbut adajroraahort time. Bpiearc. One who ii very fond of pleaa- ant living. Bykteailc. Pievailing or qtreading frvm place to |dace. Bpilaviir. AdiMiaieinw]ii.shci>nvnlaiona (flta) occur habltaallf or Eminently. Braptioa. A breakiuK oat on the skin. Btfaipelaa. A spreadiuu Inflammation of the akin. Bapioaage. A French wor4 meaning spyinK out or eloae fitspection. Btberlae. To put one under the action of ether. EUologT- The stndr of cinAattutt. Bas'.aehiaa take. The «msll channt-I OP- ' 'cting the ear with the noee. Bra ' ■■ OB. Smptjrlng; clearing ont (t (he bowels). Evapt . To paa or drive off in rapor. Euuithciia. An emption or eruptive disease. (See Enptiau.) Bseito-molor. Belonging to a move- aent resulting , fttKD exdtation or stimnlation. Eaereaaaat. The "stools" or ttom the bowels. Bscrata. To threw ar paii oat waila nattor ftom. the body. Bwrailaa. That which ia panad oat aa waato matter. Bllwla. To breathe oat. Biayhlkalaila. AeeoBpaaM by «• largcaMnt of the eye. Esatle* Not native ; brought from somm other country. Espcetnrate. To cough up or diacharga something from the chest. Exfiratioa. BrealhiuR ont. exhalation. Eatiaet. SomrthinKKut by a process out of a bulky or complex suhiitance. Extfcaiitr* One of the limbs of a maa or aaiauU. BiadaUoa. A material ooaing out of of the blood-vessels of the body. Eahreahett. The name of the inventor of the thermometer most In use in this ctmntry. Fara4isallaa. Application to the body of , an intormptcd current of electricity. FariHneaoaa. 8tarcli-contaiuing, as ar- rowroot, rice, etc. FakrUa. Feverish. Feeea. The "stools" or paaaagasframtha bowels. Felva. In surgical language, a severe in- flammation of a finger. F«««r. The thigh-bone. Feraivatatloa. Achangeinasnhstanee, one result of which is giving ont gas. Fcrtilixe. In physiulogy, to so act upon a germ that it will develop int4i a pUnt or xui.nal. Fibria. 1 he substance in tbi' himid which au^cr it clot. Pllaaiaat. A thread or thread-tike, deli- onto r^'rm. Filter. To pom a liquid throngh some- thing whicli keeps back the partiolea and '>,ipnrities. Fissare. A crack ur slit. Fistala. An opening in a part vhich, w!«en sound, IsclostMl. Flatalcnee. Wind in the aromacK or bowels. Flaxlbte. Eaiily bent. FIraioa. Hie act of bending or being bent. Flexor. Bending ; for example, one aftha mnsrWs which bend the flngera to UlV hand. Florid. Applied to the eomplexitn, <tl4 t flaahed. a LOSS A Mr. 999 riMtaaUoB. A warF-Iikfl movement. Flash. In Mnitary ■miigemenU, to pour • ttHMi ot water throuah a tuba or channel. Foeat. A point at which is^ of light or heat oona toxather. Falaa. Ad unburn child. TaaUiaeUe. A mtlt jilact) where the bone* meat in the he«d of a newborn child. F**l*l«a. One ton lifted a foot ; a terra 1 in meaanring powen of different o. 6all«Ma4««r. The bag ander the liver which raoeivcs and stores away the bile. Gall>4acl. The tobe which earriee bile from the gall-bladiler t<Ahe bowel. Galvaalie. To apply galvanic electrieity to anything. GaaiUtta (plural, ganglia). A norv^ eentre. Gaacreae. Vnrtillcation ; death of part at a living body. Garkaf e. Kitchen and table reflue. Gargle. Tu bold a liquid in the throat a while without iwailowing it. Gastric. Jieluiiicing to the atuniach. Gastritis. luflsminstion of tlie stomach. GeaeraUaa. BoRettinB offl-pring. Geaitala. Private ports of the body. Oerai. A seed or spore; the «r»t begin- ning of a living plant or animal. Gaatatioa. Pregnancy; carrying a child in the womb. Gia«livar. The diseased liver caused by ezoeasiva drinking of spirito. Gland. An organ in the body which sep- arates something firom the blood; as the liver, kidneys, etc. Glaadera. A disease of the hoiae, some- timea conveyed to men. Glaaeoaia. A painfhl and serious dis- ease of the eyeball. Glaeoae. Qrape-sugar. Glaten. The pasty matter in wheat and other grains. Goitre. A swelling in ftwnt of the throat; called also brmdioetle. GoBorrheea. A lumty disease caught in impure intercouise. Gradaated. Marked to degrees or other- wise, as thermometers, etc. are. *'■'■"•• A little more than 15 grains. Graaalate. To break up fnto a coarse "grainy" powder. GlAphiU. mack lead, a kind of mineiml. Gravel. In medical langnaga, small pie of stone lu the urinary bluddrr. Gravilalioa. Weight. Graf ilr, speeiflc. Tbe weight of a cer- tain bulk of a suhatitnce, rompared to that of an equal bulk •ifsowrtliing else. Greea vitriol. 