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Tills coal Hold is coinparalivoly limited in oxtcut, boiujr fight miles long and three and a hall' miles wide, and presents the shape of a pear wtih its stem pointing to the ast.' h\ it, however, are exliihited on an unnsnal scale th n-e of th great features of geoloiry : a developm"iit of large seams of coal, a system of immense faults, and an equal measure of dcnudatiini. The lirst is shown 1/y the presence of a numhi'r of seams exceeding ten feet in thickness — one, the Albion Main seam, heini,^ thirty-nine feet thick. The faults e([ual in magnitude the tliickness of the sediments of the district, whith the late Sir William Logan estimated at .'i,")*)" feet. The denudation has been on an equally exten- sive sc.ile. The district having its ureatest length in an east and west direction, is bisected by the East liiver. Jn the v.'estern division, the lower half of the productive measures out- ■rop, and extending across tlie river into tl upper tjioup. The general arrantremcut oft lie he ea.stcrn division, are there covered by the measures is tiiat of a main east and west synclinal, modified by fransver.se foidiim-s at ea^h end, giving rise lo subordinate but ilmost inde.cndcMt basins. There is also a subordinate svncjinal Ivimr south of the main told : and in the suicccdiiiL;' millstone iiiit, two more svndinals have been noticec II owever vain coiiie call tare niav b'astotlie lormer extent of this coal Held, enough lie deduced I'rom its i)ieseiit po.^itioii and extent to warrant the presumption that it is now l)ut II frau-ineiit . Taking the wesieiu division, tin' strata are loldei I in a svin liiial two miles wide, the iioitliein ede'e dipiiiim' at an angle of about eighteen degrees, and the l.nv.'r beds turn over into the subordinate svnclinal referred to above. This section, I'l'i alliiiii' in its reuiilarily the lyi>ical exaiiipl nveii m geological text-books, undoubtedly extended at one tin .1 le to the lull liniii of the minor synclinal. Taking in a similar manner f ."i.iioo feet, there would be presented, on a tile casli'in division with a total thiekiiesso rciluction to sea level, a mass towcrim.: hi: and fault ^ as mil lire never formed coa licl.b I'h a I tl )ove anv moun tain of the Lower Provinces, IIS one is now presented between bourn dill!. a\ers III a he>i, it is •VH lent th loiliiei' Iv tl. lal lield iiuisl have h,ul 'u\'X ini>re particularly to the soutliwaid greatly enlarged limits. Tlii'se ri'inarks, relen xti'iisi.in of the coal lie|d, are iMpuills a[>plir,'l)le to its northern oulirop Immcdialelv to the noiih of llu lield with its uplunied cd-re, comes iin immense mass of con<>:lom crate, r. r.Tled bv the olli, if the (li'oloe-ical Survey to the loi> o f the il ■;'■ i . I Itororciicii nmy lie iiinile to tlu> iiuip ci|'tlit> ririuii t'nal licM. U>>e, .Sni-, {Wy. ISiil). .Soc. iv,J.Ss7. \. 26 '^.DWIN GILPIN ON THE FAULTS AND 4 m millstone grit, from the debris ol" which it is ohielly formed, aud dipping to the north, at an angle of about thirty degrees. It presents its basset edge to the coal field in a long steep ridge. Borne up on its crest are measures, lying conformably on it, which, gradually lessening in dip, are repeated in gentle iindulations until they pass under the Gulf of S*. Lawrence. They represent strata succeeding the productive measures, the lower portion, resting on the conglomerate, being possibly representative of the highest beds of the coal field as now known, or of the sequence immediately following them. These measures show no signs of the great faulting and folding to which the coal measures have boon subjected, and presumably these movements took place at or near the close of the deposi- tion of the productive coal-bearing strata. It may be remarked that the consolidation of the millstone grit must have been followed by changes of level permitting the accumula- tion of the immen.se ma.ss of the conglomerate referred to above, in places 1,000 feet thi( k. Presumably, therefore, an ideal restoration of the coal field would present it extendinir not only far to the south, but also some distance north of the village of New Glasi^ow, standing on its northern edge. This portion, now isolated by the protrusion of the con- glomerate, possibly exists in a northern basin lying b<>tween New Glasgow and Pictou. The consideration of this point is more speculative than practical, for whate\er productive measures may exist there, they are deeply covered by the mantle of later Carbouil'erous and Permo-Carbouiferous, with its southern skirt resting directly on the conglomerate. It is suggested that the coal field formerly extended