s^. >' y HiGtogFaiJiic Sciences Corporatioii ^ ?C^ \ v> V 23 WBT MAIN STMIT WnSTIR,N.Y. 14SM (716)«72-4S03 6^ CIHM Microfiche Series ({Monographs) iCMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Instituta for Historical IMicroraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions hiatoriquas Tiehnical and Bibliographic Notts / Notai ttchniquas at bibliographiquat Tha Initituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast original eopy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this eopy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagai in tha raproduction. or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. L'Institut a mierofilml la maillaur axamplaira qu'il lui a *t* pouibia d9 sa procurer. Las ditails da cat axamplaira qui sont paut-ltra uniquas du point da vue bibiiographiqua. qui pauvant modifier una image raproduite. ou qui peuvent axiger una modification dans la mithoile normala de f ilmage sent indiqute ci-dessous. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Covers damaged/ Couverture andommagia □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommag4es □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurte at/ou pellieulie |~~~| Cover title missing/ CZl n n Le litre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes glographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encra da couleur Us. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations an couleur Bound with other material/ Ralii avac d'autres documents □ PagM restored and/or laminated/ Pages restauries ct/ou pelliculAes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dicolorles. tachet<« wcond quantities of the first Page 129, eleventh line from the bottom for << «n- a In the table facing p. U6 ; i„ the fi"stT;e of th'e « O.^IV'''''" "'" " '•^"•" for « first (right) column- rea^. "«„» (left) column •• "" "" «"•»•»<'■■." Page 171, third line from top, for « I860" read <'"i869 ■' Page 1«2, ninth line from top for " th«n .1, p . ," . any Provincial coal." ^' "" "^ Provincial coal," ««,/ « than that from Page 186, seventeenth line, for " south-west" read <■ south-east." From iht Report! (if the Geological Survey of the Dominion of Canada for 18<7-t9. DAWSON BROS. : MONTREAL. B. WESTERMANN k CO. : NEW TORE. SAMPSON, LOW, SON k MARSTON : LONDON. F. A. BROOKHAUS: LBIP8I0. BALLlilRB : PARIS. 1870. GEC SIR PI From Iht R IfWEI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, Dirkotor. REPORTS 1 SIR W. E. LOGAN, F.R.S., F.G.S., LATI DIBMCrrOB Or TBI oaolOOIOAL aCRTlT, ASS EDWARD HARTLEY, F.G.S., MIHIXa BKOIHMR TO TH« OWLOOIOAL aDBTIT, ON A PART OF THE PICTOU COAL FIELD, NOVA SCOTIA, WITH AN APPENDIX ON COALS AND IRON ORES, AMD A GEOLOGICAL MAP. From tht Reports qf the Oeological Survey of the Dominion of Canada for 1847-C9. DAWSON BROS. : HOKTRBAL. B. WBSTBRlf AKN ft CO. t NEW YORK. SAMPSON, LOW, SON It MARSTON: LONDON. F. A. BROOKHAUS: LBIPSIO. BALLlfiRB : PARIS. 1870. TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. R«poHT or Sm W. E. Looas on a part or thi Pictoo OoAL-rriLD ...■,... o.n, Pre-carboniferoiis rucks Lower ftnnilstonifs And limegtr'ncg New Olftsgow congloim'i'a;e Productive conl-meaauips Details of distribution and sections 17 II. UspoBT or Mr. Edward Hartlej on a part or tbi Pictoo OoAt-rMLo ... 66_io7 Pre-cai'boni''eroii8 rocks Dr. Dawson's subdivitions ; Millstone Grit New-Glasgow congloinerute Productive coal-measures Details of distribution end sections General Mining Associa ion of London, Albion Mines... .V. .... * 86 Acadia Coal Company o' New York Intercolonial Coal Mining Company of Montreal ...."!... loo Nova Scotia Coal Compaay, of New Haven, Conn., IT. S.! ..." 103 Montreal and Pictou Coal Company, of Halifax, Nova Scotia . '. '. 105 Sinclair and Haliburton's Culton Area APPENDIX. figpoRT or Mb. Edward Hartley on Pictou Coals and Iron Crib.. 109-186 Section I.— Disoriptions and analyses or Pictou Coals, ....!.'."." General remarks on evaporative powers of coals .'.*.." Albion Mines coal j Main and Deep seams '..' " Acadia coals ; McGregor coal |_ Stellarite and oil-shale ....'.'..".".'. Acadia steam-coal Dnimmond coal Coal from the Nova Scotia colliery " " Montreal and Pictou colliery "' ,3, Montreal and Pictou oil-coal .....'.".'.* ' ' McBean's coal of the eight feet seam ."!!!!!'. MacKay coal ; Lawson's coal *" . Goal from the " Old Praser mine" ....."..'.*.... ,36 Coal of the Richardson seam ; of the upper oil-coal seam ." ,37 00NTRNT8. Smtiom n.-.PMOT,o»* TRuisor P.orou Ooau | general rera.rki ho 8y«iem adopted for iteHin-trialt ,^^ Locoinoilfe-trlHl of Acadia sttam-ooal 142 SleHiner-lrial of " " u Locomotlrt-irlal of wood for compariion willi cJaV... !." 147 Oompariiion of conl and wood '.!!!'.*.*" 1 Ig Hallway experimenU w!tli Drurnraond coal.. .'..*!'..'. ..'..'l..' '" ,5. American Nuvy-triali of Plotou cokU 1 54 Drunjmond co^l on Quebec tteamera !...!....!.!* |66 Trials of Pictou coals on " Allan'* steamers » i,,* General remarks on steara-lrlals '...',"." British experiment! on bituminous steam-coal!.!!!/! ,71 Practical trials in gas-making ' Trials of Pictou coals at Pictou Oas- worki! ! ! ! ! , ,! Oas-trlals of Albion mines coab .... ,' " " McGregor coal !!!!!!!!!!!! \ll Special gas- trials of Drummond coils ,0, S.cT,o» III._lRo« Oris o, P.otoq Cod«tt | s|K!cular iron ore".'.'.*!!.*!! Jsa Limonite ; spathose oi«s ,,, OlajT iron-stone 186 MAP AOOOMPiNTINO THIS RIPORT. '^°"'*'7ilm E f "• riT •"""■"'"•'■ '" "■« '''°^'"" "' N"-* Scotia, by Sir Wil- En„L7'"'' ■"•^- *"' "='""•' "•'""'^' ^O-S- Sc«'- one inch to one mil. ■ Engraved on copper and printed in colours. GEOLOGICAL REPORT, Foa 1867-1868, ST SIR W. E. LOGAN, F.R.S., F.O.S., lATR DmiMTOB OF THE OROLOOICAL SUttVEV. TO THE HONOURABLE JOSEPH HOWE, M,P., 8ECKBTARY OF STATE FOR TUB PKOVINCES. Sir, MoNTttEAi., 20th December, 1869. Summarv IW. P ». p ''""""'' "^ P™^''^"*'"« *« '^' Government a Su^man.,,. vearTseflS )" ^^«f -«»«'!« '» the Geological Survey for the '^"•^***- years 1867-1868, stating that there had just before that time been received from my various assistants detailed reports of their work which would be transmitted after due study had been devoted to them' my successor, Mr. A. R. C. Selwyn, the Report of myself and Mr. E ""'" Hartley, on a portion of the coal field of Pictou, Nova Scotia ; that of Mr. J Richardson, on the Lower Siluri. -^ocks occupying the so^th side of h St. Lawrence, between the Cha. ..re and the Rivic^re du Loup, i„ the Pr vince of Quebec ; that of Mr. H. G. Veunor, on the LaurentL ro k of Mr C RTb yT' '""'"^^ "*' ^^^^^^''^^' - ^"^-io ; that ot Mr. C. Robb, on the deposits of a region comprising chiefly the Retr'tof'n ; ^.''"'r *"' ^'*'*""'' •" ^^- ^'--^J^; -d he ^o^lLs ' """*' " '""" P"'"^^ ^^S«<^'"«'-» '-^^ chemical iB\Ind^7t^Z"'":V^'^'^ '"' ^^ *'" ^- ^^•"' «» «•« r^^''^ «f those slands of the Manitoulm group which arc situated to the west of the ^re in jrfitH '^'':- ''T* ^'"'^'•^^ ^''^ ^-^^"'^ «f - -^i-'--- OiOLO«*ICAL BVRTBT Of CAVAVA. IMctnu 00*1 Ackoowledf- oiiuiu for M- ibiwior. REPORT ON A PART or TUB PICTOU COAL FIELD, IfOVA SCOTIA. It has ftlrcadjr been stated in the Summary Report of May last, that tho portion of tho Pictou coal field to which tho time of Mr. Hartley and myself waa devoted in 1H08, was that which lies southward of Now (Jlas- gow, and extends several miles on each side of the East River; and that while the examination of tho west side was wholly committed to Mr. Hartley, that on tho east side was undertaken by myself. During the season which has just passed however, Mr. Hartley has ad«led many facts to those previously collected by myself on this side, and these will now bo embodied with my own. All the more important collieries in active operation near Now Glasgow, are situated on the west side of tho river ; and it will be observed by Mr. Hartley's Report that he has had to thank tho mana;i:ors of these collierie$ for tho ready assistance they universally afforded him in facilitating his work, by pointing out facts of interest, and supplying him with plans shewing under-ground excavations and topographical details on the surface. I have to express my obligations also to many persons for information, both oral and documentary, on the east as well as the west side of tho river, and among them are Mr. J. B. Moore, Mr. J. P. Lawson, Mr. R. G. Haliburton, Mr. L. R. Kirby, Mr. Alex. McKay, Col. R. B. Sinclair, and Mr. J. R. Jackson. Mr. J. Rutherford, the Provincial Inspector of Mines, amongst other important information, obliged us with written descriptions of the boundaries of the various coal areas which have been leased by the Provincial Government ; Mr. W. A. Hendry, Deputy Commissioner of the Crown Land Department, was so kind as to present us with a manuscript map shewing the positions of these areas and their proxi- mate relations to some of the topographical features of the country, and Mr. H. Y. Hind sup[jlied us with chain measurements of some of the roads and rivers. We are indebted to Mr. Jno. Weir and Mr. Alex. McBean, prac- tical colliers, for poiutiug out to us various local facts of an important character with which tliuy had become acquainted in tho course of their expeiience ; Mr. 'i'hos. Lawther, by permission of Mr. Daniels of the Marsh Colliery, supplie I us with information of the same kind, and all the farmers and inhabitants of the country were found to be most ready to assist us as far as they could. The structure of this part of the Pictou coal field is of a very compli- cated character. While it is much covered with drift, it is disturbed by ' > EKPORT or SIR W. ■. LO(JA!f. 5 ' uiululations and broken hy important faults, and to acquire oven a proxi- mate knowlotlgo of the arranj^oment of its strata it was found necewarj to measure, bj compass and facing, almost all pultlio and private roads, as well as footpaths and streams. In constructing a map of the district, tlicjo have been kept in place by their relations to such of the straight boundary linos of the areas as wo have had an opportunity of following ; which lines, as given by Mr. Rutherford, have been assumed to be cor- rect both in bearing and length. We have taken the coast md the navi- gable parU of rivers, as given on the Admiralty charts ; and with a view of further binding our work together, Mr. W. \i. Leather, C. E., was »««««r«n«Bto employed to measure, by theodolite and chain, a line from the East River !«•"«'•'. «•« to Sutherland's River, the direction being from the New Glasgow bridge on the former, by the old Merigomish road over Eraser's Mountain, to the lowest bridge on the latter. Mr. Leather has further assisted us by furnishing other lines, which he has had occasion to measure by theodolite, on both sides of the river. Erom these elements wo have endea"ored to construct a map on the scale of twenty chains to an inch. This may bo presented at some future time ; in the meanwhile its place is supplied by a plan on the scale of an inch to a mile, for the purpose of explaining the structure. In the limited district in which we have worked there appear to be seriwofferwi rock masses of four distinct horizons, more or less proximate. These are """*' in ascending succession : 1. — Conglomerates, quartzites and compact slates, (Devonian.) 2. — Greenish-gray and red sandstones, with conglomerates and impure limestones. 8. — Red coarse conglomerates. 4. — Productive coal measures. (Carboniferous.) 1. 00NOL0MERATE8, QUARTZITES AMD COMPACT SLATES. On the east side of the East River, about foiir miles southward of New PwHiarbonifer. Glasgow, there rises a hill which runs eastward to Sutherland's River, and °"*"*^* is transversely cut into two parts by the valley of McLellan's Brook. Of these the western is called Weaver's or McGregor's Mountain, while the McGi»«ofi other is termed McLellan's Mountain. Rocks of the series about to be ucuula-', described pVobably compose both hills, but it is in the last named that ""»"••"'• they have been observed by me. No exposure has been met with which gives all the members of the series in rnirular succession, nor is it certain which is the upper and which the lower part of what has been examined, the dip being always very obscure. On the north flank of McLellan's Moun- tain there is met with, belonging to this series, a dark leek-green slate, in Gwen ii*t« . some places compacH as on the south side of St. Mary's road, about 750 6 GEOLOGICAI, SURVEY OF CANADA. Qnartxitcg. paces southward of the house of Mr. Donald McLean (John's son), on a small mountain stream. A similar green slate is seen on Sutherland's River, at Park's Mills, but much of it is of a scaly character; and it is conspicuous from the opaque white surface it presents when weathered. On the same side of the hill, light and dark gray or nearly black, as well as olive-green quartzites, occur in several places, and a good instance of them presents itself at the bridge over a tributary of Sutherland's River, crossing the road already mentioned about half a mile from McPherson's mills. At the edge or brow of the hill, south of the house of Mr. Finlay McDonald (John's son), and near the mountain road, a rock of a greenish colour is. composed of feldspar with fine grains of quartz ; loose angular masses of an epidotic character lie about, and some of a porphyroid aspect, reddish in tint, holding epidote and disseminated small masses or crystals of white feldspar. Some angular fragments of the rock shew a purplish slate attached to them, and flakes of a bluish slate are enclosed in the rock m place. In some parts there appeared to be an obscure indication of stratification, the dip being N. 13° W. <40°* ; but the beds are so closely soldered together as to be undistinguishable except by slight differences of colour on the weathered surface. The rock here has different planes of cleavage, the underlie of one set being S. 3° E. < 61° and of another S. 63° E. < 69°. ^ , «i "te/oTS'cuT- In '^e^eral places between this and McL'ellan's Brook the rid surfaces of some of the quartz pebbles are unctuous from a coating of ^ jcular iron ore. Some of the cracks shew slickensides, and some are filled with a brown manganesian powder. Not only was this conglomerate brecciated, but so was every mass of aJl Broociated the series wherever met with, and to such an extent that, after hundreds of ""'^' attempts, not one specimen could be dressed into an oblong shape of four by six inches, some blow of the hammer always shivering it in unex- pected directions into irregular fragments, from concealed cracks. In the locality last named, the coarse brecciated conglomerate is followed Ltuwstone. on the south side by a south-dipping band of limestone, which has been quarried for 120 paces on the strike, near the house of Mr. Alex. Eraser. The limestone exhibits fossils, one of them being SpirorM8 carbhriarius, and belongs to the succeeding series ; and there may be some doubt whether the coarse conglomerate should not be classed with it. But includ- ing this conglomerate, the older rocks have here a breadth of 650 yards, and are limited on the north by the productive coal measures, dippin-' northward. ° No evidence was observed by me, on McLellan's Mountain, to shew to ' what epoch these older rocks belong ; but masses somewhat similar are noticed by Mr. Hartley on the west side of the East River, in a position where they have been mentioned in his Acadian Geology by Dr. J. W. Dawson, who considers them to be of Devonian age, and on his authority " they will be so distinguished. 2. QREENISH-QRAY AND RED SANDSTONES WITH CONGLOMERATES AND IMPURE LIMESTONES. This series of deposits appears to constitute a part of those which in his classification of the seetioii esamiucd hj me at the Joggius, on a 0X0L06I0AL SURVEY OF CANADA. BonarentDre formatiou. Boeki at fbot of Fnuer'B Houn- Uin. the Bay of Fundy in 1843, and published in the first of the Canadian Geological Reports in 1845, Dr. Dawson, in his Acadian Geology, has MUhtoneGrit. called the Millstone Grit, correspnding, though somewhat different """"""' in aspect, to the Bonaventure formation of Gasp^ in the Province of Quebec, and to the Millstone Grit of England. On this side of the Atlantic ii might appropriately be termed the Grindstone grit, as at the Jog^ns it yields, in large abundance, the excellent grindstones for which Nova Scotia is celebrated. The largest spread of it observed by me on the east side of the East River, occupies a triangular area, of which the western apex occurs near the house of Mr. John Jack, at New Glasgow. From this, one side of the triangle runs along the south foot of Eraser's Mountain towards Merigomish Harbour, while the other has its course near the houses of Messrs. J. Mackay, Murdoch Rosa, William Love and Alex- ander Eraser, and crossing Olden's road would reach Satheriand's River, above Ross's bridge, where the extremities of the base would be about two miles apart. It was also observed on McLellan's Brook, south of the limestone mentioned as having been quarried near Mr. Alex. Eraser's. Of this band of limestone, which is shewn by its organic remains to belong to this series, the following is a descending section : Limeatone with fouU«. Red flaggy gandatone of a free grit Red arenuceous limegtooe, epotted with small masses of greeoish limestone Reddish striped nodular limestone, resembling a conglomerate of greenish limestone gravel having its interstices filled up with fine red sand... Reddish limestone of the same character, but holding more of the calca- reous nodules, some of which contain SjrirorbU earbonariut Gray good limestone, in some parts mottled with red ; it is compact in texture, and gives a conchoidal fracture. In a piece of limestone which had been quarried out of the bed, was observed a fragment of a spiral shell about half an inch broad at the base 11 Red arenaceous shale , 1 li.in. 3 6 6 1 6 3 2 19 8 The dip of this bed is S. 2«> W. <42«>. As already stated it has been quarried for about 120 yards on the strike, which would be N. 88*" W. i*SM^"Br^k. On the left bauk of McLellan's Brook, about half a mile from the quarry, and about ten or eleven chains north of the point where this bearing would reach a sharp elbow of the stream, there occurs an exposure of gray lime- stone, which, although at one part in contact with red shale or slate, does not afford the means of clearly deciding its attitude or associations. Being without fossils, it was not found possible to make out whether or not it was the same bed as the one above described or one enclosed in the older red rock. As far as I could judge, the dip appeared to be N. 22° E. < 68°, and the thickness aboat seventeen feet. i Ft 2 in. 6 6 1 6 3 2 11 1 ; |. . / > SUPORt OF SIR W. B. LOGAK. 9 Farther up the brook, about thirty-three chains in a strMght line, there LimeftoneUo. occurs another calcareous band, which, with its associated strata, dips S. ^"*"'* ^"^^' 1° E. <44'' - 64". A descending section, at the spot is as follows : Ft. . Bed sandgtone of free grit, iateratratlfied with layera of red shale 16 Bed sanditone. Red Bandstooe of a free grit 15 Bed saodstone interatratified with thin bands of fray lime8tone,weathering to a straw-yellow 9 Gray limestone with interstratified yellow- weathering calcareous layers 4 Gray compact limestone with a conchoidal fracture 8 » Red sandstone aud red shale 46 96 Though no fossils were observed, it is not doubted that these strata are Millstone Grit; but it is not so certain with what series to class the rocks between this calcareous band and the one farther down the stream. Of these intermediate rocks there are three exposures, with intervals of concealment. They all consist, more or less, of a brecciated red and green Breoouted red coarse conglomerate, similar to that north of the limestone near Mr. Alex. gi'om*ratM?''°* Fraser's. Some of the inclosed masses are a foot in diameter, and among the smaller masses was observe i one consisting of reddish orthoclase feldspar, with cleavable faces of an inch in diameter. Some parts of the exposures consist of red jaspery , fine-grained, argillaceous sandstone, harder than the usual strata of the Millstone Grit series, and others appeared to be a jaspery slate. The brecciated character of all these exposures makes it extremely diflScult to determine the dip ; but that of a bed of slate within seven chains of the more northern band of limestone seemed to be N. 87" E. <37". If the brecciated rocks between these lime- stones, and the brecciated conglomerate north of the limestone near Fraser's both belong to the Devonian series, there would appear to be a dislo- cation running along the valley of McLellan's Brook in this part, the con- glomerates of the brook being more to the south than those near Fraser's. At a bridge about a quarter of a mile above the southern band of lime- stone, red sandstones, of a free grit, computed to be about eighty feet thick, and belonging to the Millstone Grit dip N. 61» W. <20», and show the irregular arrangement of the strata. In the already mentioned triangular area of this formation, which is overlooked by Fraser's Mountain, the most continuously exposed mass of strata observed was in the channel of Pine-tree Brook, between the pro- Rne-tree perty of Mr. James A. Eraser and Pine-tree Gut. The total thickness of *"*°'" this mass may be about 1,000 feet. The lower part appears to be a green- ish-gray sandstone of a grindstone grit, interstratified with several bands of nodular limestone, by the people of the country, from its impurity, called hiisiard Umettone, none of which appeared to be fit for burning. There fSner'""*' 10 GEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Grccnf»h-gray eandstonea. Pine-tree Gut. ray Bandstones and shales. may also be interstratifiod, in concealed intervals, some bands of red sandstone, but no indications of these wore observed. As an example of this lower part, an exposure on Mr. Jas. A. Fraser's land maybe taken, where, between two bands of impure nodular limestone, dipping N. 7° E. < 34®, the lower about eighteen inches and the upper about three feet, there is included 270 feet of greenish-gray freestone of an even grain, well suited for building purposes. The rock appears to bo composed of fine grains of whitish quartz and whitish feldspar, witli small disseminated grains of a black colour, the composition of which is uncen n. Some of the beds are marked by circular spots of different sizes up to a foot in diameter, which appear to be sections of sub-globular forms, containing a good deal of calcareous matter. These are of a lighter gray than the surrounding stone, and though much harder, yield more readily to the solvent power of the weather, and therefore present slight depressions, which wherever several small spots are together, give a fretted aspect to the surface. The proprietor calls them bulls' eyes. In the strike of the upper calcareous band a sink-hole was observed, the bottom of which, though dry, appeared to be lower than the level of the neighbouring brook. About a third of a mile down the brook there is another exposure about ninety feet above this. It consists of the same sort of greenish-gray freestone, and with a tliickness of about 130 feet is surmounted by another band of impure nodular limestone of eight inches, supported by a couple of feet of a light gray calcareous sandstone, similar in aspect to the material of the hulls' eyes. Farther down the brook, and about 100 feet higher in the series, there is another mass of greenish-gray freestone of about twenty feet, which has been quarried, to a small extent, for building stone. The whole of these beds, making about 600 feet, have in the distance of more than half a mile a pretty regular average dip of N. 2** E. <33'', and occupy a breadth of about thirteen chains. At the junction of this brook with Pine-tree Gut, on the left side of the stream, what is called Pine-tree Bank, a wooded cliff of about fifty feet in height, presents at the base about fifteen feet of gray freestone in mas- sive beds of from three to five feet thick. A quarry has been opened in it about seven feet above the level of the water. The quarry stone has a face of six feet, and there are eighteen inches in the middle which would yield good flagstones, while the remainder would furnish building stones of excellent quality. In the cliff above this, thick bedded red sandstones occupy twelve feet, and red shale or marl and red flaggy sandstones about twenty feet more. At the edge of the cliff, a few feet above this, there was pointed out to mo by Mr. J. Weir a layer of about an inch thick, which it was supposed might be a coal seam ; but observing it had beneath it a bed of sandstone, without any indication of Stigmaria, a REPORT OP SIR W. E. LOGAN. 11 rine-fre© Urook. close examination shewed that it was only a layer of drift plants, the bark Drift pi»nt.. of which had yielded the coal. A band of impure nodular limestone was obscurely seen above it. The dip is here N, SS^ W. <14'>. What is supposed to be a continuation of the gray freestone at the foot of the cliff, occurs about twenty-five chains to the eastward, on the telegraph road, at the bridge over the south branch of the brook, where a flagstone quarry, formerly worked, became covered up in the construc- tion of the road. A bed of impure nodular limestone underlies the rock a few feet, and it appears probable that the old quarry here may occupy the same horizon as that at the summit of the series of beds already des- cribed further up Pine-tree Brook. North of the old « ;uarry, and eighty or a hundred feet above it, the interval being made up apparently of the red rocks of the upper part of Pine-tree Bank, and additional strata of the same character, another band of jireenish- gray freestone, fit for building purposes, occurs on the land of Mr. J. Weir. It is probably between twenty and thirty feet thick, and is succeeded by red sandstones and shales, which occupy the channel of Pine-tree Brook up to the dam of Weir's mills. These red strata, about 200 feet in thickness, Weir-s miii». are succeeded on the road, close by the mill-pond, by a few feet of green- ish-gray sandstone, with another band of impure nodular limestone. The whole series of strata thus described on the lower part of the brook, occupies a breadth of about twenty-eight chains, with an average dip of N. 230 W.<12'', giving a total thickness of about 400 feet. Proceeding westward, these upper strata gradually assume a dip east- ward of north, and at the distance of about a mile in a straight line from Weir's mills, some of the red sandstones are seen on the telegraph road, dipping N. 7*^ E. < 31°, conforming well with the lower mass of strata in the vicinity of Mr. J. A. Eraser's, the breadth they occupy being some- what diminished from the increase of slope. Here the upper beds come close upon the flank of Eraser's Mountain, composed of the conglomerates of the third series, towards which they dip all the way to New Glasgow. On Mr. A. McGregor's land, one of the bands of impure nodular lime- a. McGregor's stone is seen at the foot of the hill, about eighteen chains north-eastward stones"'""** of the telegraph road, and the conglomerates of the hill crop out only a short distance north of it. Farther westward, much drift covers the surface, but within a mile of New Glasgow the presence of red sandstone was ascertained by Mr. J. P. Lawson m a trial-pit sunk twenty-nine feet through red clay, about thirty Triai-pit on red chains north-eastward of the old straight road running S. 63° E. from the '^'"^^°''^- Scotch Church. About twelve chains on the same side of this road, but more than a quarter of a mile nearer the church, greenish-gray free- stone, in a shattered condition, occurs. It is ovoriaid by a band of impure nodular limestone, and at the junction there is a layer holding drift plants, Sonth aldo of triangaltr are*. Bedrooki. Beetiott Row's bridge. 12 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. chiefly Calamitea mtii. But this exposure is on the south side of the narrowing triangular area, which comes to a point where another shattered exposure of the same freestone was met with at the foot of the rising ground on which the house of Mr. J. Jack is situated. • ^ On the south side of the triangle, upwards of a mile from the apex, still another shattered exposure of the greenish-gray freestone occurs, where this side of the triangle crosses the telegraph road. After an interval of about a mile and three-quarters, the next observed indication of the strata on this side is near the house of Mr. Murdoch Ross, where red sandstones are ex- posed with an uncertain dip. Farther on, red arenaceous strata were met with by Mr. W. Love in sinking a well near his house. Red sandstones are ag£un seen on what is called the Pent road to the Marsh, at the foot of the hill descending from the house of Mr. Alexr. Fraser ; but here also the exposure is obscure and the dip uncertain, and it is only on approaching Sutherland's River, near Ross's bridge, that the dip can bo clearly made out from natural exposures, though the occurrence of red sandstones in place, is known in various trial-pits sunk on the St. Lawrence area by Mr. Haliburton. At Ross's bridge the following descending section occurs, the upper part being above the bridge and the lower exposed in a cliff immediately below it : Fitl. Red sandstone 60 Measures concealed 90 Red and brownish-drab sandstone ' ^ 60 Brownish-red sandstone .... 60 Red aud greenish-yellow mottled sandstone 180 Greenich conglomerate, with peL'^'es of a whitish quartzite and greenish argil- laceous sandstone, spangled with smuU flakes of mica ; all the pebbles are green externally. This layer is of varyiug thickness, from three inches to * Red shale - • Red sandstone ^ Green shale ' 2 Green crumbling sandstone in thin bands, separated by green shale or more crumbling sandstone * Red sandstone aud red sliale 16 Yellowish sandstone mottled with green and red 14 Red and f^reen mottled sandstone 4 Greenish sandstone mottled with red 9 Red sandsione • " Red shale '. * Red sandstone • 6 619 These strata occupy a breadth of nearly a quarter of a mile, with a dip which, upon an average, is S. 23° E. < 24°, and the same attitude may REPORT OF SIR W. B. LOGAN. 18 I extend somo distance farther dovm Sutherland's River. The dip is the reverse of that at Weir's mills, and between these places there must thus be at least one anticlinal form, and possibly more ; but whether any rocks Antictinti, lower than the Carboniferous are brought to the surface in the interval has yet to be ascertained. 8. RED COARSE CONGLOMERATES. Fttt. 60 90 60 60 180 I 1 2 a 4 16 U 4 9 9 5 6 619 At the bridge of New Glasgow is exposed a series of conglomerates, J5f„gioi'eSt». which, in general colour, are between a brick-red and chocolate or Indian- red, and whose inclosed masses, varying from the smallest pebbles to • boulders of two feet in diameter, are, for the most part, unmistakably derived from the red and greenish-gray sandstones, red shales and impure nodular limestones of the rock last described, some of them containing the same vegetable organic remains. With these pebbles and boulders are Msociated a few from the rocks still lower down. The whole are irjclosed in a matrix of the same mineral character, constituting an argillo-arena- ceous cement, which is also calcareous, and in the interstices of the boulders and pebbles is often observed a network of white calc-spar aiding to keep them together. There are interstratified in the rock, bands, from a few inches to several feet in thickness, of fine red sandstone and red shale, which serve to give assurance of the dip, and these occur at such distances apart as to render the conglomerate beds thick and massive, their transverse measure varying from ten to some times nearly 100 feet. To this rock Dr. Dawson has given the name of the New Glasgow con- glomerate. From a point a short distance above the bridge, to one much farther below, these conglomerates have a breadth of very nearly a mile, with a dip, which on the average is N. 8° — 13° W., with a slope gradually diminishing from 60° in the lower to about 30° in the upper part, and giving a total thickness of about 1,600 feet. As already indicated, this Thicknesg. great mags" of conglomerate composes Fraser's Mountain, towards the south flank of which, presenting the outcrop escarpment of the inferior part, thp red and gi-ay strata of the Millstone Grit dip in such a way as, without other evidenr +o induce the supposition that the one series overlies the other conformabiy. But on the west side of the East River Mr. Hartley has evidence to sho^ that there is a want of conformity, at least in some places. Three miles eastward of New Glasgow these conglomerates have a "o"'* Fraaer'* tjj.it !•. /.. Concretionary breadth, between their base, east of the house of Mr. A. McGregor, and unwstone, their summit, on a property formerly belonging to Mr. William Fraser (Moose) of about fifty-four chains, and they are here immediately and conformably overlaid by the followmg aseeading section : u Section. Concrotlonary iaeda. J. Small's Concretionary limestone. Dawson's des* oription of Splrorbia arte- tina. OBOLOaiCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Ft. in Qrny limestonn which has been quarried for burning 20 Measures concealed * 10 Blulsli-gray slightly calcareous sandstone 6 Bluish-brown cuncrellonary limestone, t'ae surface of which presents con- centric botryoidal thinly laminated concretions, with grayish and red clay in the interstices and inequalities 10 Gray and red clay 8 Heddisb concretionary limestone, with concentric botryoidal laminie as be- fore 1 Whitish-gray limestone 1 o Gray and red mottled clay, resembling fireclay 1 4 Grny flaggy sandstone 1 8 Gray clay e Whitish arenaceous limestone, holding abundance of Spirorbi$ arietina* 2 2 Grayisli-blue, spotted, slightly argillaceous sandstone 1 Measures concealed, including several feet of underclny 24 Coal and bluck carbonaceous shale, including about eighteen inches of good coal at the bottom, which used to be mined by Mr. W. Eraser, for the purpose of burn'ng the limestone in the lower part of the section 4 5 69 The dip of these strata is N. 10° W. <47°, and very nearly on the strike this would give, they arc again met with on a brook on the property of Mr. James, Small, on the road to Little Harbour, Merigoraish. The one locality is as much as three miles from the other ; but the botryoidal concretionary limestone layers in both are so peculiar and so strikingly like in appearance, and in their relation to an overlying seam of coal, that no doubt can be entertained of their equivalence. At Mr. Small's the dip * This is a new species, obtained by Mr. Hartley, who, with Dr. Dawson and myself, visited the locality in August, 1868, and the following is a description of it, kindly supplied by Dr Dawson. The figure is magnified thirteen diameters, the natural size being shewn at a. Spirorbis arietina. Spiral ; sinistral ; whorls four, the first three regularly spiral, and somewhat close, the last becoming irregular ; cross section circular; shell thin, with delicate tubular struc- ture, much finer than in S. carbonarius ; surface uneven, with obscure wrinkles on the last whorl, and microscopic lines of growth on earlier whorls ; apex flattened for attach- ment on first whorl only; length I-IO to 1-8 inch (about 3 millimetres.) ( ' Ft. in 20 10 6 10 8 1 1 1 4 1 8 6 2 2 1 24 4 6 RKPORT OF SIR W. E. LOGAN. 15 • rincoofconere- tioiiiirf Unit!- of this limestone is about N. 23° W. <9'>. The underlying conglomerate was not exposed ; but there is no reasonable doubt of its occurrence beneath, and I have no evidence yet to shew that the mass is here of less volume than farther to the west. The calcareous band with which these concretionary limestones are ^^^^^^^ associated was not observed above the conglomerates on the East River, j'^nt'l'jj''' but immediately north of the position where they terminate, on the east side of the stream, after a concealed interval of 200 paces, they are succeeded by whitish sandstones, dipping north at an angle of 1G°, which, a httle way on, is reduced to 8°, and this low rate of inclination is main- tained by the measures for a considerable distance toward Pictou, with an occasional flat undulation, reversing the dip. The apparent place of the limestone would be in the concealed interval in question. 4. PRODUCTIVE COAL MEASURES. In the district which has engaged my special attention, the thick I'roductiw co«i covering of drift so extensively concealing the strata, the dislocations which '"*'"'""■■■'■ are known to affect these in some places, and the facts wliich suggest the probability of disturbances in others, while little has yet been revealed by crop workings, will make it difficult, for some time to come, to build up a column shewing a perfect series of the measures ; and what is now offered is to be considered as only a distant approximation to the truth, to be improved hereafter as occasion may serve, and farther developments may occur. The most continuous exposure of the strata observed lies in the channel McLo;!an-s of McLellan's Brook, in which the rocks are bared, with short intervals """"""-^"o"- of concealment, from nearly its mouth to the gap between McLellan's and McGregor's Mountains, and much farther beyond. But this section does not reach the highest strata, and some of the measures are repeated by an undulation. A portion of the beds, however, is seen nowhere else. The highest coal seam with which I have been able to connect the section, appears to me to be one of which the crop was ascertained by Messrs. McBean, on the dividing line between the first and second square mile of their three-mile area, going south-eastward, and about 250 paces from the stake at the south-western end of the line. Here there are five The specimens described were found by Mr. E. Hurtley, in limestone belonging to tl.e coal formation, and immediately overlying tiie New Glasgow conglomenite. The occur- rence of Spirorbis in this bed is mentioned in Jlcadian Geology, p. 326, but it is not dis- tinguished from the ordinary S. carbonarius, from which, however, Mr. Hartley's specimens shew it to be very distinct. It is so regularly spiral that it might be mistaken for a gasteropod shell ; bu;, its apex, flattened for attachment, and its microscopic struc- ture, show it to be a ^.-urm shell. It was probably, like S. carbonarius, attached to sub- mertted plants; but in the limestone above meniioned, it occurs loose in great numbers, having probably been drifted from its attachmen' T, W. D. 16 GBOLOOIOAL BtmVBT Or CANADA. 9U-fc«e coil •MB. mall trml-p.te and bore-holos in a distance of about olovon chains on th„ «tr.ko. In one of tho80, according to Mr. A. McBoan loven f^^nr ^ were perced under five feet of gravel, and in ano Z five f^ of c'o"; under three feet of gravel, while the crop was touched in ^ nth The average strike of the crop k about N 87» P ^T^T a^ .^^"'' but I am not able to state th! Z of slope ' ''' ''' ""^^"•'^^' A httle to the west of north from this, at a distance of about twentv two chains, reduced to a straight lino, directly across th s^^ ZZ McBean sunk a trial-pit and bore-hole on the south side Tst M^r: road, not far from the house of Mr. J McDonald nn7\ »*• Ma^y s .Uhe depjh of ..e«,*e., U,.^ ^^.^".1^' f^'^S they con-dT to be the same .earn a, that to which they s^utTtit .bo^ eighteen chains to the eaatward of north from it «he™ if .Tf„ r . , nche. in thickne., and identical with thelltS J^ t klThy" •lepo .boat encteen chain, farther on the c,x,p lo tho north-weZard T^ «c«on of p^ of «» gronnd between McbJ'!' aWeeT *d"'fX: The indbation of the strata at McKay's slope is about 1 in 4 th. a- at the mouth of the slope being N. 34» E <1^» bL 2 ' ^ and ,t ,s probable that the rate of dip there h not more than 1 in 4* ^ would g.ve about 310 feet between McBean's six-feet and L^?eet sea^s and place the six-feet seam about ninety feet ahovA ^i,. '°""^®' ^?«"8r Bected in the Marsh pit. Combining Se with w caXZ^dfrom' the Marsh Brook and McLellan's Brook, the foUowin/woddt 2- m 1868 and remeasurements by chain by Mr. Hartley in 1869 ^ intfrL^TrniiriT given in sequent numC ' ' "' ^' "' '"'^'^^ "'^^^'^ *^«- - Division A, including Section 1. / Division B, including Sections 2, 4, 5, 6, 8. Division C, including Sections 8, 7, 9. UUBh pit. IMtWodi ud neUoM. chams on tho 9n feet'of coal > foot of coal n tho others, ip southward, bout twentj- rata, Messrs, f St. Mary's penetrating, ' coal. This ( a pit about bur feet four ivorked bj a itward. This i still farther ason it goes of McKay's lis seam^ at 'hus have a ad four-feet I 4, the dip e measures [ary's road,. in4i. This ■feet seams, sures inter- thered from the series, B by myself s is divided r these are MPORT OF SIR W. 1. LOQAIt. SBCHOK 1. (DIVISION A.) MiAtrue WTM..oTK> n thii Uambu ooiiimt pit. Dark gray Mglllaoeooi ihata .' '*■ "'''• Gray Impure flreolay ^ ® ' 49 Coal.-^Tht Captain uam Gray fireclay \\\\ '"'\ Gray arenaceoaa ibale .'.'.*" * '** Gray aolld landitone !!!!.!....'! ^ ** Gray argillaceous i hale * ^ 8 9 Coal — A team of Inferior quality ■ Gray fireclay _' Gray arenaceous shale * ' e 10 Coal - Gray fireclay V.V.V. Gray arenaoeoui shale '.*.* ^ ' Gray fireclay ...'.'.*.' ^ ^^ Gray strong solid sandstone ...'.*.'.'.*.* ^ " Gray sandstoae ...*..*..'.! ^* * Gray arenaceous shale.... ^^ ^ 8 4 CoaL—Vic Mill-ract tiam. Cannel coaJ Mineral charcoal mixed witVcoai.'!! " ® Good coal ^ Gray hard sandstone in one bed ^ ^ Gray shaly sandstone, with interst;atVfi;rbands";f'g«;h.;d ' " sandstone of from one to four inches thick !". ^ ,, « Dark gray argUlaceous shale, With a few nodules of clay ironito;; u t Coal—Tht George McKay uam. ' Coarse shaly coal Good coal 3 3 6 IT n. In. HeMuretllartk pit. 62 3 CtpUla 21 1 1 8 10 10 3 64 5 Mlil-race leam. 3 1 63 6 George MoKar- seam. SECTION 2. (DIVISION B.) H..Br«« O. MABBH BHOOK, .nOU TH.G«,H0KMCK.V «,.«-«„ BSOOK, 3 223 8«AM TO MoLkilan-s Measures Mawh n El. Brook. Gray fireclay, with great abundance of Stiffmaria. . . ^l ^^ ^' ^''• Measures not well ascertained, but supposeTto cons^V^^iVfiV ;f ' ' •renaceons shale and flaggy sandstone, with some black carbonaceous shale at the too.. "^ ••••••.. ,.,,,,. 190 U — 193 rtm-mih *Mm. oil ihtle I ' (Small co»l^ SuppoKa coal 18 OlOLOaiOAL or CANADA. 3 BO Coal.-.Th,tf,M .„«. A trl«l.p|t hu bwn .uok on tb. crop on the Marilj "i-ook "^ fjrecUj Black carbonaceoui ihale, clilefl/ '...'!.'.' Oti **'*~A Mam worked toaamallexu. : Ina trlal-plt onMar.h "" Hrook, ,uok b, Mr. Ilallburtoi,; the thlokn... t. uncertain Meaaurea concealed Black carbonaceous abale ' , ' *' iMeaaurea concealed * Light gray arenaceo-arglllaceoua shnle '." , °? Black argillaceou. ahale not well eipoa.d, thew'be'lng maJv i-naVl intervala of concealment Meaaurea concealed _ Dark bluiah-grajr argiUnceoua ahale, "not we'll eVpoaed! .".'.'.' 20 Meaaurea concealed Jllack carbonaceoua ahale Ncaaures concealed Black cu lionaccoua ahale Meaaurea concealed *** Black nrgillaceoua abate ..." .. Meaaurea concealed ^- tn. Ft. In. 10 Hliick carbonaceous shale Meaaurea concealed. Coal, Cannel Gray fireclay Light and dark gray fine grained ftiggy aaiidatone M... Ycllowiah-drab thick bedded aandatone, weathering maty ...... Meaaurea concealed Yellowiah-drab thick bedded ruaVy-weaVhMing wndatone! '.'.'.'.'.' Bluiah-gray flaggy aandatone, with occasional carbonaceoua partlnga Meaaurea concealed Bluiah-gray flaggy aandatone •.".'.'.'!.'*.!!.'!!...*.'.'. . Meaaurea concealed Yellowiah-drab aandatone, in thin layera'with faVse'beddilig' Vorae parts weathering brownish-red ,' Meaaurea concealed Dark bluish-gray, brown-weathering s*a"ndstOM,"in' iome 'parts rust-brown Dove-gray alightiy arenaceous fireclay, weaihe'ringgreenia'h-'gr'ay, aod very aoft when weathered Coal— A seam supposed probable here Measures concealed Biaish-gray fireclay banded with dark gray.'in llyers "from one'- riftieth to one-twentieth of an inch thick, the whole > rRil.erbg .lark brown or almost black 1 Mc'sn <. • v.v iled Light ble^ jfftvt JUeaaia-i'^ :'i -vset/ua, 9 2 3 6 8 6 4 5 38 1 30 3 4 6 '■) 3 8 8 8 9 8 6 6 3 10 »l 6 4 7 6 • ■ 13 g^laceous shale 8 384 114 I 30 6 813 8 ■ In. Ft. In. 10 \ e > •J 3 e 9 93 e 4 384 6 3 114 3 REPORT Of m W. & LOOAK. SICTION 8. (DIVISION C.) "'" ';xir":3r:'.r:.r " '•"- "• '"■ "■ Blii.k (rtrbonaceom ihnle " ** Miinih M concealed ".,*' ® ^ Oruj I ggy tandiiooe .'.'.'.".". "'' '^^ ^ Meaiiirei concealed ' ^ * vcy j«rk b,ui.h.gr.y ,and,t;'n;;;;.;;moiyh;;d".'i'fi^o'gr;in;d '' " and weathering brown Measure, concealed, but there apVe^Viobei^^dito'ne'bVhVud ' " or tiie stream , lilack carbonaceous ibale . ^^ " 28 Coal.- A leara of hard coal but of fair quality ^ 1 1 Very light gray fireclay, full of carbonized S/.Vmun^V.V.V."" , , Whitish.gray very compact heavy bedded freestone' ". ' '. '! ° Light and dark gray argillaceous 8h«l«.. ^ * Black coaly carbonaceous shale '.'.'.'.'.'."'.'.'. "* " Y^nZ'^^'^':!''"' ^'"''""'^ ""'".-off"" 1 "Ilty but hard. . . " '' Dark gray compact sandstone, weathering n/sUbVown," Vull * of ' ' Dark gray compact saVdVton'e,' w^alhe^Vg ■;usV.bVown''with ' " occasional clay ironstone balls. .. " ■"°'"'' '^»'» Dark yeaiowlsh-drab and brownish-drab sands;o;e;w;;;h^^^^^^ 3 7 nst-brown, in rather coarse thick beds '^ .. Cmtt' ""' i'--'^'^-^-'' «aggy sandsto;;;' ;i;h " ' Measur:sTon^rd"''"''''«^^"----«'^»be»'eds ^5 Dark yeiiowish-dr«b and brownish-d;;;'fl;gg;Va;"dVt;;;;';h;,: '' ' in'S.':"".':'^:;:'""" ^"'' '"""•' °' "'^™ '"-^ '''""• Measures concealed ' ^ ° Dark yellowlsh-drab sandstones ^ ^ Dark yellowish-drab sandstones with false bedding and „;;. mark, and having black micaceous parUngf more con- spicuous towards the base Black s«ni.carbonaceous hale. 