IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1.0 I.I ^M2& M21 itt lii i22 iM 12.0 •It lis L25 IHU iiy^^ij^ 6" Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STMiT WiBSTiR.N.Y. 14SS0 (716)872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas Tschnical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notat tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa Tha inttituta haa anamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua. which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may significantly changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chaclcad balow. □ Colourod covara/ Couvarturo da coulaur r~n Covara damagad/ D D D D D D Couvartura andommagia Covara raatorad and/or iaminatad/ Couvartura raatauria at/ou palliculAa □ Covar titia miaaing/ La titra da couvartura manqua pyj Colourad mapa/ I^Lj Cartaa gtographiquaa w* coulaur D Colourad ink li.a. othar than blua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) Colourad plataa and/or illuatrationa/ Planchaa at/ou illuatrationa un coulaur Bound with othar mat^at/ Rali4 avac d'autraa documanta Tight binding may cauaa shadowa or diatortion along intorior margin/ La r9 liura sarria paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la diatoraion la long da la marga int4riaura Blank laavaa addad during raatoration may appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibla. thasa hava baan omittad from filming/ II aa paut qua eartainaa pagaa blanchaa ajoutiaa lora d'una raatauration apparaiaaant dana la taxta. mala, loraqua cala Atait poaaibla. caa pagaa n'ont paa M filmiaa. Additional commanta:/ Commantairaa supplAmarvtairaa: L'Inatitut a microfilmi la maillaur axamplaira qu'il lui a iti poaaibla da aa procurar. Lai ditaiis da cat axamplaira qui sont paut-4tra uniquaa du point da vua bibliographiqua, qui pauvant modifiar una imaga raproduita. ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dana la mithoda normala da fiimaga aont indiquto ei-daaaoua. Colourad pagaa/ Pagaa Q Pagaa da coulaur Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagiaa Psgaa raatorad and/oi Pagaa raatauriaa at/ou palliculiaa Pagaa discolourad, ttainad or foxai Pagaa dAcoloriaa. tachatias ou piquAas Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa d^tachtea Showthrough/ Tranaparanca Quality of prir Qualiti inigala da I'impraaaion Includaa lupplamantary matarii Comprand du matirial supplimantaira Only adition availabia/ Saula Mition disponibia r~n Pagaa damagad/ r*n Psgaa raatorad and/or Iaminatad/ r~7] Pagaa discolourad, stainad or foxad/ r~] Pagaa datachad/ r~^ Showthrough/ rn Quality of print variaa/ r~n Includaa supplamantary matarial/ r~| Only adition availabia/ Pagaa wholly or partially obscurad by errata slips, tissuas. ate hava baan rafilmad to ansura tha baat possibia imaga/ Laa Tagaa totalamant ou partiallamant obacurciaa par un fauillat d'errata. una palura, ate ont itt filmias A nouvaau da fapon A obtanir la maillaura imaga possibia. This itam is filmad at tha reduction ratio chackad balow/ Ca document eat filmA au taux da reduction IndiquA ei-daaaoua. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X Th« copy film«d hw hat b—n r«produo«d thank* to th« fl«n«ro«ity of: Samimry of QiMbM Library L'oxompioiro fHm4 fut roproduit grtea i la ginAroalt* da: SAmiraira da Quibae BiUiotMqua Tha imaflaa appaarlng hara ara tha baat quality poaaibia conaldaring tha condition and laflibiHty of tha original copy and in icaaping with tha filming contract apasificatlona. Original eoplaa in printad papar covara ara fllmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa> sion, or tha bacic covar ¥whan appropriata. All othar original eopi*« ara fllmad baginning on tha firat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- aion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or Illuatratad Impraaaion. Tha laat racordod frama on aaeh mierofleho •hall contain tha aymbol — ^ (moaning "CON> TINUED"). or tha aymbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar appUaa. Laa imagaa auivantaa ont 4t4 raproduitaa avac la plua grand coin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da raxampiaira film*, at wi conformity avac laa conditiona du contrat da fHmaga. Laa axamplairaa orlglnaux dont la couvartura an papiar aat ImprimAa aont filmAa an commOn^nt par la pramlar plat at an tarminant salt par la damMra paga qui eomporta una amprainte d'impraaaion ou d'illuatratlon. aolt par la tacond plat, aalon la caa. Toua laa autraa axamplairaa orlglnaux aont filmte ix commandant par la pramMra paga qui eomporta una amprainta dimpraaalon ou d'lHuatration at 1% tarminant par la damlAra paga qui eomporta una talla amprainta. Un daa aymbolaa aulvanta apparaltra aur la damlAra imaga da chaqua microflcha, aalon la caa: la aymbola -^- aignifia "A SUIVRE". la •ymbola ▼ aignifia "FIN". plataa. charta. ate., may ba fllmad at diffarant raduction ratloa. Thoaa too larga to ba antlraly included in ana axpoaura ara fllmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand comar. laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa required. The following diagrama iiluatrata tha method: Lee cartaa. planchaa. tableaux, etc.. peuvent itre filmde i dee taux do rMuctlon diffirenta. Loraqua to document eet trop grand pour Atre raproduit an un soul clichA. il eet film4 A partir da I'angto aupAriaur gauche, do gauche i droite. et da haut en bee. on prenent le nombre d'Imegee nAceeaaire. Lee diagrammee aulvanta iiluatrent to mAthode. 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 '^- ^ i ■%i. ,--=-.«fi»iv ^. ^OrgfffL- .J^^nfyfnJ^ •A I r *-. !' t- ■.",j«iii,i *,1*»^^ THE PICTURESQUE TOURIST: BEING > i A GUIDE THROUGH THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN STATES AMD CANADA: GIVING AN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION OF CITIES ANlT VILLAOES, CELEBRATED PLACES OF RESORT, ETC. WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONi;^ ^ EDITED BY 0. L. HOLLEY. NEW- YORK : PUBLISHED BY J. DISTURNELL, NO. 102 BROADWAY. 1844. i I Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1844 , by John Distuknell, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New-York. ALBANY : PaiNTEO By C. VAN BflNTHjySBN AND CO '.^ 1 14, •ict TO THE READER. The arrangement of the Picturesque Tourist, will be found to differ, in some respects, from works of the ^ame class. The general olject of this book is to furnish a conve* nient and faithful guide for strangers^ whether travelling on business, or for pleasure, or health, through the North- ern and Eastern sections of the United States, and the Canadas. The City of New- York, as being the principal com- mercial emporium of the country, and the chief centre of resort, in the first instance, for distant travellers, whether native or foreign, is chosen as the point from which the Tourist is supposed to commence his excursion. Starting thence, this Guide will conduct him along the principal lines of travel North, West, and East. Northward he will proceed up the Hudson river, through the flourishing cities at the head of navigation, to the famous Springs at Ballston and Saratoga — thence to Lake George, and by the way of Lake Champlain into Canada. Westward through the rich midland and western counties of the TO THE llKAI>Ril. Slate of New- York, to Niagara Falls, and Uuflfalo — thrncc to Chicago. Northerly through Canada, passing over Lake Ontario and down the St. Lawrence to Montreal. Quebec, and the Saguenay river. Eastward through the states of New England ; noticing, on each route, the pla- ces and scenery most worthy of the attention of the Tour- ist, cither for memorable events, or for local attractions, and aiming, in the accounts of them, more at simple ac- curacy, than at embellished description. Such are tlie scope and design of this Traveller's Guide. O. L. H. Albany, June, 1844. / 'nee )ver cal, the plu- uur- onS; ac- the i CONTENTS Description of tuc City and Island of New-York. Page Situation and Extent, ^ Discovery and Settlement, 10 Streets and Avenues, 13 Parks and Public Squares, 15 Public Buildings, 16 Churches, 19 Literary and Scientific Institutions, 20 Benevolent Institutions, 23 Places of Amusement, 23 Hotels and Public Houses, 25 Hackney Coaches, Cabs and Omnibusses, 27 Markets, 27 Trade and Commerce, 28 Buildings in 1840 28 Croton Aqueduct, 29 Fire Department — City Courts, 33 City Police — Ferries, 34 Steamboats and Packets, 35 Railroads, 35 Stages, 36 Fashionable Places of Resort in the Vicinity N. York, 37 Eastern Lines of Travel through Lo.ig Island Sound, 42 Housatonic Route between New-York and Albany, 43 Hudson River and its Vicinity. Jersey City — Hoboken, 46 Weehawken — Bloomingdale — Manhattanville, 46 Fort Washington — Fort Lee — Palisades, 47 Yonkers— Hastings — Dobb's Ferry, 48 Piermont — Tappan, 49 Tappan Bay — Irving — Tarrytown — Nyack, 50 Ho-kland Lake — Sing Sing, 51 ii CONTENll. Page, Teller's Point — llaverstraw—Vcrplank's Point, .. • '>'2 Caldwell'8 Landint?— Peckskill, r)3 Mahopack Lake — Fort Independence 54 Highlands — Forts Clinton and Montgomery, T).) West Point, M Cold Spring — Beacon Hill, &c.— Cornwall, ^>i) Newburgh, <>0 Fishkill Landing, <)| Matteawan — Glenham — New Hambugli, &c., (12 Poughkeepsie,. . •. : 63 Hyde Park, G^t Hondout — Kingston, GA Rhinebeck, 66 Barrytown — Tivoli — Redhook — Saugerties, 67 Bristol — Catskill — Catskill Mountain House, 6S Pine Orchard and Catskill Mountains, 69 City of Hudson, 70 Athens — Four Mile Point — Coxsackie, 71 Kinderhook — New Baltimore — Coeymans, 72 Castleton — Overslaugh — Greenbush, 73 City of Albany 73 City of Troy, 80 West Troy — Watervliet Arsenal — Lansingburgh, .. 84 Waterford — Cohoes, 85 Hudson River Steamboats, 8(> Tour to the Springs, Lake George, and Canada. Routes from Albany and Troy to Montreal and Quebec, 8f> Mechanicsville, 90 Capture of Burgoyne, 91 Ballston Spa, 95 Saratoga Springs, ,. 96 Saratoga Lake, '. 102 G lens Falls, 103 Caldwell, 104 Lake George, or Horicon, 105 Sandy Hill— Fort Edward, 106 Fort Ann— Whitehall, 107 Lake Champlain, 108 Fort Ticonderoga, 109 Mount Defiance, : 112 Ticonderoga— Crown Point — Port Henry— Westport, 1 13 ■% % CONTEMTH. m Page. Fort Cassin— Split Rock—Essex, 1 14 HurlinRton— Port Kent, 115 Kccsvillc — fiurtninghatn 116 Plattsburgh, 117 Cumberinnd Head — South and North Hero 119 Chazy— Isle au Mott— Alburg — Rouse's Point,. . . . 120 Ash Island— Isle aux Noix— St. John's, 121 Table of Distnncesbetween Albany and Montreal,.. 123 Table of Distances Iroin Montreal to Quebec, &c., 124 80 an 90 91 95 no 102 103 104 113 ■i "■ i- Western Tour. Routes from Albany and Troy to Buffalo and Niagara Falls, 125 City of Schenectady 126 Amsterdam — Fonda — Johnstown, 128 Spraker's Basin — Canajoharie — Sharon Springs,... 129 Cooperstown — Richfield Springs, 130 Fort Plain — St. Johnsville — Little Falls, 131 West Canada Creek — Herkimer, 132 City of Utica, 133 Trenton Falls, 136 Whitesborough, 137 Oriskany — Rome, 138 Oneida Depot — Canastota — Chittenango, 139 Cazenovia — Syracuse, • 110 Geddes — Salina— Liverpool, 141 Oswego, 144 Sackett's Harbor, 145 Watertown — Lake Ontario, 146 Summer Arrangement for Steamboats, &c., 148 American Steamboats on Lake Ontario, 149 British Steamboats on Lake Ontario, 1.50 Camillus — Jordan — Skaneateles — Auburn, 151 Weedsport — Port Byron — Montezuma — Cayuga, . . 153 Cayuga Lake, 154 Aurora — Ludlowville Landing, &c. , 165 Ithaca, ^ 156 Owego. 159 Elmira^efferson — Seneca Falls, 160 Waterloo — Geneva, 161 Seneca Lake — Lyons, 163 Clyde — Newark — Palmyra — Vienna, 164 Canandaigua— Canandaigua Lake— Pittsford, 165 Iv CONTENTS. fill W Page. CUy of Rochester, 166 Avon Springs, J68 Batavia — Attica, 170 Brockport — Ilolley — Albion — Ridge Road, 171 Knowlesville — Medina — Gasport — Lockport, 172 Tonawanda — Black Rock, 173 Niagara Falls, 174 Lewistcn — Fort Niagara, 177 City of Buffalo, 178 Steamboat Lines leaving Buffalo, 181 Table of Distances from Buffalo to Chicago, : 182 A trip from Buffalo to Chicago — Lake Erie, 184 Dunkirk — Barcelona — Erie — Conneaut, 186 Ashtabula — Fairport — Cleveland — Sandusky, 187 Toledo— Perrysburg, 188 Monroe — Amherstburgh — Detroit, 189 Lake St. Clair— Fort Gratiot— Lake Huron, 190 Point aux Barques — Presque Isle — Mackinac, 191 Lake Michigan — Milwaukie — Racine — Chicago,. . . 192 Michigan City — St. Joseph — Green Bay, 193 Sault de St. Marie, 194 Lake Superior, 195 Pictured Rocks, 196 First Vessel which Navigated the Western Lakes, . . . 197 Statistics of Steamboats, 202 Tour Through Canada. Fort Erie — Waterloo — Grand Island, 21 1 Navy Island — Chippewa, 212 Falls of Niagara — Drummondsville, 213 Queenston, ^ 2l4 Niagara, 215 Fort George— Welland Canal, 216 Hamilton — Dundas, 217 City of Toronto, 218 Steamboat Lines leaving Toronto, 219 Port Hope — Cobourg, 221 City of Kingston, 222 Rideau Canal, 223 Table of Distances between Kingston and Montreal, 226 Thousand Islands , 226 Gananoqui — Well's Island, ■. 227 BrockviiJe — Morristown — Prescott, 228 CONTEXTS. Page. Ogdensburgh , 229 Galop Rapids — Dickinson's Landing — Cornwall — St. Regis, 230 Lake St. Francis — Coteau du Lac, Cedar and Cas- cade Rapids, 231 Beauharnois Canal — Canals in Canada, 232 City of Montreal, 234 Excursion to Caledonia Springs, &c.^ 238 Lachine — St. Anne's, 238 Lake ot' the Two Mountains — Carillon — Point For- tune, 239 Caledonia Springs, 240 Georgian Springs — By town, 242 Steainboat Route froia Montreal to Quebec, 243 Rapids of St. Mary — Varennes — William Henry, . . . 244 Lake St. Peter, 245 Port St. Francis — Three Rivers — Richelieu Rapids, 246 City of Quebec, 247 Excursions in the Vicinity of Quebec, 259 Falls of Montmorenci 260 Chaudiere Falls — Cape Rouge 261 St. Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers, 262 Island of Orleans, 263 Madam Island — St. Thomas — Isle aux Coudres, • • • • 264 Goose Island — St. Anne — Kamouraski, 265 River Du Loup — Red Island— Tadousac, 266 Saguenay River, 269 TeteduBoule, 271 St. Louis Islam' — Eternity Point — Cape Trinity,. . . 272 Statue Point- Tableau— Ha-Ha Bay, 273 Chicoutimi, 274 Value of Colonial Moneys, , 275 Eastern Tour. Table of Distances from Burlington to Concord,. . . 277 Lake Champlain, 278 List of Steamboats built on Lake Champlain, 280 Montpelier, 280 Eastern Lines of Travel from Whitehall and Albany, 281 New Lebanan Springs — Shaker Settlement, 282 Piltsfield—Dalton— Washington— Becket, 283 Chester— Westfield— Springfield, 284 Northampton— Mount Tom— Hadley, 286 VI CONTENTS. Page. Worcester, 287 City of Boston, 288 Vicinity of Boston — Dorchester, &c., 296 Brookline — Brighton — Cambridge, 297 Mount Auburn — Charlestown, 298 Breed's Hill— Battle of Bunker Hill, 299 Chelsea — Boston Harbor, < 302 Nahant, 303 Railroad Route from Boston to Concord, 304 City of Lowell, 305 Nashua — Concord, 308 White Mountains, 309 Routes between Boston and Portland, 314 Railroad and Steamboat Routes, 315 Lynn — Salem, 316 Beverly — Ipswich — Newburyport — Portsmouth , . . . 318 South Berwick, 319 Wells— Kennebunk—Saco— Portland, 320 Lines of Travel from Portland, 322 Augusta — Bangor, 324 Lines of Travel between Boston and New- York,. . 325 Providence — Newport, 326 Stonington, 327 Norwich — New London, 328 City of Hartford , 329 City of New Haven 331 Railroads in New-England, 334 ^Ur TABLE OF ROUrES OF TRAVEL, THROUGH THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN STATES, AND CANADA — GIVING THE DISTANCE AND THE USUAL TIMK. r Routes. Miles. Hours. 1. New- York to Philadelphia, via New- Jersey Railroad, 86 6 2. New-York to Baltimore, via Railroad routes 182 13 3. New- York to Washington, via " " 220 16 4. New- York to Boston, via Stonington and Providence Railroad, 224 14^ 5. New- York to Boston, via. Norwich and Worcester Railroad, 237 15 6. New- York to Springfield, Mass., via New- Haven and Hartford Railroad, 143 7. New- York to Albany, via Housatonic Rail- road, 200 14 8. New- York to Albany, via Piermont, by Steamboat, Railroad and Stage, 166 28 9. New- York to Albany, east side Hudson River, by Stage, 154 28 10. New-Yorktc Albany, by Steamboat Route, 145 10 11. New- York to Dunkirk, via line of New- York and Erie Raikoad, 475 12. Newburgh to Barcelona, on Lake Erie, by Stage, 387 13. Albany to Boston, via Railroad Route, . . . 200 12 14. Boston to Portland, via Eastern Railroad,. 105 5| 15. Portland to Bangor, by Stage, 129 20 16 . Portland to Quebec, via Augusta and Nor- ridgewock, by Stage, 300 VIII TABLE OF ROUTKS OF TRAVEL. rte* ■ ■'■ Routes. Miles. Hours. 17. Boston to Bangor, by Steamboat Route, . . 245 18 18. Boston to Montreal, via Concord and Bur- lington, Vt., by Railroad, Stage and Steamboat, 317 19. .Aj^bany to Montreal, via Lake Champlain, by Stage, Steamboat and Railroad, .... 250 36 20. Montreal to Quebec, by Steamboat, 180 12 21. Albany to Buffalo, by Railroad Route, ... 325 28 22. Albany to Buffalo, via Erie Canal, 364 96 23. Schenectady to Buffalo, by Canal Packet,. 334 72 24 . Utica to Binghamton, by Stage, 94 16 25. Utica to Ogdensburgh, by Stage, 125 24 26. Ogdeasburg)! to Plattsbargh, by Stage, 126 24 27. Syracuse to Niagara-Falls, via Oswego, by Canal Packet, Steamboat & Railroad, 187 20 28. Rochester to Niagara- Falls, via Lockport, 80 12 29. Rochester to Olean, by Stage, 98 18 30. Rochester to Buffalo, by Railroad Route,.. 74 6 31. Rochester to Buffalo, by Erie Canal 95 19 32. Buffalo to Kingston, Canada, via Lewis- ton, by Railroad and Steamboat, 222 24 33. Kingston to Montreal, via St. Lawrence River, 212 24 34. Lewiston to Detroit, through Canada, by Stage, 263 72 35. Buffalo to Detroit, by Steamboat, 372 30 36. Buffalo to Chicago, via Detroit and St. Jo- seph, by Steamboat, Railroad and Stage, 640 60 37. Buffalo to Chicago, via Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan, Steamboat Route, 104T 72 «i'l 11 36 12 28 96 72 16 24 24 20 12 18 6 19 24 24 72 30 60 4 72 > DESCRIPTION OF THS CITY AND ISLAND OF NEW- YORK. SITUATION AND EXTENT. The City of New- York stands on an Island of the same name ; in s. lat. 40 dest. 42 min. 43 sec. ; in e. Lox. from the Washington meridian 3 deg. 1 min. 13 sec., and west from Greenwich, England, 78 deg. 59 min. 46 sec. Its distance from Washington is 220 miles, by one continuous line of railroads. ■ * The Island is 13^ miles long, north and south, with an average width of 1^ miles, the greatest width being 2| miles. On its east side it is separated from Long Island by a continuation of Long Islaad Sound called East River, and on the west by the Hudson River from New-Jersey. The two rivers unite at the southern point of the Island, and form the spacious Bay of New- York, the distance across which, and through the •* Narrows" to the Atlan- tic ocean, is 16 miles, with a channel sufficient for the largest ships. East River connects with Long Island Sound through the formidable strait, called by the Dutch, ^' Helle-Gat." On the north, the Island is separated from the main land by the Harlem River, which opens into East River, and by the Spuyten Duyvel Creek opening into the Hudson, forming a continuous but winding water-way 8 miles long. The southern termination of the island and dty is a spacious esplanade called the ''Battery," once fortified, but long since dismantled ; planted with trees and laid out with public walks. A fine view from the Battery forms the frontispiece of this book. B 10 DESCRIPTION OF H In the Bay, fronting the Battery, at the distance of lit- tle more than half a mile, and separated from Long Is- land by the Butter-milk channel, is Governor's Island ; while toward the Jersey shore and looking up the Hud- son, are Bedlow's and Ellis's Islands. These all were long since ceded to the United States, (reserving the ju- risdiction of the state and city for the service of legal pro- cess,) and are strongly fortified. In the East River, and extending in succession towards Hell-Gate, are Blackwell's, Great-Barn, and Randall's Is- lands, all belonging to the city of New- York ; and on the first named are the City Penitentary and Lunatic Asylum. DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. The Island of New- York was discovered in 1609, by Henrt Hudson, who was then sailing in the service of the Dutch. It was formerly called Jlf anAa^^an, from the native inhabitants — a name, says Schoolcraft, descriptive of the singular whirlpool of " Helle-Gat," the most ex- pressive feature in the neighborhood, and which may be translated, '' the people of the whirlpool." The first settlement of white men on this Island was made by the Dutch in 1613, who then laid the foundation of the city, under the name of New- Amsterdam, which it retained till its conquest in 1664, by the English, who changed the name to New- York. Being reconquered in 1673, by the Dutch, they gave it the name of New- Orange ; but on being again surrendered to the English by treaiy, in 1674, the name of New- York was restored, and has been retained ever since. The municipal authority of New- Amsterdam was vested in two Burgomasters, five assistants called Schepens, and a Schout or Sheriff. The English changed the city go- vernment to its present form, under a charter granted in 1665, Nicolls being governor of the province. In 1686. I NEW-YORK &l TY. 11 under Gov. Dongan, the charftr was enlarged, and again, in 1730, under Gov. Montgomerie. Under these charters, the mayor was appointed by the governor, and the men and assistants were elective. The charter as amended by acts of the state legislature, is sti From 1674 to 1783, the city and surroum were in possession of the English, under the tion of governors appointed by the British ing that period the city increased slowly in n ing, in 1750, only about 10,000 inhabitants. British evacuated the city, November 25, tained about 24,000 inhabitants ; which, in 1790 creased to 33,131— in 1800, to 60,489— in 1810, to 96,373 —in 1820, to 123,70&— in 1830, to 202,089, and in 1840, to 312,710 ; being at the present time by far the most populous and important city on the continent of America. The city was originally built up without any regular plan, and its streets were for the most part narrow and crooked. As late as 1783, Chambers-street was the limit of the city on the north, and Catharine-street on the east towards Corlear's Hook. But the anticipated growth of the city, soon after the close of the revolutionary war, and especially on the adoption of the present Federal Con- stitution, led to great public improvements, which were conducted in a systematic manner, being greatly facilitat- ed by the extraordinary powers exercised by the corporate authorities for the assessment of private property. Wide and commodious avenues and streets have thus taken the place of the narrow and irregular thoroughfares of the olden times. Hills have been levelled, rough places made smooth, and bogs and marshes filled up, until the city now presents a uniform grade throughout. It extends about three miles from the Battery towards the north, and across the Island from river to river. The DBBOniPTION OF Style of building has impil^ved from time to time, and within the last ten years has reached a high degree of ele« gance and convenience. The upper or north part of the city has been laid out into spacious streets, ivith wide and convenient sidewalks, formed of large flag- stones ; and the houses, built of brick in uniform blocks^ with marble steps, and highly ornamented balustrades of cast-iron in front, present an imposing and agreeable aspect. This is now the fashionable quarter, the lower part of the city being comparatively deserted even by old residents, whose former mansions are converted into boarding houses, or have given place to shops or warehouses. The City is now divided into 17 Wartls; each Ward elect- ing one Alderman, one Assistant Aldennan, two Assessors, one Collectoi', &c. The following table shows the com- parative population of the Wards at different periods »— WARDS. 1825. 1830. 1835. 1840. First, Second, Thinl, Fourth, ...... Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, .... Twelfth, Thirteenth,*. . Fourteenth,* . Fifteenth,! . . . Sixteenth, j: . . . Seventeenth, § 9,929 9,315 10,201 12,210 15,093 20,061 14,192 24,285 10,956 23,982 7,344 7,938 11,331 8,203 9,599 12,705 17,722 13,570 15,873 20,729 22,810 16,4.38 14,915 11,808 12,598 14,288 10,380 7,549 10,884 15,439 18,495 16,827 21,481 28,570 20,618 20,926 26,845 24,437 17,130 17,306 13,202 10,629 6,394 11,681 15,770 19,159 17,198 22,982 29,073 24,795 29,026 17,052 11,652 18,671 20,235 17,755 22,273 18,619 Total,.... 166,086 2ai;,589 270,089 312,710 ThcM two Wards were constituted in 1826, the 13th being taken from the 10th, and the 14th from the 6th and 8th Words, t Taken from the 9th Ward, 1832. t Taken from the 12th or out-ward, 1836. S Taken from ttie 11th Ward, 1837. . HKW-YORK CITY. 13 :en STREETS. The principal street is Broadway, extending in a northerly direction from the Battery a distance of three miles along the centre of the city, and intersected at right angles by streets that slope gradually to each river. It is HO feet wide, with spacious side-walks that afford a fa- vorite promenade in fine weather for the gay and fashiona- ble. Here are to be found the most extensive hotels, dry goods stores, fancy shops, confectionaries ; jewellers, booksellers, grocers, tailors, milliners, and in general all the various establishments that furnish the elegancies and luxuries of life in the greatest perfection. The BowERT is about two-thirds the length of Broad- way, but is a much wider street. The name is derived from the Dutch boutoery, signifying a farm, and the street was originally called Bowery- lane, from its leading th.'OUgh the public farms. It runs n^^arly parallel with Broadway, on the east, and being chiefly a business street, has a lively and animated appearance. It is the great thorough- fare for country wagons and market people from West- Chester county, with which it communicates by the Har* lem Railroad and Third Avenue. Chatham- STREET , (named from the Earl of Chatham,) connects the Bowery with Broadway and Nassau-street : an immense population pours through it at all times from the eastern part of the city, and Broadway, below its junc« tion with this street, is often so thronged as to render it hazardous, if not impracticable, for foot passengers to cross it. East Broadway is a spacious and elegant street on the east side of the town, and parallel with it are Henry, Madison and Monroe-streets, all handsomely built up with private residences, in the neighborhood of East Ri* 14 DBSCRIPTION or 1 ver. The principal streets crossing Broadway and term!