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 -l^IIlj^on Is^PEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 "~" ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, 
 
 c. (iimiiiiv Hr.wiTT. Dohivion- Kstomuumii^t \m. ro.Nwr.TiN(i /ih.i.ih;iht. 
 
 <'li,,, I'liilrrfiiili I.KI/I.I \ii. ; 
 
 RATS AND MICE. 
 
 I'l- - li.'d^ i;i;> (H (,i; \i \ a \ h i 
 
 I K l| I 
 
 Till lin.uii r;it i, th,. u>.r-i |..m with uliidi ii,;iii i~ alillcirii. Huli Ciu> rji ..ji.l 
 liini-c iii.iu-c cMiiu- tn Nortii AnuTini from iilirouil; ii..>„-.-.sin>r li:iliit- iidaptahL' 
 
 111.' 
 
 t'l alni<i-l 
 
 klialnf 
 
 iiviriiiiinciit. iind fccdiiii: ii|»>ii all kinds ct' animal ami vivi^taM 
 
 tiiattcr tlii.v l,:iv, iiicri'ased and spread ovlt a vast area. In Cmaila tlicv 1 
 
 'i'M(l ii\ri ili(. i;r.;itir portion of the j 
 
 lion li'oin til. 
 
 l'0.'..M|r- n ;■, 
 
 i-t thoy liave now spread over sonthi 
 
 lave not yet 
 irairie imivincos. luit in their ^'radnal iniirra- 
 
 !iIm1 thrir (le~triietivo lio-il 
 
 leiii Manitoha, and as the W(>r(t 
 
 es will eertainly extend furtlaT 
 
 ini iiai'inK especially tin i:iMiii inlerisfs. 
 
 ilield, 
 
 Ih'slnii-tii.n „! /■,;„(/.— 'lluir destnietiv,. jxiwers are well knowik Xo kind of gra 
 
 i.s -iiand. uluilur gmwinR or staelu-d in the tieUl. stored in the «t, 
 traii-i^rtiMl hy rail or water; everywhere thev t; 
 
 marv or i 
 
 ■levali 
 
 >ni- food suii| 
 
 N, 
 
 >lies, the eiHiservation of 
 
 Vrv h: 
 
 the ilo-tr 
 
 An.-t 
 
 r.ili.i diiriiiLr \'.>]', 
 
 ke an enormous toll of this chief sonreo 
 
 paramount necessity at the jiresent. 
 
 1 iiion^trated as 
 
 pnurr- nf niioe been so strikingly d 
 
 ^rain do~tinc<l f 
 
 idapue of niii'i 
 iiifornird rliat 
 
 r expiii't h 
 
 DWIM- to tl„. 1,,,.U 
 i\i- aeenmnhitid in 
 
 d transportati.in. va^t iinantities of 
 
 X, 
 
 ith Wi 
 
 d y\ru 
 
 il.'Vclop. (1, and the destruction of grain has been ei.Mi-niou-. Wi 
 
 •Illr lilaci>~ t!; 
 
 ravages of the mice wen 
 
 ■t grain wire reduced to what re~enil.led 
 
 stael 
 
 Will 
 
 ■d ..( X, 
 
 it.h fi 
 il. it s 
 
 ■nth Wales oi'cani/ed 
 
 mere lle:i|i- 
 
 .( liel 
 
 I c:inipaiLin 
 
 r twii iiiMJiis t.iti 
 
 'Veil t^'iis lit 111 
 
 lal. it -erve~ li 
 
 the dc. tnict 
 
 irowii rat iii\adc~ h. 
 
 net l\-e p'lWiTs ot tl 
 
 so i^rcat that hlli; 
 ris in a fi w nionlhs. The 
 
 dc-truct ieii ; in one place 
 !■ this onthreak vas exeep- 
 
 ■rcatnres. in 
 
 till 
 
 de-troyliig tahrie> ,,f all kimU and Icatln 
 
 uroeern -, fruits, Mmtahles. |„ town and country it attacks )i(niltry. destn 
 
 ■ res, warcli, Ill-is, ;:ni 
 T good-, it attacks ,1 
 
 marl<ots, and iH-ides 
 k'lnls of food : meats. 
 