westward, btit was covered by newer strata, as to the north of New Glasgow ; but the grounds for assuming any great extension toward the ea.st are not apparent. If the magnitude of the coal beds be any measure of the extent of the district in which they wore formed, this must once have rivalled the largest coal field now known. Regarding for a moment the boundary faults which have 'letdown" this pat( h of coal measures among millstone grit and rre-Car})oniferous, there is presented an immense mass of strata, planed away, until now there is but the usual rolling country of the Ix)vver Provinces, which little .shows the force which lifted .some ■),000 feet of strata into swellins^ hills, and marked its way with faults of equal magnitude. Was this wasting ma.ss of sediments carried to the south or to the north? If in the former direction, it must have moved beyond our observetion into the Atlantic, or succeeding forces have swpl its debris I'mm the Silurian and Camhro-Silurian ledges now outiroppintr everywhere between it and the southern sliores ul' the jirovince. P()ssit)ly its ruins contributed to the later formations lying to the nor'h of New Glasgow, and the drainage was in the same direc- tion as in the present day. From the rejwrt of Mr. Fletcher, of the Geological Survey, en the Island of (.'ape Breton, it would appear that there, from the singular manner in whirli the Carboniferous run up tin' irlens of the St. Ann's and IJaddeck Rivers the drainaiic was then in the same direction and through the same channels as at the present day. In more recent times the East itiver audits tributaries have worn away the strata until the coal measures He as a valley between the Pre-Carbonif'erous on the south and llie millstone grit on the north. The "lioundary" faults of the district already alluded to lonsist essentially of one running east aud west between the conglomerate and the coal measures, and bringing the upper l)e(ls of the latter into contact with the various divisions of the former. ;ind with i're-Uarbonjferous strata. A parallel fault brings iij) millstone grit, l/jwer Carkmi- ^ FOLDINGS OP THE PICTOU COAL FIELD. 2T ferous, and Pre-Oarbouiferous, on the south side. Faults less sharply defined, for reasons to bo given further on, mark the eastern and western boundaries of the district. The coal fields of Nova Scotia, equally with those of Pennsylvania, bear witness to the disturbances marking the close of the Carboniferous of eastern America. Dana remarks that the force producing the Appalachian foldings acted at right angles to the courses of fiexures, therefore, to the general course of the Atlantic ; that it acted from the ocean, and that it was slow in action and long continued. In the district under consideration, equally as in those of Cumberland and Cape Breton, the force was at right angles to the shore, and the flexures may be regarded as the north-easterly prolongations of those referred to by him. In his remarks, he dwells upon the fact that all the Palaeozoic were included in the grand scheme of folding. In Nova Scotia, however, two systems at least of folding are clearly noted. The Silurian and Cambro-Silurian measures were folded into massive east and west anticlinals, having a general course closely corresponding to that of the coast, and remarkably parallel to each other. This folding gave rise to numerous fissures parallel to the strata, which were f.iled with quartz, frequently auriferous. Speaking in general terms, the folding preceded the filling of the veins with quartz, and this again preceded the Carboniferous, as the lower beds of this formation, when they rest on the auriferous slates, are known to carry free gold. The exact date can be fixed only by assuming that the intrusive masses of granite, which are older also by similar proof than the Carboniferous, and penetrate Oriskany sandstones, are, in addition, connected in rough contemporaneity with the foldings carrying auriferous veins, in the neighbourhood of which they frequently occur. In the present connection, this point is of interest chiefly as showing that older forces acted on the Pre-Carboniferous rocks in a similar manner with regular foldings, great faults, and immense denudation beginning prior to the Carboniferous, and continuing to the present day. The following list, taken from surveys made by the Department of Mines to ascertain the general course of these auriferous anticlinals, in order that the mining ,areas might run fairly on the courses of the strata veins, shows this striking regularity : — Shorl)r(Hiko E A W, Kifttvii Mile SIn'um 8 SO' E, lioiiver num 8 57° E, 'rnntricr E A \V, CarilK.u N 87° E, .Imuiinpi N 74' E, ('li07.