8ulph»t« of iron. Gallel. The swallowing part uf the throat. Gastalorr. Having to do with taste. Gjraneolotr. The science or study of the uf Women. H. HKBiateaieaia. Vomiting of blood. HBMophUia. A tendency to blee<l from the sllghteet wound. Unrd water. WaliT wliirh will uutcasily make suda with suap. Hasheesii lllaahlsh or Haachish). In. diau hemp. Heartbura. Pain in the neighborhood of the heart ; often from indigestion. Beat^slroiie. Sudden illness fhmi ex. poaure to great heat. HeMiopia. Seeing only half of anything looked at. Heaipiegia. Palsy of one half of the body. Heniapliere. Half of a globe or sphere ; for example, of the earth. neaonrhage. Loss of blood from any cause. Hemorrhoida. Piles; small swelling! near the outlet tram the bowels. Hepatle. Belonging to the liver. Herhivoroaa. Eating plants, as gmaa, grains, etc. Hereditarr. Passing from pannts to children. Heraiapiirodile. Having both sezeaat once. Heraia. Bnpture ; a part of a bowel, ete. being forced ont of ita natural place. HiccoBgh (pronounced kieenp). A quick. Jerking kind of breathing, from dis- order of the stomach or from great weakness. Hanerus. The arm-bone between the shoulder and elbow. Haaiidity. Moisture, dampneaa. Hamas. Soil ; earth in which pUnIs will grow. Hydatid. A watery bladder-like growth in some part of an animal's body Hydrate. A compound of water with some other substanoe. Hydraalic. Belonging to gr aellaj by means of water. tl f 700 BHr«««pli*la** Drainjt la tl w>t«r on lb* bnlu. Ilirtltoehlarle aeld. Muriatic Mid. iI|r4r«t«ir*Hlo aeli. Pruais add; • deiwlly poiwa. Hirdroiiiater. AuiiutmmcDttoahawhnw much vnivr » i>olMtitiic« i lu •piriu, cuii- talB* ; bIw uMd tu ll iid I ha fttifle yrat- Up (wblcb Mse) of liquid*. Hf4r*pli>kia. The diwiua caused by thr bite of a mad dog. H|r4rolhoni>. Water In tha ibtat. II|ttt«Me. T1i« ncieiice uf the )>nMerya- tlon of health. Hrgrometer. Au liutmment '•> abow the amount of maiatuni lu tbe air of a phuH'. UfoUi. Hbaped like tbe lettar U. ilff leatkalle. LieiMaiuK MHiaibility ; partly bsunuiblug fettling. Hy^ntMlai Too much blood lu a part of the body. TenderuaM to (be what ii natural in OLoasAMr. Long -sightednev; In- Hri^eraalkeaia. tooeh, beyond health. Hrv«nnatr«pia. ability to lee very near oi(|ecta. Hiftfftn. Same a« Hrptrmttropia. Hyftrtropkyt Ovprgrowth. HypvoUe. Promotive of ileep. HypMotiiai. A kind of artifloial or un- natural ileep or iiamnambniisro. Bypoekoadriac. One who lulTera from imaginary discaie. HyfoAemie (Hypodermatic). Under the •kin Hyateria* A dinorder of the nervons lyi- tem, moat oommon in yonng women ; •ometimea oonneoted with diiorden of the womb. Hy*terie«l> In a atate of nervons dia- turbanee, beyond the eontrol of the will. Byaterice. Violent langhtor, crying, or eoaynlaions, etc., which tbe penon cannot help. I. Mioayacraty. A perianal peculiarity; something in which one person dif- feia ftom almoat all othen. Idiot* A simpleton, a natural dummy. Ileum. A part of the bowel or "unoll intestine." lleo«eolie« Belonging to the ilenm (see above) and the Colon (large iatestiaa). Iliaai. The hip-bone. IUoBiaBa(«* To light up. Iaiafl«< A ptrfeetly-formad i a asBl , m, for example, a butterfly. laikcella* 8ill,y ; without aaoaa. laiBi«ral«a. Dipping or plunging, latfaraiaaklo. Nut allowing anything (water, for iuatatice) t« aoak tbrougk It. laiyervleaa. Haute as ImptrmmUi. lacldaaeca The net of striking or tsll- lug upon auytbin|. laclsvr* Cutting or nipping. laaeallaeal. Not able lo hold In (an, for example, water In the bladder). ladigestlaa. Failara la tba disposal of fiMid in the stomach. laebriaat. Ilavingan IntoxloatingeAict. laabriat*. A drunkard, laekrlely« Druukcuneas. lalaetioa. Prevalence of tbe cause of a disease In • place, which may then be said to bt- iifftttd. laflaaiaiatloBt Bedneas, heat, swelling, and pain in any part of the body. lalaeaaa. Au epidemic of " bad colds." lafksioa. A mixture ma<l« by soaking aomethiug in water without hoilinp laAisorla. Tiny liviug things ssaa ny the micresenpe in iufuaiouit <if various kinds. lafradieata Something contained in a aabstanee. lakalattoa. Inbreathing; drawing in breath, either of air or of other gases or va|")ra. Iaoealate> To put aomething under the skin, BO as to aflkct the condition of the body. laaaiakrioas. Not healthy. lasaaa. Crasy ; unsound in mind. laaolakla. Not capable of being dia> solved. laaomntaa 8lp<-pl<«aness. laaUaet. An impulse shown by an an- imal i<i do something in a certain way. laaaiar. Belonging to or like an island. laUllect. Tim mind ; tbe thinking pow- er or powers. Intercostal. Between the ribs. Inti^naaat. Burial. latcrmUteat. Having regular changes ; for instauoe, chills, one every day or every other <lay. latcaliae. A l><>wel, latatavseeptloD. Catching of one part of the boweU in another (like a stove- pipe). Iodide. A compound of iodine with an- other Bubatanee. lodiae. A violet-colored elenant, ob- tained ixum iMsa-wtiwt. BLOMBABT. lot IH*. TiM ilac Mwmd Um p«pU af tte IrtUt. In tw—H on of tha irti, Irrigal*. To taod or pour water owr iMid, ete. lMtk«rM«l Mm. On* marktni eqaal tomparatarwi