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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 M tEPLY IN \ \ SPEECH OF MR. LINN, OF MISSOUEI, IN lEPLY TO MR, Mcduffie, on the oregon bill: DELIVERED IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES, JANUARY 26, 1843. WASHINGTON: PRINTED AT THE GLOBE OFriCB* 1843* ■^ ii SPEECH OP MR. LINN, OF MISSOURI, IN REPLY TO MR. McDUFFIE, ON THE OREGON BILL. DELIVERED IN THE UNITiiD STATEsS SENATE, JANUARY !*, 1&53. Mr. LINN said Ihe opposition to the measure Which he had had the honor of introducing, had conlined itself, except on the part oi' the Senators from South Carolina, to the grant of lands. One of those Senators made that his chief objection; but was averse, in addition, to all present action tipon the matter. The other, who spoke yester- tlay,[Mr. McDupriE,] took still v/ider ground — blamed the bill as to all its incidental parts, as well as its objects, and declared his fixed repug- nance, not only to this scheme of settlement, but to all expansion of our population whatever. Cer- tain remarks of the latter eloquent Senator de- mand a particular reply; and, in answering them, il I can sutticiently, I shall have met whatever else has been further objected to the bill. It is with a want of consideration, of meditation, and preparation of the measure, that he more di- rectly taxes it. To this objection, the history of the bill, and of its repealed introduction here, is .the best answer. The measure was first intro- !"duced some twenty-two years ago, in the House of Representatives. It has, therefore, had all the time necessary to reach the legal age of discretion. A till of like form and objects was urged again upon Congress in 1^23, with much ability and research, by a distinguished member, (the late Governor Floyd,) one of whose favorite objects it continued to be up to the close of his honorable congressional career. Though he did not induce the Legisla- ture to embrace his views, yet the measure com- manded the attention of President Monroe, and was stnmgly recommended in his last annual mes- sage. His successor, (Mr. Adams,) in like man- ner, viewed it as a proper part of our national polic}', and pressed il upon the attention of Con- gress. This was followed up by two reports from the accomplished pen of Mr. Baylies in support of the President's recommendation. In 18^8, it was (mce more introduced, in a regular legisla- ». tive form, by Governor Floyd, and passed the House of Representatives by a large majority, but failed in Ihe Senate by a plurality of two votes. Since then, it has repeatedly, in one form or another, been the subject of executive attention and legis- - lative discussion. In 1836, Mr. Slacnm, a young gentleman admi- i. rably filled for this diflicult service, was commis- sion(Ml by General Jackson to examine the coun- try, and report upon its inducements to occupation, sta'.e oflhe fur trade, co-.amercial advantages, &c. ■ The information which ilial gemlcmau personally collected was placed before Congress in 1838. la ihe mean time, (October, 1837,) during the extra session, I made a call upon the Executive for whatever it could communicate, in its possession, upon this interesting subject. The answer, be- sides other matter, brought US, at the regular ses- sion, the report of Mr. Slacum of his several jour- neys and voyages from Mexico to California, to the Sandwich Islands, and to the Territory of Ore- gon. I then moved the reference of the whole subject to the Committee on Foreign Relations, which was theri opposed strenuously by gentlemen who are noio in favor of its reference to that com- mittee. Finding this opposition, I moved its refer- ence to the Committee on Military Affairs, which, was also strenuously opposed by all who took any part in the debate. It seemed to be the opin- ion of the Senate, that it should be referred to neither of the committees, but that it appropriately belonged to a select committee; which was accord- ingly adopted. Being the author of the proposi- tion in regard to the ^Territory of Oregon, I was selected as the chairman of that committee. Oa the 6lh of June, 1838, the committee submitted a report, accompanied by a bill. While these proceedings were going on in the Senate, Mr. Gushing, a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs in the House of Representatives, presented the question to that body, followed up by a report made by him— a report which, it may be said with truth, exhausted the s«bject. Neither the Senate nor House bill was reached that session. Then came the Maine boundary excitement, and the political and party agitation of the years 1839 and 1840, in the midst of which there was so little hope of commanding the attention of Congress in a measure in no manner connected with the presi- dential election, that it was thought unnecessary to press it upon the consideration of the Senate. Not- withstanding this, I was not unmindful of its im- portance; and in January, 1840,* a resolution was, at my instance, sent to the War Department, as to the expediency of a line of military posts ex- •Aboui the same period, I introduced another resolution in the Senate, calling for fuither iDformatlon from the State De- partment. In reply to which. Mr. (Jreenhow's admirable Me- moir, Iliatoncal, Politic.il, and Geographical, of the Northwest Coast, and drawn up at tlie request of Mr. Forsyth, was sent in: and 3,000 copies were printed by order of the Senate. Mr. Greenhow'H Memoir contains the most careful and correct in- formation that could be obtained up to that period, includinff even the l)est Uritisli aiuhoriiioa; and it clearly proves, beyond all possibility of doubt or cavil, tluit the tide of the Uiiitei Statca to the country is incontroverlible. -.■>•■ SR421 tending to llm Rocky Muimtaius, upon which afa- vorattlc icpurt wu> i-.iiMKil liy Mi. Puin.scU.. Thai reporl 1 have nlieady bad ilie lunioi" to ciio 10 the Senate in my ()()eninsf remarks iipnn tlijs bill, when it firsi caine up lor et)i).sider!Uioii this session. When next 1 brouijhl it (orward, the for- eign negotiations with Lord Ashburton, which elided in the late treaty, were about to be set on foot; and I was urge) liy all political parties not to embroil them with another diiiiculty,by a renewed etlbrl lo bring about the occiipaiion of the territory. To ttie>e wishes I r^eluitanlly yielded, consenting to wait tor the rcsnlis of the prijiiiised (.iipliinmcy. That diplomacy has siufered the occasion to pas-; almost without an allusion to the subject; and still, as before, the cry is, "Nut now ! wait a little long- er! presently ! By-and by we are certain lo bring the whole bnslnes.-. happily through, if you will not press it now !" Such has ever been the encourage- ment, or the arguineni, with which the measure has, for above twenty y ars, been met; and the Sen- ator from South Carolina will, therefore, see that the purpose has been pursued with everything that could give it forecast, and that no indiscreet meas- ure or issue has been press d n.^ainslGievt Biilain, or urged upon the henatc. It has been held back not only until it became, in point of time, appro- priate, but indispensable, if we are ever to accom- plish the object at which wo aim. The main subject was urged on the attention of Congress in President Tyler's fust annual message, ■where it is also strongly sustained by the auxiliary reports of the Secretaries oi War and the Navy; and the same recommendation was once more pre- sented to Congress in the report? of Secretaries Spencer and Upshur, at the beginning of this ses- sion. The country is indebted to Mr. Pendleton for an excellent report in 181-3, to the House of Representatives, accompanying a bill even stronger than the one now under discussion. This succinct history of the measure must cer- tainly acquit the committee of any indiscreet haste, any inconsiderateness, any precipitateness oi plunging Congress into premature debate, or n rash issue with Great Britain; particularly as both Mr. Jefierson and Mr. Madison had originally been in favor of some action. As to the apprehended elTectr, of debate here, the Senator, I think, exaggerates to himself thena- tional irritation which may be so produced. Great Britain — herself accustomed to the most unre- strained parliamentary discussion — surely better understands how debate, and the heats into which it naturally runs, are to be viewed. It is by our action — not our speeches — that Great Britain will he influenced. I shall therelore continue to speak, as I have spoken, freely; well convinced that what •we say of ner here will be of no more serious con- sequence in London, than what she says of us, in bfer legislative wrangling, is of weighty influence upon us. I understand the Senator's objections lo the bill to be three-fold: first, that it would, in its main pro- visions, bean infraction of the conventions of 1818 and 1827; secondly, that, when carried into effect, it must plunge us into all the expense of a remote military occupation; thirdly, that the territory it- self is valueless, and must prove a disadvantage, not only through the enormous expense it must en- tail upon us, but by dispersing our pof)ulation,from •whose concentration alone a progressive and an el- evated civilization is to be expected. The Senator will pardon ms if I say that the q-J lire .Ml, p. of Lis 1 miliar!;:, yevlenlu.;, prov-^ '"■Bn!'l';ii-' hm greatly toiiiulervalue a territory as yet little Wnov iijaui^ln i'; ill his qiiaiier. Tnere is a mi>S3 ol doiMinieni;: allz! tin- u infonnatiuii in rcL-ard Id ii, in whifh 1 '"" < "i:^"'',.'' jielled to.-uppiisehim not vei.-ed. Even puiiingilp-. »'"J'ii:' minuieriactsout of view,however,anil supposini,'ie«iah!i;<;M surface sleril, there are in iis favor liiyh andd'WH''^'' "i viouselementsof comrneiciai value, of Inture coirii-L'^','"!'"'''' 