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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. rrata to pelure. n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 1 ■ ■ 3 4 5 6 • ^< %M Ji^^Wi Congress of Badajos. taa HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE EARLIEST DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA H53--I530 WITH COMMENTS ON THE EARLIEST CHARTS AND ^rAPS ; THE MIS TIKES OF THE EARLY NAVIGATORS & THE BLUNDERS OP THE GEOGRAPHERS; THE ASIATIC ORIGIN OF THE ATLANTIC COAST LINE OP NORTH AMERICA HOW IT CREPT IN AND ROW IT CREPT OUT OF THE MAPS THE WHOLE ILLUSTRATED BY THE TEHUANTEPEC RAILWAY COMPANY'S MAP OF THE WORLD ON MERCATOR'S PRO JECTION AND PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHIC F AC-SIMILES OF MANY OF THE EARLIEST MAPS AND CHARTS OF AMERICA ' r I ^ ,i By henry STEVENS gmb ma etc 80MBTIMI9 STUDBST IN TaLB COLLSOB IN CONNEOTICOT Mow BBBIDBMT IN LONDOS NEW haven: OFFICE OF THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LCIIEOK : HSKRY STEVENS 4 TI;AFA1.GAE SQUASK 1869 1 'i vi m T Cr.^ \ Entered »ccorrtlnK to Act of CouKreBS In the year 186'J bj HENRY STEVENS In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Counecticnt /^■/ A few copies printed for presents — K" Seventy-five copies printed for sale — X" \ ••■ TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR, TaiSTKi;. . 821 State 8t, Kew Haven, Conn. h {K T(. necticnt JAMES LENOX WHOSE CONSTANT CORRESPONDENCE FOR MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS RESPECTING THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE EAST AS WELL AS THE WEST HAS ENCOURAGED THE WRITER AND STIMULATED HIS INVESTIGATIONS THESE PAGES ARE GRATEFULLY AND CORDIALLY INSCRIBED i -'■ S EXPLANATORY tliat cuuVl be expcclf(l.-t1((/«" «)i VUtvlaero. In February last the wiiter was asked by his brother, Mr. Simon Stevens of New York, President of the Tehuantepec Rail- way Company, to contribute to hia forthcoming book on Tehu- antepec, an Historical Introduction on the earliest discoveries in America, and on the routes of commerce of the Old World, tracing their changes, especially so far as they had any direct bearing on his project of Interoceanic Communication by way of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The writer accepted the op- portunity, not expecting perhaps so much to aid the enterprise as to give shape and expression to certain ideas that had for years been floating and growing in his mind respecting the en- tanglement, in our earliest charts, of the northeast coast lines of Asia and North America, and the confusion growing out of it, in the early history, geography, and chronology of the new Con- tinent. In reprinting that paper here, with considerable revi- sion and emendation, necessary to harmonize it, he finds it con- venient to throw the chief additional matter into an explanatory preface, rather than rewrite the whole. 1' , » T 8 Recently vast stores of nmteriul of American history have Ix'cii liroii^flit to liffht. 01(1 1 looks and nuijts have turned up. IMlilioirnipliy has heeome an exact science. Documents are scrutiiiizi'il anew, as they never were before. New histor- ical books have been written, old ones revived, annotated, edited and reproduced, to such an extent that half ati American his- torian's labor, before he begins his narrative, consi.sts in clear- ing away the rubbish of his predecessors, and in reconciling conflicting authorities. Tli';''c is something manifestly wrong in this, for the honest Muse of History is not such a muddler. Truth is not so obscured in the other coast lines of this hemi- sphere. In 1793 appeared the first volume of Munos' great work. The death of the author preventeil its continuation. His man- uscripts and his m.'intlc fell to Senor Navarrete, who published in 1825 his first two volumes on the voyages o^' Columbus, though the learned compiler had bf^n diligently at work in of- ficial and private archives since 1789, under the patronage of the Spnnish goven\ment. T'ton followed in quick successicm, in 1828, a translation int(» French of Navarrete's volumes, wita adilitions by prominent members of the Geographical ^f^:".i:ty of Paris. The same year Washington Irving gave to the world his Life of Cuhimbm^ built confessedly upon Nu .iTcte's found- ation. The year 1830 brought forth in London The History of Maritime Discovery, followed and cut to pieces the next year by Biddle's Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, which in turn was roughly handled in 1832 in Tytler's Historical View of the Northern Coat'ts of America. Finally in 1835-1839, after long and gigantic research, ajipeared Humboldt's Examen Critique, a digest of all that had preceded it respecting the causes that led to the discovery of the New World ; the facts and dates of the voyages of Columbus, the Cabots, Vespucci, and others ; the ear- "^st maps and charts, etc. This incomparable work was a masterly survey of the whole field of early American geogi-apliy, and though unfinished has been the parent of innumerable minor producti^ Columbus, ivt work in of- patronage of i\<. succession, i^oluines, wita jhical Src-joty J to the world iTcte's found- The History of the next year in turn was View of the 39, after long nen CVitique, a auses that led [1 dates of the ;hers ; the ear- ■ of the whole infiuished has IS. The large liscovered by le, and was in rd. More re- cently the labors of Kuntsnumn in 'Munich, of Santart'in iiud Jonuird in Paris, of Giiillany in Nuremberg, of KuwiIdh JJrowii in Ven! 'e, of IJcrgenrotli in Spain, have broii'^lit to light valii- al)l(3 original material illustrativ(! of maritinu! discoviTy urior to 1492, as well as of the voyages of Columbus, Ve8j)ucci, the Cabots, Behaini, and others. Still more recently many subjeots of great interest and inifjoilanec^ pertaining to our earliest ge- ography have been elabornted by Messrs. LaSagra, Iclewel, D'Avezae, Varnhagen, Major, Peschel, Bancroft, Helps, Park- man, B. Smith, Murphy, Lenox, Aslier, Hale, Read, Deane, and not least by Brevoort, until one is ready to exclaim of the old voy- agers. Are their ways past finding out? Yet there still exists the old entanglement in the American and Asiatic coast lines and the old confusion in our primitive annals and geogrni)hy. A new summing up of North American discovery ha.s aj)- peared in a magnum o])us pi:l 'i hed in April of this year by the Maine Historical Society, noiui.ially the History of the Dis- covery of Maine, but really tl.e history of the discovery of the whole eastern coast of "N rth A meriea. This learned worl' by John G. Kohl, LL.u. is presumed *ii be the culminaticm of all that is known and recorded on this vast subject from Adam of Bremen to Kohl of Bremen, and may therefore be held as tlie present state jf the history of Nortli American geography and discovery. There is appended to the Maine volume u remarkable pa- per on the fviir voyages of John and Sebastian Cabot, by M. D'Avezac of Paris, in which the distinguished French geog- rapher, on several important points, expresses views [ireeisel}' op])osite to those of L)r. Kohl. Both of course cannot be right, but this affords an apt illustration of the present confused con- dition of our geography. However, whether in all respects the Maine volume will stand the test of criticism or not, the Histor- ical Society of Maine is deserving of liigh commendation for having so boldly and so honestly put forth this expensive for- eign production, amply illustrated as it is witli facsimiles (ut vulgo) of no less than twenty-three of th.e earliest niaps. The whole question is now brought down to date and set uj) l.>etween t\\-o boards for public view and judgment. No geographer has as yet done the work better, and the only wonder is that Dr. . i- ' m W^i 10 Kohl could have done so mucli and so well, even from his point of view, in the short time allowed him. But — Still the writer does not find his cravings for time and exact history satisfied. The words may, perhaps, and probably, arc the menials of Fiction, seldom of History. Another method of treating our ancient records, he has thought, might possibly throw new light on the old geographical puzzles that have come down to us from and before the Great Discoverer, and reveal the key. The truth is that the history of the early voyages is so bemuddled by recent writers (and the newly discovered old ma- terials seem only to add to the confusion) that nothing short of an entire overhauling of first principles, and resifting of facts, aided by rigid chronology and compound scrutiny, will enable us to take clear observations, to ascertain our bearings and show us whither we have drifted these four hundred years. The writer does not pretend that he is competent to do this himself, though he owns to the consumption of no little midnight petro- leum in trying to read old records by the new light. He has attempted, after many years of bibliographical study, to step into the shoes of the old navigators, pilots and cosmographers, to see as they saw, beginning fifty years before, and coming down to half a centuiy after Columbus, taking up the sequence of events as they occurred, and excluding rigidly all subsequent testimony. " In the following paper the writer has given a rapid sketch ol some of his observations from this point of view. A few of them are sufficiently startling if true, but require, no doubt, further elucidation and a full declaration of authorities. These, when space is more abundant. Meanwhile the reader is invited to study well the accompanying photo-lithographic facsimiles of some of the oldest and most important maps and charts per- taining to our coasts. It is not permitted to every one to see and touch the precious originals, scattered and secluded as they arc, in various public and private repositories, throughout Europe and America. Not three persons exist probably who have seen them all. The copies here given, imperfect as they are, speak cleariy to the eye, and will doubtless repay careful examination, though a few explanations may aid the reader in understanding them. en from his point for time and exact xnd probably, arc Lnotber method of t, might possibly es that have come rer, and reveal the arly voyages is so iiscovered old ma- ,t nothing short of resifting of facts, •utiny, will enable bearings and show idred years. The to do this himself, le midnight petro- 3W light. He has cal study, to step nd cosmographers, , and coming down p the sequence of ;Ily all subsequent a a rapid sketch oi f view. A few of require, no doubt, uthorities. These, le reader is invited )graphic facsimiles aps and charts per- to every one to see id secluded as they throughout Europe ably who have seen as they are, speak ireful examination, ?r in understanding 11 And first, The Portolano, or marine chart of Juan de la Cosa, made by him at Puerto de Santa Maria, near Cadiz, in 1500 [Plate I]. The original, bought at a public sale in Paris about twenty years ago, for the Queen of Spain, against the writer, for 4020 francs, is now preserved in the Royal Library at Mad- rid- It is on oxhide, five feet nine inches long, by three feet two inches wide, cut square off at the tail, a little beyond the Ganges and Golden Chersonesus, so as to be attached to a rol- ler ; and rounded at the back of the neck, so as to be tied with a ribbon when rolled up after the manner of ancient portolani. The whole world is laid down, including the entire 360 degrees of longitude, on a given scale of fifteen Spanish leagues to a degree. The chart is well drawn, in colors and heightened with gold, altogetlier a work of art of considerable pretention. It id acknowledged by competent judges, to be the earliest, the most important and the most authentic geographical monument relating to the western discoveries that has come down to us. It was not discovered until after Munos, NavaiTcte, Irving, Biddlc and Tytler had written their works, and hence Humboldt used it constantly and with effect in his Examen Critique, as well as in his supplemental chapter prefixed to Ghillany's Martin Behaim in 1853. A full sized facsimile was published by M. Jomard, on three double elephant folio sheets, some fifteen years ago. Of the western sheet, or third, not colored, the accompanying re- duced facsimile is taken. La Sagra, Lelewel, Ghillany, Kohl and others have used it extensively and described it. All ge- ographers admit its importance, but many raise objections greatly diminishing its authority. These objections have hitherto, by learned geographers, been deemed unanswerable. They are : Fi^-st, That Cuba is repre- sented as an island in the year 1500, and is misshaped at the western extremity by curving to the south so as to form a kind of gulf, when in fact it wag not ascertained to be an island till Ocampo circumnavigated it in 1508, and found it to extend considerably farther to the west than La Cosa's, and hav- ing no such curve. Secoad, that the American coast line ex- tending from a point west of Cuba to the Mar desubierta por Yngleses gives no proper idea of the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, New York, Cape Cod and other strongly marked coasts, in fact 2 I \ ■J !