io diilbreut placaa on tba i J. JaMeatewa w««4. A polaoaoat wiM plui'f, lb* tMitn »ntmmi»m. imm»Hre. A diiaaaa in which tha body baenmita yellow all oyer. i«f«iM*ela. A larga vaiD on aMih aide of the neck. K. K«k«la«f. A large itoTo or bealor need in Sweden nod Norway. HilOffraMBie. A weifht, acoordlnf to the metrical •]rst«iu, «|nal to wme- what more than 2 poumU. *'■*•'■•»»•■• A Hhool for young chil- dren, where play la turned into drill nad inatraatiTe work. liAkor. In medical langoafe, the proe— of ehildUrth. I^krriaik» In aaatomr, tha bony itnie- tare of the internal >-ar. I<aeer«t«. Tu tear. Laehrraial (land, liie tear-gland, within the bony gocket of tlie eye. Iiaeteala. in anatomy, the email rea- lela which take np chyle from the intceUne. Laetia acM. Tb« principal acid of aonr milk. Laotia. 8otmr of millt. Laetodeaaiaieler. An inatrument to ahow the dmuUy >«pecifle grs -ty. which aee) of milk. liaetaaieter. An in»iriinient to ahow the qaality of milk. Laparaf my. Opening the belly by a *arK .il operation. Itarra. The grub or worm-like state of an inieet. I<arragitia. InHammation at the upper part of the windpipe. lATyai. The nrgan of the Toloe; fliat part oi the niodpipe. JLatitade. Oistuoe of a plam fnm ^ba equator. ■•■■taaaa. A*roBf»«dklne,thetlao. tura of opium; petaMoaa to iaraa irnvm, Lavalarr. A waahrotai. Laiauva. Somittblug which acta leatlT on tha boweii. Lcavaa. Yeaal; a material uaed In raia- ing braad, Laaa. A fiirm of gla«* (or other tranapa. nut BMlerlal) uaed in spvelaclea, mi- cnjaoopea, ele. '••^'••l'' A aevere diaeaae of the ikia, met with only in eertain couiilrita. Leaeocirle. a white kluotl-oorpuacle; •een by aid of the micriNoapv in great nambeiB In the blood. Laacocythaeaita. r»«f.w;w««<; edla- eaae attended by an exotwive number of white corpnanlea in the blood. L«a«arrb*a. Tha "white*;" a kind of diacharge not uncommon in wo- men. I'aakvMia. Heme as Lentaetttmmki. Liabaa. A pimply dUoaw of the akin. Llgameat. A tongh (Ibrous band, such as girea strength to the Jointa, etc. Uaiaieat. Homethiug uaed to bathe or rub the snrfhee of the body for sprains, rheamatiam, etc. I.ltniaa.pa*«r. Paper ao prepared that it is n^dduned by acida, tat which it ia therefore a teat, lake. A more or leaa regiiUr part or di- vision of anything ; aa of a leaf, a long, or the llTcr. Laehla. The How which women hare fbr • time alter ehildbirth. Loel^w. A flzed condition of the Jawa fnian disease ; iritmHi or Maaus. Locomotor alaiir. A diseaae in which t'te legs are not perfectly under ooa- trol of the will. liOBgevily. Length of life. Loagilade. Distance of a place eaat or weat of a certain line. Laaibavn. A painful affection of tha back and loins; most common in elderly people. Lambar. Belonging to the lower part of the back. Lumbrieoid. Beaembling tha aailk- worm. Lymph. A dear llqnid found in the lym- phatic Tessels of the body ; resembiing the watery part of the blood. Lymphatlea. The small vessels whicl. take np lymph ttom various parts of the badr. an that it ran h= ret«fBr«! to tha blood. 701 WlOtSdMT. ■asM of A» M«iM. Ia«lwi a«lMly. btaMH of MX kind MtUmt, Tb* •nslwnhxU elMck-boii*. Malaci*. UiM«llr,"lM4«lr:"i ly apiilistl to the atHHHlthtrie wilamiul ftivt-n. ■•llfMlsli I>MtraettT«; tondiiig na- itMitljr t«w*i^ death. MaaiaiMU Th« uaian tlMcrilring a ela« at anlmaK all of which mirkl* thair r«an«- ■•■!■• Tba OMiat coBiwim kind of !■• MBity. ■•■I*«> An iBiane |wnmi. ■•■IriiaUaB. Wurkiiiiwiththahaada, «Aaa oaad for w a wy . M m t m n m»*» A waittoa diaaaaa, ehiaty aCheting tha bowela. ■artllaia. BnluiigiDf to tha wa. IbimWa The fhttjr n»ltar iaiida of honea. SpiuiU mmmw, tha aarrooa eord within tba backbone. llM««lt*«> BeionglnR to maa; eon- ttaMad with JmtHmkn, belaoging to wooias. ' MMa«t«« BttbMai and kneading tha ■kin and Oeah, to imprave the aifea- faitioii, relieve pain, ete. ■■•Mwr. A man who ptnetiaaa m umf t i a manipnlator. Maaaanea. A woman who piaetieaa mat- MaaMe«t«. To chew. HMarnitr. Motherhood. ■sitwwai. The frM<M( eaai, degree, eta. of any eeriee of thiugi or eventa. Medlaai. Uterally. tha eiWdi*; applied Tariooaly in madieine and la eonaee- tlon with other raldeeta. ■ednila. Mamw. MegrlBi. Nranilgia of one side at the head and Awe. Metaaebolr> I'Owneei of ipiriti; tend- eney toward <l<<apair. ■•Ilitaa. Honeyed. MeakniBoaa. Spread out Is a flat, thin kyer (membrase). ■ealBgitla. Inflammation of the men- io^tt, the raembtanm covering the brain. Maaorrksgia. Ezaemive flow of month- ly dSRcbarge in a woman. Maaaaa. The monthly "eoanea" of ■aaatnuil. Belonging to the " aeaiec " af women. ■aaatniMilaii, Tke iiiai i ia n eT tka monthly flow in w eme a . ■catkal. A wdid prepaiaUoa of the all af mint. Maaaalary. Tke tkia laraiia mambiaaa eovaring the