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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon ie cas: ie symbols — ►signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Mpps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 HI:; i |s j 1 If, after reading this pamphlet, any further information is re(|uired alxiul Canada, appHcation may l.e made to any of the following officials Is :• - IN (iRI-AT BRITAIN. The Canadian High Commissioner, 17 Victoria Street, S.W., London. The Canadian Government Agent, 15 Water Street, Liverpool. The Canadian Government Agent, 52 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow. The Canadian Government Agent, 2 Abbey Street, Dublin. IN CANADA. The Superintendent of Immigration, Department of the Interior, Ottawa. The Commissioner of Immigration, Winnipeg, Manitoba. */ 1 t I, IN THE UNITED STATES. • The Canadian Government Agent, No. I Merrill Block, Detroit, Michigan. The Canadian Government Agent, 154 East 3rd Street, St. Paul, Minn. Or for rates of passage, to any of the Canadian Pacific Railway .Agencies, or to the Agents of the Canadian Steamship Lines. Jll :i\ AiST OFFICIAL HANDBOOK OF INFORMATION HK LA TIN (J TO TMK DOMINCON OF CANADA 1897 Pl.-I'.LISHKI), WITH THK AI'I'ROVAI, OF IIKW MA.l KSTVS SKC'RETARY OF STATE FOI! TIIF. COLOXIKS, |JV THK (iOVKRXMKXT OF CAXADA (DF.l'APvTMKXT OF THK IXTKItlOR) OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUKEALt 1897 mi r Fc I t ( a o t e it a C 3 L -J ^c^qti Tins pampl.let is respectfully comn.ended to the attention of the verv many people .a other countries who in their present surroundings have little prospect'of ia.provin. then- position financially or socially. To all such people, as well as to a>any others" Canada to-day offers the best opportunities for advancement. Her immense tracts o'f ava.iab'e agricultural l.nd, and vast area of mineral wealtl, : alike unrivalled by any other country : her excellent system of transportation, with her stable yet progressive system of self-government and ad.nirable social conditions, combine to render tl^e coun- try one ,n which the pursuit of independence and wealth is carried on without eucount- er,ng the ha.dships and dimeulties of former days, while the rewards to be reaped by .ndu-.dual enterprise and energy are not now to be found under the same conditions in any other lanrl :.^ ■-M ■ Mi: " IN' ^ CONTENTS. THK DOMINION OK f'ANAOA. TaRf. Area ~ ropiilatlon s IJclinlon s <'()iislituti(m (if (Jovcrnmciif s Miiiili'Ipal System g Kdin a'lon Ailiiiinlstratioii of Justl ' rotii'ts -Military Korros Mimlitipal I'ollcn Xaturali/utioii Postal System Money Ordi'iM 8 -, VoiiiiK Aii'ii l|( T)()MlEUm OF CANADA r. ■ A.*' I IK Dnniiiiiipii ()i: CjiiiMd.M I'iiliii" 111- 111 c.NisiciK'o (in July 1st, l!SU7, iiiHicr the ti-niiM of au Act of the IinpiMial rarliaiuent, known as the Mritish North Amoi-ieii Act, \\lii<-li i.n.vitk'd for tho union iia and New lirunswiek ; the rr.fviiico of Canada being im- iH'l'oiv iliat time divided Into I'pper and Lower Canada, which divisions are kno\^•I. ii,nv as Ontario and Quebec, lesjiectively. 'l'l:,> Dominion w is sulisequcnt- l.v auffinented by the Province of Manitoba inid the Xorth-wcst Territories in 1S7(I. by I'.rltish Columbia In 1S71, and Prince Ed- ward Island In IST."., and now Includes tho whole of British Xorfh America. Avilh the exception of Newfoundland. Tlie follow iuK fiKuros show the corn- Area, piit'd area of tho Provinces and Ter- ritories of Canada :— Gq, Miles. '"'f'"'" 222,000 ^J">-'bec 22S,900 Xi'w Brunswick ::8 200 Nova Scotia 2o!600 Prlrce Eilwinl Island 2,000 Manitoba ♦7:;,'955 British Columbia 3S3,.'500 Provisional Tlatrlct of Aiislniboia. .about Sd!535 Kccwatin.. " 2.S:!,000 Sa.skatchowan " 107,092 Alberta " lOH.lOO Athabasca... " 104,500 North-west Territories 006,000 Territory east of Koewatin and south of Hudaon't, Bay lO'l.S'^O Territory cf Hudson's Pay S3S,000 Islands in Arctic Oc?an and Hudson Bay. 300,000 'Ir. at Lake? and Ulver St. Law-ence east to longitude liC-', not included in above a-L'as 47,400 Area of Canada ~37mM •Tlii.^ Is lor Manitoba ns defined by Act of the Cana- dian Parliament. g DOMINIOX OF CASA DA. \eoor.liiu' to the census re- tw(MMi the p.'ovinces and the Federal (Joveru- Population ti.ms of ISOl, the iKn.uhition mont. In some of the i.tovhu^es theiv are two Fopulation. ^^ ^^^^ j,o„,iuiou was as fol- l.ranehes of the legishiture in add.tnm to the . , ._ I.iiMUenaut-Covernor, but in Ontario, New ""'^' , , mo ,7^ Krunswiok, Prhiee Edward Island, Manitoba Prince Fdward Inland 100. ,,, ^^^^^^ ^^^^_^^ Columbia there are only single Nerm^'wick' ■■■■.. .■■.;:::;::::":::: 32i;2.i3 nouses. This, H. .ever, :s a matter entirely g„g^,j, i,^cS8,r.?.3 within the control of the local autlionties, as Ontario 2,llt.';2t .,,v iilso the election of members, fraudiise ManiUba l^-""'' n"i>liti<"iti<'"«- and alteration of the electoral Iiiiiisli rolumoia ^'^ATi ,i;siricts for the rrovinciai T.egislatures. but Tlae Tirritiries ^S-^^"^ ^\^^. duration of the Local Assemblies is fixed ^"^ .,t four years. The powers of the Domini^ -piicre is generally a perfect sys- (.us and widely distri'>ir"d. ^^.j^^ ^^^ luunicipal government in tiie pro- Each church manages its own affairs : viucos co istituting tlie Uomin- oud the stipends of the cler,gy are paid out Municipal i"". '>>' which municipal coun- of endowments, jjow rents, and otiier surli System, eils, elected by tlie people, con- funds. There are are no tithes or churcli trol and govern matters of rates, ex ■epting in the province of (Juelii'C. purely local and municipal concern. In every where the Iloman Catholic Cliurcli possesses ^^^^.^ ^f Parliament or I,egislature one object some qualilied power in tliis respect, but nought has been to give the utmost possi- only over persons professing that faith. i,],, freedom to localities to manage thvir The Ooverument of ('.•tn- own local aftairs. Free endu.'ation is fun- Constitution ada is Federal. The pro- i^l^Hl in all the various pro- of vinces have Local Legis- Education, vinces ..f Canada. .ienerally Government, lalnres. By the British speaking, the systen. may North America Act, b - be ,1 -scribed as follows. -Every town- f,re referred to, the executive government sl'il' is "'ivided into sections suth.Mcntly and the atithority of and over Canada re- h,r.ge for . a s.lu.oi. Trustees are elected mains ,n the Queen. The Governor Cener.il 1<> inanage the affairs, and the ex- for the time being carries on the governineut IH-nses are d.^frayed by In-a ,,ucs and in the name of Her Majesty, but is paid ,ni. Provincial (ioverumeiit gran s ieacheis a e of the Canadian revenue. The Dominion tniined at Normal Schools at the public ex- Parliament consists of .anrppcr Ibms, . l.ouse. For those wl... can .nttord it -and the styled the Senate (SI members,, at.d the cost is very small-there are schools of a House of Commons (2131 >emL,ers,. The Sena- higher grade, managed also by rustees. At tors are nominated for life by the G..vern..r these, as well as at many excellent private es- Geueral oa the advice of the Kxecutive tablishments, a classical edu«itioti is given, Cuneil. The Commons are electe.l for live Hr.l pupils are prepared tor the pi-ofessions. vcars. The franchise for both the Federal 'llieri are elexen univetsities and colleges Parliament and the Provincial Legislatures ^^hich confer degrees of Divinity Arts, Law. practically confers the voting power upon Medi-Mue. Civil Kngincering, &''- ;o«iavin,r special theological colle.ges. iheie the executive head of the Provincial (iovern- ^vore upwards ot 13..XH) stu.lents "attend- ment and nu-dium of conimuiii..itlo„ l.e- auce at th. v.-irious colleges in INOo, and A.I \i> /'or.ict'. 9 ill (Jovern- I'c are two :i(>ii to the ario, New Manitoba mly sliiglo er entirely lorities, as franehise ,e electoral itures. but les is tixed Dominion itures, anil f the latter (lelined Viy 1(1 tlic Acts local niat- Lile, to the lerl'eet sys- ii tlie pro- the Uomiu- clpal coun- )eople, cou- maiters of n. In every one objert most possi- mase tlu'ir ion is furi- arioiis \m>- Generaily stem may ory town- sntHi'ii'iitly arc clcctc'l the e.\- raics and "eachers are i> public ex- it— and tile chools of a trustees. At t private es- un is given, professions, nd colleges . Arts, Law. &e., beslde.i in Divinity n Cathiilics, baptists, all I'ges. There s in attend- 1 ISO,"), and more than one million receiving direct edu- gency, service has been cheerfully ofl\;rcd, cation In the schools of the country. For and no dithculty lias been e.Yperlcnced in the higher education of girls there is also keo|)iiig up tlie tyropor strength of tlie force. a number of colleges and schools. In no The various battalions of tlie force, Avhich (.tunit^-y in the world is good education moi-e is un ler counnaud of a general officer of the generally diffused than in Canada, and the Kritisli Army, are called out for a number highest prizes the country offers are open to of days' drill each year, for which tlie all, rich and poor alike. otiice-s and the ranlc and file receive pay- Tlie criminal and civil icent. Conimisslons are granted to persons The laws of Canada, as well as living in the Dominion who are able to pass Administration thclradmbiistration. imisui-.' Hie (|Uiillfyiiig examniatlon imposed by tli : of Justice. impartial Justice for all, rcgul itions. .111(1 give everywlicre a A fiiuall regular force has also been organ- ffuse of satisfaction. The criminal law is iy.od. consisting of about 1.000 men. divided based upon the English system. The judges into cavalry, artillery and infantry, forming j're appointed by the Crown during good militiiry scliools in various iiarts of the Do- I'cliaviour ; and tliey are cliosen. wliat(>ver minioji, wliere courses of instruction are Ministry may be in power, from among -;vcn to tlie ottlcers and men of the militia those who. by thiur ability, learning and rcgiincnts. It is well to say, however, tliat standing at the Bar, have Avorked tlieir way no difficulty is experieiiceil in filling any to tlie front of tlieir profession. vacam-ies tliat may occur in tliis force, and The highest is tlie Supreme Court "^iit no pe 'sons are encouraged to go out he yf Canada, composed of a Chief <*> Cu.>ada on the chance of securing coin- urcs. jii^fi,!,, .,,„j jjyf, ])nj|.(,n, judges. It missions. has appell.int jurisdiction tliroughout the Domi'iion, in criminal as well as in civil cases. There is also an Excheiiner Court. Tlie Uoyal Military College of Canada, at Kingston, Ontario (Lieutenant-Colonel Ger- .... , , . , , ''■'' <'liarles Kitson. Commaiidanti is well lor trying cases connected with the revenue, i.„ , V Iiicli also hiis jurisdiction as a court of Admiralty. lown as an excellent school for military iiiul general training. Four coniniissions In These are the only Dominion ti,e itHtish Army are regularly granted to (Murts, all the others being Provincial ' ».>?,. tlie diief towns and cities tlien* are sliiieii '" graduates each year. Only bovs whose diary magistrates, who sit djiily for the hear- ir.g of ordinary poli-'o cases. Tliey also have jmisd'clion in certain civil cases, such a.-: tlie non-payment of wages. Aldermen of ( 'li'^s have magisterial powers. ex-oHicio. In all p.irts of the country tliere iire justices of tli,^ peac.>, lioldiiig their cominissions from I Ik; l.ieuteuant-tiovernor-i, wlio imiuiro into cases whicli may arise uiiliiii their respec- 'l""*^ '" personal application at jury ev(>rywhere iirevails. The t>xpeiises of ''"' ""'<''' "I' "'<' Commissioner of the force liiigiition are, as a rule, less than in Knu- *" 't''-''i'''- North-west Territori(>.s. They are 1:111(1. on account of the efforts which luive ''''(luired to undergo i- medical examination. parents have ivsided in Canada for at least live yars are eligible for admission to the ( (jllege. an 1 tliey are also re(iuired to pass a iiiatriciilatiou examination. The Xortli-west Mounted Police force num- bers 714 oflicers and men, and is engaged in Hie n.aiiit Miaiice of law and order in the Northwest Territories. No recruiting is been succ?ssfully made to simplify all j)ro- ceediugs. The Military ,'^'''" "^^Jj,*: ""litia .■..nsists of Forces ab )ut 40.000 men nii I although Married iiiei, will not be engaged. The mini mum height is 't feet S inches, the mininiuii; cliest nieasaremeiit 3."( inches, and the maxi- iiiUiu veight 17.J iionuds. No one is en of Canada. ^^'"'**''^tive power exists to en- ^'•''"'".'^^'tl to pro(;ei!d to Canada on the chance able the Ooveriiment to keep "* obtaining a commission on this force. 'M> its strength by ballot if occasion sl,o„|,i „ , . , The ordinarv police force Humi T '; T '""" "'■"•' """ '"""''^ ■"■•^"^ PoTce' >1--''-^ the'Domilrn forms ■opula tion between the ages of is .and .10 ^°^'''- „u-t of the municipal svstem, jears, to serve under arms h. case of emer- aod is pail from local o.^ nnmicipartaxes. 10 no my ION OF CANADA. with the exception of a voiy small force inaintained by the Dominioa In connoctioa with the Parliament Buildings and of the North-west Mounted Police. No question of uaturali- Naturalization. nation arises in eounectioa with the emigration of Biitish subjects to Canada. Settling ui the Dominion makes no more change in this respect thai a removal from York, Glasgow Swansea or Dublin, to London, and a rew' .'irnval has all the privileges of a Canadian- born fellou-subjeet. This is very important v.hen compared with the position of a per- U,?itrrT'-''?'"^"''*'' '^"•'•'^^•ating from the United Kingdom to the United States f-, he Kntish Islands who desires to beconu. .a. American citizen shall take two oaths 0IK3 o. mteution and one of fact, the latte; : !. '''•; ''''''' ^•^"■^'"^'»^-- Ti.e effect of tliese oaths is pointedly and speciflcally to renounce allegiance to the Queen, to giv^ up ones British birthright, an.l in the ev.nt of erciso any of the political rights of Am- erican citizenship without so doing On tlu. other hand, tlio Canadian naturalization laws are marked by a spirit of greater liber- ality towards for.3i.?ners and such persous can transact any business and hold real cstat- witliout being naturalized. By resi-i- mg three years and taking the oath (.f allegi- nnce, they become naturalized Brillsii sui>- jects. The oath is one of simple allegiance and does not reduire any olfcnsive ivnuucia- tK'Us. Naturalization confers political and all otiier ri^lits. The postal system of Can- Postal System. ad!i extends to every village and hamlet in tiie land 'fhore is what is called a " city rate "-that is, for tlie delivery of letters in the city In ^^h^K■h they are posted-of 2 cents per ounce 'l^iie onlinary rate in the Dominion au oaths, and cannot in any of the states ev ' ""Mr"*"«^^ ••'* the rate of i i or tue st.ites ex- ounces. Trade samples pass a- i'l <"'aiiada ulisci-jijers. I 'ir'adars. •cnt iier 4 tile s.inif SOCIAL COXDITIOXS. 11 il rights of Am- t so doiug. On au naturalization t of greatoi- liijer- U(l sueli pcrsous 3 ami hold real alized. By resl'i- he oath of allegi- ized British suii- implo allcgianco, t'ensivf ifimucia- ei's political and il system of Can- to every village in thi^ land, city rate"— that s in the city In cents per ounce, juiinion and bo- itod States and ^/{id.) per ounce and from tlie 2'/jd.) per hall' ' i'l Canada • NiiIis(Ti))ors. ted lii'.'uhirs. 1 cent per 4 I" (lie snmo rate, and ordinary parcels at 1 cent per sister was legalized in 1SS2. As already ex- ounce. One cent domestic post cards are in plained, religious liberty prevails ; education use and are available for correspondence Is practically free and unsectarian ; and with the United States. Private post cards there is a liberal franchise. Members of are also permitted. I'arliament are paid an indemnity. Tliere rii'! money order system is i, no systi'm for 1-galizing pauperism, al- Money Orders. '^i'uiiar to that in operation thougii orphans and the helpless and agel in England. The commission of both sexes are not neglected, being cared charged on local orders ranges from 3 cents for under the municipal system before re- (1V-d.) for 21/. dollars, say 10s.. to 40 cents ferred to, and by churches and charitable (Is. Sd.) for 100 .lollars. say £20. Money institutions. Altogetlier. a Canadian is able orders are also issued payable in the United to look with pride and satisfaction upon the jvingdom, in the same rates as those charg(>d free and independent position winch he en- or. similar ordei's issued in Great Britain, .loys, coupled as it is with opportunities of ppyal)le in Canal.i. The telegr;ii>h syst(>m in Telegrauhs. Canada is in the hands of pulpjic comi>anies cliartered by .\'f of Parliaui?nt, but the Government also ov,-ns some of tlie wires, chiefly in con- bettering his condition in life that he Avonld hope for in vain in European countries. The climate of Canada is a sub- Climate, ject on which many persons get astray. Canada is one of the healthiest of countries ; the returns of the nectlon with the fisheries. The rates are uautary stations which existed until rf very moderate, and every town and village .-ently, and those relating to Halifax at pre- ot any nni.ortan.v possesses telegraid.ic fa- ..fut issued, prove this conclusively, apart c.lities. The telephone is also in very active f.om the general healthfulness of the popu- o,.era .on in mo.,t of the towns and cities of lation. which is a subject of remarlc bv ail Canada, and is use,", to a very great extent, visitors and new settlers. The census ol l.em.,nbeL-ot^tel,.|d,o-,e messages sent year- isoi showed that the death rate in Canada ly bemg about seventy millions. ,,.,, ^^^ of the lowest rates recorded on the Newspaner """ *"'^'^'^'^'""^ '"'*' "^^'^^^ ^"I'" ^'^^^ °^ countries which have collected tlie Press "'"'"^ ^^'"' "'"^^'^l^'^l'^'''^- Every necessary statistics. It is a significant fact consi.lerable village in the Do- lliat the eoinidaints against the climate minion, nnblislies its newspaiier, and in all lefer, at the present time, particularly to the large towns there are several. Tliese Manitoba and the North-west Territories. newspapers are tor the most part conducted The statements now being nnide respecting with energy .•nid ability. They are siiiiplied Manitoba were formerly ajiplied to Ontario. with full tclc-ripiiie rejxirts from all parts Quebec, Xova Scotia and New Brunswick. of the glolie. 'J'hese provinces, it was said, could never Social I'i(iuiry is often made as to grow fruit to any extent ; ii would be im- Conditions. ■"""'■''' <'"»*'i'i<»''« i" Canada, as possible tliat they should ever become fain- compared with Great Britain, ous for raising cattle; and the seasoi: was It may be stated tliat distinctions of caste manii'estly too sh,)rt to permit of agricultural do not oxist to tlie same extent as in tlie operations being carried on successfullv and nathsr cmmtry. There is a careful preser- profitably. In the same wav, what is now vation of tliose traditions whicli give tlio Manitoba, om> of tlie great wlieat-producing .^'(]ier;illeatuivst(. Knglisli society, but tliero districts of the world, was spoken of as a IS no feudal nobility in Canada; almost every wilderness fit only for buffaloes and foxes larmer and agrlcilturist is the owner of his It is hardly jiecessarv to state how -om- aeres-he is his own master, and is five to pi.nely these .•.negations have been falsified do as he will. This sense and state of inde- and (-very year is proving tlie fallacy of I'eiideiice permeate the whole social system, simil.Mr statements respoetimc the western ■•Hid produ'.> a coni)l,'s. jiii.l tlio many species ^rowu ill K.miMiKl. UM^ei' glass, siicli as grapes, lie.'ielu's. melons ami tomntoes, llourisli in Cana.I.i in the opou air. But Canadian farm- <(i'S (I) not ntirely to grain and fruit growing. As a eattle <:ouniry, tvi.iadi is taldng an important posi- tion. .\ot only art) there sutlicient cattio and sheeji and other aniuK.ls to supply the demands ."i,(KMl head of cattio and over .•ioo.doo sheep are exported an- iMially. The largu- portion of the cattle is sent t^ Great Britain, while the shee|) jirin- cipally go to the TTuited States. Horse breed- ing is also iltracling much attention. There are many articles of Canadian farm produce which are receiving considerable notice in (■reat Britain, notably cheese, butter and tggs ; in fM'-t, the dairy inloughing as possible, until tlie end of Xoveiulicr. Very httle actual work is done on the l.uid in Cither country during midwinter, for eipially obvious, thougli different, reasons. But cattl.;^ hav^ to be fed. tlie dairy attended to, C( reiVs thrashed, machinery put in order, buildings repaired, and carting done, which latter, by the way, the Canadian farmer, owing to the snow, is able to do very cheap- ly. The siiring commences two or thn.-e week-j later tliau in Kngland ; but the con- tiMioiis for the rapid growth of all produce - varm .sunshine and ,i itticieiicy of rain- are so lavouralile that tiie croi)s of tlie two countries are alioiit (Miually advanced by the niir thin in (ireat Britain. In the spring iiid summer wild flowers are as common as in lOngl 111(1 ; and in August wild fruits and delicate ferns abound. Of course there nre good and bal seasons in Canada, as everywhere else ; but, taken altogether. Hie climate is a good one. The Tourist, ■^^"" ^"'"■'^^^' ^"^' ''"'"^^ '■^"•^ Artist and < ''' '••'vcHer will liii.l much Sportsman. ^'"'^ '' Picturesque and grand '•■ *■ ' ■ The n X\vi scmery of Canada, land of Ev.ing?Iine; the Great River St. Law- rence, wit'i it^ rapids ; and the old city of Quob;c;tIie Thousand Islands, the gre.it lakes. Xiapara Falls and the pastoral scen- ery in western Ontario ; then on tlirough the country north of Lake Suiier'or to AVU>- nipeg and the prairies, until the niagniflcent r.'ounlain. forest and water scoici-y of the Uockv ^loimtains and British Columbia is reached, and the eye r^sts on the waters of the Facific Ocean. The country is ecpially interesting to tlie s)>ortsnian tn the proper seasons. In the outlying districts, away from tlie settle- ments, and in the niountains, bears, moose, dier. wild sheep and goats are found, wiiih^ smaller animals and a very great variety of liirds exist in great numbers. Most of the streams are well stocked with fish accoi-dtiig to natural surroundings, and the angler will liiid abundant sjiort in any of ili(> jnovinces except in the prairie districts. The Indian populiition of Can- Indians, ada nii'nljcrs about loo,027, lo- cated upon reserves in different parts of the country. Tliere is a special de- partment of State to administer Indian affairs, and the Indians are not only peace- able, but fairly contented and haiipy. There are 9,714 children being educated in the day, : .J /{A I /.WAYS. 13 bofii'dlnj; and Industrinl scIkioIs fsliiblislHMl (.11, and oil', tlio dilTcr'Mit reserves. 'i'lia schools nuniber 2.SS. The l)oys atleiidhi;; 111" iiKliistrlal institutions an? tan^lit trades. I'aruUnf,', &0., and tlio ;riris sewing, liiiittiiiii. lioiise worl<, &c., in addition to llie or(iinary braiK.'lies of education. Tliey iiave a larj:e area of land under cultivation, and own live .stock and iini)leuients to a consldoralile '-alue. (lie year were !)!r)0,:i4.").r>(ii», an increase of .W1..'17.77!l over ISSi', iiotwitlistandinK the Ki'eai redu'-tioii in tlu' cost of transport in tlu; nioantinie made by tlio railways. 'I'lierc" are few conuli'ies in the world better serve 1 by railw.iys tliau Ciinada. This line is now in opera- tion from the Atlantic to the I'acilic Ocenu, and the rai)l(lity ,ind cnerfiy flisplay- The Canadian Pacific Railway. Ther, C. 1". U. liii.l-, are about Ki.OOO miles of Railways, railways in Canada at the pro- sent time. JOvery place of any import anctj has its one or more railway stations. The three prlncip.'tl systems are tlie Canadian r.icifie (li.lild miles), tJrand Trunk f;!,1fl2 niilesl. and tlie Intercolonial, including- tlio Prince Edward Isl.-ind Hallway i1,."!il() miles). The rest of tlie mileage is ii„id(> up of smaller lines in tne various pro- viiK-es. The total paid-ui) capil:il in .Tuly. IMMi. was .$,SOn.,mT.!MHi. to which tlie Itciuiu- ion M:il Local tJovernnieiits and inuiiii/i]iaK- ties had contributed in one way i [• -I'ler .$2<»-t,ilOl,14;5, or about one-fourtli of the whol<; cost. Till! nuniber of p;issenj?ers carried in 1S90 was 14.Sl(),407, and the freight was 24.200.823 to.i!^. The total receipts for at Kat I'ortaifc. ed in its construction, and its importance to tlie future of the Dominion, deserves special n ention. Until 1.S81 tlie line was under con- structed by the Government, but In that year the work was undertaken by the Canadian racllic Railway Comiiaiiy. the contract re- (luiriiiir its comiiletiou in ten years. It was, howo'er, li lislie 1 in Xoveinber, 188.j, nearly six years before the stipulated time ; and it certainly occupies a place as one of the great- est envineeriiij,' achievements ut modern times. It is the sliortest of the great trans- coiiiiiiental lines, tlie distance from Montreal to Vancouver,, being 000 miles hiss than from New York to Sai Fraucisco, By the Cana- dian I'acilic Uailw.'iy, too, Xew York, Boston and Portland are brought within from HOO to 500 miles nearer ^Le Paclllc coast bv rali •» 1 1 ;V'? ■ .->' u DOMjy/OX OF CANADA. tlian foriiici-ly ; nnd tho distnufo from Llver- IMiol to Jjiimii and Cliina is, via tin- Cana- dian line, rsliortont'd by about 1,000 ndlos. 'J'lie I'acide and tho Iiilcroolonial railways have cost Canada in construction ai)ont £iii.- (100.000 St-. Tho I'acitic had also a land f^nbsldy of 19,818.500 acres. The Canadian Confederation mxv be eonsldored as liavin;; boon consolidated by nicnns of this raihvaj" Each province has now conmundcation wltii the others and with the seaboard, and in conseiiience a Rroat linoetns has been given to trade a id commerce. Kiistern Canada has Ion;; had rail.vay faciiitios, l)nt Maui- tol)a. tlio North-west, and particularly Bri- tish Columl)la. have until recently remained more or loss isolated, and therefore ])rn(ti- cally umh'velopeil. The Canadian Paciiic Uailwiiy, liowever. has lirouKht this state of tlij.iKs to an cud. Besides, It has opened up a larse tract of fertile land in Manitol);i fnd tho : ,-orth-west, ready for tlie ploniL,'ii and consid^'red to be tlie largest wheat fit>|.l it. With It, there is afforded the prospect of comf)rtal.:j homes for millions of Inhabi- tants, increased maricets for local and Bri- tish produ.;ts, and, it is hoped, a new era or p.-osperity for the Dominion. Branch lines have already been made In different 1 arts of tho Nortli-west. The splendid Sas- katchewan country, hitherto closed to settle- ment, has been opened recently by two new lines. OthiH's are projected, including one ill tli-j direction of Hudson's Bay in antici- pation of tlie route between Hudson's Straits and Liverpool becoming available for a suffi- cient time each .year to fit It for commercial purposes. The Canadian Pacific Railway's linos in Soithorn M.initoba and Eastern .Nsshd!)oia iiave also been extended, secur- ing tho opening of the Souris coal fields and an u-jlimited supply of cheap fuel to the settlers. Not only have the people of Mani- toba .jonnection ^vitli the Tacific Ocean and \\ ith Eastern Can.ida through British terri- tory, and access to the great lakes, but there "Tli(> Beaver," first; In the world. It is at least 900 miles long and 300 miles wide, or an are.a of over 200,- 000,000 of acres, more or less suitable for agricultur.il purposes, for the raising of wlieat and otlier crops, and the breeding and feeding of cattle ; and its population is rapidly growing. Witliout tho railway the country must have remained an " illimitable wilderness," as Lord Beaconsfleld described itcaiiicr (III tile Paeitic. are also throe lines running to tlie United bi.ates bouadary, .loining there tlie American system of railways. Coal has been dis- covered in large quantities not onlv in tho bouth-western part of Alb-rta, on 'the line of tlij Albeita IMilway and in the Rocky -Mountains, but also along tlM,- line of the Can.adian Pacific Railway ; mines are work- ed, coal is now sold at all the railway •rded the prospect of millions of Inhabi- s for local and I3rl- >! liopi'd, a uew era Dominion. Branch 1 made In different . The splendid Sas- erto closed to settle- ecently by two new cted, including one ■"•■"« "^ r.nmda and llillierto the nmrk'ts of China and .Tiipan. ^j^^j, th.; Wvev hn|)r.)venients have New /ealuid, AuHtralasin. India and ill.' Systems ''""* -i '•'"'Ko sum of money, and I'aciflc const of Sontli Ainericii have btu-n ' they aru -woiivs of >;reat utility closed to Canada, but access lias been gained ""•! importance. Tho channel of the St. 1(1 th'im u.ider improved ( iiidltions, wlilch I-nwrence has bu'.»i deepened, so that the >,'lvo Canada advantages of time and distance liU'Sest ocean-going ves.sels go up as far as over all other countries. A regular line of ^lontreal, l.(X)0 miles from the Atlantic steamers has for some time been running be- '^•'ean. There are over five miles of wharfs twcen Vancouver, Yokohama, Shanghai and "• this city, and every facility I'or loading Hong Konj;', and in consequence of tho Im- 'I'lrt dlschiu-ging ships. At (^lebec. also licriid Government hiiving determined to es ^^^ova are facilities for an Immense shipping iMlilish a mail service via this route, between <''" is a system of canals to Kutrland and the East, and of sibsidies "v<'rcome the St. Lawrence rapids iind tue Si.intjd both by the Imperial and Dominion <^'fference in the l.-vels to th ■ Croat Lalvos Covernments, steaoiers uiKMinalled by any ''"'"'^ '''"^t). which affords uninterrupted navi- liithorto seen on tho Pacific are now in that ^'■'^<'"" f''<^'» tlie Straits of Belle Isle to tho service. These h-ivo fnrtlier increased the '"''"* *'f 'iMka Supi'rior, a distance of J..';S4 saving of time, and afford additional f.-icili- '""t'i^. ol' which 71% miles are canals. The lies for tratttc of all kinds. As a result of ^'"''^'^ fange from 2i)() to 270 feet long by 4.1 this service tho mails are conveyed from ^'''^ \^'ien Montreal and Ottawa; a similar prosperity and marine enterprise ""'' <^l'ens navigation between Ottawa and Mid develoi-meiit: shiuld talvo place on the l<^'"K^lon, and another connects Lake Cliam- I'acltic. Tile St. Lawrence route is the most >''"'" "'•'' I'lf' !^f. Lawrence. In Xova Scotia 111 .nitil'iii of ;iiiy Iciding into the interior of *'"' ^'- I'eter's Canal connects St. Peter's N<.rtli America aial it lias the great advant- ^'''J' ^'•''tl' t'le Pras -l-Qr Lakes. There is i:>;e of affording .-smooth water for a con- ■''•'*" "iivigation on the lakes in the Nortli- si.iorable part of t!!3 voyage. Its popularity "''^''^^^- '''"'l "" tlie Pod Piver, the Assinilioine is yearly increashig. 1 lie beauty of tlie St. '''"' <'"^ Saskatchew.an, the latter being navi- l.i.wreiice Uiver. tlu trip tlirough the fertile «'^'''^ f"'" "^'G'" l^^OO mii^s. These Avater laairies of Maiiit.ylia. the traverse of the '»-Jili«ii,ys are much used for tlie conveyance llains of tlie Sasivateliowan— not long ago o*^' ^''""'oi'^ piwbK.ts. and are of great benefit the rooming ground of lierds of countless '" <•'*-■ I^ominion. The Sault" Ste. Maiie bii(LMlo(>s and 111', home of tlie Croe and "Pened for trafflc in Seinember, lSt».-). is Plackioot Indians-and lastly the passage <^vo-tliirds of a mile in length, has one lock throu;li ili3 uneciiallod scenery of tho Pocky '''^' 'lin'onsions 000 feet by GO feet, with 21 Mountains to the shores of the Pacific coni- ^^^^ of water oq the sMl. bine to jilace tlie Canadian trans-continen- 'vu ,., . , -al .•onto above al! others in the estima io 1 p. ., '" *'*"'"'"^'^t'''l ■'eyenue for ..f i:.i..'opean travellers ^'''""•'t'oii Revenue, the year ended .30th June, 1806. was made up as follows :— 'Ihe new rail\\;iy is sure to be a favourite ^'"^toms ^-^^ jj33 379 overland route to the East. Imagine a sail ^^^^'^^ T.WooG 'U' the St. Lawrence, a short stay at Quebec °'^""' ^"'"•-e« 8,85f),.S06 Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Niagara, then on to the great lakes, or along tlieir shores to $36,618,591 \\'innipog, across the prairi(>s, and throuirli m " Oioniagniticeat scenery of the Pocky Mount- .vii^isSS"'' '^"'''"'^ "'^ '''''"' ^'""'"'^ 16 hOMISlOX or I'AXADA. 'I he (l.ilciis ,.|- (MMts-, iiiKl issr.s; w.-iv iniiln.I.'r ..i' ili > .Id.t ivi.ivM..ni.s llal)illtloH lii,Kcl.\ owlii;,- ic niiloii'-^c.'ii .■xpiMiscs III '•.))i- piiyahlt' in ("a i;i Kiilisli niark.'t, jfiKlihirc on aici.iint i.r liu' ("niisi.H.iai.Ml ami liu' \ntH\V r ili.. .•i.iiiilr.v's credit will Fund since isso. Tlicy show tliat in (lie l.c hciici' uiidcrstodd when II Is stated timt ten years the surplus reventK>. after dcdiid- w'lll.. not v.-ry loiiy aye :. per rent lind to be luK tli<> dcllcitsaliovereferrd to. has aiiioniil- |.:ild for loans, one of ihe loans re.eiiily ed to ililrteen niilliou (hdlars. issued w.n phnvd at :! per cent, and reiillz- HKCKll'lS AM) K.M'KMHTlMfK, ( i )N.S()L1 1).\| KD FIND. lilCliptH. lv\pi iiiiiti SiirpliiM. D.ticit. 1N«0 H\ . 1881 81! 1882 83 , 188M 84 . 1884 8r. . 188r) 8(i . 188(1-87 , 1887-88 1888 8)1 188!) iMI . 18110 111 . 18111 !»1' . 18112 !i;{ 18il,S m . 18!M I).") 18:r) !«1 2! I, (!;;,-), 2! 18 ;«„•(-;<, 4.")(i .'("), 7!l4.(it!l .')i.si;i,!i(i2 .T.',7'i7.(Mil ;t;), 177.(110 Mr),7rp4,!i!i:< 3.'>,!l()8,4(i;{ 38,782,87(1 38,.-)7ii,;tii 38,-,7!),311 3(>,!»21.872 3(i,l((8,(;0!l 3(1,37 i.i;!i:! 33,1)78, 12!» 3(i,(il8,5'Jl 2r(..")a2. .").") 27,iMl7.1iM 2.s.7;i(Mrp7 3i,i();,7(i(i 30.037.(1(1(1 3:1,011.(112 .•i.">,li.".7.(iS(l 3(l,71iM'.l."i 3(>.!ll7.8;t.-> 3.".,!H)4,(»31 3(i.343,r)(;s 3(l,7(i;').8!i| , 3(i,8M,(l,-)3 37.r)Sr>,02(! ! 38,132,(j(l,5 ! 3(l,!)4!t,142 1.132,713 (1.31(;.3."i2 7,(l(!4,4!t2 704,205 07,313 1,S((5.(1,3.V 3.88."),8!)4 2,235.713 1. v.. 1178 l,3i)4,r)")(! 2,21(l,()5!l 0,834,1)72 810,o;i2 l,21(».;i;i3 4,l.■^3,87(i 330,5,51 27,8(52,;t(il M,">79.4?3 Tii.valioli as represented by Hie custimis and excise aiuouiiied. in l,S!t(!. to .*27.7.')!).2S."i, or 'Sf'tA-J. per head, as compared willi IjilO.oO ill the T'liited Kiufidoin. .'i!."").27 in the Capo of Good Hope, ^\A.T2 in Australasia (1S92). Municipal taxation is also very iijilit. The trross .•iiuount: of the Public Dabt. l)ul)lic debt on 1st .luly, 1800, was !i;.'>2r>.71T,ri;!7, from whlcli J avo to be deduet.Ml assot.s, $(!7,liU(M()4, mak- inj,' the net debt. !i;'_'.-)S.4!>7.4;!;!, or .S.'.().4:! per head. The avenue rate of interest, lu the year ISDC paid on the jiross debt, was :?-23* per cent, but after dediictiii;^ interest receiv- ed friMii invest nun 1-^ tlie rale was reduced to 2 '80 per C(>iit. The totil amount of debt pa.valde in Kn.j;- land oi> ;!(ith .luiie. l.S'JC. was !)!21S.L.'2.5..".(I4, and the sevc-.i! iuvestmonts lor sinking- funds iiniounted to S:>(;,414,37G. Tlie ro- * Population for 18114, .5,021, 47(>- for calciiliitinn of gross debt per head. ed the net aiiiouiU: of f!i7 ps. 2d. Canada issued, in June. 1S88. the lirst colonial 3 per cent loan. The amount recpiired was £4,00(1,nO(>, and the ndnimiim price was fixed nt 92>i. T.Midcrs were, however, received for i:i2.(1(i(),()()(i. an I tlK> issue was allotted ac an average i,rict> of £!»,-) is. per cent. Til" value of the imports in Imports. Canaihi entered for consumption for the year ended o'Otli ,Tune, 18!)(), was !i!110..-,,S-.4S(i. The duty collected amounted to .1!2(».21!>.o;!7. equal to !i!;!.n4 per head of the population. Considerable riirlti('« ;|l'" a tlio Hrlllsli miirlv.t, •iMiiilry's cnMlIt will icu It Is stilted that I pt-r ( cut lidil lo l)o lli<> loiiiis rc.iMilly •iT cent, mill IMVllI/-- M). iii'|ilii.t 1,1. •!■-•, 7-13 !i7,;fi;« ,S{;5,()3;V i..sHri,,s!i4 !,L':!r.,74n 1.V>,!I78 It.ticit. 2,L'4(),05!» r>,«;t4,57u «lo,();)L' 1,210,3;« 4,ir>3,«7tl 3'W,rj5i ,8G2,;i(il M,'>79.4?3 'Js. lid. Cauiida first folonliil 3 per nt roipiiivd was nil price was fixed liowi'ver, received lie was allotted as; per cent. ' the imports iii for consuiuption Mided ;:i)tli June, 'lie duty collected Minal to !i!;!.n4 per vi> talcen place In la ill tlie last ren I'aliiuK- oir 1)1 the oods. hut the de- 'iit heeu made up ion of raw ma- ' Canada in 1800 121,0i;{,sr.L', made produce, $109,- . !}!ll,0;)8,51o. ^- pq be U^ rilK MIXK, n Till' ("llii'viiii; nil' flio cvnorts of lioiuf \\vn- liuitfl lof 18l)(l, by I'luHMes :— Thi. Mlnp ISOBO.fl.'iO Thi' KlHhirlm 11,077,76.'. The ForpHt 27,175,fiSrt Animals nml their piDdtuo 36,607 641 AKrlciilninil prixliifts . i »,083.,1tjl .\Inniifiii'riiii'.i 9,3 liciwccn the iirctviucps. It Is scfirc'ly possible to estlmiitu wliiit the liitcr- prnviiiclal li-ndo Is. It has boon estimated for lMi)4 at ,i;ii;!,(ion,f)no ; it was 111 1,S various fiillwnys ninoiiiilod. In l.HJKi. to .S;iL'.;!t!S,(»Sii for the oarriase of 24,*JI)(!,S1',- tons, imd the canal tolls to !i!J(;,-.,4i:t for 2,74(l,l.'H tuns of freight ; the tonnage of slili.piiij,' cnKaKcd In tlio coasiinu trado has also iiicn>as(>d fi-oni 11,047,(!(>1 tons In ISTS to L'7,4;il,753 tons In ISJm;. These flgnros snrvo to show the niaKnltudo of the local ciirrylns,' trade. In addition attention may afraiu he called in this connection to the ureat Increase In all the local industries coii- uoeted with the mine, forest, fisheries, aKi'l- enlturo and nianufactuivs. and It s proposed t.) say a few words under eacti of those lieadinft.s. The principal countries to vhlch goods are oxportiHl are Great Rritai" the United States, Newfoundland, West Indies, South America and Au.stralasia. AVItli other coun- tries, iilso, trade is rapidly ftrowlny, particu- larly with China and Japtin, France. Ger- iiiniiy ;iiid oth(>r Etiropeiin c )niitries. Itecent discoveries In Uritisli The Mine. Columbia, the Xorth-wost Ter- rltoiies and western Ontario, to- f-itlHf with tli3 Icnowu fields In Nova Scutia and elsowlieio, have shown Ctm- ada to be one of the richest mineral countries in the world. The discoveries of Hold near the southern boundary of Itrlt- isli Columbia have recentiv been followed I'y still riclier discoveries on tlie Yulcon lUver and its tributaries in the extreme uorlli, and at numerous points between tlu'Ho two, sfold nud silver liavo been found In such (inantltles as to create tlio belU-f that tliroiii;hoiit the Kcveral raiigeH of the Itocky .Mountain^ from iho 4!>th parallel to the Arctic Ocea - additional tlelds r.,r min- ing outerprlse will annually be found for many .\ears to c(,nie, and that as transport Is all'onled mlnliiK towns will arise fmni uortli to south of Mritlsh Columbia. In no part of the worlil cm (ai)ltal be more profit- ably employed. I'rodiicts of the mine wlilcli the country Is Itself capable of ylcldluK are still Imported, while the e.\pma of metald and ores of many kinds is siisceiitlble of al- most Indefinite e.Klenslon. In 18!)0, the total value of the mlnernl products of Canada p'ached .1!i';!,(;:.'7.iMi(>. in isidt Ih, exports were valued at .%H,().V.t,(!.-.(», while the Imports of minerals and mineral products In the name year amounted to over !i!2,-),(MH»,00(). The mineral iirodiict of Cantida Includes Rold, silver, cinnabiir. copper, lead, nickel, asbestos, irypsum, ,iilca end phosphates. Gold Is also worked In Nova Scotia, On- tario and Quebec In Quebec the deposits are aiirlfermis gravels, clii(>fiy In th(> valley of the Chaiidlere Itlver. In Ontario (piiirtz veins of mucli promise are now In course of development, particularly in the vaclnlty of the Lake of the Woods and Kaliiy Ltike. In Nova Scotia the p)ld is ol.uilned entirely by deei> mining on (piartz veins, in Hritish Col- umbia, ni) to a recent date, it came chiefly from alluvliil or phicer deposits, some of whicli in the Cariboo district have been ex- ceedingly rich. Much aU^ntlon Is at present beiiiK Kiveu tiiere to the Introduction of hy- draulic mining on a large scale, although the iuirlferous quartz veins in various parts of tlie province are attracting dilef atten- tion at tlie present time. The total yield of gold to dtite from Hritish Cobimbia and Nova Scoti.i has been about $7l.',0()l),()00. Novu Scotia, Britlsli Columbia and the North-west Territories abound In coal, wliich filso occurs, though in lesser quantity, in Now Brunswick. Trom Nova Scotia, hirgo quantities of coal are shipped by the St. Lawrence and by rail to the province of Quebec and to the eastern part of Ontario. It is also employe.l locally fur iron smelting and other purposes. On the western sea- botird important coal mines are in operation on Vancouver Island from wh'ch the greater part of tlie product is sold in San Francisco, where it compotes successfully, on accoiini 18 DOM IS ION Oh' CAXADA. of its hotter qnnlity, with fuels ohtaincd locally an;l in tlio Stato of Wasiiinnton. A coal field of vast e.vieut (probably the largest in tlie AVorld) o('eui>ios aJ.l the western jiart of thi.' iS'ortli-west Territory. BeneuUi the Great IMains the fuels are lignite-coals of ^reat value for local use. but not so well ailai)ted for sliiiymeut to long distances. In tlie foot-hills of tin; Uocky Mountains Ihr lignites are replaced l)y biiuniinnus ci als, and in parts of tlie mountains theniselvi-'s similar coa.ls, together witli anthracite aii'l '■ cannel " coal are fiund. These fuels aic already worked on a small scale in many places, but tl!(> most important mines arc ."■ituati d at H:i!iff, ("anmore an I I.etlibridii.'