'wiVh "occ^ionai day VrVnVt^n; '' ' cleavage planes, dividing it into cuboidal blocks about one foot m diameter Purplish-gray fine grai«,d san/stoiie. ".'.".' .' f ° Measures concealed ° " Black cur oonaceoua shale.. ^-'"'^ 5 -j 3 9 19 MnuurM Mo- l<«ll«nitBnH>k. //-. ."maUeoiheam. WiiJow Chli- lioli: I aoam. Small «o»I •earn. Upright Sigil- laria. 20 QBOLOOICAL RVKVtY OF CANADA. Heaaures concealed ' "' Black CArbonaceoas compact shale o Measures conceaU.fl [ " Yellowiah-drab htu v bedded sandstone, weathering lightdrab. .' .' 1 1 4 Measures concealed Tellowish-drab sandstone g Measures concealed .'.'.*'!!!*.!!!!!!" 16 Yellowish-drab sandstone, generally flaggy, with wavy dark miVa^ C6OUS partings 3^ g Brown arenaceous shale, weathering gray .'.'.'.' 5 g Gray argillaceous shale !!!!.'.'..'.'.' 1 « Black ca-bonaceous shale, rery compact ',',[[ 4 § Light gray arenaceous shales and sandstones, with a few inches of gray argillaceous shale at the base, containing a band of clay ironstone two inches and a-half thick 15 > Ash-gray sandstone, very heavily bedded, one of the beds thirty- three inches thick, without any partings 12 2 Grayish-drab coarse sandstones, with rust-stained partings 3 3 Measures concealed _^ ^ „. „ Yellowish-drab sandstones, in thick beds, with wavy partings and much false bedding .q » Yellowish-drab flaggy sandstones '.','.','. 6 6 Gray rusty-weathering sandstone '.',",'. 8 Bluish-gray argillaceous shale .^ .'.'.'.'.* 2 6 Yellowish-ftab sandstone .'.'" 49 Measures concealed _' „„ Yellowish-drab sandstone ...". '.*.'" 2 Measures concealed ""' „ Yellowish-drab sandstone. " „ „ Measures concealed ."."*'* 3 2 Black highly carbonaceous shale, very compact and not' easily ''"'''«'» 29 Coal Yellowish-drab nnderclay, full otSligmaria, and holding occasional disseminated clay ironstone balls from one-eighth to one- fourth of an inch in diameter » a Measures concealed Light gray compact rusty-weathering sandstone .'.'.' . ." .' * ' ' q 6 Light gray arenaceous shale, weathering of a greenish tinge] ta coarse beds with dark partings ',_ , g Light gray fine grained arenaceous shale with dark partings', ... 29 Light yellowish-drab sandstone * „ e Measures concealed .' "" ^^ „ Very light yellowish-drab sandstone, weathering red, with much false bedding . Measures concealed Very light yellowish-drab sandstone with much fal'se'beddi'ng '. " 10 Gray sandstone, weathering drab. At the bottom of this there is a fragment of an upright Sigillaria; it is a sandstone core of about seven Inches long, with a diameter of four Inches and a-half; it is constricted towards the bottom, and then spreads out a little on a thin layer of shale beneath. No Ft. In. 547 10 S- I fi 1( In. Ft. In. i - 647 10 3- REPORT OP SIR W. E. LOGAN. root* were obserFed beneath, and the shale on which it is^' '"" based passes just over the top of another upright Sisillana, a few feet removed on one side 4 « Gray sandstone with three inches of shale on top . . ...."..."" 1 a Gray sandstone, weathering drab ; the lower and uppeV parts "of the bed are somewhat shaly, with two inches of soft clav ontop 2 3 Dark gray argillaceous shale, with nodules of clay ironstone.' ' In this bed, in the distance of twenty-five feet, there are the remains of three upright Sigillariee. The largest of them 18 about eighteen inches in diamete'r; a length of forty- three Inches of it remains. Towards the lower part it becomes constricted and then spreads out to a wider dia- meter on the bed beneath. It is a sandstone cast of the plant. The remains of the other two occur at the top of the bed, m the form of sandstone cores, each of them about seven inches long, one of them being five inches and the other seven inches in diameter ; the former penetrates eleven inches into the layer of sandstone above, and the hollow semi- cylmdrical mould of the other is visible in the upper bed for forty-five inches, from which the plant has been removed, while at the length of twenty-four inches in the sandstone the form is cut by two inches of soft shale. All the three pUnts probably had roots In the same bed of shale beneath, and these may have penetrated to a bed of sand- stone still lower, which is marked by the presence of Stig. . maria, but no connection could be found between these roots and the upright plants Gray argillaceous shale [\\ **" " Gray soft argillaceous shale or clay f. 3 Gray flaggy sandstones in irregular layers," with'r'emaJns" 'o"f p'rVs- trate plants Gray sandstone in a single bed, marked "by 'th"e pre's'e'n"ce"of 'sii'g. ^ ^ Maria ' Gray flaggy sandstones, w;a"tL;;ing"d;a"b,'w"i;h"'wa;;";;;fac"e"s; ' " . interstraufied with argillaceous and arenaceous shales... 1 Gray arenaceous shale and thin sandstones interstratified with bedsof dark gray argillaceous shale.... ^ „ Gray arenaceous shale, with beds of sandstone' "weathering" io a mottled red and drab Measures concealed, probably flaggy s"a"nd3"t"o"n"e's*. ". ".'.'.■.".■■ 28 Gray flaggy sandstone, weatheringdrab,wiih ripple-mark.'.""!' 16 ' wShT" '''''• :*'' '"'''' '' ^''^^ fl^'^^y -"j«t°-. Crav fll . T"''^.'""' '""**'"'' *° » °"»"led drat, and red. . 5 Gray flaggy sandstone interstratified with gray arenaceous shale. 7 0' 21 Ft. In. Three upright SigiUance. 134 8 924 4 Black anTA W 1^^^^^^^ "' *'' ''' ""^ ^^^-S<" ^ Messrs. S. B,ae..„u.„ feult fI-I 7' ^i'"' f"' '"'"'"'"'' "PP^^'" ^ be interrupted by a ^'"• fault. Evidences of a disturbance are plainly visible in the cliff over- loohng the stream on the right bank; but I was unable to mke out I ill 22 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. S. £. dip. BiMk shales HeLeUan'B Brook. N. E. dip. clearty, from the cliff, wliich way the measures are thrown. In McLellan's Brook all the way up vo the mouth of Marsh Brook, the strata of D vistrc d.p to the south-eastward. On the main stream, above the junctionTthe tributary, the same dip is maintamed in the prolongation*^of the Ma s^ Brook senes (Divis on B) to within twenty-six chains^f the FulLg-mm whichi! 'Jo' '"'"'"'tl^^^ largely composed of sandstones, the strike of wh ch s, of course, south-westward. From Black's mill-site downwards to the junction of McLellan's Brook with the East River, the measures are apparently all black shales, the chief part of them carbonaceous, Jvngl great thickness, with no sandstones observed. The dip of these shales is more or less north-eastward, at angles ranging from 8° to 24°. Their strike tZ th: «°'^*^r*""''r''° ^^^P-^^ain of the strata intWst: tion, they would apparently come against the sandstones irregulariy The about S.S.E. from Black's mill-sito, crossmg the old miU road a little north he 1 r ""m r7', '^•^'""' '''' ^^-^"S - M«I^^"-'« Brol n W^L T. M^I-^U^'^and McGregor's Mountains, would apparently have the sandstones on the east, whUe the black shales wonW hH^l Ma..o.d ... .est, ana it is probable that a dislocation, wMch m^be ^td^ ^^^^^^ road fault, more or less cobcides with this Hne all the way . As t ml MclZ'H TT ^"T""^ *^^ ''"^^ characteristics t those of McLeUan s Brook, is known below the black shales, the sandstones are eem to be a downthrow to the eastward; but what may be the extent of the break, the evidence is not at present sufficient to decide. As already stated the south-eastward dip of the arenaceous measures on McLellan's Brook is maintained to within twenty-six chl7of T ?:r:.o.. iX't^^f- ^^ ^^r^> r- ^^ oirshl,7ormeT;wtk «^. by Mr. Pa nek comes upon the brook. It is supposed to be on the same hor«on as the oil shale on Marsh Brook, and the strata associated wthTt arS dZr ''' ''' ""^^" ''-'"^ *^- - ''^ *^^"-^' - ^ of which, at the nght margin of the stream, the two out-crops of the oil ,' ' J ''PP'^'' *° ^^ ^ downthrow on the north-west side producmg on that side a greater separation of the out-crops. On the northern out-crop the evidences of the dislocation are in the middle of the the north-west. Between the two there runs a thin vein of quartz the from thl^'l '' ^•'': ^' <''°' '^'^^^^-^ of the quartzobt in^d from the vem, shewed well marked slickensides next the sandstone. Synclinal. Fault. '■» REPORT OF SIR W. E. LOGAN. McLellan's Division C 3tion of the the Marsh ^ulling-mill iryingfrom le strike of downwards sasures are s, giving a le shales is 'heir strike this direc- irlj. The e running ittle north I Brook in ipparently be on the I the Min- is no mass s those of itones are ould thus extent of measures ns of the ly worked the same ed with it we obtain isite sides >f the oil 1 bearing ^est side, On the lie of the stones on lartz, the obtained 10. 23 On the south out-crop, and on the north-west side of the fault, there are the remains of an old slope sunk by Mr. Patrick. The dip at the mouth Patriok-a.iope of the slope is N. 22° E. <29° ; and I was informed by Mr. A.McBean °"''""^'- that in descendmg this slope the oil shale maintained a thickness of from two to six inches for about twenty feet ; it then gradually thickened to variaaon of five feet in descending sixty feet farther, while the dip gradually became *""""'*'*■ N. 67° E. <52° ; descending eight feet more, the deposit diminished to nothing ; and in eight feet still further, the face of the fault presented itself, the strata becoming vertical. In the thickest part of the oil shale, a horizontal gallery was driven twenty yards to the left, and in this distance the seam thinned from five feet to fifteen inches, then again thickened and again thinned. Prom the description of Mr. McBean, and from the specimens shown me, Feiwike rtm^ the best and most typical parts of the oil shale appear to have a curly or *"«°f»"'"'»'^' felt-hke structure. It is this part which varies so much in thickness, and while the bottom of the deposit remains even, the thinning arises from depressions in the upper portion, which are filled up with even layers of the more ordinary carbonaceous shale. The out^crops approach one another to the north-west, and the turn on the axis of the synclinal occurs Axis of syncim- about 300 yards from the margin of the brook. The measures associated with the oil shale on the opposite out-crops, as exposed on the brook, are as follows, in descending order, both sections belonging, of course, to the Division B : SECTION 4. (division B.) MBA8CRES ON THB SOHTH OUT-CROP FROM THE HIGHB8T BEDS SEEN ABOVE THE OIL BH ^LB UP MoLBLLAS'a BaOOK to THB FULLING-MILL BBIDOE. p . . , . Ft. In. tY. In. Brownish-gray fine grained sandstone, weathering brown o 9 Measures concealed ' a 7 Gray compact sandstone, with wavy micaceous partings 10 Measures concealed , * 2 Darls gray flaggy sandstone, weathering brownish-gray i o Measures concealed e o Bluish-gray argillaceous shale 2 3 Measures concealed ..'.".*." 2 Bluish-gray argillaceous shale ^ g Black highly carbonaceous shale 13 g Measures concealed *" ,3 „ Oil skale.—A seam varying in thickness from one inch to eight feet 4 Measures concealed 26 Black argillaceous shale , \\\ ^ jq Black carbonaceous shale 3 5 Measures concealed .[.... 164 202 3 Measures on south out'Orop> Oil shale. v < l! >! i ■:;i CoalMun. Coal Beam re- ported. 24 OEOLOQICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Coat.— A seam on which * P't has been sunk about 126 naces on th. str ke (8. 64" E.) from the margin of the brook ft. Tn. Ft. In. Cannel coal Bituminous coal ' Totrellr::.!!!!?:: """";"« °""'°'"^' ^"'^- Measures concealed ^ Darkgray arenaceous fireclay .'..".'.'.."! ^ Measures concealed ^ Light gray rusty-weathering sandstone" in thick beds *. ■.■.*.'."."■' „ Measures concealed " Light gray soft-weathering aVenaceouV fireclay." ." ." ? Gray rusty-weathering sandstone Measures concealed ^ Black semi.carbonaceou"s" "fi'r;;;:;," Vlightly' "a'r;n"a"ce;us; "with "; ' Whitish-brown streak Measures concealed.... ^ 12 Coal — A seam reported to be here Light gray .-arenaceous und;;olaV,"wi;h"d;;i;";a;u;g"s," 'holding «/.?mana and casts of Catem,/Mri,/<,-,. * , Light gray sandatone, with occasional clay ironsto"n"e"*b"ail"s".*."."."" 4 Dark gray shaly sandstone * Dark gray sandstone in thick beds.. ^ Measures concealed, with one or two "s".;;i"l"*e";p'o"s"u"r;;";f"d;;k '' semi-carbonaceous indurated shale Dark gray, rusty-weathering sandstone, not w"e"ll" exposed". ." '.'.'.' '. 24 Measures concealed r =<=« n Dark gray rusty-weathering sandstone" ^ Measures concealed, but probably sandsto'ne";f"th'e*s*a';;*c"har;"c't;; 25 3 4 4 3 8 3 6 1 10 1 6 3 1 9 68 1 122 1 437 3 SECTION 5. rciVISION B.) Measures on Mbasubbs ok the kobth oct-cbop pbom the hiohmt p.,o.^. north out-crop, uo^M^L^ZTb^^^^'^ bkbnabovbthk 0,1. bhaxb, Brownish-gray^fine grained sandstone in one bed, weathering ""' '"• ^' '"' Measures concealed ." ^ ^ Light gray compact sandstone .*.*.'.*.'.'.*."."!"." ** ^ Measures concealed ^ ^ Light gray flaggy sandstone....'.*.'!!!'.'.'.'.'.'." ° ^ Darkbluish-gray argillaceous shale..!!!!! f " ' Dark brownish-gray sandstone !!!!!! ] ^ Measures concealed ' ^ Black semi-carbonaceous shale ! ^^ *' "" 15 53 9 1 C £ tl u t( U - 1 a.1 Ft. In. Ft. In. 3 1 6 3 1 9 8 2 3 1 8 1 3 2 5 12 6 1 10 1 6 i 3 2 2 J I > 68 4 1 HE Oil. 8HALK, in. Ft. In. 3 6 6 6 e 6 REPORT OF SIR W. E. LOOAN. Oil thah.—A seam of black highly carbonaceous shale, containing ^'' '"' lenticular masses of a substance like oil shale, as proved in a pit sunk to by the Pictou Mining Company Black carbonaceous shale " 2 Measures concealed .'.*.'.""' 15 4 Light bluiah-gray argillaceous shale ' ' j g Black carbonaceous shale ['[[ q « Measures concealed '"*' ^g q Black carbonaceous shale p « Measures concealed ....*.'.'.....*' 17 e Black semi-carbonaceous shale !.".""* 6 Black argillaceous shale ..'•.*."*...*."'....*.' 6 8 Black carbonaceous shale •• •• Black carbonaceous shale, very compact and tough 5 3 Measures concealed Brownish-drab thick bedded sandstone.'weaVhVring ruVty',"with black micaceous partings a , Gray very fine grained sandstone, with clay JronitonV bLllV..*.'.'." 4 9 Gray very Sue grained sandstone, partially concealed , . . g 6 Very light gray fine grained sandstone, weathering rusty in the partings ' ^ ^ Gray sandstone, with black partings. . ..!.'!!!.'!!!!.!!!.".""'" 27 6 Brownish-drab flaggy sandstone, weathering brown! .....'.'." 3 9 Blackish-gray argillo-arenaceous shale, interstratified with light- gray arenaceous shale, with black partings. . . .t. 6 G Dark brownish-drab fine grained sandstone, weathering rusty'.'.' '. 4 9 Dark bluish-gray arenaceous fireclay, weathering very soft in some beds „,, • 6 11 Coal — A seam supposed probable in this place Dark bluish-gray arenaceous fireclay, partially concealed.!!!.". 1 5 Measures concealed ■. Gray sandstone, with black wavy micaceousparVinm !!!!!!!! ! ! 24 1 Measures concealed Coal.— A seam supposed to be about this horizon Measures concealed Black carbonaceous shale. . . . „ „ « 9 7 Ft. 25 In. 4 Oil shale. IfiS 60 Snpnosed ooal seam. Supposjd coal (earn. 89 1 400 10 Both of these sections terminate at dislocations. That concluding at the t ulhng-miU bridge comes against a break of considerable importance : its course appears to be N. 77° E., and it may be called the Fullin-miU i^»"inK-mm fault. *? *■«""• The whole area of Productive coal measures belonging to that part of the Pictou field which has been under the examination of Mr. Hartley and myself, is included between two great upthrow dislocations, which maybe termed the North and South faults. The former crosses the East River a G.*at North little above New Glasgow bridge, where it brings the productive measures *""• aoruptly against the New Glasgow conglomerates. It thence runs to ■!l I' i |l II I t 'I 26 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Great South fault. Black eUftles. Arenaceous measures. Three eyncli- nals. J i H Sutherland's River along the south side of the triangular area of MiU- atone Grit rocks which has been previously described, the bearing being about S. 82° E. for one-half of the distance, and S. 68" E for the other. The South fault crosses the East River about three and a-half miles further up, skirts the north side of McGregor's Mountain, and inter- secting McLellan's Brook about seventeen chains above the Fulling-mill bridge passes along the north foot of McLellan's Mountain and strikes Sutherland s River about fifty chains below McPherson's bri.^ge. This fault has on the south side the Devonian rocks of McGregor's and McLellan's Mountains, bringing those of the former mountain to abut against the great mass of black shales* lying west of the Mill-road fault, and those of McLeUan s Mountain against the higher and more arenaceous deposit, of the divisions A, B, and C. Immediately east of the Mill-road fault these more arenaceous deposits appear to occupy the whole space between the North and South faults, in which space they are arranged in three synclinal forms, the axes of two of which, bearing eastward, are a Utile more than a mile and a-half apart • one of them,already alluded to,runningin the vicinity of Patrick's old work- ings on the oil shale, and the other a little north of the pit sunk at the Marsh colhery to the George McKay four-feet coal seam. There is however a third parallel synclinal axis, over half a mile north of tho latter, which passes along the upper part of Potter's Brook near the telegraph road and comes obUquely against the North fault. These synclinals may be called the South, Middle (or Marsh), and North, the Middle one being the most important. AT-^^f ""^'^''P ""^ *^® ^'^'S® ^'^^y ^"^"^ on the south rise of the Middle sjmchnal is seen in the George McKay slope, and its course from this, as marked by the Pictou Mining Company's trial-pit, (thirty-six feet to the coal), and McBean's slope on the crop, is about S. 62° E. But farther on as ah-eady mdicj ted, it takes a more southward course, and folding over the' axis of the anticlinal, which lies between the Mid(fie and South syncUnals mentioned, it reaches the St. Mary's road about 200 paces south-eastward HoBoan. trial- of the house of Mr. Jas. McDonald, (turner), in McBean's trial-pit and bore- hole. It has not boon tested by continuous trial-pits farther on, but between Wty and sixty chains to the south-west, in what appears to be the general stnke of the measures, a trial-slope, about 230 paces outside of Messrs TTiai-sioponear iTbTk' T '^''^ ^^"^'^^^y' ^'' ^^'^ ^-^^ «„ a coal seam on the jrcuregor-«. 'e« bank of a small stream running north-westward near the house of Mr. McGregor. Accordbg to Mr. A. McBe an, the thickness of this seam is three feet six in'elVoVedT/lf „?*H ""''''I ^ " ^"""g^l" ««» of Millstone Grit rocks may be twfnT / .r^ ^'''''^*'''"^''" '^0^°^^^ fault and one branching from it and that towcrrla th\ E-iat Riirar thi^ hw >i> 1. 1 , -~"'"s iiuiu 11, ana «-« ii.^t Kirer the black shales may abut against such rocks. South, Middle and North. George McKay coal seam. ir area of Mill- i, the bearing • 68" E. for the hree and a-half itain, and inter- the Fulling-mi]l ain and strikes i-ge. This fault md McLellan's )ut against the It, and those of 30US deposits of aceous deposits louth faults, in axes of two of a-half apart ; ick's old work- k at the Marsh i is however a latter, which legraph road, ilinals may be die one being h rise of the irse from this, six feet to the ut farther on, ding over the ith synclinals mth-eastward l-pit and bore- 1, but between 9 the general e of Messrs. seam on the ihe house of three feet six t rocks may be ig from it, and I. RBPORT OP SIR W. E. LOGAN. 27 inches, and the dip at the mouth of the slope, which is about four feet above ' stream,^ S16°E.<19; but at nine feet down the slope the roof sudden^ assumed an mchnationof 70°. I„ another .lope sunk at the level of the brook and a few paces to the north-east, the sudden increase of inclination he irregularity of the strike at the mouths of the slopes. This seam is apposed to represent the George McKay four-feet seam. The disloca- tion may be called the McGregor fault. ZeTjJl ^ fV r^^'""''^'"" boundary of the McBean area, e^ir-^" three small trial-pits have been sunk on a coal seam about four hundred '^'"p*^" '«"» paces from the south-west comer of the line between the first and second square miles. The thickness and character of the coal, I am not able to state with exactness, but the former appears to be from hal ir.r \T. *^' '''^ t ''''''^ ^^ '' ''''' ''^^^' f^^t «f black m!p i P V ^^' "'P '' ®- ^^° ^' < 17i^ ; but according to Mr ' incrlt" '"" T^°;' '^'' ^^^"^""^"S a short distance, Suddenly in reaae to a considerable angle, and a crack in the coal at tL bend i^ fh eno'Ltf ^^ *' *'^* f'""' ^°^^- ^^*^« ^'P «f *b^ — be aW iTn f ! T"n' *^'* '* '^' ^^^P' '^' ''^^ ^^"1^1 wear to be about 160 feet over the George McKay seam, which is about the horizon of the Captain seam in the Marsh pit. the^SLll'S,'"'^ '^'P'' ^'"' '''"" '""^ "P'^" '^' ^«"*h «»t-<^rop of Captainan. he Captain and Mill-race seamsin the vicinity of the Marsh pit, establishing ^'''•"«=« »«»""• Z r " *t?y "'' ""^ '^'^^° "PP^^"*^y ^ ^°^^" divergence from the George McKay seam, going eastward, probably from some diminution of the ,nc ination. Proceeding in an opposite direction from the George McKay slope, tnal-pits which have been sunk on the crop of this seam as pointea out to me by Mr. Lawther, exhibit the turn of the seam upon Ihe the run ot the Marsh pit group of seams on the north rise is indicated first '^'"="'"'- by a slope sunk by Mr. Lawson on the Captain seam, for the Merigomish Company, near the north-west boundary of their area, about twenty-two chains from the south-west corner post. ^ is f 20° E "J^ m?";u"'. '"l"^' .^"•^ *^^ -^'P «* *^« --*b «f *he slope Capta. .a.. 18 o. ^u J!.. < 17J . This mclination continues for eighty feet down the frea"^"""'"" Slope, when a downthrow occurs about equal to the thickness of the coal beyond which the inclination becomes 22°, and continues so for forty feet' In a bearing N. 67° E. from this, at a distance of about 850 paces, Mr group of seams, on a small stream which flows down the south slope of the '^T' ''^^^ • ft! i li In S8 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. McPher.on-, ' ^ from Donald MoPheraon's land. Here Messn, MoH... », , , According to Mr. A. McBean fto thickness of the soam is hero fonrf».t ' and tho average dip of th.e measures is S,28oE.<45» A " "m . ° ' .T.^Ze°n;*l^'^T°•"*""»'''»™'■-i^^*«^^^^^^ Captain seam. MUl.raoe seam. George McKay seam. C"""'-— r^e tVa»n team Intermediate measures. . Coal Intermediate measures Coal.—TTie MilUrace seam. Goodooal, half of it being cannel.... „ « Clay " o Goodooal........." ^ 8 Shalycoal.. * <> 1 10 Intermediate measures '. , , "~~~" Coal.—ne George McKay seam. Siialycoal Goodcoal .v.." " '° Shalycoal .!!!!...'.... ^ ^ Goodcoal..., ^ ^ 3 Ft. In. 4 21 10 85,10 4 52 Increase of thickness. Coal seam above the Cai). lain seam. — 4 10 172 8 A little over 200 paces down McPherson's Brook, from the sloDe on the Captam seam, another coal bed occurs, said to be akTten inches thik a irr '"*'' "°^* ^^°^ ^^^^^^^^^'^^ ^-^d - about ToOfeetli Let angles bthe trL!^ ' ''^'^ ''""'^ ^' ^^°"* *^« average of the tin 1 *"akHes on each side, its vertical distance over the Can McBean describes the seam to be composed as folio J: ^^^^ ' tean had sunk a . I from the north- jundary lines of ia here four feet, Agreeably to the I at right angles an of the seams, Ft. In. 4 21 10 85. ZO 6 8 1 1 10 4 62 2 10 3 6 3 3 — — 4 10 1?2 8 hes, by which Qediate thick- e of the coal slope on the inches thick. feet directly Taking its erage of the irer the Cap- t above the y of the Mc- en sunk by •)• Mr. A. MPORT OF SIR W. 1. LOQAK. jg OannelcMl '*• ■'"• Mineral charcoal mix.dwuh"co*.v.'.'.;;;;;;;;;;:::::: ? ; .wm? Good brilliant coal •«•««>• Goal borsd throuKh ^ ' 1 9 3 9 to the west, said to be about 1 in 6, or 9^ the low angle and irregular b enng of the dip no doubt arising from the circumstance that we ar^ ifri«T^tn"n^ *'*^'^'^*^'^y°''"'^^'«"'^«- The southern of the two Axi-or,,. p.te « about 800 paces from the assumed south crop of the Captain seam '"""• but having no means of determining the law of the curve it isL pSble to alculate »-" »"™i Measures concealed 80 Greenish-gray fine shaly slnd's'to'ne .'.'."." ^°'' Black carbonaceous shaie only partially exposed'. \'.'M[['.[Z[',[l[[ ', H Coo/— Coaly shale ■ 390 Good coal 2 8 4 by Mosara. Mc- ) distance across- ■ike of which, as ^.37«E. Con- itfl, the vortical ven feet. The e synclinal^ are ay seams, which But the infer- importance, as •r gran tod imtil eama has heen the mer^urcs ; seeing that the of these seams, thick, on which om the south- -eastern boun- S5°W.<83°, inclination all rtical distance I of about 800 iing section of REPORT OF SIR W. E. LOGAN. 81 Light jrellowlgb firoclaj with S/igmaria 20 Meuures concealed 2g Dark brownish-gray argillaceous shale, with «i;t inches of black com- pact carbonaceous shale at the bottom, holding many well pre- «erTed scales of Z)i>/o' «• K Ooodcoal J 1 Brownlih-drab fireclay, with Stigmaria 3 Mea»ur«i concealed... ^ 3 7 fimjllooal ^'"»^— A Mam of Inferior qualltT.... l> 3 Orayflreclajr i BrownUh-drab compact laoditooe. .!.!.!!.!!. T. !!!, ^ ^ «;;«. ofjerr Coa/.-A seam .aid to bo of remarkably good quality. "— « ^ Gray compact fireclay.... ' 2 6 ''"'7ar.\?:f'!:!T.:'''"'"'''''*''"'"'*'^ ° " .Measures concealed .'.'.'..*. '" " Gray arglll. ooug ghale. ..... .*..'..'.'.".'.] [ [ ] *° ° Olden.. «.„,. Coa/.-Thi,. called n,,,„,„„,. It appear, to be^Wack shillng "^^ '' ' flaky argniaceous shale. It 1. not Ken on the line of wet oJ but somewhat to the eastward, and this wonld 1^1, pi c^ provided no fault interyene. " »« "s piace Oray fireclay 2 •Measures concealed ' * ^ Greenish sandstone, weathering drab'. .".*.". ^^ " Measure, concealed ^^ ^ Gray ""J'tone, weathednV to'awiaaii; oVaVgV oiVuVtV^'ddi'si,: " ° yellow from peroxyd of iron. . . . ^ reaatsh- 16 Sm^llcoal Coa/.-Sbaly coal 134 Good finely laminated coal ° ^ 1 Light and blackish-gray sandstone, inferstratified in alternating ** ^ 448 731 6 .he e...a., a„/upa,«, :ir.i,e!r XtlT":: KEPORT OF SIR W. E. LOOAN. 88 Barton area whor- it seotns to be interrupted by a fault but the «oam Zr: '^e^fr' -'''-^^'^^^^^^^ -- as'thatl;uTnt.r. ZJlr .' ™'' "*''' '°'"''^^'^* ^''' *'"*» J^'^'f « n^ilo beyond, where U apparently eomos against the great North fault. In the other direc t.on from McBoan's slope Mr. Lawson has sunk a scries of trial-pUs on tho crop, tracing it in a bearing S. 87° W for thirty fiun U u gradually bends to S 9o- w «• u / »»»«y-fivo chains, whence it By thU it irears tbj;. '''''? ^'' "^"^ '^^ ^^ains farther. c>oporo...t. ijy this It appears that the crop runs unbroken for very nearly three ^'«"«"™^«^. quarters of a mile on the McBean area. At the southUtorn end f his, however, it meets with a serious interruption in the occurrence of a great d„ ocation. This appears to produce an upthrow on south "d but what the extent of the break may be has not yet been quite detemined The position of this break having been ascertained hv Mr To I- , DronosfiH fr, arenaceous cement . 30 Yellow,sh.drab and greyish-drab flaggy sandstones with partings shewing carbonized plants Bo=icniug Black carbonaceous shale Greenish-drab flaggy sandstone •'"." Is!.'." .'.''.'.'.'.'." / Greenish-drab coarse conglomerate, as before. .T.'.'... g Yellowish-drab flaggy sandstones and coarse conglomeVatei.'iwti'aily" coLl Dark greyish-drab moderately thick ' bedded VandsVone with many 'im'prVs- ^^ sions of plants ' ^ 5 Coai._A seam opened by Mr. Haliburton at the crop. This may be called"" ^^^ dne Mountain seam 4 Mountain se«ni» 650 By comparing Sections 6 and 8, it will be seen that there are two series of congW;ates m each, with no great difference of distance apart, whi e there is nothmg in the one section seriously contradicting the other so far as known. Immediately beneath the lower conglomerates in Section 6 the measures are concealed and these coarse beds may extend farther down; but the change in the sediments to carbonaceous shales a little lower would make the base of the conglomerates appear to be a position in whlj Icoal eam might reasonably be expected. The discover^ of such there would cause the parallelism of the two sections to be more complete, and render a search for the McBean eight-feet seam at the distance indicated betwp.n « >t and the conglomerates in Section 6, a.reasonXil^dll^j:::: l«^^ 36 OKOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Contact of Uountaln scam and Soutli fliult. Break in the I distance to which they have tested the ground 1^11-1 in t f "'' case IS approximately given in Section 7 ^Division CWbl "f ""^ be about 730 feet, whUe that to wbi/j, ^^'T*''*'" ^)' ""^^'^ ^* aPPears to presented in the following descending section : '"^'''''''^ '' Id appear to be distance would ice behind the il measures are upthrow fault, . be traced west- ;ain seam some Qost convenient it half a mile ;reatly covered ion 6 prove, on oUow that the idstones which , and to these Section 8, by would exceed lext above the Lawson fault, IS which have 'Ugh the land ce known as ed from them •een met with [cBean eight- ilue to deter- t of Mitchell h side of St. I corner-post. aot yet been ' east part of The vertical 1 the former t appears to re extended llected from xposures, is REPOKT OF SIR W. E. LOGAN. SECTION 9. (division C.) MkASURBS IN13ESE0TBD OK AND NBAB McLBAN'S BroOK Feet Light- grey very hard and tough underclay with Stigmaria.. . 2 Measures concealed g.^ Grey sandstone banded with dark brown streaks ; the rock weathers rust-brown and holds Stigmaria 6 Pleasures concealed , Dark brown arenaceous shales, with carbonized impressions of Cordaites borassi/olia 4 Measures coacealed jg Black argillaceous shale 5 .Measures concealed 35 Grey arenaceous shales with ferruginous bands prevailing most towards the bottom, and weathering rust-yellow, ' while the rest of the beds weather a deep brown 6 Dark grey arenaceous shale, with Stigmaria and Cordaites bar. ^ asiifolia ^ 2 e Measures concealed.. ___ jg q Yellowish-drab fireclay, full of indeterminate Calamites casts, replaced by clay iron-stone e -Measures concealed 3 n Vellowish-drab fireclay, full of indeterminate Calamites casts, replaced by clay iron-stone 3 .Measures concealed jg q Greenish-drab coarse grained sandstone, stained reddish-brown in the partings, which are full of carbonized comminuted plant' casts 4 q .Measures concealed 20 Liight grey sandstone with argillaceous partings carrying in- determinate plants 5 .Measures concealed 32 Black carbonaceous shale full of bivalve shells resembling Modiola 2 Coal or coaly shale , . . . . Measures concealed jq q Dark brown arenaceous shales, the colour passing into black. 3 Measures concealed » q Grey underclay with Stigmaria , 4 q Measures concealed 120 q Lijtht grey flaggy sandstone with black carbonaceous partings, holding A'bey^reraf Aw, casts of Calamites and other inde- terminate plants A Q Measures concealed \ * 3Q « Coal.—ine Widow McLean ten-feet seam (so called.) Bad shaly coal g g Good coal ' ' J g Dark grey argillo-arenaceous underclay with Stigmaria 1 e ifeaaures concealed ,„„ • • Ob U 87 /«. Feet. In. Measures Mo- lAKa't Brook. •1 239 6 3J Small coal seam. 178 8 2 Widow Mc- Lean ten-feet scam. S8 GEOLOarCAL SURVEY OP CANADA. I J :::U< i4ii |i £■ Widow M«- l^-^-^ Good coal, much laminated.".". ^ ° Darkfireclay ^ 10 breaks m cleavage joints at right aSigles to the phne of beddmg and shows laminm of from a twentieth to I hundredth of an inch thick, with a very brillian 'stre The planes of deposition are slickensided, as if from great pressure, and then Juteral moveme trsuch a" would result from corrugation ' 5 6 St;;^:^:i^^-">-^^-:-^t;b;;;;^;;;;ai pressions ot Cordmtes boraasifolia ^""'■""miltt "f .'""""^ «•"»'« «"^ fi^olay mixed with coaly Ooalof a fair quality !.'!.'*'.'.]]■.■.■;[■ 71 ^ ^ Bluish.grey fireclay with Stigmaria ~~~ Measures concealed " Brownish very compact "slnd'stone !.'.".'."." ^J I c »v I 7.- '°"' '•""' orsandstone, resemblinga fire- ct vir i'"*/**''"^ '° '''•' ^"'*''" "d exfoliating in structure ;""'''"'''''=^'''''^''°- 4 Ft. In. 12 2 6 2 15 2 260 4 Rf. /'». Ft. In. •i 1 e 42 10 4 12 6 5 2 9 15 2 9 260 4 REPORT OF SIR W. E. LOGAN. 89 Greeniah-drab conglomerate with a reddish tinge, perhaps from weathering j it holds pebbles of various sizes up to two inches in diameter, many of them ot white and grey ' quartz and some of red sandstone 3 Measures concealed gg Darls grey hard sandstone in even layers varying in thickness from one quarter to three quarters of an inch ; they would be well suited for the purposes of tile-stones. . . 30 Greenish-drab conglomerate with silicious pebbles....... .. 1 8 I 170 941 While the general strike of the strata associated with the Mountain four- feet seam appears to be about S. 40» W., that of the Widow McLean group is S. 8® W., and this divergence makes it seem probable that the diffi- culty of the search for the McBean eight-feet seam between the two will I'robabie fault, be enhanced by a dislocation, the position and amount of which have vet to be discovered. The above section occupies a breadth of about 630 paces, in which the westward slope of the strata gradually increases from 30'' at the summit to 58° at the base, and at a farther horizontal distance of about 280 feet across the measui .3 to the eastward, in which the strata are concealed, there occurs an exposure of red conglomerate, more resembling beds belonging Sefa'te"*''"' to the New Glasgow conglomerate or to the Mill-stone Grit than any seen interstratified with the workable coal seams. This mass, of which I could not determme the dip or strike, occurs on McLean's Brook, about 200 paces, following up the stream in a north-westerly bearing, from the pond of Mr. Fmlay McDonald's saw-mill. From the head of the pond down to the mill there is a distance of about 200 paces in a direction nearly east, the strata in which are probably of the same character as the red mass farther up, and at the mill-dam coarse brick-red or Indian-rod shales become Ked shales, exposed on the right bank of the brook, some of the beds of which display a few disseminated silicious pebbles of a couple of inches in diameter. In the bed of the stream under the mill a band of limestone makes i:"<>ssiiiferoM its appearance. It is obscured by the refuse slabs ejected from the mill, ""**'""*■ but up in the cliff on the left bank it is again exposed, and here it has been quarried to a small extent. The limestone is brownish-grey in colour, and holds obscure fossils, some of which are probably Spirorbis carbonarius. This band of limestone, which is limited on each side by coarse red shales, is eighteen feet thick, and some small portions of it seem to be made up of hard masses of limestone surrounded by greenish shale. The dip of the bed is N. 87° E. < 55*. About one hundred and twenty paces eastward another calcareous band runs up the cliff. It is about sixteen feet thick, and may be a '-t^ 40 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. ll*DOB«Id'g limeatonc. Millatone Grit rooln. Strike of lime stonef. AlMenee o( black sbalos at the Burfaoe. Probable fault. be ne.H, „„/«, ™/souI buUh«! ief^LfS^ J T' T T'* appears, With many irremikriH,... m ''^^ ^''^a*^ Mer down the brook ^vWch i nearl7eaft S^rl? T "^"'^ ""'^^ *^« ^''''^ ^^ th^ valley, three hundred prces nor h Tthe b J 7 "^'^"" *'^ ^^"^y' «°^ ^l'- limestone noJZlZofmrt' M n '' !f ''''''''' ''^^^'^<>- ^i band is eleven feet thick in ^rv^! f '^^""'^ ^'"''^''^ ^ere the with thin partinglf hale 7 T/ "^'''' ^^''^ ''' mterstratiBed bandcanbetracfdfron huniedT^^^ '''"'^ '^°" '*' «»*^ *^- the spring, with a ^Z'^^^'l B^"' r<^',5'^:l*\^-*-^ of ^^«.^. a^bearing ofK SO^ E. , at a distan.^fl;:,^^;^;::^ the'^XatV:nt:n1^^^^^^^^ ^^'^ *-'-Po-es on sandstones, and red con^lorel^^^ '^^ red shales, red and shales Strata of f si f^^^ ^^*^ greenish-drab sandstones valley all the waTto SuS ' p^^^^^ res Jblanee to^^ ^^fZ ]^X.t '''''' ^^^ ' ^^^^ exposLtne?r'h"rj^^^^^ near McDonald's house, points towards the the latter dTsplav 7elu "'^^rf '""^ '^' irregularities which suddenly annihilates these black shales nn,l fy,;a ^- . \ f • downthrow to the eastward, thrinJ^rt; i^i^l^'^^TZ^X ilSln!! .rr.t '''°"'' P'"^"^^^ ^^^«°g t« tl^e Millstone Grit series It follows ttiat they must be brought to the surface by some very^oat fS running a an uncertain distance north of McDonald^ hrse^^T^rcoursl of ks fault ha« yet to be ascertained ; but one point on it proba% cTrl at be exposure of red conglomerate above McDonald's mill-pond It will be seen by the sequel that the thickness of the black shales can scarcely be much less than about 2000 feet. According to Mr Ha^^^^^^^^^^^ the workable coal seams which have been tested on le west sSi J RETORT OF SIR W. K. LOQAN. tion or a dialo- ach case woulct own the brook d of the valley, Iley, and about 5r exhibition of r.) Here the interstratified m it, and the le westward of it ia again met )aces from the I exposures on ed shales, red •ab sandstones sxposed in the >ear a strong 3 towards the larities which same band, of the strata that of the I coal seams. McDonald's has yet been black shales, l-rcad fault, hrow to the ll-road fault 3e being a mderlie the I associated Grit series, ' groat fault The course ibly occurs nd. shales can ■• Hartley, St side of 41 the East River, aie interstratified in an additional thickness of measures, equal to about 5'JO feet, and below these he states the occurrence of a aeries of arenaceous and argillaceous beds, without any very valuable coal seams, but still belonging to the productive measures, of which the volume may be 1000 feet ir-re. It thus appears possible that without allowmg anything for the New Glasgow conglomerates the great break (ireat break which brings the Millstone Grit rocks to the surface at the east end of the coal field, may be an upthrow of at least 3500 feet ; it will probably run across from the South to the North fault and it may appropriately bo Kast fault. termed the great East fault. The relation of the Widow McLean seams to the McBean eight-feet seam Horizon of the not having been as yet aacertaincd with accuracy, it is a question how far l^u7,^^. they may be beneath the bottom of the Marsh pit in the Middle syncUnal. But as their outcrop has not presented itself on McLellan's Brook, it seems probable that they are sufficiently deep seated to abut, in their south rise against the black shales in the Mill-road fault. The Widow McLean seams' can therefore scarcely be expected to come to the surface in any other place than south-east of the McBean eight-feet seam ; but it would appear from a comparison of Sections 2 and 3 with Sections 6 and 7, that Messrs. Mitchell and Barton have as yet scarcely carried their researches far enough behind that coal seam to reach them. It has been conjectured that the Widow McLean seams may be the eastern outnsrop, in a deteriorated condition, of some of those workable seams which underiie the great mass of black shales. If such were the case, It would follow that the fault between them and the Mountain seam would be a much greater break than has been supposed by me, and the block of strata with which these seams are associated would apparently be a quadrangular mass limited by four great breaks, namely, the one just aUuded to, the Lawson fault, the great East fault and the South fault But until the search for the McBean seam behind the Mountain seam, and for the Widow McLean seams behind the McBean seam, has been exhaustive. It will be premature to speak with anything but doubt of the structure of this part of the coalfield. On the St. Lawrence area, black shales appear to have been obtained in st. mwrenco nearly a dozen trial-pits, embraced in a space of about one hundred acres '"'"'■ lying southward of Haliburton's main shaft. The shales are characterised B.ack .m. by he presence of an abundance of Cythere, with many small scales and minute bones of fishes, but it does not appear probable that the shales will have any veiy great thickness. Their position seems to be on u continuation of the axis of the Middle synclinal, and the measures may be expected to ^n.a.e .yn- preserve on the whole a moderate inclination. Indeed Mr. J. Weir, for- """"' merly employed as pitman by Mr. Haliburton, pointed out to me a trial- clinal. ^2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. ftf M ;' ! "^'""'^ •"' *^' ""^^^''-^^^ ^«re quite flat. It ia true hat Mr. Bram, formerly Mr. Haliburton's overman, states in his manu! turnish me, that the measures m this same pit dip S. 20° E. rjas ^ ^ ^0^ . 80 Zl^i ' ^^. '"'''""^ *^' '"'^"'•^^ ^"^ naturally become flat, --• Mr B-fi ^™°« °>a^° «haft ,s eighty feet deep, and according to Mr. Bra n s register the coal was penetrated at a depth of forty-five leT It was there but three feet nine inches thick, buf ten fee/above tht bo torn of the, shaft it had thickened to oight feet horizontally while at on?h:fft' •'"''"/'"? ''^ *'^ ''''' ^^*^° ^-- '* became X'vene haft a gallery or level was cut in th. coal t. enty-two feet to the westward and eighteen feet to the eastward. A trans^erso drift was carried back from the shaft at a depth of seventy-five feet, and a bore-hole In dnVen at right ang es to the slope of the measures, which dipped towardHhe • ^::d::s:L^4: ^-' -^^^ *^ ^^- --"- ^" - In the drift and shaft. Bed 8hal.. White fireclay ; ^^- ^"^ ^^' I^- Redshale .'.'.*.'...* I ° Whiteflreclay ^ ' 12 „, In theBore-hole. ^^ ^ White hard fireclay White soft fireclay ".'.". ° Bed shale ........'.,...". ^ ^ White hard freestone ^ 31 52 80 G .mT .'It'""' "^ «'"'° '"'™°'° "V »«™ *» Moate, by the tilled 8HC or cue Millstone Grit series, that the face of the great North fault or of some immediate branch of it, must, at the depth of Eighty feerfrom the surface, be close behind the bottom of the shaft! ^ l.^JT^'^^l '*'*"^' ^^' °''*-°^°P °^ *^« M«B«a^ eight-feet seam on le M?1:'n .^T''"^ ''''"'^'^^'7 of the McBean area, afd enterinlTpon f ea^Ltt a'n s^^^^^ T' ^^'"^"^ '^'^^ ^^^^^ ^^ assuu:ing°mC .auuhrea.n« b^'^ Th nT- ' ' provious course, is Supposed to be interrupted ar tlir ti j nt ;s^?7fl T, T''' '^'^' •^^"''^^'^"'^ *^«« '^o* y«t been ascer- tained, nor IS It definitely know whether it is an upthrow or a downthro- REPORT OF SIR W. '" LOOAN. »ft in a bearing flat. It is true s in his manu- so kind as to :.Iag.)<80O; dip as N. 20» ly become flat, 3n by the two. according to brty-five feet. >ei above the ally, while at I eleven feet, > depth of the the westward carried back 9 then driven towards the e were infer- Ft. In. 28 6 62 80 6 ■ the tilted character- ■th fault or }t from the }t seam on Bring upon ming more nterrupted 'een ascer- ownthrow. 48 If it were the latter, its effect would naturally be to steepen the dip of the coal seam where in contact with it, and this dip, whatever its rate, would probably be northward. We see in the St. Lawrence pit that the efibct of the North fault has been to produce a slope of the measures in an opposite direction, and it does not appear to me an improbable conjecture that the coal soam penetrated in that pit may possibly be the return of the eight-feet seam to the surface on the north side of a trough which lies between the two dislocations. It is possible also that the seam may abut against both Pc-.tio oau.vi. these fauLs, and perhaps against the supposed great East fault, and thus uwrenJose'i. shew no out-crop around the east end of the area which it may occupy until It emerges near the St. Lawrence pit. After emerging, the out-crop gradually separates a little from the North fault in the neighbourhood of that pit; but as the fault gradually gains upon higher measures as it proceeds westward, the out-crop of the coal seam will again probably approach the fault and once more become concealed by it. If the fault which interrupts the McBean eight-feet seam were an upthrow, the coal bed in the St. Lawrence pit could scarcely represent It, and fu^ ther facts would have to be ascertained before the true structure could be given. It may be remarked, however, that the eastward strike of McBean's six-feet seam on the upper part of Marsh Brook, which is conjectured to be equivalent to the George McKay seam, appears to run such a course, that it will probably come against a mass of conglomerate which occurs south-eastward from Mr. WiUiam Grant's house in that nei.'h- bourhood. This conglomerate is supposed to bo the same as that whkih underhes the coal seam in question, as stated in Section 6. The dip of the measures is there northwestward, and the presence of the conglomerate m such a relation would, in reality, indicate an upthrow on the east side upthrow fault, of a disturbance. If the course which this disturbance may present, should point to the eastward interruption of the McBean eight-feet seam, the upthrow of this seam might bo considered as estabUahed. About twelve chains from the north-east corner of the McBean area in a bearing N.55«E. there is an exposure of greenish-gray conglomerate, conKiomemto. dipping N. 43° W. < 40.O Were the fault an upthrow, this exposure would seem to represent the lower conglomerate of Section 6, and the crop of the McBean eight-feet seam would probably have the same relation to it on the east side of the disturbance, that McBean's slope has to the conglo- merate on the west. The Mill-road fault, as has been stated, runs about S.S. E. from Black's Miu-road fault mill-site on McLellan's Brook, and its course can be pretty well seen in the Ime of demarcation which it presents between the arenaceous mea- sures on the east and the black shales on the west. But what its precise course may be, northward, or what effect it may produce upon the distribu- ill 44 riBOLOaiCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. northern prolonaation of tLZT "''"'■'' ^'^^"^ '^^ f^irect little defloctrn I C^^^^^ h cl .T' ''"'1 "" f"' ^'''^' ' ^"* ^"^^ '^ ^''''y the east side rerothov /.'""'' "^ '?