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 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
SUCCINCT VIEW 
 
 O F l II R 
 
 Origin of our Colonies, 
 
 W 1 T II 
 
 Their CIVIL STATE, 
 
 Founled by (^JLJ E E N E L I Z A B E V H, 
 Corroborated by Succeed i.nw Princes, 
 
 AND 
 
 Confirmc.l ' v Acts of V a R L i a m e n t ; 
 
 WHEREBY 
 
 1 he Nature ot the ExMPire eflabliflied in 
 AMERICA, 
 
 And the Errors of variou'i H y p ot h e s e g 
 
 formed thereupon, 
 MAY BE CLEARLY UNDERSTOOD. 
 
 WITH 
 
 Ohfer'vations on the Commercialy Beneficial and 
 Perpetual \Jh\o^ of the Colonies with this 
 Kingdom, 
 
 BEING 
 An Extract from an E s s a v lately publiilied, 
 
 Entitled 
 
 T'he Freedom of Speech and Writing, 6oc. 
 
 ' 
 
 ^t mn liber e njcritatem fronunciaty proJiter "jeritatis iji. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 M DC(J L\VI, 
 
I 
 
 > 
 
 I 
 
 
 %>i 
 

 ( • ) 
 
 ■ ■■■ ■ ■!■■ 
 
 iiw rj iiii^»i|iif ji ^ 
 
 ■^M^w*'<HMMIV*it««H«Mrn ^^ 
 
 I 
 
 SUCCINCT VIEW 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Origin of our Colonies, ^c. 
 
 NOtwithftanding the great utility of 
 the liberty of the prefs it is cer- 
 tainly liable to manifold injurious 
 abdies, fometimes pregnant with 
 great mifchiefs; without enumeniuug others, 
 inflead of being helpful topreferve, it may be 
 employed by our enemies ':o divide and de- 
 ftroy us; wherefore juft and proper bounds 
 are to be obferved. Every confiderate and 
 fmcere friend to the freedom of writii(T, la- 
 ments thefe abufes perpetrated by the various 
 enemies of the public weal. Libertas non eft 
 Ikentia fajs "Xacitmy the great friend of li- 
 berty. 
 
{ 2 ) 
 
 bcriv, railing is not rcafoxiing, nor are in- 
 vcdives arguments; vague and general re- 
 proaches, charges and criminations may in- 
 jure, provoke, and inflame, but they neither 
 rightly iriform, nor reform. The caufe of 
 truth and juflice is not promoted by obloquy 
 and detra(fl:ion, the decus & tutamcn of the 
 commonwealth is not to be afTailed by petu- 
 lance and impertinence; yet, inflead of pro- 
 per examination and reprcfentation, fuch a 
 licentious ufe of the prefs hath taken place, 
 that neither the highcll: public flations, nor 
 the greatcil: public fcrviccs, nor public nor 
 private virtues, nor the abfence of the fuf- 
 fcrers, arc fufhcicnt guards againfl: thefe 
 abufes. All perfonal, provincial and na- 
 tional abufe is the proflitution of the prefs, 
 and may fometimes produce great and mif- 
 chicvous cifeds. yimdlajuvant, and in in- 
 tcrefling cafes the errors of politicians, v^ith 
 the errors and incentives of pamphleteers, 
 encreaied and diffufed by that cacoethes fcri^ 
 hcnd'i & male dicendi which delights in de- 
 faming, aggravating and inflaming, inflead 
 of duly confidering, informing, and com- 
 pofing, and, as the feeds of focial as well 
 as natural difcafes generate apace, fpread- 
 
 ing 
 
 4 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 "» 
 

 -\^ 
 
 
 * 
 
 ( 3 ) 
 
 ing far and wide a political peftilence, pre- 
 judice begeting prejudice, and error begcting 
 error, and the whole producing violence, op- 
 •pofition, divifion and confufion, may, with- 
 out the co-operation of the dangerous de- 
 vices fuggefted by others to effeduate their 
 deep and malignant dcfigns, fubjcd^ the mofl 
 powerful ftate to great difficulties. Of this 
 we have at prefent an inliance fo alarming in 
 its nature, and uncertain in its confequences 
 that it calls, in my poor opinion, for the 
 clofeft examination, and the mofl calm jufl 
 and equal confideration, fo that being under- 
 ftood in its origin, progrefs, and prefent flate, 
 all future evils may as far as poffible be pre- 
 vented, for the accompliflimcnit whereof every 
 good fubjedt, I prefume, will chearfully con- 
 tribute what lies in his power. 1 need not 
 explain myfelf by naming the colonies, whofe 
 nature, rights, and intercflf,, conlidered in 
 themfelves, and in their connedion with their 
 mother country, have been fo egregioufly 
 mifreprefented by numerous public writers 
 in this metropolis, and in the colonies many 
 of whom have advanced proportions utterly 
 incompatible with the nature of the Bnti//j 
 empire, and fubverfive of it, feme oppugn- 
 ing 
 
 [■ 
 
 , 
 
( 4 ) 
 
 ing tlic fuprcmc authority of the llatc, and 
 
 others the ; ft rights of Britifi fuhjcdts. And 
 having ptrrli.ips taken more pains than any of 
 mv fellow ciMzcns to underfiand the nature 
 and rights (a\(,l()nics, ancient and modern, 
 and of the Englijh colonics in particular, fo 
 that my defeats in point of natural abilities 
 a;c in fome meafure fuppUed by my diligence, 
 I ihall in order to il'ullratL this important 
 fubjcdl, with tho heft intentions for the pub- 
 lic fcrvice, fubmit fome,-Cv things to public 
 connderation, .viih all due defe-enc tn my 
 fuperiirs in eveiy Wn{t\ proceeding, as far 
 as may be with convenience, by way of pro- 
 pofition, in craer that the truth may be more 
 clearly comprehended, and readily embraced, 
 and mv involuntary errors more eafily refuted, 
 whereby I ihaii hope to avoid encreafing the 
 number of thofe who ente'" and travcrfe the 
 field of controverfy without the diredion of 
 any certain principle. All arguments deili- 
 tutc of proper principles are mere empty fo- 
 phifms 3 they may captivate and delude, but 
 they can neither duly inform nor promote 
 the public welfare -, and yet we daily fee 
 writers on both fides of the Atlantic pro- 
 ceeding with an air of fufiiciency to treat of 
 
 the 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
\ 
 
 ■i 
 
 ( 5 ) 
 
 the political ftrudturc of the colonies, or fome 
 of its parts, without cither knowing or en- 
 quiring into its real proper and fulid founda- 
 tion, the right underflanding whereof might 
 prevent innumerable mifchiefs. Truth is 
 limplc and uniform, and ever attended with 
 a happy coincidence of all its parts, whereas 
 error is infinite. And, in order to afcertain 
 the bcft mode of inveftigating the truth, 
 thereby cutting off many delufivc arguments, 
 I (hall cite the excellent rule delivered and 
 mxi'.itained by the learned and judicious 
 Pluccius, viz. Demonjiraturum quid de re ali^ 
 qua eandem in perfedfijjimo gradu conjidcrare 
 deiiae- *' That he who v/ould demonftratc 
 ♦* any thing relative to any fubjedl, ought to 
 •* confidcr that in the mod perfect degree." 
 
