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OOHOUN Htwirr, dominion lntumoluuist THE CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT AND ITS CONTROL IN CANADA Willi Notes on the Imported Onion Maggot and the Seed-corn Maggot BY ARTHUR GIBSON Chief As.sistniil Etitomologitt AND R. C. TREHERNE FirU Officer BULLETIN No. 12 Published by dirootion of the Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa. O T T A W A GOVERNMENT PRIN'TrXG BfREAU 1916 D< .ON OF CANADA nrPARTMENT OF AORICUl TllRr. LNIOVKJLOUICAL BRANCH t (lOnDUN MEWITr DOMINION tN ruMOLCHIIST THE CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT AND ITS CONTROL IN CANADA Notes on the Imported Onion Maggot and the Seed-corn Maggot BY ARTHUR GIBSON ( llllf AxkixIiInI El(tillllllliHlisl AND R. C. TREHERNE I- 1, 1,1 OJIinr °""^ CCLUCT13N f-^^„„rw-'n)T 1\BULLETIN No. 12 Published by direction of the Hon. MARTIN BURRELL. Minister ol Agnciiltiire, Ottawa. ( ) T T \ W \ ( ; ( I \ i; i{ N M . . N I I' I! I \ I I N ( i It r i{ i: a r lUKi ()•_>.-. IS - 1 -c) (tl 1 \w \, 1 Vliiii:ii.\ s. I'.'K'i. 'I'd til)- lliiliDiilitlil)', 'I'lii' Mini-ttr tif Ajjiiiiilliiif, Ottii- u Out. Silt, 1 liuvf till- liiniour to ^iil)tnit for yuur ii|ii>r<>viil Knloiiioluuical Mtillcliii No. 12, I'litilicil 'Thf ('iilil.iiKc H'xit MiiKKDt hiiiI its Coiitnii in Ciiiiinl!!. with notes on till' Impoilcl Onion Miiuuot iinil tlir Sci'd-i'orn Ma«tJot," whiili ims liccn wiittiii liv Mr. Aitlmr (iilisoii, Cliii'f Assistant Kiitornolotji-t. iiml Mr, U. V. Tii'licrni', I'iflil tHlircr in cliainc of tlir Kntoinoloniciii l.iil.oralorv at \na»tsi«, U,(.". From yrar to year tlir loss caused l)y Hoot Matitjots assumes iirealer pro- portions owliuf laruelv to the inerease in the aia and north to the Yukon the injiiri.s of the dilTerent species, hut particularly of the ('alllla^Je l!oot MauKot, to mots and other licld and (lardeii crop- are reported to us; in many cases the lo»es are coiisideiaMe and discouiaKiiiiJ. Tor a nuinher of years my predecessor, Dr. .lames Kletclier, experimented with various po,>ilile remedial measures. In l!M(t,we commenced a careful study of the vari.iu remedial measures recommend- ed for the contlol of Hoot MuKUots and of remedies that su({n«'^ted themselves to us, and these experiments have been continued annually at Ottawa for six •-casons liy Mr. (Jihson. Durinu the last three years Mr. Trehenie has also studied tlie life-historv and methods of control of the CahhaKe Hoot MaKK'»t. at Auassiz MX'. The results of this work are (jiveii in this I'aiUetin. The carrying on i.i these experiment:'^ has naturally residted in tiie accumulation of a very larjio amount of data; these have been summarised and translated into words. In many cases the results have been contradictory and inconclusive and their rejection has been necessary. The recommendations that are made are based, with few exceptions, (m results of our own experimental work. There are a number of promisinu f investigation which havi' opened up. but we feel that, in view of the -inn demand throunhout Canada for the information now jriveii in thi- tin, sve should not postpone its [jublication lonjjer. I have the h )'iour to be, Sir, Your ,)bedient servant, C. CORDON IIKWITT. Dominiitn luiloinoliujist. the li- in< In. !»2.MS -2 No'lK. FtinniT^ illlil others .ire invited t(i semi «|>eeilllells (if iii>cil> wliii'li ;i|e I'iiIIIkI eiiiisinn injuries to flieir emp-. Sueh »|>eeiniens shonli he enelosiil with a f^upply of fiMiil plant or khiss in a tin or wooden liox ,not a paper l>i)X) whicli may \»' mailed "Kree", ii|i to 1 1 onnee« in weitjlit. if addressed to the I )Mniinion Kntomolonist, Department of Ajjrieiiltiire, Ottawa. In ail case.- the -peeimeiis sliould hear the uddress of the sender, and should he aeeompaiiied h> .1 letter jrivillK the crojis whi<'h are heinj? attacked and the extent of the damat'e. 922997 CONTKNTS. llMiorii'iil Mm ( illili.iiti- l|.>.l MiiDitipl. /V,M,».,.| 'l;.|../..r H.Mlrlir i lir |;kk I >' - lipllnn I Mliultotl ttf ^t;n/(' rilr I.^IIMI III tiTiptilin riif I'liimriiini I >i'.rri|)tiiin I hirution itf "hitfi- '1 Im \i1iiIi I>.',. ii|iIiciii III iimU- I >i'-< ripti.in t.f f<-?ii:il'- I Mlt;|tt«in »»f lift- IhM IcipiinMl NiiiiiUr ii( aciiiriiiii.il-. tlnliitr- l-'i ..I pliint> *. ' 1. i»f mjiiri.- Sii i't>)il.ilii.v ".( iiliiiii- < »llit'r niii-M'.« ..f itijiiry. It. |ii...|ii. lii.ti 1 1\ i|».-iii.in I'l.-.ii i|Ki-iii.iii |» ri.Ml llili.'tii iiKin Till' liniH.iii'.l '-.ii|)ii..n Diinili. 'II ."t -'uu'i' I.arviil .■iiM'ivn'f Till- l,:irv!i I ).-■ ii|)ii..n I )iii;iiii'ii .if -liiu.- i'lipMii.m I'll ' 1*11(1:11 jiii'i I >.-*'iiiii ii'it I >uriili.in 1.1' ^l;u'.' n..' A. lull l)i-. riplLiii ..f niii.' I )»■■.. -lipt illl 111 fcllKll* I'1'l.p..l'ti..Il ..I ^.A.-... i).A. lopill.'lll lliil.il. I.khI phiiii-. \iiiiiri' ..f injiiti. - U.'pr.>.luiii..n iiv iix.-iti..- I*r. ..\ ni.i>itii.ii i.'ii.nl Ilil.«-ni:ii i'.ii riir Sv|.,l-i..lll MilKUi.t. I'li::il;,l J'wiir, f.l '/.l\\.— Kifi'-lii'.tniA III.- Kkh Till' I :ir\ a l)..-'Tiptii.n I'upiiii.in Til.' I'upariuiii I )i'«.iipii.in 1 >ur:iti;.n ..f ^lat;.- Till' A.lult l).'<.Tiptiiin lit iiial.' Di'.ripli.m of (. iiiali' DiAi'li.pm.'iit. Iliitiili — I'ikkI pliintK Naiur.' ..f injuries HilHTniitum.. rwij"-. ti m to M II M li tJ l» 1.1 15 IR 17 17 17 17 30 31 ■.'I J! I ■-Ml Vl -Ml :!il :iU :ui ::ii ;i4l :iu :ll :il :i:i H4 ;!4 :i4 .14 Means uf Cuntrulling Runt Mui!giiiii Ono-ply tiirrcd felt papt-r discs Chresp rlolh frftmns Trap crops , Autumn plant iiiK ... . White hcllrl.oi-c Pyrctlirum insect powder Cook carbolic wash Control of Hoot Maggots under field conditions:. Turnips ( 'abhagej* and cauLllowcrs. Onions Corn, beans and iM-as ( 'ultural ( 'ontrol . Ko^ition of crops Hcav\' inatuirrnu.- Other liortiiultiiral praiiiccs.. .. 'rrcatnient nf land aftcf har\c>t. Natural ( '6 37 39 42 42 43 43 44 45 45 47 47 4!) 4!l 4!) 4(1 M SI 51 51 57 57 ILLUSTRATIONS. Vu.. I. lVi!>r,f CalilmBc l{<"'t MiiKRot Kly on stem il I'U.E. 10 Id I.' all iiuicli fnliiracil Sli(}win(s pfjsition :iiicl ili'pili.- of pupiinii <> plant of t|[v Calpb^w Kool MiiCKol (ouM.I iirouji,! l-uparimn of Cal-hani' lioot MaKcol. .■i.Uimo.l s fjii..« Malrof the Ciil.l^iKc Hoot Maw' H.v. inlarKcl al>out .i iHiii - Icinalo of Ihr (•al.l)a)!c Hoot Maiwot Kly; inlarKcii about -i Im.m- ■,i Siilr view of arranuciucnl of liaiis an.l bri.-tlc- on f.'iiiur an.! t.l.ia ol tlir Inn.l l.'t ol ' tl.c Cahbaxf- Hoot Mawt I'ly: 0,1 of llic Itm».rlc-.l Onion Mairi-'ot Kly; ami - ..I .1 .• I . \t ....... .t L*1 >• - •ill f II iii-li onl'irfft'd II.- 12.- i:i. 14 1.'). II). 17. iMUili cnlarKcil 11,.. approxiinat,- disposition of Krn.Tations of the ( al.i.ai.'.- l(.f lieadof eaulillower injure.l l.y tlie ( alil.aili- Uool Maunol l{,K.t of eal.l,a«e, showinn Cal.lKW H,K>t Mauw.ts an.l ti.eir .leslnieiiv.- w.rk . lielil of eaMiaufs. near ( )tta»a. < )nl .. in wliiel, over :.•> per eeni of I lie plant- Here .le-i i,.ye,l l,v till' CaliliaKi' Ki«it Mamrot ,,f -lein 111 ealibane plant; -Ht'lillv 'iil.irne.l ilesiroyed liy Iiii|)orled Onion Mamsot, ed-eorn Ma'.mot . . l-roin the .S'l'd-eorn MaKKot Kly; 'ition of ueneratioiis of the ( alibairi' i;;:K«of CahhaL'e Ui>i>t .Mairtot at l,a-e ,,f -lein .il eabl.ane pi Hulli of onion plant destroyed . Vounc Lean plants destroyerl l>y the Si'ed-eorn .Ma'.mot .. field of eorn. near Ottawa, wliieh. in IIU:. »a. .eri..u.-ly inte-ted »iih il, MaCKol Iheplant-sintheleft half of the licuiv »ele piole. ritllit half had no -ileh proteetion and «er ■ I liV I.Ure.l Ie!l paper di> dis.- about one-third -ize; ' b ■ indieatestheixisitionof till hall ■dte ■-■:!. dl>..; Ih.. in Ihe ritlht half had in. -ueh proteetion an.l were an praetiraliy de- .d by ll CabhaKe IliHit MaKKot a», TiKil used for euttind tarn-.l fell papi size; (ci.sliowini: how the tool isu-ed, the dot ted lin Simple meth.Ml of ttiountinK a roll of tarred felt paper, when a lat^e number of di-es a. re(|uired a). Showini! proiHrly phued ilise, ,b> earele.-ly plaeed .li.-'- (■li ;iooai:e ,x..ie ....«».., ,'J„rvoJ,m. m,Mr.o«;., Casey, a staphylinid parasite of the ( 'abbaiie Hoo' Maa-ol. r,„hn,„..v^mll>ll<-' Wash., aeynipid pir.isite of th- CabbaKe Ro ,t Ma«ot. -,,. 1 : I I .!.. In or.../,ii.. Itii'iiUliinJiK SaV. . . . ' 4tjrntiiii<[n.s i/inf III ( " •• ■., — .- -.-I I rhe earabid beetle. l'/-n,^l„hii.^ liicnhht'i.hi'' I'he stapliylinid beetle, Xtmlliulinii-i lininniiix Say, Cabl.a,:.' Uool Ma«t;ot K Chart ilhistratintfecn-'leposiiion oi th page .\Kassiz, H.C., lltl.'i. oppositi l:! 14 15 \!> 10 \H 19 21 :);! :!9 39 40 41 44 47 .52 5:i 55 56 24 '.12.') IS -;i THE CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT, (Pliorhia hrassiar AND ITS CONTROL IN CANADA Houclit') WITH NOTES ON THE IMPORTED ONION MAGGOT, lliil'"'!!'" ""'"/'' Mi^ AND THE SEED-CORN MAGGOT, l'l,„rhi,i / -is. ir, /-s /..tt Bv Ahtiiik (liHsoN. rliiij Assisidiit Kutdmoliiijisl H. ('. Tkkiikunk, Fielil Oiliccr. SIMMAHV. Ill spiiiiji when ciibbaKos and eauliflowers arc set out, '>•• wl"'» radishes onions, tlcans and other plants appear above the soil, small Hies somewhat resemhlinsi the common house-fly i)Ut rather smaller and more slender niay he se..n Hviud about elose to the sround, depositinfi small, wliit.', elonp.ited eggs on th.'st.'ms of the plants or adjacent thereto. These enjjs hatch in a tew .lays and tlu' small, white mangots at once burrow down and destroy the roots, in the cas.. of the C'ablmge Hoot Mafjsot, there are three or four generations during the season. The Imported Union Maggot als(, has several generatKms .iml injury bv tliese species mav continue from May until autumn. Ihe .•hief damage is effe.-ted in Mav and during June. Early grown crops are particularly att.ickec , some seasons whole fields of these being entirely ruined Injury by the becMl- corn Maggot is largely confined to the seedlings of such plants as corn, beans and peas. The annual loss caused by these insects in Canada amounts to many thousands of dollars. , , i „ ,* The larvtc of the above three species, which are popularly known as root maiigots, are similar in appearance, being whitish in colour, rather blunt at one end and pointed at the other end, and when mature are al)out frorn one-quarter to one-third of an inch long. It is in this stage that the insect is destructive and known to the farmer or vegetable grower. Several important parasitic and predacious enemies prey upon the root maugots but these unfortunately cannot be relied upon to control outbreaks of' these 'insects, and therefore artificial methods of control Ijecome necessary. Among the artificial methods, the screening of seed beds to prevent the female flies gaining access to the plants to deposit their eggs is important. C-abbages and cauliflowers when transplanted in the field may be protected by nlacing around the stems a disc made from one-ply tarred felt paper. In small gardens applications of decoctions of white hellebc e, pyret brum insect powder or of a carbolic wash mixture have been found of value. I nder field conditions the protection of such crops as onions, turnips, corn, peas and beans trom the ravages of root maggots has proved to be a difficult .robh.m but recent experi- ments with poisoned baits to destroy the Imported Onion Maggot Ily have been found to give much promise. , ., , , • ii * ..; Fall ploughing and rotation of crops while, of course, being excellent agn- cultural practices, have their limitations so far as the control of root maggots is concerned; such cultural methods, however, as soil cultivation and the use ot fertilizers undoubtedly assist considerably artificial control measures. Owing to the fact that root maggot flics are known to lay their eggs on stable manure it is advisable, in spring, to avoid the use of such fertilizer as much as possible. 92.148— 3| llii. I.~ Ekks "t (';il)l);mi> Uix.t MuKKKt Fly nil stem ot fiili- 1)UKC, i-nliiriiiil II tiliii's. ( >ri- uin:il'. Ilii.!'. Kujjof Cal)!.:*!' li.M.t M;ic- )!i>t I'ly.cnlul'iliMl 40liTni's.~liii»im! KnMi\)' :iiui liflyr-. uriirinitl . HISTORICAL. Injury hy root iiians<''^ '>!i' '"'*'" known in Canaila tor many years. TIk' Cahbasif Loot Masinot. the Impurtcil Onion Ma):p)t and the Sccd-uorn Matfd'.t ari' i'll of Kumpcan orijjin. It is not known (Infinitely when these inserts readied Canada. TlieCat)l)asjf Hoot Masisiot, Phorhin bmsfiica Bouelie. was first recorded in the I'nit.'d States in ISIi.'i ( 1 ). In 187.J, ( 'oiiper (2) reported tliat tlie Imported < )nion Fly, Ilyhmiilii iintiiimi Msi..was a terrible pest to tiie onion growers throufih- ont the extent of the Dominion and that another species had l)cen rhla hnis^m, Mok iik. LIFK-HISTOHY. Thk K(ints these tw<. points arranged on the hasis of an examination of 2,li:< eggs as studied at .\gassiz in the Province of British Columhia. Inasmuch as these re.'ords were "''^|"i''.d from a consecutive series of experiments -arried over the entire summer ot iyi.>, •It \gassiz lU"., involving all possible generaticms they are meniioned here in preference' to similar records obtained at other points in Canada. I'rom a studv of the duration of the egg stag.' it is clear that the i.eriod varies from three to five davs, on an average, and this finding appears to coiiici Vi-r of ('KK- n'(|uiri' 7 Mav 21 May ;tl Montli of ,luni Mnntli •>! July Montli ot \u(!u-i Month of Si-ptrTiilii L'Cl 4n7 (Mi 4 dO ;i7i 4 70 TIKI a SO :iso .