1 1 • 1 • 1 I . lOtc III'. II ; mercial giea!nc;-s, which I thonght certain to pin; m (1,1^,, a mind as capable as his of embracing these inB^J '- ' , poitant coiusidciatioiis. It is plainly, at no dista '***"* "'''.'- d:;y, thi' (ies.iiicd 'jveiiue vf a great trade fiuiii .{luddim ?;' our territories to the Pacific and the East. ,\ -ifli-.ii,'" dnes he less overlook its present and past impdif'oW""'-" i ance. The inertness of our policy lias already li'^'^ai'iai' m Railed to US more than icri millirnsoflcgiiimiileirai', Sjs,'.,, ,',_!' By the sheer neglect ol' our Gi)vernn»ei)t, our (Vjnepst'iriT, trade on ih t coasi — fornifrly affording at least ha'"''"' /" \'f' a iniliitm — lia> been jsnlTered, under the operation Jflhui,' *i'.'iv the existing treaty, to dwindle to some two thoiaihri'MT sand dollars a year. Examine, sir, the returns .*»rM ■.— ^* Eliassoutli to the lalitudtiof r4ileg.40 min. north, (tlie last t in? the lnundary line l)etwcen the Rutsiaii and .\merican ten niries,) toij'Bihei- with theeole and exclusive right or privilt;. (if frequenting all poris, bays, sounds, rivers, <&c. within tt icrritory, and nftablishing foria and trading with thn Indij* has been leased or granted by iheKussian-Amcrican FurCoi pany lo iheltriiish Ilmlson Hay Company for the term of : years from January, 1842, and "for wliicli the latter are to pa annually, four thousand lur Real skins, or the value thereof money, at tlie rate of thirty-two shillings each— say jEC,-; sierline, or S3i>,720. "In theabovonanied.lenae the Russians have, however,i served to themselves the island of Sitka, or New Archancel; which place, you probably are aware, the Russians have large settlemKnt— the depot and headquarters of their fur tra with the Fox islands, Aleutian islands, and the continental sh' westward of Mount dt. Ellas. All the trading estal)lishme' o!"the IluKHians lately existing atTumgass Stickene, and oil places within said territory, leased to the Hudson Bay Com: ny, have iif consequence been broken up. Thus the Hud- Bay Company, not content with monopolizing the berntofc profi'able trade ofthe Americans, of supplying die Uussian*! tlenientson the Northwest coast, have now completely cut thi ■ otjalso from all tradu with the most valuable fur regions iiu world Hon, N (; Vei'.rt-. l«:il J 821 l>2(i isid l^^i m l^a^l m\ • iKl!) 1810 "Whether the arraneementa made between the Russians a i-h.^ , .hip Z English, above alluded to, arc conformable to the treaties (_ ,,, , ' , isting between the United States on the one part, and ihoset orp.uoi va lions respectively on the other, I leave to your belter knon,-,^',. .,..'.„ '^. edge to determine. , T . ; / , f'With the doings of the Hudson Bay Company at Pus* rfji,-, ,1 ,.,,,, .sound and the Columbia river you are doubtless fully inforni^i^iy,, |.';„^,|'. |, those, however, lately commenced by them in California i>„,J „.(]".,',' m admitofniysayinga few words. inven'i.iu 01 1 " At 8an Francisco they have purchased a large house, as, j«,|„ ,,||,.„(.^ trading establishment and depot for merchandise; and theyt^S,|._j^|,,|,,|.'| tend this year to have a place of the sam* kind at each of iSJL ,i| 1"^) a n principal ports in Upper California. Two vesselsare buiWi rjl'., |. ,„,'„'„ |, in London, intended for the same trade— (tut is, for titecWir,}^., |„|,(]'^, I 5 f I say ihat the e:, • , , , , ,: . • , .1 1 "^ ,„ ,^ ,^ 1 tetrailii; ann. nncr roinpiciin? tliPir cartroeA, to cirry Ui«m L'Ulu.;, |)u).c.> '":Sri.;n^i.ii„], Tueso iliiir; ■•, s\ii|] ulliuiw, l'ivc ivrry n.di^ iiliuii iis VOtliUlc KiKiv Jia' II i.^ liif |uif|icic(if 111 " ' ■■ ■• - Ifililsiiii lt:iy *-' n.cjdl 3llzi! tlir wliii'<.' luili; :iinl I'll'ow irailo ii; ilii; cohbi nf C.ilir'ii'- niu— >i ii.i,lo vhii'li now eiii|ik))iH nunc iluiii tiii 1 a iiiillidfi >'l Aoi'.'rii' ill i'.'i|iititl. ■ *'/\i ihr Siuilwicli I-'l.imls tliccoiiipiuy liiivf. ;i liinro trmliii'.' 'r,arill .Sllpl)(J^illg:Miall!iMillll^•.lt, i:ml li:iM' ciiiiiii-'i'iii'til 1 1:^:-;. :ivr iii lit avor hi'jh find (j'''*'''^" '" ''"• <':Hiiiu'y, v.-ii.i fvi,|, nt iJc-il-h:- im 3 Vi iUlOIUlK'lll;! \vj»ifh 1 vHli ( oi: liven pull iiijv;- ill' III iit^ I' iiii ni(iliiiti.il;;',u i' uviM iii;.-,u mm o "r" . , .• ' • ■ . •-•• ,..,.-. ln<» nfit tni'p .,,'' P" "■"''''''' '""' U' di i*'c uli iliu Americana v.i,o liiive henj'D- lUe, Ol imuiL <-';'Yo|e Im',11 ;;h clilKlc.ieiiuir.-iaiiiU.diuiiirKiib-. ;ht cei'iain to Pin: •' i Uuvu Ik-cm i..|..niji.d ly ""'' "' tl'" if-'pn's of iIir IIiidBon ibracinij tliest? inUiy '^liupmy tiiat ilie iiuri'-ii'inr-il jiiiil cnniiiwi'ri.il 'i|i,iia- nilllv ai no (hsti ''""^ "' '"' '' sli.-li.ii. I'm.' '.'^.-^nnnil, (',iliiii,l)i;i rivpi, (; iliidf , ,., 1 ,• ' ' ' ni«, ami S,iiiil\vii:li Isuiiiil-', <:riMMrrii%:l mi, not iiciiiiiliy l.y tin; real iraile Hum .{jfiiddim \U^ (•.iiii).:ii)y, liui liy wliiit limy b.' !■ nri' li .r hniiii'li id the Easl, -N jfll— U,. iMMi'li'inen v,'1ki ■in. liii! r .iul liicliihuis utid Hdck- 1 and pa:iL ilTir.Ol''*'"''''''' '' "'"''^'"'"'''■".'•^ •''■•' v\hdlK'V' a^.J>■rlrtl^•l; lln ms' Ivos ^,. l.o..- oi.-i..-i l<7 ( uiUlertht: linn dl l*''lhy. S|.ii|i-on. u ^1 .|^^, _^j. ^^^^^|._j 1,^,^,^ .tlo.iiiiddiio. Ol Icglllinillell'ilii ♦'iSi'iii.^; 'liL-so ' i,;ri]>a,iit:!<, ilioii, m.ii-cliir.'i wi:h iiori loo;, VeVTimeUt, our (VjJtepRCdil;..'. |)f|,^.'>!S.'ic; Mni cou!.!. 'trine, iim, the iiniin-i.si; I , '^ '• jfHoin I di ihnr rapi'nl, ili.' niiiiiht'C, en; I'pvi:"--, nii I e.'..i.'\j:y lerini! operaiion jfihun ngoms, inpl iIk; pol'ry pLiivufil liy lln;iii. miMl iT:;sd:i ,0 some two thuiialhci'sln iVm- ll;ii Ao;t'iiri;ii c.uniiifi'.c in '.\';o. pu'l r 110 allxiiiarV con"''^''"' ''''''"l^ ili;UdfMir;ili!edlijfCt, jnu have linim mncli; .iiid ... , " ■ .ivery liicnil to lii< ivin.itry, I'vi'iy p'TMiu iii'.ch'.-iKd ir 'hfiroin- wnn a— ine 'raoneiccid'ihe Punlk, inii^-t leel graieliii lor ilie valuable sui'- inct, 'Ices rciirl' r.'il 111! in i.yy.u laulished by doc: copious that I da:_ ; with its read in; igle document pi rce, while cngag; i.yy, "Willi '.;r('at ii'.^iJoc.r, yoiir I'boilifi,' °ervnni. •MII'jMIV a. IMKROR "* *FURS. TlH3A.STTr;V DcPAKTMr-NT, liagisUr'ti OJl'-. JiVi(/ai, U'A'i. Boston, May 1, 1S12 ^^' ' ''''•■'" ''"^ honor to i ncios': tlio sfaicinent of l . " . . ,„ . „ lorted i.i Oiri'.on. I hive ilio (■■xp.i-tln iIip dircri tiuJo, or important to you ,^^^.^^ ,,.,^^,^ ^^ ,.,,. .. ^ ,,,„„^,^^„ ..^^.^ ,, „,, „^,,^ id pve.-'enl plana ol : 1 1 \ir'.j m.wi -m- Vokh Pac;lic.d,-e-.r H„n, N, G P.Kn.ETON, •'"''''•" '"''^''"'^^ 1 (acts in reiaiion to; llll'S , and ih 1 lauiC!' ill iu:aiiuii iui. iwiodgu fiom poreui'aijic of furs cxporkd to CaiJon- on J the lullcst ci-edit. , r..„.,i n„.,„„ii„ A-.,,,, i>j-)i /„ i irehendiiig tins Ilusnii iierica, from Mount >- lin. north, (the last t an and American ler: Bivc. right or privil(;_ rivers, &c. within a. dins; with tho Indiji* nAincricun FurCoi ly for tlie term of ; J ihfi latter are to pa ir the value thereof iiigs each— say JEG,', DH have, however,! or New Archancel; the RusiiianB have irtors of iheir fur \xi cl the continental sh' radlng establishme' is Stickene, and otl H(i*)Bon Bay Comj Thus the Hud- :>liziiig the beretoK )lying the Russinn>' w coriipletely cut ihf ikble fur regions In i conrif, aniiii'illi/, fr.'/ ni 1&21 lo !«{(). mrriain ac- Yeaiv :;l«;it l.sit l-'T, 1 ---ii ■■|.--i'.i ■I8i') tR:::i i&;i 18:7 18J-1 M-.V.) 1810 Direct trade. Genti-Hl trade. «rr.':>:in f ri^lil 091 T.-' las •f.liUlSl I'll '.till ■.•,\•< 'J.'!,"! iiiimjn; •..'."i''',SMJ li'l,7(ii Hl,l>(l _ l.KiOfi _ •v>.:.','K> - 1(':M;'.'.", t:i:lii--, ■•■ .•I'^.j |.'it.:;j-< •]!i;;dl i:M,diS :,.t,8-.S iOMI :i| ::{\\ '.li.ui:2 •^r,-■■•\ .'■vl >■?.■> IG7II1 'li|,t'(X) •J,lo8 ~ Ui^niarkri. \ii ••f'ttirii. !)o. Do. lUi. ■^atimnti'd. Do. Nj rciurii. reenlho Russianaaifi^iniihlp.i.xiiiiiiiini^ii -iMdiiai'v '■iniiii"i!iiii^' iradc in fiiis, ble to tlie treatieae„^lli^ ii,„,,li.ml^. |,,i,.i,ij,, a;,,| ti.niui" of i;,itish .^iilii'jr p me part, and those I or,,j.„„ .va.s ai;;lioriz-d by th.. rdnvmirn ..f H!^. i^ihuiu;.! .0 your better Kno»,fl|^jji;. ,,.,|.y up,,,, the i.rin-iph'.^ :t'ici provirior's ofiliat conviM Company at Puge ,>nA III ■ivihril 'lisiiUPit'-^d'iliu.'r-,-; or '.:■ n.'ro.?!'/ rniv .■Jiirivinl*' ...^ "• f - elyin»ornr|,,,y,, ,.;„!.,,. ,,.,, ||,p ^viser, sah-r, and more uone!-,;! vnledf na lein in Oallfornia *)tia|,,,-tio.i, min ovn-y iii-int m di'mand an cipiivalont,. Thf i lavenlioii dl HIS, w.i^'-a dpparuir.' Irom iliissuliiiarv riili'.and : „ ■iftpn-' ipifiiPO:* we read in ttii! almvn tahlp— the lincoiiipcn- ; handiso; and they t^^i,.^,,,,,,,. n,,i,(. ij,„|c„„ -jiy 0'Mn(,any of all Una trade I • kind at eacho nn^,„.,,,,v„,.i;i:,,,|, .,.,,.., in.si. Tl,i., sj.^de .si.itriiirnt af.; o vesaelaare bulldi;,^,, |.,,,.o;, |,y whii ii ue r-hill do well k. proli'. in lime. h.'-ore (tut is, for Uloe»w,ra^., l,,.l,flei-e,„;e^lorbear;..nce, and ntilcct shall render ut- The Senator from Kentucky srnve the other day a viTv stiikiii^ sla'icli ol' liic va^L and widcsjircad opc'iaiiiins ol liie Jiulsoii liay Coinpaiy. Tlicy muy Iji? ycl more vi.-^iWy tiactd in a map of llietr po,s>e.-sion;s bciure tne, ifcre Sonattiis may ca.-^t ihiMf •:yi.-s over a tPiiitory, strelrliiiig from tlie iiay ol till:' iiorth Allaniic wiiicli lins lent its name to the as.suciati.>n, to ilie Pacific and the Ivirder.s of Mex- ico. Over this v, ide dominion, dolled with iheir (retitU'.'it furls, settiemenis, aiid iiiclories, and over iis many Jiidian iiihes, ihcy hold undi-pulcd nils, ns c()m|ilcie tis was ever cxiMci.M'd in IJiiidostaii liy ilie ,<;ie.u coinp.Hiy wliicli was liie skilful instiu- iiifnl (if Eii'.rliUid in .'