^'''"°^ ^''"''^ ««" keep on eastward prolongatn 5 hfs hiH al' "f ""■'' "^^ ^'"«^^- ^I- A»u<^«..^™. of the Middle sSaf The hiP " T'*"*' *^° "<'^''^-^°«' 1'""^ and ri8ini"«d by the work on it, is about ? ^ .•',!'' . " '^^P^ ^^^ *h« north-eastward, but I am uncertain of the angle ot inclination. About 300 paces N. 20° E. from this, on the north side of the brook, a r«e.st... „?rl f 7 ™^'P'f.'!^"y y^^'-^ ^g^ O'^^ ''^"i^ry was visited by ft.t,e«n. me when it was in work in ] 841) by the late xMr. Alex. Fraser, in a seam of excellent coal from four and a-half to five feet thick. The mou^h of the ctory ovidenco 3nd the direct it with a vory I still keep oil ng the south- lasgow. Tho Tth-wost limit iticlinal form, "to, wo have ow Campbell, thrco feet of )no ; tho dip, 'E.<10o. t that I hnvo 8 in the same on the otiier are met with •al coal bods rho ground, ctions, while ed by minor ms with one vhoro it was the coa) tvas f the ground Ft. In. 5 of well- 1 (J feather, 7 14 it, is about rtain of the he brook, a s visited by n a seam of outh of the RKPORl OF SIR W. K. LOQAK. 45 gallery is about fifteen feet over the brook and immediately under the south side of the telegraph road. The gallery in its general course is about N. 82° W., and it extends about 120 paces >mdor ground, with a sudden turn southward about thirty paces in. The dip is northward, but as the natural out-crop on tho face of the bank presents an arch, first rising southward towards the road and then falling again beyond to the level of the brook farther down, it is evident that tho horizontal gallery would turn at some uncertain distance beyond the extent to which it has been carried, and comt out again to the crop in the bank at the same height of fifteen feet above the brook, shewing by this a fold over the axis of an anticlinal smaiumioiiniu form or roll in the strata. On the south side of tho brook, nearly opposite *°""' to this point, a slope sinks southward in what is supjwsod to be tho same seam, and a rise in this on the south side of a synclinal might be expected to bring the seam into junction with that worked by Mr. Alex. McKay; but a fault appears to run between the two positions on or near the axis r.uii. of the synclinal and renders the identification less certain. According to Mr. Poole, however, a calcareous underclay of twenty-two inches supports caioareo... tho Fraser coal, and further assimilates the two seams. unacroi.y Immediately east of the mouth of Fraser's gallery a fault occurs, and Kraeor-. cuit vertical strata met with by Mr. George McKay, in a pit sunk about 135 paces southward, shew tho bearing of the fault to be about S. 16° E. About 140 paces eastward of this fault, and on the south side of Potter's Brook, Mr. Lawson has sunk a Plope for the Pictou Mining Company in i-.w-on-.cosi • a coal seam of which the foUowyig is a section :— """""■ _ , , Ft. In. Cannel coal, varying in thickness from throe to nine inches o 6 Mineral charcoal mixed with coal 2 Good bituminous coal, of which from four to six inches at the bottom appears to be of a friable character 3 q 3 8 The bearing of tho slope is S. 26° E., with an inclination of 20° for twenty eet; of 85» for eighty feet ; of 20° for thirty-five feet, with a sudden dimi- nution to 16° at the bottom, where a disturbance occurs running N. 52" W. «■»»" »»"• This disturbance cannot, however, be a great one, as it produces little dis- placement at the out-crop of the seaiu ; but at some distance farther to the deep of the seam (supposed to be about seventy paces from the mouth of the slope) a much more important dislocation probably occurs. Its position a larger owu. is inferred from the presence of about thirty feet of vertical sandstone about nine chains to the eastward of the slope, and a coal seam two and a-half feet thick, in a vertical attitude, about fifteen chains beyond ; the * Transactinna nf the Wnro Rnntion Tn.t'«"*c -tf w-'-^— ! o-s- <• , --- "~~~~ _.. ...<,i,,i,,5 Qi iiniaiai cticucc lor l!SU3,p, 3S, ! II 46 OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CAKADA. BIIII ftnollicr hull. Ten-ln«li corU •Mini. Comrftrfiton of ooKl acaiiix. £Mt rlvor pit. £lght-feFt coni wani. Fault. Comparison with HcBcan'a eiglit-iiset Beam North fault. bearing thoso would give to the fault is about S. 72« W. mat displace mont thta fault produces has not boon ascertained, bl ,Z iSo appears to run parallel with it about eighty-Bve paces north of it, t beanng of wh.ch would bring it about twenty or thirty paces behind the rlr tol r? "^T ^"^'"^•'''^ ^'^^ '^''' disturbances there. appear to be two ten-mch seams of coal and several very small ones, in addition to the one of two and a-half feet just mentioned, the whole of ^hich are supposed to be beneath the seam of Lawson's slope, and with it faJlte."" ' '"'"""' '^ ^°"" "''*^ '^ '^' ""''' '°"P«^'''"t «f tbe parallel Althoupl, the unknown amount of displacement produced by the fault Fr serr: f ^^^'^ S»»-^ P-vcnts the stratigraphical 'relation Jraser 8 am Lawson's seams from being accurately established, yet the character of the fuel in them has induced a comparison of the form'er. th the George McKay seam and of the latter with the Mill-raco seam. At any rate, It is but reasonable to suppose that these seams, with the rest of he Marsh-pit group, after cropping out on the north rise of the Middle eynchnal would with the remainder of the measures, turn over to a northward dip and be found somewhere in connecUon with the synclinal of this part of Potter's Brook. ' By"uinai r.f^YJ^'^l .?''o' ^r *^' *'''Sraph road, on the old straight sunk on he East River area, close by its northern boundary. According to information given me, it penetrates fourteen feet of drift, hen fourteen feet of rock, the character of which I could not ascer' tain and finally intersects a coal seam eight feet thick. At the bottom of the pit a slope was sunk for fourteen feet in the coal, at an angle of 60 in a bearing about south, to a face of sandstone cutting off the coal. The bearing of this dislocation I was not so fortunate as to learn; but a thoF^Jt I ^'f'^^'^y^'^ detected the pres. „ce on the west side of the East River, will run a little south of this, if it be not the same one. If Lawson s and Fra^er's seams may be compared with the Mill-race McBet ^Zt!"^^ '''''' ''' ^"^ "-'' '' f ^'"^-^^ ^''^' ^'^ The steepness of the seam here k no doubt due to the proximity of the great North fault, which passes about 120 paces behind it : but after proceeding m this attitude for some distance westward, the strike* of the measures appears to turn more south, whUe their slope diminishes. At a distance of about 700 paces from the pit, along the road near which It is situated, there is a descent in the surface, which runs about S SO*' W., and constitutes the north flank of a small but well marked ridge, which crosses the St. Mary's and telegraph roads just at their junction, and termi- What (lisjilncc- ubordinato oiiti irth of it, tho es behinil tho rbances thoro small ones, in , the whole of 56, and with it of tho paralU'J I by the fault ;al relation of ished, yet the former with BO seam. At ith tho rest of •f tho Middle m over to a the synclinal old straight >it has been 1 boundary, feet of drift, d not ascer- t the bottom '■ an angle of off the coal, earn; but a west side of le same one. le Mill-race 5d with the proximity of md it; but, I, the strike diminishes. near which bout S. 30" ■idge, which » and termi- REPORT OF SIR W. B. LOGAN. 47 nates near tho establishment of tho Crown Coal, Brick and Pottery Company. The higher part of tho ridge is composed of a brownish-drab Mindttono sandstone of considerable thickness. This probably underlies the East '"'*''' River eight-foot seam, but at what vertical distance is uncertain. At the Pottery works a pit was sunk to a threo-foet seam of re- Tint iticiitrdnon markably good coal by Mr. Jos. Richardson, and is hence called tho Richard- ""*■'**' "•■" son seam, tho measures intersected in the pit being as follows, with a dip of S. 67" E., < 19i". Ft. In. Drift 16 Orey arglllaceouB sandstone, gradually crumbling ia the weather 24 Coal—Tht Eichardion $tam, of remarkable good quality 3 o Grayigh-drab fireclay, with abundance of Stii/mariu 3 Light yellowish-drab fireclay jl 67 These measures would underlie the mass of sandstone forming the ridge, and the out-crop of the coal seam would follow the foot of the rising ground up to the great North fault ; where it crosses the road to the Scotch church there is red ferruginous spring to mark its probable . position ; but in its south-westward course, the seam will probably bo inter- rupted by a dislocation of which there is evidence at no great distance beyond tho Pottery. The excellent (juality of this coal gives it a resem- c , arnon of blance to that of a bed two .t naif feet thick, which, as will be seen by '"*""■ Section 7, is about eighty fi'ct beneath McBean's eight-feet seam. At Chisholm's mill-pond, on Potter's Brook, about thirty chains south- ward of the Pottery pit, an excellent seam of coal, said to be well suited for blacksmiths' purposes, and reported to have a thickness of three Ibet, was formerly worked by ho Rev. Mr. Stewart, and is hence called the Stewart seam. The measures associated with it, as near as I could ascertain, are as follows, ill descending order : Ft. In. Ft. In. Black carbonaceous shale , 10 Coal. — The Stewart team 3 o^ „ ,, "" Stewart's seam. Gray underolay 3 Meaaures concealed, but probably black carbonaceous or argil* laceous shalA 120 Gray sandstone, weathering drab 5 128 C oai and black argillaceous shale <* 1 Sm 11 Gray soft fireclay 1 6 seam. Gray hard fireclay with indications of Stigmaria 3 6 Graylsh-drab stiiudstone 2 Gray argillo-arenaceous shale 1 Grayish-drab sandstone , , 4 I 'I Small coal «caiu. Black shales. Chisholm's 'mill-pond. Arenaceous strata. Bridge fault. Ft. In. 99 48 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Ft. la. Oray areaaceous shale q 6 Blackish argillaceous shale o 6 Gray flaggy sandstone 33 Black carbonaceous and argillaceous shale, only partially seen. . 60 CoaA— Oannel Gray fireclay 3 q Black carbonaceous shale, only partially seen 105 Grayish-drab sandstone 25 133 374 The sandstone at the base of the preceding section is seen on the west side of the New Glasgow road, at the bridge over Potter's Brook ; and proceeding down the brook from this, the cliff on the right bank gives a continuous descending section, in which nothing is met with but black shales. These have been carefully examined by Mr. Hartley, and the direct breadth of them in the bearing N. 80° W. which is at right angles to the strike, is computed to be very nearly 475 paces, with angles of inclina- tion varying from 33o to 47«'- This would give a thickness of about 700 feet, and if to this be added 500 feet for what may be concealed to the middle of the river, the distance being filTteen chains and the supposed inclination SO^', the thickness would not be less than 1200 feet. The strike of the Stewart coal seam across Chisholm's mill-pond and in the two or three crop-pits on the north side of it, is about N. IS© W., with an mclination to the eastward of about SO'' ; but a search for the seam' in this direction, by trial-pits approaching the Pottery, has proved unsuc- cessful. In a cliff on the right bank of the East River, above the raUway bridge, there is a considerable exposure of strata, which very probably underlie the seam at a considerable depth. About a quarter of a mile above the bridge, black shales, which are a part of the strata exposed dip N.40^E. < 23''— 250, and this dip is preserved on the strike for 800 paces ; but approaching within 200 paces of the lower end of the bridge, the strata suddenly becoming arenaceous, plunge with a dip of N. 5'' W. < 43<'— 45", maintained for 160 paces measured directly across the strike, while close by the extremity of the bridge there appears to be a dislocation. This displacement, which may be called the Bridge fault, would seem to run a little south of the Pottery pit on the Richardson seam', and the sudden bend in the measures would carry the Stewart seam con- siderably out of its course to the westward, and thus, aided by the break, which is probably a downthrow on the north side, would bring it much nearpr the river. Southward from Chisholm's pond the measures appear gradually to assume a more westerly bearing, the strike becoming S. 20« W., and at Ft. la. F(. In. 6 REPORT OF SIR W. E. LOGAN. ' 49 36 SO 3 05 25 99 11 133 374 • n on the west I Brook ; and bank gives a th but black tley, and the ight angles to ;le3 of inclina- 3f about 700 lealed to the ;he supposed et. -pond and in N. 180 w., for the seam •oved unsuc- > the railway Bry probably ^r of a mile ita exposed, le strike for • end of the vith a dip of pectly across ppears to be Jridge fault, irdson seam, t seam con- r the break, ng it much [radually to W., and at the distance of between 800 and 400 paces from the pond they are inter- rupted by another dUlocation. The evidences of this were observed by Mr. Hartley on the right and left banks of Potter's Brook, about a quarter of a mile below the New Glasgow road, where the dip of the black shales becomes S. 6° E. < 60«. The course of this fault seems to be about west ; It is a downthrow on the south side, supposed to be of about 200 feet, and on this side of it the black shales turn south-eastward and gradually con- torm with the arrangement which they present on McLeUan's Brook. The great mass of black shales which immediately succeeds the band of sandstone on the west side of the New Glasgow road at Potter's Brook seems to indicate that we have here the base of the arenaceous measures and the summit of the black shales, and the position and arrangement of the mass render it probable that it is to be considered an addition to the thickness which Mr. Hartley has found to exist at the highest horizon in them on the west side of ±e East River, less the 200 feet repeated in the Potter's-brook fault. Their volume over the Main coal seam Cmore particularly described in Mr. Hartley's Report,) is, according to him, 1128 feet. If to this we add the 1000 feet occurring on and near rotter s Brook, we have a thickness of 2128 feet. It has already been stated that McLellan's Brook, below Black's mill-site presents a great body of these black shales, and on the East River above the mouth of this brook, there are farther exposures, reaching to the out- crop of the Main seam, where a slope has been opened on it by the Pictou Mining Company. The whole will give to the series a transverse breadth ot a httle more than a mile and a quarter, with a north-eastward dip varying m inclination from 8° to 24°. Such a computation as can be made from these elements would assign to the black shales on the west side of the MiU-road fault, at Black's mill-site, a volume of 1740 feet. As this is 388 feet less than the total thickness stated above, it would follow that the displacement produced by the MiU-road fault wouid equal this, with as much m addition as the base of the arenaceous measures may be underneath the surface on the east side of the fault at that spot. As already stated, the precise course of this fault northward from Black's mill-site remains a matter of uncertainty ; and whether it is deflected so far as to run for the black shales at Potter's Brook and come to the East River near the raUway bridge must continue a subject for future investigation. The out-crop of the Main seam, upon which the coal works of the General Mining Association are situated on the west side of the East River crosses the New Glasgow road about a quarter of a mile above the turn to the Albion mines, and the slope of the Pictou Mining Company, which for the present is abandoned, is seen about 120 paces east of the road AS a detailed description of this seam, as observed'by Mr. Hartley on the D Summit of black shales. Thickness of b'.ack shales. Break iu Mill- road fault. BeariDg of MiU- road fault. Main seam. Hcrcronco to Mr. Hartley's Beport. McLeod seam. South fault. Bluk Bbalea. 60 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. west side of the river, was necessarily to be a part of his Report, it was left to him to follow the investigation of it and the seams and ground associated with it to the eastward. I shall therefore refer to him for what is to be said of it and of a shaft sunk to it on Grant's farm, further to the eastward. The strike of the seam from the Albion mines to the slope' is about S. 70° E. (or S. 47'* E. Mag.), the dip at the mouth of the slope being N. 20° E. (or N. 43° E. Mag.) < 19^" ; but here the out-crop turns a little more southward, and a trial-pit has been sunk on it a quarter of a mile farther, in the bearing S. 46° E., thirteen chains beyond which it will come upon a fault, the course of which, as ascertained by Mr. Hartley on the west side of the river, is almost exactly east. About thirteen- chains on the course of this fault a coal seam occurs on the south side of it, on the land of Mr. Donald McLeod. The followmg is a section of the seam, as given to me by Mr. Lawther, who sunk the trial-pit : — Ft. In. * Coarse coal v 2 6 Coaly shale in very thin layers ,' 3 Good coal, or the best part of the seam 2 6 8 The crop has been traced a distance of about 190 paces, and the dip of the strata is about N. 76° E. < 19°, black shale being above the coal seam, and sandstone supporting the underclay beneath. If this were the Main seam the displacement of the fault would be an upthrow of 286 feet on the south side ; but the character of the seam is more like some of those lower down, and the upthrow, therefore, is probably much greater. This is the only coal seam I could hear of that has been struck on the south side of the fault above mentioned. Between the trial-pit on the coalj however, and the great South upthrow, which appears to pass a little south of the house of Mr. Neil McKay, there is a space of a mile in breadth. The strata striking south would run across this nearly at right angles to the direction of the South fault. If the coal seams reach so far it is probable that they may be deflected somewhat to the west on approaching the upthrow ; but as ah-eady stated, it is not impossible that a southern portion of the space may be occupied by rocks of the Millstone Grit series, brought into place by a fault subordinate to the great one. I have no facts, however, on the east side of the East River, to shew how much this may be. About 200 paces less than a mile from the run of the coal seam on Donald McLeod's land, and at right angles to the strike, a pit has been sunk for water on the land of Mr. William McLeod. The pit is sixty-three feet deep ;. no water was obtained, and judging by the d^hrk lying about the mouth of the pit, it penetrates nothing but black shale. A lump of a>«phaltum is said to have been obtained at the depth of twenty-five feet, REPORT OP SIR W. B. LOOAN. 61 but I presume it may have been oil shale, or Wghly carbonaceous shale. Ihe position of the excavation is on the road which crosses McGregor's Mountam, and it is about 800 paces north of the South fault. About 1400 paces still farther east, but, as is supposed, on the east "".-getcort side of the Mill-road fault, there is an old gallery op level on a seam of coal '«>ftiS. said to be three feet thick, over which rises a considerable thickness of black shale. The mouth of the level is seen at a great bend of McLellan's Brook, about 240 paces above the Fulling-miU bridge, and a little over 300 paces north of the South fault. The dip of the strata appears toN.540E.<18® About 300 paces farther up the bend of McLeUan's Brook, but not more than 300 paces on the road which runs southward from the Fulling-mill bridge, there is an exposure on the right bank of the brook, which would be on the east side of the Mill-road fault, and on the south side of the Fulling-mill fault, but it is uncertain to what division it may belong. The section of mea- base of It reaches to within fifty paces of the Devonian rocks brought up romaXta"^ by the great Sa-ui. fault. The following is a section of the strata in descending ' ' — Greenisb-drab arenaceous abale interstratified witjj layers of greenish gray sandstone , 22 Black argillaceous shale with thin layers of sandstone 2 6 Greenish-drab sandstone "_^ » g Black argillaceous shale jj q Gray shaly sandstone . Greenish- gray conglomerate with siliceous pebbles of various sizes up to an inch in diameter, in an arenaceous matrix. . 1 6 Black shale , . Greenish-gray conglomerate as before, with some sandstone .... 6 Dark gray shaly sandstone jq q Greenish-gray conglomerate as before 2 Greenish-drab Fandstone '.*.... 1 Black shale ""] 3 - Grcenish-drab sandstone q g Black flaky orgillaceons shale weathering to a light gray clay.. . . 6 Greenish-gray sandstone with indications of Stigmaria 6 Greenish-gray conglomerate, aa before q 3 Grayish-drab sandstone 3 « ^""^ V. ■.*.'.■.■.■.'.". V.V.'.V. oi Greenish-drab sandstone with uncertain indications of Stigmaria wi th greenish-gray conglomerate at the bottom 2 6 Black argillaceous shale with much iron pyrites 2 6 Greenish sandstone, mottled with red, probably from weathering, 15 Reddish sandstone, in some parts approaching to a drab; the red- dish colour is perhaps due to weathering 20 Conglomerates Small coal seam Bed sandatone. 114 3i m 62 GEOLOGICAL SUBVEY OF CANADA. Red rooka, wegt ofEutBiver. New Glasgow conglomerate.' Coal teams above oonglo- meraW. Total tbickneu of Carboni- ferotu rooka. I I The colour and character of some of the strata of this section induce the supposztion that the mass may belong to a lower horizon S. n th ne,ghbour.ng strata on the south side of the Fulling-mill fault, thoul still uXw far° °"'"^ ^^ '"''' entanglement with the Softh Carbon^erous group than the Productive measures have been as yet observed along the South fault, between these and the Devonian serfes though It IS supposed that some red rocks which Mr. Hartley has noticed on the west side of the East River may possibly be such. It is to be remarked undoubted Productive measures above them, in so far as the McLeod coal of the Productive measures than seen elsewhere in this coal field with the exception of the New Glasgow conglomerate. ' No rocks having the typical character of this conglomerate appear to have been brought to the surface by either the South or the EaTflult possible presence beneath the whole of the Productive area abutting agamst these faults and constituting the base of Dr. Dawson's Middl! Coal formation, as inferred by Mr. Hartiey. thJ^fn?^.' '"'""'i *' ^' '"PP''*''^ ^^'^' P'^^«"«^' immediately on FrLerrMo *^/°"f T'*'' '^ *' ''^^ '''"^ """'^'^ ^^ ^r. William Fraser (Moose) for the burning of his limestone, and anotiier said to overhe it ; and although the occurrence of these is not strengthened by the stTnJTT ''-rV'.^^ larger workable coal seams b the Pictou synclinal, the deposits of which have yet to be examined by the officers of tiie Survey, it would not be surprismg to find, in a country apparently so broken by great dislocations, that the absence of the larger seams may be due to a structure resulting from some of these faults, of as important a character as those afiectmg the productive part of the field above New vjrlasgow. The total tiiickness of the Carboniferous rocks of Nova Scotia as measured by myself at the Joggins in 1843 is about 14,700 feet The Pictou series, m so far as our examinations have gone on the present occasion, is in ascending order as follows : Millstone Grit rocks, according to Mr. Hartley's Section 1, without any allowance for the East River series of Section 2, which may be an addition wholly or in part New Glasgow conglomerate, as measured on the easVs'id"e"of the East River Ft. Ft. 3773 1600 REPORT OF SIR \7. E. LOGAN. ProdactiTe coal meacureg • ■**• Measures on the east side of the East River': ^*" Black shales aboye Mr. Hartley's Section 4 .... ■^'' Soo Arenaceous measures of this Report. Section 3, Division 034 oection 2, Division B .'," g.- Section 1, Division A 223 Strata above A , ,' • 148 2114 3114 53 i». 55eT 10840 When itis considered that in the sections above given on both sides of the East Rirer we do not in any case, with the exception of ^New Glllw theTirwUI b. f! 1 ^.t""%^^'S"«<^ *^ ^' Carboniferous rocks a me doggins will be fully maintained in the Pictou region. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient servant, W. E. LOGAN. REPORT OP MR. EDWARD HARTLEY, F.G.S., ADDBBSBED TO SIR WILLIAM E. LOGAN, F.R.S., F.G.S., DIBEUTOR OF THE GEOiOGlCAL SURVEY. Montreal, 30th November, 1869. Sir,— In accordan -o with your instructions of July, 1868, I devoted the remainder of the season of that year to the exploration of that portion of the coal field of Pictou, Province of Nova Scotia, which lies to the west of the East River, and now have the honour to present to you the followin'^ Report. Having been made aware that my investigations were to be more especially devoted to the productive portion of the measures, no detailed examination of the older and outlying rocks has been made, except in 80 far as seemed necessary for the proper definition of the limits of the productive coal area. My description oi such rocks will, therefore, be somewhat incomplete. The presence of numerous faults or dislocations of strata, throughout this region, combined with the fact that it is covered with an unusual quantity of drift, renders accuracy in the preparation of sections and in the mapping of the outcrops of coal seams, a difficult task, and in many places the facts which it has been possible to obtab, will only enable me to show the general structure. In the preparation of this Report,^ and of materials for a map, I have been i,.eatly assisted by the records of various mining companies and of mdividuals owning or working the coal areas of this section, also by private and public railway surveys, land surveys, and in the case of working collieries, by such underground plans as I have been able to procure. I would here acknowledge the many courtesies received by me from Aoknowiedg- those whom I have met in the course of my examinations. In all cases Sm?/""*'" the fullest information has leva granted, for which my sincere thanks ■m 66 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. I|i are due and I would especially acknowledge my obligations to th*> folWmg gentlemen, for the information they hfve so free^^'g ^ me *'' Mr.H. Crosskill, Assistant Provincial Secretary; Mr Avard wi«v Ch^f Commissioner of Railways of the Province • Mr T P iCSl' Mr. L. R. Kirbv of™!?.' iV ,C' ?'''''""'°"'. Col- «■ B. Sinclair, Mr. W. B leS'r C E S ij'^^f '"''"> »' ^i"'"" M™°8 Company and Mr. J. C'f pintSir^"' *' ^^ ^^ ^»" »"'""- Ho^I^fDr-'TtfteC '?«'l'»^»- "f Me„„. H„d.n, of p nvate surveys made for the General Mining Association ^l T» BdJLl^ef-^' "^ "^ ""P^y' « «« Mebtod for the aamrawe set of dramngB presented by Mr. Hudson. .„„'^' '''°,^°'"'''' '"•"'«™ »!"». I lave been allowed bj Mr Hovt foil Xf lf.T™^''r°* ""* P""-' -^ '-Mebte'drw^ S^ Md of men, and .or much verbal information usefnl in mv anrrer Tnf™. mahon concerning machinery and underground woric taZn l^T 2Pl.ed by Mr. Wiffiam Blacker, gcnera^overm: iat^mncb inS rfTjl , r"f '"^'"•- ' """M '^ acknowledge coles" of agenerd character received from Mr. J. W. Clendennmg *f New Yo t oZ "' ^.""^ "'"' ^'""'W' ""> ™ tM en"ugh to Jlow me' office room rn the company's buUding. In the examination of the lltT^ oX rfT^n^'^'f r°' ' '""•'"■"■"a'orially aided by t CMrtesy of Mr Dunn, who furnished plans, records and information By h,s ,nstrnct,on, Mr. Jams, Wilkes, underviewer, and M^Xtph REPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLEY. 67 igations to the 7 given me : \.vard Longley, J. Rutherford, Deputy Com- Uhief Manager General Agent Jamea Dunn, ; Mr. Truman J. P. Lawson, itor for the In- vil Engineers, illiam Barnes, • B. Sinclair, ng Company ; IS, ofPictou; srs. Hudson, Mr. Hudson's drawings, but ensive under- chinery, and ion. By his examination 3f the under- >th of these management to the skill bted for the r. Hoyt full ' him for the vey. Infor- S)een freely luch inform- courtesies New York, to allow me F the Inter- red by the aformation. Ir. Joseph I're-carbonii^ rou9 Richardson, underground overman, have also given me full information concerning machinery and underground work. I have also been assisted by plans of the raUways by Mr. Moore, and a record of pits and borines by Mr. Barnes. * The area examined is included between the East and Middle Rivers of *'« examined. Pictou, and extends laterally from the Conglomerate ridge, a prolongation ot Fraser's Mountain on the north of New Glasgow, to the Fox-brook road between Coal Mines and Hopewell villages. The rocks observed may be included under the following heads : 1. Pre-Carboniferous. 2. Millstone Grit. 3. New Glasgow conglomerate. 4. Productive coal measures. These rocks I now propose to describe, and will then treat of their distribution in this region. 1. PRE-CARBONIFEROUS. Between the East and Middle Rivers, on the northern ridge, there appears aseries of metamorphic rocks, unconformable to the overlying Car- boniferous, consisting of quartzites, felsites, altered slates, and conglome- rates, in which I could find no distinguishing fossils. This series has or j w Daw however been observed by Dr. J. W. Dawson, and in his Acadian '""• Geology he states that they are " probably of Devonian age." * Some of these masses are quartzites, extremely tough and compact, of Quartzites. colours varying from dark sap-green to blackish-green, and weathering to a rust-brown. Others are quartzites of similar colours, weather opaque yellowish-white, and appear quite free from iron ; while others still are of a dark olive-green, and weather to a very dark blackish-brown. Felsitea varying from pistachio-green to olive-green, and weathering Feuites. deeply to a rust-brown, are also found. These appear to be brecciated wherever met with, and although compact are always much shattered. A large portion of the rocks consist of altered slates, ranging in colour Altered dates, from dark olive-green to dull greenish-grey, and weathering from an opaque white to a rust-brown. It is difficult, in many cases, to distinguish between the slates and quartzites ; in fact they seem to pass into each other by imperceptible gradations. Two descriptions of conglomerate, and possibly a third, are associated con,,iomerate9. with the series. The first is one in which both cement and pebbles are of a greenish-gray colour, and so nearly alike in hardness that in breaking a mass the pebbles and matrix are fractured evenly across. This rock is • Acadian Geology, p. 319 of second editiou. 68 GEOLOOrOAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Llmettono of Wkten'a quarry Devonian ridge. m i extremely hard and tough, and appears to pass into quartzite by a gradual diminution of the pebbles, which are themselves quartzite of a slightly lighter tinge than that of the silicious cement. The second conglrmerate 18 seen but in one locality, on McCuUoch's Brook, where it forms a bed of some twenty feet in thickness, but it is so much injured by weathering that scarcely more can be said of it than that some of the pebbles are of a Vermillion red jasper, with a cement weathering to a bright brir k-red. But one band of limestone of this series has come under my obsirvation. This is seen at Waters's limestone (^ urry, at the end of the Smoky-town rouJ, where it appears to be about twenty feet in thickness, included withm quartzites and altered slates. This limestone is of excellent quality, and 18 of a white or bluish-white color, with a tinge of ochre-vcUow in the cracks; it weathers to a C.:J white with a porcellanous lustre, the edges of weathered specimens showmg some thin laminse i-i relief giving a surface resembling that of an oyster-shell. ' These rocks form a ridge on the north of that portion .i the coal field which has been examined, and going west are first met wiih about a mile from New Glasgow bridge, en a considerable rise of grouud known as Waters's Hill, and thence scattered exposures and the general character of the ground indicate their presence on this hill as far west as the Inter- colonial Company's railway. Waters's Umestone quarry is on the summit of this hill, and besides the limestone the green felsites are well exposed. The dip appears to be S. 17" W.»<40'' but the measures are disturbed by a fault, xn the railway cutting at the west end of the hUl good exposures are met with of the quartzites and greenish conglomerate, with a general westerly dip at high angles, but the true stratification is rendered very obscure by numerous dislocations and irregular cleavages throughout the whole mass. From the raUway bridge over Waters's Brook the altered . slates and conglomerates are well exposed in the cliffs forming the banks of McCulloch's Brook all the way down to its junction with the Middle River. Here, with a direct breadth of about one-third of a mile north- ward from the junction, and bounded on each side by faults separating them from the newer strata, the rocks of this series cross the Middle River, on the left bank of which they form a low ridge, and on the mill- pond of the axe factory in that neighborhood occur the most western exposures that have been exammed. lOUetoneGrit. 2. MILLSTONE GRIT. From widely extended examinations of the Carboniferous rocks of this Province, Dr. J.. W. Dawson, m his Acadian Geology, has subdivided The bearings in this Report are astronom'cal, the variation for magneUc north being 23-15' W. See note p. 6 REPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLEY. 59 I by a gradual of a slightly conglrmerate t forms a bed by weathering jebblea are of k brick-red. y observation. 3 Smoky-town ness, included client quality? hre-yc'ilow in us lustre, the 18B ia relief, the coal field i about a mile ud known as iral character as the Inter- n the summit well exposed, disturbed by •od exposures ith a general mdered very roughout the k the altered g the banks the Middle I mile north- B separating I the Middle on the mill- Qost western rocks of this 3 subdivided tic north being Ckrboulferoui roclM. .SubdiviHtona this system in Nova Scotia, into five " subordinate groups or formations," as follows, in descending order :* " 1. The Upper Coal formation, containing coal-formation plants but JjJJj'g'J^,^'^''^, not productive coals. *• 2. The Middle Coal formation, or coal formation proper, containing the productive coal-beds, " 8. The MilUtone-grit Series, represented in Nova Scotia by rod and gray sandstones, shales and conglomerates, with a few fossil plants and thin coal seams, not productive. " 4. The Carboniferoui Lime»tone,mth the associated sandstones, marls, gypsums, etc., and holding marine fossils recognised by all palaeontologists who have examined them as Carboniferous. •' 6. The Lower Coal measures, holding some, but not all, of the fossils of the Middle Coal formation, and thin coals, not productive, but difiering both in flora and fauna frcai the Upper Devonian, which they overlie unconformaWy." Provisionally adopting the above nomenclature, it would appear that the wauting.' Carboniferous rocks which I have here met with, are all referable to the Middle Coal formation and the Millstone Grit. Subdivisions 1, 4, and 5, are wanting throughout the region examined, and in some places the unconformable Devonian rocks appear to ciicroach on the base ot the Middle Coal formation without the presence even of the Millstone Grit. The Millstone Grit is here represented by a considerable mass of red, green and gray sandstones and arenaceous shales with mottled sandstones, of limestones more or less pure, and of coarse and fine conglomerates, the whole manifestly underlying the Middle or Productive coal formation. This will be best described by two sections of strata belonging to the series, which, as now given, are to be considered as representing the larger rock masses rather than the detailed strata of this subdivisioi ; but as the Pro- ductive coal measures, where their limits are accurately known, always seem to be separated from this series by faults, while in some places at least, the subdivisions are unconformable with one another, it would not only be impossible to give a section graduating upward into the Pro- ductive measures, but it would also be imprudent to hazard an opinion as to the exact horizon which the sections occupy in the Millstone Grit. The first of these sections occurs on McLeod's Brook, lying to the west of the coal field, and affords a fair representation of a considerable portion of these rocks ; but as the exposuiv's, though frequent, are not continuous, it is to be regarded only as an approximation. The strata are given in descending order. * Acad. Geol., second edit. p. 139 et seq. Uod, green and );ray sandstones liMieatones and c 'uglomerates Faults. : i 60 OEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OP CANADA. „ BBCTION 1. qa«rt«Ite pebblw ""o^neii .re a green oonglomewte with 2 Red sandatofles 4So - ^^^!^::^:::;:z~^''^^'^^^^^ ill only from a quarter to a half Inch In d,.I. T^°°' '"""'f """"^ G R«H « "" """*' """"'>' ^'"d «and.tonr """ '''^■"^ '"^bea to 7. 0--i«h.drabrad-weLrn; and, 2^^^^^^ >m conglomerate, with pebbK '„« l.l ^^ »''''' band, of a greenl.h The .andstonea conEiin ' a!l T ' ' ""'^ ""^ '"<"' '» <>'a™«ter. ^ three inches in diam r a7 ein. dT" •""" "'*'' "'"- "^ '"o™ 8. Brick-rflrt ohDi„ . J ' " "^'''K Indeterm nate. . . . *ite pebbles up to six inch« in ? «'"'*=°''"«-brown, holding quart- n.as,es of coarse gr. ni h drab ru- v" V;! "."' '''""*'°"'» '<«"'<="'" U. Qreenish-drab coa..e conrir.7 "",'^'^""'"'"« '"""^'"<»'« 20 flagg, sandstones if 'sZS ZlZT' "'' """" ^-'"^•'•drab ttick, holding many ind.Z ' t. ht . 7" " '"'"""" •" '"*'^'"' '"^h 18. Coarse congiomeratesfw th p/bls up "o aX'^H T '" "" P"""*^- ' ^^ composed entirely 'of a glToJLl i '^, *"'* " "^"^ '" '^''«»«'"- argillo-arenaceous cement the Toll i *"""^ "*'*'• '" « "^O""" le. Red sandstones, varying rcolo„r fTom .„; w"k "' «"«°'"'-^ black quartz- and slate pebbe reach etlZTi""?'* ^^^P" ^'^^^''> l^^tzite they have i-perfect c Ivag^^; I be " ''"''S *"' P"''°'»"'«'- weathered to a rust-red. and poorly :xpo3e;!'^^^ "' •'"^'^ ••••••••••■•,, 220 3773 south of fte Albion .i„e. 'j^'^t^;™' f'"" ^^V. Br„l, IJIVIB HOAD. tloDi; iorao lerate with 480 aio broughout. 330 880 'fown; the Bg uaually lasaumlng « inchei to 100 Qal tliin fiOO i» greenish diameter. B of thera 60 light and 420 jpoMd.. 460 ndu 100 4S 40 ig quart- intlcular 20 iab-drnb an inch tings. . 13 iameter, coarse (colour 140 id ; as a : casts, e sand- tion of 200 bare a luartz. artzite linatc; leeply 220 3773 , between 8 Brook, REPORT OF MH. EDWARD UARILKY. fll SECTION 2. Hkaicbcs ow East Riv«« abovi tui Ai biom minm. MoMiiron, Ewt 1/1 ! I • . . . .. . « . Fiitt. Ktvvrkbovc 1. Urnjr greeniih^drab and lDdian>red fiae grained landitonei, iotcritratified Albion mlAut. In bed* of from one to tbree feet In tliloknesi joo 3. Indian-red compact sunditonei, with partings showing manjr small scales of mica. The rock weathers greenish and Is much split with cleavage ?•»«• ,70 3. Dark Indian-red arenaceous shale ,0 4. Green compact sandstones with mioacoous partings, intorstratified with several bands of tine grained compact red sandstone sO 8. Indian-red compact and shaly sandstones 'u alternations uo 0. Red highly calcareous sandstones, wH'..>ii rlhering become mottled with patches of gruuiiish-gray .230 7. Chocolate-brown abaly flno gralnv ' noi.-cnlcai 'as sandstones ig 8. Rod and green sandstones In alter Ats : j»«»- of this mill a l^t east^^^^^^ '"^ '^'".* ?"''**^'' °^^ '""^ *« ^J^^ ^o«th the country, ^^^X^^^^^^' '^ - through constitute the subsoil for a mile andThalf toll / . T^'T ^^^'^' *^ bable that these ^ay be wSl^^r JtS^B^I:?:: REPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLEY. 63 tion, but whether they are so or not, Section 2, exposed on the East River from this dislocation to the turn of the river above McKay's Brook may be considered as representing them wholly or in part. The direct breadth of the strata included in this section is about thirty chains in a bearing N. 10° E., with angles of inclination varying from 40° to 60'', the top of the exposed section being at the line of the fault which would cross the Nova Scotia railway about one and a-half miles south of Coal Mines sta- tion. 3. NEW GLASGOW CONGLOMERATE. On the west bank of the East River, at the New Glasgow bridge, New Glasgow there is exposed a series of coarse and fine conglomerates with occasional *°"*°'°*'* sandstones of colours varying from Indian-red to chocolate-brown. As a rule the coarser conglomerates are more common at the bottom, the finer at the top ; but they both consist of the same materials, with a difference only in the size of the pebbles, which in the finer conglomerates do not exceed a quarter of an inch in diameter. In the coarser beds however the inclosed masses are of all sizes up to Pebwes flrom , " f Millstone Grit. three feet m diameter, and they are, with very few exceptions, derived from the rocks of the Millstone Grit, those of red sandstone and red shale predominating, while with them all the green, greenish-drab, cho- colate-brown and mottled grey and brownish sandstones, with calcareous conglomerates and nodular and other limestones, have been recognised as constituting the mass. The only otljer pebbles are a few of quartzite DeronianrMk^ and conglomerate of the Devonian rocks. These masses are inclosed in an argillo-arenaceous cement, holding a caicareons good deal of calcareous matter, which sometimes shews itself as a w^te crystalline calc-spar holding the pebbles together. The colour of the cement is an Indian-red, and this has served more or less to tinge the whole mass. The sandstones are exemplified by two beds of five feet each, of a shaly character and brick-red colour, which are seen at a dis- tance of seventy and 120 feet respectively from the base of the section ; but thinner lenticular masses and partings of red and dark-brown colours are common. These rocks are visible along the margin of the river for a distance of Breadth , ., ,. , ,, , , expoFed at new 800 yards, with a direct breadth across the stratification of 610 feet, with Glasgow bridge a general dip of N. 10° W. < 36° — 50°, giving a thickness of 450 feet ; but on the opposite side, as you are aware, similar rocks stretch much farther down the river and greatly augment the volume of the formation to which the locality has served to give a name. 64 aEOLOGICAL SUKVEr OF CANADA. Moanirea Alma nulla bridge.. ^»T.:^^'5f.'■ ''''P°'"'® "^ ^^""^^ '^''°^' <'<'<'"'-s at Alma mills bridge on the i^ order '""^ '^' ^'"^''"^ '' ' ^"'"^'^ '''*^'" '^ them hlescend- Section 3. . CONOLOMBRATBB AT ALMA MiLLB BrIDOK, MIDDLE KlVBB. 1-. «« planes 30 two inches in 3 39 37 ronian rocks 72 gsofabrick- 13 5S. The fine ed and dark ■argillaceous 9 ! in diameter, ces showing 4 10 lt> 5 5 5 29 36 iameter (not 193 I twenty-six f brownish thickness.. 283 iglomerates 34 23 r with one 24 ottcealed.. 21 t BEPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLEY. gg 28. Red coarse conglomerate with pebbles up to two inches and a half in ^' diameter 29. Measures concealed, probably red shale v .".!!.".!!! ". : ^\ 30. Red coarse conglomerate .",*.' 31. Brick-red and chocolate-brown sandstones 'in bands'of about 'a foot thick. !o 32. Red coarse conglomerate with pebbles up to six inches in diameter 27 33. Measures concealed 34. Dark Indian-red arenaceous shale .*,'."!..'!!. 35. Measures partially concealed, probably red'shaVe'. '. '.'.*.*. '. '. '. ". ". '. ". '. .'..'. [ ' .* .' ', 2I 1,372 The conglomerates of this section are situated on the north side of the narrow mass of Devonian rocks which has been previously described. Ihe exposures extend from a little above the bridge 580 paces alon^ the y^onlt' T' ""'"? '* "°^* ^""^^'''^ '^' strata, which dfp S. sou.hd.p. ^u — du h. with an mclmation gradually diminishing from 74° to 54° as ZT7^^ the Devonian strata. These present themselves within twenty Devon.au paces of the highest conglomerate bed, with probably a fault between. ''™"' under half a mile, possibly underiaid by Millstone Gric deposits we meet m„ . r . witha similar series of conglomerates, with an opposite' dp Jd^, "'"°"^ "" moderate mchnation, N. 10^ E. < 5^-25°, .hich has a breadth of nea^a mUe, giving a thickness of about 1400 feet. We have thus ffood PviH^n^f .f ananticlinalform. The north limitof the Devonian^^^^^^^^^^^^ E which being oblique to the strike of the conglomerates permits a greater extension eastward of the north than of the south slope of th'e anticlinal and t IS questionable whether the north side of the Devonian rocks runs so far b the bearing given as to completely interrupt th. summit of the condome^ stride of su ' rates on the north side. The strike of the summit, as determbed by rd ^" exposures as have been met with, would seem to carry it to an uninTr rupted junction wth the summit of the north-dipping* conglomerteg of New Glasgow bridge. These rocks would thus appear to be conn ted with an anticlinal form between a northern syncUnal on Z nZt a lying between New Glasgow and Pictou, T'tnZrTS^tl """'"'^' aid thet ? '' '^"'"!;" "^^ "^"""^- ^^*-- *he conglomerate and the coal measures, as distributed in this part of the country, there run a great dislocation gradually cutting off the southern slope of the f!rme in Its course towards New Glasgow, where the northern slope abn remains ; but on the north side of the dislocation, towards the MMdL Kiver, the narrow mass of Devonian rocks is singularly thrust un through n , the exposed south slope of the conglomerates, without'ap ar LtVt'^^^^ "^"- V!tV^' '""'""'^ ^''"^ '''''^' '' b^'"S ^ protruded mass. ^ bet;tnlL^ootff''lr'^-r.''''