boweln. ■aaaiartaai. Animal oMgnathaa. ■etaearM*« Tk* bony part of tha hand next above the fliifen. MetaaMffphaele. A change of (brm and eoaditiou in anything. Mataiaraae. The bony part of the foal neat above thr tnea. ■alar. A meaattra nearly eqaal to 3/^ ■eat* ■atasrwlagr. The eeleiiMi or Mady of the weather. Mathaaiaata. An inaine craving for in- totieating drink. Metrieals Thr name given to the iv' '"it lyitem of welghU and wcasnr'i Micraha. A very minute livini; t'utng, ■eao only by aid of tha mi«ru>. • (k Mtaraaeeeaa. One form of mitr ./>< rplu- ml, Micftfceen). ■icra|fkirta> A very mlnala vegataula form (m <»r e>«). Jiierac«»|»la« Boimallaalobeieenonly by aid of a microeoopa. Milk lag. A iwelllng of the leg follow lag childbirth. Milk Biakaaaa. Illnem caawd by drink- ing the milk of oowe which have eaten poiaoaooa fbod. Milliard. A tbouMud millkma. Milligraaima. One-thonwndth of a fr a mia* ; a grmam* ia alxnit IS giaini. Mtaim. ODC-atatiatk part of a fluid- draebm; about an average drop. Mlaearriage. Abortion; birth of a child before It* time. Molar lootk. A back or Jaw tootk ; a grinder. Mala. A red or brown mark on tke baa or eleewhere ou the body. Moleeale. A very tiny particle. Mollaak. A eoft-bodied animal, aa an oyi- ter, clam, etc. Moaomania. Ineaaity on one mildeet. Moaotoay. Continued going over and over tbe aame thing. Maaaooa. A wind which blowi half the year ia one, and the other half of tho year in the oppoeite, direction. Moaatrasity. Something strange and an- like anything oammnii or natural. Morhid. Dieeaied. Morpkia. Tbe principal agent containaA inopiDm. r VLoasAMr. lot ■•«*r. Havtam to 4<i (rltb bmUmi. Ir :>>' ' (trill, wiMl|>tp*, ale. •• aiMWM ■■Vlallr MM. A MiMt wM Uqald. •to. baftit* tW airas. Mralgi*. rwatatteBOMh MrMte. A MkMMMa obtetaad ky Mtfroma«k. H. H»reMle. SoaMtklnf irkiah ftoptiM, tm apiam, chlofmi, tta. NularaUM. To «Mbl« m tnlnal or plaat to liTi In • diflhiMt eovntry horn iU own. NasMS. WekiMM ar itomTli ilMrt of NetrMit. TiMdMth «r» part; sppltcd ■ i p ai l a ll y to deoayiBi bouaa or tocth. KRphritit. Tnfcimalton of the kldnay. Mtnimm, Aetlng hratMj on tha narr- ouiajratoai. MaatBlgte. Narva'palB. RannMlliaBla. Varrou. Jr'.j.'v Raantuula. Dl■(>H^" ■»' a-;'- -v u «yttom. JfnroUe. Aetlat, ' " '-'•' ''^i^f- '« ' NmrtraliBc' T aatioa of aa|t' U', lA totecso. ITUrat*. A eonpiMti.: v' ;.<v:-. i-.i ;^,._; •asM otkar lulMtooc*. NItfiMa A eompouiid ol xU." .,. .^ .< . .a MKJtUnf. HltngMMia. Contalninc » portion of tha almiant nitrogen. HeetanuU. BelonglDg to or oeenrrlng ia tha night. RoB-eeadaetar. Not carrTing aleo- tridtjr, heat, ete. H*'aMl> Begnlar ; aooording to the rale nr amal natnte of thingi. RatriUoa. NoorlahuMBt. O. AfewllF* VMaaa. OMI«aa. Slaatiaf. 4B OkalMrtae. Htdwlhry i (ha kH and ■><• •ae« uf hIW delivery In ehlMblrth. Octageaarlaa. A paraoa over m yrare of age. Oaaltot. One akUUd la tha cara and t wal ui nfiit uf the eyaa. <K4«aia. Uropiy of a part of the body : WBlar under the eklo. fKaaykagae. The guiMt ; l«wer part nr tha awaUwrtng part af the threat. on of vHHal. MttliAttrle acid Otaotoaala. I n a i iw . eia«lu( for wine or other Int'ixleatiug drink. Olaaglaaa*. ctUy. Oaiaitarvaa. Sating all lorto el bed, eaga t a b tt end aniaal. Oyaailr. Nou-tnutetulaeion or light. OpmvM. Not allowit>« llitbt to paae threngb : tha eppoaitr or (rwwpnreei. OM*kalBi>«. Uariag to do witb ugbt. OyUhalBiaaaava. A luirror arranged for leaking at the lateriw at tha eye. OyU** BelooglBg !■ the eye or light. Orgaa. An iiutmniMit. Orgaale. Betougiitic to an urgau or at- paniaed body. OrgaalaM. An orgaaiaed body ; that ie, aa aaiiMU or a plant. Orgaalaa* Tu form into an arganiaat. P^tura^mlf, wo •ometiniee ipeak of •tganlaliV a noelaty. eto. Oralthalavr* The aetentiflc stady of bMa. OMkaf aaM. OiOcnlty of breathing, n- (iniriag the peraon to ait up inataad of lying dawn. •>trifle«tiaa. Taming into bona. «.'>al|la. Earache. l^i-ioHth. Ear^tone; one of the tiny «teae partidea fonud lo the Internal 0<i:<* (Freneh). OntlMidlah; extraoidi- aartly strange, Ovariataair. RemoTal of an ovary by a LUigieal openition. Orarr« One of the faaeale organ* of re- prodnation. OvMa. An egg. OslAatiaa. CoaaWnatioB of lomethlng with ozygsa. OzMe. A coBtpoatM* H oxycon with a metal or iobm etlwr eleuwutary body. ©■•■•. A diaeaae nf th* interior of the neae, with an — r''inniT dkeharga. OSMaiaaa. The bnwn ontaide part of roaat mea t . Oaoae. A modiOcatioB of as^fw (m, 704 GLOaSAST. pNMBt in ywiUbi* quati^ in tk* 1 P. P«l«UlM«. AgraMblatothetMto. Pki]MkttOB. Exunininc by tooeli an^ ■•ntle proamr*. PalpltatioBt Violent bwUng of the kMurt. Pslir* LoM of ftelinB, or of pown, or l-w«b* PMB«reMe« Tlie iweetbreed ; a (luid new tlie •tomaob. PanlyeU. Faliy (wliich we). P«r«lyBe. To came paralytis (raiay). PatmpUgta. Paliy (Iom of power and fbeUng) of both legs. Pai«ait«. An animal or plant wliioh liTei on the salntauoe of another. Paregoric. A tinetare of npiam and camphor. ParotiA glaad. A imall gland near the angle of the Jaw, which formi nliva. Pamyaai. A spell or attack of any dii- •tder. Partaiieat. Bearing a child. . PelTia. The Imny baitin enclceed by the large hip-bonea. Peaetiate. To pieree into or thrcngh. Paaiaaaia. Land Jotting ont into the na. Pepata. A aabetanee formed in the Btom- aeh and taking part in digeating food. Peteasaioa. Knocking, tapping ; a mode of examination of the chest or abdo- men. Pereaaial. Laating throngh a number of yean. PerTorata. To bore thnragh. Paiicarditia. Inflammation of the enter covering of the heart. Pericar4iaei. The onter covering of the heart. Periaeum* The crotch between the thighe. Perio4ie«l. Happening at regular timea. Periodicity. The fact or property of re- euneneo at regular periods. Poriphery. The outer part of anything ; eirenmferkinoe. Periataltic conlraetioa. The natural movement, from above downward, of the moMular coat of the bowels. Paritoneaai. The delicate membrane lining the abdomen and covering all the organi contained therein. PeritoBltia. Inflammati<m of the peri- Pcnacata. To paaa all throoi^ Pcraletotti. Very Iqjuriona. Persi^ratioa. Sweat. Peitaaala. Hooping ooogh (whooping ooogh). Pkataagca. The Joints or aeparateplaoM of the (Ingen and toaa. Pharaiaey. The boaineaa at an i^the- oary (^armacist). Pharyagitla. Inflammation of the phar- ynx. V Pbaryax. The upper portion of the swJ- lowing part of the throat. Pkafeieaeld. Oarbolio acid. Phlebitla. Inflammation of a vein. PhlagMatie. Laogoid; not tenaltlTeor excitable; heavy. Pkosphate. A compoond of ph(iv>>Mio acid. Pkotopkobia. Dread of the light. Pkreaology. A so called "aeience" of the organs of the brain, suppoaed to oorreapond with the faculties and pro- pensitiea of the mind. Pkthisia. Consumption. Physical. Material or uodily, as distin- ^•libhed from mental ur spiritual. Physiology. The science or study of the functions (uses, opcratloas) of the or- gans of a liviog being. Piles. Swellings, often sore and bleed- ing, near the outlet from the bowels. Placeata i^nevin. The after-birth, oom- ing down before the birth of the child. Plaaebette. A piece of wood with a pencil attached, for involnntary writ- ing. Piethnra. Exeeas of blood or exeessive rlchneas of the blood. Pleara. The membrane lining the chest and coverinR the lungs. PIcarisy. Inflammation of the pleura. Paenaiotic. Having to do with air or gasea. Paeanioaia. Inflammation of the lungs. Polarity. The mutual relation of oppo- site things, as the north and south pole* of a magnet, ete. Poaa Varolii. A bridge of brain matter in the lower and back part of the head. Poroaa. Full of small holes. Portal. Of the gRt« ; applied to a large vein which carrira blood into the liver. Precocious. Coming forward unusually soon. Pregaaat. Being with child. Premolar teeth. Those next before (nearest the firont) the molar or baeV. Jaw teeth. QLOaSABT. 706 PNtkroyU. OM-dght; lons-aichtod- Priiai. A flv»«ided solid, with two thtee- ■Idod ban*. ProcMa. In anatoiiir, a Jntting-oot part of a bone. Proddentia. Falling (of the womb). Progaoaia. Knowing beforehand what will happen. Prolapaas. Sliding downward. ProyhrUctlc. Preventive. Proatata gland. A unall gland at the baie of the genital organs in man. Proatration, Great weakness. Proteid. Consisting mainly of protein. Protcia. A substance foand by chemists in blood, white of epg, muscle, etc. Protoplaam. A aubstanot present in the blood of all animals, and in the sap, etc. of all plants. Protosoa. The lowest and simplest of all animal forma. ProtrnsioB. Bulging or Jotting ont. Prnaaie acid. Hydrocyanic acid, a very deadly poison. Paeado^nembniBons. Made of false membrane; a deposit (in the throat, for example) from disease. Psoaa abaeesa. A large gathering under the psoas mudde, within the abdomen. Parohalogy. The science or study of the mind. Paerperal. Belonging to childbearing. Paimoaary. Belonging to a Inng or the lungs. Pulsate. To beat or throb like a pulse. Palae. The beating of an artery under the linger. Palveriaa. To reduce to powder. Papa. The middle stage of insect life, nsaally in a coooon. Papil (of the eye). The opening («nr- rOBBded by the iris) through which l^t passes for sight. PargaUva. Acting upon the bowels ; ca- thartie. Pnrpara. A disease in which purple blotches ai^tear on the skin. Pbs. Thick, yellow matter firom an ab- scess, etc, PBStaie. A small swelling contatning pus. Patrefy. To rot. Patresceat. Liable to rot or decay. Pyaemia. A disease in which matter | (pus) emiatH in the blood. | Pyioraa. The opening at the right-hand j end of