•tizinn; upon licr present em- pire lliere. The led spots on ihis man desiojnato ilieva/ioiis foils; llie oihers, the seltlemeuis of tiic comp.my's reiired servants. Wliat htndmarks, vviiat signs of dominion or pos.se.-^sioi., has tiiis Government aliixed to the^;oi!'? NotiC. Ilou" lijve yoiu (.•iriims been viniiicate^l'? What care have vuii hail of even the subordinate tn-tler cf yout trade, iisrntlly not slighted by ael- ivcly ci'inmereial naiion.v! Yonr fur trnde, as I liave said, is gone; Ihat wi'h tlic Russian posses- sions hiis been siifl'ered to pnss into foreign han^l^^; thai wiih til'' Sandwiih Islands lies at the mercy of your v.aichlui riva'; and nt>t a s ep is taken lo stay her encroaeliments upon your soil, or hei inroads upon your commerce! It is not, sir, bei-inise I am a Western man, or beeau,-e my immediate c nsiituents take a deep concern in this mailer, thai I urge it. I regard it only as a natiimai (piestion. it is as a great and ackn;)v>-ie(tged interest ol tlie v.-hole Union that I would preserve ii. let it r.irectly benefit what sec- tion of the coiuiir" it inny. Nolliing local, noihitig seitiional, enters into v>.\' leLdin<;s, or shall suay my judgment. I view it — and tni^-t that every other fieiiak)!' will view il — only in its broader relations to the whole eouniiy, and have aiimd to treat it onlv in ilK'.t way. In rc'nid lo the pariicular interests involved in the ([uesiii.n, 1 could r^Tid many documenis, with which 1 wii: not weary the atleniiuii of the Senate.-. 'I'liey will pennit n\ij, however, to ci:e from the I'Xcelhiit report of Mr. Pendlelon to the other Hiuise, the fuiknving impcrlriiit Idler of Ciiptain Spahlin'j:, of the ship Lausanne, of New York, ad- dres>cd to my.-ell : ".\t |'rr»-:'n'. tin' ('ompany rnliivalp almut iliree llioii'^nnd .nrriV! ol land, and rid.-c ahont eiulilech 'lioiisaiid liiu-hrlf: ol' wlieat, l'onii(;rn tlioii-'and haifilieU: df po ;iniis. lliree (lion.--and luishflH ofpea^o. and have h;)!l: Mnnr aii.' s.iw-iiijlls; tjiey liave seviyR lriC'U5,iii(l hi-ad of e:ili!c, -vvo lli'iiirand .'iiifr-p, linys, Ac. and have .ni'.Mji'il to saipply ilie. Kn,--.^ians wiili eiilii. lli 'iisiind hindi- ".3 of wlie.it iimmaliy, an I I Jo iioi know huw many tl ontnnd poiii d:i of Imi er ui Gd. i-lei-lin_' per pound; ih.y liavc a laiiTB nniiil er of men in llieir iniploy, (onr piiip.", two ^■ellonnel•s, and a btiaml);'a'; tli.:y lir.vn nveial fotts on ilie s-nntli f-ide of itie (>oliirn!iia.and nijie out nl'tlie viver prulinlily iidt less ihan five hinidii-f) lliinixaiid ihtlUirs in vaiiie per aiiiiiiin; while oiirtjuv- ernnieij reniain.s perf.-eily pii-fii'.e. .■md nnconcerncd. I must terly worililess tl If liie t^iirreHHfiil he ina'-e, it mll^'l e.v:-ln*=ivt> pn^■ses,.~ of ili'i (/'dlninbia. rt^nder of inr rial dotiinen: of ihi to il'.e anniliiUvli ^laniiliier. T'loin :!i\: to eii; Mom. Mills, cm liii lar;:i; anionnl ol' i Itiltice li:i.i I'd lue^i rary. Tlii^tviido pioitction whieli lit hiiiidrrd men annually pn to the Rocky iiliiiE and 'iiuins expcilitidn, xvlm eollecl ti ni'.-^; lUe value df wliic.li. Inuvever, ttie com- infi ol a-f rl liiiiis Willi any de','ree ia.". i'ir|.,iK i"! provided lor them tliiough ilio winter, t^iininn can be lakiii at the Wallamet lalls (wlinh, hovvcver, the Ilriiish have inkei possession of, and con)|relleilour people to Imild their mills at the falls above) wi;h hitle iriuilile. Iiiim Miiy lo A iiiiiiil . r, in almost any (lauulity. Ihavono hr-siialiim i;i sayirjrihai an thousand barrclsmisht hf.'al.eniieranmuii. I'ro'..ii"bly no place jn ilie world oilers gr'ii. eii.ents for emiirriuiis. Pro- Tisiotismiiht readily be o to siifipori onetbonsaiid emi- grants al any lime l''loii, .is season hich. in con? (|Mni,re of a want ofniili.-;— a didii uiiy ,;!ai i.-. tu.w ohviaii il by the irec tioii of two new ones, viz. one by Mr. McKey. and'one by llii! niis.=iuri; as al?o two saw-mills. Wheat is iioiiiinally woiili i'Ih'^ dollar per budicl, heefrix ceins per pound, pork ten. cow-- liliy dollais each, oxen sixty, lioiv:es tbin\-rivi. Poinnics b ii'i: about tweniy-livc cenu; p r linsliel 'Lihnr i:- worili alipni thiriy-fivo didiais per munih, iht laborer beii.g luuud by b:s employer." I have repeatedly allnded to llie comtiiercial and ten^iorial cupidiiy ol' the llutison liny Compniiy, its unjn.'^t eiicioacliiiient.-;, ils liiilic.-iiaiiii:^ rapacity, the spoliations oCoiir Icijitiinate iiade, ami even the murders wliith liave iraekci! ils ronr.-e as a com- pany. Bill, in simple justice, let me sav llint ihese acts and this ehuiactei' lieloti'X lo ti;em onlv in a cor])ofate capa'ity. As indivi(illi^'^, mnnv oi iheiii are men lii:j;!ily humane and honoiabie. ll is abtmoanliy known, in particuliir, ihr.i tl.ere lives not a more sfneioiis, heiievoleiit, and kind l'C.?r.id gentleman tluin Dr. AlcLau.slilin, the intlividnaj at the head ol'ibe company's anairson the Colum- bia. His acts oi' voluntary kindness towards onr citizens; hiscourtesytowardswhomsoeveii.i' our oili- cers or puiilie a^aiits m;iy liave visiied llnit Cdttn- try; the ready and liberal s:ood t^lliees \viii'-!i he h.'s ever extended wherevor tliey were needed, ilo him him greni lionor, and should not he meniionni ■without thanks. I make, ihen,'my eharires against Ihe collective company and ils policy, not the in- dividuals of wlmm it is mudf up. Let me. on tilt; Other hand, as ireeiy remark, wiiiioui deairin llilnini^h rinyihing from tiiis imlividiial prniM^j,^ that, as a coinjiany, tiiey can well afUnd !o be :;(•:, (j ||,,^, eious to us ol the Irui's ol our own .soih An an gfj^'j^' It a ili^ mm niial half million iii liie iur-tr;ide iiiiiy we gale a good many iiationiil |)rejudii.es. Out ot anj«gt rie ahtinilance which should he ours, they mny \V(!:j*gyg(. dlspen.^o .some ho.'^piiality to our citizcn.s and ai^0ji. t|, erediied agenis. For training on their saviii:.^^ '^fj^ ilepenilanls to w.'iyiay our wanderers, to burn i'i;'jj|0 jji, settlements, to exierminate tlie seitler, lo shut i'Ujop[ t|, our traders Irom all participation in their irailiimij^tj, ihe.se civiliiies are, alter all, but acheap '''i"'^'^''ii'mion True il is, however, that in the former rivair ygj^y between the two companies, before they ^''litto the merged into one, they were as lapaeioiis and 5^(gp yy\ sanguinaiy lowarils each other. And why f>l'uu!,|gpfjy„ they be more just or n;oie mcrtilul towards a:,j.y [],p alien racel ■watchi Of these deeds ihe Senator J'rom South f^iiroh: ,^^5,^; .| may have somt! rccolleeiion, ami of the time wktii^^j. (m[ in their contest lor ihe siipieinaey ot that re^ji :.,q '^, ;^, the employees of the two coinpiiiiics weie led "^g \y^.^^ lo mutual outrnges as deiestable as any l<> wlo! jjifaj^t ihcy now jcinily ins'.iL:aie the savages againsi oiggQ^ T helpless citizens and iratlers. He may perhaps n guardir call the tragedies of 1S1!>, when the Noii/i\vc(gostins Company maile regular war upiai that nf Huilsi jjj^ y^j;, ..ay, to drive iliem from thetra'lr: pitched bnii' jj g^g^^ being lought as bi.'lween two fiei. ■ Indian inli [hq^ wiih a loss of twenty men in a single affni-gj^A 'j Governor t^emple ami Mr. Kevenny (another Icr.j expeml ingman) perishing in the eoniesl. ^.g^r, ll 1 surely ha\o not need to urge that th'y wli^j^g \\^^^, the sordid love of gain could thus urge to nnbr.ggj q^ i\[ iheir hands in the blood of brother Etiglishn. would liltle hesiiale to inllame the n.'iluiai lipalliies of the savi.ge, and turn his secomi le ocitv to an easv and a general insiiumeni ci; gro race ! object of ag your rliectin:; tliose dark dcetis ly which the ci!i/.cii>j gjave p [1 rival power were lo be put out of ihe way wLjaug^, (■[■£, ihey came between ihcm and their gtiin.s. ^ goji 1 I do not speak idly of Ihe.se malteis, but lioki [Here M mv hitml re; o is ol men who pcisonady knew )alding, v inlbience and ihe ails practised against us: s:-* men as Governors ("l.irke and Cas'-;, w; oseji mt'iits and l;nowlini',;e in Indian iifi'':;) least five hundred of our people li.ive bee .siroyeil in this wny, and llnii. l dfstiuclion has iiwt clinnged. shows that, wheiever the Biilish fur tratte i.s pi^i .deorcomn ii;c Indians are subsid^ztil. Tlie lerins of »veola m ufj, aim'i, Rocky Mountains ami ila;ir plains, iho ravage itisli_ F rt ourexposeil settlements, and yon will fmil il '"'® J",'!'"'! luiifonnly cuiiimiucd by Indiiins chid in Bi.g gamivvir-li i)liinli;,j|ij your^-'Clf by treaty to keep up for five years, PJ'''!"-'*^' ''''':''',h great expo.-ure of lives and vessels. By stip- . ttion, eighty guns (one-twelfth of your force •i"'''!-oat) is kept upon this service; and, as your na- reniiy (another Ic.ri expenditure amounts to tibout seven millions year, this (its twelfth part) vdll make, in five th'y wluj^jg^ iliree miilioiis bestowed in watching the thus urge to unbrggj^f Africa, and guarding the fre-'dom of tiie rolhcr Kiislishn-.gror^^ce! For this you lavish mill lon.'^ and \'ou me il:c n.'luiai ; ^^g $;i()(),C>00 to the great American and nation- turn his secon(ui^g(,; of a>;-:ertingyour territorial rights and scl- eral ii.siHimeniiag your soil. You grant at once what furihers ivhich the citi/cii^j slave policy of a rival power, and deny the nl ot the way wijansof rescuing from its grasp vourov.-n properly iicir gam.s. j soil ! mattcis, but liohi [Here Mr. L. referred again to llie letter of Mr. pcrsonaily knew mlding, which we have given at large.*] ed against us: sr-^ d (.'as'<, wl:Ose ji; "To bIkjw till! operiiiii'iis (if iln^ niul.--iin Bay ri)m;:iiiiiy, to 'HI 'ifi'iils wi'li' "out Atiu'ricMii Hir tv.i.iors, pi.lilic uricntion is rallcil to ilic ■ 'O 1 . . ^^ iQwjpapxiracM iifMr. Tiiwiiseuil';-cxco!l;,TitriiiMrk«ii!inii tlie hat, up to I'^'-i'rritory 1)1' Ore50ii,rcci!iiily [lublidlieil ill tlie Natiniiiil lntoli- )j)le have been ncer. e rale of stibsLCiii 'Within a f^;vv yrars, sevrral Ami ricansCol" wliom the writrr aVi tlio .v-''. ''*'' iiiKice i^i op.e) li.ivo prot'^.'