■ ( . il li 'i 12 is mere guess work. Third, that the discoveries of the Cabot;- and Cortereals are not properly laid down, and that the coast line does not resemble that from Cape Race westward. jS^nd fourth, that " the map has no indication of the degrees of latitude " (Kohl, p. 152) and longitude. These four objections answered, Juan de la Cosa is vindicated, and his chart becomes tlie authority. Let us look at them. Answer, First, that La Cosa, the Maestro de hacer cartas, as Co- lumbus styled his chart-maker, did not intend to represent Cuba to be an island (whatever posterity may think of his draw- ing) is manifest from the following facts. In the spring of 149-i after Columbus, in his second voyage, had sent home from His- paniola (his Zipangu or Japan) the larger part of his fleet un- der Antonio de ToiTes, he resolved with three caravels and about eighty men, to go on an exploring expedition along the south side of Cuba (which he for sometime persisted in naming Juana) supposing it to be continental, or that part of Asia neai- Mangi. Tliis little fleet reached Cuba on the last day of April at a point named Cabo de Fundabril, previously called by Co- lumbus Cape Alpha and Omega, the point where the West ends and the East begins. Proceeding westward they touched at many places, the names of most of which, laid down by La Cosa, can readily be recognized in the narratives of the Cura de los Palacios and Peter Martyr, as well as in later maps. These names are Cabo de Cruz, Cabo del Serpienta, Fumos, Cabo Serafin, Mangni, Mont, Bienbaso, &g. At length they came to a turn in the coast to 'the southwest. This place Columbus named Cabo do Bienespera, or Cape of Good Hope, a guiding point leading him on toward the Golden Chersonesus, the bourne of his hopes. Here on the 12th of June, 1494, Columbus, being compelled from shortness of provisions and other reasons, to turn back, caused his captains, his pilots, his master of charts, and all his sailors to sign a declaration under oath, that they believed Cuba to be part of the Continent of Asia, near Mangi ; and Juan de la Cosa added the further particulars that he never saw and never heard tell of any island 835 leagues long, and hence he believed Cuba to be in Asia. A little further on to the south - southwest, amid shoals and islands, picking his way and grazing ies of the Cabots that the coast line ird. And fourth, ;rees of latitude " )osa is vindicated. IS look at them, ace? cartas, as Go- to represent Cuba link of his draw- the spring of 14:9-i it home from His- rt of his fleet un- aree caravels and sedition along the jrsisted in naming part of Asia netir last day of April isly called by Co- 3re the West ends they touched at laid down by La tives of the Cura IS in later maps. 5nta, Fumos, Cabo gth they came to a place Columbus i Hope, a guiding Chersonesus, the i, being compelled ms, to turn back, charts, and all his liey believed Cuba ingi ; and Juan de be never saw and )ng, and hence he r on to the south- s way and grazing 18 the sands, Columbus reached another place which he named Evan- ge.lista. Here, from the mast head, one might see coasts to the north, the Bay of Cortes and the Cayos de Iiidios to the west, and land to the southwest and south, the whole, with islands and keys, appearing continuous so as to form a gulf of consid- erable extent studded with islets. This body of water Colum- bus mistook for the Gulf of Ganges ! " Indise Gangetidis con- tinentem earn esse plagam contendit Colonus," wrote Peter Mar- tyr to Cardinal Bernardino, August, 1495, on the authority of a letter to him from Columbus himself. This place was the tarthest point touched in the expedition, "hanc ultimam exist- emati continentis oram quam ille [Columbus] attigit, vocavit Evangelistam," again wrote P. Martyr. The Admiral longed to eo on down the coast, double the Golden Chersonesus, visit Calicut and Arabia, and so return to Spain, ever going west, 'out necessity compelled him, the next day, to set his face to- ward Hispaniola. Here then have we not the key of this mystery, the parent of a hundred geographical blunders, in later maps ? Evangelista is on the west side of the Isle of Pines, the Cape of Good Hope is on Cuba to the N.N.E. near Batabano, and a dash of green paint, the conventional color for terra incognita in old portolani, marks a "cut-off" and completes the Gulf of Ganges 1 This simple cut-off shows that all beyond was unknown. Three days more, had Columbus persevered toward the west, would have brought him to the end of Cuba, and dispelled all his grand visions of the Province of Mangi, and the incomparable riches of the Grand Kahn of Cathay. Cuba is then here not an island, but is merely cut off in the usual way by La Cosa himself who was there with the Admiral, and who laid down the track of the whole expedition with marvellous tmthfnlness.* * TUivBch, seven vears later (PI. 2, No. 3) understood this perfectly, and in liis Continental Cuba marked this cut-off more distinctly. He has preserved the "Gulf of Ganges," but has disguised some of the names of places. Cape S-rnphin where the vvhite priest was seen, is changed to Cvlenr [c. vicar?] and Kvangolista to C. S. Marei, one of the Kvanpelists. The south side of Cuba is a literal copy ol La Cosa's eliart laid down from actual survey in company with Columbus himsell, but the north ^ido considered as part of Asia beyond /ipangu, is carried up to about 40^ N. latitude, above C. Klicontii tlie same as in Fra Mauro's map of 1457 and Hi-haim's t'lolje "f 1492. The Gennau peoKraphers of St Die and Stras- burg. (who probably never saw salt water) in their map in the Ptolemy of 1513, •r 14 The answer to the second objection, as to the American coast line from the west of Cuba to Bacalaos is simply that La Cosa intended that line for Asia. In 1500 neither he nor anybody else susjjccted or dreamed of an intervening Continent. La Cosa projected a map of the whole world, the Eastern Asia of Marco Polo and Sir John Mandeville included. Cutting his map off at the Golden Chereonesus, beyond the Gknges, so as to attach it to a roller, how else could he complete Asia and the 360 de- grees of longitude but by the line he drew on the other side of the globe ? Asia and America are not both laid down. Which is omitted ? If this line be the unknown new Continent, what probably made as early as 1508, (PI. 2, No. 1) have copied La Cosa and Ruysch both, makinjf Spagnola and Isabella answer for the Japanese islands, aU the names being transferred to their Continental Cuba with most of the names of La Cosa and Ruysch Italianized, and almost obscured in the '.ransfer. Corveo, Anterlinoi, Cvlcar and Lago de Loro of Ruysch become Coruello, G. delinor, C. lurcar, and lago dellodro in the 1513, while C. Blicontii becomes 0. delicontir. La Cosa's Mar Oceanus, north of Cuba, becomes C. del mar usiano and is carried up to latitude 54°. The Gulf of Ganges is not only preserved, with all the islands of La Cosa, but the three mouthed Ganges itself is made to empty into tho gulf I All this Terra de Cuha was thought somehow, to pertain to Asia, for no one yet had dreamed of an mtervening conti- nent. The north side of Cuba in La Cosa's chart, west of Rio Mares (the farthest point readied by Columbus in his first voyage, the 3l8t of October, 1492,) is col- ored ns terra incognita having no defined coast line. The very accurate manner in which the whole coast eastward of this point is laid down renders it almost certam that La Cosa accompanied Columbus also in his first voyage as his Maestro de Cartas. If so, considering his subordinate position, may not this be in substance the long lost chart of Columbus? The names on the north side of Cuba between Rio Mares and Cabo de Fundabril written In full are rio Mares, rio Luna, Cabo do Cuba, punta de Mar Nuestra Senora, punta de Santa Maria, Cabo Rico, Puerto Santo, rio de la Vega, Cabolindo and ponta de Cuba, corresponding ahnost exactly with the log book or journal of the first voyage of Columbus as preserved by Las Casas. The conclusions therefore to which all these old facts and new readings force one arc obvious, and opposed to the generally expressed opinions of geographers. It should, however, be mentioned that Senhor Vamhagen, an earnest and painstakmg investigator, whose opinions are generally entitled to the highest respect, in his val- uable work on "Vespucci, printed in Lima, in 1865, in folio, differs from the writer, interpreting the bay, tho three moutlied river, and the point of laud, west of Isa- bella, in the 1513 map, to be the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi River, and Florida. It is diflScult, on this theory, to account for the island of Isabella being denuded of its names, and tho well-known Cabo Fundabril being transferred to Florida. Tlie influence of La Cosa's chart, and the later maps interpreted by its new read- ings, will no doubt shed much new light on Vespucci's letters and voyafres. 4 16 American coast ly that La Cosa lie nor anybody iinent. La Cosa n Asia of Marco ting his map off ;, so as to attach and the 360 de- the other side of I down. Which Continent, what 'osa and Ruysch both, 3, all the names being r La Cosa and Ruysch jiterlinoi, Cvlcar and r, and lago dellodro in s Mar Oceanus, north ide 54°. The Gulf of Dut the three mouthed de Cuba was thought an intervening conti- ) Mares (the farthest October, 1492,) is col- y accurate manner in iders it almost certain e as his Maestro de I; this be in substance side of Cuba between res, rio Luna, Cabo de ia, Cabo Rico, Puerto ending almost exactly 1 as preserved by Las lew readings force one IS of geographers. It imest and painstakmg lest respect, in his val* liffers from the writer, t of laud, west of Isa- ppi River, and Florida, sabella being denuded transferred to Florida, ireted by its new read- rs and voyasres. has he done with the well known part of the old Continent? Furthermore, where are Zipangu and the islands of the Eastern Archipelago described by Marco Polo anJ so ardently sought by Columbus? If Cuba be Zaiton or Mangi, surely IJispaniola must be Zipangu [PI. 2, No, 8] How else could Columbus reason? Let it be borne in mind that there is great similarity in the coasts of Eastern Asia and America. From all this it is apparent that La Cosa and his map are not responsible for erro- neous conclusions drawn by modem geographers. The third objection, respecting the coast line of the Cabots and the Cortereals, from Cape Kace westward, may be met by the fact that La Cosa has laid down no such line. Cape Kace is in latitude 46° 40', and Cape Sable in Nova Scotia, is 43° 24'. La Cosa's coast line in the north, marked by five English flags, begins at latitude 53° N. that is the Straits of Belle Isle, and extends very nearly west to the meridian of the Virgin Islands. It is, in short, the northern coast of the Gulf of St Lawrence, pret- ty accurately depicted. Of course it is to be understood that the Cabots in 1497, as well as La Cosa in 1500, supposed this coast to be in Eaatem Asia. This chart carefully compared with Sebastian Cabot's map of 1644 [PI. 4, No. 1,] and studied with the new material lately brought to light by Mr. Rawdon Brown in Venice, and Mr. Bergenroth in Madrid, will, it is believed, harmonize well, as contemporary documents, and throw into the shade the loose gossip, long after date, reported by Butrigarius, Peter Martyr and Mr. Secretary Williamson. The words Mar descvbierta par Yngleses, instead of Mar Oceanus, show it to be a sea or gulf and not the open ocean. If the reader will lay down on La Cosa's chart Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in their proper latitudes and longitudes, he will doubtless be surprised at the result, espe- cially when he compares it with the map of F. G. in Hakluyt's Peter Martyr of 1587 [PI 3, No. 1]. In this map Bacalaos is laid down as discovered by the English under the grant of 1496 on the north coast of the Gulf of St Lawrence. The discoveries of the Cortereals could not have been known by La Cosa in 1500. The fourth objection is answered by simply looking for a mo- ment at the original map, or at M. Jomard's facsimile, and not at li:i f1 16 70 -i J ''«" ,4 2." 