 ehick 
 
 lie t.iiindations <d hii 
 
 !di 
 
 ying I'gps 
 
 'Verywhi re tl 
 
 In i: 
 
 ley (lestrey unceasingly, and 
 
 ire (lamai-'eil l,y tluir activitli 
 
 and 
 
 tehratc tl 
 
 lelr lirise 
 
 li.-s c.,l|.ed h' 
 *l.-'0. The lo-~ 
 
 v,-e;-e computed ti 
 
 urope It wa- estimated, after a full ii„|iiiry in l!>oT. tiiat tl 
 
 •h rat in ( 
 
 riaf lirit; 
 
 nil e(|nal 
 
 d SI HI, il, K 
 
 $1. 
 
 ill rural districts , C-.-t P.ritaiii and Irchmd in tl 
 
 1 
 and ill Ilenmark 
 
 e average annua 
 
 itv-th 
 
 mill! 
 
 ind 
 
 ita! ef ;dli 
 
 le same year 
 nt ten million 
 
 ,, ,--.., '''•■'••L'lilllllllirii 
 
 ',':""", "';'^ <iiipl.'ycd Ml th,. industry of sni, plying' means for their destruction, In 
 ranee were- CI. nipntcd at forty million d.illars. At the present timu 
 
 ■■^I'l'i'ial ciVorts to eomhat the rat pest in 
 
 id till' Sanitary (, 
 
 W, llie li,-s,.s ill I- 
 
 the Kindlsh Hoard of Ayriciilt 
 Knghind a a mean- of sivinir fi 
 
 ire is iiiakii 
 
 .1 supplies 
 
 .eagne in France i 
 
 is als 
 
 -urvey ..f the I'lii'dl State 
 
 <Mrryiiig on a vigorous campaign against rats. 
 
 R'cently. :\lr. K. W. N'elson, ('hief of the liloloi^icul 
 IV-par tmeiit of Agrieulture, has estimated that the annual lossev in the Fnitid S afes 
 
 * I!y C Ciirilnii II, ^. itt. 
 
 . C X •1. 
 
iliii Id lilt- iiiuiil lit Irti«t :.'<io niillinii ili'lUir-. Hi- iilin -tntt-* tliut in urdcr Im ,Vi'<I 
 iiikI MllnTwix' priivitli' fur tlii« < iii.niinii. i|, -tn.i'tli.' in-inv ..f nit-, tin- l;il".ii'- nf 
 I'oo.diHi iiifii is miiiiri' I niiiiiuilly. 
 
 Ml unci- III Uralth. — lii-iilr, tin. fiiiiniiniiH (li->trii<'ti(>ii nf fnod su|i|ilic-, tlif lirnwii 
 lilt I- II mtImiw riioiiiicc to imlilic licaltli. It is u currier nf lniliciiiic plii;riic, dm' ot tlip 
 most ilfvii.-fiitiii;; (if liiiiiiiiii (li>cascs, vthivU hns lifcn ciiirii'il liv flic rut nil nvcr tlie 
 wiirlil. Ill the fourtc«iitli century it is cstiinatKi tliaf iilicut twcntv-tivc niilliun |pio|ilc 
 (lie! In ilur.iic frciiii the " Rliick rieatli," as tliis disease wa^ I'alied, and I'.tHJfi.i'ilO 
 ilriitlis lire st.iud to have occurred diirint; the eiudemic of tho plafiuc in Itidiii in 1('ii7. 
 
 HnlM.nic iiliiRUe is fraii-initted frnni rats to lininan hciiifrs hy fleas, and i h m nulli.i.K 
 
 I'f prrvciitiuK the spread of iila^'ue involve the incist viKormis eradicntinn ,,f r.it-. mid 
 ill'- |irr\.iitiiin nf their landinjf in sf.i|iorf- t'n.m dcenn-cnins vessels liy wliich tlh-v are 
 1 1 ,;li-|...rTi (1. 
 
 IiivestitJntiiMis iiii,i tli.' frint (HitLrciik "f infantile paralysis i I'lilitninirlifU^, 
 uliich WHS espei-ialjv lifevaliait in liic ea-trrn rnitcil States, have indlcati'd that tl.c 
 rut may lie an ini]inrtanl fart'T in tlir spread of this disease. 
 