^>0:t :t2fi 4 SO :Mi:i 4 7 Ss-2 s:Mi s.iu 84-0 S9H 91 S(ii) From this we assume that the egg stage lasts on the average ot 4 . < days •md that the high egg fertilitv record is maintained throughout the summer possihlv, it would seem, even increasing with the advance ot th ■ ison. All •■ggs do not, however, maintain such an even degree of hatchnv iie tihov.' table indicates. In our observations it was noted that the e-, ige lastetl from 2 to 10 days; in fact our study indii'ated that 1-9 per cent hatched in 2 ilays. Itj „ „ -t .• 2.') -8 „ „ -T .. 4.")-t» per cent hatched in days. 01 ,, )' ' >' 0-4 ,. „ 8 „ 0-.5 „ „ 10 " \11 these above records were obtained under suppose>pli.iic c.iiuliti.nis. riiitoiin iniul>:iliir tniiiHiatuio fmin 27 iU'ii. ('. t<.':{t> (IcK- C. iitivv i\ variaMr 'latcli'mK, also. Inim ii to ."> "lays lo (Icttriuiiif to wliat extent a variation may orciir in the iicMciilaiic ol larva- tiatcliiiiu i'loin the .''cits.. ■)()!• (nn^ "rrc ki pi iiiicivatioii iiiul. r i.lial <'oiiili- fnliimi'il "tiiMi's. lOriuiniili. tioii« -iicli a> those just ineiitioiied, in coinparisoii with pert'et MiiKKiit; ilil i>f t Majujot. anil (clot tho Soed-corn MatKot; sliowinRarn tuliiTilcs and central spiracles; all much enlarged (OriRina sun with the Imi)orted Onion Maggot the caudal end is more Halteiied and abrupt. The arrangement of the fleshy tubercles is shown in figure 4 (a). !• roiii the head project a pair of black, hook-like, mandibles or jaws, .\ short distaiu e from the head on either side, is a fan-like process; these are the spiracles and communicate with the trachesp, or "air tubes." Duration of stnge. Obviously the question of the lensith "f the larv:il stage is of gre^t importance in its practical relation to the injury that the larv:e effei't. on account of the fact that the damage caused to crops by this insect is only brought about in the larval form. 13 ThoM- wlm Iwiv stu.li.Ml this h.M.t in Hi.. Inilcl Stat.;, i.n.l in r.ur..|..- Stat.' that th.' hMi(£th ..f th.- larval stai£.' I'i'^l'* fr«»» thn-.- t.. Univ w. I ins r.,rn.s|,..n,ls with our r. .'..nls in Canmhi, which in.h.'at.- that th,. larval -taK.- vari... l..'tw.H-n 1!) and 32 .hiys. It will net t..- n.T..ssar.v t.. . .'tail ..ur nut.- in this c.nn.'ftion as the .lunition ..f the imlivi.lual sttiK.- s.r.ns has \v''ll <•>'='''. lish...l It is mor.. important t.) .h'ti-nnmc th.- I.'.'.lintj hf.' "f th.- .loo.ls . t larvir as th.'v occur, for it is not the individual U-rdum action that caus.'s mi.Ii havo.' to cr.ips hut the con.'.Tt.-.l action ol many larva- ov.-r a .•onsi.l.ral..' ,,..,i.Ml ,.f tiin.-. The numt.er of K.-nerations. h.-w.-vr. is .h-alt with ..n pau.- 1 , -.0. Kid .— Slmwinft (Hjcition iind dipths (.( puparia of t Root Maggot, founil around one plant. (On < 'iil)i)im<' ill. ra,Hdion.-\\\wn the larva has become full (jnnv havmn .■ouiplet.-.l feeding, it seeks a suitable position in which to chanpe to the puparium st preparatorv to the emergence of the adult fly. , ,..i„.,.,. The puparium mav be either imbedded in the tissues of the root vs u i larva completed its feeding or close to the root in the wet sc.il pro.luced b> feeding of the maggots, or again, the larva may migrate and pupate som. tance in the adjoining soil, possibly as far as 4 or o inches from the roots. The place of pupation in the soil, however, may vary considerably ac< ..i to the depth of feeding. In our investigations at Ottawa, Ont., ^e found „v,.r-wintering puparia at depths in the soil varying from 1 inch to 9 indiis April 1914, 146 puparia were removed from the soil. The following V. indicates the percentage of puparia found at the various depths: Its age the the dis- ling the In able 14 TAhl.K IT sno\M\(i DT.in H oi IMIVMUA IN SOIL. l>r|>th in Inrlu'' |N-n cntjiiti- of pupiirci 11 u 2i 21 ^i I •.'«; j";i! :i»ii \ mv h i«i tinii •> "' o"" :tl I :n unsi :i 41 7S:i |)i'plli in Ini-htiipariuiii. williin whi.li tli.' mann-.t .lialiu.- to th.' a. lull llv vaii.'> fn.in lln'.il lo «laik iv.l.llsli-lm.wn In .•.>l.)iir. ami in sh;,p.' is as >li..\vn in fin tl In l.Miutliil is from :• lot) nun. Diic-.niart.T .it an mi'lii. altlioinjli sonic piipaila ai'.' fnM|ii.ntlv f..iiii.l of -imil.r l.imlli. Tli.' i.upaniiiii, wln.'h is simply Ih,. Iiar.l.n.'.l .•.mlia.'tc.l -kin of ili.. iMas;^..l ivlaiiis tli.' tnl.civl.'s wliicn ocuiir.l at the hhint ( n.l .>f llic larva, ll I-. lli.nfoiv, ii-nally i...-il.l.' I.. .l.'t.Tniin.. tli.' Insi'cl fioin this (liaiMi't.r. \'i<:.:. M;iliM,f tl.i ( .ililiiii:.' U.>..i Mi,;;- •_'oi llv; I'lihinri'il iihiitit :; liim-. riictiijinipli !■>■ .1. T. WhiI-w.hiIi . In;, s. I'.MKi'.r !•( iIh- . :il.l.;iiii- lii">t MuMul 1 Iv, iMilarui'.l iihi.ut :t tiriu'.'. l'li.iii>ur:ipli liy .1. T. \V;iiN«..rtli'. Diimliiw ,if ^ta'- NuiiiKi-f piipalia „tllv of colli cti'il. I'nirrjji'iic o. ihiys. lulv « .lulv lll-.Jul.\ L'(> i Ifl lulv 31 Aui:. .-, Auk. ;.'( 1 .') — 2« Auk. 27 Auk. L'S-M-pt. 2.5 ■.' :«) sept . I Sept . S— Sept. ■-'ti S— 20 It mav rea.lilv hi- supiDse.l that pii|)aria f.irnic.l in el.ise proximity to the surface of'th.- soil' in m.)re .lirect contact with the rays .)f th.' sun .iunnu the «V2r)4S— 4 sumin.r inui.tli- «..iil.l pr.Mlu.r Hir. .....inr tlmii |)U|miiii ilr.p in llii- soil i.w.iy from «.irl. t..m|..iatmv intlu.ii.vs. rmtii.T, tli.rr air m.lhatinii, tluil Ihnr i- li iimikr.l .lilT.nnr.' in tl..^ Imuiii uf tl..' puimiimn Maur in tl..' »p>'nK a.i.l Munnirr •I* .■..nipiuv.i to latf Munin.i- an latr K w'""' ' 1'"^"^ th.. wint.T in tl.r pupaiimn >ta^.' lluiv is a niaik..! .lilT.rni.;. m thr .lair, m ll... followinir sprinu. at wlii.h il.r llifs nunxv. Kioin pupaiia roll.rtcd in tl.r li.i.l at Ottawa, <>nt.. on April •-':.. I'.H I. Hi.- .nMrui-l in ilir out.loor in-.rtai.\ from Mav •-'(» until .Inlv (.. In th.- f..l.l. liow.'V.i, tli.> a.lult lli.'> hav ..•.■.. ol.Mivr.r.'ailin- than tiii- at Ottawa, an.l a- rally as .\pnl S. at Ajta-i/. M.« • In our insrctarv at th.' latt.r plac' no tli.s rni.in.'.l troni pu|)ana att.r >.pt. ml" r ■>: •.llh..ut:h until thi< .lat.' th.' tlics ha.l l.f.n .■ni.iKinn tn'fly froin pui-ana In;. !l. liii, Sidi' vif'w i]( urninKiiiKiit "' lmir> nil l.riatli-.-(.n fciinir unil liliiiKif llic liinil leu !,i (lie Cuhhiw Hi"pl M;tKt!i>' l-'ly: i lii "f ll"- li"l"ir'«-'l Onum M:iKi.'ot Flv iind iil "1 llw S(H'il- marked diffm-ii.c of ilimatc at VgusMz, H.C, an.l Ottawa, Out., in Mar.'h, H)lo, it may hv lifiv state! that at ■i«\z Xhv monthly m.-an tfinix-raturo was 41 02 F. and at Ottawa \\)M> V. DiKCi ijilmn iij ll« iiiiUi. Thk Adii.t. Tlu male fly i> almut ontMitiarti'r of an inch in l.nuth from the tip of thf iicad to tho end of the a'-domen. the body and h'tis heinij of a dark ash-jirav (■.)lour, and rather thiekly v 'ered with blaek bristles. On the baek of the thorax, the eentral portion of the body to whieh the two winsis 17 art' uttiii'li il, iirr tlircf lilinki'li, rutin r lutiiid. liainl-. llir n iiliiil mir <>l vvliich llilllli'^ ulonit t l>!uk of till' iiliiliilinii Tlir rvf-, wliiili licnrlv tullrli tmli otliiT ill thi-* i('\. III' of :i iii|i|i-li-|>iii|>|f I'liloiir. At llir t)a-i' i>f lln' ttiiiiir (llir iipiHT piirtuiiii iif fiii'li tiiiiil liu ilicri' i^a roii"|)ii'ii(.ii- i< a 1 liaiaitii which i« ii»i'|iaiatf llif nialr ul' ihi- .|,(rii-- fniiii till iiialri.f I'l.i.rly aiiicil .|)r.i.-. TlK-r l.iisll.« aiv -howii in liitiinit lai. l),.'tiii)tioii iif III, finiitU. The liliialf llv i- iii utmiai Mppi aiainc nun h tin' ^.allll■ a» the inalc It i- i.t a liithlir roinin ami ihr ivi> aii' ratlii'i uiilily scparati'd. 'I'hr alMlimicii i- -hapnl iIiUchiiiIv limii that ol \\w inalr, hcinu >iii£htly hiimci- ami pniiitiil at thf i ml. Diniihdii «/■ //. A -nil- uf (Api riimiil- wtn '■ ■ .Imtcil at Aua—iz. HC to .Iftniiiiiir tiic avriaKf Initith .if llii' life uf the a.li.,i-. with ii-iilt- (liviii in thr fi)liii\sini: 'alilc: T.Mti.i; V ii;\i;iiiiii i in; i in. I'l ini'IMiu \i ii.iKs, ..ii»iii. li I'Hicn- t tiM.k pi;it Nilinl. \\i'iiif.' I' iiitili ..I li(<' ll>.l:iv-. \ iUl.lll"'l in linfili .'f iihIIm.IiiiiI Iif.- lum* 'JIV .lul\ I .liilv W Inly -'II .liilv Ki^ .liilv -'4 .lulv 17 .lul> > Auu. ■'> A 111! -'■' Auir. -.'I S.'pt. j: .VI II 4 s 4 :i il^ ! r> (1 W '■ U II Till' aliiivi' t.ililc wuiild imliiati' that the icniilh .if the lifi' nf thr iinli\ iiliial adult iiicica-i's as thr season ailvaini -. The (pn stioii as to wlicthci- tlii' hiittth uf thr life may be pinlonni'd liy fi'idini; tin' Hies with swi'i'lcind iiiixtiin's doi- iiiit iiidirati' tiiat lit" may Iif rxtiiidcd vciy niiii'li over adult- dcpiivt'd ol food, hi'iici' the talih' ^MV('ll is a I'oiiipilatioii from results fmm Hi.- Imlh fed and starvid after enierneiice. Till i,ii)i)(>iii,iii (if n,s(s. -It is iiiterestiiid to note that, in the study of the Cal.l.atie Root Maccot at .Atiassiz, H C. of tOS adult llies reared, lit" were iiiale- alid 211 females. This jrive- a pereeiitane of ")l-7 female> and W'-i male>. There are no indieatioiis that there is any inerease in either one sex at any period duriiii; the season. Heeeiitly Mr. K. <>. MssHi. in his work on Injurious and Meiietieial Insects of California'. 2nd Kdition. HU."). refers to I he fait that the species of root maniiot in California previously recorded hy him as I'lmrliid Imissicn. was in reality I'liorhiii pldiiiiKiliiif. Sir. Kssiu bases his statement on the authority of Dr. .1. M. Aldrich. Dr. Aldrich has identified adult Hies hied trolii rati. -lies, cahl'.'mes. and cauliHowers at A^assiz, hX'.. as I'linrhid brass i or. We have no records of Plwrhin pin ni pal pis occiirinft injuriously in Hritish Columbia. DKVKI.OPMKNT. Nl'MIiKlt I'K ( il-'.\K.ll\ rioNS. We have found if an extremely difficult matter to deterniiiie with absolute accuracy the exact numb' "iierations that occur in a season. In all our •t2.-i48— 4^ IS xx,Mk vMih ihi- ...-- t «.• Imv. ih.t Im.i, ;.1-1. t.. I.nr.l a - .f- ol tl..- ..mtmi....i- Iv tluouuh tl i.iHv Mnnin.i t....,, tl... pmumx ..f t W, ,vMnMl In.,,. .,v.-,Avi,.l.r.i,« M,.M,.M r...,„ tlu. tu,v«..i,.« ,..,...,.1- of .1... l,l.-h..tMrv ..I th.. .....H «.. ..s. -,MU.. .•..v.„.,| a p. .i.Hl ut l,u„. .' ., „,. p,„.anM.n -.au. Imm l.", ... is -las- a.,.l .h- a.lul. -.au- ....... ••;■•;'- h..,,... «.. u-a.h.r .ha. .h.. h...B.h ..t th.- van-.u- -.au-^- l...,„ . t« ... a.h.l. ...v. ' . ' ,,,,...1 „| a. ha-< I...NS..,. W.la.v,a,..l..'.. .lay- A- -tal.-.l l..h.w . ««. ...» I,,' ,|.p...i...l .... Apnl III. in a tav..i.ial.l.' -p"..K, a...l .titf h.Miitf ...av 1..^ ,„1,.. At (),.awa.(>i...,w.hav.a.i.iiM„iu..«,.M..i.l.-l-t. .h..v« ....,„ .h- .iin- ilir .;ru- w.i.'lai.l i.i «piiim ...I'll 'h.' Ily api.taifl ,i„., ..i 1, U..UI.1 app.ar, .h.n....... .... .h.-.-.i-al ,i,.....>.ly„>.l '■>.=";■''.';«>■""'' 1,1 , I. i< hiiihh -n.l.al.lv that i.i .■.ita... -.a-...,- a pr.v.nla«.' .-I Ih.' p.ipar.ii !, • h.. .h.,,1 u ',.•.:.;..... pa:. Ih.. wi....... ... -u. h ......h.,...., .h.^ li- ..... ......;ru,..« „„,il,|,..,p,inu.,tlh. i..ll..wi..iiy.'a,-. A.„..n. ....... I"" l'"U-' !•• .>-' Hi- <• .>' "u I ;,;;;,, v...,M.i.. iV.-.a,y ar.-r s..p..„.i.. . JT. ai.h„M.h .„,.,u........ w piivi.iii* ... that il'i.i'. APRIL MAY , JUNE JliL> AUC. SfPT OCT. NOV. DtC L J I I" OEhERATlON L 1 ^^ CEMERATIOM -iu-''.''i';n:' "o;,.;l?'"^" "'^"'- ^'" ""' . /.•„■,/ ai,„rntn,n Th." ti.st ucii.Tati.... aii-... fn..„ .■««> .hi)..-....! l.y Hi.- ..,„,.. ,.U ... '..►l.h.. th-. fav..u.aM.. .lay- ..f -p.i'.« I--.-, -v.-.w..... .mit l-upana \iaU/, H.C.. pn.vi.l.Ml vvvath.,- .......lili....^ a,.' Mu.al. .•. .. ai, " '!"'•' > ' " .vn .Ml .... is w. 11 .....h'.- way .l...i..« th.- last -p.a.t.r ..i that ,.,.,... h. 1' ' 1 a,.a.la' Ottawa. ()l.t).h..^^^^^^^^ til.; iiiit lic.ll .i1)sc.V(mI Lcfolr till' Iiiiilillf 111" Ma> ■ . ■ • H . li. 1 ..f .■...-■.■II.'...'" -f .h.,s,- Hi.-s .l.-vl..i.i..t: I...... ..v.w,n..Tn.« p..pa- ,,, ,., i, , .■.•,„•,!."..■.. with .1... .iT.v. ..!■ th.- .li.natu- .•..n.h.i.ms l„.t w . i;;.;v;;;iK,;.a.an.i.-...,.snw,yi,...hp..M,..ah,,n|ii.;s...h :;p,!n:xi,n:;..lv .lunl- l. I.. la... ...: l;a.-kwa,-.l spn,>u. how.-v..,-. ,!..■ .-u^-lay.... l),.|i...l W.llll.l. ..f (•"IlIsC I).' CXtcll.lf.l. ' .... 1 • 1 .1 ...I ... I... p.. nil. I w.llll.l. ..1 ciiiiix- ."• <.M.. .■.-... <,, I ,,,,„,„i„,„. -n.kii.s III.' uv.n.s'' "' •■'' ■'■'."■ »i;' -I' »■• li;!"'- '" '"; »'"■ '■':"•"' ^'r ''f ;r 'ie;.'';";;;"';:i iSSTS;,;:::"*! ;;^ :. -•Wl''-*^» ..«^' - 10 „r,|,.. tl..- .hv.lnpit.u fn.u. II.,- I,... .l..|..Ml...l .««- wuuM ,. ^'I";" •'''>, r„.l,., al.-nl„f ti.1.1 r„.,.|i!lol,-- -Utf* «.n ..l...ivr,l ..I, pl.-.l.t • "" M '\ '' '"' Ih.- Hm- i.-ult.im liHin ilH-r .uu« ......iu..| ..„ .Im,. Js i. |..m.mI ul |.. .Im>j from viiti u, M.h.lt. II imi.t !"■ .. in. ...Imi. .1, l,n«.v.r, m- .h..«n ..., p:,u. is. TwhHh i- :.l -lav-. In ..a-t..... .aniMlu XMlaua, On. , .n l'.|.. ..nn, » .- yl Hi."* of tl.r til.) u.n. ration . in.ru..| ... Hi-' lal.o.atorv Imm ,liin. -1 to .Urn. .. ":„,, pnpar.a .oil.......! ... .h- li.M. I'l.- plan.- ' '•l^-'';..-'' , •'',:;;; ,,' vv.n. lVM...|.lanl..l on May i:» a...l ih- - u«; la.-l .■.l'""t Ma> I... I - ' .,u.h ..,am..v.arS..|,o....M.i.fou.Mli.. N- h York Slat.' Iha. .(,.• av-.a^.^ in.iiM.lual lif,. .,f tla^ ti.-t u-n-.alioii aa« .V. .hv-. riM- latl.r p.r.o.l am— \. rv ,1,,-. Is 1„. II. |'„rti,„-..f l,r;M..|.:,uliil..«,. iM;.n..ll'.vtl.c.«i'l.l,:i-^ li.w.t Mwi-< . l>'K«Ki\'. witi, tiir uv.Tu-c^ lifr-.^vclr at A-a-siz, M.C.. a< -tatf.l al.ov... Kii£. HI, ,l.;awn fn.n....n.liti..ns a. Aiia-M.. M.C, may v,.ry vv..ll r..|..vs..nt O.ita.-.o '■'"„ >t,on>, with th,> ..xc.ption that ..uii-iayinii ,-oinn..nc..s al.out one inontli ca.hn in l.iiti.li ( 'iihiintiia. rinni ,i,„n;,ti.,n. Tsins: the iM'.