^il ilio Rii.",l;y iMoiirjiaiiia to the 1\\\ Uie cv Id--" ),jth of the. Cdliiiiiliia, wii'.i iitijectspniircly unciiinortcd wiili 1 Inr hcKic IS pi!.-! ,(|b oroniiiiin'rce. Miii': was ill' ilt.ire to hco a ur.w country, The lei ins of Bveolaiivoniiuc f^n' its own ^ake, anti an entliusiastx fonil 33 for ii.iiiir.il hi.suny. "The r'a'iy wiili wiiich 1 ir.Tvclloit irfi tiTli'iipniieriCc, Mi.i uri, alioiii i(if^ kitiiv i>iirt oiApiil, IS-!!, an.l aniM'il a: ilic n'cnibci, liaviiic [.ciloriiieil the \'0U Will tlPi! li'"*^ juuuj^y on iit»r.-*»-'iiari;. Fioiii llii.-i liiuiMinti! Ortoliof, ■p 36, (wi'li i:;r ixrcinioii of iliii fii-:-t wiiucr, wlii:'!i I jia.-'spilat "'■a Samlwich ' ' ' iiiiii(icr.> coiniii ' biikherio in ains, iliC ravaiTi' iiiah^ F rt VanciMivv in ?* Will fii:i! il i! in. n),!invo, tlio nnil'onn cliarartcrnliho suppi' Hritisli fori.s in ili.'.t cotiiitvy. Travel ler--. nam- it be be fo IT '.lisU) anil all wiio are not iradcvii, arc liunliy ami niosi liospj. Are the JnvWy troauil; but iho inomiMit lim visiicr is koown 'o tradf a I ■,(• il ,, ^•,^ ii i*wr ?\<'\i\ lioai an Indian, iliat moinoiit he is riRcti'd ironi ihe il.sicnuie spoil inijjin.,iiy, loidall coniinnniiM'ion lifiwci-n liini and ilir. ol!i Does not tiie i^nittf liionompany coasrsi. When (^^plai,l Wyc.ili, willi hif< :! diclare these l*nf» ''rrivt'd ai W.illa-Walla fort, on Ins pas.-'aec down tlii> lut an it'le folin'"''*''^'''''' '" ^^'''^ fil'i'T'''' hy 'he suii. riniendi'nt 10 promi.--'i- ' [lit dmiiis hi-i j niriioy Iroin ilioncf lo Vaiiconvcr — '-^W miles I protect yolll ^|^ would ooihuya heaver .skin; tlio fiinoiionaiy a.^.'iuriiiJ I lie (jllfslioll ol lliflhal.nnii'ss In- coipenlrd so to bin, I liini.f ihiMnission-| aries, and the narratives of Captain Wilkes and uf I Mr. Peale, the naturalist, gii'e a very difilinent: picture. They-gree that, for pictnre-qne beamy,' for exuberant leiiility, an— a contrast, on this verge of en letioi tioii, (as the Sennioi supposes il,) at which ;, ries oil lion ol his eonsiituenis, not to say my own, iiubli-hiT well blush. Ife is not less mistaken as to tfc^al (,t ll eenary motives which, he tlunks, c:tn aloiii' ii|jliciit[ led these wanderers ^o lar. Was it sueli,tEer nl biouchl our .sturdy ancestors *o Ihe rock otmtes \\ mouth? May not their descendants speed tHodsoiF faiihest Wtsi with liivC visions of some noble letller- riiy to be realized? There is a fascination in jfpic half-real dreams whieh I have witnessed ar. jupied ami had I wealth to pay, orcould such tl!ii;.:!lu8ivi bought, I know not what I wouiil give to ha; ;he'l)c^i| the wild and strange rapture with whi?li l:he Ami must have gnzcd, fir the first lime, Irom ih" well asj mit oltlic Cumberlmd mountains over the iMofthe ij less plain of Kentucky; or 3et, again, when h _^ ^{g passed through tint Edeii-like wildeiiies-, pQ^m,' from the lop of one ol the mourils "' '^ ''m in the -| race, looked, in bewildered delight, <.ver lhe.t^^„y ^\\ nificent banks and streams of the Ohio. 'VancoJ These, sir, are sensations not to be purcVspring There is in lliem no lonch of nnyihiir nieici;52| deg and ihey animnie men to ventures w.iich no theclin can repay, bin which surely, in finding or I'cuinadesci empires ior us, deserve em ouragemeni ami proOIl tire tioii,as much as any Inbor.-i of that more m Mtune kind which seek, and make themselves in m' a stniei rewards at home. There are men who go fi r from tl the wilderness like our first paren's, when Gwi' United ihein forth from the garden of EtU ii to sub-ii' which earlii. Such jedings, to our own immedia; tion wi cesiors, she 1 an ideal beauty over the liarren ol Plym'uih, one dny, under lluur all sub spirit, to blossom like the ro-e. 'ihc s.iae in yet animates their race, and will bear thorn n de.-erts, as of old across the deep, give them who 1; ;on Te ;iss; the CO fine tin the protection of your laws and tlie cuuntei;. Hy has of tlie Government, ■' A Ic I lecolleet, Mr. President, at the la-t ses- : transini Congress to have heard a venerable and lesp ing. lady say that, when she removed, at the eii portaiit the Revolution, from Annapolis to Cimiberlar: Deyond Maryland, she was looked upon as having : also re out of the world, an 1 as about tci become ii ,- savage. In such n light were your lorefather- ' Batkk of Massachuseiis in tl'.e chair] viewed w in their forlorn search for freedom, ihey abaiiil the ease of civilized life, and, for treer he braved the dangers of the deep and the terr. a savage shore. They but obeyed the instin our peeuliiir race — thai, invincible hmdng fo, erty and sp;ice which impels those of Anglo-b; de-cent to trace iherud'st trncis, the wildest ■ range the Atlaniic and the Jiuliiui wa^ue of wa explore the vast Pacific, and bienk ilirnu^li icy barriers ot the polar oceans With a spiii' newed from our virgin soil, and from Natme ; in Ihis iintnme I continent, it looks back to the ; of our forefathers, half ready to spr^ ad ther" rc'^cr,rr(iiion wliieh coiislanlly ngilnt'.'s it.-elf (' nations may enbirTc- thems Ives by physical quests; but we (I thank God for it!) enn sn! only by the dominion of mind the mcral empii institutions. If neighboring countries are, ni fulu'"e lime, robe ad(ied toonr Union, it will be: who will have sought the blessings of our in- lions; not we who will have coveted tlie cidn- menl of our territory by ccmqucring fle.-ts : armies. [Here Mr. Linn proceeded to read a sciies of. Vancoi doif, a^ But, in of the are ihe pelled S,) 1 etfer di tory m that p; for a r set up no ill AND M the sa territd to plu force, ▼an in: every leciir. vorab under sh'in ,lerrii' tnan". abauc 4 yf heeded to make tlinr.fMts from ihe.iofiunicnlsti) which he had rof^Mici!; " ""'' ^^''"<' "'■ civ letter Horn Alvnn F. Waller, om.' oftlu! m.ssii'U- '"^i> II, ) 111 whic!) .Tries on the Waihimet, daied (ith April, 1h1-> and "' '"•'^^yiny own, i,ubiis|„.,i in tiic Clirisiiati Ailvotatc and Joui- ^ >'i''^'nken as to il,(.,ai el D.'c niher lasi; whicii, nlicr spuakin;,' in the ' mnilcs cm nlone ,jj||Jicsit terms of liic aa;riciiltural, commercial, and lur. ^ Was it snili,tEer advanlat^'cs ul'the cDuniry, relcr; m ilie ilis- ors '() ilie ro'lc dDotts which have already occurred between ihe eseendants sj ced i, Hadsun Hay Company and tiie recent American • I'lnsot >"mi.' no!)],, lettlers. Tlie company elr.imii.^, under Ihe ri;,'lii " IS a lascinatidn n, jjpi-f cmpiion, some of the f:h()ict' t spots now oc- iKive witnessed ail ;upijecl by American settlers; winch prove>, Con- or conid such tliir-lujivcly, llie intentions of ihe company lu occupy "■on!(, ,<,m'e to liai :hed)c>l' paits of ilie lerriiorv, to the c\cIiimoii of Hnre with whi-li Ithe Americans. Will not iliese land disputes, as ii'stluiip, liom lii'wellas all others, be brou-ht under Ihe operation uniains ove;' the mofthe British ad of Parliament of 1821? • '■ ^' '"' ^^hen 1; ^ series of ihermometrieal observations froiti "mom Y;,''''^:""-',^^ Doctor r«,rry, by Mr. Ball, which mav be luund drli''l)t ',."■'!'' inthe'2)ihahd-Jliih vohimesorSilliman'sJo'iina'; oi the 01 i^^'' ' "^ '^*'i' '^'"'^v '''^ av( ra<,'e wiiuer lemperaiLire ai. Kon 1 ' ' ''• Vancouver to lie -lij tlcijiccs ol Fahrenheit; the Ts not to be piirc'ispriiir^ IS degree:; ihesnmtiier (J.) i!eL;rees; the tail ;' a st-nement from Mr. VValdron, in a late iettei' re men m-ho txo i\ paren's, wlicn Go of Eden to subii, ir own irn media; ty over the barren wv • >.- •••^v..- - - ... ». . , — -~ from the same place; a letter of Capl. yieen, (d' the (Jniied Slates dragoons, from Fort Leavenworth, in whieli he say.s: "1 have lately had some conversa- tion wi:li Col. Baiisoii ol Jackson county, Missouri, who has returned a shoit tiiiie -^ince ficm the Oic- gon Territuiy, an ' several oiher gentlemen frran Miss.:,ii; lli.j' spe.ilc i.i the mo.--', exakcd iei'ii!^ of the country, soil, ciimate, v/ater-power, lie:ihh, ,,,, fiOe limber, and many other advantage-; thai coun- and tlie cuuntci; {t^ has over Missouri." A Iciter of the Messrs. Renson, of A'cw York, transmitting the siatemenl of Captain Spahi- ing. All tlieanil (Jlarke, and t^ome o hers T*... '; ...,.:„_ 1 K„_ -•.- .u„ ...... der their all sn!) e. 'ihe >.tiic 111 will bear tlicni ;, deen. give thfiu , nl the liT-t scss -■ncrable ami resp fiioved, at the c;, 'o!i- lo Ciniiberlai: upon as having 'tU to become a .'• your forefaihei* e chair] viewed w But, intciestins: as the matter becomes, in the view cdom, they aband of ilie present naticjnal (pie ... ..: .1 . I I. .. u 1 . . . .!..,«. , c nil, for Jicer Im ;ep and the tei r, obeyed the insiir leihle lon'.-ing l\,, those of Anglo-!^: ^ets, the wiiciest ■ dian v.'astp of wa il bienk ilirou^li lis. Wiih a spi;i; ml from Nat ore i Doks back to ihe ; ' k) spr; ail tlicr" agitates if>pl/' () yes by physical Cor It!) can sat the incrnl em|!ii 'o'uilries are. a! fJnion, it will' be: sings of our ine 'oveted (he enin' , iqiicring fleets .■ J read a sciiesof. areiiie inaierinls llin-. broiighl together, wc aie com- pelled here lo break oil!'.] S.) Utile before 1S13 or 1S14 did Great Eri ain eV^'r doubt your claim to the laLe!y-contc>Led terri- tory 111 Maine, thai in 1SI4 si;e propo-^ed in pu.rcli consi-iinitly urges that tlie country is bleak, bar- ren, volcanic, rocky, a wasie always Hooded when K is not parchefi;and insists that, worthless- as it is, Great Ijiilain will go at once to war for it. S range that she should in IRlS hav- held .so tc- iiaciiMi^ly lo what is so wopliless! Stranger still ili.il she should have stuck yet closer to it in 1.S27, when .sju! !;ad had Mill ampler time to learn the b. 