 America, fince difcovered by the Euro- 
 peans^ hath fufFered greatly by various poli- 
 tical errors; through prejudice, with its con- 
 fequents injuftice and cruelty, Spain flew her 
 millions, of whom fhe might, to the great 
 encreafe of her honour, wealth and ftrength, 
 have made good fubjeds, or profitable allies. 
 Continuing under the dominion of preju- 
 dice, and transfering her pernicious policy to 
 Europe^ by her injuftice and fevcrity flie loft 
 
 the 
 
 ''\ 
 
( 6 ) 
 
 the Netherlands^ and by her manifold breaches 
 of faith, and opprcfllons, (lie loil the king- 
 dom oi Portugal y with all its foreign domi- 
 nions, every colony, fort and fettlement (ad- 
 hering firmly, as was natural, to ihcir mother 
 country)rcvoltingwith her, Ct'^/^, and fomeof 
 the iflands of the Azores j garrifoned hy Spanijh 
 foldiers, only exce^^ted. Spa/fi, if influenced 
 by the fole dilates of juftice and equity, would 
 have preferved the 'Americans, and held the 
 Netherlands, with all the dominions of Por- 
 tugal, firmly united to her by the ftrongefl 
 bonds, faith and love, whereby, with fuit- 
 able policy, flic might have railed the moft 
 glorious empire, exceeding all modern exam- 
 ple, and common conception. Rational li- 
 berty, and equal juftice, plenty and fafety, 
 being the chief ends of all lawful govern- 
 ment, the mifcondud: of Spain, with its con- 
 fequences, will, to all ages and nations, irre- 
 jiil:ably prove againfl a thoufand authors, who 
 join hand in hand to countenance dark de- 
 vices, and promote iniquity, that the prin- 
 ciple of univerfa! felicitation is the beft mean 
 of prefervation and aggrandizement. And 
 now, without vifiting the American domi- 
 nions of other 'European princes, coming per 
 
 faltum 
 
 i 
 
 •s 
 
 'I 
 
I 
 
 #> 
 
 ■'S 
 
 I 
 
 ( 7 ) 
 
 faltum to 5r/V/)7j America, whofc prcfent and 
 future ftatc fo nearly concerns the comiron- 
 weal, it prefents a mod unpleafing fcene. 
 It was lately the ''-at of a fharp and cruel 
 war, w aged by thofe enemies who never give 
 us farther rcll than their inability inforces, 
 with intent to wrell from us one of the chief 
 fources of our commercial and naval empire, 
 during the courfc whereof feveral colonies 
 raifed a larger proportion of men than any 
 other part of his majefty's dominions > and 
 fince, while labouring to reftore the broken 
 flate of their affairs, and to profecute that 
 trade which is fo neceflliry to the commerce 
 of this kingdom, through the fudden change 
 of Brkijh policy, and a ftrange feries of errors 
 and events, the whole are now plunged into 
 a ftateof diftrefs, dilliculty and danger, from 
 which it is defirable in fo many refpeds to 
 deliver them as foon as poiTible, and to fliew 
 their true political foundation, in order to 
 their complete and perpetual union with this 
 kingdom, for the common good. The efta- 
 blifliment, corroboration and prefervation of 
 this union, confidered in its moil perfed: 
 degree, will appear, I prefume, to every im- 
 partial and confiderate perfon worthy of the 
 
 greateft 
 
( 8 ) 
 
 greatcft attention. The diftant fituation of 
 the colonics, with their cantonment and dif- 
 tindl civil adminiflrations, though placed un- 
 der the wife and provident care which pre- 
 iides over all parts of the ftate, raifes infen- 
 fibly in the minds of many worthy perfons 
 partial notions difcordant with this union 5 
 but its greatell: enemy, I conceive, is preju- 
 dice, that malady of the mind, and powerful 
 diredor of its motions ; and in this cafe, as 
 well as in that of fuperiiition, unfortunately 
 wife men frequently follow fools, and our 
 infular and continental prejudices are become 
 fo numerous and violent, that I who am fo 
 feeble an advocate for the principles of truth, 
 univerfal juftice, and public welfare, the fole 
 proper and firm foundation, in my poor opi- 
 nion, of that lafting and profitable union 
 that is fo much to be defired by all good ci- 
 tizens, dare not enter the lifts againft fo for- 
 midable an enemy ; and therefore adhering 
 to my principle of peace, and that uniting, 
 conciHating and ftrengthening fyftem which 
 I 'lave ever held, after obferving that com- 
 mon juftice is the common debt due to and 
 from all perfons and focieties. and the com- 
 mon caufe of all honeft men, and that no- 
 thing 
 
 -a? 
 
 3 
 
 '» '>' 
 
I 
 
 .4 
 
 '^J 
 
 ■1 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 ( 9 ) 
 
 thing can be more reafonable than for a man 
 to make one law in his mind for himfelf, 
 and another for other perfons, I fhall defire 
 the favour of him who on reading what has 
 been faid refpedting this perfe(fl union (hall 
 perceive the leaft prejudice to arife in his 
 mind againft it, that he will he pleafed calmly 
 to confider this divine precept of the Saviour 
 of the world, ** all things whatfoever ye 
 ** would that men fliould do to you, do ye 
 ** even fo to them, for this the law and the 
 " prophets, ' fMaf. vii. 12.) And if this fliall 
 not fuffice to efface the impreflions of preju- 
 dice, that he will lay afide this little eiTay 
 until he come to fuch a temper of mind that 
 he {hall be willing to do as he would be done 
 unto; in the mean time, accompanied by 
 the favour of the candid reader, I fhall pro- 
 ceed to obferve, 
 
 I. That his Majefly's regal authority ex- 
 tends to all perfons, and over all parts of the 
 public territory — that every fubjedl by the 
 law and the duties of his birth is oblip-ed to 
 
 o 
 
 be faithful, and bear true allegiance to the 
 king — That allegiance and protedlion being 
 correlatives, every fubjecft is entitled to pro- 
 tcd:ion. 
 
 C II. That 
 
 I. 
 
 r 
 
 l' 
 
( 
 
 10 
 
 ) 
 
 II. That the nature of human government, 
 ill order to its completion, of neceflity re- 
 quires in every ftate for its welfare and pre- 
 fervation the exiftence and occaiional exercife 
 of a fupreme legiflative jurifdlflion, over all 
 and lingular the parts, perfons natural cor- 
 porate or compound, caufes, matters and 
 things whatfoever — That by the BritiJJj con- 
 ititution this fupreme iurirdi(5lion is vefted in 
 the Britylj parliament — Tliat the entire col- 
 Ic'^tive dominion, flate, or chief body politic, 
 compoicd of all its members, admits but of 
 one fupreme diredion, equals have no powef 
 over equals and two or more fupreme jurif- 
 diclions cannot be erecfted w^ithout forming 
 two or more different ftates ; and it is evident 
 this divifion miniilers to deilrutftion. The 
 colonics from their fituation, nature, and ne- 
 celTiiry political exiftence poiTefs fubordinatc 
 powers of legillation, but the fole ftimmum 
 impcrium of the BritiJ};) parliamient remains 
 firm, immutable and uriverfal — That the 
 king's jull prerogative v\ras ever parcel of the 
 law of the land -, and, to ufe the words of 
 lord Bcico?j, who, v\itii other able lawyers and 
 ftatefmen, was much confulted and concerned 
 in the fettlemcnt cf fome of the colonies-— 
 
 •* The 
 
 I 
 
e- 
 
 
 
 ( I^ ) 
 
 <* The king's prerogative and the law are 
 ** not two things" — *' There is not in the 
 ** body of man one lavv of the head and an- 
 " other of the body ; but all is one entire 
 *' law." And it is certain that none of his 
 Majelly's predccellbrs had it in their power 
 by any adl made ^e indujiria in any manner 
 whatever to diminifli the jurifdidion of par- 
 liament, or to divide that body poHtic of 
 v/hich they were the head, thereby making 
 % change nearly affeding the royal preroga- 
 tive together with the whole common- wealth. 
 Nil dat quod non habet is a maxim of law, phi- 
 lofophy and common fenfe, and no colonic 
 lOr other politic body can by force of any 
 charter claim any power, privilege or jurif- 
 4i(^ion exempt from parliamentary cogni- 
 zance, the king having no authority to raifc 
 QX create the fame. Every charter is the 
 creature of the law, and neceffarily fubjed: 
 to the law and the law- makers; and we have 
 too much reafon to remember the ancient 
 and jull obferyation, Or do confimduiir fi Unl- 
 euique jurifdiciio non fervetur , 
 
 IIL That the nature and intent of parlia- 
 mentary jurifdidion, I pxefume, are to de- 
 clare and enad what is right, equal and jufc, 
 
 giving 
 
 m 
 
,-1 
 
 I ; 
 ( 
 
 'il 
 
 ( 12 ) 
 
 giving to the common-wealth and its various 
 parts their due. Ancient authors declare 
 verity and juftice to be the proper foun- 
 dation of parliamentary proceedings. Jtirtf- 
 diSlio eji potejias de publico, tntroduSfa cum ne-^ 
 cejjltate juris dtcendl * ; and lord Coke fsiysju-' 
 rlfdl£ilo is derived o^ jus ^ dltlo, i. ^,poteJias 
 juris. And although through prejudice, paf- 
 fion or other infirmities men may not in par- 
 ticular cafes, efpecially w^hen their minds arc 
 moved by felf-intereft, difcern and diftinguifli 
 between truth and error, juflice and injuf- 
 lice y yet truth, juftice and equity are in their 
 nature immutable, and no more fubjedl to 
 annihilation, inverfion, or variation, than any 
 
 geometrical propofition^^ That no prince, 
 
 potentate, ft:ate or order of men can by any 
 means whatever acquire a right of doing what 
 is wrong. An author whofe exquilite learn- 
 ing, knowledge and judgment have done fo 
 great honour to human nature, as well as to 
 this kingdom. Dr. Cudwortb, hath clearly 
 iliewn that even in pofitive laws and com- 
 mands it is not meer will that obligeth, but 
 the nature of good and evil, juft and unjuft, 
 really exifting. in the courfe of his reafon- 
 
