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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuverst etre film6s A des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 % ©ccasional Bvocburcs. REV. DR. SCADDING. TORONTO Various Presses. Various Dat es. i i CANADA A.XI) OXl ORI). ■' AM. CANADA ., cAXAbA l\ IMF Hnll|. F.IAN. 3. ON Mr>(,rMS IHK XKU-nXIOKI, MUsKI m iN,i, LKh HV HENin' S(;AJ)DIX(^, I;,D. T () F< O \ r () : ((>1M\ CI ARK A CO., „7 \ t.) < OlIIOKXr; sTkKKT. f * MERTOX COLLEGE AXD CANADA. EY HENRY SCADDING, D.D. READ nEFO!:E TUE C.\XAJ)IAN lNSTITfT|-, JAXIWRV II, iS/J, AS nil', rRr..Sini;Nl''s AUUlUisS FOR IIIE SESSION 1872-3. (Frcm the Canadian ■hiurnnl of Science, I.ileraturc and lliftory, vol. xiii, p. 'tOJ.) ^x'dS' MEUTOX COLLEGE AND CANADA BY HEXKV SCADDIXG, D.D. Read before the Canadian InslUxtt, ■l«ii.<'.'i-ti It, 1S7.T, ns tie rresHknt\'i Address f^r tlie Session /,s',-.,'-.j. Durinijj mv stav for some wo(>ks at Oxfonl. a few voars since, I was le.1 to t:ike a peculiar interest in aMertou Col le^'e, in that X'liiver- sity ; and had circumstances rendered it in any Avay ndvisahli^ for mo to hin'onie an incorporated nienilier of tlie Universitv. I .should certainly Iiave asked to hav(! my nam(>. enteied on Ihe licK'rds of Mei-ton. As it was, the minor privilege of whiiisslo cn/ut/d/is vdnsii sutlieed for e\'ery pur[»ose I Jiad in view, anesides giving the riglit and the pleasure on any occasion of assuming in the ITjuvci'.sity tlio acacltnuie dress, it RPcitrod .1 fixed ]»laco in pnltlicassom- bla^'.'s, ail I o]):'n('l tli" mmv wifli cxtwi t'lcility t) liltr.ivics and nuisciini-i, an w.'ll as t > tla; Ic.'tiirt'-njoins, in s.'xci'al instanci's, of imtrovSDiv) of pivL'iuinrut ability and worid-wid.' i'anu'. And, a.s i h iVivsaid. tin; Ijjdu is jjfood fov the rc'naindcr of one's days. 1 11" I not Hiy. I en U' ivoiiri' I t ) a\-.iil mys.-lf t » tlic utmost of tlio rich and v.irii'd ))fivilo!^'es with wliicli, for ;i y liod all loo ln-iif, I found iiiysL'lf .'Mrrnundt'd. ill r. .sj) -ct of area coxci-ed liy liuildiii'^s and in iv^'ard to external jj;raii!h'ur, ^[ei'tou (.'olli'i^'e cannot eoin)i:ii'e witli Ciuist Ciiurch. All Souls, New CoUege, l);dli'>l. and ]»> rliaps other Colie.;es in t!ic i'ni- versity of Oxford. I»:tt no (,'ollegi> in the Fniversity niatuhe.s ^Mcrton in SL'\'.>r.^ venerablfMicss of aspoet, or in the extent. I thinlc, towhicli, in its 1,'Mieral outline, it has retained uualt.'red thi^ visilile emhodi- uK'Ut of the ideas of its several very early a.rchiteets. Its entrance gat.'way. heariiui ilw statues of ]r;MU'y III. and WaltL-r .'youd the L;'alile ; tlu^ .steep slope's of the Treasury-roof, made tire|)roof hy plates of rough ashlar instead of shito; iiually, tlu' (juaint lights of tie' Lilire.ry along the walls, an 1 risiuLt ahove tlu' e.ives of the roof on the soutli and west sides of the third court; all at iirst sight stir t]i'> imagination very .strongly and stanij) them-.elves indeli'hly on the memory. Of the Library just named— -its internal air and a.s[);'et — -I desire espc^cially to s[».\dx to you for a moment, such a sur[)rise and (hdight was it to myself when I tirst entered it, eitlicv from not ha\ ing 1)(!en previously aware of its existence, or else from never having fadleu iu with a.ny striking descriptio of it. It is sup[)oscd to bo at the present day the most genuine ancient liV)rary in the British Islands. lis shelves and books look as if they had not ber-n meddlod with foi- sevi-ral centuries. The wood of tho book-cases has a [)ale weathei'-vvorn hue. The covers of the volumes are almo.st all of them of vellum or forel, with the names of tho authors "v mattirs treated of in them inscribed with a pen on the back, or on the outer edge of the leaves when the book is turned on the shelf with its back inward and clasps outward. Some of the volumes are still attached by chains to the bookcases, with the con- hivaiK'f- of a siii;ill J'"!*' voliiiiu s sotrin {li^liiiirf to the ri.ylit or 1 'l\ iilmi^ a slnjip for iM r.vt'jitioii wlun oucn, wliil.- in tVniit ot til" slo|.i' ;i, nulc 1pi;u'!i is lixi-il (or tlic in-roiumodu- tion of I'lMili'i's. 'I'll.. i.i)ii.lri(.iH iKilustl'iulfS of llio stuiivas.' l.'iulin-- iin lo tin! Librarv. tin- aiiMimr of timbt'!-. r.v Imiilc-r as wo slii.iiM sav. in tlio he:ivv t.iMi-> ; nl s! )i.ls \)\-m'.'\ lu'i'c aihl tln'iv, tlu; Hour, lli> Vimf, tli(» [ilniiv cni.loM'.l ill t!i(' rarpcuti-y of tli" ca*<;'S au'l closets, all iiiilicat;- a i».'rio:l when v 1 v. as jiIi-iiMfiil in tin- lau.l. I o\'])Cct"!l to rc.i'l in Antony a Wool an cniliusiastit' ai-.MUnt of McM'tou riil)rary. i.ut I v., is (li>ii.i.oiiitfil lo liiil thit Ii- sjiokc of ii \vitli uu o«[v,>cial warnitli. ]t may Im- that in liis diy. tlr- li'm-arios of the otiit'i- ('o11i'l;-<'s of tlic rnisci'sity all wore an asixM-r so liki^ tliat of Mcrtou that, in his view, it jiKssR-Sst-l no p MMiJiai'ity. lie chiellv hanio ins certain [iluml -rini^s that hil taken piaec therein at the pei'ioil of tlie I^'foruiatioii. aiji previously. However, aftei- all, tlie inf-en':u arrangements of 3Ierton i ■'■i-ary are late as eoinpared with i dat" 'f the '' un.h.tion of tiie ('ollcgo. NotwithstainUng the vi'iy (piaint a'..; anti-jiie lo')k of e\erytliiug !il)o;it it, most of the fittings, we ,,,.> toM, are of the time of James the First. One would scarcely liave imiu-ineil this, at first sight: tiltliougli, as we remMuher, two hi,L,e. thinnish, woo 1 n areh-s, somo- wliat of a triumphal cli,irai-r,'r. near th" heau of the staircase, fonning an entrance, one of tlnaa to tlie north v>ing. tiu^ otiier to tlie east w ing of the Lihrary, exiiiiiited a style whieli was post-iiiedia'\ al. Ijut this nevertheless is certain, that the two s[)aeious rooms which now slielter tho collection of books at 3Iertou aiv (he apartments designed and built, in 1370. by Bishop llede. of Ch-ehestei-, ouo hundred and twelve years after the foundation of the Colleg'" ; and that many of the volumes still to l)e s;';mi haw in manusca'ipr. of course, are portions of the library^ [>resented to the ('ollege by the same bishop, who had b.vn a fellow there ; and it maybe })erliaps portions uf the library of AValtm- de Merton hims(>lf. For it is imjdied in the Statutes given to th" College by Walter De ^M-rton, in 1270. that books were to ])e had within the walls of the building. He ordtu-s, for exami)le, that the finmiinatifus of th- houso^ tho Muster of Grammar resident in ihe (!ollege, sliould hav(^. Ubronmi cop'xi, a plentiful ,u;}»[)ly of books f.u' his pur]»oses, as well as aha sibl necessaria. And for the reader at meal-time, he directs that 'ml there- shall l)o provided aUquid quod ad scltolaruim i)iiitrncfioiiem te cdijicatuHiem. po'fdneuf, soiiH'tluiiif tluit niiylit tend to insti'iu't and edifv the schohivs. Bffore the constnietioii of the Library by Bi.shui> Ileih% tlie books of tlio Collo-\} would be kept in chests. Such was tlie custom then and Liter. Antony a Wood si)e;dcs of the (.'/.sYrr o/tjii in liihliofhecd Mertoncnd reposiUr, tilled Avitli ?d.athematical and AHtronomical works by ineniber-i of the College ; books, lie says, qKo^i Imiixira superionun Hi'ddoruin jiictufi, fiuiq/'mn ArftK Jfai/icd' proscn/iiKffot'es, reique pi'optirca Clirht'Kni'v damaosox, execrarl nou desfifif. (In the same place ho speaks of the loss out of the Lilu-ary, from the same cause, of the 'nistri'iiuvitta JfufJiejii'ifirc, qufdic .sinif Astruhih'ni, radii, quadraatcs, <('r., deniqi'.c intc'jr/nii clarissimfe Sclcntia' Anna- meiitarlum.) Walter dc; IMt-rton was boi'n soon after 1200, and died Oct. 27, 1277. He was twice Lonl High Chancellor of England: lirst in 125S, luuler Henry TIL: and again in 1272, for a short time, under Edwai'd I. ; in 1271 he was made Bishop of Rochester, oceu])ying the See onlv three years. A portrait of him exists in the Bodleian Library, aiid has been co])ied in Ackorniiinn's History of Oxford. It shews a countenance of a cast modern, rather than mcdia-val ; relined, thoughtful and intelligent; the hair and eyebrows snowy \\hit(\ As a preliminary to the foundation of his College in Oxford, he established at Maiden, in Surrey, a /Jouit's ScJiohirhnn de J/irfou, an institution w liich in adtlition to educational and other woi-k at Maldonwas, in. accordance with rules laid down by himself, to supply means out of its endowments for the sustenance of twenty scholars frecptenting tla^ Schools at Oxford, or anywhere else where learning for the tiuie l>eing might be flourishing. Th(>n after the lajise of six years, in 1270, the JJoinns- ,Sc/i(diiri/nii dc Jferfoit, intended to aid in the sustenance of scholars at (Oxford, is removed to tha>t place; and a reason is imjilied why it was not in the lirst instance estab- lished there. The date 12G4 is sj)oken of as (oiipcs tiirhotiiiais hi regno AngHo; svhorfa, an unsettled time, — as indeed it was, the struggle of the Barons with the Xing still going on. liut now, 1270 i;. described as a period of jxace (iifntc tcmjiorc pocim) ; and therefore the JJojiifS Sc/tolaritnn do. Merto)i in removed to Oxford, where the founder had desired and intended it to be. A power of removal, however, to any other locality, should circumstances so Ms A rcqnlro, Avas still given to the Society, — in auticiiiation jirubably of troublous times occurring again. Nine years ago, — viz : in 1SG4, tlio memorable year of tlie Sliaks- peare Tereentemuy, — the members of Mertun College celebrated, on the 1 ith of June, the Sexcentenary of the foundation of their Society. Kow many regions are thei'o outside of ]iai)i)v Hnu'laud in which *. i^ lit * - Societies, literary, political, or otherwise, can shew a continxioua cor])orate existence of six hundi-ed years I Three hundi-ed years before the hirtli of Shaksjieare, the Donms Scholaruim de Mertoti existed, in embryo at least, at ()xferd. AVheu the poet rambled about Oxford, as Ave know he did, in his journey- ings between ]^ondon and Stratfoi'd, anil looked in at the gati^ways of the several Colleges, as any inipiisitive stranger would do at the present day, he woidd, in |)oint of anti(|uity, regai-d ^lerton College, the identical ]\Ierton College which we sec now, as m' should i'(\gard a building or institution founded in tlj<^ luiddle of the reign of Eliza- beth. In Sliakspeare's time, the days of tlic king wlin folJnwcd next after John would seem lolerably remoto, but easily grasjicd and reproiluced with a vivid r(>ality by such a uiind as Siiakopivire's, as we can see in his tragedy of Kiuir John. But the chief point of interest about !Merton CV)llege is not the antiquity of the Society of which it is the home. The great distinc- tion of the College is this : that it was the first em))odiment in fMii'opo of a ncAv system of training for the youth of a country — the system wdiich has, by successive steps, developed into wliat is known as the English College or T^niversity system, which among the educational systems of Euro})e continues to Ije unique. Walter de ]Merton is held to have been an enlightened inno\ator in respect of education. AMien he li\('d, what are technically called " Universities" had been instituted at dillercnt points on the conti- nent of Europe for about fifty or eighty years (reckoning from tlu^ time of Abelard's lectures in Paris). They were ineoi'poraiions of scholars and teachers, privileged by eui[)erors, kings or popi's, with peculiar jurisdiction in the towns where they were respectively situated ; Avhich towns, as a rule, became the centres of gi-eat disor- der. Young people ilocked in thousands U^ attend the lectures of this teacher and that. In. this way Oxford was thronged. Jii the meaiuime, discipline was feebly maintained. Brawls and lights (battles they might even be called in some cases) were the order of 8 the day. Tlin liberal arts, as they were called : the Trivium, i. c, the study of rlassieal literature, rhetoric and dialectics; the Quadrivium, /. r., arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music: ])ut almost every one of these ^\ as [)ursued to an extent that we should now consider only elementary, ;ind in a spirit which we should call excessively pedantic and narrow. The logic of Aristotle, received in an aluidged. condensed form, not dii-ectly from the original Greek, but through a meagre translation in Latin from the Arabic, was applied cnulely to all the stock topics of discussion, theology included. And this was hold to bo the highest exercise of the human mind. Doubtless the gifts of intellect were distributed then as now liberally throughout communities ; and, failing really rational and fruitful subjects t)f s]»ecula.tion, matters the most irrational and useless— albeit extrcnnel}'- ingenious and sul)tle — exercised the wits of clever men. (Consequently, the literary remains of th(^ period referred to, impress moderns most unpleasantly. Two dialogues of the celebrated Abelard, named abo\-e. the all-accomplished Master as he was styled in his day, — one between a Christian and a Jew, the other between a Christian and a rhilosoj)her, — maybe taken as specimens. And thus speaks one Avho has looked into them : "• Words are wanting," ho says, " to ex[)res8 the utter insipidity and absence of all taste, energy oi- life which these spii-itless conqiositions dis[)lay: nor can we," he adds, "concede to them the [iraise of biding written in Latin which will bear the test of strict examination." {Emjliah Cyclop., art. AlJELAKD.) Islimoii, s, "svhose I.so gone- of ordl* lis (]U(\S- (liscord. s foster- idicos of t orders lietiues linicans in 12G4 lensivo : i. c, '.s ; tlie ic : but should should eceivcd Greek, lie, ',v:is eluded. I mind, herally fruitful eless — clever red to, ibrated styled iveen a d thus iuergy ['," ho wliieh , art. Wlien ut a later date the metapliysieal. physieal and ethical works rtf Aristotle were discovered and studied, — ihese, with his Logic, read no longer in translated abstracts l)ut in the original (Ireek, liad a marked effect on the jihilosophi^ and science of the universities, expanding and elevating both, and [)urgiug both from several errors. (Nevertheless, at the Reformation period, Holbein, in a well-knowu picture, " Christus Vei-a Lux," represents Aristotle and Plato 2)lung- ing into a dark abyss, ]>ope, cardinal, bishop and professor all following them with closed eyes, each holding on to the other.) Oxford in 12()4: was not the l)ea\itiful Oxford which is to bo seen to-day — a widespread city, rendered conspicuous from afar by dome and turret and spire ; remarkable, when you enter it, for streets exceeding fair and broad, traversinu!