* nating at East River, are Grand, Broome, Houstoun, Fourth and Eighth-streets. On the west side, Greenwich and Hudson-streets are the most spacious and fashionable ; they run parallel to the Hudson, and are about two miles and a half in length. Washington and West-streets are of the same length, and have a parallel course; the latter ex- tends along the river. Between the lower part of Broadway and East River are Nassau, William, Pearl, Water, Front and South- streets, intersected by Fulton- street, Maiden-Lane, Li- berty, Cedar, Pine, Wall and Broad- streets, all of which are occupied with the great commercial interests of the city. A considerable part of this quarter of the city was destroyed by the great fire of December, 1835, but it has since been entirely rebuilt in a much superior style. Wall-street contains the Merchant's Exchange, Cus- tom House, and numerous other splendid edifices, recent- ly built, occupied by insurance and banking companies. The Avenues (so called) are sixteen in number and extend from the upper parts of the city to Harlem river ; they are in general 100 feet wide, as laid out, but are not all graded. They are crossed by streets running from ri- ver to river, some of which are of equal width with the Avenues. The Third Avenue leads to Harlem bridge, and being macadamized throughout its whole extent, (about 7 miles) affords a pleasant drive from the city. The Harlem Railroad is laid upon the Fourth Ave- nue. The Bloomingdale road, (a continuation of Broad- way,) is another favorite route for drives in pleasant weather, leading to the villages of Bloomingdale and Manhattanville, along the bank of the Hudson. NEW-YORK CITY. 15 PARKS AND PUBLIC SQUARES. Of the public squares the Battery is the principal. It affords a fine view of the bay and harbor, and of the adjacent islands and opposite shores. It contains about eleven acres of ground, laid out in gravel walks and or* namented with trees and shrubbery. As a public pro- menade it is, probably, not surpassed in the beauty of its situation and general attractions by any other in the world. A castle, built on a mole in the harbor, is connect- ed with the grounds by a bridge, and is now used as a place of amusement, and for the exhibition of fire works. The Park is a triantrular area of about ten acres, handsomely disposed into grass-plots and walks, and con- tains the City Hall with other public buildings. It is an ornament to the city, and is much thronged on gala days ; especially on *hd anniversary of American Inde- pendence, and other public occcasions. The Fountain which now adorns this Park is greatly admired. Washington Square, of about the same extent as the Park, is in the upper part of the city, between Fourth- street and Waverley Place. The University and a new Dutch church in the Gothic style, front on this square. Tompkins Square, on the east of the Bowery, be- tween Seventh and Tenth- streets, is handsomely laid out, and affords a fine view of East River and the opposite shore of Long "Island. It is a place of great resort dur- ing the warm season, especially on Sundays, and is a favorite parade ground for the military corps of the city. Stages are constantly running between this square and the Battery, and improvements are rapidly going forward in its vicinity. Union Place, at the common termination of the Bowery, Broadway and University Place, between Four- teenth ani Seventeenth -streets, is laid out in a tasteful 16 DBBORIPTIOR Or H manner and sorroanded by an elegant paling of cast iron. Madison, Hamilton, and Stuyvesant squares are not yet open to the public. The Bowling Green is a small enclosure at the foot of Broadway, near the Battery. It is ornamented with a beautiful Fountain — a view of which embellishes this work as a vignette. Hudson Square or St. John's Park, in the central part of the city, between Hudson and Varick- streets, be> longs to Trinity church, and is open only :o privileged persons. It is a beautiful green of about four acres, filled with shrubs and flowers, enclosed by a high iron paling. St. John's church, (a chapel of Trinity,) with its lofty spire, 240 feet high, fronts on the east side of this square, and adds to the beauty of the situation. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The public buildings are numerous, and many of them are justly admired for their architectural beauty and sub< stantial character. The new Merchants' Exchange, erected on the site of the former, which was destroyed by the great fire, is the largest and most costly edifice in the city. The material of which it is built, is the dark blue Quincy granite, (sienite ;) no wood is used in any part of the build «g ; the whole is solid masonry. It occupies an entire V >ck of ground fronting on Wall- street, being about 200 ioet in length by 171, and 144 feet in depth. It is 77 feet high to the top of the cornice, and 124 feet from the foundation to the apex of the dome. In front is a re- cessed portico with eighteen massive columns of granite, beautifully wrought in the Ionic style. These columns are 38 feet in height, and 4 feet, 4 inches in diame- ter, each weijhin^r thirty- three tons. They are said to be tbe largest monoliihs iU the world, excepting only the co« NBW'YORK CITY. 17 lumns of a church at St. Petersburgh. Thf "xchange room or rotunda is in the centre of the building, iOO feet in diameter, and 90 feet in height to the top of the dome. The dome is ioUd masonry, 80 feet in diameter, sup- ported in part by eight Corinthian columns of beautii A Italian mnrbl-. These are 41 feet in height, and 4 feet 8 iuch -. i > lio oeter. A more magnificent apartment is selOom St m. i'he effect on the beholder when first seen, is g.an<1 -md sublime. The entire cost of the building, including the ground, is stated at $1,800,000 ; the origi* nal estimate was one-third of that sum. It was erected by a coitipany called the Merchants' Exchange Company, incorporated in 1823, with a capital of one million. The new Custom House, is another recent addition to the public edifices of {he city. It is modelled after the Parthenon at Athens, and is nearly of the same size as that celebrated temple. The external walls and the roof are of white mavble, and the entire building is finished without wood, so as to be completely fire proof. It is 200 feet long by 90 wide, and about 80 feet in height.* It has two fronts ; the principal one on Wall street, at the head of Broad-street, and the other on Pine street ; each containing a row of finely wrought marble columns 32 feet high, of the Doric order. The business hall oc- cupies the centre of the building ; it is a rotunda sur- mounted by a dome, supported by sixteen beautiful Co- rinthian columns 30 feei high. The diameter of this room is 80 feet. The arcbrtectural ornaments of the interior T • e numerous, beautifully designed, and exquisitely finish- ed. This superb edifice was commenced in May, 1834, and finished in May, 1841. The cost, ground inclusive, wa8$l,175,000— building alone, $950,000. 'Tlie dimensions of dw Pwtiienoa were 217 feet loag, 98 broad and 00 tugn. 18 DBSCRIPTIOir OP The Hall of Justice, built in the Egyptian style, is a remarkable structure. It fronts on Centre-street, and occupies a block of ground 253 feet long by 200 wide, in* eluding, however, in this space a prison, which is detached from the main building. Its massive Theban columns with their gigantic palm-leaved capitals, and its cornices, ornamented with winged globes encircled by serpents, give a singular eflfect to the building. The criminal courts of the city and the city prison are to be found in this gloomy pile, which has gained the sobriquet of the " Egyptian Tombs." The building was finished in 1838, being constructed of light colored granite. Tha New- York University, on Washington Square, is built in the Gothic style, and has a commanding ap- pearance. It is 180 feet long by 100 wide. The front is composed of a centre building with wings flanked by towers, one on each of the four corners of the edifice. The centre rises above the wings, and contains in front a large Gothic window of stained glass, 50 feet high by 24 wide. This part of the building contains the Chapel, which is much admired for its architectural beauty. Its lofty ceiling adorned with Gothic tracery, and the richly carved columns and pannelings of oak, give it an antique air, and produce a striking effect. The wings of the edi- fice are four stories high, and the towers five ; the last are surmounted by embattled parapets. The main en- trance is under the great central window, through a deep portal of richly moulded stone, and a door of massive oak. This building is of recent date, having been com- pleted in 1836. Among the older public edifices, the Citt Hall, is pre-eminent. It is situated in the Park, and consists of a centre building with wings, principally of the Ionic and Corinthian orders. The entire front is 216 feet long, by 1 NEW-YORK CITY. 19 105 deep ; the front and ends are built of white marble, and the rear of free stone. It is chiefly occupied by the civil courts, and the common council, both branches of the latter and the mayor having their respective apart- ments. The United States Courts are held in a large brick building in the rear of the City Hall, originally built and occupied as an Alms-House. At Bellevue, on East River, 21 miles from the City Hall, are several public buildings, as the new Alms- house, a large stone edifice, well adapted to the purposes for which it is used ; a Hospital connected with it for the sick and insane poor ; the House of Refuge for juvenile delinquents ; and a Penitentiary for the punishment of fe- male convicts. An Asylum for the insane poor of the city has been recently erected on Blackwell's Island, where there is also a Prison for male convicts. Opposite Black well's Island are the Long Island Farms, where are schools and nurseries for pauper children, liberally sus- tained in connection with the Alms-House. last en- iS of and by CHURCHES. The number of Churches is about one hundred and sixty, as follows : Presbyterian, thirty-seven ; Episcopa- lian, twenty-six j Methodist, twenty-three ; Baptist, six- teen ; Dutch Reformed, thirteen j Roman Catholic, nine ; African, ten j German Lutheran and Reformed, six j Jews' Synagogues, four ; Quakers or Friends, four ; Universa- lists, four ; Unitarians, two ; and others, seven. Many of the Churches are handsomely built ; of these are the new Dutch Reformed Churches on Washington Square and La Fayette Place ; the Church of the Mes- siah, (Unitarian;) St. Peters, (Roman Catholic ;) French Protestant du St. Esprit ; the Church of the Ascension, St. Paul's, and St. Peter's, (Episcopalian ;) Presbyterian 20 DfiSCRIPTXOir OF Churches on' Duane, Grand and Mercer-streets ; First Baptist Church on Broome*street, &c. The Church now building on the site of old Trinity, at the head of Wall-street, will far surpass all others in the city in its extent and architectural splenior ; its length is 189 feet by 84 in breadth ; height 64 ; height of tower and spire, 264 feet. There are congregations of French, Germans, and Welch, who have religious services conducted in their re- spective languages. LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. Columbia College the oldest literary institution in the city, was founded in 1754, and was originally called King's College. It is situated on a beautiful square ad- joining Park Plade, west of the City Hall, where the col- lege buildings were erected in 1760. For a considerable period there were no other buildings of any kind in the immediate neighborhood of the college, which thus en- joyed an extensive and unobstructed view of the opposite shore and country of New-Jersey, Long Island, Staten Island, and New- York Bay, &c. This college has always sustained a high character as a seminary of learning, having from the beginning enjoyed the services of emi- nent scholars in the various departments of instruction. The Univebsity of the city of New- York, is a youthful institution; it was chartered in 1831 , and is rapid- ly increasing in importance and favor. Connected with it is a Medical School of high reputation. Its location is unrivalled, fronting Washington Park on the west, which is ornamented with shade trees and laid out with gravelled walks. The General Theolooical Seminary of the Episcopal Church, is situated on Twentieth-street, cor- ner of the Ninth Avenue, near the Hudson, 2 miles north m NEW-TORK CITY. il from the City Hall, a part of the city known as Chelsea. There are two handsome buildings of stone for the ac> commodation of the professors and students ; the board of trustees consists oyf all the bishops, and one other trus- tee from each diocese in the United States. The institu* tion is well endowed, and in a flourishing condition. The New-Yokk Theological Seminary near the University, is under the direction of the Presbyterit.n church, although open to all christian denominations. Its library is of great value, consisting of 16,000 volumes, formerly the property of a German clergyman. Rev. Leander Van Ess, after whose decease it was purchased. Of the literary associations, the oldest is the New- York Society Library, founded in 1754, which occn- pies a new and beautiful building recently erected on Broadway, corner of Leonard- street. The library is the largest and most valuable in the state, and is con- stantly increasing ; it now consists of nearly 40,000 vo- lumes. An extensive reading room is connected with it, in some respects the best in the city. The institution is governed by a board of twelve trustees, who are annual- ly elected by the shareholders. The New- York Historical Society, formed in 1804, at present occupies a suite of rooms in the University, where its library, comprising about 12,000 volumes, is situated. It has published several volumes of historical collections, and ranks among the most active and distin* guished literary associations in this country. The Lyceum of Natural History, established in 1818, has done much for the promotion of natural science in this country. The building in which its library and cabinet kre deposited, is on Broadway, near Prince* street ; it veas erected at the expense of the Lyceum. DBSCRiPTioir or The Mercantile Libbart Association is formed chiefly of merchants' clerks. Its library consists of about 22,000 volumes, connected with which there is an excel- lent reading room. The number of members in 1840, was over 5,000. An annual course of lectures is de- livered before this association at Clinton Hall, where the library is also kept. The Apprentices' Library in Crosby- street, contains about 12,000 volumes. It was established in 1820, by the General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen. The American Institute for the encouragement of American industry, formed in 1828, has a valuable li- brary of about 5,000 volumes, situated in the spacious building in the rear of the City Hall. Under the direc- tion of this Institute annual fairs are held in the city at Niblo's Garden, for the exhibition of American manu- factures in every department of human industry. The Mechanics' Institute occupies rooms in the basement of the City Hall, where it has a library and reading room ; a course of lectures is also given under its auspices every winter. The National Academy of Design, established in 1826, for the encouragement of the fine arts, occupies rooms in the Society Library's building, where are held its annual exhibitions of paintings. The Apollo Asso- ciation, incorporated in 1840, for a similar purpose, is a popular institution. Other miscellaneous associations, are the Sacred Music Society, for the improvement of church music ; the Chamber of Commerce, formed in 1768 ; the Board oi Trade ; the Board of Underwriters ; the Board of Stock and Exchange Brokers ; the New- York Lyceum, with a library and reading room, and annual lectures ; together with many other institutions of kss note. W NEW-YORK CITY. 23 USIC tbe d of tock tha ther BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. Among the benevolent institutions of the city, is the Institution for the Blind situated on the Eighth Ave- nue, having seventy-two pupils ; the Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, incorporated in 1817, on FiAieth-street, 3^ miles from the City Hall, containing by the last report, 152 pupils ; the Lying-in- Asylum ; the Female Assistance Society^ for the relief and instruction of the sick poor ; the society for respec- table aged Indigent Females ; the Orphan Asylum, es- tablished in 1806, situated on the Hudson at Blooming- dale, five miles from the City Hall, where great num- bers of indigent orphan children are reared and educat- ed ; the Protestant Half Orphan Asylum on Twelfth- street ; the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum on Prince- street ; the Asylum for Colored Orphans, &c. The foreign residents' have associations for charitable purposes, as the St. George's Society, composed of Eng- lishmen ; St. Andrew's, of Scotch ; St. Patrick's, of Irish ,* St. Duvid's, of Welch ; the French, German, Spanish and Hebrew Societies ; the St. Nicholas, composed of the descendants of the early Dutch inhabitants and others, and the New England Society. There are also numerous religious associations, as the Bible, Tract, Missionary, Sunday School, Education, and Seamen's Friend Societies, most of which are sus- tained by particular denominations or sects, each having its own distinct organization. PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. There are four Theatres in the city of New- York, be- sides numerous other places of amusement. Park Theatre, Situated on Park Row, facing the Astor House, is an old and fashionable place of resort for those fond of m DBSCRIPTIOIf OP m theatrical entertainments. It was first erected in 1798, and the interior destroyed by fire May 24, 1820 ; it was rebuilt, except the walls which were left standing, and opened in August, 1821. This Theatre is calculated to seat about 2,000 persons. The Bowery Theatre, Was first erected in 1826. It was burnt in May, 1828, and immediately afterwards rebuilt, an^ opened in August of the same year. It has since been destroyed by fire, and again risen phanix-like, from its ashes. The new building is a fine specimen of the Doric order of architecture ; the interior being elegant and fitted up in a superior style. The Olympic Theatre, Situated on Broadway, above Canal- street, is a much frequented and popular place of amusement. The Chatham Theatre and Circus, Is situated on Chatham- street, and is an entertaining place of amusement. A new Italian Opera Hottse, has recently been fitted up in Chambers-street, over the Arcade Baths, in the rear of the City Hall, and is called Palmo's yew- York Opera House. The Bowery Amphitheatre, or Circus, situated on the Bowery, near the Theatre, is also much fre- quented. Theatrical entertainments are given during the sum- mer at NiBLo's Garden, 576 Broadway, and at Vaux- HALL Garden, 408 Bowery. Castle Garden, at the south-west angle of the Bat- tery, is also a place of much attraction, where is occa- sionally given a grand display of fire works. There are also several other Public Gardens, in dif- ferent parts of the city. , # NEW-YORK CITY. •m The American Museum, At the corner of Broadway and Ann-street, is an old and popular place of amusement and instruction. It was founded by the late John Scudder in 1810, and now con- tains an immense collection of natural and artificial curi- osities, which have been brought together by the arduous and unremitting exertions of its proprietors, during a period of more than thirty years. It is now said to contain over half a million of specimens, arranged in six splendid halls, each measuring upwards of 100 feet in length. The New- York Museum, Formerly called Peale's Museum, is situated on Broad- way opposite the City Hall. This is an extensive and in- teresting collection of natural and artificial curiosities, taken from every part of the world ; the whole being handsomely displayed in several spacious apartments. It contains also a Gallery of Portraits, and other paintings by eminent artists. HOTELS AND PUBLIC HOUSES. No city is more amply supplied with Hotels and other Houses, for the accommodation of travellers and pcrma-^ nent boarders, than New-York. The most noted are sit- uated on Broadway, and they are usually thronged with persons from all parts of the Union, and from foreign countries. The AsTOR House, built of granite, is a very exten- sive and imposing edifice ; being five stories high, and calculated to accommodate 400 guests. It is situated on Broadway, between Barclay and Vesey-streets. The others of note are included in the following enu- meration : The American Hotel, Broadway, corner Barclay-st. ATHENiEUM Hotel, 347 Broadway, corner Leonard-st. C J^ 10 DESCRIPTION OF i Atlantic Hotel, 5 Broadway, near the Battery. Battery Hotel, 8 Battery- Place. Carlton Hou.se, Broadway, corner Leonard-street. City Hotel, Broadv.ay, between Cedar and Thames- streets. Clinton Ho;j;el, Beekraan, corner Nassr -street. Croton Hotel, (Temperance,) 142 Broadway. I3unning's Hotel, Cortlandi, corner Washington-st. Eagle Hotel, G1 Broadway. Franklin House, Broadway, corner Dey-street. Glode Hotel, G6 Broadway. Howard's Hotel, Broadway, corner Maiden-Lane. Lovejoy's Hotel, Park-Row, corner Beekman- street. Mansion House, (Bunker's,) 39 Broadway. Merchants' Hotel, Cortlandt, near Greenwich-st. Northern Hotel, Cortlandt, corner West-street. Pacific Hotel, 162 Greenwich-street. Pearl-Street House, 88 Pearl-street. United States Hotel, Fulton, between Pearl and Water-streets. Washington Hotel, Broadway, corner Reade-street. Waverley House, 56 Broadway. Western Hotel, 9 Cortlandt-street, near Broadway. Tammany Hall, Nassau, corner Frankfort- street, and several other Public Houses, are kept on the European Plan, of letting out rooms by the day or week, and the occupant petting his meals when and where he chooses. There are numerous private Boarding Houses, in dif- ferent parts of the city, affording all the quiet and comfort that can be desired, varying in their charges according to their situation and style of living. There are also a great number of Restaurants, or Eating Houses, in the lower part of the city, which are much resorted to by citizens and strangers, — the bills of fare being generally good, and the charges reasonable. % NEW-YORK CITY. 27 HACKNEY COACHES, CABS AND OMNIBUSSES, Throng the principal streets, especially Broadway and the Bowery. Regular lines ol' Omnibusses run between the upper and lower parts of the city, affording a cheap and certain mode of conveyance. Hackney Coaches and Cabs are to be found at 'He various stands in different parts of the city, and » i . Steamhoat landings. In order to guard against impositions from their drivers, it is neces- sary that the stranger should make himself acquainted with the rates of fare allowed by law, to violate which subjects them to a fine. These rates are — for conveying a passenger any distance not exceeding one mile, 37^ cents ; and for every additional passenger, 25 cents, in- cluding ordinary baggage. MARKETS. The largest and most important Markets are, Fulton Market, situated on South-street, between Fulton and Beekman- streets. Washington Market, on West-street, between Ful- ton and Dey-streets. Catharine Market, in Catharine-street, running from Cherry to South- street. Centre Market, between Grand and Broome-streets. Essex Mapket, on Grand-street, corner Essex-street. Clinton Market, at the foot of Canal-street ; be- sides Jelferson, Union, Greenwich, Tompkins, Gouver- neur, Monroe, and Franklin Markets, situated in different parts of the city — all being abundantly supplied with every variety of meats, fish, fruit and vegetables that the country affords. 38 DBSORiPTioir or TRADE AND COMMERCE. The trade and navigation of the city of New- York are immense. The average number of arrivals, American and foreign, amount to about 2000 annually, independently of coasters from different parts of the Union. A great num* ber of steamboats also arrive and depart daily, carry* ing passengers and merchandize. The wharves are crowded with vessels, sometimes exceeding one thousand in number, from all countries and of almost every size and rig, giving constant employment to a great number of mariners. The number of wharves or piers for the use of the ship, ping, on the East River, is 60 ; on the Hudson, 53. The numerous packet ships, and most of the foreign vessels lie in the East River. The amount of capital invested in marine insurance is over three millions of dollars, exclusive of companies for mutual assurance. There are twenty- three Fire Insc.r- ance Companies, with an aggregate capital of six millio:?