 S<e the proem to Coke's 4th InfUt. 
 
 mg 
 
•# 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 { 13 ) 
 
 ing he writes thus, " every thing is what it 
 
 «' is by nature, and not by will -, for though 
 
 " it will be objedled here that when God or 
 civil powers command a thing to be done 
 that was not before obligatory or unlawful 
 
 ** the thing willed or commanded doth forth- 
 with become obligatory, that which ought 
 to be done by creatures and fubjeds refpec- 
 tively ; in which the nature of moral good 
 
 ** or evil is commonly conceived to conliil ; 
 and therefore if ail good and evil, juft and 
 unjuft be not the creatures of meer will 
 (as many aflert) yet at lead pojiiive things 
 muft needs owe all their morality, their 
 good and evil to meer will without nature j 
 yet notwithflanding, if we well confider 
 it, we fhall find that even in pofitive com- 
 
 '* mands themfelves meer will doth not make 
 the thing commanded juft or obligatory, 
 or beget and create any obligation to obe- 
 dience ; but that it is natural juftice or 
 equity which gives to one the right or 
 authority of commanding, and begets in 
 another duty and obligation to obedi- 
 ence *." — According to Dr. Cumberland's 
 
 excellent rule, approved, or rather applaudi;d 
 
 • Treat, concfrning internal and immutable moraIity,p. 1 7,1 8. 
 
 by 
 
 <( 
 
 €t 
 
 <( 
 
 <( 
 
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 <t 
 
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 tfC 
 
 it 
 
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 tf 
 
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 { 14 ) 
 
 by the mod eminent foreign author?* ** No- 
 thing can be deerred the law of nature in 
 which all nien cannot agree"; and the 
 moft able jurifts have united in declaring that 
 pofitive fecial laws fliould inforce the natu- 
 ral, 6r conform to them as far as poffiblc. 
 Mr. Locke fays, " the obligations of the law 
 ** of nature ceafe not in fociety, but only in 
 ** many cafes are drawn clofer, and have by 
 *' human laws known penalties annexed to 
 ** them to inforce their obfervation. Thus 
 " the law of nature ftand^ as an eternal rule 
 to all men/ legijlators as well as others. 
 The rules they make fur other mens a<^ionS 
 muft, as well as their own afld ^ther mens 
 aftions, be conformable to the law ef na- 
 ture, /. e, to the will of God, of which 
 *' that is a declaration.'* And that " the 
 £rll and fundamental pofitive law of all 
 common- wealths is the eftablifhing the le- 
 giflative power, as the firft and fundamental 
 natural law, which is to govern even the 
 legiflative itfelf, is the prefervation of the 
 fociety, and (as far as will confift with the 
 public good) of every perfon in it '^." — 
 That good and perfed laws arc the diftates 
 
 <c 
 
 C( 
 
 (< 
 
 <c 
 
 C( 
 
 u 
 
 <( 
 
 (< 
 
 <c 
 
 cc 
 
 «« 
 
 t Treatife of Government^ Chap, h, 
 
 ■I 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 of 
 

 
 m 
 
 ( 15 ) 
 
 of perfeft reafon relative to their fubjc(ft 
 known in all its parts ; and pofitive laws, fo 
 far as thf'y partake of prejudice, pafHon, iin^ 
 providence, or other infirmity, or are formed 
 on the partial knov^ledge of their refpedtive 
 fubjedls, are imperfed ; the wifeft legiflators 
 cannot judge aright, or rather not at all, of 
 that which was never expofed to their judg- 
 ment, and a law made upon the beft ccnli- 
 deration of fome parts only of its fubjedl 
 matter, with an exclufion or infcience of 
 other proper and material or lefTential parts, 
 from the nature of legiflation, and its objedts, 
 is apparently an improper or imperfedl law. 
 Confidered with refped to the cafe fl:ated 
 and fuppofed, if the fame had fubfifted, it 
 might have beenjufl and proper; but the 
 true and real cafe, compofed of all its parts, 
 materially differing from it, required either 
 a different law, or none at all -, and confe- 
 quently the law thus made through error, 
 according to the immutable principles of 
 truth, juflice and legiflation, I prefume, is to 
 be difcontinued, the continuance of any er- 
 ror when known differing widely from its 
 firfl commifTion when unknown ; neverthe- 
 lefs it is the duty of the parties concerned to 
 
 obey 
 
 -, rv-t-»^. ,, 
 
I i 
 
 It 
 
 H 
 
 
 Km\ 
 
 Si 
 
 •i; 
 
 .^f 
 
 ( '6 ) 
 
 o'bcy fuch erroneous or improper law as faf 
 as poflible, until its review and repeal by the 
 legiflators fliall take place, to whofe wife, 
 equal and juft confideration and decifion all 
 reafons refpedling its real or fuppol'ed errors, 
 improprieties or defe«fls, muft be properly 
 
 and entirely fubmitted. That the ableft 
 
 politicians have held it difficult for one coun- 
 try to make laws for another ; and the greater 
 their diftance the greater their difficulty. 
 The Roman councils were frequently em- 
 barrafled by this buiinefs, although their po- 
 litical wifdom fo far exceeded in many re- 
 fpedls that of other nations. The nature of 
 the Britip^ empire, divided by the lituation 
 of its feveral parts, with the neceflary unity 
 of the fupreine power over the whole, is in- 
 evitably accompanied with this difficulty. 
 All the freehclders in England worthy of no- 
 tice in this behalf are rcprefented in parlia- 
 ment by perfons chofeu by them for that 
 purpofe, who, with the reprefentatives of the 
 cities and boroughs, and the reprefentatives 
 of Scotland, form the houfe of commons, or 
 an order of men well acquainted with the 
 nature, condition and intereft of the whole 
 kingdom, and its refpedive parts \ and yet 
 
 when 
 
 
^w 
 
 i 
 
 .,-1 
 
 -1 
 
 ( 
 
 / 
 
 ) 
 
 when interefting laws are depending how oi\ 
 do we fee Ipecial communications take place 
 between thefe repre "entatives and their con- 
 ftituents, for the fake of better information ; 
 and notwithftandirui^ the ufe cf thefe, the befl 
 means of knowledge, an improper or imper- 
 fed: law has ocen fome times made: and when 
 x\\^ principal or dominant part of a flate 
 makes a law relative to its didant parts it 
 feems defirable to ufe every mean of investi- 
 gating the truth refpeding all the fubjedl 
 matters of it, fo that the numerous additional 
 difficulties unavoidably arifm<j from diftance 
 may, as far as p iTible, be countervailed by 
 the moil diligent comprehcnfive enquiry and 
 thorough examination, without which pro- 
 vident care laws made for the advancement 
 cf commerce may caufe its diminution, and 
 other laws may operate contrary to the intent 
 of the legillators ; and it is necdlefs to fay 
 that when fuch dominant part makes a law 
 for the diftant parts in eafe of itfelf the moft 
 liberal jufl and equitable confideration be- 
 comes more efpecially requifite, in order to 
 countervail the natural dilates of felf-inte- 
 reil:. With refpect to the political ftate of 
 our colonies, there feems to be no bounds to 
 
 V 
 
 1^ 
 
 'I 
 
 D 
 
 fVxa 
 
1. 
 