- it in various directions, flanked every here and there with long lines of collegiate buildings, reverend and picturesque, each disclosing within its vaulted gateway, court and cloister and velvety grass-plot, hall and (!]ia[)el and library; each, provided in its farther recesses witli a pleasaunco of its own, more or less extensive, of lawns aud gardens and groves, vocal with liirds, fj'agrant with sweet-scented shrubs and ti<^wers ; tranquil ])aradises, scenes of tiim order and comelin(\*;s. kpropriatiMl in I'lSO, and more tli^tiuctly in 1311, to the foundation of a Hinisc plainly afttn- the [>atteni of Merton, so far as i-elates to the matter of residence. And IxtUi-.l seems to have taken the form of a (Jollege or House fur the accommodation of a society of scholais in \'2^'2. Previously, since 12GS. .sixteen scholars had been charitably sustained at Oxford \>y John de Balliol (father of John B:illiol, the ill-starred Xing of Scotland): but no house was apiiropriated to their use tuitil 1282, when, pmbably after the pattern of Merton again, so far as concerned residence, a building was hired for them in Horsemonger lane, afterwar.Is called Camlitch, in the parish of St. Mary Magdidene. I noAv give very briefly tlie leading tlistinctive features of the new foundation of Walter de ^Merton, as de.scnJjed by those who have closeiv examined tin; original constitution of the Colleije. These appear to luxxo ])QQn (1 ) the union of a tli.sci|iliue i"esembling, without being really, the monastic, with secular studies; (2) the recognition of Education, rather than ceremonial or ritual duties, or the so-called religious, /. r.. monkish, life, as the jn-ojfcr function of the Society ; and (3) the libcial provision for the future adaptation of the new .-system to tlie growing requirements of the age. (Although I possess and have read tlu^ original statutes of Merton, I prefer giving their [)urport and drift as summarized in :m article on the Sexcentenary of 180 1 in a London Times of the diiv. I make fur- ther use cif the same authority below.) The inmates of tlie College were to live by a common nile, under a common head ; but they were to take no vows and were to join none of the Monastic orders. (As we have already seen, most of the students hitherto frecpienting the University had l>een ".sent ti]>" by one or other of the JMonastic institutions, and so wei-e committed to the ideas of one or other of the Monastic ordei"s.) They were to study Theology ; but not until tlu'v had gone thi'ough a complete coui-se of instruction in Arts; and they were to look forward, some of them certainly, to l)eing secular clergy, that i>^. i»arc.chial clergy, as dLstinguished from Regulars or Monks ; but many of them also to the public service of tho State and the discharge of other imix)rtant duties in the great lay world. 3 '■iS 11 1 I'Oi'nt of 'at as the existence .s loft by 1311, to on, so far to have tion of a •seliolars 1 (fatjior 3US0 Avas ? pattern as hired 1, in the of tlie 5S0 AvJlO College, mbling, (2) the ities, or ction of :ition of I though ] I refer on the ke fur- , under to join of the lit n]>" mitted ere to lijdete , some •lergy, dso to Ji'tant They were maintained by endowments, Imt the number of scholars Was to increase as the value of the endowments increas»'d ; and they were empowered not only to make new statutes, but even, as we have already seen, to change their residence in case of necessity. The eftbrt of mind re<|uired to make sueh inuovatii us, worked out as they were with remarkable foresight in details, can harilly be estimated at the jji-esent day. Kor dill the new i-eguhitions of Walter de Mert-iu fail to produce the results iitended. The Monastic orders soon bea;an to lose their asceuflaney in the Univei-sity ; secular learning began to gain upon the casuistry of the rival i-eligious controversialists; the science of Medicine estaMished itself by the side of Law; and other founders, following, as we have already in some tlegrce seen, the wise example of ^\'a!ter de Merton, and l>orrowing tlie Lyjulu Mertonenais, gradu- ally transformed Oxford from a mere seminary for monks, which it was fast becoming, into a seat of national eihication. A like change in the character of Cambridge speedily took ])lace. When .St. .John's Colleg*- in that University tiist assumed the position of an educational institution, in 12^<(, from ha\ ing been an Augus- tiniau IIos{>ital or iromvstery, its statut(>s wei-e formed after the motlel of those of Meiton. Tliose of Peterhouse, likewise in tlie samo ["uiversity, were brought into conformity with the same ])attern by Bishoji Montague, of Ely. iu 1340, The original statutes of the College of ^lerton thus, as (I'lipmbers. iu iiis Historv of the Colleges and Halls of Oxford, ol>serves, affords an extraonlinarv insUince of a matured system ; and with ^e^\• little alteration they have l^een ftmnd to accommodate themselves to the progress of science, discipline and civil economy iu more retined ages. And for many a generation Merton held the foremost place among tlu! colleges. The brilliant catalogue of her reputed nu'iubers Liicludes some of the most illustrious names of the thirteenth and fourtetMith centuries. It may be doubtful whether Duns 8cotus and Wyelitie .shoidd be numbered among them, thoui:h tliei-e aie strong reasons for believing that both once resided at ]\lei'ton ; Init lloger Bacon, the Doctor Mind^ilis. Bradwardine, the Profound Doctor, and Occam, the Invincible Doctor, have always been claimed as undoubted ulumni; and in later times Hooper and Jewell, the reforming Bishops; Bodley, the ftnmder of the liVirary bearing his name; 8ir Henry Savile, founder of Leciuivships in the University on Geometry and 12 Astronomy ; and Harvey, tlie discoverer of tlio circulation of tlier blood, adorned this most ancient Society. lu rc^rard to Duns Scotus, I give the testimony of Johannes id) luearnatione, from my own folio copy of that learned friars edition (Conimhricr.', Nouis ]Martii, in die Beati Thomre A(|uinatis, Anno Domini, IGOD,) of tlie O.wid- etise Scriptum of Duns lu Lilirmn priiiiuia Sentrnti'mnii Jfi(i/!sh-c Petri Lombard I. He says : /m udo'csceas, sev frre purr, or< line Sera- pfiici Potris \Fr'incisn\, et reijuhim projitrretv.r O.ronll lit jn'oriacia Aii'jViae, in'ibl stvUo avtlnnt HbcraUmfi fjuftmprunffia ihsfiiuiffr. And then, aftrr relating his removal to Paris for the study of Theo- logy, he adds: Iii'Ie
    > \P. Lota- hari.Vi\ puhlicc est interpretatns. From the Opus !Magus of Roger Eaeon ahoAe mentioned, I \\ill here add a brief utterance in the tiiie INIcrtonian spirit, showing that he discerned clearly the defective condition of education as con- ducted by the majority of his contem})orai-ies, and d(\sired its reform. '•There never was such an appearance of wisdom," he says, "'nor such activitv in studv in so manv ficulties. ami so manv regions a.s during the last fortv vears, [he is writing in the ti..ie of AValter dc Mellon himself,] for even the doctors [the public teachers] are divided in every st^ito. in every camp, and in cvovy burgh, especially through the two studious ordei"s [Dominicans and Franciscans] ; ■when neither, perhaps," he continues, "was their ever so nmch ignor- ance and error. The students," he says, " languish and stupify them- selves over things badly translated ; they lose theii- time and study : appearances only hold th"m : and tlK'V do not care what the}'' know, so much as to maintain an appearance of knowledge before the insen- sate uuiltitude." And again in the same work, the Opus jNIagus, in resnect of Aiistotle, he ventures to exnress such heresv as this : " If I had power over the books of Aristotle, 1 would have them all burnt, bec;ui.se it is only a loss of time to studv them, a cause of en-or and multiplication of ignorance beyond what I am able to explain." He refei-s of course to the wn^tched translations and abstracts Avhich were then alone generally aecessible ; but it is cuiious to observe that his view of the Aristotelian philosophy wa;: strongly confirmed threo centuries later by his still greater namesake, Lord Bacon, who said, after many yeai"s' devotion to Aristotelianism, that it Avas " a philo- m 13 11 of tllG" iiiy C)^vn s Miirtii, " Oxoni- .Udll'iHtri liiK' Sard' liroriiicid Pfit'didtur. of Theo- ( 'uUccjio t'dc Tlieo' [P. Lorn- d. I will •.viii;;- that n as con- ts reform. ays, "nor regions as Waller Jo •liers] are especially nciscans] ; iich iqnor- [)ity tliem- nd study : liey know, tlio insen- is ]\iaa;ns, y as this : e them all se of error I ex])Liin." lets A\ hicli serv(> that med tlireo who said, "a philo' tiopliy only strong for disputations and contentious, hut ban'en of the production of works for tlui hene'^it of the life of man.' (Quoted in Hill's l"]nglish Monastieism, p. 409.) I hasten iu»\v to slenv a certain sul)tle connexion existing between VValtei- de jNIcrton's College and Canada ; a connexiun which, wlien I liad detected it, h('li)ed to invest jMerton College, in my view at least, with such a peculiar interest. It happens that three distinguished governors in Canada havelieen INIerton lUi'U ; and each of them has been conspicuously concerned either in tiie founding or else in the actual promotion of a system of Uiuversity Education for the sons of the ( 'anadian peo}»le. And it will be seen, I think, in the ease of each of these Canadian rulrs. that he, either consciously or unconsciously, transplanted to this side of the ocean, and handi'd on. so fir as surrounding circumstances allowed, the Merton traditions — the Merton S2)irit — in relation to sound learning iind wholesome knowledge. (General Sinieoe was a member of ]Merton College. Lord Elgin was 51 Fellow of Merton. ^ir Edmund Head was a Fellow and Tutor of Merton. I propose to give a sentence or two from the eon*espondenee or public declarations of each of these iu)W histoiic pei-sonages, on the subject of higher Education in Canada; that you may observe for yourselves how the animus of Walter de Merton of the year 12t34 still lived and breathed in each of them. I. — I ])egin with portions of the correspoiulence of Governor Simcoe, preserved in the Parliamentary Library at (Ottawa and elsewhere, (jroveruor Simcoe was ajipointed to the newly-constituted Province of Upper Canada in 17'J1. He laul ]treviously seen mucli active service on this continent during the American Revolutionary war. and had bi^come well acquainted with the character and spirit of colonial communities. SuccessiAcly an oHiccr in tlie 'l.jth and 40th regiments, he afterwards ha Royal Society, liis lioi>(' that ho shoiiid be able io establish therein, aiiiuiii-- other means of civilization, a University. " A collejjfc of a higher i-lass." he says to Sir .)ost'i>h. " Avouhl be euiiueutiy nseftil, and \\t)nhl ,e of eminent snpjtort to CJov<'rnment." Tlie ^v\ln\^\ h-tter to Sii- Joseph Banlcs will repay |K'rnHal. "We accord iiiuly ,i;•i^•c^ it. The sangnine writer, it will bo seen, held the oiunion that British institutions miu'ht, by their evident superiority, when honestly and lionourably worketl, have their etfect even on the United States; mi^ht ultimately even win the recently revolted colonit>s back to the ruli; t)f the old mother country. Kvciy year, however, that slipj^ed away without beuinning the expei-iment, made the chance of such a consummation h^ss. The letter is dated January 8th, 1791. It begins: '•Sir, — ^1 was u\uch disappointed that the variety of business in which my good friend Sir troorgf^ Yonge was engaged, and my own avocations. [>i-evented me from having the honour of )>eing inti-oduced to you, as soon as it was generally made known that I was to be appointed to the government in Upper Canada. Ihit, sir, as it is possible that I may be hurried oil", witliout haAing much time to spart\ ill (Mideavouring to procure in person, such advantages for the comii'.inity 1 am to supiuintend, as must necessarily result from the great encouragement this nation under His Majesty's auspices alfords to th(jse arts and sciences which at once sup[)ort and emljellish our country, I am emboldened by letter to solicit that assistance from you, and on those subjects, which I venture to [)oint out, preparatory to my return to London, when I sliall hope to have the honour of frefiuent communication witli \'ou. and tt) a\ail mvself of vour ideas and ])atr<.)nage. "The liberalitv of vour character, the high station vou till, and the public principles which I apprehend that you entertain, leave upon my nund no hesitation of couaniuiic;iting to you, contidentially, my views, and the object which irresistibly impels me to undertake this species of luiuishment, in hopes that you will see its niagnitude, and, in '.onsetpience, aflbrd your utmost support to the undei-taking. *' I am one of those who know all the consequence of our lato American dominions, and do not attempt to hide from myself the impending calamity, in case of future war, because neitlu.'r iii council nor in the field did I contribute to their dismend)erment. # 15 ''I would (Yw l>y laorc tlmn Tndiun tortiii-t- torostoromy King iind Ids f.iDiily to their ri<(litt'ul inheritnu't'. ami to <,nv(' luy cniintiv that fail" ami natural acct'ssiuu of jiowcr whioli an iiniou with their brethnai could not fail to In-stow and render pernianent. ''Tliou'di a soldier, it is not hv arms that I hone for this result: it is voloiitcs in j>iij}nl(j.