'Otlossness of the possc.ssioii ! And strangest of all, thai she should still clin.g to it with the gra-p of de;;lh ! .Sir, I cannot I'or my life help thinking that slie and the Senator have formed a very dil- Icrent estimate of the teriiiory, and that she is (as siie ought lo b') a good deal the Ix-tter inlorm- ed. Slicknows well i'ssoil, climate, and physical re- sources, and jier'"e'ly coinprchends iis commer- cial and get'graphier'l importance. And know- ing all this, she was leady to sink all sense of justice, s'.itle all respect Ibr our clear title, and has'en to root her interesi.s in the soil, so as to se- cure the .strong, even when most wroiigl'ul, title .:f r";s?s.-lon. As proof, among other thing'--, of the woitidess- n''ss of the I 'rritoiy, the Scnaicir yesterday main- tained that, in the upper conniry, rain never falls; and mill.' lower, hardly ever eea-es. Now, ihe tiict- darived from intelligent residents show that 111 those parts ofthe country where it seldom rains, copious dews supply Ihe necessary nud-iure for Vegetable liJ'e; while the streams and rills which on all sides descend from the mountains, enter- tain a perpetual freshness in the arable and ]ias- turc lands. It is shown, too, that, on the coast ;muI lowlands, what is called the rain)' season is one ■ f gentle showers, not of deluges of rain. If they liave more rain, they have less frost and .snow than o'her countries, more fijrlility, and not Ij.-s health. But the docnmentary information necnmulr.ied here for MJine year-< past makes all who are con- versant with it aware that the Senator mistakes the character of the plains on the east as well as the west side of the Rocky Mounts! s. He ima- gines ihat the vast plains which stri-tch from the base of thai (diain to ihe borders of our iiiliabiiecl territories are desert sanils, destitute alike of ve.ge- laiion and water. AVc all know thai tliis is noiso: that \\\c-c great plains are principally rich prairie lands, sustaining countless herds of anielones, deer, and bulUiloes, and capable of most ptotit.^ble culti- vation. They are iniersccfed by great rivers, led by innumerable streams, supplied by les-er Iribu- t;)ri>?s, diverging in every direction." Timber cer- tainly is scarce; but it springs up and grows v/iih the population, and the banks of the .streams afford everywhere strip- of wood, quite sufhcient to supply any population that can, for a good manyjears, fix itself there. Mistalcen, as the Senator is, as to 10 .^H what lies comparatively near, lam not surprised ' that he .^shoultl misconceive what is so remote — the country of'tlie Oiwyon. He appears, also, not to be aware thai, from tl\e lower Oliio to the eastern skirls ol tiie Hocky iVIoimtains, it is une vast coal- field, in its lower aliitiules, iiiierniixed with oilier mineral regions, whose value seems almost without a limit. Sir, I confess that this wealth of the surface, and the slill vaster natural treasuries that lie beneatii, nnmined but nut unknown, have awakened in. me, and seem to me to ustily, the expeclaiions which the Senator considers so visionary. Over such a region, ihe passage from the richest valley in the world — that of the Mississippi— to a new and wide commercial empire, that must presently start up on the Pacific, I cannot tiiiiik railroads and canals mere day-dreams. The wonders vvhich have, within the last twenty years, iieeii achieved in those things, may well oxcu>e those who look upon tlie results 1 have nienlioiied as possible, even within the compass ot the present generation. All pre- dictions, even the most sanguine, have in this country been so distanced by the actual ])ro,toric;'J Society of this cily, " that he had converged w.lh those who had talked Willi tlie i.liiklren of the pilgrims."' !n thai mere space of lime, what amazing changes'. What Jill empire has risen up, like an ex halation fit. in earth! A new |)ec/nle h.is been added to the great household of naiions, and is al- ready among the first in ilie world! Thc^re arc those amongst us who havelalkcd v.iih Daniel f'ocn, that ovciiaiul (,'aluiubus wlu) fust explored ilie re- cesses vi ilial immense wililerness in which we now count many Slates, terming wi'.li |-.('pula!iun and wc;i!lli,and "g'^'d with all the giils of civiliza- tion. Wliai imaginaiion has y, t mitstripped ihe gigantic pace a! winch improvement niarche- amongst us] Sir, 1 can well conceive the tumuli of delight which must have swedcd tl.e bosom o' Clarke, when, Irom tlie bluiriie hadgaiiieil, he fiisi heaiil the roar of ihe gieit ocean, and saw the surges of the Pac'lic bailiiiig ihe territory he had expior d. In the vision ol' I'lat moMieiit, lie saw thiougli the diin visia I'f the Tuiure rising Slates o! his comiti ymeiispreadingalong iliat shore, and the v.hilcsai!^ ul' their commerre wafnng along Ihe bosom of iliat peaceful sea ihe bailvii ic wealiii of the Etsi, in reiuiii lor ihe moie solid friiils of our own indusiry. One cannot read (he warm and striuin^ dcs. lipliou of wna'. he saw and felt, with- out sharing' in his enllmsinsm. S une of ns now here have shaken hands with Boon, wiih Clarke, with C",.-.s, who had oficn convLr>ed witli a r(da- tive, a eonlemiKirary of the first-born td' the Pil- grim fathers. What a picture does this pre-eni for the contempl.nion of ilie siaiesman and philo-- ophor! The chain is coinpletinVom (he Ailaniic to ihe Pacific o^'can— from the fii>t-l),)rn of Mas1p^i' its season when dews akme supply moisture to ;,|M' soil; but it has not the death-breathing swamps. r*jj South Carolina. Oregon has a genial climr' *^s^„. ^ neiiher parched nor frozen: South Carolina hasL i '„'T,., r ' I 1 . 1 <• stem ^^"^ fierce summer heats an i her fatal fevers. u j-,,^ But I will not pursue the parallel; for all con; . ' ^^ j tries offer something which patriotism in each hai ' ^ "^^y.. as a peculiar blessing denied lo oilier lands. •ii: ^ j],,. Georgia. It has its slated seasunsof we', and of di ^[[.qiimIv weather. Like the entire western coasl, from 11^'^.^^^^^^^ <:egrees north to Chili, it has a much milder ' ■ (^ guihor male iliaii the >ame jiarallel on the caslein shore bgtjiniiali our continent. There is no part of the ten i'oiy > ^nesscs. which lands fit for euliivation do noi abound;! f ,- ,.' , ,-— ; Ilie QilvciM 'Tliein sire lour pii-s-ses iliroiiali llie Rocky Mounlaiiis. T, ge as i" o' lipsi 1)1 ;(^ wasi!i:H'.uvt'rucl, iwi Ive (rrUr-et'ii yiMrH.-mri', l)y lnuiu" :eHi ai't" '•'' irailns; aiiil i.s di'.-^r.riliid iii rei iirt.s to ihi; War Dc^Mnber ixir.i iiif'hll.y Messrs. Asliliy, l^ilchcr. Siililriie, .lacicson, ."iiMiih,!!! 1 the '.iu.li' oiluT.--; l>ui iliu one hero ^ivon is Iroin Mi^^sioiuiry Park i imber "i > l.uiik: Ma liavti "On till! lOili ol' Aiigu'-t, tiity wero in ilio pasciisiiMif ■■mofi li'y*' K >rky .Mouiiuiiiis, Ht an opcuii.g reoeiil'y e,\|ili'rivl, in laiini irgaoii "I ' I'-'.^ .!■ cri'Cfs iiorili, alunii .'1 or-l dc^rccx .^^acli o| ilu! |'l.ir>' \\ lii ; ien pr.'.-^'i'i l.^'wi-^ a'ld f'larkp, cru:seil and riH'.iosM'd wi'li arciii (l.liicnij.'cd if:i' . ai ah iv(.'t!iirty yrarci iiolui-p. iiiiU'r tlie inrcciion ol tioviriiiniiaissi'xi'i "' 'Tla! |):i?.s.iL'..> ilnonuh ilicse niouiiiaui.-J i.-- in a va!li'y, ho siradu' mpici'ia i iaafi'rni auilde.-^r.i'ii', ijiat I s'.onM iiot liavf known iliai. w 'lie hei'.'ii -.M-ro I I. .-ill t; ilicni. Iiad It no! lircn llial. n-i Wi' advaiiCcd. i' nJ iW ''n''" ao'irisi.h'.rt iii'adnally li'TaiM' cdlvlcr, and at Irnir li \\i' l.nn, ciowli llli^ |.|;r|K'il.Ml vaU'd ui.iiiv •HOW; liion Mjmn oar lialil i.andaiiil np-ii our lei;, i and fret uLmvu ii,^— ni s-niiic )i!;ici'8 ||)ol|^,llid. Till! Iiigliosi I art.': ol ilnipi- n'oiii'tams' Hvr Iiiihm!. nira.-MlfincHl. 10 III! o;slileen llioiisatid iVin aliMvc lln' level iln- tea. 'I'lus valliiy wa." i ot. di. **X\'m '■ voraiilc |.,irs,,i.' '. 1' vaiir.-! In wid'li Iroiii fivt! ;o I'.m i'i\ mil ^ Ul"i*t. ''"'>• and, lorowli ;; its rniir.--o, llu- tlinninco iliroiich iln' loonniiili -H*!^"'-''' '' i.s aiioiii ei.uhiy iinlf.-', or lour days' jit.nicv. 'rii.inijli ih, i. t'lOJ"" ''' art- f.iiiii' (iit:\aiioiia and d: iirc.^^inn.-^ in ilii.^ v.d < v. vri. c. i.iturtliy ol paraiwcly fij'i'akii.i:, it i.-< l(!vtl. Tiii'ri! wonid In- nVp ildli-nl \ nalj vr2i in llii' way ol' consiiiif;iinS a railroad iroin il ,• Ailantif. io ii.whonn.-i I'.ioitif, iii'i'.aii; and, |irohfdj|v, iIih liim; inav imi '.le lar ili^i;o^ I had an wlieii irips will lie niado at;roi-s liiu coi.iii.Vnl, m iln y liavi ^Wcli i.-i , . .,: ... . '...•' riori" 'I beiinr pa iNa'io!iid lnsiiiiiui,ai W .i,-rir irioh: The ire^ ''Tliti life of ill- coiiiiiry Ironi l-'ori ria) lo N'.ai- & i,,, , n ronver— a dis re oi'e odtv ii'ilty-^— ia very inneli ol ,i loiilnrni jJLn,'. u t'lnrae'er, foii-is'' !t ol al nvialn.e.id w-jaloi'j ilie iivn- hank-, (g^|i,"ilii aki-iiiaiiiig Willi loiLsia ol iiiiii', oak, iV:c j wlulu LthiinJ uie i.< tlDiisc: Hum iiKiik! lo Nja:;aia lali.'<, lo sec naune'.i vvoMiois ' " il f.all ill' alii iiiiin ol il.p reailer lo Ihe lollowii'e exirart i 11 icable to road makit * a Slate ol' nature i| tracts wliere rains do not fall, abundant dews wn Ibr the last thirifVn«^'-s ihein; and great lacililies lor irrigation travellers, Tiiey w Abui.dant and beautiful rivulets descend, peribrm the j^uir,' sides, Irom the snow-capped mountains, al- r women and cliildij ift view; and one gentleman — whose peculiar le principal one ey'lwiiit!' ^J'^'l fitness to form a correct judg- ast fideeii years nl,f.U>ft Senate knows — declares that it is the iinest . -- sand ""[>< ils uiouutaii, I'urieen States '^ its bells of s£ind' re noito dispai n ' las ils icanes iipply moislnre to reaihing swamp.v s a genial clmr uih Carolina has iital fevers, irallel; fur all con lioiisni in each ha' ' - to other lands. !?