 Prolific JliihiU. — The scrion- nature ..I tin- ral nieinii-e i- niMi-c keenly nppre- 
 eiatcd when their jirolitie liiihii- are realized. The limwn rat iK'^rins to 1-reeil when it is 
 iilioiit three or fonr months old; they hreed from six to ten times a year, and jirodnee. 
 on the average, ten yoim^r in a litter. If we iinii^Miie a jiair of rats hreedinu; ut tlii* 
 rate uninterruptedly for three years uiil.Miii any death- to their jiro^rcny, at the end of 
 that periled the niirnher would have inena-ed from two to over :l."iO tii'Miiin rats. 
 
 Mice produce fewer young in a litter, but thiy bring forth their families witli 
 iistoiii.-hii'i,'- rapidity. 
 
 I low To nioTi cT i.ii \r. , loon, wn ..in i i: s|i.u; n i'i:..hi 
 
 HJo'i i; \ I's wn MI. K. 
 
 The main reason for the abundance and destructiveness of rats is that we 
 provide ainjde foo i and shelter for them. To combat these pests successfully ue 
 must deny them both these essentials. We must starve them out and build them 
 out. 
 
 Th.-v -h..ul.l I... ,i 
 
 lo p,,,, 
 
 ull. II- tl.ev (.i.t;l 
 
 aU'l T, if 
 
 youn^'. T.i a.f..inpli-lj tiii-. Luililinj;- ■.|i..nld l.i mail.- rat-proof; ami tli.- ;ie-t im ll. d 
 of i-o!istriie!i.,u for this purixise is concreti\ In the e..nstriieti.in uml inaint.-nanr.- . f 
 biiildiim-s in wliiih t'ood is kt pt and rats are likely to liiid lod^-'iuent. special atten;i,.n 
 .should l.i- jiaid [" tli.- el.isiii}; of all apertures, i-pi-i-iillv in f.inndatloii- where drain 
 11 lid otiii-r j.ipi-s i-nti-r. I I'.ors to such huildinirs shoulil l.i- I., lund with str.inir sheet tiietal. 
 Constant vi^'-ilaiice should he exrn-ised with a vi.w to chi-c-kiiie- any inroads of the--e 
 Jicsts; the holes of rats or mice can l.e rea.lily -t.ipped l.y a little eoiicrite or hr.-ken 
 
 Khiss ..r rroi-krrv. ( ', ment -h .nld he ii-iil f.T f..nniliili.in- of all liind- ..f -t .i-.l - -, 
 
 yranariis, jioiilti-y li.iu-es. Cirii rrili- can In- rendir.-il ratpm..) l.y i i.-ki-in;;- tlien; in 
 heavy sralvanized wire netting; of half-inch in.-sh. St..ri ro,.in- -lir.nld ah.vay- i.e mad.' 
 ratnriiiif by the adoption of the fiireiroitig- coii-tru.tnral iin tli. .ds. 
 
 S.. k.iiL.' a- old huiidiiif.'Ts and storerooms arc ni.iintaiiu-il in a -tate tif di-rep-air, 
 rats and iiiiei will l!..uri-li and de-troy their content--. It 1- i!..t only in the intere-ts 
 ot jirivate e'-oiioniv. kut a- a nal ioii.il -. rvice, that owner- ..f such rat-iiif"sted build i'it;3 
 slinii'd take iinm. diate i-V.-\t^ to " build out" the rats and save food -uiijilie-. F.v. rv- 
 where destruction is proceed iii^'. and evcrywhero there is <rreater need than ev. r -it the 
 present time for the savinjr of ,-\ei-y '.a-i.e! . f urain I .v.-ry pound of food. 
 
 Civic authorities, and particularly the health authorities, sliould adopt and 
 e;. force sanita?->- c..ndition- in lown- and citli- (leanline— and tin- prevention 
 of the acciiiniilatioii of refn-e and L-arliaL'e are e--eiitial in the i radicati'in of 
 rats. The maiiiteiianee of v^irba'.:. .lump- i- ..m- ..f ik.- ^'nate-t ciitrihiitiii-i causes 
 
til tlio til>iin<laiiuo 111' rat8. From nil jwii is of view tho iiiiincdiuto inciiinratiun uf 
 giirbugi' IS tlif only prujifr treutiuoiit and method of i»rc'V<.'ntiii(j: tlif inLTcnsi- of rats i.ikI 
 tin- bn-tKling of riiis, tliu*- UM«ur|iii>Tii'd iiKi'nts in tin- •pn-iid of nur worst 'nfoctioun 
 
 diMXIM.'SI. 
 