-i only that such a renewal of enniiic can be desirable to His Majesty ; and 1 think, even now (thoui;h 1 hold that the last supine tive years, and ev^n-y hour that the (lovernnuint is defei'red, detracts from our fair hopes) — even now, this event may take place. " 1 mean to prepare for whatcNer convulsions may ha[)pen in the United States ; and the method I propose is by estaldisliing a fi-ee, honourable, British Government, and a pui-e administration of its laws, M-hieh shall hold out to the solitary emigrant, an English Chief Justice, athy among many iu the New England States. ■MiMuaai 16 ''This, Sir," lio sny.s. ''is tlxo outline of my j)liin. and I (rust it will force its way, notwithstanding what circiuasci-ibyd men and self- interestod monopolists may allege against it. It must stand on its own ground : for my extensive views are not what this Country is as yet j)re[)ared for, though the New England Pro\'inces are ]>y no means averse to them : and they are the strength of America." And then he speaks of the alluring contrast, literary and i»olitical, which, if hi.' can only ol)tain ju-oper eoo])eration and help, his domain will present, mIicu compared with the United States. " Now, Sir," he contiraies to Sir Jo.seph Banks, " not to trespass on your time, you will s?e how highly imjiortant it will be, that this Colony (which 1 mean to shew forth, with all the advantages of British protectorate, as a bettor Covernment than the United States can possibly obtain), .should, in its very foundations, provide for every assistance that can possibly be secured for the Arts and Sciences, and for every emliellishmiMit that hereafter may decorate and attract notice, and may point it out to the neighbouring States as a superior, moi'c happy and more j)olished form of government. I woidd not, in its infancy, have a hut, nor in its maturity, a palace, built without this design. " My friend, the Marquis of Buckingham," he next proceeds to say, ''has suggested that Governmeiit ought to allow me a sum of money to be laid out for a Public Library, to be com})osed of such })Ooks as might be useful to the Colony. He instanced the Encyclo- piedia, extracts from which might occasionally be published in the newspapers. It is i)ossible private donations might l)e obtained, and that it Avould become an object of Royal muniticence. " If any Botanical arrangement could take })lace [this project he knew it Avould be in Sir Joseph's power to promote,] I conceive it might be highly useful, anil might lead to the introduction of some commodities in that country which Great Britain now })rocures from other nations. Hemp and Flax should be encouraged by Bomulus." Then comes the passage in which he moots the idea of a University, or College of high class, for the community which he is about to found, and to which I have already referred. "In the literary way," ho says, ''I should bo glad to lay the foundation of some Society that, I trust, might hereafter conduce to the extension of Science. Schools have been shamefully neglected. A College of a higher class would be eminently useful, and would a 17 j^ive a tone of lu'iiu'ijOcs .uid of inumiors llmt wouM 1if> of infinite support to CroverunuMit." Tln'ii, after (lc,sci'il)iuj,' the snr;^'oon wlio is to accomiiiiny liim. juid Avho ho. cvidciilly thinks "vvill l»e of use to liiin in condncting investi- j^'iitions in science, lie ooiichides by in-omisini;- u. call on Sir Jo.M'pli wlitMi he ponies up to town. *' Hir (ii'ori^o Yon^'c," he says, "has piumised my tdtl sur,:.^eon, a youHix man attached to his Profession, and of lliat docile, patient, and industrions turn, not without inonisitiveness, that will williii'dv direct itself to any pursuit which may he iccoiunieuded as an oljject of incpiiry. " I am .«uro, Sir, of your full pardon for what 1 now ulTcr to you, from th(; design M'ith which it is written; and [ am anxious to j»rotit from your enlarged ideas. I shall therefore beg leave to wait upon you when J return to London. " T am, Sir, with the ntnio.st respect, " Your inost obedient and faithful — *• Silt J. Banks, Bart.. "J. G. Simcoe. '' Presidiuit of the lloyal Society. " Jiinuaiy «. 17'Jl." From this letter it will ap]»ear that the organizer of Upper Canada fontlly hoped, through British institutions honourably worked in his new province, to Anglicise the United States. He would have been amazed had he been told the da v would come when the United States would Americanize the British islands. However, the policy of Governor Sinicoc^ still in some degree governs English statesmen. Wo see his theoi-y apparently pushed in otir own day. For one thing, the distribution of titles of late years has increase nis}u)i>. datcil Kiiijirston. rii|MT ('':m;i»l;i, April SO, ITO.'i, ho (»l)s(Mvt's : " Pt'rli!i|M the coustitutioa j^ivoii to rjipci' ( ';ui;itlii, liuwcNcr late, forms the siiijjcuhir i'Xooi)ti()U to that want of prcvnitivc \viM»h)iii wliich has clmracterizcd tho prosiiit tiiii«>s. Tlic pt'dplc of this I'ro- vince onjoy the forms, as wfll as the privil»'jfe.s, of thu Uritish coiisti- tiition. Thrv havf the moans of f^'ovcM-iiiiijij themselves ; ami, having' nothiiii^ to ask, must ever )<'iiiaiii a part of the IJritish empire; proviileil tiiey shall hecome siitlieieutly caj-ahK' ami euliuhteiied to iimlerstand their relative sitiiatiou :miiI to iuaua;,'(i their own [xtwer ty the estaMishment of a University in tho eajiital of the countrv, the icsidenee of the Crovenior and the Conneil, tlu* liishop, the heads of the law, and of the general (piality of the inhabitants eonsequent to the seat of /jfovern- ment — in my ai»[)rehension, wonld he most usefid to incnleate jnst principles, habits and nii'nnei-s. into the rising generation : to coalesce the different cnstoms of the ^■arions desci'ijttions of settlers, emigrants from the old ])rovinces [tlie I'nited States] or Eiii'0})e, into one form. In short, from distinct j)arts and ancient prejudices to nev/ form, as it were, and (^stablish one nation ; and thereby to strengthen the union with (Jreat Britain, and to j)rescrve a lasting ol)edienee to His Majesty's authority. The income contem]>lated for such an estab- lishment is certainly, of itself, too contemptible to be withhcdd from the jnosecuting of so great an object, on any views of expense." In accordance with the us:ige then almost nnivei-sal, he takes for granted that the profess(jrs will be clergymen ; and he desir(;s that they shall be in the first instance Knglishmen ; but he makes some shrewd distinctions : he docs not desii-e the presence of over-refined, over- cultivated clergymen. He was acquainted with tho character of the New-England people. The inhabitants of the young province of Upper Canada would be, he knew, of a sinular temper, and wo\dd require to be ministered to, educationally t\nd otherwise, by ce)mpetent and earnest men indeed, but men also somewhat homely and lunnble- hearted. He had likewise doulitless often witnessed the bad effect of incompatibility of manners ]>etween pastors and flocks in the mother country. "I naturally should wish," he says, "that the clergy necessary for offices in tJie University, in the first instance, should be Englishmen, s4i'i 10 \f |)Os.sil)li', (eoiifoniiin^i^ ilu'roin to ^Ir, S»H'ivt:ii-y Diindas's opiniuii, iiiul iiult't'd, in tliin r<'S|)cct, to my own). IJut us in an ol»j(»et ot' sui-h maufnitiiilc no ('xplaiiatiou can bo too miniito wliieii t'airlyand distinctly «'hicidat('s tlicsr jioinls, wliicli on;4lit not to lie nustindiTistood, I only rcftn- to your loi-dsliip's ,sli:,dit oxiu'i'i»'uco of the ljal>its and iiiiinniTs of tlio Anu'rican .settlers, U> say l;ow very diH'erent tliey are tVcts may bear to tho.se per.sons wlio jire in any manner concerne sent to this country, with sullicient iiiduceinent to make thein sujiport this honourable l.)anishment with cheerfidness — and that in the tirst instance your lordship shall not too strenuously insist ii[»ou learning as a qualitication for ordination, Avhere there are evident marks of religious disjjosition and [)roofs of morality — T am confident the rising generation will be brought up competently learned and propei'ly endued with religion and loyalty ; and it is probable that they may at least be equal to those of Con- necticut in this continent, whose clergy are, in general, infi'iior to none in those [)oints of learning and of acrjulsitiou in the dead languages, Avhich may be generally considereel as the necessary materials and instruments of their saci'ed profession. " In short, my Lord," he then adds, '• if the maintenance of religion and morality be merely considered in a commercial light, as so much nxerchandise, the bounty which I have proposed, and most earnestly 20 implore may be for a w]iile extended to it, will angmont that i»rodiice on wliicli the union of this country with Gi-eat Britain and the pre- servation of Her Majesty's sovereignty may ultimately depend. T am almost ashamed of using this metaphorical language, but it is that of tli(^ age." Kii then gives his exi)erience as derived from a late excursion thr(jug]i the settlements ; and he expresses the fear, if institutions of ediiciition and rt^ligion continue to bo withheld, the inhabitants will at no distant dav be desirous of miLjratini'- back aijain to the United States. "Tlu'i'e has nothirig,'" he says, ''in uiy late progress, given me etpial uneasiness with the general apjdicationof all ranks of the most loyal inhabitants cf the Pi-oviucc. that I woidd ol)tain for them churches auil ministers. They say that the rising generation is raj)id!y I'ctuniing to barbarism. They stiite tliat c.ih Sivobath, so wisely set apart for devotion, is literally unknown to their cliildren, who arc busily cinjUoyed in searching for amusements in Avhich they may consume that day. And it is (^f serious consideration, that on the approach of the settlements of the United States to our frontiers, particula'ly on the St. Lawrence, these people, who by experience have found that schools and churches are essential to their rapid establishment, may ]irol)al>ly allure many of our most respectable settlers to emigrate to them, while in this resi)ect we suffer a disgraceful d eticiency . ' ' He next alludes to some views of his in regard to the possible future restoration of unity between two religious parties subsisting in the comunuiity both of the United States ;ind Uj)per ( 'anada, and the happy jjolitical results that might accrue from such r<^stora- tion. His views on this head he stronyly adheres to, althou'di ho is aware tliey are in danger of being ndsap^n'eheiuled. " A. principal foundation," he snys, " of the wise and necessary friendship of Great Britain with these her legitimate descendants, I have heretofore i)ointed out, as to be deduced from the most intimate union and reconcilement between the English Episco])al Church and that of the Independent form of worship used in the New England Provinces — an emanation from the English Church, as all tlieii authors avow, and princii)ally originating from the harsh measures of the secular power which the English Church once exercised, but which id now no more. Though my ideas on this subject, my Lord; I ? 21 i were pvobiiI)]y inisuudorstood, and tlie lukewarm spirit of tlio times {had I been even called on for tlicir explanation) would, doubtless, have slighted my reasons as merely struck out in the heat of iiii;i<,d- nation, and not, as they are, the sober dedtictipns of mnvh thou^'ht and of personal observation, yet nothing has happened sinci^ 1 left England in the least to invalidate, to my own conception, the policy of the measures I then pi-oposed ; and as far as may be now in the power of His Majesty's Ministers, I most earnestly hope that wliat remains will be elfected — that is, hy giving the me-nis of projier education in this province, botli in its rudiments and in its comple- tion, that from ourselves we may raise up a hn'al and. in due progress, a learned clergy, and v.'hich will speedily tend to unite not only the Puritans Avithiu tln^ Pi-oviuce, but the clergy of the Episcopal Church however dispersed, to consider with aif(^ction the Parent State, to form, corroborate and unite, within the United States, that jjon-erful b(xly of people who naturally must pi-efcr the alliance of Great Jbitaiu to that of France, who are mostly members of the E])iscopal Church, and on all sides to bring withiji its pale in X''^])per Canada, a very great body of denominationalists who, in my judgment, as it were, otfer themselves to its protection and re-union." (He appears to liave supj)'3Sod that by certain relaxations on the part of the Episcopal authorities on botli sides of the line, the breach Vjetween the descen- dants of the so-called "pilgrim fathers" ami the mother-church miglit be heahid, and a universal good will towards England throughoutthe North American continent be estal)lished.) "These objects," he again repeats, " would ])e materially piMiuoted by a Univer.'