^« , , of Oregon. F,v rUougii these ecorded, its winu'^ *"'' ^''^' P'^i'-'"^-'^ Jou!thatof.\ui^u^^^"f ^'^'-'"• iige i.ther Slates, 'but only to iV of what Oregon is capable for national and rainy sea- visual purposes, were ils resources cnllcl out Oregon J ^"^ ^''^ gieat. i iver ^h.'i•,'',l have lleets of piKaboiUs, iters, barges, steam luw boats, light-ii.iuses, and the commercial applinnees ot a busy population, impedimenlsof ils entrance will grow no more rming ihan ihose of New York, or of our other stern harbors. The loss o( the Peacock at its ,uth, for want ot a proper knowledge of the ehan- does not stamp U as a dangerous entrance or oadslead. taleinents have taxed both ihe of the ^k-'na!e, I could not They were indi>pensab]e, to couu- 'iisof we; amlof cl lem coasi, /iom i, a much milder < i '■!^°y^, ihe casltin sljure. t of iheterirory , , o not abuundjt i,/"*^'''' act the discouratring and ibspaiaging opinions strongly jiionouncen by the Senator lii'in South I. To these alle;;alions of mere opiaitm d auihoriiv, ii was mce-sary lo (i;)j!. sc the v.'ell- bstHnii.iled ia-ls luinislied by intelligent eye- ISIWe IllilUl^, MMIIi: ol wlilLll 1L'1,L|VI) t'SUIillltS ol Ull' nvi;i, i,i(,i ., . illoptliurs iin' wiiifri:i! Iiy lakii.-* or |i'>iiii.-i. lUii.iy ci( iliom t-n I Vt'ifc^'s '"■". i'"""'' '^'' g* »■'" "''"'"" '''"'■•' "iii'i"" 11:1' whulo Piiriiiiii'V. Tlie p'rii" to' ill'"'' vv' ''^""'' ■estiare vi'i'v exniitiivo, ihi' ir. rs lifin.t ol i:i('Mt, siz'', iinil iln: I 1. I' **'",' J*''l'i'inber txlr.uifiliM.iiily lii',iiiiilii|,slniiL'lii. iiml liee ircriii l;iio;s. 1 '\f,' •''"'''''' ''^'V'''''"'' I ihOtilrbiM- of lllr■JUlll:^/i//H^i^ wllic.ll lliOIC 1110 ilUieil '"""'"■y "itrt umber or s|ii'c.i' .>. i.n mL'.iiiuc. win'o r.diiip.irnl wiili our iic.iv :„ I ihU pari o; ilic wori'i; liiii occiisioiuilly our ii mi;i with, luiu' "1 uie fi:o>-no,, ,,f ,1 ,no|Jt l)..vu'i.lc..iii|i;iiiMiii. 1 oieiiMir.'ij, wiili D .cioi- <;,i,-ili. fi-. ■.II ii I l"" 'i'" '''^'""""g**" "' til" I-";,. I p.oi- o! llio, spoOlo.W/wii'/,;,,.,/. \vlili:lil,:hl .,.'|| ''T''.^^''^''""»|"'"«"''"<''"-'y ''!*"- '•^''i'''- ' *< iiti.!!lu. w.1.1 nil.. VI! tw.i Iniii- ,., , -'■'''',' '''"iciil'j.'etilfeoi, aiiil its i-iriMniCi i-i'iicu fiuiyiivu li^eil l.ai-ire an vv;i<: ill'' ".",'. ^'"^''■'■'.iiiei,;ii8i|Nixi;iuMi, iiailiui.'ii.-iious iini nii"iclioxc! i.mI-iI liv oup on ihr I .1 v;i,.,.y, Miiinuji,,, mptq.ia river. ii)i.,i>iii-e.l hy ilie Ian; Mt. Divhl DumiiK-.. iMv,. iv-iiowii ili.ii w 'lieljwi-lii ofiiiisiici' WHS, I ililnlc, iiiMily r/i/7- /iinuU'u/ f):il. il HiT "', '"•'■<:'l' ti -nd Ittr cn-.iii. il.'ii;,. CI' (;/>;/ .s>/.r ,/■(';/.' Tli.-, .oi,....-. ot iliis ]<\\a\ .,'*'"" 'I '>'"' loiiii,.ci'0|dir.r I.I Ml. Diiihii.is.-,. Wile ir.iin iwclvo lo r.ifrr.. imii. .< .1110 i.ii,..Mi (Ull- lei,^ n|?.i len|il', r.'.'ouili.in'j m siz" mid lino .siiLMrloiivc.-i. Oil; tun -Ml Millie |ii.:<'(s [,,erotV.tri>' (■ ItiD.I.'.'.i.iil ol llic lli.-l qiiaii'V, H iiliiiii.l.i.,i nLiol' '"',""■"'"■'• !'<.iii:il, lnhewei. as we. I as ilm liiri.iiuvonii, (;,/,(/, i,i";i ucuid' nl'ilia.) iii'(iiiii.-(in. i;,||i:i|, inheifjifei. as we. I as ilm luri.iiuvon. I, '(,.,/,(/, i,i";i ucciit-nliilia '' ali'.ve 111.. Icvt-i i.ittlijpi |.oi)iiii', (/!«/. »(/(,.v /,»/.s'om//('r,.',) M-h. swi't't i:ni\\. oi'/ni '<'il iiiilll Hoipe yv;a>lan^'T .■'■li/nr-liliiii.)lwi-iM,.AM iiMuy oihui- u:^ I'.ll kii.iL-. Liii. l.ll.lW.lily yt„|,^.|„,l,(,|jjrl;„ y,,,,. vsiilllin. ' ■-tiiirli or soiiu; I,., '•■fl'.u (i.ivi ni.ir ol I'.ir! V.ii coiivi r, wlin i,s an iiclivp inii.'ii!. ''^''''" '•■vi'Miv iiiil..,-:Ur|jt, h.is (.\.'ii, illiioi ell lor.-i'v ■\:\\ \<,ir.s ill iMNhm \\|i I'.viv '""'-'' '['I' I'loiioiiiii iVff/ti\:-< lo III- ii 'aptt .1 I.I 111!' soil, mil j i-aii lii.Ti'i.ni". oi;ly maki' nie>. 'rii.iiit'li rliii, tnoWii lln' rc.jul'.-: oii.h r.xpi i-n,. oi,-....! Iir a.-* I li.i'l an'oppor- liM val (J, y,,, ,,, I |.(unlly ol oli-ji'rvii|..j ihrin VVIi, al, iVf, liarl-v, p. a.si'. ..ii.i v.\\- 'II il ht: iin ili/i;,.|,| J narjr'vrii'iatil. K olail kiinl--, an' ra -■I'li In iui;|'.|r ipia. li.y. Ti..- ii!.; Ail.inlio lo ii, wIlCHi i.- p.iiiciilarly lim;; mil, w.ii>i|oiifr a'l.l w.'li fil'eil Ivail.-. lay i.oi, !i(. (;ii' ,|i.,(;,„ I |>.ii() an opp.M-iimiiy .siPi.-imih. t\;ly .'I t had been brought by land irom Calilornia, just before the arrival of the exploring ^([uadron. The retainers {ciiiploi/fcs) of the company have nuiaeri'us larins on the VVallamet, south of the Ciilumbia. Hehadseen the contracts under which ihese lands are granted. They are to the eftlci which we have belorc recited. lie sp'-aks very lii voiablv of the Americanswhom he found settled there, i'hcy cannot embark m commerce, for the powerful monopoly of rhe com- pany would always crush them. They say, iiowever, that, peiaonally, il treats ihcin very hon- orably. The soil, climaiCj and productions are such as will, at 11..) ilisiani day, give the country the same ccnnmcK ial im])ortaiice on ilie Pacific, as vve hold on the Atlaniic. For grain or lumber, it is nearly eciual, il not quit-^', to the United Stales. These Cdinniaiid t';\ii'."r)iaiiM'is onthe iVIexican and Sou'h American coasi, and in ilie many islam s. The sHliuon-f'ishery of the Cohinibia can, hethink'>, in a lew years, be rendered as valuable as the lisherii's on (lur ivisierii coasi. In Ihi,--, he is supported by a united stream of testimony. "^I'lie country (iicsays) only wants the proicctioii iif cur laws, to render it a cksindile hon.e lor our hardy fininiiymcn of tlie inieiinr.] Mr. Li\N couiinued. In addition to the agri- cultural uealth which would be rapidly crealed in this line legion, ilie noble timber wliicli il aftbrds, ils li.^hei ies, and i.s general advaniaycs of com- mercial position, iis value as a resort lor our ma- rine in thai distant sea, where we have such great interesis I'lliiai, shiutlil nol !).;• foicrotlen. Of these, lasi, under ilieh-Le cven!■^■ iii (.'hiiia — ci.rUiin asihey are to bring abuiii ihe mos; iinpoiMril cumnicicial ^!l;lngl^'' — it belioovus us lobe careful, in cinniiH'ti Willi the lUlur great tradiii,L;uation.s. That France i^ all! a.ly on the alert, we see in h.:r Liie sei/.aie of ihe Maitiut: as. As to ilie qiK .>'ion of expense, tlie Senator from Soiitii Ciioliiia may have aiready seen ihnt only half tl.e sum he ye.-leulay sllp|n)^ed— ''lUO.fiOi*, not •?0Ot).(Ui:i— i.- projM scil to be ei.iployed. Wlicihcr orimt the country is worth iliat sum, may, in ad- dilii.n loall other tcslimony, be judg.-d from tlio rc- piMl of your ler'ent exploring cxpcdilioii; ol ^vllicll (c(i-tly as il was) one (d the most deiinitc i.bjcci.s wa-miiuitely lo ascertain llie condilion, vaUir, le- siiuri'cs,aiiil capacities ol ihcteriilory. Mr. Wilkes s|ii.aks in the most elilhllsia^iic teiins of al! iis cicmeiits (if wca'iih and greatnt^^s. The Si'nalor from South Cnrolina ycsl.^rdny asked, ''Wlial do we want wi;h ihi' lerrhoiy!" To me, sir, it S' ems an.'V.er enough to say, that your ju.'^t riyhts grossly iiegiecled, comuieixial iuiercsta 'I ' II u ■ii' V'i 12 ■^ n of c;rort nia<^nitu(l", and llie wishes of your people, tlt.fUiiiid its occiipaii'jn. They li ive [iressod upon you peiuioiis of iwo or tlirrf iiiou--aiKl jicisons at ;i time, aiixiou> to luigiMle thither if as--nreil tiiat you will luaihtam your lillc. Noihiiiy: but distru.^i of your t;!iciirn.\-s and limiiiity wi.hlsolds tlieiii. I inysoli, Mhilc ur^'iii:^ the nieasurt' — ■ihvays, iiow- cvtT, Willi liiat inodcraiioii ot wliich 1 have, tor my own jii.-tifieaiioi), b.'eu lorced to s|ieak — have al- ways iVit iliat iiothiu:,' but rciieiiiled discn-sion wonldeverprepare niitids here foractiou, uniil Ube- eanie, perhaps, almo.-t loo late. At that Insi stajje of proera>iiiKaioii Hook upon uursel ves as tiowarrivcd Our i'ore;^r! relaiioiis — and eso'cally siicii as can l)e artfully sjiun oui — are litlie liively ever lo be, in the lapse of many years, in a simatioii thai M'ill better sillow us to "proceed, Yei, gentlemen s;ill answer 1110, as oT old, "Wait! wai'!'' I'luy siiil, afier twenty iwo ycais of posinonem'.nt, lind the moment inauspicious, the movement i)iei:ipitaie. As ever, there is^'aiioniiilhi: pulh." When were cvcrsucli dilatory proeeeii ill '.,'s safe nRainsi a pow- erful, ::n active, a p'diiic adversary, rap.d log'ra-^p, and slow only to n.-lin(]ui.>li? ll' we aie evei to as- sei't our ri','liis, it \\\\\< be mo>t speedily, bctore they lapsii inio'he haiu.s of oiiiers, from long undis- puted possession. For, n:ai k'.tliat be your n-serves of treahes what ijiey may, Jilugland has loii}^ en- joyed, and is every day completing and guardiiii?:, ill;!' exidusive possessions, I have no personal interest in this measurt' — no met! ive but such as I have in common with ;di wliuine jeaf 'US ol ill.-- righis and earei'nl oi'ilie in- . teres's of our couniry. Political capital, it j'ifirds none; and if it did, I am nn p'olincil capiialisl Whe'ber it can rarry \vy ad";M)t.i!'.' or di'-'idvm- taQ:f lo i!ris or that scciioji, 1 have not considered, and Isliall nut consiuer. 1^t-iria in ISIH, built mdiiary posis an. I provi ded lor selllers, you never would \\:v:p. lieaid o( tlie riritish preti n^ioii-: since >iart('(|. T|i<' ^-aiiie policy of indecision q;ivc you ihedifliculiivs ofyour N','nheastern ques'iou and the di:-advaiiiaq;ps of its late adjustment. Sir, tli-^ couiitry of an ofT'nsive policy (like EuLT and) always |2;am^, ami that of a deieri'-'ivo one (like onr.-e! ves) alway.