-io.! of:.! .■ d..'j)..wit...| at th.' iatt.'r i.tart e found tliroufili Novemher and possibly neccmher, as well, at Afiassiz, H.C. It slioulil he fully realized, anain, that the ol days tjiven as the period for development from ejifj to adult is arbitrary and merely taken for the sake of eoMVenienee in illustrating the <)verlai)pinn generations. The actual jieriod extends from 'M to (>!l days (lOl")) aceordinjj to our work althoU(ih Schoene (()) has siiown that tlw period in Niw York State mav extend from lit to SS davs (I'.tlO). Thus any example of the insect occurrinji July 27, (l'.)l.">), for instance, at Ajiassiz, H.C, may lie the puparia or the adult of the hrst (leneration or ejijis or majifliit'* "f the second or third jienerations. We have found ejlKs. matiuots in all stasies of development, and puparia, present in or near imlividual |)iants, at one and the same time. It is |)rol)al)le that in some years individuals of this (feneration will pass the wintei' in the puparium stajje. Fourth (/f'»r/(///()».-'rhere is undoubtedly in the Lower Fraser N'alley of Mritish Columbia a foui'th generation of tlie Cabbafie Root Masrjiot. This may be either complete or partial, accordiiifi to autumn climatic conditions. In 191"). at Ajiassiz, IJ.C, crks were laid alnie-t continuously every day from April 10 to Octobi'r 22. As already jtate(l, there is a variation in the dates on which the first cdcs are laid in sprinn in the i)rovinces of Rritish Columbia and Ontario. Therefore, due latitude must be allowed for the commencement and termination of the vaiious fi(>nprations. The (piestion of hibernation is discussed on i)as(> 23 in its relation to the fourth tjeneration and probably to the third jicneration also. HABITS. Food Pl.v.nts. to beets, however, was not to the leaves as al. ady iccorded, hut tlie magjiot was found working in the loots. In 1910, when there was a serious outbreak of the Caiibatie Hoot Mafifjot in Miitish Columbia. Mr. Tom Wilson, an ofhcer of the Hrancli, sent to us. at Ott.awa. larva' whicti were found by him working in beans in that province, and fioiti these we reariMl adults which emerged between the pi'riod ,luly 12 and .Iul>- 2S. On June Ui of the same year we also received from Mr. Wilson, roots of beet which hejiathered near Duncan, H.( '. and which were heavily infested by the manfjot. l"roni this latter material we rearetl adult lieavily infested by the manfjot. l"roni this latter mat files m .June and .hil\'. 'i"he flies from the beans and also those from beet were recently deterinineil by Dr. J. M. Aldrich as I'horbin Itraxsiva Houche. I'he occurrence of the Cabbaiie Hoot Mafrs"' i" beans and beets is most inti'rc>tin!i but as these aic the only instances known to us of this mafigot attackinii these crops in Canada, it would seem that tlii- feedin^i habit of the mafjuot i< unu-ual. fr "; '"'"iT-f %^: :' " """U. -. lliF-W^WPiilPIP^P^^^ ^^ipPINIiP«PPHHPP 21 N.\n UK OK I.NjruiKs. Til ily stafic in the lit'c-liistory of tlic insect which is injurious to phmts is the hirviil or inafinot static. Injury by the ('al>t)a(ic Hoot Ma^jjot is largely confined to tiic roots of tlic plants it attacks, altlioutrh occasionally the ina^'tiol will hore into the stem ahove the tiiouiid and also into the nud-iihs or lleshy leaf stalks of such jilants as cahhanes and caulitlowers and it has even l>e(n recorded us mining; in the leaves of beets. In niid-suninier we have also observed at Ottawa, Ont., conspicuous injury by the larva' in the stems of the heads of cauliflowers. On .lulv 22, \'M2. many of the niattuots were removed trom a head and the ijhotoKiapli, which is reproduced in tisiure 11, taken. From our observations, it would seem that only the heads of those plants which had I n attacked at the roots, as a result of which a withering of the leaves ha.l taken place, were injured in su;li;i' sllovviim (':ilili:ii;.' Koiil MaKKii1> -.iiiil tlii-ir .Irstru livt' wcirk. lOrininah. When the essis of the iii-ect hatch the younji inatrsiot- iiuiuediately seek the roots, enter them and soon reduce the tissues to such an injurious extent that the leaves of the jilants wilt, become discoloured, and eventually fall down. Such injurv, of course, depends entirely ii|)on the number of maggots working in the sV ile root. Under lavourabie coiniiliuu.- of t-n.wth and when later in the sea. .'onlv a verv few inanjiots are in the stem of such plants as cauliflower and cabbaiie, no serious injury will n>sult. We luve found in the roots of a siniile i)laiit as manv as 127 niatiiiots and und<'r i nch conditions, of course. 22 the plant is cillicr -(kiii killed or its inarkctalilf value greatly reduced. Tliis statement apjilies paitieulaily ti) early uniwn crops of caulifloweis, cahhajjes, tuiiiii)s and radishes. We have observed younn niantrots after hatchiujj from ejin^ i)enetratinn to the root system. Their main object is to avoid li^ht and the (piicker the |)enet ration occurs the more likely are the younfi mafisiots to survive. Those mafijtots hatching: from ejitis deposited near the stem are attracted to the crevice formed between the stem of the plant and the soil. Many halchiiif: from e^tus deposited at a short distance from the stem of the plant on the surface of the soil, ill all probability pass down through the soil until a loot is reached. In lal)<)ratory experiments performed with freshly hatched matitiots, carefully transferred to the surface of the soil, even when they were iilaced at half an inch from the stem of the plant, they burrowed downwards to the roots through some slight crevice in the soil. Durinj; such observations they were seen to stand upri^jht with their heads inserted in a crevice, gradually w-, when the soil was compacted on tlie surface, the yoiinti mafrnots were unable to burrow. lie;, i:!.— Ficl.l i)f i;ilili:ws, nriir Ctliiwa, Otit.. in wliiili oviT 7." pur cent, of tin- plants »i (icstroyeii by the ( 'lihlmno Hoot Ma^ipot. (Original;. In the Ottawa district of eastern Canada the consiiicuous indication of tiie presence of the ma(ig'>t in cauliflowers and cabbages, particularly the foinier, is very apparent early in July, at which time the weather is very often hot and sultry. Althoufili the inanfjot in Canada is present ilirounhout the entire growinjj season, it is largely in May and .lune that the important injury to the plants is eil'ected. In the Ottawa district entire crojis, p!irticularl\ of early cauliflowers and radishes, have been destroyed before the middle of June. As mentioned above, a few mafijiots present in the stem would not destroy cli jilants as calibages or cauliflowers, but it is differ(>nt, however, in the cas( SU( ..V»» .1 |...V.^l..- L«.. Ve*.-.-**p,v . v.. . ,*v. V , of radish(>s or jiarden turnips, the presence of one or two manKots being sufficient to render them unfit for the table. In the Lower Fraser \alley of British Columbia the nusfirot is speciidh' injnrio\!s to plants d. III 1913, as high as 98 per cent of plants in certain beds were ki" 1 c 'K T : . i: I .- ...1 . • . : I :.. *.l .., + 1, *-. the end of May, 'ua• the accompanyintj cliait, cuK-layiiiK i> contiiiumis tliite!nl)er anil in late eahlia^es as late as Xovemlier !». In this latter month the larva' have also lieen found in eonsich^rahle numhers at Afitis-iz. M.C. in the root- of lii.lh turnips and calihaties SrscKl'TllllI.irV OK ri.ANTS. As is well known to market gardeners, cauliilowers >ueeuinl> to the attack of the majinot more readily than cabliatjes. This does not appear to he a result of anv special choice on the part of the Hy to oviposit on cauliHowers over cah- hafies. as our records indicate that the opposite mitjlit he the case. For instance, forapcriod of 17 davs, hitvcen .June 2.") and .luly 11, lUl.") at Afiassiz H.(\, Ills e;ips were deposited oi -^x cahliace plants while 10:JS ckijs were laid on six cauliflower plants. In our wi-rk with this insect we have learnt to accept the vagaries of the adult in the matter of (Xtl deposition, hence we do not claim anv special preference on the part of the Hy to oviposit on any special varietv of jilant during the heijiiit of the cjiddayinu period. Records have been published at various tu es, by those who have studied this insect in relation to crops, which were obviously based on actual results, indicatinti that a possibilitv of relief from attack mi);ht be expected in this connection. Our work, however, has shown that an apparently conclusive result of one year niisiht be entirely reversed in the followiiifj year, and further that results misht conflict even within a single season's work. This has made such a stu Is probablv due to the lesser vitality of the former plants. Seed bed trials have been conducted at Ajiassiz, li-C. with many ditfe'ent varieties of both cabbaf!;es and cauliflowers, in order to prove whether or not there existed an immune or a non-susceptible variety of plant. Some ot the Ued C'abliapes in our experiments were less attacked than many otlu'r varieties but from a eonfusiiiK amount of data, -e are forced to tlie opinion that in all probability noii-suscei)tible plants do •■<■, exist. OrilKli (AISKS (II- I\.H iiv. In addition to the damajie effected by the Cabbage Uoot .Mayfrot. there are two other tyiies of injury which annually cause ni'ich dc truction and which are often confused with root macnot injury. One of these, is a dainpinsr-otY funpus and the other is known as Club Root. In some years the dainpinfi-off fun!ru> is extremelv destructive in seed beds of cauliHowers and cabbajies, thousands of vounji plants beiufi destroyed. This ilisease, as it- n;i!iie would indicate, finds ideal conditions for development in danii)isli situatiiuis, and its presence in a seed bed is noticed by the falling over and dyinfj; of the yonuK plants, 'riie other disease. Club Root.' occurs freely m eastern Canada under field conditions, and destroys eabbafic cauliflower .'tnd other cruciferous crop>. REPRODrCTION. The female Hy. i)revioiis to ovijiosilion. may plants, settlins on tlie leaves and on the ground 92o48— .") seen hoverinji; around food When nrepari'd to deposit ■W^J-rmHi^'i-S 24 pRUs tlic fly will move over tlic -iirfacc ul' the Kroiwul witli inodcratc at'tivity, in sciircii of a siiitaMc ])la('i' to oviposit. KkS^ have Ix'cn observed both at Agassi/,, B.C., and Ottawa, Ont., deposited on the surface of th( soil within a radius of two ineiies from tlie stem of tlie phmt. The eggs are most almnchint nearer the stem and far the greatest nund)ers are deposited on the stems or in the ereviee surrounihng the stem of tiie plant. We have taken, during .luly. at Agassiz, B.C.. fnmi a single cauliflower plant, 101 eggs deposited within 24 hours. This indicates th<> activity of flies durii-; the lieight of the mid-season ovijiosition period, and shows further that several females deposit eggs on the same plant in a single day. It is interesting to consider the reason why the female fly deposits her eggs so commonly on the surface of the soil around tiie stem of the plant. The answer doubtless lies in the fact that the shap<' of the loaves and their ri'lative placing on the stem of the plant are i)articularly adai)ted to collect all availal)le mristure in the form of rain or dew and pass it down the stem to the surface of the soil. In this maimer whatever surplus moisture is left by the leaves will reach the soil within half an inch of th(> stem and thus affect the eggs. I-.iter, in the autumn, eggs have been observed deptisitetl on the stem of the plant above ground and also on the fleshy leaf stalks, but this location for oviposition from our observations is not considered as being a very common habit even at the time of the year when the roots ,f the i)lants are old and hard. Our notes, taken at Agassiz, B.C., in il>l."), reconl ovijiosition until October 22, and almost invariably the eggs taken about this date were obser> ' attached to the plant just below the surface of the soil in close proximity ;>- tliP stem. Cold, damp weather causes the flies U ase ovipositing tm plants, her.e the close of the oviposition period in the ' ..r Fraser Valley of British Columbia occurs conjointly with the approacl ^. tlie autumn rains. The chart opposite page 24 is a representation of the egg-deposition of the flies during th? .season of lOlo at Agassiz, B.C. During the early part of the season (April 1." to .uay 20) exact records were ke])t on the actual daily deposition of eggs on twenty-five radish plants. The examination of these plants, as with the examination of the cauliflowers and cal)bages which is niin- tioned later, consisted in carefully counting and removing all eggs once a day, usually about noon hour, placing them in vials, and later counter-checking them in the laboratory. In this way we believe we have obtained an exact representation of the egg-laying hid)its of the fly, showing not only the number of eggs laid, but the relation between egg-deiiosition and meteorological condi- tions. The number of eggs removed from the radishes between April 17 and May 20, while based on the record of twenty-five plants, has been reduced on the chart, to read on the average for one plant, for the sake of convenience. (See dotted line.) At the time this record from radishes was being obtained the seedling cabbages, cauliflowers and brussels sprouts were growing under a cheese-cloth screen, hence the small patch of radishes from which twenty-five had been selected on which to observe oviposition, was practically the only attraction for the flies in the immediate neigl;'.)ourhood. On May 115 and 14, lOlo, the transplanting of cabl)ages and cauliflowers (2,500) took place. Twelv(> cabbage plants were selected on which to observe oviposition, daily notes being taken between 4 and p.m. in this instance. Observations (m the plants were begun at time of transolanting and continued until September 80, by which date th(> plants had becom. too large and unwieldy to 'uake acctirate observations, in fact some were slK)wing decay. Kggs \yere first ob.Mi\fd on adjacent cabbage plant.s on May 16 and on the days fuilou iug. but no eggs were observed on the twelve plants under observati(m until May 21. From tiiis date, therefore, unui Septi'inber 30 daily notes were kept on the egg- deposition anil the solid back line in the chart covering this period represents 4 li i; w c III! I'" I::t I- 1 nt lllv lirl ■I Lli- \u,\ '11 I 11 nil r Vi- lli ly ■II- jiiir. 