 Ml! 
 ■tr 
 
 !5, i 
 
 I 
 
 1 f 
 
 ( i8 ) 
 
 the errors of minor politicians and pannphlet- 
 ccrs, which with other errors rcl:itine to their 
 commercial ilate, joining and incrcafing the 
 prejudices and tcmpcflucus paflions of num- 
 bers, have cauicd i'o great violence and grie- 
 vous outrages. lii truth many of Britannia^ 
 fons icem to have loft the proper fenfe of their 
 duty to their motltcr and to each other, bro- 
 ther would baftardizc brother, fome would 
 unnaturalize others, and others would unna- 
 turalize thcmfclves, without duly cf nfider- 
 ing their own conduvfl in its nature and 
 confequcr.ces. To check thefc mifchiefs, 
 ar.d rcdorc all thiiv::s into order, the chief 
 ftrength and ilifcty, as well as beauty, of the 
 civil ilatc, I know no means fo ufeful as ha- 
 vijiii rccouri'c to trutli, the common friend of 
 all honcfl: men, and of all juft meafures ; and 
 thereFTc returning to my former courfe of 
 proceeding I ihall farther obferve, 
 
 IV. That the Englijb colonics are the legi- 
 timate off-fpring image and part of the com- 
 inon wealth, and well entitled to the rights, 
 liberties, and benefits of it, or, in other words, 
 they have good title to jus publicum ^nA jus pri- 
 'vatimiy and to both Optimo jure y the enlargement 
 of the empire, in purfuance of proper regal 
 
 authority; 
 
 -.1 
 
 1 
 '& 
 
r 
 
 ic 
 
 s 
 
 
 ( 19 ) 
 
 authority, at tbiC toil and peril, and the 
 expence of the blood and t'-eafure of the 
 planters — That thcfc rights entitle them of 
 courfc to every proper and pradlicable mean 
 of preforving tlicm, rights witho-it the means 
 of tluir prefcrvation being defcafible and illu- 
 fory — That by tliC f.rft leading grant made 
 for the diicovcry and fctilemcnt of the EngUJh 
 part of America to Sir llumphrey Gilbert by 
 queen ILll'zabetb, on the 2 ill. day of June, in 
 the 20th. year of her reign, after dired:iiig 
 that the iame fhould be maie by her En-^ajh 
 2s\6.InJ]j fubjedls; for uniting in more perfee^l 
 league and amity fach countries ** witli her 
 ** realms of Rndand and Ireland and :or the 
 
 o 
 
 *' better encouraf::ement of men to tliis en- 
 ** terprizej" fhe granted and declared that all 
 fuch countries fo to be pcffefTed and inhabited 
 fhould thenceforth be of tlie allegiance of her, 
 her heirs and fucceflors, and did thereby 
 grant to Sir Htimpbrey, his heirs iind afiigns, 
 and to all other perfons of her allegiance, 
 who fhould, in purfuance of the direetioiiS 
 therein contained, proceed and inhabit Vviiliin 
 any fuch countries, that they and their heirs 
 " Should have and enjoy all the privileges of 
 " free denizens and perfons native 0^ England 
 
 ** and 
 
i 
 
 ( 
 
 20 
 
 ) 
 
 *' and within her allegiance, in fuch like 
 ** ample manner and form as if they were 
 ** born and pcrfonally rcfiaunte within the 
 ** 1'ulI realm of Eng/t/fuL" — That the grant 
 made to Sir IValier Rulej^/jy under which the 
 lirft fettlcmcnt was made in rirginiciy was in 
 thele rcfpeds limilar to this; and it is alto- 
 gether unnecellarv, I apprehend, to cite the 
 i'cveral fiicceeding royal grants which were 
 grafted upon thefe, and co-operated with 
 them in tftabliihing tlic Englijb empire in 
 Amerkci^ every fubfequent grant being made 
 by the king of England to his fubjeds, 
 whether to an individual or to numbers, to 
 pcrfons natural or politic, as well thofe 
 \vliich have lofl: their force as thofe which 
 continue in force, in their nature and tenor 
 fuppofing, confirming, and eftablilhing this 
 empire, and flrengthening the connexion of 
 thefe diHant countries, and all their inhabi- 
 tants, v/ith the realm of England^ the king 
 holding the whole under the fame allegiance — 
 i'hat by the flat. 15 Car. II. cap. vii. which 
 provided tliat the European commodities im- 
 ported into the plantations fhould be fhiped 
 in Englandy whcfe policy and provifion I have 
 heretofore laboured to preferve, it is thus re- 
 cited 
 
 i 
 
 s* 
 
( 
 
 21 
 
 ) 
 
 « 
 
 cited and declared, ** In regard his majcfties 
 ** plantations beyond the leas are inhabited 
 '* and peopled by his fubjeds of this his king- 
 ** doiii of Enghind: tor the maintaining a 
 ** greater correfpondence and kindnefs be- 
 ** twecn them, and keeping them in a firmer 
 ** dependence upon it, and rendring them yet 
 ** more beneficial and advantageous unto it, 
 ** in the further employment and increafe of 
 ** Englijh (liiping and feamen, vent o'i Eriglijh 
 ** woollen and other manufavftures and com- 
 '* modities, rendring the navigation to and 
 ** from the fame more fafe and cheap, and 
 ** making this kingdom a fbaple not only of 
 ** the commodities of thofe plantations, but 
 '* alfo of the commodities of other countries 
 ** and places, for the fupplying of them ; and 
 ^* it being the ufage of other nations to keep 
 ** their plantation trade to themfelves : Be it 
 ^' enadled" 6cc. Here we have an exprefs de- 
 claration made by parliament, per 'verba de 
 frcefentiy that his majefty's plantations beyond 
 the feas were inhabited and peopled by his 
 fubjed:s of this his kingdom of England^ 
 whofe political flate hath queftionlefs ever 
 fince continued the fame — That by the flat. 
 13 Geo, II. cap. vii. it was enaded that from 
 
 and 
 
 \\ 
 
rst 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 Tl 
 
 Mil 
 
 ( 
 
 "^.1* 
 
 ) 
 
 and after the ill. day of June, in the year 
 1740, all perfons born out of the ligeance of 
 the king, his heirs and fuccefTors, who had 
 inhabited, or iliould inhabit for the fpace of 
 fQven years, or more in any of his majefty's 
 colonics in America, and (hould take the 
 oaths, and make the declarations therein di- 
 redled, *' iliould oe deemed, adjudged, and 
 ** taken to be his majefty's natural born fub- 
 ** jedls of this kingdom, to all intents, con- 
 ** flru^lions and purpofes, as if they and every 
 *' of them had been or were born within this 
 ** kingdom." — That it is impoifible, I con- 
 ceive, for any prince or flate intending to en- 
 large their public territory by the acquilition 
 of any diftant lands or countries, to take 
 more proper and efficacious means for mak- 
 ing the fame parcel of their empire than have 
 from the foundation of the colonies been 
 taken by the kings and parliaments of England 
 to unite them with their mother country, and 
 form one empire of the whole; fo that con- 
 fidering their nature, notoriety and import- 
 ance, it is matter of great furprize as well as 
 concern, to fee fuch manifold pertinacious 
 miil.'kes made in this kingdom and the co- 
 lonies touching their political nature by num- 
 
 berlefs 
 
 m- 
 
 
( 
 
 ) 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 beliefs writers and other perfons, who being 
 ilraneers to their true foundation, form erro- 
 neous and injurious hypothefcs concerning 
 them. 
 
 V. With rcfpedl to the queftion when ia 
 a ftate wherein the laws are made by the 
 prince, the nobles, and perfons chofen by 
 the people, the greater part live in one quar- 
 ter of the world, and the leiTerpart in another; 
 and the greater part chufe thcfe perfjns who 
 make part of the legiflative, and who are, by 
 the EngHJ}: lawyers and other authors, called 
 the reprefcntatives, attornies or advocates of 
 their conilituents, and in forcifj-n ftatcs am- 
 balTadors, or by ether names denoting the 
 perfons eledled and deputed by many otlicrs, 
 to reprefent and ad: for them, the lelTer part 
 having no vote or voice in this choice, whe- 
 ther the perfons thus chofen by the greater 
 part can be truly, juftly and properly faid to 
 be the reprefcntatives of the leller part; in 
 which cafe I defire leave to hold the negative, 
 and pray the favour of him who is enclined 
 to the affirmative, that he will confider him- 
 felf as one of the lefler p rt, and then declare 
 his approbation or difapprobation of this re- 
 prefentation; for in truth it feems to me that 
 
 im- 
 
■H 
 
 .1 
 
 ■I 
 
 m 
 
 
 pi' 
 if: 
 