^ lo -e.s, by liiese delays, Hut the Senator fro'ii Soiih Carolina s.iys tiiis is the first insian e ol' a proftosition, tinder ihis (rovernnT-nf, loloun I acohniv a! the public charirc No; but we bon,';ht them ready made to our hands— and splendid acquisitions they weie; and, >tranrre to ^ay, as powerliil aii;:uin>-nis, ai:d as siron-a hin- f,'iia','?. Were nsi'd ai^ai;isi ihe purchn'-e of Loui- siana, as are now usc-d a.';;unst ihe occupation ol Ore^oti, Now, in the first phice, no sueh id"a hn'-; been put foiwaul as founding a cnhuiy at ilie public ex- pense. No boon is aslfi.-d, l-ut a veiy Hmiled one of lands, to be redeemed from ti.e wilderness; and such a .'Tift has, with all tli" nations of the i,dobe, been a ronimou feanive in t'le (jrs! p'aniin;r ol' re- mole seiUrui' nts. Mxeept this, and liie proieelion c.f your luwi:;, nutliing is claimt d. To such a method you owe it that you are the owners (lOOal st broad Union. Of ()r«g;'n, you can never ,'-he ch wise take jiosscssion; i;nd the only fault is, ili;<^Wsal liuve been .so tardy to put it in practice. I lar''^* ^'' before th.^ time of ComnKjilne Forter, >, sings your foothold there, iiy foriifymg a port ,leSSing Ctdumlua, you might liave saved millions m'^® ■^" erly and coiniiienial advantage.s, in)w foievi'P'"*'^*' and lorleiied. Tweniy millicns of didlars, i: ^^S-' ed by your citizens in the whale fislieiies ul/^n '"'.' these seas, yei adinoiiisli you that yon have superi' lose 111 securing tliere th e stieli civil moment to eonmiodious haibor. All these ihings — the ''"'''"^" lions you are establishing with the tSai;®* ^"'' group — the long and rich coasi-t;ade of the .'^*^' lii; — the homu' and the tighisoL tlie counli}-*'^.^ '' tq/on you to pass ihis hill. ■> ^"-^ '■ For such (ibjectSj yoii are start ed at an ; catioi iiiiation of :.nl(M>,U(;0, iVIean tin.e, for an o>;'^?f ^'■ provision of ^your laie tivaty, (Britain lellini.?}^*^ ihat if you did n(.t carry oui" yt^ur laws for r. '** ^^^^ you iivn. tasto t 'o talk barrier eghany So much lor the iiiotmous cost ol this ilaied b ins: the slave-trade, she would do ;t lor gladly pay an annual .~()i)0,0()(», wiiii praise to the great iie'j-oiia'or whose lian-ei ;;biiii!es brongiii abiUit sucii an artaiiiremeiii. colonizaficai; and ik>w as to its noveltv. ^., ,oar lim we never befoie colonized? Have you iio.,,v*J^**M^' expense o! millions, tcmo\ed tlie Indian- p ,»^'"'^ your settled ^:^lates, and colonized them beyci.i:' '"*^"-' border] 1 do not eomptam ol that measure '**'*^^ I rejoice at il, as one full of humaniiy; but l^^** .^^^ oflen had occasion to pnini oiitH) you ihe ,"*r. L-. which il imposes upon you ol guarding ii),''''act usi po.sed parts of MlssouO, Arkansas, and '?P^!'^', ^ po' fions of your We-i\evn frcniier from \f ^^ dangers of "ihal Indian population; to l^ i|. Q" W'hich in check, many of the provisions (; \^''®iI''^P. bill areindispen.^able. hei»riti Certainly there ar^' imprests, deemed parar^jj"' . in some iia'rts of ihis Unio;i. M'hicli gentlemen '■™™'^ conceive' as likely to be :;liected by ihis bi?"''*® ^'' know not whether ihe growth of this new ,i^*»>y''h "^ ■ posed to of this (ifyou choose to call it such) is to give a fului' doiuleranceto the free Stales, lU" not. I loo"; : territory only as the common home of cii from every ynyi of tfc Union. When nunicj i-nough to toiin a distiin i sovere-ignty, it w- lor tlniu to choose wlu tlur ihey will obey, <' the gi'eat law of consanguiniiy an of s:i:' freedom whicli so strongiy impels towards other even the fra"-mpp!s of our peculiar r -^ By ihil sort of yearnitr^. we see Texas "^" \Szi^\ lo rennile lieiself to us, in spite '^' f^'^'^''"'' jLion"' dispersion, s'o tnueh, indeed, do the '''*^i'''"" « nftrt ' intercourse and coiiceniratioii onigo l''<^' '^'^""^rttMm b\ ■separation and di.spersion, t'-at if Texas '' ;„t,. ,; a liee Snte iasiead of a sf.vo State, 1 ''■»' "f°', know if I should, on ih.e other score, repel * wish toi;ecoine a member of this Union. Q DO pai Tiie Senator iron. South Carolina thinks !?-^|th on V compression wiiliin narrow liniitsi an ;', '-^ i iiiirh slate of civilization. This is true, or faN «• ,'r'^ cording lo the idea which is lo be iillixed m leriu rrrilizoiiiiH: Is it formed bv the hdiii telleciuai results among a (eriam class? or ihe Galtat London tntion cottntr purest moral culture o( all classes'? ^ •■ ,*, gj, iiniiv, aided onlv bv oidinaiy inlclli-jri nee, ;, i. jj. nimranze and lo elevaie '"•'"'>''> rfiouk ever for amomeni elTect, That <^'hrislianity i''^ 'y not sliul itself up in narrow bounds, or nuii u' ooi!i.' more lo than all the imellecUi '! ffUu'ies (if P;i:raiii'im 13 Dii are the owners (lOBal ^'fi^nness. Broad, dili'iisive, nnd full of n, you can never , '•he chninies of man lo man, its principle is llie only iault is, tii;V«fsiil brotiieihood. Tl)e spirit of the age itself it in practice. i,'ai''c standard is wealth or whale fisheiies ai/er; orthil other, which erects upon partial laws ,'011 that yon have superiority of ilic few. 1 am not a lover of i,T lliere "the shele; civilizaiiuu whicii talces lor one of its nitiin these iliiiigs t)|(. rumen !s "-reat coijiorate a>;oci?,liois — 'jontii/- ng with the ^al^ <5S for enabling one set i)f men to lord it over coast-t;!ule tif the 'her. N.jne of ihi'se is the high civilization ghis o; the connli\-Ch I desire for this country; htn. the inoral cul- ;, the general iniellicjence, the careful domestic re start cd at an ; cotioii and discipline, the Cliristian broiher- an tine, tor an e>:*iof ^i ^^*1"'e ''^PP.va^d virtuous naticm. V/hcn ■ity, (Briiain lelliti' Sfi^*^ .scope and cnconrageiuent to this virtuous II' yiair laws for 1. '*^^'^'i^'^V') we best perform our legislative oiiiil do :i lor you '**"• ''i^^' work of civilization. i(!0,0()(> wiih livi;, -"o '*^"^' "f '■h'' liocky Mountains as an irnpa.ssa Kor whose ti;ir.'.,." harrier, is, sir, but to speak as folks did o' tiaiv-ci n fri'i'.iji' [)i]Milalioii; ic provisions sir, but to .speak as folks did of the 1 an arranaeiiiPiit eghany liiiy years agi). Distance is almost an- ions cost of this )i'*'®'l '-^y 'i'G exi«;ting slate of things; and, va^-tly ts r,i)veltv. Sir /O'*' ^i'"''^ have been extended, they liave, in ? fhive y( u iKi. ;,\*^ of time and dilficulty, contraiiliHl almost as ii\ed the Indiall^^h, since the formation of (>ur Government; so inized them bwyeia ' '"* ^'''^"^'^^"'''^' hereof (leiegaies from beyond 1 ol that rntasurt '^*'*''^y Mouninias really involves nothing ab- :)1 htimaniiv; lait ]d, or even improbable. It out to V(iu the I '*^'^' L- ''ere laid before tne Senate a copy of the II or guardin"' ii), fact usually passed o twccn the Hudson Bay Arkansas and nptt'O' ^"<1 it-"^ ei^ip'oyees, or.servant,"--. He ^efer- p,,,,^ toil as conclusive proof of permanent settle- ,j. It, if not of permanent land grams, and of the the provisions e^ reliance which the company lias in thepii.dges he British Government.] sts, deemed pnian-'®''^"' "^ ^'^ argue that the proposition of the , which ..enllemeii^^ ™'"'^'^''^t" ^'*'"- Grallalin in 1826-27, was a (Vectrd iTy ihis hi '^Wc admission of OUT rights, and rendered de- th of this nf'V.' ,,^* hy the attendant circumstances. They then ) is to give a luiiiii PO^Cd to insert, in the renewed convention then s or ru)i. I look **" negotiation, provisions that neither pow- ii'iion home of ciihould assume or exercise any right of sov- oii. Whin iiiinii SiP'^ *^'' '^'^'"'"'''^'" *^'^^*'' any part of the country n years; and that no settlement then exist which might thereafter be formed, should adduced by eiihei party in support of any m of sovereignty or dominion. This proposi- ,. was referred, by our negotiator, to the Presi- ,'t,_(Mr. Adams,) and rejected, on the ground : it would preclude our exercising our rightsi of linion and sovereignty. The proposition, on r part, is more than a tacit admi.ssion, and its ,:Ctioil by ns, upon such grounds, an assertion of ;('ven?ignty, it w il.oy will obey, ( iiiiiy an ot s: impels towar(l> f our peculiar \a> see Tex;\s .•■ei ■pil,» of disiaiic' I, ilo the ficili'u 11 (luigo the cat) that if Texas right to exet'cise the sovereignty, while their nee as to that reason forms a fresh assent to it, Q no ptirt of the negotiations is there a word to veihat, on either part, a doubt was entertained lOr right to plant imlitary posts. Great Britain, eed, clearly, though indirectly, admits it. For ^^ . Gttillalin says, in his letter to Mr. Clay, dated '^' Liondon, 7th August, 1827, that " there was no " intion on the part of Great Britain to colonize /-,. country, or to impede the progress of our scftle- ' 'is. But Great Britain owed protection to her >vc Slate, I ■!(! illier score, repel ■ this Union. ramlina thinks I WW limits (an ;'; lis is I me, or fals s lo be allixed lo d hv the hifii I la in (dass ? or all clashes? 7,y Jil,l.,;'~'>!!!''."-,'««*» in that quarter, and could not admit that '^ of P''ani'iii ' i^ should, so long as the permanent boundary lilt C'hiiMiiniiV' '*'*''*-'^-'-^'^'-'^^ ''^'^''^ '° ^- *^"''^'?'^ jurisdiction. bonnds, or nuibiif' ,r nould her interest, or a due regard to national (cliaraoler, permit her to acquiesce in an exclusive ! military occmiation of the country, on the pan of the United States." The utmost objection, then, whichcan be inAnred to the bill, is the possibiiiiy that Great Briiam, by a luture adjuslment, may prove entitled lo terriiory within which may lie lands assigned to our citi- zens under these pros|)ective!,rants. But it has been already abundantly proved thai Great Briiain doe.« this through her Hudson Bay Company. Tliey, in their contracts, grain the soil — a sovereign ac' to which lliey th.eniselves are not cornpetenl, and winch, i.'!ei\;!