^, V] ..% o-m 7 -^^^^^'V^ ..'^^'^ V > ?> /;' (? / a IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Photographic Sciences Corporation / o (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol Y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Les images suivantes ont 6tA reproduitps avec le plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition et de la netteti de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exomplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimie sont film6s en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commen^ant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboies suivants apparaitra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ". le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s A des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche. 11 est fiimi A partir de I'angle «up6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre vi'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 I c THE IMPORTANCE AND A D VA N TA G E O F C^PE BRETON, Truly Stated, and Impartially Confidered. With Proper MAPS. • Si quid novijli reSlius iftis Candidus imperii : Si notty his titere mecum, HoR. Ep. VI. Lib. I. • i LONDON: Printed for John and Paul Knap ton, at the Crown in Ludgate^Street. MDCC XLVI. . t I /■ M -f l«'i%; I -^ ■ 1 I V ^ , \ V^ ^V [iii] THE PREFACE. k.:., rH E proper handling of the following SubjeB is a Tajk of much greater Dijiculty than lat firft imagined^ I A M fenfble of many Defers in theft Sheets ; hut, as 1 mean nothing more than to open the Eyes of the Publick on fo impor* tant an Occafion^ fo I have only furnijhed the federal Hints that occur* d to me 5 and leave the World to improve upon them at their Leifure^ and according to their diffe^ rent Capacities, The Chief of my Care was, that Nothing had a Place hereitiy but incon^ tefiahle Fadls j which, the more they are A 2 enquired ' I 1 iv .^' The PREFACE. enquired into, the clearer and brighter they will appear, - fv drfcrtbing gf ^^pe Breton, I chofe to ufe the very H'ords of Pere Charlevoix, and his Auhorities^ Icajl it might be objcdled that I had reprefented Places a?id Things more favourably than they are in Reality. I'he Gmeral Reputation of that Author, for ExA^jiefs and Feraciiy, adds no fmall IVeight to that Part of this Difcourje j at the fame time that it indemnifies me of all Mift(il^€^ or Falsehoods advanced by him, I have only extracted fuch Parts of his Hijiory as were mojl neceffary to my Purpofe ; and even omitted many, which might have en- larged and efnbellijljed this Performance, merely Jor the fake of bri?jging the Whole into as narrow a Compafs as might be, I THOUGHT it, however, 7tecejfary and proper to ii'troduce the Main Point> by fome . Obfervations, leading more eqfily and naturally to it. For this Reafon it is, that I have begun by Jhewing, in gefieraly the Title which the European Nations have to their PoJJlJfwns in America : And, as that A fair turm^ or depends chiefly upon the i the Tr to mak late to the fat T gineer they been h fervai levoi^ Drffe it an Jefui ofti fairs \ a Se %. 1 Stile rath Pla Fat endi ligi pre i they i The PREFACE. the Treaty of Utrecht, I found it necejfary to make an ExtraSl of fuch Articles as re- late to the Purpofe -, and to remark upon the f aid Articles. Th E Maps are taken from BeW'my En^ gineer to the Marine of France ; though they differ greatly fro?n all others that have been hitherto laid down. But, as his Oh" fervations are altogether taken from Char- levoix, fo, wherever there is any material Difference between his Maps and our own^ it arifes probably from an Intention in the Jefuity to afcertain the Rights a?2d Limits of the French Nation, whenever thofe Af- fairs Jhall hereafter be debated^ in Order to a Settlement of them, I T will at firfl Sight appear , that the Stile is neither laboured nor Jludicd j / am rather appprehenfive it may not, in many Places^ be correct : But the Validity of the Fa5ls is what I chiefly infi^ upon, and have endeafvoured more at being clear and Intel- ligible, than florid and diffufe^ in the Re^ prefentation of them, I AM I 1 i ii h; VI The PREFACE. I AM not half fo ambitious of becoming an ylu*boi\ as defirous^ upon all Occajions^ of blaring Tejlimony to the Truths and being of fome Ufe to my Country ^ and Friends : let I flatttr myfelf that the Publick will not be difplcafed to find fome things herein colledled, which have not hitherto been gene^ rally known, or attended to. I F our Share of the World reaps any Benefit from this EJfay^ all the Ends pro^ pofed in it by nh\ are fully anfwered • and the Faults which are found in it, may pro^ hably be the Occafwn of its being handled in a better and more correEl Manner by fome abler Fen. I'his would be fo Jar from giv^ ing me the leajl JJjieqfmejs, that I fioould truly rejoice in my having been the happy Injlrument of fo much Good to a ISiation^ whofe real Interefis I have at Hearty as much as any other Ferfon^ of ?}jy Rank and Station^ in it. i , ■■«'' C( ■^ ' AnE: tion tite A G Ca] THE The ar k I xomtjig \cafiom^ being 'tends : :k will herein gene^ 7ps any ds pro^ and ay pro- idled in by fome "im giv^ fiould ' happy SJation, rt, as nk and li THE HE CONTENTS. CHAP. I. A N Enquiry into the Title by Conqueft, , of the European Nations^ to their f ToJjeJJions or Territories in America, 1., Page I T C H A P. II. An ExtraSi of fuch Articles of the Treaty of Utrecht, as refpeEl the Englifh A^^- tion^ particularly in regard to America : With Remarks upon each Article herein citedy ?• 29 CHAP. III. A General Defcription of the Iftand of Cape Breton j its Situation^ Climate^ Produce y Ports^ &c. as colle6ied from ^ different Authors^ p. 48 ^ CHAP. IV. The Advantages to the Englifh Nation, "■ arifng from the Conqueft of Cape Breton;^ p. 62 C H A P. i I: I ; • The CONTENTS. CHAP. V. Some Accounts of Canada, and the Affairs of the Englifh Colonies in its Neighbour ^ hood J particularly of Nova Scoda, , page 99 CHAP. VI. , • A Summary Relation of the Siege £/*LcjvIf- burg : With a fiort Account of Mr, ' William Vaughan*j particular Behaviour in the Expedition ofCsLpc Breton, p. 1 2 2 ! I Imf CA CHAP. VIL * » A true State of New England, in regard to its Power and Riches, as well as Af feBionto the prefent happy EJlaUi/hifient in Church and State ^ - ,x P* ^34 •-> ^, : . I ; .:'>: ■/'//) ERRATA. pAge ^i- line i. have been, read has been. p. 49. K 9. Times of War,^ n Timi of Wat p. 54. 1. 4. Pcphaps, r. Perhaps, p. 62. in the Margin, Chap. III. r. Chap. IV. p. 7^. ]. 124 in £^ totally) HE r ^ 1 1 < ji ! « ! intt/'. t '*» ' i:r!;' T UK Importance and Advantage O F < « V C^P£ BRETON, &c. J . CHAP. I. 'i4 An Enquiry into the 'Title byCo7i- quefii of the¥X\vo\it^n Natio7tSy to their PoJfeJJions or Territories in America. I^N treating of the Importance and Ad- Chap. vantages ^'CapeBre ton to theCrown I. of Enghmd^ I thought it might not be difagreeable to the Reader, firft to enquire into the feveral Tattles by Conqueji^ which each European Nation has to the Territories it poifefTes in America : And by fearching B into 1 4 !l I i ' H I made. 2 The Importance and Advantage C II A p. into the Title? of that Nature, it appears, I. that very few of them deferve the Name ^^ ^^"^^^ of Conqiiefts. Moll of them are founded The Manner upon bare Difcoverie<5, and landing upon in which nn/t ^^ unknown Coaft, which was either quite %uih in" uninhabited, or peopled with Savages, who Amcnanutre upon the firft Appearance of large Ships, and of Men of a different Complexion, in another kind of Drefs, and armed in an unufual manner, generally fled from the Shores, retired into the Mountains, and endeavoured to fecure their Perfons. As foon as their Bav?ks were turned, the En- terprizer immediately landed at this or that Cape, or in one or another Bay, Creek or River j thei'e let cp the Arms of his Coun- try, or a Pillar with an Inlcription ; or fometimes both : And thence he claimed a Right to luch or fuch a Part of thofc Territories. But in m.any Cafes, nothing more was done ; and feveral Years, per- haps, palled without following the firfl Difcovery, c ; making any Settlement upon it. N^y, it frequently happened, that after a Setdemcnt had been made, it came to be dcfcrtcd ; either becaufe the Place firft iix'd upon, was not proper for it J or becaufe ibme other European Na- 4 tion ai itage appears, e Name founded |ng upon her quite ;es, who |ge Ships, xion, in 'd in an rom the ins, and >ns. As the En- is or that Creek or is Coun- :ion; or claimed 3f thofe nothing rs, per- he iirfl ^t upon d, that . ide, it ife the per for m Na- tion ^/CAPE BRETON, ^c. 3 tion drove the firft out of it ; or laflly, C h a p. becaufc the Savages would no lonirer bear I- the Encroachments of fuch troublefomc, ^^ •and generally cruel, Interlopers ; but tak- ing Courage, and entering into Alliances amongft themfelves, they came down in Numbers, and frequently made dreadful Havock amongft the New-comers 3 there- by regaining all that thefe Conquerors had^ at great Expence of Men and Money, got Pofieffion of But to put this Matter in as clear a Light a« may be, 1 fhall here add a fhort Chronological Account of all the material Difcoveries or Conquefts ( which are to our Purpofe) made oi America by the different Nations now claiming a Right there. This Account is taken chiefly from a Book printed at Faris in the Year 1 744, by Fere Charlevoix^ a Jefuit, who was a Miflionary in New France^ the Louifiaiie, and along the Banks of the Mijjijfippi River, 1492. Christopher Coll mb us, ^ Geiicefe, y^,nvru;i dif difcovered the firft Land in ^^///t'r/V^, and'"^^^^''^'^^ ^/ took PofTefllon of it in the Name of the ^^^'' '''^^"" Crown of Cajiile. This Difcovery con- B 2 fifted i ; •I ) ( 1 i 1 t I l! ^1 11 ' ^ T6e Importance and Advantage Chap. flfteJ chiefly in the Iflands San Salvador^ I. Cuba, and St, DcwtJiQ-o, L , ' ,0 1496. Henry VII. King o^ Englandy granted Neiufound-r a Patent to yohn Cabot ^ or GabatOy a Vc- landy byCa- petiati, and his three Sons, under certain bato. Conditions, to go and make Difcoveries in America, They accordingly difccvered Newfoundland \ a Part of the Continent of Labrador, or Laborador^ as far as to 55 Degrees of Northern Latitude ; and brought four Savages with them to Evg- land. thi I Gulph of Honduras and Porto Bello, 1501. Columbus difcovered the Cape and Bay, or Gulph of Honduras^ and the Har- bour of Porto- Bello, 1509. I Jamalcn^ hy JoHN DE EsQJJIBEL made a Scttlc- meiit on the Ifland of yamaica^ by the Orders of Don Diego Colu?nbus (Son and Heir of Chrijlopher Columbus ) at that Time Admiral of the Indies, J5U intage Salvador^ \ granted 'to^ a Vc^ It certain weries in ifcovered bntinent ar as to e ; and to Eiig^ pe and le Har- Settle- by the )n and that iS^i* ofCK?E BRETON, m. 5 Chap. 151'- I. Diego Velasquez took Pofleflion ofci^h^- the Ifland of Cuia in the Name of the ^^A'^^z, above-mentioned Admiral. 1523. John Verazani, a Florentine, in the Florida, by Service of Francis I. King of Francey^''^^^^'^^^^' made a Voyage to North America ; and the following Year difcovered Florida. 1527. John BeRMUDEZ, a Spaniard, ^l^COVtV- Bermudas, by cd an Ifland, to which he gave his Name, Bermudez, and which is now known by the Name of Bermudas, 1535- John Cartier oi St, Mah^ entered Gulph 0/ St, a great Gulph or Bay, which he named L_f^rence, by St, Laurence, it being the Saint's Day of that Name. He failed 180 Leagues up the River St, Laurence, to a Village of Savages, at the Foot of a Mountain, which he called Mont-Royal ; and the wholelfland is, at this Day, called Montreal, 1556. ]:' V 1 m It ( i ,^i 1 '\ 11 'I l\ "The Importmice and Advantage . . . Stephen Barroug, an EngliJ}:man^ JVeigat%^ by in feeking a Paflage by the North to China ^ BarroNg, difcovered the Streights of PFeigatz, which lye between Nova Zemilay and the Coun- try of the Samoides, 1576, Forhl/her's ^ I R Martin Forbifher difcovered the Streights, by Streights which lye between Greenland^ and a ^arge Ifland to the South of it. They arc called Forbijljer's Streights, Forhijher, 1578. ' JVeft- Frieze- The fame Perfon difcovered the Land land by the of Wefl-Friezcland, and took Poffeflion of ^^^^' it in the Name of Elizabeth^ Queen of England. . . ii79- / . New Albion^ Francis Drake, 2\\EngliJhman^ dif- by Drake, covered, to the North of California^ a Land, to which he gave the Name of New Albion, ■ 1583. Newfound' Sir Gilbert Humphrey went, at the land^ by inftigation of Secretary Walfingham to in eftal proi Aa his ntage llifl.inan^ to Chinay J, which le Coun- ted the 'eejilandy 1 of it. s. e Land ffion of leen of 'fly dif- nia, a me of It the m to New^ I. (?/CAPE BRETON, &c. 7 Newfoundland y and took PofTefTion of it, C h A p. in the Name of Queen Elizabeth, He eftabliflied there a Cod-Fifliery. It is probable that he alfo difcovered Part of Acadia ; having, as it is faid, loft three of his Ships on the Illand of Sable, 1584, 1585. . Arthur Barlow was fent by ^vcyirglma^ hj Walter Raleigh to make Difcoverics j and Barlow, landed at the Ifland Roenoko, At his Re- turn he gave fo favourable an Account of that Country, that Queen Elizabeth named it Virginia^ in Honour of her Virginity. 1587. John Davis, ov Davids, difcovered D^w/f the Str eights known at this Day, by his ^irdghts, hy Name. They lye between Greenland and Cumberland IJlandy and are called Davis's Streights, m .- '...; 1693. :. •• •-. - Sir Richard Hawkins failed round the Bir.^,,,- World, and difcovered, to the South-weft ^>' //^w/i/ of the Streights of Magellan^ a. large Tradt of Land, which extended on one Side beyond the Streights de la Maire , and i| J I 1 i m i The Importance and Advantage and on the other, as far as over-againft the Cape of Good Hope, i - i ; J JjIeofSahlc and Acadia, by la Roche. Canada^ by J'everaL 1598. ' The Marquis de la Roche prooircd a Patent from Henry IV. of France^ for con- tinuing the Difcoveries formerly made by James Car tier ; and difcovered the Ifle of Sai^ky and Part of the Coafts of Acadia, now Nova Scotia, ./*.,'..■ •, , 1004. . , Peter de Guast, Monfieur desMontSy and Samuel de Champlain^ Frenchmen^ com- pleated the Difcovery of Acadia^ and Part of the South Coafl of Canada, 1 607. John Smith dikowetcd Che/apeak Bay ^ and the Pouvatan River which falls into it. He built upon the River a i'^ort, which is become a City, and the Capital of /^/r- ginia^ by the Name of JameS'town^ in Honour of Jafnes I. King of England, 1609. Knu York Henry HuDsoN, aftcr failing along the by Hud/on. Coafts of Virginia and New England, dif- covered, in about 40 Degrees of North Latitude, Chefapeak- Bay, by Smith, I ttage r-againft I ; 1 ►cured a for con- nade by e Ifle of Acadia, sMonfSy ny com- nd Part ak Bay, Is into which 3f Vir^ WHy in md. ingthc d, dif. North titude. ^/CAPE BRETON, ^c. 9 Latitude, a great Bay, into which a large C h a p. River empties itfclf, which he called Man- !• hatte^ from the Name of the Savages he found there. This Captain was at that Time in the Service of the Dutchy who were for fome Time m Pofleflion of that Country : For by them was built the Town of M^nhatfCy and the Fort of Orange 01 >. the fiime River. This Country now bears the Name of New York, Th e fame Hudforiy and William BaJinSy H7u]fo)i's puftied very far towards the North- Weft ; ^^->'' ^y ' where they difcovered, the following Year, ^ ^' -^° ' thofe Countries yet kno^vn by their Names 5 Baffin isB ay y as Hudfon*s Bayy and Balm's Bay, ^ ' ^^^*^* 1611. Thomas Button difcovered to the New TFahs North of Canada a large Country, which ^f;^;"^^''^^;'/^' he called New Wales, He afterwards fail- wi, ed all over the Bay, which bears his Name. l6l2. James Hall difcovered the StreightsCock'm's of Cockin to the North of Canada, and in I'if^!!* 65 Degrees of North Latitude, C 1631, 1^1 V I) V i. .'J I o T^he Importance and Advantage 'I •V \ -' 5f' 1 i ' t i Chap. 1. 163 1, N James North of difcovered feveral ty James. Called all the Lands at the Entrance of the Bay by the Name of New South IVales, He touched afterwards at Cape Henrietta Maria ^ Lord WejhrCs JJland, Earl of Brif- tol's I/Ian Jy Sir 7homas Roe's IJland^ Earl of Danhfs IJlaml^ and the Charleton IJland '^ which laft, is in 52 Degrees, North Lati- tude. Maryland. Cecil Calvekt, hovdi Baltimore^ ha- ving obtained from King Charles L ofEng- landj the Property of a large Extent of Country, lying to the North of Chefapeak-- Bay\ between Virginia and Carolina, fent thither his Son, who this Year began a Settlement there j which, in Honour of Mary of France, Queen of Englattd^ was called Maryland, lludforCi Bay, by Bourdon, 1656. Bourdon, an Inhabitant of New France (being fent by the Governor of the North) entered Hudfai's Bay, and took Pofleffion of it, in the Name of the King of France, 1660. I feveral y. He of the ' PVales, enrietta Earl of JJland ^^ th Lati- 3r^, ha- pfEng- tent of efapeak" la, fent )cgan a lour of idy was France North) Dffeflion France, 1660. ^/CAPE BRETON, ^c. 11 Chap. 1660. I. Charles II. King of England, grant- ^^;2^ ed to George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, and to five other Engli/Jo Lords, that Part of Florida which extends from Virginia , to that which is now called New Georgia, They divided amongft them all that Coun- try, and called it Carolina. 1667. ZaCHARIAH GhILLAM, an EngliJJj' Rupert' s man, having gone through Boffins' s Bay to q^^J^^^ ^ the height of 75 Degrees, came back again, and failed to the Bottom of Hud- fon's Bay, entered a River, which comes from Canada, and difcharges its felf into the Bay : He called it Rupert's River, A few Years before, fome Englijh had gone up this River, as far as the Lake Nemifcau, 1671. Charles Alb an el, a French ]Q('^\t, Hudfin' s and Monfieur Denis de St, Simon, a Gen- ^>^^y^ h ^'^' tleman of Canada, were fent by the Go- ^^^ ^ vernor-General of New France to pene- trate into Hudfojfs Bay by a Way which had not yet been difcovered : And they C 2 took I ' V . /!• I u I jl 12 T*he Importance and Advantage Chap, took Poileirion of it, in the Name of the I. French King. 1680. Barhadrci^ Cap TAIN Sharps after failing a great by Sharp, vvhilc in thefe Seas, difcovered an Ifland, to which he gave the Name of Barbadoes, . 