!.'!''' occupies a position interm;diate B.e or proauc Detween the rocks of the Millstone Grit, of the ruins of which it is made un "'" "'""'"*'■ Ilill 66 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Discordance with Millstone Grit. ! I and the Productive coal measures, and may be considered as the base of Dr. Dawson's Middle Coal formation. In tracing this conglomerate west from New Glasgow to the Middle River, it appears along the northern flank of Waters's Hill to directly over- lie the altered Devonian rocks of that locality, and to be partially reduced ' in thickness by unconformity. As no contacts are seen however this appearance may be produced by a series ot dislocations bringing up the lower rocks and obscuring the Millstone Grit, which in other portions of the region intervenes between this series and the New Glasgow conglomerate. But if we have here an evidence of a want of conformity between the Carboniferous and Devonian rocks, nearer New Glasgow there appear to be indications of a discordance between two of the subdivisions of the Carbon- iferous rocks themselves. On the north side of tho old road to Frazer Ogg's quarry, running S. 77° W. from the Hopewell road near New Glasgow bridge, and on a small water-run skirting the base of the escarp- ment of the New Glasgow conglomerate, there is seen just north of the great fault which has been mentioned above, a short section of the red and greenish sandstones, red shales and nodular limestones of the Millstone Grit series dipping N. 47® E. < 67**, anJ evidences of the same rocks with a similar resulting strike are displayed for 2u0 paces north-westward. Fifty paces to the northward of this section we have the base of the New Glasgpw conglomerate dipping N. 3® W. < 30*. These exposures would seeiji to give direct proof of the unconformity of the conglomerate with the rocks of the Millstone Grit, which unconformity we should naturally have expected from the presence of pebbles derived from rocks of the latter division in the former. rroductivccoal 4. PRODUCTIVE COAL MEASURES, measures. In describing the Productive coal measures, I shall first give the column of strata containing the Albion coal seams, as represented at the Albion and Acadia mines near the East Eiver, with some remarks upon the same series of rocks at other points, and the changes which they undergo, illustrated by short sections. Main and Deep The coal scams of the Pictou region are widely known, especially the Main and the Deep seams, respectively thirty-six and tweniy-four feet in thickness. On the west side of the East River, the Main s^am is thr Highest one worked, being succeeded in ascending order by a £. eat mass Oi mea- sures barren of coal seams, known in the region as the blaci: skates, from the character of the rocks composing it on the East River and at the first series of pits at the Albion mines ; though, as will be seen hereafter, partially represented in other parts of the region by sandstones and fire- clays alternating with shales. coal ;cain!>. Black Bhalc?. 1 as the base of to the Middle io directly over- irtially reduced ' I however this )ringing up the portions of the conglomerate, by between the re appear to be of the Carbon- oad to Fraaer road near New ! of the escarp- it north of the 1 of the red and ) Millstone Grit e rocks with a lorth-westward. ise of the New (xposures would glomerate with lould naturally a rocks of the first gwe the represented at some remarks ges which they , especially the wy-four feet in aa is Mr iilghest it mass 01 mea- cJ: shaJes^ from and at the first seen hereafter, tones and fire- 's RKPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLEY. 07 str!^\ffrAfK-''°"'? ;^"l/PProximatively represent the column of strata at tho Albon and the Acadia Mine^ on the East Biver, and pa the pracbcablo supplemented by the few exposures of which I have bean able to obtam the exact position in the series the^foct*'tn\V'^''*,f ^ '^'* '^' ''^^' '^ P^' '''''^' ''' g^^^% injured by ^o^ceaorr. the fact tnat usualy a mere general character is given to the mass"'' mentioned as for instance rock, sandstone, shale, firecla, ^LTl statement of the important characteristics of colour and textur; T "pai th^ defect, I have, where possible, examined the material taken from the pits, m company with men emplo.^ed in sinking them, and wUl, in Buch cases, g.ve my own descriptions, taking the record mer lyforl' knesses In many casec, where numerou3 alternations of strata havrbeen merZ' ., the p,t mns is so much uixed, that an attempt f Z'rZ 7eh^l ""^ ''" by means of ,t might lead to error, and in suchLea the r eord is ^t word for word, as received, a reduction to the true thickness at rTgh affiles to the stratification being the only change made. ^ ^ Down to the Third seam I am indebted to the records of the 0«n^r«i . tt on CO., h T; -^T^'"* '"'""^'^ ' ^'^''^ '^' Third seam a^d above ^^4tZlt^^^^^ '''''''' ''' ''-'' ''' AcadiaCompany's record! nosftioVrl'!" ''"'"''''''' :i'^ th« 1^'ghest seam of Wfticft th^ exact H.«.>o,tcoa. of CodB c ok " 1 1 '''''^ '" ' ^' ^""^ ^^ ^'' H^-i^on, on the bank ^r^^^S^il^ of Coal Brook, and the measures are given in descending order. Section 4. Albion aeotlon. MBAStTBES AT THB ALBION AND ACADIA JfllfM. Three-and.a-half ftet seam. ^- '"• f^- ■^'•• 1. Coal and bro^n carbonaceous shale mued 22 halffteTstSn. Coal, said to be good, not exposed f 2. Measures partly concealed, the lower part black semi-carbon- ' ^ aceous shale, with a light brown streak <,r. ^''"' ""*'**• ^' ^''I'^er^""*"*'"' '''*''' '''^ "'"^"'' *'"*"» '"'***^^^ ° 4. Black argillaceous and carboVaJeVuV 'shlles'ln 'aiternatinK ^ ^ bands, not well exposed , 5. Brown carbonaceous shale ..'.''. ^'^^ ^ 6. Black semi-carbonaceous shale."..".'...'.'.'.'.".".'."'".\\" " ''^^ 6 7. Brown carbonaceous shale .'.'., ^^ ^ 8. Black argillaceous shale ..'.".'!'.! ^^ ^ 9. Brown carbonaceous shale . ^ " 621 1128 t 68 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Ft. In, Main team. Main coal team. 10. Coarse coal 1 4 11. Good coal 4 .; 12. Ironstone band ,,, 13. Good coal (worked at the Fcard pits) 20 6 14. Coarse coal * 8 4 15. Dark Sligmaria nndorclay ; the thir.kness is cot tu.ied in tbe record; that here given is net fully e.xposed 1 9 16. Black argillaceous shales, v.-ith many bands of ir'>n3tOD'. of from one-half to three-quarters of r.-- inch in thicl )>'ss, fnd at least two ban 1.' of arenaceous shale of about .tw(, or th> »":■ inchrs thick, cf a dark gray color : . ' 6 1?, Brow.'s -Sitiioaaceous sbalef i lo Deep seam. Deep or Cage-pii voai i'.VA. 18. Badcoat.. 2 19. Goocj cca:,.. , 3 1 20. Ironstone I ij 21. Ooal iif tii.s qufllity ;j 5J 22. Sh&ly coal r 8^ 23. Good coal .* b 9 24. Coarse coal UJ 25. Good coal 3 4 26. Inferior coalt 5 10 9t. Med^res concealed, and no pit records 98 28. Black carbonaceous shale 8 8 Third seam. Third seam. 29. Coal, said to be good 30. Measures concealed, probably shales, and fireclays with thin bedded sandstone 61 2 31. Fireclay 9 1 32. Hard sandstone 1 33. Soft sandstone 4 1 34. Fireclay 6 4 35. Black argillaceous shale 4 6 36. Fireclay 2 9 37. Black argillaceous shale > 10 38. Fireclay 2 3 39. Hard sandstone . .' 1 4 40. Soft Arenaceous shales 6 3 41. Fireclay f c' 42. Black semi-carbonaceous shale 43. Hard sandstone 44. Black argillaceoaL '. le 3 F(. In. — 34 7 • No9. 5—14 are reduced from the Foord pit record. t Noa. IG— IT are takan from Mr. Hudson's record of the Doihousic doTrn" t No8. 13—26 are taken from Mr. Poole's Journal. 148 1 22 11 106 8 5 7 — 113 lo ■•.«ft. REPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLEY. 69 R. hi. Ft. /ft. r, . Ft. In. PuTVii team. 45. Coal coarse and impure ; It increases to five feet six inclies one mile west , 48. Underclay witii Stigmaria, a light colored fireclay o 10 47. Compact gray sandstone 4 5 48. Fireclay 5 2 49. Hard sandstone ; 2 7 60. Fireclay jg ^ 61. Blue (bluish-gray) fireclay 4 62. Compact sandstone 5 7 63. Blue fireclay g 5 54. Compact sandstone 6 55. Shale [ Q 5 66. Fireclay 4 67. Compact sandstone 4 2 58. Fireclay 5 q 59. Measures unknown j g 60. Black argillaceous shale •j 2 61. Fireclay mixed with eoa/ (?) 7 7 62. Fireclay with 5 ''«''"• fault, have boon indicated in the description of the limits of the principal areas of Millstone Grit. Within these boundary lines the coal measures are arranged in two synclinal forms, the axes of which, about a mile apart, run in a general J ist and west direction. The first and larger of these will be designated tli Albion synclinal. It has perhaps a subordinate undulation near its Aibion synoii- Cf \ but the exposures which would seom to indicate this may be brougrit into place by a considerable fault known to exist in tlieir vicinity. The A' )n synclinal extends laterally from the town of New Glasgow to the ; Mou and Vcadia (Fraser) mines, near the East River ; and to the south of this ■ e second trough, to which will be given the name of the Bear-creek sync aal. Both of these are limited at their western ends by the West fault, and while the area of the workable coal in the Bear-cre( k iirar-crecic syn. synclinal is limited to the east by a dislocation, probably not throwing out the lower portion of the coal measures entirely, the Alb' ^n synclinal* extends eastward across the East River, beyond the region of my oxarai- nation. The only important group of coal seams included in theneasures on th' west side of the river, is that of the general section (Section t^ md as these seams have been most extensively worked, and are therefore best known at the Albion mines near the East River, it would seem best to take these workings as a starting point in describing the general distribution of the Distribution, group. From the oldest workings on the west bank of the ^ ttle branch of the out-cropof East River the out-crop of the Main seam, which in these workings has a JJ^JIJ '«"»«"*' dip of N. 22°— 30° E. (or N. 45°— 63° E. Mag'ietic) <18»— 23*, crosses ual. clliial. bkongronpot al Beams. n m ' This is the Middle STnclinal, and the subordinate undulation gires the North synclinal of the previous Report. ; I' ^^ OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. rM,uM,„.„« tteRotlfir- '"r ""■*''"« ""^''"^ south-eastward enters tho area of aS';!'.""' f' Pf ou Mming Company. About half-a-milo in a bearing S. 70* E rom the west bank a slope was sunk by the company mentioned urln the Mam seam ; but the coal proving of inferior quality tho working have been abandoned. The d.,. is here N. 35^ E. < l-J", and a loot fof tl seam as taken by Mr. Thomas Lawther when in charg; of the" s tv^ man, and given mo by him is as follows :- abH\y 00.1, known ai ttronff coal hj the mlncri .... '"V" Cool and lack carbonnMous shala Sbalj coal S Black carbonaceous sbaieVwith;;;iy;;;,;;\;;!;;;;Vti"ng;^ 2 Sslialy ccal, worked '" " Good coal, worked * , ' ** Shaly coal, worked .'."'.'..'.'. ' ^ Poor coal, not worked, about... ^ ^ 12 38 About twenty-eight chains from tho slope, in tho bearin? S. 73° E and PU . 25 E : T ' TZT ^'° ''"'' '' ^^« «^-^«' -hich is hSe S ' puonorum. 25 E. a pit was sunk 350 feet to the tt)p of the Main seam and a few fee into the coal, which proved of inferior quality, in conCuenceTf ^hic , after boring through the scam, this shaft a JU a oned aI the strata sunk through in this pit shew a change in the chara Lr of the ineasures between this point and the Foord pitsfequally rem able w 1 rrri:^j--s-^^^ Section 5. OBANT S ITABJJ. Black carbonaceous and argillaceous shales in alternating bands : the only ^'^ ^"' fossil observed is CordaiU, borain^folia. . . ^ Dark gray sandstone alternating with while arJ-l^ieoJs" 'shale's 'hlVin. '* " b ntrT°r'?" '"""^'' """^ ^''"^'"^ ™-^ iadetermina.e car bonlsed plants ; in some beds tho partings exhibit ripple-marks. In weathering, the arenaceous shales do not change their colour, whi e gray to dark brown, gome bands shewing a reddish tinge. The Black aTgUuZsrhr.". 'T'^'"'' ''''' ""''' '^^ ^'^^ ^"^'-^ =3 Dark gray close grained sandstone, with w'hi.e" «;;;;«;;;> ■;;al'e's*8imna; '"' " o the second bed of the section ; near the middle of the mass a band of dark gray sandstone was sunk through of an excec .gly close grain which weathers to a dull oran^-HraK ' ^ " ,, jj, ^ REPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLEY. irs tho area of ring S. 70» E. tioned upon tho workings have soction of tlio ) mine as over- Fl. In. 2 8 3 10 1 a 1 12 38 76 3. 73° E. ana ch ia hero S. a, and a few ^sequence of idoned. As racter of tho arkable with tion is given awther, who ! thicknesses LIN SEAU, Ft. In. 94 only car- . In bile lish- The lilar and lose 68 101 37 Black carbonaceoui ahale ^ ^ Dark gray heavy bedded aanditone InteMtratlficd with dark gray ihaly sandatone having lorae black carbonaceou* parting! u Black arglllaceom ohalo j q Muin Stain. ^f , Coarjtly laminated coal, known a« court* coal by the minerj 2 S Dark gray fireclay full of Stignaria 2 10 Shaly ctal and black carbonaceous (hale 9 g Coariecoitl j 1. Dark gray fireclay with Stigmaria j 4 ftad coal, bored through g • Dark fireclay, bored through 3 q Immediately to the rise of this shaft a trial-pit has been sunk on the crop of the Main seam, but beyond this the seam has not been traced southward. In a few chains however it is probably thrown considerably ti,. mcUoo to the eastward by a fault having an east and west bearing and producing '^""'' an upthrow on the south side. To tho south of this fault one coal seam only is known ; it is on the land of Mr. Donald McLeod, and with a thick- ness of eight feet, strikes S. 15° E., the dip being eastward at a moderate McLeod «am. angle, but it is not at present known what coal seam of Section 4 this one represents. Tho dislocation which brings it into place will be designated as the McLeod fault. In the triangular area between the crop of the Main seam and tho dislo- cation just mentioned, bounded to the west by the East River, only one seam has been opened. It is tho Deep or second seam of the Albion group, on Docp scan., the crop of which a trial-pit was sunk by the Pictou Mining Company ; but the coal is said to be of very poor quality. The crop of a seam underlying this is seen on the east side of the Spring- coai scam, ville road, in a small stream crossing the road about half-a-mile to the south of the crop of the Main seam, but its position in the coal series cannot be stated with certainty at present, as it lies to the south of tho McLeod fault. Beyond this disturbance the measures are supposed to turn slightly to the west of south, and then again curving round to a south- eastward strike, they will, if not lost on soni; dislocation as yet unknown, be finally cut off by the great South upthrow fault of McGregor's Moun- south muit, tain. The westward curve of these measures shows the existence of a shallow synclinal on the eastern prolongation of the axis of the Bear- u-'ar-creok creek synclinal* presently to bo described. *yuciin«i. ? ^* f; iff • This synclinal appears to correspond with the South synclinal of the prerious Report. 76 GEOLOGICAL SURVET OF CANADA. Oat>orop of Albion Beams westward. Dalbouse and Cage pit. UcKenzie pit Third and Purvis seams. McGregor scam Stellar seam. ih^M^ nV^y^''^' '^ *^' ^"'' ^''''^ ^^' ^'^^'^^'^l^ «eam3 from theMain to the McGregorare known near the river bank. The underground workings of the Albion mines prove the exact position of the Main and Deep seams for about one mile and a quarter west from the earliest work- ings. From these, now known as the Burnt mines, the strike and the angle ' of ^P continue regular to the Dalhousie and Cage pits, where the dip is r ^l , , '* *^' '''P "^ *^' ^*^° ^"^ I>«eP seams in the bed of .w r. ■': *^f °!.*^^ J^"« «f th« crops of these seams turns to a more westerly strike, the dip at the crop of the Main seam to the rise of the Forster pit being about N.<.30-. Farther west the strike curves slightly to the south-westward, while the angle of inclination is considerably reduced the dip at the McKenzie pit on the Deep seam near McCullocS Brook being N. 23° W. <15°. ^^y^^n.? i'.[oii.,real and Pictou Company, has been able to give me concerning thtt -xad org; ound work done by that company. The exposures on the banks of ;\o £;\oc River give the structure of the eastern side of the tranverse elevation ; the Montreal and Pictou pit gives the south side and turn of the straoa to a strike a little south of west ; but for the western dip, wo liave only the records of two trial-pits, and such facta as the toj)ogr»phy and surface rocks car famish. n GEOLOGICAL BCKVET OF CANADA. Senm equiva- lent to McGre> got seam. Nine-feet coal ■earn. Seam ecuiva- lent to Main seam. Seven-feet aoam Allion group <'f seams, in relation to tlic North n»ult. It has been supposed that the seam proved in the working-pit of the Montreal and Pictou Company represents the Main seam of the Albion mines; but the fact that coal crops are connected with mea- sures manifestly overlying this seam a few hundred feet, together with the fact that the seam appears to be within 225 feet of another proved on the old road to Fraser Ogg's quarry, which for reasons to be given here- after, I am inclined to believe represents the Stellar seam of the Acadia mines (Fraser area), leads me to identify the Montreal and Pictou seam with the McGregor, rather than with the Main or Deep seam, the equiva- lents of which, la absence of evidence to the contrary, I am inclined to think will be found to overlie it. The following facts may lead to the finding of one or both of these ovorlybg seams. I would first remark, however, that in a region so likely ij be broken by faults, mistakes in distances between seams are to be guarded against, as difierent exposures of the same seam, when it is thrown by faults, may be mistaken for difierent seams. (1). On the south-eastern portion of the Intercolonial Coal Company's Sutherland area, a bore-hole was sunk which passed vertically through twenty feet of coal divided into two parts by four and a-half feet of fire- clay. The inclination of the strata is not stated, but it is supposed to be iibout 65<^, which would give a diickness of about nine feet to the coal and a foot and a-half to the parting. The position of this would appear to place the seam higher stratigraphicaily than that of the luoutrcal and Pictou pit. (2). On the wvjst bank of the East River, near its intersection with the north line of the General Mining Association's area, there is a mass of coaly shale of considerable thickness, mixed with a black shale so highly cavbonaceous as to yield a large amount of gas. It is supported by a Stigmaria underclay, beneath which occurs the crop of what appears to be a true cod seam. This, it appears to me, may possibly represent the Main seam . (3). On the same bank of the river, opposite the town of New Glaso'ow, a pit was sunk on a coal seam stated to be seven feet thick ; this, it is said, was lost upon a fault, and as no record of the work was kept, its exact position cannot be given. At the time this was opened it was supposed to represent the Montreal and Pictou seam, but from the structure, which is well shewn on the river bank, I am inclined to think it belongs to measures several hundred feet higher. Provisionally considering the Montreal and P«:tou seam as the McGre- gor, it would seem probable that the crops of the Albion group leave the North fault, with westerly dips at a moderately high angle, at some dis- tance west of the east line of the Sutherland area., and the sepm provision- ally considei ed to be the Oil coal will be not far from this line at the faalt. This westerly dip is preserved by the upper portion of these seams till g"pit of the the Albion •with mea- )gether with T proved on given here- the Acadia Pictou seam , the equiva- led to think le finding of )wever, that ;es between same seam, s. Company's Uy through feet of fire- posed to be he coal and ear to place . Pictou pit. Oil with the IS a mass of e 80 highly lorted by a lears to be a Main seam. >w Glasgow, ; this, it is pt, its exact IS supposed ture, which to measures ;he McGre- ) leave the t some dis- 3 provision- it the fuait. tmaam till rri=ing REPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLET. 88 I'roTisional structure. Association's north line, near which a pit (No. 2 of the Intercolonial Company's Sutherland area record) has proved the dip to be S. 67° W. (or W. magnetic) in bearing, with an inclination of about 65^. The Montreal and Pictou seam at the working pit, dips S. 43° E. (or S. 20° B. mag.) < 65° ; there must therefore be a very abrupt turn or a dislocation between the two pits. At the working pit the seam thus shows a turn toward the northeast, and thence the structure can be given with comparative accuracy from the river exposures. These show the run of the measures to be nearly parallel with the bank of the stream, trending somewhat to the east of north until opposite the town of New Glasgow, where they all come against the North fault again, with a strike probably at about right angles to its course. In a region so likely to be disturbed by the forces which have produced a dislocation of such great extent as the North fault, records of scattered pits are always unsatisfactory, as the dip in any of these pits may be influenced by a fault, or by a sudden twist in the strata, even if a break has not occurred. The structure of this immediate part of the coal field, as indicated on the map, must therefore be understc ' *"- merely general and illustrative, and liable to considerable alteration in v J from future explora- tions. The presence of the great seams of the Albion group haa prevented Few researches any attempts at systematic explorations for coal beds above the barren theWackshiUM. black shales on the west side of tha river. A few trial-pits, however, exist in the upper portion of these measures, but of these there is in most cases no record, and the only indications of coal there at present known are believed to belong to a bed which occurs between the black shales over- lying the Main seam of Section 4, and certain black shales of Potter's Brook on the east side of the East River ; the only evidences of this seam are in the pits mentioned, and a few exposures far apart from one another. This I have called the Three and a-half feet seam. The seam is first seen in a cutting on the Nova Scotia Railway, about two chains north of the culvert over Coal Brook in the vertical measures of a fault ; but it is here on the south rise of the Albion synclinal, and its crop is known westward about one mile by two pits, one sunk on the side of the New Glasgow and HopeweU road, near the crossing of Coal Brook, and the other on a small branch of the same brook, about one half mile west. Thence the general structure would indicate that its course would be somewhat as shown on the accompanying map, where it i'' represented that at the McCuUoch-brook fault the crop is thrown about seventy chains jiccuiioch- ■eeth. This seam does not appear in the Bear-creek synclinal, the deepest pMiit in this trough showing only about 800 or 900 feet from the surface to the Aeatm (Main) seam. West from the McCulloch-brook fault the B,^l m ii m Three and a half feet seam. Distribution. brook fikult. 84 GBOLOQICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Axis of Albion •yncUnal. Coal crop on MoCulloch'g Brook. An E. and W. fault. Conl crop near Coal Brook, Systems ot faults. -I If crop turns north-west on the south rise of the Albion synclinal, crossing the old post road to Middle River a short distance west of the Intercolonial Coal Company's railway. Thence it is not known except by a crop on the post road to Truro, near the turning to the private road running south to the Horn farm. This point is shown by the structure of the" measures below the seam to be nearly on the axis of the Albion synclinal, and the seam pro- bably crosses the road nearly at right angles to its general course. Beyond this exposure the course of the crop cannot be followed with accuracy back to the McCulloch-brook fault, and as laid down on the map it must be taken as conjectural, and as merely illustrative of the general structure. The only coal crop known on the north rise of the Albion synclinal between the West and McCulloch-brook faults was met with in lay- ing the foundations for the Intercolonial Coal Company's railway bridge over McCulloch's Brook. This is stated to have a thickness of three feet, and it is probably the seam in question, though it is here carried east- ward, and nearer to the centre of the synclinal than might have been expected, by the effect of an east and west fault presently to be described, throwing up the measures on the north side. From this position at the railway bridge the general structure would bring the crop to the McCulloch- brook fault, but this being an upthrow on the east side, the plane of the seam is carried by it above the general level of the surface, and the crop does not agaiawppear on the north side of the east and west fault, unless it be represented on the north branch of Coal Brook, which is a considerable distance to the east, by a coal crop a few feet on the north side of the disturbance above alluded to, which it leaves for a few chains, returning to it agam. Farther eastward the north rise of this seam app lears to leave the south side of the fault, and on approaching the Albion mines there are indications of its crop on the north side of the Hopewell road about two chains north of the railway bridge near Coal Brook; this, and a similar exposure on" the East Eiver at the mouth of the brook, seems to show tha general course of the Three and a-half feet seam as far eastward as it is at present known. No other coal seam overlying the black shales has been observed to the west of the East River. All the greater faults limiting or considerably effecting the distri- bution of the coal seams, have already been alluded to. Those affecting the underground workings in the different collieries will be mentioned farther on in the detailed descriptions of these workings; but besides these many dislocations of greater or less extent traverse the Productive coal measures, though the greater number of them are of slight importance. These may be divided into three series, those belonging to «aeL preserving a general parallelism in their bearings, REPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLEY. 86 nal, crossing Intercolonial a crop on the ; south to the :e8 below the he seam pro- urse. Dllowed with d down on rative of the 3f the Albion twithinlaj- r bridge over )ss of three carried east- t have been e described, t the railway McCulIoch- slane of the nd the crop , unless it be Bonsiderable •rth side of 9, returning ve the south B indications iins north of exposure on aeral course at present en observed the distri- 0. Those ies will be workings ; lit traverse }r of them eries, those r bearings, though a few exceptions are knowi- They are (A) faults having a gen- eral course of N. 33° W. and S. W E. ; (B) faults having a general bearing E. and W. ; and (C) faults having a direction of about N. 67' E. and S. 67° W. ; besides these a fourth series (D) may be added having a course of N. 58° W. and S. 58" E., of which several examples have been known, as will be especially seen in the workings of the Deep seam at the Albion mines. Of these minor dislocations two have been observed affecting the measures near the centre of the Albion synclinal, of which descriptions may be introduced here. The first, which may be called the Potter's- potter-^brook brook fault, was first noticed on that brook near its junction with the East '^*""' River. It is a downthrow to the south, apparently of considerable extent, and has an E. and W. direction, the exact bearing from Potter's Brook westward being N. 86° W. It has been traced westward from the East River about a mile and three quarters, and is the same break as has already been mentioned in connection with the Three-and-a-half feet coal seam. My belief is that it will extend across the McCulloch-brook fault, Broken by the by which it would seem to be broken and thrown southward, and thence bwokftJat. will be found to run across the western portion of the coal field to a point near the intersection of the North and West faults. This supposition has been induced by the fact already stated, that a fault with a southern down- throw seems to affect the crop of the Three-and-a-half feet seam between the Truro post road and the railway bridge on McCulloch's Brook. The Potter's-brook disturbance would thus belong to a more ancient system of faults than that deriving its name from McCulloch's Brook. The effect of the second of these dislocations is seen at the railway Bridge ftuit. iron bridge over the East River, just above the town of New Glasgow, where the measures, which, on the right bank of the river above the bridge, are seen with dips somewhat to the south of east at moderate angles, on approaching the fault are suddenly thrown round io a dip of north at a high angle. This turn to the north at this point is probably in part due to an undulation corresponding to a third or subordinate syncli- nal, which you have observed on the east side of the river, and which, I believe, you have named the North synclinal. But the immediate cause of the sudden turn and high angle of dip in the strata appears to be due to the fault, which has a bearing N. 67° E. at the lower end of the bridge. BCONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS. In the treatment of this coal field with reference to its economic impor- EconomicB. surveyed and leased by the Mines Department of the Province, giving 86 OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Extension ot map. under the heading of each area, descriptions of such collie ncs as are now in active operation, of workings which have been abandoned, and of railways built and owned by the various coal companies. It has therefore been thought proper to extend the map designed to illustrate the region, beyond the area examined, in order to show the con- nection of the Productive coal field with tide water at Pictou and Merij^o- mish harbours ; and with a view of properly filling the topography, a number of roads near the town of Pictou, and a plan of that town, have been taken from a map of the county if Pictou published by Messrs. A. F. Church and Co. of Halifax, The bouthern limit of the map will be the parallel 45°.80' of north kti tude, while northward it will extend as far as .a entrance of Pictou harbour on the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; east and west it will leacii so far as to include the harbour of Merigomish and the valley of the West ' iver. The projection of the map is based upon Admiral Bayfield's del. .mi- nation of the geographical position of Pictou light-house at the entrance of Pictou Harbour,* and Betty Point, Merigomish Harbour f- liENERAIi MINING ASSOCIATION. General Mining; Agsooiatlon. I Albion mines area. Importance of the workings. The history of fhe aoquisition by the General Mining Association of the Royal patent ;v;renii!f^. *:o the late Duke of York, giving them possession of all the minerals oi rhc Province of Nova Scotia ; of their extended working and exploration in Pictou and Cumberland counties and the islan-^ of Cape Breton, and of their final cession of the' greater portion of their rights in consideration of certain facilities and franchises granted them by the Pro- vincial Government, is too well known to need rehearsal. ALBION MINES AREA. By reference to the map it will be seen that the area of three square miles, selected by this association in the coal field, is the central one of the areas embracing the Productive coal measures. It includes the crops of the two principal seams, the Main and the Deep, both of which have long been worked by the company. Till within a limited period the Albion mines, and some workings on the McGregor seam on what is now called the Fraser area of the Acadia Coal Company, constituted the only regular workings of the Pictou coal field, and upon the coal shipped by this com- pany was established, in the first instance, the reputation of Pictou coal. These workings have now reached a great importance, not only from their considerable extent, but from the number of collieries in active opera- iljl * Pictou light is ia 45° 41' 25" north lat,, and 62" 39' 19" wsgt long, t Betty Point ia in 46" 38' 29" north lat., and 620 26' 40" weit long. t RSPORT OF MR. EUWARL. HARTLEY. 87 as aro now in 1(1 of railw;iv3 ) designed to jhow the con- i and Merigo- )hy, a number ve been takini \..F. Church of north lati ce of Pictou leacu so far 3 West '^iver. (Id's doiLiini- e entrance of ;iation of the possession of ided working lan'l of Cape eir rights in by the Pro- square miles, of the areas crops of the ve long been Ibion mines, r called the inly regular ly this com- ictou coal. it only from ictive opera- tion, and from an actual power of production exceedod by very few on this continent. Although these collieries are included under the general term of the Albion mines, it will bo necessary to scribe th^m under the follow- ing local names, indicating either districts \vith well marked boundaries or separate workmg pits: 1, Burnt mines ; 2, Cmshod mines (abandoned) ; 3, Dalhousie p, t works ; 4, Forster pit works ; 5, Foord pit works, all on the Main seam ; and 6, Cage-pit works on the Deep or Cage-pit 8( 'iiri Burnt mines.- The Burnt mim incli o the earliest wor'ingsfr ,m the Burnt minos. crop of the Main seam, and extend from the west I^nk of 'ast River about one-half mi.o northwest toward the Dalhousie pits. .lOUgh these workiuji;^ have long been abandoned in consequence o a fire, I am informed that the pillars have not h, on crushed, and might stui bo taken out, si I Id the course of trade require it. Cruihed mines.— The Cru shed mines are situated to the deep of those Crushed mine* just described, thei-- extent being from the east bank of the East River northwest to the • ilhousie pits, a powerful barrier of coal being left between them and the Burnt mines. Dalhousie pit works.—The Dalhousie pit works are at present in actual oaihouiiepit operation ai.'l capable of producing about 800 tons of coal per diem. The '""'"' machinery ai the Dalhousie Bye pit, or drawing pit, consists of one 50 horse-power beam engin. , single cylinder, drawing cages containing one box or car holding 1500 lbs. oi round coal, by a 4-inch flat wire rope. The arrangements at lank, amites and railway near the pit head are of a very complete, substantia and convenient description, and the celerity of hoisting, dumping and screening the coal at the pit head evinces a system and management worthy of litation elsewhere. This pit has been exten- sively worked during the past summer, the coal raised being taken princi- pally from the pillars. Forster pit works.— The Forster pit is a late working of this company, Forster pit and during last season was only irregularly in operation. When in full *'"'"■ operation it will be capable of producing from about 600 to 700 tons of coal per diem. The arrangements at the pit head and elsewhere are much the same as those at the Dalhousie pits. The workings of the Fors- ter pit, Dalhousie pit and Crushed mines are pumped from the Engine and Staple pits at the Crushed mines, communication being made for this pur- pose. The water is lifted by a large double-acting Cornish pumping engine of about 100 horse-power driving the top lift of the pumps in the Staple pit, and the bottom lift in the main or Engine pit, the lifts being about 250 feet each. Foord pit mrks.— The Foord pit works, wheninfuU operation, will be of Foord pit 80 great importance to the coal field that I may be excused for "inv." '*"'""'"" the full description which follows of the pits and machinery in so far as il ^^ ^^^.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1 // Ms ■J" 1.0 I.I *■ tin 12.0 IL25 i 1.4 M 1.6 FhotDgFai^c .Sciences Corporation as WEST MAIN STRHT WIBSTIR.N.Y. USM (716) •73-4503 '^ f^> K<^1 <^^. ^ .^ 5 m lie HI Two principal pit*. Drawing •Dginea. Engine houfv. Pumping engine. 88 GEOLOGICAL SURVBT OP CANADA. complete at the time of my return from field work. In size and in the perfection of design in the machinery, and in fact of the entire plant, these works will compare most favourably with any on this Continent, and may be considered an important addition to the wealth of the Dominion. Two principal pits, known respectively as the Foord drawing and pump- ing pits, have been sunk to the Main seam at a horizontal distance of 960 yards from the crop, reaching a depth of 878 feet ; and a third to a depth of 380 feet for the first or top lift of the pumps, the drawmg pit being about 40 yards to the deep of the other two. The drawing engines are two high-pressure horizontal cyUnders 86 inches in diameter and 5 feet stroke, or as connected, of about 160 nomi- nal English horse-power. The crank-shaft connecting these engines is 15 inches in diameter and carries a 20-fett drum, included between two 22 feet fly-wheels, which are fitted with powerful friction brakes, by means of which the engines can be stepped almost instantly, should circumstances require. The engines are fitted with slide-valves, moving on anti-friction rollers, and the arrangement of woigh-bars for the throttle, links and brakes is such that one engmeer has them under perfect control. The cages in the pits are made of bar steel, weigh about 900 lbs. apiece, and are double decked, carrymg four cars or boxes holding 1500 lbs. round coal each. With the moderate piston speed of 250 feet per minute, and aUowing full time for all ordinary delays and stoppages, these engines ought easily to deliver 1000 tons of coal on the platform, per day of ten hours, which, with coal from the banks, would make the ordinary production in full operation about 1500 or 1600 tons of coal per diem. The engine house (61 by 35 feet) and aU fittings in the pits and around the pit head are of the most substantial character, the engine house being of cut stone and brick, the foundations of cut stone and concrete, the pillars for the platform of brick, and the timber work of frames, platform and pit- timbering, of the best southern pine, a ship load of which was especially selected for these works. The pumping engine is a single cylinder, high-pressure Cornish engine, the cylinder being 62 inches in diameter and of 9 feet stroke, or 240 nomi- nal English horse-power. This engine is set upon a massive column of cut stone, resting on the solid rock below. The height of this pillar is as fol- lows :— From the foundation (at the surface of the ground) to the top of cyUnder pillar 21 feet 6i inches ; thence to the top of the beam pillar 25 feet ; and from the top of the beam pillar to the centre of the bearings 4 feet 6 inches ; or aboutSO feet from the surface of the ground to the bearings. The cylinder is set over the top-lift pit, the piston-rod, 8 inches in diameter, coming through the cylinder bottom, driving the top set of pumpa REPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLET. 89 lize and in the ) entire plant, his Continent, wealth of the ing and pump- listance of 960 bird to a depth pit being about cylinders 86 tout 160 nomi- 3 engines is 15 Jtween two 22 8, by means of circumstances )n anti-friction iks and brakes te cages in the ip.d are double oal each. With •wing full time isily to deliver lich, with coal operation about its and around le house being ete, the pillars tform and pit- was especially Ornish engine, , or 240 nomi- column of cut pillar is as fol- to the top of •earn pillar 22 ;he bearings 4 » the bearings. , 8 inches in ) set of pumps direct, as in the Bull engine, the second and third sets jeing driven through the beam, which is of wrought iron plates riveted to iron castings. This beam is 34 feet long, 7 feet deep in the middle and 2 feet 4 inches at the ends, its weight being 18 tons, without gudgeons, these being of wrought iron 14 inches in diameter for the central one at the bearings, increasing to 16 inches in the middle, the end gudgeons being 3 inches in diameter, increasing to 9i inches in the middle, and the intermediate for parallel motion rods being 4J laches in diameter. The pumps, etc., are of the following patterns and sizes : i'<"np» First or top set lifting pumps, worlcing-barrel, IS inches diameter. Second or middle forcing pumps, working-barrel, 18 inches diameter. Third or bottom set lifting pumps, working-barrel, 18 inches diameter. Column pipe, inside diameter, 19 inches. Both drawing and pumping engines are supplied with steam by a suite of six cylindrical boilers, high pressure, 6J feet in diameter and 36 feet """«'•»• long, fed with water by two donkey engines and pumps of 7-inch steam cylinder, and fitted with the latest appliances for convenience and safety . Flues, furnaces and stacks, are substantially built and lir i with fire-brick. The General Mining Association own a fine railway, six miles long, from Railway, the Crushed mines to the loading ground, with branch lines, sidings and passings amounting probably to four miles additional. The loading wharf wharf, is situated on Pictoa Harbour, at the mouth of the East River, and extends 400 yards from the shore to 22 feet of water. Vessels of greater draught than 20 feet are generally loaded with coal from lighters owned by the Company, who also keep a powerful tug in the harbour for the convenience of vessels consigned to them . The arrange- ments at the wharf and the amount of rolling-stock, including five locomo- tives, appear to be ample for a shipment of about 8000 tons per di^m. The largest amount thus far regularly shipped was during the summer of 1867, when shipments averaged for some weeks 2,400 tons per diem. The locomotive, car,and blacksmiths'shops are well stocked and arranged, ^vork auopg. and at the machine shop and foundry all small machinery, and even some slope engines of considerable size, (24 inch cylinder), and of very creditable workmanship have been manufactured. In addition to the works described, the Association have built a large number of houses for overmen, workmen and others, and have a full complement of repair and carpenters' shops, barns and other buildings, all upon the property area of the company. URDEB-bKOVIfD WOBKIIfOS HAIX 8BA1I. The first pits at the Albion mines known as the Stair, Store, Engine and Humt-miLee^ Bye pits, gave Rcce.?,? to the workings of the Burnt mines, -;vhieh extended ""*• i ^ OEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 2f,^!rn'r' *''°"* l^^^'"^ '^'''^''''' ""'^ '^^y'^'^o northwest toward a,e Dalhousie p,ts, the deepest pit being the Lngine or drawing pit, 199 feet to the bottom of the Main saam. These pite are now enfirely crushed m and filled with rf^W.. Sepamtod from these worJn^ bv a barner of about thirty yards of coal are the Crushed mines, which ^ere worked from the following pits : Cnuhed.«.„e, Engine pit for pumpin, 4.1ft. e in. to MMn ..am. Bjre or No. 1 pit for drawing 436" 6" << .. » 'f®- 2 pit 392.. 0" >' .. .. ^"•^ P" 332 " " " .. .. ^°- * P" 284" 0" " .< .< ^P-«=»" P't 248 " .. Pits Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 correspond to the four railway bords or main levels, in former times a pit being sunk for every six workin.^ bords. The lowest levol of the Crushed mines extends about 1000 vards south- east from the Bye pit, or about 180 yards beyond themeeting'of the three roads near the Big branch bridge. East River ; and from this level at 600 yaids from the pit a slope was sunk, running eastward at half acres dip, or at an angle of 10", and from this slope, workings were in successful operation until the fire occurred which caused the Crushed mines to be abandoned Westwardly tho lower level extends about 1200 yards to the barner of the Dalhousie pit workings, and at about 100 yards from the pit a slope has been driven about N. 48° W. 700 yards, room pit.. Fears have been entertained by the workmen employed • , Foord pits that danger might exist of holitiff into these old work> low full of water ; but according to careful plans, as kept in the ofilce, no point of these deep workings approaches nearer than about 400 yards, or neariv a quarter of a mile, to the Foord pits. ^ *)-bo«.iepi.,. The Dalhousie pits are four in number :1, Dalhousie Bye pit 250 feet deep ; 2, Engine pit of the same depth ; 8, Top pit 130 feet deep to the Main seam ; and Dalhousie Down-cast pit 440 feet deep through the Main to the Dsep seam. »,SLr The section of the Main seam at the Dalhousie pits is as follows, reduced ^^- from the records of the Engine pit: Coarse coal rV. /«. Good coal •...!.!!!!!!.!......'