. In th(- vicinity of tli'.' ("row's Xest I'ass a largo luimhor of superposed coal scams occur whicli awaii r.iilway faci it'es for tli i" development. Tlu; importance of these aiiii)!(> supplies of fuel to the settler on tlie rich agricidturai hinds of the west cannot be exauyeratcd, an 1 tlii output of tlio mines is limited only by the demand consiMpicnt i^n in the Xoi-thwost Territories, ann, but it lias not yet been uti- li'/.ed, Uicli or(>s of silv 'r occur in the Thunder liay district ()f Ontario, liut it is particularly in the souiliorn jiart of British Columbia that tlie luiniiiLC 'if silver ores has attained im|)ortancc of lat.-. Tlii> lOast .and Wesv Kootcnay >listii/^s ^^■el•e a few ytsars ago iiliiiost uiiinliibiled and very impei'fectly liiiown. e\cii gco.urapliicMlly. The.v are now occupied by tliousaiils of minors, and several towns. t(),.'.cther with smelting works auiL otlier industrie-i liive sprung into e.xisteuce. ( 1> to the presMt time, most of tlie work (lone has been that of discovery and iM-eli- minary (levcloimicnt, but the output of ore is iio'v In'comin^- large. (!reat areas in the more nortliern part of British Columbia re- m.'iin as yet prav'ticaliy unsearclied for miu- ( ml deposits. al''iou.gh isolated occurrences of \al'iable ores simjiar to those of Kootenay *''uiui.,,ijiUliwiiitii.liiiJiSiUiaitU.'"«^\toi.^njUi)^iU''hUij.,i.uj,i-,,ii(»*'MBiiii-'vJli>^"".i.itpt>..'>'*'**'l^.itl'.i.a Rat l'4t!, tlie esti- has lately fctind a IK'W utility in tlie produc- niiited viilue of natural gas, .f27tl.3ol. !ndi- lion of ni-kid st^^tl, an.l the product from cations of extensive petroleuin fleids occnr -he Sadbury niiues {ipnears to In- limited itorics, aii'l oxperi- ■ Ml prof^i'oss ill tile ml Rus is also foinKl IS not yet hoeii iiti- ciir In the Tliuiider Hit it is partifuiarly f Hritisli Coluiubiii V oros liiis attained lie lOast aii'l West ' a few yt^ai's aK'> 1 very imiiert'ectly lily. Tliey are now iiiiners. and several lueitiiiK worlis and niiif; into existence. most of tile work liscovery and iwell- t the ontiiut of ore (treat areas in the iritisli ("oluiiibia re- iiisearched for nila- solated occurrences I) those of Kootenay lout a belt of coiiiv I miles to tlie north- it li coi>i)(M' and iron id" fii'eat volume in •iitario. 'I'lUs metal tility in tlie iirodm- 1 tlie product from ears to be limited :\l o ill ; of niul t(.n: (itllOl tllOI'C liirio The 1( lis. Mick I'CIVM C'li I'lUV. llie lIlMt l.iirt tllnl Ihiii otho iniiK Alini .ire ( ••nil It'llO THE FISHERIES. 19 o H c" to B '3 g only by the extent of a pvofltable market. 'l'!io value of tlip output In 1890 is estimated )il about .^1, 155,000. Orei of iron anp wells. Tlio product in ISlKi amounted to 4;{,U5C 1( lis. It is .also manui'actiired in New Bruns- \\ Ick. Mica, plumbago and pliosiihate (apatite) iii'e found togerlior in that part of tlie jiro- viiice of Quebec north of the Ottawa Uivci". 'i'lie last named mineral contains a higli |icr<'eiitago of piiospliorus. and is employed ill tli.^ maimfacUir^ of fertilizers, but tlie C'luadian output has of late declined by rea- son of the eoinpetiiion of cheap, tiiougli less pure, varieties of phosphate oiitaliied else- where. it is not iiossible here to emiiiierate tlie viU'ious mineral products whicli in smaller Caiadian fisheries, exclusive of the catch by for'sigu fishermen. Tlie fish- eries on the Pacific coast are most valuable iiiid extensive, but are yet only partly de- veloiied. Tlie total pack of canned salmon in British Columbia, in 18!);{. reached 29 million pounds and in 1894 tlie total pack of the province was 23,027,140 one pound cans. hi 20 DOMISIOX Oh- CANADA. Tha sea fisheries arc ■\vell-uigli Inexliaust.l- Me— ii fact attributable to tlie fishes' foor flsh)s of nearly every variety are to be fcund along the Canadian coasts, but tlie murine fisheries of greatest com- Ihe value of the yield of some of the prin- cipal fish has been : Cod, $102,813,832 ; her- rnig, $51,4'«.20.S ; lobsters, $40,759,098; maclc- crel, .'i:3G,8 J2,092 ; salmon, ."?41,738,791 ; had- dock, $12,090,522. Much actention has been of late years given to the development of the fisheries. The Federal GovcM-aaient has granted a yearly sum of $100,000 as a bounty, to bo divided, according lo catch, among the ves- sels and b')ats engaged in the prosecution of the sea fisheries. One result has been an mercial imiTOrtanco are the cod. herring, mackerel, lobster, salmon and seal. The fresh water flsherle;; are also of great importance, the immense lakes and rivers supply an abundance of flsli of great com- mercial value, both for lioine consumption and export, besides providing sportsmen with some of the finest salmon and trout fishing to be fomid anywhere. The value of the yitdd of some of the principal fish in 1895, was :— Cod, $3,030,270 ; salmon, $3,732,717 ; herring, $2.800,5r)(i ; lob- sters, $2,210,090 ; seals. $732,343 ; mackerel. $730,055 ; Mliitcfisli. $7(i7,307 , trout, $;o2,.">,S0. haddock, $422,053 ; liake, $190,800 ; lialibut, $270,901. Between Ihe years lS(i8 and 1895 irfcrease in the number, and a great Im- provement in tlio build and outfit of fishing vessels. It has also provided fisli-breeding istablishnients, of wlucli there are twelve, in different parts t>f the Dominion, and year- ly millions of fish are hatched and placed in tlie rivers and lakes. Large sums of money have also been expended in harbour im- provements and l)roakvv Iters. The principal fishing stations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence have been connected with each other by laud telegrnplis and cables, by which means in- I'c rmation is jjromptly given of fish " strilces " iit any particular point, thereby saving tlie lijliernien days and nights of fruitless e.v- posure and cold. '•>: THE FOREST. 21 some of the priii- $102,813,832 ; Ler- , $40,759,098; maek- , !541,738,791 ; Lad- sen of late years it of the fisheries. it has granted a .s a bounty, to bo ;h, among the ves- the prosecution of esult has been an The number of men, vessels, boats, an-1 oak, butternut, basswood, poplar, chestnut, fathoms of nets employed In the fisheries, mountain ash, willow, black and white birch, ill 18!)"), are as follows :— and others. FISHKRIES OF CANADA, 1895. PliOVtNCKS, Vess^m.s . iNl> Moats. .Mkk. Ni FatlKJuis. TS. Other Fisliintf Material. NiinilH'i'. Value. Number. Value. Xova Scotia New liriiiiswiuk rriiice Kchvard Island <)ueliec 1.5,581 5,(567 1,547 7,230 2,997 1,429 1,0.S2 •S 1,529,393 329,109 71,1.30 22(!,0(i8 734,3150 334,105 108,0(52 25,015 10,389 3,758 12,243 14,485 3,259 1,585 2,.3.37,255 508,350 85,783 301,805 380,110 2,040,473 322,500 $ 539,289 393,144 3(5,480 15(i,707 29(5,700 257,315 33,5.55 1,071,280 988,034 372,029 421,928 1,0,54, .375 240,025 00,(534 Ontario Manitoba Total 35,489 3,332,347 71,3.34 6,042,330 1,713,190 i 4,208,311 and a great im- nd outllt of fishing ^•idod fish-breeding tliero are twelve, •oMiiuiou, and ycat'- ched and placed in •ge sums of money d in harbour im- ors. The priucij)al \t of St. Lawrence each other by land r which means in- n\ of fisli " strikes " 1 hereby saving tlic its of fruitless e.v- Those figures show a considorablo increase on these of ten yo.irs ago ; but for the last few years they have not fluctuated much, owing to improved boats, witli which more work can be douo, being built to replace those formerly in use. Inclnding weirs and other fishing materials, tlio total value of the fishing " plant " ui 1S95 was $9,253,848. The forest proilucts of Can- The Forest, u-da constitute one of lier most important sources of wealth. Tlioy find their Avay to all parts of the world —to the United States, to the United King- dom, to our antipodes, the Australian col- onies, and to South America. The Canadian saw-n)ills an among the most extensive and best appointed in the world. This industry in all its stages employs a large nuud>er of men, as well as afl'ording freight to railways and siiippjug. The forests of Canada are rich with a great variety of trees, which are useful for Imuber of many kiuds, for building pur- poses, for furniture, and, in many parts of Canada, for fuel. Among the varieties are tlie maple, elm, ash, cherry, beech, hicliory, ironwood, pine, Douglas fir, .\laska cedar, spruce, balsam, red cedar, hendock, walnut. These exports include live anl- Animals mals, moat, butter, clieese, eggs, and their furs, hides, skins and wool, and Produce, form the largest item in the classification of the exports. It is a trade which has been largely the growth of recent years, and has been, generally speaking, a profitable one for the farmers of tlie Dominion. In 1874 the total exports of cattle were 39,023 head, of M'hich only 455 went to Great Britain. In 1890 the number liad increased to 104,451, of which 97,042, valued at over £1,400,000 sterling, were ship- ped to Great Britain. Wlien it is remember- ed that the United Kingdom requires to im- port over 500,000 head of cattle a year, the extent to which tlie Canadian cattle export business may be developed will be readily appreciated. In addition, the exports under tliis head include 21,852 horses and 391.490 sheep. The cattle are of very good quality, pedigree cattle in l.-irgo numbers having been imported for many years for tlie improve- ment of the fiocks and herds. In fact, herds of Slinrthorns, Ilerefords, Galloways, Polled Angus and .Terseys, whicli will bear compari- son witli those of any other country, are to be found in many parts of Canada. The same remark applies to horses and sheep. Great progress has been made in dairy farming in Canada, and tlie tendency is to- y," ■'■;■) i V'l , l\ DOM IX ION OF CANADA. ■wards iniprovi'inont iind economy of labour. The fiiftory system has loiij? been establish- ed ill the old, and has been lately introduced in the new provinces. Canadian cheese car- ried olt" a very larfie number of tlie prizes ott'eiv.l at tlie Worhl's Fair at ('hica,i,'o. The Industries botli of butter and cheese- ninkiiiK are largely carried on in ("aiiad.i, and the exports of botli iiroilucis are very ccnsiderable. 'llie export of Canadian cliees(> to the United Kingdom lias largely increased witiiin the last few years. In lS(i7 this ex- port was only 1..">77,fr2T pounds, and in ISflii it was l(>4,41b,!>4(> pounds, valued at .f;i:i,!l24.- 072. The total export of Canadian cheese to all countries in l.S!3fl was 1(!4.()S!»,12:! pounds, valued at !t;i.!,i».".(;.."')71, while tliat of tlie Unit- ed States was ;{(i.777,'2!>l pounds, valued at ?3,0!)1,914. Canada exported over !?l(i,SO<),- 000 more than the T'nited States, thus lend- ing all cheese-ex portiufj countries in the value of tlie export. Near the large towns market fiardeiiiiig Is profitably carried on. A comparatively small capital is necessary, and with industry and perseverance, liacked by experience, a good lnc(mie is assured. Poultry-raising is only beginning to be mucli attended to, probably because poultry has been so cheap. In tlie course of time, however, as the market extends, and as means are found for exporting hens, geese and turkeys to England, henneries on a large scale Avill be established. Tlie expiirtatioii has already begun. Tlie exiiort of eggs has been a large trade for many years. The exports under this Agricultural head include general farm Products. produc(> and fruit. Having tlie advantage of a favour- able climate and a fertile soil, tlie Canadian fanner is alile to grow all the crops tliat are raised in Kngland. witli tlie iuipiirtant addi- tion of Indian corn. Tli(> garden fruits and vegetables are also similar, except that to- matoes, melons, grapes, peaches, &c., ripen in the ojien air, in many parts of tlie coun- try. Legislative autliority was olitaiiied in 1887 for the est.-ibiishment of live Govern- ment experimental farms in various parts of the Dominion. One has been founded at Ottawa, for Ontario and Quebec ; one at Xappan, Nova Scotia, for the maritime provinces ; one at Brandon, for Mani- toba ; one at Indian Head, for the North west Territories ; and one at Agassiz, British Columbia ; and they have already produied valuable results for the farming eouimunlty, anil are coufldeutly expected to produce still more. Agriculture is certainly tlie leading industry of Canada, and must reninin so for a long time, considering the immense areas of lanil that have still to be occupied and tilled. With a population of over ,").(MHMX*'». $.")(>..">()0.(HIO wortli of farm pro- duce— including animals and their products, and agricultural produce— was exported in 1800. in aitdition to meeting the requirements of lioiiie coiisunii)tion. For cpiality of grains, iV-c, tlie country also occupies a place in the front r-ink, riie Canadian exlilbits of that class being the best at the Antwerp Exhibi- tion, as testified by a committee of experts ; wlide those who were i)i(>s(>nt at the Colonial and Indian Exiiibition in l.SSti. and at the ('liicago Exhibition in ISiKi. will not readily forget the displays made in tlie agricultural class by the Dominion. 'I'he growing of fruit, as well for home con- suuiption as for exportation, is a very un- imrtant industry in Canada, and one which excites tiie wonder of new-comers. People who liave been aci'ustomed to think of Can- ada, as described in the words of a French writer before the cession to Great Britain, as " a few acres of snow," are at first in- credulous as to tlie extent and excel- lence of the fruits produced in a country wliicli has tlie summer skies of Italy and Frame. Tiie vineyards of Ontario cover 0.000 acres, and tiiere are 2.000 persons di rectly and indirectly engaged in viticulture ; some of these vineyards are from 50 to 00 acres in extent ; there are peach orchards of similar ari^a, and applt> orcliards almost in- numerable. Strawberries are raised as a field crop. I'lunis, pears, cherries, gooseber- ries, currants and raspberries are every- wliere produced in groat abundance. Tlie tomato, as already stated, ripens in tiio open air, and in great profusion. Melons also ripen in tlie open air, as a field or market garden crop, and this delicious fruit is sold in large (luantities in the markets. Tlie great wi>altli of Canada, in fruits is a fact which is not only interesting to tlie in- tending settler as an industry, but as a cli- matic fact, tlio country in this particular be- ing much ahead of the United Kingdom. It is especially interesting to tlie intending set- MAXUhACTURES. 23 ul one at Agassiz, bey liiive alrondy for tliu fannluj; loutly oxpocted to ill lire is fortninly iiiiiidii, and nnist !, considcrhif? the it havo still to be I n population of rorth of farm pro- id tlicir products, -was exported in : the roquiroments (piality of grains, lies a place in the exhibits of that Antwerp Exhlbl- nlttoe of experts ; >nt at the Colonial l.SSC. and at the 1. will not readily II tlie agricultural veil for home con- on, is a very im- 1, and one which r-coiiiers. I'eople 1 to thinic of Can- ■ords of a French to Great Britain, " are at first in- tent and excel- L-ed In a country iies of Italy and of Ontario cover 2.000 persons
  • 'iiiiiig. but these are exceiitions. The general style of farming is nor, perhaps, so scientific iis In Great Britain, but it is steadily improving. and the model attd experimental farms will no doubt supply a stimulant in this direc- tion. The following Is a list of Manufactures, the principal industries es- tablished in Canada, talien from the census of 1S!)1, with the amount of capital so Invested, and the .stated yearly liroduct :— MANUFACTURES, 1891. liulustrit-s. Invested Capital. I Agricultural Implements..! Boots and slioes 1 Cabinet and furniture ....| Cheese faetorlis | Cotton mills j Distilleries and breweries.. Engine building Citting and foundry works Flour mills Furriers and hatters Hosiery Iron smelting furnaces Meat curing Meat, fisli, fruit ami vege table panning Musical instrument;) Oil refineries Oil " (fish) Nail and tacit fao'.cries . . Paper factories Rolling mills Saddle and harness dash, djor and blind fac- trrios ! Saw-milH | Ship-building I Sugar refineries | Tru nerics | Tin and sheet iron worlt-l ing and tinsmithing i Tobacco facliirits | Wo'dlcn mills Carriage building 8,624, 9,648 6,0!)4, 2,586, 13,208, 15,587, 1,244, 17.704, 23,039, 2,047, 370, 4,159, 2,173, 803 ,639 435 .599 121 164 589 147 041 881 970 481 077 Yearly Products. 3,460,024 2,389,633 1,873,918 64,113 409,390 5,508.409 2.307,540 2,546,583 7,108,076 50.203,111 2,1-55,951 5,324,400 6,322,963 4,557,578 2,l.';8,l.-)0 9,365,1,58 8,029,143 7,493,624 18,990,381 7,706,0!X{ 9,784.L'i''S 8,451,'; 24 8,154,853 1,.575,1.-|9 17,838,480 52,423,286 ■S,004,9H 579,431 3,076,240 7,125.831 3,989,835 3,39'i,213 2,064,11.- 71,305 744,150 3,823,507 3.1fi3,9:!0 3,988,001 9.891.510 51,262.435 3.712.462 17,127.100 11,422,860 6,749,053 2,375„'!21 8,408,071 9,627,655 4. <1 An DOMIXION OF CANADA. Th? Iron lii'liHtry Is an important one. All over Canada tl)or> is an abnndanee of Iron— Iron of tlie hlgliest grade, and iron with less phosphorus than elsewhere on the continent. There is also plenty of timber niul coal in Canada, and witli tliese natui'al n(lviinta!.ces, extensive means of conniuinica- tlon l)y ra Iway and canal and access to the Atlantic and raclflc Oceans, new and varied n.anufactures are sure to spring into exis- tence. The principal general manufactures arc iiot confined to any one part ; tiiey are to le found in most oi tlie older i)rovlnces on a larger or smallei- scale. Closely connected with tlu> Shipping, trade and commerce of Canada is the sliip])ing interest. The fol- lowing is tlie total nund)er of vessids (sea- going and inland) arrived at and departed from Ganailian ports (exclusive of coast in:,' vtssel.s) in each year since 1877 :— SHIPPIN(4 'J'lie trade and navigation retui'us of Can- ada for IS'.iit give Hie following parllndars of tiie vessc'ls engaged in Hie se.i-goliig, in- land and coasting trade of Canada :— No. of ni Sea-going I 29.802 Iiilaml I .35,182 •■>Ki.sti-ig ! 125,017 11,458.S24 10,411, i;49 27,431,7.7.5 Tt may be stated that nearly (19 per cent of Ilia whole of the water-borne trade waa done under (lie IV.Mtisli Hag, wlilcli includes, of course, the vessels on tlie Dominion register. l''or those who desire more detiilled in- formation concerning aiiv particular jii-o- \ince, special chai)ters dealing with the jiro- viiices are ai)pend<>d to (lu' remarks upon the Dominion as a whole. , CANADA. 1877. 1878. 1S79. 1880. 1881. 1882. 18«H. 1884. 1885. 188(i. 1887 . 1888 188!) . LS!)(). 181)1 l.si)2. 18!).3. 181)4. l.S!)."). 18! )0. 2,!)fi3 2,1)54 2,018 2,!li)0 3,707 3,33,5 3,403 3,327 .3.21!) 2,1)00 2,li7!) 3,31(1 3,30". 3,071 3,483 3,4(J2 3,271 3,381 3,20(i 3,220 2,210,510 2,21)4,088 2, 15,"), 444 2,(>42,l).3r. 3,520,005 .3,104,831) 3,001,071 3,2.57,211) .3,(107,314 3,101,285 2,(i57,(!l!) 3,32li,4I7 3,3.33,071) 3,017,013 3,52.3,2.38 3,.5,S(1,335 3,780,1)15 4,140,045 .3,01)4,224 4,3,S5,055 24,.380 2(i,8.5() 27,418 33,077 31, .51)5 33,007 31,. 332 31,200 21), 4.38 30.011 .30,!iO() 33,3!)5 34,504 .3S,222 35.(i07 32,1)44 33,034 .34,71:) 21), 784 31,507 4,104,!)2(! 4,8,S,3,,S)i2 5,051,131) 0,77!1.!H13 5,,S;)4.0.31) .5,722,'.:)1) 5.S3(;„S.58 .5. 1)31), 7, 31 0,43-i,7.50 r;,!)43,3-il 0,24,5,032 0,1.S2,01)7 (i,( 1.30, 0,32 7.700.133 7.51(1,045 7,031,430 7,2!),S,151 8,2.51,220 7,250,835 7,404,532 ] No. •'OHKIOV. ■ Ti m.s i Register. Tonnage. 10„304 18,223 17,805 ](i,801) 18,14!) 18,078 20,01)5 20,.5(i!) 18,41)4 11)., 357 24,2110 27, .502 27,188 30, .532 30,17!) 28,1)07 20,.S70 27,000 27,201) 30,101 4,70!l,802 4,870,340 4,440,221) 4,154,047 4,.381,7,ss 4,402,044 4,1)32,S(.0 5,102.070 4,0.38.048 4,!)24,I10I1 5,187,747 5,708,11)4 0,085,110 7,110.0.54 7,703,705 7,474,(1)0 7,400, 40S 7,!I5.5,210 7,8.55,1)04 10,020,880 ll,0!)!l,244 12,0.54,81)0 11,040,812 1.3,577,845 13,,S02,432 13,370,882 13.770,7.35 14,3.51),02ll 14,o.S4,712 1.3,11110,232 M,(I1I0,1)!)S 1.">.217,30S 10,0.54,221 18,440,100 18.S0.3,048 18,(li)2,4.55 l.s..531)„534 20,3,53,0X1 11),100,!)03 21,870,473 f On the 31st December, 1805, there were on the registry l)ooIvS 7,202 vessels witli a reuis- tered net tonnage of 82r.,837 tons. Of these 1,718 were steamers. Assuming tlie average value to lie .f30 p(>r ton, the v.ilue of the registered tonnage of Canada would bo !i;24,77r.,110. Canada stands fourth among nwiritime countries in tonnnaro of shii)ping owned and registered in tlie country. PERSONS WANTED IN CANADA, AND IIVIMIGRATION THAT IS NOT ENCOURAGED. As tills pamphlet is iilveiy to be largely fcnsulted by (lioso who desire, from some ciiuse or otlier. to leave Great Britain and seelv new homes, it is well to specify dis- tinctly the classes recommended to go to fMuada, and tlie openings that exist fur them. AOItlCULTURISTS. 25 Total Tonnage. IS tlT. I,S0L> ll,fl!l!i,244 ),.S4(I lL',(l.-)4,8!)0 l,-_'L".l ll.(i4(i,S12 t,'.il7 l.'<,a77,845 ,7ss 1:^,8(12,432 '.(ill i;{,H7i),S82 >,W.(! lH.770,78.j '.ore 14,,'i:)ll,()2(> >.fi-l.S 14,(184,712 ,i;iii; l.S.'.l(i!l,232 ,747 M,(i!Hl,",M)8 \VM l."..i.'l7.:i()8 >,110 l(i,().-)4.221 ,!l")4 18,44(;,10(» ,7, 4.")5 •,4(;s i8..\s!t„-):u .lilO L'(i,:ra,(i8i .iH»4 i:i,l(»(»,<,M!3 ,880 1 21,870,473 Tho first great (knimnvt is Persons f'^i" I'orsonH with some c'ui)l- with til fit thoir disposal. For this Capital. I'hi'is Csinada affords im- linilt(>d oponiiiKS- They can eiigajio in agricultural pursuits, taking up free grant lands, or purchasing the Improve 1 farms to bo found in advantageous position^ in every province ; or in mining, or in the nianuf icturing Industries ; or if possessed of a .'•ottlid Income, living will be found to bo much cheaper In Canada, with tho benellts of a fine, IieaKIiy climate, magnificent scen- ery, iibun lant opportunities for spnrt, and facilities for education and placing children in llf J not to bo excelled anywliere. Persons of small cai)ital Agriculturists, and knowledge of agri- culture often desire to en- ter upon farming pursuits. Before tlds Is done experience should be ac(iulred, eitlior by hiring oneself out as a labourer, or gain- Irg experience in some other M-ay. Then, when the necoss M'y knowledge has l)eon ob- t.'iinei, a I'lrm nmy eitlier be rented, pur- chased or taken up as a free grant. (See the laud regul:ition.'3 of the various provinces.) You ig mC'D shoiUd go to Manitoba, the North-west or Britisli Columbia. Older nu'u with a ca:)ital and young families, should or away from railways, Is attended with a certain amount of Inconvenience ami an ab- s< nee of those social surroundings which may be obtained la tho older settled parts of thiso and other ])rovlnees, and this fact shoid 1 be borne la ndud by those who avi considering the subject. It is diflicult to lay down a hard and fast ■ule as to the am junt of capital necessary to start farming. Tho answer depends upon the energy, experience, judgment and enter- prise of tho person who is to spend the money, thi provliv,-o selected, whether free j;rant land is to b3 taken up or an improved farm rented or purchased, and many other d farms are clioap : free gr:ints can be obtained by those prepared for the incunvenieuoe of pioneer I DOMIXION OF CANADA. l.fo ; the Holl Is f.Ttllo ; tin* cllinatt' onsuri'M 111,' Krowlli of nil tiK' •■'■<>1»< l)n>i- nil llif nil liniii ami dairy pnnliK'f avallaliU- for (llsiM.siil. On till- other liaiul. taxes ai" llj;lit, and labour savl.iji jipplliiicfs cIump i,.!.l in ■^'oiienil ns.. Moiv .1,. tails upon \li.'s.« points will be loiiiul In Hie eliapteis (leiillllH Willi the \ II ions provinees. 'r'\ ' tpi '^ilon Is ol'len iisUe 1 YounK Men H' l' I'* es-ienllnl for .vo-iui: ni-.i desiring wishing: to tnUe up farms In Agi-icnltural I'anii.la. Imi .iesliln^c before Experience, tlolnjr so to iitipiiiv Unowl- eil^e of ii^'i'lc'iiltiire. to pny pre Miiniiis, either to persoMs in the old conntry or in the Uoniinioi, for that purpose. It imiy therefore be idiilnly staled tiiat •'no preiiiiunis lire m>eessiiry " : and It is iidvlsod thai mine lie paid. SI:-on;j: and lu>nHliy youii!,' meu, from IS to IM ye;irs of jiuc. who iire i)"(>pared to !i('<'ep' f""' a lime the liar no dlllleiiliy in .u'ettln^r employment in the spriii.v ; ail the .-liieius of the (iovernmeiit 111 ("iimida will assist llieni as far as possible in doiiii: so. without ehari;e. alihoniiii. of eeurse. without aeteptinu: any direet resiion sibillfy. Ueiiii: wKlioiit t xpertenee. tiiey will r.ol y:el niiieli wa>.'es iM the eommemeiueiit of their employ iii-Mit. but as they aequiri> skill tlii>y will be able to I'ommaud reiunner- atioii in proportion to the value of tlieir work. (Jri>at ear(> sliould be exerelsed in deeidinir tvlietlu'i" Mie youiij.' men are suited to the life thai is pro|iost>d. Hard wtU'i; is neeessary. and very often their mode of livini: may be entirely alien d. 'I'liey must bear in mind two thinuis that they must do what iliey are toUl. and that they must piek up tlieir kiiowl- ed.ire from experienee. Many persons have pine out in tins w.-iy with ,u'ood results, but there are otii-rs who liavi> failed. Iiecaiise they have not lU'operly uuderstooil eolonial life, or were uiultled for ir. The adviee of veriiment aueiils slmnld be ob- laiueil before a limil deeision is arrived at. 'I'liere 's also th" alii'i'iiative of a einirs(> at tiie dutarin .V;;ii:u!i lU'.il ("ellesie. .\u en- traiieo cxainluallon In oh ;rleulluie nt Truro. Nova Seotia, with a farm In eoiinec- llon. ("onimunleallmi should b(> iiddressoil to Prof, II. W. Smith. Proviii'-lal Seliool of .Vpiieiil! . Truro, Nova Seotla. There is a '.arije ami Male and Female i.'rowiii« deum-.d for male Farm Servants, and f.-male farm servantH In every iiarl of the l>o- Milnion. owiim' to the rapidity with wlik'li land is belm.' broujrhl under e.iltlvallon. Ma- ehiiiery of various kinds is In dally use, but labimv Is very seai'ee not withstanding:, ami p.o.l liamls .'an always liiid .•onstaiit and n- muiieralive employment. .Many jiersous of this class who started as labourers, m«w have farms of their own in some of the lin- est parts of liie liouiiniou. Tliis result, how- ever, does not iiit.i'-ally follow In every ease, but is the eoiisequen 'o of work, eiierKy. bi- telliLreme, i>erseveranee and thrift, which are elements ueiessary to ensure success iu e<-ery country. Market •iardeners. -anlene'-s. and iiersiuis undcrstandinjr the care of horses, cattle and sheep, may also be advised to i;o out. Unt there Is ui opeulii;t for farm iiiana.m>rs or bailiffs, as Canadhiu I.M'iuers. as a rule, sup- eivisi> their own lioldi.us. and personally lidic pari ill ihi- work. In every city, town Domestic Service and villaiic. female and otli3r Callings domestic servants can for Females. readily liud employ- nuMil. Tlie waires are irood, tlu> eoudi'ious of service are not irk- MMue. and comfortable homes are .issur.'d. I toim>stic ser\ants sliould i;oatoiiceon their arrival to the nearest (iovernmeiit aiieut. Tlies(> mMitlcmen will .u'ive llu> best and most reliabh> advice iiratis : they often li.-ive lu tli.Mr otiices a list of vacant sit n:it ions ; and will refer applicants to the local ladies' coni- iiiittee, so that they may have the beiietit of such supervision and ;:uidauce uulil they are satisf;ictorlly placed. Servants should, how- ever, t.ake their credentials with them, and bear in miiid that p>c.d vcconls are .tust as moFKSsioxs. fl InillsiicnsnMo In rnniidii ns cluowlicrc. Tlioy limy siil'i'l.v K" mil at any tliiio of tlit> yt-ar ami bo certain of obtalnlnj: a Hltuallon at (inic. but should nMiuMiilicr always to liavo fnnils (MidukIi In linnd are advised to Mechanics, General oi.tMln speelal inforin- Labourers and ailon as to their re Navvies. speellve trades and kinds of work before u'olllK eiit. Spi'Mklllc jreiierally. unless tliey iuteiiil to farm ihey are iiol adviseil lo come lo Canada. The demand fo'' siie;i per- Railway sons In Canadii Is not jrreat. Employees, and is (>aslly met by the sup- ply In the eoimiry. Clerks, Draughtsmen, Tela- "^anhists, Shop ii.asistants, etc. Clerks, shop assist- ants, iind jiersous de- sirln,i: sueli situathiiis ar(> advised not to emijrr.'ite unless jiro- eeedliiir to aiU'oiiil- iiKMils ;iln ;idy secured, or to join friends. .Vuy ilem;ind for l;iboui of these kinds Is fully met on the spot. 'I'lie i>nii,i.'i'Mti(iii of cliildreil Child (unless aeciiinpiinyinir iheir Emigration, fanilies) is not encouraged, unless tli.>y sup- ervision of s..;U(« society or lndi\idu!il liav inir homes in (ireat Itriiain and iii Caii;id;i. who \\\\\ look after Uiem until they lU'e able to take c'lro of ilieniselves, ami wlio will lie responsible f.ir pliiciiiir them in sitmitlons. All children sent out must he healthy (and possess medic-il certilicates to thilt effeetl. It may he stated ili;it the Inmates of emiirratlon of the inmates of Workhouses. workhouses. reformat:c,-ii>s. or persons in receipt of jiar- ish relict', is not cncoiiraired by the Canadian Coveriimeiit. The smiie remark applies to any piMso'.is who :u'e not :ilile to nr.iduce Hatisfaetory refereneoH hh to their charaetor. There are no openings for siieli elasse« In any |iart of Canada. Inl\)rmatlon Is fieciuently Professional sought as to the prospeetH In Men. Canada for proiierly (pialltled members of the lentil and medical and other professions, sehoolinasl- ers and i)(>rs(Mis desiring to enter the mili- tary and civil services of the Dominium. No enconraj-'cment is held out to such persons to ^'o out to the I »ominioii, especially Incases where Imiiiedlate einployment Is (h'stred. There are always oi)eniii>;s and opportuni- ties for men of exceptional abilities wlih n little capital, but. jreiierally speakin;.'. the profi>ssl(Uial and so-called lighter eallln^rs in Canada are in very much the sanu> position as lhi>y an> in the rniteil Klii;:d')in. the local supply of men lieiiin; >;ri'ater than the do- inand. The syst(>m of education Schoolmasters I" f<"'ee in tli(> diiTereiit and Teachers, iinvluces of Canada In- cludes the traliiliij; of teachers for eleiiKUitary poslthuis. The liiirher apixiiiitmeiits art> jreiierally lilled by graduates of Canadian riiiverr:iiies. or Kradnates of Kniiiish T'nivevfities wlio may have settled In thi> l>iuuluion. The certitl- c;ites olitained by teacliers in th(> I'nited Klnirdom are available In Canada, when en- dorsed by the ^linisier of Kducation In the province in wliich the holder desires to re- side. No dllticully. however, is found in securinjr persons on tlie spot to till the vacan- cies thilt (U'cur. and no on(> is advised to go out chance of obtaiiiiu!; a. situiition of this kind. .Vlipoinimeuts In the liouiiuion The Civil civil Service in Canada are not Service of suliject to public competition. Canada. Api>licaiiis are. however, retpiir- ed to underiro a qlialifyiiiir ex- ainiuation. I'ublie ex.'imiiiaticnis ai'c held yearly in the i)riiicipal cities of the Uoinin- ion. at which candidates are reiiuired lo pre- sent themselves. \ai'aiici(>s in the publio service are lilh'd up from th(> successful can- didates, as eertltied by the Civil Service Ex- amiueis. The iiumber of iiualitied candi- dates is always much greater iliaii the num- ber ill' v;ic;nii-ies, DOMINION OF CANADA. Olvil Engineers and Architects. IVm-hoiis q\inllfl<' prolcHsloiis do uot offer many openings at tlic pri'scnt (line. liand surveyors coming into Surveyors. Canada are debarn-d I'lnm en- torin« on tlie Inunedlalo prac- tlct" of their profcsHlon. They are reciulred to piisM an exanilnaliou prcxcrllitMl hy the Caiiiidlan laws and to serve one year In the Held before practising on llii'lr own aecmiiii. ADVICE FOR INTENDING SETTLERS. The first general advice to Qovernment bo K'ven to the InteiidliiK Agents. settler before he starts, or to any oue after arrival hi Canada. Is that ho should apply to the nearest a^eiit of (he (Joveriunent he can tiiid for any Information or advice he may direction of (he High fommls- sloncr for Canada. The following is ji list of the Canadian Government agents : - LONDON — The High Commissioner tor Canada, 17, Victoria Street, S. W. do — Mr. J. G. Colmer, Secretary, High Commissioner's Office. lilVERrOOL— Mr. Alfred .Jury, l.'i, Water St. GLASGOW— Mr. H. M. Murray, 32, St. Enoch Square. DUBLLV— Mr. Charles R. Devlin, Commissioner of ImmiKration for Ireland. The agents of the steamship companies are nearly all supplied with pamphlets, maps, and reports issued by the Canadian Govern- ment. Information in regard to all questions affecting free homesieads and immigration matters may be obtained by addressing the Secretary of the Department of (ho Interior, Immigration Hr.inch, Ottawa, or Mr. W. P. McCroary, of Winnipeg, Manitoba. The following Is a list of (he phices nt whU'li (lie Depirdneiit of the Interhu- hnu agencies ;— 1IALII''AX, Nova Scotia. ST. JOHN, New Hrunswlck. CJIEISEC, Pn.vlMce of Quebec. .MO.NTKEAL do \VI.\NII'E(}, Manilol)a. IIHA.N'DOM do MlNM-'-IM SA do LAKE DAI'I'IIIN, Manitoba. ^ OHKTON, A»«inibcla. IIE'HN'A do ESTEVAN do LIOTMHIIIDGE, AllMTla. CALGAIIY do ItEI) DEl'^K df WATASKIWIN do HDMONTON do llATTLEKOIll), Saskatchewan. I'HI.N'ri: AI.UKUT do KAMLOOI'S. llnllsli Columbia. .NEW WESTMINSTER do The ofllcers of the Department n^ these points will afl'ord the fullest ailviee and pro- tection. They shoulil be Immediately applied to on arrival. All complaints should be ad- dressed to them. Tliey will also furnish In- formation ns to lands open for settlement In their respective provinces and districts, farms for sale, demand for employment, rates of wages, routes of tn ■ '1, distances, expenses of conveyance, ind all other mat- ters of Interest to settlers, and will receive and forward letters and remittances for set- tlers, &c. The Dominion Government Employment has established an Employ- Bureaux, nieiit Ilureau under the man- agement of the offlrer In charge ut each of (he Agency points in Canada mentioned above. The object chielly aimed at in this establishment, is to facilitate com- munlcadon between persons seeking work and those who may have need of their services. No fees will be charged either to employ- ers or those seeking work. Canada is provided with a well-consldorcd system of quarantine. The chief stations are established nt Grosse Isle, in the River St. Lawrence ; Halifax, N.S.. and William Head, li.C. There are minor stations at Si. .Tohn, N.B. ; Chatham, X.B. ; Plctou, N.S. ; Sydney, C.B. ; Port Hawkesbury, N.S. ; Quarantine. IMMKfRAST STATIONS IN CAXAhA- 29 i> plact'S nt Intcilor hiiM blu. o ■lit, n*^ tliose Ico and pro- itoly npplliMl louUl hi' 1(1 ) furnlsli in- cttlonu-nt 111 (1 districts, Miiployinent, i, distances, I (itliov mat- will receivo iK'os foi- set- Oovcrniucnt an Employ- er the man- ner In charge in Canada iiiclly aimed cilitato eoin- !eiiing work >d of their i" to eniploy- ided with a system of liiof stations in the Uiver md William iitions at Si. Mctou, N.S. ; bury, N.S. ; null riiaiioilelDWii. P.E.I. Ks'ory marltlmo piirt Is also fonslitutfla, specifying the articles tiiat can be so entered :- Settlers' El'focts, viz :— Wearing apparol, liousf>iu)Ul funuluri', books?, implement;! ami tools of tiacie, occupation or oniploymcnt, Kuns, musical instruments, domestic seM-Ing machines, type- writers, live stock, bicycles, carts and other vehicles and agricultural implements In use by the settler for at least si.\ months before his removal to Canada ; not to Include machinery, or articles imported for use in any manufactur- ing istablishmeut, or for sale ; also books, pictures, family plate or furniture, personal efffctH anil liclrlxniiH left tiy bciiue.'it ; provided Ihiit any dutlalile arMclcH iiilercd u.» Hottlera' effects may not be .lo entered unlestM brought with tho Kettler on hlx llrBt arrival, and nhall uot be Hold or otherwise dlKpoHed of without payment of duty, until after twelvo montha' actual UHe In Canada ; provldeil niNo, that under reKUlatloiiH made by the Coi'troller of CuHtoma, live Hti:,!(, tthi'ii Imported Into .Manitoba or tiie .Vorth-wiMi TcrrltirlcH by liitcndUiK Hettlem, Hhall be free until ctherwiae ordered by the Oovernnr In a luncll. ImmlKi'ants may mall letters or send tcle- ttrami to their friends from these stations ; and they niiiy also exchange any money they may bring witli them for the currency or nioney of llie country, without siilTering any l(>s In dilTorence of values In these transan- tions, tlie (Jovernmeiit (dllclals supervising (•v('rythl:ig under rules, liy wiilcii they arc guided, from th.» Department at Ottawa. The laws pas-jul by tlie Canadian I'arlli- ment cont'iln strict provisions for the pro- tictio'i of immigrants, and for imposing ,s"vere penalties fo, ,iit attempts to iiractise imposition upon them. Gauerally speaking the best The Time to ^init- to emigrate, for all Emigrate. farii.er. too, who desires to take up liind, if he comes in tlie summer time may see the crops growing, and may thus have an opportunity to choose at leisure the most advantageous loc.ition. In Manitoba and the North-west the summer and autumn months arj the best for moving about the country in search of land— or, as it is com- monly called, " land hunting " for a suitablj s]>ot on which to settle. Having selected it, he m.iy proceed to erect his liouwc and make preparations for living over tlie winter : and. if he means to dt thi.s. he may make his i. 30 DOMIXION OF CANADA. 8lart ^Yitll groat advantage in the spring from being vinter, nnless proceeding to jnin friends, lis worli is not so readily procurable by new lurivals r rtduo.'d r.ites to the ports of eud)arUation to emigrants proceeding to tlie Dominion. 'llieso may be assertained l>y iu'iuiry at the passenger agencies and railway booking otli- cos. The Canadian Pacilic Railway also offers a special rate to emigrants from gue- bec. Montreal or llalif.-i.x; to Manitoba or oilier points in tlie west. Inquiry is often made •whether there is any system in operation by whicli money is advanced by the Covernment f(U' the pass- age of labouring persons, such as tliose re- feired to in this pamphlet, to be repaid after arrivil in Canada, It is therefore as well to say plainly that there Is not. To secure a berth in the steamers it is necessary to send a deposit of £5 for a saloon passage ard £1 for an intermediate or steerage pass- age, to thij steam.-ihip company or to the aj-'ont, the remainder t> be it id before the passengers go on boai-d. Tlie passage includes all provisions. Twenty ( uliic feet of luggage is allowed free of charge to each saloon, fifteen to each inter- mediate and ten to each steerage passenger. A bo.\; •J.Yj. feet long, li feet broad and 2 feet deep wo\ild be ecpial to ten cubic feet. The steerage p.assengers. being well pro- vided with food on the steamships of the principal lines, need not thinlc of supplying tl'ems(>lves with any land of provisions. Tli(> following are the railway fares, for emigrants looking thr)Ugli from Europe, to seme of the principal cntres of employment in tiie Dominion, from Quebec -.—Montreal, 7s. .'{(l. ; Shei'brooke, 10s. Oil. ; Ottawa, ITs. lid. ; Kingston. ISs. ; Toronto, £1 7s. 9d. ; Hamilton, £1 7s. 9d. ; London. £1 ll's. 8d. ; AVinnipeg, £2 9s. 4d. ; Uegina, £3 lt>s. Id. ; Calgary, £4 19s. 3d. ; Edmonton, £5 7s. Id. : Vancouver, £10 13s. 9d.* Children between Vj. and 5 years of age are charged half-price ; those under 5 are conveyed free. I'asseu- girs are sti'ongly recommended to take tl.rough tickets from Great Britain to their destinations in Canada from the steamship ctinpanies. who, by an arrangement with the railway companies, issue rail tickets as Mell as oc.'au tickets. The Canadian Taciflc Railway has a con- tinuous li le from Quebec, on the Atlantic, to Vancouver on ibi; racilic. Trains leaving (Quebec say on Monday, arrive at Winnipeg in the afternoon of Tiiursday, and at Vau- couv<':' on the following Sunday. The fares from (inebee to Winnipeg and westward inciule tlie colonist sleeping cars. As soon as the colonist gets During the «» board the steamship he Passage. slioul l make liimself acquaint- (;d witli tlie rules he is expected to obey whilst at sea. Those are always dis- played in several parts of the vessel. He should do his best to observe tlieni. He will thus add not only to his own comfort, but also that of those around him. If he should Lave any grievance or real cause of com- plaint during the passage he should at once make it known to tlie captain, who will uatiuMlly seek to have justice done, as well * Tlies'j ratrs are subject to alteration from liiiie to time, and from Halifax arc higher to points east of Tor, iilo , to Toronto i.iul points west Uiey arc the same from Huiitax as from ■Juehcc ^ LUOOAiiE. 31 ■ -I ons. Twenry iveil free of > each intcr- ■i> iiassoiigi'f. (1 and 2 foot ie foct. ig well pro- sliips of the of supplying irovislons. y fares, for 11 Europe, to euiployiuent :— Montreal, Ottawa, 17s. £1 7s. Oil. ; £1 12s. 8(1. ; £3 10s. .1(1. ; 1, £5 7s. 1(1. : ren between (I half-price ; ree. I'asscn- led to tak-j tain to their le steanisliip ;^eiuent with lil tickets as y has a eou- tlie Atlantic, rains leaving at Winnipeg and at Van- r. Tlie fares id westward irs. colonist gets teaniship ho u that the number of cubic feet V. liich the st?imship will allow is very much luavier thai the I.jO pound weiglit allowed le each passenger on tiio w(>stern railways. Tlie railways in C'lnada are very llber'il ill de.'iling with omig/mt luggage and will let pass anything that is not very much out (if the way. On some railways, however. ilie luggage is Aveighed, and anytliing in ex- cess of 150 pounds per passenger Is liable to I'C charged for. A family or party going together may have their luggage all weighed logethnv and no charge will be made unless iliere is iin excess above an aggregate of I'lO pounds for each. The Canadian raclHc liailway allows .'