^. The number of Banks is twenty-nine, having a capital of about twenty- five millions. There are two Gas Light Companies, with a capital of $1,500,000. The Farmers' Loan and Trust Company has a capital of $2,000,000, and the Life Insurance and Trust Company a capital of $1,000,000. The rapid increase of the city in population, wealth, trade and navigation, during the last fifteen or twenty years, is attributable for the most part to the opening of the Erie canal, and other internal improvements. BUILDINGS. The number of dwelling houses in the city in 1840, was 16,458 ; dwellings with stores, 6,614 j stores and of- ces, 3,855 ; other buildings, 5,189; making a grand to* tal of 32,1 16 buildings of different kinds. I I % irVW-YORK CITY. CROTON AQUEDUCT. This Aqueduct, for supplying the city of New- York with pure and wholesome water, is one of the most ad> mirable works of the kind to be found in any country. Excluding the Grand Reservoir, 5 miles long and having an area of about 400 acres, occupying the bed and valley of the Croton river, the length of the Aqueduct, from the Dam which forms that Reservoir, to the Distributing Re- servoir on Murray Hill in New- York, is 40 ^ miles. The Dam is placed in the Croton river, about 6 miles from its confluence with the Hudson ; and it elevates the water in the Reservoir 40 feet to the level of the Aqueduct Head, or 166 feet above the top line of mean-tide in the Hud- son. Passing from the Dam down the Croton valley about 6 miles, the Aqueduct turns into the valley of the Hudson and runs southerly through Westchester county, 32.88 miles, to the verge of the Harlem River valley. Throughout this distance the Aqueduct is a continuous conduit of stone and brick masonry. The width of the the Harlem valley, at the height of the conduit level, is about 1,450 feet, or a little more than I mile ; and the A> queduct crosses it in cast-iron pipes of 3 feet bore, on a level 1 14 feet above the ordinary high- water surface of the river. Oa reaching the southern verge of this valley, on the Island of New- York, the pipes give place again to the conduit of masonry, which thus continues for 2 miles and a fraction over, to the verge of the high ground over- looking the Manhattan valley. At that point the conduit level is 102 feet higher than the bottom of the valley, which, at the height of the level, is a fraction over | mile wide. The conduit passes this valley in cast-iron pipes, of the bore already stated, following the valley- curve ; and on ascending to the southern verge of the curves the pipes again give place to the conduit of ma* 30 DKSORIPTIOIV or sonry, which, crossing the Asylum ridge in Blooming- dale, and the Clendcnning valley, runs a little more ihan two miles, to the great Receiving Reservoir, on York- Hill, 5 miles and a little over from the City Hall, This Receiving ResEiivoiii includes an area of 35 acres, being 1,826 feet long by 836 feet wide, measuring from the external angles of the enclosing embankment, and it is divided by a cross wall into two parts of unequal capacities. From this Reservoir tht Aqueduct, with a conduit of cast-iron pipes of the size before mentioned, continues a fraction over 2 miles, to the Distributing Reservoir at Murray Hill. Itis 420 feet square, as mea- sured on the cornice of the outer w ill ; it contains an area of a little more than 4 acres, divided into two equal parts by a partition wall ; its enclosing walls have an average he ght of 444 feet above the adjacent streets, and it is 3 miles from the City Hall. From this Reservoir the water is drawn in large cast- iron pipes called the Great Mains, which lead through the central parts of the city, and from which the distri- bution of the water for use, is made by p"pes of various dimen'^'ons, diminishing in size as the ramifications ex- tend. The aggregate length of the Great Mains is about four miles ; and if they be included in the linear measure- ment, together with the Croton Reservoir above the Dam, the entire distance falls but little short of 50 miles. Of the excavation required for grading the line and constructing the Aqueduct, the larger moiety was of rock, and amounted to somewhat more than 400,000 cu- bic yards. The shape of the country for much of the way presents a succession of transverse ridges and ravines, to be cut, tunneled, or embanked, and swelling the cost of the work. V I NEWYOKK CITY. The whole number or' tunnels is 16, varying in length from IGO leet to 1,2G3 Iti teach, and making a total of 6,81 i feet, with roofs from 2D feet to 75 feet vorying vertical depth. In Westchester county 25 streams are crossed, with beds from 12 feet to 70 feet below the grade line of the Aqueduct, to say nothing of many small brooks, and all requiring, for the safety of the work, culverts of mason- ry. The whole number of culverts is 114, varying in span, from 1\ feet to 25 feet eoch, and making an ag- gregate length of 7,959 linear feet. The grandest structure is the Bridge over the Harlem Iliver and valley. The width of the river itself is 620 feet, and that of the valley a little more than a quarter of a mile, which is the length of the Bridge. The arches over the river are 8 in number, with a span of 80 feet each, springing from stone piers 20 feet wide at the spring- line, which is 60 feet above the surface of the river at high- water mark ; and the arches being semicircles, the spring is half the span, making the whole height 100 feet from the river surface to the soffit, or under side of the centre of these arches. On the north side of these large arches are 6 others and on the south side one, of 50 feet span each, resting on piers 7 feet wide, which, with the abutment at each end, complete the supports of the Bridge. The parapet walls and the whole superstructure are of stone j the whole width at the top of the parape* being 21 feet, and the height at the same line being 1 . i feet above the water. These dimensions give the exter- nal aspect of this magnificent work. The Receiving Reservoir at York Hill, is formed with vast earth embankments perfectly puddled, protect- ed externally by massy walls of stone masonry, and de- 32 DESCRIPTION OF signed to contain 20 feet depth of water measuring 150 millions of gallons. The Distributing Reservoir, at Murray Hill, is formed with double and hollow walls of heavy masonry. Their least height is 39 feet and their greatest 49 feet, strengthened at the corners with pilasters, or buttresses, projecting from the wall- face four feet and being 40 feet wide, while at the points cqui-distant from the corners these buttresses are 60 feet wide, projecting from the wall- face six feet. In both cases they rise several feet above the top of the walls, which is guarded all round with an iron railing running along the cornice. In the central pilasters are doors leading to the pipe-chambers in the walls where the cocks are regulated. The inside of these walls is strengthened with a sloping and heavy puddled embank- ment, faced with rubble masonry and coped with cut stone. The bottom of the Reservoir is a dense hardpan, covered with puddle two feet thick, and then floored one foot thick with hydraulic concrete. This Reservoir is calculated to hold 30 feet depth of water, with its surface 115 feet above mean- tide, and measuring 20 millions of gallons. The first contracts for construction, were made in April 1837, and the work commenced in the next month. The whole work was so far completed that the water was let in from the Croton Dam, June 22d 1842, and was admit- ted into the Distributing Reservoir, on the 4th of July following. The event of its completion, so far as to afford an abundant and constant supply of water, was celebrated with great pomp and parade on the 14th day of Oct. 1842. The total cost of this noble and useful work, will amount to about $12,000,000. But the supply of pure and wholesome water to the in* •habitants of New- York, for all culinary and household 4 NBW-YORK CITY. 83 i uses, does not, by any means, constitute the whole value of this great work. The supply of pure water, in largerabun* dance, to public bathing- houses and hospitals — its aid in cleaning streets — its utility as a permanent and ready pro- tection against fires, and its consequent influence in re- ducing the expense of insurance and enhancing the value of property — all conducive to the health, comfort, safety and economy of life — are important blessings resulting from this work, and they are certain to multiply with the growth of the city. Nor are these all its advantages. Even the means thus afforded for the mere embellishment of the city with fountains in the public squares, should not be overlooked ; for whatever adds to its attractions as a place of residence, is an obvious and substantial benefit to all classes, and especially to the holders of real estate. Of this mode of embellishment several specimens have already been furnished, and the Fountains in the Bowling Green, the Park, Union Place, and St. John's Park, are celebrated for the height of their jets, and for picturesque beauty of design and general effect. FIRE DEPARTMENT. The Fire Department is well organized, and cost during the year 1841, $76,788.53 ; there were 48 engines, 33 hose carriages, 48,450 feet hose, 47 ladders, 53 hooks, and 7 hook and ladder trucks, belonging to the Depart- ment. The number of engine companies was 48, hose companies 34, hook and ladder companies 7, hydrant com- panies 3, and the number of men in the Department 1,639. CITY COURTS. The Courts in the city of local jurisdiction, are the fol- lowing : The Superior Court, composed of a Chief Jus- tice and two Justices ; the Court of Common Pleas, or County Court, consisting of a First Judge, and two As- > i 84 DESCRIPTION OF sociate Judges, together with the Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen, Judges ex-officio ; the Vice-Chancellor and Assistant Vice- Chancellor's Courts ; the Marine Court, (jurisdiction limited to $100, except in marine cases,) and six Justices' or Ward Courts, (limited to $50.) CITY POLICE. The Police of the city depends for its efficiency on the personal character of the Mayor, its head j but the syS' tem is 'oelieved to be extremely defective. There were confined in the Penitentiary on Blackwell's Island, at the close of 1841, 842 convicts — 396 males and 44fi females. Of this number 230 were sentenced by the criminal courts, and the remainder were vagrants committed by Justices •of the Police. The number of Watchmen employed at night, is 956, at an average expense of over $200,000 per annum. FERRIES. The public Ferries, running from the city of New- York to adjacent places, are as follow : South Ferry, from Whitehall-st. to Atlantic-st. Brooklyn. Fulton Ferry, " Fulton-st. " Fulton-st. Catharine Fer. " Catharine-st. " Main-st. Walnut Ferry, '' Walnut-st. " Jackson-st. " Peck Slip Fer. " Peck Slip, to S. 7th. st. Williamsburgh. Grand-st. Fer. " Grand-st. to Grand-st. *' Houston Fer. " Houston-st. to " " Hell-Gate Fer. " Eighty-Sixth-st. to Astoria, Long-Isla'd. Staten Is. Fer. " Battery Place to Staten Island. Jersey City Fr. '' Cortlandt-st. " Jersey City, New-Jer. Barclay-st. Fr. " Barclay-st. " Hoboken, Canal-st. Fer. " Canal-street " " Christopher-st. Fr. from Christopher st. to Hoboken, N. J. Fort-Lee and Bull's Fer. from Canal-st. to Fort-Lee, " tt (I It %' NEW-YORK CITY. 35 |r. a.: f STEAMBOATS AND PACKETS. Steamboats leave the city daily during the greater part of the year for Albany, Troy, Hudson, Poughkeepsie, Newburgh, Peekskill, Haverstraw, Sing-Sing, Piermont, and other places on the Hudson. For Providence and New^port in Rhode-Island. Stonington, Norwich, New- London, Hartford, New-Haven, Bridgeport, and Stam- ford, in Connecticut, by Long Island Sound. For Eliza- bethport, Newark, Amboy, New-Brunswick, and Shrews- bury, in New- Jersey j and for various landings on Long Island. Steamers also ply between this city and London, Liver- pool, and Bristol, England. Lines of packet ships sail with great regularity to va- rious ports in Europe, the West Indies, South America, and the United States. RAILROADS. New-York and Philadelphia Railroad Lines. In addition to the Camden and Amhoy Railroad, which connects with a line of Steamboats, landing near the Battery j there is the New- Jersey Railroad, commencing at Jersey City, opposite Cortlandt-street, connecting with a line of railroads extending to Philadelphia, 86 miles. Passengers leave New- York, by the latter route, from the foot of Liberty-street ; being conveyed to Jersey City in a commodious steam ferry boat. Elizabethtown and Somerville Railroad. Passengers by this Raibroadand Steamboat Line, leave New- York from the foot of Battery Place, touching at New-Brighton and Port Richmond, on Staten Island. Paterson and Hudson Railroad. Passengers going to Paterson, N. J., 17 miles by rail- road, leave New- York from the foot of Cortlandt-street. ' 36 RAILROADS AND STAGES. L0NG*l8LAND RAILROAD. Passengers by this route leave New. York from the foot of Whitehall-street, for different places on Long-Island. This railroad is now finished from Brooklyn to Smith* town, Suffolk county, a distance o( 47 miles. Harlem Railroad. Passengers leave the city from near the City Hall, for the different places on the line of the Harlem Railroad, which is now finished to Williams' Bridge, a distance of 14| miles, on Bronx river. New- York and Erie Railroad. A Steamboat leaves New-York daily, from the foot of Duane-street, for Piermont, a distance of 24 miles ; con- necting with cars running on this railroad to Goshen and Middletown, in Orange county, a further distance of 53 miles. Stages for Milford, Honesdale and Binghamton, run from the cars on their arrival at Middletown. STAGES. A line of Stages run from New- York, through New- Jersey and into Pennsylvania ; thence to Binghamton in the state of New- York, connecting with a line of travel north to Utica, and west to Owego. Stages usually leave Cortlandt- street, during the winter months, for Albany and the intermediate places on the east side of the Hudson river ; while a line runs from the New- York and Erie Railroad, diverging from Turner's Depot, on the west side of the river. Stages leave the Bowery several times daily, for Har- lem, Manhattanville and different places in Westchester county. Stages also leave Franklin Square and Brooklyn, for Flushing, Jamaica, Fort Hamilton, and other places on Long Island. VICINITY OP NEW-YORK. 87 FASHIONABLE PLACES OF RESORT IN THE VICINITY OF THE CITY OF NEW-YORK. In the vicinity of New- York are numerous places of resort, which are easily reached by means of Steamboats, Railroads and Stages. Among the most fa\'orite Steam.' boat Excursions, may be named a trip to any of the va< rious places on the Hudson river — to Staten Island — to Shrewsbury and Long Branch — and through the East Ri- ver, to the various places on both sides of Long Island Sound ; being all delightful, especially during the warm season. The resorts on the Hudson, most worthy of a visit, are fully described under the head of the " Hudson Ri- ver andits Vicinity." Staten Island, lying about six miles to the south of the city, surrounded in part by the beautiful bay of New- York, presents many attractions, and is much frequented. Steamboats leave New- York several times during the day, from the foot of Whitehall-street, for Tompkins- ville and Stapleton, both facing the Quarantine Ground ; also, from the foot of Battery Place, for New-Brighton and Port Richmond, on Staten Island Sound. The Ocean House, near Sandy Hook, is much re- sorted to during the summer months. Shrewsbury, Red Banks and Tinton Falls, all situated on a stream called Shrewsbury River, which emp- tics into the ocean near Sandy Hook, are also favorite resorts. A steamboat leaves New- York daily, from near Fulton Market on the East River, for the above places. Long Branch, 30 mile; pouthof the city of New- York, is on the eastern shore of New- Jersey, facing the Atlantic Ocean, and affords a grand view of the coast for many miles. This is an old and fashionable resort for those who are fond of fishing or sea bathing, for which pur- 38 VICINITY OP NEW-YORK. pose it is considered equal to any resort in the vicinity of New- York or Philadelphia, Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, the ex- treme south part of New-Jersey, has of late attracted much attention as u watering place ; extensive accommo- dations are now being erected for the convenience of visiters. The places of resort on Long Island are numerous and present various attractions during warm weather, to invalids and seekers of pleasure. The city of Bbooklyn, connected with New- York by four ferries, on which are placed commodious steam ferry boats, is a place of healthy and delightful residence, and much resorted to by pedestrians. The United States Navy Yard, on Wallabout Bay is well worthy of a visit. Greenwood Cemetery, near Gowanus, two or three miles south of the city of New- York, is a romantic and well selected burial place for the dead. Flatbush, on the road to Fort Hamilton and Coney Island, is delightfully situated, distant 3 miles from Brooklyn. East New- York, Union Race Course, and Jamai- ca, are all situated on the line of the Long-Island Rail- road, and are easily reached by cars or stages. The village of Hempstead, 23 miles from Brooklyn, by railroad, is celebrated as being a delightful place of residence, and a lavorite resort. All who are fond of sea bathing, the invigorating sea bretze, or hunting and fishing, may find abundunt grati- fication at Fort Hamilton, situated at the '* Narrows," where has recently been opened a commodious hotel ; at Bath House, on Gravesend Bay, an old and favorite resort : or at VICINITY OP NEW-YORK. of sea ;rali- rhere orite f Coney Island, facing the Atlantic ocean, where are several well kept public houses. Stages leave Brooklyn several times daily, during the summer months, for the above fashionable resorts, pas- sing through the pleasant villages of Flatbush and New- Utrecht. RocKAWAY Beach, with its splendid hotel, the Ma- rine Pavilion, and other public houoes, has been long and deservedly a favorite resort during warm weather. The most desirable mode of conveyance to Rockaway, is by railroad cars to Jamaica, and thence by stage ; being distant about 20 miles from the city of New-York. Besides these, there are other agreeable and still more retired retreats on the -^outh side of Long Island, farther east. In Great South Bay, extending from Hempstead to Southampton, a distance of 50 miles, ore to be found inexhaustible quantities of scale and shell ilsh of diffe- rent kinds, and countless numbers of wild fowl. Mont auk Point, the eastern extremity of Long Is- land, 140 miles from the city of New- York — with its rugged and beetling cliffs — its fo£).ming breakers, and the mighty ocean in front, is a spot surrounded by great grandeur and beauty. Flushing, 9 miles east of New- York, is a delightful and retired place of residence and resort. Here is situa- ted the Linneean Botanic Garden, which possesses many attractions and is much visited. Glen-Cove, Oyster Bay and Cold Springs, on the north side of Long Island, are also much frequented in summer. New-Rochelle, and other places on the Westches- ter shore of Long Island Sound, are also \'ell worthy of a visit, and are much resorted to during the summer months by fashionable visiters. 40 VICINITY OF IfBW-YOBK. Daily lines of steamboats, in addition to stages, run from the city of New- York, to most of the places on both sides of Long Island Sound, affording cheap and speedy modes of conveyance. Various places on the Island of New- York, and in Westchester county, near the line of the Harlem Rail- road, are also much visited. Stages leave the present termination of the railroad at Williams' Bridge, for West- Farms, Eastchester, New-Rochelle. Mamaroneck, Rye and Port-Chester on the Sound, and White Plains, and other places in the interior of Westchester county. In the neighboring region of New-Jersey, also, are several places of much interest, not only to the lover of the picturesque, but to the social economist ; and they are easily reached by the railroads which diverge from Jersey City opposite New- York. Among these, besides Hoboken, Weehawken, the Elysian Fields, and other points near the shore of the Hudson, are the Passaic Falls, near the celebrated manufacturing village of Paterson, distant 17 miles from New- York. The whole descent of the Passaic, at this spot, is from 60 to 70 feet. In the first portion of its descent the river rushes over a steep slope of deeply rifted rock, and then makes a clear pitch of some 30 or 40 feet into a narrow, wedge- shaped and transverse chasm, with a high wall of perpen- dicular rock fronting the falls and right athwart the course of the stream, compelling the boiling waters to pass out of the chasm nearly at right angles with their previous direction, into the broad and black pool immediately be- low, which is walled in, for many rods on each side of the gorge, by perpendicular cliffs of naked rock 80 or 90 feet high, greatly augmenting the grandeur of the scene. As the river escapes from this magnificent basin, it makes another sharp angle, and thus resuming nearly VICINITY OF NEW-YOAK. 41 I I the direction of the current above the falls, it flows away with a gentle descent through a fertile and cultivated val- ley of meadow, pasture, and arable lands. The con- trasts presented by the scene are various and striking, greatly enhancing its beauty, especially when the volume of the river is swelled by heavy rains. Of late years, however, some of the finest features of the place are im- paired in their expression by the diversion of much of the water, taken out above the falls aad led away through the village of Paterson, for hydraulic uses. Still, the loss thus suffered by the picturesque, is amply compen- sated by gain to the useful, and by the associated images of individual and social benefit, of improving arts, and general prosperity. The Morris Canal passes a little to the south of Pas saic Falls, on its route from Jersey City across the state to the Delaware river, which it reaches at Easton, dis- tant from the Hudson 100 miles by this line. Newark, Elizabethtown, New Brunswick, and other places on the line of the New Jersey Railroad, arc easily reached by means of steamboats and railroad cars. MoRRisTowN, 22 miles from Newark, is connected with the latter place by railroad, passing through the vil. lage of Orange, where there is a Mineral Spring of con- siderable celebrity. Schooley's Mountain, which is usually approached from New- York by means of railroad and stages passing through Elizabethtown and Somerville, is a place of much fashionable resort, during the summer months owing to its high, airy, and healthy situation. The extensive prospect afforded from its top, on which is located an excellent public house, is perhaps unrivalled. Belmont Hall, situated on the highest part of the moun- tain, 2,000 feet above tide water, is surrounded by a park D 42 KASTGKN LINES OF TRAVKL of many acres richly adorneJ with forest, fruit, and orna- mental trees. The proprietor has left nothing undone to give general satisfaction to his numerous visiters. A short distance from the hotel are Mineral Springs, where much has recently been expended for the comfort of visi- ters wishing to enjoy this pure chalybeate at the fountain. The distance from the city of New York to Elizabeth- port, by steamboat, is 12 miles ; from Elizabethport to Somerville, by railroad, 26 miles ; from Somcrville to Schooley's Mountain, by stage, 20 miles. Passengers from Philadelphia, usually leave the railroad cars at New Brunswick and proceed to the mountain by stage. EASTERN LINES OF TRAVEL THROUGH LONG ISLAND SOUND. There are at present three great lines of travel be- tween the cities of New- York and Boston, by steamboats and railroad cars. 1. A line of Steamboats leave New-York for New Ha- ven, daily, Sundays excepted, from Peck slip, East River, at 6 o'clock A. M. in summer, and at 7 A, M. in winter. Distance, 80 miles. The New Haven and Hartford Railroad, extends from Hew Haven to Hartford, a further distance of 38 miles. A line of Steamboats also run direct from New- York to Hartford, via Saybrook, daily, Sundays excepted, from the 1st April to 1st December. In winter, passengers for Hartford are carried via New Haven. From Hartford, a line of travel extends up the valley of the Connecticut river ; at Springfield, a distance of 25 miles, it intersects the Western Railroad of Massachu- setts, one of the great linko of railroads extending from Boston to Buffalo, a total distance of 525 miles. Distance from Springfield to Boston, by railroad, 98 miles. Albany, " 102 miles. # (( (< EASTERN LINES OP TRAVEL. 48 ley 25 hu- om es. es. # I 2. A line of Steamboats leave New- York for New London and Norwich, daily, Sundays excepted, starting from Pier No, 1, North River, at 5 o'clock P. M. in the summer and 4 P. M. in winter. Distance to Norwich by water, 133 miles. The Norwich and \,'orcester Railroad now extends irom Allen's Point, 7 miles below Norwich, to Worces- ter, Mass., a whole distance of 66 miles, coiinecting with the great east and west line already mentioned. Distance from Worcester to Boston, by railroad, 44 miles. The total distance between New-York and Boston, by this route, is 235 miles ; usual time, 15 hours. 3. A line of Steamboats of the first class, leave New- York daily, Sundays excepted, in the afternoon, from the foot of Battery Fiace, for Stonington, Newport and Pro- vidence, connecting with rail oads running to Boston. At Stonington, 135 miles from New- York, by water, commences the Providence and Stonington Railroad, extending to Providence, a distance of 47 miles. The Bosto7i and Providence Railroad, extends a further dis- tance of 42 iiiiles ; making the total distance between New- York and Boston, by this route, 224 miles j usual time, 14^ hours. HOUSATONIC ROUTE BETWEEN NEW-YORK AND ALBANY. In addition to the above lines of travel through Long Island Sound, and the states of Connecticut, Rhode Is- land, and Massachusetts — a Steamboat leaves New- York, daily, Sundays excepted, for Bridgeport, Conn. ; distance 60 miles. During the close of navigation on the Hudson River, this is the most expeditious and desirable route between the commercial and political capitals of the state of New- York. 44 IIOUIATOMC ROUTE. At Bridgeport commences the Houtatonic Railroad, which, in connection with the Bcrkthire Railroad, and the Albany and West Stockbridge Railroad, unites the cities of New- York and Albany, by one connected line of steamboats and railroads. Total distance, 198 miles ; usual time, 15 hours. Distances between New- York and Albany, via Bridgeport. To Bridgeport, by Steamboat, 60 miles. Stepney, fr'/iai/rood, 10 70 " Bottsford,. 5 75 " Newtown, 5 80 " Brookfield, 10 90 " Housatonic River, 6 96 " NewMilford, 1 97 " Gaylord's Bridge, 6 103 " Kent, 6 109 " Cornwall, 12 121 '' Canaan Falls Village, 6 127 " Connecticut State Line, 7 134 " Sheffield, Mass 3 140 " Great Barrington, 6 146 " West Stockbridge 12 158 " New- York State Line, 2 160 " Tunnel, (600 feet long,) 2 162 " Clatham Four Corners, 13 175 " K.nderhook, 7 182 " Schodack, 8 190 " Albany, 8 198 " 1! I? Via r i1 '! i j/^ii* o^' v// A' // / '/i.y fj.r /fj^ './'J ft W'irii iIm- hich, together with the keeper's house, are all built of rough dress marble. Attached to the prison building on the south, is a chapel, hospital, kitchen, storehouses, &c. A new prison for female con- victs stands on elevated ground, and is built of marble in the Ionic order. Teller's Point, about a mile north of Sing-Sing, separates Tappan from Haverstraw Bay. It projects southerly into the river more than a mile, immediately above the confluence of the Croton river, with the Hud- son. On the opposite side of the river, rises Verdreitje's Hook, a bold headland 668 feet high, forming a beautiful feature in the landscape. Haverstraw Bay, is another expansion of the Hud- son river, 2 to 3 miles wide and 6 miles long, terminating on the north at Verplank's and Stony Points. Haverstraw or Warren, lies on the west side of the bay or river, 35 miles from New- York, to which city a steamboat runs daily. Grassy Point, 2 miles above, on the same side of the river, is a convenient steamboat landing. Verplank's Point, on the east side of the river, 40 miles north of the city of New- York is an excellent land- ing place, and memorable from its connection, in the Revo- lutionary war, with Stony Point on the opposite side. On the latter point is now a light house, erected on the site of the old fortification, which completely commanded the channel of the river. These points, where the river con- AWD ITS VICINITV. 