1681. Pcnfihania. The foregoing Year Charla IT. King of England^ granted a Tradl of Country to Sir IV'tUiam Penn ; who, in this Year, car- ried a Number of Quakers thither, and made a Settlement j which was called Pen- Jjhaniay in Honour of its Fo\inder. ^73 2. KavGeor^la. GENERAL Ogkthorp made a Settle- ment in the Name of his prefent Majefty George II. King of Efjgland^ between Carolina and Spanijlo Florida, This New Colony is bounded on the North, by the Savnncih River, and on the South, by the River called Alotamaha, It's length, along the Coaft, is not efteemed more than 60 or 70 Englijh Miles ; but it c:rows larg;er, as it extends itfelf from the Sea. It is row called New Georgia. To age of the a great Idand, adoes, Cing of itry to ir, car- r, and id Pen- Scttle- VTajefty etween is New by the ith, by length, I more but it om the ia. ^/CAPE BRETON, ^c. T o the above Chronological Account, I fliall add the Copy of a Memorial pre- fented by Jeremiah Dummcr^ Efq; to the Miniftry of England in 1709. as the fame has fallen into my Hands, without vouch- ing for any of its Articles 3 viz. j4 Memorial, JJjewing that the French Pof- fejjiom on the River 0/' Canada, do origi- nally and of Right belong to the Crown of Great Britain ; and Jor other Important R^eafons ought to be refiored to the Cro^n^ en a "Treaty of Peace. ^J^HE whole TraS^ of Land (ftuate o«Mr. Dum- ^ the nether Side of the River of Canada) J^^'^j^^" called Nova Scotia and Acadia, was firfi ^-joi^. difcovered by Cabot and his Sons, in the Reign of Henry VII. King of England. Which Difcovery was prior to that of Ve- razani, a Florentine, under Francis I. King of France ; and accordingly was under the Power and Jurifdi5iion of the Crown of England, //// the Tear 1 600. When fome of the French, itivited by the Traffick on the River of St. Laurence, feized frji on the \ I i' ■■■': ! 1 4 7Z^ Importance and Advantage Chap, the North-fide of the River, called Canada *, 1. or Nova Scotia ; ajid afterwards^ in i ()o6. did pojfefs them/elves of the South fide, called Acadia. I N the Tear 162 1. King Janrjes looking upon their PoJf£iom as an Invafion of his * The Fr£>ich Maps, lately publifhcd by the Sieiir Bellin, Engineer and Geographer of the Marine to the King of Francf^ made Canada to commence from near the Source of the Mijfifftppi R'ver ; and extends it's felf to that Part of the River of St. Laurence, which is at the Back of New Scotland \ placing New France to the Northward of Canada. Thoic of Herman Alcll make Canada to begin at the great Fall of St. Maria, out of the Upper Lake, into the Lake Huron ; and terminate at the River of St. Laurence, as far above ^tehcc, as Trois Rivieres : And place New France as far to the Southward of Canada, as Bellin does to the Northward of it. The French Maps like wife call that IJihmus, or Penitifula, whereon ftands Jnnapolis-Royal, by the Name of Acadie : Whereas Mcl/y and other Geographers, give that Name t© the Land which lyes North of Fundy Bay. From thefe two fo widely differing Accounts of the Matter, it is hard to fettle the juft Limits either of our Prctcnfions or Pofl'eflions. Jt may probably fuit the Purpofes of France, to make the DifFerence wider thni it really is, that they may make the bet- ter Terms, when a Peace fball be brought upon tlie Tapis. Ter^ nmencc jr ; and r of St. 'cot I and \ Canada.^ begin at er Laicy River of livieres : ward of it. IJihmuSy oyai, by id other which counts of its either probably iflerence I the bet- ht upon of CAPE BRETON, ^c. 15 TerritorieSy did by Letters Patent grant Chap, unto Sir William Alexander (afterwards L Earl of Sterling) L'Acadie, 6y the Name • of Nova Scotia : fVho in 1622. and 1623. Jttbdued the French Inhabitants^ carried tijem Prifoners to Virginia, planted a Colony there himjelj\ and held PoJJeJJwn of it for two Tears ; when, upon the Marriage of King Charles I, ^ith the Lady Henrietta Maria, the Jaid Nova Scotia wasy by order of the Kingy returned into the Hands of the French. Afterwards, a War arifmg between the Kings of England and France, * Sir Diivid Kirk, uith his Friends did in 1627. and 1628. {by virtue of a Commifion ob^ tamed jrom his Majefty) fend to Sec at their own Charge, nine Ships fitted with warlike Stores y to expel the French from both Sides cf the River Canada -f. In which Enter- ♦ Charlevoix calls him David Kertk ; fays he was a Native and Refugee o\' Dieppe^ but a Cahinl/i. And in another Place he lays, that Kertk was piU upon this Expedition by one 'fames ^VficUI-, a furi- ous Ca/vifii/I, who gave him Intelligence of the VVgakiiefs of the Garrifon of ^utec. t By the River oi Canada y he niufl mean the Kiver St, Laurmte, J)rizej 1 1 1 6 T^he Importance and Advantage Chap, prize ^ they had fuch Succefs, that (after !• bringing off' the French Inhabitants and Traders into England) they took Pojfejjion of all Nova Scotia, Canada, and I'Acadie : The former of which fell to Sir David Kirk, *who was Governor of Quebec, and fet up the Khig o/' England' J ^rms in all Places of publick Re fort in the City, The latter fell to Sir William Alexander. In 1632. a Peace being concluded between the two Crowns^ it was agreed that the Forts on the Jaid French Settlements^ Jhould be delivered to the SubjeBs of France : The French King on his Part ftiptdating to pay in Lieu thereof to Sir David Kirk * Five Thoufand Pounds^ Sterling ; which Sum does neverthelefs remain unpaid to this Day^ * The Treaty here referred to, is that made be- tween Charles I. King of England^ and Lewis XIII. King of France^ March 29, 1632. I have exa- mined it, and find that all the Places pofTefled by the Britijh Subjefls in New France^ Acadia^ and Canada^ together with t^ or t- Royal ^ ^debec, and Cape Breton^ were to be reftored to the French King. But I no where find in the Treaty, any mention of the French King's ftipulating to pay a Sum to Sir David Kirk, by way of Indemnifi- cation. although " wd '* Lri '* del " re} " Hi age (after ts and fionof cadie : 1 Kirk, ' fet up Haces of ter fell between that the y Jhould 5 : The r to pay c * Five Sum does is Day, t made be- eiuis XIII. have exa- ofTefled by \adia, and ^uebec, and the French reaty, any r to pay a Indemnifi- although of CAPE BRETON, ^c. 17 although the Forts were delivered up accord- Chap, ing to Agreement, I. In 1633. ^^^^K C^harles, confidmng he had only fur rendered the Forts, but had not debarred his Subje5fs from planting and trading there ^ did grant a Commifjion to Sir Lewis Kirk, and Company, to trade and fettle there ; which accordingly they did at- tempt, but were plundered and madeFrifoners by the French. In 1654. Cromwell weighijig the F re- mi fes, and in Conjideration that the Articles were not performed on the French King's Fart, feut one Ledgewick, who affaulted and fubducd the French on that Settlement, and reflored the Country into the Hands of the Englidi *. And although a Feace was * In the Treaty concluded at Weftyninjler, No' vernher 3, 1655. between Lewis XIV. King of France^ and Oliver Crmnvell, Lord Protestor, Article XX V. are the following Words, viz, *' And whereas three Forts, Wz. Pentaccet, St. *' John, and Fori- Royal ^ lately taken m America, " would be reclaimed by the above-mcntiiUied Lord, Ambafiador of his faid Majefly ; and the Lords Commiffioncrs of his Highncfs would ar- gue Irom certain Reafons, that they ought to be detained j it is agreed, that fuch Controverfy be referred to the Arbitration of the Rcpublick of Hamburgh '^ P fettled *.c U cc (( it f( I ■ I ''J ri II! IT' \\ 'll ? ■;•. \} M "/?' t\ y ^ 1 8 T*he Importance and Advantage Chap, fettled between the two Nations in 1655. I. and the French Ambaffadors made prejfing Inftanccs for the Refiitution of that Ccuntry^ yet it was not delivered up^ but remained under the JurifdiBion of England. Tet after the Reftauration (it is not eafy to fay hoWy or upon what Account) the French were permitted to re- enter , and do yet hold the unjuft Fofj'effion of it. From the Premiffes it is manifefl that the French 'Territories on that Part of the Con- tinent of America, do originally a?id of Right belong to the Crown 0/ Great Britain ; which is however y fubmitted to better 'Judge- ments, I N the mean time^ it is humbly remon- flratedy that the French by their unwearied Indufiry^ and many artjul Methods, gain ground continually^ by making new Alliances with the Indian Nations on the back of New England, New York, and Virginia ; fo that, in a little time, they will grow for^ midable to the Englifli Settlements, That by the intermarrying with the Na- tives, they have always a great Number of Jcfuits 1655- brejfing 'ountryy mained [. Tet V to fay French ^et hold that the the Con- ajid of Britain 5 • Judge-- remon- iwearied gaifi dlliancei back of irginia ; row for -^ r\ the Na- mber of Jcfuiti of CA?E BRETON, ^c. i^ Jefuits and Friefs with them j and by z«- Chap. JlruBmg them that the Saviour of the L World was a Frenchman, and murdered by the Englifti, they are excited to commit all manner of Cruelties upon the Englifh, as meritorious : And particularly^ about two Months fince^ the French and Savages made a Defcent upon a confiderable ^own of the Province of the Maflachufets, a?id there barbaroufly killed an Officer of the Militiay and a Minifter of the Town^ with many others of lefs Note ; notwithfianding the Precautions which his Excellency Colonel Dudley took to prevent it. That by means hereof the beft Part of New England {the Eajlern Country) is en- tirely abandoned, ajid left defolate. That the Mafl Trade is endangered ; many Perfojis having been furprized and 7nurdered whilft cutting Majlsfor the fupply of the Crown, The whole Trade of New England, out and home^ is very much awed and damp'd^ efpecially by TAcadie j the Capital of that Place ( Port Royal ) being a Neft of Privateers, and a Dunkirk to New England. D 2 Lastly ; \"\ H 1 i\ ;• i i! i i! 20 jr>5^ Importance and Advantage Chap, !• Lastly; 7'/^^^ this Country u very proper and apt to yield all Naval Stores ; a?td has the hcji ofFiJlmg in the World, on it's Coa/is j fo that, the French King may rejign up all Newfoundland, and we not obtain our End, whil/i TAcadie is lejt their' Sy which will Jupply France and the Streights with Fip notwithjlanding. Upon the whole, it is humbly moved that this Country may be demanded at the next treaty of Peace ; at leajl, the South fde of the River : Which, being New Scotland, and adjoining to New England, may be united to it by the Name of New Britain, after the great Example of England and Scotland ; that jo the Union may in all its Parts be compkat and entire, in her prc^ fent Majejifs moji happy and glorious Reign, {Signed) Jeremiah Dummer. From hence let every Reader judge and determine for hinilelf, to whom of Right the FofieiTions in America original- ly belong. The Spajiiards^ it mult be confcffed. age is very Stores ; irldy on ng may we not their's^ treights ved that ^be next bfde of Gotland, may be Britain, ind and n all its her pre- IS Reign. JMMER. ler judge /bom of original- mutl be onfclled. 21 1. o/CAPE BRETON, &.c. confeffed, made the Conqueft of Mexico Chap and Perii 5 and were guilty of fuch Excef- fes of Cruelty and Barbarity, as out-did any thing ever heard of, or met with, even amongft the Savages they conquered. But, Profit and Ambition apart, what Right had any European Nation to difturb that People in the quiet and peaceable PolTefHon of their Country ; which, in all probability, they were the Rightful Own- ers of, long before any of thefe mighty Conquerors had a Name ? Had thofe Na- tions been in a Situation, by their Numbers or their Strength, to have poured in upon any of the Europeans : And particularly, had they treated us when they had us in their Power, with the fame Inhumanity wherewith we treated them 5 how ihould we have branded fuch an Undertaking with all the harfh Terms of Injuftice, Cruelty, and Tyranny ? We fhould na- turally have thought that the Hand of Heaven was heavy upon us -, and that no- thing lefs than enormous Crimes could have deferved fuch Punifhments. Wc fliould certainly have endeavoured, as foon as poffible, to have freed ourfelves from a Band of Thieves, who had thus come fronx !! 1 M,l ,!'.( II' ^'iil I ■ ■ll. t iK. ■i fj r! !u S 2 TlJJt? Importance and Advantage C H A p. from afar to difturb our Quiet. Wc 1, (liould have juftiiied any the moll artful """^ and wicked Schemes, which could have brought this about ; and have thought that we had the moft undoubted Right to recover, by any means, that Liberty, and thofe Properties, which we had loft by the unjuft Incurfions of thefe Foreigners : hn^r if ever we had the good Fortune to over- power them. New Cruelties would have been invented to torture as many as remained in our Hands ; partly, to fatiate the Revenge of fuch as had fufFered by them ; and partly, to deter others from making a fecond Attempt of the like Nature. Let the moft civilized Nation at this Day in Europe fairly afk itfelf the Queftion, whether this would not have been the Cafe ; and, I am confident, the Anfwcr muft be in the Affirmative. From the beft Accounts we have of the fiift Difcoveries of America, we learn, that the Difcovercrs met with no Refift- ance nor ill Treatment from the Inhabi- tants of that part of the World. Single Ships have gone, and a handful of Men have landed upon Wands and Continents crowded M h age Wc artful I have lought ight to y, and oft by igners : tune to would lany as ) fatiate red by rs from tie like ation at elf the have nt, the lave of e learn, Refift- Inhabi- Single )f Men itincnts rowdcd 1. of C^?E BRETON, ^c. 23 crowded with People, without receiving C H a V any Marks of their Refentment, ill Ufage, or Barbarity. They were at lirft furpri-^"^ zed : But as foon as they were recovered out of their firft Alarm, they ( on many Occafions ) became extremely tradable and humane : Much more fo, in all probabi- lity, than we fliould have been, on the like occafion. But we were not content; to have difcovered a Country, with which I we might trade for many valuable and - ufeful Commodities which we wanted, and which they were inclined to exchange with us againft Trifles and Baubles : No 5 We muft by Force or Art fubdue the Ori- ginal Poffeflbrs of that Country* To this end, large Fleets and Armaments were from time to time fent out 5 and having gotten a fmall footing, we could not reft till we had enlarged it j and thus at lengih Power became Right, Havings by all Human, and Inhuman Inventions, made One Conqueft ; we proceeded to a Second : And having fubdued a Part of the People ; we cajoled or frightened them, by Arts or Threats into Allian" ces with us. We then furnidied them with Fire Arms againft thicir fellov; Na* u » 11 /. " i' ; ' 'f j<.|i 24 7he Importance and Advantage Chap, tives ; and, what is worfe, introduced a- I. mongll: them thofe intoxicating Spirits, which produced fo much Fury and Cru- elty amongft them 3 and are at this Day tlie Caufe of fo much Irregularity amongft Ourfelves. Nay, Religion itlelf was made ufe of as an Inftrument put into their hands to deftroy each other ; and to car- ry into Execution, the moft wicked and abominable Schemes and Pradices. It ap- pears, very evidently from the Accounts, which the Jefuits themfelves give of their Mii^ions, that, though feveral of them fuffered great Hardfliips, and even Death itfelf in the mofl terrible and cruel man- ner at their firfl fettling amongfl the Sava- ges J yet temporal Advantages were the chief inducements to that Undertaking ; and the Ties of Religion made ufe of, only becaufe none other were flrong enough to hold them*. In was * Charlevoix Vol. IV. p. 1 52. has the follow- ing remarkable Fajfage^ viz. " The Governour adds ** at the end of his Letter y that the Englifh negleSi *' nothing to gain the Abenaquis Nation to their In- '* terefls. They make them Prcfents^ and offer them ** Goodi at a cheap rate, as well as Mini/lers to in- ''Jlrua " /If *' 'th *' tt " fll 4. j\ age ced a- Spirits, dCru- lis Day mongft ) made ► their to car- ed and It ap- xounts, of their them Death el man- le Sava- ^ere the rtaking ; ufe of, ; enough In the follow- rnour adds ^lifti negle^i to their In- i offer them 'flers to in- *' JiruH ■^w (?/ CAPE BRETON, &'c. 25 I N turning over the Accounts given of C h a p. the Conquefts made in this part of the I. World, we frequently meet v^ith noble Struggles made by the People we call 6"^- *vages ; and brave Efforts, to recover their ancient and primitive Liberties. Thefe Liberties conlilled in their being governed by their own Rulers, and the Laws en- adcd by them ; In a right to make War againft any neighbouring Nation, which had affronted, or ufed them ill ; in the Power of changing their Habitations, as Occaiion required ; and of Hunting for their Winter Provifion and Cloathing, wherever they thought proper. Thefe Excurfions and Removals feldom failed of creating Wars amongfl them : And, if upon any of thofe Occafions, two diffe- rent Nations not allied, met ; the Conflidt was generally deipsratc ; and the Van- quilhed were treated inhumanly and bar- baroufly. The Conlequences of fuch a £C jlruSi them : But thi' Barcn de St. C-iflin, and *' the Miffiofiaries do IVonders to perfuade than frun *' it. Father de la Chajje informs him that the *' Grace of God often {lands in need of the Af- '' fiftance and Cooperation of Men ; and that ** Teirnorai Interefts are frequeatlv of Great Help ^* to Faith." E Viaory \\\ i \ m L'lrr ..'r9=- i' r, (1- If ) (I 1 26 Y/je Importance and Acivaniacre Chap. Vidory were great Tiiiitnph on the fide I of the Conquerors, and fworn Revenge on that of the Conquered. Hence Wars were ahnoft conflantly kept on toot a- niongft themfelves : Until, as one fide got the better, and the other became too weak to withfland its Enemy, this was either quite extirpated, or obliged to look out for a more diftant and fafer Settlement. This was no difficult matter amongft that People, who had little to remove, but what they carried on their backs. Their whole Furniture or Baggage confuted in a few Skins, a Bow and Arrows, a kind of Hatchet, and their Wives and Children. They made Boats of the Bark of Trees, fown together with roots, and bedaubed with Gums. Thefe they carried over the lands on their Shoulders j .