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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ,^/.,' jiiiittstti A CATECHISM / ov GEO GRAPH BBINO AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE KNOWLSTDGB OF THE WORLD AND ITS INHABITANTS, The wlwleofwhi mmitted to memory MONTR^^ : .-0 ^ a.^^^' H E W K A'Mt S A^ 1854. 0)>®^ M^^"^ff^^'^' :^^^li^: . \ --;.:/;*»i ^.'^HCMf^ A "'•: '*!<. WPiM ' 3 •It' -H ..# ^■S, ■'71 ^1 ««■ h €A?I *>* ';. .'5 I '\ / r It ■■■*■, :[ ; 1^ ::tvi4'ls -{■':'-'■'( :.t^;^ ,':,( ^V--' '^ ■• ,=7 -A'" •»-. S '••>..< S|», "I .1 »>• ■^ Jl=\, .-■ .!, % -J ppps 99 wmmBm imm .■i;t™y-ifd!j^-vi^. A CATECHISM oy GEOGRAPHY; BXINO Alf EASY INTRODUCTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OP THE WORLD AND ITS INHABITANTS, The whole of which may he committed to memory at an early age. m TENTH EDITION. MONTREAL . HEW RAM3AY. 1854. !.! lI'lll'UBJl'I'KyW A CATECHISM OF GEOGRAPHY. CHAFTER I. Definitions. K^est^fm. What is Geography t Ansiver, A description of th'j earth, Q. What is the earth 1 A. The world, or rather the globe, on which we Ure. Q. Of what shape is the earth ? A. Nearly round, like an orange.' Q. How large is the earth ] A. It is more than twenty-four thousand miles rtmd, and eight thousand through. f Q. How far is it from the sun ? A. Ninety-five millions of miles. Q. Does the earth move ? A. Yes ; it has two motions ; the one round the sub, which it performs yearly ; and the other round its own axis, which it performs daily4 Q. What are these motions called ? A. The first is called its annual motion, and the last itt diurnal. Q. What is caused by the annual motion ? A. The change and variety of the seasons. Q. What is caused by the diurnal motion 1 A, The succession of day and night. • Being flattened at the Poles. t The circumference of the earth is 24,872 miles, and its diamtt«r it 7,914 miles. X There is, also, a thud motion of the earth, called th« VRECir^ SIGN OF THE EQUINOXES, which is u slow motiou of the two point*, where the equator cuts the ecliptic, which are found to nova back- ward and forward fiftj eeconds cverj year. CATECHISM OF CHAPTER II. Of the Surface of the Earth — Land. Q. Of what does the earth consist ? A. Land and water. Q. What are the great divisions of the earth T A. The earth is divided into five great portions, namely, Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Austraha.* Q. What are the smaller divisions of the earth ? A. The smaller divisions arc continents, inlands, penin- sulas, isthmuses, promontories, &c. Q. What is a continent 1 A. A continent is a large tract of land, containing many nations, as Europe. Q. What is an island ? A. An island is a smaller tract of land, entirely sur- rounded by water, as Great Britain. Q. What is a peninsula ? A. A peninsula is a tract of laud, almost surrounded by water, as the Morea in Greece. Q. What is an isthm\is 7 A. An isthmus is a narrow neck of land which joins a peninsula to a continent, or two continents together, as the isthmus of Corinth, which joins the Morea to the Continent, and the isthmus of Suez, which joins Africa to Asia. Q. What is a promontory 1 A. A promontory is a point of land stretching out into the sea, the end of which is called a cape, as the Cape of Good Hope in Africa. • Until very lately it was customary to say that the earth was divided into four quarters ; but the term Australia (or, as it is some- times vritten, Australasia) has been adopted by modern geographttrt to denote the numerous islands in the great Pacific Ocean, which by some are classed under tivo iiamc^, viz., Australasia &n4. ?olynenia. Kl. ons, namely, • rth? ands, penin- lining m&uy Qtirely sur- rounded by ch joins a ^gather, as ea to the I Africa to OEOORAPHT. t Water. Q. Of what does the water consist ? A. The water consists of oceans, seas, gulfs, straits, rivers, and lakes. Q. What is the Ocean ? A. Tiie Ocean is a vast collection of water which en- compasses the earth, and is subdivided into ihe Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Northern Oceans. Q. What is a sea? A. A sea is a smaller collection of water than an ocean, as the Mediterranean, the Baltic, the Black Sea, tVc. Q. What is a gulf 1 A. A gulf or hay is a part of the sea running a.con&id- erable way inland, as the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf of Guinea, the Bay of Biscay, &c. Q. What is meant by a strait ? A. A strait is a narrow part of the hqq. joining one sea to another, as the Strait of Gibraltar and the Strait of Dover. Q. What is a river ] A. A river is a stream of water rising in the land and flowing into the sea, as the Thames. Q. What is a lake ? A. A lake is a large body of water, surrounded by land, as the Lake of Geneva, Lake of Ontario, Ace. CHAPTER IIL g out into le Cape of I earth was I it is some- ;eograph»rf :ean, which alasia an^^. Of Europe. Q. How is Europe bounded t A. Europe has the Frozen Ocean to the North, Asia to the East, the Mediterranean Sea to the South, and the Atlantic Ocean to the West. Q. What is the size of Europe ? A. Europe contains five milfions of square miles, being the smallest of the great divisions of the earth. Q. For what is Europe celebrated ] I 1^ 'JH|f<^fjW*,J^'W% [. :i 6 CATECHISM OP A. Europe is celebrated for the learning, politeness, activitj, and intelligence of its* inhabitants, as well as for the fertility of its soil, and the temperature of its climate. Q. What are the principal nations of Europe 1 A. Europe comprehends the following independent countries, viz : Sweden, Russia, Denmark, Prussia, OJer- niany, Hanover, Saxony, Wirtemberg, Bavaria, Austria, Turkey, Greece, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Parma, Naples, Rome, Sardinia, Tuscany, Spain, Portu- gal, Great Britain and Ireland, and the republic of the Seven Islands. , - CHAPTER IV. ' . Of Sweden, Norway afui Lapland. Q. How is Sweden bounded 1 A. Swetlen is bounded on the South by the Baltic, on the East by the Gulfof Bothnia, on the West by Norway, and on the North by the North Sea. ,.., , Q. What kind of a country is Sweden with respect to size aud climate ? A. Sweden is a very large country, excessively cold in winter, having many parts of its mountains always covered with snow ; but the air is pure and wholesome. Q. 11 ow long does the winter continue in Sweden ? A. JSevcn or eight months, and in some parts nine ; but the summer comes on so suddenly that the valleys are green in u few days. Q. Wliat hind of sod has Sweden 1 \. The soil of Sweden in {general is rather barren than fc tile, the country being full of mountains, rocks, woods, .nd lakes. Q. What are the principal commodities of Sweden ? A. It has many mines of silver, copper, lead, and iron, also, vast quantities of pitch, tar, masts, deals, hides, buck- skins, fur, tallow, and honey, which the Swedes export to forei;^!,!! countries. Q. What is the character of the Swedes'? A. The Swedes are of a robust constitution, and able to sustain the hardest labour. », - 1 I GEOGRAPHY. ^ politeness, s well as for its climate. independent russia, Ger- ria, Austria, Switzerland, pain, Portu- iblic of the I?. Baltic, on y Norwaj, respect to elj cold in ys covered Bden ? nine ; but rallejs are rren than :s, woods, ^eden ? Hid iron, les, buck- export to and able V4 aud Q. What are the manners of the Swedes t A. They are polished and warlike, brave, active, friendlj to science, and luxurious. Q. What is the religion of Sweden t A. The Lutheran. Q. What is the capital of Sweden t , A. Stockholm. * , Q. How far is Stockholm from London 1 A. Stockholm is distant from London 895 miles. Q. How many inhabitants does Sweden contain ? A. Sweden contams three millions of inhabitants. Q. What wp.s the ancient name of Norway Sweden 1 A. Scandinavia. Lapland was unknown to the an cients. Norway. Q. What is Norway 1 A. Norway is a very mountainous and extensive coun- try in the North of Europe, but with a small population not exceeding one million. Q. To whom does Norway belong 1 A. Norway formerly belonged to Denmark, but it is now subject to Sweden. Q. What are the chief towns of Norway '^ A. Christiana and Bergen, the former containing 10,000 inhabitants, and the latter/19,000. Q. In what does the wealth of Norway consist 1 A. The chief wealth of Norway arises from its timber, and iron and copper mines, with which it supplies the greater part of Europe. Q. What is the religion of Norway 1 A. The religion of Norway, like that of Sweden, is the Lutheran ; and the language is a dialect of the Gothic. Q. What is the climate of Norway 1 A. It is in general very damp, much exposed to heat during its short summer, and excessively cold in winter ; yet for the most pait it is considered a very healthy •ountry. 1!l 8 CATECHISM OP Q. What is the length of the longest day in Norway. A. The longest day in the north is two months,* and in the south eighteen hours only ; the difference of the latitude of this country being so great as to cause this variation. Q. What is the character of the Norwegians % A. The Norwegians are a strong, brave, and friendly people, but passionate and revengeful. < Lapland, Q. What is Lapland. A. Lapland is the most northern country in Europe, and is divided int,o Dani..h, or North Lapland ;t Swedish, or South Lapland ; and Russian, or East Lapland. Q. To whom does Lapland belong*? A. The greatest part of Lapland belongs to Sweden, and the remaining part to Russia. The precise boundaries of Lapland are unknown. Q. What are the chief towns of Lapland % A. The principal towns of Lapland are Wardhuui in Danish Lapland and Kola in Russian Lapland. Q. What kind of a country is Lapland 1 A. It is extremely cold and barren, and consists chiefly of mountains, fens, forests, and lakes, which are covered with snow two-thirds of the year. Its forests consist principally of fir, and its pastures are full of rein-deer. Q. Describe the Laplanders % A. In consequence of the very rigorous climate of Lap- land its inhabitants are a diminutive race, seldom exceed- ing four feet in height. Their features are very coarse, and their complexion swarthy. Their language is rude and scarcely articulate. Q. What is the population of Lapland 1 A. It is very thin and scattered, and the whole does not exceed 60,000. • That is to say the sun does not set for two months, t Danish Lapland is sometimes called Finmark. This part of Lapland ivas ceded to Sweden, together with Norway. lay in Norway. ► months,* and ference of the s to cause this fians? J, and friendly n Europe, and ■ Swedish, or nd. s to Sweden, ise boundaries Vardhuus in d. , isists chiefly are covered ests consist in-deer. late of Lap- 3m exceed- i^ery coarse, ige is rude fvhole does This part of GEOGRAPHY. ?) CHAPTER VI. Of Russia in Europe. Q. What was the ancient name of Kussia ? A. Russia was anciently divided into two great parts ; namely, Sarmatia and Scythia ; the former situated to the West, and the latter to the East. It has also been named Muscovy from Moscow, its ancient capital. Q. How is the Russian Empire divided ] A. The Russian Empire is divided into Russia Proper, Lapland, Finland, Poland, and Asiatic Russia. Q. What is Finland ] A. Finland,* formerly a province of Sweden, was in- vaded by the Russians in the year 1308, and added to their empire in 1809, together with the adjacent islands and part of Lapland. Its chief town is Abo, Q. What is Russian Lapland 1 A. Russian Laplandf- is the eastern part, situated north of Finland, and is included in the government of Arch- angel ; but the inhabitants trade chiefly with the Swedes and Norwegians. Q. What is Russia Proper ? A. Russia Proper, situated in Europe, is bounded E. by Siberia, S. by Poland, W. by Finland, and N. by th« Ocean. This division is by far the most populous. Q. What is Polish Piussia or Poland ? A. Before the decision of the Congress of Vienna in IS 14 this country had long lost its independence, and was divided between Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France ; but at the overthrow ot Buonaparte that portion, which belonged to Russia J, was again erected into a kn»gdom under the proiection of the Emperor of Russia, who is styled its kin^. Q. Is not the Russian empire of great extent t A. Yes ; it is the largest country in the world, compre- •Finland wa« part of the ancient ScandinaTia, then called Flnigia, the people Fini. — Tacitus. f Now including part ol' Swedish Lapland, t About two-thirds of the ancient kingdom. A '2 HiMl m 10 CATECHISM or bending all the northern part of Asia, and the east of Europe. Q. What kind of climate has Russia ? A. As the extent of Russia is very great, there is a great variety of climate ; in some parts the winter is very severe, and in others very mild. Q. What is the appearance of the country ? A. The general face of the country is marshy, full of extensive plains, forests, lakes, and rivers. The northern provinces for the most part are barren and but little culti- vated ; but the middle and southern provinces are very fertile and yield plenty of corn. Q. What is the produce of Russia ? A. Russia produces large quantities of cotton and silk, skms, furs, leather, tallow, hemp, honey, and wax. Q. What is the {, neral character of the Russians 'i A. The Russians are in general robust, well shaped, and of a fair complexion. They were formerly the most ignorant, and even the most savage people in the world ; but they are now making very great progress in every elegant improvement and refinement. Q. What is the metropolis of Russia ? A. St. Petersburgli, built by Peter the Great. Q. How far is St. Petersburgh from London ? A. One thousand two hundred and sixty-five miles. Q. VV hat is the population of Pwussia ? A. Thirty-six nnllions in Europe, and five in Asia. Q. ^^'hat are the principal rivers in Russia ? A. The principal rivers in Russia are the Wolga, the Don, the Neva, the Niester, the Dwina, and the Vistula. The V\ oka is three thousand miles in length. 9 O CHAPTER VH. Of Poland. Q. How is Poland bounded 1 A. Poland is bound N. and E. by Russia, W. by Pius-sia ind Germany, and S. by Turkey and Hungary. C^. U hat is the face of the country ? GEOGRAPHr. 11 nd the east of I'e.it, there is a } winter is very try? marshy, fuH of The northern but little culti- inces are very ;otton and silk, d Avax. ! Russians 'i t, well shaped, merly the most i in the world ; gress in every reat. idon ? ive miles. e in Asia. sia ? e Wolga, the d the Vistula. A. Poland in general is level, and well watered with lakes and rivers, and abounds with rich pastures. Q. What kind of climate has Poland ? A. The climate of Poland is in general temperate and healthy; and, being situated nearly .n the middle of a large continont, the weather is less changeable than in those countries which border on the Ocean. Q. VV hat are the chief products of Poland 1 A. '^I'hey are leather, hemp, llax, honey, and wax, be- sides larfie mines of salt. Q. What are the chief cities of Poland? A. The ciiief cities of Poland are Cracow, its former capital, and Warsaw, its present. - Q. Wiiat is the character of the Poles ? The are m general handsome, tall, and well issia, W. by Hungary. A. made ; robust, hardy, and brave ; but must be censured as being meanly submissive to their superiors, arrogant t© their equals, aud tyrannical to their inferiors. Q. \\'hat is the population of Poland, and what its pre- vailing religion ? A. The popnlation of Poland is supposed to be about thirteen millions and a half, and its prevailing religion the Roman Catholic. CHAPTER VIII. Of Denmark. Q. What kind of a country is Denmark ? A. Demnark is a very small country, in general flat, and the soil very fruitful, producing plenty of corn and vegetables. '^^I'he climate is very cold and severe. Q. What compose the Danish Dominions ? A. The Danish Dominions consist of a peninsula, con- taining Jutland, Sleswick, and Holstein, and of the Island* of Zealand, Fuiien, Laland, Falster ; and Iceland aud Faro, with others of less note. Q. ^^ hut it> the character of the Danes ? A. They are a brave and warlike people, very frugal and industrious. ■T^y^yiWt-r-T-^r'm't^'^.^w^^ n CATECHISM OF Q. What is the name of the metropolis of Denmark ! A. Copenhagen in the Island of Zealand. Q. How lar is Copenhagen from London ? A. Five hundred and ninety-five miles. Q. What is the population of Denmark 1 A. Three millions. Q. What are the government and religion of Denmark ? A . The government is an absolute monarchy, and the religion, Lutheran. Q. What was the ancient name of Denmark, or rather Denmark Proper ! A. Cimbrica.* The people were called Cimbri by the Romans, and Cimmerii by the Greeks. Q. What is Denmark Proper 1 A. North and South Jutlandf , down as far as Holstein.t South Jutland is usually called Sleswick. Q. Whence is the origin of the Cimbri ? ' A. History does not particularly inform us ; but it is generally conceived they were a colony of Scythians frcTi the country between the Caspian and Euxine Seas. Q. When were the inhabitants of Cimbrica first called Danes ? A. In the seventh century, and they were so called from the Dani, a distinguished people from Norway, who conquered Cimbrica, in the period above mentioned. CHAPTER IX. Of Prussia. Q. What kind of country is Prussia ? • It was usually called by the Greeks Cimbrica Chersonesnu, or the Peninsula of Cimbrica. f This country received the name of Jutland from a people called the Jutes, who once inhabited part of it. It is to be ob- served that Cimbrica, or the Danish nation, in its early periods, consisted of distinct tribes, or independent bodies of adventurers, without laws or any regular form of government. The Cimbri and Teutones are among the first people of Europe mentioned in history ; the latter principally reside in the islands of Zealand and Funen. t Holstein is considered as a part of the present and ancient Germany. GEOGRAPHY. 13 f Denmark ? of Denmark? onarchj, and ark, or rather I Cimbri hy as Holstein.t us j^ but it is of Scythians ^uxine Seas. ;a first called ire so called •forway, wha tioned. ersonestut, or 3m a people ia to be ob- parJy period*, adventurers, The Cimbri mentioned in Zealand and and ancient A. Prussia is a very rich and fertile country, producing a great deal of flax, hemp, and corn. Q. What compose the kingdom of Prussia 1 A. The Prussian dominions are situated in three dif- ferent countries : namely, in Germany Prussia, and Poland. Some of the provin6es in Germany, situated on the Rhine, are considerably detached. Q. What was the ancient name of Prussia 1 A. The ancient name of Prussia is involved in ob- scurity, lis original inhabitants appear to have been a bold and warlike people, descended from the Sdavonians. Prussia Proper, or Ducal Prussia, was formerly subject to the Teutonic knights, -,• ! o conquered it in the thirteenth century. It was raised to a dukedom in 1525, and formed into a kingdom in the year 1701. Q. What is the character of the inhabitants ? A. They are of a strong constitution, laborious and brave. Q. AVhich is the chief city of Prussia ? A. Berlin is its capital. Q.» How far is Berlin from London '? A. Five hundred and ninety miles. Q. What is the population of Prussia 1 A. Before the late war with France, Prussia contained 8,000,000 inhabitants ; during that contest her number was greatly diminished ; but eventually she gained 2,000,000 of subjects ; and the king, in addition to his former titles, received that of the duke of Saxony, with a large portion of that country. Q. What is the prevailing religion of Prussia t 'A. It is the Protestant, which is divided into Lutheran and Calvinistic ; but the former has the ascendancy ; all others religions are tolerated. Q. What is the government of Prussia ? A. An absolute monarchy, and the succession is hered- itary. I H CATECHISM or ClIAPTEa X. Ofihe Kingdoms of the Netherlands: or the States of Holland and Belgium. HOLLAND. Q. What is meant by the Netherlands 1 A. The Netherlands, or Low Countries, so called bj Charles V. of Spain and Germany, from their low situa- tion, comprised ilolland and Belgium : the former is sometimes called Batavia, and the latter the Catholic Netherland.* Q. What does Holland comprehend ? A. Under the name of Holland, are comprehended the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands, of which that province is the principal. Q. How i Ilolland, or the Seven United Provioces bounded 1 A . Holland is bounded N. and W. by the Germao Ocean, S. by Belgium, and E. by Germany. Q. When did Holland separate itst;lf from the other parts of the Netherlands, and what occasioned it ? A. The division of Holland from Belgium was occa- sioned by the tyranny of its sovereign, Philip IT., king of Spain, which caused an insurrection of the inhabitants in 1609, when the Spaniards were compelled to declare the Hollanders a free people.f *The name Catholic, was appplied to this division from itsremain- in* subject, to the Crown of ^pain, after the revolt of tiie other provinces from their Catholic prince Philip. I These people were immediately afterwards acknowledged by all Europe to l)e an independent state, under the title of the Seven Unit- ed Provinces; but Belgium or the Catholic Provinces remained sub- ject to the Spanish government till the year 1700, when they were ceded to the house of Austria ; since which they have been dismem- bered by the Prussians, Dutch, ^c. ; conquered by the French ; united irith Holland ; and lastly, in the year 1830, formed into a separate kingdom. '"'^^'*»»**. .". GEOGRAPHY. 15 ■ the States of '» so called bj it^ii- low situa- tJje former is tlie Catholic prehended the of which that ed Provioces the Gerinan >m the other dit? m Avas occa- > if., king of aliabitants in tieclare the omitareinain- of the other fledged bjall J Seven Uiiil- emaiiied sub- len they were 'cen dismeia- ench J united to a separate Q. What kind of connlry is Holland ? A. It is a very small country, but more populous than any other in the world of so small an extent. The land is everywhere lower than the sea, which is kept out by means of dykes. Q. What is the character of the inhabitants : and by what nnme are they generally called ? ' A. They are generally called Dutch, and are rather ceremonious limn ])olite ; but are plain and industrious. Q. What is the occupation of the D tch ? A. Trade and getting of money, for which their natioD is proverbial. Q. What is the name of their chief city ? A. Amsterdam. Q. How far is Amsterdam from London ? A. Two hundred and six miles. Q. W^hat is the popukilion of Amsterdam \ A. Two hundred thousand. BELGIUM. Q. What kind of country is Belgium ? A. I'he air of Belgium is temperate, and its soil ex- tremely fertile in corn and pasture ; and there are several large manufactories of lace, lawn, &:c. Q. How is Belgium bounded ? A. Belgium is bounded N. by Holland, E. by Ger- many, S. by France, and W. by the German Ocean. This country is veiy populous. ^ Q. Why are the Catholic Netherlands sometimes called Belgium, and at other times Flanders ? A. They received the name of Belgium from the Romans in the time of Julius Cassar, and that of Flanders from it* principal division, which is so named. Q. By ^vhat name are the inhabitants of Belgium generally known, and for what are they celebrated % A. The inhabitants of Belgium are sometimes called Belgians, but they generally go by the name of Flemings from Flanders, and are celebrated for their invention of K \\ 16 CATECHISM OF the art or staining glass ; also for making cambrics, luces, &c. and have hud thu honour olTorniing a school for paini- ing, which vied with that of Italy. Q. What are the chief cities of Belgium f • -; A. They are Antwerp, Brussels, and Ghent ; but the principal of them is Brussels. The population of Brussels •is about 80,000 ; Ghent 60,000 ; and Antwerp, 50,000. Q. What is the population of the Netherlands] A. It is about six millions. . . . ,' . Q. What was the ancient name of the Netherlands t A. Belgica, which was one of the principal divisions of ancient Gaul.