 V 
 
 ( 24 ) 
 
 e 
 
 impartial coniideration might fiiflice to refolv 
 this quel^ion j neverthclels I fliall endeavour 
 to ilhicidate this particuhir. It is laid that 
 the Eng/i/Jj colonies, which are the leffcr part 
 of the (late, though not actually, are virtually 
 reprefcnted in parliament by the members 
 chofen by the greater part. The mifchiefs, 
 divilions, difficulties and dangers which attend 
 the ftate, whole primary Iburce apparently 
 was the condud: of minifters unprovided with 
 proper and necelTary knowledge, with an ex- 
 clufion of wifer counfels, and better inform- 
 ation, have feveral times brought to my mind 
 Fandoras box, out of which the maladies ahd 
 calamities of mankind took their flight. And 
 truth being an immutable entity and intelli- 
 gibility, and error ameer phantafy or figment 
 of the imagination, this notion of virtual re- 
 prefentation being as incomprehenfible by my 
 mental faculties as tranfubftantiation, or the 
 pope's reprefentation cF the Deity, hath 
 brought to my mind the opinion of thofe 
 among the ancients who held that there was 
 no certainty in the human intelled:, or its 
 objedts : but on due confideration, I am fully 
 convinced to ufe the words of Dr. Cudworth, 
 that ** Truth is the moft unbending and un- 
 
 com- 
 
 T 
 
 'i 
 
 s 
 
sr 
 
 ( 25 ) 
 
 *"' uncompliable, the mod neceirary,f]rm,im- 
 •* mutable, and adamantine thing in the 
 '* world;" and in cafe this notion of virtual 
 reprefcntation be true, it is capable of being 
 fo clcarlv and diil:Indl\r reprefentcd and evin- 
 ced as to force the alfent of the equal and in- 
 telligent mindj wherefore I hope that its 
 advocates will be pkafed to explain, fupport 
 and complete their new {)''iiit\\\ of reprefcnt- 
 ation,oblervingthat equal rights require equal 
 means of prcfervation. That the inequalities 
 in the reprefentation of one country are no 
 reafon for rejeding the reprefentation of ano- 
 ther. That according to the excellent rule 
 o^ PlacciiiSy and the fcntiments of Mr. Locke 
 in this particular, we are not to reafon from 
 defed to defed, thereby making the political 
 fyilem Hill more and more defedive ; but to 
 keep the right hne or flate of perfedion in 
 view, making our reproaches towards it, and 
 that one plain fimple principle of univerfal 
 juftice and public welfare is, in my poor opi- 
 nion, worth a thoufand fuch refinements 
 or temporary expedients — That Mr. juflice 
 Doddridge, that learned antiquary and able 
 lawyer, fuppofes that the opinions of P(?^- 
 dore Virgil and Faladine are recoDcileable with 
 
 E the 
 
 i 
 
^> 
 
 ( ^6 ) 
 
 the ** nr:inuicnpt o£ Ca?2tcr if ury, that the firft 
 ** parliament wherein the commons were 
 *' called, as well as the peers and nobles, 
 " was 16 H, 1. ; for it is true that after the 
 *' conqueft until this time the commons were 
 *' not called -, and fo at this time they will 
 •' have it flrft called by the name of a parlia- 
 " ment." This learned judge calls E^ic^^r^ I. 
 the founder of our C'vil ftate, and lord chief 
 iuflice Ha/e fays that he ** is well ftiled our 
 ** Englijh Jujiinian ; for in his time the law 
 " quafi p€7' falfimi ohi^Cwitdi a very great per- 
 ** fection." And the following record will 
 manifeft his fenfe of reprefentation. 
 
 Claus dc Anno Rcgni regis Edwardi Vicef- 
 
 fimo tertio. 
 
 
 
 Parliamento tencndo. 
 " Rex venerabili in Chriflo 
 patri R. eadem gratia Can- 
 tuar archiepifcopo totius 
 Angliae primati Salutem. 
 Sicut lex juftiflima provida 
 cJrcumfpedione facrarum 
 principium llabilita horta- 
 tur, & ftatuit, UT quod ni- 
 nes TANGIT AB 0MNIBU3 
 
 APPROBF.TUR, fic ct innuit 
 evidenter ut comniunibus 
 periculis per remedia provifa 
 
 The king to the venerable 
 father in Chrift R, by the fame 
 nrace archbifliop of Cant, pri- 
 mate of all England, greeting. 
 As the moft juft law by provi- 
 dent circumfpedion of facred 
 princes eftablifiied advifeth and 
 hath appointed, that what 
 
 TOUCHETH ALL MEN BE AP- 
 PROVED OF ALL, fo it likewife 
 evidently intimateth that com- 
 mon danger be obviated by 
 
 ** com 
 
 % 
 
 ^-i'- 
 
 
 Vi 
 
{ 27 ) 
 
 he 
 ;re 
 ill 
 
 ia- 
 
 <( 
 '. ( 
 «( 
 
 4( 
 
 (( 
 
 *( 
 
 
 e( 
 
 
 (( 
 
 
 <t 
 
 s 
 
 • ( 
 
 <( 
 
 i 
 
 ■T. 
 
 
 
 4( 
 
 
 «< 
 
 
 >t 
 
 k 
 
 << 
 
 1 
 
 • ( 
 
 1 
 
 <( 
 
 I 
 
 4( 
 
 §. 
 
 t( 
 
 communitcr obvietur fane 
 fatis noftris et jam eft ut cre- 
 dimus p' unlverfa mundi 
 climata divulgatum qualiter 
 rex Francie de terra noftra 
 Vafconie nos cautelofe deci- 
 pit cum nobis nequiter deti- 
 nendo nunc vero predidis 
 haude S: nequicia non con- 
 tentus ad expugnationem 
 recni noftri clafle maxima Sc 
 bellatorum copiofa multitu- 
 dine congregatis cum quibus 
 regnum noltrum Si regni «- 
 jufdem incolas hoftiliter jam 
 invafit linguam Anglicam fi 
 concepte iniquitatis propo- 
 fito de teftabili poteftas cor- 
 refpondeat quod Deus aver- 
 tat omnino de terra dekre 
 proponat Quia igitur prcvifa 
 jacula minus ledunt et res 
 veftra maxima ficut cetero- 
 rum regni ejufdem concini- 
 um agitur in hac parte vobis 
 mandamus in fide Si dilefli- 
 oni quibus nobis tenemini 
 firmiterinjungpntes quod die 
 dominica proxime poll fe(- 
 tum Sandi Martini in hyeme 
 proxim' futur' apud Weft- 
 monarterum perfonalit' in- 
 terfitis premunientes priorem 
 & capitulum ecclefie veftre 
 archidiaconos totumque cie- 
 
 remediei provided with com- 
 mon confent. Truly we have 
 as we think already fufficiently 
 divulged through all climates 
 of the world how the king of 
 France hath craftily deceived 
 us touching our territory of 
 Gafcoijiet wickedly detaining it 
 from us, and now, not content 
 with the fraud and wickednefs 
 aforefaid, hath prepared a very 
 great fleet, with a povvertul ar- 
 my for the aflaulting our king- 
 dom, with which he hath al- 
 ready hoflilely invaded our 
 kingdom, and the inhabitants 
 of the faid kingdom, the E?!g- 
 lijh tongue, if power corre- 
 fpond with the deteftable pur- 
 pofe of the conceived iniquity, 
 which God avert, he piirpofcth 
 entirely to abolifh. Cccaufe 
 therefore darts foiefeen hurt 
 leis, and your greatell intcrefl, 
 with that of your fellow citi- 
 zens of the faid kingdom i;; 
 herein concerned. We charge 
 you in the frjth and love by 
 which yc are held unto U.- , 
 ftri(5t!y enjoining that on the 
 Lords day ne.\t aiter tlic kal 
 of St. Marti r., in the W iutcr 
 next cnfiiing, ye be pciTonally 
 prefent at H'cjlimtijlcr, I'orc- 
 warning the prior and chap- 
 
 lum 
 
 by 
 
( 28 ) 
 
 ■iH 
 
 
 "i 
 
 ill 
 
 * ruTi vcdrc dioccfi.s Facientcs 
 •* quod iidem prior & archidi- 
 ** acorii in propriis peribnis 
 " fuis & diiftum capitulum per 
 " unum ii.lemque clcros per 
 " duos procuratorcs idoneos 
 •' plenam & fufficientem potc- 
 " ftutem ab ipfis capituJo & 
 *' cleris habentes una vobif-, 
 " cum interfinL modis omni- 
 '•' bus tunc ibidem ad traftan- 
 " dum ordinandum & fjcien- 
 " dum nobilcum & cum ccte- 
 •' vis prelatis & proceiibus et 
 •' a'iis incolis regni noliriqua- 
 '' liter f\c hujufmodi pcriculis 
 '* Sc ex cogitatis maliciis ob- 
 ♦ viandum. Telle rege apud 
 " Wengeham triccfimo d-.e 
 " Septcmbris'' 
 
 tcr of your church, the arch- 
 deacons, and all the clergy of 
 your diocefe, caufing that the 
 faid prior and archdeacons in 
 their own perfons, and the faid 
 chapter by one, and alfo the 
 clergy by two fit prottors ha- 
 ving full and fufficicnt power 
 from them the chapter and 
 clergy, be prefent, together 
 with you, by all ways then and 
 there to confuit, ordain, and 
 take fuch cfFetlual raeafures, 
 with us, and with the other 
 prelates, and nobles and other 
 inhabitants of our kingdom, as 
 will obviate fuch dangers and 
 malicious devices. VVitnefs 
 the king at Wen^ehatn, the 
 thirty firll day of September. 
 