 Mow Til |l|>TI!l>^ HATS SMI M |( K. 
 
 Traiipliig. — (hxr of tiii' uio.-i clTH'tivi' nictliod> ol il«'i*tro.viin; tlicM' ]mMi* is trHpiiiiijr. 
 The bi'st tmiin uru tliost- of tho spring or )ruilliitiric tiiH-. Such traps inii.v bo biiiti-d 
 with any of the baits prcfi-rrcd by tlu'ejc anini.ils, such a* meat, oatmeal. ciMikud cL'trs, 
 or fruit. It is ncc<T.>ary to iwc a larjrc nnnibor of trajM, the more the better. 'Hio 
 wire cajie traps are e.xcvllciit uIjc ii rut- an- .ilnnidatit. 
 
 I'uiioninu- — Where there i- no danger of fmni iwcominn contaminated, or of 
 otla-r animals eatiny the IimiI, jxiisonins is a -iMid.v method of <listruetion. lint 
 naturally the K'"Cate>* care must bo KCcrcised in the use of poison. In de-.troyin>.- rats 
 and mice in houses it is inadvi.^ahle to n-e poison, nut only on acc(punt .1' il^ danger, 
 hut the <ieeurre:iee of the inaccessible corpses of these animals i:t likely to prnve 
 olijectioiudile. liaiium caihonuiv is a cheap, tasteless, and <idourless poison. It may 
 111' mi.xed in a dough cointxised of four parts of meal or Hour and one i)art of the 
 P"i->ii, or a stiff dirugh of I'ighl i)arts .,■' oatmeal and one ef p.iison.* The jHiivincd 
 
 d •uiuh >h<iu!.l 1m' |,1: i\ in lli.' ruiiuay, ..f the animals. Sfi !/■ I, iiiiir i- a well-known 
 
 and rapid inii^on, n^ually ii- i in the Inrni nf niryi'hnia >nlphal.'. The ilrv ery^ta)- i4 
 this ehemical are inseid-il in liaits, .-.ueh as meat or cheese. With •atrm.d ^r giain, 
 such ns wheat or cnrn, it i- n-ed in the fnrm of a syrup which i- njadc by iil<-nl\iiig 
 half an ounce nf -trMniHa -ul|ili;itr in a pint ^f boiling \vat<r: a [lint (pf tlii'k -m-uo 
 i~ added, and the whole mixture is stirred thoroughly. Oatnaal should be nioi-i, n. d 
 with tlrc syrnp, and grain should be soaked over liiL'ht. lrv.//'( '\~ u -■ d in nio-t r i' 
 Iioi>on>. It may ]•<■ fed in the f.n-ni of jiowd^rod white ars.aiic, n~ed as d scribed abos.-. 
 A goo<l bait i- prr|.ai- d \>v iborongbly mixing a ))o\nid of oatnii'al, a poiuul of coar-e 
 brown sugar, and i -im.infnl of arseide. 'ibis is jilaced in thi' r\ins of the aninnds. 
 I'liiisiihniii^s is -A eonini'Mi ingredient (d' rat and other animal poisons, but owing to tlif> 
 (bumcT invoI\i-cl in niixin;' it and in till' sidise<|uent iise of the home-made nr comnier- 
 
 clal preparation- o:i a< unt of it- very great inflammability, its use as a rodent jK.i-on 
 
 is not reconin.. .!il' '\. 
 
 Tiif iiiliif III liiiiins'ic tniil iriii! iiiii/iiiil< ii-< nit r!rstn)iii'rD. — The great value of 
 -mall t*.Triers as rat-cate!ier- is too «i 11 known to need eniiihasis. They are often 
 n-ed in conjunction with ferret.-, the latter animals lieiiig employed to drivi> tl.i' r ,i- 
 from their innway-. I'oit ferret, -bould alway- be mn/.zliil when liuntini;'. 
 