* The people were called Belgae. Q. What was the ancient name of Holland 1 A. Batavia, so called from the Batavi, the principal people of this country. The Batavi were a branch of the Batti, irom Germany. CHAPTER XI. ^* Of Germany, * Q. What kind of country is Germany ? A. Germany is a very large country, situated in the middle of Europe, and is remarkable for being divided into a great number of independent states, which are po- litically united for the maintenance of the external and in- ternal inviolability of Germany, and form what is called the Germanic Confederation. Q. Are these independant states of equal magnitude and importance ? A. No ; some are kingdoms, the rest are grand duchies', marquisates, principalities, bishoprics, or free cities. Q. Which are kingdoms 1 • In the time of Juliui Caesar, tiaul was divided into three great nations ; namely, the Celiae, the Acquitani, and the BelgJB. Of these the Celts or Celts, were the moat ancient and numerous. The word Gallia is the Latinized term of Gaul, which was the name given to this country by the Romans. , . v , ...«, ... -it^i GEOGRAPHT. iff A. The kingdoms are Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, and Wirtemberg. Q. Which are the free cities, and how are thej governed 1 A. The free cities are Lubec, Frankfort, Bremen, and Hamburgh, vrhich are sovere'gn states in themselves, gov- erned by their own Magistrates. Q. What is the climate of Germany ? A. The air is temperate and wholesome, but more in- clinable to cold than heat.. Q. What is the soil of Germany 1 A, It is very rich and fertile, both for corn and pasture. Q. What is the character of the Germans ? A. They are in general open and free, good soldiers, inured to labour, quick in the sciences, dexterous in manufactures, and fruitful in inventions. Q. What is the population of Germany, exclusive of Austria and Prussia 1 A. Twentyfive mil'ion§-. Q. What are the p incipal rivers of Germany 1 A. The principal r.'vers of Germany are the Danube, Rhine, Maine, Weser, Elbe, and Oder. Q. What was the ancient name of Germany ? A. Germania, the limits of which were very difierent from those of modern Germany. Bavaria^ Saxony^ HaTwver, Wirtemberg, Badeny and Mecklenburgh, Q. Describe Bavaria 1 A, The kingdom of Bavaria is situated in the south of Germany, bordering on Italy and Switzerland, with the kingdoms of Wirtemberg on the west. Saxony on the north, and Austria on the east. Q. What is the capital of Bavaria ] A. It js Munich, one of the must pleasant cities in Germany. The houses are high, and the streets spacious, and intersected with canals. It is situated on the Iser, and contains about forty thousand inhabitants. Tb*; pop- ulation of Bavaria is about four millions. 18 CATECHISM or Q. Describe Saxony. A. The kingdom of Saxony, so celebrated in the his- tory of Europe, comprises part of tlie former electorate of Baxony, and of Upper and Lower Lusatia, with the duchies of Gotlia anil Weimar. The number of its iuhab- itants is about three mlMions. Q. Which arc the chief cities? A. Dresden and Leipsic. IMic former, situated on the Elbe, is the capital of the kingdom, and is noted for its handsome appearance ; the number of its inhabitants is about sixty thousand. Leipsic is famous for its great fairs, and for the celohraled battle of 1814 between Buonaparte and the Allied Towers of Austria, llussia, and Prussia . Q. J low far is Dresden from London 1 A. Five hundred and ninety miles. Q. Describe Hanover. A. The kingdom oniancvcr, situated on the north of Germany, is composed of the dueliies of Luneburg, Bre- men, V^crden, and Saxe Lauenburg, with the countries of Calenbnrg, (i'rubinliap;(n, &,c. Its capital is Hanover, containing about Hfteen thousand inhabitants, and is noted for the burial place of Zinimennan, Jind for having given birth to Dr. J [erschcl. Hanover contains about three millions of inhabitants. Q. Describe Wiit^' I'crg? A. The kingdom f . -Virlembcrg, situated in the south of Germany, is the si;;,;llest of the recent German king- doms, but one of the mo ;t fertile. Its population is about two millions. Tin; cojiital is .Stutgard, containing about twenty thousand inli;;l)itants. Q. A\'liat is louden I A. The Grand Duchy of Baden is one of the smallest of the minor states of (iermany. Jt is situated between the Rhine and the kiigdom of \Virtemberg. It is very fertile in wine, corn, and fruit, and has superfluity of lish and wood. 'I'he capital is Carlsruhe. Q. What is .Mecklenburgh ? A. Mecklenburg is a small principality in the north of GKOGRAPHY. 19 rated in the his- mer electorate of usatia, with the nber ofilsinhab- , situated on the is noted for its ts inhabitants is us for its great 1814 between Austria, Ilussia, on the north of ^-iUneburg, IBre- he countries of al is Hanover, 'ts, and is noted r iiaving given ins about three ed in tlie south Cioinian king- ilalion is about nttiining about the smallest of I between the is very fertile tj of fish and the north of Clerinany, whose house has been frequently divided.* Al present there are two lines, Schwerin and Strelitz. It in from the laller that her majesty Charlotte, queen of Georg« the Third, of Great Britain, was descended. CHAPTER XII. 0/ Austria. Q. What countries compose the Austrian Empire 1 A. The Empire of Austria comprehends Austria, Bo- hernia, Hungary, and part of Poland,! Moravia, Transyl- vania, Sclavoma, Croatia, the Tyrol, part of Dalmatia, and Lombaniy, including the territories of Milan and Venice. ^ Q. What is the general character of the Austrians? HI A. They are sensible, polite, well versed in tiie arts and sciences, and warlike. Q. What is tlie character of the Hungarians ? A. They are well made, brave, hardy, and military ; but haughty, proud, and vindictive. Q. What is the appearance of the country ] A. It is in most of the re^^ions, subject to Austria, mountainous, and in many parts covered with vast forests. The soil would have been productive', hul not the ravages of war prevented its proper cultivation. Q. "SVliat is t!ie capital of Austiia I A. Vienna. Q. How far is Vienna from London ] A. Seven lnnulred and tl'irty miles. Q. J low many iuhabilauts are there in the Austrwin dominiotib? A. Twenty-eight millions. J • The princes of IMecklenburg are (Icsccnded from tlie ancieut Vandals Avho inhabito'l this country. t By the partition (;l t'ohind in I7f)3 Austria acquired about one- sixth of that country and above 4,()()(),U0;) (jf its inliabitants. In th« late wars with France she lost Belgium and Flanders ; but on the other hand acquired the Venetian territories, so that she is still a very powerful empire, having a population of about 28,000,000 of inhabitants. t Owing to the increase of population since the census of Austria, and that of tlic newly acquired territories, the iiihabitanti of this empire are rated as above » having a part in ': it. 20 CATECHISM OF CHAPTER XIII. Of T'urJiey. Q. What kind of country is Turkey ? A. Turkey is a very large empire, Europe, a part in Asia, and a part in Africa. Q. What was the ancient name of Turkey in Europe ? A. The greater part was anciently called Graecia * or Greece, which included Macedonia, Thracia, Thessalia, Peloponnesus, Sec. Q. What is the origin of the Turks ? A. The Turks derive their origion from the Avares, a tribe of Huns, who dwelt in Great Tartary till forced by the Huns of the south to abandon their country, when a considerable colony .seized upon Turkey, and founded this empire. Q^ What is iI.q climate of Turkey 1 A. It is in general wholesome and pleasant ; but the inhabitants are frequently visited with the plague, which is partly attributed to their indolence and to their want of cleanliness. Q. What is the character of the Turks 1 A. They are a strong, well made people, but dislike labour, and derive no advantage from the fine soil they inhabit. They are ignorant, but frugal, temperate, and charitable. Q. What is the capital of the Turkish Empire 1 A. Constantinople. Q. How far is Constantinople from London ? A. One thousand five hundred miles. -f i'.l • Greece Proper was a very inconsiderable spot in Europe, yet more formidable than all oliiers in war, and more celebrated in tho arts of peace. The inhabitants called it Hellas, and themselvea Hellenes; the Ronmans called them GraecL After the subjugation of their country by the Turks, they remained in a state of vassalage under their barbarous conquerors ; but after a desperate and san- guinary war they succeeded in their independence. Greece forms now a separate kingdom, of which Utho, a son of the king of Ba- varia, is sovereign. GEOGRAPHY. 21 laving a part in rica. irkej in Europe ? led Graeda * or iracia, Thessalia, Q. What is the population of Turkey ? A. Turkey in Europe has eight millions, in Asia, ten millions, and in Africa, two millions five hundred thou- sand. Q. What are the principal mountains of Turkey in Europe ? A. The principal mountains in European Turkey are Athos, Pindus, Olympus, Parnassus, and Haemus. Q. What are the principal rivers 1 A. The Danube, the Sava, the Pruth, and the Dob. )m the Avares, a ry till forced by country, when a ■y, and founded CHAPTER XIV. Of France. sasant ; but the Je plague, which to their want of 'ple, but dislike e fine soil they temperate, and Empire ? ndon ? Q. What kind of country is France ? A. France is a very large and populous country, con- taining about thirty-three and a half millions of inhabi- tants, seven hundred and eighty cities, and forty-one thousand towns and villages. Q. What are its soil, its climate, and its produce ? A. The air is pure and wholesome ; and the soil, which is agreeably diversified, produces all the necessaries of life, and among its luxuries, some excellent wines. Q. What is the character of the French 1 A. The French are a polished people, gallant and cour- ageous, but light, inconstant, and excessively vain. Q. Of what are they particularly fond '? A. Of the arts and sciences, and of games, exhibitions and dancmg. t^. What is the capital of France ? A. Paris on the river .Seine. Q. How fair is Paris from London 1 A. Two hundred and ten miles. Q. Wht\t arc the principal cities of France 1 A. Rouen, Tours, Lyons, Nismes, Montpelier, and Toulouse. n CATECHISM OP lillj 1! Q. What are its chief seaports 1 A. Havre, Brest, Nantes, Bordeaux, Bayonne, Mar- seilles, and Toulon. Q. What are the principal rivers 1 A. The Seine, the Loire, the Garonne or Gironde, md the Rhone. Q. What is the religion of France ] A. The religion established by law is the Roman Cath- olic, but all others are tolerated. Q. What are the foreign possessions belonging to France ? A. The isles of Martinique and Guadaloupe in tho West Indies, Cayenne in South America, Pondicherry in the East Indies, the Isles of Bourbon in the Indian Ocean, and Algiers, Senegal, and the Isle of Goree, in Africa. Q. What was the ancient name of France 1 A. Gallia or Gaul. The people were called Gaili by the Romans, Galatac by the Greeks, and L eltae by them- selves. It took its present name from the Franks, a peo- ple formerly inhabiting Germany, who afterwards con- quered part of Gaul. . CHAPTER XV. Of Sicitzerland. Q. What kind of country is Switzerland ? A. No country affords a greater variety of surface ; sublime mountains, frightful precipices, regions of snow that never melts, glaciers that resemble seas of ice, fertile valleys, cottages, and hangiug vines diversify the scene. Q. What is tiie nature of the climate 1 A. It is wholesome and agreeable ; but the winter frosts are extremely severe, and many of the mountains are always covered with snow. Q. For what are the Swiss remarkable ? A. For their simplicity of manners, purity ofmorals^ aod strong attachment to their native country. Q. For what are the men particularly distinguished T A. For their strength, courage, and sobriety. GEOGRAPHY. 