 That the right of reprefentation in parlia- 
 ment hath in other cafes been allowed, in 
 confcquence of the enlargement of the public 
 territory, Wales was conquered by Edward I. 
 [12 Edw. I.) by the ftac. of Rutland it was 
 annexed to England-, bat their clofe, firm 
 and perfed union was made by the ftat. 27. 
 Hen, VII 1. cap. 25. wherein it is recited that 
 ' Albeit the dominion, principality, and 
 ■ ' country oi Wales jnMy and righteouily was, 
 ■' and ever had been incorporated, arinexed, 
 
 *' united. 
 
 » 
 
;, '■■%' 
 
 (S 
 
 <c 
 
 <c 
 
 <c 
 
 (( 
 
 t( 
 
 (( 
 
 ( 29 ) 
 
 ** United, and fubjedt to and under the tm- 
 *' penal crown of this realm, as a very mem- 
 ** bcr And joint of the fame j" and yet, from 
 certain caufes therein-mentioned, *' fome 
 rude and ignorant people had made dif- 
 tindtion and diverfity be ":ween the king's 
 fubjedls of this reahn, and his fubjedts of 
 the faid dominion and principality of ^Wcj", 
 whereby great difcord, variance, debate, 
 divifion, murmur, and fedition had grown 
 between his faid fubjedts ;" whcr^efore, 
 among other reafons, *' to bring his faid fub- 
 ** jedts of this his realm, and of his fi.id do- 
 " minion of J/^<^/fi" to an amicable conconf 
 *' and unity," among other things, provifioii 
 was made for its reprefentation in parliament. 
 And the firft Engliflo colony having been 
 planted at Calais, the fame parliament, in 
 the fame feflion, provided for its reprefent- 
 ation in parliament alfo. The firfl writ there- 
 upon iffued, that I have feen, bears date the 
 2d day of Auguft, in the firfl: year of the 
 reign of Edward VI. whereby the king com- 
 manded the mayor and burgefles to caufe to 
 be elected a difcreet inhabitant of the faid 
 borough, to be a burgefs for his parliament 
 for the fame, according to the form of an 
 
 aifl 
 
I 
 
 !!i. 
 
 Ill 
 
 f 
 
 ( 30 ) 
 
 adl: made by the parliament held the 27th of 
 Hen, VIII. aforementioned -, ** fo that the 
 ** faid burgefs fhould have full and fufficient 
 " power for himfelf and the faid community 
 ** to do and confent to what fhould be or- 
 ** dained by the common council of his 
 *' kingdom." 
 
 VI. That where religion, liberty, order, 
 and good government are, there will be num- 
 bers, plenty, ftrength and fafety, with a 
 proper union of all the parts for the good of 
 the whole — That as the declenfion and dilTo- 
 lution of fo many different flates irrefiftably 
 prove the difficulty of perpetual prefervation, 
 fo it is like wife certain that commercial and 
 iiaval empires are unavoidably attended with 
 tpecial difficulties refpecfling their duration 
 and tlouriiliing condition. For proof of this 
 we need not have recourfe to the ancients, 
 Europe having within thefe three hundred 
 years given us fo many examples, that it 
 would be tedious as well as unnecefTary and 
 unpleafant to compare their prefent with their 
 former ftate.-- -That commerce when fhe 
 takes her flight leaves a country in a v^orfe 
 condition than (lie found it, and knowing no 
 return, the inhabitants may in vain lament 
 
 that 
 
 "4 
 
 
' > 
 
 ( 31 ) 
 
 that lofs which their improvidence or unkind 
 ufage caufed — That although ftrength be ever 
 preferable to wealth, yet when the ftate is 
 greatly infedled by luxury, whofe natural 
 offspring are diffipation, folly, fraud, diftrefs, 
 and danger, with mental enervation, which 
 united, with or without concomitant caufes, 
 have fo often occafioned diflblution or deftruc- 
 tion, greater attention is paid to thofe trades 
 and traders which minifter to luxury, and 
 weaken the ftate, than to thofc which flrength- 
 en it. Of this we have given the world a 
 memorable example. What a ilir do we from 
 time to time make about the Eafi India trade, 
 not to mention others, which never raifed the 
 feamen it deflroys, and promotes luxury fo 
 many different ways, while we pay fuch a 
 difproportionate regard to the trade with and 
 of our colonies, which, including the iifli- 
 eries, to ufe the naval expreflion of an intelli- 
 gent friend, is the main ftay of the Britijh 
 commerce ; fo that although trade be in its 
 nature fo intricate and delicate that human 
 wifdom, even after the ftridefl cnqnirv into 
 fadls, is frequently unequal to the difficulty 
 of forming falutary regulations for ii» inftead 
 of clofe attention, examination and ccmpre- 
 
 henfion. 
 
( 32 ) 
 
 iii 
 
 A 
 
 f ;.'! 
 
 
 henlion, wc arc (bnictiincs inclined, even on 
 great occaficuKs, to confide in the fpecious an(i 
 erroneous re[)rcfentation of others, who make 
 a parade of their knowledge in thufe fnbjedts 
 to fevenil of whofe ellential parts they are 
 utter l^Tvingers — That our foreign trade col- 
 Icdively confidered hath declined apace, and 
 that depending on the changeable minds and 
 circumftances of other princes and ftates, they 
 are in effect contending various ways for its 
 farther diminutions, ourcolony trade having in 
 the mean time fo far encreafed as to have ex- 
 ceeded all thefe diminutions, and while profe- 
 cuting to the utmoft by the fpirit of the colon- 
 ids, who employed herein all their flock and 
 domcflic credit, with a large credit given by 
 the Britijh merchants, and when labouring un- 
 der various difficulties, a projed: was formed of 
 raifiiig a revenue upon it, with the traders 
 i::d other inhabitants — That to carry on a 
 general trade a proportionate flock of money 
 is requifite ; and when this projedl was formed 
 there was in the continent colonies fcarcely 
 money fafficient, even with the aid of the 
 paper currency ufed by feveral, to carry on 
 their trade — That the money propofed to be 
 raifed by way of revenue being to be colle<fl- 
 
 ed 
 
 
 ' I* 
 
w^-*- 
 
 
 I 
 
 ( 33 } 
 
 ed from the old and principal trading colonics, 
 and wholly, or chiefly Ipciit upun new and 
 diftant acqiiilitions, the execution of this pro- 
 jedt muft of nccelTity diminifli and eniharrafs 
 their trade, to the prejudice of the trade of 
 this kingdom, all the real money then remain- 
 ing in the continent colonics prohably a- 
 mounting to about an eight or tenth part of 
 what was due from the traders there to the 
 Britijh merchants, and which being fuffercd 
 to remain there as the nec::fliry means of 
 driving about the wheels of trade would 
 aflift the traders in the difcharge of their 
 debts, and in the continuance of that large 
 trade which they have fo long carried on for 
 the common benefit — That in a country de- 
 pendant on commerce the primary object cf 
 political confideratlon relative to it is prefum- 
 ed to be the increafe and exports of its manu- 
 failures, the benefits w^hereof are difi:ulbd 
 through all parts ; and therefore raifing a re- 
 venue upon their diminution is in effect mak- 
 ing a dangerous ftroke at the root cf that 
 which ought to be cheriihed, or proceeding 
 like him who cut the bough whereon he ilood 
 — That the colonies, fuppofing the annual 
 exports of i?r////7^ commodities to them to a- 
 
 F amount 
 
 1 
 
? 
 