31"" the imperfect ones generall}" in use. The indications of lati- tude and longitude are abundant, and there is a good scale both at the top and the bottom of the chart. The equator is given, and the tropic of Cancer, 28 i°, and guiding lines or parallels pass through the Straits of Gibralter, 36°, and Paris, 48° 40'. These fixed points, with the scale, will help the reader to the latitude of any other place. Longitude can be determined in a similar way. The eclipse that took place in Sept. 1494, immedijitely after his return to Hispaniola from Cuba, was a most important event for Columbus, because it enabled him to determine the longi- tude of his discoveries. He found that the middle oi Hispani- ola was nearly five hours west of Seville, or about 70°. La Cosa's scale makes this distance to be about 68°, sufficiently near, considering the mode of measuring time then, before Copernicus had commanded the sun to stand still. Columbus' mistakes in latitude are difficult to be accounted for, but they do not afl'ect the observations of the Cabots in the north, or those of Vespucci and Ojeda in the south, as very accurately laid down by La Cosa Columbus in his log book places Cuba and Hispaniola some seven or eight degrees too far north. He seems however to have been aware that he was out in his calculations, and on one occasion threw aside his instruments as defective, preferring to defer his observations till he reached the land. La Cosa has however retained all these errors of latitude of the first and second voyages, though he is nearly con-ect in his latitude of the northern coast of South America. Now if these objections are fairly answered. La Cosa not only emerges cleared from a vast amount of unjust criticism, but his chart becomes a beacon of light in the early annals of America. It tells posterity, as it is told nowhere else so truthfully, of Co- lumbus, his discoveries and his mistakes, and depicts in honest lines just how far the Great Explorer groped his way blind- folded toward the west. The American historian has no longer any difficulty i.i tracing the track of Columbus to the very end, and accounting for the true and false lines in his continental or Asiatic Cuba. He sees how the Asiatic lines grew in the map of Ruysch of 1508, while those of La Cosa remained the same ; how also in the maps of Bernard Sylvanus in 1511, of the Gymnasium of St Die in 1513, of the Margarita Philosophica itions of lati- 3od scale both ator 18 given, parallels pass ° 40'. These the latitude of a similar way. edijitely after iportant event ne the longi- le 01 Hispani- out 70=". La °, sufficiently then, before . Columbus' for, but they the north, or ery accurately book places too far north. ivas out in his nstruments as le reached the ors of latitude irly con-ect in ica. Cosa not only ticism, but his Is of America. thfuUy, of Co- Diets in honest is way blind- 1 has no longer ) the very end, continental or nv in the map aed the same ; 1511, of the Philosophica ~Tl 17 in 1515, of Apian and Schoner in 1520, of Bordonc in 1521, of Lawrence Fries in 1522, of Orontius Fine in 1531, and of Sebastian Muenster in the Grynaeus of 1532. In all th(ise old maps the geographer can at a glance, nc^w that the key is re- covered, trace the true coast lines, for he knows the origin of the false ones, thanks to painstaking La Cosa. Considoi-ing tiie state of geographical, astronomical, and nautical knowledge at that time, and the muddle of the map-makers, it is not to be wondered at that the discoveries of Balboa, of Magellan, of Cortes, of Ponce de Leon and Ayllon, led to some bewilder- ment, and puzzled even the coynosamtl of the Congress of Badajos. It is to be borne in mind here, however, that many writers claim that the Cabots in 1497 and 1498 discovered and explored the coast of the present United States from Nova Scotia to the Chesapeak Bay, and some even contend that the Cape of Florida was reached ; and hence, as every thing was immediately known in Spain, the discovery of the entire North American oojist might have been known to La Cosa in time to be laid down in its general trending though not with accuracy in 1500, from John Cabot's own map, which the Spanish minister in London de- clares he saw. It matters not whether La Cosa and John Cabot thought it the coast of Asia or an intervening Continent, if it was really laid down from actual observation. But La Cosa positively limits, in a very definite manner, the discoveries of the English, to the Mar, or Gulf of St Lawrence. And the highly important Portuguese portolano, made about 1514, one of the earliest and honestest maps known (Plate V) after adding the discoveries of the Cortereals, and Ponce de Leon, leaves the whole space from Nova Scotia to Charleston open, as being entirely unknown. Now these writers arc invited to recollect that all the testimony on which these theories are based is not only very loose, but recorded in a gossipping way, sometimes second and even third handed, long subsequent to the events themselves, and have since been quoted and maintained with national asperity, chiefly in diplomatic discussions and some- times without a proper regard for historic truth. While on the other hand all the contemporary documents recently found tend to show that the Cabots' discoveries were confined to the Gulf ,.t.li T 18 of Si Lawrence and north of it. La Cosa's testimony is strong, nor docs Sebastian Cabot's own map made in 1644, said to have btan engraved by Clement Adams, containing the new discov- eries of the English, French, Spanish and Portuguese to 1642, (Plate IV, N° 1) in the least invalidate it The new papers of 1497-98 brought to light from the Ar- chives of Simancas and Venice give details only of John Cabot and his voyage of 1497, and simply aliode to the expedition of 1498 as not yel returned. Nothing on contemporary authority is known of this latter voyage or of Sebastian Cabot's connec- tion with it. It is always dangerous to attempt the proof of a negative, for any day new documents may turn up. Don Pedro de Ayala wrote to Ferdinand and Isabella from London the 25th July, 1498, of John Cabot, "I have seen the map which the discoverer has made who is another Oenoise, like Columbus, and who has been in Seville and in Lisbon, asking assistance for his discoveries. The people of Bristol have, for the last seven years, sent out every year two, three or four caravels in search of the island of Brazil and the Seven Cities, according to the fancy of this Genoise. The king determined to send out [more ships this year, 1498] because last year they brought certain news that they had found land." ''^his passage is positive, important and suggestive. In the first place it dis- poses of the pretence that the Continent was discpvered on the 24th of June, 1494, instead of 1497, and it suggests a plausible theory to account for John Cabot's movements between the granting of his charter in March, 1496, and the sailing of his ship in May, 1497. During part of this long year this Genois might have been with his fellow townsman Columbus at Seville, who had just returned from his second voyage of three yeai-s, bringing his chart-master, Juan de La Cosa with him. Cabot was a Venetian only by naturalization. This is of course only a suggestion, but it shows the early connection of the Cabots with Spain, if not with Columbus and La Cosa. It is well known, however, that Sebastian Cabot in October, 1612, was residing at Seville, with s royal commission in his pocket as Captam, awaiting orders, in the service of the King of Spain. Here he became the intimate friend of Peter Martyr of the Council of the Indies, and shortly after became a mem- lony is strong, 4, said to have e new discov- 5uese to 1642, from the Ar- of Jolin Cabot } expedition of irary authority labot's connec- the proof of a irn up. Don , from London seen the map r Genoise, like Lisbon, asking istol have, for three or four 3 Seven Cities, ng determined last year they ^his passage ret place it dis- wpvered on the ests a plausible a between the e sailing of his ear this Oenois nbus at Seville, of three yeara, ;h him. Cabot of course only a the Cabots with 3ot in October, imission in his 36 of the King of Peter Martyr tecame a mem- .^^.- 1 1, mttm. 19 ber of that board himself. A little later, rising in honors and salary, he became in 1518 tlie Tilot Major of Spain, and in 1524 was dejnitcd to preside over the celelirated geograjiliieal Congress of Badajos. Now in these several ollicial positions it was his duty to superintend and watch over all the discoveries and explorations of the Spanish navigators. He was a man of vast experience and was presumed to know all that had been discovered by his contemporaries. Is it reasonable, therolbre, to suppose that if he had been down the coast from Baealaos in 1498 to 30° or to 25^ he would in 1513, in 1520, in 1524 and 1526, have yielded without a word of jirotest, these discoveries, to Ponce de Leon, Ayllon and Gomez, to say nothing of Veraz- zano. No writer pretends to deprive these navigators of their rights as discoverers, and no protest or contemporary claim is forthcoming from Sebastian Cabot, who was all the time in the field and well acquainted with the aftair.s. Before 1520 the Portuguese began to comprehend better the longitude of the Moluccas and other of their possessions in the East, and geographers began to suspect an intervening space not accounted for. At first strange guesses were recorded as to the extent and direction of the South Sea, by Schoner and oth- ers, but after the appearance of the map of Cortes [PI. 4 No. 7] in 1524, the cuhnination of absurdity appeared in the double- hearted projection of Orontius Fine in July, 1531, [PI. 3, No. 3 and 4]. Schoner in describing his own newly imjn-oved globe- in 1532, exactly describes this map. The South Sea was re- presented as south of the equator, while Asia was brought for- ward to Baealaos. One can readily see how all this gi-ew up, as one can also see how, by slow degrees, their false Asia receded and melted away, for above 200 years, as the western coast of America and the eastern coast of Asia were explored by Span- ish, English, French and Russian navigators, till the year 1727, when a strait was opened by Beliring, and Asia and America became divorced. It was the writer's intention to try and trace out the history of the first exploration of the entire coast of the United States, until the last thread of the Asiatic line was expunged by Capt. John Smith before 1614. But that labor, even if he had time and space, is reserved for an. abler pen. The Rev. Dr. Leonard 3 ^,.^,.-- ■ ■..-.^f.iC, 20 y\ Woods, late President of Bowdoin College, lina on the nnvil n- alreudy announced, for the Maine Historical Soeiety's next vol ume, an original unpublished inanuscript of Richard Ilukluyt. of the highest historical and geographical interest. It is on- titled " A particular discourse concerning the greate necessiti*' and manifold coirKxlyties that arc like to grow to thi." Realme of Englandc by the westerno discoveries lately attempted, writ ten in the yere 1584, by Richarde Ilakluyt . . . ai the requestc of Mr. Walter Raleigh before the comynge home of his twf) Barkes [from Virginia]," &c. This valuable manuscript, con- sisting of sixty-three large closely written folio pages, was in the possession of the writer for two or three years, having lallen into his hands some sixteen or seventeen years ago l»y a piece of good luck, after a bibliographical tournament memorable as any recorded by Dibdin. After fruitless endeavors to find Ibi' it a resting place in some public or private library in America, and subsequently in the British Museum, it finally became the property of Sir Thomas Phillipps. So impressed was the writer with its importance that immediately on learning the ob- ject of Dr. Wood's mission to England in the autumn of 1867, he called the doctor's attention to it, and suggested his procuring a copy, if possible, for publication by the Maine Historical So- ciety. He trusts soon to have the pleasure of seeing Richard Hakluyt again in pi'int, not alone because he is .an old friend, but because he is likely to render any further discussion of the present subject, on the part of the writer, supei-fluous. .8 on the nnvil as x'icty'fi next vol ichard Ilakluyt. erest. It is en- greate neccssiti*' to tlii." Realtni' attempted, writ- . ai the requeste lome of his two mauuacript, con- pages, was in irs, having liillen ago by a piece nt memorable as Ivors to find for ary in America, lally became the pressed was the learning the ol)- lutumn of 1867, ;ed his procuring le Historical So- seeing Richard 1 .an old friend, liscussion of the i-fluous. ■^0 HISTORICAL AND GEOGIIAPIIICAL