 Wliib' uca-e's are icg.irded .1- '"Nerniin'' iiiid eiuniie- of chicken.- and young 
 Banu' bird-, lliei-c i- no doubt th.it as rat .Ir-t'oyors tliey have f. w -nperiors. W'i.iu 
 they can -eeuie rat- tbey will n-ually leave the chicken- unuab-ted, 
 
 .\inong the aetivr' ii.ituiMl mcinie- o| rit- and mice around t.irni buildini;-, 
 r-nakcn occu|iy an inipoit.int place, .md thi.- fact -bould be r(.di/ed. ()nl.\ .me -pe, ,. - 
 of ('aiia<lian -nake-tlie rattlesmiki' — is jioisonous; our otlaa- nati\c -nake- an- not 
 oidy hariide-- but are u-efnl as destroyers of rats, mice, ami other pe-t-. and tiny 
 
 should tberefore be pr. tie'eil. 
 
 In eo\mtry di-trict-, farinots -bould protect owls, the greatest of nuce destroyer-; 
 and numy of the hawk- are valualile a- di'-troyiTs of noxious rodi'iits. T!u' continued 
 destruction of tbe-e natural one niie- of rat-, gopher-. ;nnl mice h.i- been ]arL:(ly 
 re-ptin>ible for tlu' increa-e in t!'e numlier- of tbe-e foo.l-d. -troying rodmits. and it 
 i.s important that tlu' valuable services of thcio birds .-hould be recognized. 
 
 •The motliods of iiri-nariiis; tlnsc iio;«on< 1 baits are tlioso rteoaKaended by ilie .':iu)iiKial 
 .Surviy of tlio United States Ln-iiartment ot Ai;riculture. 
 
Ornanncd Dc»lrurt,o„.—lu iJiRlnn.l .■M..ll,.nt r.»ult- lu.vi- Um. ul.tiiinr.l l,y tli,. 
 ......,|M.nitiv .•(Tori-. ,<l Inriiur- Mri<l ..ilitT. in the .lr,tru.-ti..i. ..t iuIh, ,„„1 .nvh ortriiii- 
 
 ■ 111 .lotructiou |H .■,„i,|ii.l it r.-M.lt^ ..f rriil mlu.' »;•.. l,. I l,t.iii„.l. Tli.. „ff, r .,f 
 
 priz.s iiM.t bouiiti.-i l.y lociil iiiithMriti.M hiis k-i> I i.l t.> >liiinil„t.- rtfort. In imtii.v 
 
 .ilu'> and towi- tl„. |,„.„1 autlH.riti.H iiikI (.rujtii/ati.m-. liav,- |iruiii..t.-(l rat .U-triiJ- 
 tixii, ami it lias lu-i'ii .iK-ts-sfully stiiiiiilal.'d l..v .iliicatir.iial w.rk. 
 
 Wc wi'iiM iirK<' 111.' v,iric.iH nruaiiizuti.ins in ciiif, ami tuuns and farmer'' and 
 w,mM-ii% iii,fitulr, ill rural di-tri.-t-, to uiidrrlak.- iducatir.iial work witli a vi.-«- I.. 
 arousitiK pulilu! ..|>iiii„ii as tn tl». serious lossrs cauM-il l.y tli.-s.- |.,.st*, mid to l»r..im.|iiiK 
 raiii|iaiKiis fur flair di-tnictioii. 
 
 Rats and iiii.'.^ arc d.-troyiiin iiiillion- uf dollars' worth of food in (.'aoada 'it 
 
 tlio i>rcs.nt tiin.-. wli.n ih.- , M'rvatioii of fo.xl is a duty that drvolvcs upon cvi-ry 
 
 oni.. Thc' nioro food wo purinit tlir rat.s to d'slroy the l.'ss tliprc ic for us and our 
 kinsfolk across fla- scu to cat. Xcvi-r was tlio ii.»id of savinjr foml «up|.rus, » irrontiT 
 H-cossity: nrvrr was tli.> lies] of t]u- most ri'lontlrss canipaiKii airuinst tli.-s,- f.-»l 
 'i"Htro>-crs. Kradioativc nii-asuriN should Im^ proscruti'd with th.. irri'ato-i vi>rour 
 vlien-ver tin-*!' posts ..ciMir. whether on the farm or in the citv. 
 
 Fohruarv 
 
 l!Us. 
 
 Published by authority of Hon T A Crcr 
 
 ir. Minister ol A^rt 
 
 Ott.l 
 
 Ont.