the stomach into th* saail in- taatiaa. | QaadrigeailBa. Hade of four nearly eqnal portions. Qaadruped. A fonr-fdotcd animal. QaaraaUae. Detmtion (of a ship, ate.) to keep ont disease Cram a place. QaiekeaiBg. The movement of a living iu/ant felt within the mother's womb. Qaiaay. Inllammatiqn of the tonsil (in the throat), often with formation of a gathering there. ilBolidlaa. Occnrring (as, a chiU) every day. Kachitia. Bicketa. RaiUate. To throw off in rays, aa those of heat anJ light. Radiaa. In anatomy, the bone of the forearm whose lower end is nearest the thumb. Raacid. Spoiled, strong in taste and smell; as, for example, had butter. SectBBi. The last part of the lower bowel. Reetaa (plural, recti). Straight. Pecaperale. To restore the strength. Relleetioa. Turning back. Reflex. Turning baefc toward the start- ing-place or in another direction. RefractioB. Bending ont of a straight line. RetMgeraat. Oooling. Rigiaie (French). A system of usage or management. Register. Xu houses, the fixture through which warm air is let into a room. Relapae. To MI bick. Relax. To loosen. Reaitteut. Lessening, without entirely stoppinn, Reaal. Belonging to the kidneys. ReprodactioB. Generation; begettlns offipring. ResplratioB. Breathing. Resascitate. To restore to life. Retiaa. The inneir^ost coat or layer of the eye. Retroversioa. Turning backward. Rhythaiic. Occurring in regular suoees- sive movements. Ricketa. A disease in which the bmas are softened and weakened. Rigor. A stiffening of the muscles. Riaderpext. Cattle-plague. Riagworm. A disease of the skin, with round patches of eruption. ; 0Loa8Aitr. BAIe. A put to be pnfonBcd. Roaeola. A diMM* of the i^iB, wttk bright nd patebM of variooa fDna*. It»tat«. To go roBiid Uke » whetsl. Rakeola. Meailee. !!■■>■•■(. A cDd-ehewiof •nimal. RmBtaate. To chew the cod ; that ii, to chew the food once, ewallow it, bring it up agkin, and chew it » aeoond time. Raptare. Herni*; tbe balging oat of ft put (Itnackie of bowel, for instaiioe) into ui unnatural position. ■•ccharoiiijrcee. Tbe minute yewt- plant found in the foam of beer, etc. Saiat Vilai' daace. Chorea: tlie jerit- ing dtaeiee. Salnratoa. Aired nit', biearborated pot- art. SaHvaAe. To ioeieaau th« iow of aaliva, as eeme medicinee do ; often with aore- ne« of tiK moaA. Salobrioaa. Oood for health (applied to plaeea). ^ talatary. Having a good intaeBfle on health. ■aaa. 8oand la mind. ■aagidM. Fnll-Moodad; i^e, shtmM, •wriMaat, twp i ft il. ■aalUrlM. Ona who ii interested is tito acienoe of hstltfa. ■aaitariau. Aa Inttttation for tka fM- toiation of invalids to health »mmm^»' AttenUog to ^i« condMiAM «f • ^aee in regard to hodtb. Saaltjr. Soundness nf mind. Ratarate, To make a thing take all it can of wmetbing else. lafaat (Freu';h). A learned man, ■cahies. The itch, a disease of the ikla. ReaM-heada Kngworm on the head. Scapala. The shoolder-blsde. Scarlatiaa. AaaHiar naaie Ibr searM fever. Pain along the hip and thi^ Hard cancer. Hardening from diseaae. One pf the iviats or layers of the eyeball. Bcorbatic* Of the natnre of laeorbatns) scurvy. Scrolala. A constitutional disease, often inherit"d. Searvy. A iisnam caased by lieiicieoey of ttuh ibod, Sciatica, •cirrhas. Beierasis. Bolerotic SnaU white wanM la tka lower part of the bowels. Rekaeaeas. O rsasy or g iu ass piud i i dBg. Seerete. To form or throw oat sona- thiag; as the Urer saerstss Mia, th« kidneys Brine, ete. fltidattve. BoothiBg,da|«easing,Iow«ring. 8««eatarr. Not aetive; living wM little or no exercise. Se^ineat. SomethtBg settliag dawn a* the bottom of a liqaid. Segregate. To separate and set apah. Seleetive. neking oat oac thing ftom amongst atfaers. fleaiilaaar. HaK-moon shaped. ■eaaitive. Qnick to Asei imprearioaa Seasari-aietar. Moving in re^onse to sensations. SaaaoriaB. Tiie part of the brain which receives sensations by means of the oonneeting with it. Having to do with sensation («wUng). Septic. Of the aatare of, or promotive of, decay. SapUeaaiia. MMase at the blood flrom iBtradactiaa iato it of pndnets of de«^r. Sa«a«ta. nat whiiA follaws I Aiagdat. Saraas aMaskraaaa. layers vread oBt within tke eavUiea at Oe lair ; <■ tte ptmra, fiyitmnm, etc. Sana. A w a t m ^ i liquid making part af tka UeaA; at» moistbaisg serons ituvsga. The foal matter of hoaaes, s t s ht i s , streets, ate. eolleeted in a liqaid stete. Sewerage. The disposal at tMnt* in _ y tf, etc. WMUglaa. A dtaease of the skin affect- tag the middle of the body on one or both sidss. S teay taw. A mustard plaster. M»(«ltas. Hiecoagh. SkeletOB. The bony frMaework of an aaimal body. Siaagh. To mortify and drop off fkom a living body. Sodiaai. The metal of soda and irf cran- mon salt. Soft water. Water which will aaiHy make lather with soap. SoiUpipe. A pipe used to