NOFES 1453-1530 A retrospect of four centuries, with a rapid glance at the [>rogrer5s of modern discovery, exploration and invention, will probably serve as an appropriate introduction to our projected scheme of Interoooanic Communication by means of the Tehu- iintepec Railway, and show that the time is near at hand for its accomplishment. Let us, therefore, go back for a moment, and survey the little old worid and its inhabitants as they appeared about the middle of the fifteenth century. According to Ptol- emy, the best recognized authority, whose geography had stood the test of thirteen hundred years, the then known world was a strip of some seventy degrees wide, mostly north of the equa- tor, with Cadiz on the west, and farthest India or Cathay on the east, lying between the frozen and burning zones, both impassa- ble by man. The inhabitants, as far as known in Europe, were Christians and Mohamedans, the one sect about half the age of the other. Christendom, the elder, that once held considerable portions of Asia and Africa, had been driven back inch by inch, in spite of the Crusades, even from the Holy Land, the place of its lurth, up into the northwest comer of Europe ; and both in lands and people was outnumbered six to one by the followers of Mahomet. For seven hundred years the fairest provinces of Spain acknowledged the sway of the Moors, and the Mediter- ranean, from Jalfu to the Gates of Hercules, was under their control. The crescent was constantly encroaching on the cross ; while Christendom, schismatic, dismayed, demoralized and dis- heartened, seemed almost incapable of further resistance. India beyond the Ganges, from the days of Moses, Alexan- der, and Aristotle, to say nothing of the geographers Pompo- iiius Mela, Stral)o and Ptolemy, was deemed the land of prom- ise, the abode of luxury, the source of wealth, and the home of ;i ff h H the Hpioes; but the routes of cnmrnorco thitlior, via Vctiipo iiml (n'iK)ii, hy tho H

hy, liistory, mathcmat- ies, astron(^my, and navigation, and for almost forty years had stood alone. At the early age of fifteen the Prince had a sueccj-sful lirnsh with the Moors at Centa, opposite (libraltar ; and by 1418 had crc))! down the coast of Africa to Cape Nnn, hit, 28" 40', the sonthern boundary of Morocco. In 1484 his captains doub- led Cape Hoyador, and seven years after obtained from Pope Martin V a grant to thi! crown of I'ortugal of all he should (lis- (;ov(!r from this ca' e to the Indies. In 1412 Kio del Oro was reached, and gold i.nd negro slaves brought back. These were two real stimulants to Portuguese discovery, avarice, pride, and wealth, though the conversion of the infidels to Christianity, was, no doubt, a strong a(Miti()nal motive power. The rcintro- duction of negro slavery, and the part it soon ]»layed in com- raerce and the world's progress, may be ascribed to Prince Hen- ry. He encouraged the traffic, which, with the love of gold and the hatred of the Moors, aroused his countrymen to his pro- jects, and insured the prom(^tion of discovery, in so much that by the time of the fall of Constantinople, his captains had reached Cape Verde, lat. 14° 45' N., probably a few degrees be- yond, and had exploded the old theory of a boiling belt about the equator. In all ages there had been a prevailing notion that one might sail round Africa ; but when once it was demonstrated that Por- tuguese sailors could cross the equator and survive. Prince Henry's vague idea of reaching the land of spices by this route was confirmed. At all events, he was schooling hardy sailors, and training them for bolder work, so that soon after the date of the fall of Constantinople, Italy and Portugal had reached that turn for adventure and enterprise, which spread like wildfire throughout the other states of Europe, and caused the entira revolution in the commerce of the world. In 1453, Columbus was a lad of six years at Genoa, Vespucci of two at Florence and John Cnbot a youth at Genoa (?) The new learning at once took deep root. When these three Italian boys became men, behold how changed ! The sciences of mathc- 24 !| raatics, astronomy, and navigation had grown with their growth, and developed with marvelous rapidity. The press had spread broadcast tlic learning of the ancients. The secrets of the earth were inquired into and revealed. Many islands of the Atlantic had been discovered and described, and sailors knew the coasts of Europe and Africa from Iceland to Cape Verde. But above all, the knowledge of the sphericity of our earth was no longer confined to philosophers. Alexander had told Aristotle what he knew of the East, and Aristotle had written down that there was but a small space of sea between Spain and the eastern coast of Asia. Strabo had said that nothing stood in the w^ay of a westerly passage from Spain to India but the great l)i-eadth of the Atlantic Ocean ; but Seneca said this sea might be passed in a few days with favorable winds. Pomponius Mela and Macrobius put in like testimony, with certain difficulties about passing burning zones, and the earth being shaped like an egg floating in water. All these opinions were rehashed and di- gested by Ptolemy of Alexandria, in the second century, who first properly reduced the globe into 360 degrees of latitude and longitude. In latitude he was as correct as he was incorrect in his longitude. Roger Bacon, an Englishman, again summar- ized these theories in his Opus Majus, in the tliirteenth century ; and in the fifteenth century, Pierre d'Ailly, a Frenchman, re- viewed the whole question, bringing together the opinions of the ancient writers named, as well as the fathers of the church, including modern philosophers, travelers, and theologians, es- pecially Roger Bacon, Marco Polo, and Gerson, and gave to the world his well-known Imago Mundi. This celebrated work, fin- ished in 1410, was afterward the guide, companion and friend of Columbus. The learned author was for three years Provost of the ancient Ecclesiastical College of St Die in Lorraine, away up in the Vosges Mountains, in the remotest corner of France. This was on the very spot where, nearly a century later, in the Gymnasium withiii the same precincts, a confraternity of some half dozen earnest students, lovers of geography, of whom the poet Mathias Ringman was the soul, in a little work called Cos- mographice Introductio, printed there in the kalends of May, 1507, suggested that the Mtmdus Nbvics of Vespucci should be named America, after a man, inasmuch as Europe and Asia had been t til their growth, rcss had spread •ets of the earth of the Atlantic cncw the coasts ie. But above 1 was no longer Aristotle what lown that there nd the eastern ;ood in the way e great breadth night be passed nius Mela and ifficulties about )cd like an egg lashed and di- d century, who of latitude and ras incorrect in again summar- eenth century ; Frenchman, ra- the opinions of of the church, theologians, es- md gav^e to the rated work, fin- ion and friend 3 years Provost Lorraine, away mer of France, ry later, in the iernity of some r, of whom the ork called Cos- Is of May, 1507, ould be named Asia had been 25 named after women. Thus a little mountain town of France first gave aid and comfort to Columbus and afterwards a name to the New World. As early as 1474:, Paul Toscanelli, a learned physician of Flor- ence, sent to Columbus a Chart made after the narrative of Mar- co Polo, and was in correspondence with him on these very subjects, showing that even then the plans of Columbus were maturing. In 1478, the gi-eat geographical work of Ptolemy, with the twenty-seven beautiful copper plate maps, was printed at Rome, and about the same time many other of the ancient historians, poets, philosophers, mathematicians, and astronomers saw the light. The Imago Mundi was printed at Louvain, in 1483, and there still exists at Seville, Columbus' own copy, with manuscript notes said to be his, discovered and described about forty years ago by our countryman, Washington Irving. Meanwhile, the work of discovery and exploration was ear- nestly pursued by the Portuguese. In 1454 Prince Henry se- cured the services of Cadamosto, an intelligent Venetian, well acquainted with the trade of the Mediterranean and the East, and sent him down the coast of Africa, where he reduced the explorations and the trade to order, and pushed southward the discoveries to the Cape Verde Islands by 1460, the year of Hen- ry's death. By 1462 Pedro de Cintra had crept down the coast to some 300 miles beyond Sierra Leone. In 1463 Gibraltar was captured by Spain from the Moora. Kings Alphonso and John continued the African discoveries with so much energy that, after Diogo Cam's passing Congo in 1484, the bold captain, Bartholomew Dias, reached the Cape of Good Hope, and looked beyond it in 1487, thus completing with marvelous perseverance an exploration of some six thousand miles of coast line in sev- enty years. Bartholomew Columbus was in this last expedition. Meanwhile King John had sent overland through Egypt Pe- dro de Covilham, to India and Eastern Africa to gain informa- tion and report. In 1487 he reported that he had visited Ormuz, Goa, Calicut, etc., and had seen pepper and ginger, and heard of cloves and cinnamon. He visited the eastern coast of Africa, went down as far as Sofala, and returning northward, sent a message to King John that he had learned for certain that if Dias should pursue hia course round Africa he would reach i: ia 26 India over the Eastern Oeean via Sofala. This theoretical dis- covery of Coviliiaui exactly coincided with the practical one oi Dias. All these events were but leading up to the grandest discovery the world ever knew, but it is difficult to trace the precise origin and the gradual development of the plans of Columbia We know, however, that at the early age of fourteen he went to sea, educated with small knowledge of Latin and less Greek ; and in liT-t, at the age of twenty -seven, was in correspondence with Tnaciinolli, and became the lather of Diego, the boy for whom, some ten years later, he begged a night's lodging u.t the Convent of La Kabida. By the year 1487, when the mystery of a path to Lidia around Africa was solved, Columbus had not only completely worked out his great idea of sailing AVest to find the East ; but had offered his services in can-ying it out, first to his native city, Genoa, without success, and had two years before brought it to Spain from Portugal where his proposals had been openly spurned and ridiculed, but treacherously though unsuccessfully tested. It is tolerably certain that much of his time had been spent in active and practical maritime service, for he had been down the coast of Africa as far as El Mina ; had resided at Porto Santo, one of the out-lying Portuguese islands of the At- lantic, the daugliter of whose first governor had become his wife ; had visited England and Iceland, and was acquainted with the whole of the Mediterranean. His brotlier Bartholemew had been a chart-maker at Lisbon, and was his advocate at the court of Henry VII. We know from the writings of his son Ferdinand that Colum- bus was both a practical and a learned mathematican as well as navigator. He had read probably all the compilations named above, and his own experience, together with what he had learned from the Portuguese, had enabled him, with his Marco Polo in his pocket, to sift all the vague and contradictory notions of the ancients as to the Antipodes and the shape of our earth, as well as to cypher out a theory of his own. For seven long years, after being worn out and disgusted elsewhere, he danced attend- ance on the Spanish court, with no fortune but his idea ; some- times threadbare and barefooted, ever pressing his suit, never l! s theoretical dis- I practical one ol andest discovery be precise origin Columbi's. We 1 he went to sea, less Greek ; and Bspondence with 3 boy for whom, 5 at. the Convent I path to India only completely d the East ; but ) his native city, jforc brought it ad been openly 1 unsuccessfully s time had been for he had been had resided at lands of the At- Decome his wife ; tainted with the irtholemew had !ate at the court and that Colum- itican as well as dilations named ,t he had learned 3 Marco Polo in y notions of the ir earth, as well ren long years, danced attend- his idea ; some- his suit, never 27 flagging in his confidence, questioned and ridiculed by com- missions of geographers and scientific men, without ever being able to penetrate the conservative ignorance of the learned and courtly, or, us he comphiined, to convince any one man how it was possible to sail west to reach the East But Time was working for him then, as it is now for Interoceanic Communi- cation. IHie fortieth year from the fall of Constantinople, the forty- fifth of the age of Columbus, witnessed the death of Lorenzo de Medici ; but other suns were rising. Copernicus, in the far north, was in his twentieth year ; Erasmus, his twenty -fifth ; Cortez, his seventh ; and Luther, his tenth. Martin Behaim, the old geographer of the Azores, aged sixty-two, was home on a visit to his native city of Nuremberg, from which the tide of commerce was ebbing. Here, in 1492, he made his famous globe of the whole world, as if to lay down upon it all the knowledge (and all the ignorance) of the geography of the earth, prepara- tory to the opening of new books. The same eventful year witnessed the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, the opening of the Mediterranean, and the discovery of America. Moham- edanism received its first check, and Christendom received a New World. These three Italian boys had become men. When Columbus had balanced his egg for Spain, it was easy for Vespucci and the Cabots to do it for Portugal and England. Italy, whose noble sons did this in foreign service, never acquired a foot of the newly discovered lands for herself, yet how much of the honor was and still is hers. In 1493, within three months from the return of Columbus, Alexander VI, a Spaniard, a Pope of not a year's standing, wishing to reward Ferdinand and Isabella, for their struggles in expelling the Moors, divided our globe into two parts, by a line of demarcation passing from pole to pole, one hundred leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde islands, giving to Spain all she should discover within 180" to the west of it, leaving to Portugal all her African discoveries and the Indies for 180" east of it. But poor Portugal, that had been struggling seventy yeai-s in the dark in her circuitous route to India round Africa, jeal- .1 ; . 