\nd when they came to Lakes or Rivers, they launched them, and embarked their whole Tribe. Thus much for their Wars amongfl themfelves. But we have likewife feen them difputing their Liberties with tlic Etiropca77s : Offering to trade with them upon a fair footing ; deliring to keep a good Correfpoiidence with them ; dif- claiming and renouncing all Enmity ; but protcfting e fide ;vengc Wars >ot a- fide ne too is was o look ement. ft that e, but Their ted in \ kind lildren. Trees, :daubed iver the en they .unched rribe. imongll ife feen ith tlie h them keep a ; dif- :yj but •Qtcfting ofCkVE BRETON, ^c. 27 protefting againft the Riglit which was Chap, pretended to a Sovercigr.ty over them, I, their Lands, PoflefTions, Laws or Liber- ties. Nay we have ktw them, from this fingle Principle, engaged in long, bloody, and repeated Conflids with the Europe- am : And often maintain th^mlelves by Force and Pcrfeverance, againft all the Strength and Stratagem their Enemies could at that time oppofe to them. Bra- very they are allowed to have, in the higheft Degree ; and, on many Occafions, are not wanting in Condudl and Contri- vance. But the Arts and Management of the Europeans, have put their Politicks upon quite another Footing at this Da;,. That Original Simplicity and Difintereft- ednefs is now no more to be met with ; but Cunning and Deceit have taken its place. Violence, Cruelty, Drunkennefs, and all kinds of Debauchery have been cultivated and improved amongft them, to an incredible and exceftive Degree. The Popitli Powers have made many of them Nominal Chrifaans, as it is eafy to change one kind of Idolatry for another j and by their Lies, Legends, and Legerdemain, have bound them to their Interefts, The Protcftant Powers, too regardlcfi of all E 2 Rdigior^ |i t: ', * I ri ll « .^^ 2 8 7^^ Importance and Advantage Chap. Religion, tike very little Care or Pains about inflriidting thefe ignorant poor Crea- tures, but only endeavour to procure their Frienddup, by trading with them at a lower rate for European Goods, than the French can afford to do ; and giving a liighcr Pi ice for tijclr Commodities, This, together with liic fumifhing them with Fire Arms, Powder and Ammunition, To- bacco, and Brandy, is the only Method I know of which the EjiglijJ: employ to keep the Savp^^es their Friends. Whereas the French, by having a conflant and infi- nite Number of Jefuits, Seminaries, Nun- neries and Convents amongft them, can and do, upon every Ocafion, excite the Savages to join with them, in annoying Vs. Bur though the above Account may pofTibly be entertaining enough to fome Keaders, yet it has led me a good deal wide of my Purpofc -, which is to (liew in the next Place, what are the Rights of each Power, to what they claim in Ame- rica, as founded upon Treaties. And herein, i fliall on this Occafion, confider only fuch Treaties as are between Eng- land and France. CHAP. t An to I 7ge I Pains ICrea- their at a in the ing a This, with .To- othed I )loy to ''hcreas id infi- , Nun- can and Savages nt may o fomc od deal o (lievv ights of n j^we- And confider n Eng- HAP. of CAVE BRETON, ^c. 29 CHAP. II. An ExtraSl of fuch Articles of the Treaty of Utrecht, as re- fpeEi the Englifli Nation \ par^ ticularly in regard to America : With Remarks upon each Arti- cle herein cited. UNDER the Article of Treaties, I q h a p imagined I fhould have Occafion n to mention more than one : But having by way of Notes on Mr. Dummer*s Me- morial, made fuch Remarks as were ne- ceflary on thofe of 1632. and 1655. I fliall here confine myfelf to thofe parts of the Treaty of Utrecht^ which relate to our Affairs with France, To which purpole, I fhall tranfcribe all thofe Articles, or the Subftance of them, which in any Shape rcfpedl England: and clofe this Chapter with fome Remarks on each Article. ART, Vi (I ii ,1 i. I n n 30 Tie Importance and Advantage ART. IV. Batraa of The King of France hereby folemnly the Treaty of ^^^ fmcerely acknowled2,cs the Limitation of the Succefllon of the Crown of Great Britain {as fettled by the Laws made in the Reigns of Fang William and ^cen Maryy) to the Iffue of ^een Anne 5 and in default thereof, to the Princefs Sophia, jind her Heirs in the Prciejlant Line of The French Hanover, He, on the Faith and PFbrJ of Kin^ admits j^jj^ ^^^ ^^ the Pledge of his Own Succeljion, and ouccejjor s Honour, accepts and ap- proves the fame for Ever ; And that no Perfon, than according to the faid Limita- tion, fliall ever by Him, his Heirs, or SucceJJors be acknowledged or reputed to be King or Queen of Great Britain, ART. V. The fiid King, in the fame folemn ^Ianner engages, that neither He nor his Heirs or SucC''eJfors ever will at any time hereafter difturb the ^cen, b^r Heirs or Succr%rs, defcencied from the afore- f.iid Protejlant Line^ who pofTe/s the Crown of in t age folemnly -/imitation of Great made in nd ^cen ine ; and '/} Sophia^ t Line of I JVord of his Oivji and ap^ d that no d Limita- leirSy or eputed to ain. le folemn He nor II at any ber Heirs he afore- ic Crown of of CAPE BRETON, ^c. 31 of Grr^// Britain. Nor will the faid King C h a P» ^c. give at any time any Succour, Aid, H. Favour or Counfel diredly or indireftly, ^^^;j;^^ by Land or by Sea, in Money, hxm^Pretendir^ Ammunition, Warlike Provifions, Ships, ^^* Soldiers, Seamen, or any other way, to any Perfon or Perfons, whofoever they be, who for any Caufe, or under any Pretext whatfoever, fhould hereafter op-, pofe the faid Succeffion, either by Open War, or by fomenting Seditions^ or form* ing Confpiracies againft fuch Prince or Princes who are in Pofleflion of the Throne of Great Britain, by virtue of the Ads of Parliament abovementioned. ART. VI. Contains Letters Patent by the ^^^gthe jCm 6f of France, for admitting the Renuncia- Spain's Re^ tion of the King of Spain to the Crown "r;^^'^"'" '-^>, of trance : And thole of Monfieur the Frana, Duke of Berry, and Monfieur the Duke of Orleans to the Crown of Spain. As likewife the King of Spain's Renunci- ation J and thofc of the Dukes of Berry and Orleans. ART. build availed ion of us to a •Ration, on any ied the r from hence ii rXX of CkVE BRETON, ^c. 43 hence have boen fent all the AfTilluncc the Chap. French have given the Pretender : And H. here, and at OIknd have been collcded the Troops and Shipping defigned for an Invafion of the Britijh Domi}iions. Tlicfe Proceedings of the Frejich Court huve cer- tainly opened our Eyes, as to the Impor- tance of thefe two Ports : And it is to be hoped we fliall not (as thofe wife and , worthy Patriots did) fign any future Peace, till we fee fuch ejjhitial Ar ticks either adlually executed and performed to the Rigour, and utmoft Extent of them ; or good Cautionary Places given in the meaa time, till they are fo performed. on Ar The Xth Article reftores to Great- Remark Britain the^^;' and Str eights oflludfon, &c. '^'^ ^"^^^^ But in Lieu thereof, the Miniltry of thole Times fuffered themfelves to be fo grofsly impofed upon as (by the Vlllth Article of the Treaty of Commerce ) to give to France all they wanted -, namely, a Liber- ty of taking and drying their Fifi upon Newfoundland, The Xlth Article provides, that Satif- i?6v;/.7r/ faftion be made to the Iludjoii's Bay Com-^^]'^^^^^'^' G 2 pany. on ] I f .) vl ,•-,. ' f'!, 'I 1 If tr ? ii'... I n 1:1 44 T'he Importance and Advantage Chap, pany^ &c. But (hews at the fame Time, II. that in thofe Days, as almoft every Day ^''""^ fince, the French were mi 5 o 77)e Importance and Advantage Cu A V, in Svo, publiJJjed at Paris, 1744. gi'i^es the III. following Defcripti on 0/' Cape Breton. Charlcvoix^s Defcription of Cape Breton. Fr'.njih\ B Y the Ceflion oi Acadia and Placentia to the Englif\ there remained to France no other Place to carry on the Fifhery of Cod-Fifh, or at leaft to dry their Flfh in, but the Ifland of Cape Breton^ which is now ojdy known by the Name of I'ljle Royale. I'his Ifland is fituated between 45 and 47 Degrees of North Latitude j and forms, with the Ifland of Newfound- landy (from which it is diftant but about 1 5 Leagues) the Entrance of the Gulph of St, Laurence, The Streight which fepa- rates Cape Breton from Acadia^ is about five common Leagues of France in length, and about one in breadth : It is called the Fafjage of Fronfac, The Length of the Ifland) from North- eaft to South-weft, is not quite fifty Leagues. Its Figure is irre- gular ; and it is in fuch a manner cut through by Lakes and Rivers, that the two principal Parts of it hold together, only by an Ifihrmu of about eight hundred Paces in breadth : Which Neck of Land feparates the Bottom of Fort T'ouJoufe, from fcveral Lakes, which are called La- I brador. rhes tk In. ^lacentia France |(hery of FIfh in, hich is of I'ijle between atitude j 'wfound- It about julph of ich fepa- is about 1 length, ailed the 1 of the ■wef^, is e is irre- iner cut that the ;ogether, hundred of Land TouJoufe, lied La- brador, of CAPE BRETON, ^c. 51 brador. The Lakes empty themfelves into Chap. the Sea, to the Eaft, by two Channels of HI. unequal Breadth, which arc ''ormed by ^""^^ the Iflands Verderonne and la Boidardcrie^ which is from feven to eight Leagues long. The Climate of this Ifland is pretty cAimate of near the fame with that of ^febec : And although Mifls and Fogs are more frequent here, yet no one complains that the Air is unwholefome. All the Lands here are not good ; neverthelefs they produce Trees Pr^^^^^ 0/ of all Sorts. There are Oaks of a pro- (^^y Breton. digious Size, Pines for Mafts, and all Sorts of Timber fit for Carpenter's Work. The moft common Sorts, befides the Oak, are the Cedar, Afh, Maple, Plane-tree, and Afpin. Fruits ; particularly Apples, Pulfe, Herbs and Roots, Wheat, and all other Grain, necefliiry for Suftenance ; Hemp and Flax abound here lefs, but are every whit as good as in Canada, It has been obferved, that the Mountains may be cul- tivated up to their Tops ; that the good Soil inclines always towards the South ; and that it is covered from the North and North-weft Winds by the Mountains, H 2 which •1 i^ h f .1; i i\ 52 The Importance and Advantage a Chap, which border upon the River of S>t. Lau^ III. rcncc. All the domcftick Animals, fuch as Horfes, horned Cattle, Hogs, Sheep, Goats, and Poultry, pick up a good Live- hhood here. What is got by Hunting, Shooting, and Fifhing, is able to maintain the inhabitants a good Part of the Year. This Ifland abounds in Coal-pits, which are in the Mountains j confequently, the Trouble and Expence of digging deep, and making Drains to carry off the Water, are greatly faved. Here is likcwife Plafter in great abundance. It faid^ that there is no Part of the IVorld^ where more Cod-fip is cai/ghty nor where there is fo good Con- venieiicy for drying it. Formerly this Ifland was full of Deer -, they are now very icarce, particularly Elks. Partridges are here almofl as large as Pheafants ; and, in their Feathers, net unlike them. In a word, the Fifliery of Sea-pike, Por- poifes, &c. is in great abundance here, and carried on with great Eafe. Its Ports, in ^^L its Ports open to the Eaft, turning gemia . ^ j'.^^|^ ^^ ^^^ gouth, and within the Space of 4 of of fift; Datiph which Pa/Jdg the Ifli for fn mongl Coaft fible : the\^ P#i no fo Port Nam( betw( Littli Peter Maw ward Gak is n Pete iilan com advi Thi Anc b \age Ifuch as Sheep, Live- unting, aintain c Year, which ly, the ; deep, Water, ; Plafler there is Cod.ftfi lod Con- Ay this re now irtridges -afants j ; them, s, Por- e here, turning e Space of '■Mi ofCM?^ BRETON, csrc. 53 of fifty-five Leagues, hegmning at Port Chap. Dauphin^ and continuing to Port T^oiikufe^ III. which is almofl at the Entrance of the ^"^ " ^ Pajjage oj Fronfac, In all other Parts of the Ifland, it is difficult to find Anchorage for fmall VeiTels, in fmall Creeks, or a- mongft the Iflands. All the Northern Coaft is very high, and ahnoll inaccef- fible : And it is verv difficult to land on the Weftern Coafl, till you come to the Pafjage of Frcnfac^ out of which you are no fooner got, but you meet with the Port Touloufe, known formerly by the Porf Tou- Name of St. Peter. This Port is ftridly '^'^'fi- between a kind of Gulph (which is called Little St. Peter's ) and the Iflands 6"/. Peter, over-againfl the IJIands Madame, or Maurepas. From thence, afcending to- wards the South-eail, you find the Bay of G abort e, of which the Entrance (which Gab'-'rh Bny^ is near twenty Leagues diftant from St.^^^''^^'^"''^-^^ Peter's Ifla?ids) is a League broad, between Iflands and Rocks. It is very fafe to come near thefe Iflands, fome of which advance a League and Half into the Sea. This Bay is two Leagues deep, and the Anchorage very good. Th e J ll Jl I f : I r 1 1! i 1 I |j i i '^,i 1 ' ■' .ijr * 'I ^4 T/js Importance and Advantage Chap. III. The Harbour of Lemsburg, formerly Tcwisbur^ Called the EngUJh Harbour , is not above a large League from the above Bay ; and IS PEPHAPs One of the finest in America. It is near four Leagues in Circumference ; and every where there are fix or {tv^n Fathoms Water. The An- chorage is very good ; and you may, without danger, run a Ship aground upon the Mud. The Entrance is not above two hundred Fathoms wide ; and lies be- tween two fmall Illands. It is difcovered at the diftance of twelve Leagues, at Sea, by the Cape oi Lorembtx, which is but at a fmall diftance from it to the North- eaft. Two Leagues further up, is the Fort de la Baleine -, the Entrance of which is very difficult, occafioned by many Rocks, which the Sea covers, when it is agitated. No , 'lips of greater Bur- den than 300 Tons, can go into it -, but they are quite fafe there, when they are got in. Ba\> r.F Pe- From thence, in lefs than tlie diftance ^Mmaimi ^^ ^'^^^ Leagues, you coi^ie to the Bay of Peiiadoii, or Menadou ; the Entrance of I which P:)rt rid la Balrnt, of xtagt Jimcrly t above ; AND iST IN gues in here are he An- \ may, d upon above lies be- covered at Sea, is but North- is the nee of ed by , when IX Bur- ', but tiey are liflance Bay of ince of which ^/CAPE BRKTGN, ^c. 55 which is about a League broad, and the C h a p. Bay itfelf is about two Leagues deep, HI. Almofl over-againft this Bay, is the T/Z^wJ^'*''^^"""*"^ Ecatari. (formerly callec' Little Cape Breton) ^P': oca- tan^ which is above two Leagues long. The Bay of Mire is feparated from it by a very ''-^ '^ '' narrow Neck of Land. The Entrance of this Bay is likev/ife near two Leagues wide, and is at leaft eight Leagues deep. It grows narrower, the further you go into it } and many Imall Rivers and Rivulet* empty diemfelvcs into it. Large Ships may go up it, about fix Leagues, and find there good Anchorage, under cover of thq Hills. Bcfides the Illand of Scatari^ there are many other fmall ones, and Rock--', which the Sea never covers, but may be dilcovered a great way off. The largeft of thefe Rocks, is called the Foriihi, The Bay of Morienne is higher up, feparated i?^.y V" ■^^•- Irom the Bay of Mire by the Cape Brule ; ' '' and a little higher is Vljle Blate^ or rijlc a Pierre de fuf.J, dlredlly in the Latitude of 46 Degrees 8 Minutes. There is be- tween all tliele iil.inds and Rocks, very good Siickcr, and you may go amon^li; them, and near them, without Fear or Dandier. Fro: :7i}^: HI V 0.1 i'l C Indiana Harbour. 56 The Importance a7jd Advantage Chap. in. From hence, proceeding for about three Leagues to the North-weft, you find a very good Harbour, which is call- ed llndianc : but it is fit only for fmall Bay'Ts'i':/: Veflels. From i'lmiianey to the Bay des pa^nols. ' EJpagnolSy there are two Leagues. This Bay is a very fine Harbour. Its Entrance is but about a thoufand paces wide 5 but it grows wider, and at tlie height of a League divides itfelf into two Branches, which may be failed up for three Leagues. Both thcfe Branches are excellent Ports, which might be made better at a very fmall Expence. From this Bay to the lelier Entrance of "* Labrador are two Leagues ; and the Ifland which feparates the lelfer from the larger Entrance, is about two leagues long. Labrador is a Gulph above twenty Leagues long, and is about three or four wide, in its greatefl Breadth. It is counted a League and half * TheRK is a large Continent .^ fuuated hetix-ecn - the Gulph and River of St. Laurence, and Hudfon's Bay, wh':h is called Labrador, and by the Englifh New Britain, or New Wales, 'mhich mujl not be confounded icith this, in the JJland cf Cape ijieton, •whicl> is a Lake, fiom i f mtafre or about eft, you li is call- for fmall : Bay dei ;s. This Entrance ide ; but ght of a Branches, Leagues, nt Ports, It a very \f to the are two feparates ance, is \dor is a ng, and greateft and half cd beitLccn I Hudfon's he Englifh uji not be •■I Breton, :iom [ ofC^VE BRETON, ^c. 57 from the large Entrance of Labrador^ to C H a p^ the Port Dauphin or St Anne ; and yoa III. may come to an Anchor, almoft ^^Yp^Dau- where, amongft the Iflands of Cibou, Aphin, or Porp Neck of Land almoft entirely covers the '^'* '^'^"'•' Port, and leaves Room for no more thart one Ship at a time to go in. The Port Dauphin is about tw^o Leagues in Cir- cumference ; and Ships hardly feel the wind there, by reafon of the Height of the Mountains which furround it : They may come as near the Shore as they pleafe. All thefe Harbours and Ports be- ing fo near to each other, it would he ve- ry eafy to make Roads by Land from One to the other 5 and nothing could be more ad- 'uantagious to the Inhabitants, than thefe Communications, which would fave them the trouble in the Winter Seafon, of going fo far about, by Sea, This is the Defcrip- tion, given of this Ifland in general by the abovementioned Jefuit, who has been ^£! > a long time there, pretends to be very cx- adl in his Enquiries, and publifhed his Hiftory a very little while before this Important Ifland was conquered by the Englijh Nation. Hb ♦ v'»|:ft.. ,1ft 15 8 7>&^ Importance and Advantage H E afterwards proceeds to defcribe more particularly fome of the above Ports. iLich as that of Lcwifiurg^ and that of 6V. Anne or Fort Dauphin, Aft e r the Ceffion of Flaccniia and Aicidici to the Crown of England^ it is certain that the French had no other Place where they could dry their Fifh, or even filh in Safety, but the Illand of CiiPe Breton : they were therefore drove by NecefTity to i tie an Eftablifliment there, and to fortify it. with( two two fend ahum Monti Butt] this imm( More parti' TiiEY began by changing its Name, ailarixfjr^p' ^^^^ ,.