{dO pounds for each adult going Avest of "Winnipeg, but not beyond f'iiljiai-y. Many hoivy luiiilicring things siinetimes carri(> 1 by colonists are not ^virtli paying the excess of freight for. and cm lie octter and more clu^'iply purchased "11 arrival at their destination. Tlie luggage :iiid boxes or trunks of every passenger sliotild liav(> thi U'liiio of the owner painted •ilHMi tliem, nnd lii aMltlou be labelled with his name and d}stinat:)u. The ivason for tliis precaution is (hat if lal)els only are used tliey are soiU'-times washed off through the trunk being expo.sed to rain before embarka- tion or rubbed olf by chafing against some (.llier box and the Identity of the piece of baggage is lost. Labels may be obtained from the steamship company. I'adlocks !-lioul 1 be avoide^l, as they are liable to be bioken off. All heavy luggage and boxes arc stowed away in tlic hohl. but the cohmist should I'Ut in a separable and small package the things ho will rotpiire fo- use on the voyage ; tiiose he shouM k "ii by iiim and take into his berth. Colonist sometiiiios suffer great loss and ii: convenience from losing their luggage. 'I'hey should, therefore, be careful not to 1<)S(> sight of it until it is put on sliip-board ; it is then i)orfuict!y safe. I'pon arrival in Canada it will l)e iiassed by the Customs elKcers and put into what is called the " bag- gage car" of the railway train, where it Ts " checked " to its (lestiuati(m. This mean.s that tiiere is altachd to each article a little piece of lu.'tal with a number stamped on It. \\iiile a corresponding piece, similarly nuuilK red, is givLMi to the passenger to keeji until his destination is reached. Tliu railway is then responsil>lL> for the .safety of his luggage, and will not give it up until lii> sho\\'s his ■■check." I'liis custom has great safety as well as convenience. The colonist should taiie What to Take, witli him as good a supply of strong, warm clothing as he can. W j(dleu clothing and other kinds of wearing apparel, blankets, lious(. liu^n. ^vc, are generally .•iicaiier in England than in Canada, (iemu-ally, all bedding shouhl be tid;en, and the cover ticks of the beds, but not tlie materials with which tliey ar- stuffed, as thes(i would be too bulky, and can be re Hilly obtained on arrival. Many of the household necessaries which the emigrant possesses he might do well to bring, and they may prove very useful ; but still it is advisable to consider well the weight and bulk, and how far it is worth while. Articles of household furniture, crockery, 3tovc3, or heavy articles of hardware shouid !■..» JJOMIXIOX OF CA.\A/>A. he left behind or sold, except in some cir- cumstances for special reasons wliicli tlie colonist will consider. It must bo borne in mind tljat sucli articles are very liable to breaUaiiO, osi)ecially on long railway jour- neys to the west. Agricultural labourers should not bring any of their tools with tliem as tlieso can be easily got in Canada, of tlie best Ivinds. and suited to the needs of the country. Gen- erally speaking, the farming tools used in England would not be suitable for Canada. Mechanics and artisans when they have been encouraged to come out, may of course bring tlieir tools ; but they must bear in mind that there is no difficulty in buying any ordinary tools in Canada at rcsasonable prices, and that it is better to have the means of purchasing what they want after reach- ing Ihoir destination than to bo liampered with a heavy lot of luggage on their journey, causing them trouble and expense. As a general rule, the tools made in Canada are ligliter and better adapted to the needs of the country than tlioso made in the old coun- try. Young men going out to learn ag- Outfits. riculture, or to start farming, often deem it necessary to talvc out most expensive outtlts, in the shape of clothes, &c. This is a mistake. All that is wanted is one's old clotlies, a better suit or two for leisure wear, and a good supply of suurner and winter undcrclotlung. Anything else can be procured in Canada 0(iually weii. at about tlie same price, and very nuijh 1)etter adapted to tlie country. In bringing out money from the Money. United Kingdom, it is better to get a bill of exchange or a bank letter of credit, procurable from any banker, for any large sum. as tlieu tliere is no danger of its being lost. Any smaller sums are better brouglit in sovereigns or liaif-sovereigns, as far as possible, or a post office order may be obtained on the place of destination in Can- ada. Sovereign and half-sovereign coins liave always their absolute par value, which is fixed by law. On silver— shillings, florins, lialf-crowns, &c.— the immigrant will lose a trifle in exchanging them for Canadian cur- rency. It may be explained that the denominations of money in Canada are dollars and cents, altliougli the denominations of pounds, shill- ings and pence are legal. But the system of dollars and cents, being decimal, is much more convenient than pounds, shillings and pence ; and, moreover, is in use all over the continent of America. A comparison with sterling is subioined, which will at once en- able the reader to understand, in sterling, values stated in dollars and cents ; and tlie newly-arrived immigrants will have but little difficulty in mastering the system. SicrliiKj iiilii hiilhn-' mil/ Ciiil'^. $ cts. '/.(]. sterlhtg is ^ ^'^ id. do 02 Is. do 24 il do 4 S6 Ihillur-^ ami Ci iil" iii'o S/ir/iiii/. i a. d. 1 cent la OW, ! dollar is 4 IV2 4 dnllais are 16 5% 5 do 1 6% For small change, the halfpenny sterling is one cent and the penny sterling, two cents. For arriving roughly at the approximate value of larger figures, the pound sterling may be counted at five dollars. Tiie sign $ is used to indicate the dollar. THE F[RST QUESTIONS ASKED Q W'Uvw sliall r arrivi.' in Canada ? A. At Quebec between ist May and 12th Noveniber, or at Halifax between i2tli November and ist May, or thereabouts. Q. How sliall I know what to do, or where to go when I leave the steamer? A. You will be met by a Government official who will give you every informa- tion you desire and will advise you, if you wish to be advised. You will l^e taken direct to the Government Immigration Hall, where you can remain without charge until the time for your train to start. There you can buy your ticket (if you have not already done so) for any part of Canada, can change your English money into Canadian money, and can purchase any provisions you may require for your journey, at the most reasonable prices. If you are a single man you will probably prefer to buy your meals at the stations on the road as you go along, at a cost of from 10 cents (5d.) to a shilling per meal. Q. And if T arrive in winter ? A, You will tind the same kind of accommodation and the same officials at Halifax. Q. How do I go on to Winnipeg in Manitoba, or to the North-west Terri- tories or British Columbia ? A. By train, in colonist sleeping cars. These are built on the principle of a regular sleeping car, the seats of which are converted into beds at night, and there is a cooking stove at one end of die car. On the way vcmi can buy bread, milk, and small articles at many of the stations along the road throughout the whole distance but before starting you can obtain all detailed information as to what you can do and what you had better do and better not do, from the Government Agents at the Immigration Hall. ^i 34 THE FIRST i,)UKSTIOXS ASKED. Q. And when I arrive in Winnipeg, wliat tlion ? A. Assuming tliat you have made no definite i)lan for yourself, you will find a Govenmient Immigration Hall at the station, where you can remain a week if you choose. If you have a wife and family with you, then your best plan will be to leave them there and go out and select the land you intend to take up. Registers of unoccupied Government land are kept at the Hall, and registers, maps, &c., of railway lands for sale can be seen in the office at the station. And you can go on to Brandon, in the western part of Manitoba, or Lake Dauphin, in the northern part, and there find a Government Agent and accommodation as at Winnipeg. Q. If I want to go on beyond Manitoba, into one of the North-west Terri- tories, do I get any help there ? A. Yes. At Calgary, in S(nithern Alberta ; at Edmonto.i, in Xordiern Alljerta ; and at Prince Albert, in Saskatchewan, there are similar Government instituli.ms. At all these places there are lists of lands available for settlement, and registers for those wanting to hire men for their farms and for those who want to find work on farms. p. Ill find land I like elsewhere dian at one of these places, have I got to go back there to register it ? A. No. There are land registration offices at Winnipeg, Brandon, ^Nlinnedosa, Lake Dauphin, in ^lanitoba ; at Alameda, Kegina, Yorkton, Prince Albert, Battle- ford, Edmonton, Calgary and Lethbridge, in the Xorth-west Territories ; and at Kamloops and New Westtninster, in British Columbia, besides in that province wherever the Provincial Government have their offices. At all these places there are shops where anything an intending settler requires can be purchased. CAL ITOX.— A newly-arrived person should remember that while the Gov- ernment makes every effort to further him on his way in safety, it cannot protect him against the consequences of foolish conduct on his own part. If he prefers *taking^he advice of strangers to that of officials whose only desire is to help him, he will have no one to blame but himself if he finds he has made a mistake. If he has money dealings of any kind with chance acciuaintances, he may or he may not have to pay for his experience, and at certain times he will find himself approached bv apparently disinterested people who will advise him not to setde in Canada, but to "-o to the States. These men are American agents who are ])aid by one organization or anodicr to catch uiiwary immigrants. They should be told politely l,nt firmlv that their advice and information is not recpiired. 1 will find a week if an will be Registers ps, &c., of can go on ; northern nipeg. vest Tcrri- Northcrn overnnicnt LMiicnt, and who want [ got to go Minnedosa, )crt, Battle- L's ; and at at province places there Ic the Gov- mot protect [ he prefers o help him, ;take. If he he may not approached Canada, bnt )aid by one told politely Charldttftuwii, I'.K.I. PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND r-'Ktl KINCK EDWAU1> ISLAND, tlie siiiMllost of tlio provinces of th;' Dominion of Canada, is situated in llie .soutliorn part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is separat- eil from Nova Scotia and New Bruiiswicli by the Nortlmniber- land Straits, winch varies from )iin(> to lliii'ty miles in width. In shape It takes the form of an Irregular cres- cent, concaved towards the north, measur- ing in length I.IO miles, and. being of December, and reopens about the middle of April. Between these months communication is carried on with the mam land by a steam ?r specially constructed for ^Ninter navigation. This service is sup- plemented by boats which cross to New Bi-unswick at the nearest points, a dlstaucti of nine miles. -.^^■.,|^^.^..^^^«^.>.^,.y.. 36 PRINCE EDWARD L-^LAXD. Tiu! cUmato ol Prince Ed- Climate, ward Island \» remarkably healthy. The cuUl is certainly more severe, and lasts for a lonser period than in lOngland, but the atmosphere is salubrious, and the sumnuer is of such brlfihtness and l)eauty as to compensate .'imply for winter. The weather generally boc(nu('s unsteady In the early part of Novem- ber and sometimes sharp frosts, with flurries of snow, take place about the middle of the month, the frost -jjradnally Increasing until the ground reslst^ the plough, which is ordi- narily about the second week in December. The oold then Increases rapidly, and the ground is covered with snow. During the months of January and February tne wea- ther is usually steady, with the thermometer occasionally from 10 to 15 degi-ees below zero Faliri^nhoit. Marcn. as in England, is a Avlndy month, and is througliout very changeable. During the latter part of this niontii. the snow rapitlly melts, and the ice becomes rotten and dangerous for travel, and wholly disappears about tii middle of April. Strong southerly winds laon set in, Inconvenience thence arises. About the mid- dle of September the autumn commences. Charlottetown, the seat of Cities Government, Is pleasantly sltu- and Towns, fited upon a point of rising ground at the confluence of the York, Elliot and liiilslwrough Rivers. It conta'ns 11,374 inhabitants, and is well laid out with wide streets, which Intersect at right angles. Its p'"alrs are managed by a ( orpoi'atiou consisting of a mayor and eight councillors. Tl\e harbour Is large, deep, and AVoU slieltcred, and is said by Admiral Bay- field (a standard authority) to be In every rt'spect one of the finest harbours in the world. It is the principal port of shipment. Trince Edward Island is Soil and Crops, noted for the fertility of its soil, and it may confident- ly be asserted tii.at, witli tlie exception of a few bogs and swamps composed of a soft, spongy turf, or a deep layer of wet black mould, the whole island consls'^s of hlgldy valuable cultivable land. The soil, wliich is veil watered with numerous springs and rivers, is formed for the most part of a ricli Outside CiiiuidttL'towii, P.K.I. und the last vestiges of frost speedily vanish. The spring is short, and in the beginning of June the summer bursts forth, and from this time till the end of September the cli- mate resembles that of the southern coast of England. The thermometer, however, during calm weather, indicates a greater degree of heat, but the sea breeze seldom fails to lower the temperature, so that little layer of vegetaljle matter above a. bright lo.am, resting upon a stiff clay and sand- si one ; the land, in its natural state, being covered with timber and shrubs of every variety. All kinds of grain and vegetables grown in England ripen here in great perfec- tion. The principal crops raised are wlieat, o.Tts, barley, potatoes and turnips, of wliicli oats and potatoes are exported in immense FISHKRIRS. 37 (luniUltles. ^ho Island grows very good stiiid, halibut aud starch and soap fnctories, tanneries used for raisiJig this manure. Procured in ^I'lst, saw and woollen mills, factories for this -way, in large quantities, and possessing "^""'»S and preserving meat and fish, car- Kieat fertilizing qualities, it has vastly im- ''"'^se factories, &c. By the census of 1891 proved the agricultural status of the island. ^'"^ fl^vu-es of island Industries were as fol- lows :— Of late years very conslder- Live Stock, able improvements have been •^""■"'tal iuvon' d $2,911,963 made in raising farm stock ^""'l'"" of lumds rmployetl 7.910 The horses of the Island en-:oy a high rcpu- 3'?'^ '''"^"' "'"'"' 1.101,620 intiou, mu.h attention having' been bestowed ^''"""'' ^•"^'''^^'^ upon their breeding. In recent exliibitions. Compared witii the census of 1881, these (l)eu to tlie whole Dominion, held in M(jn- ^Sures show an increase in ten years of treal and Halifax, a large share of the '"^'i'''y 40 per cent lu capital Invested, 38 honours and priz3s for the horses was 1'' •" ^''"* '"^ hands employed, and 27 per cent awar.led to this province. For sheep, also. ^^ value of products. it is specially suited, the mutton being of a \ cry line flavour. Swine are also kept m ^'"^'° ^^^^' ^^^^^'^ ^^^ ^'^'^^ <^<^"" large numbers. Island pork being well and I>airy siderabl^ development of the favourably known in Dominion and Ameri- ^^™iii8r- 'dairying Industry In the pro- can markets. The Provincial Government ^'''^^"^' ^^ ^^^~ °"*^ experimental maintains a stock farm, on which pure '^"""^ station for the manufacture of cheese bred stock is raised and distributed through ^^'"^^ started under the supervision of the the country. Dominion Dairy Commissioner. During the three following years several other factories Prince Edward Island is, "svere put in operation on the co-operative Fisheries. Mitiiout doubt, the best fishing principle, each company owning the building station in the Gulf of St. Law- and plant whicli it used. The progress made i< nee, but the liabits and feelings of the in- is evidenced by the fact that in 1800 twenty- habit.'iats are so decidedly agricultural that eight cheese factories and two butter fa'e- ihe flslieries have not received from them tories were in operation during the summer- the attention which tliey deserve. They con- and four butter factories with five cream- Sist chiefly of mackerel, lobsters, herring, separating stations tributary to them, were eod, hiike and oysters, while salmon, bass in operation dm'ing tiie winter. ',1 is,'. ■■\' ' II 38 PlilSCE EDWARD ISLAXD. For many yonrs what was Land known as tlio " Laml (juesilon " Regulations, was a fruitful som-co of dis- content. Now, liainilly, It Is possible to write of this boautlfnl Island with nu'rt'ly a passing rcrcicncc to this Ki'iovanco, and tn say that It no louKei" exists. Ahsciitco proprietorship has boon abollshoil, and the liocal Governniont. which purchased the In tirosls of the hiiwUonls in 187."), has takon tiielr phuv, not, howovcr, for tho p\irpoHi; of exacting the nnnual rent from llie tenants, but with the object of making them owners of th" soil which thoy have redeemed from the w ildern(\ss. Of this Immense advanla.i^c by far the greater nuijority of the tciianls have availed themselves, to such iin extent. Indeed, that at the close of 18.S8 only l(J0,4Ti) iicres rem, lined unsold of the 843,1)81 ac- ipiired by the (iovcrnment, and of tids vince, and contains lour coun- ties, is separated from the main- Ifind. or peninsula, by a narrow channel calle.l ihc Strait of Canso. T.io i)r(>vince contains somcl lung over thirteen nMllious of acres, of wliich n(>arly one-tifth part consists of lakes nn:l streams, Five or six ndiiioii acres of land are fit for tillage; the remainder, which is chielly a belt of the sea-coast, is rocky and barren. From tlio appearance of the coast, no ide.i eould bo formed of the beauty and fertility of the interior. The coast is indent- ed with numerous excellent harbours, most of wliieh are easy of access, safe and com- modious. The climate of Novii Scotia is Climate, well su'*^ed to Europeans. It is not generally known outside the province that tlie temperature is more equa- ble th.in in any other part of tlio Dondnion. The extreme crdd which is experienced in winter in other pans of America is n'lt known here, owing, perhaps, to the fact that tlie province is almost; completely surround- ed by the sea, and that the Oulf Stream sweeps along witliin a few miles of its soutliei'u shore ; and, furtlier, that tlic pro- vince is protected from tlie chilly mirth winds by an almost continuous belt of mountains, ■ir very high hills, stretching along its north- ern side. The climate viiries, liowever, in different p.-irts of the province. In the An- napolis Valley the spring opens about two or three weeks earlier in the y"ar tlian in tlie city of Halifax, which is near tlio Atlantic, and tlio weather is generally drier, clearer and more exempt from fog. Tlie mountain range at tlie north side of the valley, which skirts the shore of the Bay of Fundy, is higli enough to prevent the sea fog from coming over— tlius, wliile it is some<^iiii< .-, ilamp and ; ' I] .^Jl 40 NOVA SCO HA. dIt«(iKn"'iil»l«* i>"i lilt' uorili kI<1o of llu' rnnu"'. whlfli liMi's tlif Uiiy, III llii' vallt-y, only tliico or four lullcH iiway, It Is (U-llulil fully warm ami blight. lu Iliillfiix mid the casicrn couiitlt'H tlio luurcury Holdoiu tImum lu MUiiiuior ttbovu SO' In tlio Hhmlf, ami lu tbo winter It IH not ofieu down to zero, lu the Interior, Hay lu tlio Anuaiiolls Valley, the winter Ih about the HMiue, but the suiniuer Is wavinor, althoim'h, owlu« to the dryness of the atuios- pliere, the beat Is not opiiresslve. The cli- mate Is extiviiieiy healthy; there Is probably none more so lu the world. The health re- turns from British military statkus place this province In (he llrst class. Nova Scotia lias fewer medical men lu proportion to the p(;piiliiilou, and reiiulres their services less than probably auy other part of America. No i)ei son Is allowed to practice medicine or surgery unless he has obtained a diploma from some university, college or incorporated school of mediclue, or has passed a success- ful e.vamination before the provincial mc il- eal board. Tiie fees of physicians are mod- erate. The fertility of the soil lu many Fertility of the aKricuilural districts is very of Soil, greiit. and is evidenced bytiiefacl that, In quantity aud (luality, the jtivjductU u of tlie farms, eveu under a care- less system of cultivutiou, is i-ijiial, aud lu some cases, superior, to those of Great Brit- uiu ; for ii.istau.jo, the orchards in the An- napolis \'alley, particularly, produce larger and liner ai)i)les than are grow ii in auy other part of i!ie coiiiiueut. Tliu grain uud root crops are excellent, the average production of which, iu tlie western counties is, as uear- ly as it Is possible to estimate it, as fol- lows :— Why;U per acre 18 bushels. Rye di) 21 do Barley do 35 do Oats do 34 do Buckwheat do 33 .lo Indian Coin (maize) d(- 42 do T .mips do 420 do Potatoes do 250 do Mangel-wurzel do tOO do Beaur, do 22 do Hay do 2 tons. The foregoing is a geucral average of the crops iu tliiH-e counties ; but there are many farms which, being highly cultivated, pro- duce astonishing crops. A farmer in one season. In King's county, raised on a little less tliaii one acre of laud, four huudred aud three bushels of potatoes ; aud iu AnnapollH cou ly, sixty bushels of Hlieiled liidiau coru (maize) have been raised on an acre. Five and one-half tons of hay have been taken off an acre of laud lu one season. Live Stock and Dairy Farming. This might bo more extouslve- ly and prolltably prosecuted In this luovlnce. Of course, every farmer laises stock ; but most of it Is ral.sed to supply the markets with butcher's moat. Untd recently, not nearly so much attention was paid to the making of butter and cheese as to raising cattle for the slaughter-house. In some couuties, however, cheese and butter are made In cousiderable tpiantlty, both for home cousumiitlon aud for export. Cheese factories have been es- tablished lu some of the eastern counties aud Cape Breton, aud a butter aud cheese manufactory In the county of Cumberland. There Is a coudi.'used uiiiiv I'ictory at Truro, iu the county of Colcliester. Sped il instruc- tion is given in li.^ making of butter at the rro\lucial Scliooi of Agriculture. Farms along the Hue of the lutercolouial Itaii.vay supply the city of llalilax with a great deal of milk. A great deal of the iirotit of (veiy farm arises from the sale of fat cattle. There is plenty of lirst-rate pasturage iu every couuty, aud almost the (july expense of rais- ing stock is that of the winter feed, aud as that consists chieliy of hay, at a cost or mar- lict value of from iJos. to 40s. per ton, ac- cording to 'jcality or season, it will easily be perceived that the business is prolitabie. There is much laud sull"''le for slieep-rals- iug lu every county, ai... ,veu amoug the wild lauds there are tracts of pasture that might be made capable of maintaining large flocks at very little expense. In the south- western part of the province, sheep are pas- tured along tlie shores aud ou the islands most of the wiuter, aud iu some places through the whole year. The sheep tind uourishmeut iu see-weed when the laud pas- ture liappeus to be poor. For all the fruits of the tem- Fruit perate zone the soil aud climate Growing, of Nova Scotia are favourable. Fruit-raising at present is confin- ed chietiy to three counties, viz., Annapolis, Hants, .•lud King's, out of eighteen comprls- Fisiit:iui:s. H liiK llii.' iiroviaci', Api»li-j{n)\\liij{ Iiun roi-elv- (m1 iiidHt attention licrotDfotv, and tlio trop ii'iiclu's Kiinic ;i(M),(.uo ImrrclM l'ri)iii tlic dls- iiHiH n-fcrrcii in, a lai'Hf |mrt (if whicii Is (>\|MPit<'(l. 'I'lic (>X(M'lli>nt tiavonr and the ki'i'idnK (lUalllk'M of Nova Ht-otlan applos luivo won lor them a IiIkIi position In the iiiiirkt'tH of i;iir(iiK< -lud the United StaloH, nml IliiTC U lej,'liiinalL> room for a large ox- t( iislim of the present area devoted to that fiiilt. roaches (at preHeiit only a pirden (T(i|i). plums, clierrles, st ,a\vl)i-rrles, rasp- lM'iTie><. iiml (nmnt( cs, ;.'lv" hirje yields with extent belns atla -lied to farmH of from ICX) to l'(K) acres. There are always ileslr- nhle farm properties of (his .'Ihhs for mile at from £'_'(J0 to .C1,(M)(), iiartlcularly In (he couu- tleH that border the Hay of Kumiy. so that persons of moderate m<>ans are able to find suitable openings. The llshorloH have lonji been Fiaheries. celebrated. No country in the w,)rl 1 can exceed N'nvu Scotia In variety of delicious tlsh and Its inexhaustible • luantity. The total value of the llsherles of this i.iovince for the .venr ISO.'., the latest of ■fi.'« if the tem- lud climate favourable. It is confln- Annapolls, en compris- iTidian HiTiy Pii'kf rs. little attuiiioi) ; and iu addiiion to tlie large which we have statistics, was over ?G,213,- demands for local consumption, cousitk'rable 131, or about a million and a half pounds quantities are supplied reijulariy to New sterlin,','. There are cod. haddock, mackerel, York, Boston, and otlier towns on the herring', alewives, pollack, hake, halibut, American seaboard. Krnit growing In eels, shad, salmon, trout, si'ayling, perch, iu Nova Scotia, as a rule, is conducted smelt, &c. in conjunction with mixed farming, the There is a splendid supply of shell flsH, orcbard-generally one to live acre--: in viz., ..y.sters, scallops, clams, quahaugs, mus- 42 XOVA SCOTIA. sols, &c. ; the rivprs and lakes afford sal- mon, griiylinj; and Iront ; and there is no lack of the disciples of Isaac Walton, frijm the younRster of ten years of age to the gray- headed sportsman of seventy, who may be seen all through the season wending their way, Willi rod, landing net and basket, to the favourite haunts of ihe salmon or speclded trout. Nova Scotia contains largo The Forest, tracts of woodland, winch pro- duce timber foi- shipbuilding and for nianufa.cturing into lumber for ex- portation. I.arge quantities of pine, spruce, hemlock, hardwood, deals, scantling, staves, «&c., are annually shipped from tlie different ports in the province to the "West Indies, United States, Europe, &c. It also supplies tlie ports of Massacimsetls with thousands of cords (iL firewood. Oak, elm, maple, beech, bird), ash. huvli. pmihir, spruce, pine, hendock, fir, &c., all grow to a large size. Kock maple, black bircli, boech and otlun- hardwoods make excellent fuel ; but it seoms a pity that in a country wliere coal is so abiuidant so many and such valuable trees should be used for fuel. In the forests may also be found numerous snii'l trees and shrubs, which are valuable for medicinal and other purposes, among whicli are wild cherry, sumac, mountain ash, sarsaparilla, elder, liazel, bay, &c. Wild tiowers are In groat profiision. Tlie trailing arbutus, which tlooms in April and ^lay, cannnt bo sin-pass- ed in delicate be.'iuty and fragrance. Tlie mineral resources of Xov.a Minerals. Scotia are very valuable, and it is one of tlK> few countries whicli ha\e workable dep.)Sits of coal, inm .ind gold side by side. In Capo Breton, Picto I and Cnmberland counties are ex- tensive deposits of bituminous coal, siiiiiliir to the deposits of tlie north of England, \\ liicli are worked liy several cfimpanies. Tlie coal trade is steadily growing, and I lie iron ore deposits of the province although very extensive, are worked only at London- derry, Torliroi)!;. Springliill and the Pictou ('liarcoal Iron ("oiiipany. wiiere iron id' excellent iiuality is made. 'V\w gDld-Uelds of Nova Scotia, althougli extensive and valu- able, have hitherto been worked only on a small scale, but more attention is now de- voted to tliem. and their development will form an important industry. Large d(>posits of gypsum abound, and about 14(5,000 shori tons are annually extracted. Among other minerals that ar ! workev and a half million of dollars. Tenure of Mineral Lands, The grants of laud tn the early settlers in this province contained ii' systematic reservation oi iii.iuerals. In some instances gold, silver and preci nis stones only were reserved ; in otliei- cases the goltl, silver, iron, copper, lead, &c., were retained for a source of revenue to tlie Crown. In this connection the rates of royalties paid are : On the gross amount of gold obtained liy amalgamation or otherwise in tlie mill of a liceiis.jd mill-owner, a royalty of two pev cent. On coal, ten cents on every ion of two thousand two hundred and forty pounds of coal sold or removed from tiie mine. On copper, four cents per unit. On lead, two cents per unit. On iron, the cents on every ton of t\\t> thousand t,vo hundred and forty pounds nt ore sold or smelted. Tin and precious stones, live per cent oi their value. The Act of Settleuunt releases to tin ..wiier of iIk- soil all ,L;ypsum, limestone, lin- (lay, baryles, maaganese, antimony, vV' , and any of the reseried minerals whenevi r tie rcervatioii is not siH'(,Mlled in tlio originiil grants. There are now in Nova Scotia nearly 1,814.1.; i acres of ungranted laiul . a considerable quantity -i which is barren and almost totally unlit I' r culti\atioii. Til':"!-!? is still some good iinsn! I Crown land in tli,> iirovincc. Init it is ueuiU Land regulations. ill! remote schools. T as stg.) pc Manufacti (ry than a; to aa unli iiiid its in< u'on, there parison wit iliere iiiigh future be ( Shipping and Trade. ,iblo propoi '.vorld. Th. of tli(! liabi ing cargoes coal and o and genera West India iiianufactm East Indies Railways. Halifax to Halifax the to tlij bordt SHIPPING AND TRADE. 43: 14(!,000 short Among other some extent e. antimony, )(isits of cop- also known. L'urnish exctl- tine, mai'blo, 'iTod f vom the ice is rich in ;t the miuer- n.^efnl for in- valuo of tho pvinco for t!;e it al)out tiiri'o ts of laud to ettlers in this L'ontained no reservation of :oUl, silver and I'ved ; in otlier )l)er, lead, &(:., revenue to tlie the rates of d obtained ljy 1 tiie mill of a y of two per ■y ton of two forty pounds tlie nune. mit. ry ton of two jrty pounds uf vo per cent 01' jleases to tlio limestone, liru- untimouy, iVi , irals whenever 1 in tlio original UdW in Nova irly l,S14.i;!t [granted lands, jle quantity of otaily unlit fi'V ne s'ood unsdM Init it is nearly nil remote from settlements, churches and schools. Tiio price of Crown lands is |4() (l8 stg.) pel- 100 acres. Although Xova Scotia Manufactures. is perhaps better adapted for a manufacturing coun- try tlian any other part of America, owing to a'l unliinitid command of water-power, and its inexhaustible supplies of coal and iron, there are few manufactures in com- parison with what, considering the facilities, there might be ; or what may in tlie near future be expected. Xova Scotia owns moi'e ship- Shipping ping in proi)ortion to popuia- and Trade, tion than any otiier country. and her vessels do a consider- .ablo proportioir of the carrying trade of the M'orld. Th/'y may bo found in every port of the habit.able globe, loading and discharg- ing cargoes. The exports consist of hsh, coal and other mineral substances, lumber nud general products ; and the imports, of West India produce, British and American manufactures, tea, &c,, from China and the East Indies, and hemp from Russia. There are now 91G miles ot Railways, railroad In operation. Passen- gers can go south-west from Halifax to Yarmouth (217 miles). From llalif'ix there is a railway (the Intercolonial) to tlij borders of Xew Brunswicli (142 miles). M'ith a brancli from Truro eastward to the Straits of Canso (123 miles), and a line Is constructed from there through Cape Breton to Sydney. There is also a branch from Springhill to Parrsboro', about o4 miles. A line is also completed from Middleton, in the tcunty of Annapolis, to Lunenburg (74 miles) ; another from Oxford, in the couniy of Cu.nberland, to Pictou (09 miles), besides a nuiul)er of shorter lines in different parts of th.> i)r()Vince ; otiier lines are projected. Xearly all parts of the province are thus in direct com niiuii cation by rail with the metrdpcilis. and alho with other provinces of tlie Dominion and with the United States. I'iie province is connected with Europe liy lines of excellent steam siiii)s. Tiie:e are also a line of steamers to Xewfoundland, two to Boston, one to Xew Yorli and one to B iltiniore. The estimated population of Population. tlie province is 4o.j,(!47, con- sisting of English, Scotch, Irish, German, Frauch and native-born in- habitants, a few thousand coloured people, and about two thousand Indians. The latter supply the marlvots with baskets and other small articles of woodenware, by the sale of wliich, and by hunting, they earn a live- lihood !uid sup|)ly' their wants. Tiiey live in. tents iiul wigw.ims in tlie forest, on lands of their own. granted to them by the Govern- ment, and terniHl Indian Reserves. Brunswick i bo Climate, im po nowlu^ro dor grealor \K'vi\ life oxtondoi sliowu by til (liR records o tliiit tlu> doa wick and X( otlior coiinlri As it Is witli witii domosti CMllIo find li' from Great i ! oxceUpuco, 1 Vi" §• M Kntraiic to Harljour, St. Julm, X.B. PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK N none of the provincos of Cnnadii can a man wli iso inoaus arc small , settle with a better prosiioct of rising by Lis own industry to a condition of independence than in New Brvnswick. Tf the climate of a country is to be judged by its effects on ani- mal life, then the climate of New Brunswick may be pronounced one of the best in the M'orld. Nowhere do Climate, men and women grow to finer pro- portion than in New Brunswick ; nowliere does the human frame attain to greater iierfection and vigour, or is human life extended to a longer term. Tliis is shown by the statistics of mortality and by the records of the British Army, which sliow tliat tli(> death-rate is lower in New Bruns- wick and Nova Scotia tlian in almost any otlier country garrisoned by British soldiers. As It is with men and women, so also is it with domestic animals in Canada. ITor.«es, (■little and live stock of all kinds, imported rnHii Grc-ii ]',rit;iin, not i.nly uifthHalii llieir i excellence, liut improve in the Canadian cliiuiite ; and so much is this the case that many catlle bred in Canada, of the best strains of blood, have been sent to England and tlie United States, commanding there vi>ry large prices for breeding purposes. In this matter of climate, however, it is imiiortant that the colonist wlio intends to gi to New Brunswick sliould not be in any sense deceived. The climate of New Brunswick is radically and essenti.-vlly dif- ferent from tliat of Great Britain in two rispects: the air is much drier, and the range of the tlierinometer is greater. Y'M it is remarlcable that people from Great Britain feel the cold less than at liomo. there is a considerable difference between the climate of the coast of the Bay of Fundy ami that of the interior, the former being mildir and less sul)ject to extreme.^ of licit an.l cold. Now Brunswick produces every Crops, kind of grain and root crop pni- nly to farmers, are almost unknown. All men a\ ho wish to emigrate do not, how- ever, possess enough money to buy a farm, or even to stock it if it were bought. To. such the Labour Act passed by the New Brunswic'.- Legislature offers an easy Avay for them t.; become landowners, and in the end farmers, perliaps of independent means. Ten years ago tlie free grant system of set- tletuent Avas introduced, and it was found J. gr(>r of extensive manufacturing industries, to winch addiiions are constantly made, as tlio field for manufactured products becomes wider. There are live largo cotton mills in t)ie i)rovince— two in St. John, one at St. Stephen, one at IMarysville and another at Moncton. These mills mal^e cotton cloth and cotton y.nrn of all lunds, and give employ- ment to al)out thirteen hundred persons. Tliero are three large woollen mills in the province, one at St. John, one aC Moncton, and one at Port Elgin, wldcli manufacture homespuns, tweeds, flannels, dress goods, &c. There are a number of smaller cotton and woollen mills in the various parts of the pro- vince. The fisheries of New The Fisheries. Brunswick are very valu- able, and employ a large number of men. According to the returns of 180.5, the number of vessels engaged in the New Brunswick fisheries was 238, and boats 0,420, giving employment to 10,389 men. The fishery products for 1803 were valued at $4,403,158, and stand second among the pro- vinces of the Dominion. The kinds of fish cauglit are cod, haddock, hake, pollack, her- ring, alewlves, mackerel, halibut, salmon, shad, sardines, smelt, sturgeon, eels, trout, lobsters and oysters, most of which are identical witli the same species in Europe. The oysters found on the north coast of the province are of a very fine quality. All the waters which wash the shores of the pi'o- vince abound with fish, and the great rivers are the natural home of the salmon and trout. There is no country in the world which offers such unrivalled opportunities for the angler as New Brunswick. Every river, brook and lake abounds with fish. Tliere are indications of miu- Minerals. oral wealth throughout the pro- vince, and a number of mines have been successfully worked. The following is the otticial statement of the products of the mines -xported from New BruusAvick in ISOO :— Asbtstr.s Coal ' Crude syp mm Manganes.> I^lumtiago ITiusTought stone and other articles! ^.^" 6,059 Tliere is plenty of sport In this Sport, province. The Indians (consisting of tlie Micmac and Amelecite tribes -the former inliabiting the coast and the latter the interior) are very inoffensive and make useful guides in hunting and fishing expeditions. s,r)8i 15,268 71.411 3 In Extent and General Capabilities. iunl ript 11. ; |.i.'i':ilH>. (Jiu>l)t iinil il very 1; iiiiiH'i'nls. iuc lu'siiis. nil 1 11 I iisils (if iilK !i-i:ll. I'clrjlt ' Hy an Oi-!; 1 1 111' area of tin anil is now fu: 4 (^ui'lit'f, fidiii I'uir.t Li'vis. PROVIXCU OF ()ui:bec ■,^& HE i)i-)viiic(' of Quebec lias an ■-^ i% '""''■"' "* l'-S.!l"ll* s(iiiiii'(> miles. 'SifJ^ir^ Tli(> soil of ii fortaiu portiim oi' ^r%j< this iiiiiiiciis!> area is exceedingly •tn^^X^'i forlile, and eai)al)le (d' Inuli culii- ;^^)$V^ vatioii. 'I'lie cereals. urassi'S, ^S^^K'^ I'oot crops. aiHl man.v ol' tlM> S''^~^'^ t'l'tiits of tilt' temperate zone. '''-,. uTow in almndance and to i)er- Extent and fection. In tlie sontlieni pan General of llie province Indian corn is Capabilities- a laru:e crop, and fnll.v I'ipens. Tomatoes ^row in profusion :ni(| rip( n. as do also nian.v varieties of |.-'i':ipe. (,>uel)eo lias vast tracts of forest land, :'!id M ver.v lar^-,' lumber trade. It is rich in iiiiiiei'nls. including- ^'old. silver, copper, iron, ! liniihi-ii. naleiia, fdspai', limestone, as- liesios. an 1 mica, and has .'ilsa immense de- I osits of pliosphat >s of lime, but it has no jccal, l'cir)leum lias been found, laiely, in " H.v an Onk'i- in ('dimcil nf ,)iily Slh, ^^M), j ilii' ari'U of thu pr^viiRi." of Quelji'c was exteihleil ami is now fonipuloil to be .■!4T,3r)0 square miles. 4 payiny: quintitir.s, in the county of nebec. the Kuglish ;ind Freiicli la n,!--!!, I, yes beiiiu' both spoken. This i)roviiue was ori,i;iuall.\- setth'd by the Frencli. Amon,i;- tlje lirst lOiiiilisli settlors V, ho li.\ed their homes in (,.