-'ity in Upper Canada, which might, in due progress, acquire sueb a t'haracter as to become the place of education to many persons heyond the extent of tlie King's Dominions." As suggestive of a precedent for Goverimyent aid to his University projected for Upper Canada, lie refers to the grant promised (but never made) to Bishop Berkeley for a College in Bermuda, in 17il5. He also hints that the Society for the Pro]>agiiti(m of the (}os])(>l would lo well also to patronize the undertaking, as likely to aid powerfully in carrying out the benevolent designs of the Society in regard to the aborigines of North America. " If I recollect, my Lord," he says to Bishop Mountain, " Parlia- ment voted £20,000 for the erection of the University proposed by Bishop Berkeley, in the Bermudas. The object, not to speak dis- 00 respectfully of so truly res})ectiiblo .1 prelate,, was certainly of trivial ini])ortauce to what I now proi)oso." And he adds : " The labours of the Society for the Propaijatiou of the Gospel are visionary, as api)licaltle to the conversion of th<; American Indians in their pi-esent state; ])ut would l)e uf must essential beneiit by pro- motin<>- a University, which, if placed in the part I nu'ditate, would, in its turn, have great intlu(>nce in civilizing the Indians, and, what is of more importance, those who corrupt tlu'm." He ilieu puts it generally to the Cliurch of the mother country, that its nuMul)ers ought to assist in establishing a University in the Colony, inasmurli as such an institution would l^e a bulwark therein against the encroachments of dangerous i)rinciples which everywhere were emlangering society. The term " minute" which he uses, was ])i-obably caught from the title of P)isho[) ]5erkeley's book, the "Minute Phil(jsoj)her," directed against the free-thinkers of his day. "The Episcopal Church in Great Britain," he says, " from pious motives as well as policy, are materially interested that the Church should increase in this Province. I will venture to prophesy its pi'eservation depends npon a Univereity l>eing erected therein, as one of the great supports of true learning against the minute, the pl<;beian, the mechanical philosophy Avhich, in the present day, from the suc- cessful or ])roblematical experiments of ill professors in rational incpiiries, has assumed to itself the claim of dictating in religion and morality, and, in conseqtience, now threatens mankind with ruin and desolation." The old Universities of England, he suggests to the Bishop, ought also to he applied to for help. '' The Universities of England, I midce no doubt," he says, " Avould contribute to the jdauting of a scion from their res})ectable stock in this distant colony. In short, my Lfird, I have not the smallest hesi- tation in saying that I believe, if a Prc)testant episcopal University should be proposed to Ik^ erected even in tla; United States, the British nation would most liberally subscribe to the undertaking." Again, ht> refers to liis project in a letter to Bisho}) Mountain, under date of " Navy Hall, October IG, ITDo," tluis : — *' IMy views in respect to a Univei.nty are totally unchanged ; they are on a solid basis, and may or may not be complied with, as my superiors shall think proper ; hut shall certainly appear as my system to the judg- ment of posterity." 23 And once more, to tlie same correspondent, m rlting from ^* York " on the 28tli of February, 171»G (the year of his recall), he says : "I have scarcely the smallest hope of this Government being •supported in the manner which I cannot hut think })roper for the national interests, and commensurate with its esta])lished constitu- tion. In particular, I have no idea that a University will be estab- lished, though 1 am daily confirmed in its necessity. T lament these events, from the duty I owe to my King and country, and have only to guard, that no opinion of mine be interpretc^d to promise beneficial effects, when the adequate causes from which they must originate are suffered to perish or are v/ithheld." It will be seen, 1 think, from the tone of the extracts given, that Oovernor Simcoe, the founder aud organizer of Upj)er Cauiula, either consciously or unconsciously, was a genuine son of Walter de Merton : (1) in his desire to secure in perpetuity an enlightened training iu matters of religion, in manners, in science and practical knowledge, for the community which he had initiated ; aud (1') in his anxiety to make the institution of education which was mainly to help forward the great work, in the generations that should follow after him, com- prcliensive and national, aiming, with this object in view, to bring to an end, so fai- as in him lay, among the people over whom he presided, religious feuds, and irritating, clashing interests. II. — I turn now to Lord Elgin, Governor-General of Canada from 181:7 to 1855 ; who, before succeeding to the title by the nnlooked-for death of an elder brother, Avas a Fellow of Merton College in the University of Oxford. I have not been able to lay my hand on any reporter! speeches of his, having direct reference to the University of Tonuito. I have been obliged on this occasion to content myself with j)ortions of other pi'oductious of his, shewing his views in regard to high educa- tion.. It will be seen from these that in a Canadian Governor a«nun Walter do Merton had a genuine representative. Even while yet a student, but one Acry near his degree, we have hiui offering iu a private letter to las father a criticism of great weight on the working of the English University system as he found it at Oxford in 1832. His conviction, like that of Koger Bacon of Merton before him, was that education should be no thiuir of seemino- but as real as possible. His remarks may with advantage be l)orne in mintl !•• 24 '• Tu rav own mind I confess," he says to his fatlior, '* I am much of opinion that college is i)ut otf in general till too late ; and tlie gaining of lioiwvrs, thei-efi:)re. becomes too severe to be useful to men who are to enter into ]in>fessions. It was certainly originally intended that the degrees wliii-h reijuire only a knowledge of the classics shouhl be taken at an earlier age, in order to admit of a residence aftt-r ther were taken, during which the student might devote himself to science or composition, and tlutse habits of retlection by which the mind might be formed, ami a practical advantage drawn from the stores of knowledge already acquired. By i)utting them oif to so late an age, the consequence has been, that it has been necessary proportionably to increase the ditficulty of their attainuunit, and to mix up in college examinations (which are .sujiposed to depend uj)on stiuly alone) essays in many cases of a natui-e that demands the most prolonged and deep reflection. The eticct tif this is evident. Those who, from circum- stances, have neither o})portunity nor leisure thus to reflect, must, in order to secure their success, acquire that kind of sui>erricial infor- mation which may enable them to draw sufficiently [tlausible conclu- sions, upon very slight grounds ; and of many who have this fm-n^ of knowledge, most will eventually be proved (if this system is carried to an excess) to have but little of the svJistance of it."' The real educational results, that is, to the nation, would V)e greater and l)etter, if the merely pi-eparator}^ stiulies of young men couM l>e made to end earlier, and the tiuie thus gained be converted into an interval calmly and seriously devoted to i)hilosophic inquiry in various directions, by tho.se intended for the professions and otliers having a geiuiint love of learning, iiTes})ective of emolument. This is a thought which opens u{) a noble view of what a Univ(n\sity might be. At the Michaelmas examination of 1*^32, Ijord Elo;in was placed in the fli-st class in classics, and common re[Kirt spoke of him as •• the best flrst of his year." And not long afterwards he was electeil a Fellow of Merton. In Walrond's ^lemoir, few letters of Lord Elgivi are given of a very early date. But we are told that after lea\'ing college, he kept up a regular correspondence on abstruse questions Avith his brother Frederick, still at ( )xford. Some of these letters should have been given for the benetit of stiulents. Before his appointment to the CTOvernor-Geueralship of Canada, Lord Elgin had in Jamaica, where he was Governor in 184:2, a tield ^m 21 fov educational oxporiments. of tLe nulest kiml ; to the cn]ti\ ;\tion of wliieli he at once atWre-->e'.l hiiiiseh'. "The oliject," says Mr. "SVah-»>ucl, " whicli Lord Elgin had most at heait ^vaH to improve the m-iral and s«X'ial condition of the Xeijroes, and to fit tlieni. ]»v e(hicatiou. for the freedom ^vhicli had l>een thrust ti[)on them ; hut, with chai"acteri.stie tact and sairacity, he preferred to compass this end throuirh the agency of the planters themselves. By encouraging the ap[»lication of mechanical contrivances to agi-i- culture, he sought to make it the interest not only uf the peasants to acquire, Init of the planters to give them, the education necessary for using machinery ; while be lost no oppoitunity of impressing on the land (jw ning class that, if they wi^^hed to secure a constant su}>]ily of labour, they could not do so better than by creating in the hibuiu-ing class tlie wants which belong to educated l>eings." This advocacy of the use of machinery with a view to i)romoting cultivation of mind in those who must superintend its working, is interesting. In a letter to the Colonial ^linister Lord Elgin touches u; on the matter himself. " In urging the adoption of machinery in aid of manual labour," he says, '"one main objt-ct I have had in view has ever l)een the creation of an aristocracy among the labourers themselves : the sub- stitution of a given amount of skilled lalx)ur for a larger amount of unskill 'd. ]My hoi)e i.-." he fc-ntinues, '"that we may iliu.> ( ngender a healthy emulation among the labom-ei-s, a desire to obtain situations of eminence and mark among their fellows, and also to ])U>h their children torward in the same career. AVhere labour is so scarce as it is here, it is undoubtedly a gi-eat object to be able to effect at a cheaper rate by machineiy. what you now attempt to execute vc y unsatisfactorily by the hau»l of num. But it seems to me," Lord Elgin then observes, •• to l>e a still moi'e important oliject to awaken this honourable ambition in the bre^ust of the }>easant, and I do not see how this can l>e etfected by any other means. So long as labour means nothing more than digifing cane holes, or carrying loads on the he.id, i»hysical strength is the only thing rerpiired ; no moral or intellectual quality comes into play. But. in dealing with mechanical ai)pliances, the case is dilfei*ent : knowledge, acuteness, steadiness, are at a premium. The Xegro will soon appreciate the worth ot these qualities, when they .give him jwsition among his own class. An indirect value Avill thus attach to education. 11 2G *' Evory successful effoi-t mareniiuiu awiirded by societies in ackuowledgnient of superior honesty, careful- ness, or ability, h.us a tendency to afford a remedy the most salutary and eti'i'otual wliieh can he devised for the evil here set forth." And again he says in a desjtatch home, " So long as the planter despairs — so long as he assumes that the cane can be cultivated and sugar manufaciured to profit only on the system adojtted during slavery — so long as he looks to external aids (among which I class emigi'ation.) as his sole hope of Siilvation from ruin — with what feel- ings iii!ist he contemplate all earnest efforts to civilize the mass of the [topulitiou ; Is education necessary to (pialify the peasantry to carry on the mide tield o})ei-ations of .slavery ? May not some pei-sons even eur Ttaiii tlic a ] (prehension, that it will indispose them to such pursuits I But let him. on the other hand, believe that by the sub- stitution of more artificial methods for those hitherto employed, he may materially aliridge the expanse of raising his }troduce. and he cannot fail to perceive that an intelligent, well-educated lal)ourer, with something of a character to lose, and a reasonal)le ambition to stimulate him to execution, is likely to prove an instrunii'nt more apt for iiis pnr{)Oses than the ignorant drudge who differs from the slave only in being 7io longer amenable to personal restraint." "It is imi)ossible," obsei'ves the biographer of Lord Elgin, in a not.' on tlie above, "not to bv struck with the applicability of these remarks t) the conditi'in of the agricultural poor in some ]>arts of Englanl, and the question of extending among them the benefits of eduenliou." The same remarks might be pondered also advantageously ]»y those who entiU'tain th^ fear that a good educational training, for wliich such facilities exist amongst us, and for which in the future even greater will exist, will render men disinclined to, and in fact incapaci- tated for. the work which must be done on Canadian farms, if a home supply of food and chjthing material for the population of the country is to be maintained. The probability, on the contrary, is that, gradu- ally hereafter, the etlect of a universal educational training, of a judi- cious kind, and not juished beyond the point indicated l)y conmiou seu'^'V will l)e to render agricultural work in the highest degree r;v*i. ;• to a due proj)ortion of the community ; and light in numerous (• ; , ' •!