121. / APRIi. HAY JUnc u tt 3 I- < K hJ a. r u I- MAXIMUM SUnSHINE in HOURS RAin in incHES x lo Egg Deposition CHART lUUSTRATIMQ THE EGG OEPOSlTlOtI OF THE C r ttijr?s'SiS^4im'^^mm:^!^mm^ JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBtR A W^V-A ,\/^^A/^ n A h 1 A J 1 a/ \J\l\i /\kJ\^T\i' ION OF CA15BAQE MAGGOT phorbia brassicae. F The cabbage MAGGCT at AOASSIZ, B.C. 1915, with records of PREVAIUM6 TEdPERATURE, SUMSHiriE & RAin. mmmF~^s. Jfti.itm .ns^w^-ms^ PRKS tllc fl in sfiircli AntiMxi/.. H radius of t nearer the the erevic* AKu8siz, I hours. T ovipiisitioi same piiiii female fly stem of th leaves and to collect the stem t is left !)>• I affect the Later the plant oviposit io habit evei Our r 22, and al to the pla Cold, dan: of the ovi conjointly The" the Hies t the seasoi deposit ioi plants, as tioned lat usually a them in t represent; of eggs la tions. T May 20, the chart (See dott. At t cabbages, screen, h selected < for the fii On I (2,500) t( oviposit ic (>bservat until Sep to make first obse but no ep From thi deposit io i 2:> the ('KK ilt|)()>ili()iK (Ml a siiinlr I'lililianc pljiiit, as iiii an aviraijf from the record of tlif twelve j)liiiits. Hi'lween .Iiiiie 20 itntt July II, >ix eauiitlower plaiit-^ were selected from different parts of the field, from wliicli to collect data in regard to the ruii- deposition on caulitlowers as compared with calilianes. The results of our findiuK:^ in this connection are mentioned on pane 2t'>, ami wi' were satisfied at the time that the caliliane plant wa> chosen for inn-deposiiion in preferenci' to the cjiulitiower plant. During the week followinn .Inly 1 1, an occasional examination of the cuuli- Hower plants repeatedly reve.aled the possiliility that our records just ohtained were not heiiiK sustained, and cunseiiueiitly, our former deductions mitjlit lie incorrect. IIenc<' the daily examination of tlie six cauliflower plants was ajjain commenced on .July 20 and continued from this date until (Ictoher 2(1. I'ui. 14.— EnK^of CalilKiK- HiK.t .MuKKot al Kasi- of stnni I t caliha!,'!' plant- hIIkIiiIj- I'nIarKcd. A >risinal '. The dotted line coveriiiK these periods, as shown in the chart, represents the t'UK-dejiosition on a single cauliflower plant, obtained by average from a record on six i)lants. It does not seem possible, however, to obtain a true record of the egg-layin)!; habit of the fly from one kind of i)lant. Our records indicate clearly that we would incline towards a wronR interpretation of the autumn habits of the tiy if we confined, for instance, our records to cabbages aJone. From what has been stated and from an examination of the table .showing numbers of eggs laid on individual plants, egg deposition on cauliflowers in September and October, would indicate marked activity on the part of the adult flies, while on cabbages the number of eggs deposited during at period was comparatively few. The maximum and minimum temperatures, the sunshine and precijiitatioii records, are a!:^o given in the chart, hence with the information relative to pre- vailing climatic conditions ])laced in comparison with the daily increase and decrease of the egg-dei)osition records we are able to observe more clearly how- such conditions affect the hal>its of the adult fly. 02.548— r.i- •2i\ TIh' fi'tnalr tlv dnr* not -.ci'm tn t'lilldw any rrunliir prai'ticc in layinn Imt I'KK''. < Ml many |ilant> tlic^r will lif I'omnl laid -inKly. in Kr<*ii|i-> of Iwn, ttirt'i- tir fiiiir, a-> ilhi-trati'd in tiunri' II, or tlif I'Ktc may l>i' fniinil iiv miiK^c^ I'limitri^inR a« many a* l."», IS, JO, anil fvtn M). Till' follouinK laldr i" Kivcn tn nprr^i'iil tln' ilata i)l>taini'il in llif ciiur^f of I 111' i'KK-itiiin I'Xprrimrnts just mitlint'il. I Mill; \l >lli>\\l\(l \i Tl Al. MMHKIMH li.t.-i LAID OS IMUMIM \l, I'lAMS, AliASSI/. It 1. I'.lla. 1 r..p 1 N'liinlMT ■ if pliitil-* rxHinint'tl. t ArfUlll of >*mr> tlcpiwitiMl. Dal ■'■ .'II AvrrnitP Nuinli'i .i( I'KK* |H-r plum. (;>.ll.-.h ?A :i. 4:1: \|>ril in. M...V 1:1: 4 ( ':ilili:iiti' trnnKpliinlcM Miiv 11. I'lVNT Nl MIltM May 21 lil June .luly \ucu.it Scptt'inluT TotaU 1 2 1)1 IM .107 (IS l.Vt; .VI ■-'.M 32 33 xte 763 2B.1 KM 201 73N 4 ■J ft » 14 :':(4; 1 L'.VI 'J 17 IK) (1 I 2 ;o :m 484 lildi 13 .1 331 '.'52 7:t 13 tHM ,574 H !) 10 1 36 a 1 MH l,Vt 277 120 1 IIS 2H 14 460 172 4:w 4.161 I36i ti MH 413 "iiii 2 70.5 ( ■.lull .lun.. .'0 .Inly 20 .\ucu-t .".^rptrllll Oi-li.l.i.r rtcr Inin^plaiih'.l' .May 14. : Iiilv 11 12S 2112 lOSi 126 2.il 24» 222 142 7fi 2«;i 3 KCi 20 4.'.4 !IH 241 24 122 14H iiini :!0:!l 44.V 224 2541 :i2>i! 21: 2lv IT. CijlUiUlr iMil. ital of 6.(102 I'KK^ vvrv laiil (intwi-he calibaKi' plant . I.ctwcen .\1a>- 21 an.l .-.^rpt , 'M) il3.'i .lay..^^ an UMTriK.- iiiial IMT plant i»f .'i.Vll. ur an .-im rajii' itf 4 ctijjr. \n-v plant |mt .lay. »tal of .'>,."il.5 I'tttfrt wen' lai.l .»n -i\ .'aulillowiT planH hotween .lunc 1.0 ami Oct. 22 '117 ilay.s), an avrrani* '.)tal piT plant nf llltll. or an uvrrai^e .if 7 i.ifi;* pel .lay piT plant. •|-..taU .Slli 02:1 421 1.243 l.06.ii l.aW; .*^i>ii!(' most iiii|)orlanl .'uiil intcrcstinn iiif(iiiiiatii)n is to ln' drrivi'd from tlic aiiovi' talilc. We oliscrvc that diiriiiK tin' season of KM."), \'.M . \ cnH"^ wire laid aiounil a sin^;l(' radish jjlant in the early s|)rinj;. .").')l). 1 were laid around a >inple ealitiafie plant during the summer and '.>l',l.l en^s were laid around a single caulillower jjlaut between June and Oetoher. To illustrate the degree of infestation in the plantation in whii'h these records were ohtained, it may he stated that from 215 untreated eahhages, 2»> died as a re-.-ult uf maggot attack ; 12. 1 per eeiit ) uiu! of 2H) iiiitreattt! ruuli- flowers 2-1 died (11.4 per cent), during the season of 1!M '). Many other i)lants of eourse, were infested l»y the maggot, Imt the plants survived the altaek although the size of the heads was, more or less, atTeeted. DuriiiK the ciMir-.c uf tlii' wmk invulviil in inkiiiK llii- inu-'li I'<"iii'iii nconl, it was i.li«.rvr.|. in \\w ,-.,.,■ ,,f ra.li-lii- ;i« iil-.i in tln' imv mI' \Ur riiiiii(li>\viT» anil ratilmui'-. that flir lat«ir |ilalil« Miinrd u, allrart llir ailiill (lii s, in con"!- (pKii'" of wliiili niorr tKK- «(Ti' taken fmni tlir -.tnniKcr urnwinn plant.-, il i^ inipos-ihli' to -ay wiii'tlnr thi- i- an invarialdi' rule iuit, nivcrlliilc..*. \vr liavi' fact- til -iipport thi-' I'onti'iilion -o far a- our work koii. Tor in-tainf, calii'anf plant No. I wasclicckcd in il« growth in tlii' .-itil hed, pmliaMy l>y a liulit attack uf a fiiiiKoii- (li.>«'!i-<'; at any rate it rciiiiipij coii-iiliraMi- can'to malili' il to survive after f ran-plaiitinjj: lis a re-iilt, duriiiK May and .liine, it ninaiiiid fully half the si/e of the other plant- under oh-ervaiion. {"he enn-depo-ition on this plant, it will he notiie, wa- '.'lpa({e plant No. !i wa- a strong Krowin« plant in the (ir-t -ix weeks of its lile, hut early in July its leaves eoinineiieed to di-eolour. il Wiis impos-il.le that tnanKots were atlaekinn the roots as all eujj- laid around the plant from the day study of the en(i-dipo-ition, that freiiueiitlv hmK-stcmmed ])lanls were prelcni d to plant- with short stems, on days of l>ri»£ht sunshine and in fine weather. In cloudy, windy or r.'.inv weather it wa- fre(plently observed, Ihat the .•idujr Hie- -ouKht'lhe shelter of tli'e short -stemmed hroad-leaved plants which alTord( d jtreater protection from the elements, for the purpose of eKn-depositiori. .\ nhmce at the cKK-depositioii chart, will -how that caiilillowcrs attracted (lies more than did the cahliafje-. The former, of course, is well known to have a tall, erect iialiit of ({rowth It will he ohserved. therefore, from these few statelnc nts of the severity of ,111 at lack hy ihemaKpot i- [lartially an-wered of !-male. si/e or health of the i)laiil. that the cpiestioii >y a coti-icieralion l*HKH\ li'dSlTliiN I'Kltlnl). The ])reovipositioii period, or in otlier word-, the jieriod friiiii the time the fly emerges from the impariiim until it lays its cjr^- uiion the i)laiit- is an iniiior- laiit consideration in view of the fact that it has heeii icccnll\ demonstraled (••^alldeis 111 that the adult fly of a closely allied speeie- may he (h'stroved hypoisoniuK during such |)eriod. I'nder in>ectary i-oiidiiion- in i?rili-h Coiuiiiiiia. Hies Ci males, ti female-) which emerged from ])ui)aria on .liilv lit were jilaced in a (ilass hreedirin; jar whicli covered a siihill polled cahliap' plant. On ,luly 2.S all the Hies were de;id Init on extiiuiii.ition on the inorniiitj of ,Iuh- 2'.l, 7.") eS>js were taken from around the stem of the plant anil S fri -hly hatched mannots. The l)reseiic(. of the majinot ilidicaled that cii(r< nill-l have heen laid at least four days iirevioiis to .hily 2,s. The i)reovipii-itioii juriod. thcref.ire. under such conditions was ahoiil six days. It i- interest insj to record here that 715 ."i per cent of the.-e e^Hs laid in confinement hy Hi.s eiiieiKintJ in the lahonitory wi re feiiile. The newly hatched mapRots were immediately iilaced on a voiinn caliliane ))laiit and on AukusI !(> a few mapnols had attainei'l the length of :} mm. (one- eighth of an inch) and one imparium was found on Aiijiu-t 24. In other exjieri- mi'iit-: •.ve '.vcre aj-o surrrs^iil in iudihinu; the flics U. mate in rontinciiiii,! and di'iiosil ejig-. I'urther ohservatioirs, however, ■ ..ist l)e made on the ])ri ovi- IHisition period of the Hy in order to definilely determine its value as ren;iril- the control of this insect. lllM»:i(NATI<)\', rriiiii :i -Hilly lit' llir lili-lii«t• !i-«iinif timl tin- •*tt\\ii' in «liifli it liilMrii;ili> in < '.iiiaiiii i" ii-uiiliv I In' |ni|i!irium -liinf. TliiH iiKriTii with till piilili-lii(l -i:iti mints nf nilur iii\i-iiK.itor«. I'litchcr (10) rlaiiiiiil tliiil thr iii-iTt :'l-ii hilirriintril as larva' in nM -triiis ami rmits whii'li liavr ln'cii Itit ill till' mmmil. Ill iiur nlisirvatiniis at < lllawa, « hit., in tlii' sjirinu of I'.MM, wi' fiiiiiiil ill a turnip lii'lil, tlir i-rnp iif whirli liail not lii-iii liarvr^tnl, a sinnh' larva, wliicli wr riin«ic|i'rril to lir that nl' I'huiliin hnisulnr. iii'iir an mIiI root in riiinpany uitli many pupjiriaof that -piiii's, riifurliinati'ly. howi'Vrr. the larva was injiiriil in rollii-tinn ami aftir a Irw ilays it iliiil. In I'.lll, on Nnvi'mlirr 1>, WT foiiml at (tttaw.'i I'lill-nrowii Ijirva- mar nlil ral>lia(ti' plants. This wmiUl lii'ar nut thr siippiisition that thr in«rrt may hiln'riiatc in tlif larval fnrin in rastrrii ( 'aiiaila. In thi' < tttawii ilistrirt lii'.'ivy trusts nrciir all tlinniKli Srjiti'iu- liiT, Oi'tiiliir ami Novrmliir. Hy tin- iniiliilr nf this lattir nuuitli tlii- first trmporary fall of simw has takrn plari', ami winter in ri-ality Ix-nins in late NiiVrllllirr ur rarly Drrrnilirr, wlirll till' uriMinil frri'/.rs up. At Anassiz, H.('., larva- liavr liiiii fuiiml in thr lir-t wi-rk nf Nnvi'mlur, (MMa) in sizes varying fmiii 2 to I mm. IniiK in l)i mlur (11H;{ ami Iltl4) full Krnwn l.'irvii- wrrr alsn fniiml at this hittir Ini'aiity in the rnnis nf nlil cahlianc plants. Climatic rnmlitinns at .\nassiz, U.C, ililTiT cnnsiilirahly frnin tlmsc of rastrrn Canaila. the rainy seusnn I'limmi'iniiiK in iiiitumn, and the real penetrating, eold, weather usually not liejjinninK until aliniit the emi nf Deeem- lier. Othi-r stuilents have elaimed, in additinn, that the in.sect hilierimtes in the adult stage, hut all investigators agree that the stage in whieh the inseet regularly hilMTnates is the puparium stage. TABI.K VII -SHOWINIi Nl MIU;il OP I'lfAllIA n ll,l.'',( ' IKI* KKOM THK KIKI.I) AT AdA.'^SI/. HC, I\ lOl.VO.N Till. IIAII'..'^ M I'.NTIONKI). Aug. 27 .S.p.. 1 ■J.'i " :io l)nt<'. Total, Nunilirr I pupartii (•olI.M'tlMl, 70 Ti 2S'J NuiiiImt t'l. I ,;"'i||{iii|( ih. |ii>»iliilitii'-. iImiI ini.l.r -iiilal.lc ••iiiiiliii<.n> aihill Hie- may wiiit.r a- -luh, mir ■ vim riiiniii. hiivr I'aili il ti. iin.vi' tlii-" fart. ' TIIK IMPORTED ONION M.\(;(;OT. Tlic liiipi'tcc! (liiKih lly, Ihiliiiijiiii tinliiiiin M}l. t I'liiiihin ni>iiniiii Mn.i. liH- for mail tar- him a riKiilarly-nrrurriiiK pi>t in < aiiaila. It i» iiijiirii.ii- ill rvtry |)ic.\iii(.. ir..m Nova Sr.d ia lf ind a|i|Haraiirc to tlir i mj ,,| t|ir ( aliliaur IJoot MaKKot I'l.v. l.ciiKth I 2m'.i,, white in colour with ihstiiirt nilijrv 'I'hr Kriiovi' oil mil' siih' is Ky no mean* -o ili'ip ami consijii'iiouw in this -i ics a> in I'hoihiii linif.'