carry off the contents of water-clcaeta, urinals, etc. Soiarian. A room open above to leeelve the rays of tbe sun. J ■■:-"«- 9L088A.MT 707 a kmd or oaaaider- h tWak <Mt«>t oo tha loa«aa, , etc ill imnT. ■yaaaM^a. ffl a w ii i i i g in upa ar qiells; art aaatianeaa. •fMlAo. P fiiii; dlatinct ftoe svot;- tUug aiaa is aatan or ettet. ■pcMloaeoya. ibi iastranieBt to «■■»■ iD« nys of lifjit paHiDf; chraugb dit- teaat uibataiieM. ■peclrBB. An imagx produced by rays of light paaing tbreogh a body ; far az- smple, that made by sunliglit going through a glaaa priam. ■phiaetar. Coatracting and eloalng an opening. ■iMtrtHMfnipb. An inatmrncnt by which the palaatlona of an artery may bo meas- und and reeerdad. »9i%m MBtte. aeft apine; a deformity aomatiiBea mat with in newborn iniSuita. Wfim*. The backbone. ■pleeB. A ronnd, alate-colored gland sitnated near the stomru-b. Spleaio. Belonging to the spleen. RtaMaUea. Facta arranged in precise Ig- orea concerning any saLject. StereomeeoBi. Containing fecal mat- ter— i. e. that belonging to the lower bowela. Stereeacope. An instrument which giTM pictarei aaaa through it it solid appear- ance. MeninBi. The breaat-bone. ■tertoreai. Snoring. Stillborn. Bom dead. Rtfmalaat. Exciting. RtialnUlte. To exdte ; to bring out the action of a living organ or syxtem. StOBC. In medicine, a hard body found in the Udn^, oriaBry Madder, etc. StrablaaiB*. gqninting, enas-eyea. SlraagBlaUoB. Strangling, choking, aa in hanging. Strasgary. DiOcBlty in paving water firom the bladder. Striated. Striped. Slrtetarc. A ttghtaaing or ohatmction ; as of the urethra (paaaage ftam the urinary biaMerl StnuMu Seroftila. Staper. A dead sleep, frtm which a per- ' •on canoi* be ranaad. Stye. As infiaated swelling on the eyelid. ■trptlc. Something goad to ehedi Ueed- lag or ether disohaiga. i Under the collar-l (davicte). SBbeataaeoaa. Under the skin. •■bpalar. Under or near one of the poles of the earth. *•*••*'• The earth mideraeath the aar- ibae ni' the gnrand. ■abaaUaa. Jerking, imtgular motion . aa of the Uindoiis (leadan) tt th* wrist in (ever. HaMettaaeaa. Undar groand. Saktroplcat. N«ar the troplas; nact to the equatorial put of the earth. Salphate. A ccmpoaad of snlahorie add. SnlphMe. A eompi>und ci tie eloBMnt sulphur. Snipbite. A eompoaad of saiphuroua acid. Salpkarle a«M. OU of cMriol, a very sironc acid liquid. Sappoattory. A smnll maas of some- thing prepared for aanrtion into th« lower bowel. Sappression. Coaipteta atoppaga. Sapparation. Fornuttion of matter (poa) in a part of the biKly. *?■•*••• A siire rapreaentative of some- thing ; for euunple, in chemistry the symbol of oxygen It O ; of hydrogen, H, etc. ■▼"■•»»ir. E<iBal balance or proportion of parts ; *• between the two anas and handa, et<>. *'■••■*»• i''e«line together; one being affected by the ft^cling of another. S n i B B p a. Fainti;i}c. SyatBMiB. A aulMta n«! obtained by onem- iala 6om flesh. Syphllia.. An nglf dijieaae canned by im- pnraseBnn' interconiae. SyrlBge. An inrtniment used to iqjeet liqoida into a cavity; a small hand- pomp. T. '•baa. A slow, weakening, and wasting disease. TMiia. Tape-worm. TbbbIb, or tannin acid. An aatringent substance obtained from oak-bark, nntgalls, etc. Tartar, on the tc«th. A rough, hard de- posit formed when the teeth are neg- lected. Tartaric acid. One of the adds of grape-juice. Taitcata. A oompound of tartarie add. 708 • LOaSAMT. W TetVBeBt. akin, oator eov««iiig. TenperaaeBt. Habit of body and mind; (peeisl coDktitution. Tempetate. Moderate; uot extreme •itber way. Tenporal regioa. In aaatomy, the templet on the two itdea of the head. Tcatiitur. One who, or that which, tries or testa Domething. Teniae. Occurring (at obllla) on the flnt and third days; evaiy other day. Tetaaai. Lool^aw; a T«ry lareia and often fatal dteeaw. Thalamna. In anatomy, a part of the baae of the brain. Theiae. The prlneipal active eubatance contained in tea. Tkeobronia. An active principle ob- tained from ooeoo- (cocoa) seeds. Tkerapeatica. The science of the action of remedie* in treatment of disease. Thermic. Having to do with heat. Thenaometer. An iustmmeut to meas- ure degrew of heat. Tkeracic. Baion^ing to the thorax or chest. Tkanu. The chest, enclosed by the ribs, hrsast-bone, and spinu. Tluraisk. A disease of the month, most oommon in children. Tkyroid (imd. A gland in ftvnt of the throat, which is nneh enlarged in taitre. Tie doaieareux. Nenralgia of one side of the hoe and head. Tiaetare. A preparation made with aleohol. Tiaaitas aariam. Singing or roaring in the eaxa. Tisaaa. StoiT, iU>rio; that of which organs are made (anatcmy), Teaie. Increasing Com and strength. IMe tpoMi Is ilxed, rigid contrac- tion of mnscles. ToBsil. A small gland on each side of the throat. Toasillitis. Inflammation