28 ous of the new short cut of Columbus, wliich had l)eeu oll'ercd to her and refused, protested ag.unst the position of this merid- ian. It was finally settled in the treaty of Tordesillas, of June. 1494, with the Po])e's approval, that the line should staml at three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Azores. Had the King of Portugal's geographers and pilots advised him to contend for a line farther east instead of farther west, he would have rcecived witliin his half the Moluccas and the oiiior Spice- ries. As some compensation I'or this geograjthical blunder, hov;- ever, he secured a foothold in Brazil. Both nations were now running a race of discovery ol India by divers routes. By Indiii is here meant all the East beyonr Heui-y, when in 1512 he took service under the king ol' Spain, permitting liis English anm was Vespucci lanisli flags; and ') by Cabral, in lad called forth. » India, and took IS gained undis- of ignorance of ast of the line of . time could not it to the Portu- the voyages of nee in the Eng- it Gaspar Corte- tlie fall of 1500. a second voyage al, and laborers ir .himself never Miguel Cortereal , 1502, in search Then the king h of the missing he lost brothers, oach Cathay by were taken pos- 1501-2 Vespucci ;, it is said, as far .he strait, and in lition, which was Its Novtis. Tlie lus in his fourth i by his brother Bartholomew, and his son Fcrdinando who afterwards wrote a life of his lather. He explored the coasts of Central America from Truxillo in Honduras to Darien, still k)olarallel he sailed west toward the shores of the Kast [Asia], bearing a little northward [per anglum noctis] and observed many islands, the description of which I have given below. > >»3a .li »- "Ti 'ul coppor-plate obably* visited w M'c'II wliat he i, publisliL'd at World, a)id the dia, by Marcus 1 its dc'sorij)tivc s, and loolc at ay, will greatly leies. ^ndent field.-! of H in the center, north to soutli, ■i no doubt laid hority, in 1507, >ng Pai'ia from cda, and others large island, or f this had then Vespucci, being 1 to Upper Pat- kground. The lied Vespueci's )2, or probably ;hc Cabots and 1 as part of tlie is only Marco lerably to the ibly, of Ruysch Seojrraphonim nieo aclmiiiiculo in hac all imrto ; ct tnindiu 5;{, pervetiit ; ct in (.' pliirc'S insulas liiti- ; But John Ruysch, a most painstaking I am indebted, has od as far as tlio 53d rallel he sailed west [per anglum nocHs] ven below. 88 himself, and the information he gathered I'roin the Bristol men, when ho was with them in Ui»7-8 and the .ii.-^i'overies of the Cortereals.* Columbus had placed his discoveries in the Indian Arrhipel- ago beyond the Ganges, and the world aecei>tr(l the names he gave to the separate islands. No new general name was re. (uired. The discoveries of the Cabots and the Cortereals being also in * The chart of Juau do la Cosa, representing the then Iviiown world heariui< the date of 1500, is not overlooked, but its siirnilieanee, mo far as tiie eoasl line of tlie United States is concerned, has been so manifestly dif.torlcd by tvi'ry one who lias described it, from its discovery by Humboldt in the library of liarou Walekcnaer, nearly fortv venrs aRO, down to the present day, that the writer hesitates to venture his opinion. " But by lonR study and comparison of this witii other early maps, es- pecially with those of Ruy.^ch and I'eter Martyr of ir)l)« and 1511, he is convinced that tho coast line, from the most westerly of the five i'ln^lisli llag-stalls niiirking the extent of Cabot's discoveries southward and westward, to a point west of Cuba, precisely like tho map of Ruysch seven or oiKht years later, is laid down as tlie northeastern coast of Cathay, from tho descriptions of Marco Polo. If our Maine friends, therefore, wiU placo behind their red line border, Marco Polo's name Maniji, thev WiU see that this territory is farther "down East" than is generally supposed, being indeed eastern Asia. The word Cuba, instead of Juana, the name given by Columbus, and the fact that it is represented as an island have been strenuously objected to by geographers, but both the.se objections will be answered in another place. [See explanatory preface.] La Cosa perished in Ojeda's mad expedition in Dec, 1509. lie was a clover fel- low, and a great favorite, and used to boast that ho knew more of the geography of the new lands than did Columbus himself. Indeed, of all others, says Peter Martyr in 151+, his charts were tho most esteemed. IIis knowledge and experience were great, for ho had been, between tho years U93 and 1500, on no less than six exploring expeditions, either as Master of Charts or commander, witl Columbus, Ojeda, Vespucci, and Baslidos, and had visited repeatedly the entire co-. , from Paria to Uriiba, and thenoc on his own account, north to the middle of Yucatan, as well us most of the islands in Cohunbus' vast Archipelago. When with Bastides, in 1501-2, he found that tho Portuguese were meddling on tho wrong sido of the Ime of de- marcation, endeavoring, probably, to fmd a shorter route to Calicut via Darien, and therefore, on his return to Spain, La Cosa was sent to Lisbon to remonstrate against this enroaehment. He was there imprisoned and was not released till August, 1 504. Nothing daunted, tho next year, 1505-6, he wont on an exploring and trading ex- pedition of his own to Uraba and Panama, and on another similar one in ]5l;7-8. On the 11th of November, 1509, he embarked with Ojeda from IPwpauiola, and per- ished soon after. From this it wiU be seen that he might bo in Spain chart-making, from .Tune to October, 1500; from September, 1502 to 1504, autumn, (except when in prison in Lisbon); and again parts of the years 1506-7, as well as parts of 1508-9. La Cosa had, therefore, ample time, if necessary, to touch up his groat chart oi the worid, mado and dated in 1500, but a careful examination of tho wliole chart will ■ ')?■ '^i M-i"-^-" ' J; M the Eiist, woro bo recogtiizod us they jjliiccd thcin, and re(fiiii(>tl no now gciicnil iiium', l)iit their iiiuiics of particuhir hx-iilities, sucli iis Ti-rra Nuva and Bac-ahios, were adopted. But as to the New World described by Vesj)ue<'i, the case is ditlerent. This hirge country was undoubtedly new, and jus his was the first de- scription of it i)rinted, his friends of the Vosj^es Mountains, lovers of geograjjliy, souglit very properly, in 1007, to eoiii[)li- incut him by f,'iving it, instead, the beautiful narre Amkkica. show tliat it t;ivo8 no iiilbnuation later tlian its (into. Tlio dato ix poaitivo, and tliort" iH pnilialily no rouson to doubt it. Hut im liiM own diHcovorios iind oxplora- tiona wost of .VIout Sun Kuft'uii.i towardd Uriliii, Dariuii and I'linuiria niiidu from 1801 to 1508 aro not laid down, Ih it not probable that tho chart had passod out of tho malter'H posstsnion, mid was tli(iroforo beyond hi8 ruach for rotoiichiiijt? There lire many other points for diHwiHHiou, but as the writer had nover had under IiIh «yo ilie original chart, but judijcH only from M. .foniard's oxwlltMit colored fai,-»imHc on three double olophant folio sheetH, ho fools tluit he is treading on ticklish nfoiind. The fac-siniiloH (greatly reduced in size) given by Humboldt, Ohillany, Lelewel, Kohl and otherH, are in many rospocts dofeclivo, and tend to mislead the student, inasnmcli as tlie coloring, and tho linos of latitude and longitude are left out. Homo names aro misplaced iind other.-* are mi!».spelle(l, while many important ones are omitted alto- gether. (;i\ly tho western sheet or third, is given (except by Humboldt). But it sitould not be forgotten that the chart is intended to represent, on a plain, the entire globe as far as known in 1500. There is a l>road green border above and beyond tlie Ganges, showing that the northeast of Asia is terra incoynita. The same green also covers what is now North and South America, and therefore being unknown the lines and ornaments are not to be mistaken for rivers and lakes. But I^a Cosa had tho same authorities up to the Polisaous river and bay, in latitude 52° north that Bohaini had for his globe made in U92. irenco tho two works agree remarkably well, but La Cosa, taking advantage of the seven years progress in geography, has attempted to complete Asia by laying down its northeastern coast on tho other side of the globe, from somewhere about Zaiton in the (loroa, to and some thirty degrees eastward, be- yond tho Polisacus river and bay, through the kingdoms of Gog and Magog, and thence by a dream line connecting Asia with the discoveries of tho Cabots and the Corterealfi. The Polisanchiu river of Fra Mauro in 1457 is tho Polisacus of Ruysch and tho Ptolemies of 1511, 1513, 15.35, and 1540. These and the Posacus of Schoner, the Pului.sangu of Ortelius, and Pulisangu in later maps, are probably the Amoor river of our day. At all events, the river and bay are in eastern Asia, are about 50° to 52° north latitude, and tlierefore, America on La Cosa's chart can- not extend further wost than the left HagstafT, the meridian of Porto Rico. The tliroe rivers on tho three reduced fac-similes are not in tlie origmal map of La Cosa. and on Dr. Kohl's fac-simile tho important words. Mar descubierta por Tng- leses, aro placed too low down and half an inch too far west, thus co-veymg the idea that tho English had discovered Mangi. In short. La Cosa's coast Uno, from Cuba to the flrsi flagsUff, was mtended for Asia, and to this day answers better for Asia than America. The student, there- .».. I>l ll>JI«ll — -r, !in, and re(iiiin>il iculiir locjilitic's, . But iis to the (lillbront. This waH the first de- S}j;o.s Mountains, ir>07, to (*()iii[)li- narro Amkuica. dat« ifl positive, and :ovprios iind oxplora- I'lmaiiia niiidu from irt hud paHHi'd out of rrotoiichiiiK? There .•cr had under liiw eye colored fuu-wimile on ? on ticiillsh ground, liliany, Lelowel, Kohl .he student, inaHinuch lUt. Some nanies aro uos are omitted alto- 5-() northwestern Ilcmduras and Yucatan wore so(mi by .Sol is and Piiizon, and in loOS Juana (heiieeibrth called Cuba) was circumnavigated by Oeampo, thus disi)elling tiie doubt about fore, who is not clear on these points is liable to got the Polisaium (somotimoB spelled PlimwMiH) Hay, the Gulf of Maine, Itio Goiruv., Oaihay, Meini>hraiuag()g, Gog and Magoj,', Quinsay, Capo Cod, Zaitoii, Zipungu, Cajies llace and Ilonlopen, Mangi, Carolina, Cinrabu, Floriila. (^liicora, Cuba, etc., into a beautiful muddle. This ifl no o.xnggoration. ThiH utti'r confu!»ion has been made by compilers and am- ateur geographers from the limes of Hylaconiilus, A])ianii8, Sahoiier, Laurom'e Fries, OrontiuH Fine, and Muenst«r, to the prosieut day, and no doubt will coutiuuo so un- til geographers look more carefully into the chronology and bibliograi)hy of their subjects. With these explanations this map is perfectly intelligible, and is recon- cilable with other goocord also the discoveries of the (Jortereals. Tlie remark of Peter Martyr, in l.")