58 ;pth of prison length, ironting nd con- d work keeper's ched to ospital, ale con- arble in ig-Sing, projects ediately he Hud- tdreitje's leautiful le Hud- ainating of the I city a e of the iver, 40 nt land- eRevo- ide. On the site ^ded the ret con- tracts to about half a mile in width, were the first im- portant positions north of the city of New- York at which the American forces attempted to defend the passage of the Hudson against the British, in the struggle for inde- pendence. During the winter months, when the river is closed with ice above, steamboats can often reach Ver- plank's Point from New- York, and save the traveller the fatigue of passing over a difficult part of the stage road between the cities of New- York and Albany. Caldwell's Landing, on the west side of the river, 44 miles from New- York and 101 miles from Albany, is the first place at which steam passage boats of the large class touch on their upward trip, to land and receive pas- sengers. This landing is situated at the south entrance of the " Highlands," and is connected by a steam ferry with Peekskill on the opposite side of the river, a large and thriving village, from which two or three steamboats run directly to the city of New- York, carrying large quantities of produce, manufactured articles, and pas- sengers. It was incorporated in 1827, and now contains 2,000 inhabitants, 8 churches, 6 public houses^ 30 stores, and about 250 dwellings. On Oak Rill, where is now situated the Peekskill Academy, a flourishing chartered institution, is a venerable oak tree on which was hung during the revolutionary war, two noted spies, Strang and Palmer. Peekskill was then the head-quarters of the American army under Gen. Put- nam, who here dated his laconic reply to Sir Henry Clin- ton, commander of the British forces in the city of New- York, who sent up a flag of truce, demanding the release of Edmund Palmer, a lieutenant of a tory regiment, who had been detected in the American camp. The following was the reply sent back by Putnam : 54 HUDSON RIVER "Head-Quarters, 7th Jug. 1777. ''Edmund Palmer, an officer in the enemy's service, was taken as a spy, lurking within tlie American lines ; he has been trietl as a spy, condemned as a spy, and shaii be pxecuted as a spy, and the flag is ordered to depart immediately. " ISRAEL PUTNAM. "P. S. He has been accordingly executed." Stage Lines east from Pkkkskill. A stage runs from Peekskill to Ridgefield, Conn, via Somers and North Salem, every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday morning • leaving Peekskill at 8 o'clock A. M. The same stage leaves Ridgefield every Monday, Wed- nesday, and Friday morning. A stage runs from Peekskill to Carmel village, via Red Mills and Mahopack, every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday ; leaving Peekskill at 2 P. M., and Carmel the same days at 8 A. M. During summer, a stage leaves Peekskill every day for Mahopack Lake, and in the hottest of the season, when the lake is most visited, twice a day ; leaving Peekskill at 12 M. and at 7 P. M. Mahopack Lake, is a beautiful sheet of water in the town of Carmel, Putnam county ; and is one of the chief sources of the Croton river. It is about one mile in diameter and embosoms two or three small islands. The waters abound with various kinds of fish of a fine flavor. It is a place of considerable resort, with good accommo- dations for visiters. At Fort Independence, opposite Caldwell's Landing, on the northeast, near the mouth of the Peekskill, a pub- lic house has recently been erected, which is intended for a summer retreat. The situation is delightful, facing down the river with an unobstructed view for many miles, 1 ITS AND VICINITY. M in the lie chief Inile in . The flavor. lornmo- mding, I a pub- led for down miles, } # i. I while immediately in tV rear rise the " Highlands" in majestic grandeur. It is contemplated to make this a regular steamboat landing, and also to construct a bridge across the mouth of the creek or bay, which separates it from the villoge of Peekskill. On leaving Caldwell's landing, the river takes a sudden turn to the west for about a mile ; this reach having the local designation of the ^' Horse Race," and then re- sumes its northern course, passing between the bold, wooded, and overshadowing hills known as the "High- lands," or " Mattea wan Mountains." This latter name, meaning ''the country of good fur," was given by the the Aborigines, and is a fine, distinctive and appropriate name for the whole group. The " Highlands," the grandest, and next to the Palisades, the most remarkable feature of the scenery of the Hudson, are about 16 miles in width, and extend in a southwest and northeast direction for some 20 or 30 miles, covering a part of the counties of Rockland and Orange, on the west side of the river, and Putnam and Dutchess on the east. Several of their summits reach am elevation of 1,000 to 1,685 feet. This maybe considered classic ground, as many of the points or eminences in view from the river are celebrated in history for being the scene of stirring events during the struggle for American Independence, 1776 to 1783. The sites of old Fort Clinton and Montgomery , of revo- lutionary memory, are on the w"st side of the river, op- posite the lower Anthonifs Nose, 6 miles below West Point. These forts, deemed almost impregnable, were erected at this point for the defence of the river, which was also obstructed by chevaux-de-frise, boom and chains. On the 6th of Oct. 1777, they were attacked by a supe- rior British force under Sir Henry Clinton, and captured 56 HUDSON IIIVER after a sharp resistance ; the garrison of 600 men being overpowered by a disciplined army 3,000 strong. The works were resolutely defended until dark, when the ene. my effected an entrance at several places, there not be- ing a sulticient number of soldiers in the fort to man the lines. West Point, is romantically situated on the west bank of the Hudson river, 52 miles from New- York and 93 miles from Albany. It is the seat of the United States military academy, established by an act of Congress, in March, 1802 ; and the land ceded to the United States government by the state of New- York, 1826. Here are now erected two stone barracks, one of three and the other four stories in height, occupied by 250 cadets, which is the number authorized by law ; an academic hall, a large three story stone building, 275 feet in length, by 75 feet in width, used for military exercises in winter, and as a depository of the chemical apparatus, models of for- tification, artillery, architecture and machines and as re- citation and drawing rooms : a new and beautiful two story stone building, to be used for the library and philo- sophical apparatus, constructed in the Elizabethan style of architecture, and is 150 feet in length by 60 feet in width ; the north front has three towers suited for the as- tronomical apparatus; the centre tower is surmounted by a dome of 28 feet 10 inches in diameter, the whole of which revolves on its vertical axis, adapting it to the use of a large equatorial telescope ; a chapel, a hospital, a mess hall, two cavalry stables, several workshops and store-rooms, and seventeen separate dwellings occupied by the officers of the institution. In addition to the above, here are located a magazine, a laboratory, soldiers' bar- racks, a store, and about 25 dwelling houses, occupied by families connected with the military school ; in aU con- ^ AND IT8 VICINITY. 67 and of for- as re- il two philo- style eet in he as- |ted by ole of le use |ital, a s and :upied bove, ' bar- |ied by con- tainins; a populdtion of ubout 900 souls. Here also is a convenient stonmbont landiiig, find a wel] kept hotel, cal- culiitcl to accoiiiinodtite ubout 100 vi»titers. No pliiee in the L'nion probably, exceeds West Point in bounty of location and the stiriin!» incidents connected with its early history, being " hallowed by the footsteps of Washington and Kosciusko," during the revolutionary struggle — the interest in which, is continued to the pre- sent time by its heing the residence and school of the fu- ture defenders of the Union. In 1777, immediately after the capture of Forts Clinton and Montgomery, by the British army, West Point was first occupied by the Ameri- can army, and fortified ut the instance of Gov. George Clinton, of lie\ olutionary memory. At the present time are to be seen the remains of Forts Putnam and Arnold, ,.tfter the treason of the latter, called Fort Clinton,) which is situated on the extreme eastern point of this military position, IGO feet above tide water, while Fort Puluam is situated on Mount Independence, 1,000 yards southwest, elevated ubout 500 feet above the river ; there are also numerous other redoubts and batteries, crowning the various eminences in the vicinity, built un- der the direction of the celebrated Kosciusko as engineer. In August, 1780, Gen. Arnold was assigned to the com- mand of this important military station, extending froni Fishkill to Verplank's Point. On the 25th of September, he precipitately made his escape from his head-quarters, the Robinson House, situated two miles below West P(;int, on the opposite side of the river, his treason hav?ng been discovered by the fortunate capture of Major Andre. Fron\ this period, to the close of the Revolutionary war in 1783, West Point was garrisoned by a strong division of the American army ; after which, the garrison was reduced, and this location made a depot for the revolu- £ HUDSON RIVER Uonary armament and other military stores. In 1794, at the recommendution of Gen. Washington, a military school was commenced in a building which was burnt down two years thereafter, and the school suspended un- til 1802. There are now connected with the West Point Academy, thirty-four officers and professors, a company of artillery and a detachment of dragoons, besides the cadets, who generally remain here for a period of four years, in which time they are qualified to become subaltern officers of the several corps of the army. Visiters on landing at West Point, are required to en- ter their names on a slate, prcsenleJ by a soldier on duty for that purpose ; it is immediately afterwards taken to the commander's quarters, who is thereby informed of all arrivals. The dej^artures are also regulated in the same manner. No stranger should leave this place without visiting the public buildings j Kosciusko's Monument, and a wild and romantic retreat near the water's edge, called " Kosciusko's Garden," the ruins of old Fort Putnam, which commands a view of West Point, the Hudson river, and the surrounding mountain scenery. The Ce- metery, about half a mile north of the hotel, is also well worthy of a visit. On the south, towards Buttermilk Falls, about a mile distant, there is a pleasant road run- ning near the river, and most of the way through a beau- tiful grove of trees. In this vicinity, and most agreeably located, is an academy for young men, under the superin- tendence of Lieut. Kinsley, formerly an instructor in the West Point Military Academy. If the visiter tarries through the day at this attractive place, any time during the summer months, when the ho- tel is usually thronged with fashionable people from OeOltumi AND 1T8 VICINITY. 69 [•active llhe ho* from every section of the Union, he will have an opportunity to view West Point in all its loveliness. Cold Spring a mile or more above West Point, on the opposite side of the river, is a thriving manufacture ing village. Here are situated the extensive iron works commonly known as the " West Point Foundry," and supposed to be on as broad a scale as any in the Union, and a machine shop, giving constant employment to about 300 workmen. The largestkind of machinery for steam* boat and other purposes, and warlike implements, are here constructed. The ore on which the works depend, is found in the immediate vicinity j and there is also a quarry of granite of a very superior quality, easy of ac- cess and inexhaustible. Beacon Hill and Breakneck, both on the east side of the river, are situated immediately above Cold Spring. The former, sometimes called the '* Grand Sachem," is the highest peak of the Highlands, being elevated 1,685 feet above the river. The latter presents the rocky pro- jection called the " Upper Anthony's Nose." Crow's Nest and Butter Hill, are situated on the west side of the river. They rise abruptly from the wa- ter's edge, the latter, which is the more northerly peak, lifts its summit 1,520 feet above the Hudson; and the other is nearly as high. Pollopel's Island, is a mass of rock lying in the Hudson river, near its east shore, at the northern en- trance into the Highlands, 6 miles above West Point. Here the river begins to widen and expand to the width of more than a mile for some 5 or 6 miles, for which dis- tance it is sometimes called Ncwbtirgh Bay. Cornwall, Canterbury and New-Windsor, are small villages situated on the west side of the river, im- mediately above the Highlands. The last named village : 60 HUDSON RIVBR beins: distinguished as the birth place of De Witt Clinton. Nkwhurgii, 61 miles north of New-York and 81 south of Albany, is pleasantly situated on risins? ground, on the west bank of the river. It was incorporated in ISOO, and now contains about 6,000 inhabitants, 1,000 dwelling houses, a court-house and jail, this being a half-shire of Orange county j a theological seminary under the direc- tion of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian denomina- tion ; an incorporated academy; a high school, two fe- male seminaries and a number of select schools, all in a flourishing condition ; two large public libaries j eleven churches of diderent denominations ; three banking houses, fourteen hotels and taverns ; loO stores of diifercnt kinds j nine store-houses ; five freighting establishments ; four steamboats and two freight barges, running to and from the city of New- York, besides a number of sloops trad- ing to different places on the Hudson river, and schooners and other craft running to southern and eastern ports, al- together transporting an immense amount of lumber, coal, plaster, and agricultural and manufactured products ; two good steamboats also, are attached to the ferrj between this place and Fishkill on the opposite side of the river, which is here about one mile in width. IMie location of Newburgh. in addition to its romantic beauty and healthi- ness, is peculiarly favorable as a place of business, being suiTounded by a rich grnzing and agricultural region, celebrated for butter and live stock. The Delaware and Hudson Railroad, the riMitc of which is located and partly graded, commences at the village of Newburgh,, and runs through the county of Orange into the state of New- Jersey. It is intended to tap the coal beds of Penn- sylvania, intersecting the New-York and Erie Railroad at or near Goshen. ■T I } AND ITS VICINITY. 61 Witt 4 south , on the 00, and welling sliire or ic (lirec- nouiina- two fe- all in a ; eleven J houses, It kinds J its ; four ind from ops trad- ichooners orts, al- er, coal, jets ; two between |he river, ation of healthi- ;s, being region, \varc and ted and iwburgh,. state of lof Penn- ailroad Newburjsjh was for a period the head-quarters of Gen. Washington, anil at the close of the Revolutionary war, the army was here disbanded, June 23, 17S3. The cele- ebrated Newburgh Letters, adiiressc'd to the oificers and men of tlie army, were here dated, supposed to have been written by the late Gen. John Armstrong. It is proposed to erect a suitable column to the memory of Washington, in front of tlie old stone house, in the south part of this village, where his family resided ; it is to be from 80 to 100 feet high, constructed of white marble, or granite, at an estimated cost of $50,000. It will be in plain sight from the water, commanding one of the finest prospects on the Hudson. Stages leave Newburgh for Hiaghamton, 122 miles dis- tant, where tliey connect with lines running north and south, and with a line continuing west, through the southern tier of counties, to Barcelona, on Lake Erie. Stage Route from Newbukgh to Barcelona. Milcs.\ Milet. Montgomery, 13 Factory ville 8 162 Bloornins,'burgh, 12 25|Atliens, Pa.' 3 165 Wurtsboro, 5 30 MONTICELLO, 10 40 Bethel, 10 50 Delaware River, ... 10 60 Mount Pleasant, Pa. 20 80 New-Mi Iford, 22 102 Great Bend, 4 106 BlNGHAMfON, 16 122 Union, 6 128 Nanticoke, 9 137 OwEGO, 7 144 Smithboro, 10 154 Er.MiRA, 20 185 Corning, 16 201 Painted Post, ...... 3 204 Bath 18 222 Howard, 12 234 Hornellsville, 10 244 Angelica, 20 264 Franklinville, 25 289 Ellicottville,. ... 10 299 Seelysburgh, 15 314 Mayville, 35 349 Barcelona, 8 357 1 FisHKiLL Landing, on the east side of the river, di- rectly opposite Newburgh, with which it is connected by a steam ferry, is a thriving village containing about 900 inhabitants, and surrounded by delightful country resi- dences. 02 HVDSOIf RIVER. Matteawan, an extensive and celebrated mnnnfac- taring village, is situaleJ on the Fishkill, a mile and a kair east of Fishkill Landing. Glenham, 3 miles iroin tl e Hnding, is also a cele- brated manufacturing village, eel orated for its superior woollen cloths. The village of Fishkill, is pleasantly situated on a plain, 5 miles east of Fishkill Landing, and 65 miles north of the city of New- York, on the great post road to Albany. This road, from Peekskill to Fishkill, a dis- tance of 19 miles, traverses the Highlands, and is re- markable for its formidable hills and the w^ild scenery of this mountain route. As you approach Fishkill from the south, the character of the scenery suddenly changes to that of a fertile and cultivated farming district. During the Revolutionary war, this village was for a period the head-quarters of tiie American army ; the church is still standing here,, in which Enoch Crosby, the spy of Revolutionary memory, was confined for a time : his escape being admirably described in Cooper's ro- mance of the ** Spy," under the assumed name of Haf vey Birch. New-Hamburgh, 6 miles north of Newburgh, is a steamboat landing on the east side of the river, where Wappinger's creek, an important mill stream, empties into the Hudson. Hampton is another landing nearly oppcsite, being connected with New-Hamburgh by a ferry. One or two miles north is the village of Marlborough. Barnegat, a few miles above on the east side of the river, is celebrated for the manufacture of large quanti- ties of lime. Milton, 9 miles above Newburgh, and 4 miles below Poughkeepsie, is a convenient steamboat landing j the village stands about half a mile back from the river. ii 1 AND ITS VICINITY. 63 nufac- and a a cele- aperior tl on a » miles road to , a dis' 1 is re- ncry of rom the nges to as for a ny ; the sby, the a time : )er*s ro- of Har- jh, is a where empties ;, being or two of the quanli- ;!S below ing ; the ^er. PouGHKEEPSiE, is handsomely situated on the east side of the Hudson, about equi-distant between the cities of New- York and Albany, being 74 miles from the lormer, and 71 from the latter, by water. It was incorporated in ISOl, anJ now contains about 7,500 inhabitants, mostly engaged in mercantile anJ manufacturing pursuits ; 1,000 dwelling houses, many of them tasty edifices ; a court- house, and jail and county poor-house ; a splendid colle- giate building ; the Dutchess Academy ; two female seminaries, besides several select schools ; a lyceum and reading room ; two public markets j one Presbyterian, one Congregational, two Episcopal, one Baptist, two Methodist, one Dutch Keformed, one Universalist, one Roman Catholic, and one African Church, and two Friends' meeting houses ; three banking houses, a sav- ing's institution, and an incorporated company called the " Dutchess AVhaling Company," who own one or two ships engaged in the whale trade. Poughkecpsie contains several well kept hotels and taverns ; 25 dry good stores, 50 groceries, 3 bookstores, besides a large number of other differeat kinds of stores and shops ; also two brewe- ries, one of which is very extensive, perhaps the largest in the state, being capable of making 30,000 barrels of beer annually, and an extensive pin manufacture. Here are owned three steamboats, three freight barges, and eight sloops, engaged in transporting produce and mer- chandise to and from the New-York market, and other places on the river. No place on the Hudson exceeds this village for beauty of location ; it is surrounded by one of the richest agricultural districts in the Union, and may justly be ranked as the queen of villages in the Em« pire State. The Poughkeepsie Collegiate School, situated on Col- lege Hill, about half a mile northeast of the compact '-;''m^^:^ I li 64 HUDSON RIVER part of the village, is unrivalled in its location, command- ing nn extensive prospect of the river and surrounding country, which cannot fail to ext^'ite the admiration of every lover of picturesque scenery; in addition to ise collegiate building, which is a splen lid edifice, here hns recently been erected an extensive gymnasium. This is u well established and flourishing institution, conducted on philosophical principles. Poughkeepsie, is a corruption of the Indian word ^pohecpsiiig, signifying safe harbor. It was early set- tled, an I in ViRH, tho state convention met here to ratify the federal Coustitu''on ol Uie Unite! States ; previous to that date tiie state legi>)at.ure frequently convened in this village, which has long leen considered a favorite place of residence. The Landing opposite Poughkeepsie, is in the town of New-Paltz, by which name it is called. A ferry here crosses the Hudson ; a short distance from the river is a scattered settlement. Three or four miles above Pough- keepsie, is a turn in the river called Crum-Elboto. livDF, Pakk, 80 miles from New-York and 65 from .Albany, is pleasantly situated on the east side of the Hudson. The principal settlement is about half a mile from tlie landing. It contains 3 churches, 2 public houses, several stores and shops, and .'5v') or 60 dwelling houses. No section of the country between New- York and Alba- ny, excels this part of Dutchess county for the beauty of its country residences ; among which, the elegant man- sion and grounds of the hite Dr. David Hosack, were conspicuous. This fine seat is now occupied by Mr. Langdon. It appears to great advantage from the river, standing on elevated ground, a short distance north of the steamboat landing. At Staatsburgh, 5 miles north of the village of Hyde Park, is situated the couatry resi- > I \ AWn ITS VICINITY. 65 dence of the late Gov. Morgan Lewis. Esopus Meadows, as they lue called, G or 7 miles above Hyde Piuk, are ex- ?»'nsive marshes, covered with water during high tide; Ji.iy lie opposite the town of Esopus on the west side of the river. Pdham, is a small landing on the same side, a liUle south of the mea lows. iCoNPOiJT, 89 miles north of the city of New- York, is situated at the mouth of a large stream of the same name, where there is a lighthouse built by the United States government. This is a place of considerable trade, con- taining an active population of about 1,500 inhabitants ; many of whom are engaged in navigation, and others are furnished employment by the Delaware and Hudson Ca- nal, which terminates at Eddyville, 2 miles above Ron- dout. The canal is 108 miles in length, extending in connection with a railroad of 16 miles, to the coal mines of Pennsylvania. From the mouth of Rondout creek a number of steamboats, freight barges, and sloops are regularly employed in carrying an immense quantity of Lackawaxen coal, lumber, lime, and produce of differ- ent kinds. Stages run from this place to the village of Kingston, and to the Landing opposite Rhinebeck, where the line boats land and receive passengers several times daily. Kingston Landing, is situated on the west side of the Hudson river, 90 miles north of the city of New- York ; this landing was formerly called Columbus Point. A steam ferry boat here plies across the river. The village of Kingston is handsomely situated on a plain, through which flows the Esopus creek, 3 miles west of the landing on the river. It was incorporated in 1805, and now contains about 2,300 inhabitants, 300 dwel- ling houses, 1 Reformed Dutch, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist church ; a court house and jail, 2 banking 66 HUDSON RIVBU tl houses, an incorporator! academy, in a flourishing condi- tion, an I a female seminary ; also several well kept pub- lic houses. Stages leave this place three times a week for Delhi, Delaware county ; a tri- weekly line also loaves for Ellenville, and accommodation stages are in constant attendance, and run to the several steamboats that land and receive passengers at Rondout and Kingston Land- ing. Kingston, anciently called Esopus, was early set* tied by the Dutch, many of whose descendants now re. side in this vicinity. In April, 1777, the first convention of the Representa- tives of the state of New- York met in the village of Kingston, and formed the old Constitution of the state, and on the 16th day of October following, it was taken and burnt by the British army, under the command of Gen. Vaughan, while marching to the relief of Gen. Bur- goyne, who was obliged to surrender to the American army on the following day at Schuylervillc. Imme- mediately after destroying the village, the Bi'itish troops precipitately retreated to their vessels lying in the Hud- son river, and returned to the city of JSew-York. Some of the ruins of the stone buildings were standing as late as 1836, when the last of the walls were taken down, and the Kingston banking house erected on the same spot. Rhinebeck Landing, 90 miles from New- York and 53 from Albany, is situated on the east side of the river. In this vicinity are located a number of beautiful coun- try residences overlooking the Hudson. The village of Rhinebeck is handsomely situated ok a plain, 2 miles east of the landing. It is incorporated, and now contains about 1,000 inhabitants. This vicinity was early settled by Dutch families, many of whose de- scendants still retain the habits and language of their AND ITS VICINITY. 