.... ** ' Ironstone * ^ Good coal .........!....!.!*., ^ ^ Iron stone .*.'.*.*!.' ^' ^ Coarse coal, of good qualify 1....... ** * Ironstone "^ ^ Coarse coal '.'.".*.'.'.".'. ** * Ironstone ' ' =.= w.. Q 4 REPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLEY. 91 'ardg northwest or drawing pit, ro now entirely workings by a es, which were in seam. bords or main g bords. yards south- igofthe three is level at 600 tlf acrota dip, in successful i mines to be ) yards to the 8 from the pit •) Foord iow full 9, no point of I, or nearly a pit 250 feet 1; deep to tho igh the Main •WB, reduced 2 4 8 6 13 3 4 7 4 3 9 4 Ft. In. Course ooal 2 7 Iron stone ^ p Course ooal ^ . 36 9 To the east of the Dalhousio pits the upper twelve or fourteen feet only of the seam was worked, the bottom coal not being considered marketable. To the north-west, however, the whole seapi is worked in the Dalhousio workings, giving some twenty-eight feet of excellent coal, the bottom being coarser merely in appearance. The six-inch parting of ironstone increases going west and encroaches on the fall coal, «hich is not worked at the Forster pit. Farther west, at the western face of the Forster pit workings, tho whole seam appears to deteriorate somewhat, the coal becom- ing of a dull lustre and'shaly texture, and several of tho partings Increasing in thickness. About twenty-two feet of the lower part of the seam is there worked. The lower levels of the Dalhousio pit extend 1,100 yards north-west i.owor lereti. to the Forster pit, dip workings having also been extensively wrought from a slope, tho head of which is near the Dalhousio Engine pit, through which steam is supplied to the slope engines. These engines, and also those of the two Crushed mines siopes, are horizontal drawing engines, with connected 24-inch cylinders and 48-inch stroke. They hoisted coal trains of twelve boxes each. The bearings and distances to which this slope was driven are N. 48° W. 920 yards, then, the dip increasing, N. 66° W. 160 yards farther. From the Forster pit the lower railway bord or main level has been For«tcr pit. carried 480 yards west, giving an entire length of working of 3,600 yards from the eastern face of the Crushed mines. On account of the deteriora- tion of the seam going west very litti. coal has yet been taken from the western workings of the lower levels ; a slope 150 yards to the dip and a travelling way driven to the crop constitute their extent. The Foord pit workings under ground consist of the three pits already described and a small amount of narrow work, the levels extending at present about 100 yards north-east and south-west from the pit bottom. The progress of the workings has lately been delayed by an explosion of Expiodon gas, which, but for previous precautions and promptness of action, might *"°"* p'*- have proved disastrous. Fortunately however, the men were got out without injury, the loss being that of the horses under ground and the burning of a portion of the timbering and guides of pits. The damage having now been repaired, work will be resumed at once. At the time the explosion occurred (March 27th, 1869) eighty four men were emnloved under m-nnnd. il 92 OBOLOOIOAL 8DRVEY OF CANADA. UXDIR-OBOCSD WOBKIMOI Oup iKAM. Dttp Mtm. Ctfepit. The Deep seam workings are reached by Cage (drawing) and Success (pumpmg) pits. The capacity of these works is similar to that of the l>aUiou8ie pit8,and the over-ground works are of the same design and extent, with the exception of the pumping machinery, consisting of a large hori- zontal engine driving two lifting p'.mps. Levels have been driven about 2,800 yards west of the Cage pit, and for about one mile of this distance the coal above the bottom level, about -60 yards from the crop, is standing in pillars, with the exception of a portion 1.500 yards from the pit, where pillar working has been com- menced. Eastwardly from the pit the workings have been carried only about 170 yards, where gas becomes so troublesome that work was stopped. rjjp««B«^ The section of the Deep seam, near the eastern face, is nearly as follows :— •' Ctge pit icc- tlon. Dark brown carbonaceoug fireclay. Dark browo carbonaceous shale. . . Good coal Coarse coal 9ood coal Coarse coal Good coal Shale or shaly coal, not exposed. . . , Ft. In. worked J 4 2 2 1 S 3 20 1 Going westward the character of the coal materially improves. At three quarters of a mile from the Cage pit the section is : Good coal. Ft. In. 6 6 Very coarse coal holding much iron pyrites, called stone parting l e Good coal 11 & 19 9 Here the seam is at its best, and was all worked, yielding, with the exception of the coarse coal parting, most excellent coal. From the foarth counterbalance to the western face, the bottom bench, ten feet of good coal IB worked ; the upper portion of the seam has not been proved lately. STamis or wobkiko at the Albiom mimu. With slight modifications the post and stall, or pillar and lord system of working has been used in the Albion mines since the first openings were piuarandbord. ^ade. The practice of this system involves long bords, or working places, and gate roads or inclines, running diagonally across the bords to the main level, at 3uch an angle to the full dip, that the coal can be easily taken tc^ System ot working. -m'r REPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLEY. 98 and Success that of the 1 and extent) i large hori- ige pit, and level, about jeption of a been cora- larried only ras stopped. 8 nearly as Ft. In. 6 9 9 rk«d 2 9 1 4 20 1 8. At three Ft. In. 6 6 1 6 11 » 19 9 5, with the 1 the foarth f good coal lately. i system of nings were ing places, the main iy taken to the railway bord by sleds drawn upon the floor of the seam ; by cars running on railway tracks, drawn up to the bords by horses, and withheld from too great a velocity in descendmg by a drag chain running around a stout post at the head of the incline; or by cars running on a three- rail track, with passings, a drum with a friction brake being so arranged at the head of the incline that the loaded cars in descending draw up the empty ones. The bords are in most cases about 6 yards wide, the pillars from 8 to 12 yards. . During the past two years the new back-balance or self-acting counter- n»ck.b.i.ncc. balance system has been introdiioed at these mines, and is now in success- ful operation in the Cage-pit workings. This was first used in Lancashire, England, and was introduced into this province by Mr. Hudson of the General Mining Association. In this system an incline about 10 feet wide is started from the main level, and driven direct to the rise, either to the next level, or above the upper level, as far as it is intended to work the coal. Two tracks are laid in the back-balance, extending from the the main level to within about 20 feet of the top of the incline, where a drum fitted with a friction-brake is firmly set. Upon one of the tracks (say the left for illustration) runs a car or box so loaded \s\th stone as to rather more than counterbalance the weight of a cage running on the right track when loaded with the weight of an empty ear (supposing them to be connected by a wire rope or chain, passing round the drum at the head of the mcline) whUe the weight of a full car on the cage will cause it to descend, raising the weight of the car loaded with stone. In getting the coal a barrier is left for the main level, and then the first working bord is turned from the back-balance (to the right) and continued on the strike toward the next counterbalance, a distance varying from 160 to 200 yards. Farther to the rise working bords are turned off at regular intervals, the system in the Cage-pit working being, main barrier 21 feet, bords 18 feet, pillars 18 feet. The platform of the back-balance cage runs down to a level with the floor of the main level, and a section of track IS laid upon it (as in a pit cage) which is continous (when the cage is in position), with the rise track of the level. An empty car now being run on to this cage, and the brake of the drum beingslackened, it is evident that the car will be drawn up the incline by the counterbalance weight, and that It can be stopped by the brake opposite to any of the bords where it may be required. A temporary track being kept to the working face of all the bords, the car 18 run into the bord, filled, and again run into the cage, when its increased weight causes it to descend, the speed being regulated by the brake. On its -nival at the main le -^1, it is pushed fi-om the cage by an empty car, which 94 OEOLOOIOAL 8DRVBT OP CANADA. JEeoBomy of li* tjtttn. Tin damp. Pr«Mntions at the Albion minet. SUBonltiei of working great Nuni. Inadequate pUlarage. Faolt*. m it8 turn goes through the same proocsa. As an example of the expedition and economy of this system, I may mention that one boy, at fO.GO, can at the Albion mines brake down from 276 to 800 boxes of coal, holding 1600 lbs. of coal ench, per day of ten hours. In the working of both the Main and Deep seams fire-damp or light carburetted hydrogen gas is sometimes given off the coal, in quantities which not only prove troublesome in requiring safety-lamps and other pre- cautions, but also sometimes cause explosions disastrous to life and property, in spite of all precautionary measures. Several serious explosions have occurred in the older workings, in which not only have men been seriously injured, but the coal in the seams has been ignited, threatening the entire workings with destruction. In fact, so alarming did one fire from this cause become that it was deemed necessary to turn the water from the East River into the workings (the present Crushed mines) as the only possible means of extinguishing the flames. The greatest care is taken to prevent these disasters, to which all the mines of this region are liab'e, stringent rules bemg provided with regard to the use of the lamps ; and by order of the Inspector of Mines, danger signals are posted, beyond which open lamps cannot be taken. " At the Albion mines the greatest precaution is observed ; barrels of water being kept in every working bsri, ani several small cannon are kept con- stantly loaded when gas is feared, to extinguish it if possible by concussion of the air. With all this care a blower of gas will sometimes ignite, gene- rally from a blast, and become troublesome. Into the crack from which one of these blowers appeared, an inch copper tuba was driven, and the gas Ignited, when a flame was produced two feet long, which burnt continuously for SIX weeks. Against these explosions the only safeguards appear to be the most perfect ventilation, and cutting instead of blasting the coal. The working of seams of coal of the size of the Main and Deep is at best a very difficult problem, requiring great care and experience. The explo- sions, fires and inundations to which the greater portion of the Crushed- mines workings have been subjected have proved the immediate causes of the crushes extending over these workings, and also over a portion of the workings of the Dalhousie pits, resulting in the loss of several of the Crushed-mmes pits, and a large amount of pillar coal. The original cause of these crushes, however, has been from an inadequate scale of pillarage, the large size and considerable angle of the seams requiring pillars of an extent proportionally much greater than those required in most of the Eng- lish coal fields, where, as a rule, the seams are of moderate size and the angle of dip quite low. Very few faults have been struck in the workings of the Albion mines. Three were met in the Crushed mines dip-workings of the east slope. The REPORT OF MR. RDWARO HARTLEY. 96 be expedition t *0.G0, can holding 1500 amp or light n quantities id other pre- nd property, plosions have ten seriously g the entire m this cause m the East nly possible I to prevent e, stringent by order of nrhich open bIs of water a kept con- concussion pita, gene- irom which >nd the gas mtinuously jpear to be coal. p is at best The explo- J Crushed- I causes of tion of the •al of the nnal causo pillarage, lars of an •f the Eng- e and the ion mines, ope. The first has a course of N. 21" W, being a downthrow east of 40 feet at the dip slopes and running out to 8 feet at the lower level of Engine pit. The second is still farther, being at the end of the slope ; its course is N. 10° W. ; it is a downthrow eastward of 14 feet. The third is one connecting the first and second and not cutting the first ; its course is S. 78° E. ; it is a downthrow to the northeast of about 60 feet, where proved at about half distance between the first and second faults. Near these faults the gas fl». no., i.oHi. was struck which caused tlio fire in the Crushed mines. Besides these three a few small faults are found in the workings of both seams, which appear to be arranged in two systems, the one running N. 88" W., the other S. 88^ E., which, it will be observed, are the courses of several of the import- ant diMocations affecting the general distribution in the coal field. The parallelism of the cleats or joints of the coal, and also of numerous cie.u. small faults of a few inches throw, in the Deep seam, is quite noticeable though by no means exceptional. With very few exceptions their course is N. 58° W., while in the Main seam no marked parallelism is observed, some running N. 67° E., others S. 88° E., N. 88» W. and N. 58' W. ■ 1 ACADIA COAL COMPANY OF NEW YORK, U. 8. The Acadia Coal Company own three mining rights, which are as fol- Ac.di»co.i lows : (. omp»ny. The Eraser area, south of the General Mbing Association's area ; the Carmichacl area, southwest of the General Mining Association's area ; and No, 8 area, lying to the south of the Eraser area. FRASER AREA. Workings have been carried on for many years upon the Eraser area; »>, ,rtre». first by the General Mining Association, and more lately by Mr. J. D. B. Eraser, of Pictou, from whose possession it passed by lease to the pre- sent company. Attempts have been made by former owners to work the Deep seam on jicKcnziepit, the western portion of the area at the McKenzie pit, and a slope has also been driven some distance on the crop of the Third coal seam, both of peep. nd which workings are now abandoned, and therefore require no special "'''''' '**°"* description. The present workings are confined to the McGregor seam and two openings on the Oil-coal. UcGUEOOB COLLI KBT. In the McGregor colliery the openings consist of No. 1, an adit, No 2, a McGregor coi- slope, and No. 3 a pair of slopes. "e'^y- Adit No. 1 was opened by the General Mining Association on the left No.iAdit. bank of Coal Brook, near the crossing of the Middle River road, and driven ? i li Ko. a ilopo. JTo. 8 (lopM. Upper coal. OU-omU. ^^ OEOLOOICAL Bl'RVKT OF CANADA. N. W. a distance of about 800 yards. The seam was irregularly worked by the General Mining Association and Mr. Frasor, but is, I believe, for the present abandoned. Slope No. 2 is a single slope to the lower level of No. 8 slopes, and was lormerly the working slope, but is now used only as a travelling way. It (Jands on the lefl bank of CoaJ Brook near the mouth of No. 1. Slopes No. 8 are the principal working. Their situation is 170 yards S E. of No. 2, on the right bank of the brook. Their total depth is 610 feet. Main evcls extend 260 yards N. W. and but 20 yards in the contrary direc- tion. Ihe dimensions of the slopes are : Drawing slope (a double rail- way track) 9 feet post, 9 feet cap and 14 feet ground sill. The tracks are aU of T iron 25 lbs. to the yard. The second slope, a travelling way for horses and men, is separated from the drawing slope by a 14 feet barrier of coal ; Its height is the same as that of the drawing slope, with C feet cap and 8 feet ground sill. A temporary engine is of 14 nominal English horse-power, with a horizontal single cylinder, driving the hoisting drum by shafting with clutch gearing; and also pumping tlirough the Fleming pump pit by a wire rope running over sheave pullies to the pump bob In working the McGregor seam the upper coal (included in the upper SIX feet of the seam) is the only portion taken out, the lower bench being unsaleable. The seam is found to rapidly improve going west, as will be seen from the following sections : McOrtgor team, upptr coal. At No. 2 slope. At western face. Ft. In, Ft In Ooodcoal J g ■"•'"'• Arenaceous fire-clay parting i q a G Ooodcoal 'o A 6 9 7 3 Near the western face, the bord and pillar system with incline gate roads has been commenced. Elsewhere in the working the back-balance system is used. OlL-COAL WOBKIMOa. Two slopes have been sunk upon the Oil-coal seam, namely the Fraser mine on Coal Brook, near No. 3 slopes, and the Stellar mine on McCul- loch s Brook. The principal value of this seam consists in the large quantity of oilcontamed in the bench mentioned as oil-coal in the general section, which in former years was extensively worked, the oil coal or Btellarite, ^ It has been named by Professor Henry How, who first described it, soiling for a high price for gas-making and distillation. The presenJ low price of coal-oil from the extensive working of petroleum in this country and the United States, combined with the high tariff on imported arljr worked ieve, for tho les, and was ig way. It 1. Slopes •ds S. E. of feet. Main r&ry diroc- double rail- The tracks ing way for it barrier of G feet cap nal English ig drum by e Fleming p bob. 1 the upper •cnch being , as will be western face. Ft. In. 2 9 6 4 7 3 icline gate ck-balance the Eraser )n McCul- ;e quantity al section, ellaritef as icribed it, le present n in this I imported BKPORT OF MH. EDWARD HARTLEY. 97 coal impoHod by tho United States, have combined to render tho work- ing of this scam unprofitable, and both workings are for tho present aban- doned. As tho quality of this peculiar coal will receive ospcciiil attention in tho Appendix to tliis report, I will merely state in conclusiot^ tlint from tho large content of oil this seam must at some time prove of considerable value. From pits sunk by tho Acadia Coal Company it would appear that tlie size and quality of the Oil-coal bench improves towards the east, tho greatest thickness (1 foot 10 inches) being procured in a pit sunk at the corner of Grovo street and Pennsylvania avenue in Acadia village, which coal pro- duced 1'20 gallons of crude oil to tho ton ; tho average obtained from the Eraser mine being about from 60 to 65 gallons per ton. Carhichagl area. For many years no workable coal was known to exist to the west of tho t«rmici.».i McCuUoch-brook fault, on which the Albion coal seams are lost ; and '"*• though many attempts were mado to ascertain the position of these seams no coal was found until the 18th April, 18G5, when Mr. Truman French, in prospecting for tho Nova Scotia Coal Company, discovered the fine seam of coal now known as the Acadia scam, and presumed to be eciuiva- amUIh w mn. lent to the Main seam of the Albion mines. Tho first opening of this scam was on the area under consideration, near its western boundary, from which point it was traced north and south, as described in treating tho general distribution of the coal seams- Acadia oollikiit. The Acadia colliery, locally known as the Acadia west slope, is situated ao«.ii» ciiiery. near the south-western corner of the Carmichael area, and within tho villasio of Wcstville. Two slopes, corresponding in dimensions to the No. 3 McGregor slopes, have been sunk on th^ Acadia seam to a depth of about 140 yards from tho crop. The section of this seam and the strata immediately overlying, as mea- section or surcd in tho air shaft of this colliery, is as follows : ^'*^'" *""" it. Jn. Bro wu carbonaccuug filmlo 4 6 Hlnck bituminous oil stiale 7 Brown carbonaceous Hlmle tj Ft. In. Good coal, (Ist bead)) I -c u i 2 9 Good coal, (2nd bench; J tall coal 3 ^ Light arenaceous fireclay or holing 3 Gooii coal, (3rd bench) "j 3 8 Coarse hard coal with iron pyrites, easily separiUed by I dressing from the other coals I .. t. ■ 1 Goou coal, (4th bench) j-Benchcoal 3 ^ Coarse coal of fair quality | -i 4 Coarse coal not taken out J 24 18 2 29 9 i I Klaok nlmlM Mo teulli. 'I'll <'oiint*r- bal- ance (yiiU'ia, MtohJnery. Drawinjf enjfiiiei. ■■ OKOLOUrCAI, SUHVRY OK CANADA. Alwvo tlio section givon, no dotails for a column of strata can bo pro- cnrpd, no record having hocn preserved of the numerous pita in the over- lymK moasures. The remains from these pita, however, will enable mo to 8t«to that at this colliery tho seam is overlaid witha Rreat mass of barrc. mcttHuros consisting of black an.' brown carlxmaceoiis and argillaceous •hales, with occasional bands of dark arenaceous shale, and at least two thin bands of thmly laminated sandstones of a general white cohur with black partings, as in tho sandstones described in tho Forster pit section. Under the seam there is a yellowish-drab A'^mrtmunderclayof atleast four foot in thickness. Tho measures are then concealed for forty-two foot, at which point a heavy bedded sandstone appears, of a light brownish-drab colour, containing, where exposed in a (,uarry near tho Acadia siopo, largo littiimnna roots well preserved, as well as occasional stems of Lemdoden- dron. ^ At this colliery tho seam has been proved to bo without fault, by the main Icvol, which now extends about 600 yards south and 400 yards north, tho exact direction across tho area being N. 41" W., (or N. 18« W. magnetic) correspondis.g to tho dip of tho seam, N.49° E. (or N. 72»E. mamotic) which vanes only in inclination, being 19° at tho surface and about 23« at the lowest level. Tho under-ground workings are on tho counter- balance system, and are remarkably regular and well laid out. Counter- balances are driven 15 feet wide and 100 yards apart, throughout tho workings. An air course 8 feet wide is also driven up at 10 yards to tho left of each counterbalance. Working bords are 15 feet in width with 16 feet of pillar, 75 feet of barrier being left above tho main level. ' MAOIIimRT. Tho platforms at tho head of the slope are roofed in. They extend from tho mouth of tho slope to the banks, and also to tho shutos over tho railway track. At this mine the fine slack is not sold, being carefully screened out tho rest of tho coal being divided into two sizes, ro«nrf and chesnnt. Ihc drawing engines were built in New York, and are fair specimens of the best typo of American engines, being compact and easily handled, with none of tho slightness of design usually obsemble in Amcncan machinery. They are horizontal high-pressure connected engines, 16 by 48 inch cylinders, working by a 2^inrh pinion inTa 1 f et spur-wheel on a 14-feet drum. Tho engine house is of brick and cut stone, with a corrugated iron roof. Pumping is effected by a small donkey engine wbch is also arranged to hoist bank coal to the screening p J form, the quantity of water in this mine being so insignificant that a two- mch column-pip© lo sufficient to deliver it. RBPORT or MR. EDWARD IIARTLIT. lUi can ho pro- its in the ovor- II onablo mo to moM of barren 1(1 nrgillacoous 1 loHHt two thin our with black ction. Under least four foot 1 feet, at which h-drab colour, > siopo, largo >f Lepidoden- It, by the main rds north, tho W. magnetic) E. magnetic), nd about 23" tho counter- at. Counter- roughout tho ) yards to tho ridth, with 15 ol. They extend ites over tho ing carefully i, round and rk, and are jompact and jbservable in i connected •n into a 16- ick and cut mall donkey eening plat- ; that a two- Swifiiu Mbam. Blialj coal. Oood oo«l. The discovery of the Acadia scam wns followed by tho discovery of a H<^ond ««« second seam, underlying at about 1»JU Icct, l>y Capt. Blacker of tho Acudia colliery. At the pit sunk by him tho following tliickncsH was found: — n. tn. 3 10 7 8 II 6 The bench known as good coal seems, from the specimens I have scon, to be of a shaly character, and none that lias come before mo would be saleable. On tho Carmichael area this is opened by only ono trial-pit, now filled up. AREA NO. 3. Upon tho No. 8 Acadia area no coal has been found, but from the Ar«iNo.«. presence, as proved by trial-pits, of the black shales overlying the Main seam, it is probable that tho representatives of this and underlying seams occur beneath a portion of this area to the west of tho McCulloch-brook fault. Of tho size or character of the coal no information can be obtained without extensive prospecting. The only opening which is near this orea is tho Culton adit, and from tho strike of the Culton seam at that point, it may be presumed that it will continue on to No. 3 area. RAItWAT. The Acadia Coal Company have built a fine single-track railway of Railway, about three and a half miles in length, the main line extending from the West slope to the track of tho government railway at a point near Coal Mines station, and passing through the Acadia village near the McGregor colliery, with which it is connected by sidings. From the junction at the railway station the coal is conveyed over the government railway to the Acadia loading ground at Fisher's Grant, on the east side of Pictou bar- Loading hour, near tho entrance. The shipping wharf extends into the harbour 850 ' feet to 26 feet of water at low tide. It is a well built structure, 20 feet in height, with shutes at both sides and end, empty trains being made up on a centre track. . BnanmaB. Thirty double houses have been provided for miners and labourers at the Buiidingn. Acadia village, which is very tastefully laid out in regular streets and avenues, the houses being very substantially built, and of a much better class than it is usual to provide for like purposes. The rest of the plant at both slopes, including the blacksmith and machine shops, office bui'diRg and ovcrmon's houses, is very complete. ground. r ;i ' i' i' 100 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. INTERCOLONIAL COAL MINING COMPANY OP MONTREAL. Intercolonial Coal Companjr. Bear creek area. Drummond colUary. Under-ground workings. Two mining areas are owned by thia company, the Bear Creek area to the south of the Carmichael area of the Acadia Coal Company, and the Sutherland area, which lies to the north of the area of the General Mining Association. ° BEAR CREEK AREA. The Acadia seam was opened upon this area soon after its discovery in l»b5, at a point known as Campbell's pit, near the north line of the area, and from this pit, as worked by the then o>vners of the area, and subse- quently by the agents of this company, a considerable amount of coal was taken tor consumption^ the immediate neighbourhood. After a careful survey by Mr. William Barnes of Halifax, a competent mining engineer, which survey will again be alluded to) the company decided upon the location of the present colliery. Orumhond Collikbt. The erection of buildings and machinery at this colliery and the first work at the present slopes was commenced about November, 1867 since which time works of considerable importance have been erected, a railway has been built, and a large amount of coal (about 70,000 tons) has been shipped. ^ The section of the Acadia seam at this point is as follows, the measure- ment being taken in the air shaft of the colliery : Good coal with a smooth parting two feet nina inches from the bottom, ^^ ^" (full coal) ' Light gray soft fireclay ; it varies slightly in thicknlss' (holing)'.. n Good coal, top bench ^ > v s/ Gray hard coal, giving a pink ash Good coal, second bench i: Coarse coal, not worked } . 18 7 Undbs-obound Woekinos. The present workings consist of two working slopes driven about 900 feet from the crop of the seam, the dip being about 16« at the surface, decreasing to 14° at the lower level, at 730 feet from the surface. The tTr f r. r '? ^^ ^ ^''*' ""''^ « ''"""'^ ^*™«^ of ««^ between them of 28 feet, each slope having a single track and travelling-way. fl i'' '^' ^'^^^ ^''' ^'^" "^"^^^ fr«- *he slopes noA and «o«fA upon the seam, the north levels bemg worked from No. 1 slope and the sou>^ from No. 2: thus far I believe the lower levels have been most extensively worked, a considerable amount of coal being left REPORT OP MB. EDWARD HARTLEY. 101 REAL. 3ar Creek area (ipany, and the jreneral Mining ts .discovery in ne of the area, •ea, and subse- int of coal was ifter a careful ning engineer, ided upon the r and the first r, 1867, since ted, a railway )ns) has been the measure- Ft. In. n about 900 the surface, urface. The coal between iivelling-way. 3 north and No. 1 slope levels have al being left near the crop for safety. I have not had an opportunity of examining a detailed plan of the workings, but my inspection of them would lead me to believe that the system of pillarage is planned Avith more than usual regard for safety. Both the post and stall and counterbalance systems of getting the coal Averc at first tried with a view of ascertaining tlieir com- parative economy, and I believe that Mr. Dunn has selected the counter- balance system for the future working of the mine. But little water has as yet been met with, and it is at present raised by water cars, no pump having been found necessary. OVKK-OBOCND WOBKP. The arrangements at the surface seem exceptionally well planned and ovpr-Rround works have given great satisfaction. At the head of the slopes a large heapstead or covered screening platform is erected for the separation of different sizes and qualities of coal, and for banking ou The coal boxes are drawn on to this platform in trams of from five to twelve (holding from 500 to 600 pounds each) and thence delivered by dumps on to the screens, where the coal is separated, as at the Acadia colliery, into three sizes : round coal, nut coal and slack. The platform extends over eight railway tracks, four for each slope ; its floor is level with the top of the bank, for banking out, and in shipping bank-coal a railway track is run along the foot of the bank, and from this level the bank cars are raised to the main platform in a cage lifted by a small donkey engine, which is also arranged to drive a circular saw for the car shop of the colliery. The drawing engines are horizontal connected engines of about 50 Engines, nominal English horse-power ; they are of Scotch manufacture, and are fitted with an extremely ingenious arrangement of friction gearing, by means of which the two slopes may bo worked independently, by one engine, a matter of great convenience. Railway, The railway of this company extends from the Drummond colliery to Railway, their shipping wharf at Granton on the Middle River, near Abercrombie Point, the position of which will be seen on the map. The main line of single-track railway is laid with 56-pound rails, with the new steel scabbard joint, which has proved so successful on the Pictou and Truro branch of the Nova Scotia railway. This railway was built in 1868 by Mr. Joseph B. Moore, contractor, in the most complete manner, the track being well ballastt .i with broken sandstone and a coarse conglomerate from the cut- tings near Waters's Brook, the culverts of cut stone, and the bridge of trestlework with cut stone foundations. The rolling stock of this railway consists of three locomotives, miscel- Roiling atooic. laneous platform and construction cars, and sixty new coal waggons carry- 11 i ;■* ^'-ili Mil ii 102 OBOLOOIOAL SURVEY OF CANADA. SWpplngwharf. West iliult. i mg from six to seven tons of round coal each twAn*^ «f u- i. .. tte Dr„«d oolUery car shop In oo™!;«r,fa, It?" "'" "'°"' .deda. *e coUip^ oar .hop,. Lr^,»C::.:^X^:^:"Z lengU. of the mam Une of raUwy from the coUierr to 11,. .w'' C^ The shipping wharf of the Intercolonial Coal Comnanv i« a fin« of ^ of wood upon stone and crib-work niers extPn,l,W ^ • *''""*"''® nel of theMiddle River toalut22 Tuft^^^^^^^^ '''" platform of the wharf is such that h re r^'nit downward from the shore to the end of t^e w£ 1 ?. '"' *T^ down grade on a second track back to the Ir^^^^^^^ ' ^f" fa^ . coal is required at the shipping pJ^^^W fe ^'0^:^ allowed to run by then- own trravifv tn +1,^ ^^- 4. • ■, ® b.mgemp.ied .4^a™ f^i^l^^oir ^Su '^2 : le made up mlo ^p,, toin.. They aro ™.ohed back at the eodTk^ wharf on to the tnpty or inside track, rurniin* parallel o? th. /w; T 7 upon which .hey ar^pnahedby the .ocopodveln'c^lg Itth^^^' Th« arrangement hae. I believe, given great satiAcVaTit «S l^^^l.t^" '°^' "™^^ --''■"^ '" '™^« «-> - «' t 18js'.11J'r?'"i''Y''T'°I'™"' *»■'"«« *»»'«'« 1=1 of October Sr n ^! '^ «f navigation several thonaand tona of oo^ „e^' shipped. Diinng the present season the colUerv has been i^ IZ. T, o,«r.tion.and a considerable quantity of the co^ hL ^Z. ^^T h the provmces of Ontario and Quebec. ° In the description of the general distribution of the coal in th. "n Creek synclinal it has been stated that at a few hundred v! . . !f south of the Drummond Colliery the croo ofTh,, A . ^^'^' ^ ^^^ against the West fault. The facTthat the In .f.t ' '''"' ''""'' upon a fault « witf. a S. W l.w„ L^.TP '^ '^''l'"^ ^^« here lost uponafault « with a S. W. upthrow and a ear 7^0" W>' netic, (or K SS'^W. astronomical) wasproved and'-stated I M^^^^^ A few yardP to the west of the spot where the coal of th« A / was lost another seam of inferior cL, about threet " hitk'fsrr found, and beyond it, to the south-west, a sec ..d fault JhT Zl upthrowwasobserved, bringingup red aLd ^^Idstl ' S'sTnT Z firsTfaT""'? and beUeve to belong to the MiUstone ^30^0'" Ihe first fault mentioned appears to coincide in nosition .SV- Tvith the general run of the West fault, and L t ZZ^T^ ^T western boundary of the workable coal, ihave in't'e ^111 L^ tl fault, but rt xs qmte possible that here the great West dilocaZ may tl REPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLEY. 103 a few yards, leaving a small patch of the lower portion of the coal measures to the west of Mr. Barnes' first fault, its throw being completed by the second fault found by Mr. Barnes, bringing up, the Millstone Grit. The amount of coal of the Acadia seam removed by this fault, as at present understood, will be unimportant. This is known from the fact that the measures overlying the seam have been traced along the east side of the fault, and as they dip at very low angles it is probable that only some 70 or 100 yards of coal next the crop will be cut off by the fault. No reason is at present known why the second levels from the Drummond colliery should not run around regularly to the south-eastern portion of the area. SUTHERLAND AREA. But little work has been done upon this area, and no coal has as yet sntheriand been opened. It will be seen that the North fault runs diagonally through ""*" it, cutting it into two portions. To the south of this fault the area is probably underlaid with the lower seams or a portion of them. The Montreal and Pictou seam, and any seams which may be found above it will, if no dislocation exist, turn to a westerly dip upon this area, and at a few chains from the east line their crops will come against the fault. The coal in this area might, perhaps, be successfully worked in connec- tion with the Montreal and Pictou area, and a small portion of the northern 1 art of the area of the General Mining Association. I NOVA SCOTIA COAL COMPANY OF NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U. S. This Company own one mining right of three and one-half square miles Novascotia in extent, known as the French Area Coal company. FRENCH AREA. This mining area is situate to the north and west of the Carmichael French area of the Acadia Coal Company. The workings consist of a slope upon the Acadia seam, driven 236 feet from the crop, from which a few irregu- lar working places have been opened and several hundred tons of coal raised. The angle of dip is here 28° at surface, increasing to 35° at the bottom of the slope, A section of the Acadia seam was measured about 140 feet down the slope, and is as follows, the measurements being reduced to thicknesses at right angles to the plane of the seam: AOADIA SbAM. Good coal, not seen, the thickness and quality being on the anthority of Mr, T- French, agent of the Nova Scntia Coal Company 2 C I Section of Acadia seam. Good coal. 4 8 If f bocond seam. 1 ! i 1 i> ^ Nova Scotia Colliery, Railway and wharf. West fault. 104 GEOLOGICAL SITRVEY OP CANADA. Dark brown arenaceous fireclay, compact and hard ; the thickness varies. ^^' ^"" the average being Good coal, finely laminated ...*!".!.!*.!.... o ^'^ Shaly coal and dark brown coarse arenaceous fireclay in thin beds! known ^ as stone parting Good coal, locally known as the middle ie/.cA.*.*.V. ......... .'.'.' 2 3 Dark brown arenaceous firocliiy ' ' \ Coarse good coal, giving a reddish ash , „ Dark brown soft fireclay parting 01 Good coal with a coarse and somewhat /««.»/frown carbonaceous fir clay were mtex^ected of which some 300 tons were taken out^dsoW ton, and I am told proved of very good quality. Eastward frim the Montreal and Pictou pit the upper bench (a) was found to rajidly tl and detenorato, and work in that direction was soon stopped ^ In explanation of the facts just given it can only be said that it is nro Stou'nitT T P'""^ '"" ^^'^ -- *he Mont aT and ir-ictou pit, bringing the lower benches C*, c, d e^ ^n^o th^ ^ •;• • wHch «,e, ,e« found, fte «.c. direin J'ilZt^tZ^ZZ .>ot been properly otaerved wMle the worUng, were in progres. Asmall seam has been proved npen Ibis »rea upon the old road to P,. ^KmblesTT,-"™^ VL^"^" "■*"• '^' ""^ fr"" fl^T^^ sentativo of the Stellar seam on the north rise of the Albion trough Its iJJZ M 'f ^ f """^t*" *^' P*^'''^^'^ '^ «°«1 1'^^ being found over- lying the Montreal and Pictou seam, and to several unproved crr^swhTh REPORT OF MR. EDWARD HARTLET. 107 iown 27i feot '• At a depth m the shaft to : in thickness, brmation wajf water at the le pit was ten of workable i-west. The fter which it 3et of work- tward." !ros8 the dip bore driven les (b, c, d, S. 67° W. irbonaceous ut and sold t f 0.75 per i from the apidly thin it it is pro- Qtreal and position in 'hich have »d to Fra- ntreal and tn this pit iadia Coal ind throw- the repre- ugh. Its ears to be tions this are known to underlie the supposed Oil-coal ; one, probably representing seam A of Section 4, is seen upon the old quarry road, near the brick-yard to the north of the Montreal and Pictou pit. MESSRS. SINCLAIR AND HALIBURTON'S OULTON AREA. Of the mining areas lying to the west of the East River, either wholly Sinclair and or partially underlaid with the workable coal seams, there remains to be cuiton area, noticed only one, the Culton area, lying to the south of the Intercolonial Coal Company's Bear Creek area. The Culton adit has already been described. This opening, with a bore- cuiton adit, hole near it, seems to prove the existence of a seam of six feet in thickness, where undisturbed, of good coal, on the northern portion of the area. The probability of a second seam has already been alluded to, and if, as Indi- cated, the Culton seam is the equivalent of the Main or Acadia seam, representatives of the lowt..' seams of Section 4 should underlie a small portion of the area probably bounded by the West, the South, and the McCulloch-brook faults ; but as no openings exist upon any such seams no statements can be given of their size or quality. In conclusion I would state that an Appendix to this Report is in course of Appendix with preparation, in which descriptions and analyses of the diflFerent coals of this ooaii'.'*' " re^on will be given, together with the results of such practical trials of their economic value as steam and gas producers as I have been enabled to make ; together with a collation of many facts and analyses already pub- lished which could not be conveniently introduced into the body of the Report. In the Appendix will also be noticed several deposits of iron ore NoUoeofiron in Pictou county, which have received examination during the past two seasons, with assays and analyses of the specimens obtained from them. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your nr t obedient servant, EDWARD HARTLEY. and over- )p8 which , ^mm 4- '' i-'^iW«*^/'^BT, ^■.\'"-iffiurinwXitmynf4ffm4Uf/tiit'tfm 1^4 Or«(> himittiiit' Vi-st fnmi (jnw'uwifJi 4 ^.•f «m •l» V VI of in d( ce tfa ro of is Di de M: REPORT ON TUK •Ik COALS AND IRON ORES Of ricTou couNiy, nova scotia, BEING AN APPENDIX to REPORTS ON THE PICTOU COAL FIELD, IT MR. EDWARD HARTLEY, F.G.S., MINING ENOINEEB TO THE OEOLOOICAL 8URVET. The following Report will furnish information concerning the economic value of the coals of Pictou County, Nova Scotia, together with a notice of some localities of iron ore likely to become of interest from their prox- imity to the Pictou coal-field ; these deposits of iron ore having received exammation during my field-work o' the years 1868-69. It will be divi- ded into three sections :— (I) Descriptions and analyses of Pictou coals ; (II) Reports of practical trials of Pictou coals as steam and gas-produ- cers, and for other purposes of the mechanic arts ;— (III) Iron ores and their occurreiyje in Pictou County. DESCRIPTIONS AND AITALYSES OF PICTOU COALS. A number of published papers and reports contain analyses of coals rom the Pictou region ; but with few exceptions, these publications are out of print, or otherwise inaccessible to the general pubUc. In this section it is proposed to bring these scattered analyses together, supplementing them by a series made by myself during the spring of 1869, in the laboratory of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, F.R.S., chemist to the Survey, and a few more careful determmationsmade still later, in Dr. Hunt's laboratory, by his assistant Mr. Gordon Broome, F.G.&., Associate of the Royal School of Mines. ' X 110 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CAKADA. Hethod ot c^a««mcation of Analyses of coal may be divided into three classes ; (a) practical analyses in the large way, or the determination of the proximate constitu- ents of the coal, that is, the moisture, volatile matters, coke and ash, by burning a large quantity ; (b) proximate analyses in the laboratory, or the result of the dryings coking, and incineration of a few grains in a small crucible ; and (c), ultimate analyses, being the careful determination of the ultimate elements of a coal or other fuel, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen ; the class (c) being, of course, the most satisfactory for calculations of the theoretical value of a coal. Of the analyses now given, by far the greater number belong to the second class, (b) in which may be included all those made in the Survey laboratory, as the great expense and amount of time necessary for their completion has rendered both practical and ultimate analyses out of the question. Although far from satisfactory as accurate measures of the tiue value of coals, the crudest analyses enable us to form some idea of their character, and, in the absence of practical trials, furnish us with elements on which to base an approximate opinion as to what practical service they are best fitted to perform. The method of analysis pursued in the examination of the samples of coal obtained in the Pictou coal-field by myself, was somewhat as follows : Drying in a water-bath at a temperature of 212° Fahrenheit, to expel moisture ; heatmg to bright redness in a closed crucible to obtam the per- centage of volatile combustible matter ; and finally incineration in an open crucible to obtam the amount of ash. In most cases two difierent samples of each coal were examined, one being coked by a sudden application of a high heat, to obtain the largest possible amount of volatile matter or gas^ irrespective of its character, the quantity of coke being thus reduced to a minimum ; while in treating the second, the heat was applied with the greatest care, and raised very gradually, by which treatment the gases obtained are more highly carburetted, and in smaller quantity than when the heat is suddenly applied. In a few cases, determinations of sulphur have been made, but from this impurity the greater part of the coals now worked in the Pictou region are quite free. The general very light colour of tneir ashes attests their freedom, when properly selected, from sulphur in combination with iron, aBpyrites, and among the coals examined, the ashes of but few contain an appreciable amount of sulphate of lime, being gener- ally very silicious or sandy in the best coals, and therefore not inclined to form a clinker adherent to the grate-bars. No full analysis of the ashes of any of these coals has yet been made, so far as I am aware. The calculations of the theoretical evaporative power of the different coals analyzed, are based upon the fact, that in burning bituminous coals of the class under consideration, in an ordinary furnace, such as has always been V 'r TheoTPtical evaporative powtrs. APPENDIX 10 REPORTS ON THE PICTOU COAL FIELD. Ill used for comparing their results in steam production with those of anthra- cites and other fuels, the combustion of the volatile matters of the coal does not, in most instances, produce more than enough heat to effect their vola- tilization, and therefore theoretically, the value of the coals for steam pur- poses, depends on their content of fixed carbon, or the carbon remaining in their coke when the coal is heated in close vessels.