!.") (aftor their eyes wore opened to the size and shape of the globe by the discovery of the Pacific) about Cabot's reacliiug on the Americun coast the latitude of Gibraltar, and flnding himself then on a meridian of longitude far enough west to leave Cul)a on his left, is simply .ibsurd, dilommati/.o it as you will. Such a voyage wotild have lauiled hiui near Cinchmati. * A little book, hitherto unknown, written by Walter Lud, and printed at Stras- burg in 1.507, entitled Speeidi Orhia Declaratio, discovered by the writer in 1862, has been tlie means of clearing up many unjust asiKjrsions of historians against Vespucci, and explaining the true state of aflairs. The book is now in the British Museum. The writer, after unsuccessful endeavors for two years to place it in America, at the end of March, 18G4, had the great satisfaction of railing the atten- tion of his friend, R. TL Major, Rsq., to it, and pointing out to liim the passages re- ferring to the Vespucci books. How woU Mr. M.ajor has used those materials his excellent paper on the Manuscript Map of Leonardo da Vinci, printed in the Arch- ceologia and his admirable Life of Prince Ilinry the Navigator, abimdautly show. The next year the writer called Monsieur Uarrisso's attention to it, and in his Bib. Am. Vet. it appear,'?, under No. 49. 6 36 its l»eiiig Zijmngii, or part of tlio main laml of Asia. It was found to bo a long, narrow island, extending oast and west, and not north and soulli, like Zipangu. A strange confusion now began to seize llie (ierinan gi'ograpliersof Strasbnrg and Vienna. Tliey made Cuba an island, and called it Isabella, and then transferred all the names from Isabella to a mainland, named usually, Terra de Cuba, connecting it with Paria (sometimes with and sometimes without a narrow strait) standing bolt up- right, and extending to -io^ north latitude, with a point like Florida, and a gulf to the west of it. This was still supposed to be |)art of Asia, tiie Kloridti-like projection being the Corea. and the gulf, the sinus Gangeticum, but in reality existed only in the inKiginatit)ns of the geographers, like Antilla and San Brandan. It holds on their nuips about twenty names, some of which are found on Ruysch's large island or main land west of Spagnola, and all of which are found on early maps, especially on a Pcjrtugucse portalano compiled by Leltwcl under date of 15U1-4. It is in the Ptolemy of 1518, extending up to 45° with the three-mouthed Ganges and the G ulf of Ganges, while on the globe of Schoner, of 1520, it reaches 51°, and is separated from Zi])angu by live or six degrees of Balboa's newly discovered South Sea which by a strange guess is carried due north to the pole. 0(1' to the northeast, in its proper latitude and longitude, most of these maps have Terra de Corte Real as. a large island, extending probably as far as the Cabots and the Cortereals dis- covered — tluit is, as far west as the meridian of Porto Rico. Some maps have it Terra de Cuba, others Paria ; and one, in the Munjarita Phihuophica of 1515, from a misreading of Colum- bus' first letter, Zoana Mela. This fancy continent grew in size for nearly a (quarter of a century, and was hard to get rid of, but the explorations of Ayllon, Coi-tez, Gomez, Verrazzano, Car- tier, and othei-s, finally drove it from our geographies. In 1513 Florida, up to Chicora, was explored by Ponce de Leon, but it is now certain that it had been discovered two or three years before, probably by private adventurers, but perhaps by Ocampo in his return voyage in 1508. At all events, it ap- pears correctly laid down in the excellent map of Peter Martyr printed at Seville April 11th, 1511, under the designation, Islu de Beimenl. This map, exhibiting an unbroken coast line from 1 f Asia. It wns t and wost, iiiid con fusion now ii'fi; and Vienna, holla, and tlii'n ainland, named iria (soinotimes andinj,' holt np- tli a point like s still su|)porfed jcing tlio Coiva, ity existed only Lntilla and San names, some of ain land west ol maps, especially I under date of g up to 45° with ;es, while on the 1 separated from iwly discovered lue north to the 3 and longitude, ,s.a large island, e Cortereals dis- of Porto Rico, ■ia ; and one, in ading of Colum- eut grew in size d to get rid of, ^errazzano. Car- opines. 3d by Ponce de ^covered two or •ers, but perhaps all events, it ap- of Peter Martyr iesignation, Isla 1 coast line from 87 Capo Santa Cmz, in Rra/-il. to the mi.ldle of Vucatnn, with hints. )f('ontiM(Mital Tmu's tVoni Florida northward and westward, and one due north of Yueatan, if studied by the light of Peter Martyr's tenth book of his second decade, orted that, tlumgh a strait had been found by the admiral, it was too remote and too dan- gerous for use. It was resolved, therefore, to seek for the sup- posed isthmian passage by a more tiiorough examination of the coasts of the Pacific. Accordingly, in 1522, four vessels liav- ing been built at Panama, Avila and the i)ilot Nino set out to explore the coast from the Bay of San Miguel to the Gulf of Fonseca, expecting to find at the latter place a passage by water through to the Gulf of Honduras. The same year Cortes, after having subjected the mighty bar- baric empiicof Montezuma, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with characteristic energy set him.self to work exploring to find a natural water passage, or to make an artificial one. He ordered four ships to be built at Zacatula, two for direct trade to the Moluccas, and two to searcli for the strait. The voyage to the Moluccas was postponed, but the search for the strait was prosecuted so vigorously that, between the expedi- tions of Avila and his own, every inlet was explored between Colima, in latitude 18i° North, and the Bay of San Miguel, a distance of above 2,500 miles of coast line, but of course with- out finding any ;^assage. The following year, 1523, Cortes is said to have dispatched five small vessels to reconnoitre the coasts from Florida northward, to seek for the passage connecting the two oceans. His plan was to send anotliev fleet uj) the western coast that they might meet somewhere north of the German geographer's fancy continent, or sail round it. Of course they never met. In 1524, Pizarro and Almagro, the future conquerors of Peru, began their apjiroaches thither from Panama, caiTying with them alwaj'^s the impossible instructions to seek out the hidden pas- sage, while they were looking for trade and searcliing for gold. The Poi'tuguese in India and the Spiceries, as well as at home, now seeing the inevitable conflict approaching, were thoroughly aroused to the importance of maintaining their rights. They oi)enly asserted them, and pronounced this trade with the Mo- luccas by the Spanish an encroachment on their prior discoveries and possession, as well as a violation of the Papal Compact of 1491, and prepared themselves energetically for defense and of- i'- 42 fcnso. On the other liand, the Spaniards as openly declared that MageUan's fleet canied the first Christians to the Moluecas, and l>y I'riendly intercourse with the kings of those islands, re- duced tlioni to Christian subjection and brought back letters and tribute to Ciesar. Ilcncc these kings and their peo})le eanie under tlic i)i-otcction ol" Charles V. Besides this, the Spaniards claimed that the Moluccas were within the Sitanish half, and were therefore doubly theirs. Accordingly great preparations were made to dispatch a fleet of six new ships to the Moluccas, to establish and protect trade. The Council of the Indies ad- vised the P]niperor to nuiintain this fleet there, and to take the Silicones into his own hands, and carry on commerce anil nav- igation thither through his own exclusive channels, either by the strait recently discovered l)y Magellan, or l)y some hidden one which must soon be disch)sed (if any reliance could be placed on the geographers) in a more direct line through some one of the isthmuses : or, tailing that, by opening communica- tion from the coast of the Pacific. Matters tlius waxing hot. King John of. Portugal begged Charles V to delay dispatching his new fleet until the disputed points could be discussed and settled. Charles, who boasted that he had rather be right than rich, consented, and the ships were staid. These two Christian princes, who owned all the newly discovered and to be discovered parts of the whole world between them by deed of gift of the Pope, agreed to meet in Congress at Badajos hy their representatives, to discuss and set- tle all matters in disj)ute about the division of their patrimony, and to define and stake out their lands and waters, both parties asrreeing to abide by the decision of the Congress. Accordingly, in the early spring of 152-1, up went to this lit- tle border town four-and-twenty wise men, or thereabouts, chosen by each prince. They comprised the fii-st judges, lawyers, math- ematicians, astronimiers. cosjnographers, navigators and pilots oi' the land, among whose names were many honored now as tlien — such as Femanilo Columbus, Sebastian Cabot, Estevan Gomez, Diego Kibero, etc. They were empowered to send for persons and pa})ers, and did in reality have before them pilots. Papal bulls, treaties, royal grants and patents, log books, maps, charts, globes, itineraries, astronomical tables, the fathers of W II 48 pcnly declared f) the Moluccas, \()se islands, re- lit, back letters eir peo))le came s, tbe Si)aniards lanisli hall', and sat preparations the Moluccas, r the Indies ad- aud to take the imerce and nav- nncls, eitlier by l)y some bidden iiance coulil be le tbroufib some ing communica- *ortugal begged itil the disputed es, who boasted d, and the ships D owned all the the whole world 2:rced to meet in discuss and set- their patrimony, ters. both parties ■CSS. 1 went to this lit- ireabouts, chosen ;s, lawyers, math- rators and pilots honored now as 1 Cabot, Estevan .rcred to send tor jfore them pilots, log books, maps, s, the fathers of the church, ancient geographies and modern geographers, navi- gators with their comi)asscs, rpiadrants, astrolal)es, mathemati- cal instruments, etc. For two months they fenccil, cy[)hered, debated, argued, protested, discussed, gi-umblcd, quarreled and almost fougiit, yet they could agree upon nothing. Whereas in the treaty of l-i{»4r tlie Portuguese claimed the right of placing the line liirlher west than 370 leagues from the Ca])C Verde Islands, whiK- the Spaniards contended rather to carry it farther east than ])laccd in the original bull, both parties now (so much does self-interest sometimes modily arguments of right) contended for the very opposite to their former arguments. Tiie line, however, had been fixed on and approved by the Pope in 1494:, and therefore could not be altered by them. But as tliere were 150 miles between the most easterly and most west- erly of the Cape Verde Islands, they discussed angj-ily as to which island the line should pass through, each party knowing that every mile the line was moved here to the east or west, it would necessarily have to l)e moved just so much at the anti- podes, the real field in disi>ute. The debates and proceedings of this Congress, as reported by Peter Martyr, Oviedo, and Gomara, are very amusing, but no regular joint decision could be reached, the Poi-tuguese declin- ing to subscribe to the verdict of the Spaniards, inasmuch as it deprived them ol' the Moluccas. So each party published and proclaimed its own decision, after the Congress broke up in con- fusion )le, where, as Peter Martyr expresses it, " he found pleasant and profitable countries agreeable with our parallels." Very little is known about this unimportant expedition, and no au- thentic maps or papers have come down to us. The contempo- rary liistorians give no prominence to it, and very few facts about it. Indeed from what is at present known, it is very difficult to tell whether Gomez sailed uj) or down the coast, or both, or at wliat points he touched. So little infonnation did he bring back, that it would not now be a matter worth discussing if tlie results of the voyage had not been so enormously exaggerated by recent writers. Let it be borne in mind that Gomez sailed v/ith only a single caravel of fifty tons, with perhaps a dozen men, in the dead of winter, from Coruna, in lat. 43°, the government contribution toward the cost of the fit-out being only 750 ducats, returning in November, 1525, after an absence of about ten months, with some Indian slaves, whom he had kidnapped against a recent law of Spain and the positive instructions of the Emperor, and you have the whole stoiy. Oviedo, writing