-• where now it is heavy and most weary to ihe bodily powei"s. 27 Lik<> liis predecessor, Governor Simcoe, and like Walter do ^Icrton^ Lord Elgin did not regard secular education as all-sutlicient. He ever took into consideration the religious ]ioi-tion ot" men's nature- We have a clue to his ])rinciitles on this |M)int in an t'xtr.x^t froui a memorandum of his on a systematic course of stndy for degree, gi\ en us l)y his l>iographer. It i> characteristic of the studcnit James Bruce, and of the mature man Lord Elgin. ''Ancient History," he writes, " together with Aristotle's Politics and the ancient oi-ators. are to be read in connection with the Bilde histiny, with the view of seeing how all hang upon each other and develop the leading schemes of Providence." The various hranches of mental and moral science he proposes, in like manner, to hinge upon the N(nv Testament, as constituting, in another line, the histoi-y of moral and intelligent development. The sympathies of Lord Elgin, as (Governor of Jamaicrt, as Governor-General of Canada, and as Govei'nor-( general of India, were entirely with those who believe (to adopt tlie words of the Vice-Presi(hnit of the Committee of Privy Council on Etlucation, Mr. W. E. Forster), that, '-while it is a great and a gooil thing to know the laws that govern this world, it is better still to have some sort of faith in the relations of this world with nuother ; tliat the knowledge of caiise and etfect can never rej^laco the motive to do right and avoid wrong ; that . . . Keligion is the motive power, the faculties are the machines ; and the machines are useless without the motive power." But, as a [)ractieal statesman, Loixl Elgin felt that the one kind of education lie had it in his }wwer to forward directly by measures falling within his own legitimate jn-ovince ; while the other he could only promote indirectly, by pointing out the need for it, and drawing attention to tlu; peculiar circumstances of his government respecting it. The persons m the mother country and among ourselves who main- tain an agitation in fa^■our of the educational an-angements of former centuries, ignore the focts of modern society, which have been brought into b(nng, not without Providential supervision. It has become impossible now for governments and governors to insist on ]):irticular beliefs in communities, however possible it may ha^-e been for iaem to do so once, and however right and perha})S beneficial it was for them to do so then. From the necessity of the case, the modern C.Tsar must confine himself to the things of Ca^sai'. It does not - II 28 follow thfit the modorn Ca'Siir is iudilTi rent to tlio tliinijs of God. For the thiu;;s of r him it remains solely to a])i)rovo and to encouraLje, without dietatiii'j;. Walter de Merton worked out Iiis reform in the national education of England by ([ui(;tly ascending to a sphere above that occui)iiMl liy '• eremites and friars, black, -w hitc and gray," who Honglit to assert themselves in an exaggerated (h'grce. 8ome\vhai similarly now, in an eiM of intellectual and spii-itmil ferment, governments lind it essential to just action in respect of many nmndane matters, to maintain themselves at an altitude where the air is, compai'atively. sereu(;. "We have an ntteranee of Lord Elgin's, containing woi'ds of most wholoome drift, etlucationally. in a lectui'e to the Mercantile Library Association at Montreal, in LS-tS. He said : " The e.dvautages i)f know- ledge, in a utilitarian point of view, the utter hopelessness of a successful attemjit on the part either of individuals or classes to maintain their position in society if they negh^ct the means of s(.df-improvement, are truths too obvious to call for (dueidation. I must say that it seems to me that there is less risk, therefore, of our declining to a\ail our- selves of our o)>portunities than there is of our misusing or almsing them ; tliat tlien. is less likelihood of our refusing to grasj) the trea- sures spread out l)efor(? us, than of oui' laying \i\nm them rash and iiTevereut hands, and neglecting to culti\ate those haliits of patient investigation, humility and moral self-control, witho'at whieh we have no sullicient security that even the possession of knowledge itself will be a blessing to us.'' .... And again, in tlie same strain : " God has ])lanted within the mind of num the lights of reason and of conscience, and without it [/'. e., outside of it] He has jdaced those of revelation and experience; and if man wilfully extinguishes those lights, in order tliat, under co\ er of the darkness which he has himself made, he mav install in the sanctuary of his understandiui; and heart, where the image of truth alone should dwell, a vain idol, a creature of his own fond imaginings, it will, I f 'ur, but little avail him. more esj)ecially in that day when the secrets of all hearts shall be revealed, he if shall })lead, in extenuation of his guilt, that he did not invite others to worship the idol until he had himself fallen prostrate before it." In a note on the above lecture, Sir F. Bruce thus writes : **A knowledge of what he [Lord Elgin] wa«, and of the restilts which he 29 ill cousc(jiience ucliievod, would be an mlinii'a1jl«5 toxt on winch to engraft ideas of permanent value i>u this most iinj-nrtaut dg(» of principles, as the means of discrimination, and the criterion of those individual a]ii>reciations wliich arc fallaciously called facts, oiiLht to be the end of high education." (Lord Elgin liad said in the lecture : " Be;ir in mind that the (piality which ou moral tihligations, shedding upon them a hallnwiug liglit. which they in their turn reflect and alisorb — the duty of stri\ ing to prove; l>y his lif • ami eonversatiou the sincerity of his prayoi's that that Fatlun-'s will may l>e done ujion earth, as it is done in heaven." Tho successor of Lord El^in was Sir pjdmuud Head, who was transferred from tht; government of Xew Brunswick to that of the whole of ]^ritish Xortli America, in L"Sr»f. Sir Edjnuud Head had been not only a Fellow at ^Eerton, but also a Tut^oo, of the famous Society for the Ditfusiou of Useful Knowledge, the jiresident of which was Lord Broughauv, is to be .seen that of '• E. W. Head, Es.p" This indicated in Sir Etlnniud the pos.session of much moral courage. The Society for the Ditfusiou of Useful Knowledge was in its day one of the Ijest abused institutions in England ; )»ut it initiated, or rather it power- fully promoted, what had already in the Providential order of things been in other ways initiated, a great change in the intellectual con- dition of the Bi'itish nation. Sir Edmund Head was Lord Elgin's senior by a few years, and it had curiously happened that in the examination at whieh Lord Elgin won his Fellowshi[» at Merton, Sir Edmund Head had taken j)art — a circumstance to which Lord Elgin gracefully alluded in his farewell speech at Quebec. As introductory to my notice of this third Merton man who has been one of our rulers in Canaila, I will give the passage in which Lord Elgin, on this occasion, spoke of the gentleman who was about to succeetl him in the government. It was at an entertainment given by himself at Sfiencer Wood, near Quebec, on the eve of his final departure, in December 18 i4. " I trust," Lord Elgin said, '' that I shall hear that this house [the Govei'iior-General's residence] continues to be what I have ever sought 31 to rt'julcr '(.;i nonti'iil torritoiy on whidi jx^i'soiis of (.p|*osit(M»|)iiii(jiiK, jtolitical tind I'^'ligious, may iiioct tom-tlicv in luinnoiiy and l(>rL;»'t llicii* (litlri-ciiccH for a scaHon. And I have uood hopf," Ijc adds, " that tliiw will ]>(' tlm tMK(> for suv'oral reasons, and, aiiionif otlirvs, for one uliirli I fan barely alludi^ to, fov it uiii;lit lie an iinjuitinence in nie to dwell npoM it. I>ut T tliink that without any hi-each of delieaev or decorum £ may venture to say that many years a^o, when 1 was nuieh yo\un,'er than 1 am now. and when we stood towards eaeh other in a relation sonuswhat dillei-eut from that which has i"ee«Mitly suhsisted lutweeii us, I learned to look up to Sir Kdmund Head with resjteot, as a genth'uiau of the lii^diest character, the jL!,'reatest aliility, and the most varied accomplishments r.nd attainments." (On this is a note in Walr(jn(rs memoir : •' Sir i'^dninnd I lead, who succeeded Lord El,ij;in as (loverno)'-(Jeneral of Canada in lS.i|,liad examined him for a Mt^rtou Fellowship in 1833. Those who knew him will recognize how sin<;idarly appropi'iate, in their full force, arc the terras in which he is here spoken of.") Sir Edmund Head visited Lord Elgin, at Toronto, in 18")<\ A letter to Earl Grey thus opens: ''Tt liini. His time of life, too, when in ('anai>'ii rt'u'inient oi' Aolumcs, eat.-li tome slicwini; a lai'i/c inimlicr of markej-s or slijt.s of paper between tlie leaves, indieaiinij; passaj^'es at wliich the reudor thouulit ln' sliuuld like sometime to look a<,Miii. I had a great desire, I remember, to examine this collection. TiKit Sir Kdnnind Head was no ncophyto in the modern school of enliuditi'ned En_;,dislimen, wc have already seen. The sentences which T shall now i-ead, containinij opinions of his on the subject of educa- tion in ,i,'enei~al and of (.'aiiadian education in particular, are taken from a .speech d«divered by him at the placing of tlu> coi>e-stone on the turret of the (»reat Tower of the I^niversity IJuilding, at T\)ronto, on the fouith of October, 1('^.")S. Tlie rejtort of the speech would, J think, have been the better for revision. The .stenitgrapher seems not to liave caught the .sense in e\-ery n)inute particular. One oi' two phra-^ieological changes ha\e accordingly been made. (For ti full jiccount, see the Journal *>/ Eih(catio)i, xi., l(i.'>. It may be noted that the foundation-stone of the building had been laid exactly two years previously, without any public ceremony ; and that one year later, namely in IS.j'J, the professors were a igorously at woi-k in their rcsi>ective lecture-rooms). It was in response to a toast at tlio lunch which followed the ceremony of ()ctobcr 4t]i, 1858, that Sir Edmund Head s]»()ke. He said : ''I shall long remem])er the kind manner in which the Yice-Chancellor has been pleased to speak of my services in connexion with the University. It is. however, my duty to tell him, ami to tell you. gentlemen, that he has greatly overrated those services." (The Yice-Chancellor. 3Ir. Langton, in a preceuing speech, had said that "■ from the smallest details to the mo.st i)ijportant matters, Sir Ednuuid had exhibited an interest in the bniiding ; and had it not been for him. he believed it would never liave been built.'') Sir Edmund then i)roceeded : " The good sense of the people of this country acknowledged the necessity for such a University and the advantaires of the education to be afl'orded bv it ; and I have acted only in the discharge of my duty in doing what I have been enabled M.T to a(roiii|ilisli in |»runi()tiiig (lio jmiijrcss and. 1 liopo, in consoliilating tlio fuundatiou of tliis great institution. Hut altliougii," he anil(lin2t," he said, " was greatly needed, and 1 did not liesi- tate, as the Visitor, to sanction the outlay of the money necessary fur the erection of the prest^it sti-ucture. In so doing I felt oon- vniced that the results would fully justify the stej) then taken." He then enlarged on the ])enetits likidy to restdt from the existence of such a structure as the one which had been erected. " Such a build- ing," he said, '' is important in many respects. There is a general disposition to depreciate that of Avhicli there is no outward, visible sign. The existence of a building like this, of an important character, commensiu-ate with the growth of the X''ni^■tM•s^ty itself, tends to remove such an imju-ession ; and in the next [dace the appliances connected with the building are of lirst-rate importance, not only to the pu])ils of tlic University. l)ut also to tlu^ community amongst whom the University is situated." He instanced the Library. ''A few months," he said, ''or at most a year or two, may pass, and the room in which we are now assembled will be tilled with volumes of books ; and in this rooin the citizens of Toronto, wliether they are or are not mondiei-s of the University, may, if they choose, seek recreation and information." f[e then remarks on the influence likelv to be exerted bv the University Library. The ancient Library of Merton, it may be, passed at the moment thi'ough his thoughts. It is worthy of remem- brance here, that not only was Merton College the prototype of English colleges, but Merton Library, the quaint old r(>lic of the past wliicli we have described, was the i)i'ototype of English college libi-aries — the tii'st example of such an institution. It is interesting to hear the testimony of a former Fellow anil Tutor of Walter de Merton's Society l)orne to the incalculable value of such a possession- borne on the occasion of the estaldishment of a similai' Library some six hundred vears after V^ alter de Merton's dav, in (.'anada ; in a region of the earth then undreamt of. " The influence of such a library as this," Sir Ednuind ]Iead said, "is a most important matter. It is rot only so with regaril to what the young men take away, but it is so in its general humanizing spirit-— in the feeling of respect for literature Avhicli grows by the possession of such an institution as 'Iiis." He tlien observed on the iNluscum : " In regard also to another room which w<> Iimvc just left — oo tlio i\Lusf'um — I shall hope to spo collected thero such reuiiiins us may from timo to time be found, and which would otherwise lie scat- tered about and lost, of the aborif>-inal inhulntants of the country — remains," Sir Kdmund added, ''whicli luy friend Professor Wilson is as well able to conserve and explain as any man I knov.