67 Oh a rated, Icinity )e de- their forefathers, and arc a frugal and prosperous class of citizens. Bauiiytown, or Jlcdhook Lower Landing, also on the cast side of tlie Hudson, is 97 miles from New- York, and is surronmU.'l by severfil deli'^htful country residences, The Cutskill Mountains, i.i the west, at a distance of some 12 or 15 miles, mny now be seen from the river to great advantage ; and the Catskill Mountain House, elevated nearly 3,000 feet above the Hudson, is distinctly visible in clear weather. It stands near the precipitous front of a rocky plateau, of a few acres in extent, called Pine Orchard, from the scattered pines which formerly grew out from the fissures of the rock. It commands a vast and noble prospect, and is a most refreshing retreat from the heats of summer. TivoLT, or Upper Rcdhook Landing, 100 miles from New-York and 45 miles from Albany, is a regular steam- boat landing for both day and night boats. In this vicinity arc also a great number of beautiful country re- sidences. The villages of Uppkr and Lowkr Rp:»hook, are situated 3 or 4 miles from the river, on the stage road. In the Hudson, near Tivoli, are annually taken during the months of May and June, large quantities of shad and herring. A steam ferry-boat here plies across the river, landing on the west side near the iron works at Sau- gerties. Saugeuties, which is a large manufacturing village by the chartered name of Ulster, situated on the Esopus creek, near its entrance into the Hudson, where is a water- fall affording an immense hydraulic power, much of which is advantageously used in driving diflercnt kinds of machinery. The village contains about 2,000 inhabi- tants, 300 dwelling houses, 5 churches, and 3 or 4 public houses. A steamboat and several sloops rur from the i^ 08 HUDSON RlVEn mouth of the creek, although the usual steamboat lund- ing for thu passage boats is at BiusToi., or Malvkn, 2 miles above Retlhouk, nud l{ miles from Saugertie'". A stnge runs to and from lh« landing to the village, on the nrriv aJ and tleparturc of the steam passage boats. East and West Camp, a few miles above Bristol, are old Dutch settlements on both sides of the ri\er. The village of Catskill, J 11 jniles from New-York and 34 miles from Albany, is situated on both sides of Catskill creek, near its junction Avitiithe Hudson; the piin. cipal street being about half a mile back from the steam- boat binding. It was incorporated in JSOO.and now con- tains about 2,>^()() inhabitants, 400 dwelling houses, a court-house nnd jiiil, 2 banl.iug houses, 5 churches, and several public houses. Here is owaed a steamboat and 4 barges, besides several sloops employed in transport- ing produce and merchandise to and I'rom the city of New-York and diderent places on the river. A ferry boat plies across the river from the landing at this place, to Oak Hill, Columbia county. The Catskill and Carta- joharie Railroad commences at this village, and is finish- ed a distance of 26 miles. A daily line of stages leave Catskill for Delhi, Delaware county, and two triweekly lines for Ithaca, at the head of Cayuga lak*;, and Spra- ker's Basin in Montgomery county; the latter uniting with the Erie Canal and western railroads. A stage runs from Catskill to Hudson, \ ia Athens, twice daily, and a stage runs semi-weekly to Pratlsville, via Hunter and Lexington. Stages also run daily during the warm weather from the steamboat landing to the Catskill Mountain House, at the Fine Orchard, distant about 12 miles from Catskill. The following i« r f f AND ITS VICINITY. 69 lace, anO' nish- eave ekly Spra- iting runs md a and arm a glowing description of this we'iI Lnc^.vn, and charming •ummcr retreat : ** Pine Orch a up, forming a port of the Catslcill moun< tain range, is situated about 12 miles from Catskill, Greene county. It is elevated 3,000 feet above the tide waters of the Hudson, whicli noble stream, and the sur- rounding country, it overlooks for a great distance, af- fording a varied and extensive view of the greatest in- terest. On the stminiit is erected a large and commodious public house, called the Mountain House, for the accomo- dation of visiters, who resort here in great numbers during the summer months. In this vicinity are other raounttiin peaks of still greater elevation, and waterfalls of the most wild and romantic character, altogether form- ing unrivalled attractions, which are well worthy of a visit. From this lofty eminence all inequalities of sur- face are overlooked. A seemingly endless succession of woods and waters, farms and villages, towns and cities, are spread out as upon a boundless map. Far in the east rise the Taghkanic mountains, and the highlands of Con- necticut and Massachusetts. To the left, and at a still greater distance, the Green mountains of Vermont stretch away to the north, and their blue summits and the blue sky mingle together. The beautiful Hudson, studded with islands, appears narrowed in the distance, with steamboats almost constantly in sight j while vessels of every description spreading their white canvass to the breeze, are moving rapidly over its surface, or idly loit- ering in the calm. These may be traced to the distance of nearly seventy miles with the naked eye ; and again at times all below is enveloped in dark clouds and rolling mist, which, driven about by the wind, is constantly as- suming new, wild and fantastic forms. From Pine Orch- ard, a ride or walk of a mile or two brings you to the 90 IIUDHON JllVIiill I'' ii ili Kautcrskill fnlls. Here tl>« outlet of two small lakes leaps down a pcTpnitliculiir full of 130 feet, tlirn gliJes away throui,'li u channel worn in the rock, to u second fall of , and is divided into 2 wards; in IS 10, it contained 5,(570 inhabitants, about 800 dwelling houses, a court-house and jail, with a beautiful white marble front, surmounted by n dome; 8 churches of difierent denominations, including 2 Friends' meeting houses; 2 banks, 2 public markets, and 5 hotels. The Hudson Academy ot this place, is an old chartered institution, and the Hudson Female Seminary is a new and flourishing boarding school for young ladies ; besides which there are several schools, both male and female. The Franklin Library Association is a young and popular institution, to which is attatche 1 a large library and phi- losophical apparatus. The Hudson Lunatic Aaylum is situated on State-street, on the north side of the city, facing the court house on the south. This useful and flourishing institution, under the control of the proprietors, Drs. S. and G. H. White, contains at present about 40 patients. Since the opening of this institution, up to Jan. 1S41, a pe- riod of eleven years, 503 patients have been admitted, most of whom have been permanently cured, or greatly bene- AND ITS VICINITY. 71 ung S. nts. pe. aost I flted. The city is supplirrl Ly pure and ivholesome T\"alcr by a clinrlcrctl nqiiciluct cctupany, wlio brini:; the wuler in iron pipes from n sprinu' al»t)ut 2 miles distant. Till! JIu:»iiuilly opciij)i('1, as it fomplcfoly commands tlu: channel ol'llic river. Castukton, 1 milns above Cocymans and 8 miles from Albiiny, is on tlie cast side of the river. lIiMc is forming u l)nr in the chtinnel of tlie river, which is very injurious •t<' navii^ution. J'he OvKHsi.-vnr.ii. .1 miles beh)w the city of Albany, lias heretofore forme 1 the principal obstruction to the fre(! iiavia;alioii of the llii Ison on its tidi; waters. Here were severiil bnrs or (lats, with narrow channels, afl'ord- hi'T at ler beiii'r materially increased, tlie channel made slrai.i:ht, and the navitriition much improved. (] ;-.",!-. •;, ;i, (.pro il<' tin; M)utli l)art of llu; cily of Alhiiiiy. with which it is connected by a steam feny boat, contains about iH)() inhabitants. Immediately above may be seen (lie ucw depTt and buildings attached to the Bos- ton Railroad. From the depot at Greenbush to the city of Troy, a diptance of G miles, a branch railroad is now in progress of construction. ALBANY, the c;ipilal of the State, and one of the •oldest cities in the UnioJi, is eligibly .»;ituated on tiie west side of the Hudson river, 1 1;"> miles north of the city of New- York; ',]2y> miles by railroad, east of Buffalo; 200 west of 15os((ni, and 250 south of Montreal. It was originally called " Beaver Wyck" (i. e. Beaver Town,) and al'ter- Avard " WilUamsladt." It received its present name in Kid I, in honor of James, duke of York and Albany, af- terwards .laiues II., in whose reign the original city char- ter was granted by CovernOj^- Hoiigan, July 22, IGSG, and the government vested in ''The IVIayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the cily of Albany," consisting of the P -••'"fii,.. k I ■ I 74 HUDSON RIVER Mayor, Recorder, ten Aldermen and ten Assistants. The charter has been materially altered by recent enact- ments of the Legislature ; the assistant aldermen are merged in ten aldermen, but the corporate name is still preserved. It is now divided into 10 wards. In 1840, its population was 33,721. It is indebted for its prosperity to the enterprise of its inhabitants, and the impulse given to its trade by the Erie and Champlain canals, which unite about 9 miles to the north, and enter the Hudson river at the north end of the city. A basin has been formed in front of the city, pro- tected from tlie river by a pier one mile and a quarter in length, furnishing a safe harbor, for vessels and se- curing them from injury by the ice, which in the spring freshets, comes down the river in immense quantities, sometimes causing great damage. The city is command- ing in its situation, and appears to great advantage lirom the river. There are three ravines running from east to west, known as the Foxes Kill, the Rutten Kill, and the Beaver Kill, on each side of which the land is higli, be- ing at an elevation of from 140 to 160 feet above, and gradually ascending from the river. The view from either of the heights is picturesque in the highest de- gree. To the north may be seen the city of Troy and the adjacent villages, and in the distance the hills of Ver- mont. To the east the beautiful extent of country lying beyond the Hudson river, and to the south tlie Helder- bergs. and Catskill mountains. The public buildings are of the most beautiful and tasteful character. The Capi- tol, occupied by the legislature and the state courts ; the State Hall, just completed, for the accommodation of the public offices; the City Hall, occupied for city and county purposes, and by the United States Courts ; and the Al- bany Academy, having 300 pupils, face the public AND ITS VICINITY. 76 I square at the head of State-street. This square is form- ed by the Capitol and Academy Parks, which are enclosed with substantial iron fences, erected on stone bases, and are laid out with walks lined with ornamental trees of the choicest species. A more delightful spot in the sum- mer, is not to be found in any inland city in the Union. A few ro;ls south of the square, on Eagle-street, is the County Jail and the Medical Cbllege. This College was incorporated in 1839, and occupies x building granted to it by the corporation of the city, admirably adapted for its purposes. The College already possesses one of the most valuable museums in the country, which has recent- ly been greatly enlarged and enriched, by specimens im- ported direct from Germany and France. In addition to the Academy spoken of, there is p Female Academy, which has annually from 300 to 350 pupils. This insti- tution ranks high, and occupies a hamlsome and con- venient edifice in North Pearl-street. Connected with it is the Albany Library, numbering 9,000 volumes. The Albany Exchange, situated at the foot of State- street, is a large and commodious building, constructed of granite. It is occupied for stores, offices of professional men, and the post-office. The Young Men's Association, established for "Mutual Improvement," also occupies rooms in this building; it was the pioneer institution of its kind in this siate, and embraces all ranks and pioies- sions, now numbering 1,500 members. It has an exten- sive reading room, supplied with the leading newspapers of this country and England; also a room, furnished with the most popular and standard periodicals and reviews, native and foreign; an excellent library of about 3,200 volumes, and a lecture room capable of seating 300 per- sons, in which two lectures a week are delivered, from the first of December to the first of March. Strangers T6 II I' OHO N UIVIOIl liMVc Cn-c nrccss to :ill t xrcpl llic li-cliiic rcoiu ;in I liltiury. There lire I I'rcsltyln'iuii rluiiTlics, I Assorinlc do, !J Dutch Hcrormcil. 1 riiiliriiin, I IMcthoilist lOpiscoj)!!!, 1 AlVioiin (h)., 'A H.iptisl, I <'<e .\lb;iny Institute, with u V!ilunl)le lihnwv nnd e\tensi\e u\useinn. occu]>yin'_j u room in the Alhauy Acndemy. Tiie principul luit! MarUel. street; (\m;;re-^s Hall, TarU Place, near tli«^ (\Mpitoi: nel.'nnn I'emiK'rauce House, 7 7 Unailway; Kngle Tavern. I0;"> MsirKel-street; V.ustern Ivailroad Ifo- lol, l:^:^ and l.')7 Market-street; P.-rt 0:au;;c Hotel, In!} Mnrkot-street; Praulvlii\ Hous^'. liUi and 115^ State. street; Miu\si/) MarUct-strect: riomrh Het-l, i'Jii Stalo-^l; o, 1 ; Kaiiroud Hotel. St t!i\vi\ Hall, corner ot' I'li'.tdw ay a i\ ! .Mai.!(>!v Lano; Huilroad Hous(\ "JtUi Mar!-.el-street: I'nited States House. 117 Mark* (-streei; Tnited States ITotel. Dl AVash- inston-strcet; Washimrton Hall, 'J"» South Pearl-slrcet. i And its vicinity. 77 I riic tradr, cornnn'rcc nnil iniitmfnclnrr'S of Albany Jir«J Very coiisidcriililc; in llic y«'iir 1^12, 27 filnimhctnts orul ftl low bonis plicil rctrulnrly lictWfMHi Ali>iiiiy niid Nf;w- ^'<>rli iintl l,li»" iiit('rriM'(liul<; pljicrs on llic Ifudsoii riv«;r. Tlir Moliairlf. ami Hudson Railroad, anionic lh«; first roails Imill in llic coitiitry, and coiuicclnl with tlic Uticn and Sf'IicncctiKly and S!lr!lt(l!^'l and Sclicncclaily Kail- loiiils, ici minutes at Alb;iny. An anan'^'rnu-nt is ii!)OUl to be MKidc liy wliiidi llic iti(din<'d pinnrs, wliicli form so prcal an olijcctioii fo fliis road, ate to lie dispcascil with. TIic .llhiimi and West Slorlchridiiii Rail road ri\uui'rl?i tha Woslcrn l{aib'oad at llic stair; lino between Mussarhu- sctts and N'ew-York, forniins; a continnons line of rail- roads (Voin y\lliaay lo Ho: Ion, In addition to the rail- road and steanilioat lines, there are ei<;Iit»'cn lines of slat:;es ninnin'4 (Vom Albany to dillerenl places. It is es- tiinaled that I , iOO passenJ^TS arrive and depart daily. The lennin:ili()n oltlie canals and railroads at Albany, renders il the ceiilre oClrade and trans-sliipnicnt, ami has opened to the enterprise of her nicrcdiants and artisans isarnas; an (.'.vtent sources. ilry unsnrp 1 in its wealth and re- DisTANCKs KiioM Ai.HANV TO T?os'ro>f, by llailroail To West SlocUbridi^e 38 Miles. Slate Line lo I'illslield, Western R. R. ) 1 1 d!) " Spriiii:lield, \V«)rcester, do. do. 13()ston and Worcester l^ailroad, ■5.'} 102 •' iM 151) " 44 200 " I'tKid li.leu atcs hsh- t. DiST.ANCKS VllOM Al.n.VNV^ TO TIIK ClTif Ol' Wa Sl£- INGTON, by Steamboat and Jiailroad Ivoute; New-York, by steamboat, 145 Miles. Philadelpliiu, b\j rail-ruad, 86 2;}1 Baltimore, Waahinjiton, 96 327 " 38 365 " I i 79 HUDSON uivRn Distances fuom Albany to Buffalo, by Railroad: Mohawk an I Hudson RailroaJ, .-• 16 Miles. IJtiou and Schctiectaily " 77 93 ** Syracuse amt Ulica, " 53 14(» " Auburn an I Syracuse, " 26 172 " Auburn aii;l Rochester, " .... 7<) 251 " Totunvania, via Halavia, 43 2!)4 " Attica atiil liuUalo, 31325 " Distances kuow Alhany to Montukal. via Sara- toga S'l'iiu^s aiiil Lake Cliainplain : To Troy. /;;/ stage, G MHos Bail-iuu Spa, bi/ rail-road, 21 30 " S,.ii'102;a Springs, '' 7 37 " WhMchnW, hi/ .stage, 3f) 7G " hi. John's, Canaia, .steamboat, 150 220 " La Prairie, 6?/ rail-road, 15 24 1 '' hU^,^.ten\, by steambuat, 9 250 " Wc copy the folIoAvins: extract relating to the early history of Albany: '* The younger race oriashionables anl scuii-fashior.a- bles know Albany, or ailed to kiiow it, merely as a big city-looking place, lull of taverns an:! hotels, where they land from tlic steamboat, en their way (o Sr.ratoga, Ni- as?ura or Quebec. Another set of less locomotive good folks, especially in IVew-\ork an,l Phiiadelphia, have no notions about it, but those derived from the old tradition. ary jokes upon its ancient Schepens and Schouteus, il.s burly r)ar.j;omaslers, ' its lofty spires glittering with lin^ and hospitable boarJ.s smoking with sturgeon.' •• But in honest truth, there uyc few cities of the si/c any where, whicli can e.\liibit a greater or a more ugrec- ublc variety of society and manners. In Albany may be loun'l talent and learning, accomplishment and beauty. The towns of Europe of the same size and relative im- portance, can in this respect bear no sort oi' comparison with it. Then, too, its situation, the prospect from it* I AND ITS VICINITY. 79 3)1, hi in ize ?c- on iU 1^ higher grounds and streets abound in scenes meet for romantic liclion. Albany is rich also in more sober, but equally interesting recollections of our national history. There, (to use the once fatiiiliar poisonification in which Indian oratory delighleil to speak of the FienfJli and Eng- lish governments,) Corkier and Ononthio were wont to meet and plant the tree of peace, or else extinguish their council fire and part in wrath. There, about the middle of the last century, (1751,) the governors of the several provinces met the chiefs of the Six Nations, and the am- bassadors of tlie Cutavvbas and other southern tribes, and buried llie hatchet between tlie whole Indian race on this continent, and p!;)!ilf'1 the tree of peace in Fort Orange.* There, three years after, was held that first General Congress, in which the earliest arrangements for national defence were made, and where, by one of those remarkable coincidences with which the hand of Provi- dence has legibly inscribed the evidence of its own work- ings in every part of our national history, upon the fourth of July, 1751, Benjamin Franklin, and other patritas des- tined to the highest honors of their country, si. jied the first plan of American Union, and proclaimed to the Colonies that they were one people, fit to govern and able to protect themselves. Why need f speak of the events of the Revolution? At Albany, ia the most eventful periods of that struggle, Moutgo aery, and Schuyler, and Gf'tts, and the elder Clinton, in turns planned or directed the operations of war, while the civil wisdom and moral courage of Jay, gave new confidence to public spirit^ and fresh vigor to our counsels." *Oii tlio spot, wiiero now stands the housi; formerly occupied by thfi vciiemblo siiimcou Do Witt, (or niLiny years Surveyor-Wenonil of the State, and at present known as the Fort Okange IIotei., situated In Market-street, near L.» diuj-- :tre«t. * ) I «,'l p 80 HUDSON Riven ALBANY, NINETY YEAllS SINCE - The following description of Albany, is taken from Mrs. Grant's interesting "Memoirs of an American Lady." "The city of Albany was stretched along the banks of the Hudson ; one very wide and long street hiy paral- lel to the 'ver, the intermediate space l)etween it and the shore bein-, occupied by gardens. A tunall, but steep hill rose above the centre of the town, on which stood a fort, intended (but very ill adapted,) for the defence of the place, and of the ncghboring country. From the foot of this hill, another street was built, [now State-street,] sloping pretty rapidly down till it joined the one before mentioned that I'an along the river. This street was still wider than the other J it ^vas only pavel on each side, the middle being occupied by public edilices. These con- sisted of a market place, or guard-houivO, a toA\n hall, and the Knglish anl Dutch cliurches. Tlie English cliurch stood at llie upper tuJ of the sticel; the Dutch church was situated at the bottom of the descent where the street terminated. The town in proportion to its population, occupied a great space of ground. This city, in short, was a kind of semi-rural establishment; every house had its garden, a well, and a little green behind, — before every door a tree was planted, rendered interest- ing by being coeval with seme beloved member ol' the family." The City of Tnov, 151 miles north of New-York, is pleasantly situated on the east bank of tlie Hudson river, at the head of tide water and steamboat navigation, 6 miles above Albany. Its existence as a village, may be dated from 171)0. It was incorporated as a city in 1816, when tt n)ntained nearly 5,000 inhabita its ; it has recci\lly AND ITS VICINITY. 81 IS ll', III liles ited llien boon made a port of entry, and contained in 1810, 19,334 inhubit:ltlt^^, wlio iire mostly engas:;(;d in comiucrce, nuviga- tioa and inanuAictiires. Since the comisktion ol" the Erie and Cliatnplain canals in 1825, whieh, opposite this place, ut the viUrige of West Troy, unite the waters of the lakes with those of the Hudson, Troy lias rapidly in- creased in wraith and poi)uIation. Here are a fine court- house, huilt <.f niiulile, in the Crecian Doric order ; a jail ceusti'ufled of brick ; a county \)*)or-]ioiifi'j, to which a fana contiiinia^ about 200 ai're^i is aUiiclicd ; the Rens- selaer Institute, founded l*y the late lion. Stephen Van Rensselaer, where the sciences are practically taught j the Troy Female Seminary, a flourishing? chartered insti- tution ; the Troy Acidemy, also an excellent classical and chartered in;!titulion for the education of boys, besides several select schools for males and females. I'roy con- tains two new, finely iaodel!<'J naA expensive market buildinjfs ; seven Presbyteri;in churches, three Episcopal, tu'o IJaplist, two Methodist, one Catholic, one Univer- salist, one Friend's meeting house and an Alrican church; six banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,503,000 ; two insurance companies ; one lyceum of natural history, with n choice scientific librnry, and an exteiif ive collection of inincral.; and collections in various branches of natural history ; a Young Men's Association for mutual improve- ment, with a large library and extensive reading room. The public houses in Troy are numerous, and several of them celebrated for being well regulated establish- ments : The juincipal hotels are the American ilotel, F(uirlli, corner of Elbow-street j IMaiiKJon House, 4 Washington-square ; Mechanic's Hall. 1 1(1 H|\ nr-street ; National Tempernnce House, River, corner of Ferry- street ; Northern Hotel, 3111 lUver hitreel ; Troy House, River, m\\v\ of Fli-Bt-Bhet'l ) Wusliliigtliu WM, 33| Hlver-nhcut i York House, 2f)VJ liivei etreet. n 82 HUDSON UIVBH U la I Here are owncl about 60 mnsteJ vessels, four large passaajc stoambcials ol" the first cluss, two snuiilcr sleum passage bouts arul five sleuiii tow boats willi 22 barges, whicb ply belwoen Troy anJ New- York, tfau^porliajL' annually an immense aniount ol' produce ani merchan- dise. Four lines of pussiige and lieiglit boats run on the Champlairicunul from Troy : a line of packet schooners run from this place to Boston, unJ other eastern ports ; a line of canal packets to Wliil».'luill, nnd lines of daily stages run to Wliilc'hull, an I I5ennington, \'t.,and to IJrattleboro, Vt., and lioslon. The water power at Troy is immense, and a large portion of it still lui JCLUipied. Within the limits ol' the city and about a mile east of the Hudson, a tunnel has been excavated by Mr, Bcnj. Marshall, ex* tending from the Poestcnkill, a distance of about 800 feet, and gives a fall of 180 feei. Several large mills and fac- tories to be supplied with wafer from this fall, are now in the progress of trecti'ia. Near the northern boundary of the city a dam has .oeii huilt arrows the Hudson, by the stale, which li'ce i?:ake;- a full of IIt^ feet and creates an incalculable amounl id' hydraulic power. This place is abundantly supplie;! wiih wholesome water, brought from the Piscawin creek, through large iron pipes with hydrants at the corners of the streets. The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad commences at this place, crossing the Hudson river by a substantial bridge \X)^){) feet in length, to (ireen islnnd ; thence it continues north across several branches of the Mohawk river to VVaterford ; Ibllowing the valley of the Hudson until it reaches Mcchanicsville, where it diverges to the west and continues to the village of Ballston Spa, a dis- tance of 2-i miles, and unites with the Sar;itoga and Sche- nectady Railroad. The Schenectady and Troy Railroad 21 miles in length, was completed in 1842 ; it communi- , If I 1 AND ITS VICINITY. 8S |es at mtial Ice it lawk id sou the dis- khe- 'oad liuni- it ] itn iC ot rates with tlip wpstcrn roads at Schrncctady, nnd will be extvnded to CrctMilxish, on the cast side oi' llie Hudson river, opposite AHfuny ; there to connect with the Alba- ny arid West Stoekbridj^e railroad, which, ^\ lien completed will make a direct railroad communication I'roni 'I to Uoston, nn 1 furni&h a continuous line of railr^'" Boston to Buiralo. There is also a macadaim ulrendj liuii^hed from Troy to Bennington, Vt., a of aboi.t 2(! mil;;s. Troy is connected with the Vi West i'roy, in Albany Co., which has risen into impor- tance V. iihin a few years, by means of a commodious bri l.ije and two ferries crossing llie Hudson river. TJu' eity (if I'roy has long been celebrated for its beau- ty and healtiiiness. Th'; streets are laid out at right an- gles, are generally wide, reiaarkablc ft r their cleanliness, an 1 p!oat<-'.l with beautiful, .tnd in the hot season, most gratel'i.il ftirest and shad«? trees. From Mounts Ida on the east n.ivl Olympus on the north, an extensive anil clmrm- ing prospect is presented, euxbra^ing a view of the valley of the IJii Ison for miles, the city of Albany, the villages of We-4 'i'roy, Lansingburgh, Watcrford and Cohoes, and the Cohoes Falls ; a landscape presenting more beauty and a greater variety of scenery, can hardly be imagined. From the elevations just inc ntioned, the eye rests at once, as on a map spread out before it. on city and \illage teem^ ing with life and acti\ ity — the broad Hudson rolling on in majesty to the ocean, and bearing on its bosom ileels of boats and vessels — a long extent of the Erie canal, it- self no common stream, floating to market the products of the west — railroads, over which are passing with light- ning speed, multitudes in pursuit of busine.-'i or pleasure — on woodlands and cultivated fields harmoniously blend- ed — and on a westorn horizon of undulating highlands, which towards the south, blend with the famed Catskill mountains, lifting their giant heads to the clouds. ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 ^1^ U£ ^ l£& 12.0 Photographic ScMices Corporation m o >?