in 1526, says that he sailed to the northern parts and found a great part, of land continuate from that which is called Bacalaos, taking his course toward the west to 40° and 41°, from whence he lirought certain Indians. Would an intelligent pilot sail north with such a craft in winter? Might not New England be the " great part " of land next to Bacalaos ; and might not the fine tall natives of Rhode Island have been kidnapped, part being taken to 47: omylus map of lat. 46°, ending Cape Helicon Florida). Pe- .520, printed in Ponce do Leon, ! coast of Flori- itLeing known ket, dated June [a ; and his own da and Btycala- Gomez' field of irfolk and Cape found pleasant :irallels." Very ion, and no aii- The contempo- ( few facts about is very difficult oast, or both, or ion did he bring discussing if tlie Lsly exaggerated ith only a single I, in the dead of ent contribution lucats, returning ;en months, with against a recent lie Emperor, and I 1526, says that reat ]iai*t of land taking his course 3 brought certain •th with such a the " great part " fine tall natives I being taken to Cuba for sale, the rest taken to Toledo, thus consuming the ten months, without having gone north of Cape Cod? Peter Mar- tyr says, writing also in 1526: "lie, neither finding the strait nor Cathay, which he promised, returned back within ten months from his departure. I always thought and presupposed this good man's imaginations were vain and frivolous." Iler- reraj^who wrote three quarters of a century later, is bardly more favorable to this explorer. The reader is referred, by recent writers, to the manuscript map of Ribero of 1529, now preserved at Weimar, for the re- sult of Gomez' voyage. But the intelligent reader will see with half an eye that this is a partizan map, and intentionally deceptive in the coast line between 33° 40' and 50° N. The discoveries of the Bnglisb cxC thrown into Greenland, and called Lalmidor, while Bacalaos is given to tlio Portuguese, and cut oiF by the line of demarcation. All the rest of the coast is closed up under the names of Gomez and Ayllon, and so given to Spain. There is no room left for the discoveries of Veraz- zano for the French in 1524. The Spaniards knew of his voy- ages, for they had been watching him, and caught him, and in 1627 hanged him as a corsair. Indeed, the best that can be reasonably said of the voyage of Gomez is, that it exploded the ideal continent of the German geographers, and, connecting the explorations of Ayllon with New England, showed that the coast of Noriih America trended continually eastward, so as probably to connect it with the discoveries of the Cabots, and thus make the whole coast west of the Line Spanish. Lucas Vasquez Ayllon, a lawyer, a Senator in Hispaniola, and a man of position, immediately after the survey of the en- tire Gulf of Mexico under Grijalva and Cortes, sent an expedi- tion np the coast of Florida in 1520, as far as Chicora, explor- ing beyond the limit of Ponce de Leon, as far, probably, as Cape Fear, seeking for the passage to Cathay. He found a fine country, but to Asia no thoroughfare. The next year he re- turned to Spain, and was, according to Peter Martyr, in behalf of the Regency of Hispaniola "a long time suitor [to the Coun- cil of the Indies] to have leave to depart again into those coun- tries, to build a colony there." At length, after the return of Magellan's ship Victoria with its glorious news, the Council r t I IH m 48 •granted his request, and articles of agreement were signed the 12th of Juno, 1523, giving him permission, at his own expense, to fit out ns many vessels as he pleased for the puqjose of plant- ing his proposed colony, but the usua' 'structions were inserted in liis grant, to explore all inlets ami islands with a view of linding a {)assage to Cathay. This license, given by Navarrete, permitted him to explore as far as 800 leagues to the north oi Uispaniolu. lie returned to Hispaniola, built there six fine vessels, and, after many delays, sailed with them and above 500 men and nearly 100 horses, in July, 1526. He went as far north as lat. 33° 40', found no strait, and met with nothing but Tiiisfortuncs. The 18th of October Ayllon died, and soon after the few siirvivora, about 150 out of the 500, returned to His- paniola, the expedition being a dead failure. Thus ended the attempt to plant a colony near the mouth of Cape Fear River, and thus ended the Spanish attempts to penetrate to the East by the way of the North. Both Gomez and Ayllon had found DO golil, and no strait, and even the trees and animals they re- ported were common in Europe ; whereat old Martyr exclaims, " to the south 1 to the south ! for the gi-eat and exceeding riches of the equinoxial ; they that seek riches must not go unto the cold and frozen north." The whole story is comprehended in Martyr's sentence. North America, by the Spaniards, was never considered of any consequence of itself, and was regarded only as a barrier or a stepping stone to a richer, older and better land. It was necessary, however, to shut it up by a coast line west of the line of demarcation, so that other nations might be deterred from finding a northern passage to India, The Emperor, considering the verdict of the Congress of Badajos in his favor, lost no time in dispatching his new fleet of six sail and 450 men by the Straits of Magellan, from Coruna, on the 24th of July, 1525, under the command of Loaysa, to the 'Violuccas and tlie Spice Islands, with the view, first, to suc- cor t le men left there by Magellan's fleet, and then to establish a government bureau and to protect its commerce. The Straits were passed, and four of the six ships reached the Moluccas ; but the story of their long, long sufferings is too long to be told here. In April, 1526, Sebastian Cabot, who had for years been the 3re signed the own expense, •jxwe of plant- I were inserted th a view of by Navurrete, the north of here six fine xnd above 500 I went as far I nothing but ind soon after limed to Ilis- lus ended the e Fear River, to to the East Ion had found imals they re- rtyr exclaims, ceeding riches 5t go unto the iprehended in rds, was never regarded only er and better )y a coast line ions might be 3 Congress of lis new fleet of from Coruna, of Loaysa, to V, first, to suc- m to establish I. The Straits he Moluccas; long to be told fears been the 49 Pilot Major of Spain— snid, however, to have been n V)ettcrco8- mogrnpher than pilot— after long and nniple iroparalions nt Se- ville, sailed for the Moluccas via tlic Straits of Magellim. with four well-equipped ships, for the [turpose of reinforcing and as- sisting the expedition of Loaysa. 'I'lii.-i i-xpodition was unotlier dead failure. For some unaccountable reason, Cabot did not deem it prudent to try the Straits of Ma.ueilan, but attempted to find a passage through the Ilio de la I'lata. lit; j)enotrated far into the interior of Paraguay, explored many large? rivers and fertil provinces, suffered many hardships, lost most of his men and ships, and finally, after four years of toil and disap- pointment, returned without any favorable results. Cortes was kept informed of these several expeditions, with a request from the Emperor that he would cooperate with them at the Moluccas, by sending a fleet from the western coast of Mexico. Accordingly he caused three shii)s to be built on the Paci^c, and dispatched them, with 110 men and thirty pieces of artillery, under command of his kinsman, Saavedra, from some port of Southern Mexico, probably Tehuantepec, Huatuleo, or Acapulco, on the 31st of October, 1527. This fleet met that of Loaysa in the Moluccas, cooperated with it, found the Portu- guese strong and resolute, by no means disposed to abandon the islands, fought them separately, and fought them together for months, nay, for years, never hearing a word from home, being cruelly neglected, yet loyal and true, till reduced to a handful, some few of the survivors, long after Loaysa and Saavedra had died, as well as most of the sub-officers, found their way home after twelve years of unspeakable hardships. Thus all these six hopeful expeditions brought nothing but disappointment. The Straits of Magellan were found so dangerous and remote, that old Peter, had he lived, would no doubt have again ex- claimed as before, " To the north ! to the north I they that seek riches must not go to the dangerous and frozen south 1" As early as 1526 or 1527, before the extent of these failures was known, it became apparent, if the commerce of the East was to flourish, it must be by some more direct communication. These great difficulties of the extreme North and South deter- mined the Spaniards to explore the Ipi';T>-'uses yet more thor- ougl3^ All the five routes from Darii ortago, (Icoiiiiiig it safer and t-lieajicr to tran- ship goods, tlian to carry them round by the Strait. " Tliore are nioniil;iin< il is true," exclaimed iho old historian, "but Simnisli liands, and Spanish enterprise cfn overeomo them." But no Span- ish liauds could overcome tlie impolitic blunders of the Emperor. Tliero is liU,l.! doubt that intor-oceanic communication would have been opened in 1529 or 1530, by means of a ship canal or u turni)ilve across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, had not the Em- pci'or, who was greatly in ^ if money, defeated all the sclicmcs against the advice of luv. v^ouncil of the Indies, by [.awn- ing in the treaty of Saragossa to the King of Portugal who had just nuirricd liis sister, the Moluccas for 850,000 ducats. So the "ti-ade of the Moluccas passing for n time out of the hands of the Sjtaniards, there was no immediate jiressure for the completion of this great work. Tlic, opportunity then lost of securing an exclusive transit was never recovered by Spain, but it is reserved to us of to-day to make the Isthmus of Tehuantepec the world's highway. ^- ^ May 10, 1869. I ting immediate- ulieajjcr to trim- it. " Tliort! arc I, "but Slmlli^^ll ." ButuoSpfin- jf tho Emperor, iiiealion wonlil u ship Ciinal or md not the Em ef'eatcd all the iidies, by [lawn- jrtugal whtj had ducats. So the tlie haiidrtof tiie the compk'tiun of securing an )Ut it is reserved epec the world's H. a L 1ST () r M A PS AN I) (' H A RTS PI.ATB 1 feet 10, by 3 feet 2 inches, described ill iju' |ircco(liiiK piiK*-"'*- Hiiniboldl iind U'lewel differ as to the coiitinuHtlon of La (Josh's const line of Kusterii .Vsia, cut off a little beyond tlie OunKCS, the former supposing that La Cosa intended to be continued an the Western coast of the new heniHsplioiu, while the latter thinks it wus intended to be continued in the const line of lirasil. Plate II N" 1 Oc'BAXUS Oc'Ci OESTALIH 8KU Trkb^ Nov^, reduced from the Ptolemy of ID lit, printed at jtrasburg in folio. N" a La Carta univ^ersale dklla terra ferma k Isole delle Indie occi- dentali, cauata da duo cnrte da nauicare fatte in Sibilia da li piloti della Maiosta ('esarea. Venetia, 1634 Reduced to one quarter the size of the unique origi- nal in the possession of Mr James Lenox of New York. The two pilots are({^ doubt Fernando Cohimhus and Diogo Ribero whose original charts of IB'iV and 1529, or contemporary copies, o preserved in the military library at Weimar, the American portions of which have been extracted and published by D>- John a. Kohl of firemen. No 3 Part of the Universaliob Oooniti Orbis Taiiula by John Ruysch. Published in the Ptolemy of 1 .lOS, printed at Rome, in folio. See supra pages 13 and 32. Pl.ate III N" 1 Map of the New Hemisphere by F. G. Size of the original, dedicated to Hakluyt, and issued in his edition of Peter Martyr's Eight Decades, Paris, l.')87, 8vo. It i,-« very rare. Cabot's discoveries are placed north of the Gulf of .St Lawrence and dated 1496. Virginia is here laid down for the first time, and dated 1584. Drake's landing in California is recorded under the date of 1580, and the territory assigned to the Knglish. Frobisher's discoveries are dated 1576, and given to the English. N" 2 Honter's Globe dated 1542, three continents terminating alike in the Southern Ocean. Paria takes the place of Terra de Cuba and is separated from Zi|)angu by a narrow sea. America is confined to South America which la represented as a large island. N" 3 Orontius Pike's double-hearted Globe dated July, 1631, slightly re- duced from the original Ln the PariH edition of the Noim-i Orbis of 1 6H2. 