>uebec were the I'liited i:ini)ire Lo.valisis. wliom the \\'ar of Independenc" in tlie I'niied Slates caused to emi.ii-rati' to Canada. As a reco,i;-nition of tli''ir allegiance tlie Ibillsli ( ioverunient ;;ave ihcm lar,.ie ^'rants of land in tlie lOast- i-rn 'i'owiisliips in (^)ncbec. Tile ji'reat UiM'r St. Law River reiice. wliiih forms so re- St. Lawrence, mukalile a leaiuie of the continent of North America, runs ilirotmli this province from tli(> lu>a(l of present ocean naviyjil ion lo ilie (Julf of M, L.'iwrence, and ,s;ives t) tlie province of (iilebec a '■■miiuefcial position of eomnumd- 50 QUi'jnEc. litg import unco, not only In roltition to the I.voviri.'O of Ontnrlo nnd the Norlh-west of Canada, but also to n large porf.un of the ndjohihis T-nitcd Stat '-4. This fjicat river, apart from its conunandlnu- coniiiicr- cial iiiiiwrt.mco, is also rcnuirlialde for groat natural Itouity at every i)oint of its eourso. Its waters are everywhere clear and gener- ally bltie : being in this respect tiic oi.po-^itc of the muddy waters of the Mlssissiiipi ; atul n.any of its ntlluents wonltl bo estimated great rivers im the continent of Kuroiio. It is worth a trip to Canaila to sail up Hie Pt. LaAvreneo. Montreal «210.000^ is llie chief city of Can- ada, the (Oiimercial mnn.poli-;. and the lulu cipal port of entry. It is btdlt ui)on a scries of terrac(>s, and is over four miles lonj; by two brvid. and has a magnllleent back- uTonnd in Mount Uoyal. which rises about 700 f',>et al)ove the river level. The hotels, public- buildings and quays are large ai'd handsome. The city is the centre of the great railway system of Canada, and is ihe most import:ant manufacturing district in tho Dominion, having largo and varied industries, which glvo employment to many Ihousiind artis.ins. Quebec, (70.000), the most historic city of Canada, is the seat of the Provincial Govern- nunt. and presents many feal.u-es of great ii forest, its surroundings including probably some of the most beautiful scenery in the Avorlcl. The harbours, quays and graving dock are of great importance. It has I'ail and water communication witli every part of Canada, and passengers from the ocean steamers g^nerally land there in tlie summer p« aso'i. Tlie winters in Quebec are coll Climate. i>ud the summers s' mewhat simi- lar to those in Fraace— this prov- ince having the summer su'.is of France, be- ing in the same latitude. But very exaggerat- ed notions prevail abroad as to the severity of 111" winters in tlie province of Quebec, 'i'lier^ is decided cold : but the air is gener ally dry and brilliant, anil the cold, there- fore, no I felt to be uni)leasant. Snow al- ways covers the ground during the winter months. Ir paeivs under foot, and maizes everyvliere wiatcr roads, over which heavy loads can be drau-n in sleighs with the g,.p.Tt,.wt ease. Tiiese roads, for the jmrpose of teaming, are probably the best in tlie world, and they are aviillable In tlie newest and roughest parts of the country before the reguliir summer roads are made. TMie snow ^\)lic)l lasts, goiierally commences In Do- eiinber and goes nway In April. The snow covering Is most advantageuns f ( r agricultural operations, as is also the ■winter frost. Botii leave the ground in a favourable state, .-^.fter its winter rest, for rai)ld vegetable gntwtli. Tlie clim.ite of Qaeliec is )rtel in large quaiititit>s from iliis province 1o the lOiiglisli marlcet. For pastifage the lands of Quebec are of special excellence, particularly those in the Eastern 'Pown^-hips and north of the St. Liiwrence. Indian corn, hemp, llax and toliacco are urowii in many parts of tli(> iirovince and yield large crops. Parts of the province of Quebec are es- pecially favourable for the growth of apples and plums. Large quantities of the former are exported, aal some of the varieties which are pt^culiar to this province cannot l;e exciUed, aiM tli^y have specialties which perhaps cannot be e by the census of iSOt. Industries. Agrictilture is the chief oc- cii|>ation of the population at present, but manufactures, lishing in its bi'st In tlio 11 the iicwtvsi ry bcfui'u llu' e. Tlio snow ^ncos In 1*0- idviuitn^'ouns I is also tlio sroiiud ill a iter rest, for nf tho lu'iilth- as (lie most asno. tlioiifili I States, are lalaria, every y and pnre 3 province Is he most part id siispoptiblf iltivation. It ry varied pro- ot erops and in abnndanco s from market. For are of special II llie Eastern :. Lawrence. 1 toliaeco are in'ovince and uebec are es- wth of apples of the former the varieties ()viiic(> cannot 'cialti(>s which The small ii'ofiision. and ripen in the western ])arts V beiiinning to on of the pro- L'c was 1.488,- ■r, el (Muloals, SO! woollen fjoodi !i,i;rlc'iiltiir.il I cheese and bi Fintistlcs of ] Tli'j statlKth vlnce of Quel 1801. are : Capital Invo.stt Number of em] Wases paid . . Value! of produ Means of Comraunicatic men lis of eoti has other la which niav he ilivldes it froi .•ilso in its tu sklcrable lent koks, affords sini, in the Maurice is na tauce ; and th rciuarkablo ri I fact, in tlie ^ jroavly to vieM I livers of loss IIh'c'ii stated t1 jliiis been very Icoiinect all the 41/2 t:^iii:ii[t:s asd mixi-jum^s. 61 gront waters, niul commorct', occupy tht! InbourH of a cousldoniblf^ part of lis liilialil- tniits, as do also liinihoriuK, milling and ship- ImlhliiiK. The luojt Important trade In Quebec Is the hunboL'lng Industry, and this affords. In ninny parts, a ready market for the farm- tr, and in the winter season employment for himself and Ma horses. The extension oi -allways has been very rapid In the province of Quebec since Coii- I'lM lend Ion ; and th:!se have led to a very great development of wealth. Many largt- II nnufactorlos have also been recently es tabllshed. The province has yet much room for men nud women, and for capital to develop Its vast resources. Tho principal articles manufactured In tlii.-t I'l-ovince arc! clotii, linen, furniture, leather, sawn timbi'r, flax. Iron and hardware, paper, el eniloals, soap, hoots iind shoes, cotton and woollen j?oods, cheese, &c., and all kinds of ngrlcultiir.il implements. There were ti,274 cheese and butter factories, according to the ctatlstlcs of 1893. The statistic 3 of manufacturing in the pro- vince of Quebec, according to the census of 1801. are : Capital invosted $118,291,115 Number of employees 117,389 Wases paid $ 30,699,115 ValiU! of products 1153,195,583 Tho great River St. Means of Lawrence, from the earll- Communication. ost period of settlement has afforded the chief means of commuiiicition, but the province has other large navlg.able rivers, among wliich may be mentioned tho Ottawa, which divides it from the province of Ontario, and iilso in its turn his ufTlnents of very con- siderable length ; the KIchelieu, with its Iccks, affords communication with the Hud- son, m the state of Xew York ; tlie St. Maurice is navigable for a considerable dis- tance ; and the Saguenay is one of the most Miimrkablo rivers on the continent, or, In fact, in tlie worhl, and thousands visit it :o:niy to view its scenery. There are other livers of loss imjjorraice. It has already bi'i'ii stated thvt the extension of railroads liiis been very rapid, and these, in fact, now coiinoct all the consldavable centres of popn- 41/8 hitloii both on the north and south sborca of the St. Lawrciiis'. The wild lauds nrn ojiene.l up by colonization roads, and besides the regula.' iii.iiiHlamized roads there are nadw everywhere tliroiigliout the province. It has been already stated that Fisheries th'! pro-iuco of Quebec Is rich and In minerals Gold la found Minerals, i" tho district of Beaiice and oLsinvliere. Copjier abounds In the Eastern Tow.ishlps, and Iron Is found in mfiny places Some very rich Iron mines aVo being worked, notably by the Canada Iron Furnace Company (rilmlted), employ- ing 7.j0 men. Lead, silver, platinum, asbes- tos, &c., are found In abundance. Asbestos is found In great anantities, especially In the counties of Megantle, Artliabnska, Boauoe, Bromo, Ottawa, Richmond and ^Volfe. The great deposits of phosphate of liine, particularly in the Ottawa valley, have been elsewhere alluded to. These mines have b.^cn exttnisiveiy worlced, anl hirge quantiti 'S of pliosphate have been (exported. This mineral brings a high price in England, owing to Its high percentage of puiity. Mica is also I'ouml in good quan- tity in Ottawa and Pontiac districts and It s( cms to exist In superior quality in the district of Sa.iuenay, notably In Bergeronnes and Tadoussac, whiao the Government have sold two valuable mines. The fisheries of tlie pi'ovince are a great Ik on to tlio settlors and fishermen resident oil its coast II i!.s. Tho fishing industry has attained lar.ge proportions, the products being exported to distant portions of the Do- minion and foreign parts. Tenant farmers from Farms for Sale the old country may and find frequent opportuni- Government Lands, ties to purchase im- proved farms in the pro- ^iiice of (Quebec at very reasonable prices— fi-om £4 sterling to fO sterling per acre, in- cluding dwelling-lionses. outbuildings and fenci ig. Farms of tills description, par- ticnlaily suited to emigrants from the United Jvingdom, may he found in the Eastern Townships. It has been already stated that about 0000,000 acres of lan.l have been surveyed by th(; Governmi'iit. for sale. "ff >,)i'i-jnkc. I.iiiiils pnrcli.isi'il I'rnin Land Regulations. Hi.' (J..v.iiii.i.mii an- (.. 1)1' i»il(l Till' In tlu' liil- lowlii;; iiiiiuniT : (Hii'lll'lli i>r llic imrcluisc lHOUf.V is nMllllri'il to lie imlii ilic dii.v i>r Ihr liiilo, iiMil lln' rcMuiliiilcr III fi'ur ('(iiiiil yrarl.v l|i8tlllllH'llH. luMirilU' llllcrcHi 111 » ptT iM'lll. Hut l!ic |>l'lci> !l! wlllrll llic lilllils arc st.lil Is HO low I'l I -"> <'''m« '" "" cclils \ivv IRTO (lOtl. to lis, r.l.yl. StK.>-flial Illi'Sf fon (UtUrtiH an- iioi mtv liiirilciiMomf : In I'arl, they an- oiiiihiili'iu to u'lvliii.' Ha' lamis I'rco. as till! pfliei' Is reiinlred to take posses sloii .if the land sol 1 within six months of (he (bile oi' llie sale, and to oeenpy II within two ycais. He iimst clear, In the conrsc ol ten yeafs, ten acres for every hundred held hy him. and erect a lialillaldi- I se of llic dlnii nsloiis of lit least Id fi-cl l«y un feet. The Idlers paleni arc Issued free of charge. 'riie parts of the province of (^iieliec now liivlllii!; cido ii/.i( ihe Sa«:ncnay. Si. .Maiirl"e. and theoiliwa Klvers, Ihe Kaslcvn Towiidilps. Lower SI. I-awrciice. Lake 'rem- iscniiniirnc. Caspc. and llic \allcy of ilic .MMlaiiciiii! r 'I'lic Citadil, i.iuclicc, liiKf posses \ numtlis of ipy II wltli'ii » the iMMirsc cry liiiiKlri'd lltlc llOllSI' of ■t \>y 1:1 • feet. I'c ol" cliiuw. (^lU'lu'c now iki' SI. .Tolili i«:iu'iiiiy, SI. . I lie KiiMicni ■, Luke 'I'i'in iillry or til.' ^gmiwmfMTvmi^ Lumberinjr in the Winter. ill .ill ■ -4 1 b'i Lcgisliitivc ]3uil(liii;,'s, Toroiitii. PROVlNCi: OF OXTARIO 6<%v~- ^"'i'AUIO ('iiilif.-ict's Mil ••irrn iirMlMiin ^:i.v tliMt llif vast *'! wealth of limber still I'emaiiiiim- i^ •"•" 111' its most valiialile lierilan-es. lapahle of fiiniishiim- an at)iiii:Iaiit siij)- ply, both for home eoiisiimjitioii ami for every probable demaml that com- ii'ei'c' can make upon it. for lon^- yi'ars to rome. Thoimh much has been added of iMie years to the liciieral knowledge of the silbjecl. the .ufeat region which Is ciiisider- "• bi be the main d(-posiiory of nature's most liliei'al .yifts ni mineral weallli. is as \i-\ abiios, nne.\pl.,re(l, and only known as to its n-eiieral external feainres, Hnt eiioiiuii is already established to show that the dis- Irlcts north of Lakes Huron and Superior are eiioi-motisly rich In t lion, sil\ er. per, nickel, and otl 1'- tliat the ('anadian I'acitic Uaihvay is riiii- niiii.' Ihrouuh that country, an early develop- ment of tlie miiiinji' industry is sni<' to ' low. The recent discoveries, in the Lal. It has bet'ii ;c li;i\e been considerablo liiids of .u-old. nalena and mica, while the qu;irr;, inj;' of apatite, o" ]ihospiiate of lime, anl luar'ole of excellent ipialily. are both liroliiable industries. In the sonthi>rii dis- trict, near I,;ikc '.luri'ii, are the famous oil springs, Ifiun which petrolenni is obtained In imineiise (luaniities : further to tlu' north in the same dislrici arc jirolilie salt wells, which send forth an abiiudanl supply of brine, the salt obtained fi'oni wliich forms a, lar.uf ileiii in the c(niiinerce of the place ; \\iiile eastward on liu ilrand Ui\ iiand Itiver there ai'O .Jli ler miiier.'ils, and now <'Mt'iisi\-e mines of uypsnm or iilaster of 64 ONlAinO. Palis. There are also emisidcrablo areas of peat beds in several parts of the province ; its rivers and lakes are well supplied witli fish, and its forests with yanie. But the great and abounding element of Ontario's natural wealth is iu its soil, and to it and its products it is desired to direct the altentlon »f intending iuunigrants. Toronto, the seat of tlie Trovincial Cities, (rovernnient, had a population of 1S1.23) aceordiug to the cen.^us (f 1801. It is a city of whicli any country might be proud ; it is continuing to grow steadily both in wealth and population, and has many very tine publi<' l)ull(liugs and many important uiauufactorles. niunication by water and railway, and is a large manufacturing city. The soil of this province Demand i"'iy ^^ generally described for 'IS very rich. It varies In Labour. different localities, but a large proportion of the whole is the very best for agricultural and horticultural i purposes, including the grow- uig of all kinds of fruits which flourish In 1 lie temperate zone ; its special adaptation to the growtli of these being favoured as well by its summer suns as by the modifying in- fluence of the great lakes. Men to work and develop the agricultural vnCi mineral resources are, tlierefore. the kind J' «! :M^%^ Tcll'Olltd. O'tawa has a population of about ,")(),000 ; it is the seat of the Dominion Government, and here are erected the Houses of Parlia- ment and departmental buildings. Tiiese edifices are of great beauty, and excite the admiration of all visitors to tlie capital. Ottawa is the centre of the Ontario lumber trade. Hamilton (population 48,080) is beautifullv rutuated on tlie smitli-west sliore of Hurling- ton Bay, at tli(> extreme west end of Lake Ontario. It lias excellent facilities for cora- of settler Ontario most needs. Agricul- turists, from farming being the leading in- dustry, stand in tlio lirst place. The demand fcr female domestic servants is ahvay^i large and steady. But as respetis artisans and meclianics, and men required by its numerous i!id\istries, they are referred to tlie general directions to classes who should immigrate to this country, in the earlier pages of this book. Ontario has now Ixn'ome an important m.anufaeturing country. The leading indiis- UL/JATi,: £5 tiic's lire \v establislied by the Provincial (Jovernnient. under tlie administrative control of the Tro- vincial Minister of Agriculture for the special l.urpo.se of giving a practical and scientific education to the sons of farmers. The farm consists of some ooO acres, and is fitted with (•ver.\- appli.ince for successfully carrying out its purpose of giving to the youth who at- tend it tliorough and practical knowledge of every branch of agriculture, more especially of tliose bi'anclies which are best adapted for lirolitable prosecution In the province, ac- cording to conditions of climate and soil. It is conducted by an able staff of professors, instructors, and tiie fees are exceedingly moderate. il '"!' twenty or tliirty years, but wliose mem- Tho Experimental Farm h is conferred ories recur to the slower growth with which great benefit on the agriculturists of the pro- they werj made familiar in tlie country vince, by the importation of Ihorougli-bred where they .spent their youth. For the prac- siock from Great Hritain, and by holding tical purposes of the farm the spring is a ui'iuial sales as the animals multiply on tin- " short " season and a busy one. The genial farms. It annually distributes seeds and rains wliicli fall lilierally "in April and May. grains tliat have been imiiorted from Europe und the increasing warmth of air and soil! iiud tested for two or three years. Tlie re- push fiu'ward vegetation with great vigour^ suits of its various experiments in grain- Ji'id in a few weeks the summer time and .urowing. feeding and dairying, are jmblisli- the liarvest are hurried on togetlier -l in bulletins from time to time. Fully The suninier season is usually rckoncd "1-1 ed labu atones are ..onnected with from the middle or eitd of May to the mid- nii c.-llege and 1 arm, and every department die of September, ruder the steadv warmth iltnral instruction is well ora-.'inizcd. Further informal iim of agriculU.ral instruction is well organized, and refreslK-d by o.^asional brief but copi ,,„.,,., ,, '""•^' ''^' obtained ous showers, the crops make rapid progress .hrou.^h the presld..a of ,he college, (U.eipli. and the n.onth of .htne is hardlv finished eTe 56 OSTAIilO the liuiii •)f i>rt'i)iinilit)ii for 11>o linrvcst Is heard. Hay cuUinK bejiins about th<_- oiul of Juno, and wheat harvest iiifr in the lirst week of .Inly, hi the most southern parts of the provhice. In otlier hiealities bolli operations be^in a wcel< or two hiter, according to llie sittiation. All the other firain crops follow in rapid sneoossioii, so that by the end of August the harvest is coiiiijleted tliroii.i;hotit the in-ovince. The harvest time is usually the period of extrente summer heat, yet those who worlv in tiie open fields, nniler the rays of the smi, in tlie mi(hlle of the hottest days seldom suffer injlU'y or even serious discomfort if tliey use (U'dinary precautions for tlieir i)rotection. Tlie autumn season, called the " l^'all." is the most ■lelicimisly eii.ioyalile weatlier of the cool ojien weatlier, with occasional heavy rains, runs well on throuuli l)eceml)er, es- pecially in tlie soutli western districts. Tli> position of Ontario, will-. Access to r 'sp.>et to its me.ins of access Markets. to th" m.arlvets of the world, is very advanlaKcou.s. Its iti- t( rior me ins of trans])ort are ain])Ie. At half a dozen ditfereiit points its railway sys- tem connects witli tliat of tlie Inited Staxes. Its mafiniliccnt system of lake, canal and liver naviijatioa acconiinodates not only Its own trade, but also a jj:reat portion of tlie trade of the \\'esu'rii States. Toi'onto, its capital, the seat of ilie I'rovincial (Jovern- ih( lit and Lcfii-'lal ii.'i'. of tlie Universities and otlu'r institutions of learniuix. and of tlie Law Courts, is a line and tlonrisliiiifi I )<\ il's i;a|), Lake- nf tlic Wduds, Out. Ilie wliole year lo lliose wlio do not sive tlie city ;nid offi'fs a r-ady marl keen frost < vcry'.hiii.ii- tiie fanin'i' has to sell. II is tlie and musi.- ol tlie slei.uli-lielis in winter, headtiuarters of ilie principal exporters of Aiituiim is iioi less lieaiitifnl tlian suiiimer ; live sidcU and •<\' Hie Uadiii;;' nieii in coiii- tlie .■iimosphci- ■ is cooler, hill III Ocidliev nirclil an 1 iiiaiiiif^iciiiriii;.;' Imsliiess. ;iiid and sometimes in Novemlier the days are of 'he centre of .i complete network of r.ail- )i .genial waniilh, and the nijiiils coid and wiiys exl.-iulin.;' ilirounhcuil liie province in refrediiiiL;-. 'I' le operations on the farm at all directimis. 'I'lie trip from Torouto to this s'asoii cniisist mainly of pre]iaraliiins Iaveri»ool cm i imw be made witii ease and fir the nevi iipproachliin- si'asons ;i fltirrv of snow sunii'ijnies in Xo- The 'iiark't-! tlir aiirhoul Ilie province ai'e vemb'T, which. liovvev.'r. ddom lies more within eas\- rein'li of the fanner in every lliaii a day ol' 1 wo. wli'ii it disappears an. I 111 dis'ricl. The liliihw.-iys are siil)staii- is:m< . . b^it."). .. 1.S.Sl> ill I S|iriii;; wlici ISIMl. , \x'^r^. . IS,S-.> no liai-Icv : IHIH).... 1S!I,-| . . , lssi> ;m; ! ):it.^ : l.siii;., . I'^'.l.-). ... ISS2 ;ii; live : ISllli. . ISII.').. iss.'-iii; Pca> : l.S'.Mi l.siiri ISSl' I Mi rillelavli|.,it ■ IS'.tli. . . I.Sl).") ISSl' !!(;.. l!e:ili.s ; l«Ni . . I.S!!.-, 1S,S2 !l(;. . I'litiitiies : I.'^ili; . . , l.S!C) l>sj m; . .Miii'/el-wurzi bsiii; I Si I.-). , ISSU !)i; '.■|Met.< ; ISilli .. I SI I.') ls.v'-iio..' * f 4 SOIL. 57 liMll.v nijKl,' aiil kept in sood rcimir. towns Jiinl vill.-iKt's ;nv tliioUly dotted ovor tlic (•oiii.- tr.v. Wnxit seldom inoro tliiiu IVoni live to till iidlcs .•iiiiirt. niKl jill fjiriiis ;nv witliiii ii short distance of a railway station. Tiie (inestion of easy access to niarliets is on" wliieli tniKlit 1)0 supposed to Involve serions (liftleulties in a eount fy enibnieiiiK sncli a wide ran^o of distances ; but. practically, tlie means of tfansiiort aio so ample and the frelKht rates so regultited. and npon the whole so low, that there is no .settled part ef the proviueo in wliich nmterial obstacles are prest-nted. eitlu'r as ri'spects costs or (onveiiience. <»n:ario his many varieties of soil Soil, nearly all of which are fertile and ea.sy of cultivation. The m,j.st com- I'IKLI) CHOl'.s """ •■'I'-' ilie loams ,f dilferont kinds, black, are al.so liirht nml iK'iivy clay soils, sandy soils, and in some districts ncirsh a iil alluvial soils of ^;r,'at depth restinj,' ou 'lay bottoms. The old fiirms are in .som.; places partially M-orn otit throu-h loii--c.)ntinue(J Avheat cropping' ; btit they still yield a profitable rettirn If cultivated with the vi,.w to stock-raising or d.airy farmlu- th- two branches whicli pro- iiuse in til.' future to be tlie leadiuf,' f.;atures "f .•lyricultural industry in Ontario, both of wliich liave a tendency to restore and ne- rich the soil. Tlie following fj;ives tlie area and produce ot th' prii.-ip-.I tield crops of Ontario far IS!).-, and IsiMi, with the yearly averaw for I lie fifteen years 1,S82-!1G :— ONT.ARK). ■'i.-!d Clllp! Acres, liushcls. '^''fl<' I HI- acre. iroviuce are ler in every are substan- i''.cll u hi-ut : l,Sl)(i l«l."). ... 1S.S2 !»; . Sprinj,' Hlii-iit IS'.Ml. , isin.. ISS-.' !l(i liai-lev : IWHi.... IHII.-i .... ISKL' !«) ! )at.-i : ISIIIi I SIC, 1SS2 lit; . I!v. 1'^ ISiMl, ISSi- II ; !!(> Is: Hi ISil;-) ISSL' liilrkulir.it ■ isDi;... l.Sl).'> I.SSl' !lli... bfans : I.S'.m; '■•^ii-i . ..'. 1SNL> !li; I'cit.-itucK : ISilli . IWIi'i .... ISSl> "III . . .M.iliK-|.|-\vtii'Zel,' 1'~... LSI in. 1SH2 !l(i (• irrot.s : IS'lii .. l.sir, is,v> !m; 8"(i,il55 7-f:t,i!i!) 2r)r,,;!i;i 22;<.!i57 4! II), INS -iil I 72,747 t .Si,; l'\ii7N. 141 ' 14.I.V)L',S2 17,1120,01(1 : •'i,."il!).H22 ;i,472,54;i 7,444,411 ! 12,(ii;!),744 i2.oiii),r>o7 I bi.7:.l,»i5 .S2.!l7!).!lli-..> st.(i:i7..5i;i; (Ni.Dll),!)!!.' 2,230,v7;t 1.!ini).ii7 1,ii:il,7'.i!i . 17, l!i:i,MS l-\.->(iMi,.S 14 .•i22,27;i 2,iiii2.i;i;'.i 2,7!l|,74!i 1,7!IS,(JL>S l,i!i7,.-.;c, 1.(!)4,17l) (i27.-|(il) 2l,:ii),\477 2: 1, 3', II I, ss 4 IS.7ll4,4'.lli bi,s4ii,4el ir,,! Mil, All:.) '•'.ill 0.408 4,(I1.S,441 4..JSl,;(r.s ;i,7.->;<.s,sL' 17-2 111 111!) l.SS 15 .', 15-2 27-4 25-3 2.-) (i ;i4 2 .T, 7 ;i4 ;i 150 158 15 21 ■] 1!) 5 20-2 17II 21 1 (I 1!) Ii 17 5 20-5 17 ■•1 nil I.-,! I nil 4(17 4(14 441 .'^74 352 352 'U 68 Oy TAJIK). FIKLl) CROPS -ONTARIO. Fii-Ul cnps. AC'II ■^ I'.Usll, Yifia jicr iicrc. Tiiniips : ISIKI isii:) 1HS2 '.Mi Curii f(ii- luisUiiig (ii' tlic ciu') i isim 1S<.)5 1S!)2-0() (five years) Corn fur silo and focUlcr (Kn-eii) : 1S!I(> IH'.t.-. 1S!I2 '.Hi (five years) llav and clover ; ' l.S'.lO 1«!),5 18S2 llli 151,^,4il8 2,42(1,711 2,,W7,(i74 2,381,!I03 li'.l,H14,841 (13, 1! Mi, 702 41MiS!t,(l55 24,071, 3(i4 24,S1!I,«'.I!I 1S,0>)3,S1.") tons. 1,'.I4S,7H0 1,770,054 1,354,52(1 2,2li(t,24() l,S4!l,'.tl4 3,204.072 471 41S 423 75. S Sl.O 7(t.3 tons. 10. W) 11. S5 10.70 .03 .73 1.35 The ostiniiitos in August wore : fall wheat, croi) of America (north and south) for 1-1.51G.0S.S bushels ; sp''iug wheat. 3,077,7r>7 bushels ; barley, 12.a(.V,.i.'91 bushels : oats 84,074,508 bushels ; rye, ii,353,(J01 bushels liens, 18..'.or.922 bushels. Bridge over Winnipei; River. The total area under the crops enuuu'r- ated above Is 8,511,444 acres, as compared with S.Hli 1.173 acres in 1895. The .area de- voted to p.nture in 2.619,744 acres. The es- tiinat -d ari-a in orchards, garden and vino- yard is 320,122. The number of apple trees of baaring .nge is placed at 5,913.y0(!, while there are 3.548,058 youug apple trees planted in orchanls. The yield of apples in 1S9(! is estimated to bo 55,895,755 bushels or an average of 9-45 b"shels per tree of bearing The Wheat The flgi:res for 1895 show the Crop of the total Avheat crop of the world. World. l>y continental divisions, and tlie tabulated shitemeut shows the wheat 1895. The detailed statement of the world's wheat crop is ditficidt to make because in some impoftant: wheat-growing countries ollicial returns of wheat proline tlon are not made and a comparison would thereft)re be incomplete. In 1895 the total Kuropean production, as near as can be estimated, was 1,443.233,(MM» bushels, the totiil Asian production, 4O4..-7S.000, the total North Am-rican. 53.S.5G3,0(J0, the total Soutli American. 85,U(MJ.(K)0, the total African, 4S,- S42.()(J(t. and tlie total Australasian, 32.4G1,- 0(10, nialdng a. grand total of 2,552,077,000 bushels. W'hotlier available, official figures, either prelindnary or flnal, have been used. It is unfortunate that in some Important wlieat-growing countries otticial returns of wheat production are not made. In sucli case commercial estimates have been used. In I lie countries of the Southern Hemis- phere the whJMt harvest takes idace from November to Febi'uary, and tlie estimates given for these countries are for the twelve montUs ending ().'tober 31st of the years indicated at the head of each column. The unit of measure used is the AViuchester bushel, which In- o capacity of 2,15042 cubic inch's. Wliore the original (luantities !ire stated by wi-ight they have lieen reduceil lo bushels on ili.- sonuwhal arbitrary stan- dard of (H) lunui'ls of wheat to the bushel. Yield JHT acre. 471 -US 42;i 7r..H SI.! I 7IK.S tons. 10.Si> 11. Sf) 1(1. 7! I .'.13 .73 1.35 south) for •lit of tho It to mako iioat-gi'owin.u; lioat pi'oihii' compiirisoii 111 1S95 the iioar as can bushols, tho 300, the total total South Afrieau, 4S,- siau, 32,4G1.- 2,5o2,(J77,(X10 guros, either boeu used, ne iiuportaut al returns of ide. In sueli ,-e been used. theni Ileniis- ■s idaee from tlie estimates or tho twelve of thi! .years eoluuin. Thy e Winchester y of 2,150-42 iial (luantities ' l)een reduced ii-bitrary stun- > the bushel. Ihiitt Ontario, . Manitolii K.St, of C Total Mexico . Total Argentina ITrii(,'uay Chile Total lloinp, lirofitabk tomatoes the provi f' ctlon. St. Clair all- and a The ^rov I'lriug iiK IiiimiMise \\ostin-n all the p or are co (Uiction o As to t liroviiK'e, ing to tlj( ol' Indus:! !!ini,r4-,i; stated as ''attic. 1 1 orses . . Sliei'p . . I'ig''.... I'oultry _li*' STATISTICS. WFIKAT CKOP. SO W!)3, I Hush. Bush. BuhIi iriiited StatcM 01 1,780,000 r)1.5,!)4»,0OO ;V.«),l:{2,fK)0 9"''""'", 33,1)11,000 2i),(l!)0,0()0; 22,4ir.,0O0 ,}'"r.A •■■, 23,i)23,(HM) 14,!M)!),O0Oi 10,108,000 Kcst, of Ciumiln, 5,101.000 o,102,000j 4,120,000 Total Ciinada . , .Mexico Total North Ain.iicii IKOl 1805. BuhIi. BiiHh. 400,207,0001 407,103,000 20,507,000 18,18,3,000 17,714,00(( 32,777,000 0,302,000; (),,500,000 (i2,03j5,000 4!>,7Ol,000; 42,050,(JOO| 44,583,000: 57,40(t,(JOO 15,0OO,(MI0 14,000,0(M)| 15,000,000 18,000,000; 14,000,000 .'Vi'gciitiiia . rruKiiiiy . Chill- Total Mouth Auicrica O'<0,415,000 570,050,0001 453,782,0OOJ 522,850,000 538,5(i3,(XI0- .32,000,000 30,(MH),0f)O: .■)7.(100,000 8O,0(N),0O0' 00,0(K),000 2,805,000 3,2i>2,(MK); 5,703,000 8,!»l,'),000, 10,000,000 18,000,000: 10,500,0001 10,000,000 l(i,(MK),O0Oi 15,000,000 81,703,000: 104,!)15,000i 85,000,000 52,805,000| 55,702,000 liomp, flax, t()l)ii('co and wiiKar-bet-t aio profitable ci-ops. M.iizo, or Indian corn, and tomatoes, ripen well, wblle in all parts of the provini-e api)Ios and grapes come to per- f< ctlon. In the Xia:^ara, Lake Erie and I.alc? St. Clair regions, p.iiebe.« ripeu in the open air and are produced in immense quantities. The Sfowth of such products forms an un- erring index to the character of the climate. Immense (luantities of grapes are grown In ■v^estern Ontario especially, and shipped to ail the principal uuirlc :ts of tlie Dominiou, or are consumed in the districts in tlie pro- duction of wiuo. As to the valiii; of the live stock in tiie province, it may be mentiontd that, accord- ing to the r jturns published by the Bureau of Industries, it was estimated in 189.") at Mll,'^",!;."'.!*. Tlie number of animals is staled as folloivs :— - The value of the cheese ex- Dairy Farms. poi-t;>d has more than doubl- ed within recent years, Cana- dian cheese being now recognized as tlie best made in America ; xud of late years it has competed successfully with the KngUsh-madij article. A single clieese, weighing a little over "eleven tons.' malo iu the province el Ontario. ex,'ited the wonder and admira- tion of visitors to the World's Columbiau Exhibition at Chicago lu 1S!)3. The follow- ing figures tell the progress of the chee.sfr trade : — Quantity e.xported. Value. 1S86 Lbs. 974,736 1890 94,260,187 1891 1(;6,202,140 tS92 118,270,052 W^i 132.946,365 18(4 iri4,977,480 1895 146,004,650 1S96 164,689,123 $ 123,494 9,372,212 9,508,800 11,652,412 13.407,470 1.5,488,191 14,253,002 13,956,971 LIVE STOCK— ONTARIO. •'attlo.. llill-SOS. . Slll'C|l ., I'ig'*.. .. I'oultry On liaiid .Tiilv 1. No. 2,150,103 647,000 2,022,735 1,209,072 7,752,840 Value. S 40,708,017 40,283,754 7,708,442 7,101,211 2,1,50,023 Sold or Killed in Previous Vcai'. Nn 418,131 40, .340 082,315 1,150,002 1,030,507 103,058,047 Value. 13,272,127 2,010,301 2,484,(il2 10,007,(>07 800,334 20,301,111 r '•■!, f. i-'» osTAino. Tho ImU.T -M-rUMl n^^^o^^uWi^ lU ISM. o 5.889;J-«l lUMl is, valtio i a. Jfl-T.-JO-;.. bn."'U ,i,v iMliis iu:.lo. Willi tUovouKlil.v iinil.M-si.MMl anions' Hie n.;,.i... ii.v '.■ M,- rural nonnlati...!. rravc-lliu« past live y.-ars. Tlu-rc arc Ilirtv dnlry schools, at r.uclpii, at Kingslon anl at ssiratliroy. Fruit fanning (i'in))racln>; vino Fruit cnUurc) Is another branch to Farming. >vl>i<'li tlic aitcnlion of ii*' in- t Mi'lin.!,' settler In (»ntarl(. shonhl be ilirccled. In any part of the provinci' of 'Ontario the fainier may have his orcliaiil. Ontario. Thontrh apples may be cnllivated with proiii in any of the settled portions of IhLM.rovince, It 1h only In the soiilhern region above in.li.ated that frnlt .•ulture has up to IhlH time received nnich atteiith.u, and tlio snccess which has attended It has Im-lm. ho ..ncourapluK that vlneyaids. orchards and frtdt ^'ardens on a hir«e scale avo uumei-ons In the .\iauara district and westward <.n tlie same lino liil the ooimty of Kssox is reach ed, which is regarded as specially adapte for the prolitable eullivatioii of the vine. The val' ■ of farm pro- p(>rty, in utario In iSO.'i was estlm.iU'd at .fU'.l.- 0!S!>,r)"4, made up of !t>.">T2, 0;iS,47"2 farm land, ¥iii>4, l-lS.C.To buUdluKs. :<.-.o,!)U,:is.-, implements, and .flo:V.toS,f>47 live stock. The total Vidue of Hold cr.>ps In Ontario in 180,'. Value of Farm Property and Taxation. 1,.,K il • but in 111.' w,is placed at :^'.«>.(:r..-..sb.-.. 'l-heavoraKeraic ■,l,v trees of the cf dir.-ct laxatum h'Vied by numicil.aliti.s fon.st the pioneer had no li.ne to think of in Ontari.. in is-rj for all ,.nrposes, inclnd- loK >t tlu pion. ^^^^^ sch.xds. was !?4.1T lier head in townships, and in many jiaiis lie eaiiv strnu'ule wiili tin -luri such luxuries, and lieiiec Hie plaiitiii«of "i chards was neuleeled. I'm' many years. however, the ai.l.le tree lias been steadily srowinu' in impoilaiue. and i.lums. pears ;> '.1 peaches, and small fruits of every kind. form an imi.orlanl item in tlie niarkelablc pro.liuis of many a farm. Tlie fruit region may be described in -eiier.il It'rins as ex- tendiUL' from Hie cast end of l.aUc Huron. ulon- Lake Krie to the .Niauaia Itiver. and almost unlimite.l extent, and the experieii.- incliidiuK all the counties borderin.i,' on Lake ed man of v.'.y mo.icrate means can readi.> .■J.^.SI in towns and villafivs, and %\-1:M i" cities, beiiiy,- eiiual to .' (iiiviTiiiiitMil ii liiw iiKiircs. 'I'lic iiiiiilfiij; rcKnIailniis ai'c r (lie iiiiisl: lllicral cliaracli'i'. In ilic mailer r iniii ; loiio It, l8 iitllniK'd It.v (•onipciciit iiHlKcs lliai till- province of (Ontario Is rloli ( iiiiiiK'li iii ore ((I make II a snceeKNi'iil com |ii'lll(ir M'illi the I'lllled Stales In tlie jM'odiic liiiii nl' iron. The ore ori'iir^ both as maKiie- llte and liematiie in various portions of tin l'i'n\ inee, l»nl tl'" depiislts of eastern on Miii and of I (Kiinlry west of Port \riliiir are anuiim ilie most notable. (Jold. silvei'. niekel lead and eop -er (ii'S are found ill various pai ;-! of Hu- prnvini e. i lie lalnei-al- lieariliK dislrl.ls of wh.,.!, ,,,■(• .vet largely unexplored. In the Lake of the Wouds, Seine lllver ami Itaiiiy Lake v.i lr»in, Aw only important supply of this metal In America. Mica, as- liesto>. gypsum and jirapliite are also mined. Clay for pressed l.rick is found in jrreaf .•lbund;iiic(> below the ,sauds(one of (lie N|- iiK.'ira escarpment, and the maiiui'ai iiin> of presst I li! ick .-ind terrji cotta is now bcconi- hif,' an iiniiortjint industry. Slnictnrjil ma- terials, siicli as buildiUf; St lie. iiiiic. sand, Knivel. \c.. are foul 1 In ^-reat abundance llii'oiijrlioui (lie province, and the mannfac- tiire of natural rock , nd rortland ccmciii Iiiis been beirun at several points w iciv tiie liecess.iry materials occur, riic -,alt and potroh'uni wells of several ' |iniui( < in (he western penln.Mila have long i'ccn ill sMcccssful operation. runs all the way down to C-', or spt p(>r Mere fi.r partially cleared farms In the new- l,V-seti|cd districts In tl •tli-eastern part of the province. In speaklii;: of (he price of a f.iriii In uniario it is usually rated at ho ii'iich p< r jicre. Including: biiiidiiiu's. feiiclii;.^ iiiid all ti.ved Ini'iroveiiieiils ; lieiicc. inan.y of ihe soeiilled liinldy priced farm- may carry a, charire ,,f r^-^w „y nmre per a. , on :i ■ "lint Ol llic raliie oC the dwellill^r-lloliso, : 'i>lc,. barn-: a id other outi.aildlnirs. which aro ■iinetliiKs very coinmiidioiis. substantial siiMciiirc'^ of i.ricl. or sioiie. ciisdii!,' from .* .DIM) (., !ji.-,.nn(| ,,|. ,||,,,.,. I'lie avcrat;! price fur ;;'ood far'iis in the best agricultural disiiicis In tl hi setllo- iiieiits Is I'loin Slid til s;.".() (O; to Lloi per acre, and at this ilLrure usually a lary;e animint of tlie piircl Mse iiionev may remain unpaid for a term ■ years, secured by mortv'aj,'c ,ii a ralo of hnerest not e.\cecdin>j ti per cent. In the newer counties, \\ i.cre the html is but partially cleared, where a linlf or the three- fourths of the farm Is still in Us priiiiitiv(> wooded condii .11. or " ui bush." as the hieal phrase .s It. prices raujre from !|;i.-. to ipii5 (say t L.".| per acre for really Kood farms, in 'Aoiu, situations, to siill • iwer liKiires wliere the situiition and soil ,,ic not so fav- ourable. Any head of a family, whe- Free Grant ther male or sole female hav- Lands. in,i.' children under 1,S .veurs of ajre, can obtain a >.'rant of 2()0 acres ; and a siiifile man over bs yc.ars of ajfc, or a married man liavhii,' no children Kill !■ l,s resldiiif,' with him. can oiitai ,a Ki-aiK of • ■•' acres. Tliis land is in- 'v 'est. and is situated in ' Un: '! western luirts of the jiru- covei'i'd northern vince. Natural Kas is found in ilic Natural Ga.s l \e i;rle counties, and a liber of wi'Us have been bi'i'cd which yi. I fi- .111 n'le to ten nillli..!, i-ubic feet of fuel o';,s pei :,,y. The jirice of farmiu;;' land Facilities varies mucli .iccordliif;- to for obtaining hicalit.v. In ihc neiyhbour- Farms. hood of the cities and larjic towns ill ilie old settled dis- tricts it is sometimes as hi.uh as .$10a, or £2(. sterling, per acre, and tVom 'hat fliriiiv It Such I person may also pur- Land chase 11 ,iil I'Monal 100 Regulations, acre- ai ,,o ceni> per aero, eash. Tho settlement duties iire i.. have ir, acres on each -rant deare.i .111(1 under crop at the end of ihe first five .vears. ..I' wliich at least :.' ;ici(- • to ho dearc annually ; to build a lijiable house, ;it least K! feel liy I'll feet m size ; and to reside mi the hind at least six months ill each year. ii t!ie li.iiny UIv.m' distiiri (,, ihe west of I. .Ike Superior. cniisNiiiiK .1' well-watered, s ■(•■'; ; 1 62 O.V/MA'/" ,m..|,.iMv.l iMiicl. I'lvr KHinlM aiv iiui.lo "I" 1"''" ,„.n.s (.. ii 111'!!'! <>( n rniMlly liiivliii; .•l.ll.Hvu uiulrr ts .v.'iirM ..!• iiK<' ivsl.lliim Willi lilni (or luTt ; niui I'-'O iinvH lo ii >*\U'aU' hkim -.v.t IS, ,,!• to a marrli'd iium U"t liavlii« .'liilMivn im ,l..r IS ivslilini: nvIUi liiin : -'a-li I"'"''*"" "'» (.lUiiiii.' a riv.' uniiu I., lu.v ilio prlvlU-p' <>r l.iiivliashiu' S'» ■i'i<'^ a.l.lltloual. »( Ha- nilo „r „„.. ,|,.llar i>fr a.'V.>, i.a.vaMc In lour an- imal insialiiicnlH wIlli IntHVHl, and lla- i-ai ,Mil. may 1>.' IsniumI al lla- .•xplnilion of Hm'o >,.iii-s fVoin Ih.' tlalo of location or lauvhaso. upon ronii'lt-ll"'" <"■ ""• «''tll<'""'i'< "'""''^• The soil of IlilH district Is a dft'i- I'l.'li loam, over an aiva of iu«afly a million acivs and is pcfliai's nnsni-pass.Ml ror r.-ftlUty l.y any portion of tUo i>rovln.v. Kalny Uivor Hsoir Is a lln.' navlpiM.' slivam loO lo -JtM* yards \vldi« and more lliau S(> ndlcs lonw. NORTH-WESTERN ONTARIO. lloforo roat'lilnj: Manitoba. The Rainy Hi'' iiavcUor oi. (la- c. v. n. River District, imss.-s (hroii«h tlu« nortli.-rn portion ot' tills ivulon. but IKo fertile part, oslimatod to contain ahonl tUWMX) acivs of ti:Hn\ a.i;rlcnltural land, lies prln.-ii>ally In tlic valley of the Itaii.y Ulver. 'I'lie Kainy Kiver forms for some distance the boundary between Ontario and ibe Vnlt- cd States. It Is a tine navigable stream from 1.^0 to i;(H) yards wide, and oounocts the l.aUc of the Woods with Ualny Tiako, a distance of about ei^'hty miles. The river passes IhrouKh a rich alluvial tract of n uniform Ma.k loam of f^reat dei)th. Nearly all the Inr i frontini;' on the river Is suitable for ap- ricullnre a ad a considerable settlement al- ready exists , •re. Fort rranees, the prin- cipal town o'l Ualny Ulver, has a saw mill and several liiurlshlnti stores and industries; its poiui'.atie I is about 1.4(H). The rejllon Is reached ine. oak. elm. ash. basswood. soft maide. iioidar. bbvh. balsam, spruce, ci'dar and tamarack, laimberlng operations nw extensively carried on. aial there are wcll- e.p,.,.|MMl "saw ndlls on Ualny Ulver. Ualny I.Mke and al Uat I'ortage. .\s a mlnluK region the Ualny Ulv.-r district Is yet In Its lufau.y. bi;t Its i.osslbililles In (his regard are known to be very great. Numerous ami viiluable discoveries of gold ami other min- erals have been made throughout the dis- trict, and at the lavsetit time (he country Is attracting (he attention of i-aiiltallsts and Investors. There are several Important gold mines now bi'liig worked off the Lake of (he Woods, Ualny I'like and .Seine Ulver, and else- whcre mining op(>ratlons ari- being actively ( iirrle 1 on. Thus the mining aial lumbering iu dnslries combined alTonl the settler the host of markets for his produce al iirl.'es eonsld- t>nibly higher than can be secured In lOasl- crn Ontario. The land Is owned aial ad- mlnisti'red by the (Joveriimenl of Ontario (oilices al Toronto), and fre-j praiits are made of liio acres to a head of a family hav- ing childr.'ii tin.ler IS jears of age residing with hliii lor her) ; and V^O acres to a single HMii over IS, or to a married man not having children under 1H residing with him ; each p( rson obtaining a free grant to hav(> the iiri \ilege of imrchaslng .SO acres adtlitlonal, .'it the rate of ijil (four shillings) per acre, pay- able ill four annual instalments, with In- tirest. and (he iialeiH may be issued a( the (xplratlon of dire.' years from the date of locatlim or purchase, niion comidedon of (ho si((leiiieii( dudes. Any iiei-soii may exidorc (^rown lands fr lands in surveyed territory and within six miles of a railway. The rental charge Is at the rate of .$1 per aero for th(> tlrst year and i:.". cents per acre for snbseipient years ; but the leasehold may be converted Into fu'chold at liie oution of the tenant at any time dur- ing the term of (he lease, In which case (he first year's rent is allowed on (he purchase money. A royally of not more than 2 jier cent is reserved, based on the value of the ore, less cost of mining and subsequent treatment for (lie market. TIIK WA Ncirlli o IMIiiy Idv ell till' line Hie Wabig linn was ti llii' Onlarl w hat was jiiii'piise o lainibilitleh liitlierto !'(> location ol \\ iiinijieg, Alter one liiiid was t is. Ill the ^ II lias lieei consist alii (Ml I arid far ceiinlry is I i'i;y, A si I 1 a st.-irte have lieeii I w illlessed iiilgiirs wel setllemeiit Tlie land iicllial selll (loiidMiiin.'il I ICC, ci'dur illdiis arc uiv \scll- or, Udiny a iiiliiiiiK ycl 111 IIH Ills r.'^ranl ict'iins aiitl illicr iiilii- t llic (lls- ciiiintry is alisls anil irtau) «<>••' .alic ol' llic r, auil olsc- \H actively nlicriiiK In ci' llic liosi c(>s coiisUr •d ill ICasi (1 and ill! ol' Oiilail" craiils arc ■ainlly liav- U'c I'csiilillK lo a siiiKl*^ not having liim ; each :\v(> tlic pri (litional, at r acre. pay- Is. Willi lii- sucii at the tlic (late of L'tion of I lie n lands for l)c purciias- ixcd by till' I of a liica- ■ from $:i to UK for lands six miles of , at the rate ind "J."! cents ; ; hnt llie freehold at y time dnr- ich case the he iinrchase > than '2 per i-aluc of rallwa.v. Is a Ncction to wlildi tlie WablKoon lllver drives Its nii,.. Micn- lioii was rirst dr.'iwn to It (wo yi,,! a by llic Ontario (lovcri ni cslabP 'ili^ ■ tc wliat was called a " Pioneer i ;. mi. ' / m Iu> piiilMise of demoiislraliiiK tli.- i.Kii. oal ciipabiliticN of tli(> country, will IumI I, iilicrto remained iindevelop(>d. i li, .n else l"i'Mtion of the farm Is •j.Vt miles east of Winnipeg, mid sii miles eiist of Itai I'ortauc .U'ler one year's siicccssfnl experiment the Iniiil was thrown open lor selilcmcnt ithat Is. In the sprint; of bsiit!), mIiicc whicli tinii' II has been rapidly lald'ii np. '('lie sclllcrs consist almost cniirely of ;i p,od dnss of Ontario farmers, mid ilie dcvelopnienl of tj,,. country is bcliiK pushed firw.ird wilii en- rruy. A slore and a s.iw mill Imv,. ,.ili(.;idy iK'cn start(>(l; cidonixalloii ro.i.ls mid brld;;es have been bnlll. ami the coiiiidcnrc mid zc.il wllliessed in those w lio have located Ihcro iniiriirs well for tiic future prosperity of tlio M'llleiiicii?. J Tlie land Is not free jirant, Imt It Is sold to I iiilii.'d sclllcrs only at lifiy cents per aero I (iiiidMloiial on certain improvcnienls). oiii>- lliird down and the lialancc lu llirec aniiiial Inshilmcnis. How niiicli aurlcultitral land tliere may be iivallable at this point has not "^ A'"' ' II deliiiilely ascertaliicd, lint It Is known to be limited In extent, 'I'he chief advanlaL'cs of tl ouatry arc as follows ;- l''lrst, the railway passes llirou>;ii it. wjdcli renders access easy at all times of the year, and places it within reach of siicli ceiilrcsaM Hat I'ortaK'c and \Viniiipc>r. S >iid, Kood innrkels are available, nolaldy ai lint I'orl- aw. the centre of llie milling and mlnliit; in- ilnslrlcs of tlic district. 