^>A ' ^^ 23 WIST MAIN STMET WEBSTiR,N.Y. yM%a (716) •72-4503 ? ,|| . . Helen, ... Robert L. Stevens Rochester, • . Swallow, . . Ufica, - - - Diamond, - • Balloon, • • . North America, South America, Tioy, . . - Columbia, . • Rainbow, Curtis Peck, • JEmpire, . • - 'Knickerbocker, Tons 160 295 280 280 xn 370 2C5 494 346 170 2S9 276 276 .300 250 ?80 .100 .393 368 407 290 571 412 477 471 471 20R 491 4'?6 .340 39R 204 494 63R 724 391 230 930 853 CoMMANDBItS. RemarkH. James Winans, Samuel Wiswall, A. II Roorabach, E. S. Bunker, . • J Sliermnn, - - Andrew Bartholomew, Jo;ib Center, James Moom, - - -i S. Wiswall &. J. Confer, Thomas Wisw^all, - - M. Bartholomew, . - Jamosi Pi'noyer, . - - Wm. J. Wiswall, ■ - Robert G. Cmtlenden, Richard W. Sherman, James Benson, . . II. Drake, .... (leorge E Seymour, I J. G. Jenkins &R. Macy Wm. J. Wiswall, Gideon I.athrop, San ford Cobb, . J Sherman &S. R. Roe M. Bartholomew, Daniel Peck, . . Adolphus Gorham, James Benson, . Henry Burden, - Joseph p. Dean, • A. Hon^hton, . Alex. .McLean, • A. II. Shultz, ■ - A Flowor, . . - David Hitchcock, II G. Cruttendi>n, M H. Trnesdell, Adolphus Gorham, T. P. Newbury, Capt. Fury, - . • Wm. Peck, - - Stepiien R. Roe. A P. St. John, - Nnmeelianged. Broken up. Broken up. Broken up. Broken up. Sunk, 1R25. Broken up. Broken up. f;!oal bari^e. Ciial barjue. Broken up. Tow boat. Now Indiana. Tow b.irge. Lost in i;. I S'd. Tow harsre. Burnt, 1831. Delaware river. Runs !o Troy. Phila. roule. Des.byice,ia39 From Rondoul. Ens. in Knick. Tow barge. From Rondout, Tow b:ir!j;e. Tow harffo. Dei?troyed, 1R14 To Piermont. Runs to Albany Runs to Troy. Runs to Hudson Laid up Laic" wp Runs to Allany Run.^ti. Albany Runs to Troy. Huns to Albany l)el;»- >hr/,- Itim^htd In-.l Ih.lm^^ri l-'tt. "FRRAtA ^Ifn in M 'A J ^ \ }"■ ' - n '^l \9» !<**•>, % ^ 5 ^^ ^ /•^- ► TOUR TO THE SPRINGS, LAKE GEORGE, AND CANADA, ■ ■ ■■ ' * There are now two or three Railroad Routes from Albany and Troy to Ballston Spa and Saratoga Springfl. 1st. From Albany via Schenectady, on the Mohawk nnd Hudson Railroad, and the Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad, termmatins? at the villoge of Saratoga Springs. Total distance, 37 miles. 2d. From Troy, on the Schenectady and Troy Railroad, 20 miles; thence hy railroad to Saratoga Springs, a fur- ther distance of 21 miles. 3d. From Troy, on the Rensselaer and Saratoga Rail' road, terminating at Bullston Spn, a distance of 24 miles, there unitins; with the railroad extending from Schenec* tady to Saratoga Springs. The above railroads afford the traveller a choice of several interesting routes. There beins: little difference of time and expense, it is well for the tourist to go by one route, and return by another — thus changing the scenery. ROUTES FROM ALBANY AND TROY TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. There are several routes and modes of conveyance, dur- ing the summer season, to Canada, via Lake Champlain< 1st. By Railroad and Stage, via Saratoga Springs and Glen's Falls, or by San ly Hill to Whitehall. 2d. By Railroad and Canal, via Troy i.n\ Mechanics* ville ; or from \lbany by Canal Packet Boat. 31. By Stage, via Troy, on the east side of the Hudson ; oil connecting; with commodious steamboats at Whitehall, 90 TOUR TO TIIU SPRINGS, ETC. I a distance of 72 miles from Albany. To St. John's, Cann. da, is a further distance of 157 miles, through Lake Champlnin by steamboat. A railroad 15 miles long extends from St. John's to La Prairie on the St. Law- rence; and thence a steamboat runs to Montreal, a further distance of 9 miles. In going by the first route, through Saratoga Springs, the traveller has a choice of passing direct to Whitehall through Sandy Hill, or diverging to Glen's Falls, and thence to Caldwell, situated at the head of Lake George, or Horicon, where will be found a favorite public house. Passengers are then carried over the above charming piece of water in a steamboat, to the foot of the lake, 36 miles^ thence by stage, 4 miles further, to the landing at Fort Ticonderoga on Loke Charoplain, where is delightfully situated a well kept public house. This is by far the most romantic and picturesque route, aifording the traveller an opportunity to visit many points of great interest, connected with stirring events, recorded in the history of the old French and Revolutionary wars. The route by railroad and canal packets, is considerei' the most expeditious and pleasant, as r. gards comfort ; passing through the villages of Waterford, Mechanics* ville and Stillwater, (by Bemus' Heights, and battle ground, where Burgoyne surrendfred to the American army under Gen. Gates, Oct. 17, 1777,) Schuylerville, Fort Miller, Fort Edward and Fort Ann, to the village of Whitehall ; being most of the way in sight of the beau- tiful Hudson, skirted by scenery of the most enchanting character. At Mechanicsville, 12 mi?es north of the city of Troy, is the place where the cars running on the Rens- selaer and Saratoga Railroad unite with passenger boats plying to Whitehall, during the season of navigation. ,,., .-.r.*iii..-^r.'; TOUIl TO THE SPniNOB, ETC. ty of Lens* Iboats In. The viUagc of Stillwater, is an old and quiet settle< incnt, 4 miles further north. It was incorporated in ISIG, and now contains 400 or 500 inhabitants. In the north part of this town, is situated the battle ground where Gen. Burgoyne was defeated by the American army under General Gates in 1777. THE CAPTURE OF BURGOYNE. The place at which we have now arrived recalls one of the most important events of the Revolutionary war, and a brief notice of the principal incidents which prece led and accompanied the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne and his army, may not be unacceptable to the tourist whom we have undertaken to guide. The army of Burgoyne was probably the best equipped and most effective force brought into the field by the enemy for a specific object, during the whole contest; and its fate was mainly decided by two battles fought on very nearly the same ground, one on the 19th Septem* ber, and the other on the 7th of October, 1777. The battle ground was on Bemus' Heights, about two miles from the Hudson river, in the town of Stillwater. The battle of Sfept. 19th, was brought on accidentally rather than by design, originating in a skirmish between two advanced parties in a cleared field vurrounded by the primitive forest, and known as Freeman's Farm. A small house in this clearing was occupied by a picket- guard of the British army, which lay to the north. A small party, detached from Col. Morgan's Rifle Corps, as the American army was advancing toward the enemy, fell in with the party posted in the house, attacked and drove them from it, and in pursuing them came unex- pectedly upon the main body of the enemy, by whom a part of their number were captured, and the rest dis- TOUR TO TUB BPni!f08, ETC. P I I perseJ. This occurred a little past noon, [n about an hour the fighting was partially rcneweil, but the action did not become general till about 3 o'clock, when it com- menced in corneat, and raged till night, both in the woodt and in the clearing, the latter being the scene of the greatest slaughter. The battle was a very bloody one. The liritish forces kept their station in the rear of the clearing; and the Americans returned to their camp a lit* tie to the south. Burgoync claimed a victory, but his loss, between five and six hundred, was nearly double that of the Americans, and the relative circumstances of the two armies rendered his loss proportionately still more severe. The battle of October 7th, may be said, speaking in general terms, to have been fought on the same field as the former, but it covered more ground. It was brought on, (says Professor Silliinan, in his "Tour." published in 1820, where these battles and the incidents connected with, are very fully recounted,) by a movement of Gen. Burgoync, who ordered a body of 1,500 men with ten pieces of cannon to the right of his own line, with the view of forcing the left wing of the American army and covering a foraging party in that direction. This occur- red about the middle of the afternoon; and the Ameri- cans, though destitute of artillery, promptly commenced the attack, and the battle soon extended along the whole line. " After a sanguinary contest of less than an hour, the discomfiture and retreat of the British, became gene- ral; and they had scarcely regained their camp when their lines were stormed with the greatest fury, and part of Lord Balcarras' camp was for a short time in our pos- session." The entrenchments of the German reserve, under Col. Breyman, were also stormed, the Colonel killed, and .1 TOUR TO TUB BPRINOS, ETC. 03 hts troops forceJ to abanJon their position with Rrent lost both of kille 1 nn I prisoners ; ani had not the night put ftn end to the fighting;, the whole British army would hove been overwhelmed in their entrenchments. But though the coming on of night saved the enemy from further slaughter, yet the battle wns decisive That same night the British abandoned their position, retired to their works on the heights, and on the succeeding night, leaving their camp fires lighted and various tents standing, commenced a further retreat with the utmost prac- ticable secrecy. The heavy rains and the deep roads so embarrassed their movements that they did not reach their last station, on the north side of the Fishkill creek till the morning of October 10th. There, on the high ground overlooking the meadows bordering the river, they took up their final position. They were speedily followed by Gen. Gates, whose forces were now greatly superior in numbers and were so advantageously disposed as to render further retreat by the British impossible, whose position, moreover, was completely commanded by the Americans. " Every partof the camp of the royal army," gays Silliman, " was exposed not only to cannon balls, but to rifle shot; not a single place of safely could be found. Even access to the river was very hazardous, and the ar- my was soon distressed for want of water." In this exposed and hopeless situation the British con* tinued six days longer, when hostilities were terminated by the surrender of the whole army. The articles of capitulation were executed on the 16lh, and the surren- der took place on the next day — October 17th, 1777. The ground on which Gen. Burgoyne delivered himself and his associates in command to Gen. Gates, was on the south bank of the Fishkill creek, near where now stands the village of Schuylerville. Gen. Wilkinson, an aid of \ «* * H TPUR TO THE SPRINGS, ETC. Geni. GateS) and an eye* witness of the scene, describes it as follows: " Early in the morning of the 17th. I visiteil Gen. Burgoyne in his camp, and accompanied him to the ground where his army were to lay down their arms, from whence he rode to the hank of the Hudson river, which he surveyed \\ith attention and asked me whether it was not fordable. ' Certainly, sirj but do you observe the people on the opposite shore?' 'Yes, (replied he,) ' I have seen them too long.' He then proposed to be introduced to Gen. Gates, and we crossed the Fishkill and proceeded to head-quarters, Gen. Burgoyne in front, with his Adjutant-General Kingston, and his aids Captain Lord Petershaai, and Lieutenant Wilford behind him. Then followed Maj. Gen. Phillips, the Baron Reidesel, and the other general officers and their suites, according to rank. " Gen. Gates, advised of Burgoyne's approach, met him at the head of his camp, Burgoyne in a rich royal uni> form, and Gates in a plain blue frock. When they had approached nearly within sword's length, they reined up and halted. I then named the gentlemen, and Gen. Bur* gone raising his hat gracefully said — ' The fortune of war, Gen. Gates, has made me your prisoner;' to which the conqueror, returning a courtly salute, promptly re* plied, ' I shall always be ready to bear testimony that it has not been throujjh any fault of your Excellency.' •' Maj. Gen Phillips then advanced, and he and Gen. Gates saluted and shook hands with the familiarity of old acquaintances. The Baron Reidesel and the other officers were introduced in their turn." The ground on which the captured troops piled their arms, was on the north bank of the Fishkill near its con* fiuence with the Hudson. It is 34 miles from Albany, it TOUR TO THE SPRINGS, ETC. 95 and 11 miles above Stillwater village, and 10 miles east of Saratoga Springs. The severest individual loss of the British during the severe and bloody struggle between these two armies, ^ft was in the person of Gen. Frazier, who was shot by one of Morgan's riflemen posted in a tree, in the battle of October 7th. lie was buried the next morning within the principal reJoubt on the heights. Mr. Silliman states en a visit to the spot, in 1797, he found the grave still visible, with a slight enclosure round it, but that subse* quently the remains v. ere removed to their native land. He was an accomplished and gallant officer, possessing the entire confidence and good-will of the army and greatly respected and beloved by his associates. The circumstances connected with his death and burial; the capture of Major Ackland, of the British Grenadiers, who was disabled by a severe wound and taken prisoner in the same battle; the heroic fortitude of his wife, lady Harriet Acklani, and of the Baroness Reidesel, in the various scenes of peril and suffering through which they passed; and the kindness and courtesy with which they were treated by t'^e victors, particularly by Gen. Schuy- ler and his family, and which gave additonal lustre to the victor)'', all these incidents have imparted to the principal events of this scene a degree of romantic interest with which few others, if any of the military occurrences of that war are invested. A visit to the battle grounds has become a favorite excursion to travellers, and by visiters sojourning at the Springs, during the summer months. Bai.t.ston Spa, 12 miles northwest of Mechanicsville, is an old and celebrated watering place. It is situated in a valley near the Kayaderosseras creek, 30 milfi« north of the city of Albany, and 24 miles from Troy, by 96 SARATOGA SPRINGS. lU Ml 'y> .;;■ I railroad. It was incorporated in 1S07, and now contains about 1,500 inhabitants, a court-house and jail, 1 Presby* terian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist church; 1 banking house, 6 hotels and taverns, and several pri- vate boarding houses for visiters during the summer months. The oldest and still the most esteemed foun* tain, is known as the " public uell," en ilie flat west of the centre of the village. It is said to have been first dis- covered by the whites, in 1769, during the survey and par- tition of the Kayaderosseras patent. It issues from a bed of stiff blue clay and gravel. Besides the above, there are several other springs of less note, possessing medicinal properties of a similar character. The Sans Souci Hotel at this place, erected by the late Nichlas Low, Esq., in 1803, is an old and popular board- ing house> delightfully situated near the centre of the village. It is often thronged during the summer months with visiters from every section of the United States and Europe. The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad terminates at this place, where it unites with the Saratoga and Sche- nectady Railroad, thus affording a speedy communica- tion with the cities of Schenectady, Troy and Albany, and with Saratoga Springs, 6^ miles north of Ballston Spa. The village of Saratoga Spuings, pleasantly situated on a plain, surrounded in part by a beautiful grove of pine trees, is the most notel watering place in the Union, the mineral springs, possessing great medicinal properties, vary somewhat in their analyses. It is built chiefly on one broad street, and the numerous large hotels and houses for the accommoJation of visiters, give it an im- posing appearance, particularly when thronged with com- pany, as it usually is during the summer months. It was ^icorporateJ in 1816, and now contains about 2,500 h' SARATOGA BPRrNGS. 97 inhabitants, 300 dwelling houses, one Presbyterian, one Episcopal, one Baptist, one Methodist, one Universalis! and one Roman Catholk churck ; one mutual insurance company, an incorporated ocademy, a female seminary and several select schools ; the Young Men's AssociatioUi a new and popular chartered institution, numbering about 150 members ; 35 stores of diilerent kinds ; 2 iron foun- dries, 1 machine shop, an extensive carriage manufac- tory, and 3 printing offices, besides many other kinds of mechanic work shops. The hotels and boarding houses are numerous, and many of them fitted up on a large and magnificent scale, unsurpassed by any similar establishments in the Union. The United States Hotel, situated near the railroad depot, is a large four story brick edifice, furnishing aecommoda- lions for 400 guests ; the location is central, and within a short distance of all the principal mineral si>rings. Con- gress Halt, and Union Hall, are both old and popular es- tablishments, situated on the south of the village near the Congress Spring. The Jlmerican Hotel is a new house built of brick, in the centre of the village. It is well furnished, and is kept open through the year, affording good accommodations both in winter and summer. The Columbian Hotel, Montgomery Hall, ani Melphi Hotel, are all well kept public houses, and remain open for the accommodation of visiters during the whole year. The Washington Hall, Railroad House, Eagle Hotel, Tempe- rance Hotel, Congress Spring Temperance House, Har- mony Hall, New England Hall, and Prospect Mansion House, besides some 20 or 30 private boarding houses, also accommodate visiters. There are several public bathing houses near the springs, where cold and warm water and shower baths can at all times be obtained. The railroads afford a speedy communication between the Springs and the cities of Albany, Schenectady, and li* 98 SARATOGA SPRINGS. Troy. The Saratoga nnd Washington Railroad, when completed, is to extend IVom Saratoga Springs to White, hall, a distance of 40 miles. Stages now run from the Springs to Glen's Falls and Caldwell's, as well as to San* dy Hill, Dunham's Basin, and Whitehall. The celebrated Mineral Waters, which arc the great cause of attraction to this place, require a particular des* cription. At what precise period these springs were first discovered, cannot now with any degree of certainty be ascertained As early ns 1773, a settlement was made here, a little west of the High Rock Spring, for the dou- ble purpose of trading with the Indians, and accommo* dating invalids. The High Rock and Flat Rock were the ooly springs at that time known. The Congress Spring was first discovered in 1792. There are now within the distance of about half a mile, some 10 or 12 important mineral fountains, flowing to the surface, and most of them located near the margin of a brook which runs through the village on the cast. Congress Spring, Wash- ington Spring, Putnam's Spring, Pavilion Springs, Io- dine Spring, Hamilton Spring, and the Flat Rock and High Rock Springs, may be named as the most valuable for their medicinal properties, and as objects of curiosity. A cluster of mineral springs known as the ** Ten Springs," are situated about one mile east of the village. The most celebrated of these springs is known as the Union Spring; in the vicinity of which is the Mansion House, a well kept summer establishment. Large quantities of these waters are annually exported to different parts of the country, affording a handsome income to the several owners, most of them being private property, although no charge is made to visiters, other than what they vol- untarily give to those who are employed to wait on them. 1(1, when to While. iVom the IS to 8an> he great :ular des* Acre first tainty be I'os made the dou- ccommo- were the 3S Spring ithin the mportant most of ich runs Wash- ngs, lo- ock and I'aluable uriosity. prings." lie most Spring j . a well )f these I of the several though ey vol- them . SARATOGA SPUINOH. 0# The following arc analyses of some of the principal Springs of Saratoga. CoNORKss Spring. — From experiments and deductions by Dr. Steel, one gallon, or 231 cubic inches of the wa- ter of the Congress Spring, is found to contain the fol- lowing substances, viz : Grainif. Chloride of Soilium, (sea salt) 3S5.000 llydriodnte of Soda, 3.500 IJi-carbonate of " 8.9S2 " of Magnesia 95.788 Carbonate of F.iine, 98 .098 " of Iron, 5.076 Silex, 1.500' llydro-bromate of Potash, a trace, Total grains, 597.943 Carbonic acid gas, cubic inches, 311 Atmospheric air, 7 Gaseotts contents, 318 Washington SpniNO, is situated in a southwest di- rection from Congress Spring. It is a sparkling acidu- lous water ; its temperature is 50 degress, and one gallon of it affords the following articles, viz : Graina. Chloride of sodium, 2S1.50 Bi-carbonate of Soda. 16.50 " of Magnesia, 40.92 Carbonate of Lime, ■ 92.60 " of Iron 3.25 Silex, 1 . 50 Hydriodate of Soda, 2.76 Solid contents in a gallon, 439 . 02 Carbonic acid gas, cubic inches, 262.50 Atmospheric air, 6.80 Gaseous contents in a gallon, 269.30 100 SARATOGA BPRING8. Putnam's Congress Spring, is locnted a few rods east of the United States Hotel. Tlie following is an analysis taken by James R. Chilton, M. D. of New- York city. One gallon of water contains the following ingredients, viz : Grains. Chloride of Sodium 214.00 Carbonate of Soda, 14.32 •' of Lime, 68.80 Iodide of Sodium, with a trace of Bromide of Potassium, 2.00 Phosi>hate of Lime, .21 Sulphate of Soda, 1.68 Carbonate of Magnesia 51 .60 " of Iron, 7.00 Silicia, .84 Alumina, .56 Total, 361.01 Corbonic acid, cubic inches, 341.83 Atmospheric air, 6.04 Total, 347 . 92 The gases were obtained and analyzed at the Spring, the temperature of the water being 51° Fahrenheit, in July. Pavilion Fountain. This celebrated medicinal foun- tain rises in a valley near the Pavilion Hotel, [destroyed by fire in 1843,] and was tubed up from a depth of Ibrty feet, in May, 1840, after incredible labor and expense The great curiosity it excited, and the crowds which it daily attracted, induced the proprietors to have the same analyzed in August following, when one gallon of water was found to contain these constituents, viz : SARATOGA SPRINGS. 101 Grain*. Chloride of Sodium, 226.58 Carbonate of Mn°;nesia, 62-50 of Lime 60.24 4.70 3.10 (< Carbonnte of Soda,. Oxide of Iron, Iodide of Sodium, > Bromide of Potassium, ^ Silica, Alumina, 2.75 .62 .25 Total, 361.74 Carbonic acid c:as,. 480.01 Atmospheric air, 8 . 09 Cubic inches, 488. 10 The quantity of ^as which evolves from the Pavilion Fountain is double its volume of water ; which foct ren- ders it an object of great curiosity, and increases its me- dicinal properties. Iodine Spring, is a new fountain, located a few rods north of the celebrated High Rock Spring. According to an analysis of Professor Emmons, of the Medical Col- lege in Albany, one gallon of this water contains the fol- lowing ingredients : Grains. Muriate of Soda 187 Carbonate of Lime, 26 Iron. 1 Magnesia, 75 SoJa 2 Hydriodato of Soda or Iodine, 34 ic Total, 294i Carbonic acid gas, ( water bottled three weeks,). Atmospheric air, 330 4 Cubic inches, 334 The freedom of this water from iron is truly remarka* ble, and as Professor E. remarks, " supplies a dcsidera> 102 SARATOGA SPRINGS. turn vvliich has been long wanting, viz : a water which may be drank by a certain class of invalids to whom iron proves a decided injury. Union Spuing, one of the most celebrated of the "Ten Springs:" analyzed in 1841, by James R. Chil- ton, M. D. One gallon of this water contains the fol- lowing ingredients : Grains. Chloride of Sodium 243.620 Carbonate of Magnesia, 84 ■ 265 *• Lime, 41.600 " Soda 12.800 *' Iron, 5.452 Iodide of Sodium , 3 . 600 A truce of Bromide of Potassium, Silica and Alumina, 1 . 570 Total,! 392.907 Carbonic acid gas, (from water bottled four weeks,) 314.16 Atmospheric air, 4 . 62 Cubic inches, 318.78 Saratoga Lakk, lying in Saratoga county, is a beau- tiful sheet of water, 4 miles southeast of the village of Saratoga Springs, and 5 miles east of Ballston Spa : it is 9 miles long and about 2 miles wide. This lake is much resorted to during the summer months by parties ol pleasure, and it is stored with pike, pickerel, perch and other fish. The shores abound with game, and with the lake, afford ample sport to the huntsman and angler. On leaving Saratoga Springs for the north, the travel- ler is conveyed by stage to Glen's Falls and Caldwell, or to Whitehall, via Sandy Hill, or Dunham's Basin ; at the latter place the stage line connects with canal packet boats running from Albany and Troy, to Whitehall. TOUR TO LAKE GROnCK, ETC. 103 The village of Glen's Falls, on the Hudson, 18 miles north of Saratoga Springs, is a place of great interest. The falls in the river at this point have a total de* scent of about 50 feet, are varied ami picturesque, and af- ford hydraulic power to a vast extent, which is yet but partially used for manufacturing purposes. A new and substantial bridge, about 500 feet long, has been erected here on the site of the old one. It is a free bridge and affords a favorable view of the falls and river. The Champluin canal feeder passes on the north side of the river at this place, receiving its waters from the Hudson, two miles above the village, and uniting with the Cham* plain canal a few miles east of Sandy Hill, affording a navigable communication with Luke Champlain, and the tide waters of the Hudson river. This village was incorporated in 1839, and now con- tains about 1,800 inhabiiants, 225 dwelling houses, one Presbyterian, one Baptist, and one Methodist church ; an incorporated academy, and a female seminary ; four hotels and taverns ; thirty stores and groceries ; one grist mill, four extensive saw-mills, including three gang mills of twenty-five saws each, and four English mills four marble mills, containing 275 saws j one plaster mill, one furnace, three machine shops, one marble polishing and chimney piece manufactory, two tanneries, and three ex- tensive establishments for making lime. On both sides of the river at this place are extensive beds of black mar- ble, which for beauty of color and brilliancy of polish, are not exceeded in this country. From this marble, lime also is made of a superior quality. Below the falls, na- ture has exposed the strata in such a way that the thick- ness of the several layers can be examined to the depth of at least 70 feet. 1= ..