 I 
 
 :i 
 
 
 i. ' 
 
 ^i 
 
 I i 
 
 i 
 
 ( 34 ) 
 
 mount to the value of two millions llerling 
 h;i\ c tlicrcby probiibly paid yearly one mil- 
 lion oi' the Brit/jh taxes, or confidcrably 
 more. To illullnUe this particular, it is to be 
 obferved that every manufadurer charges all 
 the taxes paid by him upon his manufavflure. 
 A clothier for inftance who employs a thou- 
 fand perfons, whofe taxes, together with 
 thofe of his own family, amount to ^ loooo, 
 he being reimburfed by the fale of his cloth, 
 each piece bears of courfe its proportion of 
 the whole, and is paid finally by the wearer. 
 The amount of the public demands are by 
 the intelligent varioufly ellimated. An eld 
 friend, who in many refpedts is extremely 
 acute in his difcernment touching the interiour 
 flate of the kingdom, as well as exad in his 
 calculations, and who by the way had hard 
 meafure in one of our late minillerial revolu- 
 tions, fume time before the commencement of 
 the lafl: w^ar mentioned to me with approba- 
 tion an eilimate made with diligence by other 
 judicious perfons, \vhereby it was fuppofed 
 that the fame amounted to fourteen (hillings 
 in the pound ; fo that according to this cal- 
 culate the accumulative part of the price of 
 manufadures in proportion to the natural is as 
 
 fourteen 
 
 r 
 
 
r! 
 
 ( 35 ) 
 
 fourteen to fix. Being no competent judge 
 of all the particulars of this affliir, 1 leave 
 them to thofe who are ; hut taking the lowell 
 cftimates of the amount of the Britifh exports 
 to the colonies, and of the public charges, 
 through various circulations rcfting on them, 
 and finally on their confumers, and confider- 
 m<z the fiime toj^ether with the entire com- 
 mercial and pecuniary ftate of the colonies, 
 it clearly appears to me that this revenue- 
 projed, if peaceably carried into execution, 
 as far as the nature of things would permit, 
 would by its natural operations certainly have 
 caufed fo great a diminution in the exports of 
 J5r/V/yZ) commodities that for every penny col- 
 lected in the colonies by way of revenue this 
 kingdom would very foon have loll: fix pence, 
 and probably in a fhort time confiderably 
 more. The hiftory of commerce fully proves 
 that it cannot be preferved without confulting 
 its nature, with all its connecftlons, and trado. 
 will fometimes, like water, only bear its ov/ii 
 weight, and the trade of the colonics having 
 been drained to the utmoft, and its produds 
 colledted from all parts conftantly leaving the 
 traders there immenfely in debt to the J5'7V//7j 
 merchants, its continuance was incompatible 
 
 with 
 
( 36 ) 
 
 with new burthens, and the application of that 
 niuney to other purpofes v/hich was nscefTary 
 to carry it on — that the moH: judicious per- 
 fons have in time pail thought it advifeable 
 by every proper method t ) encreafe the trade 
 of the colonies, keeping it under due regu- 
 litlons, and to afTiil in providing for them 
 fuch profitable emplo\ ment as might enable 
 them to pay for large quantities of Britijh 
 manufadures ; whereas this new proj^dt hath 
 a dire(ft tendency to drive the inhabitants out 
 of trade, and from the fea coafl into the inland 
 parts of the country, where every man living 
 upon his freehold will eat his own mutton, 
 and cloath himfelf with the fkin and the 
 wool. — Thit the colonies, like this and other 
 countries, animated by the fpirlt of trade, 
 would as they encreafed their ability, as they 
 have in tim:s paft, continue to encreafe their 
 trade, and dulrelTing this trade with the 
 traders is ftarving the hen that lays the 
 golden ftgg. — That the cheriihing and re- 
 gulating is fo far preferable to the impover- 
 ifhing fyftem, that there is not a political 
 truih, even that which declares honefly to 
 be the bell policy, that appears more clear to 
 
 me 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 "I? 
 
( 37 ) 
 
 me than this, That the flouriihing trade and 
 condition of the colonies will ever bell: fecure 
 and auLTnent their commercial and beneficial 
 connedtion with this kingdom. By their 
 nature and original feitlement they arc un- 
 queftionably part of the iamily of England, 
 and their comfortable condition will not only 
 enable them to profecute trade in time of 
 peace, but invigorate their defence in time 
 of war, of which it is not improbable they 
 may again be the feat. There is no end of 
 vulgar errors relative to this particular ; our 
 enemies attack our colonies as efTcntial parts 
 of that commercial and naval empire which 
 they would reduce ; and if, indead of pro- 
 moting and ftrengthning the mod defirablc 
 union, our errors and th.irs, with confequent 
 divifions, fhould make thorn more vulnerable, 
 they will of courfe become the objed: of the 
 enemies policy and force, and 1 minting 
 our divifio.is confidcrcd in every light, I am 
 forrythat fomeof our politicians h:ive not 
 been envlined to huh treatment of them, 
 that, to ufe t^e v/ords uf a worthy patriot, 
 fpoken to the king on tbe thro \e, it might be 
 their inclination as well as dutv to be obe- 
 dient to his majtfty and the hv/s. On the 
 
 other 
 
! 
 
 m 
 
 ( 38 ) 
 
 Other hand it behoves the colonies to eon- 
 fider that their honour and their intereft, their 
 lafety and happinefs confifl in their continu- 
 ing proper and ufeful members of the com- 
 mon-weahh, to take care that the fpirit of 
 liberty be accompanied with a due fenfe of 
 government ; to maintain their rights and in- 
 terefts in a proper manner, and to pay the 
 lame reverence to the king and the parlia- 
 ment as if placed nearer to them, remem- 
 bring what was faid by an author whofe ere - 
 dit they will not queflion (Mr. Milton J ** this 
 '* is not the liberty which we can hope, that 
 *' no grievance ever fhouIJ arife in the com- 
 " mon-wealth i that let no man in this world 
 ** expecft ; but when complaints are freely 
 ** heard, deeply confidered, and fpeedily re- 
 ** formed, then is the utmoft bound of civil 
 " liberty attained, that wife men look for." 
 And it may not be improper for others as well 
 as the colonifts on this occafion, to recoiled:, 
 not only the faying of Vopifcusy but likewife 
 the words of the judicious Dr. Fleetwood, 
 The prefent defigns of men have, it may be, 
 no eye or tendency to fuch and fuch a con- 
 fequence -, but, however, men muft look to 
 it ', for when we are once out of the right 
 
 « way 
 
 (< 
 
 tf. 
 
 <t 
 
 (< 
 
>> 
 
 t 
 
 ( 39 ) 
 
 •* way, every ftep we take leads us but into 
 *• farther wanderings ^ and we know not 
 ** whither we are going/' 
 
 VII. With'refped: to the reafons relative 
 to the repeal of the flamp-ad, extraneous to 
 the real merits of the cafe, I (hall not pre- 
 fume to exprefs my own fentimentsj but, 
 under favour, ihall infert the words of Mr. 
 Milton, in his Areopagitka, addrefled to the 
 parliament of England, wherein, after taking 
 notice that there were abundant examples of 
 private perfons giving their counlel by fpeech 
 cr writing to fundry free ilates, in thofe ages 
 to whofe polite wifdom and letters we owe 
 that we are not yet Goths and Jutlanders, he 
 wrote thus ; ** and how far ye excel them, 
 •' be afTured, Lords and Commons, there 
 can no greater teflimony appear, than 
 when your prudent fpirit acknowledges 
 and obeys the voice of reafon, from what 
 quarter foever it be heard fpeaking ; and 
 renders ye as willing to repeal any A(!t of 
 your own fetting forth, as any fet forth 
 by your predecelfors." And Ihall obferve 
 that in feveral countries ruled by abfolute 
 princes an appeal lies from the decree of the 
 prince, that is, a fe tnalc informato, adfe bene 
 
 in- 
 
 tc 
 
 €< 
 
 (t 
 
 t( 
 
 <( 
 
 it 
 
 f( 
 
 I 
 
m. 
 
 ( 40 ) 
 
 infor??kittim ', -and I h:ive ever underflo J thiit 
 the honour of the prince was more concerned 
 in giving a jufl decree upon the appeal and 
 review of the cafe, than in pronouncing his 
 firfl decree. 
 