'I'liird. the land, al- IlioiiKli not a prairie, Is easily cleare.l, .Some slrclches mv entirely destltntc of limber, liaviiiK been swei»t by forest llres, and rc- (|iilrc only a ||tt|,. nndcrla'iisiilni,' before liu' idouKh sljirts t,, work. KIsewlierc the Ki-owtli is li-lii, „ii,l m;iy 1 h-ared with iniicji less labour than Is re-pilrc,'es of a prairie and of n timbered country ar(> liere combined to ii lai-Ko extent. The .•oiintry is well watered, and possesses a wood soil .-iiid a ;j,,od cllnuite. It Is adapted to nijxcd l'ariiiiii;r. lait particu- larly to dairying .and stoek-ralsluf,'. A pamplilet KlvliiK fuller parllciilars may be had on iippli<>alion to ;ii(. Oninrio Depart- ment of AKrlcnltnre, .at Toronto C.l'.U. T.iuM, F^ 'vX.«= UK i^^^' lui ^^^K, roi m!W3i l)n 1 [ ^ . ■ mil lu la V, con -" oni) Area. low IIU'l f; "1 '-nltivjitio "11 ;! I'n f, '-'■ |ii's for 110,000 faini- "11 •'!-i' arres, whi,-h is c(.nsidered a ■ i'i<'P'ny for a well-to-do farmer. There '"•■iii.v families doin^- well on half that ' "'■" •■I'-ies. while a few of the wealthier ■ ""I''- -\ snti- livl-Lij; aiKl nKwiey to the ■ 111 I' • made on the sinall(>r farm, where 1 "■oviace, it will be seen there is ample room for many more. " '■"ii'i.v is m)t iinnsnaliy l.-irKc. As there i:n- but 27,000 actual farmers in the The land is laid out in Method of blocks of .six miles s(iuare, Subdivrjlon. called townships. Tliese lat- ter are a.ijain subdivided in- to 30 s(iuare parts called sections, one mile square, the mile being again subdivided into quarters containing KiO acres. The town- ships in turn are all nmubered fr-.m a priu- cii)al meridian two miles west of Winnipeg The tiers of townships are numbered north- •'fly from the southern boundary of the pro- ynuH^ in rang,.s. From this class of .survey the settler has no dilliculty at anv time In "Mining any location. It is simple and com- plete. Theie is a roa.l allowance around every section, or square mile, .so any pro- '""'■'^" '" '•^^•'*'''>- •" --ibie by team." each MANITOBA. quanor section or farm of 100 acres having a road allowance on two sides. Comparatively nothing wa.^ Growth knuwn of the agriculturaV Of Population, capabilities of the country before 1870, when it was de- tachtd from Rupert's Land ("The Great I^ne Land,") under Iludstm-s Bay Company rule and created a province by an Act of the Canadian Parliament. Previous to that time (1870) Manitoba was laiown only as a fur-bearing country, inhabited by Indians and lialf-breeds. At that time the popula- tion numbered about 10.000 souls, not more than 1,000 of whom were wliites, and they, for the most part, employees of the Hud- son's Bay Company. In 1881 the popula- tion had increased to 05,000, and at present It is about 275,000. Wlien its wonderful capabilities are known to the thousands of people in the crowded portions of the old countries and the n(m-productive sections of the United States, the increase will be more rapid tlian ever. In til.' olden tinif. H. 15. C i. Fort. The average snow fall of <}uel)cc is 11-) inches : of Ontario, 00 : and of Manitoba, 02. It is not a country of deep snows -in short, railway trains are rarely blocked and seldom delayed by winter storms. Tliese arc also very important Water considerations for tlie settler. and Fuel. The country is everywhere at easy distances lutersected by creeks and rivers, and many lakes o*" vary- ing dimensl all portions of the province. AH of the streams and lakes are skirted by blocks of timber which afford fuel for the settlers. One of the first questions The Climate, a sensible man will ask is • What is its climate ? If the climate of any country is unhealthy, that country is undesirable, v.j matter what may be its advantages. The world's mortuary statistics show Manitoba to be one of the healthiest countries on liie globe. Malarial diseases are totally unknown In this country and contagion< complaints are rarely heard of. M.nnitoba is situated near the centre of the Canadian Norlh-west, but in the eastern por- tion of the wheat-growing belt. Its winters are cold, but, having a clear sky, and as a eonsequence absence of the humidity of other countries, the extreme is not felt with tlie same severity of many otlier northern climes. There are no sudden changes so that day in and day out the (settlers dress for cold wea- tlier and enjoy the season tiirough. TL*' winter months an- from the 1st of December to the 1st of April, and the summer season from the lirst of .Tune to tlie first of Septem- ber. Spring and fall are deliglitfui and in- vigorating. There are also beds of magnificent coal in several portions of tlie province, which is a [ guarantee of an ample supply of fuel for all time at a moderate price. By a wise provi- sion of niiture, tlie timber liluffs, streams. | lakes anye. It is everywliere more or less undulatf ing, dotted hero and there with hills aiull valleys, very few of the former being rockyj or l*arren, simply eminences affording goodj pasturage for all domestic animals. abundance, be got at 5t in noarl> All of the ly blocks of settlers. !t questions rt'ill ask is ■ ite ? If the Baltby, that r what may 's mortuary • one of the unknown In iiplaints are centre of the eastern por- Its winters vy, and as a idity of other 'elt with the thern climes. ) that day in for cold wea- rough. TL* of Deceml^r mmer season St of Septem- htful and in- iflcent coal In 1 ■e, wliicli is a 3f fuel for ail | a wise provi- uffs, streams, I reserve a hii- unnier season i ing winds, on I ?s in that por-| .'u as the Am- 1 cyclones arc I e country is I 1 striking coii[ )me parts otl le nionotouiiml to relieve tliel r less undulat I ,vith hills aiiJ| er being rockyl affording goodj iinals. I 3 O m Thei Soil, tries, may I of Manitoba mould of loa soil which ra tlie Avorkl. '\ siiy is ospcc'i wlieat, and verifies the s and stands u tlian any otl tiu'ists. Usi early in Apri or two later, the surface, middle of Au] Commercial Facilities. iiiiw traverse l»n)viiici'. and still open to St .ire more than or 11 I'ailway. w wiiliiii t \V(i or Knihvay stai al)oiit seven or piist otfiees an( portanoe, with sv.'iiii, facilities COMMEIiCIA L FA CIL I VIES. 67 There is hero, iis iu all other couii- Soil. tries, a variety of soils, but what iiDiy be called the ohariieteristie soil (if Manitoba is a deep blaek argillaceous mould of loam resting on a deep clay sub- soil which ranks among the very richest in tlie world. This the most capable chemists say is especially adapted to tlie growth of wlieat. and practical every-day life fully verifles the statement. It is also very rich and stands more cropi)ing without manure, llian any other surface known to agricul- turists. Usually, the snow disappears early in April, and seeding begins a week or two later, the soil drying very rapidly on ilie surface. The harvest begins about the middle of August. products, and stores where anything requir- ed in ordinary life may be ol)tained. Very naturally, an intending Social settler with a family will Couditions. incpiiro, " Wli.it are the social conditions of the country ? If I locate in Manitoba, shall I enjoy any of the blessings of educated life, or shall I be forever shut out froui all congenial society?" Tliis country is so far settled with many of the best families of the countries whence they emigrated. It is notliiug surprising to find college graduates working their own farms, and the most oxporiencod agricultur- ists, meclianics, merchants and men of all callings in the country towns and villages. 'i-iiiiir tftivi-l us it uiis. Commercial Facilities- now tnivcu'sc in'iiviiicc. and 1'liougii it is but 27 years since Manitoba was created a pro>inco out of almost tnickloss jirairie, railways !iil tlic .st>ttled parts of the bring wirliin reach portions -till open to settlement. Very few farmers :ii'e more than a dozen leiU s from a market 'II- M railway, wliiie t.liei.'.ani s .if course, .are wiihiu two or tliree miles 'n one. Itailway stations occur at iiUerv.iis of iiliiiut sev(>n or eiglit miles, !Ui(l at tliese ar(> \"vlileiiee tliat the 68 MANITOBA. country has nioro ilian its share of the ulHiet- ed, as thoy were constructed for the care of those of the Territories to the west as well as for those in the province of Manitoba. There are a number of friendly societies in the province, with brandies in the smaller places, and in many of the count.'y school- houses whicli dot the prairie. Masonic and other lodges often meet, and gatherings of an iniellcitual character are frequently held. Tlvn-e is nothing laclung in U>xn and coun- try to malco life enjoy:ible that .-ould be ex- pected in any now country. An important consideration Educational f»i- a settler here ;,s elsewhere Facilities. is the educational facdities available ; and tlie school sys- tem of Manitoba, as now settled, is by edu- cationists claimed to be equal to any on the continent. Tu.^ rural schools i.re about every three miles or so apart in the settled districts, and the system is free. There is no taxation of pupils for attendance. The Government makes an fa>nual grant of a considerable sum to each school and all the expenses, teacher's salary Included, are paid by this grant, and a general taxation of the land within the district, whether occupied or unoccupied, or owned by parents or tliose having no children. This assures the poor all the advantages of primary education that are enjoyed by the rich. The teachers are all skilled educationists, duly certlficatod. In these schools all the ordinary branches for every-day life are taught. In many of the village schools, where two or more teach- ers are employed a still higli(>r education is given, and in the city and town schools col- legiate institutes are maintained where snulents are lit ted for the several colleges at Winnipeg and other cities in Canada. One-eighteenth piU't of the whole of the " Fertile Belt " from Temblna to the Sas- katchewan, and beyond It, Is set apart for tlie maintenance of scliools. A few figures on this point will not be uniuteresiiug. In 1871 the school population was S17, and now it is 50,003. In ISSH tlie average att<:n(l- ance was 5,004, and now it is 2:1,247. In 1883 there were 24(5 teachers in tiie province and the number is now 1.14:!, about the one- lialf males, and tliere app<'ars to be no scarc- ity, as 1,017 new certiticates were sraulcd during the past year. These tigures sliow, on the average, one teacher for every 240 people, and for every 33 cliildren. The en- tire value of the school properties of the country is now ^750,351, or nearly $3 per head of the entire population, a condition of things to be envied by many on older coun- try. The average salary paid to teachers in rural districts is !?;5(i8 a year, and tiie higii- est in cities is ?1.S00. In addition to the teacliers being all well certificated, tlie schools are inspected at intervals by com- petent teacliers to see that tlie most approv- ed methods are fully observed. The schools are unsectarlan and are national in character, in which tlie secular branches and general pul-iic morality are alone taught during regular school hours, re- ligion being taught, when desired, during hours set apart for the purpos(>. All re- ligious denominations, whether Christian or otherwise, enjoy equal riglits, rnd Christian churches of various beliefs aio found in the country towns as well as the cities of the province. In connection with education may be men- tioned tlie Government Experimental Farm at IJrandon, where all the different kinds of grain, seeds, roots, vegetables, grasses, small fruits, trees and shrubs, that it is sought to grow in the province are sown on all the varied soils whicli are found on the farm, and a faithful record of the resalts is pre- served, for the information of the entire ag- ricultural population of tlie country, and occasionally publislied in the newspapers, of which most of tlie small towns have one and tlie cities several. Similar experiuientiil farms are to be found in tlie North-west Ti'r- ritories and British Columbia. In addition to this the Government sends around to tlio towns and villages a travelliiii; school of dairy instructors. In tliesc; schools lectures are given, accompanied by practical operations, by competent men, in all the arts of cattle raising, butter- anil cheese-making. iVc, tliat all may learn tlie best iii(>thoils known to the country without loss of tiiiu' or money to the settlers. Besides these, again, there is a system of Farmers' Institutes, there being now 23 in the system, at which meetings are hold at regular intervals in the important points of the country. I'ractical men here malu' known tlieir most successful metliods of ;ill every 240 1. The 011- tles of the irly $3 iHM- ;oiulitioii 01' older couii- toacliors in (1 the hiph- tiou to the icated, tlio lis by coiii- lost npprov- 1 nud art' llio secular iiirality are ol hours, re- ired, during' i>. All ri- Dhristiau or id Christian ound In tlu' cities of the nay bo men- lental Farm ent kinds of rasses, small is sought to 1 on all the 111 the farm, salts is pre- he entire ag- :;ountry, and newspapers, ns have ono [■xperiiiieiital rth-west Tcr- unieiit sends s a travelliiii; those schools 1 by praeticiU n all the arts Looso-iiiakiiig. )est iiu'tlioils loss of tiiiu' a system of ig now 23 ill i are held at ant points of here nial;i' lethods of ali pi fariuii 'riic ILshecI uro in fdi'.wa time I tliere ^ (111 tw I'lirulsl: I'acitlc [Uii Mil U llOilt ilio ii'_'a \\ eclv — liulf th iniirket tonstrii inuuicii of ever aiiiny e Taxa settlers selves, i fraction r.ont an or Feilt I(01)1'J t I'itys on left unci luiiinly c ways, c iiuprjve: I crest is I lie pooi: uMe to a i-xeise ai and give vinoial C (lies so r( of tilO J] viiieial G annual e fs'oes to ! ii(,'ri('ultu fiiriiuTS, oUier pul alHioteil. tlie exteii iu I lie U: Exempi laws prot TAXATIO.y. fiirmlng operatloiiH, and those present Inter- cli.'iiiKO tlicir exiiericiKrs, 'I'lic adverse critlelsiii which has been pub- lished oueo or twice by i)ersons wliose fail- ure In Manitoba was very easily accounted for. was based oji a condition olf tiniiKs wldch time luis materially altered. Up to 1883 there were no railway facilities In the west- ern two-thirds of the province except those furnished by the main line of the Canadian racitic Hallway. At that time it was noth- ing' unusual to see farmers hauling their wlieat by teams from 100 to 150 miles to tlie nearest market— a trip covering a whole week -the expenses by the way consuming lialf the proceeds, and a grocery bill at the market taking a great part of the rest. The construction of branch lines, the opening of municipal roads, &c., now reduces the prices of everytldng bought, and does away witli many expenses formerly unavoidable. In this country the rate Taxation. is low ; it is only a few cents per acre, where the settlers do not impose burdens on them- selves, and under all circumstances is but a fraction of that In other parts of the conti- r.ont and In Europe. In Canada the central or Federal Government does not tax the Itople to wipe out the Federal de"bt which l^itys only three per cent, and is therefore left undiminished. The Canadian debt was mainly cri\nted for the construction or rail- ways, canals and other permanent public imprjvement, and with its light rate of in terest is comparatively but little burden on the people. As a result the Government is able to save heavy sums from customs, excise and other sources of indirect revenue, and give large subsidies to the several pro- vincial Governments. In Manitoba the subsi- dies so rec(>ived amoimt to about .'i!2 per head ef tlie population. Consequently the Pro- vincial Government taxes but lightly for its animal expenditure, a large portion of which Kocs to support schools, roads and bridges, agricultural societies for the benefit of tlie liirnicrs. the maintenance of asylums and o!lu'r public institutions for the care of tlie alHicted. Tlie farmer Is taxed to only half the extent of the amount raised by taxation iu 111'.' United States. There are iu tliis coim- Exemptions. try wiiat are known as oxoni;tlon laws. These laus protect a certain acreage and buildings, •;u cen,iin ntnnber ef cattle, Iiorses, pigs and fowls, some household effects and a year's irovisions from seizure for ordinary debts unsecured by mortgage. The honest man, will, of course, pay his way, but, some- times his calculations, the result of Inex- lerlence do not turn out as he made them, V hen some protection against the exactions of Importunate creilitors, nniy eimble him to recover his position In " short time. Altlijugn one of the secnjtg Borrowing of success Is, abstaining from and borrowing, yet It sometimes Interest. hippens that a loan is nec- essary and occasionally it Is good business to make one. All English and i:ast.3ru Canadian Loan Companies have branches here wlu lend on farm securities at from tJ to 8 per cent per annum, and ( vt!n lenders on chattel pro[)erty are gener- filly satisfied with 10 or 12 per cent. Agriculture and its kln- Manufac- dred branches— dairying and turing. stock raising— are the princi- pal occupations of the resi- dents of Manitoba, but conshlerable manu- facturing is also done. All the principal towns and villages of the province have large flour mills, the total output of these being 8,500 barrels daily, and elevators for the handling of grain whose total capacity is over 10,000,000 bushels. Oat meal mills r-re also established at Winnipeg, Brandon, Portage la Prairie and Pilot Mound. Biack- s)nlth shops, carpenter shops, woodworking shops, machine shops for repairing agricul- tural implements are also found more or less in every town and important vi.lago. The railway companies have large work- shops at Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie and Brandon that give employment to many men. The demand for mills, &c., is of course always increasing as the country is brouglit more and more under cultivation, and tlie increasing population, enlarged facilities for business and travel combine to afford oppor- tunities for the establishment of new brandies of commerce by those who have a little ULjiiey and a practical knowledge of tile special business. No. 1 hard wheat fet- Apricultural ches the highest price of Features. any in the country and is unexcelled by any iu the ^vorld. The soil is admirably adapted for m 70 MAN I mil A. olhor t;niliis iuitl for nil r<><>H. iukI «i-iiHs,'^. MMiiy fiirincrs. tin.l tlu'li- iniiuber Is Uicreas- lii« ulvc cvfii more ailciitlon to dnlryln;; tlmn to K''il"-K''"WliiK o\\\\rj. to llir liwrcns- Inir iltMUiiiul for (.•;mii(liiin cli >(•■<(' iiiul luiKcr. loth lu Kiiropc and In the nilnint; ilistrlcls of Hritlsh (,'olunil>i:i. " MIximI raniiinK " Is now ..•oiisHlc'i'fd to \w till' most i)M.viiiK >'f nRrlcultunil i)ursults. Tlio followlnfi liKuros will show how Manitoba has pronivsst- i when it is rcnuMubercd that only a fi-v years a^o, butter, oats. Hour and nearly ail the produce of the farm was imi.ortetl from Fastoru Canada or the State:^. For years the miiritions nr.is>e i Mixed «f ""' prairios and thousands of Farming, tons of hay In the h)W hinds were allowed to go to waste for want of eatile to Kra/-e and feerlces. The o\ilput of cheese iiiiiouul.-l to '.isr.,0(Mi iH.unds. A CIh'i'Si' KiK'tni y. A careful estimate made by Cost of an M>'. Bedford, the superinteml- Acre of ent of the Government Ex- Wheat, perimeiital Farm at Bran- don, of the cost of growin.: an acre of wheat is $7.87 (£1 12s. 4d.). This \\as the result of an actual experiment on a yield of twenty-nine bushels. The item of cost are : I'longhing once, $1.25 (about 5s. i ; harrowing twice, 20 cents (lod.) ; cultivating twice. 40 c.Mits tls. Sd.) ; seed (I'/a bushels), 75 ceuts (abcut 3s.) ; drilling. 22 cents, (lld.i ; binding. 33 cents (al)out Is. 4d.) ; cord, 20 ceuts (lOd.) ; stooking. Iti cents (8d.) ; stack- ing. 00 cents (about Us. Od.) ; threshing, $1.4(; (Cs.) ; teaming to market, 4 miles, 20 cents (about Is. 211.(1.1 ; two years' rent or interest on la.ul valued at .i;i5 per acre at ti per cent, .•Sl.SO' (about 7s. 5d.) ; wear and tear of iiu- pleniiiits. 20 cents ' (lOd.)— a total of $7.8(' (£1 12s. 4d ) In all parts of the proviuee, straw- Fruit, berries, raspberries, currants and other berries grow in profusion. Plums and apples of certain varieties ciui be grown, but at present they are moiv protitably supidied from Ontario. Britisli Columbia and eisewliere. Tiie tishiug indusiry carried Fisheries, o" "" many of tlie lakes is proving very prolitable. He sides suiiplying the nec-ds of the province in many varieties exporting to a considerable value is often done. Lakes Winnipeg. >biu':- tcba and Dauphin are the principal lakc> "i the proviiice. (1, 1)1' AVlllcll tcr. iukI re- i of cllOOSi' laic iiiiiilo by siipcriutuinl- uruinout Ex- m at Bi'iui- I of grow ill-; Is. 4(1.). This ci)oriment on The Item of ) (about 5s. 1 ; ) ; ('ultivatiiit; (IVi bushels), cents, (11(1.) ; d.) ; cord, 2ii 1 (8(1.) ; stack- reshiug, $1.-1)) illes, 20 cents ut or interest at per cent. (1 tear of liu total of $7.Sr oviuee, straw currants aii'^ ill profusiiiii varieties ciui ley are uion> itario, British (Uisir.v carrioil ■ tlie lalvcs i- rolitable. He .' the i)roviiui' a cousiderabh' 'iunii)cj;, Maui- iicil>al lakes id ^ s 2 3 S i Ai .^^.. ^'V^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) :/. C'^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 14^ ■^ Hans ■" mAi\ m 13.2 1.4 M 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation ^v «• 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 V ^% 4 :<'.< Who sho and portion ( ilila il.-i ; coiisonsu settler si tcr p.ni't I r\w h(i iiiiil >,'lve All ev« and 20, t acres) by or any m Entry. 1 situate, < may, on Interior, Doininlon ity for so ing settle entry for limd, IP20. Duties. .1 c which pel for more without f ■ Applicati( for Paten in writing hantls by making aj If the s; well impr when he seale a^i li If he hf rent the 1 suit him \ and seed, hini. Astc on liberal to a thin: APPLICATION FOli PATENT. 71 Who should come, and when. For iufonuatidn (Hi wlioro by siviug a portion of tlio i-rop as first these points road care- payment ; anil as seed eau be jjfot on time fully wliat is said on by Kivlnt; a mortgigo on tlie oroi). a start (lie subject iu liio lirst eau easily l)o made wifli little means ; but portion of this pamplilot dealing witli Can- niia as a whole. (See pages T-o'J.) But the consensus of opinion is tliat, the Intendinji settler slionld arrive in Manitoba in tlie la! ter part of March. to succeed under such circumstances, a good crop and fair prices, with great ec noniy in the settler must follow. Ctlier metliods of settling are open to tli(! emigrant, liut tliesi; are most commonly adopted. In all cases i; is very advantageous to the settler to com- mence with a ciiuple of milch cows, some pigs and poultry, as tliey are very easily kept tlH'ougli summer and winter, and are a great help towards keeping tlie family wliile tlie crops are growing. As is shown in anollier s-.-ction, tlie settler should also see to it tiiat in addition to ids wlieat crop Entry may be luade personally at lie should put in plenty of roots and vege- tlie local land oliice for the district tables for his own use, if not for sale. They in which the land to be taken is gi'ow with but little labour, and are a great situate, or if the homestea liomestead regulations are subjoined, and give all information required. All oven-uumberod sectious, excepting 8 and 2G, are open for homestead entry (100 acres) by any person sole liead of a family, or any male over tiie age of IS years. Entry. Interior, Ottawa, or the Commissioner of Dominion Lands, Ottawa, receive author- ity for some one to be named by tlie intend- ing settler near the local offlc-e to make the entry for him. Entry fee, $10, or if cancelled land, $20. I nder the law, liomestead duties Duties, are to be performed by three years' cultivation and residence, during which period the settler may not be absent for more than six months in any one year, without forfeiting the entry. Application may be made be- Application fore the local agent, or any for Patent- homestead inspector. Six months' notice must be given ago $3 to fO an acre, iu writing to tlie Commissioner of Dominion Lands by a settler of his intention prior to making application for patent. As perhaps the largest Railway Lands, holders of lauds for sale in the province to-day are the Canadian racitic Hallway, it is desirable to know their term.'; and conditions of sale. The Canadian Pacific Rail- Railway way lands consist of the odd- Land numbered sections along the Regulations, main line and branches, and iu the Saskatchewan, Battle and Red River districts. Tlie railway lands are for sale at the various agencies of the company in tlie United Kingdom, Eastern Canada and the North-west Territories, at the following prices :— Lands in the province of Manit(,ba aver- If tlie settler has m.jney, ho can find farms well improved and in advanced t.iltivation, when lie can coiniuenee on as extensive a sciile a^i he likes. Lands in the province of Assiniboiai east of the ard uioridiau, average $3 to $4 an acre. i.iuds west of the 3rd meridian, including most of the valuable lands in the Calgary district, !f3 per acre. Lands in Saskatchewan, Battle and Red per acre. If he has but little means and desires to t-, „, „ . rent the first year he can get properties to ^^^'' ^'^^'" ^^^^^'^^i^' suit him with or witliout teams, implements if paid for in full at the tim- an.l seed, with the owner ready to assist Terms of of pur<.liase, a reduction from imn. As teams and implements can be bought Payment, the j.rice will be allowed equal on bberal time by paying from a quarter to 10 per cent on the amount 10 a third down, a« land can be got any- paid in excess of the iisua', cash instalment 5fij^! il ''[:"$■ ♦ ',*'. rsM 72 MAS no HA. Yi.'ld IHT Total ■^'icl Vcre. I b\i8li. 18!I3 1M!I4 ISil:") 18!)li ! 1,00.3.(;40 1,010,18(1 '■ l,140,-J7(i ! '.I'.i'.i.rjos 1.5.5(1 17 27-8(1 14,33 15,(il5,ii23 17,172,883 31,775,0.38 14,371,80(1 ami ii Deed of Conv.-.vaiicc will bv .uiven ; M AMTOHA CKOl'.S KHOM 1,S!(3 TO 1800, but the purcliascr may nay in K.ui equal In- whhat. staliuoutK, lucludliii: inti-rcst at per cent, " ~ ~ '. the (list of such uistalincnts tt) be paid at ^ | tlie time of piu'diase, the reiiiaiiiiiij: iiistal- ^'''"■' AciviiK< meuts annually thereafter, except hi ease of \ actual settlers requirlug the laud fur their | own use, when the tlrst deferred instalment shall fall du(! in two years from dale of pur- chase, and tlie remaining eight annually tliereafter. The purchase money and inter- est for KJO acres at %'i per acre, on nine o.vrs, years' time, would be ten eciual payments of j $01..'')2 each. For other quantities and at 1803 | 388,520 other prices the payments would be pi-opor- jj^j,.- 48'Mir)8 tionate. li<0(i !!!, !i i 442^445 The company reserves from sale, under the " n.vni.Kv. regulations, all mineral and coal lands, and —\ lands containing timber in quantities, stone, 1803 ' 114,7(12 slate and mar', le quarries, lands with water- '*^;If ^ill-'T;;''^ ' ISO;) l.")3,83'.) power thereon, and tracts for town sites and is'.m 127,885 railway purposes. 0,823,035 11,007,804 22,5.55,733 12,505,318 22.11 2,547,(1.53 25 87 2,081,71(1 3(1.(10 .5,(145,03(1 24.08 3,171,747 Mineral, coal and timber lands and quar- ries, and lands controlling water-power, will be disposed of on very moderate terms to persons giving satisfactory evidence of their intention and ability to utilize the same. Liberal rales for settlers and their effects are granted by the company over its rail- way. As other r.'iilway coiup.iui'.'s ai;d large holders sell on sometliing lilie the same terms, the on? set is a very good illustration of them all. As has be'^u mentioned elsewhere, the small acreage. &c., of 1896, was tue result of the unusually large crop of the season be- fore. It was not fully harvested until the ground froze up and left no time for fall ploughing for the crop of 1896. As it hap- pened, the spring of 1890 was also unusually late, occasioned by the heavy rains. Tliis forced mucli of the seed to be sown on the stubble without any plougliing at all, and from this kind of sowing come tlie averages given— a yield that could be got in few other cotmtries from tlie same hurried and imperfect cultivation. S'j;* TO 1HU([. (1 • Total YicM e. , busli. 5(i ]r),(ur),'.iL';i lT,172,.ssn S(i 81,77o,o;is ;« 14,371, 8"t(; 9,823,(130 l],i)07,H04 22,005,73;! 12,505,318 11 2,547,(10:! .S7 2,!>Hl,71li 0!) 5,045,0;!(1 OH 3,171,747 Isewhere, tbe vas tue result the soasoii be- sted until th'.> time for fall '6. As it hap- nlso unusually y rains. This ? sown on the \g at all, and ; tlio averages ' f,'ot in few e Inirricd and > ■ I ■3! • t '— CO J) A my TESTS. 78 n N ^ - I-H )ft i-- t- r: ^- 5 ^ Cl -< r^ « 1-t I 74 MAXITOliA. Til.' country Is ovcry whore frt'o Helpful ">f stuiupH and stimcs. and bnt Notes. Ilttli' tliMlnlnt,' 1h iTipilivd owlnw to tlio ixirotis natni'f of the soil ard the eonllj:niMtl'>ii of tlio country. There are hoards of trade in the chief cith-s and towns of tlie country that niaUc a study of its coniiucrcial and agricultural reciuirc- nii'nts, and Indirectiy do good service to tlic a^M'icultural chisses. There are forty-seven agrleuHiwal societies hi tliu province receiving about i^'S2rt apiece jMinuilly from the (Jovernnient to aid tiicin in niakiiig up prize lists for tlieir yearly fail shows. Hewides these there is an aiuiuai provincial exiuliltioi. At the twenty four Farmers' Institutes, scattered over tiie country, at meetings, at regular intervals, all the imiiroved metliods of favmin^, cattle raising ami dairying are discussed, and these discussions are of con- siderable value to those newly arrived in the western country. The Government in addition to taking olh- fial precaution against the spread of dis- eases in horses and cattle from contact with aiiinmls across the line, take measures t) prevcit th'i spread of noxious wee Is on the farms. The Gov'-'ument encourages, by the grant of a sum of money, the maintenance of a poultry a.^sociation ; this leads to tlie im proveinent mi poultry bri'eds that places the province in the front rank. One of the best evidences of the succes.s of agriculturists in Manitoba Is that resident farmers invest ev-iry dollar they can spare fiom time to time in buying more land for thems'ilves and their families. During certain months, during harvesting and tin-esh'ng a good man can usually get from .$30 to IfSo a niontli and his board, but a yearly eagagoment with a farmer is a L-iatter of fliance and negotiation. A man and his wife, if the latter understands the I ecessities of a farm are sometimes aske'l ff.r. Maidt(d)a now sliii)H large (luantities oi' butter and thuu' to Cidna, and last year it sent (i..")t») tons of flour to Atistralia. As an (Mide.ice of liie growtii of intelli- gence in the country there are sixty-three iicwspni.e.s pul)lishcd in it. one for every l.uiin pcop!", siiowirig that many read iUvi'-i or- four newsi)ai)ers. There are no castes or classes in this coun- try, all :nv equal, .iiul the idghcsl i>osition^t in' ih.- gilt of tlie country are open to any II. an whc tils liiiiiself for it and lias gained the general esteem of tiie iieopl". How to Reach ._ the Canadian West. Out of tlie 100,000 head of cattle slui)ped from Montreal to Great Britain from ilic country la^t season. Ma litoba and the Xortii- west furnished 28,000, or more than the ono- 'piarter. Colonists having arrived in Canada at (Quebec or Moiitrciil in summer, of II ilifa.v or St. .Tolin, N.B., in w inter, travel to new homes in Ontario, Mani- t«,ba. ilie Territories, or liritlsh Columbia by the Ciiiiidian Pacilic Railway direct. Settlers from th»! Kastern States travel via Montreal, I'rescott or BrockvlUe, and tiieiice by the Canadian I'acilit : but if from Southern and A\estern New York or I'eiinsylvanla via Nia- gara Falls, Toronto and North Bay. thence Canadian I'acilic Railway ; those from tliu Middle States either by Toronto and North Bay, or by Sault Ste. Marie or Portal, As- sinlboia, via St. Paul ; from the Western States by Portal (or, if for Manitoba, by Gretna, Man.) ; from the Pacilic Coast State.'* by Vancouver, Huntingdon, B.C., Osoyoos or Kooteuay. On the same fast trains with the lirst-class cars are colonist cars which are convertible into sleeping cars at night having uinier and lower berths constructe 1 on the same principle as those of lirst-class sleeping cars, and ecpially as comfortable ns to ventilation, &c. They are taken through, without charge, all the way from Montreal to Manitolia. No other railway can do tills. No extra charge is made for the sleeping accommodation. Second-cla^s lassengers, however, must provide their own biddl.ig. If tln>y do not bring it with them, a complete outfit of mattress, pillow, blan- ket and curtains will b.; supplied Liy the agent of the company at the point of start lug, at a cost of .$2.r)0-ten shillings. The tiirtains m.iy be hung around a berth, turn- ing It Into a little private room. In iiddition to'this. men travelling alone are cut off from families by a partition across the car near tlie middl". and smoking is not permitted I/OW TO liEACn THE CAXAhlAX i\ IJST. 75- antltlcH i>r list year il .Ua. of iiitclll- sixty-ilircft t'ur every reiid tlirc.^ I this cmiu- st lidsilioii^' ix'ii to liny has galnLMl iiij,' arrived (Quebec or iimiiier, or dIui, N.B., iu ilario, Mani- 'oliiiiibia by .(•t. Settlers ia Moutrea!, •uee by the out hern aii'l luia via Nia- Bay, tlieiHo se from tliu ) and Nortli Portal, As- the Western [anitoba, by Coast State.'* .C, Osoyoos ; trains witii cars wlucik ars at niglit eonstnicte 1 of flrst-class comfortable are talieu le way from ;lier railway is made for Second-cla^s ide their own it with them, pillow, blan- plied t)y the loiut of start lullings. The II berth, turn- . In addition L' cut off from tlie car near [lot permitted S In that part of the car where the women and f'Mldren are. Tiie trains slop at stations where niealu are served in refresliment rooms, anubllc houses of all grades, wliere the total cost for eadi person vnrle.s Irom !>{ (4s.) to .$.'{ (12s. i a day, according to <'irciim >!aiic<'s, and lioarding lioiises are numerous, at which tlie charges arc some- wiiat lower. It sometimes happens that tlie intending settler has not nricli more than sufficient ir.oney to <'arry lilni as far as Winnipeg. In tliat case lie will lie anxious to begin im- ii'i diately to earn some money. Tli(> Domlu- iou and Provincial Governments Iiave eacli ar< agi'iicy at Wiiiniiieg whose business it Is to bo informed wiiere labour is needed. So- cieties representing alih .st .ill the nationali- ties of Eur ipe iiave l)een formed iu Winni- peg, and will welcome and see to the wel- fare of tholr resiiectivo countrymen. At certain seasons farmer^ are on tiie look- out for abl.3 men and pay good wages, gener- ally a'oragiug ^5 i£3) to )i!20 (£4) per month aid board, and during iiarvestlng as higii as from .i;2j to (f40 per month and board is paid. The girls of a family usually find employment in Winnipeg and other towns, in domestic seriMce, in hotels, shops, fac- tories and establishments employing female labour. Good w.ages are paid to capable girls, and little time is lost iu getting a situa- tion. Settlers' Effects, viz. :- Customs Wearing apparel, household Regulations, furniture, b.ioks, implements and tools of trade, occupation or employment, gnus, musical instruments, domestic sewing machines, typewriters, live stock, bicycles, c.irts and other rehlcles and agricultural implements in use by the settler for at least si.K montlis before his removal to- Canada, not to include machinery, or articles imported for use In any manufac- turing establishment, or for sale, also books, pictures, family plate or furniture, personal effects and heirlooms left by bequest ; pro- vided that any dutiable article entered as settlers' effects may not be so entered un- less brought witli the settler on his first ar- rival, and shall not be sold or otherwise dis- posed of without payment of duty, until after twelve months' actual use in Canada ;. provided also that under regulations made by tlie Controller of Customs, live stock, when imported into Manitoba or the North- west Territories by intending settlers shall. ;»?«{' .','; 78 MASITOISA. lio five, until iitlicrwlMo ordered liy I lie (iov- tMiior ii) Ooiiiii'il. Selilers iirriviim froni tlie I'lilled Slates lire nllowed l.» enter dnty tree stocU In the following in-diHii'tloiis : One iinliiiiil of meal HtoeU or lioixes for each l«n aereh of land puri'liased or otherwise Keeiired under home- stead entry, up to KiO aeros ; and one sheep foi' each acre so secured. Cuslonis duties paid on animals Itrought In excess of this proportWm will be refunde. The settler will bo required to till up a form (which will be supplied him by the cus- toms otHcer on ai>plication) j,'ivln>? descrip- tion, value, &e., of the \nnn\^ and articles he wishes to be allowed to briuK lu free of duty, lie will also be required to take the following oath :— I do hereliy sniemMly make oath and say, that all the j,'i>i>ds and articles hereinbefore mentioned are, to the best of my knowledKO and belief, entitle on ilie farm whicli 1 am aliout to occupy (or cultivate) and not for s.ale or speculative purimses. nor for th(> use of any other per- son or persons whomsoever. Settlers' cattle when ac- Quarantine of companied by ccrtilicales Settlers' Cattle, of health to be admitted without detention, when not so accompanied they nuist be Inspected. Inspectors ni.-iy subject any cattle showing symptoms of tul>erculiisis to the tuberculin test before allowing llieiii to enter. .Vny cattle found tidierculous to be return- ed to file I'lilted Stales or killed without In- demnity. Sheei) for breeding ami I'ei'diiig pirposes may be adiidtted subject to inspection at port of entry and must be accompanle^iried rates, over and almve ilie carload rales for the settlers' effects, hut the total chiirgi- I'oi' any one such ear will not exceed the regular rate for a straight carload of live stick. (('I'heso or- lo 1(0 ri'Uirn- 1 williout In- iiiK pirposea iis|i('('iii)u at iiniiiiiilt'il l(y IlK'Ilt lUHpl'C- :lHteil In the 1 fed for Mix iiii|i(ii'tiiti(iii. in tlieni they ■orniln^ pnrt panU'd by a V Hog Chol- trlct whoiico liiiK tlio date iiiiHl by such to lusiioctlon icnsi'd to be )n. Settlers' Ef- uieuiiing of iiiadi' up of scribed pro- ■tit of actual stock, any hi;^ ten (l(t) nUes, cattle, 1 goods and ; wagons, or ISO (second- lenionts and ind shingles, ■et in all, or BU of, not in igles, a port- seed grain ; bery ; small lud sutttcient the journey. ; understood ids Isecond- for personal l-hand farm s. IjOss than Idressed. •erios, provi- onionts, ma- ill not 1)0 re- if shipped, reguliir clas- iber of live animals will ■I I rates, over the s(>ttlers' uiy one such r rate for a (Criiesc or- ^mm 1 .. rttOFESSlUXA I. OI'INIOXS. n (lliuiry (iirllT nilcH wlli lie fiiiiilNlifd li.v stn- ilitri H;;i>iitH oil tipiillcatlDM.) M.-PuHMcM. -((lie iiiiiii will lie passed Irci- III cliarKO oi llvi" sfiK'U wlicii IniinliiK parts v( carliiHilH, til fiTil, watiT ami cai-K fur IIhmii In IraiiHlt. Aki-iiIh will um' tin- iiNiial fnrin of live HtiK'k coiitrnct. I'. Top lioaiJs. S«>ttlors nro not ppr- iiilUfil, iiiiilcr any rlriM-.mMtanccs, to load any artli'lo on tin- top of box or slock "ars ; siic'li luannt'r of loading Is ilannennis, and Is ali- Mohiti'ly forbidden. O, -Carloads will iiot bo stopiu-d nt any point slioit of dfstlnatl'in for the piirpuso ct unloiidInK part. The entire carload must ko throiich to the scatlon to which orlKlnnlly conslKiied. II. -Carload Itates —The rates shown In llie column headed " Carlcads," apply on any shl[iincnt occupylnc a car, and weiKl'ilnjr av (XXi pounds (l(t tons) or loss. If the carloads weiKh over 2(),(K)() i)i.iinils, the additional weight will bo charged for at proportionate ratoH. (Example: .f_'(C) " per car" Is ooulva- lent to f l,n'JV;i i>(>r hundred pounds, at which i( e the a 'itldiial weight would be charg on). "Aforeover, III.- frost which locks up tlu« land for montlis in the winter Is reallv a s. rvi. •cable friend to liie prairie farniH. The moisture whicli pernienles the soil e^pandM In the act of freei'.InK, and tiiis cai.es a inln- utt^ separation or disruption amongst the particles 111' pliiuKlx'd enrti', so Miat wlien the thaw comes they fall apart In a desiratde state of tiltli which ;t Is well nlnh ImpoKHl- I'lc to briiu' aboin by the work of any airrl- cidtiiral lmi»lement. Frost Is ,i ^{ood sersaiit to furinoiH, c.iil ( ic- that workx without pay." PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS. Prof. Tanner, one of the best Professor known authorities on agriculture Tanner's in Great Krltain. says : " i nni Opinion. bound to state that, althouKh we liavo hitherto considered the blaon. earth of Ontnil Itussia \he richest soil In the world, that land has now to yield Its distinguished iiositioii to the rich, deep, black soils of Manitiba and the North-vest Terri- tories. Here it is that 'the oliamn.'on s )lls of iho world ' are to be found." Professor Fream, of the Rovn' Professor AgrkMiltnral College, ClremV-;- Fream's tor, England, says : " Nothing Opinion. In conneotion wiili the Norlli west ;s, l)erhap.