^]|^^| ij- /'/y/^ Royak, They next de- jtion 0/ Port - . •^^. . ^^ LewLbir^. liberated upon the Choice ot a proper place to fettle tiie General Quarters in ; and they were for a long time divided be- tween Leivijlurg and Fort Dauphin. It has been already ft.' that the former is one of the fined Harbours in all Ame- rica : that it has near four Leagues in Circumference ; diat tliere is Anchorage all over it, in Six or Seven Fathoms Wa- ter ; that the Anchorage is good, and that one may run a Ship aground in the Mud, with- \m xntave defcribe 3ve Ports. 1 that of Placcniia England^ no other eir Fifh, Illand of re drove )lifliment :s Name, next de- I proper rters in; ^ided be- ^)bin. It ormer is II Ame^ igues in ichorage ns Wa- and that le Mud, with- o/ CAPE BRETON, gf-. 59 without Danger. It's Entrance is not Chap. two Hundred Fathoms wide, between HI. two little Iflands, which may eafily de- ^""^^ ^ fend it. l^he Ccd-Fijbtjig is there Tcry abundant^ and one may fjb there from the Month of Aprils to the End of December. But then it was faid that the Land about this Port is barren ; and that it would coil immenfe Sums to fortify it ; bccaufe all the Materials muft be brouo;ht a ereat way. Befides which, it had, it feems, been remarked that there was no fandy bottom in this Harbour, for more than about forty fifliing VelTels. It has likewiie been' obferved that the Port St. An?2e, or Dauphin, has a fare" and fafe Road for Ships, at its Entrance, amongfl the Iflands of Cibou ; and that a Neck of Land almoft entirely fliuts up the Port, leaving a Pail-ige for no more than one Veffcl at «! time. This Port, _. T ,, 1 T . — More partt- thus Ihut up, has near two Leagues y^^^-cularDejcrip cumference in an oval Form : Ships may ^'^« °f P°rt hers come as near as they pleafe to the ^•'^'■''"* Land j and the Mountains which furround it, keep off tlie Winds in fuch a manner, that they are hardly felt. I'hcy who I 2 were I I '»\l, l 'It 60 77>e Importance and Advantage C ii A P. were for chufing this Port for the Chief III. SetHement, alledged that it might be ren- dered impregnable at an eafy 'ate ; that more iiiight be done here for two thou- land Livres, than at Lcnijhurg for two Hundred Thoufand ; becaufe every thing neceffary for building a large City, and fortifying it, was at hand. It is further certain that the fmdy Bottom is as exten- five here, as at Pkcentia ; that the Fiiliing is very good ; that there is a great Quan- tity of excellent Timber about this Place, fuch as Maple, Eeach, and wild Cherry tree, but above all Oaks of above thirty feet high, fit for building, &c. It is likewife true, that iMarble is here very common ; that the Lands are generally good ; that about the great and fmaller Er trances of Labrador^ which are but at the Diftance of a League and half, the Soil is very good. In a word, this Port is but four Leagues diflant from the Bay dcs Efpagnchy which is likewife a very good Harbour, where the Lands are ex- cellent, and covered with Woods fit for almoft all Ufes. It is true that here is ikj fifhjng in fmall Boats, on account of the wefleriy Windr, which generally bl'^w here ; here Eng xntage le Chief t be ren- te ; that ivo thou- for two ery thing 'ity, and is further as exten- e Filliing at Quan- bis Place, 1 Cherry ve thirty It is r ere very generally 1 fmaller but at lalf, the this Port the jB./v E a very are ex- s fit for ere is no \ t of the ly bl'jw here ■ »/ CAPE BRETON, ©'f. 6i here ; but one may fifli here, as at iV^ W ■ »P»i 66 The Import ame and Adva7itagt Chap, fore, is to employ every Individual ac- IV. cording to his Trade or Capacity ; and to ^"^"^^^^•^ enable every one to fubfift, by lowering the Price of Goods. In order to this, it is neceflary to find them a Place, whither they may conveniently, and at fmall ch- es, carry the above mentioned Com- lA.vulHcs, and take thofe of France^ The French V .icii '^cy Want. By that means, they pop^fc Cdpr would lave a Part of the Freight upon the %'%\p,'[OnQ, as well as the other : And this Part for Jc-f^ofithiiT of the Inhabitants, who either ftarve in Idlencfs, or run about the Woods in qued of Came, would be employed in Naviga- tion. It may be objedled, that this Me- thod would take from France a Part of its Profit upon its Goods. But we an- fvver, that it would by no means have that Effect i becaufe the Freight which the In- habitants of New France would hereby fave, would immediately be returned to the OlJy by the greater Confumption of its Goods. For Example ; thofe who arc now idle, and have no other Covering but the Skins of wild Beads, would then wear the Manufadtures of Fra?2ce, A fitter Place for the executing of this De- fig", Breton^ as a fil dcf. ^ Gqo,Is hc~ tivte'iFra}ict\ O'ul f/.-t'ir Ci, ''•!.' ' i'i tage ual ac- and to 3wering this, it whither : fmall i Com- France^ IS, they pon the his Part tarve in in queu Naviga- his Me- Part of we an- ave that the In- hereby ned to tion of vho arc bvering d then ce, A his De- of CAPE BRETON, ^c. 67 iign, could not be found, than the Ifland Chap. of Cape Breton. IV. Le T it not be faid, that if this Ifland is fupplied from Canada with a Part of thofe Goods, which it mu^ otherwife have had from Frajice^ it is fo much taken off from the latter : For, in the firft place, the Aiifwer made to the foregoing Objec tion, is like wife an Anfwer to this ; lin- e the Profit hereby made by Canada^ >Aii} always return to the Kingdom of Frame : For New France can never do, wi 'v^ many Sorts of Goods from the Old, Second- ly, It would be no Difadvantage to Fra?icey if it did not export fo much Corn, and other Provifions j fince the cheaper they are in, the Country, the more Workmen it would have for its Manufadures, This Ifland is fituated in fuch a man- ner, that it naturally forms a Magazine, or Staple, between the Old and New France, It can furniHi the firji with Cod- Fifli, Oils, Coals, Plafter, Timber, Gfr. of its own Growth and Produd:. It will furnilh to New France the Goods of the Old at a much cheaper Rate, and favc K 2 the \Y\ I ( ( ' : 11 A,, ■\.-. * '='^:ti 68 The Importance and Advantage C H A p. the latter a confiderable Part of the Freight IV. upon her Goods, Befides that the Na- vigation from ^cbcc to Cape Breton would make good Seamen of a Sett of Men, who are not only of no iJfe, but a dead Weight upon the Colony. Another confiderableAdvantagc, which this Eftablifhment would procure to Ca- mida, is, that it would be cafy to fend fmall Veflels from thence, to fifh for Cod (as well as Whales and Porpoifes, from which Oils are extradled) at the Mouth of the River of St. Laurence^ and in the Gulph. The VefTels would be fure of a Market at Cape Breton ; and might there take in fuch Goods from Trance as were wanted. Or elfe, a Veflel going from ^icbec^ laden with the Produce of Canada^ might go to Cape Breton^ load Salt there, for curing Fifh to be caught in the Gulph, return to Cape Breton, and fell his Fifh : And out of the Profits of thefe two Voyages, purchaie Trench Goods there j which he would fell again, to Advan- tage in Canada, dial the) was Fidl Mol Or, the What tage Freight the Na- Breton Sett of \ but a \ which to Ca- to fend for Cod ;s, from Mouth [ in the re of a It there as were g from Canada^ there, Gulph, s Fiili : t two there ; Advan- e/CAPE BRETON, &c. 69 What formerly hindered the Cana- Sam from fifliing in the Gulph, and at the Entrance of the River *S/. Laurence^ was, that they were obliged to carry their Fifli to ^ebec ; where they could not get Money enough for it, to pay their Charges, Or, if they were fo lucky as to do that, the Profits were not large enough to en- gag'^ many People in a Trade of that Nature. The two Colonies affording thus a mu- tual AfTiftance to each other, and the Merchants becoming rich by this continual Commerce and Intercourfe, they might affociate themfelves in Enterprizes, equally advantagious to the one and the other, and confequently to the whole Kingdom ; if it were nothing more than opening the Iron Mints^ which are in fo great abun- iron Mines dance about the three Rivers. For, in '« ^^;:^ ^'^^^ 1 ^ r • T- • r -n n St- Laurence. that Cafe, one might give feme Reft to thofe of France^ as well as to its Woods : At leaft, we fliould be under no Neceffity of fetching Iron from Sweden and Bifcay. \ \ I i ■.I //hat Moreover^ 70 Chap. IV. ., i*t Tie Importance and Advantage Moreover, the Sliips which go from France to Canada always run a p;reat Rifk in their Return, unlcfs they make their Voyage in the Spring : Whereas, the fmall VelTels of ^ebec would run no Rifk in going to Cape Breton^ becaufe they would .akc their own Time to do it ; and they would always have experienced Pilots. What fhould hinder them from niaking two Voyages in a Year ; and by that Means faving the French Ships the Trouble of afcending the River of St. Lau^ renccy which would P.orten their Voyage by one half ? But further : The Confumption in Canada of French Goods, is not the only Advantage wliich this Eftablifhment would afford to this Colony j But it ivouid have likc'Lvif: an Opportunity of pajjing its Wines, Brandies, Linncns, Ribbciis, Silks, &c. into the Engiiih Colonies. This Commerce would become very advantagious : For the F^iglijk would furnifh dicmfelves at Cape Bretcn, and in Canada, not only with all the Goods they v/anted on the Continent, where dieir Colonies are extreamly peopled ; Efw^ : Tge from great make lereas, iin no ecaufe do it ; ienced from .nd by ps the '. Lau^ /'oyage ion in e only would / have JVineSj c. into fimerce or the t Cape ith all itincnt, copied ; bin j\ of CAVE BRETON, ^c, jt but alfo for their IQands, and thofc of C h A P, the Dutcby with which they traflkk. By IV. tbefe Means we jlould draw a great deal of^^^^~ Alofiey cut of tbofe Colonies, even tl.oiigb tbe Entry of our Goods jhould not be openly per-- mitted. In a word, nothing would be more likely, than this Eftablllhment, to engage the Merchants of France to employ People in the Cod-Fifliery : For, as Cape Breton would furnilh Canada with Frencb Goods, thofe VelTels which were fent thither for Filh, would take a Cargo, confifting half in Goods, and half in Salt -, fo that they would make a double Advantage \ whereas, at prefent, the Frencb Ships, which go out a Cod-fifliing, load nothing but Salt. Add to this 5 tbat the Aiigmejitatlon of the Fijhery would enable France to furnijh Spain ayid the Levant with Fijb \ which would be a Means of bringing immenfe Sums into the K''ngdo?n. The Whale Fifljery (which is ^Qxy jj/haU-fMr^ ■.abundant in the Gulph, and towards the'" ''''',^'^^'* Coafts oi Labrador, and even in the River '^'^'/J,^V^,4v. of St, Laurence^ as far as 'tadoufjac) might alfo 1^1 \ 4 72 T'he Importance mtd Advantage Ch Ifo be ano De one of the mofl: folid Advantages IV. of this Settlement. Thofe Ships which go on this Fifliery, fhould be loaden in France with Goods, which they fhould fell, or leave w::h the Merchants Correfpondent at Cape Breton : And from thence, they iTiould take in Calks, and go a-fifliing ; which, in this Place, is fo much the eafier, being performed in Summer, and not in the Winter, as in the North of Europe, where the Ships muft lie amongft the Flakes of Ice, in efFed: of which, the Whales are frequently loft, after they are ftruck. In this manner, the Fifliing- VefTels would gain upon their Merchan- dize brought to Cape Breton, and upon their Fifh : And this double Profit would be made in lefs Time, and with lefs Rifle, than that of the Whale-Fifhery of the North : And the Money, which is carried to the Dutch for this Commodity, would remain in FraJice, I T has been already remarked, that the Ifland of Cape Breton can furnifh of its own growth, Mafts and Building-Tim- ber to the Kingdom of FroMce : It might likewife fetch them from Ca?iada -, which would age ntages ich go France ell, or ondent ;, they filing -, eafier, not in Europe^ gft the :h, the hey are Fifliing- [erchan- d upon would IsRifk, I of the [ carried would d, that rnifli of Ig-Tim- It might which would of CAPE BRETON, ^^. 73 would much encreafe the reciprocal Com- Chap merce of the two Colonies, and would 1^- cafe the Kingdom greatly in the Expencc ^ of building Ships. This Timber would be fetched from the Ifland, without our being obliged to buy it from Strangers : And what fhould hinder us from building Ships at Cafe Brcto??^ when every Thing necef- fary to it, may be had from Canada .^ The Materials would coil: there much lefs than in France ; and enable us to furnidi other Nations with Shippings inftead of buying it from them. I N (liort, there is not in the World Caf.c Brcm a fLir2r Retreat for Ships, comincr from^-^"'^ J ^ . . . *f'c<^t for whatever Part of jlmcrtca, than Cape sh^ps fi Breton^ in cafe of being chafed, in cafe '''^'' /^1>'^" of bad Weather, or of want of Wood, Water, or Provifions. BtfJes^ that in "Time of fVar, it ivould be a Place fjr Cruifing, fo as entirely to dijlrefs the Trade '^>-d very of all the BniiOi Settlements in x^merlca : ^'T^f; /''' And if we had Force enough (which itaCnuj,. would be very eafy to have) vvc might make ourfelves Mailers of the Cod Filhery, by the means o^^ a few fmall Fiijates, L vvliith Kc- 'cm - m^Kfi: , i ^ F I: "!( It 74 2l^^ Importance and Advantage C H A p. which (hould be always ready to fally out IV. of, and return into the Ports. But thcD, thefe Things are not to be done by Companies j who generally fet their Minds wholly upon getting rich in a little time ; and abandon, or negledl: every thing which does not immediately return large Profits. They give themfelves very litde Trouble about making folid and lafl- ing Settlements, or confidering the Advan- tage of the Inhabitants \ for ivhom it is not poffiblc to bave too great a Regard, if ive would engage them to eftahlijh themfelves in a new Colony^ and promote their In- terfJs tlerein. T H r: above jVIemorial has pointed out to us fo many of the Advantages, which this Nation may reap from this Important Conqucll, that it has in a great meafurc rut lliort our Work in enumerating them. For we ha\'e little ehc to do, but to con- iider \\hat U{es they made of this llland ; and by turning their ovv'n Weapons againfl thetn, we niav ctnplov them with double Force i inaimuch as ihey are ^^^catly weak- I ened mLL--!'" fcIlK s Vra. banc fonn. ctirir t ver lliall icre o ly out : to be lly fet :h in a ; every return es very id laft- Mvan- n it is end, if emfehes leir In- p-9 ., ted out which iportant iieafuic them, to con- llland i 5 againlt double y weak- ened (?/CAPE BRETON, w.. /^ cned, we immenfely cncreafed in Strength Chap, by this Acquii'ition. IV. I T is pretty remarkable, that the French Jefuit begins his Dcfcription oiCapc Breton by averring, that jiftcr tlie CelTion of p/^- ccntia and Acadia to tlie Crown of Enz- land^ T^v French hihi no other P he c^ 'H'bere ibcy could dry their Fijh in Safit)\ but the ]Jland of Cape Breton : Wlicrefore they were driven by Neceflity to make a Set- tlement there, and to fortify it. This Axiom he repeats more than once in the Courfe of his Iliilory of Ne^-^o France : And, if it be a true one, it neceifarily follows, tliat the French have now loft all the Advantao^es thcv had, or could propofe to themfclves, by the Voi- fcliion of diat ffland. S I N c E tlic DccLiratlon of War, tlie Vrench (it is prcfuir.cd) have been de- barred from fidiing on tlie Banks of Avxc- foimdland ; as well as from di'ving and curing their Filli upon thut Jiland. Wlien- cver a Peace between the tv/o Crow 7 n c. X\ lluill be nep-otiatcvl, it is not doubted l>ut L 2 M'oper proi I 1 1 ': 7 6 7/^6' h?7porta?jce aiid Advantage C IT A p. proper Meallires will be taken to remove ^V". all polTibility of abufing, as they have clone, the {Tivilegcs granted them by the Treaty ol' Utrecht. Nothing could poflibly have con- tributed fo much to the fecuring this Im- portant Branch of our Trade, as our being Mailers of Cufe Breton -, which is fo fitu- ated, as to be cither of inefttmable ValiiCy or inconceivable Detriment to the Tiindilh Nation. It lies between 41^ and d-j De- grees of Northern Latitude ; and is fepa- rated from Acadia^ or New Scctl(iu(i\ only by the Narrow Streigbts of Can/o, It Units up, as it were, the Entrvr-ce into the Gulph, and confequencly the River of St. Laurem: . It is nearer the Great Fiiliing-Banks of Newfoundland^ than any of the Fjmijh Colonies, except the Ifland oi Newfoundland iiielf ; confequently, muft effeLLually intercept or protedt all Inter- cuurfe between our Colonies, and that llland. In a word, it is, in all Rcfpeds, fo fituated, as if Frovidcnec intended it fbould make a Part of tb.e BriiiJJ.) Dominions, as it reo'ly and in Fa'ff is the Key to all tlie f'.:l \, \ I? nove have ^ the ^/CAPE BRETON, &c. / t con- s Im- being 3 fitu- s iepa- /, only jo. It X into River Great an ary lHand muft Inter- \A that cds, fo (hould \ionSy i'i^ all the I? I F this be the Cafe, (and I believe no Chap.. true Subjed: oi' Great Britain will deny iV. it to be the Cafe) can any Care be em- ployed, any Money expended, that is too great, or too confiderable for the Prefer- vation of it ? But we have many other Inducements to the taking early and effec- tual Meafures for the fecuring of Cape Breton to the Dominion of the Crown of England^ as well from whatever Open Force may be brought againfl: it, as from all the Arts and Intriguer of French Minijhrs. We have fuffered once already by their Tricks ; and that in the very Poi?2t now before us. Let us, therefore be aware of their playing the fame Game over again : And in order to it, let every one who is Mafter of the Subjed, add to thefc few Hints all tb; is wanting to fliew Our King, Our IVL- nifters, Our Lei2;iflature and Our Peorle, how immenfely valuable this late Ace ui- fition is J and how well it defer ves to be nourifl^ed, protected and preferved. Mess. Raudot have alledged, that