7 I 52 No* Part of the above mentioned Globe of OnosTius Fine of July, 1531, reduced to Meroator's Projection. The best authorities seem to have been used by Fine in compiling this map, but lio has so misroad thorn that his production is tlie culmination of nbnurditios Yet the best «eographors and matlieinati- cians of his day agree with him. Schoner's Opunculum GeograpMcum, 4°, 1 532, though intended as a description of his own new and improved globes made at Nuremberg, answers equally well for the descriptive text of this map. The names of places used by Marco Polo in 1 astern Asia, and those given by Cortes in Mexico, are mixed up and nil laid down in one country which is called farthest India. For this admirable redi-.ction to Meiciitor's Piojection the writer ia indebted to his friend Mr. J. C. Brevoort, of Brooklyn, who on all occasions has liberally opened to tlie writer hi.s geographical treasures to use as freely as if they were his own. Plate IV N" 1 Extract from the very large Mapa Mdndi of Sebastian Oabot of lf.44, showing the Gulf of StLawrence, Newfoundland. Labrador, Nova Scctia. &c. From M. Jumard's facsimile of the original in the Imperial Library of Paris, the only copy at present known to exist, reproduced by photo-lithography, and and consequently a correct copy. The reader is invited to compare this extract with a similar one lately published by Mr J. F. Nicuols, City Librarian of Bris- tol in his well printed Life and Discoveries of Sebastian Cabot. Out of abont 66 names Mr Nichols' engraver has managed to misspell above 40 of them, some of them becoming hopelessly disguised, as f, i 'Capo de arause' which means nothing, instead of capo de aredfe which does have a meaning. It is s\",i».— JSforoce. The fact therefore that Giocondi, in translating Vespucci's account of his third voyage, called the newly described country, Mundua Noms does not prove that by hira in 1504, Brasd was thought to be a now continent independent of Asia. N" 3 The New Hemisphere, reduced from Ramusio of 1566, almost the whole of it laid down from good authorities except the Atlantic coast line of North America, the Asiatic features of which are rot eradicated. Terra del Fuego S U 6 M 58 Fine of July, 1531, jem to have been used im that his production pliers and inatlieuiati- eoyraphicum, 4°, 1532, proved plobes made at xt of this map. The d those given by Cortes )untry which is called s PiMJection the writer 1, who on all occasions 3ures to use as freely STiAN Cabot of lf.44, idor. Nova Scctia. Ac. lerial Library of Parin, photo-lithography, and coinpnre this extract City Librarian of Bris- Cabot. Out of about ibove 40 of thoin, some 'e arouse' which means aning. It is si'.'pected similar errors with ro- istian Cabot is elevated truth, which cannot be B in Reisch's Maroa- Ptolomy of 1513 with nod, and for some time aphers, that whatever 2a somehow pertiiinod :e very early applied to artyr wrote dn orbe novo kimbus himself, to be a )re the Romans called : world to them beyond New World. all. 's account of his third ims does not prove that Qt independent of Asia. .566, almost the whole tic coast line of North ited. Terra del Puego is ropreaented as a Southern Continent. The latest Spanish explorations in Cali- fornia are carried up to lat. 40° N. and the coast of Labrador extends to 07^=". X" 4 Part of SEnASTiAN Mue.vstb's Map of tife World from the Xonif Or- 6w of Grynaeus, Basil, 16:!2. Muenater in this map, as well a^ in lii-< printid description of it, was much behind the times. The map is of tiio school oi' Bernard Sylvanus 1511, of Gregory Ueisch 1515, of Apian 1520, and Laurenco Fries of 1522. There is no trace of Peter Martyr's map published in 1511, or tliat of Cortes printed in 1524, nor had Magellan disturbed his conservatism. The discoveries of the Cabots and the Cortereals are ropre.sonte! as an isl.ind and called Terra Cortesia. The German geographers' fancy coutinont. 2'tTra de Cuba extends due north and south, nearly ten degrees wide, from lat. 10° to 48° N. with Columbus' Gulf of Ganges to the west of Spaguola. Aini'iica is still contined to South Amciica, of which Parias and Prisilia arc provinecM. N" T; Peter Martyr's Map of the discoveries of Columbus, Vespucci ..nd oth- ers, made in 1510, and published in hia F^rst Damde, April 1 1, lOllj reduced from the very rare original which belonged to the writer in 1 S46, but is now in the possession of Mr John Carter Brown of Providence. Tliis is by far llio most authentic, accurate and important printed map of the coasts from Cape St Koque to llundura.s, including Columlus' Archipelago, that has come down li> us, of all those known printed prior to 1634. No G The World enlarged from Porcacchi of 157G. The Province of .\iiiitn is in Eastern Asia, and Labrador occupies all New England and beyond is Florida. The lakes are repre.sented by one large one, some 600 miles lonp. in Canada, divided by a liver flowing southeast into the Atlantic, in latitude 41°. This will do for the Hudson river. In separating Asia from America, several of the Asiatic Provinces are set off to California. The Southern Continent has grown to an enormous extent. N» 7 Cortes' Chart op the Gulp op Mexico sent to Charles V in 152u, and printed at Au^aburg in 1524. Size of the original in the possession of Mr James Lenox. This and Peter Martyr's Map are incorporated bodily into Laurence Fine's map of 1631, and laididown with Marco Polo's as ]iart of Kastern Asia. Plate V Part of a Poutuoitess Pobtoiano, not dated, but circa 1514 (?) extracted from Kuntzman's facsimile of the original at Munich. A very important chart, but manifestly not 'veil understood by the several writers who have described it. Among the tlag.s, Spanish, English and Portuguese, set up to mark the nation- alities of the several possessions there are two Mohammedan ones showing incon- testably that the compiler of the chart supposed these countries to belong to Asia. One is in Nicaragua and the other in Venezuela. Cuba is represented as an island, and thrown down to its proper latitude, while Honduras like Peter Martyr's is carried too high. Dr. Kohl has misled many by putting on his reduced fac-similo the name of Yucatan, which is not on the original. There are indications of the discovery of the South Sea in 1613, in the short coast lino south of Darien and in the two canoes of Indians. But this part of the chart is evidently an after thought, for there are indications of names being cut out or nnrtailod to make room for the^new discoveries, which circumstance, together 54 with the name Ih-a Bimini, instead of Florida, tends to show that the original map was made before the expeditious of Balbon and Ponce de Leon in 1513. Indeed by leaving honestly open tiie undiscovered coast between Bocalaos west of the line of demarcation, and Tera Bimini, the map clearly resembles that of Bernard Sylvaniis with his Regalm domus in the Venotia* Ptolemy of 1611. Plate VI. Tkhitantrpkc Railway Company's Chart of the World on Morcator's Pnjection: showing the lines of railway with its connections of steamships and sailing ves- sels, with the prominent parts of the world as they are this year, 18G9. Conclusion. All these things disjoined and crammed as they are in this little book, to the indifferent reador will no doubt seem very simple, insomuch that some will thinly that they have Itnown them all along. But simple as they are, if credited and adopted, they will require a careful revision of our whole cipurse of study in early American geography and history. Te^f, Laus Deo. i -:-- ,'<^ • that the original le Leon in 1513, een Bocalaos west ■ resembles that, of (ilemy of 1611. rcator's Pnjection: ps and sailing ve»- foar, 18G9. ittle book, to the it some wilt thinl< ■e, if creiUted and eiiurse of study in • 1 j ' 1 / / 1 ? 1 I 1 1 c- ! s 1 * 1 1 > ! 1 ?• 1 1 1 1 I 1 t 1 I j #5;a^^ s^ :, ^^1^% ^m- ■'*m kl< '■■« J* "It.:- t ■■ ■fe^^ M^* ■C|-*l'!^f K-']-: m m '•=.-i«",''- Hjgil^ i^^Jfe^.^ -^ '•«,: '4 ,.-■•' ^ { ^ "¥ ¥■ :\ / X liJ n J, •i» '.v m.i ^^\ %^ RV "• X \ -''■'''' ^^xA''^ / r\ W^ SHE! i^/'V / 1 1 .t.'s£Sff^Sj i 1 jil^^ijaB '';. ' V'' ■'' \^__J ___ ___ "^ l?!i/\ ./'/ ^X % "m^i Mm. **s???? (iwi": •^ ./- ♦ i>^-'\ m \ \ \ K lliololilli l)v Hic .N \ UM lau>r }i- I'nnl^Co New York, May mG« JUAN DE LA COSA'S CHART OP 1500 REDUCED FROM M JOMARD'S FACSIMILF . -^ s -r 1 m 1 ^ If^i- jrANDfc' LA COSA'S CHART OF 1500 REDUCED FROM M JOMARD'SFACSIMILF . -5 lU'iirv SU'V('us.4 Ti-ilViloai' S»jtiai«', IjoiuKiii N?2. m z» XH TERKA 'Smim Cm^mn. 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'i*^i''iJ / k ^ N^M 7J o ■Si a; % i3- ?. N? L* ^^y C:f> * S ^;^ .^ ^^ii^ ,l^ii-.'^, ORCNTIVS F. DELPH. ii "Leiforttiu OFfEXIMVS TIBI , CANOIDE |.r<*;-iA in VWtfc'o , cuius fiuorc OT \'alf •5.1. VUn/f Iw/v. Oroutius I'iTH'K (ilobe.siighllv rt'flnJ \ \!f^. "\:'C" • >••■• •'■ .■ l^lHi ■i^H| ■I^^H ^^^^ r— NV3 ORONTIVS F.DBtP OFrERIMVS Tlnl , CAN V-tfiof f umufrfitm crbU terrdrim defer iincta rret muvi Qtcgr^phonim *e Hydn Tim vcfirn , frrUdUtim Arqudtorit , rtUrloru^ od rhoTum *e Hydrormpha N wci^ien , frrU4t4tutn Afquttorit , tiimptf Ittori'^ id ;4t qutt n crmrh ^epertiotir, 't^tMCordiihwu^niforwiitd in fUno cotxicn/ 7): qujrur.1 ttcitu toretUm, drxtr* utrotut iUvt Hflvndi pjrttm r»w.l:fiitur . Tf ipjtiir in.fi'iluv>i:Bt li'C'tili-.c'rexnfitc: bfbeioque it:js ChriSrU -.ft V\Vrf.,!o _ cuius fMvii O^ )fH/?» biCf .'.V'l ■.iitimun'i4uinu:. l- iru's (ildbe.siighlly rt'diircd l.WI. \ \j .A r ^ :( d / ^ -^ -^^ .jl_ N?L» V -§ niolnliUi l)v 111.- NY I.illi*M":ii(f-}M'niir-i(o Nr\vY.>rk Mav K'.r.n OROMTIVS F. OBI.PH. othirimvs TiBi , o*NDirin Vtfiar , uniuirftm #rM< ttrrdtymitfitiftianr, rum mtiUtm ,frnidl4ti,nAf<)U4torit , luwifn/ rtUrlorum *d e4i tju* fg trmtn prep^rtionf, miM coriu hvf^t fj m»U in fUHO torncn/ in: ^ujruul^n tjruUm, iil.»us I' irn'V; (ilohrsilgtillv rt'fliitc /^o jLcv z'o sxo m3» xw *n Jt^ l*aj1 of Oronlius Fine's tllobc of 1531, reduced tl ORCNTIVS r. DBLPH ^U Vtifortm. orrRKiMvs Tini , cand Vtfier , miiwrfdm »rW« ttrr4rymiUfcrifi iwcl* TtttnttvmQitp'tfihcnm d< Hyiroi Tim mt'UtK, ,(rru*UtLin kfifittorii , tu rtUttoruyn *i r*i i\*itt tx (rnirtt prepor r. m 'M fariu t'uMMni fo ■ ntU ui fUtio coi WKikfju/Hrf-o* ''i't'iUifreMiritc: hiln V''-- II,.. OroiiLiiis !• int'K «ilnl)»!,siighlJy r /MO /St /to /70 /9e yv{/m ntttj »^~'w /fo A4?v 2>o sxe as» ' iuo sn J*» Paj-t of Oronlius Fine's Cilobe of 1531, reduce ORCNTIVS r. DBLPH. Jii Vtifortm. KKIMVS Tinl , OANDinn tr , i(M(u»r/4» »thU ttrr^rtimdrfcriflianf, •f.'.fti ,frrtidUli,ntr>fU4toru , i'umf4f on"» <4 f« i\m tx (fKiftt preportiortf, r,A toriu t'uMMiii fii mt/4 m fUtio bp of I53J,rechiced to Mcrt-alor's JPr^jertion . Ilonrv S((»v O a z < s Ui N''2. I •J c s .'2P 'u a o 1/5 O « re £ o L . ■o 9) U. IS o m u. o Z3 < CO tn < o > Q. 5 S a. rt >- .tr J 1. c X o o •-? .if; c 0» 3: POLO AKTICO v'NlVF.R5ALE DELLA NVOVAMENTF. =L=---5t:: /+iV N*:'3.& PARTE DEL MONDO KITROVATA \\\ ..-■yir^-. d^_ r y » rT...^ - 'TT^^ Lai.*! IT It I . -^-— ■^^r^.^rf^^ll^JJN^ ^S ts^ y--"^'^^^ fi yJAjlAgcKo. v^*-« ^^~4 '^■iS%^\ i^' •<^ lri;< _^p^ K«2. cc Ui 1- lO co tn -J < <*- o cc i6 UJ > o. z o (A r3 o K» 3 fl- Q. Ifl >- 4-> h- (TJ d> •on ^ +* u- n c x: o u •♦-• en ;. (P O a. CC c- c . — L. a> +< 01 v $ POLO AJITICO NVCVAMHNIE PARTE JJiiL MONDO RITROVATA >";;i 45i^?T^/' "^"y^nr^r" -^^"^^^ rX.*.^'] riu}: -V~ ,\l' iir.l S VP ':«-,-■'■•.¥■•■ ■'T SJ*j-i ptStf' 4,^iJ.. — *- #«rjci;-v>i' otef&liZJttftnttah^ R 1* ^}".' V. lOS^O ^^i '^ 't i/c~ 'X » s l^ 9J S5 ^ '^ || ?i^ E e 1 a. u. I- o 03 < u < < CO Ui a z < s S o < X Ui spagIna. 't^^ >^:2 c iljLc.0 1. f> t>r\ c'Ajycy.o. r*-' -Mbife VI NO JTT I'A L It, !r "s, -. '-^;^l fe^^l^-^ POLO ANTARTICO I 'I '^'■■■l- ft^ 3 T3 0) U. C3 03 u < I- < 03 to a a z < Q. < UI X h- o CSC H < H X LU z H POLO ANTARTICO N"4. THF. WCRLO,entiirted from Porcachi 1576. .•■■•5, 'ft' CORTES' CHART OF THE GULF OF MEXICO 152 "^iSeu^ Uenrv Slpvoiis, 4 'IValal^Jar S(|iian'. liOiuloii •"•>-•*■*■ H"i«l 'Tsm* ' i ^1 ,\ ..-— -— ^ -f -f 1 ft - VX" \ [ ■■ !— cy ^ V ,^ r 1 Bid P1.4 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■-las ■ 50 Ul ■;. I. 1^ 1^ M 2.2 2.0 1.8 1-4 IIIIII.6 m Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN StREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 <*'■ .,",MiS-'-Mr, - im^Jo^^'^aiJi^it •'- ""^ w^fc-^s^'.M^";;,. ,^:3 Af, 4. <^, V C^ crf. A^mo-s OF A PORTUGUESE PORTOLANO I5I4(?) FROM KUNTZMANN. Ilfiiry SU'v«^ns, 4 ' \ tl fr «. p .^ * '/• >. O- / orv eot'Dtnb'fi aa / y>l 'V?: -^■ '4; fM h 1^ ^ ^ ■^^3f -i^- lj)oU. <:b> da ro ^^^ ^ .^^^7 ^ J- » OCT o' CV L> ft' <> « «? c? c/ "p?* c/0 H d<^o ^?^: c ■^ :^. >" 2 a^-^^-S^Irfl ^J^ ,>^^-'^^ / \ \ / \ • \ / / / / / ,/ ./ ./' ■ us * -J * <> <> "f * ■!> 0.2t _-- '— » ^/— --. *;, «^- \l \ /, ^i .:v~ .Xc i rA.'g. i «4>) l«4V .•-^Jitf. 7 ^ K ^f^ .x: \/ / / / \ r'§«^: «.Bv«>^id^$^ ^ s.y «» «»£ ^o-^sif* 'SS»«^^ 'ri»; ^^^J '^.-'.^■*i. ^ ^A r^!:^^ O)! /d«i*ll / / ^!S^ i« o**. .X -o^ 1X> \ \ <^^ m] V O w AJ^ «_ . ■o-mP-: / / / matt*. 1 PART OF A PORTUGUESE PORTOLANO I5l4(?j FROM KUNTZMANN. 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