^, ii'ore inisa-)- I^rehended nt lioni,^ than the nature of it^; climate. Old notions, and particularly erro iM'oii.s ones die liai'd. That in the North-west lie tliermonieter as a rule gives higher read- ings In the summer aii.l loner in the winter tlian we ai'.^ a-ciistomed to in Hic old coun- try is i)orfect:y true, but in esllinating the (•li.iricter of a climate it is wrong .nnd mis- Iiading to be guided by tlie theniiometer II lone. The atmisphore jiossesses other iir-.- pert! >s besides temperature ; it can tell a tale to other met.jorolagicai instruments be- sides The thermometer. On physical grounds It IS easy to nndor.stand how the dwellers in tho North-west can endure a winter teiu- l'inittir(> which in our own climate woidd be ;nt(.lerable -the dryness of the at,;iosi)Iiere IS thoir protection. SETTLERS' OPINIONS OP THE COUNTRY. Tin following are extracts from the re- iiorlh of .Mr. Keubeii Slielton. of the tirnnga Fiiiin, Uuddlngtou, Nottinghnm, Englaial, who was Olio of the delegates sent out by the English farmers :— "After having travelled across the Do- mlnlin of Canada, from the eastern coast to the vestern. a distance of over ;{,'H)0 miles, ai . uaviiig been driven over more than 1,0(M) miles of her agricultural districts, I can con- scientiously say (and I have all through felt the responsibility of my position as a dele- gate) that I like her land, I like her hiw a, and I like her people. Of the general high standard of ipiallty of the land, I do not Ixdieve I hero can bo any doubt in tho minds of men who ha.e had the privilege of see- ing so much of It as I havo done. There are without doubt many millions of acres of as flue, bla .k soli, (>asy working, fertile land, awaiting settlemenl, in tho north-western territories as the most fastidious farmer conk', wish to cultivate. " From the abundance of testinionv of set- tlers who have been out farming In'Canada for the last ten or fifteen years, together with what I have seen, I oni quite convinc- ed that many a man there has been getting > vtry satisfactory return for his labour and' small amount of capital, while many have been struggling and falling in the attempt to make (>nds meet in the old country, where successful farming generally is now a thing of the past. I feel every confidence In re- coniinending Canada to tlio notice of all classes of British agriculturists, but es- pecially to young, strong iikmi, with or witli- out capital, who are blessed with habits of sobi'iety. Industry and perseverance." l.lppentott, Oct. 30th, 189,"). I cam,, from Northumberland Uritish fi-ounty, EngL-unl, eleven years Settlers' ago. I had no capital and bad Testimony, to hire out first, l took up a liomcst'>ad and have now the imtcnt for the same Kin acres of land it be- ing the N. E. L>-U-2!). I had r..", acres crop. j.,K-' >i ,.,.v^ i? I 9"m 78 MAX iron A. ami ir, s,uun,'M'-f!ill<.Nvo.l. The wl.eat yield- Inl.ilH.v of a .nan's clu.n.v in tl.at country ed 18 buslu-ls. oats 41) bushels per acre. I of nialciuf,' pn.gress e.iual to this iu t^vo have four head of horses. yini'«- tmmctt wqp'v JOHN DONAHOE. "ANS KUISl.rA^SEN. Hamlota: Nov. 3, 18!)r>. I came from Wexford county. Ireland, In the fall of 1881, to tiiis part of Manitoba, and took up a homestead and pre-emption the 17th of March, 1882. 1 performed the homestead duties ant, %ot th.,- title of a free homestead in 188."). I then entered for a second homestead. I ?ot what was my pre- emption as a secoml homestead, and have now completed the duties on that. I am now applyimr for the title for this second free lioniestend. it Ixinjr 32(1 acr.'s of land free from the Dominiim Government. This past season I had about 110 acres in crop, and some of tlie wliont yielded 40 bushels per acre. I am well satisfied with my pros- pects in Maiutoba. RICIIAKI) BOLTON. of SMi See. 24-14-23 W.M. Scandinavian Settlers' Testimony. Carberry, Oct. 20th. 1895. AVe have a flno district around Carberry. The soil is easily cultivated : there are no stones, and the soil is suitable for all kinds of grains. We liad a very fine harvest this year. It has l)eeii line growinj; weather here the whole summer. There are seven Scandi- navian families settled in the vicinity of Carberry, and tliey are all farmers. Tliere are a number of Scandinavians working for the farmers around here, and tliat is the class of i>eople we need iu Manitoba. As for mvself 1 wish to say that I worked in the country in rienmark until I was 21 years of ase, anil tlieii left for ('anada, and work- ore. I started work in the liarvest field for $1.00 I ( r day a;id board. I am now i)ossessed of :iO ;icivs of piod laiul on wliicli I hav(; built a comfortable house, a stalde. and a 1:( nliouse. All my proiierty is now viilued at $7."iO. 'I'hose who iire accpiaiiiled with my fonditioii in 1<'(>l'tnd cnu .bulue df the pro riumas r.O., Man., Nov. 10, 1895. I have livod in Richmond Township, Muni- cipality of Westbournc, for over eigiiteeu \ears. When I arrived in this province I iiad only a few hunlred dollars capital. Seveuteen years ago I bought a quarter sec- ti<.n on which I have since lived ; have also purchased an adjoining quarter section. This year I had 14,5 acres under cultivation. My buildings oisist of stabling for about 40 head of cattle, implement sheds, granary rrom for 4,000 bushals of grain and a coui- IVrtable house. These buildings are insured ff r $1,200. I have a l)and of 20 horses, good genoril purpose stock, 2.5 to 30 head of cat- tle and about a dozen pigs, besides poultry. This year I had 70 acres of wheat, 10 of barley and 30 of oats, which yielded 2,000 bushels of whjat, 100 of barley and 1,250 of oats. I do not stable my cattle, but provide them with sheds and let them run out among the straw stacks. Horses winter on the prai- rie li.v.-e u itil Christmas. In all my experi- ence here of eighte^m years I have only had my crop touched with frost once, in 1884, and then it brought 50 to 55 cents per bushel. The climate aad -ioil are all right. There is an abundance of water and ricli pasturage in this neiglibourhood and a choice market and comparatively near at hand. If a man comes to this country willing to work he can make a good living. .TAMES ANDERSON. Kola. October 3rd, 1895. I came from li-imliton County. Ontario. Canada, in the year 1889, and took up a liomestead tlie 25tli May, 1889. it being the nortli-w<'st quarter of section 12-9-29. about IT miles from Elkhorii on the Canadian Pacilic .Railway. My time is overdue now to liave my title for ti'e free homestead. I (Ud nor ai);)ly for it j.;t as I had no oppor- tunity, l>ut I was in no great hurry for tliat. I have four horses ; about 100 acres have been croiiiitd in 180,". Tlie wlu-at yielded 25 biisliels per a "re. I have not threshed all the o;irs yet. but what was threshed yielded 40 bushels per acre. I had about !S500 worth of stock and farm implements ^ hen I cam,"' to the country. .TAMES McGILL. .T. F. ITogan, th(> well known Irish-Aus- tralia 1 moiiiber of tlu> Imperial r;irli;inienr ff r Mid-Tipperary, siiys : "Manitolia is n. most progressive province. It receives emi- grants from all (piarti I's of tlie world, and is therefore a most cosino|)olitan community It has an immense iind very fertile terri- tory, wliicli is now being filled \\\\ by good i.iiiiiri'oiitH. I was very i>leased witli fhe litit countrv this iu two L'JANSBN. '. 10, 1895. tiship, Muni- ■er eigliteuii proviiico I ars ciipital. (inarter sec- l ; have also ■iectioii. Thif ivatiou. My 1)1' about 40 (Is, grauary and a com- are insured horses, good head of cat- ides poultry, vlioat, 10 ol" ^•ielded 2,000 and l,2r)0 of but provide n out among r on the pral- 1 my experl- Lve only had ice, in 1884, :s per bushel., lit. There is ?li pasturage loice market d. If a man to work he s'DERSOX. .">r.l, 180.5. ity. (Ontario. 1 took up a it being the •J-y-2i), about vi Canadian )\'erdu(> now loniestead. I ad no oppor- irry for that. > ai'res have hi'dt yielded not threslied ,'as tlireslied I l.ad about imi)li'nienls S McGILL. ■n Irish-Aus- 1 rarliiinienr nuitoba is n. receives enii- e world, and 1 community fertile lerri- l ui) by good L>d witli file SUTT/J'JItS- OriXlOXS OF Tllli COUNTRY. 79 various settlein(>nts I visiled in Alanitoba, and 1 vcnliu'c lo iirophesy lliiil it will shoi'tly be one (d' tlie most pi'osperous jind po])ulous sictions of the British Empire." AVillow Bank Farm, Nov. 25. I came from (^.lasgow, Scotlund, ;ind have been ftirniing in this district for nearly 15 years. Have had always good cr:ips of wheat, but as I am engaged in mixed tarm- ing, do not grow much of thiit cereal. (]ji(ile and slice]) do well and fjilten nii the pniirie gr.'iss, but with a, small grjiin ralicm are much iui|iroved nnd ari^ eagerly picked up by ship- pers for the Englisli iniirket. My capital on reaching this country was less "than .'*;i,000 (£200), but ifilOO now would have as inu( h purchasing iiower as tlie former sum in 1882. 1 own a half sectidii of lanu, .T> liend of cat- tle. 8 horses, a full line of implements and a giiod dw(dling lio.ise. The climate is very lieallhy. A\'(> IiiiV(> a family consisting of ten children, but have ncer been under the necessity of reciuiring tlu' services .if a doc- tor. There is still a number of fr(>e 1 ome- st(>.nds Avitliin e.'isy distance of Elkhorn, and raihvjiy lands can be bought near iown at $;{ jier acre, on easy ti'rms. I say to the in- dustrious, come, there is room for thous.inds of tillers of the soil in this great country. 1 will be pleased to give any information le- quired. KOBERT BICKERTON. ~ Ilartney, Nov. 22. I left Couuty Orey, Ontiirio, for Manitoba in tlie si)riiig of 1SS2, my only capital being one team of horses. "Working the lirst soa- son on tlie railway, I took up this homestead and broke twenty acres in 188,'!. From this time on I have increased tlie projierty year by year, and now own 480 .icres. ;',20 of whicji 1 cropped last year, and averaged 'M Inislicls of wlieat jier acre, (io of oats, and 45 of b;irley. 1 have 1!) horses and .f.'J.Ooi) worth of btilldiiig improvements on my iKuncstead. 1 am satislied that tliere is no ("itlier country th.-it olfers tlic same ciiauces to liard-wo'k- iiig men Willi small caoittil as Manitolia and those having . I had to subsist on tiiat and on wliat 1 earned. 1 came to this part of >ranl- (olia ;iii(l took up ,'i honiest(>ad in .lune, ISO], c-mmenced the improvements that same season. I then broke 25 acn>s. \ow tliis season 1 had (15 acres in croji. 1 have not llireshed yet. but T ex))ect to liave at h>ast one tlioiisand Inishels of wheat anil at l(>ast seven Imndred liushels of oats. I hav(> about 80 busliels of potatoes. I have S liorsi's 1 colt, ami l.-^ ii iiead of (atlle. I have a house of tliei 10x20 ft., worth $140, also an addition 12x12 tt. I am about building a stone hou.se. I have 2 stiibles and granary and 25 acr;js fenced. I am satislied with my prospects in Miinitolm, .and 1 am certain that my fellow- countrymen would do well in this country. SAMUEL RICHARDSON, €f 22-14-25. " Westhome Farm," Gladstone P. O., Man., Nov. 1, 1893. I came to this province in March, 1888, .and began farming on Sec. 9, Tp. 1.5, range 12, in tlie municipfility of Westbourne, town- ship of lilake. I brought out material for a liouso in one car, and settlers' effects in an- other. I occupy a whole section of land and it is all inclosed by fence. I have about 225 acres at present under cultivation. I liad about 150 acr(!s under crop this year My threshing statement is as follows :— WJieat, .3,.35.'{ bushels ; oats, 1,890 ; barley, 440 ; flax, 14 ; total, aboni; 5,200. By weight the wheat over-runs about 12 bushels to the hundred, oats weigh about 90 pounds to the bag. All the work in connection with rais- ing this amount of grain was done by two men except the assistance of a boy of 15 years for a little over a month, during cut- ting and stacking. There is no part of the province that I know of that is as well suit- ed for mixed farming as the county of West- bourne. There is an abundance of natural h.ny, and grain of tiie best quality can be raised. I have never gone extensively into stock. At i)res(>iit I have eiglit head of horses, 22 head of cattle and a few jiijis I have pastur<> inclosed for mv stock and do not allow them to run at large. The supjdv of water on my jdace is equal to tlie best I ever found in Ontario. Good wells can be had by digging 10 feet. The soil is a black Siindy loam, v(>ry iH'oduciivc and very easilv \\orked. Four small horses ,.a„ casilv pl(m«ii from tour to five iicres in a dav with a gang plough. 1 believe in summer-fallowing and liope in future always to have at least 75 or more acres and iu>ver to take off more than two consecutive crops. The chief town In tliis countv is Gladstone on the M. .S: N. W. Railw.ay. This town suf- fered from th(> effects of the boom, but Is now making subst.antial progress. R Mulr & Co. have rec(Mitly erected a first-class roller mill, supiilied witli the latest and most improved class of icacliinerv. AVestbr)urne in the east and Midway in the west are both rising towns. Midway this year has hart three elevators jiut up. W. J. EMERSON. G. N. STi;\\ART If fiirtlKT direct testimony Is desired apiilv to the Higli ('ommissio'i(>r. 17 Victoria Si S.AV. London, or to the Commissioner of Immignrllon at Wiuiiii>e.i,', Manitoba, for a coi)y of the book, "A Few Facts." which con- tains the answers of a number of western settlers to a seri >H of q,!-^tions put 1,, oach ,,<.;<', r I'l; :V C3 •t-,:, f- ^' W-'^t «f' '■ •iJWr':>^ I Kimge Cattle, N.W.T. NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES £^ \^»i; I HE Nortli-west Territories of Can- ada comprise tlie larger portion of the Dominion outside the boundaries of the different pro- vinces. This vast portion of the North Au.orican continent was, until comparatively lately, an al- most unknown region, ruled over by the Hudson's Bay Company, and popular- ly loolved upon as an inhospitable country, sood for nothing but the production of fur, .'lud affording inducements only to the hardy ._ n? '*.--J C f-;; e - ji ® J H ,^wlf S8 ASSINIBOIA. 88 H map.) Thp greater part of the plalus or prairie portion of the Territories referred to lu the general description given above, la situated In this provisional district, but the eastern and western portions of the district EASTERN A&SINIBOIA, S.'.ViS A .sllHll.V spot. Show marked differences both lu climate and topographical features. The main Railways, line of the Canadian Pacific Rail- way extends from east to west al- most through the centre of Assinlbola, and l)ranch lines of this road extend from Moose Jaw to the south-eiist corner of the district and from Reglna to the north through the central portion. The Manitoba and North- western Railway also extends into the north-eastern portion of the district from Manitoba, and present requirements in the wiy of transportation are thus well provid- ed for. The South Saskatchewan River, Rivers, one of the Important streams of the western Territories enters Asslni- Ix'ia almost midway on Its western bound- 'ii'y, and after flowing nearly due east for about two hundred miles, turns nt almost a I'ight angle to the north, leavic- the dis- trict about the middle of its northern bound- ary. The Qu'Appelle River, which heads al- most at the point where the Saskatchewan River turns to the north, flows to the east and becomes a stream of considerable size before crossing the eastern boundary of the district into Manitoba. These two rivers are the principal waterways of the district, 'Hit there are many other smaller streams in particular localities which are referred to in ilie local descriptions given further on Grain ^^^ eastern portion of Asslnl- Countrv ^°''^' ^°^ ^ distance of some 120 y- miles west from its eastern boundary is practically a continuation to the westward of the grain-growing areas of Manitoba, and although the soil is somewhat lighter than the deep blaek loam of the Red \ River valley. It is very warm and productive. \. Within this portion of the district .settle- ment has rapidly extended, aud many thriv- ing towns have sprung up along tlie main line of the Canadian I'aciflc RalKv.iy, among which may be mentioned Moosomln, Gran- fell, Wolesley, Indian Head, and Qu'Appelle, and on the line of the Manitoba and North- western Railway, Saltcoats and Yorkion. This iwrtlon of the district shows the gradual change from the wooded areas of Manitoba to the great plains region of the Territories, and in many places contains a park like country, with alternate bluffs of poplar and willow, and open areas of prairie. The soil Is a friable loam, easily worked and producing excellent crops of wheat, coarse grains and vegetables. The climate is cold In winter, with a considerable snowfall dur- ing the m.ijority of years, but the summers leave little to be desired in an agricultural country, and cyclones or violent storns are so far unkuown. In most portions of this part of the district, good water can be ob- tained at a reasonable depth, but In some localities water Is rather scarce and hard to obtain. This portion of Assinlbola Mixed offers special Inducements to the Farming, intending settler who Is deslrojs of embarking In grain raising .-lUd mixed farming, there being a good market for all kinds of grain, dairy prod ice, and beef or pork. Tho Territorial Experimental Farm is located at Tndi.in Head, and ample milling, elevator, and creamory ficcommoda- tion has been provided in most of the towns and villages. Good homestead land Is to be had in many localities, and The railway com- panies offer choice land for sale at reason- able prices, and on long terms of payment. In addition to the Qu'Appelle River, the Asslnibolne River, White Sand River, and many smaller streams intersect the northern portion of the district and in the south the Souris River, Pipestone Creek, Long Creek, and some minor stvc,^ms are met. The val- leys of all these streams afford favourable 84 NORTH WEST TElililTOliltS. locations for s-ttleinent, those In the north l.clng bettor n(lai)to(l for Rraiu fanning than those in the south, where the more open country offers sp-'-ial ailvantagos for graz- ing aud tlAiry Imlustry. About the centro of the southern i)ortion of this portion of Assiniboia, a niariied topographical feature, know as Moose Mountains, occurs. This hill, or range of hills, whicli rises to a consider- able elevation abo,'e the surrounding plains, is somo thirty miles iu length east and west and about fifteen miles nortli and south. Parts of the hills are thlclily wooded and icany small lo.^al watercourses head thert>in and run d)wu to the surrounding plains. The country along the base of these Idlls offers many favourable locations for mixed farming, and there is a considerable settle- ment in the vicinity, with a tln-lving village at the east end of tiie hills called Canning- ton Manor. WESTERN ASSINIBOIA. The west.M-n two-thirds of Assiniboia is almost entirely oi.up.sed of open plains, wlilch, with the exception of the localities inimedlatelv a.lloiiiing the towns of Regina iuid Moose Jaw. and in the vicinity of the Wood Mouitains and Cypress Hills described more fully furtii r on, are devoid at present of settlem-'.it and uiisuited to agriculture without the aid of Irrigation. In the dis- tricts, near Keglua and Moose Jaw, and in *lio valley of the Qu'Appelie River to the north of th;se towns .onslderable settlement has talcen place, but the success attending l:irmlng operations has not been encourag- ing. This portion of thi> district is on the b( rdei-land between the humler is found In parts of Wood Mountain and good water is available in many of the ravines and small streams carrying the drainage from the hills to the lower levels. Th'^ second range of hills Wood, Water i« situated In the south-west- and •'I"' corner of Assiniboia. Grass. I'h's range Is called tlie Cy- pr.^ss mils and covers nu area extending east and west about eighty miles north and south about twenty miles. The hills rise in places to an elevation of 1,(KM-) feet above tlie adjoining plains and are much broken by deep ravines and coulees, cm their eastern end there Is not much timber, but as the western extremity is r'-ached. tlie timbered areas extend until some largo tracts of mcreliantable tlmner are met. This rancie of hills forms the main watershed for this portion of the prairie regloa, an*! owing ta their elevation collect a predpltatlDU prob.ildy tliree times as great as that of the plains below. This preclpita- t'ou runs down to tlie plains in a large num- ber of small streams, ciiief among wlilch are Swift Current Creek, Wiiitemud River, Bat- tle Creek, Bear Creek, Maple Creek, McKay Creek, and Ross Creek. In many cases these streams disappear entirely after reaching the prairies but on the upper portion of their length they afford a good water supply (luring the whole year. The The winters are much milder '■°-^. thin In the eastern part of As- Ranchmg gij,it,„ij,^ the snowfall is very Districts, j.^j^^ ,^|j^^ cattle, horses, and sheep, graze outside during the whole year. The rainfall on the plains adjoining the hills is not as a rule sufficient to mature crop !, but the large number of small streams heading in the hills and running down to tlie plains afford a good supply of water for Irrigation, and by constructing cheap ditche'* this v/ater Is brought to the growing crops and exceelingly satisfactory results obtain- ; yet aud Ik I surround- nif locnllly nek ralslui; !!• fill- from , nud will lip ns rapid- IPS of coiii- r Is found good water •avines and Inage from iige of hills south-west- Asslnlbola. lied the Cy- covors nu il)()ut eighty vcuty miles, elevation of iilns and are aud coulees. i not mueh extremity is extend until table tlmner ms the main the prairie atiin collect mes as gre.it Ills precipita- a large nuui- ng which are I lllver, Bnt- reek, McKay ly cases thesi' 'tor reaching T portion of water supply much miUlev II part of As- \-fall is very horses, and e whole year, adjoining tiie nt to mature small streams ig down to tlie of water for cheap ditches growing crops results obtain- ' '4 c-(l. Ml charm,' 1 ccli V 1 ( I'HUM liiTKe 11 of Sllll JMlll pu Wh.'i III till M'ry c( KIllH (1 cm the IhiG of chli'f I boliin; t Creek, norther The Ch Hltuatei hills, c near tl Diirliu hciul ol OiKtrlet, cut tie I blinds I of who small w This : oi»i>ortn sire tl i funnlnj. 1.' had, ri.i,'atiou crops ol year, a eiiiible 1 sheep o: except 1 ull.v sto 'I'lio rei along tl iivies of Kiazlng many i and the is not su the suoi dctrai.'ts winter are, hov aliikhta. IB ed. Miiiiy siniill IrrlpiHon HyHteiiis of thiH of iii, So.itli Ha.sKHti-liewan Uiver, where (■liuriiftiM' are now In rnxnitlon nnd hnve a honso mii.-hf miiy be coiiildiu'il with hiiiu- 1 ccn very yucccsst'iil pjii'tlciilarly iilimn fho ii,t>r )>a«tnr!i,y:e oi the ailjolnhnf la'uli'ie 1 crtherii Hlopu of these hills, and during the arettlement In Uw Cypres-* I i Ills distiiet, the larger part of which Is on the north slope of the hills along the line of th<> Canadian I'aelflc Railway, (he fliief l)\isl:iess ceiilre I'or the seltlemi-nt belnn; the small but tlirivinn town of Maple Creek, situated about the cenin,' of the northern slope on the railway In (piestloi. The town of Medicine The Chief Town. If'it. which is a divisional point on the railway. Is situated a short distance north-west of the hills, on the South Saskatchewan Ulver, near the western boundary of .\ssiiilbola. Iiiirin.^ the y(>ar IHiNi there were some ;!0.0(M) luiid jt cattle grazing in the Cypress Hills district, and upwards of 00,000 sheep. These cattle and sheep are largely made up of I'Muds owned by individual settlers, many of whom began a few years ago lii a very small way. This portion of Asslnibola offers splendi 1 oi)|iortuuities for inton ling settlers who de- sire ti go in for pistoral i)ursults and dairy farming, and numerous choice vocations can 1 1' had, wlicre, by constructing a small Ir-- ligation diteli the settler '• i certain of good crops of cereals, v jgetables and fodder every J ear, and the natural grazing advantages (liable him to own a large number of cattle, slieep or horses, wliich do not need any f(>ed excepT; for short intervals during exception- iiliy stormy weather In the winter montlis. 'I'lie remaiiilng po'tion of the jilains region {dung the northern and north-western bound- jiries hi Assinil'Oia afford excellent suiuiner grazing grounds for cattle or sh'>ep, but many parts are lacking in water supply, iuid tlie rainfall Hooky MountalnH and How to tlio cast, and tin- country liceomoH more or less rollluK and hilly as tlie lieaciH of tlieae Btivanm aro ni»- proaoht'd. Tlio vailoys and ijuncli larKin pro duee a most luxurlouH and nulrltlouH Krowtli of native KniHscH. chief among which la the far-famod " bunch srnHs." and oattie, horHcH, and Hheep, graze ontside during tlio whole yi.ar. The Roll of the district Ih an a whole, a good rich alluvial lonni. In places gravel and sandy ridges aro met, but In the valleys the accumulated silt deposit of ages has pro- duced a soil of the richest kind and of great depth. The climate in southern Al- Attractive bcrta Is one of Its most alt"iic Climate, tlvc features, the winters being mild with very little snow, and the summers hot and dry. The rainfall In the district Is suuiU, averaging about 12 Inches In the year, and while this amount of precipitation is not sulHclent to ensure good crops in the majority of years, the aridity of the district constitutes Its chief factor of value as a grazing country, the absence of rainfall during the late summer months, causing the native grasses to become cured on the ground, retaining their nutritive quali- ties in such a manner that stock pastured thereon remain fat ail winter. Cold and stormy weather is of course experienced at times during tlie winter months but the prevailing warm winds which blow from the west, locally known as Chinook winds, rap- Idly dissipate any snow which falls and for days at a time cause a risf^ in the ther- mometer to almost summer tempcaluic In Southern Albfii'i rvi^.^i /o Supply is largely resorted to In produc- of ing grain and foi'dev crops, and Water, by tbis means returns of a most satisfactory character are ob- tained. The large number of the streams flowing down from the mountains afford a bountiful supply of water for this purpose, and at the present time some three hundred milca of ditchea and canals have been coii- atructcd to carry water for Irrigation. These streams also afford an unfailing supply of pni • and cold water for stock watering and dairy operations ani. condilned with the ali Hence of tilts during the hot summer months produce the best results In the productltm of butter and cheese. Southern Alberta is tra- Railway versed from e.-ist to west Oommunication, l»y the main line of the ('madlan racKIc Hallway, Mid from north to south by the ('algary and I'Mnioriton Hallway, and In addition a bra li of the former Hue runs tlrougli the souiii- westc'U portion fr >m Leihbildge to Medicine Hat In Assinllwiii, and from Lethbrldge tlie (Jroat Falls and CanaO i Hallway extends to the south (IS fur lis the (Jrcnt Northern Hnll- vay in M > tuna. Several Important centres of trade arc situated in Soutliern Alberta, chief among which is the city of Calgary, at the Jtuicliou of the Canadian Pacl- The Chief He and <;algary and Edmonton Cities. Hallways, and further to t)>e south the thriving towns of Lothbrldge and Maeleod. At tliese points ainple banking and business facilities are to be found and several manufacturing indus- tries have been commenced. The district now contains a large settlement of ranchers and dairy farmers, but many favourable lo- cations are to be had by Incoming Immi- grants who may desire to embark In eitlier cf these umlertakings. NORTHERN ALBERTA is essentially an agricultural district, an.l while son.e portion^^ of the district offer favourable openings for stock farming, tlu; piincipal advantages of the district will en- sure settk^meut by immigrants who desire to engage in grain farming, combined with small numbers of cattle, sheep and hogs, or mlxol i.irming as it Is commonly termed. During the past few years the larger portion of iniMiigration into the Territories lias gone Into Northern Alberta and the settlenu'nt in certain districts is alreiuly becoming in- tense enough to form thriving local centres of trade. As has already been stated the district is more or less w:»otled, but in many parts ro been cou- tlou. Tlieno K mipply of ■utt>rliin ami with till! nl) liner inontim • pi'dductliin H'rtR Ib tra- ■'iHt to west line of thu flc Hallway, Calvary ami Ion a bra "h li the HOiiiii- to Medicine tlibrldK)* the y I'xtcndH to )rtliern Ilnll- ut centres ol' ilberttt, cbU'l' >;ary, at tlit> nadian Paci- (1 Edinouton rtlier to the li towns of tln'se points llltleH are to uriug Indus- The district of ranciicrs ivoiH'able 1(1- >inliiK ininii- u'k In either ».«i' ,TA illstrlct, nii.l llstrlct offer farininfi, the trlct will eu- who desire inbined with and hogs, or >nly termed, irgor portion 'ies has gone B settlement X'comiug lu- local centres 10 district Is many parts ^f si'?'; c3 "A rt O NO RT HE UN ALBERT A. 87 extensive prairie openings are found and in almost all localities a sufficient area of open land can be obtained to enable the settler to commence farming operations without having to clear any land. The soil tln-ough- out the whole district is a heavy rich loai.i i'ud the summer season is well adapted to the successful growth of all ivinds of grain and vegetable and root crops. Tlie ^\ inters are cold and there is usually suffi- cient snow to m,^ke good sleighing. Stocli bus of course to be fed during most of the « inter months, but tiiero is a liountiful sup- ply of nati/e hay in almost all localities. The Calgary and Edmontoji Railway Railway runs north and soutli Facilities. about midway iu the district up to the Sasliatchewan River, and most of the new sevtlement has talcen place in the immediate vicHiity of this road. Large settlements have, however, been formed on the north side of the river In the vicinity of the Sturgv^^n Riv.jr, and to the east near Beaver Laiie and the Battle River. Tiie town of Edmonton, which The Chief is sitiiited on the Sasltatchewan Town. River at the point where it is reacliod by the railway line, is in the centre of a thiclviy-settled locality, and In common witli other centres which liave rapidly sprung up throughout the di.s- trict, affords facilities for all purposes of trade. In addition to being the centre of t!ie l.irge agriculinral settlement along the Sas- Icatchewan River, and to the north of that stream, Edmonton is one of the largest luariiets for raw furs in North America, i'ort Edmonton was the northern centre of the Hudson's Bay Company's fur trade a century ago, and has continued to be the source of supplies for trappers and traders, wlio in exchange bring the large catch of I'ur from the country between the Sasliatche- wan River and the Arctic Ocean to the town for sale. The Edmonton district is Farming also the centre of placer and mining for gold on the Sas- Gold Washing. Ivatchewan River, an aver- age of about ijiriO.OOO wortli 'f gold having been waslied each year from the bars and baniis of the river for some years past. Placer mining in the district was commenced about the year 18(i3, and In the early days $10 to $15 per day was the average pay made by the miners ; during r-.K-ent years, however, the average has been about $1.50 per day. In 1896 over 200 men, n any of whom were settlers in the district, vfre occupied In placer mining on the river, over a distance of about 100 miles on each side of the towQ of Edmonton. New interest has been lately aroused in the possibilities ot this industry, from the fact tnat some Americans wlio made tests in 189() found that only about ten per ce'it of the gold was saved by tiie hand " grizzlies " used by the miners. Those pvospectors toolc away Rich Land, speciments of what is called " blaclv sanJ,'' wliicij they smelted by a special process and discovered that ench grain of blacii sand was largely ccmpjstd of platiiiim and gold, and when properly tr ;ated yi;lil3d very paying returns. Tliis sand iiad for-o ;r]y betn washed baoli into tlie river by the miners who used picli, shovel, and grizzlie, l)ut these recent dis- coveries, together witli the confidence shown by tliose who have brouglit in extensive ma- ciiinery to treat It, has attracted consider- alle attention to the Edmonton district, and the Sasliatchewan placer mines, and the home marlii.'t create.l by this mining de- ■^elopujent will probably accelerate the agri- cultural developn(ent in the district very materially. St. Albert, nine miles west Other of Edmonton is probably the Settlements, oldest settlement iu Alberta, The village of Fort Saskat- chew.an, twenty miles north-east of Edmon- ton is also the centre of large .settlements. Along the line of the Calgary and Edmonton Railway, the other towns or villages are South Edmonton, Leduc, Wetasliiwin, La- combe, Red Deer, lunisfail and Olds, all centres of prosperous settlements, while in tlie eastern portion of the district at Buffalo Lake, about 40 miles east of Lacombe and at D nil's Pine Laice, IS miles from lunis- fail. a number of stockowuers have settled iind own largo herds of cattle and liorses. i 1 1 i ill jii j j H 1 wt f , k i] I I] 'Wii i NORTHWEST TERIilTORlES. Homestead lauds may still be To obtain obtained near any of the towns Land. montloaed, within easy distance of the railway, and the railway company hold desirable lands for sale at reasonable prices on easy terms of payment. Northern Alberta is well watered Rivers, by the Saskatchcwnn River, the Ucl Deer River, and toe Battle River with their many branches. The Athabasca River also enters the district on the north, and its branches, the Macleod and Pembina in the north-west portion of the district are tlie scenes of active placer mining operations (iuring the snnim(!r months. Besides those rivers there are innnerous lakes in almost every part of the district. Lac la Blche in tlie extreme north-east has a large settle- ment of half-breeds, Lac Ste. Anne in the north-west Is another large lake where a number of settlers ave located. Beaver Lake, Saddle Lake, Egg Lake, Buffalo Lake, and Kevil's I'ine Lake, are other principal lakes near all of which settlements have been founded. The rainfall in Northern Alberta during the summer months is sufficient to ensure good crops, and in the Edmonton District heavy yields of all kinds of grain and root ci'ops of flrst-class quality arc raised each year. SASKATCHEWAN. The district of Saskatchewan embraces that portion of the North-west Territories lying to tlio north of tlie province of Mani- toba and district of Assiniboia, and to the east of Alberta and extending to the north Tip to the north boiuidary of Township 70 of the I>omlnion Lands system of surveys. The district embraces an area of about 107.- Ill 10 square miles, a considerable portion m' which is, however, contained in the wooded portion of the Territories and unstiited to tlie immediate reciuireiiients of settleineni^. Tlie southern lialf of the district is traversed from east to west by the Saskatchewan River, and the valley of this important stream, with the country inimcdiately Jid- jiicent thereto has long being fiiiiied as a de- sirable flelil for immigration. Tlie ((Uiiitry lias, however, until iiuite recently liecu with- out raihviiy communication, and settlement has been very much retarded by this fact. However, in about the cen- The Chief tre portion of the district a Settlement. thriving settlement has sprung up in the vicinity of Prince Albert, which is reached by a branch from the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, running north from Regina in As- siniboia, the capital of the western territory, and considerable settlement has also talcen place along the South Saskatchewan River, which joins the main stream neur Prince Albert, and to the east of this stream in the Carrot Rivtr district. Furtlier to the west some flourishing set- tlements are to be found near the town of Battleford, and north of that point ranch- ing is carried on to a considerable extent in the vicinity of Jacktish Lake. In its phy- sical conditions the southern portion of the district of Saskatchewan very closely re- sembles Northern Alberta, but in some parts tlie soil is lighter and in the ueiglibourhood of Battleford, and in the south-westeru cor- ner of the district the rainfall is at times insuHicient to mature the crops. Owing to its roiuoteness from present railway com- munication, and consequent ditticulty in get- ting produce to market, the extension of the present settlement in tlie district will prob- iibly be slow in the near future, but witli the construction of a railway line through the Saskatchewan Valley, and the extension of the present line of the Manitoba, and North-western Railway to Prince Albert. Saskatchewan is sure to attract its propor- tion of -incoming immigrants, as tlie district olfers many natural advantages to the liome- seeker. IRRIGATION. For some years the attention of tlie Gov- ernment has been directed to tlie necessity for Irrigation in the section of tlie North- \rest situated adjacent to the Rocky Mount ains from C.-ilgary soutlnvard to the Inter- natioaal Uoundary and It is uow recognlzeil that the future of that region is dependeiii to no siiiai; extent upon tlie enactment uf coiiilirelicnsive laws upon the subject of the iipportionment and subsequent use of tin' water supply available for that purpose. An 1(1 settlement by this fact. ibont the con- the district a lemeut has lie vicinity of I by a branch ladiau Pacific Uegina in As- tern territory, as also talien hewan River, near Prince stream in the ourishing set- r the town of point ranch- lerable extent e. In Its phy- portion of the •y closely re- in some parts leighbourhood h-western cor- II Is at times )s. Owing t(t railway com fHculty in get- tension of tlic rict will prob- ure. but witli ■ line througli the extension Manitoba, and •rince Albert, act its propor- as tlie district 's to the home- )n of tiie Gov- I till! necessity of tiie North- Rocky Mount I to the Intor- 10 w recognized X is dependeni ennctmeiit uT subject of the It use of the it purpose. An ill A(;t (c eiubod tliougt inforni amend inakiD] tion ol trol of author import In cc to beai tlioriti* arid p can he. pastori cation Innidre nicdiat iuj,' de^ at the : Idaho . Montana Nobrask \orth D S uth D (Ji'egon WyomiHi Colcrad(3 These of the • Ington, Ini'fio in "so fai cerned, of acre? tin! Nor able for nut iriur liiins In of ^^•at(>l 'Die ni ward w (Xov(>iiil thousam the Miss a ins on between I uternat Vioen top purposes IRRIGA TION. GENERAL REMARKS. Act (ch. 30, 57-58 Vic.) was passed in 1894 embodying all the principles wliicli it was tliouglit wise to adopt, founded nu ttie l)esi The foregoing brief remai-lis regarding the information on the subject, and in 1895 an Provisional Districts into which that portion amending Act (ch. 33, 58-59 Vic.) was passed of the North-west Territories at present at- )iiaking a few verbal alterations. The aboil- tracting the attention of immigrants is dl- tion of riparian rights and vesting tlie con- vlded. have lieen confined to general des- trol of the water in the one strong central criptions of the chief characteristics of the authority of the Government was the most districts in question. The following Is more important feature of the Act. detailed information regarding points which In considering tlie question it will be M-ell ^^^ common to the Territories as a whole to bear in mind that the best American an- '^^' applicable to particular localities, and tliorlties are agreed that the arid and soml- '^^'hioh are of special interest to our intending arid portions of the United States, wliich settler. can bo rendered useful for agricultural or i„ all the settled portions pastoral purposes only by the artificial appli- Schools. of the Territories most liberal cation ot water, include an area of five provision is made for schools, hundred millions of acres. In the States im- and uew schools can be formed iu any newly mediately adjoining Canada, irrigation is be- settled district where there are twelve chil- mg developed with great vigour, as a glance dren of school age. About seventy per cent at the following table will show :— lilaho Montana Nebraska (west of f'7") j 200,000 | North Dakota , 25,000 S uth Daltota \ 100,000 (Jiegon (east of Cascades)..; 125,000 Wyoming | 3,038,400 Colorado | 4,200,000 i 1,7.")V.100 .1 I 330,000 410,000 40.000 2,000 oO.DOO 4.J.0O0 180,000 of the cost of keeping the schools open Is paid by the Government, and in consequence the seiiool taxes paid by the settler are very small. Provision is also made by the law for high schools and teachers' institutes, and the incoming Immigrant will find that the school system iu tlie Territories has been formulated on a very liberal and enlightened basis. All the religious deuomlna- Churches. tions are represented iu the Territories and many flue churches are found in the larger centres. These figures are compiled from the report Tliroughout the country districts the school- of the " Oltice of Irrigatiun Inquiry," Wash- iiigtou, published in 1892, since M'hich time a liirge increase has been m.adc. So far as the C'auadian North-west is con- corned, out of about two hundred milllous of acres of land, between tlie Rod River of tiu; North and the Rocky ^Mountains, avail- alile for agricultural and pastoral purposes, not more lliau about one-fourth, or fifty mil- lions in all, reipiire tlio artificial applicatinn of -^^nter. Tlie necessary works are being puslied for- ward with great energy, and at this date (Xovembor, 189()) one million five hundred tliousand acres iu the country lying lietween llie Mis.souri Coteau aud the Rocky Mount- Jiins on the east and west respectively and chartered banks have been oiiened at all lietwoen latitude 52" on the north and the the larger towns, and private banking in- International Boundary on the south, have stitutions do business at many of tlie smaller been topographicnlly surv.