23 , Bajonne, Mar- nne or Gironde, he Roman Cath- is belonging to daloupe in the Pondicherry in e Indian Ocean, 'fij in Africa, ce? ailed Galli hj eltae bj them- Franks, a peo- terwards con- of surface \ )ns of snow f ice, fertile be scene. v^Jnter frost* mtains are of morals^ uisbed \ Q. In what do the women excel 1 A. The women excel in modesty, and in the material abd domestic duties. Q. What are the chief towns of Switzerland \ A. Berne, its capital, and Geneva and Lausanne. Q. How far is Berne from London ] A. Four hundred and forty-five miles. Q. What is the population of Svyitzerland I A. Two millions. Q. What was the ancient name of Switzerland % A. Helvetia. The people were called Helvetiij aiul were famed for their bravery. CHAPTER XVI. 0/ Italy. Q. What kind of country is Italy 1 A. It is the most celebrated country in Europe, having been formerly the seat of the Roman empire, and being still the residence of the Pope. It is so fine and fruitful a country that it is often called the garden of Europe. Q. Describe its climate, soil, and productions ? A. The air is in general temperate and wholesome ; and the soil very fertile, producing a great variety of wines, and the best oil in Europe ; also, wheat, rice, oranges, citrons, &c., and all sorts of fruits, honey, and silk, with sugar and cotton. Q. What is the character of the Italians ] A. They are polite, sensible, and fond of the arts. They excel in sculpture, painting, and music ; but arc revengeful and superstiiious. Q. How is Italy bounded ? A. It is bounded on the North by the Alps ; on the West by France and the Mediterranean ; on the South by the Mediterranean ; and on ihe East by the Adriatic. Q. Into how many kingdoms and. states is Italy at presr ent divided 1 t 1 m 24 CATECHISM OP Q. Into eight, namely : 1st. The kingdom of Sardinia, comprising the island of that name ; and Savoy, Pied- mont, and Genoa ; 2nd. Venice and Milan, which belong to the Emperor of Austria ; 3rd. Parma ; 4ith. Modena and Massa ; 5th. Lucca ; 6th. Tuscany ; 7th. The States of the Church of Rome, which are governed by the Pope ; 8th. The kingdom of the two Sicilies, comprising the island of that name, and Naples. Q. Which is the most celebrated city of Italy ? A. Rome. Q. How far is Rome from London ? A. Eight hundred and sixty-three miles ? Q. What are the other chief cities of Italy 1 A. They are Milan, Venice, Naples, Turin, Genoa, and Florence. Q. What are its chief mountains ? A. The Alps, which divide it from France and Switzer- land, the Appenines, and Vesuvius, a volcano. Q. What are its chief rivers ] A. They are the Po, the A dige, the Arno,and the Tiber. Q. What is the population of Italy 1 A. About twenty-two millions. Q. What was the ancient name of Italy ? A. Italia, one of the noblest countries in Europe, not only in climate, but in importance. CHAPTER XVII. Of Portugal, Q. What is Portugal? A. Portugal is a small kingdom, containing about three and a half millions of inhabitants ; its capital is Lisbon. Q. Describe the climate of Portugal 1 A. It is pure and wholesome, the heat being moderated by frequent westerly winds. Q. What kind of soil has Portugal ? A. There are many barren mountains, but some parts ':^':^«mssssm!^^esxssmi ■ mil ni'' "1 " GEOGRAPHY. 2^ tlom of Sardinia, d Savoy, Pied- n, which belong L J 4th. Modena 7th. The States ed by the Pope ; comprising the f Italy? aly? in, Genoa, and 3 and Switzer- 0. and the Tiber. Europe, not ibout three Lisbon. moderated ome part» re rich and fertile, producing excellent wines and fruit of 11 kinds. Q. What is the character of the Portuguese 1 A« They are in general brave, austere, and supersti- ious ; but sensible and well informed in the arts, sciences, and trade. Q. How far is Lisbon from London ? A. One thousand and ten miles ? Q. AVhat is the chief river ? A. The Tagus on which is Lisbon. Q. What was the ancient name of Portugal t A. Lusitania: the people were called Lusitani. CHAPTER XVm. Of Spain. Q. What kind of country is Spain ? A. Spain is a large country, about the size of Franee. Its population is about 13,000,000. Madrid is the capita) ■ city. Q. What is the climate of Spain ? ? A. The air is generally very hot, which freqnentiy ,, obliges the inhabitants to lie down after dinner, and sit [up late at night. Q. What is the character of the Spaniards ? A. They are proud and haughty, grave and polite, and [attached to their country, of which their patriotic struggle 'against Buonaparte's usurpation affords a noble specimen. Q. For what are the Spaniards celebrated ? A. For their sobriety and probity ; still their idleness makes them a miserable people, though they live in one of the finest countries in the world. Q. What is the soil of Spain 1 . A. Spain in general is very fertile, but is not cuHivat- ed through the pride and laziness of its inhabitants. Many parts are overrun with woods, and encumbered with lofty mountains. B i m" r'' 1 26 .,sS,. CATECHISM OF • *- Q. What are tbe most remarkaBTe cities 1 A. Saragoisa, Salamanca, Toledo, Cordova, Grenada. Seville, and Badajoz. Q. What are its chief seaports ? ' -^^ v '* * »'• A. Corunna, Fenol, Cadiz^ Gibraltar, and Barcelona. Q. What is the produce of Spain 1 A. Wines, fruits of various sorts, wool, Uoney, cork. anchovies, &c. Q, How far is Madrid from London f ' ' ^ A. Eight hundred miles. "r^ v - -i^' • ^-^, . , -^ ' : :: CHAPTER XIX. . ^ Of Great Britain*^ Q. What constitutes the British Empire 1 A. Tlie British Empire consists of Great Britain and Ireland with some adjacent isles of Europe. Tliis Em- pire was formerly divided into three distinct kingdoms, namely, England, Scotland, and Ireland ; but it is now united under one government.* Q. W^hat kind of country is Great Britain 1 '''"^■ A. It is a large island, advantageously situated for commerce. The southern part (or England^ is very fer- tile, and the land in a high state of cultivation, abounding with every production necessary for the sustenance of man. .ier, the Mersey, and the Trent. Q. What arc its chief mountains 1 A. The Peak in Derbyshire ; the Cheviot hills be- ftween England and Scotland ; the Catswold m Glouccs- Itershire ; and the Mendip in Somersetshire. Q. What are the chief ports 1 A. Newcastle, Sunderland, Hull, Yarmouth, London. Dover, Deal, Southampton, Plymouth, Falmouth, Bristol, [and Liverpool. Q. What are the principal dock-yards? A. Chatham, Portsmouth, and Devonport. Q. What is the metropolis of England 1 A. London, one of the largest cities in the world, and of the most extensive commerce. CHAPTER XX. Of Wales. Q. Into how many counties is Wales divided 1 A. Into twelve: six northern, and six southern. Q. Which arc the six northern counties with theit «hief towns ? Counties. Chief Totvns. A. Flintshire, iSt. Asaph. Denbighshire, Denbigh. Carnarvonshire, Carnarvon, Isle of Anglesea, - Beaumaris. Merionethshire, Dolgelly. Montgomeryshire, Montgoinery. Q. What are the six southern counties with their chief towns 1 A. Radnorshire. liadnor. Oardigansiiire, (.'urdigaii. Pembrokeshire, Pembroke. Carmartlictisiiirc, Carmarthen. '^ Brecknockshire, Brecknock. Glamorganshire, Cardiff. Q. Which are the chief mountains in Wales 1 A. The chief Welsh mountains are Snowdon, Cader- Idris, and Plinlimraon. (I • • t .». m CATECHISM or CHAPTER XXI. Of Scotland, Haddiiioio/, Roxburgh, Peebles, Lanark, ■*; Av, Junibarton. . ^- ♦' Hat aro Hm ., «olhsay. . -■^- Cajtliness, ^euf/ en . ^tirJitig. j^rgyle, Wick, Paislej. Stirling. Linlithgow, 'nverary. ^viiicardiue, Aberdeen. '"iverness. ^'airll, Cro Fife 'iJiarty, Stonehaven. Aberdeen. '""^rness. Invei Nairn. Croniariy. -"■S^n:!:;;r-«^«-i»eiueno„:,t— of the... eigh. ,„„„,,, t"'''' Ennis. T-"y\ CorJf. .^.""erick, Tralee. J^'pperary, Limerick OEOGRAPHT. 88 A. The Shannon, the Black water, the Lifly, and the teojren. Q. How many inhabitants docs Ireland contain t A. About eight millions. Q. How many members are sent to the British Parlia- ment by En}j[lan(l and Wales 1 A. Fiye hundied members are sent to the British Pai- liament. Q. How many are sent by Scotland ? A. Scotland sends fifty-three members to the British Parliament. Q. How many are sent by Ireland. A. Ireland sends one hundred and five members to the British Parliament, making in all six hundred and fifty- eight members. CHAPTER XXIII. Of Asia. Q. What are the principal divisions of Asia ? A. Asia, one of the lar<>est and richest quarters of the globe, contains Asiatic Turkey, Siberia, China, Tonquin, the Birman Empire, Ilindostan, Persia, Independant Tar- tary, Arabia, and Japan. Q. Describe the climate and soil of Asia ? A. In a country of such immense extent as Asia, both the soil and climate must bi; extremely various ; but in general it is far superior to Europe and Africa, both in the serenity ofitsair, and the fertility of its soil, producing the most delicious fruits, the most fragrant and balsamic plants, spices, and gums. Q. In what else is Asia superior to Europe and Africa ? A. In the quantity, variety, beauty, and value of its gems, the riches of its metals, and the fineness of its silki and cottons. Q. For what is Asia peculiarly celebrated 1 A. Ist. Here the first man was created, the patriarchs B2 *«»'■%, -jr-^ 'ii l\ CATECHISM (>F iiVed, the law was e-iven tn m were also formed. ^"'^ Babylon, and Persia th^c;tl5lo?th^^^^^^^^^ P-uIgated, and world. "^^^'P^' was diffused over the whole 3d TJ I origin i„ '1^' At E;hesi"-„" NM''^"^' ="' '■"' '"eir brated temple of Diana hf.^'f .1 ■}"'' *'»<><> 'he cele- ander ,l,e dreat was born "t" a* •'"°'" "" '"'''«'' Ale'- °f Troy. Tyre and Si/on ^ttlV ""^ '''""<"'' '''^ lorraerly great cities of tradrb^t " "".7«f "fPa'^tine, nsi'ermen. Sodom and Gomorl . '"''"'""' ^"^ » '''='' are now only kn„,v„ by naC- 2'J'>"' <"■« famous, ;;it.es „, MesopotamiaVear si '""'*•• =""' B^bj-'on "ons 01 wild beasts. ^^^' "" "O'" «•« habifa- A: ^'A:^tZ7^ -untainsofAsia? g»" Sea,. Le^alTn" J dea-'r''""' ""-•'« Cas- Caucasus. "^ "'"'** > Taurus, and the lofty Q. What arc its chief rivers? «ats^'^ ^""^™'-- «<.e Tig,, t^e Indus, and the ^•Thtnbtfts"*r'f''''-f^-? 'l.eLadrones,therh^i„t",t M ,"" -^"P""^'' '^K rte Bandaor x\ut,ncg iSe" B* 'l*""]""" ■"■ Clove isles Land, New Guinea, th; Pe|L ■?"''' ^''» Neman's «'«. »0",e others of 'less note. '*'' »»^ "'» Carolines' CHAPTBE XXIV. A and of 0/ Asiatic Turkey. »^'l'Ose romantic .pediLl^^^ii^-P^^^^^^^^^^ N«p GEOGRAPHY. 35 ' ^^e great and Persia 'gated, and ^ the whole liad their d the cele- u'ch Alex- rnious city ^aiestine, hy a few ' famous, ^abj'ion, >e habita- the Cas- he lofty and the se isles, 've isles, I Java ; ieman's rohnes, Q. What is a Crusade T A. A holy war ; a name given to the expeditions ot the Christians against the infidels for the recovery of Pal- estine, so called because those, who were so engaged in them, wore a cross on their clothes, and bore one on their standard. Q. What else have you to observe of this country 1 A. That it is covered with wrecks of ancient splen- dour ; it was once very fertile and rich, containing many flourishing kingdoms, aud a great number of celebrated cities ; but it is now quite barren, the people miserable, and the cities few. Q. How is Asiatic Turkey divided? A. Into nine provinces, namely, Asia Minor, Cara- mania, Roum, Armenia, Kurdistan, Irak-Arabia or Chaldea, Algesira or Mesopotamia, Syria, and the Holy Land. Q. What are the principal cities in Turkey in Asia 1 A. The principal cities of Turkey in Asia, are Smyrna, Aleppo, Damascus, Jerusalem, and Bagdat. Damascus is a very extensive and populous city, containing about U(),000 inhabitants. Q. What are its chief mountai'^ 3? A . The chief mountains of Turkey in Asia are Taurus, Ararat, and Lebanon. Q. For what is Turkey in Asia particularly cele- brated ? A. Turkey in Asia is celebrated for its carpets, oils, silks, rhubarb, and fruits. CHAPTER X.vV. Of Asiatic Russia. ned; ory ; Q. What kind of country is P.