Cape Breton can furnilh of its o^vn Growth, CodElh, Oyls, Cc»ls, Plaftcr, Timber, 78 The Importcmce and Advantage Chap. Timber, ^c, to the Kingdom of France. IV, If that be true (and as I am informed, it is ftridly fo) then this is not a barren dcfart Land, ailording fcarce any Trees or Herbage, as reprefented by Salmon. Charlevoix fays it has many Lakes and Rivers : That there is a competent Number of Domeflick Animals, v^hich fubfift very well upon it : That Fruits and Grain grow well there : That Hemp and Flax are cultivated with Succefs ; and that fifliing and hunting are able to main- tain the Inhabitants a good Part of the Year. Tliis can aever, furely, be called a Defart Place 3 nor can there be any Danger of ilarving upon an Ifland where there are fo many Refources. The Climate is in general reputed Healthy, notwith- ftanding the Frequency of Fogs there to be met with. Coals abound in the Ifland -, and i;re procured at a fmall Expence. Timber, Sto; :s, Marble and Plafter are every wheri; to be had ; fo that good Habita- t" jns may not only be built, but kept ^ arm, when built, Laftly, Provifjons cannot be faid to be fcarce, where there is Fifli In abundance > and Beef, Veal, MuttODi^ \ COUIJ CA a St thcr of A of CAVE BRETON, &c. 79 Mutton, Lamb, Kid, Goat's Flefli, wild Chap. and tame Fowl, Corn, Herbs, Roots, IV. Fruit, &c, in tolerable Plenty. The Place, therefore, as to the Neceflliries of Life, is not only habitable, but in fome Degree comfortable : let us now fee how it may be rendered more fo. I ■ Mess. Raudot ( about thirty two Years ago ) fliewed the French Court the Expediency and Advantage of efta- blilhing a Staple or Magazine upon tlie Illand of Qife Breton, for all Goods, &c, paffing between Old and New France. Whether that Ufe was ever made of the Place, I am not informed : But, from the Arguments and Reafons given by them for fuch an Eftablidiment, it is very evident that nothing could turn to greater Ac- count. Hence, therefore we are furnifli- ed with a Hint, how to render this Illand not only immediately ufcful, but alfo how to people, fortify, and enrich it in a fhort time, beyond all Poflibility of loiing it again by Force, For where a Staf'/e or Mitrl is eftabliflicd, thi- ther, of Courfe, w ill refort great Numbers of Mercliants, and Traders. Thele briija ' 1* M ov.cv t I 80 The Importance a7id Advantage Chap. Money, and Money produces Induftry : IV. By Money, Induftry, Numbers of Peo- ple, and Encouragement, what is too dif- ficult to be effected? The moft barren and defart Spot of Ground in the Uni- verCc, would in thcfe Circumftances, be tendered fertile, as is evident in the In- ftance of the Ifland of Malta, Every Difficulty would be turned into fome fort of Advantage ; and what is now a Ilorrour, would be converted into a Beau- ty. As foon as the Country became rich, it would become better worth the prefer- ving : Forilfications ( if needful ) would be added to thofe already made ; and each Individual would contribute to its Prei'ervation and Safety, with fo much the greater Care and Zeal, as his own In- tereft therein would be of greater Con- cern. To me, therefore, it does not oc- cur, that tliere is any material Objedlion againfl our erebllng this IJland into a Sta- Knglay^d an J pie cr Mart for all Goods and Traffick car- ried on bctivecn England and its Ame- rican Colciiics : But as I do not pretend to be fo fir Mailer of that Subjedl, as to forefee and obviate all the Objecftions that may lie againfl fuch a Scheme ; fo I flrall p*op'f:d a> K iilUl I. hevwfcii Amaica, ofCtWE BRETON, &^c. 8i fhall content myfelf with barely giving Chap. the Hint ; and fubinit the more pprticu- IV. lar Enquiry into it, to fuch as are bct-*^ — -y—— ^ ter Judges of the Arguments for, and agninft it. Let us now proceed to confider, in what manner, and to how great a Degree our Trade may be enlarged, protected, and promoted by the Addition of Cape Breton to the Dominions of the Crown of Engla?2d. W E have above given a very parti- cular Defcription of all the Ports and Harbours of this Ifland, and many of them appear (upon the Teftimony of my French Author) to be fome of the beft in America, From hence it mud follow, Q^pe Brrton ' that if any of our Ships of War, or noi^a fur e Retreat ding Veflels are under any Difficulties in'^'^ °^^ '^^^^ their Voyage to or from our Colonies, or any other part of the ff\/i Indies, here is a Jure and Jafe Retreat. Whereas, wc had not only the Dangers of the Seas to efcape, but the Hazard of being taken at the Beginning, or End of a Voyage, as long as Cape Bret.n ccntinucd in the M Hands ■i '^ P l.'.l«^'' i'-'ri IP I 1 I I 8 2 T/je Importance and Advantage Chap. Hands of our Enemies. For as I have _ before obferved, it lies fo, that it is next to impoffible to fail to or from Nc'va Sco^ tidy New England^ New Tork, Penfiha- fiidy ]\'Li7'yhw(ly J irghiidy Carolina and Georgia^ without approaching very near to this I Hand, in the way to or from Eri^hiJid. Mt'fs''^ Raudot have obferved, that a few Fiigatts Rationed here, would be fuflicient to interrupt our Commerce with the Colonies *. What then Ihould hinder us from flationii^^ here as many Ships of War, as may be neceflary, noi only to prote6t cur Trade, but to prevent any Da??ger of a?2 Attack ? * Salmon, V^ol. III. p. 645. fays ; Here art fcveral Harbours, where the French Cruifers or Pri- 'vatecrs may He Jecurely, and from hence interrupt the Britifli 'JViule and Fifheiics of New Englrind, New Scotlaiid, (Old Newfoundland, at their Plcafure. Ncr do I fi'e how it is poj/ildt: for an Englifh Squa- dron to pnted them entirely upon Juch cxtcnjive Coajh. Jill that can he done in time of IVar^ is to make Re- prifals on the Frcncli by our Cruifers and Privateers, and r/f our Ahrchanltncn and Fijhcrmen are by much tJ:e nt(,fl numerous ; we ?nuji expe^ to be the greateji Sufferers, as ive always were, in the late War j the French taking three Prizes, for one we took from them^ Here in t age iS I have it is next Wova Sco- Penjiha- olina and i^ery near or from obferved, :e, would Commerce m ihould as many flary, not :o prevent •fc ir Here are crs or Pri- nter nipt the and, New Pleafure. glifh Squa- ifive Coajfi. tnake Re- PrivatcerSy ire by much the greatiji War ; th( took from Here of CAPE BRETON, Ifc. 8j Chap. IIerk then are good Fruits and Har- IV. hours : But not only fo, for Safely and Se- ^' cuiity from Winds and Enemies ; but al- io fit for careening and refitting of Ships on any Occaiion. Nay, it has been with 5/^;,^.i ^j/ ^/// Credibility affirmed, that Ships of all Di-^^'I'^^Sl menfions and Force may be built here.'.,»v. For, wha .. the Ifland itfclf does not afford, may, with great Eafe, be fuppli- ed from forne one of our own Colonies. The Streight of Ca?2/d or PaJJage of Fro?i- fac is but a League over between Acadia and Cape Breton : And from the Bay of St Laurence, the Englijh Colonies run in a Chain to the South-weft, as far as to the Gulph of Florida. But Ships may not only be built ^,,,y^.;,,^^,, here, but much cheaper built, than in than in Europe, Artificers, it is certain, may in ^"'"i''^* Tome meafure be wanting for rf time, but will foon be fupplied, if ever the Work is fet about in good Earned. And why it fhould not, I do not perceive, when all the Materials are upon the Spot, and it is much eafier, and lefs expcniivc M 2 to III , ,1 I IMAGE EVALUATION TliST TARGET (MTl) z ^o 1.0 I.I :!: b£ 112.0 1 2.5 2.2 !.8 1.25 1.4 IIU4 4 6" — ► m '/I /a c-l ■^^ ■^ •> y ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716) 873-4503 iV rv # s^ \\ '<<^j^ c^ 84. 72^ Importance and Advantage C H A p. to cairy Workmen thither, than to bring IV. thefe lumbering Goods to the Workmen. Ttoe EngViJh B Y the PofTeflion of Cape Breton we hereby become ^j^^ becomc, or luwe it in our Power to cU'iL Cod- become, entire Mailers of all the Cod-fijl:- jijl^iy- er\\ which, as Charlevoix ailerts, is of more value than the Mines of Peru, Ccmputation Having in my PolTeflion a Compu- of the French fatiofi of the French Fipoery as it was ma- J^'^l^fl^^"*^*^ naged before the pre [cut IVar which is al- lowed by all good Judges of that Mitter to be a Judicious, exadl, and well calcu- lated Piece ; 1 fliould have inferted it here at full length, if I had not met with it in a Pamphlet lately printed at Exeter^ en- titled, yin Accurate Journal and Account of the Proceedings of the New England Land Forces, during the late Expediti- on c^rainjl the French Settlements in Cape Breton, 1 N that Pamphlet, the Reader may fee the whole Calculation ; from whence it ?.ppears, that the French made the Sum of giyc^igzl. 10 s. Sterling Advantage from the tingle Article of the Fifl.'ery : And employed I- fage > bring :men. Compu- nay fee ence it Sum of from And iployed ^/CAPE BRETON, ^c. ^5 employed 564 Sail of Ships ; and 27500 Chap. Men per Annum. IV. Whether the French ever attempted the Whale Fijhery in the Bay and River of lS^ Laurence^ I am not informed : But it does not appear to have any Place in this Calculation, and confequendy remains to IVhah-fiJl}- be added to it. For, whether they made '2^ ''' ^l,\, .J r • • • -J Bay and Ri- any Advantage oJt it, or not, it is evident, ver rf St. from all the Accounts given of thofe Parts ^^'"rence. of the World, that Whales not only a- bound in the Gulph, &c, but that the Fifhing is performed there to much greater Advantage, and in a fafer Manner and Seafon, than in Greenland, I ftiall not here pretend to iet a Value upon this Branch of Pf^hale Fijhing ; but only ob- ferve, that the Bay is now open to us, and that the Trade of Whale Fijhing may be carried on here with great Safety, and with incredible Gains. The French Trade up the River of St, Laurence^ to TadouJJaCy ^iuebec^ Alonfreal, and their other Setde- nients upon that River, is hereby, in a great meafure, if not totally obftrudled, or may be fo, if proper and vigorous Means are made ufe of. Salmon, i; il' 8 6 The Importance and Advantage Salmon, at the 646th Page of his Illd Volume, has thefe remarkable words ; " As to the French Kirg's yielding up " Cape Breton, and the other IJJands in the " Bay of St. Laurence, it mujl be conjider- " ed^ that if he had parted with thefe at " the Threat y of Utrecht, he could no longer " have had any other Communication with « Canada, afid New France, than what " we f aw fit : And it could fear ce he ex- pciied he Jlxuld exclude himfelf from all Commerce with his Colonies of New ** America." . ^ - « C( I N the King of France*s Anfwer to a Memorial fent fromEngland in June^ 1 7 1 2. N. S. Art. 3d. are the following Words j viz» 'which ivill here* " after open an Entrance into the River of "• St. Laurence ; which would be abfolute- " ly (hut to the Ships of His Majefiy, if " the EngliHi ( Mafiers of Acadia and " Newfoundland) ftill poffeffed the Ifland of *' Cape Breton in cotmnon with the French. *^ And Canada would be loft to France, " as foon as the War fhould be renewed " between the Two Nations j which God »' forbid : But the mo ft fecure Means to " prevefit it, is often to think that it may '' happen:* Here it is to be ohfcrved, that HI$ Moft Chriftian Majcfly is extremely fcru- pulous I' ' 1 m^ "«>} I I 8 8 76e Important and /Advantage Chap, pulous on this Occafion, and apprehen- IV. five of joining the Subjcdls of England ^*'**'^'^''**' and France in the fame Jfland, leaft they fliould quarrel And I believe he was right in his Notion, that the natural Antipathy between the two Nations is fuch, they cannot long agree together in the fame Place. But it is to be obferved, that when it fuited the Circumjiances of France to require a Part o/* Newfoundland along with the Englifli, all thefe Scruples im^ -mediately vanijked. Here then, is the concurrent Tefti- mony of French and Englip.\ Friends and Foes, that Cape Breton cuts of all Com^nu- nication between Old France, and Canada or New France : And that /'/ is the only Ifland which opens an Entrance into the River of St. Laurence ; and Canada would be loft to France, whenever the War ficuld be renewed if this Ifland was either taken^ or given up. Computation Mr. Ashley, in treating on the J- 'f^J^^"^^'fi mcrican Trade, Parti, p. i8. tells us, that from Newfoundland, New Engla?id and Nova Scotia, there are about Three Hundred of CAPE BRETON, ^c. 89 Hundred Sail of Ships, great and fmall, Chap. or about Thirty Thoufand Tons of Ship- IV". ping employed annually in carrying Fi(h to Portugal^ Spain ^ and Italy, Thefe Ships employ about 2700 Seamen, and may by a Circulation of Trade, return to Great Brit at fi about 260000/. Sterlings per Annum^ in this Article of Fidi, befides Train-oil and Whalebone ; of which there may be imported into Great Britain to the Value of 40000/. Sterlings per Annum^ and upwards. And it is computed, that about two Thirds of thefe Advantages arife from the Filhery of Newfoundland only. But this Computation is confined to the Fijhery of Newfoundland chiefly ; to the Trade to Portugal, Spain, and Italy, and to the Men employed on board the Ships only. Whereas I have feen another kind of Computation, which takes in the whole Britijh Fi fiery in America-, and ex- tends to the Men employed in catching, curing, and drying the Fiih afliore, as well as to the Seamen employed to carry it afterwards to different Ports. This Cora- ^^J^^^^ . ^ putation runs thus; that the whole Quan-^/zv^ Brhulj tity of Fi(b caught by the Englip:, may, ^'^'^'■^ '« I ^i y N at America, -'nr i ^fH • *J : ^^ •'P U\ go The Importance and Advantage C H A p. at a round Reckoning, amount to about IV. 600000 Quintals a Year, which at Ten *^ ^ '^ Shillings a Qmntal, is worth 300000 /. And that there are from 14 to 15000 Men employed in the Trade. I T need not l^ here obferved how much this I'rade of the Fi/hery has been the Objedl of the Attention of the Nation, on all Occaiions. It was one of the prin- cipal Points upon which the Treaty of Utrecht ought to have turned > though by the Management of Men at that Time in Power, it was rather turned againft us, than to our Advantage. We look upon it as the chief Nurfery for Seamen ; and arc fo much interefted in the other Benefits of it, that we annually fend one or more of His Majefty's Ships of War, to protect our Subjeds, and their Veflels, during the fiiliing Seafon. But how inconfiderable is this, in every Branch of it, when compared with what ^7w^Jnthe ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^y deprived the French of, and French and gotten into our own Hands ! 7Sf/r Fijhery l^^i^^^ amounted (within a Trifle) to a Million, Sterling : Our's not to one Third of that Sum» of CAPE BRETON, ^c. gx Sum. They employed 27500 Men : We, Chap. at moft, 14 or 15000. "fhey, 56483110? IV. Ships : We about 300, great and fmall. ^^"^ ^ The DifFerence is extremely great : But tlie Advantage far exceeds it, when y^QStveral Ai- come to confider, that this is fo much ^^'lr"/^,g^from ken out of the Hands of our Enemies, our bring in and added to our own Trade ; and ought ^f^^"' f ' ^ the Frtncn therefore, to be accounted in a duplicate /^/y/fj^r;. Proportion of the real Sum. But e\ien this Advantage is inconlider- able, when conlidered abftradedly, and feparate from the other Advantages it brings along with it. Let every Reader weigh within himfelf the Value of a Trade, which affords a Nunery for near 30,000 additional Seamen. The pro- JNurfery viding for, or maintaining fuch a Number/*'; ,??°°° of good and uleful Subjects, not only ^t Seamen, no Expencc, but to the immenfe Interefl and Profit of the Nation, mufl, at leaft^ give Pleafure to every well-difpofed Mind ; even though he is not immediately con- cerned in any other Benefit arifing from that Branch of Trade. The having that Fund of Seamen to fupply our Fleets upon N 2 any M I <:i '' ifiili ^^ ^\ •> wl !-^i #1 92 *Tbe Importance and Advantage Chap, any Emergency, mufl evidently appear to IV. be y very great Advantage to all thole who have either the Trade, the Religion, the Liberty, or the Safety of their Country at Heart. The Circulation of fuch an ad- ditional Sum annually, mufl: produce fuch EfFedls, as will be ielt by all Ranks and Degrees of Men, from the Throne to the Plow. And the depriving our Enemies of all the Advantages they reaped from this Branch of Trade muft be fuch a Curb to their Ambition, and cafl: fuch a Damp upon all their Projedis, that we cannot have any thing to fear from them, fo long as we continue to cut this Main Binew of IV ar. Encreafeof Add to this the grcat Encreafe which i^l^i^e^ Acquifition muft bring, to tht IFoolIen ManufaSlures, The Climate of Cape Bre- ton is, for a great Part of the Year, ex- tremely cold : And the Eunnefs of Fiiliing is fuch, as expofes the i^eople employed in it, to the damp, rainy, foggy, or frofty Air : Wherefore they muft of neceffity be well cloathed ^ which, confequently, makes ji large Demand for our coarfe Cloths, Flannels, Yarn and Worfted Hofc, Caps, Mittens, of CA?E BRETON, ^c. 93 Mittens, &c. Whereby great Numbers Chap, of poor, but induflrious Families, now IV. ftarving in the North and Weft of England, will be comfortably maintained, and enabled to pay their Rents, as well as rear their Children, and qualify them for fome Branch or other of this Trade. Whereas, they are at this Inftant, at a lofs how to feed them, or what to do with them : To bring them up in Idle- nefs, does not fuit the Temper of the Englijh : To teach them a declinin'^ Trade, affords very little Profpedt of Succefs : And in thefe Countries, they are not able to teach them any other, having been edu- cated univerfally in one or other Branch of it. Wherefore, fome have been almoft tempted to put in execution Dean Swift's Scheme for providing for their Children. But by the Conqueft of Cape Breton, there arifes a Demand for all Kinds of Woollen Goods, fufficient to cloath and keep warm 30000, at leaft, additional Subjedls, con- cerned in the Fiftiery. And how many will be required to inhabit the Ifland, and to garrifon the Fortifications, I leave others to compute : But be they more, or be they lefs, they muft likewife be cloathed, and |i I ■.« i i 'I hi i I! III ' m 'I . '■■) 1 94 7/J^ Importance and Advantage Chap, and add to the Demand for our Woollen IV"' Manufadlures. 