^ini anil only ixtiiiil- from alioiit oni-foiirth tonni -half tlirlinnth of tin- t'llK hninliiin nf stini,. 'l'\w linntli of the i'KK -tajsi' of this insrct varirs as in thr cas.. of thi' Caliliaiir Hoot MaKKot Kly. Ttir (jin.ral stati ini lit has hnn mailf that the v\m^ halr.'i within a wrrk. Thr actual pcrioil, however, will vary acconlin« to climati lulitioiis. Severiii-Siverin ill) recentiv nconii il that under ficlil coiitlitions in Wisconsin the inculiation pcrioil o' ig^, ilepositi il by the first generation of flies in early .Iiine, saricij from three to four ijays. l.aiml t'lniriinicr. We have not actually noticeil anv larva' of the Importeil Onion MaKKot emerKinn from ckj^s, |,i,t this act is linilo l.teillv similar to other species of this «roup of Hies, the youiiK muKKots of which enierne from the hliillt or heail ciiil of the e(;K- TlIK I.AUVA. Df^criiilidii. When full ^rown, ahout 10 mm. in length, white in colour, cylindrical in shape, l.lunt at one end, and taiieriuK to the he.'id, in Reiienil very similar to the CahliaKe l{oot MaKK"t- The hlunt end is rather rounded, not so abrupt as in the latter larva, and the fle.hy tiihercles at this end near the spiracles are arraiiKcd ilifTerently, as shown iii figure 4 (I.). In the ('al>l>apc Hoot ManKot the two central tuliercles are liifiircate, or two-pointed, and in the Imported Onion ManKot >li''y are siinjle-pointed. Near these there are also in the latter sjiecies a pair of small ailditioiiiil tuliercles. The two lilacK, hook-like jaws and the tan-like spiracles near the same are -iinilar to such ornaii- in the C'dihajie l{oot .MatiKot. Diiriitiou ()/ stinji\ The length of the larval stajie ranges from two to three weeks in summer. Severin-."^everin 111) have statid that in seeded onions from the iirevious year, the de .•elo|)ment of the maKHots was often prolonged, in some instances recpiiriiiK from four to fivi' weeks. /^(/»(//()«. -When the inaRKot is fully fed and has reached maturitv it chaiifses to a puparium. This may take place in the soil dose to the plant, or hltrr in tlu- rta.roii intttfcu ilu- outer ficshy iayirs uf tin- onion mar ihe place where the larva- have been feeding. Fui)aria have iioen found in the soil at Ottawa, Out., at the end of .\ugust, ;} inches below the surface of the soil. In December we have found the ])uparia from one-half an inch to ;i indies lieneath till (jnniiid. Oil n('c(inl)cr (i, 1!»1.'), ;i iiiiiiilicr of living liiiva' iiiiil imi);ui;i were ' I just licmvitli some old onion iilanis which had Ixmii i)ull('d and phiccd on '.111' in an outdoor inscctary. from a i)ortianie season of the year the average lennth of the stajie is ahont two weeks. The winter is l)assed usually in the i)Ui)arium form, from which the flies do not emerge until the following s])rinp. TllK .\l)l 1.1. I)(sciii)li(>n (if Ihi iiiiih. — The Imjxirted Onion Mafigot Fly is slijjhtly larger than the Cahliafje Hoot Mafigiit Fly. Tlie hody of the male is of a lisht jjreenish- Rray ct)lour, the IcRs heiiiK darker. The body and lejjs bear numerous black bristles of varyinj; leiiKths. On the back of the thorax are four indistinct dark coloured bands, and there is also a distinct blackish b.and down the centre of the abdomen. The upi)er portion of the femur of each hind leg lacks the con- spicuous cluster of bristles so characteristic in the Cabbage Hoot Maggot Fly. The hind leg of the jiresent species is shown in figure 9 l/il in comiiarison with the hind legs of the two other (lies discussed in this bulletin. hiscrtjiiitin (if the fniiidr. — The general colour of the female lly is similar to that of the male. The eyes in this sex are widely sejjarate, not close together a- in the male, and the abdomen is more jxiinted. The bands on the thorax are very faint and in some s|)eciinens there is no band down the centre of the b:irk of the abdoim n. }'i(il>(iilioi( ()/" ,v(.i'( .V. In our breeding experiments at Ottawa, Out., in .liiK . I'.tbi, the sexes reared were about evenl.\- dixideil. the number of fi nialr l!ir- being slightly in e\re-s of the number of male Hies. i)i;vKi.oPMi:xT The (levelo|)mc nt of the Im|iorted Onion Maggot throughout the year is most i)robably very similar to that of the Cabbage Hoot Nlaggot. The liie» which develoj) from overu intering pnparia emerge in the sjiring, the exact |)eriiiil varying according to elimaiic conditions, .\t Ottawa, Out,, in the third week of May, ill I'.ll."), we observed the tlies in numbers in an onion field. No eggs were (lei)osited on or near the jilants until .lime 4, when several clusters were observed. Such eggs dejiosited ill spring develo]) into the first brood of maggots. in ye;u> t)i abtnidaUfc the Miaggiits iaay be found uuf;! l;iic in the autumn, so there are jirobably about three broods of larva' in a season HAIUTS. I'(Hii) Plan IS The Imported Onion Miinnol. under iiiiliiral eoiKlitions, so tar as we know, only attacks the onion plant. The various varieties are liable to inlVstation at any size diirinj; the urowinji season. Init in most years it is the youn^j plants in June .I'ieh are largely destroveil. 1 ]!,. I.'. lUilK 111 imidii plant ilfNtii>.\ . .1 l.y linpurti'il Oninn Mujrjxcit. i<>rif;iii:ii . XAiiFii; In.M liiKS. It is only in the larval, or niajijiot. stable, ot' eo\n-se. that injury to onions is etTecled. When the younu larva' hatch from the vfin- they at once iiegin to work their way down within the sheaths until they reach the youny: forminf;: hull) in which they feed and ultimately reduce the same, jtarticularly the lower portions, to a rotten mass. Later in the season, when the Indh is well formed, the injury is usually confined to the lower half of the hull), which is often entirely eateii out as shown in figure 1."). We know of only one instance, at Ottawa, where the magnot ^^:i^ found in a sti'm of onion above the surface of the ground. .\s already mentioned, the imiiortant injury in eastern ("ana. i.M.), i)( lar\a'. Ill all >tap's. and iL'piipana were iircscnt. HKI'KODrcTloX. <»\ ii'osnioN. The Imix.ilr.iUni,,!, MafiKot Hv (l(.p,)sits its ,r>ls tm tlu' vounc l.-.v... .,f th- l.lants. .,r lat.;r .,,. ,h,. .,„,sid.. of ti... st..,n ....ar ti„. stil. K^jts ,1 v • • -, I . 1 dd .... t u. ..,„ . ri„. hrst jSKs ..f tlu. soas„„ of IDI.I uvr. ol.sn-vrd bfn a On "" •'"".• 4. ».> u„,. plant S ..^r^s w.re son,. „n anoth-r .i .^rKs. „„ Vn t1i,. "o' Mnd trom still another ,12 w..,-.. taken. On other dav- :. dowint in'mv tli r 'l^s wen. j.hserved. Some of tli.. ....^s were one and one-quarter in les a • ,-om he p ant an.i jnst under the surfae,. of the soil. In l.ne instan • ■ 7 .^^s lound ai.out one-e.Khth of an inch below th.. surfaee, elose to the ste „ Othe s were fouti.l attacdi,.! to tli,- stem an.l in tin- soil elose to ti.ee, The Is were most eomtjionly toun.l in l!Uo in groups of three and four. n so, ,e V^^ .X positton ,„ On ar.o takes plaee earlier than the dat(. al.ove mentione ' V ::' .'"Ihng t'.Idilm:;-; ::";:,:;l.;i: '"'■""'"•^ "' -««-.ieposition wm vary, of eourse. FHKOVII'OSITION I'KUIon. As mentio.ied 0,1 pase 27 the preovip,,sition period is an imjioitant one >an(lers (!») reeorded the oviposition |)eriod liefore thev have laid their eirir' of tlu- ImiK.rted Onion .MaRRot Fly as varying from 10 to 14 days. HlHERNATIO.V. Th,. usual stage in whi.'h this i.,se<.t pas,s,.s the wii.t..r in Canada is apparent Iv H.puparn.m. stage. he finding of livi,.g larva- in Dee..n.l.er, at ()tt .\ n u.«e ver, after w.,.ter had .set,,,, in.lieates that the inse,.t also hil...niat,.s in ?he a al form. In the nite.l State's, aeeording to some authors, it is stated tli 1. V, ,.' nlll'nl'T'; "V"' ".''"'^■^*•■'S'■' '"'< - f'''^ - <'anada is eonee.-ned e ii.i\(. no leeords of th(. tli(.s wmtertng ov(.r alive. THE SEED-CORN MAGGOT. This inseet, kmmn sei,.ntih,.ally as I'horhm fn.sricps Zetl , has i„ s„m,. seasons eaused e.ms,de>-ahle damage in ..astern Canada to sueh erop a I,., s O^ ; o- 0,,.t. T[;l m'J'-/'' '■■ "'"."'"««"' 1'='^ '"'ly I'""" ■e.-onled fnmi "iii.irio, (.^u(. !)(.(.. and th(. .Maritime i)r()vine(.s. LIIT: HI.STOHY. lire ilcpositcd on the soil, it .-(■cms altoRctlicr iiticly tiuit the fcliiiili' Seed-corn Maggot Fly would also oviposit on the soil near where the yt)ung plants are growing or where thi'se would soon he ap])earing. Thk I,ak\a. Ihxci-iption. — Tlie full grown larva of this sjjceies is smaller than the Cahhage I{oot .Maggot and the Imported Onion Maggot, the larger si)ecimens measming ahout 7 mm. in length. Like these latter larva- it is whitish in colour, and cylin- drical in shajx', blunt at the caudal end and ixiinted at the heail. The two, black, hook-like jaws are readily visible and the adjacent pair of fan-like sjHracles may also be seen under a magnifying glass. The arrangement of the jiointed fleshy tulxTcles on the caudel or i)lunt end is shown in hgure 4 (c>. \„.. Hi. Voiini; iM'.'in phints ilc'>trnyi'il l,y I lie si-fi|-ic;ni MmckdI. Oriirinni '. I'updtioii. -\n UUO, when the Seed-corn .Maggot was reported to us as being destructive, near Ottawa, to young beans, si)ecimens of the maggots were secured and these pujiated in the soil in breeding jars, close to the surface. We '"ive not been able, as yet, to make ;my observations in the field, as regards tl; ,)ths at which the larva' hibemate. etc. Thk Pi I'AiiUM. /.)c.vr;(/)0'»/i. -Smaller than the pujjarium of the Cabbage Hoot Maggot, measuring in length about 4 to .") mm. (about one-fifth of an inch). The colour varies from light brown to dark reddish-brown. Dunition of skiye. — Larva' collecteil at Ottawa. Out., on .lune 28, 1010, were placed in a breeding jar and on the following day they entered the earth to pupate. The first fly emerged on July 2, 1 on July 4, 1 on July G, 8 on July 7, 4 on July 8 and 2 on July 0. Allowing a thiy for the prepupal resting stage, :{| .lu'k 4) t„un,l hirva. wurkinK in wmx Leans „„ .1,,,.. '.'.V l.v I, m • S , ;„,; ' , f tl...m ha.l pupate,!, an.lth.. Hi.... .ni,.rK..,l Ml,,,,,!, Julv mT ' -MnMin ,.t TliK Al)l I.T. , ,, , f« ■■' ■-'!>-. .1-- -iioH 11 Ml Iliri re U'. liv t 1 -1 r' iMr.i,.t.,i- tl..' ty may 1„. at ..,ur , ,.,,Mrat..,| tVon. tl.e males of tl.e 'a .(,.2 iS o M ,' , Hkx KLor.v i;.\ !■. The exaet ihiimIm.,- „f j-viieratioiis of the See,|-roin Mairirot is not •, v, , km.wn. It ,s supposed that there is only one «,.„,,, liontwi.l .;,:,{,' " :'.-li.nps of sueh eroj.sas eon. a..,l Leans, L„t that there an a Vit Wiener ..on. wh.eh may fee,l largely on other erops an,l .leeavin, Wa m e ' HABITS. loKU Plant- This magfiot is reeor.le.l as having a wide range of foo.l plants I„ (•......d-, in t nrnips, .al.Lage. la.iish. onions. Leets, seed potato.-, an.l lunlge mnstanl 1. w also „.,..r..s„„, ,.. ,,„„ Hiat the larva is knoVn to fee,. ..p,.n hKnls, ,.gg'; X.vn UK or I.\.u iiiKs. l|i , Th.. important injury eau..,i l,v this n.ag!r<.t: ,.f V;,;;;.:;/!;;,;;!;;;!.. 'inu*?! (ji til.' l)rimary -hoot. .u lui ii. .^i ni. ri -t Oil the .late iii.iilK.iic.l larva- wcic al.-o touinl comiiiniilv in ilir >c( .1 >..\vii in tlif >anic liild ino _latcr tliau the jica licans. 'rhc iu.jurv to the s. <(| of i,,r!i is wcil i -crioudv Mitotcd in 1!II2 The interior of liie corn seed i> eaten iiv tiie niat'pits anil tiie Kcrin, (il course, destroyed. Two and three larva' iiiav Tie tre(iu( iitiv found teedmn \vithm usiiiKl.'seed. .lack (4) in r rdin^ an outlireal< of t he nia^Kot Ml a held ot Koldeii wax Leans at ( 'hateauKuay. (^le.. >tai. d that al.out t( n davs niter pianlint; an exainmalion was made for the cause of injury and it was tound tiiat nearly every bean examined was infested bv from Tor'-' to •'() or '.'. hirva': both tiie stems and seed l.'aves -vere attacked. M.ardlv a liiaL'irot culd be toiimi atter ,lulv 2. I'm;. 17. — I'iilil of corn. ni:ii( iit.iu.i wliii-h. in IfllJ, w:i- MTi..u>Iy inf. -i.-d willi ilji i<)ri(;in.-il,i. ■tl:i\va. Out., ami aiiii\ially ^iiicr .!i|(), we have rmi- (liiclfil cxixTiiiKiits witli a larni' iiuinlu'r of (lilTcniil in-ccticiili's, vU\. in the ho))!' of (iiidinn some nlialilr measure wliieli would proteet crop- froin the allnek of root inaHKots. Duriiin tlie last three years similar work has liceii carried ou at Anassiz, li.C. In adilition to our notes, a conflietinn aiaounl of data has licen l)ulilished l)y other workers from time to time, ,Many vefjetalile growers, too have devised ways and means to control root ma(ii{ots. one year a fair deiiree of success lieinn attained and in another year >U{'h control l)eiiin found of no value, .\s a result of many experiments which we have conducted in ('anada, and from reviewing the work of other investigators, chiefly in the I'nited State-, we arc of the opinion that with the exception of the tarred felt i)apcr discs for cal>l>a(jes and cauliflowers very few of these hoi)ed-for remedies an' of ri al \alue. While in some sea-o)is we have had i)romisin(j results in the use of certain mixtures, .-evtral years' work with the same has not prov<'d their worth. 