♦-awfifnii ii*v> i^fwan •il 104 TOUR TO LAKB CKOllGK, ETC. The principal hotel at Glen's Fulls, where the sta^e ■sually stops for passcnscrs to dine, has long been ce!e> bratcJ for its delicious bill of fare. The road from this place to Caldwell, at the head of Lake George, a distance of 9 miles, passes over a wild and romantic region of country, connected with stirring events in the Revolutionary and old French wars, which make it classic ground. Be/ore reaching Lake George you pass the " Bloody Pond,'^ near which in September, 1755. about 1,000 English and French were killed, and their bodies thrown into this pond, which now presents a wild and gloomy appearance. The village of Caldwell is delightfully situated at the southwest end of Lake George, 62 miles north of the city of Albany. It contains about 200 inhabitants, 35 dwelling houses, a court-house and jail, a county clerk's office, one church, four hotels nnd taverns, two stores, one gristmill, one saw-mill, and a piaster mill, situated on Mill brook. In the vicinity of this place, near the south end of the Lake, is situated the site of old Fort William Henry, and a short distance beyond, the ruins of Fort George ; still further south are the ruins of Fort Gage ; all of which are associated with the early history of this part of the country both in peace and war. The Lake House, at tliis place is a well kept hotel, and is much resorted to during warm weather. It is a delight- ful summer retreat, where are to be found desirable accom- modations for fishing parties and parlies of pleasure. — The steamer William Caldwell, plies regularly between Caldwell and the outlet of the lake at Ticonderoga, a distance of 36 miles ; stages then transport passengers a distance of 4 miles from the landing on Lake George, to the steamboat landing on Lake Champlain ; affording one of the most picturesque and romantic excursions imaginable. LAKK GEOROB. 105 the 8tas;e been cele* » head of ^er a wild h stirring rs, which ce George eptember, illed, and 1 presents ited at the >rth of the )itants, 35 nty clerk's Avo stores, , situated near the old Fori the ruins is of Farl ily history ar. The |l, and is delight- Meaccom- ?asure.— between leroga, a Renj;ers a |ge, to the »g one of iginable. Lake George, or Ilonicoy, is justly celebrated for itp varied, romantic and beautiful scenery, and for the trans- parency and j»urity of its waters. It is 36 miles long, north and south, and from two to three miles wide ; and is elevated 243 feet above the tide water of the Hudson, although its waters flow north into Lake Chomplain. It is surrounded by high and picturesque hills, sometimes rising to mountain height — and dotted with numerous islands, said to count as many as there are days in the year ; some are of considerable size, and cultivated } while others are only a barren rock, rising majestically out of the surrounding waters. Diamond Island, near the village of Caldwell, is celebrated for its beautiful quartz crystals, which in shape and brilliancy resemble pure diamonds. The wild and romantic scenery of this lake is no where surpassed. The bed of the lake is a handsome yellowish sand, and the water is so pure and transparent, as to render the bottom visible from 30 to 40 feet. Here the delicious salmon trout, that weigh from 5 to 20 pounds, are found in great numbers and of the finest quality. Silver trout, brook trout, pike, pickerel, perch, and several other kinds of fresh water fish are also abundant. Travellers on the tour from the Springs to Canada, should not fail to visit Lake George } by the French called Lac Sacrament, on account of the purity of its waters. The steamboat " William Cald* well," runs through the lake, from Caldwell to the land- ing near the village of Ticonderoga, whence stages run to Fort Ticonderoga, at the steamboat landing on Lake Champlain ; where steam passage boats on their route from Whitehall to St. John's, touch daily, during the season of navigation. This route is varied in scenery, and deeply interesting in historical incidents. H F 106 TOUlt TO CANADA, KTO. 'i RouTK vnoM Saratoga SmiNos to WiiiTriiAi.t. The village of Sandy Hill, thruu^h which pusHCs the stage route from Surntogu Springs to Whitehall, is situated on clevateJ ground on the east side of the Hudson, 19 miles from Saratoga Springs, and 50 miles north of the city of Albany. The water power at this place is very great, there being a fall of about 12 feet nt the upper part of the village, while about lUO rods below with a continuous descent, are situated Baker's Falls, where there is an almost perpendicular fall of 50 feet, utfording hydraulic power to a great extent, none of which is at present used for manufacturing purposes. The Chaniplain canal feeder passes through this place, uniting with the main canal one or two miks east of the village, ati'ording canal navigation to Lake Chaniplain and to the navigable waters of the Hudson. The Sara- toga and Washington Railroad, when completed, wiU run through Sandy Hill, from Saratoga .Springs to White- hall, a distance of 40 miles. A daily line of stages run during the summer months from Saratoga Springs to Dunham's Basin, 2 miles eaut of Sandy Hill, on the Champlain Canal, connecting with canal packets running from Albany and Troy to Whitehall. The V lage of Fort Edward is 2 miles south of San- dy Hill. This vicinity having been celebrated during the old French and Revolutionary wars, as the theatre ol military exploits and savage murder, we subjoin the fol- lowing extract : " The remains of ForiEdward are stil' to be seen in the very centre of the romantic little village which now bears its name. At a short distance north, the place 's shown where Miss Jane McCrea was mur- dered by the jHUftr.":. Tradition has accurately preserv- ed the location o." *hat most bkody and most melancholy deed. She was on he w.y to jo. a an officer in the British TOUll TO OANAIi/t, KTC. 107 army to whom iihc was to be married. She committed herHcIf, aRainst the remonstrance of her CritnUs, lo a party of Indians as the sufest escort in those times. Th / met another pnrty at this place, sent by the anxious and expectinK hrid'^groom, and an altercation ensued in re- ference • « tlic p. jmised reward ; in the midst of which they wercattacl od by a party of whites. Whrn the con- nict \(a^ i^vrcr she was found tomahawked and scalped. Ii r lover was overwhelmed with grief, and survived but a short timo." F'>RT Ann, 10 miles north of Sandy Hill, is a place of interest, being one of many fortified points between Lake Champlain and the Hudson river, celebrated in the early history of the country. The old fort, of which hardly u vestige now remains, was erected in 1756. The village of Whitehall, 72 miles north of Albany, is advantageously situated in a narrow valley at the head of Lake Champlain ; it was incorporated in 1820, and now contains about 2,400 inhabitants, 300 dwelling houses, one Presbyterian, one Episcopal, and one Metho- dist church ; one banking house, four hotels, thirty stores and groceries, and two extensive forwarding houses; several manufacturing establishments ; two ship yards and two dry docks, where are built and repaired steam- boats, lake craft and ca sal boats; two brick yards and one tannery, besides almost every other kind of mechanic work sbO|)o. Here are owned 2 or 3 steamborts for the vouveyance of passengers and merchandise, and two steamboats used as tow boats ; 50 sloops and schooners, averaging about 100 tons burthen, and 70 canal boats, besides others owned o« ^^flerent parts of Lake Cham- plain, which trade with an I pass through this place. Two daily lines of canal packets leave Whitehall for Troy and Albany, taifl twc daily lUes of stages, one pas- sing on each side of the Hudsou river ; in addition to 108 TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. which two daily lines of stages run to Saratoga Springs during the summer months, connecting with the railroads to Troy, Schenectady and Albany. A daily line of sta«»es run to Rutland, Vermont, intersecting stage lines running to Boston, &c. During the close of navigation, a daily line of stages run from here to Burlington and Montreal. The passenger steamboats now running on Lake Cham- plain, from Whitehall to St. John's, Canada, are the Burlington, commanded by Richard W. Sherman, the Whitehall, commanded by G. Lathrop, and the Saranac. These boats are celebrated for the admirable discipline observed on board and for quiet and comfort. One of the above boats will leave Whitehall daily, at 10 o'clock A. M. during the season of navigation, which usually lasts from the middle of April to the first of De- cember. The fare through to St. John's is now reduced to $3.00 for cabin passage. Lake: Champlain, lying between the stales of New- York and Vermont, extends north and south a distance of 140 miles ; varying from half a mile or less, to 10 miles in width ; it is a long, narrow and deep body of water, dotted with a number of islands, the largest of which be- long to Vermont. From Whitehall to Crown Point, the lake is quite narrow, but here it begins to expand, and soon becomes 3 miles wide, still increasing northward, until near Burlington, where it spreads to its greatest width. Steamboats of the first class, and sloops of from 50 to 100 tons burthen navigate this lake its whole length, thence down the Sorelle, or Richelieu river, its outlet, to St. Johns, Canada, where steamboat navigation ceases ; a total distance of about 150 miles. This lake is connect- ed with the navigable waters of the Hudson, by means of the Champlain canal, which extends south, a distance of 63 miles; also by the Chambly Canal, on the north, with the St. Lawrence river. As you approach near the I'OtJR to CANADA, ETC. 109 centre of Lake Champlain, a large body of water presents itself to view, bordered by scenery of the most picturesque description. The headlands which are seen to great ad- vantage, and the vast ranges of mountains en either side, are truly grand and romantic. The highest peak of the Green Mountains, called the ** Camel's Rump," is seen on the east, while the high rangesof the mountains of Essex! county, are seen on the west. This latter range of moun- tain peaks, the ^idirondack group, contain the highest land in the state of New- York, rising in some places to the height of 5,000 feet and upwards, richly stored with iron ore and timber of large growth. In the streams which flow into this lake are frequent waterfalls of great beauty ; and the fine headlands and bays of the lake itself give a picturesque charm to its shores. Its waters are stocked with salmon, salmon trout, sturgeon, pickerel, and various other kinds of fish. Fort Ticondkroga. The ruins of this old tbrtification are situated in the town of Ticonderogn, Essex Co. on the west side of Lake Champlain, at the entrance of th** outlet of Lake George, 24 miles north of Whitehall. TKi.^ place was originally called Che-on-dcr-o-ga by the Indians, sig- nifying, in their language, noise; its name was afterwards slightly changed by the French into its present appellation, which 't has borne ever since it was first occupied and forti- fied by them in 1756. The fort was at first named Fort Carillion, but afterwards called Fort Ticcnderoga, by the English and Americans. This fortification cost the French government a large sum of money, and was considered very strong both by nature and art. It stands on a point of land, elevated 70 feet above Lake Champlain, being surrounded on three sides by water, and on the northwest it was defended by strong breast works. Mount Inde- pendence, on the opposite or east side of the lake, was ■i! 110 TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. also fortified, and some of the intrenchments arc still visible, elevated 110 feet above the lake, and overlook* ing the peninsula of Ticonderoga. After several sangui- nary conflicts in this vicinity and under the very vt^alls of the fort, in which several thousand lives were sacrificed, this important military position was tamely evacuated by the French in 1759, and given up to the British army under Lord Amherst ; who retained possession until it was taken by surprise by Col, Ethan Allen, of the American army, in 1775. He is said to have entered the fort through a subterraneous passage from the south, extend- ing to the lake ; surprising the commandant in his bed be- fore he was aware of his danger, and in his characteris- tic way required the officer to surrender. He asked to whom? "Why, to Jehovah and the Continental Con- gress, to be sure ;" was his laconic reply. In 1777, the British army, under Gen. Burgoyne, on their route to Saratoga, appeared in array before Ticonderoga, when Gen. St. Clair, the American commander, was forced to evacuate; the enemy having erected a battery on Mount Defiance, in the rear, elevated 720 feet above the lake, which overlooked and completely commanded this forti- fication, which was before considered almost impregna- ble ; it then remained in the hands of British until the close of the war. Since that time it has been sufiered to go to decay, and now presents one of the most interesting ruins of the kind in this country, and is annually visited by a great number of travellers. Near by, delightfully situated on the lake shore, is a well kept hotel for the ac- commodation of visiters. Here steamboats, during the season of navigation, daily land and receive passengers, on their route from Whitehall to St. John's, Canada. i It 3 i' TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. Ill The following account of the defeat of the British AT TicoNDEROGA, IN 1759, is taken from the " Memoirs an American Lady," written by Mrs. Grant. " The army under the command of Gen. Abercrombie, crossed Lake George on the 5th of July, and landed with- out opposition. They proceeded in four columns to Ti- conderoga, arid dis;played a spectacle unprecedented in the New World. An army of sixteen thousand men, regu- lars and provincials, with a train of artillery, and all the necessary provisions for an active campaign or regular siege, followed by a fleet of batteaux, pontons, &c. They set out wrong, however, by not having Indian guides, who are alone to be depended on in such a place. In a short time the columns fell in upon each other, and oc- casioned much confusion. The advance guard of the French, which had retired before them, were equally be- wildered, and falling in with each other in this confusion, a skirmish ensued, in which the French lost above three hundred men, and the English, though successful in this first rencontre, lost as much as it was possible to lose, in one man — for here it was that the valiant Lord Howe, the second in command, fell mortally wounded. He was shot from behind a tree, probably by some Indians ; and the whole army were inconsolable for a loss they too well knew to be irreparable. " The fort is in a situation of peculiar natural strength ; it lies on a little peninsula, with Lake Champlain on one side and a narrow opening communicating with Lake George, on the other. This garrison, which was well prepared for attack, and almost impregnable from situa- tion, was defended by between four and five thousand men. An engineer sent to reconnoitre, was of opinion that it might be attacked without waiting for the artillery. The fatal resolution was taken without consulting those who were best qnalified to judge. lis TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. ■W > " I cannot enter into the dreadful detail of what fol< lowed. Certainly never was infatuation equal to this. The forty-second regiment was then in the height of de- served reputation, and commanded by a veteran of great experience and military skill, Col. Gordon Graham, who bad the first point of attack assigned to him He was wounded at the first onset, and of the survivors, every officer retired wounded off the field. Of the fifty- fifth regiment, ten oflScers were killed, including all the field oflicers. No human I 'ngs could show more determined courage than this brave army did — standing four hours under a constant discharge of cannon and musketry from barricades, on which it was impossible for them to make the least impression. Gen. Abercrombie saw the fruit- less waste of blood that was every hour increasing, and ordered a retreat, which was very precipitate ; so much so, that they crossel the lake, and regained their camp on the other side, the same night. Two thousand men were killed, wounded, or taken in this disastrous engage- ment ; which, was however, quickly succeeded by the dear bought conquest of Quebec, where fell both the ri- val commanders, Wolfe and Montcalm." Mount Defiance, about one mile southwest of Fort Ti- conderoga, on the south side of the outlet to Lake George, is a bold promontory, elevated about 800 feet above the level of the Lake. While the ascent from the water or eastern face is quite steep and difficult, the approach from the west is easy. It was from this quarter that Gen. Burgoyne, in 1777, ascended this mountain and planted several pieces of artillery — obliging the Ameri- cans to evacuate the fort, which was before considered al« most impregnable. The top of this eminence gives a grand view of Lake Champlain and the surrounding country, and is well worthy of a visit, which can easily be accomplished on foot. TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. 113 The village of Ticonderoga, two miles west of Lake Champlain, is situated on the outlet of Lake George, where is a thriving settlement, surrounded by picturesq'ie mountain scenery. One or two miles farther west on the road to Lake George, is situated ano- ther village called Upper Ticonderoga or Alexandria. Here is a most beautiful fall of water, a/Tording immense hydiaulic power, a small part of which is only used for propelling machinery. The steamboat landing, at the foot of Lake George, is about one mile west of the latter place, the whole distance to Lake Champlain being four miles. Shoremam, 2 miles from Ticonderoga, on the opposite side of the lake, is a regular steamboat landing. Bridport, 9 miles further, is another landing on the Vermont shore. Chimney Point, 6 miles north of Bridport, is also another landing on the east side of the lake. Crown Point, 18 miles north of Ticonderoga, on the west side of Lake Champlain, presents an interesting ap- pearance from the water. The ruins of the old fortifi- cations are situated on a neck of land running into the lake •; the embankments are visible and indicate an im- mense amount of labor expended to render this point in- vulnerable to an approaching fee, whether by land or wa- ter ; yet it was taken by surprise, at the commencement of the revolutionary struggle, by the celebrated Col. Ethan Allen. Port Hknry, on the west side of the lake is situated on Cedar Point, at the mouth of Buliuagga Bay, which separates Crown Point from the main land. Here are the works of the Port Henry Iron Company ^ with iron ore of good quality in the vicinity. Westport, 54 miles north of Whitehall, is situated on northwest bay, on the west side of Lake Champlain. It < I! 1 114 TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. contains 6 or 700 inhabitants and is a thriving place. A horse ferry boat here plies across the lake, running to Basin Harbor, Vermont. Fort Cassin, 7 miles further north, on the east side of Lake Champlain, is situated near the mouth of the Otter river, which is navigable to Vergennes, a distance of 5 miles. Split Rock, on the west side of the lake, 2 or 3 miles south of the village of Essex, is a rocky promontory pro^ jecting into the lake on the west side, about 150 feet, and elevated above the levej of the water some 30 or 40 feet. This is perhaps the greatest natural curiosity on Lake Champlain. The part detached contains about half an acre, covered with a small growth of trees, and is sepa- rated from the main rock about 20 feet. It is evident this rock has been detached by some convulsion of nature, as the two faces exactly fit each other — the prominences in the one corresponding with the cavities in the other. The village of Essex, 68 miles from Whitehall, is handsomely situated on the west side of Lake Cham> plain, opposite Charlotte Landing, with which it is connected by a horse ferry boat. The lake here expands to 3 or 4 miles in width, and presents a large expanse of water towards the north. The Green Mountains of Ver- mont, and the Adirondack Group of Essex county, are here seen stretching north and south in vast mountain peaks and ridges. The CaineVs Rump, being one of the highest peaks of the former, is overlooked by Mount Marcy on the New- York side of the lake, the latter being elevated 5,467 feet, or upwards of one mile above the tide waters of the Hudson ; and near it this noble river has its most northern source. TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. 115 Burlington, Vermont, 82 miles from Whitehall and 75 miles from St. John's, Canada, by steamboat route, is most delightfully situated on the east shore of Lake Champlain. This is the most important place in the state, lying on Burlington Bay. It possesses a convenient and safe harbor for steamboats and lake craft. The United States government have here erected a breakwater, » which protects the shipping from westerly winds, and is a great addition to the security of the harbor. In 1840, it contained a population of 4,721 inhabitants; about 600 dwelling houses; the University of Vermont, consisting of four spacious edifices; the Episcopal Insti- tute; a court-house and jail; 7 churches of different de- nominations, an academy and 2 female seminaries, 2 banking houses, several well kept hotels, and a number of stores of different kinds; besides several factories and mills, and most every kind of mechanic establishments. This village overlooking the lake, with its bays, islands, and adjacent scenery — the passing steamboats and other vessels; possesses a beauty of location probably unsurpass- ed by any other place in the Union. In trade and commerce it is closely allied with the interests of the State of New- York. Steamboats stop here daily on their route from Whitehall to St. John's, Canada; a steamboat also plies from this place to Port Kent, on the opposite side of the lake, a distance of 10 miles, and thence to Plattsburgh, a further distance of 12 miles. Port Kent, is advantageously situated on the west side of Lake Champlain, 12 miles south of the village of Plattsburgh. It contains about 250 inhabitants, 30 dwel- ling houses, 1 church, 2 taverns, 3 stores and 2 ware- houses. The site of this place is beautiful, command* Ing one of the finest views on Champlain, extending to 116 TOUR TO CANADA, KTC. the opposite shore of Vermont. It is contemplated to construct a railroad from Port Kent to the Au Sable Forks, a distance of 16 miles, passing through the villages of Keeseville and Clintonvillc. Immediately south of the landing at this place, lies Treinbleu Poin*, the com- mencement of the Clinton range of mountains. Kkksevillk, is situated on both sides of the Au Sable river, 4 miles west of Port Kent. It contains about 2,000 inhabitants, 300 dwelling houses, 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist and 1 Roman Catholic church, an incorporated academy, 1 banking house, 2 taverns, and 18 stores and groceries. The water power at this place is very great, and advantageously used by several manu- facturing establishments. The " Keeseville Manufactur- mg Company" is chartered, with a paid capital of $40,000; they own on the north side of the river, an extensive water power, on which is situated a forge with three fires, a rolling mill and nail factory, which manufacture into roll iron and nails about 1,000 tons of iron annually. The " Keeseville Wollen and Cotton Company" is also chartered, with a paid capital of $30,000: they own on the south side a large factory builling, to which is at- tached a drying house and a dye house, all built of stone in the most substantial manner. There are also 2 flouring mills, 4 extensive sawmills, which make annually about half a million of market boards; 1 furnace and a ma- chine shop, 1 plaster mill, 1 brewery, 1 large wheel- wright shop, 1 tannery, and 1 printing office, together with most other kinds of mechanic work shops. At Birmingham, 2 miles below Keeseville, is a suc- cession of picturesque falls, in all about 150 feet descent. Immediately below the lower falls the river enters a deep ravine of singular and romantic beauty. Through the chasm thus formed by the wearing of the waters, or TOUR TO CANADA, BTC. 117 IS a suc< some convulsion of nature, the rocks rise from 75 to 150 feet, almost pcrpendiculnr, for a distance of about two miles, averaging about 50 feet in width, altogether form- ing a great natural curiosity. In addition to the above, there are other ravines in this vicinity of singular for- mation. PLATTSBURGk , i:. situatcd on both side of the Saranac river, on the west shore of Lake Champlain, 162 miles north of t!ie city of Albany. It was incorporated in 1815, and now contains about 2,600 inhabitants, 350 dwelling houses, a court-house, jail and county clerk's office; I Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist and 1 Roman Catholic church; an incorporated lyceum and an incorporated academy ; 5 hotels and tav- erns, 30 stores and groceries, 1 flouring mill, 1 grist mill, 2 cotton factories, 3 woollen factories, 2 marble mills, 2 fulling mills, 2 saw mills, 2 tanneries, 1 machine shop, 1 soap manufactory, and 2 printing offices, together with almost every other kind of mechanic work shops. The water power at this place is very great; the Saranac river here having a succession of falls, making a total descent of about 40 feet; only a part of which is occu- pied for mauufacturing purposes. The surrounding coun- try is rich in agricultural and mineral productions, and Plattsburgh is the proposed termination of the Ogdens- burgh onl Lake Champlain Railroad, which when com- pleted, will greatly lend to develop the resources of the whole northern part of the Slate of New-York. This is an United States military post, where the government are now erecting extensive stone barracks, near the lake shore, south of the village, and a permanent breakwater for the protection of the harbor. Plattsburgh was the scene of an important engagement between the British and American armies, in September, 118 TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. I 1814, which resuUed in the defeat of the British, under the command of Sir George Prevost, and the capture of the British fleet under Com. Downie, who was killed in the action. The American army was commanded by Maj. Jen. Macomb, and the fleet by Com. McDonough. The officers, on both sides, who fell in the several encounters by land and water, on the memorable occasion just mentioned, were buried in the public cemetery adja- cent to the village of Plattsburgh; but their graves were left, under the pressing exigencies of that time, without any permanent monument, or stone of memorial. That community, long discontented with an omission which seemed to betoken an apathy not at all in unison with real feelings, at last determined to make amends for their neglect, and fufil all the rites of sepulture. Accordingly, a little previous to the return of the anniversary of the battle, in 1843, meetings were held at which it was re- solved to celebrate the day, by placing marble monu- ments, with appropriate inscriptions, at the several graves, and thus render to the brave and devoted dead, the remaining public honors so eminently their due, and so long left unpaid. This design was carried into effect under the superintendence of the Clinton County Mili- tary Association, and the anniversary rendered deeply interesting by the placing of these monuments, with ap- propriate ceremonies and religious services, accompanied by commemoration addresses. The graves are arranged in the form of a parallelogram, with that of Capt. Downie, the commander of the British flotilla, in the centre, as the officer of highest rank. The names of the others, so far as known, are as follow: Of our own countrymen, Lt. George W. Runk, of the U. S. A.; Lt. Peter Gamble, U. S. N.; Lt. John Stans- bury, U. S. N.; Sailing Master Rogers Carter, U. S. N.; TOUR TO CANADA, EOT. 119 ogram, British rank, ollow: of the Stans. S. N.; Midshipman James M. Baldwin, U. S. N.; Pilot Joseph Barron, U. S. N., and another pilot, name not known. Of the British army ; Col. Wellington, 3d Regt. Buffs, Capt. Purchcss, 76th Regt., and a Lieutenant, name not known, of the 3d Regt. Buffs; and of the British navy three Lieutenants, names not known. The beautiful lines of an Irish poet of the last century, (Collins,) can never be more appropriate than to this occasion: " How sleep the brave who sink to rest, By all thr r country's wishes Meat ! When spring with dewy fingers cold, Returns to deck their hallowed mould. She there shall dress a sweeter sod Than fancy's feet have ever trod. There honor comes, a iiilgrim grey, To bless the turf that wraps their clay, And memory shall awhile repa'r To dwell a weeping hermit there." Cumberland Head, is a peninsula extending two oir three miles into the lake, opposite the village of Platts- burgh, forming Cumberland Bay, into which empties the Saranac river. Crab, or IIosfitai. Island, lies 2 miles south, and near the track of the steamers on their way to and from the landing at Plattsburgh. It was on a line near* ly north and south between Cumberland Head and Crab Island, that the British and American fleets encountered each other, on the 11th of September, 1814, a day which brought so much honor to the American flag. South Hero, and North Hero, are the names of two Islands belonging to the jurisdiction of Vermont. The former is connected by a ferry, on the west side with Cumberland Head, and on the east side with the main shore of Vermont. 