'Bmldlngma- The building, and employing of 564 ''■>"''''^'^'>'- additional Ships, will prove the Maintc- Confumptlon nance of fcveral Thoufands of Families. */ iron, Tim- What a Confumption mufl this make of L V 'I * Cioth^^and Timber, Iron, Sail-Cloth Cordage, and Cotdage. Other Materials ? How many poor People muft live by the Manufadurc of thefe feveral Articles > for fome of which there will be a repeated Demand every Voyage? W E (hall fhcw hereafter, when we come to treat of the Affairs of Canada^ that each of thefe Advantages may, and and muft be greatly improved by cncrea- ling our Commerce and Intercourfc with the Indians and Savages, who have hither- to dealt with the French for many Com- modities, which they will now find it difficult to furnifh them withal, letter fr-M I SHALL clofe this Chapter with a the London Paragraph or two, out of the London Courant or September the 4th, 2745. Wherein after fpeaking of the Conqueft of Cape Breton^ he fays; " The next Siep eA (( C( (( of CAPE FRETON, ^c. 95 *' Step to be taken in order to make C m a p. *' our Conqueft lafting, fccure, and IV. *♦ valuable, is to drive the French from « Canada -, which may now with great •* Eaie be effeded. That done ; they ** would have no Pretence for coming in- " to thofe Seas; and the Fipijjg Coaft *< would be left entirely to ourfelves, from " the Bank oi Newfoundland^ to theSouth- " ermoft Part of Georgia ; which reaches near five hundred Leagues, Bays ex- cepted ; and includes the Cod, Her- ring, and Mackarel, two Seafons, with ** Whale and Salmon Fifhing. Befides, " if Canada^ fliould come into our hands, ** all the Fur^Trade falls in, of Courfe. " This would be a Means of living in ** perpetual Amity with all the Tribes of " Indians ; and gready diftrefs the French " Sugar Colonies^ by preventing them ** from Neceflaries ; fuch as Provifions, ** Lumber, &c, which are fent la great " Quantities from hence. This would " alfo infallibly put a Stop to their Build- " ing any more Ships there ; either for ** the King's or the Merchants Service ; " and hinder many Marts and other Na- r , % (C val w ■^1 . (fi' f^ ■ I I 96 Tie Importance and Advantage Chap. " val Stores from being fent from thence IV. " to France^ for the Future. *' T H E feveral Auricles, laft mention- ed, added to the great Increafe of our Trade from thefe Acquifitions, would be infinitely more valuable to US, than either Mexico or Peru : eipecially, if we confider, how many thoufand Hands will be employed, how many Families will be maintained, how many large Fortunes will be acquired, and how much our Navigation will be aug- mented hereby. f"r^ '■v:l ! I 100 The Importance and Advantage Chap, future Views. They, of late Years, great- V. ly enlarged their Limits prefcribed and fet- ^■'^^^ ^ led by the Treaty of Utrecht^ for their fifhing, and drying Fi(h at Newfoundland, And in the Year 1700, they pretended that New France extended itfelf along the Coaft of New England^ as far as the Ri- ver Kinibcqui. If ( as no doubt they in- tend ) any Strefs is to be laid upon the Maps lately publifhed by Belling and an- next to Charlevoix's Hiftory, there is fcarce any Part of America^ excepting Mexico and Peru, which they do not in one Shape or another lay claim to. But • as all Titles but that of Conqucft, are, for the prefent at leafl annihilated ; let us enquire, Firft, how far fuch a thing as the reducing of Canada to the Obedience of the Crown of England, is, in itfelf, pradticable. And fecondly, what would be the Advantages, arifing to the Crown of Great Britain, in cafe that Redu6:ion were happily effected. TheConquefl It is evident, from the foregoing Ac- t^,tua7'^^^^^ ^f ^^^ Situation of Cape Breton, h/gstcpio that the taking that Ifland out of the if/v/?.Y/r//?/.;7 Hands of the French, has or may, in a great (?/CAPE BRETON, ^c. loi great Meafure, cut off the Communica- C it a p. tion between OA/ France, and its PoflefTi- V. ons in and about the Bay and River of St, Laurence, It may likewile be added, that the French Trade to the Miffiffipi may be greatly curbed, if we eftablifh a Cruife at Cape Breton fufficient to protev^l our own Trade in thofe Parts, and to annoy that of our Enemies. For though that River empties itfelf into the Gulph of Mexico, yet their Ships, in going thi- ther and returning from thence, muft run the riik of falling in with fome of our Cruifei's. We have above reprefented, that this may not only ealily be done, but that it would, in many Refpedts, be for the Advantage of Great Britain to build Ships there, and equip them with every thing neceflary for their going to Sea, For as to Cannon, Cordage, and Sail Cloth, if they cannot be eafily had at Cape Breton, or if it be judged im- proper that they (hould, they may, with great Eafe, and to good Account, be lent from hence. ! I ! ^ !i i Mess. Raudot have, in their Memo- rial to the Court of France^ laid it down as l;ll^ '(SI'*;, , i ;! 102 The Importance and Advantage C H A p. as a Maxim not to be contefted, that V. New France cannot long fubfift, without Supplies and Support from the Old, And by blocking up this PalTagc, we efFedlu- ally cut off all thofe Neceffary Supplies : which muft not only reduce them to great Extremities, but be the probable Caufe of the Defedion of the Indians from them to Us, For as they cannot any longer fupply them with Goods, take theirs off their Hands, nor make them the ufual, and expedted Prefents j thefe People will not, they cannot long depend upon a Nation, which can neither trade with them, gratify them, nor con* tribute to their Support. Wherefore I look upon the Redudion of Canada * as the * This is not fo very difficult a Task as it may at firji Sight fcem to he^ if the the following French Author is to be credited. He quotes a Letter f'om Monfieur de Vaudreuil Chief Governour of Now France, to Monfteur Uc Pontchartrain Premier Ml^ nijicr, in the Year 17 14. " Canada ( fays the for- " jner) has aHiially in it hut 44.80 Inhabitants, ca- " pable of bearing Arms \ and the 2 8 Companies y *« which the King maintains there amount to no more " than 628 Men, This handful of Men is fcattered ** throughout an Extent of 100 Leagues of Country. The Englifh of CA?E BRETON, &'c. 103 the Natural ( I had almoft faid neceffary ) C h A p. effedl of reducing Cape Bret en. Provided V. always, that we keep fuch a Force of Ships ^'^'^^ of War there, as may be able to protedt the Place itfelf ; and at the fame time to furnifh a Number of Cruifers fufficicnt to preferve the Dominion of thofe Seas, and to intercept the Fretich "Trade, The better to induce us to attempt the Reduction of Canada^ let us now fee how fome of our own Colonies (particularly that of ATiwtf Scotia) are endangered by this Neighbourhood, or for want of taking proper Mcafures for peopling and protedt- ing that Colony. Nova Scotia lies Weft o£Cafe Breton-y ^i^j^^^i^^ ^f from which this Province is divided, only Nova Scotia, u (C Englifh Colonies^ have^ at leaft^ 60000 Men ca^ pable of bearing Arms : And it cannot be doubted^ but on the fir Ji Occafion of Rupture^ they will make an Effort to pojjcfs themfelves of Canada i efpecially^ if we reflect ^ that the City ^London [amongfl the Articles of InJiruSlions given to its Reprcfentatives) infijfs upon it, that Enquiry be made, why pre- ceding Minijiers yielded to France Canada, and the I/land of Od^QBrttonV Fide ChxiQxoix, Vol. IV. p. 150. bv I I . > ^■ IS J 1.1 Ifl ■ I i^ li; 1^ T/)e hnportance and Advantage by the Narrow freights (or as the Seamen call it) Gut of Canfo. It is fituatcd be- tween the Latitudes 44 and 50 ; and llretches from Canfo to Cape Sahky near an hundred Leagues from Eaft to Well. It is reputed the iineft Province in all North America for its Harbours i one of which is to be met with on the South Coaft, at almoft every two Leagues di- ftance ; and are, many of them, fine, large, navigable Rivers for Ships of Burden. Its luPnducc. Coafts abound with Variety of Fifli, fuch as Cod, Mackarel, and Herrings, 6cc. Its Rivers with Salmon, Trouts, Eels, ^c. The Land is covered with Afh, Oak, Pines, and Elm, fit for Naval Stores, and for Building-timber, or any other Ufes. The Woods are flock'd with Wild-Fowl of different Sorts ; and with Deer, Beaver, and other Furs. The Earth is here full of Coal, Lime, Stone, and Plafler 5 and, where it is cleared, is very fit for Agri- culture and Pafture. From fuch an Ac- count of this Province, it is natural to imagine it is well peopled, and properly encouraged : But, if I am rightly inform- ed, there is not fo much as one Englifh Family fetded there, beyond the Walls of the This Pre vhic!' not peopled. v. ntage e Seamen lated be- ;o ; and hky near to Weft. :c in all o/CAPE BRETON, ^c. 105 the only Garrifon in this cxtenfive Coun- Chap. try J though it has been upwards of thirty V. Years in the Poffefiion of the Crown of Great Britain, Annapolis Royal is, as we Jnnapolis- have faid, the only Garrifon in all this fj^'^^ J fj^^^ Province ; and has only one Regiment, or in this Pro- rather Part of one in it. It is quite by^''"-*^* itfelf, and very remote from all Alliftancc, in cafe of any Emergency. This Garrifon, fmall as it is, is neverthclefs, a conftant, large and dead Expence to the Crown ; which Expence might be greatly eafed, if not totally taken off, were proper Meafures taken to render this Province populous and flourifhing. It muft furely be allowed, that no Part of this New World is more capable of being eafily and foon put into a thriving Condition, than this. I am told, that it would fubfift, and provide well for 200000 Families and upwards. And, \^ 'chcme for fuitable, though fmall Encouragement were^^'^"'^'^ ^^' given, it is not doubted but fuch a Num- ber of Proteftants from abroad might be procured, and brought to fettle there, as would fet the Work a-going ; and, in a ftiort Time, anfwer the Ends propofed. Inftead of that, the inhabitants of this Province are now made up of French and :'tl Savage> H ilij I I ■' 1' 1 1' I Danger of its f 1 06 The Importance and Advantage C H A p. Savages only. The former finding the V. Sweets of fuch a Settlement, chofe to flav there, when, at the Peace of Utrecht, Nova Scotia was yielded to the Englijl:. They are fince greatly multiplied and encreafed ; and call themfelves Neutral rrench. They have, ever fince the Peace, had a conftant Intercourfe of Trade and Marriages, ^c, with the Inhabitants of Cape Breton ; and, as well on Account of u^Ud. ' "^ ^^^^ Affinity with them, as on Account of their Religion, they mud be fuppofed to be more in tbcir Intercfts, than in Our's, It is computed, that there are not lefs than 1 0000 Men, capable of bearing Arms in this Province ; who, at the Inftigation of their Priefts, will at any time be ready to join in a Confederacy to ftrip us of it. Thefe Neutral h'reiich trade with the Savages in the Eaftern Parts of New Eng- land, for Furs, Caftors, Feathers, ^c. to a great Value. They export Beef, Pork, Butter, Grain, Furs, Fifh, l^c, tj a con- fiderable Value : Whereas, were this Pro- vince rightly managed, by filling it with Proteflants from abroad, or wherever elle they might be had by Encouragement, it would, at leaft, bear the Expence of its own m I o/ CAPE BRETON, ^c. 107 own Garrifons, if not bring in a hand- Chap. fome Revenue to the Crown, or fomc V. of its Dependants. L^et us fuppofc for a while, that thefe Neutral Frcjicb (fpirited up by their Priefts, or excited by Revenge for the late Loffes and Difappointments of their Kindred and Countrymen at Cape Breton) fhould join with the Savages to pofTefs themfelves of this large and rich province, what Force have we there to oppofe them, confidering the Extent of Territory to be defended ? Or (hould France fend thither three or four thoufand Men ; what fhould hinder them (being once joined by the prefent Inhabitants) from making themfelves entire Mafters of the Country ? Perhaps it may be anfwered ; that a good Fleet at Sea, would prevent their landing : But where there are fo many Creeks and Bays, befides the Rivers and Harbours above-mentioned (each of which, the late Poffeflbrs of Cape Breton are well-acquainted with) this is a Thing much eafier faid, than done. We have found by fatal Experience at home, how impoffible it is effedlually to guard a Coaft, and hinder an Enemy from landing. And we are at this Day (to our Sorrow) con- P 2 vinced, \ ^ m I 'l I )' li 1 08 7Z^ Importance and Advantage C H'A P. vinced, how difticult a thing it is, to drive V. an Enemy out of a Country, when it has once got Fooling in it. The French, when they quitted Qipe Breton^ were bold enough to declare, that as foon as the Year of Capitulation was out, they would return, and get PoflefTion again of the Lands they had loil, or of fome other, as good, in Lieu of them. Some may, perhaps, fay, that if it be fo eafy a thing to take this Province, it mull: be as eafy to retake it : But the Cafe is widely different ; for, in the firil place, it is a Icfs expenfive, and Icfs hazardous Meafure, to keep a PolTeflion, than to recover it. Secondly j whenever the French come, they are fure to be fup- ported by their Kindred, Countrymen, and Aflbciates in Religion : Whereas, we are equally fure of being abandoned by them. But if Canada were once reduced to the Subjedtion of the Crown of England^ the Cafe would then be quite altered. The Power we fhould then have in that Part of the World, would ftrike a Dread into our Enemies, as well French as Savages : And without it, the Difficulty of prelerv- ing Nova Scotia^ will, I am afraid, be greater than is at prefent imagined. The Necc.Tity m 1: Q^ *• of C( ■ 1 !i J \;' '■S i t. M ! I I •I 114 Tlbe Importance and Advantage Chap. *' or two, viz, that no One can carry V. " on fuch a Traffick, without holding dircdly or indiredly, a Correfpondence, with the Enemies of his Country. ** That it is natural for any Man to wi(h, the Shipb which he infures may purfue their Voyage with Safety, and to take proper Meafures that they may. That it is cafy then for him, by his Corref- pondence, to convey Intelligence of ** the Deftination of our Fleets, the time '* of their Sailing ; and whatever elfe may " be necefTary for the Enemy to know. — " No Gains can counterballance fuch a " ?4ifchief : All the Efforts which our Government can make to deftroy their Trade, may hereby be rendered inef- fedual. — I am far from thinking that every Man who fubfcribes to fuch Infu' 7'avce, would be guilty of conveying /«/f/< ligcncc to the Enemy: But as the Temp- tation is great ; it is probable fome of them may and it is furely wife, to pro- vide againfl fuch a Probability. •- c >'>'^J^jj^..-" •-. Martezans or G^DAR-Tisj Bay English Jmf •-.■-*- \ ,a. •• t r.... V. -..=.«.. • ■.a.> iT-. -•■•-»• *C A- ''i<, IM Hart our «'i • •- •.. 0,.— • «- /■/^JK^—-. a- - • • » ! a.; •■• •i-. 1/, ^ ■i-y .... •' -- I. . -^ ... ^t.. TWartezans o. „, ^- • "^ *::■•-•.,. ^^^ 5^ 4' .'a-.. «.-■ ::;<'''••;»*» f •■"') •->:• .v:"**- UttegtF/ -J' ■*&''<■ .... ■— ■•■- . ?< » /a ■^^:^■.4;5. i. iiii;!.,> •:; *^' h- «.. '• i: v'^r*]!;, i.City of ^ , • V ^^ t^t .•-■ •• Lauilbour« C5°] WottLCapj 1* V ^^' ■«.;.•'. «. •- r/ a. i.7»^. . o^ -'•■ t— C.. '— >*_!• . *< a '»•• ■-.7 ■■■ 4^. *'•. ;-;..T| zi £ (XfUru-nt /'i'*' *-L WKite Poixit ^ PlaiL ^>/^ City tl' Harbour efLO UISB UH G ; skermnj th^it ^art-o/ CrABARXTS YiKi in which tlie Eiiiglish landed, cU/b t/uir EncampnLeiit during t^ Sieo'e •t i '1 • -■1 ■ jj.lf' {I ' fi mai a^ ^/CAPE BRETON, &c. '23 and Expence, carried on with fo great Chap. Zeal, Expedition, and Intrepidity. They VI. took but feven Weeks to execute this Im- ' v'"**-' portant Undertaking : And in eleven Days more the whole Armament was aflembled at CanfOj which is but 20 Leagues from the Fortrefs of Lewisburg, They would have loft no Time at CanfOy had not the Enemy's Shores been covered with Ice, which made the ap- proaching them imprad:icable : And which Accident gave Time for their being joined Daomed at hy Commodore Warren' % Squadron, which ^'^'^^V^^f •' ^ ' . 6?i tht: (.(Hilts happened on the 2 2d and 23d of j^pril if Cape ' that is, eighteen or nineteen Days after the ^' •^'^"• New England Fleet, &c, had arrived at Canfo. During this Interval, the New England armed Sloops cruifed about Cape Bretony to prevent Intelligence or provi- fions being carried to the Enemy : And had the good Fortune to meet with, at- tack, and drive back to France, a French Man of War of thirty Guns, with three hundred Seamen, fifty Marines and pub- lick Difpatches on board. Had this Ship got into Lewisburg, flie would have thrown a ftrong Reinforcement into the Garrilon. R 2 The .1^: '1 ■ I : ::{1 ■4 ! ' Difficulties the Troops underwent^ The Importance and Advantage The Difficulties which attended the Landing of the Troops on a rough, rocky Shore, with a great Surf continually beat- ing upon it, can fcarce be conceived by fuch as are not converfant in Affairs of this Nature. And when the Hardfhips they were expofed to after landing, come to be conlidered, the Behaviour of thefe Men will hardly gain credit. Th^y went a- fhorc wet ; had no Cloaths to cover them ; were expofed in this Condition to cold, foggy Nights •, and yet chearfully under- went thefe Difficulties for the fake of exe- cuting a Projedt they had voluntaily under taken. \ il: Notwithstanding thefe Diiad van- tages, great Numbers were employed a^ Scouts to fcour the Country, and prevent farttcularly Surprizes of any Sort. But the moft dif- in drawtng £^^^ r^.