-. And again, in Natural History: a museum of that sort, constantly o];)(ni for the rece}»tion of specimens, affiVids the certain })rospect of the accumulation of that which is of the utmost imi)ortance in the history of science. And you have amongst you," the Governor took occasion to add, "men, such as Professors Hincks and Chapman, who are in every way qualitied to occupy a high position in this lirauch of science. " Another feature in connection with this building," Sir Edmund Head then said, "which I look upon as of great imi»ortance, is that of pi'OA"iding accommodation within the walls of the College for some p I'fion of the students. [An especial feature and peculiaritv in the innovations of Walter de Merton, in 12G-lr, was residence within the College walls. Previously, scholars attending the lectures of the iancliuGf doctors were lodged very r)romiscuously in the streets and lanes of a conlined mediieval walled town.l This," Sir Ednmnd observed, '• is undoubtedly one of the most powerful means of foruiing the character, and maintaining, through the influence of College discipline, that decorum and that sense of propriety with which you would wish to see the pupils leave the wails of tiie institution." Ho then goes on to remark on the architecture of the building, and to interpret, in an interesting manner, its significance. " I do not know," he says, " that the time would allow me to go more into detail on the points connected with the building as liearing upon the success of the University itself. I cannot, however, sit down without aiding a few words in reference to the character of the building. I congratrdat • the architect," he said, '• for having dealt with the structtiro in *ho successful manner lie has done. I congi-a- tulate him, inasmuch as J believe he was the first to '.troduce this style of building into tho American continent. So tar i my know- ledge extends, I am not aware of any other instance of the Norman or Romanescpie sty^.e of architecture on the continent. There may be such instances, but I know of none. ' I believe that style," the speaker vhen went on to say, "is capa- ble of the most useful results. To my own mind it suggests a variety -■;si 3() of analoi^ios. somo of tliom l)eann£j particiilarl y on tho nature of tlio duties of tlif niembors of the UuiNorsity lioro assembled. In the first place. I never see a buildiii'' of this style of architecture — whether it bo ecclesiastical or civil — but I regarc"! it as a type of modern civilization. It is thci adaptation to modern }nirposes of forms which originated knig ago — it is the adaptation of Homan architecture to modern civilization. Where did you get these forms I Where did you get the jirocesses Avhich give birth to munici- palities — those municipalities which, under different names, are .spreading over the continent of America, carrying the [riiuciples of local self-government with them ? They are from liome, fi'om. whence comes this Ilomanes({ue architecture ; they are the adaptation of forms derived from Rome to the wants of modern society. Many things in modern Europe are," he added, '•precisely analogous! to tho .style of tho buiklini;: in wdiich we are this evenini; assembled. I will .say, moreover," lie continued, *' that the style of the architecture of this building suggests some reflections uj)on t))e duties of the Univer- sity itself; for it is the business of the University to give a sound classical education to tho youth of our countiy, and to impart to them that instruction and information which are essential to the discharge of their duties as citizens, both in pul)lic and private life, according to the Avants and usages of modern society. I say, sir, we may take the building in wliich we are asseml»led as the type of tho duties standing before the University to discharge." It should be added, that previous to the ascent of tlie great gate- way tower, for the purpose of placing the coj)e-stone on the apex of its turret, Sir Edmund Head, in the true iNIertonian spirit of the olden time, had .addressed the assemblage present with tlie words : " Before proceeding to the work, let us join in supplicating the Divine blessing ; " when an api)ropriate ])rayer was said by the President of the University, the Rev. Dr. McCaul. Thus have I endeavoured to occupy your attention, for a short space, with three distinguished Governors of Canada, who were some- time members or fellows of Merton College in Oxford, and who, in relation to tlic higher education of the CJanadian people, shewed themselves, by their words and deeds, Avorthy descendants of the enlightened Walter do ^lerton, of the reign of Henry III. Cana- dians, when they visit Oxford, remeinbei-ing these things, Avill, I am sure, look with an added interest on Merton College, for the sake of • H men who once had their habitation temporarily within its venerahlo "walls, but who now have become inseparably associatoil with, tho history of Canada, from liavinii" been the means of transferrinridge as the bieasts of the mother-country. I'rom them has been derived," he rather sweepingly observes, " all the comforts of pui'e and social religion — all that is useful and beneticial in science — all that is graceful and ornamental in literature. These same blessings," he then adds, " unless I greatly deceive myself, we have, under Providence, this day transplanted into these mighty regions. There may they continue from generation to generati ni ! Tiioro may they serve to instruct, enlighten and adorn your children's children t]:rough ages yeu unborn, as they have for many ages past the children of our parent state." And en the plate inserted in the foundation-stone it was set forth in adujirablo L-itin, tliat " It was the desire of our illustrious Chan- cellor (i. e., Sir Cliarles Bagot) that the youth of Canada should, within their own borders, enjoy without delay, and transmit to posterity, thf benefits of a religious, learn«Hl, and scientific education, framed in exact imitation of the unrivalled models of the British Universities." (Voluit vir egregi Canadie statim asset iibi •inventus, Religionis, Doctrinoe, Artiumquo Bonarum Studiis et 38 Di.scipliiia, pi'ivstautissiinmu ad exemplar Britiinnicanmi Universi- tatuiii iiuitan- lisheJ United Church of England and Ireland. I am not now saying anything to the contrary but that all these arrangements would have residteil in a system very efficient ; I am simply expressing astonishment, that with a perfect knowledge of the composition of the Canadian people, recruited annually from complex communities like tliose of the British Islands, it should have been for a moment supposed that in all future time such arrangement.s a^s these could 1)0 maintained in an institution held to be provincial and quasi-national. The cautious terms in which the House of Assembly of Upi)er Canada returned their thanks to the Governor, Sir Peregrine Mait- land, when he announced to them the Royal boon of a Ilniversitv .3'J (Jliarter, arc vory iiotcwoithy. Tlioy professed great gmtituile to tlie King, provitled *• the pi-inc-ijiles upon which it (the contemplated institution) had b?en founded should. ui»on enrpiiry. prove to lie con- ducive to the advancement of true lenrning and piety, and friendly to the civil and reli-^'ious li^jerty of the people."' They plainly had their douhts. From rumour:s adoat they feared some [>eril latent in the Roval eople of Upper Canada, in tlie House of Assembly, on the other hand, by a shrewd instinct, kept their regards tixevl more on the present, more on things as they were amout; themselves. Th-v were, thev knew, a mingled multitude drawn from numerous sources, all accustomed to libei-ty and notions of etpiality, desirous, however, of dwelling togetlier in peace ; and such a people they were likely to be in the year:-} to come, inc eas- ingly. Having, then, the ]X)wer, they determined by law to abate in time pretension.s that must prove Hually untenable in wliutever rpiarter they might make theii* ap}v?anince. The ReijnJa Jlfffo/i'^nstii. the M«^iton rule — adopted in all Colleges more or less, and so spee<:Uly i-evolutionizing the Univei-sity system, in (jrreat Britain at least — was a sign that, in the history of Great Britain, a new era was iK^ginning. with jteculiarand increased recpure- ments. Ever since 12'i-l the .spirit of Walter de Merton has been niarclunir <^'U ; and he must l»e obtuse indeed, who «loes not see that the ex[)ansions, the moditic-ations. the changes genendly, whidi are at the present time Wing adv«x:ited. and indeed being gradually adopteody. and estate, greater even tlian those which have fallen to the lot of oui-selves or our forefathers. CAIsUDA m THE BODLEI H-l^U, CANADA m THE BODLEIA^N". BY IIEXRY SCADDING, D.D., nONORAHY L'BnARlAN OF THE CANADIAN INLTlTUTE, Having a prolonged access to tho famous Bodleian Library at Osfonl, a short time siuce, I decided, while iu the enjoyment of tho much- valued privilege, to obtain a view of as many volumes as possible of early travels likely to contain references to Canada, and, in particular, to the neighborhood of the present site of Toronto. I found several works that I had never seen before, containing matter of the kind desired ; and I made a number of excerpts from them. I did the auie afterwards in the magnificent library of the British Museum. "Whilst pursuing my researches in the Bodleian, I lighted on a folio volume of Academic exercises of the year 17(il, principally in the Latin and Greek languages, productions of members of the Luiiversity of Oxford, on the occasion of the death of George the Second, and the accession of George the Third. The title of the book in full was *' Pietas Universitatis Oxoniensis in Obitum Serenissmi Reals Geor^ii IT. et Gratulatio in Augustissmi Georgii III, inaugurationera. Oxonii, e Typographeo Clarondoneauo. MDCCLXI." By a superscription of this nature, the cry of the old heralds on the demise of the Crown was of course instantly suggested — " Le roi est mort ! Vive le roi ! " — and one expected to find in such a record the griefs, real and simulated, for the royal luminary just departed, plenti- fully mixed with prudential salutations to the young sun in the act of rising above the horizon. It was apparent at a glance that such an expectation was well-founded; and naturally the interest in a collection of pieces of the character indicated would have been limited, had not another circumstance happened to excite curiosity. On turning over the leaves, the eye was caught by word.s that looked strange in the midst of Latin and Greek texts, however familiar in a plain English guise. I saw "Canada" recurring again and again, and ''America," and other names to be read on maps of this western hemisphere, but inconceivable as appertaining in any way to the dead tongues of Greece and Home. The explanation was this : the conquest of Canada had taken place just before the decease of George the Second. The academic versifiers of 1761, therefore, made a point of celebrating that m Phi CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. event and iuruiug it to great account in their panegyvics of the reign just clo'cJ, introdui-ing allusions to the same also in llieii' loyal aspira- lionf. for the g'ory and fame of the new King. AVhilo the volume was at hand, I rapidly made selections of passages containing tlie names that had arrested my attention, as a visitant from Canada, with one or two other passages possessing some interest of a cognate character. These memoranda, though ab=;olutely of little value, I am dcfirou'' nevertheless of depositing, where, at all events, they may be consulted, .should the exigencies of a Canadian student hereafter require authority for a Latinised or Greci.-^ed form of an American local proper name. I do not suppose that the old "learned" tongues are going wholly to die out amongst us. Such a rc«y. He also, or at least his name and fame, will come repeatedly before us in the course of our Oxford extracts. Of the whole era to which our attention is thus directed, it has h^ea said, by a writer on tiie same subject in a late number of the QuailrrI// Rcoicic, that it was "a tiuje of order without loyalty; of piety without faith; of r'>pMy without rapture; of philosophy without science. la one worvi^ ": ivas an age without enthusiasm." Rut then, as the same writer adds, " the absence of enthusiasm is not necessarily fatal to the existence of a high sense of duty ; a quiet, unobtrusive, religious spirit; an honest, if not a very profound, inquiry into the problems of human life, and the sources of human knowledge : while it is eminently favorable to that poli-shed, G CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. if cynical, litcraluvc which, while it makes emotion unp.irdoDable, at least make? cant impossible." There was some enthubiasu), however, as we shall see; but il was of a barbaric, piratical cast ; an enlhusiasm, too, foitunalc eiioush under the circumstances; for, it being too lafo to j:ive heed to Polouius's wise rule, " Beware of entrance to a quarrel," the only thing left to be done was to adopt the residue of his prcicpt— " bill boiii'^ ill, Eear "i, of Dionysius. This is a Geography in Greek hexumeiers, quite Homeric in btyle, and very plea- sant to read. It** author Dionyius was a Greek of Alexandria, and was employed. Plioy bay", by one of the emperors, without specifying distinctly which, to make a survey of the Eastern parts of the world. He is >)Upposed to have lived about the year A.D. 140. For the sake of distinguishing him from other notable persons bearing the same name, he is known from the title of his book Pfrief/esia. as Dionysius P^ri'^gefe'^-, i.e. the Cicerone, Vafet de pJat-e^ or Guide to remarkable localities. On turning over the leaves of my old copy of the Perirgpris, for the first time. I was startled at observing a sub-divisioa of the poem headed in good Greek. Ilcpi r^s 'A/iepijdJs i] tt/s IttX Z6(nv IvSikt}? 