'riie comparative aliundance of these insects from year to year, the variaMe haliits of the adult ll\ in refiard to its choice of ])lant on which to oviposit ;ind the horticultural issues, a- regards soil, use of fertilizers and ^';rowtll of plant, are >o inv.ilved "ith the varying conditions of climate, such as precipitation and iieat, that all one olitains. after a series of experiments on control, is an indication of virlc.e in one or more direction-, 'I'he following mixtures nv protective measures, which we have experimented wit h for several years, we consider li.ive heen niven sufficient test to enaMe us to decide upon their value: - White helU'hore. lioth as a decoction. in varying strengths and dry, either alone or diluted with flour, or land plaster. Cook carholic wash, in varyin^j strengths. Kerosene enuilsion, .Sand and kerosene, in varying stniifiths. Sawdust and kerosene. ( 'arholic acid and linie wa-h. Zenoleuni. ( 'ominon salt, hoth dry and in soluliou. and also dilute, I with r and. Hun death. Heavy manuring, (due and hraii Carholised lime wash. Alkaline carholic paste. Sawdust and naphthaline, Xaj)hthaline, sand an ]iroteetion to l)e rclie(| upon for caliliatjcs and caulillower- anle of the success we have had with these discs it is sufficient fo record thai ihiriu): 1111.') we further demonstrated the value of these discs on .-i lartje veHel.iMe fja'ilen near Ottawa. Out. Discs were placed around l.titlO plants with almost pei-fect |)rotcction from root masijiot atta<'k. althoutih close liy in the same field ami in an adjoiniliK field, cal hafies and caiilitlowers were liciiifi freely destroyed. Suuilar satisfactory results iiav<> been obtaineii in other i)arts of Canada as well as in the Fnited States. In lit! I. at ('iU(li)li Ont. Caesar (14) a|)plied the disc- to ()4S p'ants. Itl) li p /r cent of which lived. 38 ll is im,,„rlu,il that ouhj on,-,, I,, lanni frit ,,„,„,■ h, „.s,,l h, Ihr makin,, of Ihrse formed fnmi a se|)arate pi.e.^ of steel o altaehed to ih,^ hail, e as to mak.^ a el.,s.^ j<,iut with Ih.^ l.la.le. Th.' .lott.^.l n.^s shown at h«,.r.; I'M in.lieat." how th.- t..ol is us,..l. The .•.!«.• of th.^ tarr.^d tVit paper shoui.l irst l,e eiit l.y usin»{ ..n.- e.JKe of th.. to.)l. Itv thus plaeiuR th.- t.M.l whiT.- th.- .h)tt.-.l lin.^s ar.^ sh.iwn an.l strikinj? th.^ han.l!.. with a hamni.T ..r pr.^t.ral>l.v a w...>d..n mallet, a eompl.-t.^ li.-xaKonal dise is eut .mt similar to thai shown at (iKure I'JH. Th.- pr...-.-ss may th.-n he .-(mlinu.-.l aer.)ss th.- i.ap.-r If a large numi.er of thes.- .[i>.- are r.-.piir.-.l it is advisahle to mount a roll of jiap.r >< llil. 1!).- i:ii. ■rii.il ii^cl [,.r .ultirij; l.iin.i fill piipcr iliscs, "no-tlur.l >izf; -li) ,|i.,c :il.i,ui onc-lKilf -i?.!-. n-i slu.w- ilW Imw ill., tcml i;^ iiM'>l, llir ildltnl lini- iriilicutcs tlii' IKwitioii of tlir iilciMif li)iil. .After (lotT). a> shown at liy;uri 201) discs, and the sufficient III make alioiit 1 ir. aliout tlirce-(|uarters ■_'(). ( )ne yard of tarred f.-It ]M]H'r i: time r.'.iuircd for tho making of su. ot an hour. The cost, ther.-for.-, is v.-ry slight. It is very important that the iliscs he i)iae.-.l aroun.l the cahhag.-s an.l cauli- tlow.-rs as soon as jMissihle after th.-y an- s.-t .)iit in th<- fi.-hl. One man should walk behind the iilanter and do tais work on ,h.' sam.- .lav the plants are jiut out oth.-rwis.-, if any delay .iccurs, even of a f.-w li.mrs. tin- fly of the ('ai)l)ag(> H.iot AlaKROt may visit the plants an.l ilep.isit .-rrs on the stems or in the soil noarhv t rem which maKgots would h.itch. If t he land is well cultivated before t he plants iirc ^cl out, if is wi.sf- to delay further cultivation for a couple of weeks. If this is done the discs will not hecomo covere.l with earth and their value will l)e r.-tained If, however, it is f.)und necessary to cultivate it is a.lvisahle, if at all possihl.- tojjo ;«» • ivcr till- pliiiits iiml rniiovc lli.' .Mrtli imm ttif ili«i'< l.y hhmii- of a >miill lini.nii 111- whi-k Tlic ili>c>. Willi uniiiiar.v care may lie (luicklv aiilaii(| an.tlliil llir >I(lii- of the plant-. One -iilr of Ihr ili-r j, rai-.'d >litliri'(iillv In allow the part- of the star at llic irul of the -lit to |ioirit iipwanU ami thii- tit clo-c to the stem 'I'lic wholi- di-i- i- llicii prc—r.l down lirmlv mi tliat it will rest tvi'idy on the jjroiind, Tin. J I -how- a di-c plated corriTi Iv armiml a plant ami the -ami' liKurc at /- illii-tratr- a (•ar(li--|y plaiid di-c Tli'i' latter i- ii < N — l'i«i.2U. Simple iiHtlioil ijf iiiiiuiiiinif ii mil i-f lumU hit papir. wlirn ii iifKc nuiiihiT (,( ilisr-. ari' required. (From 14lli Ki'potI <.f ll.i. Stale r.ntoin(ili>(;i-.t of ( '..riiiei-tiiut i. a- a pidttMlion. If the -oil i- inclini'd to l.c rouijli or lumpv it is advi>aMr to roll II JM.forc i)laiitinK the sccdliiins in order that the di-cs iiiav lie flat on the uroimd. As mentioned on another pajse. the lied- in which tlie seedlinfi- mv mown may become infested and if this i- found to lie the case all earth -houhl Ii moved from the iilants immediately liefore thev are -et in the fielil and the di-e. adjusted. 'i-.2^-' 4.;) In.. Jl. .\, ^hiiHinir pnipcrly phiei'.l <\\-i-- H. c.irele -!y placeil ili.«e. uNfler Hewitt <. CiiKKsK Cloth Fu.vMt;.- 1 he ll.-e of urdaiars ehee-e elotii as a screen ag:iin-t the attacks of insects injurious to the young calihase and catilitiower plants, such as root maggots, flea beetles, etc., is ctmsidered to be a j)revcntiv(' of undoubtt <1 value. Further, 4li l.y Ihi- iii.llio'l, -oHuA. ImmIiIiv mikI \vcll-«r..wii pl.ihl- will !«■ (Mk.n I'n.m ili.' ^.'■cl Im.1 f..r lr:iii-pl;iiiliiiK t" lii"' pfriiiaiiciit ticiil , ,. • i III I'lOli Marnlin ' l.'i i inli.luclfil work .|iiriii« tlif *.'a-on of P.tOH, st;tl<'.l thai the iiH.' uf .hers., riot li nicloMirr;* in pro.|u.in« V. nftalilt- of hiuh Miialilv hail 'an iin|iortanl 'ntoinui. mica! iH'ariiiK." 'I'll.- franir ii^.-.l in Mannin> ixp.riin.nt -too.! «ix fcit Injth In.in thr «roun.l. an.l wa^ ina.h' of -' X »-inch -antlinR Sn.li a hiijh fri'mr i« not now, ol .•..11.-... .,.ii>i.hr.'.l practical or a.lvi^at.l,. to ]n,'xru\ atla.'k l.y root m.W"t- In PtOJ I'l.tchcr (ITi r.^coriU the use of a much -mailer cheese cloth tram.', nam.lv, on.. m.asiirinK H x 2 x 2 feet, whicii was applical.leinsmall.T (lanli'iisaml th.' fraiii.. of whi.h .•ouM I..' use.l for s.'veral y. ars. Such a screen ot course was int.'ii.le.l t.. pn.te.i plant- afi.r th.'y ha.l (..•en s,.| ..iit, or un.hT which to crow raili-hes. fill. 2.'. ' <'l"-i'^'- ''"til -"Ti-'i'n '" prol.'i'l plants tr.im r.iot m:i'.«ot iiHai'k. ( IriuiiKil '. h;.v.. I..r,. ,v,.,„v. .1 t.. thr |,,;.n...n.'.. I'''"'" ""-;," ,..,|,|.„U.., M...1 r,.nlilto«..,- r..m., ... -r.v.„.,l -...I lr,|. .1,.. -■.v.,,^. « h.rl, I....-1 li;i.|l-l . I!,„,i M, < ti iii'nal *'iuML74i^ t« -ml licil. Wtll-drMilliil. rich «r: riiiK mi i In' valiir dI trap cnip''. It lia< In rii ,ili«ir\ril by Slieimrlaiiij . I I aiiil \ riiarlv ijilimii. 'I'lii- iiiraii- that III ^iiiiir yi'ar-. at any ralr. th.Ti' i^ a ^liurt lap-i' ol' tiiiir Inlwii'ii thr (i\ ipu-itimi li\ thr tiii' 111 thr tir-t aliil tln' mi-oihI niiiiratimi". In lltl'i. tin' piriiiil ilurinu wiiirh tVw luu:- wiri' laiil, wa- ciiiiiparalivrly Imiij, naiiu'lv truiii aliitiit May 'Jtl until ali.mt .liiiir 7. In year* ulicn uvipu^ili'in ii\ lliis of tin lii -i Ki'iicalimi istlriayiil l'\ iinl'avniiralili' rliinatir cmiilitimi-*. thr ^rparatimi hi'twii n thr fir«t anil srrnnil ui'iiiTation- wiiiilil nut lie so niarki'il. Ilnvvrvrr, in any vrar thiTi' wiiiilil apparently lir a ilriip ill thr riirvr mi an iKn-ilipn-uimi i-liari jii-i jiri'Vioii- ti) thrrinirnini'iiil' tlii-« frmii tir>t Kniiratimi i-kh^. 'I'hi- i- an iinpiirtant ])iiiiil a- It iniliiati-i thr ailvi-aliility of .-ow iiiij a -inall patrli of -mnr rrop. -mli a« railishc* to act a- a trap iipnii which the iii(£« of thi- lir«t (jiiicralion cmilil In' iaiil. I'roviili'il the >ii'il iniU ciintaininu calihatJi'. cauliliowiT ami carix tali!r raili-h jiiants, arc properly screcmil iliirint! April, many Hie-' iimrninij from t In- -oil in the vicinilv will lie attractcil to the trap crop of raili^hc-. I!i fiiciice to the talile on pace 2ii will iliM'io-e the fact that upon each raili-h plant of a trap crop (jrowii iliuiiiK I'Mo, \M ej:n- were ili po-iteil. Traii-plant inii of calilia>£e- anil cauliliowers took jilace at Aiia--iz, IV('., Ipetwecn May 20 ami Jii in l!ii;!. on May .'.'), I'»|4, ami May IH ami I I. I'.llo. ami it will lie '~rrn that llii-e ilati - coiiiciijc very fa\oiiralily witli the termination of tin lii-t ^jemriitioii ovipn-itinn perioil of \\)\'>. Such a trap crop a- raiii-lie- upon whic', the Hie- will lie attractcil to ilepo-it ♦heir e(£K^ slioiilil in reiiioviil ami ilotroyeil cither li^' liiiriiintJ or luirvinn at lea-t a fool ilee]). I'liis -holllil lie done alioiit three weeks from the time the radish seed i- planted III this way. a- a -tiidy of the e^u and larval >tat;e- of the in-eci would -how, ,ill the m:i)ji.' • would lie destroyed hefore tliev tran-loi'in to the piiparium sta^e, Tlius, ace linn '" 'In' earline-s of the sea-mi .ind tin- -uti-cipleiit hasteiiinii of the ilevi'lo))mi'nt ul the adult the- of the lir-t ^eiieralioii. would -uch a trap crop he proportionali ly efl'ectual Durinti the summer we have, .it .\uas-i/., HA'., ^jrown radi-he- in the open lield liet ween rows of calihanes and caillitlower- in the hope t hat I he radish iilaiil- would ;ittracl the Hies for cutJ-deposition. Our ex|)eriments, however, did iml indicaic t hat -udi a trap crop, nrow ii in I he field would lie nf any special value. .\i K MS I'l.ANriNi;. Man\ (;riiwers in the I.owci I'r.iscr \';il!ey of Mrili-h < 'olumliia >vfi\ caMianes and cauliflowers in Aiinust and Septemlier ami tran-|)lant the seedlings to the open tield in September aic. October. This sy-tcin. which is entirely successful from a horticultural staiulpoint in most years, is ]iursucd with two objects in view, I 1 1 to ensure earlincss i he lullow inn year and > 2) to enable plants to become well established so tli .1 they will be better able to withstand attack by the inanti'it in the sprinji. lAperience with the (irowinn of cabbaKes and caulitlowers under this plan has shown us that both nood and poor success may be ex])ected. Suc- cess or failure depends entirely on the early spring tem])erature in relation to the emerjjciice of the Msecl Irom winlei ipiarlia> ami al-o on the numiier ol avail- able plants in the spring mi which the llics. as they emiTjje. are able to deposit I'Kgs. 1 such a spring as we cxp ■rieucod in I'Jl.'), for instance, which was not out of the orilinarv in tic F- iwcr F'Vascr Valley, when the adult flies were at Will IK llKI.I.KIlilltK. Till- ill-irll.id... wllirli 1. ;i pciuilir nmUIMl IliPlll llii riMll. n\ ill.- |il:llll kiKiuii :i- Ilillrlii.rr h.i- Im.1i ixp. riiiiciitcil willi tur iii:iii.v y.ar^ at imImwh, a- a r.iii''i|y I'.ir r.M.I iiianKol-. Im.iIi in I lie ilr.v t'otiii ;m.l a- a (Itrdrtinn It- valin- III tliU.'c.mir.li.m vNa-lvcoiiiiii.ii.l.atotli.' iaii' Dr. .lain.'s I'l.trluT l.v a -ii. ■.■.■, - ml (ttla«a (tar.l.ii.r al.uut tlir v.ar isvs. U<<-..iil|y. li..wrv.T, wr li:iv.' m:Ml.' a ,l,.Mr -.tuilvnlllif valu.of |l,ll.l".r.' a-a rn.itrul iiiiaMir.' for tli.-r iiiMct- aii.l 111 itanl.'ii i.ra.'l icr liav-', |.n.l.MliMl ;o an a|ii.r,Tial)l.' .l.'mvr. -udi .rup- a- ra.li-li.-- oivi.Mw iiiMl talilr tunii|.>. r«..l ill til.' .Irv furin llir pou.l.r i- -imply .lti>tr.l alnim til.' rows i.f ra.ii^li.- or uni.m-, tl- lir-t a|.|.licati.m iMinu; iiia.lr wlun tli.' plants appear al.cvc un.uiid ami iwi. hirtlirr applifatinii- a w.rk apart. \- a .icioclimi, til.' liiixtun- i- ai.pli.'.l l.v ni.aii- of an ur.llliary wal.rinn .an witli a Miiall spiiiit, till-.'.' Ir.atiii.'nts l..ini£ iiiii.i. ..iw.' a wc'k lioin tli.' tuii._ lli.' plant- -l.nw Ihroutfli til.' s.iil. In ..ur ^lu.i.n . xp.'rini.'iits w.' Iiav iis.d H.ll.l"iiv m -ii.'li str.'nj£lli.s as I >,/... 2 > .)zs t.. till' U!»ll"i> "f WiitiT has uiv.'n on th.' wliol.' a- v- ' n-nl'- as .I.'.-.m- li.iiis of :{ ozs. aii.l 1 o/!s. Sii.'li in.i-.'us.'.l -ti.niitlis ar.' iinn.r.s-aiy ami, ot .ours.' mal.'iiallv a-i.i to tlu' .'..st of th. appii.atioiis. It li..- ll.li.'li.ir.' is lir-t -t.'.p.'.i in asinali.pianlilv of uaiiii wat.r it will mix i-.'tt. r willi th.' iv.iuih'.l am..iint ..t li.pii.l n.'.'.'ssarv to tivat tli.' plant-. I'll.' H.'ll-'l.or.' .l.'.n.'iion is nior.' .pii.'kly appli.'.l than th.' ■Ity |)ow.l.r. ami. of roiii>,'. il,,' n|„.,atioii i- nnuh .'a-hr. 'I'll.' forimr t.i.>, is niii.h .li.'.'ip.r. I'l.l.'h.'r CJO) ill l^".M» \vill • M-i-lant. iMatcl I.'JIM) .'al.bau.'- about .|,iiy I -Oil.' p.r-on .arii.'.l a iJ-nailon pail lull of w.iln, in wlu.li •-' o/s ot Wliitr ll.ll.'l..)r.' had l..-.n -Ic.pp.l. ami an or.linaiy ijr.'.'iiliou-c -yriiii£. thr.ithir plariii.. til.' i.-fl hand h.'ii.ath lli.' .ahhau.', palm .h.wiiwanl-. with two hii({.'r- ,„i. a.h-i.h' of st.ni. (livw awavtlu' sulfa.'.' s,,il from th.' root ot th.' I'aM.aj:.' aii.l at th.' sam.' tim.'. with th.' riuht liaii.l. puU.'.l tli.' li.a.l a litth' ..v.r. -.. ..s t., .'xpo--'' th.' root- Al...iit half a i.a-.upfiil of th.' li.iuid wa- tlicii syriii«.'.M.'ivil.lv aroiiii.l th.' roots aii.l tl artli wa- .lui.kly pu-h.'.l up auaiii afoiiml th.' -l.in. 'l"h.' r.'sult of the tr.'itni.'iit was that only 1 p.'r <-.t.> ..I the .ahl.ati.'s wa- lo-t . 'l-|i.'r.' is m. .l..ul.t that th.' for.il.l.' sviinuin-j o'' lii.- li-i'ii'l f.inov.'.l iIm- iiiacu..t- t..-..ni.'.listan.-.'from tli.'ro..t-.: hut hy a.tii:. .'xpcri at it wa- to.in.l that tli. Whit.' Il.'ll.'lxir.' kill.'.l tlicm als... Kiirth.'.nior.'. th.' iiioi-tuiv was ,,1 trnat a-si-tam.' to th.' .'ahliaj;.' in r.'i'ovcrina; from th.' in.iury. 44 ii.)]'.i. .Approximately 1', acres were planted to field turnips in that year and in order not to contlict with Mr. Moore's variety test experiments it was only possible to use two mixtures, namely. Carbolic Wash and Kerosene Emulsion. Moth mixt\ires were ap|)lied on the occasions with an ordinary watering can with its spout plujryied l>y a r\ibber cork through which a half-inch tllass tube had been i)laced. The last treatment, on June '2"). was api)lied by a lO-sallon barrel spray pump arranged (ui a one horst cart. lAIil.K Vlll. .silOWlNC. TI.MK .