\v'd for irrigation points. Money order brandies are connected l»uri»oses. \vjtii the principal post ottices throughout louses are largely used for Sunday services by the different missionaries who visit the settlements from time to time, and iu almost all part.-* of tlie country the settl n- can attend llie service of his particular creed by driving short distances. In all the larger towns Stores, Banks, and villages tliroughout Mills, &c. the Territories and at many scattered points iu the thickly-settled districts, stores are found ^^llich supply all possible wants of the set- tler in the way of farm Implements, or sup- plies of any kind, and the prices charged are, as a rule, very reasonable, and the goods supplied of good quality. Branches of the IM fi I' ."ill m b \\^ ■ ■M 90 NORTHWEST TERItlTORIES. the Territories, and the Dominion Express Company, which has agencies at nearly all railway stations, carries on a very simple and cheap system of money order exchange. Grist mills and elevators are In operation at points where grain raising is the principal business of the settlers, and creameries have been opened at a large number of places whero dairying is carried on. These cream- eries are operated under Government super- vision and with Government aid, and the settler owning a few cows is thus enabled to get a good cash price for any milk he iray have over and above his own wants. Cold storage warehouses, breweries, meat packing establishments and other manufac- tiirln,? establishments are in operation at different points, and these are being rapidly rdded to as the country develops. In the wooded portions of Lumber & Build- the Territories the settler ing Materials, nas no ditllculty in obtain- ing timber for the construc- tion of his house, and outbuildings, but in the plains region manufactured lumber has. of course, to be largel.v used. Many saw- mills are operated in Alberta along the east- ern slope of the Rocky Mountains, and in *lie north along the Saskatchewan Klver, and agencies for the sale of lumber have been located at all centres of settlement in the Territories. Manufactured lumber and sliingles of first-class quality are also shipped in from the timbered areas in Bri- tish Columbia, and the Immigrant's wants in this way can be readily supplied at rea- sonable prices. Liberal provision is made in the Government regulations to enable settlers to get timber for building fencing or fuel on Government lauds where there >s any timber available. In the wooded portions of the Terri Fuel- tories, the settler )\as no dittlculty in obtaining a good supply of wood for fuel, but in the plains or prairie sections the item of fuel Is a somewhat serious oikv Fortunately, however, nature seems to have foreseen this want, and has provided a boun- t.ful supply of coal, vast deposits of which are fojnd at a number of points In Alberta. Extensive collieries are now operated at Canmore, Lethbrldge, Edmonton, aud An- thracite in Alberta, and at many other points small mines are worked for the Immediate wants of the surrounding settlers. The coal n'lned at the tirst three of the above men- tioned points is bituminous, while that at the latter, as indicated by the name. Is an- thracite of first-class quality. Coal Is also mined In south-eastern Asslnibola, and al- though of the lignite family, makes fairly ^'ood fuel. Settlers living in the immediate vicinity of these mines get their fuel supply cheaply, but at present the price is rather higher in localltiea remote from the point of production. One of the most Important Markets. features requiring consideration in a new country is the question of a market for the products M'hlch the set- tUr has for sale. In the eastern portion of the Territories there has always been a good market for the wheat which is there the scaple product, but further west, par- ticularly in Northern Alberta, and to the oiist in the Prince Albert district of Sas- katchewan, the markets liave not been so good. This condition has, however, during the p.ist yea- L -u materially clianged, ow iiig tj the rapu evelopment of the mininj; districts in Bii '.sh Columbia aud to the i-ast of Manitoba, and during the year 189G a good maiket was found for everything pi'odu< rd. This change has also affected the lauchiu!^ industry, for altliough there has lit en .a good demand for some years past for the best quality of beef for shipmont to tiie I'luglish market, the increased demand for tlio home market, has increased prices con- siderably. The question of a ready cash markec for everything which can be pro- duced, may now be said to be satisfactorily settled, and the incoming settler may feel assured of being able to dispose of any pro- duce he m ly have to sell, at remunerative prices. THE YUKON GOLD FIELDS. 91 vlded a boun- 3its of which ts In Alberta. operated at on, and An- f other points le Immediate srs. The coal I above meu- i^hilc that at name, Is au- Coal Is also bola, and al- makes fairly le immediate r fuel supply •Ice is rather jm the point 3t Important consideration i the question rhich the set- stern portion Iways been a hich is there jr west, par- and to the itrict of Sas- not been so vever, during changed, ow )f the mining and to the bhe year 1890 »r everything o affected the gh there has rears past for ipment to the deujand for id prices cou- i ready cash can be pro- satisfactorlly ler may feel se of any pro- remunerative THE YUKON GOLD FIELDS. The greatest gold discovery of recent years has been made In the North-west Territories of Canada. No sooner had tlie great wealth of the gold and silver quartz mountains of British Columbia become known to tlie world than tidings were received of fabulously rich gold diggings on the Yukon and its tributary streams, particularly on the Thron- duick, or, as it is more generally called, the Klondyke, as well as on the Bonanza, the El Dorado and other creeks. Tliis district adjoins the United States territory of Alaska and approaches on the north very nearly to the limit of the Arctic circle. It is a country of severe winter and very sliort summer, and so far as can be Judged principally vnluable for its minerals. But of its richness in tliat respect there is no doubt, and it is impossi- ble at present to limit the locality from which gold will be taken. The prineipal drawback, hitherto, has been the difficulty of getting into the country. It was necessary to go round by ocean steamer to St. Michael's in Qehriug" Straits, iuul from there by a ligiit draught river steamer, in all about 3,000 miles, at great cost, or else ti cross the mountain divide liirrying provisions on the i)r()spector's back, rnd build boats on the other side to get tlown to the Yukon. This also Involved ex- pense, hardsliip and danger. Under these eh'cumstances tiie mining camps have been small and few in nnmber, though like all such communities in Canada quiet and free from crime. A small detachment of the North-west police proved aiiiiile authority for the maintenance of order. But the en- ormous quantity of gold brought out by a ftw prospectors resulted in a rush such as has not been seen for many years, and it became necessary to pr)vi(le more amply for tiie future. Three companies obtained char- ters to build railways from the coast to llie head of the inland navigable waters,wlth t!ie Intention of there buililiug small steamers. Tills work was begun by one or two com- panies in the summer of 1897, though too late to afford travelling facilities of any consequence for tliat year ; the two Ameri- can companies In Alaska doing nearly all the business of conveying prospectors and carrying the food in to feed the country. Tlie Government of Canada, In 1897, rein- forced the detachment of mounted police to a strength of 100 men, and established stop- ping places or refuge posts here and there between the sea and the Yukon, in order that communication might be open by means of dog train throughout the winter. A cus- toms officer was sent to the divide and regu- lations promidgated as to the terms on which mining claims could be taken up and held. Considerable hardship will be undergone by many, who. contrary to advice, Insisted upon making their way into the country during the past summer, but the arrangements ir» progress during the fall of the year will re- sult in making the Yukon as accessible as It 92 NOirni WEST TElUUTOliltlS. iijinv or tliu mlninc -iistricts of Hrilish Col- After llie riihvji.v cain." lii IS!):.' 1 have ROii,. ;;;Z,, a short timo sln.o .Iom.umI lnn.-.....s.l. s.-nllly alu-a.l. gottlug in l,H.er Hl.apo oa.l, Me but now served by eoinpetlnn railways. • '' ' DA\II> W. BUUKK. Aessippi. .Man., .Tnly, 189.".. Tliere is no necii I'or ii farmer to brin;: eiit iinytliiiiK witliin liiiii. otlier tliiin a fair siociv 'if clulies and Kood warm underwear. lOverytliiuK can l>e Kot liere nt a modera,.' 1 rice" and made to meet t!ie re(iniroments of tlie country. Tliere is no trouble in select imi and purciiasinp all the stucii lie may re- ,pilre to start wKh. of the very best des- cription and at s^icli a moderate price that will astonish him, afer i)urehasin>t such stocli in tlie dill country. A little cash goes :l. liillK way iiet'C. I'iiei'e is no country in tiie worhl where ii larme.' can live so well and so cheaply as he ran liere, and at tlie same time tlioro- uplil\ en,|')y the advantages he has in tlic A.-ay'of sport, the produce of his gun helpiiis: ( nt" his larder wonderfully if he is fond of sliocting. I have liad the best of shooting in Kngland, but have never so much enjoyed it as I have done Iiere. merely shooting tiie (luantity that was iiMiuired for the house or presents for friends. Anotiier great ad'.aniage is tlie freedom from rents, rates and taxes, such bugbears to I tie Knglisli farmer. One cannot appre- ci.ite tlie tveling of sucii relief until it iias Ik en realized, 'i'lio rates are very low in the agricultural districts, especially so in the North-west Territories, where munici- palities are not so general-the school r.'ite Iteing the only oae. and tliat too tritling lo I ("iition ; statute Inliour taiving tiio place of iiMiiiey payments, sncli labour being gener- aily nihitted, and lone on the roads most used Ity tiie settler liimself. 'liierl' is now in this country an openiiiir f(;r aiiv number of men with some experi- erce find capital (say £1(10 clear to start \\itli^ where both can be applied with ad- \ a lit age. wlien the same men would lir.d sncii an aniount .'is I have mentioned practi- callv useh'ss in Kngiand. The taking up of 1()0" acres of land under the homesteadinp 0( nditions. is subject only to tlie payment of an entry fee of £2. There is no doubt tiiat the class of settlers most needed in \\m North-west is the same as in any other part, that is the steady workingman witli moder- ate means, wlio will mm-e likely be a per- nane-jt and successful settler than the man with larger caVital going into grain or cattle on an extensive scale, or as an experiment- alist. Tlie country is one of the healthiest tluit can i>ossibly be, far healthier tlian Englaiul in anv pari of it. Far be it from me that 1 slioulil utter one word to draw any ni.in from liis home to come out here to meet with disappointment, but I know that the country is all tliat one can desire, and thar there is every prospect for any industrious Furtiier info-'ination if re(piired can be ob- tained l>y writing to the High t"ommissioner ft)r Canada, 17 A'ictoria Street, lioudon, or for rates of passage, &c., to any of the sigents of the Canadian SS. Companies at london, Liverpool, Glasgow, or to the oflfl- cers of the Canadian racilic Hallway, r.7 King Wiiliain Street, Loudon, and at Man- ciiestor and Liverpool. Tersons en the American continent desir- ing infcn-matiou can write to the Secri'tary, I)i'partment of the Interior, Ottawa, or Commissioner of Immigration. Winnipeg, Manitoba, or M. B. Mclnnis. 1 Merrill I'dock, Detroit, Michigan. TESTIMONIALS. Tlic following are a few out of many simi- lar letters fro-.i settlers giving the result of their w >rk :— Uegina, Nov. 4. Eleven years ago I came from London, England, and had no money wXwn I came. I now have vainatde improvements on my land, and own tifty heail of cattle. I would not live in Kngland again If my fare was paid to return, ami would strongly reccmi- n eml anyone wiio is willing to work to come to this country. THOMAS WATSON. Elmore, Assa., Deo. 17, ISOC. In starting farming here I had no money Morth speaking of. but now on my Iioiiic- titead tliere is a large frame house, and 1 <.wii thirty head of stock and a full set of fanning iinpienunts. and I am clear of debt. From IM84 to 18t);{ I liad good croi)s each jiar off niv summer fallow land, my lowest yield being 1.") bushels of wheat to the acre, and in 1S!>2 I had an average of 40 bushels. : I luive Roiic !!• Blmpe eiu'li V. BURKE July, 189.". HUT to brill;: r tlian a fall- II uiKkTWi'ar. T a inodeni,.' re(Hiiroinents tiMo in scloct- ■Iv lio may vo- cry l><'«t dos- itc prico lliat cliaslnj; snoli ;tlo cnsli goes world whei'i' id so olioaply 10 tiino tlioi'd- w. lias in the s Ruu heliiiiis; f lu> is fond st of shooting iiiucli onjoycl ' shooting ilio • tlio house or till? froodom , settling lirst at London, (Ontario, engaging in the business of steamiiipe fit- ting and brass finishing. There I .succeeded very well, disposing of my business in 1877, after which I decided to make my home in the west. Daring the summer of 1879. I prospected thoroughly various parts of the country, and chose the Prince Albert district as a result of what I had seen. I located a homestead and pre-emption at Red Deer Hill, ;ind at once began farming operations. My f.'imily arrived in the spring of 1880, and we have since resided on the farm. We were Minong the first settlers in this part of the district. At that time there were no estab- lished parishes, or other organizations, bur as settlement began to progress we soon overcame that difficulty and now have fchools and churches in our Immi'diat > m'igh- 1 ourhood. There were only a few acres of land under cultivation, all of which has been worked continuously since 1880. I have rever had a failure of crops from any cause, nor have I known or heard of a failure of crops during my time in the Prince Albert district. Bad farming does not constitute I'lip failures. My wheat crop h.ns .Tvoragcd every year twenty bushels per acre and over. Crojis of oats and barh«y have Ihh n abun lam and I would say the average yield of these grains would be about thirty-flve bushels per a -re. I have given gardening consider- able attention and have Invariably been sue ctssful and find that all vegetables do re- markably well and are an enormous size, 1 have engaged largely In stock-ralBing. hav- ing at present about seventy head of cattle, ne have paid special attention to dairying nniklng for somi years past eighty pounds or butter per week for which as well as for the other products of our farm we have always found a good market. Having gained a livelihood and brought up a large family and succeeded in surrounding myself with all the necessaries of lifo and many of the comforts of civilization, with good stock, all necessary Implements, &c and possessing six hundred and forfv acres of the richest known laud, my exii'erience has led me to offer this testimonv to the special adaptability of the Prince Albert od."— M. W. Rounds, Enosburgh Palls, Vt. TESTIMONY FROM NORTHERN ALBERTA. St. Albert, November 10, 1890. 1 have lived In Northern Alberta since 1887, and during that time have never had a total failure of crops. At a low estimate, I am $20,000 better off financially than when I started. Money can be made farming here by hard work, judgment and economy. We have a good, hoalthy climate. It is not nec- essary to house cattle at all ; Ihey do well in open sheds. This Is a iirst-class dairying stctlou. Vegetables grow well, ,ind there is a large variety of wild fruits. WILLIAM OUST. Lacombe, November 13th, 189(i. I have great iileasuro in telling you what I tLink of this part of the North-west (Nortii- ern Alberta). It will be the outcome of four years" resileuce. I must iireface my re- marks by saying that I have old country agricultural experimico extending over thirty years, obtained in eight different counties. I am well pleased with the country and can leeommeud it with all sincerity to the farm- er, be he small or large, who means work. The elimatj (am .just returned from a three months trip to England) I prefer to that ol" the old country, GRIi^FIN FLETCnBR, J.P. Mornlngside, Alta.. Nov. 0th, 1806. (laving been asked to glv.' the public my oi)inion about this country of Alberta, I give it with tli(> greatest of pleasure, as I have travelled a good deal. I came from Mani tdba about one mid n iiaif years ago, hav ii g lived down there for a number of years, I liavt! taken ii|> a homestead ten miles from fiacoinbe. I have a good garden In tills year and beiiev,' that roots of ail kinds will do very well lierv Having travelled quite a little from Edmonton to Galgary, am pretty well acquainted with the country, and 1 think that any one coming here with a little means can make a good lioine, fidly better tiian any place I know of at present, an tniil)er for building can b(> had pretty handy: also lots of hay. and good water. I believe there Is a great prospect ahead for this country, especially In stock raising. J. BLACKSTOCK. Beaumont P.O., Alta., Dec, 1. 1800. I ri>movt>r. I believe 'ad for this I UK. JKSTOCK. 3C., 1. 1896. le County of months ago, I have 3,00(1 ii Is wheat, id. My oats a lir.ve black timber and bushels per WNSBND. ober, 189(i. April 10th. ril 18th, had ntll August, from Wetns- '.. Of course now I have oat, which id stayed In 1 free hom- ) raise cattle ter country. or winter ; ADSnAW. he space at 10 letters re- ?ral district -i but a small ' contalnlnia: uestlons put can be ob- Hlgh Com- torla Street Legi»lativf Buildings, Victoria. PROVINCE OF BRrilSII COLUMBIA KITISH COLUMBIA is the most westerly province of Canada, and extends for about 700 miles north ;ind south, and nearly 500 east and west. Its limits extend from the 4!)th parallel— the internation- al boundary line between Canada and the United States— on the scuth to the fiOth depree of nortli latitude, and from the summit of the Geography. Kocky Mountains westward to the Pacific Ocean, Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Islands beiufj included within its bounds. It contains au area of 383,000 s(iuare miles, in which are tt.ountain ransos, numerous forests, many fruitful valleys and splendid waterways. The Rocky Mountains separate it from the rest of Canada, while the Pacific Ocean tounds It on the west, except for nearly 30O miles on the extreme north, where the Aliiskan possessions of the United States Interpose between it and the sea. The principal harbours of Bri- Harbours. tlsh Columbia are Esquimau, the headquarters of H.M. Pacific Squadron, Victoria, and Nanaimo, in Van- couver Island ; Coal Harbour and English Bay (at the entrance of Biirrard Inlet) on the mainland. There is a dry dock at Es qulmalt 450 feet long with width of 90 feet at the entrance. Of the rivers of Britisli The Rivers. Columbia the principal are the Fraser, the Columbia, the Tliompson, the Kooteuay. the Skeena, tin; Stikine, the Liard, and the I»eace. The Fraser is the great watercourse of the pro- vince. It rises In the northern part of the Kocky Mountains, runs for about 200 miles in two branches in a westerly direction, and then In one stream runs due south for nearly 400 miles before turning to rush through the gorges of the Coast range to the Straits of Georgia. Its total length is about 740 mile-!. On its way it receives the waters of the f W- II HIilTISI! COLUMHIA. m' Ihompson. the Chlllcoton. tho Llllooot, tin- Nkol.i. tho IhUTlHon. t!u' IMtt, niul luiiiuTous o(her BtrfftiiiH. Vw tlic last «» mllos of Its courHe It tlowH tlirouKh a wide alluvial plain, ^^hl(■ll has mainly Ikm-ii tl.'p<)Hlte(l from ItH own silt. It Is mivlKablo for river boats to Yale, a small town 110 miles from tho mouth, and again for a smaller eraft for about 00 mlh's of Its course through the In- terior, from guesnelle Mouth to Soda CreeU ; 1 nd larger vessels, drawing 20 feet, can as- ctnd to New Westminster, situated about 15 miles from the mouth. An Inland Steanior. The Columbia Is a large river rising In the south-eastern part of the provluoe, in tl..> ncighbourhoo.l of the Rocky Mountains, near the Kootenay Lake. This lake ^^ ---^ l^:^ „lle by regular steamboat service. He co- umbla runs north beyond the r,2nd degree o latitude, when It takes a sud.leu turn and V us ue south in.o the State of Washington^ i is this loop made by the abrupt turn o the river that Is known as the "Big Bend of the Columbia." The Kootenay waters Jail into the returning branch of this h-op lome distance soutli of the main line of the rnllw.iy. The Calumbia drains a total area of 195.000 squa-e mll'^s. The Peace River rises some distance north of th- north bend of the Fraser, and flows oastwardly through the Rocky Mountains draining the plains on the other side. It more properly b .ongs to the district east of the uount^alns that bears Its name, lu the far icrth are the Skeena and Stlkine Rivers flowing into the Pacific, the latter being W the country of valuable gold mining opera- tions. The Thompson River has two branches. kKOWU as tL North Thompson and the South Thompson, the former rising In small hikes In the Cariboo District, and the other ill tho Shuswap T-akes In the Yale Ulst.ict. They Join at Kamloops. and flow east of Kamloops Lake Into the Fraser River at Lytton. VICTORIA— (Population, 20,- Chief Cities. 000) is the capital of British Colu.Tibia and the chief city of Vancouver Island. It was formerly a stock- aded post of th^ Hudson's Bay Con' ny and was then called Fort Victoria. It is delightfully situated on a small arm of the M(a, commanding a superb view of the Straits of San ,Tuan de Fuca, the Olympian rouge In Washington, the mountains of the u alidand, and snow-capped Mount Baker In the distance. The city's age may 8, when the discovery of gold on the n.ainland brought a rush of miners from the south. It Is now a wealthy, well-built and very English city, with business and shipping interests of great importance Three lines of traus-Paelflc steamers call at this port. Victoria Is pre-eiidnently a place to delight tourists, and has ample accommoda- tion for a large floating population, having several comfortable hotels. Various public buildings are also worthy of more than passing notice, tho new government build- ings, costing $800,(MM) when completed, es- pecially being an Imposing strtirture. Many of the manufacturing interests of the pro- vince are centered at Victoria. It has one of the largest iron works on the Pacific Coast outside of San Francisco, and several smaller foundries and machine shops, and many factories. The city is amply provided with educational facilities, both ]iublic and private. N AN AIMO— Overlooking a fine harbour ou the east coast of Vancouver Island, with a population of 5,000, but taking in the mining districts immediately tributary to it tlie population would prob.ably be betwen 9,000 and 10.000. Nanalmo laidis next to Victoria in Importance. It It seventy miles north of Victoria and depends chiefly upon Its cc . Ing interest and shipping business for sup- port. Nanalmo Harbour is connected oy a deep channel with Departure Bay, where the largest craft find safe anchorage. Van- couver Island bituminous coal is now aclJ- rowledged to be superior for all practical purposes to auy coal ou the Pacific Coast. r«( IsiiiK in Hinall intl tlic .ither Yalo niHt.ict. How t'llHt of aer River at npulntlon, 20,- 111 of Hrltlsli 3 chief city of ncrly n Btock- Jay Coir uy Ictorla. It IK 11 nrin of the view of till' the Olympian iiitalns of the nuiit Baker In jay (late from gold on the miners from !hy, well-built business and ortance Throe •8 call at this ly a place to le aeeommoda- ilatiim, having ^'^arioUH public uf more than jrnment build- completed, es- ructure. Many its of the pro- la. It has one 3n the Pacific CO, and several Ine shops, and imply provided oth fiubllc and J- fine harbour ou Island, with a g in the mining ary to It the •e betwen 9,000 lext to Victoria mlli'H north of • upon its cc - isiness for sup- connected oy £L ire Bay, where uchorage. Van- )al is now ack- or all practitiil e Paciflc Coast. ilfl^ t ?■■ .^» Shipping Timber at Burraid Inlet, B.C, CHIEF CITIES, 97 Four ccmpauies operate the luinos iu tli(? vicinity of Niinainio. Largo (nmntities are sent to San Francisco, to the Hawaiian Is- lands and China, being shipped from uitlier Nanaimo or Departure Bay. Nanainio Is also the coaling station for the British squad run ij the Pacilic. A large number of men find employment in the mines and about the docks, and the town for its size is well sup- plied with the requirements of a growing population. It has chnrclu's. scliools, liotcls. Englisli Bay on the west, is the chief city of tlie mainland portion of British Columbia. It is very picturesquely situated on Burrard Inlet, witli the salt water on three sides of it, and liacked by ranges of mountains. 'J lie inlet affords unlimi* d space for sea- going sliii)s, the land falls gradually to the sea, rendering drainage easy, and the situa- tion permits of indefinite expansion of the city in two directions. It has an inexhausti- blc water sui>i)ly l)rouglit across the inlet water works, telephone, and several nianu- facturiug Industries, .and daily and semi- we(>kly newspapers. Much of the land is ex- cellent for agricultural piu-poses. 'IMiere is a week-day train service between Nanaim;> and Victoria and connections by steamer ^\ ith V'aucouver. lOSQUIMALT is a small town overlooking (lie harbour, the niai!i business of wliicli is connected witli the Britisli scpiadrou, tlie arsenal, dockyard and hospital. There is an ilectric car service between Esijuimait and \ictoria (about three miles). There are several small villages in the southern part of tlie island. VANCOUVER— On a peninsula having Coal Harbour in Burrard Inlet on tlie east, and 7 from a river in a ravine of one of the neiglibouring lieiglits. The Canadian Pacilic Railway was completed to Vancouver in May, 1887, when the first througli train arrived in that city from Montreal, Port Moody having been the western terminus from July of the preceding year. In 1887, also the Canadian Pacific Railway Company put a lino of stoamsliips on the route be- tween Vancouver and Japan and China, and in 18!>3 an e.vcellent service was es- tal)lislied between Vancouver and Victoria and Australia, via Honolulu and Suva, Fiji Tlieso three important projects are giving an impetus to the growth of the city, by placing its advantages entirely beyond' the realm of soeeulation. it ' || i\ i !■ i i 1 1 BltlTISH COLUMBIA. In addifon to the great trauaportatlon linos of I lie Canadian Pacific Railway and llie steamship lines to Australia, Japan and China, the Hawaiian and Fijian Islands, the city has connection with all important points along the Pacific coast and with the irterior. The boats employed in the mail service between Vancouver and Japan and Cliina are twin-screw steamships specially designed for that trade, and malie tlie trip in about a week less time than any other line. The Canadian-Australian I.ine givefi a monthly service to Australia via Honolulu, ILL, and Suva, Fiji. There is a weekly sailin;; to Alaska during the summer months and a semi-monthly sailing in Avinter. All these steamers call at Victoria, Steamers ply between Vancouver and Victoria and Nanai- mo daily, and connection is made at Vic- t( ria for all Puget Sound ports and to Port- land and San Francisco. The Beliingham Pay and British Columbia Railway gives close railway connection via Mission Junc- tion, torty-three miles east of Vancouver, with the different cities an ' towns of the I'aciflc Coast. Several important industries, iron works, sigar refinery, cement works. &c., have beea established in the city, and there are several excellent hotels. The following table of distances will bo useful for reference :— Miles. Vancouver to Montreal 2,90C Vaiipniiver to New York, via Brookville.. 3,1G3 Vancouver to Boston, via Montreal 3,248 Vancouver to Liverpool, via Montreal 5,713 Yokohama, Japan, to Liverpool, via San Francisco 11,281 Yokohama, Japan, to Liverpool, via Van- couver 10.047 Sydney to Liverpool, via Vancouver 12,673 Sydney to Liverpool, via San Frinclso.. 13,032 Liverpool to Hons Kong, via Vancouver 11,649 Liverpool to Honi; Kong, via San Franciso 12,883 Vancouver to Yokohama 4,283 Vancouver to Hong Kong 5,936 Vancouver to Calcutta 8,987 Vancouver to London, via Suez Canal... 15,735 Vancouver to Honolulu, H.I 2,410 Vancouver to Suva, :f'iji 5,190 Vancouver to Sydney, N.S.W 6,960 NEW WESTMINSTER— This city, found- ed during the Fraser River gold excitement in 1858, is situated on the north bank of the Fraser River, fifteen miles from its mouth, is accessible for deep Avater shipping, and lies In the centre of a tract of country of rich and varied resources. It is connected with the main line of tlie Canadian Pacific I{ailway by a brancii line from Westminster Junction and with Vancouver by an electric railway. New Westminster is chiefly known abroad for its salmon trade and its lumber business, but tiie agricultural interests of the district are now coming into prominence and giving the city additional stability, par- ticularly as it is the mariict town of the Fraser River delta. Tiiere are about forty large salmon canneries within easy reach of New Westminster. These establishments represent an invested capital of over a million dollars, they employ over eight thou- sand men during the fishing season, and pay out over ?750,000 a year for supplies. This is one of the most important industries of the region. As in Victoria and Vancouver lumbering operations are here extensively carried on, the mills in the city alone having a capacity of 350,000 feet per day of ten hours. Thjre is a magnificent system of vater works, and the city owns its own electric light plant, which cost $110,000. New Westminster has the flLJst public library west of Winnipeg, and a capital public mar- ket. There are fifteen cliurchos and several sdiools. The Provincial Penitentiary, Asy- lum for the Insane, and other public build- ings are located here. In 1884 the popula- tion was 1,500 ; in 189G it was estimated at 8,000. In addition to Nelson. Rossland. Kaslo and tiie other new mining centres, there are a number of smaller towns and villages in British Columbia, the names of which are given in connection with the several sfctions of tlio province to whicii they re- S])ectively belong. British Columbia is divided into a number of districts for electoral and otiier local purposes, but for tlie convenience of those intending to proceed to the Pacific Coast those divisions of the province are herein otherwise dealt with. VANCOUVER ISLAND is the largest on the west coast of America, being about 240 miles long, and with an average breadth of about 50 miles, and contains an estimated area of about 15,000 square miles. It is separ- pted from the mainland portion of Britisli Columbia by the Straits or Gulf of Georgin. iS^^ir WESTMINSTEn DISTRICT. 3f country of is connected la.lian Pacific Westminster by an electric eliicfly linowu Q(l its lumber itorests of the 3 prominence stability, par- town of the e about forty n easy reacli stablishments .1 of over a er eight thou- ason, and pay upplies. This industries of ad Vancouver •e extensively ' alone bavins T day of teu nt system of )wns its own $110,000. New public library al public mar- >s and several tentiary, Asy- • public build- i-1 the popula- vas estimated ssland, Kaslo centres, there s and villages ues of whlcli h the several i'hich they re- Into a number d otlier lociil ienco of thos« Pacific Coast ice are herein the largest on sing about 240 ige breadth of an estimated es. Itissepar- ;lon of Brltisli ulf of Georeia. at distances varying from 20 to 60 miles nnd from the State of Washington in the ITnlte.l States by the Strait of San Juan de Fuca. The coast liae, more particularly on the west side, Is broken by numerous inlets of the sea, some of which run up to the in- terior of the island for many miles between precipitous cliffs, backed by high rugge.l mountains, which are clothed in fir, hemlock and cedar. At some points are sholterel bays which receive small streams, waterin- an open gladed country, having a growth of wild flowers and grasses-tho white clover sweet grass, cowslip, wild timothy and a piofuslon of berries. Tlie two ends of Van- couver Island are, comparatively speaking, flat, but there are mountains in the interior ranging from 0,000 to 8,000 feet on the high- est ridges. The interior of the island, still unsettled at any distance from the sea coast Is largely interspersed with lakes and small streams. The surface Is beautifully diversi- fied by mountains, hills and rich valleys and on the east coast the soil is so good that great ( ncouragement is offered to agri- cultural settlement and fruit-growing. 99 rogioa about Alberni has recently come Into prominence owing to the rich " field - and it IS expected that this district will rank bigh among the gold-producing centres of the north as developments already well un- tUT way, progress. Some of the rocks of he island furnish excellent building mater- ial the gray granite being equal to Scotch and English granites. The principal harbours are at Esquimalt Mh ch has long been the ren,l..zvous of the Bnt.sh squadron in the North Pacific, and at Victoria, the capital of the province. Both are situated at the south end of the island, on the eastern side. There are, how- over, numerous good harbours both on the east and west coasts of the island, notably Nana.mo aad Departure Bay on the former^ ami Alberni Canal and Quatslmo Sound on the latter. NEW WESTMINSTER DISTRICT. In other parts the soil is light and of Utile depth, but it is heavily wooded with valu- able timber. In the Island lakes and in the Indentations of the coast there is a plentiful supply of fish, and a fair variety of game ou shore. The scenery Ig picturesque and varied. The island Is rich in mineral wealth, bo- s'des the great coal mines of Nauai mo, whose output amounts to 1,000,000 tons annually, there being discoveries of gold and other val.abio metals lu several districts. The 7% This division extends along the coast from the international boundary line, 49' to 50° JO OQ the north. Its eastern boundary is the 122° longitude and its western the 124'' where it strikes the ^' "1 of Jarvis Inlet, and the Straits of txeorgia. In the southern portion of this district there is a good deal of excellent farming land, particularly m the delta of the r- raser River. The soil there is rich and strong, the climate mild, resembling that of England, with more marked seasons of rain and dry weather, and heavy yields are ob- tained wit.iout much labour. Very large re turns Of Wheat have been got from land in this locahty-as much as 62 bushels from a measured acre. 00 bushels of oats per acre and hay that yielded 3y, to 5 tons to the acre and frequently two crops, totalling SIX tons. Experiments have of late year^ Ken made in fruit-growing, with the most satisfactory results-apples. pl„ms, pears. Cherries aad all the smaller fruits being grown m p:.ofusio.,, and at the Experimental ■ arm at Agassi., figs in small quantities have l,een successfully produced. This part for new-comers. Those having a little money to use. and desirous of obtaining a ready-made farm, may find many to choose from. These settlement., are not'^all o^ h« Eraser; some are at a distance from jj m 100 HlilTISII COLUMIUA. on the other streams. There Is considerable good timber in the western and south-west- ern portions. The chief centres of this district are tlie cities of Vancouver and New Westmiuster. The climate of this district is very mil;l. but in the fall of the year there is consider- able rain in those parts of the district near- est the coast. principal settlements being in the vicinity of the Frasor Uiver, though there are other settlements at Clinton, Lillooet and elsc- wherj which, wlien the projected Cariboo Railway is built, will rapidly become of more importance. This district is rapidly coming? to the froat as a gold producer. Con- siderable milling gold is found near the town of Liilodet when the Golden Caolie 111 the MiMiitaiiis. The Canadian Pacific Ilailway crosses the southern portion of this district to Vancou- ver, and rail communication is establislied with the cities situated on Puget Sound, with Portland, Oregon, San Francisco and the American systt-m. There are several small towns and villages in the district, viz., Steveston, Chilliwaclc, Ladners and Mission City. LILLOOET DISTRICT. This division lies directly south of Cariboo and is bisected by the Fraser Uiver. The country is as yet only sparsely settled, the and other mines are being operated. Several promising quartz-bearing locations are being developed in this district, and as machinery capable of treating the refractory ores are of the most improved methods the excellent results already attained are attracting min- ers aad mining men in large numbers. Agri- culturists, however, as well as mining men find the Lillooet district attractive. There Is u large area of the finest grazing land in this district, and cattle thrive well. The valleys are wonderfully rich, and fruit of an excellent quality, chiefly apples, is grown; pf ach-is, pears and plums t^re also cultivated, and 3'naller fruits grow in profusion. the vicinity re are otlier t and elsc- ted Cariboo become of b is rapidly )ducer. Cou- ld near tlio olden Caolie ited. Several )ns are being IS machinery :ory ores are the excellent tracting min- mbers. Agri- mining men ive. There is .zing land in e well. Thf; and fruit ojC lies, is grown; so cultivated, usion. r iv m 101 Bluf Bell Mine, Kocti'iiay, 15.0. YALE DISTRICT. 101 f/-*' YALE DISTRICT Is oil the cast, of Lilloopt niul Now Werreals. Tlie crops already grown are excellent in (piality and the yield exceptionally large. Nicola Valley is Ijo- coining as famous for its grain, roots, vege- tables and fruits of all kinds as it has been fer its bunch grass fed cattle. Tlie valley is also rich in its mineral de- posits. The principal mines for the precious metals are in the Similkameen .section where hjdraulic companies are operating. There K a large area of bitumimus and good cok- ing coal at Coldwater, where magnetic imn ore is likewise found. Tlie richest ])latinuui mines on the continent have been discovered on Tulameen and Slate Creeks. A railway is projected from Speiice"s Bridge, wliicli. wlien comjjleted, will largely develop the mines in tliis valley. TIIIC OKAXAO.W VALI.KV, soutli of Kamloops and the Canadian Pacific Hallway, and east of the Nicola Valley, is ore of the finest sections in the wliole pro- ^iiice for agriculture and stock raising pur- suits. In this part are be found the most extensive farms in the province, as well as the largest cattle ranges. The district is an fxtensive one and within its borders aif to be found largo lakes, the piiiicipal one b(ing Okanagan, whilst such streams as the Spallumcheen and other large rivers flow thron,.