7^9., *. e., '•Concerning America or the West Indies;" and a few lines down CANADA IN THE EODLEIAN". appeared the faniillar name of our own Dominion, cxpiv^.i^cd in Civcek characters, and hclpiiic!; to I'orm a foot in a llouieiic hesaniclor of excel- lent rhythm. On elo^^er in.ipection I discovered uo-i KavuSv^t'* Er^uo vTrlp TTora/xov KrjfSeKKibos i'TTL rruXeOpov, KttOei' i-TTcp pi]yixiva /3o/3etdoo<; up(j>LTpiTT]?, AyyAo3j/ p.aKpa voTovSe vip-ovraL eKyovnt ai opoi/' Ot ph' vo-UTuovaL vir]<; Xnro.pou ttcoov "AyyA/^*?, 'E/'^aS' vTreipdXiov BocrTtoit'So? ccrri TTTuKeOpoV Ot 8e' TC y^7,p')v, 'tSe tttoXiv 'i]/3opo.Koi(> veoLO' Ot hk vci]<; ir^boi' ap,d)oT€pov vatovoL \€pa~i]S' Ot Se. re TOV Wivvovyaiqv Tro.pos vXi'j^oaav, 'E/'^t'o* ivKTtpLeuov ^tXaSeX^tt/.s irToXUBpov. i aVUl(3ov CCTTI TTTuXcOpOi'' Ot 8c T llTLKXl^CnV KopoXoV TTcSoi/ T/OC TTToXcOpOV, Ay/XLaKuv vTTf.p rjireipoLo TravvaraToi u.i'8pu)i/. 'EtCi'>;s yairj TrcpaTreTTTaTat audep^uiaaa 'Es voTuv, rj^t Trep uy^iaXos h6fio\ i;: 8 CAN'ADA IN THE KODLEIAN. TIlut is to say : " The land of Auicvica an isthmus, niwrow, and inidwny holwoen a soulhern and a northern sea, cuts in two : it. moreover, mea surname the Darien : above it expands (bo Northern America; below i(, the Souiheru. I shall speak first of (he Northern. On the boreal coasts that line the Hudsonian Gulf on the one hand, estendd a new Wales ; on the other, a New Britain. Then next e\pai)ds the Franks' new domain, on both sides the fair flowing (^anada's deep stream, whence, men call it, in other words, the land of Canada. There on the river is the city of Quebec. Thence southward far, along the boreal Amphi- trite's shore, are distributed the descendants of English men. Some of them inhabit the fertile soil of a new England; there on the shnre of the sea is the city of Jjoston; some of them, the country and city of York the new ; some of tliem, the twofold region of a new Jersey; some of them, the onoe sylvan land of I^enn — there is the well-built city of Philadelnhia- Others of them acrain inhabit the soil and eitv named from 3Iary ; and others, the area named from a virgin queen. There is the city suroamed of Janiv^s; and others, the soil and city named from CIiarle>, the most remote on the continent, of Eiiglisli men. Next is spread out to the south the land of Flowers, where upon the seaboard is Augustine's dwelling." It will be noticed above, in the eleventh line, that the name " Cana'la" is applio'l to the river St. Lawrence; and the statement is made that "ibe surrounding country takes its name from the river." An occa-. Aon will arise in the cour.^e of the present paper to jnake some ol»sor- vations on this and some other points in the cxiract. Q'he jsjge of designating the St Lawrence as the great river of Canada, was for a time in vogue among early writers. Again : at line 1808, we have an enumeration of the island'^ appertaining to the American continent. The lines relating to NewToundland are given, the name of tho '•fair-flowing" Canada occurring therein, again as designating the St. Lawrence, Ntr ArXavTiaKov cipi'v pool' o>K€o.v(no MaKpa o^t' vrji Ta/xwv cs A/.ie/Y>t8a yainv ikolo' EiddS' ii'l Tri^H)^of](nv cvp/'t'Vao KavaSoi), Nf)(roi' aTr€ipi(Jiy]v V€uv cvporr' €Kyo»'oi ui'8/J, bolla gera?, cevtos habitura iriumpiios, Civil's rixa3 Yiclor et invidiaj. Sftditio procul aboil;, et illa-labile minmur, Atquti oinnes iequo ftt'dore jungat amor: Tone iii.ig-'8 s.dvuni populus velii, an populum Tu — Sola 6,iL liiuc uullo lis di'imenda die. " august Prince ! see what a burden of i^lory thou suatainest, and Tvhat demands the honours gained by thy grandsire entail ! Behold under another sky triumphs won ! ]']ach Indus now is added to thy realms. To conciliate hearts, to rule a willing people — let this be thy ambition, this thy prize ! Victorious over civil btrifo and envy, let such be thy wars, destined to a sure triumph, Avauut sedition and joyless complaint ! let love unite all iu one just league ! Let this be the sole question — never to be decided — whether thy people most wish thee well, or thou thy people ! " In the composition of Dr. Musgrave, Provost of Oriel, who also chose the elegiac couplet, we have Canada and the St. Lawrence intro- CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. 11 (1 e h duced. These names occur in an address to the shade of the deceased King, George the Second, thus '. Te penes arbUi-uini pclagl ; Tibi, so'pUe cla.-3;e, Nopiunus geniini coiilul'st oi-uis opes. Te Canada) Iremuurc lacug, Laureuiins ipse, Auspice Te, placidas volvit amicus aquas ; (ii'^iuo leneni Niy,Tim Mauri, quiqae uXima Ciangis Lij.tora flava, tuo rolla dedere jugo. " With thee wa? the control of the sea : on thee, thy fleet kept safe, Neptune conferred the wealth of two hemispheres, liefore thee the lakes of Canada trembled : under thy auspices the St. Lawrence itself, now a friendly stream, rolled down its waves appeased. The swart Moors, as well those who possess the Niger, as those who pos=e«s the scorched shores of the far Gange.'', yielded their necks to thy yoke." The allusion to "Niger" is to the capture, a year or two previou.sly, of the forts St. Louis and Goree, on or near the river Senegal. The Rector of Exeter College, Dr. F. Webber, contributed some Alcaic stanzas. There is in the extract here given no reference to local names on this side the ocean. But we have in it a clever working out of the setting-and-rising-sun metaphor. He speaks of the recent royal death, and the recent royal accession, in these terms : Ini,er tviiimphos Gcorgius 0<'<;idit I Nee clarior sol oceuno siibifc, Cum flammeo splcndore piwbefi Indiciiuii reditiis sereui. At, uno adempLo Lumine pad-ia?, Ea suvg'it al(er Geovg'us, altera Lux ! et sni Regis reuidet Auspic-ils recreata Tcllns. " Amidst his triumphs fell our George ! And never more brilliantly set sun in ocear, when with fiery glow it gives promise of fair return. But lo ! no aooner is one luminary of the father-land taken away, than another springs up — another George; and reanimated by the omen of its King, the land regains its smile." The Alcaic stan'/a was also selected by Dr. Randolph, President of Corpus, for his exercise. He celebrates the conquest of Canada, and names the St. Lawrence. Ho addresses himself thus to the young King : He shows himself u careful student of Horace and a muster of Latin. M m m m in I! 12 CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. Ps.ca'ius orbis consiliis tuis Iriiipta gaudet fcedera junj-eve, Geniesque Te, Rex, bellicoaaj Compositis venerantur armis. DedUcit aiter= pcrfida Gallia; ilansucscit Indus, scalpvaqne projMcit, Lauren; iique immite tinmen Volvit aqnas laciturnioves. Mercalor audax ,'ccinora trans volat, Plenoque cornu oopia ceniitur, rrandemque propiilsat scelnsqiie ilex auimo et pati'ia Britannus. '■ The wLolo earth, restored to peace by thy counsels, rejoices in forming inviolable leagues; and warlike nations, unitedly laying aside their arms, venerate thee, King ! Treacherous Gaul unlearns her wiles : the Indian cea«es to be savage, and throws away his dread knife : St. Lawrence's ruthless stream rolls down his waves less ravingly. The daring trader traver-^es the ocean, and Plenty with full horn is to be seen. Trickery and guilt are utterly repelled by a King in soul, as by birth, a Briton.'' AVe have, of course, in the closing expression, an allusion to the young King's first speech from the throne, in which, it is said, he inserted with his own hand a paragraph stating that " he gloried in the name of Briton," thus diiferencing himself from his immediate prede- cessors, who were German-born. The text of the paragraph referred to is as follows : •• Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Briton ; and the peculiar happiness of my life will ever consist in promoting the welfare of a people whose loyalty and warm affection to me I consider as the greatest and most permanent security of my throne; and I doubt not but their steadiness in those principles will equal the firmness of my invariable resolution to adhere to and strengthen this excellent constitution in church and state, and to main- tain the toleration invio'able." In some vigorous heroic verse, by a fellow of iMagdalen, John Hall, '' S. T. B.." or Bachelor of Theology, we have an express reference to Wolfe, the plains of Abraham, and the conquest of Canada. The lines included in our extract are an indignant addioss to France : En ! Tibi in IIc'=perii.° quo cedunt, Gallia, (erris In>idia\ tuipcsqne duli, ca-desquo nefandio ! Divioi iuipalien? regni, in cuncta volcbas Lnperio prcmere ct domiuari sola per orbem. CANADA Df THE BODLEIAN. 13 At steva instantem non ai-ma avevteie cladom, Non rujie? potcrant, cam in pra?lia duceret ulior "WoLFics aicensas raetuendo Mai'.e calervas I Er^o eipii^natas arre?, cversaque c-astra, Nequicquam m-ires, fraclb ingloria lelis. El-go iterum va'lata diu tua rura. Colone, Pare coloi. nee te caltro jam leneat Indus CiT.deli', Gallusqae Indo crudelioi* ho.sies. Felix rnra colas: haec Georgius otia fecit, "Behold, Gaul ! to what end thy plots and base wiles and nefarious blood-thirstiness have come, ia the lands of the West. Refusinjr to endure a divided rule, thou didst aim. by military power, to subdue all things, and to lord it throughout the earth alone ! But ruthless arma- ments availed not, nor rocky fastnesses, to avert from thee quick destruc- tion, when "Wolfe, the avenger, brought into the field his cohorts, fired by dread-inspiring Mars. Here is the reason why thou, shorn of glory, thy weapons shattered, bewailest in vain stormed citadels, demolished fortresses I Here is the reason why thou, O colonist, now again tillc^^t in peace thy fields devastated so long : and neither the inhuman Indian afi'righteth thee with hb knife, nor thy Gallic foe. than Indian more inhuman. All blest, till thou thy field?. For thee, this repose a George hath secured." The production of John Smith Bugden, gentleman co joner of Trinity ('• Coll. SS. Trin. Sup, Ord. Com."), is likewise in heroic metre. He moulds into shapely classic forms the names of Acadia, Lcuisbourg, Quebec, Ontario and the 3Iississippi. He represents the French King, Louis XV, on hearing of the decease of George IT, as bidding his nobles not to imagine that that event would unfavorably affect the fortunes of England. The reference to our own Luke Ontario is espe- cially interesting. He thus speaks to them : Saetas torpcie in pvonlia vires ri'edKis Ac^lirxenlm. minuive ingeulia fa>pta? En snjieres' sreplvi. snpere-t Tir\uii:s aviia;, Georgian, aospiciis seque felii-ibus, lijeres. Ille animis veteres odii-one sequaribus 'was Iinplebit,bello<7ne evio late domluabilur ovbi. " Think yc a torpor is coming over the practised power of the English race for war, or that the vasiness of their designs is lessening ? Lo I there survives a George, heir under equally happy auspices to his grandsire's sceptre, to his grandsire's valour. He will maintain the full measure of the ancient quarrels with supplies of energy and persistent hate ; and whatever for a successful war remains to be done, he will foithwith, with armaments like the former, fully accomplish. It shames me now that I broke the treaty ; it repenteth me now that I wantonly meddled with the boundaries of Acadia, and the tracts left undefined 1 Ye see what triumphs the fortune of the long-lived Kit g hath lately wrested from the MFCstern world I Louisbourg is raiied to the ground ; its vast threatening walls, its shattered fortifications, smoke I In vain did the trusty fortress of Quebec, raised aloft on shadowy rocks, strengthen and environ itself with stockade upon btockade — paid lor by the foe though that success was, by the life of a commander so great I And now new tribes, and a hundred fertile domains, voluntarily swill the honours appertaining to the King of the British people. From the point where, on precipitous rocks, a region of pines surrounds the lonely Oswego, and with a sound like that of the sea, heaid over a wide space, Ontario, greatest of lakes, roar«? and rage*, even un(a the cultured b.tnks afar, where the swift Mississippi, with front Uj reared, plunges into the tidal sea, — he. this new George, this new avenger, will begin afresh his grandsire's wars, will guaul an Indus of his own, and will lord it far and wide within the Ile.^perian hemisphere." *' Angligenum." in the second line, is, of course, a contraction fjr *' Angligenoiuni,'' from Angligeni, a mediicval word for " men English- CAKADA IS THE BODLEIAN. 15 i boT»." Another term of the same era, for '' l-jiiglishmen," is -'Anprli- genenses," a word familiar by reason of Jissippia." By '' Indus," in line 25, the fe m IG CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. St. Lawrence is, as we suppose again, intended. It is possible, liowevcr, that here, and in the other phices as well, where the word occurs in these extracts, "Indus" may be **thc Indian." meaning the Indian races. Our next excerpt is from the exercise of Thomas Baker, ^' Portionista," as he is stjled, of 3Iertou. " Portionista," pensioner, or exhibitioner, has been strangely vernacularized at'Merton into "postmaster." The metre is epic or heroic. AVe again have alln.sions to the conquests of Cape Breton and Canada; and the St. Lawrence is named. The battle of Minden is celebrated; and the capture of Gorce. lie compares the successes of George IL over France on the continent of Europe to those of Edward III. He thus speaks: Vidimus lAlvardi veieie? revlrcsfore Inui'U.s; Vidimus Augliaia; metuenles signa < alervtc Gallovum ti'epidare acies Genuania piiscio Consuia virtulis, Biitonuni luirata tiiuniplios, Nujier Mindcnia* obstupnit nnraoula pu;;iiji\ Addain uvbes Lybia' douiiuis, captji'ipie Ijietonie Duplex ob.sidium; dicara supcraddita no.stiis, t^'ib duce pro patiia egi'eQ,'ie morientc, triumphi.s A.