-ussia in Asia 1 A. It is a very large country, comprehending the most northern parts of Asia; being in length, from the Black Sea to the southern extremity of Kamtschatka, 4,480 miles, and in breadth from north to south 1,800 miles. illHi 36 CATECHISM OF Q. How is this country divided ? A. Into five governments, namely, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Orenburg, Astracan, and Caucasus. Q. What is the popuhition of Asiatic Russia 1 A. It is estimated at eight millions. Q. What is the produce of Asiatic Russia 1 A. The southern part producps all tiie necessaries of life, but the northern part is extremely cold, almost unculti- vated, and thinly peopled. Tho principal riches of the country consist of fine skins and furs. Q. Which are the principal cities in Asiatic Russia! A. Astracan, Tobolsk, and Orenburg. Q. How far is Astracan from London 1 A. 2,149 miles. Q. What are the names of the principal nations of Asiatic Russia 1 A. The Cossacks, Calmucks, Circassians, and Geor- gians, the Samoieds, Osliaks, Koriaks, the Tschutki, Kamtschatdales, and others of loss note. Q. Arc the Asiatic Russians Ike those of Europe 1 A. No, very different ; for in tliis wide expanse there are many distinct races of men, not only differing from the European Russians, but also from eacU other, both in ap- earance, manners, religion, and language. Q. What nations live towards the north ? A. Samoieds, Ostiaks, Koriaks, and other similar tribcSf who are sunk in gross superstition and idolatry, and yery filthy and ,s lalid in their appearance. ^ Q. How do they subsist 1 A. Chiefly by hunting and fishing, b'lt are all averse to steady industry. Some are fixed, and others wandering. These people in general are of small stature and hard- featured ; and, considering the extent of country they occupy, are few in population. Q. Who are tlie Tschul.ld* ? A. The Tschutki, who inhabit the north-east corner of Russia, are superior in size, and better featured than the preceding tribes, and are more skilled in the various arts • Pronounced Chutki. ffScusSijsjGp;. ^-> GEOGRAPHY. 31 Siberia, asus. ies of life, unculti- [s of the Jussia? tions of Oeor- schutki, [)eT e thete om the » in ap- tribea, I very se to ring. Jard- ihey r of the irts of life. The peninsula of Karntschatka is inhabited by another race, bi^t not less filthy and brutalized than the Samoieds. Several of the tribes before mentioned are considered in general very dull, heavy and harmless. Q. Which are the chief nations inhabiting the southern parts of Asiatic Russia 1 A. The Cossacks, Circassians, and Georgians. Q. Describe the Cossacks ? A. The Cossacks are divided into the Don Ukrain and Uralian Cossacks ; but the most celebrated are those who reside on the borders of the lliver Don. It was the latter, who under their enterprisinjv leader, Platoff, made such dreadful havoc among the French in Buonaparte's unsuc- cessful campaign into Russia in 1812, when he lost nearly 300,000 men. Q. AVlat are the Calmucksl A. The Calmucks are a nation of wanderers, who live m tents, and remove thence in quest of pasturage for their numerous cattle, conj-isting of horses, camels, cows, and sheep. Thes>; people neither sow nor reap, so that they live without bread or any kind of vegetable. Their food is fish, flesh, milk, butter and cheese. Q. Who are the Circassians 1 A . The Circassians are a noble people, very courageous, and possessing a groat military genius and, were they united under one chief, might become a great independent empire ; but they are a nation of wandering mountaineers, divided into many diiVerent and hostile tribes, and want a spirit of unity to make their power effectual. Q. What is Georgia? A. Georgia is a very fine country, situoted between the Black and Caspian Seas. It is very productive, and the inhabitants are a fine and warlike people ; its chief town is Tiflis. CHAPTER XXVI. Of China. Q. What is China 1 A. China is one of the most ancient and polished &a- 38 CATECHISM Of tions of Asia, and is celebrated for its extent. and prodi- gious population. _ - Q. For what is it otherwise celebrated 1 A. For its immense wall, v^hich is one thousand two hundred miles long, twenty-five feet high, &ad eighteen thick. Q. For what purpose was this immense Wall built 1 A. To divide China from Tartary, and keep the l^ar- tars from plundering the Chinese territories. Q, What are the chief cities of China % A. Pekin, the capital ; Nankin ; and Canton. Q. What is the character of the Chines6 1 A. They are industrious beyond any people on earth ; poss., ., Q. Why is it called India ? A. It is so called from the river Indus. , : • Q. How is it divided ? A. India is generally divided into two great parts, namely, India Interior and India Exterior j or India with- in and India without the Gano^es. Q. What kind of country is India 1 A. India consists chiefly of extensive plains, fertilized by a great number of beautiful meandering rivers and purling streams, and interspersed with a few ranges of hills. The periodical rains and intense heats produce a luxuriance of vegetation almost unknown to any other country in the world. Q. What is the soil of India 1 A. It is rich in every kind of production, wbether fossil, vegetable, or animal. The Indians sow the ground in May and June before the rainy season, and reap in November and December, which are the most temperate months in the year. , Q. What are the productions of India ? A. Wh^at, rice, barley, and other grain, in great plenty aud perfection ; a!so, all kinds of fruits, spices, &c. Q. What is the character of the Hindoos ? A. The Hindoos are extremely mild, and by no means adapted for hard labour or war. _ , (T'TK":?^:^ 'il%"-'^'if' R.I I HL^JNIHIIJBB 11 40 CATECHISM Ojf A. Calc,,,;: "■" "<"'"' °^ J'ri"^'' India ? •nd Bomb=,;. *"'' P'""l"=l>err,-,, Sering.patam, Go» north tho high^'in^ihe'^on/d ■■'"'' "'' ^^''^"''1^ m Iha Aamonds. "" "* I°'''a are gold, silver, and CHAPTER xxvm. maia, or Bmdoitan. • a' ^"1 ^"".''o^fan situated ? «.e BitX/;^r;ilt^ T^r- ^- V part of Xad,a„ Ocean, U^. bV Pts ancient, and Ummerapoora, its present capital. Q. How far is Ava from London ? A. SjS^G miles. Q. What is the population of the Birman Empire ? A. Seventeen millions. Q. What are the chief productions of Birman ? A. The soil being extremely fertile, it yields excellent wheat, sugar, canes, indigo, and cotton ; and the different , tropical fruits in high perfection, and in great abundance. Its animals are the same as those of Hindostan. It pos- sesses excellent mines of gold, silver, and precious stones. •fi 42 CATECHISM OV OHArTEll XXX, 0/ Siam. Q. What kind of country is Siam 1 A. Before the recent extension of the Birman Empire, this country was considered the chief nation of Exterior India ; but, a great part of these dominions having been conquered by the former power, it is now but of smaH extent, being about 700 miles in length, and 200 in breadth, and containing about eight millions of inhabitants. Q. What is its chief city "? A. Its chief city is Siam, beautifully situated, about fifty miles from the sea, on the river Meinain, containing about 100,000 inhabitants. Q, In whnt do the Siamese excel 1 A. The Siamese excel in some of the ornamental man- ufactures, particularly in those of gold and silver, and their miniature paintings have been much admired. Q. Describe the Siamese ? A. The Siamese in general are of a dark complexion ; and their food consists principally of rice and fish. The men are extremely indolent, and most of the laborioHs works is executed by the women. CHAPTER XXXI. Of Malacca. Q. What is Malacca ? A. Malacca, a large peninsula of Asia, is divided into two kingdoms : that of Patani in the north, and Yahor in the south. Q.. What arc the chief cities of Malacca 1 A. The chief city of Yahor is Malacca, and that of fatani, Queda. The former contains about 12,000, in- habitants. /.«^i »>aa»'i »—i» *»' i*«.i^- GEOGRAPHY. 43 Exterior ng been of smafl 200 in ibitants, K about itaining al man- er, and exion ; The JorioHs Q. Describe the inhabitants 1 A. The Malays are in general of small stature, but well made, with a tavvnj complexion, and long black Hhining hair. These people are classed among the prin- :ipal merchants of the East, and their colonies and com- merce are widely spread all over the Indian Seas. Q. What is their general character 1 A. The Malays are deemed the most treacherous and most ferocious people on the globe, and their history is full of such enterprisee as mark tins 'desperate character. CHAPTER XXXII. The Empire of Tonquhi. Q. Describe the Empire of Tonquin. A. The name of this empire is but of recent date ; it was formerly tributary to China. It now comprises Tonquin, Cochin China, Siim, and Laos. For its size, it is one of the finest kingdoms of the east, having a popula- tion of about 21,000,000 of inhabitants ; and possessing a fruitful soil, and a mild and 'lalubrious climate. Q. What are its chief productions? A. They are very numerous, and the fruits excel all the rest of Asia in flavour and beauty ; and their elephants are esteemed the largest and swiftest in the world. Q. What is its chief city ? A. The chief city is Backu, formerly called Kosho, containing 40,000 inhabitants. 1 1 I I into or in CHAPTER XXXIII. Of Persia. it of in- Q. W^hat kind of country is Persia 1 A. Persia is a large country, containing about nine millions of inhabitants. Its chief cities are Ispahan and Teheran. 4^ CATECHISM OF (.}. How is Persia situated t A. It is bounded N. by the Caspian Sea and part of Tartary ; E. by India ; W. by ^sialic Turkey ; and S. by the Ocean and Persian Gulf. Q. Wiiat are its climate and soil 1 A. It is said that no country in the world has greater variety of climate and soil than this, being extremely mountainous, barren, and cold in the northern parts ; in the middle, very mild and sandy, but enjoying a teroperi- ate air ; and in the south, level and extremely fertile, tliough for several months the heat is excessive. Q. What is the character of the Persians? A. They are very luxurious and effeminate, possess much pfood sense and ability, are honest in their dealings, but passionate and revengeful. Q. What are the chief productions of Persia 1 A. Corn, wine, oil, great abundance of oranges, dates, melons, grapes, and nuts ; also, scna, rhubarb, and va- rious other drugs ; and it is famous for silks. Q. How do the Persians wiite 1 A . The Persians write from the right hand to the left, and, as no printing is allowed, a great number of people are constantly employed in writing, an art in which they excel. Q. What is their religion ? A. The greater part of the Persians are Mahomedans, with some idolaters, who Avorship the sun, fire, &c. Q. What arc the chief towns 1 A. Casbin, Tiairis, and Shiraz. Q. For what are these towns famous ? A. Casbin is large arid populous, and is noted as the mart for almonds, raisins, and melons ; Tauris, the sec- ond city in Peri.ia, is noted for its mosques and caravan- saries, and IS also famous for its great trade in cotton, cloths, silks, and gold and silver brocades ; the population is upwards of 550,000. Shiraz is also very large and populous, and is famous for ita wines. of GEOGRAPHY. ^Ik CIIArTER XXXIV. Of hulepeiident Tartary, Q. What kind of country is Turtary ? A. Taitary is of very great extent, situated on the north of India. Q. What is the character of the Tartars ? A. The generality of the Tartars are wanderers like their ancestors, the Scythians, and are celebrated as a hardy race, who live in tents and lead a roving life, and with their families, their cattle, and all they possess, wan- der about in the temperate parts and vasts solitudes of the Asiatic Continent from the confines of Europe to the great Pacific Ocean. On meeting with a fertile and pleasant situation, they pitch their tents, and continue in the place till the grass is all consumed, when they again set forward in search of another inviting spot. Q. What is the chief city of Tartary ? A. Samarcand. Q. How far is Samarcand from London ? A. 3,127 miles. - Q. What is supposed to be the population of Tartary T A. Ten millions. CHAPTER XXXV. Of Arabia. Q. What kind of country is Arabia ? A. Arabia is a large country, situated East of the Red Sea, and South of Turkey, It contains about ten million* of inhabitants. ^ Q. What is the general character of the Arabians ? A. The Arabs generally live under tents ; the greats part are wandering tribes, like the Tartars, committing depredations and robberies wherever they go. Q. What are the chief productions of Arj^bia 1 . ; .A»- «6 CATECHISM OF A. The mostTnluablc productions are its horses, camels, gum, and coffee. The horses are said to be the best in the world. Q. What are its chief towns ? A. Mecca, where Mahomet, the founder of the Mahom- edan religion, was born ; and Medina, where be was buried. Q. How far is Mecca from London f A . 