^^^ ^f ^j^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ Cannon, <5c. . ' through deep fiirprized the French Garrifon, was the Morajfes. drawing the Cannon and Mortars for two Miles through deep Morafles and Bogs, and over rough, craggy Rocks, Horfes, or Oxen, could not l3e employed here ; nor Wheel-carriages of any Sort. The Bufinefs, % mntage tended the lugh, rocky lualiy heat- nceived bv Fairs of this (hips they :*ome to be thefe Met! ent a-fhorc ^er thein ; 1 to cold, illy under^ ke of exe- lily under- Di lad van- iployed a^ id prevent moft dif- ^hat mod was the rs for two ind Bogs, Horfes, ed here ; t. The Bufinels, of CAFE BRETON, &^c. 125 Bufinefs, therefore, was all done by the C h a p. indefatigable and incredible Labour and VI. Fatigue of thefe poor Men ; who, after the Sweats occafioned by their Day's Work, were fcarcely proteded from the Injuries of the cold, foggy Nights ; as they had but few Tents, and thofe very bad ones, to cover them. Th^^fe Fatigues threw the Men into Fluxes ; of which, and other occafional Diforders, there were above ona Thoufand five Hundred fick at a time j by which means the Duty fell the harder on thofe that were well ; and thefe, with- out murmuring, nay, with Joy and Chear- falnefs, betook themfelves to every labo- rious and hazardous Difcharge of their Duty. The Cannon and Mortars there- fore were bawled by Strength of Arms on Sledges over thefe Bogs, MorafTes, and rocky Hills : The Provifions and Ammu- nition, &c, were carried over them by the Men, on their Backs 5 both which Me- thods were attended with fuch Incredible Labour and Difficulty, that Men of lefs Refolution, or lefs Experience in removing Weights, would fcarce have attempted the Thing ; never have executed it. It i I! i 1 26 T'he Importance and Adva7itage Chap. It appears, by the Journal before- VI. mentioned, that the whole Number of Troops engaged in this Expedition, did not exceed four Thoufand. Of thefe one Thoufand five Hundred were fick at one time : Many Parties were fent out as Scouts, to oppofe the Enemy aflembled in the Country : Numbers were neceffarily employed in ereCiing Batteries in Places very difficult of Accefs, particularly a Bat- tery near the Light-Hoiije : Yet, notwitli- ftanding all thefe Drains and weakening Redudions of the Troops, it was refolved to have made a general Attack, both by Sea and Land ; and all necefTary Prepara- tions for executing this Refolution were made : When, on the i6th of Jti?2e, the Er.emy, finding the Neiu England Troops determined to conquer, or die, and per- ceiving the many Advantages they had already gained, fent out a Flag of Truce, defiring Time to confider upon Articles of Capitulation. Time was granted till the next Morning, and Articles were a- greed, Ploftages exchanged, and on the 1 7th of June the City and Fortrefles were furrenderedj which was juft forty-eight Days Dayj the \ 'ntacre I before- imber of tion, did chefe one k at one : out as mbled in leceffarily in Places ly a JBat- notwitli- eakening ! refolved both by Prepara- on were me, the / Troops Lnd par- ley ]iad Truce, Articles ited till were a- on the es were y-eight Days 'JC. 12'' ^/CAPE BRETON, Days from the firft landing of Troops on C h a p. the Ifland of Cafe Breton. VI. It is fcarce to be credited, that in all thefe difficult, haziirdous, and defperate Labours, Fatigues, Attacks, Skirmiihes, &c. the New Engl(wd Troops loft iio more than about an hundred of :heir Men j vvhilft the Enemy, wlio fought a great deal more to Advantage, being frequently under Cover, all ways lefs expofed, loft about three hundred Men. The Journal printed at Exeter is exad, as to the Days and Times of every particu- lar Circumftance, during the Siege ; a. id (to give it the greater Weight) is ligned by the General, one Brigadier, one Colonel, and two Lieutenant-Colonels ; all which were prefent on this Occalion : The Truth therefore of the Relation cannot, I think, be called in queftion, as far as it goes. But fome Particulars are (as I have faid above ) omitted j v/hich_, without dero- gating from any other Perion's Merit, may, I hope, be mentioned here, in Juflice to the Condudl and Behaviour cf a Pcrfon hitherto unknown to, confcquently net 111 :!|;,l i;,i %, U ( 128 7he Importance and Advantage Chap, tak'^n Notice of by the Publick : I mean VI. Mr. illiam Vaughan^ a Gentleman of Damarifcottay in the Province of the MaJ- fachtifetsBay, New England -y with whom, I am perfuaded, neither the Governors, nor any other Perfon will difpute the Honour of having revived, at leaft, if not of being the original Mover and Projedlor of this grand and fuccefsful Enterprize. I think, I am not wrong in afTerting, that this Gentleman was one of the firft Movers of it to William Shirley^ Efq; Governor of the Chief Province of New England^ viz, that of MaJJachufets, But, if he was not the original Mover of the Scheme, I can with great AlTurance affirm, that through his indefatigable Zeal and Labour in the Caufe, and by the Intelligence he gave the Government of New Etigland, that the Trench were defencelefs at Cape Breton \ that the People of New England were difpofed to undertake any thing for the Good and Honour of the Crown of Eng- land \ and by verifying thefe Aflcrtions, by Memorials and Teftimonials, figned by People of the greateft Rank and befl Re- pute in thofe Provinces : He, I fay, by thefe Means revived a Projedt, which the 4 General ttage I mean ;man of :he Ma}' 1 whom, nors, nor Honour of being of this I think, that this lovers of ernor of 'and^ viz. was not [le, I can through r in the gave the that the Breton ; nd were for the of Eng" Iflcrtions, [gned by left Re- fay, by ich the General of CAVE BRETON, &^c. 129 General jljjmbly had abfolutely rejected as C u a p. hazardous and impradticable : And, when VI. he had brought it through the Two Houfes there, omitted nothing that might in any Shape conduce to the providing of Men, Money, or any other Thing necefHiry for carrying the Scheme into EA'ecution. Mr. Vaughan was the Mar ^vho conduced the firfl Cokunn of the New England Troops, at their firft landing, through the Woods, to within a Mile of the City, and to a fair View of it. He would have perfuaded the Officers and Men to have marched up diredlly to a Place where they would have been cover- ed by a Rifing-gound, and not have been above two hundred Yards from the Town : But whilft this Propofil was debating, the Enemy, perceiving the approach of our Troops, fet fire to about forty Houfes and Magazines ; which might not only have been faved, but have formed a Lodgement for our Men j for fome time, at lea(h This Gentleman was the Perfon who propofed to Creneral Prppirel the fending 8 of i! i i j >. ,« « 30 T'he Importance and Advantage C H A p. of four hundred Men to the North-eaft Y^^ ^of the Harbour, to feize the Enemy's Houfes and Stores, at about a Mile's di- ftance from the Grand Battery. He not only propofed this Expedient, but offered himfelf to condudt that Party. The Pro- pofal was accepted, and the Bufinefe cf- fedled according to the Scheme laid. Vide Journaly />. 12. May 2d. This Gentleman was the Perfon that took Poflbflion of the Enemy's Grand Bat- tery ^ deferted (as is fuppofed) by them, on the Surprize they were in at feeing the neighbouring Houfes and Stores fet on fire by the Troops. H E it was who headed that fmall Party, which beat off feven large Boats full of Men, fent from the Town to retake that Battery. And he effedted this brave, though dangerous Undertaking, notwith- (landing that the Cannon of the Town, within point-blank- (hot, fired continually upon him and his Party, which confided only of eleven or twelve Men ; though in the Journal fifteen or fixtcen are mentioned j but of CAPE BRETON, ^c. ijr but he had left four Men in the Battery. Chap. Vide Journal ibidem^ May 3^. VI. This Gentleman was aflifling in every Duty of Fatigue, or Honour, during the whole Siege. And that he might be the more at liberty to animate the Men by his perfonal Appearance, and manual Affift- ance and Encouragement, wherever the Caufe might require i'-, he refuled to ac- cept of any Military Honours or Prefer- ment which was offered him ; and only anfwered, That if the Undertaking was attended with Succefs, he did not doubt of being honourably coniidered. That Mr. Vaiighan therefore firft fet the Expedition on foot ; nay, that he revived it, when abfolutely rejeded by the General Aflcmbly : That he behaved with all the Gallantry and Bravery, as well k*3 Zeal for the Service, whilft it was going on, that could be expeded from a Pcrfon in a much higher Rank ; are Fads, which ftand in need of no Proof, at leaftj not with me, who have feen the original Let- ters written to him, and the Certificates if S 2 given ) r'i 132 7^^ Importance and Advantage Chap, given him by the Governors, General, VI. and others, concerned in this Expedition. Mr. Vaughan has too rr.iich Modefty to give them to the Publick ; but many of his Friends, befides mylelf, have leen them, And as he does not doubt of a Reward equal to his Merits and Services on this Occafion, lie chufes rather that Pleafure and Satisfadtion, which arife from ^ fecret Confcioufnefs of having done his Duty, than to feem to court publick Ap- plaufe. And it was with the greatefl Difficulty he was prevailed on, to fuffer thus much of the Truth to appear in his Favour. I HAVE already told the Reader, that 1 had prepared the beft Journal I could pick up, of all the moft material Tranf- adtions which pafled during this memo- rable Siege : But, having feen the Journal printed at Exeter^ I found myfelf obliged to expunge what I had colleded on that Subjedl ; which might have been, on many Occafions, m.ore circumftantial, and, m the main, pretty exadl j but would have wanted the Advantage of being fub- 1 fcribed ■ftl ineral, iition. (ly to any of leen of a r vices • that b from ne his k Ap- rcateft fuffer in his ^/ CAPE BRETON, ^f. 133 Icribcd by the General, and other Officers Chap. prcfent on the Occafion. This Accident VI. ir, the Caufc of a kind of Chafm in this Narrative j which the Publick will, I dare fay, rather bear with Pleafure, than be troubled with a Repetition of what appears fo well juftificd. I SHALL now proceed, in the laft Place, to give fome Account of New England^ in Regard to its Power and Strength j which, probably, many People here have miftaken Notions of. r, that ' could Tranf- nemo- fournal obliged n that n, on !, and, would g fub- fcribed CHAP. 1 2 4» ' T'be Importance ar.d Advantage I- ;1 i '^ 11' CHAP. VII. « A True State of New England, in regard to its Power and Richesy as well as AffeEiion to the prefent happy Eftabliihment in Church and State. Chap. ' I ^ ^ recount all the Advantages, VIL A which the Poflcflion of Cape W ''v-*-> Breton may bring ( in procefs of time, and with due Encouragement ) to the Crown of Great Britain^ would require more Space than the Nat are of this Nar- rative would admit of. But it appears haL en- ^ ^^^^ fevcral Judicious Trads lately pub- aoached upon Wihtdy that the Frenck have for feveral tur Trade, yg^j.g ^^^ ^^^ ^^}^^ enlarged their Trade, and outdone us in every Branch of it ; but have alfo incroached upon Our*s, either through Skill, Application, or Manage- ment. It is therefctre high time that we ierioufly enquire into what are the real Caufes Pi... of CAPE BRETON, ^c. i^t^ Caufes of the Decay of Trade on our Ci{ a p. Side 5 and what has (contributed fo much VIL to the vaft Increafe of tbeir*s, A LATE Pamphlet entitled, Ih Pre- fent State of the BritiJJj and French Trade to Africa and America confidered ; And a Letter printed in the Trade fman'^ Journah^ have compared the Condition of the two Nations in regard to Trade 5 and have fct that Matter in a ftrong and important Light. After what has been faid there •, it can never, furely, be a Matter of In- difference to the Nation in general, or th<^ Legiflature in particukr, whether the French or We are to thriw or be undone. And I take it to be a Matter of no Icf^ Concern, to have our Eyes open at this. Critical Juncture. We have it now in our Power not only to prevent the Abufe they have made of Priviledges formerly granicd them : but even to reftr^in at leaft, if not entirely cut off feme of the moil valwuhic Branches of ibeir Trade. It is but very i • 1. i\\ ni I'M^: il- ,^i' k\ 136 7>^^ lmporta7tce and Advantage Chap, lately that this Nation in general is con- VII. vinccd, that the French had any Trade qi^Jyi^ worth mentioning : And, in this Refped, with France the War has been the luckieft Incident a luck- Jnci- ^^^ could have befallen us, to undeceive the moft quick lighted amongft us. Had not fo many of their bhips been taken with rich Cargoes j and fome of them laden with Manufadtures which we never fufpe(fled them capable of 5 We fliould probably have continued our Courfe in i* thick Cloud of Inattention and Security ; 'till we had run upon the Rocks, without perceiving our Danger. We may now perhaps ; it is pretty evident we ought to enquire into the Meafures and Means whereby they have brought TrafEck of all kinds from a very languifhing, to a moft fiourllhing Condition. It is no Re- proach to learn, even from our Enemies, whatever may conduce to our Safety, or Aggrandizement. Nay, our Trade will be abfolutcly loft, and, with it, all our Power and Weight, if we do not fpeedi- ly fet about the Work. The Pofleflion of Cape Breton furniihes us with the moft Natural j with the only Means of efFedu- ally deprefling the Fre^jch in their Con> ^f merce ntage is con- Trade Refped, Incident ^deceive Had taken them e never fliould rfe in i. ecurity ; without ay now ught to Means iffick of g, to a no Re- in emies, fety, or de will all our fpeedi- fTion of e mod sfFedu- Coni- inerce of CAPE BRETON, ^c. 137 merce. And, if we add to this moll for- C h a p. tunate Circumftance, our Endeavours and VII. Refolutions to encourage in all Shapes our ^"""""^ "^ own Colonies, their Produdl, our Manu- failures, and Induflry of every kind, to the utmoil of our Power ; it may not yet be too late, to recover what we had al- moft imperceptibly loft. The French, the more effeduallv to ^^ n / extend and carry on their Trade, ereded ered a Crun- a Council of Commerce in the Year 1700,^*^^ ^'-''^- confifting of fome of the Principal Otli- cers of State ; and twelve of the Princi- pal Merchants, or Perfons who have been a long time engaged in Bufinefs. Two of thefe were of Paris ; the other Ten deputed by the Chief Trading Towns of France, How far fuch an EUablifliment may be expedient, or even pradlicable under our Form oi Government, I will not take upon me to determine. But if this cannot be done, furcly fon^tliing elfe may, to fecure us againft the Arts, Skill, Application, and Indullry of our afpliing Neighbours. Let any One, who has tlie lead Concern for the Welfare of his Country but run over the above mcntion- T td i! € ■■f *■ i I ♦ 1 3 8 Tie Importance and Advantage and much miftaken ed Pamphlet if he is not fufficiently alarmed, at feeing how near the Brink of the Precipice we were arrived. In the Courfe of about thirty five Years the French have convert- ed the the Ifland of Cape Breton from a Defart into a fruitful, comfortable Settle- ment. Within the Bounds of the late French Governor's Commiflion were, be- fides the Ifland ot Cape Breton^ feveral French Im~ oihefs in the Gulph of St. Laurence, On prGTuemmn of .^^ Ifland of Cape Breton^ they had twelve Ca/e Breton. Settlements, viz. Four on the South Side, and Eight on the Eaft. They have bailt many Fiih Rooms and Stages for the Ufe of the Fifhery -, and feveral Houfes and Barns, &c. They laid out incredible Sums on thefe Improvements j and the Fortifi- cations of Le-d'ijlmrg have exceeded all Imagiwittion in Expence, fince that Ifland has been in the Pofleflion of the French. Jh immi-nje f have been tola, and from good Autho- 'c^iUhW^'' ^'^^y» ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^'^ Articles, in the Courfe of thirty five Years, cannot have coft them far (l)ort of diree Millions Sterling. But this I do not take upon me to vouch j only would from hence draw this Infe- rence, viz, that tlie Freficb thought it well of CAFE BRETON, &c. ■ 139 well worth their while to beftow im- C h a ?• menfe Sums upon the Improvement and VII. Security of thefe Iflands, merely on ^c-'"'''^^ ^ count of their Trade, It muft therefore be V ell worth our while to preferve ib valuable an Acquifition, which has not coft us the 1 50th part of the Money j and has every thing done at it, which may fa- cilitate its Prefer vatioQ : An Acquifition, which at the fame time, that it curbs and annoys their Trade, contributes fo vaftly to the Encreafe and Security of Our Own: An Acquifition which in the Opinion of a very good Judge, exceeds every thing that was ever gained to, or by, the Crown of England for many Generations. T H E Situation of Cape Breton in ge- neral, and of Lewijhiirg in particular, is fucb, as makes it the moft commodious place that could be found for the Secu- rity of Trade from the Wejl Indies^ and ]^^^onm, ^^• Sail : From thence, to Hudfon's Slraghts, about Six Days Sail. From Lcwijhurg T 2 to E ■ I ;]' •■ I 1^. 1 40 T^e Importance and Advantage Chap, to Canfi^ half a Day's Sail. To the back VII. Side of No'^ca Scotia through the Gut of Canfo to C(?pe Vert, two Days Sail. To Bojion in New England, and to Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia, four Days Sail. To Bermudas ( near which Ifland, all the Trade from the JVeJl Indies returns to Eu- rope ) about feven Days Sail. And from hewijhiirg to ^lebec, the Capital of the French Setdements on the River St. Lau- rence, it is about fcven Days Sail. And by reafon of the Gulph Stream fetting to the North-eaft, every Ship from the Sugar Iflandn, and all other Parts of the Weft Indies, are neceffarily obliged to approach very near this Ifland, in their Return to Europe, This Ifland is therefore a kind of Center-point to all the reft, as well Eng- lilh as French Setdements, And ns it h a Place of Strength, and lies amidft the Miing Countries ; as it may be a Mart or Staple for all Commodities pafling be- tween England and its Colonies in Ame- rica ; laflly as it lies mofb conveniently for protfding all our Trade, and annoy- ing that of the Enemy 3 no Care or Ex- rence I ntage the back I Gut of lil. To Annapolis ays Sail, all the s to Eu- nd from il of the St, Lau- il. And etting to he Sugar the IVeJl approach Return to kind of i^ell En^^ \ as it is \ amidd € a Mart fiing be- lli jimc- veniently i annoy- i or Ex- rencc o/CAPE BRETON, ^c. 141 pence can be thought too great for the C h a ?.' Prefervation of it ; nor any Equivalent VII. fufficient for the Lofs of it. ^"^ — "^""^ It feems to be ?. prevailing Notion among many of different Ranks in Great Britain, that the Province of New Eng^ land is in a very flouriiliing Condition ; and that it might by Encouragemer.t, be- come fo powerful, as to excite fome Jea- loufies at leaft, if not Apprehenfions of its afTuming, one Day or other, an Inde- pendency very prejudicial to thefe Realms. But when the true State of that Cafe v;.;?.