-va, libi Lauventi in la'utu so pu'Ti^it a'quo)', " We have seen renewed the ancient laurels of an Edward. We have seen the Gallic armies tremble through fear of the ^^randards of an English cohort. Germany, mindful of valour evinced of old, full of wonder already at triumphs won by l^ritons, lately stojd amazed at prodigies achieved in the fight at ^linden. I will add the reduction of xVfi'ican towns; the twoJbld blockade in the ctipiuroof Cape li)cton : I will name the accession to oar conquests, under the Chief who for his country so nobly fell, of the fields where the vast surface of the St. Lawrence spreads itself abroad." This association of Minden with " the fields where the St. Lawrence spreads itself" will remind the reader of a passage in Langhorne'a " Country Justice," the last line of which has become a stock quota- tion. (He is speaking of a poor vagrant culprit, the child of a soldier's widow) : Cold oa Canadian hills, on ^linden's plain. Perhaps that p .rent mourn'd her soldier slain ; Ilent o'er her babe, her eyes dissolved in dew, Tlie bi'x drops niinji,'led wilh the milk he drew, Gave the sad presage of his future years, The child of misery, baptized iu tears. CANADA IN TUB BODLEIAN. 17 In the liacs selected from the hexameters of Henry Jerome Je Sales, gentleman commoner of Queen's, wo have Niagara named, the St. Lawrence and the Ohio. He utters a lament on the death of the King : O'vidit heu pati-iie coluiuen I Te, muxiuie rriuiepo, rieb«, i)i'ocercs(|ue dolent, quia I'uslicus ipse per arva Auspiciis secura tuis et iiescia belli, Sinceros fundcns liictus lacrymasque, dolorem Expi'imit, et vuptos Biitouum dcplorat houores. lieu citi'j vanesoit, vite decus I heu cito reriiin Transit honos ! frustni maadata Britaimii-a vjlasseg Vidimus invictas subjectum ferre per a-quor ; Ingentes animoa frust'-i miratus arenas llorribiles inLer Mauros, de^ertaque tesqna Gallorum invalidas coiitundere viderat iras. lieu frustra saivi posita feritatc tj'raniii Exlremi ad fines orientis, et arva beala Auratis in qua; Ganges devolvitur uudis, Ignota? Britonum nomcn eoluere i^er oras. • Conpiliis frustra prudentibus u?us, et alia Omnipotentis ope, victricia fulniina latu Sparsisti: frustra partos sine cajde triumphos A'iderat liorrisonis torrens Niagara fluentis, Js^equicquani iusidias Indorum vidit inanos Debellata Ohio, atque, tvteini causa doloris, Subjcctas tibi volvebat Laurentius uadas. " Alas ! the country's stay hath fallen ! Thee, great Prince, com- mons and nobles lament : nay, in the liolo:^, rendered through thy providence secure and undevastated by war, the very boor expresses his grief by unfeigned lamentations and tears, and bemoans the snatching away of the pride of the British people. Alas I how swiftly vanisheth life's grace ! how swiftly passeth away the glory of earthly possessions ! In vain have we beheld invincible fleets bearing the behests of Britain across the subject main : in vain ihe Moor, amazed, amidst his horrid sands and desert wilds, beheld mighty spirits quelling the strong rago of the Gauls. Alas I throughout regions unexplored, to the bounds of the far East and the happy fields towards which Ganges rolls, wi ,h waters that bring down gold, in vain have barbarian chiefs, laying apide their ferocity, reverenced the British name I In vain, leaning on wise counsels and the help of the Most High, hast thou dealt thy victorious bolts far and wide I In vain, with dread-sounding billows, did the down-rushing Niagara behold bloodless victories won. m To no purpose '■*r'i 18 CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. did vanquished Ohio behold the ambuscades of savages made of none effect; and, source of woe unending! St. Lawrence pour down his tide, subject unto Thee I '^ It will be observed that the penultimate syllable of Niagara has, in the above Latin lines, the quantity which it possessed when the name first fell on the ear of Europeans. The line in Goldsmith's 5>ai;e//«r will be remembered : Ilavo we not seen, at Pleasure's lordly call, Tiie smiling, long-frequented village fall ? Beheld the duteous son, the sire decayed, The modest matron, and the blushing maid, yore'd from their homes, a melancholy train. To traverse climes beyond tho western main, Where wild Oswego spreads her swamps around, And Niagara stuns with thund'ring sound ? Like other native names, Niagara has been subjected to a process of abbreviation and shaping. It properlj begins with a nasal On. The following forms of the word are to be read in early books on Canada : lagera, lagare, Jagera, Jagare, Jagera, Niagaro, Niagra, Niagro, Oakinagaro, Ochiagara, Ochjagara, Oetjagara, Ohniagero, Oneageragh, Oneagoragh, Oucigra, Oneygra, Ongayerae, Oniagara, Oniagorah, Oniagra, Oniagro. Onjagara, Onjagera, Onjagora, Oujagorc, Onjagoro, Onjagra, Onnyagaro, Onyagara, Onyagare, Onyagaro, Onyasoro, Onyagars, Onyagra, Onyagro, Onyegra, Yagero, Yangree. In the Jesuit Relation for 1G41, we have Onguiaahra. Our English system of accentuation misleads us in respect to the quantity of syllables in native worr'^ The aborigines lay an almost equal stress on every syllable : thus it happens that, although their language, when reduced to writing, seems to consist of words of an unconscionable length, it sounds, when spoken, monosyllabic. Ohio, too, it may be observed, has here its middle syllable short. We find it short in other early productions. Like the shortening of the penult of Niagara, the lengthening of that of Ohio is an English modernism. Ohio occurs in the old books as Oio and Oyo. For the sake of a clever transfer into Latin of the idea of our national flag, we made an extract from P. Methuen's production. Otherwise, in the lines presented there is nothing especially interesting. Indus therein seems to indicate the river; although again Indian or Hindoo may be intended. The writer was a gentleman commoner of Corpus Christi College, He is speaking of the late royal death : CANADA IS THE DODLEIAN. 19 All ! quotics meniori revocantes pcctore, Regem Sublatum qufurent Britones, lucln(|ue recenti Tarn cari capitis quotiea jactura reciirret, Dum redit ia ineutetn veri pia curu Tarentis, Saacti juris amor, mitissima gratia sceptri, Et blaiidi mores, atque artea niille beui;^ni Imperii ? — At noii sul'i ded! pax iiurea laudera ; Neo minus emicuit meraor-l/do noiucn in aiuiis, Por mace, per terras, quacumjue sub auspice taiito Anglia victrices turmas metueuda per orbem Miserit, extrcmasquo Indi trcmefecerit oras, Sanguineumve Crucis sigiiuin (dirum hostibus omen I) Daat vcntis agitaro per a>quora lata carinje. " Ah ! recalling him, how oft, with faithful hearts, will Britons sigh for the King of whom they have been bereft : how oft with fresh grief will the loss of so dear a one come back, whilst to their tiincls recur his true paternal solicitude, his love of the sacred right; the gentle graci- ousness of his sway, his condescending manner, his countless modes of exercising a benignant rule ! Yet not alone did golden peace win him renown : not less did his name shine forth conspicuous for deeds of arms, by sea and land; wherever, under guardianship so august, England, feared throughout the world, hath sent forth her victorious bands, and made tremble the remote shores of the Indus; wherever her ships unfold to the winds on the broad sea, the blood-red cross, to foemen, presage of woe ! " A fellow-commoner of Trinity, John Cussans, contributed some Alcaics ; and therein he imagines the shade of George II. in Hades meeting the shades of his son Frederick and of his own Queen Caro- line. The substance of their talk, which is about affairs in the upper regions, is briefly given. Whilst they converse, the ghost of AVolfe joins them for a moment. It will be remembered that George III. was not the son, but the grandson of George II. : Prolis frcquentes ut juvat invicom Audire plausus I Ut, patria; raemor, Uterque victrices Britanaum Asaidua bibit auro laudes ! Nee longura ; et altis grossibus Wolfius, Vis;i corona, se socium inserit ; Belli turaultus usitatos Victor adbuc meditatur Ileros: Fractoquo postquara milite Galliam Suotis fugauvm cedere fiuibua MH M i 20 CAN-ADA IN THE BODLEIAK. Exauque cnliut n Appo^itum siibito tiiumphis, Liciui^ ciluto 8C rapit impotii, Kec plura qu.Tiit: turn sua, consdil Virlute nixiis, gc?ta crebro Diniimcrni, patriusquc laiiriis. "How it dellghteth fhem mutually to hear the frequent commenda- tions of their descendant ! Sfill mindful of fatherland, how each of them drinks in with eager ear the praises of the victorious Uritish race ! Nor is the interval long before, observing the concourse, Wolfe, with solemn stride, joins them : the victor-hero even yet tiiinks over the turmoils of war to which he was used ; and when he hears that Gaul, its military power broken, hath been made to flee from its wonted limits and to succumb ; and that to the triumph begun by himself a crown was swiftly put, he, tilled with joy, hurries away, and asks no more. Then, sure of his own conscious merit, he rapidly reckons up his own exploits and his country's glories.'^ It will not be altogether out of place to mention here hat Cruden dedicated the first edition of his well-known Concordance to the Queen Caroline, of George II., and to give a specimen of the style he employs addressing her on the occasion : "The beauty of your person," he say?, "and the fine accomplishmonts of your mind, were so celebrated in your father's court, tJiat tliero was no prince in the Empire, who had rooui for such an alliance, that was not ambitious of gaining a princess of such noble virtues into his family, either as o daughter or as a consort. And though the heir to all the dominions of the house of Austria was desirous of your alliance, yet you generously declined the prospect of a crown that was inconsistent with the enjoyment of your religion." The talent and skill of several members of the magnificent college of Christ Church, graduate and undergraduate, noble, gentle and simple, were put in requisition. For one, we have Viscount Beauchamp, eldest son of the Earl of Hertford, expressing himself in dignified heroics. (His full name and style stand as a signature at the end of his composition in this wise: " Fi'anciscus Seymour Conway, Vice- Comes de Beauchamp, Hoaoratissimi Comitis de Hertford, Fil natu maximus, ex ^Ede Christi.") The piece is addressed Ad Re(ji usual strain. We quote the passage which contains the word . Aspioe jam quantis se attollat gloria rebus Angligeniim ! epoliis illic, frsenoque potita Supposito victriz dominator in tequore classis; ^« tea: CANADA IS THE DODLEUy. 21 Ilic nova caplivls fluilant insignia nuiris Amei'icic; validas sensit Gcrmania vires, Senuit et exlromus seplein per flimiina Gan'^os, dc. Ac. " Lo I by what exploits the glory of the English race mounts liip;h 1 Yonder, possessing itself of spoils and of the power of eontrol, their victorious fleet dominates the subject ocean : here, from the captured fortresses of America their ensign floats, a novelty. Germany hatii felt their prowcs : remote Ganges along its sevenfold tide hath felt it." Charles Agar, IJ.A., student of Christ Church, likewise addresses the King. lie introduces the St. Lawrence bv name : Jam Lritonum genus onino bimul Rogemque I'atremquo Te solum vocat, aiilictis succurrere rebus Qui poteris, regnoque grave." impendcre furas. Seu specta-i vostris Libyie qua terra subaeta Iinperiis efl'undit oi>es. et la-lii'iH" etiert Libertas se pulclira. ju.^'O vinclisque solata Jam prinium : seu qua swvo Germanla fervet Millte, tot cajdes nondum miserata suorum, Irarura impatiens: seu qua Laurentius amnis Litora jam tandem pacatis alluit undls. llfec tibi siut curiv, Tuque luec servare memento. " Thee solely, the whole British race salutes at once King and Father, as being able to give aid to their troubled affairs, and to bestow earnest care on the Empire. Whether thy glunce is directed to where Libya, subjected to thy sway, pours forth her wealth, where fair Freedom bears herself all the more joyously for now being for the first time from yoke and fetter released; or to where Germany, with her fierce soldiery, rages, unable to restrain her wrath, unpitying yet the multiplied deaths of her own sons; or to where the Laurentian stream laves its shc.es at length at peace. Let these possessions be thy care : these possessions be thou mindful to guard." Another member of Christ Church, Robert Bernard, a fellow-corn, moner, vents his patriotic enthusiasm in senarian iambics. We give the sentence in which he finely personifies the St. Lawrence, as poets are wont to do with noble streams. He applies to the Canadian stream the title of " Father," which it is awkward to attach in English to our river. We can say with propriety Father Thames, Father Rhine, Father Tiber; but from the associations connected with the proper name " St. Lawrence," we feel that it is impossible poetically to prefix ^* Father" to it, when designating our river. He alludes to pageants I H oo CANADA IN THE BODLEIAN. exhibited in the streets during the rejoicings for successes in the East ami West. The Latin signature al iho end informs us that Mr. Ilernard was the eldest; son of a baronet. It thug runs : " Robertus Hernard, Bur. Fil. Nat. Max., ex ^-Ede Christi, snp. ord. com." lie apostro- phises Britain : O prolo gestiens virilm, Britannia, Cu! crcrnlaj per impotentiu freta Deilere fasces imperi Nereidc?, Quali tuorum Ireta plausu compitn, Curn rupta Georgio viderent auspice Tropcea victis liostibiis douucior ! Ilic anrifer reconditos Ganges pinus Tibi I'oclii'^it ; hie pater Laurentius Ibat rninoj'i vortice ; bio portu.^ tuos Alacris subacto pinus intrat Hespero,