3,988 mdes. (k^- I I CllAPTEIl XXXVI. . f Of Japan* Q. What kind of country is Japan t » A. Japan is a very larr^e country, situated east of Asia, with the title of an empire, composed of a great number of islands difficult of access, the principal of which is Niphon. Q. For what is Japan celebrated ? A. Japan is said to be the richest country in the world for gold ; and the air and water are most excel- lent. Q. What is the general character of its inhabitants ? A. They are naturally ingenious, and possess a good memory, but thei? manners are exactly opposite to ours. Our common drinks are cold, theirs are hot ; we uncover the head out of respect, and they the feet ; we are fond of white teeth, and they of black ; we get on horseback on the left side, and they on the right ; and they have a langnage so peculiar that it is not to be understood by another nation, Q. What is the population of Japan ? V . A. Thirty millions. Q. What is its chief city ? A. Jeddo 1 V Q. How far is Jeddo from London 1 : ; ■ A. 5,94f2 miles. ^^^ - ^.-i- ^r,, j.'^ -■. ••('*■ .•,; GEOGRAPHY. 47 CHAPTER XXXVII. * By modern geographers^ the world is now divided into five great portions, instead of four quarters as formerly. (See p. 4.) I Of Africa. Q. What is Africa ? A. One of the four quarters* of tlie world, bounded N. by the Mediterranean Sea, VV. anc^ S. by the Ocenn ; ami E. by the Red Sea and the Istiunus of Suez, Q. What are its climate and soil 1 A. The greatest part of Africa, lying under the Torrid Zone, the heat is almost iiisuppoitable in many places. However the coasts in general are very fruitful, the fruits excellent, and the plants extraordinary. Q. Are there not several deserts in Africa ? A. Yes ; several of which are aimn without water, and whose sands are so loose that, by means of a strong wind, they will sometimes bury whole caravans at ? time. Q. What are its productions 1 A. Its productions are gold, fruit, guin, &c., camels, elephants, and all sorts of wild beasts. Q. What are the principal rivers ? A. The two largest are the Nile and the Niger, which annually overflow their banks and fertilize the adjacent countries. Q. How is Africa divided '? A. Africa is divided mto the following general parts, viz. : Barbary, Egypt, Zaara or the Desert, Negroland, Guinea, and Ethiopia. h CHAPTER XXXVHI. Of Barbary, f ■ Q., How is Barbary divided? A. Barbary is divided into five states, namely, Moroc-. CO, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca. ■f u CATECHISM OP Q. What are the situations and boundaries of Mo- rocco ? A. Morocco is about 500 miles in length and 486 in breadth. It is bounded N. by the Mediteiranean Sea ; E. by Algiers ; S. by the desert of Tafilet ; and VV. by the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is its capital. Q. What is the situation of Algiers 1 A. Algiers is about 480 miles in length, and 70 in breadth. It is bounded N. by the Mediterranean ; S. by Mount At!as ; E. by Tunis ; and W. by the Empire of Morocco. Algiers is its capital- Q. Wh?t is tlie situation of Tunis ? A. Tunis is 202 miles in length, and 170 in breadth. It is bounded N. by the Mediter-anean ; S. by Tripoli ; and W. by Algiers. Tunis, its capital, is built near the ruiiis of the once famous Carthage. Q. What is the situation of Tripoli ? A. Tripoli is situated on the borders of the Mediter.*a- nean, between Barca on the east, and Tunis on the west. ' Q. What is the situation of Barca. A. Baica is situated between Tripoli and Egypt. It* chief city is Barca. ciiapteh XXXIX. Egypt, Q. How is Egypt situated 1 A. Egypt is Irounded N. by the Mediterranean ; E. by I the Bed Sea ; S. by Nubia and Abyssinia ; and W. by iBarca. ' Q. How is Egypt divided ? A. Egypt is divided into three great parts, called the 7pper, Middle, and Lower. Upper Egypt is the south- p part, and Lower iJEgypt the northern. Q. Which are Ihe chief towns in Egypt ? i A, Grand Cairo aud Alexandria. GEOGRAPHY. 49 Q. How far is Grand Cairo from London ? A. 2,188 miles. Q. Describe the soil and climate of Egypt 1 A. The climate of Egyj.t it naturally hot and unwhole- some ; but the soil is exceedingly fruitful, owing to the overflowing of the Nile, which leaves a fattening manure behind. Q. For what is Egypt remarkable 1 A. For its pyramids, which are stupendous fabrics that have stood several thousand years. Q. To whom does Egypt belong 1 A. Egypt is a part of the Turkish Empire, and the Sultan is its nominal Sovereign, and receives tribute ; but by treaty Mehemet Ali and his family are invested with it as a Pachalic, with authority nearly amounting to independence. CHAPTER XL. Of Zaara, or the Deset t. Q. How is Zaara bounded ? A. Zaara is bounded N. by the Barbary States, E. by Egypt and Nubia, S. by Negroland and Guinea, and W, by the Atlantic Ocean. Q. Who are the inhabitants ? A. Zaara is inhabited by tribes of rambling Arabs, who have but few towns or settled dwellings that deserve de- scription. Of Negroland, Nigritia, or the Country of the Blacks. Q. What is the boundaries of Negroland ? A. It is bounded N. by Zaara ; E. by Nubia ; S. by Guinea ; and W. by the Atlantic, Q. How is it divided 1 A. Negroland is divided into a great many different nations, whose limits are but little known. Q. What is the character of the Negroes ? A. The Negroes are mostly an uncivilized and igno-^ rant people, and are said to be very crafty towards the Europeans. C 11} t ■i' f ■■ m-. 50 CATECHISM OF CHAPTER XLI. Of Upper Guinea,- Q. How is "^"^pper Guinea bodnded 1 A. Upper Guinea is bounded N. by Negroland, E, by unknown parts, S» and W. by the Ocean. Q. How is it divided 1 A. Into the Grain Coast, the Ivory Coast, the Gold Coast, and the kingdoms of BeniP; Ashantee, &c. Q. What is the character of the natives* A. They are generally courteous to strangers, and do not want good sense ; but they are said to be addicted tO' cheating. CHAPTER XLII. Of Lower Guinea, Q. What countries does Lower Guinea comprehend ? A. It comprehends five principal kingdoms, namely, Congo, Loango, Angola, Matamba, and Benguela. Q. What are the capitals of each 1 A. St. Salvador is the capital of Congo ; Loango, of Loango ; Loanda, of Angola j Santa Maria, of Matamba ; and Benguela, of Benguela. Q. How are these kingdoms bounded ? A. They are bounded W. by the Atlantic, but on the N. E. and S. by countries unknown to Europeans. Q. By whom is the trade principally possessed ? A. The trade of Lower Guinea is chiefly engrossed by the Poi tuguese, whose principal for,t is Loanda, called by them St. Paul, a very neat and handsome city, containing 3000 houses built of stone, besides a great number of hab- itations of a meaner kind possessed by the Negroes. GEOGRAPHY. 51 by rOld CHAPTER XLIII. Of Ethiopia, Q. What is Ethiopia 1 A. Under the general name of Ethiopia are included all the remaining parts of Africa excepting those which arc unexplored. Q. How is it divided I A. Into t'^o great parts, Upper and Lower. Q. What CO intries does Upper Ethiopia comprehend ] A. Upper Ethiopia comprehends Nubia, Abyssinia, and the coasts of Abex and Zanguebar. Q. What countries does the Lower contain? A. Lower Ethiopia comprehends Caffraria, Monomo- tapa, Monumugi. and Sofala, the country of the Hotte»- tots, and the colony of the Cape of Good Hope. Q. What is the capital of Nubia I. A. Sennaar. Q. What is the capital of Abyssinia ? A. Gondar. Q. How far is Gondar from London t A. 3,370 miles. Q. What is the population of Abyssinia t A. Two millions. Q. W^liat is the population of the empire of MoroccOj including Fez, Tafilet. and Susat A. Nearly fifteen millions. Q. What is the population of Algiers 1 A. A quarter of a million. Q. What is the population of Tunis 1 A. A quarter of a million. Q. What is the population of Tripoli 1. A. Haifa million. * CHAPTER XLIV. . Of African Islands, Q. What are the principal islands belonging to Africa t A. The Canaries, ivladagascar, Mauritius or Isle of bt CATECHISM OT France, Bourbon, and St. Helena, Madeira, Cape de Verd Isles, and the Azores. Q. Describe the Canaries ? A. The Canaries, seven in number, are very fruitful in corn, wine, and fruits. They belong to Spain, and are telebrated as having produced the canary-bird. Q. Bescribe the Azores and Madeira ] A. The Azores, nine in number, are very fertile and salubrious. Madeira is renowned for its excellent wine. These islands belong to Portugal. Q. Describe St. Helena ] A. This small but important island is possessed by the English. It contains about three thousand of inhabitants, and is remarkable for the exile and death of Bonaparte. Q. What is Madagascar 1 A. Madagascar, in the Indian Ocean, is one of the largest islands in the world, and is considered very fruitful. It is supposed to contain many independent states, but the interior is very little known. Q. Describe the isles of Bourbon and France t A. These islands are in high cultivation, rich and fruit- ful, producing all the necessaries of life. The Isle of France contains about seventy thousand inhabitants, and Bourbon, sixty-eight thousand. The former belongs to the English, and the latter to the French. A Brit Par Gui C 1 or < ( Er M SIS A CHAPTER XLV. AMERICA. Q. What is America t * A. One of the five great portions of the world, and by much the largest. It is bounded on all sides by the Ocean, as appears from the latest discoveries. Q. How is it divided 1 A. Into North and South America. Q. What are the principal states of North and South America ? '<3tG0GRAt>HY. 33 Ipe de ttful in id are tie and wine. by the [itants, Lrte. A. North America comprehends the United States, British America, and Mexico. South America, Brazil, Paraguay, Chili, Peru, Amazonia, Patagonia, and Guiana. Q. What are its chief mountains ? A. The Stony and Alleghany in North, and the Andes or Cordilleras in South America. Q. What are its chief lakes 1 A. Lakes Champlain, Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario. Q. VV hat are the chief bays ? A. Baffin's and Hudson's Bay, and the Gulf of Mexico. Q. What are its principal rivers 1 A. Those of the St. Lawrence, the Hudson, the Mis- sissippi, and the Missouri, in North America ; and the rivers of the Amazons, and the Rio de la Plata, in South America. Q. Who discovered Americat A. Columbus, a Genoese, in 1492. CHAPTER XLVI. Of the United States. Q. What part of North America is possessed by the United States 1 A. All the eastern parts, extending westward to the Pacific. Q. Hew are they divided t A. Into four parts ; Northern, Middle, Southern, an3 Western. Q. What are those States 1 A. The Northern St??.tes are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The Middle States are New York, Pennsylvania, New .Jersey, and Delaware. The Southern States are Mary- land, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. §4 CATECHISM OF 'i'iie Western States are Arkansas, Tennesse, Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Wis- consin, and California. Besides these there is the District of Columbia, in which the city of Washington, the capital of the United States, is situated ; and the following terri- tories, not yet erected into States, namely, Oregon, Minesota, Utah, and New Mexico. Q. What are the productions of the United States 1 A. They produce abundance of cotton, grain, fruit, to- bacco, leather, skins, cattle, timber, hemp, flax, and all kinds of metals. Q. What is the general character of the inhabitants of the United States? A. They are reputed to be proud and independent. Frugality, industry, and attachment to liberty, are the leading parts of their character. Q. \Vhat is the capital of the United States? A. Washington, 3,658 miles from London. <,^. What are the chief ports 1 A. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Charleston. Q. What is the population of the United States ? A. Its inhabitants amount to about seventeen riffllions, of whom two and a half millions are slaves. be]( CHAPTER XLVII, Of Mexnco. Q. What were the Spanish dominions in North Ame- lica I A. California and Mexico. Q. What political changes took place in these countries '? A. Tliey threw off the yoke of Spain, and formed the independent republic of Mexico. Q. What are tht chief ports of Mexico ? A. Acapulco on the Pacific, and Verra Cruz on the (^ulf of Mexico. , 'is- trict )ital Jrri- fon, GEOGRAPHt. !iS Q. What are the soil and climate t A. The climate in general is pure and salubrioi'is, aad the soil is extremely fertile. Mexico is its capital. CHAPTER. XLVIII. to- all " Of the Bntish Possessions in North America. Q. What are the possessions in North America which belong to Great Britain 1 A. The British Dominions are very extensive, includ- ing the Hudson's Bay Territories, Canada,* New Bruns- wick, Nova Scotia, the Islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward, and the Bermudas, besides sever- al smaller islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Q. Describe the climate and soil. A. The climate is very severe for a great part of the year, but it is nevertheless healthy. The soil is equal to any in the world, and under proper cultivation yields large crops of all kinds of grain, hay, potatoes, &c. The trade in timber, furs, pot and pearl ashes, and the fisheries, makes these colonies very valuable. Q. What is the population of British America ? A. It is estimated to amount to 2,472,195. Q. What are the principal rivers and lakes in British America 1 A. The principal rivers are the St. Lawrence, Ottawa, St. Francis, St. Maurice, St. John, Niagara, Coppermine, and Mackenzie. The principal lakes are Ontario, Huron, Erie, Superior, Athabasca, and Great Slave Lake. Q. What is the length of British America ? A. From Cape Charles to the North Pacific it is 3,500 miles long. Q. What is its bfeadth ? A. From Ba-row's Strait to the Missouri territory ft is 2,000 miles in breadth. • The Re-Union of Upper and Lower Canada was proclaimed by the Governor on the 10th February, 1841. 56 CATECtflSKl 0* Q. What are the names of the chief cities and to<^ns in Canada t A. Quebec (the Seat of Government), Montreal, Three Rivers, Sberbrooke, Stanstead, St. J ohn's, Cham- bly, Sore!, St. Eustache, and L'Assomption, in Eastern Canada ; and Toronto, Kingston, Cornwall, Brockville, I'rescott, Bytown, Cobourg, II?»n(illton, Niagara, London, Saiidwii h, and Brantforu, in vVestern Canada. Q. How is Eastern (formerly Lower) Canada divided ? A. Info the three Principal Districts of Quebec, Mon- treal, and Three Rivers, and the two inferior Districts of (j'aspe, and St. Francis, all of which are subdivided into the 36 Counties* ol — 1. Vaudvtuii, 2. Ottawa, 3. Lake of Two Mountains, 4<. Mont'-ea!, 5. Terrebonne, 6. Lein- sler, 7. Berthier, 8. St. Maurice, 9, Champlain, 10. Port Neuf, n. Quebec, 12. Montmorency, 13. Saguenay, 14. fraspu, 15. Bonaventure, 16. Rimouski, 17. Kamouraska, 1 8 . L'Islet, IP. BeHechasse, 20. Dorchester, 2 1 . Megantic , 22. Lotbiniere, 23. Nicolet,24'. Yamaska,2o. Drmnmond) 20. Sherbrookej 27. Stanstead, 28. Missisquoi, 29. Shef- ford, 30. St. Hyacinthe, 31. Rouville, 32. Richelieu, 33. Vercheres, 34'. Chambly,35. Huntingdon, 36. Beauharnois. Q. What share has Eastern Canada of the Represen- iatioa in the United Provincial Parliament ? A. Each County returns one Member, who, added to two each from the cities of Quebec and Montieal, and one each from the 'I'owns of Three Rivers and Sberbrooke, make the share of Lower or Earstern CanaJa in tne rep- resentation of the Provincial Lej^slature to amount to 4i2, Q. How is Western (formerly [Tpper) Canaoi divided ? A. Into the following DistrJotii. and Counties, \\z: — Districts^ Counties. Bathurst, Lanark aid Renfrew Brock, Oxford. Cotliorne, Piterborougb. Dalhousie, C'lrleton. Eastern, Stv)rmont, Dundas, gan-y. and Glcn- * The Counties are divided into Seigniories and Townships. The Parishes sometimes contain but one ^'eignior^ ; sometimes, on the contrary, a Parish is formed of several Seigniories oi' Townships, either entire or divided. WUTW^W^ '".^ GEOGBAPHY 5*1 Gore, Home, Huron, Johnstown* London, Midland, Newcastle, Niagara, Ottawa, Prince Edward, Simcoe, Talbot, Victoria, Wellington, Western, Wentworr (including the Town sWprof Seneca and Oneida) and the County of Hallon. York and the City of Toronto. Huron. _ .,, ^ Lecda and GrenviUe. Middlesex. , Addinz- Frontenac, Lennox, and Adding r^nlY of HaWim..ul, except de, Uainham, and V. ulpole. Prescott and Russell. Prince Edward. Simcoe. Norfolk. Hastings. Waterloo. Essex and Kent. O What share ha. Western Canada of the Eepresent- A The Counties and ■^^•^'"f "^.ug city of Toronro to Parliament, vvho with two ^rom^^^ and one each from Kingston Cornwa. , ^^^ ^^^^^ ^ of other British Provmee >" N^-'^h ^^, ri„,ip», towns of Bermudas. -o fct, American Provinces governed 1 Q. How are t^^ British Amern^n .^ ^ ^.^^^^ y^ t They ^^^ve each a go^f^ p^.^.^s Her Majesty in th3 Sovereign of England, anjliq ^^^ ^^^^^^ Council, the Colony to which he ib sent 6 of Assembly, IppobtodVtUe S^erei^^^i^eeessar , before any laws elected by the P«f ^- J^^pTssed by the Legislative ,an be binding, that they ^e P TS^'^'^uU^JJ^. 5H CATECHISM OF Council and the House of Assembly, and receive the assent of the Governor in the name of the Sovereign. Q. When was Canada first settled, and by what people ] A. It was first settled in 1GC8 by the French, and they continued to possess it until 1759, when Great Britain acquired it by conquest, and has ever since pos- itessed it. J,V CHAPTER XLIX. Of Ihe former Spanisfi South America. Q. What parts of South America once belonged t« Spain 1 A. Terra Firnia, Peru, Chili, and Paraguay, which produce gold, silver, jewels, gums, and drugs, and the choicest fruits. Q. What political chanr^es have occured, and what are the present divisions 1 A. Like Mexico, these provinces have asserted their independance ; and are now divided into the republics of Columbia, Peru, Chili, and -the United Provinces of La Plata. , Q. What is Columbia ? ' A. It crti tains the N. part of South America. The oapjtal is Bogota ; and the chief port!«, Carthagena, Car- accasj and l^jrto B^'Mo. Q. What is the capital of Peru t , A. Lima. '.]'.., Q. How far is Lima from London ? A. 5,700 miles. Q. What are the chief ports of Peru 1 * A. Callao near Lima, Guayaquil, and Truxillo. Q. In what does Peru chiefly abound? A. Gold and silver mines. Q. What is Chili, and what is its capital 1 A. Chili is to the S. of Peru. Its capital is St. Jago, and its chief ports are Valparaiso and Conception. Q. Whr*^ are the United Provinces of La Plata 1 GEOGRAPHY. 59 A. A wild country ^"Vrj^^ftUese States 1 Q. What is the population of these di A Thirt?een millions. CHAPTER L. Brazil* ^'^r What event to* WPf ^Se'd themselves ind- >'t*Xra":&tea„.,^^of^ and the soil very ferhle so ar a ^.^^^^ discovered, for the inland V*™ J" g^^iiians 1 ^- rorrttrXlrfwU^-but othersa,. Wd, ^^''^ClsTSlotBrazin f,-|ittrtVo WO fron. Undone .. tAtur!herop«>*-"''--^''^' A. IFive nifllions. CHAPTER El. 0/t?/,c West Indies. I \ t 60 CATECHISM 01- A. The principal aro Cuba, Ilispaniola, or St. Domin- ;*o*, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Barbadoes, (iuadaloupe, Mar- linico, Tobago, St. Christopher's, Antigua, Barbuda, Anguilla, Dominica, St. Vincent, Grenada, St. Lucia, with several others of less note. Q. Why are these islands called the Wrst Indic&l A. They are so culled from the following circumstance. Christopher Columbus, the discover of America, pro- posed to sail to the East Indies by a western course j but. instead of reaching Asia, he found America ; still he was persuaded that those islands were the western part of India; and, before a sufficient number of voyages could be ac- complished to convince him of his error, he died. J'rom this mistaken notion the islands acquired the namfe of West Indies ; besides to them from England we must sail to the westward ; and, as we must sail to the eastward to go to I?i(lia, the terms East and West Indies are not inapplicable. Q. What is the population of the West India Islands ? A. Two millions six hundred thousand, of whom only four hundred and sixty thousand are whites. Q. Are the black population of the British West India Islands, slaves 1 A. No. ; the British Parliament gave them their liberty in 1834, and paid their former masters £20,000,000 sterling as a compensation. Q. Are there any other islands in the world ♦^hat wr have not mentioned ? A. There are many other islands besides those already described ; the principal are New Holland (which is larger than all Europe), Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica, Tvica, Minorca, Majorca, Candia, Cyprus, Rhodes, New Nor- folk, New Guint a. Van Dieman's Land, New Britain, New Zealand, &c. ; and those of the Paciiic, viz.; t' i Society and Friendly Isles, with Otaheite, Sec. Now an Independent Republic of Blacks, called Hayti GEOGRAMIY 6t CUAPTEll LIT. Of the Edrth^n. lloH7i(2ncss. ' Q. It is mentioned In CliajUt-r I. llint the earth is near- ly round, like an orange ; can you give me any reason whj it is of such a shape ] A. Yes, because no other figure than that of a .^j/t^r* could produce the pleasing and regular succession of day find night, and the variety of the seasons. Q. What is nieiint by a sjiJurc ? ' A. The earth is sometimes called a sphere, sometimes a spherical body, and sometimes a gldndar body ; but, whether we u.se the terms glabular, spheroid, sphere, or sperical, it is always to be understood as a globe, that is, a circular body, which these terms signify. C^. How is the earth represented by geographers ? A. By an artificial globe, on which the various parts of the surface of the earth are delineated ; therefore it is to conceive that, if a map of the world be accurately drawn on any round body or globe, the surface of that globe will represent the surface of the earth. CIIArTEll LIII. h Proofs of the Earth being round. Q. What proofs have we that the earth is spherical ? A. From viewing distant objects ; for instance, a ship, going out to sea, gradually disappears to a spectator upoii laud, and the last part of the ship visible is the top of the mast ; on the contrary, if a ship be advancing towards hira, the top of the mast comes first into sight, then the shrouds, and afterwards the hull, which could not be the case if the ea>"^i "^ere not spherical. On a plain surface the largest ob *"« seen at the greatest distance. Q. What other ,)roof have Ave 1 A. From an eclipse of the moon : for the shadow of the earth falling upon the moon is always circular ; which &:t CATECHISM OP cou'd not be unlefss the earth was globular ; because a body must be a globo, which in all situations casts a cir- cular shadow. Q. These are proofs, certainly, that the earth niust be a globe ; but is it not a great mystery how the earth is si- tuated 'elativo to the heavenly bodies, what supports it ; and, as it is peopled on all sides, win do not its inhabi- tants fall from their impending situations ? A. The earth is situated in open space, resting upon nothing, but supported by gravitation, which draws all ter- restrial bodicfi towaids its centre ; and may be compared to a great magnet rolled in iilings of steal; consequentlj there is nu danger of falling from any one side of the eartU more than from any other. Q. What is meant by gravitation ? A. Gravitation is a law in nature, which all bodies have, tending to a central point, called the centre of gravity. ClIAPTER LIV. Of the Difference and Dhtance of a Mile in different Countnes. Q. Is the measurement of a mile the same in every country ? A. No, very different, for the English mile is much less than the Indian ; and the Indian than the Spanish ; the Spanish than the Cerman ? Q. What is an I.'nglish statute mile'? A. An English statute mile consists of 5,280 feet, or 1,760 yards or 8 furlongs. Q. AVhat nations agr* e nearly in this measure? A. The Turkish, Italian, and old Romish lesser mile, are nearly one linglish. Q. "W^iat is a Russian mile ? A. Very littJe more than three quarters of an English mile. GEOGRAPHY. Q. What is an Indian mile ? A. Three English miles. Q. What is a Spanish, Pqli.sh, and Dutch mile 1 A. About three miles and a half English. Q. What is an Arabian mile ? A. A mile and a quarter English. Q. What is a German mile l A. Little more than four English miles. Q. What is a Swedish, Danish, and Hungarian mile 1 A. From livi to six English miles. CHArTEFt LV. Of the Equator, ^-c. Q. What is the Equator, and why is it so called 1 A. The Equator is a great circle, which divides th<; earth into two equal parts ?.t an equal distance from each pole ; and is so called, because, when the sun is m this circle, iae days and nights are eqilal to all the inhabi- tants of the earth. Q. What are the poles 1 A. Tlie poles are two points of the earth opposite to each other, the me called North and the other South. These points are only imaginary, as also are the circles. Q. Why are these points distinguished by the names of North and South poles ? A. Because they atre opposite to the North and South parts of the heavens. Q. Of what use is the Equator ? A. All parts of the earth, with respect to their situa- tions, are either to the North or South side of the Equatoc; and the distance of places, called their latitude, is counted from it tuvTards the North or South pole. Q. How far are the poles from the Equator ? A. Ninety degrees, which is the fourth part of a circle, • The Equator is sometiir A. T vo lesser circles, called Arctic and Antarctic ; the arctic or north polar circle, is 66^ degrees from the Equa- tor, and ihe antarctic or south polar circle, is the same distance ^iouth of the Equattjr. The polar circles are also 28^ degrees from the poles. CHAPTER LVI. Of the Circles of the Globe. Q. What names are given to those lines of "circles that surround the globe 1 A. The principal circles which surrouud the globe are the equator, the ecliptic, the tropics, the polar circles, and the meridians. \ : . ; Q. What is the ecliptic ? A. The ecliptic is a great circle described by the sun in the space of a year. It surrounds the globe between the two tropics, and crosses the equator at two opposite points, called the equinoctial pomts. . ,"- i ; , ''^ Q. What are the meridians 1 A. All lines drawn from one pole to the other are called meridians. When the sm, comes to the meridian of a place, it is then noon or mid-day at that place, for every place has a meridian. The meridian ,jr line, drawn from north to south over Greenwich, iii called the first meri- dian, and the longitude of places is reckoned from it either east or west. ^ Q. What is meant by the horizon 1 A. There are two horizons ; one called the sensible or visible, and the other thn rational horizon. The sensible horizon is the boundary of ou? sight, being that circle where the sky and earth seem to meet. The rational CATECHISM or 65 horizon cuts the earth inlc two e^ual parts, and is parallel to izon the sensible horizon Q. What are the poles of iiie h illed ? iiorizoii A. The Zenith and Nadir; the Zenith point is-lhat part directly over head ; and the Nadir is that point, op- posite to it, under our feet. Q. What are the four cardinal points of the horixoft called ? A. North, east, south, and west. Q. How is a circle divided ? A. All circles are divided into 360 parts called degrees. The half, or semicircle, is 180 degrees ; the quarter, or quadrant, is 90 degrees. Q. How is a degree divided ? A. The degree is divided into (iO minutes, and every minute into 60 seconds. Q. How many kinds of circles are there 1 A. Two, the great, and the less circles. Q. What is a great circle 1 A. A great circle is that which divides the earth into two equal parts. Q. What is a Ic^ circle ? A, A less circle divides the earth into two iinequttl parts. Q. AVhat is the admeasurement of a degree in a grtal circle ? A. A degree m a great circle contains 60 geographical or 69^ English miles, but the admeasurement of a /ess i^ircle varies accordingly as it approaches toward?, the poles. Q. What is a mile called in geography % A. A minute. Q. How many degrees make an hour of time \ A. Fifteen. • The broad wooden frame which supports an artificial globe rvi- ))re8ent8 the rational horizon. bi5 CATECHISM Ot CHAPTER LVII. Of Lntitndc and Longitude. Q. How are places upon the earth distinguished ? A. By their situations, which are ohtained by theii latitude and lonffituJe. Q. What is meant by the latitude of a place ? A. Its distance north and south from the equator. If it be on the north side of the equator, it is said to be in the north latitude ; if on the south side, in south latitude. All places on the earth are either in north or south latitude, except at the equator, where there is no latitude, because latitude begins there. Q. What is the greatest latitude a place can have ? A. Ninety degrees, and there are only two places that have so much, which are the poles. Q. 'Vhf»t are the parallels of latitude ? A. Farallels of latitude are lines drawn at an equal dis- tance from the equator. Q. How is the latitude of a place found *? A. Upon a globe it is found by turning the globe round till the place comes under the brass meridian in which the globe is suspended, which shows the distance from the fqnator. But upon a map the latitude is found at the side ; if it increases upwards, it is north ; if downwards, it is south. Q. What is meant by longitude ? A. Longitude is the distance of a place from the lirsl meridian to the east or west. If it is on the east side, it is cast longitude. i-l. What is the greatest longitude a place can have 1 A. One hundred and eighty degrees, which is one half of the circumference of the globe. All places are cither in eastern or western longitude, except under the first meridian, which has no longitude, it being there where longitude begins. Q. A. map a GEOCnAPHY. G7 Q. How is longitude found ? A. Upon a globe it is found at ihe equator, but upon a map at the lop and bottom.* CHAPTER LVIII. Of the Zones. Q. What are the Zones 1 A. Certain spaces that encompass the eartli like a belt. ' Q. How many zones are there *? A. There are five zones, namely one torrid, two tf »«- perate, and two frigid or frozen zones. Q. Where is the torrid zone, and why is it so called ? A. TLe torrid zone includes all that part of the earth which is situated between the tropics, and is denominated torrid, or burning, because of the great and continued heat of the sun, under whose course it lies. Q. What are the temperate zones, and why are thy so called ? A. The temperate zones include allthose parts of the earth which are situated between the tropics and polar circles ; within the two extremes of heat and cold, which renders the air more temperate, on which account these parts are much more improved. Q. Where are the frigid zones situated, and why are they so denominated 1 A. They are situated between the polar circles, extend- ing round each pole, and are called frigid or frozen, from the rays or the sun falling so very obliquely on those parts, which renders it excessively cold. • The degrees of longitude are not equal, like those of latitude but diminish in proportion as the meridians incline towards the poles. Hence, in GO degrees of latitude, a degree of longitude is but hali" the quantity of a degree upon the equator, and so in proportion for the rest. 'iM.'i' «s CATECHISM OP CHAPTEPw LIX. QUESTIONS ON EUROPE, 1 . What is the name of the chief city of Sweden "i 2. What is the population of Sweden 1 3. What is the name nf the metropolis of Russia I 4. What is the name of European Russia i 5. \\Y xt is the name of the chief city of Denmark 1 G. What is the population of Denmark '? 7. What is the name of the metropolis of Prussia 1 8. What is the population of Prussia 1 y. What is the name of the metropolis of Holland, &c. 1 10. What is the name of the metropolis of Belgium 1 11. What is the population of the German States ? 12. What is the name of the metropolis of Austria 1 13. What is the population of Austria 1 14. What is the name of the metropolis of European Turkey "i 15. AVhat is the population of European Turkey ■? 16. "What is the name of the metropolis of France •I 17. What is the population of France t 18. What is the name of the metropolis of Switzerland 1 19. What is the population of Switzerland *? 20. What is the name of the metropolis of Italy ? il. W' hat is the population of Italy 1 22. What is the name of the metropolis of Portugal ? 23. What is the population of Portugal ? 24. W' hat is the name of the metropolis of Spain ? 25. What is the population of Spain 1 26. Wliat is the name of the metropolis of England 1 27. What is the population of the British Isles ? QUESTIONS ON ASIA. 1. What is the name of the metropolis of Asiatic Turkey 1 2. What is the population of Asiatic Turkey 1 3. What is the name of the metropolis of Asiatic Russia 1 A. What is the population of Asiatic Russia t 5. What is the name of the metropolis of China 1 6. What is the population of China 1 '7. What is the name of the metropolis of Japan ? '8. What is the population of Japan '{ GEOGRAPHY. 60 9. What is the name of the metropolis of the Birman Empire 1 10. What is the population of the Birman Empire 1 1 1 • What is the name of the metropolis of Siam 1 12. What is the po]iulation of Siam 1 13. What is the name of the metropolis of Hindoatan ? 14. What is the population of Ilindostan 1 15. What is the metropolis of Persia 1 16. What is the population of Persia 1 1 7. What is the name of the metropolis of Tartary 1 IH. What is the population of Tartary 1 19. What is the name of the metropolis of Arabia I 20. What is the population of Arabia 1 QUESTIONS ON AMEUICA. 1. What is the name of the metropolis of the United States ^ 2. What are their capital and chief ports ] 3. What is the population of the United States 1 4. What Mtere the Spanish dominions in North America ? 5. What changes have taken place 1 '■ 6. What netv states are there in South America 1 7. What is the population of British America i 8. What are the chief cities and towns in Canada ? 9. How are the British American Provinces governed 1 10. What is the name of the metropolis of Brazil 'i 1 U What is the population 1 QUESTIONS ON AFRICA. 1 . What is the name of the metropolis of Abyssinia '? 2. What is the population 1 3. What is the name of the metropolis of Egypt 1 4. What is the population 1 5. W^hat is the name of the metropolis of Morocco 1 6. What is the population 1 7. What is the name of the metropolis of Algiers 1 8. What is the population 1 9. What is the name of the metropolis of Tunis ? 10. Wl»at is the population 1 11. What is the name of the metropolis of Tripoli ? 12. What is the population '? TU£ END.. &•, BRITISH STATIONERY, PLAIN AND F\^OY. '^AlTl 'wajf 0'.) .•.!U'«' a great variety of The Subscriber has the tallowing ; — Whatman's and Wilmot's Superline, ^'.:i;t;''"al, Super Royal, Royal Medium and Demy Writing Pujiers ; also, Blu« and Yellow Wove Folio, Large and Small Posts, Folio Medium Bank Post, &c. 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