^?/^/,;// comes to be duly weighed and confidered/^ "''f^^ , it will be found that it is neither in their Inclination, nor in their Power to ihake off their Subje(ftion, and Obedience to the Crown of Great Britain. It is not agreeable to their Inclinativon, as Proteftants, and Subjeds liiore zealoufly affeded to tlieir National Church, as well as to the prefcnt Royal Family, than perhaps any otliers under His Majefty's moft Gracious and Mild Government. It is not in their Power ; for whatever Pretence there may be for a contrary Opinion, they are cer- tainly not in a Condition to raife Rebel- lion?, 142 I'he Importance and Advantage Chap, lions, and fupport an Independency ; as VIL will f^:fficicntly be demonftrated in the Sequel of this Fadt But if they adually were, v/ho muft they give them- felves to? They could no^ long fubfifl, without the Protedion of fome Power more potent than themfelves. That Pow- er mufl be a neighbouring one, or he could not fupport and protedl them : That Neighbour muft be the French % for they have none other. And can it be fuppc- fed that a People fo utterly detefting Po- pery, Slavery and Arbitrary Power, would fubjed: themfelves to a Government, un- der which they can exped, and are fen- fible, would find nothing but the Lofs of their Religion, Liberty, and Property ? It may perhaps be faid, that the French are more attentive to the general Profpe- rity of their Colonies, than the Englifi are ; and this may prove an Inducement. But whoever fays it, reproaches us mofl feverely for uur Want of Attention, and Regard to fo material a Branch of our Wealth and Power. This Aflertion ought to excite in us a fteady and firm Refo- lution to encourage and promote the Wel- flire of thcfe American Colonies, to the utmoft I- h:: r ''< \ntage incy; ated n as in if they ^e them- l fubfifl, e Power lat Pow- er he That for thcv >e fuppc- ling Po- •, would ent, un- are fen- the Lofs toperty ? ; French i Profpe- Englifi icement. us mofl ion, and of our >n ought n Refo- he Wel- to the utmoft c/CAPE BRETON, ^c. 14 utmoft of our Power j not only becaufe C h a ?• our Neighbours and Rivals do it, but be- V^H. caufe it is abfolutely neceflary for the Sup- port of our Commerce, and to enable us once more to equal at leaft, if not to furpafs thofe, who are diligent and ex- pert in all the Arts of undermining and excelling us. But really, and in Fad, the Peopk of New England are far from being in a Condition to afFedt an Independency. They have impoveriflied themfelves to a great Degree, in the Support of theic Liberties and Pofleflions againft the com- mon Enemy j and have chearfully enga- ged in every Scheme or Expedition for en- larging the Power and Dominion of the Crown of Great Britain j but have never once made the leaft Attempt towards throwing off their Subjedtion to it. To fet this Matter in a clearer Light, we (hall take it a good deal higher than the pre- fent times, and fhew that the People of "Neiji) England have been almoft con^ ftantly expofed to great Difficulties, and put to continual large Expenccs in the Defence of their Counti v, aiid in the Af- fiihnce i> i ^11 HI 1 44 Thz Importance and Advantage Chap, fiftancc they have given the Crown of VII. Great Britah., v^henever the Circumftan- ces of the Times required their Con- currence. f v^ Firji Srttlf- T H i: firft Settlement tliat took Place ment in New jj, TV"^^ England was begun at New Ply- '-'^^'"' mouth in 1620. And (as it is eafy to imagine ) they underwe/it great Hard- fliips and Difliculties, before they could bring their Affairs into a toleraMe Condi- tion. They fullained many Wars with the Savages^ and lolt a great Number of their People, in endeavouring to fix them- felves in a convenient and comfortable manner. But in 1675. an hidian King of great Credit amongft the Savages ; and no lefs famed for his Cruelty and Subtle- ty, than for his Courage and Condud, drew all the Neighbouring Nations into an Alliance with him j built a flrong Fortrefs -, and determined a War againil the EngUjl.\ who had now been about ,,. , fifty Years in Pofleflion of that Part of thefirji Se?t- the Country. This naturally gave the A~ lersihcfe^rJl^Yi^ to the New Setdcrs, who thereupon n .ans. j^^^^j.^^ ^jj ^.j^^-j. Strength, and feleding u Body of their braveft Men, refolved to I prevent of CAPE BRETON, ^c. 145 prevent this powerful Enemy. They Chap, marched accordingly through deep Snows, VII. exceflive Cold, and numberleis Dillxulties^ ^ ^ to the Indian's Fortrefs -, attacked him there with great Bravery, and had the good Fortune to dcilroy the King him- felf, ai d many of his People, though Numbers of them efcaped. This could not be done, without a very confiderablc lofs on the Side of the Afiailants ; but they comforted themfclvcs with the plea- fing Profpe(fl of Liberty and Eafe for the future. They were however deceived : For fuch as had efcaped, foon fpread themfelves through the different Tribes of the Savages bordering upon their Setde- mcnts, and with the Afhflance of the Jefu- its, privately entered into a general Confe- deracy to wage War againfl the E72gl//k This War in 1676. broke out at ^n Second JFar^ appointed time, in different Places : And^^- they carried Murder and Deftrudion along with them wherever they went. Multitudes of the Englljb, as well as their Plantations, Setdemeius, and Stocks of Cattle were, on this Occafion, utter- ly deilroyed. None efcaped but fuch as had the good Fortune to be near the Sea, U and f i. .% 1 46 I'he Importance and Advantage Chap, and by that means, fled to New Tork, VII. New Jerfey^ Penfilvaniay Maryland, Fir- ginia, Carolina^ and the Sugar IJlands : In which different Places there are thou- fands of the Pofterity of thefe ruined Fa- milies, at this Day. ■I From that time, to the prefent, the hardy brave Remains of this People have been ftruggling under Difficulties j oppo- fing the French in Canada^ and Nova Scotia ; fuftaining Wars with the Sava- ges^ who are now entirely in the French Interefts ; and endeavouring to put their Country into the fame good Pofture and Condition it was in near feventy Years ago. They had no fooner begun to think themfelves in quiet Pofleffion of their Settlements ; but a frejfh Irruption of French or Savages, or both together, poured in upon them, and in a few Days deftroyed the Fruits of feveral Years Labour. New Eng- Thus have thefe People been un- tlilty ^^^ ^ conftant Courfe of Calamities and Gam>wj/^rDevaftation ; and thereby put to great and MfD/f/^w.-^y'jnceffant Expence in guarding a Frontier tts Frontwi, * «? o Oi ntage lew Tork, andy Vir- ' IJlands : are thou- iined Fa- fent, the )ple have s ; oppo- nd Nova he Sava- le French put their [lure and ity Years )egun to effion of Irruption together, 1 a few ral Years 3een un- ities and great and Frontier oi' ^/CAPE BRETON, &^c. 147 of near two hundred Miles Extent, be- C 11 a p. fides being obliged to defend their Coalls VII. in time of War. They arc under a Nc- ^ ^^-^^ ceflity therefore of keeping many Garri- Ions of Soldiers all along their Frontiers : And the fingle Province of the Mafa- chufefs Bay now adlually maintains (tvtn of thefe Capital Garrifcns. They are alfo obliged to keep Parties or fmall Armies on Foot, as Scouts in time of War, or when Danger is apprehended. This Pro- vince is alfo at a large Expence in fup- porting a Number of Men, to guard and protedl thofc employed in the Maft-Trade for the Service of the Crown. They are likewife forced to maintain a Number of armed Veflels to defend their Coafts and protedt the Intercourfc ( by Sea ) between them and their Neighbours. Besides all thefe Difficulties at home, they have been engaged in many very expenfive and hazardous Expeditions, for the Honour and Advantage of the Crown of Great Britain. The Expedition to Ca?2ada, in 1690, n, avv/;^//> though afruitlefs one, proved fo expen-^J^^'^^^^^^^^^^^ U 2 ^^'ve I'. „ ' t i 148 ^27)6 Importance and Advantage five to the People of New Efigland^ that they were then obliged to illue Paper Bills, in lieu of Money, on the Faith of the Government for Payment of the fame. This firft introduced that fatal Pradlice : and by perfifting in that Method upon any great Emergency ever fince, they are in a fair Way of being utterly ruined, un- lefs timely fupported by the Government of Engla?id. Ths fc-jeral These People carried on two Expe- ExpiJlttons (iitions at their ov^n Expence, againft the in which the — , . ^^ ^, . \ ,. People of French m JMova bcotia^ > 'jfore it was con- NewEngland c^QXt^ by General Nicholfon : In one q\ -/^^'^^ • which they conquered the Country. L) the Reign of" ^een Anne^ they again joined her Armaments againft Canada \ but as the Fleet did not leave England. till the 8th of May^ nor arr've in the River of St. Laurence till the 23d of Aiigiijl i through thefe and other Pieces of Mifmanagement, eight c!* f le Ships were loft in the Gulph of «S/. Laurence^ and the whole Expedition failed. The People of ISlew England alfo joined General Nicholfon in the Reduction of No'-ja Scotia, And depending upon 4 that xntage hnd^ that lie Faper Faith of the fame. Pradtice : lod upon thev are lined, un- )veinmerjt ;v'vO Expe- gainft the was con- n one ot mtry. in hey again : Canada \ c England ve in the : 23d of : Pieces of hips were "•ejicey and g}a7id alfo Redudion ing upon that ofCkVE BRETON, &^c. 149 that Country's being guarded and defend- Chap. ed by the Queen's Troops, they were in VII. hopes that their Colony would be eafed of the Burden of furnifliing Garrifons for the Defence of New England^ on that Side, at leaft. But, inflead of that, the only Garrifon in Nova Scotia^ is 2iiAnnapolis Royal ; and that fcarce able to defend it- felf, much lefs in any Condition to lend AfTiftance to its Neighbours. B Y thefe Means therefore, and for want of an Opportunity of redeeming their Credit, fo often, and fo deeply en- gaged by the frequent iffuing of this Paper Money^ they became largely in- debted to the Publick. Yet, notwith- ftanding all that has been faid, when a Scheme was fet on foot for the Redudion of Cape Breton^ they, with their ufual Chearfulnefs and Alacrity for promoting the Honour and Interefts of the Crown, immediately entered into the Scheme ; and, in order to put it in Practice, had Recourfe to their old Method of iffuing an additional Number of Bills, without which the Projedt had been altogether impradicable. The Expence, indeed, of this % /^' ««;.■■■ I\ 1 !V ! i4 1 50 7/5^ Importance and Advantage Chap, this Expedition was far beyond what this VII. and the adjoining Provinces were able to ^■*''''^''^**^ bear, without being utterly ruined, even in cafe of Succefs. But they confidei tly relied on His Majefly and the Englijh Nation for a Reimburfement ; and they will, no doubt, be amply indemnified for all their Expences, Fatigues, and Dangers. Thefe Bills are now, as I am told, fo much depretiated in Value, that they TJje great ^gj^j- ^ Difcount or Lofs of 200 per Cent. the Paper ^'^^j unlefs the Government of England Money. finds fome Expedient for redeeming, or calling them in, thefe Provinces muft be entirely ruined for their Zeal ; and all Commerce between them and Great Britain will ceafe of courfe. - If I ' They formerly fent all their Gold and Silver to England for fuch Goods as they wanted from thence 5 and made ufe of the above-mentioned Paper-Credit, for all Bufinefs and Tranfadions amongft them- felves. But now, that the Currency is quite exhauflfi, and there is no real Money left amongft them, they cannot any longer pay for fuch Goods as they want j but, inftead of taking them from England, i i ttage /hat this ; able to ;d, even iifidei tly Englijh nd they lified for Dangers. told, fo lat they ^er Cent. England ning, or muft be and all 1 Great Hold and 5 as they 5 ufe of for all ft them- ency is no real cannot as they n from nglandy (?/CAPE BRETON, ^c. 151 England y muft be driven to the NecefTity Chap, of making themfelves Cloaths of Skins, VII. and fuch Things as their Country affords ; "^""^ which muft occalion a great Decreafe in "^l^'. ^/'^':L':[y 1 y r ' r of mat rum f^' the Demand and Conlumption of our ing this PVo- Woollen and other Manuiiidtures. Hovv/'{^'>'' ^^''^'' far this Nation will find its Account in this '^ Alteration of Affairs, let others determine : But if no other Confideration were of Weight fufiicient to plead for them, furely that of their having on all Occafions af!ift- ed us with their Perfons and Money ; their having on this particular Occafion ftruck fo noble a Stroke for the Advantage of thefe Realms ; and their having involved them- felves in fo many and great Difficulties for our fakes, are fuflicient Inducements for prote(?:ing, rewaiJing and faving fo gene- rous, fo faithful, and fo brave a People. I T is eafy to forefee, that if the Inhabi- tants have not Money to purchafe the Goods they want, in a cold Climate, the Merchant will not let tliem have his Goods for nothing, or for Paper, which is worth nothing. How are they then to be cloathed ? Why, they will natiiraliy run into the Manufaduring of Linnen, and 11 u I / r 152 TAe Importance and Advantage Chap, and what Wool they have j anafo cover VII. themlelves with tbefe, with Leather and *"""*''''^^~'*^ Furs, inftead of taking off our Woollen Goods. I F the Englijh Elation Should judge it proper (and it is not doubted but it will) to pay off the Expence of this Expedition in Money, this will introduce a Currency amongft them, which will make the call- ing in and burning of their Bills, or a great Number of them, pradticable. Then, for the future, let it be enadted, or other- wife provided, that all the EngliJJj Colo- nies or Settlements in North America do bear a proportionable Expence of all Ex- peditions in Favour of the Crown ; and that the v/hole Burden be not left, as it has been, upon that of New England^ to its utter Ruin and Deftrudion. A Method I ^j^i told, that in Mr. Afhley'^ Treatife cllling in on Trade, there is an infallible Method their Paper for reftoring the Currency of Money into New England ; but I have not that Book by me ; and, if I had, it would be too troublefome to the Reader to infert it here. I refer him therefore to it j and fhall only add, that if fome Expedier*: be not Money, ntage V fo cover ther and Woollen judge it t it will) xpjdition Currency the call- 11s, or a I. Then, or other- Up Colo- wrica do • all Ex- vn ; and ;ft, as it dandy to ; Treatife Method )ney into lat Book I be too infert it it ; and jdiefit be not ^\c ^orth Cape Ifaaibc Pe Harbou ?^^' .ce l^iganichc I£l.d 'S'^^Hon '^•t MAP of tlic ISLAND of Cape Breton as liiid down by the SieurBKLLIN 174G. ^i\i/e frii/^- -^* ^/t :1^ 'rerump \fes to It is pendenc may, w for Dem Affeaioi teftant C ^,M^i ^«S«*i*"- >-\*iTiE3Sss*:; :f ,^-i » n B««a>B~-*":' This longer tl ' I of CAFE IJRETON, ^c. 153 not thought o>; and fpccdily put in Kxe- Chap. <-ution, this Proviiicc cannot lone: fubfifl: ; VII. id that the Diladviinta;:c to Trade in . 'neral, as well as the Dilcouragcinent to Undertakings of this Nature in particu- ;, will be fo great, that it is no great 'refumption to allcrt the Lofo in both ifes to be abfolutcly irretrievable. The Cafe therefore is widely difierent n the Notion which has in forne Places ' ailed : And Neiv Enghmd is not, and n forry it is not, the powerful, fiourifh- Colony it has been reprefented to be ; ut on the contrary, the Country is very ooor, largely in debt, has no Currency or eal Value in it, and, unlefs fpeedily re- eved from hence, has no future Profpedl, j\xi that of utter a«d irrecoverable Ruin. I T is not difpofed to throw off its De- pendency on the Crown of England ; but may, with Juftice, vie with England itfclf for Denionllrations of Loyalty, Zeal, and AfFedlion to His prefent Majefly, the Pro- teftant Caufe, and Englijh Liberty, This Narrative (which is already much longer than I intended it ihculd be) would I hav i -il ■ '*>-^ I *, 154. T^he Import a72ce and Advantage Chap, have ended here, if a Letter from a Gen- VI r. tleman in Ndo Evghmd to his Friend in London^ had not been jull: now put iht) my Hands. It contains Ionic Arj^unient.s, and a Method of Ilt\i(f)ning, winch J confefs 1 dare not make myfclf a Jud;;f,c of; but, at tlie Requelt of fome Fiiencls, have inferted fiich Paris of it, as in gciieral relate to iny Subjcdl. *' I T were to be wiflied, that a Gi// Government was eflablifhed at Cape Bre- ' ton, and the Ifland irrevocably annexed ' to the Crown of Great Britain, as well as Canfo well fortified. They would thus become not only a Nurfery for twenty Thoufand Seamen a Year ; but " would command all the Fifhery of *' North America, and confequently the " Treafure of France and Spain ; by " which Means the King of Great Britain *' would foon become the Greateft Prince *' in Europe, and His People have the ^' moil extenfive and enriching Trade, *' I T is now, I think, in the Powe: *' of the King and Parliament to make a ^« Chain of Towns from Lcwisburg to Canjo ) from thence to Annapolis Royal, of Letter from (2 Gentleman ^c in New Eng- Ir.nd to k'ls ** Friend in London. cc u ' and " an( " pei '' tha " out *' poo '' Eni " an " and " in ; " Year *' Una " Peof " amaj '' Dom '' I " tion " wor " who " Plen " them " Servi( '' Shou " rifon " OfficJ " may, \ cc (( (C (C (C cc c: (C (C (C (C (C (C cc (C ^/CAPE BRETON, c^rr. 155 and fo on, to Cafco : which would be C ti a p. perfedted in lefs than a Century. Oh ! VJI. that they could but comprehend with- out Iceing, what we on the Spot fee with our Eyes, *viz, the vafl Encreafe of Fifty poor Families on their Arrival in Neiv England \ which are now multiplied into an incredible Number of Inhabitants, and difperfed into a proportionate Num- ber of Regular Towns : And all this in about an Hundred and T.v^enty Years. From New York to South Caro- lina there is ftill a greater Encreafe of People, Trade, and Towns ; to the amazing Enlargement of the BritijJ) Dominions, cc cc cc « (C cc CC it