* The calculation may be made as follows:— Let the weight of coke, less Method of c«;. ash, in parts of one unit of coal — that is, the percentage of fixed carbon— be *"""'"' expressed by C ; the co-efl5cient of the heating power of carbon by c, and the co-efficient of the latent heat of steam at 212° F., by ?,— then :— 5fi = X efficients. X being the theoretical evaporative power of the coal, or the number of pounds of water which one pound of coal should evaporate from a tempera- ture of 212° Fahrenheit, theoretically. The values given to the co-efficients used, vary with different authors. To values of eo- c— expressing the number of units of water which the combustion of one unit "^"^ of pure carbon will raise I'' Fahrenheit— Regnault gives the value of 13,268, while by Dulongf it is given as 12,906. To the co-efficient I, Regnault gives the value 965.7° ; while the experi- ments of Professor W. R. Johnson indicate for it a value as hi»h as 1030°.| ° In my own calculations the values of Regnault have been used, although later experiments have shown a further modification, § inasmuch as these values have been used in the Reports of the British Commissioners on the officiaj report. Naval Steam-Coal Enquiry,^ with whose results a comparison will be most valuable, although in the American reports, (published before Regnault's ou coals. •Practical experiments have already shown that North Country (or Newcastle) coals burnt in proper furnaces calculated to prerent smoke, give a practical evaporative effect higher than the theoretical power based on this supposition, and I hope to be able a: some futnre time to show a similar result with our coals | but as, with an ordinary fur nact, the method of calculation to be given approaches correctness, and more especially as I wish to compare the theoretical values of these coals with results obtained from experiments conducted some years since, I still, for the time, adhere to the old rule. fVide Comptes Rendus, tom. 7, page 871, et seq. JW. R. Johnson's Report on American Coals, 1844, p. 22. §The late researches of Favre and Silbermann (vide Ann. Ch. Pbys. (3) xxxiv 357_ XXXV. 16-xxxvii. 405.), and of Andrews (Phil. Mag. (3) xxxii. 321, 425), have slightly modified Regnault's values. For a full digest of their results, see the admirable article on FuBLB, by Prof. B. H. Paul, in Watt's Chemical Dictionary, 1864, vol. II p 7i8 et sea iTReporU of Sir Henry T. De la Beche and Dr. Lyon Playfair to the Lords Commissir -?" ers of the Admiralty, on trials of coals, 1848 and 1852. See also Johnson's Coal TraTr, of Britisn Amenco, isou, p. 7o 'i;; ft m m 112 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. T»lueoftheore* Ileal results. Values from oltimate anal- yses. Expression of mechanical force. exhaustive memoir* appeared,) the values of Dulong for c, and Johnson for I, have been adopted. The results obtained by these different values do not differ as greatly from each other as they will be found to differ from actual results, and they are useful only in the absence of reliable practical trials. In coals of this class, t.e. bituminous coals with 25 9f. to 8656 of volatile matter, these theoretical indices are generally slightly higher than figures obtained" from fiimaces of low-pressure boil rs where no special arrangements are made for 'We^«*^^a3268\ /E—h X 62470\ _ 966.7 / 965.7 ) = x m which C represents the entire carbon content, both fixed and volatile, H the quantity of hydrogen in a unit of fuel, and h the quantity of hydro- gen which wUl correspond to the oj^rgen in the coal; x expressing, as before, the number of pounds of water theoretically convertible into steam, from 212% by one pound of coal, provided aU the combustible constituents of the coal could be rendered available ; or, in a word, the highest possible evaporative power of the fuel under any circumstances. The values of x, as used in the two preceding formulae, or an evapora- tive value given by practical trial, may be converted into an expression of mechanical force by the formula : — (Wn) X 965.7 X 782 =y, in which W represents water, of which n pounds are evaporated by one pound of coal, (thus giving W» the value of a; m the precedmg formula), and y representing the number of/oo<-j50Mwi« of work theoretically possible.! •Rkqbault. Relation, de, txperiencu tntreprUu • • • pour deUrmimr h, princi- paUs tow et ki donniu numiriques qui entrent dan, te cakut de, machine, d vapeur. ParU See also a translation of the portion on the latent beat of steam at different pres^ sures, in the Works of the Cavendish Society, vol, I, t This formula is deduced from the fact that n pounds of water, multiplied by 965.7° or the co-eScient of the latent heat ot steam at 2ia« P., indicates the number of pounds of water which would be raised 1" Fahrenheit by the combustion of one pound of coal. The number 782 arises from experiments on the mechanical force denoted by the elevation of temperature of a pound of water 1° p., that force being equal to 782 lbs. raised one foot , high, according to the careful eiperiments of Mr. Joule on the friction of oil, water and mercury .-(Extract from Report of BritUh Commissioners, from which the formula i» taJcen.) a a u rj 0( ti ol m I W( se th bj APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PICTOU COAI, FIELD. 113 It should be distinctly understood that no calculations based upon mere Theory and analyses can take the place of trials of the coals in the large way as steam '""'"''' and gas-producers, for smelting, heating iron, or for any other practical use ; for though, as a rule, these theoretical values furnish us with a gene- ral idea of the use to which a coal is best fitted, it is of not unfrequent occurrence that theory and practice differ greatly. For further informa- tion on practical values of fuel, I would refer the reader to the works of Prof. W. R. Johnson, and to the second section of this Report. ;3 I * r COALS OF THE WEST SIDE OF THE EAST RIVER. COALS FROM THE MAIN SEAM, ALBION MINES. No favourable opportunity offered during my stay in this district for an exammation of samples of the coal of the Main seam, which would enable me to satisfactorily separate the peculiar varieties of the different benches I therefore reproduce the careful section prepared by Dr. Dawson, which \?ell illustrates the character of all the different descriptions of coal of this Beam.* This section waa prepared from an examination of a column of coal from the Main seam, extracted for the New York Industrial Exhibition of 1852 hj Mr. Henry Poole, then manager of the Albion mines. SECTION OF MAUf SEAM, BY DB. J. W. DAWSON. Ft. In. 3 6i II 1. Roof ahale ; vegetable fragmenta and attached SpirorbU(in specimen).. 2. Coal, with shaly bands ,, 3. Coal, laminated; layers of mineral charcoal and bright coal ;' band of ironstone balls in bottom 2 Coal, fine cubical and laminated ; much mineral charcoal 3 2 Carbonaceous shale and ironstone, with layers of coarse coal (holiny itone), remains of large fishes and coprolites. This bed raries mneh in thickness 4) Coal laminated and cubical ; coarse towards bottom 9 3 1. Ironstone and carbonaceous shale in the coaly layers, and trunks of Lepidodendron, Ulodendron, Sigillaria, etc., all prostrate 8. Coal, laminated as in No. 6 ; line of ironstone balls in bottom 1 9. Coal, laminated and cubical ; a few small ironstone balls; many vascu- lar bandies of femi in this and underlying coal 6 10. Ironstone and pyrites , 11. Coal, laminated and cubical, as above 10 12. Coal, coarse layers of bituminous shale and pyrites 1 13. Coal, laminated, with a fossil trunk in pyrites 2 14. Coal, laminated and cubical, with layers of shale passing downwards into black slickensided underclay, with coaly bands 2 8 2 1 3 3 1 DawBon'8 sec- tion of tbeMain seam. yi'l ■5'' i i I * Acadian Geology, second edition, pp. 331-32. Coal of Main seam. 114 GBOLOGIOAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Ft, Id. 16. Underclay, to bottom of apeoioen 10 Totel 40 8 Vertical thickness 33 6 The general character of the coal a- .i. the Main seam is that of a highly bitununous caking coal, generally of a laminated structure, and showing much mineral charcoal on the planes of deposition. Although much impu- rity exists in the form of shale, ironstone, and arenaceous material carry- ing pyrites, these maybe easily separated from the good coal in taking out the different floors of the seam. The coal raised is also carefully examined at the shutes, any refuse or shale being thrown aside before the coal is put into railway cars for shipment. Specific gravity. The Specific gravity of this coal is stated by Dr. Dawson to be from «* 1.288 (which is that of the best coal extracted,) to 1.447 (which is that of the coarsest coal that has been worked)."* The mean specific gravity of six samples, taken from the top, nuddle and bottom of the seam, in the central part of the mines, is stated, on the same authority, as 1.325, which agrees exactly with the result of some trials made for tho American Govemmenti by Prof. W. R. Johnson, whose researches will receive attention in the second section of this Appendix. The following, being an abstract of the statements of Dr. J. W. Dawson in his Acadian Geology, is extracted from Prof. How's late work on the Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, published by authority of the Provincial Gov- ernment : — " Numerous analyses were made by Dr. Dawson m 1854, shewing the character of the Albion Mines coal from different parts of the upper floor of the mme, and also the varieties existing throughout the whole iMckness of their Main seam, in a series of assays of coals taken at distances of one foot in thickness. The general results were that the best coal wa^ found on the N. W. side of the old workings, deterioration taking place at either extremity of the workings of the upper floor. In all parts of the mme the lower coal was inferior to that of the middle of the seam, and still more so to that of the upper part (above the " holing stone"), or " fall coal" of the miners. On the west, this fall coal disappeared, or was reduced to insigni- ficant thickness. The assays made to show thj variations in thickness of the whole seam were on coal taken at this western part. This valuable series of assays of the coal of this seam, so familiar to the world, is here given. * Acadian Geology, p. 333. ({ the WO] ' r me be< of a highly d showing luch impu- irial carry- taking out r examined coal is put be from h is that of niddle and 1 the same ome trials on, whose tpendiz. V. Dawson ork on the Dcial Gov- lewing the ipper floor I thickness ces of one waii found 9 at either ) nune the II more so al" of the to insigni- ickness of } valuable id, is here APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PICTOU COAL FIELD. 115 ' " A8»ay$ of Samples taken at the diitance of one foot in tMckness in the JSJ^.' Main Seam of coal of th$ Albion Mines, Pictou, by Dr. Dawson. VolatUeby Vol»tUeby Fixed rapid eoking. slow coking. carbon. Aslieo. 1. Coal 26'0 19-9 63-8 16-3 2. do 27-8 24-1 63-8 121 3. do 2T-4 25-7 60-0 14-3 4. do 27-2 25-0 66-5 9-5 6. do 25-8 25.1 64-8 101 6. do 25>2 24-9 62-5 12'6 7. do 27»4 22-0 68.6 9-5 8. do 26'8 22 9 66-7 10-4 9. do 27'0 239 61 3 14-8 10. CarbonaceouB shale 16-4 15'9 26-3 68'8 11. Coal 28-8 25-8 69'7 14-5 12. do 27-2 25-4 62-8 12-1 13. do 27-6 24-7 625 9'8 14. do 26-6 23-9 61-0 15-1 IB. do 26'8 23-1 65'1 11-8 16. do 28*8 24'9 62-3 128 17. do 30-4 26-0 65-0. 9-0 18. do 26-0 26'1 63-0 10-9 19. do 26'0 25-0 66-3 8-7 20. do 26'8 22-7 63-6 13-7 21. Ooarse coal 25-8 23-3 58-3 18.4 22. do 27-2 22'6 60-3 17-2 23. Coal 29-4 22-6 64-3 12'l 24. Ooarsecoal 2B'8 22-4 57-6 20-0 25. do 25.8 23-1 60-2 16.7 26. do 27-8 21-9 64-8 23-3 27. Coal 270 24-3 66-5 10.2 28. do 25-6 22-4 65-0 12-e 29. do 25-8 22-7 62-7 14-6 30. do 27*2 23-1 67-4 9-5 31. do 32-6 22-4 66'6 IM 32. Coarse coal 22-2 21'6 60-4 ^S-l " The coal above the " holing stone" is not found at the part from whence these coals were taken, as before explained. At the N.W. side of the old workings it is three feet thick, and has this composition : — Dawson. Moisture (hygroscopic water) 1.660 Volatile combastible matter 27.988 Fixed carbon 60.837 Ash 9.625 100.000 i 'Ml m m MM r-< I ♦!■; I " In these assays we have a most instructive and interestmg set of experi- ments, the most complete of the kind, so far as I know, ever made on any bed of coal of considerable thickness. * Al! the coals afford a fine vesicular oord-pit coal 116 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. coke, and their ashes are light-gray and powdery, with the exception of those of the coarse coals, which are heavy and shaly. The worst defect of this coal is its containing rather a large quantity of bulky ashes, which causes it to be less esteemed for domestic use than, on other grounds, it deserves. It is very free from sulphur, bums long, and with a great pro- duction of heat, and remams alight, when the fire is :ow, much longer than most other coals.' "* These analyses, it wUl be seen, are of coals from the older workings of the Crushed mines and Dalhousie pits. Of the coal obtamed from the new Foord pits, I have made the following analyses :— Uastlkt. Hygroscopic water, Byf„tcoklng. By slow cokU,g. Volatile combustible matter 28 18 28 12 Asb (hght-gray) ^^g ,,.33 100.00 100.00 ^?^^":": W.09 73.08 Theoretical evaporative power 8.62 Iba. 0.03 lb.. Sulphur (m average of coal) , 0.32 per cent. The specimens analyzed were hand-samples from the bank at the Foord pits, and believed to fairly represent the whole mass, which supposition is confirmed by the agreement of my assays with the foUowing analysis by Prof. How, of King's College, Windsor, Nova ScoUa, of a sample of one barrel, sent him.by Mr. Hudson, Chief Manager of the General Mining Association. ^ HOW'S ,mjiiu « Coal from Foord pU,, Main ieam. An average of the large sample sent, gave :— * ~i"pc Moistur* ^°^- Volatile combustible matter 24 28 Pixedcarbon '..*..■.■.■;;.■.'.'.' 66.60 ^'^ 7.T4 100.00 Stt • »*-2* Sulphur ^ jg Theoretical evaporative power .,'.' 9 ^3 y^a Specific gravity, average of three specimens 1.294 " It follows that this is, for various reasons, a valuable coal. The volatile combustible matter is such in amount and character aa to promise weU in •H. How, Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, p. 18-20. • r exception of worst defect ashes, which r grounds, it a great pro- longer tiian workings of Tom the new ilow ooklog. 1.80 26.12 i5.70 •7'38 10.00 '3.08 9.03 lbs. D.32 per cent. ; the Foord pposition is knalysis bjr tple of one ral Mining rge sample APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PICTOU COAL FIELD. 117 lbs. e volatile >e well in gas-making. The coke is firm and abundant, and the high theoretical evapo- rative power, shewing the number of pounds of water which one pound of coal ought'to evaporate from a temperature of 212''F., (rather above the practical average of 37 Welsh coals), places the coal very high as a steam- producer. The amount of sulphur is decidedly low, obviously an import- ant fact as regards domestic use, gas-making, and preservation of grate bars. The coal lights up readily in a parlour stove, cakes moderately, and ijives a hot lasting fire ; the ash is nearly five per cent, less than in coal from the same seam examined by Prof. Johnson, in 1842-43, and one or two per cent, less than coal from the best parts of the seam, tested by Dr. Dawson, in 1854. This is an important feature, as the large quantity of light bulky ash was then considered the worst defect of the coal. The ash consists chiefly of sandy matters ; there is so little lime that there will be but little tendency to form clinkers. The specific gravity is high enough to show good storage character. One cubic foot broken for use should weigh about 52i lbs., and one ton of 2,240 pounds should occupy, in the same state, about 42i cubic feet space in storage. " From its hardness, and the appearance of the contents of the barrel after about 100 miles of railway carriage, I conclude that the coal would bear handling and land-carriage without making much small, or dust."* These remarks and analyses comprehend all that can be theoretically said of the value of the Foord-pit coal. I may, however, state that the coke from this coal is of exceptionally good character, and though all the coals from this seam furnish good coke, that from the Foord-pit coal seems to take the first rank, from its coherent and yet very porous texture. It is very light, of a silvery-gray colour, and a metallic lustre! COALS FROM THE DEEP, OR CAGE-PIT SEAM, ALBION MINES. In general appearance, the coal of the Deep seam much resembles Deei>-8eamoo»i. the*; '^f the Main. A section of the different beds of this seam was exam- ined by Dr. Dawson, in 1854, of which he publishes the following descrip- tion, with assays of the different beds.f M SECTION OF DEEP SEAU, BY DR. J , W. DAWSON. 1. Gray arg!llaceou£ shale (roof). 3. Tender laminated coal ; much mineral charcoal. 3. Laminated compact coal ; less mineral charcoal. 4. Laminated compact coal ; less mineral charcoal. 5. Carbonaceous ironstone, crusts of Cypridt. *£xtract from letter of Prof. H. How, of King's College, (late chemist to the British Admiralty Coal Enquiry), to James Hudson, Esq., O.H-A. fAcadian Oeology, p. 335-336. Dtwson'd sec- tion of the Deep seam. \M Antlyiee, *18 QEOtOaiOAL SURVET OF CANADA. 6. Laminated compaet coal ; much mineral charcoal. 7. Lam. ated coane coal. 8. Laminated compact coal. 9. Laminated coarse coal. 10. Laminated compact tender coal. 11. Laminated compact coal, 13. Laminated compact hard coal. 14. Laminated compact bard coal ; thick layer of mineral charcoal. 15. Laminated compact coal. 16. Laminated compact coal ; much mineral charcoal. 7. Laminated compact coal; much mineral charcoal. 18. Hhaly coal ; impressions of plants. of one foot, in the Deep seam are given in the following table :~ 3. 4. 6. 6. 7, 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Volatile by rapid coking. f« :. (24.8 > Good coal 3 25.2 S . . (28.'4 Ironstone and coal 26.8 > Coarse coal 523.2 > ^ , <23.6, Good coal 26.2 Coarse coal ',[',[ 26.2 ^Goodcoal J24.8 J J24.8 > Coarse coal Dawbor. Volatile by Carbon slow coking. ■" • 21.0 23.4 2d.O r27.4 29.0 26.8 ,,24.6 Shale and coal 17.6 Good coal. 2S.2 23.9 27.5 20.5 20.4 22.4 21.1 20.4 22.3 20.5 20.1 23.9 22.9 21.9 19.9 21.1 fixed. 67.6 67.3 70.8 18.5 69.1 48.0 70.3 49.3 68.» 64.3 61.2 65.3 68.1 71.5 69.6 63.8 23.0 Ashes. 11.4 7.5 S.3 64.0 20.4 81.6 7.3 28.6 10.7 13.4 28.3 24.6 8.0 6.6 8.5 16.3 65.9 Coal now worked. Kie following analysis of a small sample of the coal now being worked at the western face, has been made by Mr. Broome :— Bboomb, Coking. Volatile matter "•"!"'• 8'°''- Coke : fi 265 71.9 74.5 lOO.O 100.0 Hygroscopic water Volatile combustible matters „'l^,t Fixed carbon '^'^^^ Sulphur «l-650 Ash : 8" 10.250 „ .» 100.000 Specific gravity ,,,„ ,._^ ^ ^^ r rcoal. at distances 11.4 7.6 S.8 64.0 20.4 31.6 7.3 28.6 10.7 13.4 28.3 24.6 8.0 6.6 8.S 16.3 65.9 :ng worked iROOME, Cokingr. — * . Slow. 25.6 74.5 100.0 100.000 1.33 APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PIOTOU COAL FIELD. 119 The ash from this sample contained 75 per cent, of matter insoluble in charMtei o» hydrochloric acid, which was chiefly aluminous silicate. Iron was esti- mated m the soluble portion, which, by the volumetric method, gave of metallic iron equal to 2.762 per cent, of the ash. Supposing all the iron to exist in this coal as pyrites, this amount would correspond to 0.4243 per cent, of sulphur m the coal. As experiment gave a larger proportion, it is evident that some of the sulphur present exists as a sulphate, probably of lime. The ash was gray, with a feunt tmge of pink. This colour of ash is usual with the coal of this seam. Coke, by rapid carbonization, hard ; by slow coking, a pulverulent mass was obtained. To this analysis may be added the results of Prof. How, from an exami- nation of a large sample ; probably a better average of the whole seam than the specimen examined by Mr. Broome : — " Coal from Deep, or Cage-Pit Seam. — An average of the large hows vuijOB, sample sent, (one barrel), gave : — How. Moisture 2.54 Volatile combustible matter 20.46 Fixed carbon 68.50 Ash 8.50 100.00 Coke "0 Sulphur l-«9 Specific gravity (average of three specimens) 1.345 Theoretical evaporatiye power 9-41 lbs. " This is an excellent coal, especially for domestic and steam purposes. As compared with that of the Foord pit, it gives a larger quantity of coke, and its theoretical evaporative power is decidedly higher, so that it must prove a valuable steam coal. It bums well in a stove, affording a strong enduring heat ; its ash not being much above that of the Foord-pit coal, it will also be found superior for domestic uses to the coal formerly raised at your mines. The sulphur is not high, as compared with many coals, though it is rather above the average of that in Welsh steam coal. " The ash is chiefly sand ; there is very little lime, so there will not be much clinker formed. From the high specific gravity, one cubic foot of the coal should weigh about 63 lbs., when broken, and a ton of 2,240 lbs. should be stored m about 42 cubic feet. " The coal is harder and less easily broken than that from the Foord pit."* * Extract from a letter from Prof. How to James Hudson, Esq., G.M.A. U- its I m m « %''i wi Third and I^irvU 8e«m< 120 OBOLOQICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. COALS OF THIRD AND PURVIS SEAMS, ACADIA MINES. tJ^Z Zrr "''' ''''"•*°"''^' '""^ '"' ''^^^''' ^'"'^ l^^en nude of i^ COAL OF THE MC GREQOR SEAU, ACADIA MINES. J'C-yf 1866:- ' '"" "° ''°'"" °' "'• =°^' " '^» *"^- McGregor 8e«m. u T«. j,„„ l e , . It has been found that the thickness of this coal rthe McGrecor the east. The same remark will also apply to the quality of the 'oal At present only the upper divisions of the seam are lorke^d m bl' om coal which is of a coa«e nature, is ursaleable, but would be verv smtabk for jron^smeltingt J and in case of the developemlnt of the oa it 'ml /b ? fr°^^,'^^"' ^ «-d -rket would be la d" It. The slaty band, between the top benches, is a source of much incon inTZfr "^T " T°«' "^^ ^^*^ ^" *^« ''^^ exercird in pet •ng, th s foreign matter will, to some Extern, get mixed with the good coal which IS thereby injured in character for gas purpose.. ^ ' The quantity of ash produced by the two top benches presents a marked contrast in the character of the coals, as will be seen byTe fd ^^'KlZ^'t '''^ °^*--d^- thefornierproprieUMr. AulTiet. Volatile matter .. . ^^^ '^'""*- Second bench. Fixedcarbon .".'.. ';:.';;;".' llf, 23.30 Orayari, ffj^ ^000 11.80 e.to Coke.. *°°'°° *°^ Specific g^Vi;;;;;; .*.■.■.*;.';;;;;;;;;; "•?" '^-^'^ *rom these analjsea the theoretical eTaporatire powerwouldbe 9^3 ^^^ This coal cokes weU when the better portions of the seam are selected. A very large amount of iron pyrites exists in the slaly portions of the seam, w-hich, if not most carefuUy removed, makes the coal worthless as a fbTeS tottir^'" "" '"'■^^^^°^' ^' probably obviate this • See p. 96 of mjr Geolo|tical Report. 1 . . . .^ _ 1 1 have not analysed tbia coal from the bottom of the McGregor leam h.,f ,•♦ .... to contjin too much salphur and a.h to be very aaitable fo" ifonlmeC '' ''''"" T Name or analyet uaknown to me. r >■ APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PICTOD COAL FIELD. 121 i. een made of seam could the Acadia McGregor we worl: to )f the i!oal. The bot- Id be very of the iroii created for luch incon< led in pick- good coal, s presents by the fol- rietor, Mr. ieoond bench, 23.30 70.00 6.70 100.00 76.70 1.301 9.62 selected. 18 of the ilesa as a riate this it appears r >■ The theoretical evaporative power resulting from the second analysis above given is large ; it should render the coal a good steam coal, if the pyrites were removed. COAL AND OIL-COAL PROM THE STELLAR SEAM. On page 70 of the Geological Report, it is stated that the Stellar coal snii.r M-eon seam of the Acadia mines has the following section : — ectm. Good coal • 1 4 Stellar oiUcoal 1 jq Bituminous shale 1 jq btctlon. 5 These three divisions of the seam are quite separate and distinct in Division* or character. The substances from each were examined some time since by "'"'" **""' Prof. How, who first described the peculiar substance forming the middle bench, to which, from a likeness in some of its qualities to the so called oQ-coals, torbanite and albertite, he has given the name of stellarite, from its throwing off sparks or stars of fire when lighted. From the three benches Prof. How obtained the following results : — * Coal. Stellarite. Shale, '^»aly«i'- Volatile matters 33.58 66.56 30.65 FUedcarbon 62.09 26.23 10.88 Ash 4.33 8.21 58.47 100.00 100.00 100.00 Moisture ...,. ,23 Specific grayity I.I03 Coal. The coal appears to be merely an ordinary fat caking-coal, with coai bench. an unusually small percentage of ash for this region, but the bench being thin, the value of the seam depends principally on the two lower divisions, stellarite, and oilnsb'ile. Stellarite. This peculiar substance was first known and worked at these steUaritebenoiw muies by the former owner, the late Mr. J. D. B. Frazer, of. Pictou. It appears to be an earthy bitumen, or, to quote Dr. Dawson, " a fossil swamp- muck or mud," f which he has elsewhere^ shown, is the character of the earthy bitumens and highly bituminous shales of the coal formation gene- rally, • How, Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, p. 24. t Acadian Geology, p. 339. I S?9 Da~BOD, " On the evftditiorti (jfaaufftulaiiuii o/'cooJ." Journal Geo!. 3cc. xzii. p. 95 et seq. 122 OEOLOOICAL SUAVEY OF CANADA. ou-«bii« txnob. Bituminou$ thaU or oiUthale. Thia \t a rather heavy brownish- black shalo. The following analysis and remarks thereon, include both this bench and the stollarite. The first series is taken from Mr. Iloyt's Report to the Acadia Coal Company for 1866. Analyses under the heading of No. 1 refer to stel- larite, No. 2 to the oil-shale : — No. 1. No. 3. ©lulT""' Volatile matter 68.38 38.09 Filed carbon 22. 3S 8.26 Alb 8.90 Sa.20 Sulphur .05 .3S Moliture .32 .60 100.00 100.00 SpeoiOc gravity l.OTO 1.S68 Weight per cubic foot ^1\Vai, 97 lbs. Crude oil per ton 126 gallons. 63 gallons. OraTltyofoil 844 .860 Col:e, per cent 31.25 60.46 Ash in the coke of (tellariie, 28.48 per cent .... r»NiiT.t No. 1. No. a. Volatile matter 67.26 34.16 Fixed carbon 24.03 12.30 Ash 8.40 62.00 Sulphur .11 .74 Water .20 .80 * 100.00 100.00 Specific gravity 1.069 1.612 Weight per cubic foot 66) lbs. 100 lbs. Crude oil per ton 123 gals. 60) gals. Orarityofoil 844 .850 QUAITTITT OF OIL BT TABIODB TRIALS. (per tOD.) (1) Trial by J. De W. Spurr, St. John, New Brunswick, (No. 2) crude oil 74 gals. (2) " by J. Howartb, Boston, Mass., by steam process, crude oil. 65 " (3) " by F.Macdonald, Portland, Maine, (No. 2), crude oil.. 50 " Comparison with other oil. coals. For comparison, the following results from these and other oil-coals are introduced ; the table ia taken from How's Mineralogy of Nova Scotia : * Prof. Wallace, of Glasgow, Scotland. t Prof. Penny, Andersonian University, Glasgow, Scotland. APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PIOTOU COAL FIILD. 128 ry browniflh- include both Acadia Coal refer to stel- 100.00 1.668 97 lbs. 63 gallons. .860 00.40 100.00 1.612 I. 100 lbs. I- 60 j gals. .850 (p«r ton.) 74 gals. 65 " 60 " oil-coals are a Scotia : ». I .. . ._ .... Cniilo oil per ton. Uolon oll-coalof W«s' Virginia affords 32 gals Klk Riy«r " « " «i II 84 " Kanawha <• " 'i i« u 88 " Leshmahagow cannel, Scotland " 40 •' Albertite, New Brunswick, 02 to 100" Torbanlt*, Scotland, 116tol26" 8t«llarito, gg' „ " No,2 (shale) 60,60J,63,65, 74" " ^°'^> 123 to 120" " picked lamplei gave in Boston 199 » In practical working at the Frazer mine the result was about 60 gallons of crude, and from 80 to 35 gallons of fine clarified oil to the ton. It will be noted that the three oil-coals, or bitumens, known as tor- banite, albertite, and stellarite, in the list just given, appear to afford the best results in oil-manufacture. It will, therefore, be of interest to com- pare full analyses of these three, forming a class by themselves, and again to compare this class with other mineral combustibles from which they differ to a greater or less extent. This subject has been thoroughly inves- tigated by Prof. How, and the following tabulation of analyses, and con- clusions drawn therefrom, are taken from his late work. Although most appropriately introduced here, many of the facts will be found useful for comparison with coals of other seams, and the remarks on the theoretical value of fuels is also of general interest. " Having, on account of my former connection with the British Admi- ralty Coal Enquiry, been one of those engaged to furnish chemical evi- dence in the famous first trial in Edinburgh of the question whether the mineral known as " Boghead coal," found at Torbane Hill, Linlithgow- shire, should properly be called a coal, I was naturally much interested on the discovery of the stellar oil-coal, and got ultimate analyses made of it and of the " Albert coal," also the subject of a trial on the ground that it had been improperly called coal. These analyses were very kindly made for me through Prof. Anderson of Glasgow, who generously met my deficiency in the necessary apparatus, which I had not brought out with me. The results were most interesting, especially when compared with those obtained from bituminous and cannel coals. As to the former, I selected from those I had made in the Admiralty Enquiry, analyses of English, Scotch, and Welsh bituminous coals, and as to the latter, analyses of English and Scotch cannels made by other chemists. The following table shews the differences which obtain between these minerals in proximate and ultimate analysis, and in specific gravity, and the ratio existing between the two most important constituent elements : — Dr. How'd remarlu ou Oil. coali. >. '*>'■ >;;1 m 124 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. |-i-;-l Desoription of atellu Beam. MiKBBAL. Welsh bitumi- nous coals. Scotch bitomi' nous coals. English bitu- minous coals. Eng. cannel. Scotch can- i nels. I Torbanitp. j Albertite. { Stellarite. I Locality. DulIVyn Newydd Ebbw Vale . . . Grangemouth. Fordel BroomhiU Lydney Wigan Lesmahagon Capledrae Torbanebill, I Scotland 1 Ulllsboro, ) New Brunswick > N. Glasgow, I Nova Scotia. . . . f 11 99 tC 1. 1.310 1.278 1.290 1.025 1.025 1.28S 1.276 1.261 1.170 1.091 Proximate analysie. •as .36 >B 15.70 25.20 22.60 43.40 47.97 40.80 42.20 39.64 56.70 71.17 64.89 81.04 71.66 70.00 63.08 48.03 56.18 47.80 57.66 87.26 7.66 45.44 1.108 68.68 2528 8.26 3.24 1.60 8.62 4.00 8 07 10.00 2.70 6.08 25.40 21.18 017 84.72 98.79 i9.86 ■9.58 81.70 73.62 80.07 78.44 68.70 66.00 87.25 Ultimate analysis. 4.66 6.76 5.16 6.28 6.60 6.171 6.692 5.532 7.621 . 6.801 6.580 9.621.75 8.2180.9610.16 0.68 «77 1.21 1.02 1.42 1.46 2.86 2.27 1.60 1.14 0.35 0.70 0.60 8.52 0.89 8.66 8.33 4.87 6.48 8.08 2.99 t t 100: 100: 100: 100: 100: 100: 100: 100: 100; 100: 100: 100: 100: 4.82 6.79 6.73 6.61 6.93 7.65 7.73 6.90 10.43 11.99 18.00 11.02 12.63 H.HoW. 5 Vanx. Miller. A. Fyfe. H.How Slessor k How. •Nitrogen and oxygen 11.76. 1 Sulphur (if any) and oxygen, 1.21. t N, S, and oxygen .68. " In the paper in question I pointed out that the tnie comparative value of combustible minerals, while partly indicated by the relative amounts of volatile matter and fixed carbon, is only truly shewn when account is taken of the oxygen ; which is sometimes large in quantity, as is seen above, and is reckoned as volatile matter, to the credit of the mineral, while its real effect is reduction of value. I showed that when the hydrogen equal to the oxygen present is deducted, taking only those cases where there is an apparent equality in the ratio of carbon to hydrogen, the last three minerals in the table above, stand apart from the rest, thus : — Ratio of carbon to hydrogen after deductint; hydrogen equal to oxygen present. Cannel coal from Wigan 100 to 6.65 ■c « " Leshmahagow 100 to 8.7l» CapeldrsB 100 to 10.05 Torbanite from Scotland 100 to 12.43 Albertite " New Brunswick 100 to 10.85 Stellarite " NoTaScotia 100 to 12.43 * Allowing two per cent, for nitrogen. and that theoretically they should be excellent ' oil-coals,' as is abundantly shewn by experience."* The size of the stellar-coal bench in the oil-coal seam varies from our or five inches in thickness to some two feet, and its content of oil varies also. As a rule, this seam appears to improve going eastward, as stated by Mr. Hoyt. The general appearance of the stellar coal is peculiar ; it is irregularly bedded, the different layers seemingly inter- laced, giving it a sort of an entangled appearance, oi- a structure like • How Mineralogy of Np»a Scotia, p. 25-26. it ■So ■g 1 100: 1.82 100: 6.79 100: 6.73 H,HoW. 100: 6.61 100: 6.93 .1 <> lOO: 7.B6 100: 7.78 II 100: 6.90 100; 10.43 100: 11.99 Vaux. Miller. A. Fyfe. 100: 18.00 H.How 100; 11. oa 100: 12.63 Slessor & How. oxygen .68. jarative value (re amounts of count is taken en above, and while its real )gen equal to re there is an three minerals !n present. 00 to 5.65 00 to 8.71* 00 to 10.05 00 to 12.43 00 to 10.85 00 to 12.43 is abundantly Q varies from ts content of ing eastward, jtellar coal is )mingly inter- itructure like APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PICTOU COAL FIELD. 126 felt. Sometimes the layers are much curved, and have smooth surfaces like slickensides, which appear to have been produced by lateral move- ments, corresponding very nearly with the plane of the bed, rather than by < vertical motion, the better portions generally possessing this peculiarity, whence the statement in many notices of this substance that the curly oil- coal is the best. The surfaces of these curved faces have a bright, resin- ous lustre, and a brownish-black colour, while a block sawn across shews a uniform ieai-brown surface. It breaks with a splintery fracture, very irregularly, but approjcimately with the surfaces of deposition ; the streak has a brown colour and a dull resinous lustre. A large sp'nter of this mineral may be easily lighted with a match, and burns with a very bright, carbonaceous flame, throwing off sparks like stars, (whence the name), and leaving but a small amount of coke, from which, on burning off the fixed carbon, a grayish-white ash is obtained. Further remarks on the use of this mineral in gas-making, will be found in Section II of this Report. COAL OP THE ACADIA SEAM, ACADIA COLLIERY. Acadia steam coal. The principal value of thij coal, is (as its name Acadia steam indicates) as a steam-coal, though ^ portion of the seam at this colliery '^°^" may be suitable for gas-making. As the character of the coal as a steam- producer will receive the fullest attention in the second section of this Report, it has been deemed unnecessary to make any analyses of it as yet, though when time permits I hope to obtain a full series of analyses of the coals from different benches of the seam, by examination of a series of specimens presented by Mr. Hoyt. In the meantime I offer my practical locomotive and steamer-trials, with some other tests of considerable interest, in Section II, which I consider will ^ve abundant evidence of the excel- lence of the Acadia steam-coal. Only one analysis of this coal has been made in the laboratory of this Third tench. Survey, that of samples of the coal taken from the third bench, or the four feet immediately underlying the fireclay parting. (See page 97 of my Geological Report.) These specimens were selected for analysis, because I believe this bench to be better fitted for gas purposes than the rest of the seam, being apparently the softest coal afforded by the Acadia seam at this colliery. The analysis has lately been made by Mr. Broome, with the following results : — 5.t? I Bbooub. Coking. _ , Rapid. Slow. Coke... 65.12 68.70 Volatile matters 34.88 31.30 Analytii 100.00 100.00 ;- III li Urummond coal. DescrlptiOD of seam worked. Boof-shttlc. 1^ 1 r I Topoial. 126 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Hygroscopic moiature 2.100 Volatile combustible matter 32.214 Fixed carbon ' ST.SVO Sulpliur 606 Ash, (pinkish white) 7. 860 100.000 Specific gravity 1 32 The coke by rapid carbonization was firm, but by slow heating a pul- verulent mass was obtained. This analysis shows that a portion of the seam at the Acadia colliery will coke well, and that it contains sufficient volatile matter to make a gas- coal. The greater part of the seam is a much harder coal than the specimen examined, and, when all the benches are mixed, does not coke satisfactorily in open heaps, and is therefore sold only as a free-huming or steam-coal. Were it desirable, however, I think the third bench could be easily sepa- rated m the working of the seam. The coal of this seam is rather more compact in appearance than that from the Main at the Albion mines, and shows but little mineral charcoal on the deposition-planes. The cleat planes and cross fractures of the coal are usually very brilliant, and do not 'show the laminae or deposition-planes very clearly. COAL OP THE ACADIA SEAM, DBCMMOND COLLIEBY. From a careful examination of the different benches of coal in the work- ing, and subsequent examinations of a series of large samples of the coals presented by Mr. Dunn, manager of the Intercolonial Coal Company, I am enabled to present the following description of this fine seam of coal, as worked at the Drummond Colliery. With my description of the benches, analyses will be given, forming what I believe to be the most careful and complete series of assays ever made of different benches of any seam of con- siderable thickness. These analyses have lately been made in the Survey laboratory by Mr. Gordon Broome, F.G.S., chemical assistant to Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, chemist and mineraJo^st to this Survey. Description and analyses of the benches of the Acadia seam at the Drummond Colliery, Fictou County, Nova Scotia. Boof shale ; yisjfik, highly carbonaceous shale, giving a dark brown streak, and containing Spirorbis and Cythere shells, with Antholites, Lepi- dodendron, Lepidostrobus, not specifically determined, and Cordaites bora- stfolia. 1. Top coal; not taken out in the workings. This is left in as a support for tie roof. Coal good, principal partings show mineral charcoal, and have 100 274 510 506 5S0 .000 1.32 ting a pul- coUiery will aake a gas- le specimen itisfactorily steam-coal, easily sepa- 'lite8f Lepi- daites bora- IS a support U, and have APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PICTOU COAL FIELD. 127 rather a dull lustre. On cleat surfaces the general lustre is brilliant, but the laminsB of deposition show plainly in lines of brilliant and dead black. The joints are rather irregular, generally inclined about < 80° to 86° to the deposition-planes, but the surface next to the lower parting, (a tmooth farting,') shows two regular sets of joints at right angles, giving the coal a cubical appearance. Thickness of top-coal bench, 2 feet, 6 inches. A1IALT819 NO. 1 ; TOP COAl. Volatile at 100 C, (moisture) 72 Analysis Volatile at 220o 0., 7 83 Total volatile, 1. By slow coking 27.56 " " 2. By fast coking 3O.19 Coke, 1. By slow coking 72.44 " 2. By fast coking 69.81 Volatile matter 29.928 Fixed carbon • , _ ^ gQ 35^ Ash, (gray) 9 46o Sulphur 262 100.000 Specific gravity .^ j 309 2. Fall Coal; immediately above the fireclay parting, ov holing, this Faiicoai. being the first bench taken down. Coal good ; surfaces of deposition show dead-black patches of mineral charcoal, with bright points, and patches of bright bituminous matter. Cleat surfaces brilliant, the joints running in two systems, giving this bench in some parte of the workings, a cubical, or as it is technically called, dicey, structure. The surfaces of one system of joints show oblong or oval scars, as of shrinkage, while of the second system the surfaces are quite regular and brilliant. Thickness oi fall-coal bench, 3 feet, 3 inches. ANALTSIB wo. 2 i PALL COAL. Volatile at 100° 0., (moisture) ,^ 1 g^ Volatile at 220" C !.*.'.'."!'. 13 61 Analysis. Total volatile, 1, slow coking 29 78 " " 2.fastcoking ."....'."...!! 3i!92 Coke, 1. slow coking ,jq „„ " 2. fastcoking "!."..".'.'.'.'."!.' esios Volatile matter nt coa '^«"»«»'»«'° 60.320 ^'^(«^y) 7.660 Sulpbw 428 r. .. . 120.00 Sptcifie gravity _ j g^g 7'r Fintlbenob. [I'll lU it::! I 'M Analysis! I Second (jench.'' ■;1:: ▲OAlysia. i' I Third bench 128 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 3. First hmch ; (below the holing.) Coal good ; all of the surfaces, whether of cleat and fracture, are brilliant, and the deposition-planes show very little mmeral charcoal. The joints are irregular in direction and angle, cutting the coal up mto oblique prisms. This is a remarkably clean and bright coal. Thickness oi first bench, 4 feet. AMALTBIB no. 8; OOAt of FIB8T BEKCH, Volatile at 100° C, (moisture) 1-80 Volatile at 220° C 16.45 Total volatile, slow coking « 26.49 " " fastcoking 34.11 Cake, slow coking 73.51 '' fastcoking 65.89 Total volatile matter... 33.526 Fixed carbon 65.390 Ash, (gray) \^M0 Sulphur 584 100.000 Specific gravity • • • 1'32T 4. Second bench; (so marked in specimens sent me.*) Good coal, laminated and cubical ; in some parts of the seam the cubical structure is very distinct. On the surfaces of the deposition-planes, there is some mineral charcoal, but all the other surfaces are of a brilliant black. Analtbis no. 4; coal of bboond bench. Volatile at 100<» C, (moisture) 131 Volatile at 220° ' 14-61 Total volatile, slow coking.... : ••• 28. T3 " " fastcoking 31.02 Coke, slow coking ' ''1'2'' " fast coking • 68.98 Total volati'e matters 29.973 Fixed carbon iOMd Ash, (gray) 8.670 Sulphur !•<>*'' 100.000 Specific gravity 1 '3*^ 6. Third bench; the lower two feet of good coal, next above the coarse coal ; forming the bottom of the seam. Coal good, laminated distinctly ; it is not so bright as the first and second benches, though an excellent coal. Deposition-planes are a dull black, showing much mineral charcoal. Cleat ,»_ /-i.-i._!..i T5«n.~-t. n IQQ T Vioiro apoQciatAr) ♦hin bennh with the One belOW it, *ia xay \jtjui0givtti xt^pv»^ p. -«"j * — ^'" ^ . I which is now called the third bench, he surfaces, -planes show ireotion and remarkably 1.80 16.46 26.49 34.11 73.51 65.89 33.526 65.390 10.500 .584 100.000 1.327 Good coal, [ structure is lere is some lack. 1.31 14.61 28.73 31.02 71.27 68.98 29.973 60.310 8.670 1.047 100.000 1.343 ve the coarse 3'stinctly ; it ccellent coal. Tcoal. Cleat te one below it, APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PICTOU COAL nELD. 129 planes show laminae of deposition plainly, and in the joints, in many cages, are seen scales of calc-spar. AMA1,TB1B>0. 6; COAL OPTHIBD BENCH. Volatile at lOOoO., (moisture,) 1 43 Volatile at 220PO .'.'..'.".'.'.'! ....... 13.12 Analysis. Total volatile, slow coking 29.14 " " fast coking 31.32 Coke, slow coking 70.86 " fast coking ".. es.gS Total volatile matters 30 756 Fixed carbon .".".*.*..'.'.'.' 59.890 Ash (gray) g^go Snlpliur 564 100.000 Specific gravity ■ 1.336 6. Coarse-coal bmch,hottom of seam ; thickness about 2 feet, 9 inches, coarse-ooai Coal coarse and shaly ; deposition-planes show uniform dead-black surfaces, •'"nc"*"""' Coal breaks with irregular fractures in all directions, giving fracture surfaces of a dull lustre and brownish black colour. Not worked. AMALT8I8 NO. 6i COAL OP THE COABBB-COAL BENCH. Volatile at lOO'C, (moisture) i.sg Analyela. Volatile at 22000., „ndet. Total volatile, slow coking 29.89 " " fastcoking, 31_8i Coke, slow coking 72.44 " fastcoking , 69 81 Total volatile matters 32.81 Fixed carbon 31J jg Ash, (red) .....'.'.'...'.'..'.'. 3l!o3 S°lP»»" • undet. 100.00 Specific gravity 17 g5 The cokes of Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, obtamed by the carbonization of the cotes coal in the small way, (in a crucible), were all strong and light, whether .by slow or rapid heating, though of course more compact with a slow car- bonization. When heated rapidly the coke swells greatly, and is of a silvery-gray colour and metallic lustre. All these benches should, if properly managed, furnish an excellent coke in the large way. With the single exception of the Foord-pit coal, no coal from this region which I have examined has given as good a coke in the crucible. The coke from No. 6, or coarse coal, is soft and brittle. The amount of ash in the different samples is lower than the average im ■S.'V.J n 4 Ml' li! I ' hi! ! 