of one or both of the tonsils. Tarniqaet. An ioslrumen c used to <dieck bleeding from wonnJed arteries. Torrid. Very hot. Torala. The yeaat-plsnt; asedkarestyo** Toxaemia. Poisoned blood. Toxic Having to do with poison or poisons. ToKleolosf 1%* wienee or stndy of peiMns. Ti*ekea. The windpipe below Its flnt part, which is oalled the fawyiu. TraokeiUa. Inflammation of the trachea. TrMMlaeaat. Allowing light to pass tluoagh. rraa^areat. Capable of heing seen through. Traaspiratloa. Passing thrv<ugb slowly. Trafii In a house, a fixture used to keep fonl air from getting back from •oil- pipes, etc. Trameas. Trembliog or attmdsd by tremor. Trtekiaa. Thnad-worm, a paraaits of pork. TriCBspid. Three-parted ; applied to on* of the valves of the heart. Trismas. Lockjaw. Tropical. Belonging to the equatorial part of the globe. Tropics. Lines at a certain distanes on each side of the equator. Tobercle. A deposit caoaed by dlssaas • in the Inngi or othar parts of tka body. Taberealosis. Tendency to fonaatiOQ of tubercle ; the tuberculous oonstltatton. Trmpaaie. DroD^like. TTBtpaaaai. A dtum; in a<^atctny, tiie drum of the ear. Trphlitis. Inflairjnation of the laigar bowel. Typhoid. Low, prostrating, stupefying, or stnpefled. Typkas. 8tnpid or stupefying (the name of a low fever). Typical. Showing a type ; a representa- tive thing or form. u. ITIeer. An open sore on aay part uf the body. Uiaa. The bone of the forearm wbicli connects with the wrist on the little flager side. (Taeaaaeioas. Not knowing anythinr;, aa in a &iut sr a stupor. Dadalatlag. Moving in waves. llBvaeat. Ointment. Valeaveaeil. Made without yeast, not raised. Vramia. Tkiatiag of the blood with •natters belonging to the cr!"'"^ Urate. A compoond of uric add. Urea. One <rf the snbstauees oimtaiaad naturally in the urine. (Ureter. One of the tubes which connect the kidneys wifh the bladder. QL08SARY. 709 VvMhra. The tube which oarriea oat tho atlaa from tlu bladder. Urtc seM. A lolMtwiee imtamllr •'»■)• teiued in the orine. VriwMles. PiMiug water from the Vrlae. The water furmvd iu tl.u Icidnejn and pawed out from the bladder. VrUcaiia. Nettle nwh, a kiud of ikin Vterlae. Belonging to the uterus (womb). Uterat. The womb. VtUii«. To make uaefbl. VtopikB. Too good to be made to happen. V. Vaceinste. To inoculate with matter from cowpox. Vaccinia. Cowpox. Vacina. The outlet fW>m the womb. Vapor. Steam; moisture (of any liquid) riaing'into theair. Varicella. Chicken-pox. Varicose. Enlarged; swollen in parts (as, for example, veins). Variola. Small-pox. Varioloid. Small-pox modified by the effect of vaccination. Vaseline. (!oamohne; a substance ob- tained from coal oil, and used iustea<l of grease. Vegetariaa. One who eats only vege- table AmxI. Vagetatire. Belonging to, or like, vege- table life. Vekiole. Sometkiug which earriea. Vein. A. Teasel conveying bloi d toward the heart. Veaa cava (ascending and descending). !%• naan of each at the two largest T^na hi the bv4y, both entering the heait. VeneaeetiOB. Ofaaing a vein to draw Ueod. Veaaai. Poiaaa. VeaoBs. Belonging to a vein or the veins. Ventilate. To change the air of a place. Van tai e ie . One of the larger cavities or ' Cambers of the heart. Verdifris. Copper rust ; carbonate or Boetate of copper. Vermifafe. A drug which will, when takao. UU ar drive «■! Vertebra. One of the natural pieces af the backbone. Vertebrate*. Animals having back- bones. Vertical. Straight up and down. Vertigo. Oiddineas. Vesicate. To raise a blister. Vestibale. A threshold; in anatomy, part of the internal ear. Vibrate. To qniver or move In small waves, as the metal of a bell doe* when struck. Vibrio. A very minute living form often founil in livinK and dead organic badiea. Visible. That which may be seen. Vision. Sl^ht. Visnal. B<l.>nging to sight. Vitalixe. To give life to anything. V itiate. To sjioil hadi y Vitrefled. Brought to u glass-like ooa- dition. Vitreous. Qlassy ; like glass. Volatile. Easily turned to vapor by beat. Volnntarir. Done, or possible to be done, at the bidding of the will. Vnlcanize. To harden by bcdting with an appropriate substance (applied to India-rubber). w. Water-brash. Water coming from the stomach intu the mouth. Water-seal. The water in a trap (which see) to keep gas«« from going through it. Wean. To get one away from, or out of the habit of, something. White Tilriol. Sulphate of sine. Whites. A discharge from the womb or vagina in women. Whooping coogh. Hooping cough. Windpipe. The tube in the throat through which we breathe. Wrist-drop. Palsy of the muscles of the arm from lead -poisoning. z. Zeat. Strong interest in something. Zone. A region of the earth— arctic, temperate, tropical, etc. Zyaiotic. Caused by a prooea* in soma respects like farmantatieB.