()rc, supposes the de'cgation and ccn- seiil of their Government — a Gov^ernment certainly not unaware of what they are doing in this behnof, and notoriously proinisingihem its support in what- ever iuteresis or setilcments may grow up there. In everything, Britain interprets the convention forhei>elf. She has told you what shcwouklnot and what she would permit you to do. She says you mtist notsel up a disiinct Stale or Teiriiorial Gijvernmeiit theie; but that you may do as she has done — extend lo that territory the laws of one of your other Territories or Suites. Well, that is all iha! this bill prdp'r-es. Never bef-U'e was the tifaty iiiicrpieled as lying up our liands fiora ihe exei- cise of our sovereignty; that construction is now thrust upon us for the fusl lime, by the fear of making an issue with Greai Britain. An issue with Britain! Methinks, sir, there is small need of furnishing issues to a power ,<:o capable of erect- ing pretensions out of anything; and little policy in starting claims for her, to whose claims jou always succumb. Seizing upon your ISorthwest coast, during the last war, she has ever since kept you out of 11, from year to year, until she is now able, by tiie control which she has established over ihe indiaus, to lake posse.ssion of your rivers and harbors, and virtually exclude you from the trade of your own shores. Senators have enlarged upon the pacific, and even the fraternal feelings which Great Briiain manifested towards u.s in the late treaty. I am sorry to .say that I can discover, in that adjustment, nothing to indicate any desire of peace, except upon condition of our yielding her everything that was in contest. Yougave her all she wanted; and now you are in raptures of amazement at lier modera- tion and humanity in not going to war! For her violations of your terriiory and vessels, you took an apo.ogy which she did not design to offer as such. Of the anomalous MeLeod case, she com- plained loudly, calling lustily upon you to take it oni of the hands of the State authorities. You com- plied as far asyoucould, and apologized for all that you could not; laMng care, meantime, not lo irritate her by too much mention of your own greater wrong— that of the Caroline and the death of Durfee. She has openly t«ld you to carry out your own laws for the suppression of ihe slave-iradf or she would do it for you ; she has plainly told you that if you did not enforce your laws for the pre>« ervation of neutrality on the Canadian borders, fhe would do it for yon; and you have meekly submitted, promising at once to keep up, on the African coast, a force of eighty guns. She com- plains, and you make amends; she claims, and you yield; she requires, and you comply. And lolyou are delighted and amazed at her wonderfully pa- cific temper I War, sir! Why, what excuse could she have for talking of it, when, to .stop her mouth, you have given her all she demanded; and M :i^ .!'! 14 !; I when, to gratify her, yon incur an expenditure of three millions in five years; while we are told that, for this important bill, the treasury cannot burden itself with a sin-^le outlay of $100,(1.00, I should deplore a war, however necessary; but, deploring it, I shculd none the more shrink from it, if tlie rights, the interests, or the honor of my country demanded it. When any of these were decisively at stake, not even before the formi- dable power oif Great Britain would I hesitate for a moment. But, Mr. President, I do not anticipate at ^-^ result trom the passage of the bill. Its prol « feels will be to bring the two Governments It', necessity of promptly and definitively settji long-discussed and long agitated subject, British and American interests in the Ten Oregon become so commingled, yet so ; as lo close the door to any other method of ment, but a resort lo arms. do not anticipate ar )!' the bill. Ilsprot iwo Governments ii id definitively selll ^ agitated subject, iierests in the Ten nmingled, yel so : ly other method of 15 OREGON BILL AS IT PASSED THE SENATE. A. bill to authorize the adoption of measures for the occupation and settlement of the Territory of Oregon, for extending certain portions of the laws ol the Uniied Slates over the same, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Repre- entalives of the United Sta,tes of America in Con- gress assembled, That the President of the Uniied States is hereby authorized and required to cause to »e erected, at suitable places and distances, a line of tockadc and blockhouse forts, not exceeding five a Aimber, from some point on the Missouri and Arkansas rivers, into the best pass for entering the '^alley of the Oregon; and, also, at or near the Doath of the Columbia river. That provision hereafter shall be made by law to eciUre and grant six hundred and forty acres, or >Me Section of land, to every white male inhabitant •f the Territory of Oregon, of the age of eighteen ■eajs and upward, who shall cultivate and use the ame for five consecutive years; or to his heir or leirs-at-law, if such there be, in case of his decease. In4 to every such inhabitant or cultivator (being a aarried man) there shall be granted, in addition, me hundred and sixty acres to the wife of said has- land, and the like quantity of one hundred and six- ) -acres to the father for each child under the age if eighteen years he may have, or which may be •orn within the five years aforesaid. That no sale, alienation, or contract of any kind, hsJl be valid, of such lands, before the patent is ss.aed therefor; nor shall the same be liable to be akeb in execution, or bound by any judgment, nortgage, or lien, of any kind, before the patent is K) issued; and ail pretended alienations or contracts f' oJBiiienating such lands, made before the issuing ^^'!. patents, shall be null and void against the ,, (ii ''- himself, his wife, or widow, or against his • '/i'uv-l aw, or against purchasers, after the issu- ngof the patent. That the President is hereby authorized and re- luired to appoint two additional Indian agents, vith a salary of two thousand dollars each, whose luty.it shall be (under his direction and control) to uperintcnd the interests of the United States with iny or every Indian tribe west of any agency now stablished by law. That thr "Tiof one hundred thousand dollars le appropriated, out of any money in the treasury lOt otnerwise appropriated, to carry into effect the royisions of this act 6ec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the civil .nd criminal jurisdiction of the supreme court and iistrict courts of the Territory of Iowa be, and the ame is hereby, extended over that part of the In- lian territories lying west of the present limits of he said Territory of Iowa, and south of the forty- linth degree of north latitude, and west of the Rocky lifountains, and north ofthe boundary line between he United Slates and the Republir; of Texas, not ft^luded within the limiLs of any Slate; and, also, over the Indian territories comprising the Rocky Mountains and the country between them and the Pacific ocean, souih of fifiyfour degrees and forty minutes of north latitude, and north of the lorty- second degree of north latitude; and justices ofthe peace may be appointed for ihe said territory, ia the same manner, and with the same powers, as now provided by law in relation to the Territory of Iowa: Provided, That any subject of the Govern- ment of Great Britain, who shall have been arrest- ed under the provisions o( this act for any crime al- leged to have been committed within the territory westward ofthe Stony or Rocky IMountains, while ihe same remains free and open to the vessels, citi- zens, and subj'.'cts ofthe United States and of Great Britain, pursuant to stipulations between the two powers, shall be delivered up, on proof of his being such British subject, to the nearest or most conve- nient auihoritiss having cognizance of such offence by the laws of Great Britain, for the purpose of being prosecuted and tried according to such laws. Sec. 3. And be it further enactt x'hat one asso- ciate judge of the supreme court ui the Territory • of Iowa, in addition to the number now authorized by law, may, in the discretion ofthe President, be appointed, to hold his office by the same tenure and for the same time, receive the same compen- sation, and possess all the powers and authority con- ferred by law upon the associate judges of the said Territory; and one judicial district shall be organ- ized by the said supreme court, in addition to the existing number, in reference to the jurisdiction conferred by this act; and a district court shall be held in the said district by the judge ofthe supreme court, at such times and places as the said court shall direct; and the said district court shall pos- sess all the powers and authority vested in the present district courts of the said Territory, and may, in like manner appoint its own clerk. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted. That any jus- tice of the peace, appointed in and for the territories described in the second section of this act, shall have power to cause all offenders against the laws of the United States lobe arrested by such persons as they shall appoint for that purpose, and to com- mit such offenders to safe custody for trial, in the samp cases and in the manner provided by law in relation to the Territory of Iowa; and to cause the offenders so committed to be conveyed to the place appointed for the holding of a district court for the said Territory of Iowa, nearest and most conve- nient to the place of such commitment, there to be detained for trial, by such persons as shall be au- thorized for that purpose by any judge of the su- preme court, or any justice of the peace of the said Territory; or where such offenders are Brit- ish subjects, to cause them to be delivered to the nearest or most convenient British authorities, as hereinbefore provided; and the expenses of such commitment, removal, and detention shall be paid in the same manner as provided by law in respect to llie fees of the marshal of tliesaid Territory.