\.\I) l..\li()lU UE(il'I»Kl> l.NAHoVE E.KI'KKIMKM . Mav j:! .Muv 211 .liinc II .lutif 2."> Datr Iri'iitiil. Time Siz.-.,f I'xprinli'ii in Lalionr mtuin'ij. plMllt ill ill' In-. npi'ration of iiiixint; and applying. , 7 l,..,.r>. 1 man. 1 :' :i li.iiii>. 1 man. .'» 11 li', Imur-. I man. :i linuiN, 1 man. 1 lldlSi'. The field was thinned on Juiie 10. On the close of the experiment in the autumn the turnips were weighed with the results sIkiwii in the following table. 4f) TAIU.EIX.- . MuKniiiii Hoiiuin. . (i()0(l Lui'k HanKholin M.-tiiirnnth ( 'lytic. Hart ley '■» Brunze Top .lunibo Hnlewood's Bronze Top Perfect ion Laplanil Hall's We.stbury. .564 735 506 «79J 665 5.T4 46;Ji :mii 528 472J 600 435 54-J ;«>7 494 4.'« 557 523 6U M)7 5,766 4.S38i .T.'l) (i'J.) (144 .'>40 54S This Rivos a (liflfiTi-iice of 927i lbs. on the basis of 87 fcot of row in favour of the Carbolic Wash, a point which is significant, as in every instance the rows treated with ("arholicWash were iieavier in yiehl than those treated with Kerosene Emulsion. Outside rows were eliminated from the test as it was thought they would have an unfair advantage over the other rows, thus, in the above table, some check row counts were not kept. On the estimate of the si.\ varieties on which satisfactory checks were kept the following record is made: — Carbolic Wash, average of 87 feet of row 022 Kerosene Emulsion „ „ •")34 Check „ „ •"'t).T ■') lbs. The above estimate approximately only gives a cash value of about S2.()0 in favour of treatment, exclusive of its cost, consequently it is doubtful whether such treatments will prove practical to control rooi, maggots when these occur in fields of turnips. The following table gathered from the same series of experi- ments in 1913, on the relati\ e value of hcM vy versus light seeding of field turnips, is more indicative of practical value. TAHI.K X. -KESL'LT OK EXAMl.N.VTIONS MADK .VT VAHIOIS TlMKS 1\ MAY. l!li:i, KOK THE EGGS OK THE ( AHBAGE ROOT MAfKiOT KI.V IN KOW S OK TURMP.s, BOTH THICKLY AND THINLY SEEDED. Nunilu'r of I*lant.s to lineal foot of row. .\veraKe Nuiiilier of t'Uti^ eountetl. .\\eraKo NuiuImt of ef£Ks per plant. 13. 20. 46. 72., 143 5 -.53 2-7 3-19 0-72 47 From the fore-Roinu table we find tlicrc urc indications tliat fi-wcr I'uns an; laid piT plant in thickly sccdcil rows, consequently, it is considered advisable to seed heavily in a district where turnips fretiuently suffer from matJKot attack. CAHBAGES AND CAVLIKLOWKKS. As we have stated on pa^e 'MS we are jf the opinion that the only praetif al iUid efficient method of controlling root matiijots in cabbages and cauliflowers lii^.j.). HiK,ts(ifial>liiww. nliowinnilf.-truoiivi' work of tin ('al)liiiKi' Knot Mii(wi>t- lOriKinali. under field conditions at the present time is in the use of a cheese ch)th protec- tion for the seedlings and tlu- employment of tarre.l tel* paper discs at time ot transplanting. ONIONS. The control of the Imported Onion Maggot, which confines its attack to the onion plant, has proved a difficult problem under field ronditions. Isuch insecticides as Hellebore, Insect Powder and the Carbolic Wash, which have been of value in garden practice, arc prohibitive' f»r field conditions owing to then- expense and cost of application, and in seasons of great abundance of the insect it is doubtful if the results would l)e satisfactory. The most promising experi- 48 mcnts which have hccii recently cuiKhicteil to coiiirol the Imported ( )iiion MaiiKot are those in whicii a poisoned halt spray was used to destroy the adult fiies before they laid their e^ns upon the plant. As has l»een mentioned on pajje 27 there is a preoviposition |, "icxl of several days during which time the flies might with practical advantajje he attracted to a sweetened poisoned hait. Sanders (9) stated that from a careful study of the life-history of the Onion Maggot, it was determined that a period varying from 10 to 14 days lapsed after the emergence of the adul' female hefore fertile eggs were deposited. The same investigator used a spniy composed of five grams of sodium arsenite dissolved in a gallon of boiling water into which was thoroughly mixed one pint of New Orleans molasses. The hait was applied as a coarse spray of large drops once a week in .strii)s across the onion field throughout the summer. The result- indicated almo.st perfect control at a cost not to exceed ')() to 7.") cents per acre for the summer treatment. Later (21) the same writer stated that "an t)rdiiiary hand syringe, or a whisk broom dipped into a bucket of spray and shaken about on each side of the operator will apply the liquor satisfactorily. It is possible in this manner to treat a strip thirty feet broad on each trip across the onion field In actual practice it has been found that a field may be treated in checkerboard fashion, or in alternate strips, leaving an untreated strip of a width similar to the treated areas, since the Hies are strongly attracted to the poison bait spray when freshly applied. The frequency of treatment is most important. During fair weather the application of this poison bait once a week regularly is sufficient, but in rainy weather it is desirable to apply it at lea.^t twice a week, especially if a shower follows the application. It is urged that the poison bait spray be also applied to weeds or other vegetation adjoining the onion fields, to poison any individual flies that may be re.sting at these locations. Several onion growers in Wisconsin tried out this poison bait spray under actual field conditions last summer, and reported that they harvested almost perfect stands_of onions, the best crops they had grown in fifteen years or more." Professor Sanders has recently informed us in correspondence that " During the summer of 1915, Mr. Neale F. Howard, a graduate student at the Wisconsin College of Agriculture, carried on experiments on the control of root maggots, particularly the Onion Maggot, on the Smith Brothers' truck farm at Green Bay, Wisconsin, co-operating with the U. S. Bureau of Entomology. The summer of 191.') was decidedly abnormal from the standpoint of weather, on account of the excessive rain and unusual cold. Naturilly, the results obtainetl by the use of the poison bait spray for controlling the Onion Maggot were not so success- ful as in previous trials, but Mr. Howard developed another method which has proved very satisfactory and has yielded good results. By placing I-t or 20 small pans per acre about the onion field and filling them partially full with the poison bait mixture, quite satisfactory results were secured in controlling the Onion Maggot in spite of the unusual season. It may develop in furth<'r trials that this method will be even more satisfactory than any spray method iri ordinary seasons, particularly for the first brood of maggots, since at this time very little plant material is above ground to which drops of spray mixture may adhere. Later on in the season, for the second and third broods, the onions have grown sufficiently to retain a considerable portion of the spray material." With regard to the method of using the poisoned bait in cans, we would suggest that a small quantity of excelsior packing be placed in each tin which would enable the flies to more readily gain access to the mixture. Severin, H. H. P. (22) also indicates the attractiveness of poisoned molasses for the adult flies. In July, 1913, in the sprayed portion of the onion field n\imernus flics were «;ern on the !cavo« feeding on a mixture similar to the above, namely: molasses, '4 pint; sodium arsenite (dissolved in boiling water) '4 oz.; wafer, 1 gallon. This spray, which was used against the second genera- 4!t tioii. (jiivf |)i«miisin(£ icsm' .,, four iipplicatidiis ImviiiK liiiii iiiadf "lire a week fiDin July 1(1. As yet, in Caiimla, im cxiHiinifiits witli poisoned t)aits to contiol root maitiiot^ '"i^"'' ''<'•'" I'onductcil iin iff field coiulilioiis. l)Ut as such l)ait.- Hive i)romis(' of vahus tlicy will, of couisc. l)c tested in the near future when suitahlo conditions occur. COKN, HKANS AND I'KAS. The root maguot which causes the chief daniaK*' to these crops is the Seed- corn MaRRot. Fortunately, it is not a rcKularly-occurrinR pest. For tins reason, it is extremely difficult for the farmer or market (jardener to anticipate the presence of the insect in his fields. The recommendation has been made hy other investigators to use the Carliolic Wash in the control of this insect, hut as the maggots do their chief injury to the seeds and young seedlings of the crops mentioned, namely, corn, beans and peas, it does not seem to us that applications of such a wash would be of any value. The important preventives, we think, wouhl be to sow such seeds not deeper than one or two inches in goo(l season and in well prepared soil. When seed is planted during a period of cold and damp weather decav to the seeds, of course, is liable to set in and the condi- tions possibly rendered" more attractive to the adult flies for egg-depositioii. ("I'LTIRAL CONTUOL. ROTATll)\ OK (KOFS. Tl 'lue of growing crops in ditterent situations each year is of course undoubied. We have performed no experiments on the range of the flight ()f root maggot flies, but there is plenty of evidence to support the conclusion that it is extremely difficult to obtain maggot-free crops in districts previously con-sidered free but within say half-a-mile of an infested area. The mere fact> that the Cabbage Hoot Maggot will feed on cruciferous weeds and that adults are undoubtedly carried by the wind, largely affect the value of crop rotation as a control measure for root maggots. Any practice, of > ourse. t hat may restrict the spread of the flies is advisable, hence crop rotation, t)eing strictly in accord with the best agricultural practices, is recommended. HEAVY MAM HINT.. It has been recorded frequently that stable manure attracts female tlies of the familv Anthomviche, to which the root maggots belong. Hewitt (23) has stated tliat Anthon'njia radicvm Mg.. which is closely related to the Cabbage Hoot Maggot, Phorbia brassiccc Houche, "is attracted to and deposits her^ggs verv freely upon horse manure, in which the larvie develop in a comparatively short time." Heference, bv the same writer, is also made to Theobold's Heport on p:conomic Zoology for the year ending April 1, 1907,in which some evidence tends to show that the presence of manure is beneficial to the larva? of the Cabbage Hoot Maggot. We have no data ourselves to offer in this connect- ion. Other investigators in North America have indicated that stable manure is apt to attract the flies of our destructive root maggots (or the purpose of egg-laving. It would, therefore, seem advisable, in spring, to avoid the use of such fertilizer, as much ns possible, in fields which are known to be infested by these insects. OTIIKU IIOUTUI l/n KAI. I'KACTIrK.H. It is lint the |)ui|)(.sc of this l.uilctin to dftail at icnutli the lioiticiiltural issu.'s involvc.l 111 til.' contfoi of io(.t riiat£»!<)ts. The <•oir.it preparation ..f t !.• soil f.)r such (•r.>ps as (■al)l)a(j.'s, .•auliHowcrs, ra.iish.'s, oni.uis, c.jrn ct.- the prop.'r fcrtihzatioii anil oth.-r ii.M'cssarv pra.'tic.-s hav.- l..'..n nia.h- tli.' *n\>- J.'.'ts ot many l)iiiU"tiiis. Suffic- it t.) say, alth.)ii(jh it has Ium-ii shown that tii.' laiK.'r plants app.'ar to !>.• inor.' oft.'n .•hoscn f.)r .'ng .l..positi.)n, l)cin>j stiontj.'r anil having inor.' vitality, it is, of .•oursc. un.l.'rst.x).! th;it tli.'V ar.' Ix-tt.'r ■i\>U- to withstan.l atta.'k. It is, th.'ivfoiv, ailvisahlc to pav '■<•<■'• l' u-'ii 'V ^\''""*' *•'"' ■*"'' ^■"'' ""* ''''"^*" "•' *" ♦•"■ l'''"'^'^ ''"'■'"»£ the summ.'r; (.) Hilled plants, in which the soil was m.iun.le.l aroun.l the plants in ,Iune: (8) ( aninn after transplanting, in which small wir.' .-ag.'s w.'r." pla.'.'d ..ver each plant for a numtli after transplanting. These .-ag.-s w.'iv ma.le l.y .livi.liiig on.' yard ot ordinary mosquito-wire into six .-.pial parts and <"ach 'part l...ing rolled an.l pinne.l on th.' si.h' an.l .>n th.' top. The r.-sults in weights at harvest w.'ie as follows, re.luc.'.l to an .■.luai l.a-is ots (3) Deep planted (4) Shallow plant.'.l . (o) Seed h.nl thinning (fi) L.'vel culture.. (7) Hill.'.! or mounde.l (8) ("aging after transplanting. 34. -.0 Ihs. »)() 7,j Ihs. •23.00 Ihs. 42.7.-, lbs 47.00 lbs 39. (K) lbs. 40.09 lbs. .")7 OOlbs th Th.' plants constituting th.' .s.'iies numbere.l 3 t.. 8 were r.'inov.'.l fr.u seed Ix'd in th.' ..r.linary way, no sp.'cial care b.'ing taken to protect th.' n.-.t iN.). 2 indicat.'s th.' impi;rtan.'.' .)f .'ar.fiil transplanting. TliK.\T.\!K.\T OK 1,.\M) .\FTKU ll.\UVKsr. ( )l>viously, this is an important consid.'iation in the cmtiol of loot-inf.'sting in.s.ct.s b.'.'au.s." on th.' basis .>f the .-fficiency .)f mi'asur.'s applied in the autumn v.'iy oft.'u will affect th.- il.'gre.' of .-arly spring infestation. Autumn .'ultivatinn, ph.ughing an.l the d.-struction of old stumps an.l oth.r remnants .)f crops, are meth...ls .)f .'ontrol which have been recomm.'nde.l for root magg.)ts at various times, fr.)m many sources. There is little .luestion that thc'^e rt-comm.ruhilioii.s may be supporie.l by our knowl.'