180 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Drummondooal for gaa-making. Theoretical eva- porative powers. Nova Scotia Co.'B Coal. SiUlman's analyais. of Pictou coals, and the sulphur-content is, in samples I., II., IV., V., decidedly low. The coal of the second bench appears to give the greatest amount of sulphur, being somewhat over the average of the best Welsh coals, but in the coal of the whole seam, when mixed together, the amount of sulphur will be found to be exceptionally small. From the amount of volatile matter, as shown by these analyses, these coals, (i. e. the good coals of the seam,) should all belong to the class of gas-coals ; in the first bench, No. S, the content of volatile matter is very large, and about equal to the average of Newcastle coals, when rapidly carbonized. A reference to the report of Mr. Thompson, of the Pictou gas-works, on this coal, (which is pubUshed in Section II of this Report,) will show that ip this case the conclusions of theory agree with practical results. With regard to their use as steam-producers, theory gives the following indices of their evaporative powers : — I. Fixed carbon 60.35 per cent = 8,29 Iba. water to 1 of coal. II. " 60.32 '« = 8.29 lbs. " «' in. " 65.39 " = 7.61 lbs. " " IV. «' 60.31 " = 8.29 lbs. " " v. " 6989 ". = 8.27 lbs. " " It will be seen that a remarkable uniformity exists between the coals of I., II., IV., v., and that their theoretical evaporative powers are rather high for coals of this class, while III. falls rather below the average in fixed carbon. In this connection, however, I would draw attention to the fact that coals of this class are now burnt so as to give an evaporative power considerably above the theoretical index calculated from the fixed carbon of the coal alone. This subject has already been incidentally referred to in the introduction to this Section,* and wi'l also receive special attention in Section II. COAL OF THE ACADIA BEAM FROM THE NOVA SCOTIA COLLIERY. A section of this seam, giving details of the character of the coals of the different benches, has been included in the Geological Report, f and the following analyses of th>'ee specimens of tiie coal, by Prof. B. Silliman, of Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut, have been sent me by Mr. F. W. Northrop, Secretary of the Nova Scotia Coal Company :— (1) Top. Volatile matters........... < 32.68 Fixed carbon, 62.08 Ash 6.24 100.00 • See note on North Country coals, page 111. t Pages 103-104 of the Qeologicat Report. BILUHAN. (2) Middle. 32.39 (3) Bottom 33,45 62.40 61.41 6.21 6.14 100.00 100.00 . II., IV., v., re the greatest e best Welsh r, the amount nalyses, these to the class of matter is very when rapidly , of the Pictou this Report,) with practical i the following of coal. II II II II en the coals of ers are rather the average in ittention to the an evaporative from the fixed sn incidentally '1 also receive COLUERY. the coals of the port, t and the B. Silliman, of by Mr. F. W. UHAN. ddle. 5.39 1.40 i.21 0.00 (8) Bottom. 33.45 61.41 6.14 100.00 APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PICTOU COAL FIELD. 131 From these analyses the theoretical evaporative power of the different samples would be : — Of No. 1, 8.53 lb3.|-of No. 2, 8.57 lbs. ,— of No. 3, 8.44 lbs. In the letter accompanying these analyses. Prof. Silliman makes the following statements: — " The coke is firm and strong, while the ashes are light coloured, and so nearly free from oxide of iron as to warrant the belief that they will not give much clinker when the coal is used in a furnace. The amount of sulphur in the coal was not determined, as the quantity is too slight to render an experiment in the small way of any practical value." It would appear from these analyses that there is a change in the char- ( hangemthe acter of the coal of the Acadia Seam between the Acadia and Nova Scotia '^'='""'''"""' collieries similar to that between the Acadia and Drummond collieries, and if the specimens analyzed by Prof. Silliman were fair representative sam- ples of the whole seam, this should be, theoretically, a good gas-coal. COAL OF THE MONTREAL AND PICTOU SEAM. MONTBEAL AND FIOTOU COLLIEBT. The works of this company having been abandoned before my visit, and Montreal and the pit being full of water, during my stay in tihe region I was unable JoSr^"'" to procure samples of the seam or seams met with in the workings. The following note by Prof. How is, I believe, the only reliable information at present attainable concerning this coal : — " Coal of the Montreal and Pictou Mnea. I examined several sam- how-s analyse*, pies of the coals raised on the first opening of the seams ; the following is an abstract of my Report made to the company as respects the qualities of the coals. " Sample No. 1, from the first bench, gave : — First bench. Moisture , . . , , 4.40 Volatile combustible matter 24.95 Fixed carbon 61.07 Ash , 9 58 100.00 Coke , 70.66 Theoretical evaporative power 8.39 " This coal has considerable evaporative and heating power, and would give a moderate amount of gas of good illuminating quality. The appear- ance of the coal is much in its favour ; some that I saw taken from the seam was very clean and bright. " Sample No. 2, from the second bench, gave :— m 132 Second bencb. !in Montreal and Fictou oil-coal seam. AnalysU. Description. Coal of the Calton seam. GEOLOQICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Moisture S.47 Volatile combustible matter 19.93 Fixed carbon 68.65 Ash 6.05 ro.oo Coke 74.60 Theoretical evaporative power 9.41 Specific gravity 1.36 " This was an extremely bright and clean coal. Its very high evapora- tive power makes it occupy a good position among British and American coals for steam purposes."* COAL OF THE MONTREAL AND I'ICTOU OIIrCOAL SEAM. On page 106 of the Geological Keport, mention is made of a small seam known on the Montreal and Pictoa area, tvhich I am inclined to identify with the Stellar seam of the Acadia mines. I have been unable to pro- cure a good sample of the oil-coal from this seam, but a small specimen taken from the out-crop on the quarry road, much weathered and by no means fairly representing the seam, has been analysed by Mr. Broome with the following result : — Bboomb. Volatile at 100° C, (moisture) 2.40 Volatile at 200° to 250" C 34.20 Total volatile matter 47.35 Fixed carbon 34.05 Asb, (v^ry red and ferruginous) 18.60 100.00 This substance is, in external character, very much like the stellarite. It presents the same dead-brown fracture, and shows glistening pomts of bituminous matter, which, on being ignited, melt and drop from the for- ceps. The facility of its ignition and continuity of combustioa of a small piece, when removed from the flame in which it has been lighted, is only equalled among the oil-coals of the region, by the stellarite, and these facte, together with the results of Mr. Broome's analysis, tend to confirm my identification of the seams. COAL OF THE CULTON SEAM ; CULTON ADIT. I have been unable to obtain a specimen of the coal of this working. Its character has been described to me by several who have burnt it, as that of an exceptionally good, and very highly bituminous coal. * How, Mineralogy Nova Scotia, p. 27-8. 47 93 55 ,06 00 60 41 36 gh evapora- i American , small seam . to identify lable to pro- Ul specimen and by no Ir. Broome IB. .40 .20 .35 .05 .60 ,00 le stellarite. ig points of om the for- ii of a small ited, is only . these facts, confirm my working. Its it it, as that APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PICVOU COAL FIELD. 138 COALS OF THE EAST SIDE OF THE EAST KIVER. COALS FROM MCBEAM'S EIOHT-FEET SEAM, MOBEAN'S SLOPE. First Bench, Upper twelve inches of the Seam. The coal is a bituminous coal, with dead-black planes of deposition, show- MoB«m'e s-reet ing little mineral charcoal. It is inclined to bo a little shaly, but the cleat '™™- and cross-fracture surfaces are brilliant. The following analysis is the ^''«t>»no»"- result of an examination of two specimens from quite near the out-crop : — Uartlkt. • Analytes. Hygroacoplo water 1.67 2.67 Volatile combustible matter 29.29 28.65 « Fixed carboa 52..36 49.66 Ash (white) 16.76 19.42 100.00 100.00 Coke 69.14 65.08 These samples analysed were taken by myself from the seam, anid were apparently an average of the bench. The coal bums well, forming a very hot flaming fire, and the ash, though bulky, is perfectly white, free from iron, and would fall at once through grate bars. No sulphur was discov- ered by ordinary tests. The coke does not hold together well. Second bench, (about twelve inches below first bench.) In appearance this coal is similar to the last, except that there appears second t>enoii> to bo no mineral charcoal visible on the planes of deposition, and the lus- tre of the cleat planes is very brilliant. The specimens analysed are from the slope about 40 feet from the crop, and show scales of calcnspar in the joints. Analysis I is from the top of the bench. Six inches below is a smooth parting, and analysis II, is from coal just below the parting. Hartlbt. I. Top of Bench. U. Bottom. AnaJywa;. Hygroscopic water 2.67 1.94 Volatile combustible matter 27.20 23.96 Fizedcarbon .....64.86 67.17 Ash (white) 15.27 16.94 100.00 100.00 Ooke 70.13 74.11 bottom JencA (lower six feet of seam). Bottom benob. This coal shows but little tendency to break with the lamination, and no mineral charcoal is seen, even the deposition-planes being brilliant. Fracture conchoidal. It bums freely, giving a very hot fire ; the ash is very light, sandy and not inclined to clinker ; it would fall at once through the grate bars of a fumace. No sulphur was found by ordinary tests. m :'i'ii ii ! i I i 184 OEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OP CANADA. The samples analysed were taken about 60 feet from the crop. The coke, if the coal is properly carbonized, is very fair. The following analy- ses of averages have been made : — IUbtlby. I. II. ^^„,jy„3 Hygroscopic water • 2.22 3.00 Volatile combustible matter 30.23 20.61 Fixed carbon O^-'O 69.51 Ash(white) '-SB '.88 100.00 100.00 Coke 67.65 67.39 This coal should make an good gas-coal, as the percentage of vola- tile matters is quite large in comparison with many of the coals of the dis- trict. I am not aware that any practical trial has ever been made of it as a gas-producer. From its rapidity of combustion and freedom from sulphur, it would also appear to be well fitted for ordinary steam purposes. COAL OF THE OEORGE MACKAY SEAM, MARSd COLLIERY. George Mackay This coal is coarsely laminated ; the deposition-planes have a very dull '*"°" lustre, and show a great many patches of mineral charcoal. The cleat planes are inclined <83° to the bedding ; the joints show many scales of calc-spar, which is not adherent to the coal, but crumbles under the finger, coal of Marsh The following analyses of two specimens from the Marsh pit, 240 feet coiuery. ^^^^^ ^^^ striking the coal seam about 1,000 feet from the crop, show this coal to be of very good quality, notwithstanding its rather coarse appearance : — Haktlbt. I, u. ^ , Hygroscopic water none. none. ^^'''^- Volatile combusUble matter 29.72 29.98 Fixedcarbon 62.28 62.15 Ash, (buff coloured) 8.00 7.87 100.00 100.00 Ooke '0.28 70.02 The percentage of ash is decidedly low. A trace of sulphur was found, but being, probably, under one-half of one per cent., was not estimated. As the specimens examined do not coke particularly well, it would appear that this coal is best fitted for a steam-coal. COALS OF LAWSON'S SEAM ; LAWSON'S SLOPE. tawson's mm. The Specimens examined were taken from the slope sunk by Mr. J. P. Lawson, M.B., for the Moutreai and New Glasgow Coal Compaajf, m the ! 1 APPENDIX TO KEP0RT3 ON THE PICXOU COAL FIELD. 135 left bank of Potters' Brook, near the Mcrigomiah telegraph road. At this working, the scam, as measured by me, was divided into the following benches : — Ft. In. Cannel coal, (varies In thickness,) about 0-0 Uwlon'' slope. Minernl-cliRrcoal bench 2 (}ood coal 2 7 Coarse (but good) coal 6 3 8 Cannel-tioal bench. — This coal appears to be a true cannel, being of a <:annt.i.oo»i homogeneous texture, and dead grayish-black colour. The fracture is conchoidal, lustrous, streak brownish-black. In some places this cannel becomes shaly, breaking roughly with the deposition-planes, which are a dull black and in many cases tinged dark red with iron rust from iron pyrites, which occurs in small lenticular masses ; cleat planes vertical to the bedding. One specimen shows a coprolite. A picked sample of this bench gave :— ■ Uabtlit. Hygroscopic water 47 Aralysli. Volatile combustible matter 41.18 Fixed carbon 48.19 Ash, (reddish or purple) 10.16 100.00 This specimen gave a very hrge quantify of very highly carburetted gas, but the coke is not of the beat quality. Mineral-charcoal bench. Interlair'nalions of mineral charcoal and Mineral ebu- ■ bright bituminous coal form the material of this bench. The specimens «"=^'^'"''*' examined show small veins of calc-apar in the joints of the coal, which are jn many cases inclined at an angle of only 45° with the bedding. This bench shows a great deal of iron pyrites, coating the patches of mmeral charcoal with a bright film, and giving them the appearance of having been gilded. Not analysed. Good-coal bench. Colour of coal dull black, very compact and heavy, oood-coai with occasional patches of mmeral charcoal. It shows but little tendency to break with the planes of deposition, and has generally a sub-conchoidal and sometimes a ragged fracture. The specimen examined contains a great deal of sulphur, in the form of iron pyrites, which if present in the mass of the coal, would altogether unfit it for steam or domestic uses. It bums, however, with a very bright and hot fire, though the ash is very bulky, and sometimes chokes the fire if not properly cleaned. The following ana'ysis of this coal is givea in a report by Dr. J. W. Dawson, to the owners of the East Hirer coal area :— K ^ il J! Dawion'i CoiriMvoo*! bcnob. Analyila. 186 QEOLOOICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Dawsoh. Volatile matter, (moliture included) 2S.4 Fixed carbon BO.O Alb 24.0 100.0 The ash from this coal ia generally red or reddish-gray. Coarte-coal bench. The coal of this bench is very coarse in texture, having two sets of cleavage joints, very distinctly marked, which, with the planes of deposition divide it up into small cubical blocks, giving it the appearance known technically as dicey. The surfaces of the coal along the joints are generally rendered very dull ni colour from the presence of fire-clay from the underclay of the seam, which softens when exposed to the atmosphere or percolating water, and is forced by the superincumbent pressure up into the open joints of the coal, presenting the phenomena of a creep, on a very small scale. This coal, were it not for its tendency to crumble (from its open texture), would be an especially good coal, as may be judged from its extreme lightness. The following analysis of a specimen from this bench presents a most remarkable contrast in content of ash (in spite of the fireclay in its joints) to the overlying bench : — Habtlst. Hygroscopic water , 1.82 Volatile combustible matter 28.47 Fixed carbon 63.93 Ash, (buff-coloured) 6.73 100.00 A determination of ash in another sample, gave 6.07 per cent. m Foster seam. Daweon'6 •naJysig. COAL FROM THE " OLD FRAZER J.INE." * I have not exammed the coal from this seam, but on the authority of Dr. Dawson, it is stated to be " a good coal of imiform quality." f He distinguishes the seam in his Report, as the FoBter seam, and gives the following analysis of the coal : — DAWiOW. Volatile matter, (including water) 39.0 Fixed carbon 534 Ash, (reddish gray) 17 ^ 100.0 !Uill I '• ill! * Report of Sir William B. Logan, p. 44. X n._hough quite small, it might be profitably worked with fair prices of coai, especially if taken out in connection with a valuable bed of fireclay, which underlies it a few feet, and which has already been worked to a small extent for pottery and fi re-brick manufacture, by the Crown Brick and Pottery Company of New Glasgow. • UPPER OIL- COAL OR OIL-SHALE SEAM. The substance mcluded in this seam varies very greatly in external ou-Bhaieseam.^ character between the two extreme points where it i& known, at Halibur- ton's pit on the Mai-ah Brook, and at Andrew Patrick's old slope on MoLeUan's Brook, a short distance below the Fulling-mill bridge. Andrew Fatrlck'e oll- ooal. 188 QEOLOQICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. OII^COAI, FBOM ANDREW PATBIOK'S MINB. The oil-coal from this mme occurs both shaly and curly, the latter des- cription appearing to be the most valuable. That portion having the curly texture much resembles the stellarite in appearance, but is much heavier, and has a lighter brown colour. It weathers a very dark gray. The fol- lowing analysis has been made by Mr. Broome of some large samples selected by Sir William E. Logan in 1868 : — m i! , I ii !i 1 Oil-coal fh)m the Maieh Brook. Analytis* Broome. Volatile below 200" Centigrade, water and some oil 67 Volatile at 200a 0., (oil) 14.73 Total volatile matter 33.91 Fixed carbon 6.11 Ash (grayish-brown) 69.88 100.00 Coke 66.09 Specific gravity 1.747 This oil-coal has been used in the manufacture of burning-oil, I believe, but I am not aware of the quantity of oil produced per ton. OIL-COAL OR 8BALE, FROM THE MABSR BROOK. This substance appears to be an argillaceous shale, of a grayish- black colour, giving a brownish streak ; the bedding is not well marked, except on sur&ces of fracture, where the lamination can be traced by numerous small brilliant points, apparently bituminous, which are included between the laminae. A thin section of this oil-shale under the microscope presents the appearance of a dark brown or black ground, nearly opaque, with numerous spots of yellow, which are translucent ; the black ground being tbe shale, and the yellow points the included hydrocarbonaceous matter. The following analyses of this substance have been made, the first being of a specunen procured in 1868, by Sir William E. Logan, J, from the pit on the Marsh Brook known as Haliburton's pit: — Habtlet. Hygroscopic -water 1.02 Volatile combustible matter 27.44 Fixed carbon, , 9,26 Ash, (grayish-brown, abaly) 63.28 100.00 Specific gravity i.ee the latter des- iring the curly oQuch heavier, ■ay. The fol- large samples Sroohb. .61 14.73 33.91 6.11 59.88 )0.00 36.09 1.747 oil, I believe. f a grayish- well marked, be traced by 1 are included le microscope early opaque, black ground >carboQaceous len made, the m E. Logan, 100.00 • • • t 1.66 APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PICTOU COAL FIELD. 189 Since the above analysis was made, I have procured other specimens from the same pit, one of which was analysed by Mr. Broome, with this result : — * Broome, Volatile at lOOo 0, (water and some oil) 596 Analyse* Volatile at 200^ 1 1 .260 No. 1, Rapid coking. Total volatile matter 40.600 Fixed carbon 40o Ash, (grayish-brown).... 69.00O lOO.OOO No. 2, Slow coking. Total volatile matter 35,540 Fixed carbon ', 5.26O ■*^8h 59.200 100.000 The above results show that this shale is composed almost entirely of volatile matter and ash, the amount of fixed carbon being dependent on the rapidity of carbonization. This shale has been tested for oil, but the results I have not heard. Theoretically, it should be a valuable oil-shale. 140 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. n. PRACTICAL TRIALS OF PICTOU COALS. Tulae of prac- tical results. i I iH I Ian adop fbr HKfu- P) In the firat portion of Section I, I have already drawn attention to the great importance of practical trials of coals as steam and gas-pro- ducers, and for other purposes of the industrial arts ; and I have inciden- tally mentioned that several series of experiments on coals, with a view of ascertaining their evaporative value, had been carried out, so far as the coals of Great Britain and the United States were concerned, by the British and American governments, respectively. My attention was espe- cially called to tins matter during my examination of the Pictou district, while endeavouring to collect materials for a report on the coals of that region ; by the almost total ignorance prevailing, of what work the coals could practically perform, or for what work they were best fitted. With one excep- tion no figures could be obtained which would prove any of the coals to be valuable as steam-coala, that exception being the values furmshed by a trial incidentally made (for comparison) by the American Government, during the series of trials of United States coals ;— of the Albion-mines coal shipped in 1843 or 1844, when the upper twelve feet of the Mun seam was tiie only coal worked. Although fully satisfied, from observing the success with which the coals were burnt, in the region, under stationary, locomotive, and marine boilers, that many of the coals were well fitted for steam-producers, I was, at the same time, aware that a report merely giving my own opinion, would not have the value that would attach to a report of systematic trials, of which the results could be stated in figures. Being aware that no experiments could be undertaken similar to those of the Admiralty and American navy trials, it became necessary to devise some plan by means of which the use of the necessary apparatye could be obtained without great expense. The proper method would have been, of course, the use of the same boiler for all coals, which boiler should be fitted with proper grates, flues, etc., for burning each coal in the most economical manner. As this would have entailed the erection of such an apparatus at the public expense, it appeared out of the question, and the only plan seemed to be to make such trials on locomotives and steamers as could be carried out with a small expenditure, through the liberality of the coal-owners, or other parties interested in knowing the true value of the coah. Having obtamed the consent of Sir William E. Logan, then Director of this Survey, I broached the subject to the agents of the several collieries which were in active operation, about the middle of the month of October APJ?filJDlX to REfOllTS OU tHB WCTOt) COAL FIELD. 141 LS. m attention to a and gaa-pro- : have inciden- , with a view of t, so far as the eemed, by the ition was espe- lu district, while )f that region ; he coals could iVith one excep- of the coals to s furnished by in Government, e Albion-nunes rthe Main seam 1 observing the ider stationary, rere well fitted I report merely uld attach to a be stated in [ertaken similar same necessary ssary apparat\)B method would Is, which boiler ig each coal in ed the erection of the question, ocomotives and re, through the in knowing the hen Director of everal collieries nnth of October order to institut- experiment. B last, and, through their kindness, several trials were at once arranged for. coai trials. Through Mr. Jesse Hoyt, Manager of the Acadia Coal Company, I was permitted to make a trial of the Acadia steam-coal on the Provincial or Nova Scotia) Railway, by Mr. Lewis Carvell', General Superintendent of the railways of the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and many facilities were granted me by him, and all the other officials of the Railway Department.* At Mr. Carvell's request, another trial was tnadc, shortly after, on the same railway, with wood, for a comparison of the two fuels. Through Mr. Hoyt, and Mr. Hales, Manager of the Prince Edward Island Steam Navigation Company, a second trial of the Acadia coal was then made, on the steamer " St. Lawrence," of the P. E. L Navigation Company's line. As before, I was granted every facility by all the officers of the line, and especially by Mr. Hales. A third trial was that made with wood on the Provincial Railway, as wood trial, above referred to. This was undertaken at Mr. Carvell's request, in loiiipariaon between wood and coal by practical ence to that portion of this section headed ' Com- parison of Coai ...,a Wood,' it will be seen that the results were greatly in favour of coal. Coal from the Acadia West colliery had been used on the Windsor branch of this railway, for some months, but, so far as I am aware, no train had been run over the main line from Pictou to Halifax with a coal-burning engine previous to my experimental train-— the fuel hitherto used having been wood, furnished the railway by contract. I believe that the final result of my comparative experiments will be the complete abandonment of wood as a fuel on this railway, (so soon as the engines can be fitted for burning Coal,) with very considerable saving in expense and time.f The fourth trial was made on December 3rd., through the kindness of Mr. Dunn, Manager of the Intercolonial Coal Mining Company, on that Company's railway, with a Scotch coal-burning engine, and a loaded coal- train. In this experiment I was materially aided by Mr. William Crawford, C.E.,the Company's Chief Engineer, who accompanied me on the engine, and noted the times of passing many points, by means of which a very complete record of the performance of the engine was obtained. A previous trial had been attempted on this rfiilway, but it was stopped by stormy weather (rain and sleet), which prevented a proper adhesion of the driving-wheels to the rails. I ammuch indebted to Messrs. Dunn and Crawford for the facilities given me in these trials. •I would especially acknowledge ray obligiations, for courtesiea aad infurmatioa received, to Mr, Alex. MacNab, C. B,, Chief Engineer of the Nova Scotia RailwHy. t A netaiicd Report on these cxperimunis will be made tu Mr. -OarvcU^ daring the present seasoa, by perioission of the Director of this Survey-. h j|!l: I i n ! I! 'Pi III t42 flEOLOQlCAL SCRVET OF CAttADA, Tri»upo«t. A number of sitnilar trials were planned for the middle of the month of ^"'^ December. Mr. Hudson, General Manager of the General Mining Asso- ciation, plf cd the railway of that company, and a fine 26-ton English coal-burni»^ engine at my disposal, for experiments on coals of the Main and Deep seams. Trips on the Association's steamer " Dragon," for . a trial of Dalhousie-pit and Cage-pit coals, were arranged for, but continued stormy weather prevented these trials until it became necessary for me to return to Montreal, when it was decided to postpone them until the coming season, during which it is intended to complete the investigations. In all of these experiments the greatest care was taken to bum the coals as economically as possible, and in notes of the performance of the engines and furnaces, the system of minute-blanks, first instituted, I believe by Messrs. Dunning and Richardson, in their experiments (at Devonport, and on the steamer " Weardale,") on North Country coals, was adopted. As my experiments are not yet complete, it is not deemed advisable to publish these notes in full, at present, and therefore, in the present Report, only an abstract of the principal facts of interest obtained, is given, the detail being reserved for future reports, when the series of trials for this region shall be completed. To my own experiments on Acadia and Intercolonial coals, are added an abstract of the experiments on Albion-Mines coal, by Prof. W. R. Johnson, in 1843-1844, for the American Government ; and a variety of statements concerning the value of the different coals of this region for gas-making and other purposes, which need not be here named in detail. TRIAL No. 1, ACADIA 3TBAU COAL, R»u»v triti Of Date :— Nov. 3rd, 1869. On Nova Scotia Railway. Acdiacoai. Trip:-»FromPictou Landing to Richmond (Halifax). Distance : — 112 miles. 0ItrAII/B OF BlfFSniMKNTAL TEAIN. Locomotire used : -No. 7, N. S. Railway. Description— Coal-burner altered from wood-burner. Built 1857, by Neilson * Co., Glasgow. Tender-engine, four driving-wheels, B' in diameter ; cylinders (2) 16i" diameter X 21" strolte. Has a rocking grate, (six bars 2' 9" long X 7t4" wide,) hung w>tb i" clearance, making grate 3' 8" wide, and giving about 10 square feet fire-surface. In each bar there are siateen openings \^" X 1i"t which, with openings between bars, and at sides and ends, give about 8.8' square feet aii-passage in grate. Grate is rocked by movable bar. , Weight Train. Poundi. BxjwrimenMi Engine.— The total weight of Engine Jfo. 7, without tender is 66,13» (Of this 35,650 lbs. is effective weight on drivers.) Weight of tender, with water, without coal 40,349 1 supply platform-car, (coal) ; weight at start 35,380 S box-cars, each carrying 100 I'arrttis of fiour i8l,89u » F the montlt i«r 28.0&". t RakiiiK uat uhm. t Knkinff »iit ulim. t i'repariiig flrai tu unter t'tiariuttv m . St»pp<> half open, eontinninL' w, aa many nUnntea a« the algu x ly are plaoed In the minute eolamn corresponding to the moment ol each observation. Other signs in the table are explained in the oohunn beaded " BemarkH, on the same horiioii Une iu wbioh each sign oocur*. tn ATPENDHt TO REPORTS ON TUB MCTOC COAL FIBLD. 147 auisted by Mr. Tlwxi. Lawttier, of tho Albion Mines, who took notes in the tire-room, of the firing and weight of coal used. Beside the notes given in the table, rainutenotes wore taken, during MToral hours, of the smoke emitted from the funnel of the steamer, trom sboh,. which the smokeequifaleat of the Acadia coal, as burnt in the furniwes of the St. Lawrence, appears to bo about 120 ; showiug that tho coal is not burnt by any rooaBS as economically as is possible.* It was first my intention to include the notes of the smoke, or »rnoke- rnarh, in tho table of firings, but as the notes were taken by a person with but little experience in this matter, I roservo them for a future report, if corroborated by subseijuent oxporiraer*,. Ballwajr trikl of TUIAL No. i WOOD. (FOB COMPAEIW)* Wirn * '*.'l t- K'ttA 0&L.| Date :~Nov. 10th, 1869. On Nova ^ua Hallway. Trip :— -From Pictou Landiug to Richmond (Halifax). Distance :— 112 miles. DaTAIll Of BZPBBIXBXTAL TBAI«. LocomoUfeuMKl:— No. 19, N.8. Railway. Dewripiion :-Wo.,aw.— Weight of engine without tender M.l^O ^rtmental Weight of lender with water, (without fuel) 40,340 5 box-cars, each carrying 100 barrels of Hour 181,049 7 coal (platform) cars, (loaded) ••■. 229,870 I first-class passenger car (same as No. I Trial) 28,260 Officers and passengers *__ Total weight of train, not including wood on tender, which amounted to U cords, or about 1 tons, 3 cwt., at sUrt. .547,260 Orabout 244tooB, 7cwt. « Add fuel, at start ' " * " Total weight with fuel about ^^'^ " ^^ •For discussioas of the subject of the economical use of bituminous coals as steam-pro- ducera, see the Reports of Messrs. Richardson and Sunning, " On the experiments at Keyham, on the use of mixed Hartley (Newcastle) and Welsh coals in Marine boilers, Trans. North of England InsUtute of .Mining Engineers, Vol. XIV ; — the •' Report of a Committee on the Smoke Question," Ibid., Vol. XVIIl, p. 37 et seq ; and Mr. B"°"'ng» Report on Bxperimeoti on Hartley coal, on the steamer Weardale, Ibid. Vol. XVIII, p. 105. These experiments will be again referred to, and some notes on this subject given, in the Utter portion of this Section of this Report. '.! ! *!' "■ t^ ■■■I Trip. 148 GEOLOQICAI, SURVEY OF CANADA. Or only about two tons less than the train in Trial No. 1. The length of tram was, as before, 457 feet, the same number of cars of each class being used. This train started from Pictou Landing, at 8 h. 34 m. A.M., and after many stoppages, as before, to pass iip-trains, and to allow regular down- trains to pass, reached Richmond station at 9. b. 18J m., P.M. The account of actual time and stoppages is as follows : — n. ; Time of train on road , 12. 44) Length of stoppHgcs 6. 56J Actual running time g. 43} The character of the line has already been described, under Trial No. 1, and the conditions of weather, track, etc., under which the two trials were made were as nearly as possible similar. Steam was kept op well by the engine, but with much greater labour of the fireman than during the pre- vious trial. It is difficult to make a proper comparison between the two experiments in this particular, without a table showing the varying pressures on the different grades thrdughout the entire length of the line. Such a tabulation has been made in manuscript, but will not be here given as it would necessarily extend the size of this Report. It shows no import- ant difference between coal and wood. It has already been noted that on the Summit grade (67.68 feet to the mile, with a curve of about 1000 feet radius), the engine in the coal-trial made 59 revolutions per minute, with both pumps on. Under precisely similar conditions, the wood-engine, with a train of about two tons less weight, made 47 revolutions. Thus, in the severest test during the experiments, the coal gave the best result. With wood, as may be expected, no attention to ash or cinder was necessary. WoodAoa- ■um«d, BTATmmT or wood bcbst. The following is a statement of the wood taken on to the tender during the trip : — Wood taken on at Pictou Landing ti Cords. " " " "Glengarry 24mile8 J " " " " " Rivergdale 38 " J " " " " " Pollybog 64 «' i " " " " " Windsor Junction 99 " } " Total tivken on to tender during trip 4 Cords. Bemainiog on tender at Richmond ^ " Total wood cociumed on trip ....ai Coids. APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON TUB PICTOU COAL FIELD. 349 i This wood (dry), weighs about 2 tons 1 cwt. per cord ; the total quantity consumed would thus amount to about 17.210 lbs., equalling 7 tons 14 cwt., nearly. This is equal to 153.66. lbs., per train-mile, or 11.88 lbs. per car-mile. The weight of water evaporated was estimated as in the previous rail- raSJ^"" *''■''*■ way trial. The calculated amounts used between stations are : — Pounds, Between Pictou Landing and New Glasgow, 8 miles. 2,701 New Glasgow and Glengarry 16 " 7,8c! 1 Glengarry and Riversdale 15 " 6,175 Riversdale and Polly bog 26 " 7,530 Pollybog and Elmsdale 18 " 6,330 Elmsdale and Windsor Junction 17 " 6,024 Junction and Riclimond...w 12 " 2,886 Total between Pictou and Richmond 37,537 This is equal to 2.181 pounds water evaporated for one pound of wood Result*. burnt, the temperature of the feed-water being, as before, about 40° Fah- renheit. The quality of the wood used on this trial, was, in my opinion, considerably better than the average supplied to the railway ; at least in a number of trips between Pictou and Halifax, I have never seen as good quality used ; it was principally hard-wood, birch, etc. COMPARISON OF COAL AND WOOD. (DEDUCED FBOM TBIAL8 OF ACADIA COAL AWD WOOD, OM THE M. 8. BAILWAT.) In regard to length of trip, condition of track, and weight of train, .the comparison comparative trials may be said to have been made under nearly similar ''°'"°'*'"^ circumstances. The weight of train in the wood-trial was two tons less at the start than the train in the coal trial, but the amount of wood added during the wood-trial at different points, and carried varying distances, pro- bably equalled two tons carried the entire distance. The length of stoppages during the wood-trial was Ih. IJm. longer than in the coal exper- iment, which would result, though to only a small extent, in favour of coal. All things considered, however, the conditions in each were practically the same, and it now only remains to compare the results, in the most important particulars of time, labour of men, first cost and expense in use of the two fuels. Time.— It has been remarked on the preceding page that no important .^^ difference has been shown by the notes taken of the steam-gauge during ^he two trials. That there must be some difference in favour of coal, in capa- city for keeping steam, will be seen by a comparison of actual running time, which stands as follows : — 1 t it 150 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Time lofit in woodiDg-up. Actual running time, wood trial 6 48) " " coal trial 6 09) Difference in favour of coal 39 A saving of time might bo eflfected if coal were used, from the fact that enough coal might be put on to the tender at the start from either terminus of the railway, for the entire trip. This could not be done in using wood, for several reasons : — first, because the capacity of the tender would not be sufficiently great ; and second, even if the tender were of sufficient capacity, the great weight carried, (7 or 8 tons of wood, to say nothing of the greatly increased weight of tender,) would be a material objection. In the first of the experiments under consideration, the greater part of the coal consumed was put on the tender at Pictou Landing, a small por- tion being added from the supply-car during the last 25 miles. As the entire quantity mighth&ve beon added, without inconvenience, at the start, we may assume that no time was lost in coaling. During the second trial, the record of time consumed in wooding-up stands as follows : — , i jiboar. Comparatire expense. At Glengarry 3 men employed in wooding 9 minates. '< Riverdale 3 " '< 7 " " PoUybog 2 " " 6 " " Windsor Junction.. 3 " " 6 " Total time employed in wooding 27 minutes. As it was generally known along the line that this train was an experi- mental one, it is but reasonable to suppose that, at least, the usual celerity in wooding was attained The account includes only the actual time employed in throwing the wood on to the tender. Probably several minute a might be added for time consumed in getting the train in position at uie wooding-station, starting, etc. If we suppose this extra time to amount to three minutes, we then have one half hour of time lost in taking in wood, between Pictou and .ailifax. Labour of men. — It will be evident from the last paragraph that a con- siderable amount of labour would be saved at the various stations were all the fuel for a trip carried from each terminus. This, however, properly comes under the head of expenses, and the only point to be here consider- ed is the difference in labour of the fireman, which is very considerable, as will be seen by a comparison of the two fuels burnt : — coal, 6,636 lbs. ; wood, about 17,210 lbs. ; divided into, respectively, 76 and 136 firings. Comparative expense. — Not being connected with this railway, I have no means of estimating, except in the rudest manner, the comparative ;B APPENDIX TO REPORTS OW THE PICTOU COAL FIELD. 151 expense in the use of the two fuels. An approximate idea can be gained by a moment's consideration of the general management required to supply trains at the termini, and at various points along the road. Wood .—After being cut, the wood is generally corded at or near some pomt on the main line, from whence it is taken on extra wood-trains to the difiFerent wooding-stations, to be used as need be. This not only requires many extra hands, but extra trains, with consequent wear and tear of rolling-stock and permanent way. Coal.— With coal, but two coaling-stations would be required ; at Pictou and Richmond (Halifax). The coal could be put into coal-cars at the mines, for transportation to the two termini, or, should a third station be required, to Truro also. At these stations a system of shutes could be arranged, by means of which the coal could be put into the tender very quickly, and without any handling. I shall not attempt to estimate the cosi of running the line, but for general information it may be stated that the cost of coal, delivered at Coal Mines station, is about $2.25 per ton, (or, say f 2.50 at Pictou Landing, and $3.00, without profit in carriage, at Halifax ;) while the con- tract price of wood is, I believe, $3.50 per cord, delivered at the wooding stations. During about eight months in the year two regular passenger and freight trains are run each way per day, on this railway, between Pictou and Halifax, and two each way between Truro and Halifax (61 miles); to say nothing of the extra and coal trains. During the winter months, only one through-train is run, each way, per day. TRIAL NO. 4; OBUMMOND COAL. This trial was made on December 2nd, 1869; a previous trial, in Drnmmondcoaj the latter part of the month of November, having been abandoned on ''"^ account of bad weather. The length of the Intercolonial Coal Mining Company's railway (about 6| miles) not being sufficient for a proper trial with a single trip ; three round trips (from the colliery to the Drum- mond wharf at Granton, and back— 13i miles) were made with a loaded coal train. During these trials the usual careful notes were taken of the performance of the engine, and the line being staked out in miles and half- miles, the time of passing the stakes, as well as a number of other points on the road, were also taken, to a second, by Mr. William Crawford, C.E., Chief Engineer of the Intercolonial Company, who kindly accom- panied me, and to whom I would express my obligations for the interest he has taken in my experiments, and the valuable aid he has afforded me. The notes of this trial furnish a complete record of the performance of the engine upon each grade, and when time permits they will be given to the public, with a proper discussion of the facts elicited. For the purpose of the present Report, however, it will be sufficient to ! ! 11 % 11 ■M 152 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. Intercolonial Coal Comiiaiiy's railway. give the general results, and the trial will be divided into two experiments ; the first, (experiment A), from an improper arrangement of the ash-pan and grate-bars, not having been as successful as the second (experiment B). The flame train was used in both. Description of line. — The down-trip from the colliery to Granton waa comparatively easy, as it included only about one and a-half miles of up- grade, ranging from 44 feet to 53J feet per Jiile. The average grado on the return-trip was about 50 feet up, per mile, for the first three miles ; down about 45 feet per mile, for one and a-half miles, and then up, with grades ranging from 23J feet to 98 feet per mile, and averaging, perhaps 65 feet per mile. Some of the curves were very sharp ; one of 600 feet radius, and one more than one-quarter of a mile long of 655 feet radius, besides a number ranging from 702 feet to 1,433 feet radius. DBTAIL3 or TBjIIN IN BOTH BZPBBIHBNTS. Locomotive used :— No. 3, Intercolonial Coal Mining Company's Railway. Description • -Coal burner by Dikbs k Co., Glasgow, Scotland— Tank-engine, six drivers, 6' diameter (coupled). Cylinders (2) U" diameter X 22" stroke,— with 75 per. cent, of steam on piston wh 'n in full gear. Fii-egrnte area 12.12 square fret, 152 brass tubes, IJ" outside diameter — superficial area of which is 680.-i8 square feet. Wheel-base of engine, 11 feet. Tons. cwt. Experimental Weight of Train. — Weight of engine No. 3, empty ; 20 Equipment 5 o 12 coal cars, loaded, "(75 tons coal) 116 17 Officers and passengers 7 Total weight of train 142 4 Tho length of this train from tread of for\7ard driver was 196 feet. The coal consumed was carefully weighed on a Fairbanks scale, and the water evaporated estimated as in previous trials. The two tanks of the engine were rectangular, and being exactly filled each time of taking-in water, the estimate of water may be relied upon. EZPKBIMBNT A. Pint trial. In this experiment tho grate-bars in the furnace of Engfne Nc. 3 ,yere not properly arranged, every other grate-bar having been r moved, leaviag about 2 inches between tho bars, through which a considerable arooimt of unburnt coal fell, choking up the dampers of the ash-pan (which was very small), and thereby obstructing the draught. Added to this, the day was so intensely cold that the steam-gauge was frozen on the up-trip, and the APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PICTOtJ COAL FIELD. 158 fires could not be properly regulated. The record d distance, time, etc., ia as follows : — Trip 1. Down to wharf at Qranton ....'. distance 6.60 miles. Distance, " 2. Back to upper siding at colliery " 6.84 •' Total distance ; round trip 13.44 miles. Min. Sec. Trip 1. Time on road, no stoppage 24 40 " 2. " " " 52 m. 20s. stoppage 18 m.j actual time... 34 20 Tima, Actual running time (13.44 mile.) ....59 06 During experiment A, trip No. 2, the steam-gauge was frozen, and the fire could not be properly managed ; the 18 minutes stoppage was time lost in thawinj? the gauge, and getting up steam with the blower, while standing. BTATBMEnv 0» COAL BHRNT AtTD WATBu ^VAFOItATKD. The amount of coal burnt, while running and during stoppage, waa 658 Result*. lbs ; the water evaporated being 3,423 lbs. This is equal to 5.202 lbs. of water, evaporated from the temperature of the feed water, (about 35° F.), to the pound of coal consumed, or 6.15 lbs. of water evaporated from 212% to one pound of coal, not taking pressures of Bteam into consideration. The coal was divided into 12 firings ; 3 on the down-trip and 9 on return-trip to the colliery. The fire-door was open 9 minutes on the down-trip and 7 minutes on the return. The engine was on a down grade 18 minutes, during the down trip (and not using steam), and about 4 minutes during the return. The fire was broken up with the pricking-bar, once on each trip, which was all the attention it required, save firing. The coal steamed well, except at the close of the second trip, when the ash-pan damper became choked with ash and unburnt coal, (the engine being designed for Scotch coal, which gives very little ash.) EXPERIMBNT B. This trial was far more successful than the first, as the full set of bars Second trial, were put in, leaving spaces of but | of an inch between them. The ash-pan was removed, and the steam-gauge properly protected. Four trips (or two round trips) were made with the same train as in dci-eriment A. The record of distance, time, etc. , is as follows :-" Trip 3. Colliery to whMf distance 6.65 miles. " 4. Wharf to upper siding at colliery " 6.80 " " 6. Upper siding to points near wharf. " 6.62 " DlsUnea " 6. Wharf to npper siding at colliery " 6.74 " Total distance: four trips..,,., ,,,,,,.,,,, 26. CI miles. ■if 154 QEOLOOICAL StRVET OF CANADA. TImo. Kosulta. Asli of coal Portion of f earn used. H. Min. Sue. Trip 3. Time on road 27in. 40s., ^f.oppflge 4ii!. ISs., actual time. . .0 23 " 4- 35ni. 008., " 7ra. 38».. " " ...0 27 " B. " " " ajra. 053., c J stoppage " " ...o 21 " «• " " " 4Un. 253., sippageSm. 