 As to tliofe fons of violence who, without 
 taking notice of others, have to the diflio- 
 nour of that colony whofe merits with refped: 
 to its mother country, all things confidered, 
 exceed thofe of any one of an hundred Ro- 
 man cc lonies, not to name a greater numher, 
 have rifen up in its capital, and, under the 
 pretence cf reformation, have committed 
 fuch outrages, I exhort every man of them, 
 for his own fake, as well as that of others, 
 that leaving the care of the common rights 
 to thofe to whom it belongs, and renouncing 
 his offences he continue to be quiet, and by 
 his peaceable and proper behaviour prepare 
 bimfelf to partake of the clemency of a gra- 
 cious prince who delights in the exercife of 
 his mercy. And, in rrJer to mollify the 
 minds of thofe v/ho le-.m as great Grangers 
 to humanity cs they are to lound poHcy, I 
 fhall, in the words » f Lip/his, id forth the 
 mild conduct of an excellent prince. 
 
 " Shall 
 
 I 
 
[ 41 ] 
 
 " Shall I omit \.\iQQ Alphonfiis ? who being 
 " all goodnefs and beneficence haft reprc- 
 " fented to us Titus, but with long continu- 
 *' ance. Thou befieging Caieiii, which had 
 ** obflinately rebelled againft thee, the be- 
 '* fieged appeared to be prefled for want of 
 *' provifions, which themfelves declared by 
 '* putting forth old men, boys, women, 
 ** and all the ufelefs multitude. In council 
 it was advifed that they Ihould be rejected 
 and driven back, for that io the city would 
 foon furrcnder, he through commiferation 
 chofe rather to difmifs them, and continue 
 the fiege : but, upon his not taking the 
 place, fome dared to obje6 , that if he 
 had not let them go the city would have 
 " been his^ he nobly anfv%ered. But the fafe- 
 *' ^y 9f fi many pcrj oris, is more io nie than an 
 ** hundred Caietas, However he was not long 
 ** without it, for the citizens, admoniflied 
 *' by fuch extraordinary virtue, and repent- 
 " ing, voluntarily furrendered themfelves. 
 '* Flis condudt was fmiilar tov/ards Anthony 
 " Caldora, the molf powerful man of tlie 
 *' Neapolitan kingdom, and his obdinate 
 '* enemy, whom having at length in a great 
 ** battle fubdued, and taken, when all per- 
 
 O f jaded 
 
 (( 
 
 (C 
 
 <( 
 
 <( 
 
 <c 
 
 (C 
 
 tl 
 
 \ 
 
[ 42 ] 
 
 ',* luaded to put to death fo troublefome a 
 
 ** man, and who was ever at enmity with 
 
 ** the Arragonians, he alone witliftood, and 
 
 '* not only pardoned, but reftored his eftate 
 
 ** to him, and gave to his wife all his ele- 
 
 " gant and valuable furniture and other 
 
 ** moveables, which lie had in his hands, 
 
 " referving to himfelf only one cryflal cup. 
 
 *' Such were his adions, with which his cx- 
 
 ** prefTions accorded. Being alked why he was 
 
 '* mild towards ail, even the wicked. Becaufcy 
 
 ** laid he, jujiice conciliateth the good, clemency 
 
 ** the had. Again, when his miniOers com- 
 
 *' Dlained of his too irreat Icnitv, as not be- 
 
 " coming a prince. V/bat, raid he, would you 
 
 ** have hears and lions to reign f For clemency 
 
 ** is the feculiar oj men, cruelty of wild heajis, 
 
 *' He fiiid what was true. By how much 
 
 '* the greater, --ind more, as I may fay, of 
 
 ** a man any one is, {o much the more is he 
 
 " inclined to this virtue, which is therefore 
 
 *^ termed humanity." 
 
 Scotland in confequence of two rebellionj 
 raifcd thc!c, in order to deitroy, or drive 
 away theprcent roy;d family, happily placed 
 on the throne for the prefervation of our 
 
 common 
 
 ll ! 
 ,1 
 
^ 
 
 [ 43 ] 
 
 common liberties, hath by the wifdom and 
 equity of the Britijh parHament been made 
 more free, whereas the end and intenhon of 
 every adlion being to be confidcred, in juftice 
 to the colonies, whofe dif^ance lays them un- 
 der manifold ditficulties, it may be faid, if I 
 am not wholly miftaken, that their intention 
 is to defend their rights according to their 
 fenfe of them, and how far that is erroneous, 
 or its defence improper, is not my province 
 to declare. As to thefe politicians who feem 
 to delight in blood, and are fo follicitous to 
 introduce a focial war, whereby after fo nar- 
 rowly efcaping the fword of our enemies we 
 Ihould employ our own fwords in deflroying 
 ourfelves, every ftab deftroying a fubjedl, 
 and diminifliing that commerce which gives 
 bread to fo many others, their policy, inftead 
 of being the refultof any wife confideration 
 fuitable to the occafion, feems to be the dic- 
 tates of their prejudice, their paffions, or 
 fomething worfe. l^ thefe advocates for de- 
 ftrudion had been pleafed fully to explain 
 their own propofition, confidercd with refped; 
 to its nature, operations, and conclufion, 
 without which all propofals are vain, its im- 
 propriety 
 
[ 44 ] 
 
 propiety and dangers, I prefumc, would 
 evidently appear. 
 
 Rome when in her flourifhing eftate was 
 brought to the brink of ruin by the focial 
 war, occalioned by her refufal to communi- 
 cate the Homan right. After fuffering fo 
 much by her various errors and corruptions 
 fhe granted it to all the nations of which her 
 empire was compofed, and for this grant her 
 praifes in verfe and profe will endure to all 
 ages, Claudian fays. 
 
 Hac eji in grcmium vi5tos quc2 fola recepit, 
 llumaniimque genus communi nomine fovit y 
 Matrisy non domince, ritu : civefque vocavit 
 ^os domiiiti nexuque pio longinqua revinxit. 
 
 And Rutiliusy 
 
 Fecifli patrlam dherJJs gentlbus unam. 
 Prof nit injujiis te dominante caply 
 
 D urn que offers viSlis proprii confortia juris y 
 \J KB EM fecifii quod prius Orbis erat. 
 
 Upon taking a view of all parts of the 
 public territory, and confidering them in their 
 nature, fituation and mutual relations, with 
 
 the 
 
lid 
 
 C 45 ] 
 
 t'le relation of the whole to other ft^ites, inclu- 
 d ng our debts, which all the money in Ewope 
 p.ol ally could i.ot djfchargc, whereof the 
 {-rincipal ( r interell due to foreigners is to l-e 
 paid by the b .lance ( f our trade, and how 
 far QUI credit i, exhauited, together with the 
 ordinary courfe of hum in affairs refpeding 
 war an I peace, it does not, I pre fume, re- 
 quire tiie .oreHght of ^hemijlocL's to difcern 
 that ( u. future welfare and lafety require the 
 prefent exerc !e of great wifdom; and that 
 the whole having one common intereft to 
 fupport againfl our competitors, advcrfaries 
 and enemies, and all being members cf the 
 fame loiy, laying afide our prejudicles, divi- 
 sions and sn mc.fities, we Ihould unite our en- 
 deavours for the advancement of the common 
 good, ever remenibring that juilice is an ar- 
 chitectonic virtue, and what we learn from 
 M/op, and tl'atVv'ife and great cmpcrour and 
 phi]ofoj)her Ayitchhus, that the bundle of 
 fticks given by the father to h's fons while 
 un ted is not t) le broken, and that whit is 
 not go d for the hive is not good f r the bee ; 
 and moreover what was fuia t j the Lords and 
 Commons in Parliament, (4 Hen. Vi.) Eritis 
 infuperaLiks, Ji juer'uis infeparahiles, Explo- 
 
 J U'li'l 
 
■;)!;■• 
 
 C 46 ] 
 
 fum ejl illud dlverhlum : Divided impcra ^ cum 
 radix ^ vertex mperii hi obedient ium conjenfu 
 rata Jin t. 
 
 Having fjr the advancement of truth, li- 
 berty, univ.rlal juftice, and the public wel- 
 fare, fabjeits worthy of a much abler pen, 
 writLcn witli that freedom which becomes 
 the member of a free ftate, I fliall now cheer- 
 fully fubmit the whole to the candour and 
 corredion of the judicious and impartial, and 
 to the pkafure of thofe who delight in cen- 
 fure. Witli refped to the former I fhall ever 
 fay biefied be the amending hand, and of the 
 latter I pray this favour, that they will for 
 the common good be pleafed to write better 
 ©n thefe important fubjedts. 
 
 F INI S. 
 
 I' It 
 
 ti 
 
 [I > 
 
9