.lg.' .)f the lif.'-historv ol the files. It has been seen, for instanc, .'speciallv in the life-historv of th'e C al.bage Koi.t Maggot Fly, at Agassiz, B.C., that egg'laving bv female files mav SI t)c I'liiitiiiiiiius (III (lid stumps (if ciiiilitliiwi'i's 1111(1 caliliajti's. tliidiiulKnit tlic smiiiiicr until hitc in Octolicr, iiiid that niagnols may lie t'lciniciitly I'dund actively at W(irk Initli at Ajjassiz, B.C., and at Ottawa, Out., until Ndvcmlicr and nccciiilicr. It is dcsiniiilc, tlicii'fdif. that the did stumps df the summer's cidp lie priiperly disposed df, so as to destniy any immature niann"''* present. Too iiiucli reliance, howe- 'r, must iidt he placed (in such practice, as an efhcieiit (•diitnil niethdd, as there is no ddulit that the iireat majdlitv (if niau(j"ts have formed tiieir piiparia liy tlie middle (if Septeiiilier and liaviinj dmie «d. would rem.'iiii in the sdil even if the old stumps were pulled and destroyed. We have oliseived on ptxiH' 14 that puparia liuried nine inches deep are alilc td Wdrk their \va\ td the surface, hence the value (if deep plouKhiim as a practical c, which sdine years assist considerahly in their control, the farmer and market p'l'lcner 52 should not ifly on the alMinilaiict' of siirli hciicficiiil insects in his ticliU in tlii' liopc that ai'titicial rcrnt'iha! im-asiiri's will not Im' necessary The loiiowinm parasites have hecn reared in Canada: — liiiii/iitlina oiiturioiils ( 'asey. This uselul parasite, whicli was recently descrihed as a new species by Col. Thomas L. Casey,* is ai)i)arently the stap- hyiinid which has ionjj been known in eastern Canathi as an enemy of th<' Cabbage Hoot Mau^ot. In the Ottawa district of ecstern Ontario it has i)"en found many seasons in our fiehls of cauHHowers, cabbages and radishes, infested with the Cabbage Hoot ManKot. In HM)I, Fh'tcher, (12) unch-r the name of Ahiichani iiUitUi .stated that the insect occurred in hirge numbers on some sandy hinds at Ottawa, and l)y tiie end of the season hardly any root mamiotH, or their puparia. could be founcl in a place wliere they were usually very numerous. This indicates the usefulness of this very active parisite. In liMO we reared, at l"n;. '1<\. ttii'it'iilttui tmtiiniimtt Ca.scy, a >i:>l'l>Miriiil imru^iti'iif thr CuMiiiiii' liixii MtiuKot. (Iriiritml . Ottawa, fi'oin Cabbage Hoot Matinot puparia collected on Jinie 21, many speci- mens of this small stai)hylinid, the beetles appearing fnmi ,July 6 to July 12. From puparia collected on August 1.'), of the same year, beetles emerged irom AuKU.st 21 to September 14. To illustrate the importance of this parasite in assistinn to ccmtrol the Cal)ba>;e Hoot Mannot, we would state that on June 20, 1910. 27 ])uparia removed from around cabbage ])lants were placed in a glass vial, and from these 18 specimens of the beetle emerged. It was from some of the material reare',te under the name Kiiculln (infltomiiKr .\shm which is probaltiy the same insect wiiidi wc rcirecl in HMO. Al our Kntom.iionical Field Station at Agassi/,, H.C, we have also found the speci.'s in the middle of .lun.' in the soil in association with the ( 'ahluine Hoot Maunot. In lOl.'i, 12 specimens ■ mlhii.i Wiisli.. ^ rynipiii p:tr;i.^l1i' of tin. ( 'alil.: H(«>| were rean'd. from a lartje luimhcr of collected puparia, hctwcin the dates of Aujjust It) anil October IS. At Kdnionto!i. Alta., Mr. Donald Mackie. Alberta Department of Auriculture. reared the parasite in July, l'.M4, and forwarded specimens to the llntomolo^rical Branch. We are indebteil to Dr. L. O. Howard. Chief of the I'. S. Bureau of Kntoniolony, for the determination of specimens from the above localities, which was made by Mr. J. ('. Crawford. This cynipid parasite, it will be seen, has a wide distribution in Canada. It i> illustrated at Hgurc 27. Pachyirepoideux duhiiis Ashm. — In I'JIO, this chalcid was reared at Ottawa, < )nt., in a breeding jar containing puparia of the Cabbage Hoot Maggot, the d!,;- of iiiicrgencc bi-ing Augu.st 14. 54 h'liiii'iiiiKiiiid |)!ira«ili's. 'I'lit-ii' t'iiur-wiiiK<'«l Hi»M aif iiii|i<)itiiiit imnisiiic iiiMTts iiiiil liilp iiiiitcriallv in niiiiriiin iiullinak.-* nf various kinds of injiii'ioii> insici*. Ill (1111 lirci'diiii: cxpciiimnts, hotli at Ottawa. Out., and at Auassi/ }\^-. Ht' have nut iiaifd any irlintiiiiionid insi'cls from root niaKK<>t iiiattrial. Tlic only record we have of a parasite of the family lelmeumonida- havinn lieeii rearicl in Canada is a siMciiiiiii from the ( al>t>aite Hoot ManKot, forwarded liy Mr. I). Maekie, of the .\llierta Department of .Vnricultiire, and tueil liy him at lOdiiionloii. .\lla. This speeimen, unfortiiiiately, is not a perfect example, hut Dr. 1,. (). Howard. Chief of the l'. S. Hureau of Kntomolouy, to whom the -peciineii was siilunitted. rer orted that .Mr. H(»liwer, who slidieil it, thoiiKht the -peeies to he lliiiiililis nifirDXiix I'rov. rnfortiinately, only one specimen was reared, and as this is not a pirfect example it is difficult to make a positive di'termination. It is known, however, that tlie Calitianc Hoot MauKot is oecasionjilly preyed upon liy parasitic insects of the ahove family. PRi:i> .cioi'.s iN,sKcrH. .\ predacious insect is one that artuaily feeds upon and devours another insect, either wholly or in part, thus differinn from a true parasitic insect which lives on or within the hody .)f the iiost, ultimately causing its death. The relation between root inuKK"t« Hnf devouring maggots in tlie field or w.'r< served in such close asso- I'iation with infested roots that little d, Uuiii tncliifurmc Lee* .\lso commonly seen and occiining with the ahove. It is a larger species, measuring ahout one-,-ixth of an inch in length, hlack in colour, with yellowish legs. I'lftli/tniti niiiinis Dej.* Found frequently inhahiting the .soil in calihasif plantations. It is a somewhat slender-hodied in.sect. measuring two-fifths of an inch in length, with the head 1.."- mm. in width, thorax 2..') mm. wide and elytra or wing covers 1 nun. wide. Thu.s, as is i'hani(leii>lic <»f the heetle-. oi this genu.s, tlie elytra are nearly twice as wide as the thorax. The heetle i- metallic. with a co|)pery sheen. I'lirimlifhiiM liifiihliiiiiliix ft u-cfiil Kriicia. 'I'hi' spi'cif<< liiciihlfiniliiH is viirialtlc in cohmr, rniiKitiK from itrct'tiii^h- liiiii' to rc(hli«h, with a imrplish ^'lu'cii. The head and thorax arc niorr hiithlv poli-h mm. The imkUt surface of the l.ody is dull lilackish. with the h'tfs reddish, The species is ilhistrated at figure 2S. Amiira tCilia) fnrcln.j Thit* lieetie occurs comnionly in Mrili-h ( climil. la. It is also recorded in our Kntonioioniral Hulletin No. S a- predacious on the Strawtierry Hoot Weevil. In general ap|iea;aiice it is ver,\ similar to I'liros- lichii.s liiiiihdtiiiliix, with the exception that it i- in<>rc o\al in oiiihiie. In lenulh lid. 28.— The I'urubid luftlc. I'li i„sticl,u» lucultlaniiut Say. (Original). it is about 10 nun. and hctwecn 4 and o mm. wiile; shinv, hiackish in colour with a coppery sheen. Thestaphylinid beetlesare a jtroup of iiiseiis wjiicli nniinally Ic.don decay in;; vejretahle and animal matter. An interestinn divertrence, howcscr, from such usual habits by one species, namely lidnjttdiiia (inlnrioni,-' Csy. is recorded in the discussion of the parasites ,,u pane ")2. From our work at .\nassiz. H.C, we are inclined to believe that tlw species disiusseil below are trulv jiredacious in the field under strictly natural conditions. They have been .seen imbed.led in the vlecayiiid tissue of cabbage roots on many o<'casions and w hen in such positiiuis !:!i\e sometimes been observed at work devourini: mantJots. It was never possible to state with assurance that the staphylinid beetles attacked maciiots primarily; however, were it not for the fact that'sudi kinds of beetles are known to prefer decayinj? to fresh food, we should have little hesitation in stating that they are certainly predacious. When the above beetles were removed from the field to artificial jtlass cajies in the laboratory there was no (piestion of lluir predacious luibils. They readily attacked, at any time, tresh live ma^rjiots which were introduced. Further, when deprived of food for several davs they became eannil)alistic in habit. M)ptorniin«l Ij.v Col. T. I.. Casey. 1 1), |,rn[iniil l..v Dr. K. C. V;in Dykp. ..ti rill' I. • wr M'liinl fitiiii Auii>-iz, ll.('., :i- (iiiil'iil'lv |ii('iliii'i jiri- llir ['■■ll'iwiiin: OniD imni ■' in ('a»ry.* A Vrn ^IiimII floliuiitr licrllc almiit iiiic-finlitll nf III iiK'ti I' ''i; ' lifiiil, tlinrax atul alultiiiK'n t>riiiK al>lini'i 111- M-' X'l-tfh'thnn^ f,ittnlia|i<': llii' lii'ail ami alMiniiiin an' >li^lit|\ wIiIit than till' lliorax. Tlir ciilimi' i- lilark, shiny, rxcc'iiiiny: thr winu; rnvii which arc (lull ami licavil\- iMimtuicil. The lc}i< aic ycilovv i^h-liiown. Diiinnin (iiniiisliilii (!yl!.** In adililinii In the alnivc the rolluwin^ rccoid i< of interest. On Septenilicr 2."«. I'.ti!!, we receiveil from Winnipeti. Man., muiic caliliMKc plants infesteil by the ('al)lianc {{not Ma^JIot. With the material w.'is a spcciineii of tile ■^tapliyliniil hcetle, hniiit'in OMjiiMidii (iyil. This speci<'< is small ami slemler, measiirin)i onc-eidlith of an inch in lentjth. The lieail thorax and alidomeii arc Maik. ?hc elytra, or wiiiji covers, and Icvcs In iiid of a pale ycllowish-hrown colour. Rill M III . We have oliM'rved frei|Uently a small scarlet mite atxnil the siir- f.i of the »iiil. narticni.'irlv iliiriii); recent year-, at .Vgassiz. 15 ( '. W'.-ishliiirn, in Minnesiili. in IKOti. recorded the value of the species known as 'I'ritnihiillinii xcdbnim in di -'royinn the efitis of the ( 'ahliatie l{oot May;u:ot I'"ly. rnfortunately. *l)i't>'(, l>i'i II iji'ti Ihiini'il. I.ilt llciHI <>li«ci- Viilinii- wliii'li \\f \ui\r tliii« fur iiiaili' uiiili'f hilHUiitiiiv I'liiiihiitin- tlif\ vvt'if, df rinil-.i', |i|i'illM'iiill- III) till- CKU-, hut it »\oll|(l -.iilli tliiil llllli -s tlir«c liiili- liriilni M'i\' liilli'li till. II' aliiltiiLiiil than tliiv huvr nriui in! in I'liiiit yr.'ir-. tliiii ViiiiH in riintrullinu tin- ( iiMiaui {{■ml M:i(!v:'il \miiiIi| tint lie mix ,'i|i|ih ikiMi. .\( I\N(»\m.i:i)(,.\ii:n'i-(. I'lir ailtlliil> take plrM-UIr ill U(kli'>\vli(lniinj tl.c lirlp tlii\ ri'iciviil I'liilii -tiKJciit a--i-laiit,-i ill I'liniii'i'tiiiii with r-piiiiinnt- (■iiii«[iirliil mi tlir fntitiul 'if iiHil riiattK.it-. A' Ottawa Mr r-. \,. \V . ( iilviTt, S. N, l.iiiii ami T. iiaiikni, k(|>t iii.t.- tin jilaiitini;, a|>pi ••i I' iw nf in-i'iiiridr-. ami harvr.-tinu nf cmps, aiul at A:;a'«-i/., }{«'., \\\v siiuit "iik wa- cliinr liy Me— r-. U.S. Kiuilii' ;ii,i| !■;, .Idin-. ISiitii ni' Ihr-c jalt'i' ar-i-tfii ill tlir triliiiii^ ilailv iili-ci \ at iiiii' iin • iru- lii'pii^itiiin liv tlir ('aliliaul' Hunt Mau(£t. of Ottawa, Out., I'nr the print I'idin wliirh fiiiuii' IK wa- ri'priiiliiri'il, .iiiij Dr. \V. I . Urittmi, of Niw Havni. ('uiin., tor the phutnur.'irih Ir'Hii wlinh liitiin' 2(» was niailr, this lalti r liiing nriitinally ti-r«l tn illii-lrali i ailii'li' (III The ( aliiiaiii- Hunt Macilnl, li,\ .Mr. (<. S, l.nwry, ill llic I''nurt('i'ii; I l{('|Mirt nf thi' .Stati' I'Jltnlilnlnyi-t nf ( iHnci'lirlll. 'liny ari' iml.'l.f'.l tn Dr. .1 .M. Ahlrich, (ni. '{'. I,. Casey. Dr. K. i \ m Dyke, Dr. \. Fcmio. .Mr. .). ( '. Ciawfnr.l and Mr. S. A. ii.iliwir inr the (Itttr- iiiinatiiMi nf iiiM'cts refcrri'd In in this luilli'tiii. HIMKHKNCKS. I) Sliimcrlatnl. M. \'., Hulctiii 78, Cnrni'll I'niv. .\jiiii'. Mxp. St.itinii. lint. Divi-inii, IS'tl. CJi Coiipcr, William, .Annual Uipnit Mntninnlniiical Snii(l\- nf tintarin, |s7."i, p. !t. (.),i l''l('t('h<'r, .lanii's, Kcpnrt ni tin. I uiniu'i lui-i. I)nin. Dipt, .\tjrii'., iss.l, p. IS. (4) .lack, .Inhli (i., I I til .\iui. lii'p. l-^ii'. Sne. Out.. IS,S7. p. 17, -pccics ilctcrniiiii'il 1)\ liilcy ..^ .1 /(f/iii///;, fiiiijii^'ifrons. (')) Washliuni, F. L.. Tilli .Animal Hcpnrl nf the Fntniiinlnuist , .\I innesntil Ajrric. I".xp. Siatimi 11KI7 I'.tOS. (li) S' hueiie, \V. J., N'nte- nil the I,ife-liistnry and Habits nf I'lijiinnjia hm-isicir. .Iniiriiai nf l\i-nnnmic l']ii!nni(il(iy;v, \'nl. 4, .April, 1!HI. (7) ( liittenden, I'. H., Hulli-ui 'M. N. ,S, Div. nf Knt., l'. S. Di'pt. .K^rie., p. 80. (8) Lintner, J. A., 1st Annui.l Hepnrt. State nf New York, 1882. p. 20;{. (!>) Sanders, J. (!.. Jour, nf Kcnii. F.iitotiinlndv, \'nl. S, 89. (10) Fletcher. ,)., Report Dniii. lixp. Farms, 1800, p. UV,^ (11) Sevcrin-Severiri, H. H. 1*. ami H. ('.. .lour, of Ki'on. l'',ntninnlnii\ , .(une, 191"), Vnl. s. No. :{ (12) Fleteher, J., Report D in. K\p. F;irins, 1901. 2;{0. Il:{) W.'idsworth. .1. 'P.. .lournai nf I'leniinmie Minloifv, .llliie I'.tl.'i \.il. \, \'ns, 1 and 2. (14) Caesar, L., :i7tli Hepnrt nf Out. .\Krii , Cnlleue, 1911. p. 40. (l.'i) Macoun, \V. T.. Report Doin. K\|i. Farms, I90;i, p. US, and 1904, p. 127. ")S (1(1) Fletclicf, J., H.poit Dom. Kxp. Fnrnis, 1903, p. ISl. (17) I'lctclur, ,1., IScport Dom. Kxp. Farms, KtO"), p. 22(i. (18) Scliociif, W. J., Bulletin :}()!, March, 1(M)8. N<\v York Auric. Kxp. Station. (ID) Schocnc, \V. J., Bulletin Xi\. Fel)ruary, ntll, N.w York Ajjric. Kx]). Station. (20) Fletcher, .1., Report Dom. Kxp. Farms, 1890, p. 102. (21) Samlers, .1. G., The Country Gentleman (Philadelphia), March 20, 1915. p. 572. (22) Severin, H. II. P., Canadian Kntomolonist, Vol. 4(i, p. 312. (23) Hewitt, C. (i., Jour. Kcon. Biology, Vol. II, p. 81). \ I i