^li the district. Oka-iagan is famous as a grain-growing cfuntry. For many years tills industry was not prosecuted vigorously, but of late a inark.Ml change has taken i)lnce in this re- pict and sunples of wheat raised in Okana- gan, sent to the Vienna Exposition, were awarded the highest premiums and bronzj medals. One of the best flourishing mills in the Dominion is now in operation at En- derby, 24 miles .south of Sicanious, and con- nectol with it by rail. The flour manufac- tured at these mills from Okanagan grown wheat is equal to any of its kind on tlie continent. Tliere Is another mill at Ver- non and one at Armstrong, erected in 1806. Tliough Okanajaa is an excellent wlieat- produi'ing country, considerable attention is now b.Mng given to the various kinds of fruit culture, and an imporiant uioveineiit is on foot looking to the conversion of the grain fields into orchards and hop fields. Atten- tion has been more particularly turned to the production of Keinish hops, and during the past four years hops frmi tliis section have broiigiit the highest prices in the English I arket, competing successfully with the English, tiie continental, and those grown in other parts of Amei'ica. Some English hop nerchants have receiilly become in- terested in hop-growing in the Okanagan valley. Tlie Earl of Aberdeen, Governor General of Canada, has a large fruit farm near Kelowna, on the oast side of the lake, and over 13,000 acres near Vernon, in the Coldstream Valley, wliere general farming. liop,4:ro Willi, and fruit raising are carried on. His orchard of about 125 acres is the pomt of attractim for visitors to Okanagan. An excellent quality of cigar wrapper and leaf tcbacco is i rown about Kelowna, shipments of Mhich are yearly increasing, but the pro- duction has not yet become general. -\ large quantity of the very best land, lightly timbered and easily brought under (ulti\;itlon remains open for settlement. Water is abundant in many sections, whilst ii. some it is scarce, rendering irrigation by artesian wells a necessity in these places, although this necessity does not arise every year. Okanagan is also a rich mineral district, and in the different parts valuable gold, silver, plaiiiunn, copper and iron deposits liave been discovered, and are being deve- loped. The Shuswap and Okanagan Railway runs from the main line of the Canadiaa Pacific Railway, at Sicanious, to Vernon, the chief town of the district, a distance of 40 miles. The Coldstream or White Valley, the «'■ p; 102 BRITISH COLUMBIA. ill ^i) Slmllkameon and the country round about jielowna, where extensive fruit orchards have been established, Is a rich and valuable section, and to these parts there Is easy access by rail and steamer. Crops grow luxuriantly, but the dry climate necessitates irrigation. There Is, however, ample water In til ^ hills, and no difficulty presents Itself on this score. From Okanagan Landln;;, near Vernon, a flne steamer, the Aberdeen, piles to Kelowna (formerly called the Mis sion) and to Pentlcton near the _outh end of the lake, and the provincial government Is ccmstfuctlng roads to open up the Boundary Creek country and Slmllkameen Valley, the former being rich in mineral wealth, and the latter a famous hunting ground for mountain sheep and goat. The Boundary Creek dis- trict lying along the international boundary contains a large area which is believed to be mineralized thronghout its extent. Some li'to prominent notice. The climate of the CMtanigan country is mild and dry. Irrigation biing necessary for farming and fr it-grow- ing. There is only a slight sno.vfall In winter, and the summers are warm and pleasant. North of these and of the Canadian Pacific Railway are the valleys of the north and south branches of the Thompson Iliver which flow into the Fraser. In this section are valuable deposlcs of gold, silver and other minerals, Including one of cinnabar. The towns and villages of Ag- Towns and assiz, Kamloops, North Bend Villages, and Ashcroft in this northern division are all along the line of the Canadian Paciflc Railway ; Pentlcton, Enderby aid Vernon on the Okanagan branch, and Rock Creek, Midway, Green- wood and Oriuid Farks, in the mining region I'rospcctnis stiirting nut. valuable mines are being operated extensi- vely. Its wealth is not alone in its ricli ores, but its valleys are fruitful and adapted for grain-growing ; there is excellent water and timber supply, and grazing lands on which thousands of head of stock range, are fcund throughout the district. The country trlbut.xry to Lake Okanagan is very suitable for s-ittlement and must eventually become thickly populated. A railway from Trail, in West Kootonaj' througli the Hoiindnry Crppk country to Pentioton will bring this sectiou 111 ar the internatlo-aal boundary which can be reached from Pentlcton. KAMLOOPS is 224 miles east of the Paci- flc, and is situated at the confluence of the North and South Thompson Rivers, both of which are navig.ible for a considerable dis- tance. It is a railway divLsioual point and a thriving town of 1,50<) poijulation, doing a good trade with tho farmers, ranchmen and miners of tho district. Steamboats ply on K.'imloops ly.nkc, and thare are saw-mills in constant operation. The town is supplied :e of the Inigatloa it-grow- ) .vfall in arm and m Pacific orth and rer which ctlon are nd other 63 of Ag- th Bend northern the line 'entlcton, )kanagan T, Green- ng region ?hich can the Paci- ce of the 3, both of rable dis- >int and a , doing a imen and :s ply on v-mllls In supplied ii f \ »; I ii! -y Map of the Kootfiiay. WEST KOOTENA V DISritlCT. 103 by waterworks iind liBht.'il by electrlolly. Flacor iiilnlni,' lias Ikhmi successfully carrlc.! ou north ol' Kauiloops for 2'\ years and rich nilnoral discoverlos havo roccntly been niado within thrco inllos of tho town, carrying Hold and copper, a"d Honio being free mill- ing. ASIICROFT, on the Thompson River, Is 204 miles east of Vancouver. It Is the start- ing point of the stage line for Clinton, Ul- looet, 150 Mile Hou.se. Horsefly, Quesnelle Fork's. Quesnelle Mouth, Stanley, Soda Creek, Barkervllle and other points In the I.illooet and Cariboo districts. It Is a busy place, where considerable freighting busi- ness is done, and where supplies of all kinds can be obtained. Agasslz, on tho main line of the Canadian Paclflc Railway, Is the site of the Dominion Government Experimental Farm which has proved of great benefit to the farmers and fruit-growers of the province. Over two thousand varieties of fruit trees are under test, besides many coreals. roots, fodder plants and live stock. VERNON Is a good sized town of 1.000 population, with three prlucipal hotels and other minor ones. There arc stores of all kinds, flour and saw mills and two banks. Having a flrst-rate farming and ranching country in its Immediate vicinity, beshles large tracts of valuable tl: -.ber. a largo and flourl.sliing business Is done at this centre. ENDERBY AND ARMSTRONG are small- er, but rising towns, where there are good hotel accommodation and a variety of stores and other business establishments, and each having large grist-mills. YALE is at the head of navigation on the r'ras(M- Rlv.n-— 103 miles east of Vancouver, and is the easterii gateway to the famed Frasa;' River Valley. MIDWAY Is a thriving ndnlng town of growing lniportan(;e, in the Kettle River district. GRAND FORKS. 20 miles east and north of Midway, at tho junction of North Kettle and Kettle Rivers, has a large minin^' coun- try tributa.y to it. It is proposed to erect a smelter at this i)oiut. The Great Volcanic Mountain mines are north of Grand Forks. GREENWOOD Is a new town In the midst of a rich mining section, with a population of about 000, and close to It the rival town t)f Anaconla has sprung up. WEST KOOTENAY DISTRICT Is tho next east of Yale, and e-xtends north and south from tho Big Bend of the Colum- bia River to the International boundary, em- bracing, with East Kootenay (from which It Is separated by the Purcell range of moun- tains) an area of 16,500,000 acres. West Kootir.ny Is chiefly remarkable for its great mineral wealth. Marvellously rich deposits! have been discovered in different sections, and new finds are almost dally made, There Is still a largo area not yet prospected which will doubtless yield even more phenom- eii.'il returns of precious ores. It is a country of Illimitable possibilities, but is only pass- ing the early stages of development, when tho v.ist area of hidden wealth Is considered. Great strides, however, have already been made, and many of the camps, notably In the Trail Creek, Rossland, Kaslo-Slocan. Ainsi\-orth and Nelson districts, are com- pletely equipped for mining operations. In the Lardoau, Big Bend and other parts of this rich region, mining is profitably carried on, and as capital is acquired through tho ^^orklng o? the mines, or Is brought in, tho output of ore will be immensely increased. 'J'he output of orj last year appro.ximated .«!fi,000,0(X>, and with the additional trans- portation and smelting facilities now being afforded this amount will doubtless be large- ly Increased duri.ng 1897. Capitalists and practical miners have shown their unbound- ed confidence in West Kootenay by investing millions of dollars in developing claims, equipping mmes, erecting smelters, building tramways. .:-" lad an eminent Americau r.uthority speaks of it as " the coming min- ing empire of the North-west." In 189(5, the population of West Kootenay was trebled, and the year witnessed the creation of a number of new mining camps which as- tonlslied the world with their phenomenal growth and prosperity. There are valuable timber limits in different parts of the coun- try, and saw-mills are in operation. One of the desirable features of British Columbia for mining is the presence in all places of timber and in most of water also. i-.'i il *> ', ; t The mining districts are easily reachel from Revelstoke, on tlie main Hue of tho 104 I'HITISIl COLUMIIIA. Ciiiiivillnii racinc Uiillwiiy, aboiit iiililwn.v lu'lwwn llu> fiistcni Hlnpi' of (lie Uockli h iiimI llio rncItU- fi» <'i'- arc inkcii 1" Naknsp, near llii' foot of the laUi'. wluM'o rail comiuniilt-allon witli tli" towns of (111" SlocMii, llif pi'liiclpal of wlilrli arc New l»ciivcr, 'I'lircc I'orks. iind SaiKloii, tlic centre of a rldi milling iculon, lias been csiiilillHlicd. and there is an t-xcelleiit Ktcani- Intiit servit'.' on Slix'an Lake. Steamers can rlsi. lie taken from Anowliead past Naknsp 1o Uolison, at the mniilh of the I,owcr Koolenay Ulver, ahniu; (he bank of which iiLiiavlnalile river the «'anatlian I'aeillc Unl! way rnns to Nelsmi, the metropolis t>\' the Kootetniy mlniiif.' district. In the vicinity of which are the celelirated .Silver KliiK and other ndnes. Kroni Nelson, steamers ply to Jill the mInliiK towns of the Koolenay J town. If the dlscoveiies in the lu ii,'libonrh.>od w.irrant it. I'or Instance, there was lint one year between Hosslaiul as a small mlain;; camp and a lar^e ami tlirhiiifj; town, and after one ye;ir more ii became one of tho largest Incorporated Mes in llritish CoUunbla. There will be, m die ccnrse of a few ye ir,s, many towns enjoying all the ndvanta.i;es of modern civilization in places which are at present unreclaimed bush or wild laud. The following are cen- tres of varyiuj; size ;— UEVELSTOKE, on the Canadian racllic Hallway, Is a mining town between the Gold and Selkirk riinges, and is the chief source of supply fcr the country south of it, beliii? the junction point with the Arrow Lake braiK'h, an ! the Big Bend country to the north, ropulatlon, 500. NAKUSP, near the foot of Upper Arrow Lake, is the initial point of the Nakusp and Sloca 1 branch of the Canadian Piicmr Flail- way, NEW l>i:\VEll, on the easi side of Shicau Lake, at ilie ini'.iUi of Cai'iienler'N Creek. is a rapidly growing town, with a po|inlallo/i of StMl. 1< is III" sell of government of the Mocan district. Large shipments of ore are made from here to smeller points, a number of very valuable mines being clustered about the town. Th( re Is a daily steambnal com inniih'alion bet we'll .New Heiiver, Uoseberry, iSilverlon. Slocan City, Brandon, and other pi int. < on Lake Slocan, and the town lais g( od hilel accommidiitlon, iVc. UOSEMEUKY Is a distrlbuling poliil o;i the N. and S. IJallway. near the iiead of Slocan Lake. SlLV'l'iUTiiN. four miles south of New I'enver on Slocan Lake, is a growing town U.\, the terminus of the Nakusp and Slocan Hallway, and a point on the Cana- dian I'acilic Hallway, and from which Kaslo is reached by railway, is a new mining town around which are several groups of the most .aluable mines, chief among which is the Slocan Star. C()I>y is a new town, one mile above Sandon, and Is growing rapidly, being the centre for a group of very rich silver-lend ai d galena mines, amongst which is the Noble Five. NEIiSON, an importiiut business govern- ment, court and customs centre of the liowor Kootcuay district, with a population of 2,000, it situated on an arm of Kootenay Lake, '28 lalles east of Habson, and from it points on the lake are reached by steamer. A llcllU lliiil- •v'h ( U of Ni"\v iwiiiLC town 1. re slilppinj.'; >.\ iuv sit- ocnu LfiUo. < liavc bi'fii iir<' ciUTiud It till" oon- nortli and ■(•(•U. on the Larfjo con- r the town, A nnnibor iitfd within S'iiliusp and 1 tlio Ciiua- iliich Kaslo iiining town of tho most hieli is tho ndle above , being tlie 1 silver-load liich is the ess govern- f tho Lower ion of 2,(DO0, enay Lalve, )m it points steamer. A ' tn!i k-SUV ■r smelt erecte rifcts miles KAf bases slope 1,000, WEST KOOTENAY DISTRICT. 105 Bmelter witli a dnily capacity of 250 tons is centre. Several mines are already operated erected here, and an aerial tramway con- (xtenslvely and &v^ payin« large moutbiy nccts it with the celebrated Hall mines, 41/2 dividends, while new di^ ..veries indicate miles ^lista >t. Uiat the full richness of this region cannot KASLO, on Kootenay Lake, is one of the y<^t b;5 even approximately estimated. Large bases of supplies for mines on the eastern shipments of ore are being made from Le slope of the Slocan district. Population, IJ"i. War Eagle, Josie. Nickle Plate, Crown 1,000, which is increasing. Point, Evening Star, Columbia and' Koote- AINSWORTII, oa Kootenay Lake, is tlie ''"^' ^' ^^•' J"mbo, Cliff, Iron Mask, Monte centra of the Hot Springs mining district, ^^'^^^°< ^t. Elmo, Lily May, Poorman and from which considerable ore is annually ^*'"^^' l<^'i'li"S mines, while the Centre Star shipped to the smelters. Hot sulphur springs "'"^^ "^''^^" Pi'opertios have large quantities are in tlie immediate locality. ^^ ^''^-' fl"»'P ready for sliipment. With iu- T„rnr7> Tuv , T- X . Ji1 lione smelting facilities, the output IILOl BAY, a so on Kootenay Lake, is of the camp will be Immensely increased where the extens.ve smelting works of the The most notable silver mines are in the Kootenay Mming and Smelting Con>pany, f,,„ed Sloe in district, from wh ch la ge ^vh,ch have a capacity of 100 tons daily. .,„>„,onts of ore have been and are be iS ai; MS" ''"'''^ '"" '"" '"'"''^'' "^-^-^-V.eneral chantctet Of i?s ore S ' ■ l>iKli grade salona, often carrying 400 ounces IRAH., on the Coluaibia River, a town f-1' silver to the ton, an 1 averai^ing 100 ounces Mithout an existence in 189-1. is th(> landing and over. The principal mines are the Slo- place for Rossland and tiie Trail Creek cui Star, wliich i)aid ,$300,000 In dividends mining region with which it is connected in 1896, Enterprise, Reco, Good Enough by rail. Extensive smelting works with a Whitewater, Alamo, Ruth, Two Friends! capacity of 400 tons daily are erected here Dardanelles, Noble Five. Washington, Payne and the town boasts of first-class hotels, Idaho, Mountain Chief and Grady ' groups i.owspaper. general stores, &c. Its popula- Tlie Wonderful, two miles from Sandon is tion of 1,500 is rapidly increasing. tlie only liydrauli-ing galena mine in the Rossland is the largest town in tlie West "^^orld. Th(; Slocan is admitted to be the Kootenay, Its growth having been phenom- i'i<^'liest silver mining region in America to- onal. From a small mining camp in 1894 it •^"y- •'^"•1 1'''^'^ <^l>e advanUge of excellent trans- has grown TO the proportion of a tliriving. portation facilities. On Kootenay Lake are bustling city with a population of (5,000 in ^^^ ^^'-^l '^nown Ainsworth group wliich are January, 1897, which is increasing at tlie ^'^^'"^ sliippers of ore. The Toad Mountain rate of 4,000 or .5,000 y(>arly. At Rossland. l>er." Tiieiv nvi a number of rich mining city, wiiicli is eight miles from the United Properties in tliis section, amongst others States boundary line and seven miles from ^^^ Silver King or Hill mines, purchased for 'J'rail, lias good hotels, woll-furnishe 1 stores. ^^■500,000 by an Englis-h company, whicli public and private schools, ciiartercd banks, '""'^^ constructed an aerial tramway to con- is liglited by electricity and has a system of ^'^^^ ^^^ mines witli their own smelter at waterworks. Nelson. A number of free milling gold There are numerous mines ''^'^' ""uZr^T- ''T\ °''' ""'''"^ ^•'^■ Mining at work in .lifferent sections of Z'^l'JllTr^}^, "''° ''''''''' ''^ ""' Localities, the district, chiefly in the Lower ; *' ^'f ^'*'"' '^''^'^ profitable results. Kootenay country in the nor U T^ T '""!'"'' °' ''''' '"'"^ °* *^° of which are the Kaslo-Slocan mines n T f- '"f^^f ^« '" ">« K««tenay were the centre, .hose around Nelson and lins """^ "^ t"\«-'^>"^"n R'ver cotmtry, between worth, and in the south those of the Goat !• 7^ '\""*""'y ^''^'^'- «"'^ the inter- R.ver and Trail Creek districts. There ar. ''."^ '^"■•^•;>«'"f^'--V- In the north, in the Ille- no richer gold fields tlmn tliose of the Latter K.Tf ^. and Trout Lake "'"*-' districts ar-- rich propert:.-s which are boin- iC 'm inoutl(mca district, of wliich Rossland is tlie worked, anJ around Lardeau, some valuable '^ 106 BRITISH COLUMIilA. placer gold mines and extcuslve deposits of galenjt ar.; boiug developed. Between the Geld Range and the Selkirks Is the west side of the Big Bend of the Columbia River, that extends nortli of the 52nd parallel. This bend drains a gold region yet awaiting com- plete exploration, but which has every it'di- cation of gieat mineral richness. Throi'gii- out tiie whole Kootenay country new dis- coveries aro made every year, so that whicli Is the richest claim of a district during one season may be surpassed by a dozen others In tho following year. The wages paid labourers are from $2.50 to .lis per day ; $3 to $3.50 for miners ; $3 to $4 for mechanics. Board is from ,^(5 to •^1 per wtjek at mine boarding liouses ; from Sfi to $10 at private boarding liouses ; aud transient rates at hotels are $2 to $3 per day. tlon of the Crow's Nest Pass route for a short line of the Canadian Pacific Railway fnd the probable construction of brancli roads and otlier lines within a few years w ill aid marvellously to its prosperity. East Kootenay is, speaking generally, a good agricultural and pastoral as well as mining country, and during the past year has added a large nund)cr of actual farmers to its population wlio have taken up and are culti- vating land. It contains a valley nearly 300 miles long, from the international boundary line to the apex of the Kootenay triangle of the Big Bend of the Columbia, with an average width of 8 to 10 miles. In the centre of which is inclosed tiio motlier lakes of tho Columbia, 2,S50 feet above sea level. Tlie Columbia River flows north from these, and the Koot- A .Mining' .Sliiiiity. EAST KOOTENAY DISTRICT. East Kootenay, lying between West Koote- Lay and the eastern boundary of the pro- vince, comprises the larger part of tlie famous Kootenay region of British Colum- bia, which is entered from the east at Golden, on the Canadian Paclflc Railway. East Kootenay, though not yet opened to the same extent as West Kootenay is known to be a rich mineral country, anf>eavler returns are expected, for tlie era of ed In exploring British Columbia, says: "Tlie scientific mining in British Columbia has explorations of the Geological Survey of only commence i. Canada have ah-ady resulted in placing on The Britlsli Columbia Bure-iu record the occurrence of rich ores of gold Mineral of Mines gives the total mineral and silver in various places scattered along Output. production of that country from the entire lengtli of the Cordilleran (Rocky it earliest history, commencing Mountain) region in Canada. ♦ * ♦ Be- with 1858, down to the commencement of the cause a mountainous country, and till of present year. The total production for all late a very remote one, the development of years is stated to be as follows •— the resources of British Columbia has here- Gold (piacf.) " ,57 r,^. tofore been slow, but the preliminary diffl- Gcia (quartz) ^ ...'.'.'.'..'.'. 2 mill culties having been overcome, it is now. Silver 4,028 224 there is every reason to believe, on the verge ^^ead ' ' i^eoelm of an era of prosperity and expansion of Copper '254,'802 which it is yet dilHcult to foresee the amount '-'°''' "''■'' '='''^'' 33,93t,427 or the end. * * * Everything which has °""'"°S ^t"""- "S^c 1.200,000 been ascertained of the geological character °"^" materials 25,000 of the province, as a whole, tends to the be- lief that so soon as means of travel and $100,'J3l,604 transport shall be extended to what are still ^^ ^^^'' i^''^^^^' Sold half the amount was the more inaccessible districts these also "'^^ained between 1858-1808. The largest will be discovered to be equally rich in min- ^'^^^^ "^^''""^ '" ^^^'^- "'"''^^'^ $3,913,5(53 were erals, particularly in precious metals gold '"''*^" *™"^ ^^^ Cariboo diggings ; from that and silver." ' yoar the output steadily declined, until in T • . , , 1^^3 the gold output from the placer mines In givmg evidence before a committee of r. ached only $350,131. It has since then the ouse of Commons, a member of the been steadily increasing, and. as severa" hrn'T,' ,fT '^'''^^o"''''^-^"''^'^ "■''''' '•'^'■^^ '^^^'•-"'- --P-'S are ^ow engaged hav ng travel ed over 1,000 mUes through in washing the auriferous gravels in the thirf m \ *;^' ' ''"^ '''' ''"'''' '""'''^ '''''' neighl>onrhood of Barkerville and Quesne le there will yet be taken out of her mines the output from this region may be reason: wealth enough to build the Pacltic Railway." ably expected to Increase considerably fom lis means many millions. Since this was year to year. 108,945 ounces of gold have said ra iways have been built into the prov- I .:therto been obtained from lode mines and ed auriterous ranges, and steamboats have this within the space of four yeaj ?u nrdifflcuiTv T ''"^'f- "'' '''''' ''''''' '' "'^^ '^'^^^ '''' "'^tP"* ^'^^ ^«'"«'l '^t 123,404, which no difficulty in reachmg the .southern and rose in 1890 to $1,241,180. This is almost em 'i^ •ii 'At m /{/{ITISII COLUM/ilA. tlrely tlio output of the Uossl, ;1 iniiics, n» years In tlio varlaus .nluliij,' caiiips of tlie tl)c fontrllMitloiis from Caiui) M'Kiiiiu'y ami Cariboo and West Kootoiiay (llstrlets, an tlu' I'ooniiaii Mine at Nelson were liicoii- liierease Is iioticejilile in aim )st every cnco H'derable. The silver lias been oblained but In otlK-r parts of the province the pro- durlu^' the last ten years. In 1887 17,»!00 ductlon decreased, owing t0. in 1800 1893 3,588,413 r^'K"'"'" ^'''pments took place and 14,240 tons 1891 4,225,717 ■*'<'•■'' l>''"n CJiina Creek with every prospect of 'I. many cases carry 70 per cent of lead, success. Gold (placor) GoM (qudrt.',) Silver Copper .... 1S95. Ounces. 24,084 39,264 1.496,522 Lbs. 952,840 Load 16,475,464 3,135,343 Lbs. 3,818,556 24,199,977 extensively In 180a 18.215 tons of ore yielded an average Bituminous coal has been of 117 oun.es of silver per ton and 52 per ^,orked for many years past at Nanaimo cent of lead, giving a net profit of ?75 per on V.incouver Island, at which place there ten. Comparing the output for the last two are large deposits, and :udications or coal II ; <'aiiips of tlie y illHlrletH, an )st ovt'iy ciijio 'jvlnee tlio pio- > the rush of locau caiiipB : Sa5. 1800. •.■ioo $ np.ooo 61.100 137,050 82.000 l.iOO 1,300 ,000 ,400 ,944 .008 ,077 ,457 ,520 384,050 $ 189,589 545,529 2,010,048 1,243,350 14,209 ,206 $4,002,'; 35 r Ishinil have l,S.-n. In l.SOO ind 1-1,210 Tons fll to 1,029.097, Bcorded. Toxad.T Tslnn;l, ii'cu found at the mainland. B Queen Cliar- ts. Cinnabar iind in small s of washing on Ka in loops iiiabar Minln>j lorted as being pears to be u ly small iwrtlons only of a large area. A most phenoni..iial discovery of coal has heen made In the Crow's Nest Pass of the Uocky Mountains. Here no fewer than twenty seams are seen to outcrop, with tola- thickness of from 132 feet to 448 feet. Anthracite coal Is now being extensively inined at " Anthracite," on the line of the Canadian Pacific Uailway, Just outsMe Bri- tish Columbia. Some comparing favourably with that of Pennsylvania has been found in saams of six feet and throe feet In Queen Chr otte Island. Fragments of anthracite have been picked up on several parts of Vancouver Island, and this would seem to Indicate that the seams found in Queen Charlotte Island will be traced to Vancouver. No other province of Canada. Timber, vo country in Europe, and no i state in North America, compares w.th British Columbia in respect to its tim- ber. There ar- prairies here and there, valleys free Irom wood, and many openings In the thickest country, which in the aggregate make many hundred thou.sand acres of land on wnlch no clearing is required, but noai- each open spot is a luxuriant growth of v ood. The finest gro-vth is on the coast, and in tlie Gold and Selkirk ranges. Millions on miUloiis of feet of lumber, locked for cen- turies past, have now become available for commerce. In 1895 the quantity cut amount- ed to 112,884.640 feet, an increase of about 40 per cent over that of the previous year. The trees of British Columbia include :- Douglas Spruce (otherwise called " Douglas Fir," "Douglas Pine," and commercially Oregon Pine)." A well known tree It is straight, though c.-arse-grained, exceedingly tough, rigid, and bears great transverse strain. For lumber of all sizes and planks it is In gn>at demand. Few woods equal it or frames, bridges, ties and strong work HI Kenerally, and for shlp-tjulldlng. Its lengtn. slralghtness and strengtl, specially Ut it for masts and spars. The White Pine, resembling the White 1 ine of the eastern provinces, making the >r^>st valuable lumber In their nuirkets ; the Black Pino, the Bull Pine, the Yellow Cy- piess (commonly called the Yellow Cedar) the Western Larch ^sometimes called Tama- nick). Knglemann's Spruce. MenKle's Spruce the Gi^at Silver Fir. Balsam Spruce, besides Oak, Kim, aiaple. Aspen, and other deci- duous trees. These several growths are fnind more or less throughout the p ,vince both on the mainland and the adjacent is- lands. The Douglas Spruce, the largest and irost valuable, attains its greatest size In the neighbourhood of the coast, but is found n British (Jolumbia the several classes of trees named are to some extent localized. The most valuable fishery of risheries. British Columbia is the salmon They literally team ,'n the Fraser and Columbia Itlvers, una during the sea- Mms of th». salmon ruus, broad expanses of river, or deep pools may be seen packed with wriggling masses of splendid fish making their way to the spawning grounds. The greater number of the canneries where these flsh are put up for export are on the Fraser Itiver, but there are some in the more north- ern part of the province. The salmon make their way for greai dis- tances up the rivers. The salmon of tlie Col- umbia fill the streams of the Kootenay • those of the Fraser are found six in.ndred >n les m the interior. There are tlve d^er ent kinds of this flsh. the spring or tyhee cockeye cohoe, dog and humpback, (the tw^ atter being of no commercial value, and tney arrive from the sea a* difJerent time, Ihere are tifty-flve cannenes in the province each employing about 300 men during the $40,000, equipped, so that about $2,000 000 are invested in the enterprise. Of TesT thlrty-flve are on the Fraser r7hT' ?l,0r8,038 ; In 1890 to .$3,487,432 • and In 1894 to ?3,954,228. The ..anual saimorpa k has increased since the beginning of the in dustry in 1876 from 9,847 cases to 566.39.''. in ISOo, valued at $2,831,875. No matter how i! 1 112 BRITISH COLUMBIA. great the catch In any year it does not seem to affect the number anyway in other sea- sons, but to meet any danger of depletion, the Government has esiablislied tisli liateli- eries. In addition to the export of canned salmon, the flsh consumed yearly in the pro- vince and exported fresh, amounts to $250,- 000. During the fourteen years, 1883 to 180G inclusive, the value of the salmon caught was $25,000,000, and to this should be added the catcli of halibut, sturgeon, herring, oola- chan, trout, cod, &c. The oolachan, which come in great num- bers, supply a valuable oil largely used by the natives. The black cod, a superior food flsh, abounds from Cape P'lattery northward. Cod, similar to the eastern variety, are taken on the banks off the coast of Alaska. Hali- but of flna quality and large size are plenti- ful in the inner waters, on the banks off the west coast of Vancouver Island, and further north. The halibut fisheries are just being developed, and during the past three years large quantities were exported. The esti- mated catch of last season was 4,000,000 pounds. Sturgeon of very heavy Aveight and occasionally up to 50 pounds, are numer- ous in the Fraser and large rivers ; 1893 and 1891: were the first years for exporting this fish, and higher prices were secured than for sturgeon caught elsewhere. There is a great future for this industry, especially in the manufacture of caviare, which Professor Prince, Dominion Fishery Commissioner, has pronounced equal to the Russian article. The surf smelt and common smelt and an- chovy are abundant, and valued for the table. Herring is plentiful, and trout abound in the lakes, rivers and streams of the whole province. These coasts afford wide fields for occupa- tion, and dispense reward with less niggard hand than in the older home where every loaf has many claimants. There is no rent to pay, no leave to ask to run a boat ashore —the land is his wlio occu])ies it. A man who, in other seas, toils year in and year out for otlicrs, may here own his own home, his piece of land and his boat by no man's favour. As indicated In the description of Land, the several districts forming the mam- land portion of British Columbia, tlie li'nd varitj in quality in different sections. There is almost every description and quality of land from the rich river bottom land, such as that in the Fraser delta, to the light covering of moss and sand at high altitude vu the mountains. Between Yale and the coast in the Ncav Westminster district, wljere the rain fall is regular, the land of the valleys is rich and heavy ; east of Yale where tlie rain fall is sliglit and irregular, there is a considerable quautity of good land, very productive, under irrigation. In the Nicola and Okanagan valleys of the Yale district, and in both the Kootenays, there is a qu.intity of very fertile land in some parts, as in the Okanagan se<.'tion, requiring irrigation and in other places sufficiently cared for by the rainfall. On the higher lands the bunch grass grows freely and affords the best pasturage for cattle. Where water is convenient for irrigating purposes, grains and vegetables succeed well in those sections (illierwise used only for grazing. xVlong the Fraser valley fruit ripens well. A great number of varieties have been tried at the experimental farm at Agasslz, and the more delicate fruits have been successfully culti- vated. Still greater success has been achieved in the Okanagan valley, a consider- able distance east of Agassiz, so that in all parts of British Columbia south of the Cana- dian Pacific Railway, the land, when worked as circumstances reciuire, is found to be of first quality for agricultural purposes. Nortli of the railway line, in the districts of Liilooet and Cariboo, there is a considerable quan- tity of land adapted to farming, and still larger tracts admirably suited for cattle raising. Crown lands in British Co- Provincial lumbia are classified as either Government surveyed or unsurveyed Lands. lands, and may be acquired by entry at tlie Government Lands Office, pre-emption or purchase. The following per5ons may pre-empt Grown lands :— Any person being the head of a family, a widow, or a single man over 18 years of age being a British subject, may record sur/tyed or unsurveyed Crown lands, which are unoccupied, or unreserved, and unrecorded (that is unreserved for Indians or others, or unrecorded in the name of any other applicant). Aliens may also record such surveyed or unsurveyed land on mak- Y^ :f tlon and quality r bottom land. Ita, to the light It blgh altitude Yalo aud the iustei- district, ar, tiio land of f ; oast of Yale and irregular, ty of good land, gatiou. In the ^3 of the Yale tenays, there is land in some i,'tiou, requiring ces sufficiently he higher lands and affords the /liere water Is irposes, grains 1 those sections ing. xVlong the well. A great en tried at the 1, and the more ;cessfully culti- 3SS has been ley, a considor- ;, so that in all th of the Cana- I, when worlied found to be of iiriioses. North riets of Lillooet ;iderable quau- ning, and still ted for cattle ; in British Co- ssifled as either unsurveyed ly be acquii-ed 10 Government nirchase. ire-empt Crown he head of a ! man over 18 I subject, may 1 Crown lands, ^reserved, aud lhI for Indians name of any ly also record land on malc- IS o O "M ■s § a 1 bo g 'i "a mil' -; »i PKOVINCIAL GOVERNMENT LANDS. 113 Ing a (loclaiation of luteutlon to become a British subject. The quantity of land that may be reconlert or prj-empted is not to exceed 320 acres northward and eastward of the Casca.le or Coast Mountains, or ICO acres in the rest of the province. No person can hold more than one pre- emption claim, at a time. Prior record or pre-emptio.'i of one claim, and all riglirs under it, are forfeited by subsequent record or pri-emption of another claim. Land re- corded or pre-empted cannot be transferred or coiveyel till after a Crown grant has been issued. Such land, until the Crown grant is issued, is hel 1 by occupation. Sucli occupation must be a bona flde personal residence of the settler, or his family. The settler must enter into occupation of the laud within tliirty days after recording, and must continue to occupy it. Continuous absence for a longer period than two months consecutively of the settler or family is deemed cessation of occupation; but leave of absence iiiay be granted not ex- ceeding four montlis in any one year, In- clusive of two months' absence. merchantable coal raised or gotten from the hind, not including dross or tine slack. No Crown grant can be Issued to an alien who may have recorded or pre-empted by virtue of his declaring his intention to be- come a Britisii sul)jeit, unless he hus be- come naturalized. Tlie heirs or devisees of the settlor are entitled to the Crown grant on his decease. Landlords mav divert for agricultural and other purposes, the requir- ed quantity of unrecorded and unappropri- ated water from the natural channel of any stream, lake, &c., adjacent to or passing through their land, upon obtaining a writ- ton authority of tiie Commissioner. The farm and buildings, Homestead when registered, cannot be Act. taken for debt incurred after the registration ; and It is free from seizure up to a value not greater than $2,500 (£500 English) ; g,>ods and chattels are also free up to $500 (£100 Engiisli) ; cat- tle " farmed on shares " are also protected by an E.xemplion Act. Land is considered abandoned if unoccu- pied for more than two mouths consecu- tively. The fee on recording is two dollars (8s.) The settler shall have tiie laud survey- ed at his own instance (subject to the recti- fication of tlie b(mndaries) within Ave years from date of record. After survey has been made, upon proof, in declaration in writing of himself and two other persons, of occupa- tion from date of pre-emption, and of hav- ing made permanent improvements on tiie land to the value of two dollars and fifty cents per acre, the settler, on producing the pre-emption certificate, obtains a certificate of improvement. After ol)taining the certifi- cate of improvement and paying for the land the settler is entitled to a Crown grant m fee simple. He pays five dolliirs therefor The price of Crown lands, pre-empted, is one dollar (4 shillings) per acre, which must be paid in four equal instalments, as follows ■- First instalment two years from date of re- cord or pre-emption, and yearly thereafter but the last instalment is not payable till after the survey, if ti,e land is unsurveyed. The Crown grant reserves to I lie Crown a royalty of 5 cents per ton on every ton of 8 All the lands in British Dominion Columbia within 20 miles on Government each side of the Canadian Lands. Pacific Railway line are the '"■"Pi''"'y of Canada, with all the timber and mim-rals they contain (ex- cept tlie precious metals). This tract of land, with its timber, hay, water powers, coal and stone, is now administered bv the Department of the I„t..rior of Canada, prac- tically according to tlie same laws and re- gulations as are the public lauds in Mani- toba and the North-west Territories, except that tlie homesteads must not only be resid- ed upon and cultivated for not less than six months in each of the three vears after entry, but they must also be paid for at the rate of one dollar per acre. Dominion lands in tiie province may also be acquired by i.ur- chase, free from settlement conditions. Agen- cies forthedispo,sal of these lands have been established at Kamloops. in the mountains and New Westminster, on the coast. The minerals in this tract, other than coal and stone, are administered by the British Col- umbia Government. Though the trade of Britisii Col- Trade, umbla is still unimportant when compared witii tlie extent, resour- ces and immeii.se future iio.s.sibilities of tlK» Vv 114 lililTlSH COLUMlilA province, still it has greatly develniH'd dur- ing the past few years. It is now the largest in the world per head of impiilatlon except Holland. In 1871 the Imports were $l,789.2as, and the exports $1,858,050, and in 189(3, $5,526,490 Imports and $10,- 576,524 exports— a total of $1(!,103.011. Prominent exports are flsh, coal, gold, silver, tinilier. masts and spars, furs and skins, Hsh oil and hops. A large portion of the salmon, canned and pickled, goes to Great Britain, Eastern Canada, the United States, South Africa and Australia ; the States and Ha- waii.'in Islands consume a large share of the exported coal, and great (juantities of tim- ber are shipped to Australia, some to South Africa, China and Japan, and ports in South America. To Great Britain, China and the United States are sent the valuable furs and peltries of land animals and the much- prized seal and otter, &c. Valuable ship- ments of flsh oil, principally obtained from dog-fisli at the Queen Charlotte Islands, are consigned to the States annually, and also to the Hawaiian Islands. Gold and silver ore, valued In the millions, is shipped annually to the smelters in the United States. These industries, tliough already of considerable importance, are destined to become very large as well as very profitable enterprises in the near future. A large inter-i)rovincial trade Avith Eastern Caua Montreal by and autumn til November) Quebec, and to Vancouver hvay. Wlien tlience Is via y takes from iVay trip from iger can usu- i)lunibia from >ing the ocean on the Cana- ough to Van- ;ver place In ;er desires to nnged at the John, tiuebec, may be made use tickets by times necessl- inconveuient senger should the Canadian ilern Canada, should apply. *■,''. i.i OL'XERA L INFORM A TION. 115 In case of ueed, to tht- U>m\ Gweinuient Im- iiiigniMou offi.i-r.s or h> uny „mclal of the Canadian Paciflo Railway Company, who will give honest advluo and information. Intondinjf pas«on;rors can obtain ticliets througji to all i„,iuts in British C ,mbla, together with n,,. fullest Information relative to the ,,st ,, slrnhlo places of location for farming, cattle-growing, mining and trading, b.v apply hig hv l,.tter or visit to the office of the Iligii Commissioner of Canada, 17 Vic- toria Street S.W. London, or to the Cana- dlan t}overnm<-iirs Agent, (.r to the Agent General for British Columbia, 39 Victoria S^treot. London H.\y., or to agents of the Canadian I'aclti,. I{ailu-;,y, ix,ndon, Liver- pool and Glasgow, or any of the Canadian GhiTot """"''■' '" ^^"''"° "'■ ^^'^^••P'*"' a°d From the United States.-Prom Oregon, J^ashington. Nevada and California via Huntingdon, li.C, or Vancouver. From^ the Dakotas. Minnesota. Illinois, Kfn.sas Iowa and Missouri, via the Soo- Paciflc ine, entering Canada at Portal, and connecting with the Canadian Paciflc Rail- On Arriving in British Columbia. From Eastern States via Montreal, P.Q., or Prescott, Ontario. <,r via Toronto. The colonist from Great How to send Britain is recommended not Money to Brit- to take English coin to Brit- ish Columbia, ish Columbia. In Great Brit- ^. ,„ ,. "'° ^•' *'''""'<1 pay that por- tion of h,s money not wanted on the pass- age to the Post Office and get a nK.ney cn-der or it payable in Vancouver or Victoda -or I.e m.iy pay his money to any bank in London^ having an agency in British Colum bin. .such as Bank of Montreal. Bank of Brit- ish Columbia, Bank of British North Am- erica, Imperial Bank. This will avoid risk from loss on tlie way. Uulte "3 CO 3 Si 3 ■a < '•f^rfn'ftffnfmmmaa Tjiff PINK ■ ' SjaamiH TERRITORY. n CHART SHEWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATION OF CANADA TO E CANADA. TORY. OF CANADA TO EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES CANADA. EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES lio'U'cv/ l,nni/i(iiile ^'Fd.ii l.iniililiiil or PART ov -i'k 'V/" ? m >; ...^y^.y^'^:^ f ^^m #1 n