10s., " " .,,0 33 a,? !5 Actual ruDDing time, (26J irtiles) ,,.i 45 o7 STATKllEirr OF COAL BUKKT ASD WATSB r.»'A.J»OBATMl. Steam being up at the commencn/Kot of thl,; experiment, the amos nt of coal conaumed was 1,236 Ibd., during the four trips. The ruioimt of rater evaporated was 8,25.^ lbs. ; thus tlv: result waii . -6.67 li;3. of wetsr ev.'iporated from 35° F.,b)r one pound of coal, equal to 7.61' lb. , -vapor-tted iVom 2i-2% •: i;i ..i!t taking steam-pres-iiures into consulorati'n. T.'us result not only f.ove,^ '.he ooal to be an excellent stearo-coai for locomotive use, but also iadi'^jucs diat the coal was very economically burnt by the locomotive. In ci>. uving this result with the results of railway trial No. 1, of Acadia 'r a", the fact should be taken into consideration that the resuU. in the Orummond coal-trial was obtained with an engine built expressly tor burning this class of bituminous coals, viereas the engine used in the Acadia steam-coal tr?al was a wood-burner, b.i t slightly altered, :.nd in all probability not burning the coal in the most economical manner. The notes of the second experiment (B) give the following facts, which are, perhaps, worthy to be included here :-During the four trips, the number of firings was 17 ; the fire-door was open for draught above the grate, 62 rainutes ; and the engine was on an up-grade— or using steam — during 81 minutes. The aah from the coal burnt was gray, with a faint reddish tinge. The coal clinkered somewhat, but no inconvenience was felt from that causfc, a* the clinker did not adhere to the grate bars. The coal used was believed to be a fair average of the 16 feet of the seam worked ; being a mixture of all the benches except the top-coal and coarse-coal at the bottom of the seam. American ooal' trials by Prof. 'Tohnson. AMEBICAl? NAVY 1SIAL8 OF PICTOU COALS. In a very complete series of trials undertaken for the American govern- ment by Professor W. R. Johnson, in 1843 and 1844, were included experiments on two samples of Pictou coals, both from the • 'bion mines, and taken, I believe, from the upper twelve feet of the "' -i *» soam. These experiments were c. 'ucted with the greatest cat. , .- 1 - ith the exception of the British e iments, made by Sir Henry , i)& la Beche and Dr. Lyon Playfair,for the Lords Commissioners of the A ' ■ralty,the APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PiCTOtJ COAL FIELD. 166 American trials are probably the most complete and accurate series of trials of 8team>coaIs ever made. As the results of Professor Johnson are of great value to the consumers "pport of Proi. of Pictou coals, I shall take the liberty of including an abstract of them in this Report, especially as the volume in which they are contained (" Report to the Navy Department of the United States on American coals applicable to Steam Navigation, t'c," by Walter R. Johnson,) has been for years out of print. The boiler employed in these experiments was 30 feet long and 3J feet m diameter ; set over a furnace, and the heated gases after pa3sin<>ptli of flr«. Gr«t«-barg. Capacity ot bofler, at its full dimensions, its area was 16.25 square feet ; and the ratio of the grate surface to the heated surface, when the combustion was carried on through the lower damper, was 1 : 17. 66 ; when through the upper damper, making the circuit 121 feet long, this ratio was 1 : 23. iS. " When the air-plate bridge was introduced, it covered 8 inches of the length of the grate, reducing its area to l-t.07 square feet, and increasing the ratio of heated to grate surface toff^f = 26.83 to I. " During a few trials the grate was still farther reduced in area, by the introduction at the front end, next to the fire-doors, of a plate of iron 3 feet 3 inches long, 11 1 inches wide, and one-fourth of an inch thick. This is termed the " coking-plate" and was used while burning some of the samples of bituminous coal, which were so fine that large portions were liable to pass through the grate. With this plate in place, and the air' plate in its usual position, the size of the grate was reduced to 11.375 square feet, and the heated to the grate surface increased to jfaVj^'^^'^S ^ !• •' On one occasion, instead of contracting the area of the grate by means of the coking plate, it was diminished by placing a row of bricks flatwise along each side of the furnace, reducing the grate surface to 10.291 square feet, and the ratio oi heated to grate surface to ^fliVf* 36.68 to 1. " The grate was, in general, about 9 inches at the front, and 10 inches at the back end, below the lower arch of the boiler. On one or two occasions, however, which are noted in the tables of experiments, it was varied a little from this distance ; but as no advantage appeared to attend the change, it was restored to this, as the most convenient working distance for all the varieties of fuel employed. " The grate-bars used were three-fourths of an inch thick, and the ?paces between them half an inch wide. They were supported at tho centre, as well as at each end, by a cast-iron bar 2^ inches thick, and 4 inches deep. Hence, when the grate was at its full size, the total amount of air passages through the grate was nearly 5f square feet. " The interior capacity of the boiler was such as to contain, when filled to the centre of the gauge-tube, or normal level of the experiments, with water of 66° temperature, 12,795 lbs. This is the result of an experiment made after clearing out and wiping dry the interior of the boiler, and refilling it through the measuring-cistern. Of this quantity, 493 pounds were then withdrawn, leaving 12,302 pounds, filling the boiler tj within 1.1 inch of the normal level. On subsequently heating this to 230°, the water in the gauge, after taking all due precaution to withdraw the cold water from the glass tube, and filling it with that which was hot, stood once more at the normal level. Hence the apparent expansion of water in iron, by an addition of 164 degrees of heat, is equivalent to f I's^y = 0.0407, or a little more than one twenty-fifth part of its bulk at 66 >>« * Report on American Coals, pp. 12>13. APPENDIX TO .'WPORTS ON THE PICTOU COAL FIEIiD. ir)7 Johnion'i CImi IV. Tlio details of supply of water, gauges and discnsaions of the method o 100. 100. The Tolatile to fixed comhuaiible 1:2.5132 1:3.7955 Two specimens of this sample of coal were assayed ' y Dr. King, and yielded, the one 86, and the other 33, per cent, of volatile matter, includinj, moisture. These, combined with the above, give a mean of 29.63, which may probably be ass -led as a pretty n .r approximation to the average yield of this ingrcdiv By exposure for four days in the steam-drying apparatus, 28 pounds of this coal lost 0.71875 ]hf of moisture, or 2.667 per cent. During the tour trims oi evaporative iower, 115^75 pounds were burned, and yielded 302.4 lbs. of ashos, < iucluding those of 40R.62 lbs. of pine wood,) 253.475 pounds of clinker. ; . ' 19.5 pounds of aoot. The ashes lost by re-incineration 6.907. ind the ^ot 65.42, per cent, of their weight. Henc;: the absolutel. incombust.: mc lala are— From the h -hos 284.B40 po'.ads. << clinker 253.475 II soot 6.743 " ' Total 544.758 " Deduct for wood ashes 1.227 " Leaves •• 543.531 " APPBWDIX TO REPORTS ON THK PICTOl COAL FIBLD. 159 which is 13.889 per cent, of the coal burned, By these data wo may assign the following aa tho proximate constituents i-neu«n •miy of this sample, viz. : — , *•• Moisture, (from 28 lbs,) 2.507 per cent. Other vdliitile maltpr, (mean of 4 ipecimens) 27 063 " Barihjr matter (from 4153.87 lbs.) 13.,1H1» " Fixed carbon 50981 " 100. Volatile to fixed combustible 1 : 2.1054 The above result in earthy matter, derived from a sample of two tons, exhibits ;i striking contnMt with the analyses of single haiid-spcoimcns. The clinker is of a dark reddish .wn colour, in sli 'cts of considerable (.unk^ magnitude, somewhat porous ; small shaly fragments aro intermixed, and sometimes adhere to the vitrified masses. It wr-^hcd 4;}. 12 pounds per cubic foot, and gained weight by calcination . pial to 0.84 per cent., leaving the powder of a light brown, with its finer parts bright red. The weight of the ashes, as they came from the furnace, was ^8.50 lbs. per cubic foot ; and the residue of their re-incineration had a colour nearly A«b, flesh-red, while that from the soot was reddish-grey— a shade lighter than hat from the ashes. The ashen from specimens a and b are of a purpli.sh-red colour, with 8p- 1 -s of white. Tried with tho oxide of lead, 20 grains of specimen a gave 544.8 grains of metal" 'ead, or 27.24 times its weight. Deducting moisture and earthy m;u , this gives to one of combustible matter 28.184. In a smith's fire for ordinary work, this coal afforded a rather dull com- bustion ; made a good hollow fire ; left a fair coke, not unusually hard ; produced a large quantity of cinder, and gave a tolerab' fair heat. In the chain-shop, it gave a heavy flame ; formed a coke too hard to be Tri.i tot chain easily broken up, as the work requires ; was rather hard and amann/ ■ '""^°' able, and left a large proportion of cinder. Sixty pounds made hn .1 links of a chain If inch in diameter ; while several otlk coals, tried by the same workman on the same chain, were found adequate to the making of from 13 to 20 links, by the same weight of coal. *♦**•«»» The ignition of this coal is easily effected. It took, on an average of four trials, only 0.937 hour, or 56^ minutes, to brii the boiler to a state of steady action. In confon«ucy with this fact, is that relative to the unburnt coke, which was, on an average, onl/ 6.689 lbs. at each trial.* ^ • Here follow tables giving the details of all the experiments j from which the deduc- tiona itt ibc tabic on the next i, u yu^va an. taken. Ii is extracted vobutim from Johnson's Report. 160 GEOLOaiCAL 81RVKT OP CANADA, DEDCGTIONS FKOM TABLES OLV. Cf.Vr, OLVII. Hxpe' iiitefili on Pictou K«tnlU of Trill Mo. 1, ClaM IV. 1 a .T 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Nature of the ditta furnUh^d bj the reiptctire inblpt. Total duration of the expnrlmrnt, Id hour* Diirntioii of Htenily nction, iu houri Area of grntp, In square feet Area of li»-iileil giirliice of boiler, in aqiiaro fiet Area of 1 iler expoacd to .iiicel nuliiiiion, in square feet. Number ot oliarKea of coal 8ii|>plied lo Kfiite Total weight of coal Hupplled to grati', in pounds Pounds of colli actimil)' consumed I'ounds of conl withilrHwn and sepnrnted after Iriiil. .. .Mean weight, in poundri, (jf one culiic foot of coal I'ouuds of coal supplied (ler licur, during sliady action. Pounds of coal per square foot c( giat>' suifHce, per hour. Total WHstc, aslies and clinker, (rum 100 pound:! of coal. Pounds of clinki r alone, froic lOO poumUofcoal Katio of clinker to the total waste, per cent Total pounds of water supplied to tlie builrr Mean tcmperatnrp of water, in degrec^ Falircnhelt PoiindH of water supplied at the end of ex|ierinient, to restore level . Deduction for tempe-ature of water supplied at the end of experiment, in pounds Pounds of water evapoMtcd p. hour, during stendy action Cubic feet of water per hour, during slemly action. . . . Pounds of water per fqiiare foul of heated surface per hour, by one cnlciilaliori Pounds of water per pqiiare foot, by a mean of seviral observations Water evaporated by 1 of coal, from initial temp, (a) final result Water evaponited by 1 of coal, fron» initial temp, (b) during steady action Pounds of fuel evaporiitirg one cubic loot of water.... Mean temperature of air entering below ash-pit, during »' iidy pressure iMeau temp, of wet-bulb thermo., during steady pressurn .Mean temperature of air, on arriving at the grate Mean temp, of gase.i, when arriving at the chimney.... .Mean temperature of steam in the boiler .Mean temperature of attached thcrniimcter Mean height of barometer, in inches Mean number of volumes of air in man"meter Mean height of mercury in manomeler, in atmospheres. Mean heiglitof water in syphon draiiglit-gaiige, in inches .Mean t>mperature of dcw-iioint, by calculation .Me.in gain of temp, by the air, before reaching grate... Mean dilfeicnce between steam and escaping g.mca . . . Water to 1 of coal, correcieJ for temperature of water in cistern Water to 1 (if coal, from 212°, corrected for temperature of water in cistern Pounds of water, from 212°, to 1 cubic foot of coal Water, from 212°, to 1 pound of combustible matter of the fuel Mean pressure, in atmospheres, above a vacuum , M>an pressure, in pounds p. sq. inch, above atmosphere Conditiiin of the air-plates, at the furnace-bridge lucher ujitiuiug of damper, (U. upper) Isl Trial. {tWilcCCy.) Juguit 80. 31.033 6.333 14.(17 377.6 1M,7S 9.0 978.50 074.88 3.62 64.361 120.77 8. 583 13.714 6. eon 48.788 7759.0 82°. 8 782.0 99.0 882.36 14.12 2.337 2.347 7.868 7.301 7.9537 92° 79° 254° 301° 229° 84° 30 6 75° 162° 71° .69 .08 .02 .25 .54 .88 .161 .225 .5342 .2907 .9 61 .71 7.8258 8.8059 478.74 10.2065 1.4213 6.2219 <>pen. U." 8 2d Trl»I. (ftaWo t'if'/.) Jugwt 81. 95 .'133 07 6 76 76 612 138 6H75 69 606 934 2139 (1696 23 6 14 877 18 10 1071 I0tj9 2 53 119 8 12 6 48 8340 83° 650.0 (JO.O 908.88 14.64 2.407 2.397 7.783 7.6936 8.0H23 92°. 80°. 259°. 334°. 229°. 86. 30. 6. 0. 0. 77°. 16(i°. 105°. 31 (i9 126 6 6 94 079 2\0 536(J 3077 625 635 1 7.7013 8.6658 464.38 9.9532 1.4288 6.3324 Closed. U. 8. G CI APPENDIX TO REPORTS ON TUB PIOTOO COAL FIELD. 161 OLvrir, OF- JOHNao.vs report, paobs 456.403. ally consump- tion. The regular supply of coal has, I believe, been furnished by the Acadia colliery (Acadia steam-coal), though several thousand tons of Intercolonial (Drummond) coal have also been used. Through the kindness of Messrs. H. & A. Allan, I have been allowed to examine the reports of the engi- neers of a number of their steamers, concerning comparative trials of these coals (as supplied at Montreal and Portland), with the Welsh steam-coals supplied for the outward voyages, at Liverpool, and have permission to include the more important results of these trials in this Report. The general result appears to be satisfactory, except in one particular, viz. : — the large amount of ash produced ; but the inconvenience felt from this cause is in most cases counterbalanced by the small amount of sulphur in the coals, the absence of adherent clinker, and the consequent preservation of grate-bars. Con8U7nption, as compared with Welsh, — The record of com> arative daily consumption of these and Welsh coals during some of the trials, is as follows : — 1. S.S. " Peruvian," (Report Jan., 1869.) 63 tons 10 cwt. Acadia = 50 tons 10 cwt. Welsh = 57 tons 10 cwt. mixture of the two coals = 124:100:115. 2. S.S. "Nestorian," (Report 1st Feb., 1869.) 68 tons Intercolonial - 55 tons Welsh = 123:100. 3. S.S. " Hibernian," (Report 9th Feb., 1SG2.) , 62 tons Pictou (principally Intercolonial,) - .^0 tons Welsh = 124:100. 4. S.S. " Nestorian," (Report 17th Feb., 1869.) 69 tons Intercolonial - 59 tons Welsh, (pressure of steam being as 18:25.) This (taking steam-pressure into consideration,) = 162:100. 5. S.S. "Hibernian," (Report 1st March, 1869.) 582 tons mixed Acadia and Intercolonial = (estimated) 51 tons Welsh as received in Portland, or 48 tons as received in Liverpool = 121:106:100. 6. S.S. " North American," (Report has no date.) It states that 45 tons of Acadia coals are consumed per day, being same consump- tion as with Welsh, but pressure of steam is 4 or 5 lbs. less than with Welsh. If pressure of steam with Welsh = 25 lbs- (?), then ratio of Acadia and Welsh would = 118 100. 7. S.S. " Nestorian," (Report of 28th March, 1870.) 66 tons Aoadia = 59 tons Welsh coal, steam-j^ .-essurf being 22J:25 lbs. This indicates the ratio of 122:1^0, taking st^iia- pressuios snt-o con? u.».^ tho Acadia [ntercolonial 3 of Messrs. of the engi- rials of these steam-coals ermission to eport. The ular, viz. : — Bit from this f sulphur in preservation cora;arative the trials, is = 57 tons 10 ns Welsh = steam being isideration,) ;ed) 51 tons received in ates that 45 no consump- bs. less than 25 lbs. (?), ssure being iking 3li»im- AFPENDIX TO REPORTS ON THE PICTOU COAL FIELD. 169 AVKRAOB ratios Of DAILY OONSUIIPTIONB, FBOM ABOVE TRIALS. t I. Welsh* to Acadia lOO.O : 121.3 Comparlouii a. " " Intercoloniiil, including friiil No. 4.t 100.0 : 13H.3 Wdcll coVu. 3. " " Intercoiouial, rejecting trial No. 4 Ir cent., and ur coals may 3>icco^3 with this end, an tic on-Tyne, 3 wondc ,ful ig the coaU, Jinoko-triala 1 grato-bara lartlcy coal ;eration was ing the bars •bricka with of the fire, cm the ash- a; the bridge hole giving in, and thus ces between )y a shovel- rnace-doors ivas allowed . After the earner, and he Tranaac- md accom- iii, pp. 37-38. o-apiice .ttion oi 30 on to t>, indi- indi- Bule tor eatim- ,. , , •tins amuko. light- on Wear- pany a short paper by Mr. Bunning, a jrortion of which will subsc lently be quoted. Ah it will lie imposaible to reprint in lull, tho tabulated results of these trials, it will be necessary to explain tho method adopted (and now, I bi'lieve, agreed to as the standml by the Imperial Oovtrnmont), for estimating the exact amount of smol, • produced by a given coal, con- sumed in the furnaces of any particular steamer. It is this : — Let the smoke issu :ig from the funnel of a steamer be noted every minute for an hour, upon a blank table, sulilivided into uiinuto-columna, aimilar the table pubhshed witli the Acadia coal trial ' the steamer " St. T.n wren j " (Trial No. 2, of this Report). Let tiio figure 1, placed in a cate that th( very faintest p(»ssible smoke, a mere col(jured gas was visible ; 2, that this was increased, a eating till' densest black smoke. Having obtained these »> loke-marka for an lOur, the addition of them gives the smoke-equivalent for that time. This understood, the extract from Mr. Buniiing's paper above referred to, will become int.-lligible to the reader. After referring to tho tabulated record showing i lO smoke-marks for every minute during his experiments, he states : — " It will be seen that before the alteration, this smoke-equivalent Experiment* averaged 107.9 over 25 experiments; that frequently, and for several diae*?'' ~ consecuti ' minutes, dense black smoke was issuing from the chimney, and that there was rarely any actual cessation from smoke; while after the alteration no smoke of gri' ter intensity thai 2, was ever visible, and this only nine times in ei^'hteen h urs, for a minute each time ; and that during the same eighteen houfs the average smoke-equivalent was 7.7, each mark so rarely exceeded 1. This indicates that the very faintest possible smoke was visible only for 7." ainutes in each hoi , no smoke whatever being visible for the other 62.8 minutes. It would be vain to look for, nor indeed can any better results be found, even when the best of the so-called smoke- leaa coals are burnt ; for all practical purposes, therefore, good Hartley coal, aa consumed in the Weardale, may be considered as smok( less as any other known coal. The (date* shows the alteration made to the fire- bars and bridge ; the former were reduced from 5 feet to 3 feet inches. The doors were not changed, and those shewn are those used by tho Admiralty, admitting air at the bottom. f " The secret of burning the North Country steam-coal, and in fact all other ^^y^ f^ good steam-coal, is to put it on aa large as possible, as thick as possible, co"unte?'^Lni. and to have as great a draft as possible, so as to burn off as large an "°*'' amount per square foot of grate-surface as possible. "J • Published with Mr, Bunning'a paper. f That is, the bottom of the door; the air passing into the fire through a perforated flash-plate. t " On Experiments on theWearJale." It&aa. N.E. Inst, i^ing Engineers, vol. sviii., pp. 106 et seq. if Role for bur- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 ^ m ■2.2 •llai: IJi& U 11.6 Ph(%raphic ^Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WltSTM,N.Y. MSM (716) •72-4903 r 174 OEOLOOICAL flURVEr Or OaiTADA. Fartber trialii •ad alttntioBi. 8aee«u. Um of New- CMtle ooal in the NkTy. !' I Since these trials, which were carried oat in the winter of 1869-9, farther experiments have been made by Mr. Banning on the Weardale, and some slight alterations made, among which maj be mentioned the placing of a door at the hole piercing the plate between the aah-pan and air-plate flue, which being moved by a bar extending to the front of the farnace, permits the admission of air, at will, behind the fire. Under date of 14th April, 1870, Mr. Banning (to whom I am indebted for much information on this subject, which I would here gratefully acknowledge, writes me : — " We consider the Weardale, now perfect ,* she makes absolutely no smoke, and keeps her steam well." A proper discussion of the rationale of these experiments, and of their importance to oar coal-trade, must be postponed to some future occasion. Much more might be said in favour of the use of steam-coaBs of the class under consideration, and it can be clearly proved, that, if properly burnt, they are at least as economical, as smokeless, and as easily stoked as any other class of coals. The experiments above quoted, in connection with Government triiife made at Devonport, already mentioned, have produced a material change of opinion with regard to Newcastle coal, and it has now taken a position second to none, among coals for the- Navy, where it is chiefly used in admixture with Welsh coal, and the testimony of the very highest aathority, is that a very large paving has already been efliectcd by its use. It is hoped that enough has already been said to call the attention of our coal-owners and consumers to the urgent necessity of practical trials of a similar character to those above mentioned. Such experiments could be carried out at a very trifling cost, on any steamers, without inter- fering with their regular voyages ; and though the great results of the North Country experiments might not be obtained, still, a great addition would be made to our knowledge of the coals, and that a very material improvement in the matter of steam and smoke would be made, cannot be doubted. I shall close these remarks, which have already exceeded the lengA originally assigned to them, by an extract from a circular of the Goal Trade Association of Newcastle-on-Tyne, judt received from Mr. Banning. It is of interest as showing the results of the very latest trials. RIMULT or BXPBBIIIBIITS AT FUBTOllorTH, I8s analysed in the small way, were not fair averages of the produce oj soHiery. That the gas produced from the coai !>,.- of good illuminating power, is most important, will also be seen, though from the fact that the standard of illuminating power can easily b« . aised by the addition of a few per cent, of some rich cannel, or substance of the character of the stellarite, many coals, which produce gas of a low standard, but in large quantity, (if they coke well,) are often used as gas coals. The stellarite has been used to raise the standard of illuminating power of gas from other coals ; as are also, torbanite, albertite, cannels, and many oil shales. To in&tanoe a case of this kind, 1 may state that Mr. Thompson, of the Pictou Gas-works informs me that when using a coal giving per se 15-candle gas, he adds 10 per cent, of Leshmahagow cannel, in order to raise the gas to the standard of 18 candles.* * The slaDdanl candle in testing gases, U of spermaceti, burning at the rat* of 120 grains to ttie hour. To compi « the illuminating powers of gases, the light given by a standard burner burning five (5) cubic feet per hoar of the gas uiider examination, is compared with the light of oaeot these Blandr<-d candles, the result giving the candle- APPENDIX TO RBPOBTS OW THH PICTOD COAl FIELD. 177 it contunfl it thia vola- >88ible from tion of thd bo granu- The per- hmaking, is ■ cent, ng worked, t Section of ntent of the 4 per cent, jas-conter.*;, 4 1.18 per olatilo uat> en bj ana- 9 of a gas- rd-pit coal, la, aa a gas- low in this . a gaa-coal, small way, ting power, be atandarvi !w per cent, arite, many ty, (if they een uaed to }als ; as are incitanoe a 1 Gaa-works IS, he adds gas to the le rate of 120 ht given by a Kamiaation, is K the candle- The majority of the coals of the Pictou region furnish an excellent coke cok». in the gas-retorts, if properly carbonised, as will be abundantly proven by the statements to be given below from some of the first gas-chemists of this continent. Statements have recently been published to the effect that coke from these coals is worthleas. In a single case this may be war- ranted ; in the majority of crises it is not, as from a number of the coals I have seen most excellent ooke made in the gas-retorts of the Pictou works. It is true that if the heat is not properly applied, the coke cannot be properly formed, and a few of these coals will never be successfully coked, but the testimony of our firat gaa-chomiata, such aa Buist of Halifax, and the engineer of the Boston Gas works, who have used many thousand tons of the coals, is that some of them furnish good merchantable coke. The greater number of the coals of this district will, I believe, compare favourably with those of any district of the worid in regard to sulphur. A number of analyses in the first section show the sulphur-content of the different coals, which in moat caaes ia conaiderably below 1 .00 per cent. These determinationa of aulphur may be compared with the following table, giving soiphur. aver .ges of determinations of su!])hur in a large number of the coals of Great Britain, from the analyeea given in the reports of the British Admi- ralty Trials : — Per cent. / rerag« of aTiamplee from Wales. gAre of galpbur....l.43 " 17 " Newcastle, " 94 " 28 «' Lancashire, «' ....1.42 " 8 " Scotland, " ....1.4S ' " 8 " Derbyshire. " ....1.01 Further statements concerning the email amount of aulphur in Pictou coala, will be found in the extracts of letters from Measrs. Buist and Greenough, given below. GAS TRIALS AT THE PICTOU OA8-WOSK8. Mr. Alex. Thompson, of the Pictou Gas-works, has used all the coals castrititat which have been worked to any considerable extent in this region, and he """**"' has been kind enough to supply me with notes of his experience, from which the following tabulation has been compiled. potcer of the gas. Thus if we suppose a gas burnt in • fiTe-foot burner to give fifteea (IS) times the amount of light furnished by one standard candle, the gas is said to hare 15-candle power or to be IS-candle gu. The standard of gas in our large cities ranges nrom 13 to 18-eandle power. 178 OBOLOaiCAL BCRVET OF CANADA. raoDOCTion of sai, akd ,oautt o» oas akd «o*». FmoM tabioos ooam at -raa riciw OAt-WOSKI. (raoM xoTM o» mr. aluc. Tsoiipsoir, maxaobb.) Compuj ihippml by, and nime of mine. K««ilU of Irbla GiKiBAL Hiniicn AnsocuTioir. at rtotOU. Koord Pita. (I860iitilpmenta.) Albion (Old) Minet. KoMUTlft Uathousie I'll Cage lit, (old ihipimntt).,. Acadia Coal roMPAjrr. MeOnvor wurkliifrs Fnuor HInp, itrllar coal. . . " oll-xhale Aeadia Colliery, WMt vlope IXTKROOLOKIAL CoAL CojirAJfT. Drummond Colliery NoTA Scotia Coal Compaht. Nova Hcotia slope UOKTBEAL AHD PiCTOO OOAL CO. Montreal and I'ietou pit. . . PlcrroD Coal Miifino Compart. Marih Colliery i 8.000 1,700 6,000 7.000 7,800 7.61)0 li.ono 8,ono 7,000 7.700 7,000 6,000 6,000 T 8. 18 16 13 U 17 14 86 80 18 16 14 lai 14 88 84 83 82 84 84 I 83 84 8> 38 Good. Not Kood, Good. Good. Bemark*. Fair. Not good,' Good. Fair. Not good. Coke nnnleabl*. Coke Arm, bat ialpburoM. Coke worthleH. Coke granular. Coke (aleifele. Value diflbrant Of the coals named in the above list, that from the Foord pits appears to give the best result in gas-making, from its large gas-content, the high illuminating power of the gas, and the superior coke produced in its car- bonization. The Drummond coal, and the coals of the Old mines, Dalhousie and Cage pits, appear to stand next, the value of the other coals for gas pur- poses falling slightly below these. The stellarite and oil-shale of the Acadia mines are most valuable for mixing with the coals, to increase their illuminating power, but would not be of great value if used alone, for two reasons: because their cokes are worthless, (being merely a cinder, with but a few per cent, of fixed carbon, and therefore useless m heating the retorts); and because the gases produced in carbonizing them are too carbon- aceous for use with ordinary burners. Good coke is not only valuable to the gas-manufacturer as a merchantable product, but also is used for heating che retorts, and therefore cannels, and substances like torbanite, stellarite, and albertite, though producing a large amount of highly carbu- retted gas, are .eldom used in gas-manufacture, except in mixture with coals furnishing a good coke. I shall now proceed to give such facts as it has been possible to procure concerning the value of the different coals of this district m gas-manufac- SU, APPBSDIX TO RKP0RT8 05 THB PIOTOU COAL FIELD. 179 tare, some of which facts have already been published, while others have been obtained by correspondence, and in one case a special trial has been made at the Pictoa Gas- Works. COALS OF THE ALBION MINES. ' The following extracts are from letters by Mr. George Btiist, Manager Aiwon-iuiwi and Chemist of the Halifax Gas Company, and Mr. W. W. Greenough, "^ Manager of the Boston (Mass.) Gas Company, in answer to letters from myself, soliciting information for this Report. The companies represented by these gentlemen, have been for years terge consumers of the Albion Min^os coal. unrM* or mb. obomib buiit. {(opu) Gab OrnoB, HAbirAK, S.B., F«b. 14tb, 1870. £dward Hartlty, E$q., Dbar Sir, — I b«g to BckBowledge receipt of your* of 8th iniUnt, maklag enqairiea regBrdIng Pietou cobI. I think the following gUtement ra«y be taken ai giving the correct quantitiei of the Mr. Buiit'i gu, coke and tar produced from one (1) ton of 3,140 Iht. '^'*^- The quantity of gas wiU average about 7,300 cubic fi-et. Illuminating power, about IBj to 16 candlei. Weight of coke, about 1^460 lbs. Quantity of cosl-Ur, about »} to 10 galloni. The sulphur in the Pietou coal Is very much less than Ib any of the other Nora Scotia coals. The quality of the «oke is rery good indeed. • • • • I remain. Yours truly, (SigB«rf,) OBORGE BUIST. Un-BRB OF MB. W. W. OBKBMOUaH. (Copy) OwnoM or Bnsroif Gas Liqht Oompant, No. 20 West Street, Boston, Feb. 7th, 1870. Edward Htrtley, Etq^ DiAB Sir,— Tour letter of inquiry of the 4th instant reached me •••••••• We use the caking coals of Piolou and Cape Breton, in combination with richer coals. Mr.Oreenoagli-s Tbe proportions of these eombinatioas are based upon experimental trials of each coal letter, separately. The best results in gas-making with the Pictoa coals, are obtained by working the retorts at a cherry-red heat. One then gets from each ton of 2240 lbs., 7280 feet of gag— of itrofg IS-caodle illuminating power, with a yield of 1325 lbs. of coke of fair '<|uality. Higher heats will givo more gas of an inferior grade, and with a diminished value of coke. This coal contains but a small proportion of sulphur compounds, is «asily purified, and may be safely stored without danger from gpontaneous combustion.* Yours truly, _ (Signed,) W. W. GREENOUGH. • h« rftst of this letter refers to Capt Breton coals, ani need not be quoted here. 180 flBOLOOIOAL BURVBT OF CANADA. I would take this opportunity to thank Messrs. Buiat and Greenongh for the above facts, and for other valuable information they have kindly given me. The statements in the following memorandum, sent me by Mr. Jas. Hudson, Chief Manager of the General Mining Association, are partially a repetition of the above facts : — " Extract from letter of W. W. Greenough, Esq., Treasurer of Boston Gas Light Company, December, 1869. '* « We have made no recent analysis of gas made from Pictou coal, but the experience of several years working shews a uniform result .-—with cherry-red hf ats, of 8} cubic feet to the pound, of l5-candle gas ; with a condensation by bromine of 6.75 ; a speciBc gravity of 4.75 ; and the mallett per centage of sulphuretted compounds of any coal called cak- ing. Coke fair. Higher heats will give more gas,at the expense of the illuminating power of the gas, and the quality of the coke.' " MoUBEUOR COAL (ACADIA UIN'ES). McGregor eoki. The following statements are from the published report of Mr. Jesse Hoyt, Manager of the Acadia Coal Company, 1866 :— *' On the 9th, of February, 1865, one ton of this coal, a mixture of both benches, was tested in the works of the Manhattan Gas Company, New York, with the following results : — " * One ton of 2,240 lbs. yielded 9,500 feet of 13.03-candle gas, and 41 bushels of coke, weighing 1,640 lbs. The coke is good ; it contains rather much ash, and makes some clinker, but it burns well, keeping up a good strong fire. The coal seems to deserve a trial on a larger scale, as it ia yery readily oarboniaed, yielding a good volume of gas and coke.' " ■Analyii* of tht colli. Volatile tDAtter 33 Fixed carboB 59 3 A»'> 8.7 100.0 " A subsequent trial was made by the same company, but the result was not so favourable, as will appear by the following report : " * One ton of 2,240 lbs. yielded 9,500 feet of 13.34-candle gas, and 88 bushels of coke, weighing 1,744 lbs. The coke is poor ; it clinkers badly, and does not keep up the fire under the retorts. It requires 4 bushels of lime to purify a ton.' " Jnalyiit of tht coal. Voiatile matter 26 8 Fixed carbon 57 9 •^»"> 16.3 10O.O Trial at New York, U. S. Second trial. APPENDIX TO aiPORTS OW THE PIOTOD COAL FIKLD. t81 Mr. Hoyt remarks that he believes the unfavourable result in the latter trial, to have been caused wholly by the admixture with the coal, of foreign matter from the $hale-band or fire^slay parting, between the first and second benches of the McGregor seam.* , DRUMMOND COAL. Through the kindness of Mr. Dunn, Manager of the Intercolonial Coal Dnmmoi^ Company, I procured a special gas-trial of three coals, from the three "'°*' upper divisions of the Acadia seam, as worked at the Drummond colliery. This trial was made under the superintendence of Mr. Alexander Thompson, Engineer and Manager of the Piotou Gas Company, at their works. Q'he samples were of two barrels each, and believed to bo fair sneoi.i «»*. averages of the different benches. They were marked and numbered as ' follows : — Sample No. 1,— Top of Benin, (2 feet 6 inches thick) left in the worklngg. " No. 3,— From the flnolfly l.oHnff, 2 feet up to the smooth parting. (Fall coal.) " No. 3,— First bench. Below the holinff, and 4 feet thick. The numbers of these samples correspond to the numbers of the divisions and analyses of this seam at the Drummond colliery, in Section I. of this Report. The following is a copy of Mr. Thompson's Report : — 0«8 WOBKS, PlOTOC, N.S. s„. rhonip.OU * December 4 th, 1869. Keport. Edward Hartley, Etq., Oeologital Survey, Sir,— At your request I hare carefully examined the contents of six (i3) barrels of coal from the Oruumond col' -;, marked respectively Nos., 1, a, and 3, with the following results :— No. 1,— Yields at the rate of 7,000 cubic feet of gas and 32 bushels of coke to the ton. No. 2, — " •• '« 7,800 " " " 32 " " " No. 3, — " " " 8,ft00 " •• " 36 " " " The gas has an illuminating power of 16 candles. The volatile combustible matter is snch in amonnt and character as to promise well in gas-making. The coke is firm and of good qnality, well adapted for heating the retorts in gas-making, and can thus take the place of coal for that purpose. I am. Sir, Your obedient servant, (Si^ed,) ALEX. THOMPSON, Engineer and Manager. Beside their use as steam and gas-producers, several Piotou coals are sold extensively for various other purposes, among which may be mentioned, re-heating iron, blacksnaithing and domestic purposes. The cokes of one • See Geological Report, Section 4, pp. 67-et seq., beds 71—73, See also page 96 of ths 55B33 ii^port, aad the Sfst SectioB of this Report. I8i OgOlOQIOAL SDRVmr 0? CANADA. !i 'LoetlltiM or iron ore. Specular Iron V^lL '"^*''',''»^!»'«>been, to a certain exfont. .«cce»sfully usodia data concommK Le succes. with which they are u«ed in rolling-mills etc., ^LZ :T;r'""« '« -^^ r °»» «""<"i on at any point near the Pictoa dmtnct; but I am aware that in the Eastern United States, the coals are r«r::ib;TETr' "> ""'' ^''^ ^^^^ «oodsu;ess.and l/m assured by Mr. E. A. Jones. Manager of the Acadian Iron Works atLon- donderry Nova Scot.a, that he has used Albion Minos coke in iron-smeltin« and^finds.tbetter suited to this workthan any other Provindafcoa^^^^^^^^^^^ For domestic purposes these coals are well and favourably known ; they except in the few cases where the content of ash is very large. III. IRON ORES OF PICTOU COUNTY. whl""of r f'^^f'' T '"'°^" '" tlie vicinity of the Pictou coal-6eld, where ores of .ron have been found. None of these have ever been ver^ rl'^rT "*'"*; "' *'^ '^* *"^'-P''« "P«" *»>« deposits affl very unsatisfactory evidence as to thdir size and value. The ores of iron which have been recognized in this vicinity are ; specular i^n Znite TesiVeTaf ' '1 '''''''' T ^^^^^^"'"^ -rbonarJI *^ meates "'*^"'^"'*^"^' '' ''^^^''^'^^ ^"bonate of iron of the coal whl"b ft ^'""'''"° Pf '•^S^P'^^' ™«"«on is made of those localities only which I have personally examined, though a large number of others exist of greater or less value. My field-work in this district was confined " hTpro- ductive coal-field, except in the few cases whera examinations beyond to boundaries were made at special request. The samples analysed whe^ no statements to the contrary are made, were taken by myserfri^h" deposUs, and are believed to be the averages of the ores. The anises have been made m the laboratory of this Survey, by Mr. Broome. SPECULAK IKON. Several deposits Of specular iron were examined ; these all occurred in corfidd 'r,^^7P';'« ^«^'^•^^y•^'g t°n or twelve miles to the south of the cod field. Ihe ore of the variety known as micaceous iron ore, was noted at Battery Hill, near Glengarry station, and proceeding east from thk point at a number of localities near the line of the Provincial Railway the River ef Pictou, several miles above SpringviUo. Of the age of this for- APPENDIX TO RKPOBTS ON THE PICTOU COAI. FIRUD. 188 nation, I cannot speak with certainty, but it is probably Upper Silurian ; tho rocks consist of quartzitcs, of light and dark greon, purplish, brown and black coloun, and slates highly altered, generally of a black colour nnd giving a white streak. The quartzitcs are sometimes coarsely j;miiular, Ar-ofinciurti.^ but as a rule, compact and fine grained. This formation apjK'nrs ipaite "*'" distinct in lithological character from the series which has been doscribed in the Reports of Sir William E. Logan and myself, as occurin^ near the Pictou coal field, at McLollan's and McGregor's Mountains, and at Waters' Hill, and which are believed by Dr. Dawson to be of Devonian age. I have made no attempt to obtain fossils in these rocks, nor hits any bed been observed likely to contain them, at the few localities examined ; but it ■eems probable that the fossiliforous be 184 OBOLOaiCAL 8URVBT Of OAWADA. ti^ Vt'^TT T"'V'^" r '"'" '^'^ "~"' ^''' '"'"^'"^ »''h homa. w!^.!m ^;»f«'"/'^" Works at L«n,U,lorry. Tl.o locality i, con iZ 7'"Tl "7''^'""' "^ ^ho ,lo,H«it.com, continuous, an/of a con „lcr.,l.lo w„lth. It .«, in common with many other of the,o do.KHiiU e«..Iy traced u,>on the ground, fn.m the hri«ht rust clour of tie til and' .H.. d^pcu. or^' «««, winch « caa.Iy recognise,!. The appearance of this substance very decep ,ve to the .ncxperiencod eye, and 1 have fre.p.ently had -F'ecnnens of ,t brought to me. by parties who, from ita uniform rust-red .ppoarance, had been Ic.l to imagine it a very rich iron ore. aZuZu col': 'Ti r •'' "'I"""" "''"^ '"■'' ""'«" "" --»» «f •-" r.u , r T °^ ' r *'""'"" *^'''''*' ' *'''^« «««"• I' ^''- »«"' 'ne from Rockland fuilmsmdls, on Middle llivor. by Mr. Robert Frazer, and in appearance was .,u.to equal to some of the pure och™y^.„a«. which are found .n some other localities, but analysis shows'? to be mTrl a Frou8 mass of gmnukr ,,uartzito, deeply stained with iron^xyd. Analr«lio rooUture ;... Volatile at. red li«t ' /.i 4.4S go qq a™.,.., „,„,„„,. 1,^ ^^^^^ ^j^» JLilmonlte LIMONrrE OB BROWN IIEMATITK. Numerous boulders of a very pure variety of Hmonite, have been found jn the vcnuty of Sprin«ville, on the Eas^ River, but so farri c^^ learn, the ore had not been found in place until Oct. l.^th, 1868 when a bed was discovered, on James Frazer's land, about 1* miles above Spnngvdle (on the east side of the East Branch of he E^ Sul' C- 1 ^ ^""' '' '*'^*^"' ^"^ •"^«°^^' ^^^^^ ^-^X pit, sunk n a few hours by one man, but this was sufficient to expose a masse.«htfoetmthickneas,ofapurelimoniteof themammillary, sS i^^ and fibrous vant.es It was overlaid by a close grained altered sandston or granularquarte.te of a light greenish-gray colour, and appeared to be conformable to the stratification. The bottom of the bed wasTot exposed '^. was bdden by a high drift bank ; neither was the deposit traced f^n; 4'; APPBNDIX TO nirORTS OW THB PICTOO COAL FIELD. 186 with homa- looality iii IS, ami of a de|)08tta, le soil, And tpoflod ore, i substance lently had in rust-red Attention of iron it sample of it ine from or, and in which are merely a distance on the strike. Should it prove to bo a pctHistent bed, it would be a most valuable dej«)«it, as the ore is one of the purest known. No substnnce save the pure miniTal was discovered in the bed, the roof ap|)earing well defined. The following analysis is of an average specimen taken by myself. It will be observed that the silicious residue does not equdl half of one per cent : — HciquioiMe of Iron 84 94 Combined water 18^3 Hygroicoplo nolsture yj 811lc«, (iDioluble reildue) 41 101.70 Amount of meullie Iron percent. 50,46 The rocks including this deposit appeared to belong to the same series as those further south, holding the specular iron dciKwits above described. AoklX"!* !8e, which )en found as I can b, 1868, 1| miles the East iting the i shallow expose a alactitio, andstone ed to be exposed ; for any BPATIIOSE OBkS. On the land of Neil McLaurin, about one and three-quarter miles 8p.tho«.oro south-west of Sutherland's bridge on Sutherland's river, a peculiar deposit 12'*"""""" of iron ore occurs, included in Indian-red and greenish-drab sandstones, apparently of the Millstone-Grit serios. This ore, which I designate as spathose iron ore, appears to be a mixture of spathic iron, or crystalline carbonate of iron, and red haematite, or anhydrous peroxyd of iron, with but little impurity. The ore is seen in place, on the south bank of Suther- land's brook, where it is exposed by a number of costeoning-pits, and it has also been traced for about 100 feet west of the point where it was first opened, the strike appearing to be very nearly E. and VV., and the attitude nearly vertical. Whether this deposit should be considered a bed or a vein, is still a sheofdepct matter of uncertainty, but it appears to bo comformable with the stratifi- cation. Its thickness, where exposed, varies from eleven to fourteen feet. Several attempts had been made to trace it farther westward at the time of my visit, but the pits sunk had failed 1o penetrate the drift. That this deposit, if found to be persistent, would be of considerable value, may be judged from the following analywb. No. 1 is of a specimen from Uie outcrop, on Sutherland's Brook, and No. 2, from a costeening pit, about 75 feet farther westward. '^ SEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Segquioxide of Iron ,'„ '^• Carbonate of iron ^^'"^ '^'^^ Carbonate of manganese ".".■■ "."*■" ®f" "•*" Carbonate of lime ""//_ ^•^" '-^^ Carbonate of raagnesJa.. l'^^ *"* Silica ...".! '.*.!'.;■.■. •" '^^^ Hygroscopic mofstDr* ^'l^ ^"'' Sulphur ^^ '•'** Phosphorus ', "'"'*• """^ef- ,-. 013 " Organic maUer . trace. none. 101.003 99.70 A Biount of metallic iron "777" " 43.S6 42.07 Dr. T. Sterry Hunt has kindly famished me with the following note on these specimens : — ° of red h^ernat te and sparry carbonate of iron, with considerable manga- nese and but httle hme, magnesia and silicious matter, and they appear moreover, from the results of their analysis, to be remarkably L frl' sulphur and phosphorus. Their composition is such as to make them ve^ read.ly reducible with a small amount of fuel in the blast furnace, while tho presence of manganese, and their comparative freedom from sulphur and phosphorus should make them pecuHarly well fitted for the. production of steel, either by puddling or by cementation." eLAY^IRONSTONE. eu>..,ron,tone. A large number of bands of clay-ironstone were noted durin. n^ examination ot the Pictou coal.field, but none of a size generally%Z sidered worka le^ Some thirty years ago, however, a cross-cut was driven by the Genera Mining Association upon the measures underlying the Main seam at the Albion mines, and several beds of ironstone were intersected^ No reliable record remains of their size and quality, and the attempts which were then made to smelt them are known to have failed, but whether from mismanagement, or from the poor quality of the ore, is n<»t certam. * .' , » uwi, At the present day these ores are better understood, and it would seem probable that some of these beds could be worked in connection with ZtliveV*"'' '"'''*"^ ""'^^ ''""" °^ ^^ ""^'' "'-' ""^ *^« "PP«' Montreal, P.Q., 22hd June, 1870. ^' ^'