120 TOVR TO CANADA, ETC. ' , M M I . CnAXY Lanpino, 10 miles north of Plnttsburgh, is a convenient ntenmboat landing, on the west side of Lake Chnmplain. Ism: au Mott, opposite the above landing, is a fine islnnd, also attachcil to Vermont. It is 6 miles long and 2 miles wide, con1ainii:g much good land, and a valuable quarry of mnrble. The town of ALDUno, Vt. is n triangular body of land, projecting from Cr.nada into Lake C'hamplain, by v^hich it is surrounded, excepting on the Canada side. On the eastern shore lies the village of Jllbi'rg, a port of entry, and a few miles north is Alburg Springs, where is a small settlement, and mineral spring of considerable efficacy in scrofula and other CK-^es. Missisqui Bay, still further northeast, is a large body of water lying mostly in Canada, or north of the 45th de- l^.ee of north latitude. The village of Rouse's Point, in the town of Cham- plain, 25 miles north of Plattsburgh, and 139. miles from Whitehall, is situated on the west side of Lake Cham- plain, about one mile south of the Canada line, and has a convenient steamboat landing. It is surrounded in part by a level and fertile region, which extends w est to the St. Lawrence river. One mile north of the village is a military position commamllng the navigable channel of the lake. In 1815, the government of the United States commenced the construction of a strong fortress at Rouse's Point; but on running out the boundary line between the United States and Canada, under the treaty of Ghent, this point was found to be north of the 45th degree of north latitude, and the works were suspended. By the treaty of Washington, concluded in 1842, the boundary was so adjusted, however, as to give this point to the United Slates. The suspended works are in a very dilapi- M TOUn TO CANADA, RTC. 121 urf^h, is A ? of Lake , is a fine long and t valuable y or land, by w hich . On the : of entry, is a small efficacy in irge body c 45th de- if Cham. jles from ;e Cham- ni has a d in part St to the lllagc is a liannel of ed States It Rouse's een the Ghent, legree of By the jundary It to the dilapi- dated con.litiiin, nml srr\ sat P'cscnt only as n land-iimrk to inilicatc tlio lineofdivihiDn between two national juris- dictioi'is. At riir. LiNr;. llie lake, vliicli, n lillle south, 18.3 miles across, narrows to about a mile in widlli. On tlic east, as the sfeauicr passes iuto flie Cnuailian uiiters, may he seen a lon^ line; of road cut tliroiiuli a fiu'cst : this marks the boundaries between Canada and the United Stales. Asif Island, 4 miles north vl' Rouse's Point, is consi- fI lered the foot of Lake Champlain. Here the Hiclielieu, or St. John's river, as the outlet of Lake Chaniplain is called, is about half a mile wide. Tlielandon both sides of the stream seems almost 1(.'\ el with the water, and presents this low and Hat surface fur many miles. Isi.n Aux Noix, situated in the Riciielieu river, 12 miles north of Rouse's Point, is the first steamboat land- ing after eulering Canada. Here is a strong fortification occupif I by IJiiiish troops, and con^mnnding the channel of the river. The American steamer is compelled to land at this jilace to lake on boarda custom house otficer, and lo show their permit as it returns. On the arri\al of the boat at St. John's, being us far as the river is naviga- ble for steamboats; the baggage of the passengers is subject to the inspection of custom houte ollicers, before being removed on shore; a duty being levied on such arli cles as are not allowed to eater fre(,'. St. John's, or Doiu iir,si'i:a, ].')7 miles from Wliilehall, is advantageously situated on the ^vest side of the Riche- lieu river, a bridge connecting it with Hie village of St. Anthanaise on the opposite shore. It is 23 miles north of the American line, 2-1 miles southeast of Montreal, and contains about 2000 inhabitants, 250 dwelling houses, a custom liouse and barracks for soldiers, 1 l'2piscoj)al, J 122 TOUB TO CANADA, ETC. I Roman Catholic, ani 1 Methodist churchj 10 hotels and taverns, of which Mann's, Morehouse's, and Mis. Wat son's are the most noted; 9 stores and 2 forwardin}? houses, 2 tanneries and a number of mechanics' shops of different kinds. The Chambly Cana/, extends from St. Sohn'sto Cham- bly, on the north west side of the Richelieu river, a dis- tance of 12 miles. It was completed in 1S43, at a cost of about $100,000. There are nine locks on this canal 120 feet long, 24 feet wide and 6 feet deep; lift 10 feet each, making a total descent of 90 feet in 12 miles. This canal was constructed by the Provincial govern- ment. It affords navigation for vessels of 100 tons burden between Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence river, thus furnishing an uninterrupted water communication from New- York to Quebec. The Champlain a:nl St. Lawrence Railroad extend- ing from St. John's to La Prairie on the St. Lawrence, a a distance of 15 miles, belongs to a joint stock company. It was completed in 1S26, at a cost of $200,000 including dep-'t buildings, locomotives, cars, &c. The road runs over a level section of country, and was constructed at a less sum than the estimated cost. The usual fare from St. John's to Montreal, is one dollar in first class cars; fifty cents in second class cars. At La Prairik, a convenient steam ferryboat convey* passengers to Montreal, a distance of 9 miles. The aspect of the St. Lawrence is truly grand and in- teresting, as you approach it on the south from St John's. Towar is the west is seen the Lachine rapids, one of the most dangerous on the river. Opposite Montreal it is 3 miles wide, embosoming the beautiful island of St. He- len, which is fortified and garrisoned by British troops. I TOUn TO CANADA, ETC. 123 hotels and Mis. VVal forwardin}? anics' shops I's to Cham- river, a (lis- 43, at a cost m this canal ; lilt 10 feet in 12 miles, cial ^ovcrn- ) tons burden renco river, nmunication oad extend, liawrence, a ;k company. )0 including road runs trucled at a fare from scars J fifty jat conveys nd and in- St John's, one of the treal it is 3 of St. He- ish troops. if! As yon approach Montreal by water, the city, ship- ping, an I u Iiarves are seen to greatadvantage. The lat- ter—the Avh:ifves — probably exceed any thing of the kind in .\merica, consisting of a range of massive and solid masonry e.xleu ling along the river for upwards of a mile. ^^ •»* For a des'^ription of Montreal, and other places in C.WAnv, see the Tour through Canada in the **PiCTURKsQ,UK Tourist." TABLE OF DISTANCES BETWEEN ALBANY AND MONTREAL, BY THE MOST DIRECT ROUTE. PLACES. Place to pbice. Albany, Troy, Whitehall, ........ Ticonderoga, Burlington, , Plattsburgh, Rouse's Point, . . . . , St. John's, Canada, Montreal, 6 66 24 5S 25 25 24 24 From Albany. 6 72 96 154 179 204 22S 252 From Montrcdl. 252 246 180 156 98 73 48 24 I ^ ' ! I I. M 124 TOUR TO CANADA, ETC. TABLE OF DISTANCES FROM MONTREAL TO QUEBEC, BY* Water. To Verennos, 15 Miles. William Hcnrij, 30 45 " Lake St. Pf'ter, S 53 " Sr'Francis, 30 83 " Three Rivers, 7 90 " St. Anne, 25 155 " Rifhdiou Riipids, 20 135 " Cape Santo, 15 150 " Cape Rouge, • 22 178 " Quebec, 8 180 " TABLE OF DISTANCES FROM MONTREAL TO KINGSTON. To Lachine, by stage 9 M Cascades, by steamboat, 24 33 Coteau du Lac, by stage, 16 49 Cornwall, by steamboat , 41 90 Dickinson's Landing, by canal, ... . 12 102 Ogdensburgh,or Prescoit, s/t«/;i6ouf, 3iS 140 Brockville, do. 12 152 liiNGSToN, do. 60 212 les. From Kingston to Toronto, by steamboat, 180 miles- To Niagara Falls, by Steamboat and Railroad; 50 miles further. Total distance from Montreal to Niagara Falls, 442 miles. : 7* ^1 NTREAL TO 15 Miles 30 45 8 53 30 83 7 90 25 155 20 135 15 150 22 178 8 180 * > • • NTREAL TO 9 Miles. 24 33 " 16 49 " A\ 90 " 12 102 " 38 140 " 12 152 " GO 212 " at, ISO miles- nd Railroad, GAR A Falls, I ^ ;-^fe o < o P4 CO (D g o td CO >^ .".;•, f:'p->\:. X. .< ■ y ',« J . ■"H ■f ,, ■If, ... isr rv.3j< ii^s m ■ ..^' ^•t"' ."^'- *lWI !V # ■'■■\ . WESTERN TOUK. ROUTKS FROM ALBANY AND TROY TO BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS. The first link of llie great chain of railroads connect- ing the n;i\ i^ablc waters of the If lulson with Lake Erie, is the Muhairk and Hudson Railroad. It was one ol" the first constructed raihoads in this slate, the company hav- ing been cliartcrcd in 1.S26. It extends from Albany to Schenccta \y, KJ miles, and passes over a tract of sandy land, covfrcd nearly the whole distance with a thick growth of stunted pines. Though at present barren anvl uninvitini,', this dis^trict is capable of being rendered fruit, ful and beautiful by judicious tillage; and at no extraor- dinary cost. The sand is everywhere underlaid, general- ly at no great depth, with clay; and at the bottoms of the ravines and basins, or rather bowls, with which the Trhole tract abounds ; are rich deposits of muck and a marly clay, which could be mixed with the sand at about as little cost as equal quantities of other manures, and would furnish precir>ely those ingredients which are now mostly deficient in the general soil. Tha few farms which skirt this tract, pre encouraging evidences of what the whole could be rendered, and if so rendered, there are few districts more beautiful than this would be. Its surface is agreeably varied, and from its general elevaticn, it commnnds a wide horizon, with distant prospects of universal beauty. The Schenectady and Troy Railroad, whic'^ has re- cently been put in operation, extends from the city of Troy to the city of Schenectady, on a line of 20 miles in :^.: 'f- i£s^'^-%' I ' ' i 126 WESTERN TOUn. length, and mal, an 1 derive;! its name from the fact that its foun- ders were nicmhcrs of (liircrcnt denominations, and prof- ferel its advantri<:jes in liscrltninritely to the followers, of every faith. Tlic i)uiMini^s consist of one stone anil two hrick cJilices, containing; i-,ccommoilations for the president anj professors and their families; 2 chapels, lecture and library root'is, 4 halls (or the meetinj? of literary socie- ties, an I dormitorits for students, of whom there are usually from 2(K) to .'iOO, from every section of the coun- try. Attache I to the institiilion, are about 250 acres of land, appropriated in part to groves for recreation and healtii. These are distin!:jushcd for beauty of feature and situation, and present great capability for improve- ment. The annual commencement takes place on the fourth Wednesday of July, after which there is a vaca- tion of six weeks. In addition to railroad carr.. commodious Canal Packet Boats, run daily during the opening of the canal, be- tween Sclienectady and Utica, adistance by this route of 80 miles, affording a cheap anrl comfortable mode of conveyance. On leaving Schenectady for Saratoga Springs, and for Ulica, the railroad tracks cross the Erie canal and Mo- hawk river by substantial bridges. If bound for the Springs, you procee 1 northward through an interesting region, passing on the way the village of Ballston Spa, an old and celebrated place of resort, and the terminus of the Rensselaer and Saratoj^a Railroad, whicli comes up from Troy. If bound to the west, your route is on the north side of the Mohawk, and your £rst halt is at th« village of 12 < WnSTKUN TOUIt, Amstkhdam, IT) inilf's iVoiu Sclionectady, anl con, noc'U'il by a loU-biiilgc vvitli Port Jackson on tlie oppo- siile of the river. Amstorilam fontairis about 1,700 inha- tunts, :tn 1 ill llio iinin(%Iialo vicinity arc annually quarried lar4?c ((uanlities of a line (jnality di' limestone, much used for the eonstruftion of locks an 1 (;urel large- ly in the early history cf this part of the country. SrnonAHiF, Ciikkk, a fine stream d(.'scen ling from the high lands away to the south, and towards the head wa- ters of the Delaware, enters the INTolur.vk in the midstof a broad tract of rich alluvial lanl, at the distance of 2,2 miles from t-lchenectady. On a sort of natural bastion in the an'^le between the creek an 1 the river, once stood Fort Unntcr, famous in old colonial times, in the transactions between the Indians and the white men, and its remains are still traceabk. Fonda, a pleasant village of recent date, and the coun- ty seat of Montgomery county, is 42 miles by railroad from Albany. It stands on the north side of the Mo- hawk, and opposite the village of Fulton vili.e, on the Erie canal. Johnstown, the county scat of Fulton county, lies 4 miles north of the Pilohawk river, and 45 miles from AK bany. This is an old and interesting place, containing about 1,000 inhabitants. It was originally founded by Sir William Johnson, whose residence, built of lime- stone, is still Stan rg about one mile west of the village. A daily line of stages runs from Johnstown to Fonda WKSTEIlIf TOUR. 129 conn(!cliii<,' \vUh tiie curs on Ihe Ulicu ami Sclicnectady Iluilrotbl. To llic nmlli ol' JolinL'lowu nml some 'M) miles distant lies the comity ol" Hamilton, being lor tlic nio>«t part Qft unsettle. I Avilderness of iireat extent. This ret^ion of country abounls ^vill> laUes iunl streanis richly stored with tioiit an I other iish of line llavor, thtr most fre- (luente I r ing pnipoilics nnsiirpuf'he.l, nir.l believe, I to be uiiecmiilled ill the Unitf I Ftates. From (I cerlilirate of n roreiit analysis iiiiule for the proprii'liir o*' these Spriinjs l)y one oC tlir most eminent , cheini>(s in this countiy, (Dr. Chilton of N«;w- Yorii.) the folluwing results huvu bccu ubtuinuJ iVuiii one gallon of the water; iiraina. Siilpliatc of Magnesia, 42.40 Kulpliate ol" liiiiie, lll.-'!2 ( iiiori'lc ot' So'liiiin, 2.2-1 t'hloride ol Maijjac^sium, 2.40 llylrosulphurct of Soiimm, i Hylrosiilpliuret tJlCakiiini, > ... 2. 28 Vegetuble exlriclive inutter, ) Tolul strains, 1()().94 SulphurctlCii My. I rot; en Uas, IG cubic inches. Cooi'KR.sTowN, althou£;h o/l' from the great line of t;avei, east ami west, is well worthy of a visit. It is 66 miles west of the city of Albany, byst.T^'c route, and most delightfully situated on a plain at the outlet of Otsego Lake, this beinij the chief source of the Susquehanna river. No inlan:l village in the Union, probably excels Coopcrstown in elegance of situation and beauty of sur- roun;!ing scenery. Otsego Laki' v*. the immediate vicini- ty, is a most beautiful sheet *A' water, abounding in trout and bass, celebrated for their |»»'»-uliar Havor. RiciiFiEMi Sprtn'os, •!!> mil*"!* from Albany, is situated near the head nf Canaderaga Isi.e. Here is a celebrated sulphur spring, which is» mu. > re*ort»*d to by invalids, and is noted for the cure of cut leous disorders. WKBTKiiN Torn. 131 FoiiT Pr.AiN, 57 iriilcs fVf in All any I y rnilt(n»l route, on llic s«)iitli siJi' ofil.c iMiilmuk ri\«'r, is siiiiutdl (n the line ol' llic I'.iic cuiimI; il w.-itj incoiptratL';! in |s;{l, und now cutiluiiis iib(;ul 1, U;() inliuhiiiiiits. A duily line of stages run litnu this i»!ncc to Clirrry-S alley, C'copcrs- town, iinl Shurcn Springs in ISrliol'.nric' county. Paj-atink CmiKii. <;() miles lioni Albany, is sur- rouH.lcl by ii small sctllrment. • JSaint .lortiNsvn.i.i;, (I'.i miles fri.m All;atiy antl 31 t'rcn\ Utica, is sitiiated on the ncrlli side (d" iLe iMijluiw Iv. en the line (d' the I'tica und ^Jelicucctudy Uuilicud; il cuiilains about 300 inliahitants. Kast Canaca Cur.KK, enters the Mohawk river 3 mik'b wr.'t ol' t-t. .l(dins\ille. 'I Lis tiicnm fi,i u consi- deral/le (li^liinte I'orins tie l)( un.Iary line bdwccn the counties ol' IMoril'^eniory and IlerKiuicr. Lii.i.i.v. J'Ar.i.s, Ileikimer county, is f-dtuf.ted en both hides (d' the Moliawk, 73 miles vves-t of the city ol' Alba- ny. It was first inciMporafrl in ISJl^ and amended in IS27; it now contains abcul 4,jOO inhabitants, 300 dwel- ling lioe.scs, 1 I'resbjtii 11 1 Episccpul, 1 Baptist, 1 Method i>t, and 1 Ucm^T, c atholic church ; a large and bea'tiful academy bu^i'Jan^^ u baiiking house, 5 hotels, bad taverns, 30 stocvs and groceries, 2 printing ollices, tog^lli.i'r with almoi every ether kind cl' mechanic work shops; and the \ likicc is rapidly improving in pcpulution and business. 1\ e MiJmwk river here falls, in the dis- tance of half a ruilo, about 42 feet alfdrding hydraulic power to a larc:e extent, only a small portii-n of which is at present occiipieil tor manufacturing purposes. There are now erected and in operation, 1 extensive wrcd^cn fac- tory, with new and improved machinery, 3 paper mills, 3 iiouriug mills, 2 saw mills, 1 plubter mill, 1 Uip hami- 132 WKSTKUN TO ITU. mor woiKs, 1 runnrcs, 1 murliitu" shop, 1 «lislillcry, I browcry, I sash Ciiclory, nnl 1 fulliim mill. Tliis pl.u'c iin I vicinity is justly r('lti)iiilc I for its wild «nil rommilif sciMitMy, nud is nvuch rcsoilrd to l>y Ihn admirns o(" uiilmc iiii I ml. The i;;ap Ix'twccu lln- iikmjii- tains, through \\l>ich tlic river has JippiU'cutly worn lor itsrir a passaiii', tluni'_;h roiilincd, is still of liicadth BUlluMrnl to allorl room lor a large town. 1 lie rock at lh«' river ImvI is primitive* ixi"i>ili«' gneiss, very liard hut is readily (jiinrrie I and l>rol\(>n into Imilding stone. Ahovo this, on the ujonntnin sides, lies the sand ro«*lv, and still higluM", at the top. are extensive heds of Idue limestone; great (luantilies (»l whii-ii have l>een iised in eonstrneling the h)cks, and lor I)nil ling, for coping, an I for Magging. Through this gorge passes the I'.rie canal, on the south side of the river; and the I'tica and Schenectady Hailromi and the iNlohawU turnpiUe on 11h> ninth. It is the gate- wny through which the proilnct and trav(d of the vast west must of necessity pass to tide water. .An a(ineduct crosses the !Moha\vk at this plac(>, communicating with a feeder on the north side cd'the river, and is a fine specimen of masonry. A daily line of stages runs between Little Falls an 1 Trenton I'alls, and several mail routes north and south branch olf at this place. Wkst C.vnap.v Cukkk, enters the Mohawli river, 5 miles west of liittlo Falls. Its whole length is about (JO miles from its sources, in the wilds of Hamilton county. It is a romantic an I lovelystream, and abounds with tine trout. About 20 miles from its mouth are situated Tren- ton Falls, being on the border of *!ie town of the same name in Oneida county. The village ol' Hhrkimkh, 79 miles from Albany, is handsomely situated in the valley of the Mohawk on the north side of the river. It was incorporated in 1807, and ^sa. Wr-NTKHN TOirn. 133 llrry, I ils wiW » by thr i> ii\ miles east of I'tioa, is also situated on the line o/' the I'-rie eaiial, and contains about 500 inhal)itants. 'J'liK Vvv\ ov Utica, situa1(!d on the south side of the Mohawk river, is on the site of old /'or/ i^chinjhr, 93 miles west of the city of Ail)any. It was chartered in 1S;{2, and is now divided into four wards, and i,'overncd by a coniM'.fiii council, consisting of a mayor and 12 alder- men. Ill ISIO, it contained 12,S10 inhabitants, about 1. ()()() dxvellinu; house's, 1} Presbyterian churches, 1 Re- formed Dutch, 2 l^iiiscopal, A I^aplist, 3 Methodist, 2 Catholic, 1 I'niversalist, and 1 African church, and 1 Friends meetinc; house ; 1 I'roteslant and 1 Catholic orphan asylum ; 1 public marl et, 4 bankin?: houses and 1 gavin!:['s bank ; 1 mutual insurance company; 2 incorpo- rated academies, one for males and the other for females; 134 ■WESTERN TOUR. a museum locate 1 in the Exchanj^e buiUin^; 1 public gar.lo;i ; 15 hot'jls aril tavern^., basiJes several extensive private boar.lin;^ houses. The July term of the supreme court of the state, the several terms of the vice-chancel- lor's court for the fifth circuit, one term of the United States district court for the northern district of the state of New- York, an 1 one term of the circuit court for the county of Onei.la, are hoi Jen in Utica. The office of one of the clerk's of the supreme court, that of the clerk in chancery for the fifth circuit, of the clerk of the Unitetr Ifetates court, an! of the clerk of the county of Oneida, are located in this city. The New- York State Lunatic Jlsijlum,sil\ivitel on some- what elevate 1 ground, about one mile west of the centre of Utica, is a noble anl imposing structure. The finished building c!in accommodate upwards of 200 patients. This humane estal)!ishment is calculated for the reception of all insane persons in the state, whose frienls or c ..oty authorities may apply in their behalf. The probable ex- penditure of the state, will be above half a million of dollars to complete the design of the four buildings, as contemplate 1 by the commissioners appointed by the state autliorities. There were, according to the census of 1840, 3,973 lunatics in the state. In a:l lition to the Erie canil which passes through the centre of the city, the Chenango canal commences at this pla:e, anl ter.iiinates at Binghaniton, in Broome county; tlie. Utica anl Schenectaly Railroad anl the Syra- cuse an J Utina Railroal unite at this point, forming two of the principal links in the great chain of railroads, which are completed between the cities of Boston, Al- bany and Buiialo. M i ■i t^BSTKRN TOUR. 135 Tl.o city ofUtica is surrounJed by oneof tlie finest and richest agricultural and manufacturing districts in the Union, anl is a wealthy anJ flourisliing place of business. The Erie canal through the city has been wiJeneJ to 70 and deepened to 7 feet, and presents a fine appearance from the several beautiful and well constructed bridges which span its brcaJth. Before the canal was widened, the several bridges were miserable looking structures, so low that boats could but just pass beneath. But now they are raised some six feet higher than formerly, and are really ornaments to the city. The principal hotels in Utica are chiefly situated on Genesee-street, of which the following are the most noted ; Bag»?:'s; Hotel or Bleecker House ; American Hotel; Franklin ll National Temperance House, and the McGregor ; . .» ,t. on Wliitesboro'-?lrect. Several daily lines of stages run from Utica, north and south. The following are the arrangements for 1844, or during the summer months : 1. An accommodation coach leaves Utica daily, (Sun- day's excepted,) at 8 o'clock, A. M. for Denmark, 62 miles north, where passengers can remain over night and take a stage next morning for Watertown and Sackett's Harbor, or for Ogdensburgh. 2. The U. S. mail coach leaves daily at 1^ P. M. or on the arrival of the cars from Albany, and proceeds directly through to Watertown and Sackett's Harbor, and via Den- mark to Ogdensburgh. 3. A stage leaves at 1|P. M. fa ^inghamton, 94 miles, and connects with stages running to Owego and Mon- trose, Pennsylvania. 4. A stage leaves daily, (Sunday's excepted,) at 8 A.M., for Hamilton, connecting with a canal packet boat for Binghamton. 5. A stage leaves daily for Cooperstown, 44 miles. ^, 136 WESTERN TOtJR. II i 6. A stage leaves every Monday, Wednesday and Fri- day, at li P. M. for Ithaca, 96 miles. 7. A stagf' aves daily, (Sundnys excepted,) at 8 A. M. for New ijerlin, and connecting with a stage running to Mt. Pleasant, Pennsylvania. 8. A stage leaves daily, (Sundays excepted.) at l^P. M. for Augusta, via Clinton. Extras can at all times be obtained by those who wish to visit Trenton Falls, or any of the places off the reg^ lar stage routes. Trenton Falls, 18 miles northeast from Utica, and on the Weit Canada creek, in the town of Trenton, are among the most remarkable scenes in our country. The wild, secluded, and primeval aspect of the place serves greatly to heighten the effect of the striking spectacle pre- sented by the stream ; and the whole is so deeply embo- somed in the primitive forest that no token of the long and deep gorge through which the waters rush, is visible till you are on its very brink. Within a distance of about 2 miles there are ro less than six distinct cascades, inter- changing with rapids as picturesque as the falls them- selves. The first fall, beginning up stream, is called the Upper Falls, and has a descent of about 20 feet. The river then dashes along its rocky bed about a mile, with a des- cent, in that distance, of about 20 feet more, to tlie second falls, called The Cascadts. A little further down you come to the third fall, called the Mill-dam, from the regu- larity and smoothness of the ledge of rock, about 20 feet high, over which the waters pour. About 10 rods more, bring you to the High Falls. At this place the volume of the stream is separated, by rifts in the rock, into three distinct cataracts, having a perpendicular pitch of more than 100 feet. Here the chasm has become very deep, :.l A WESTERN TOUR. 137 and Fri» ) at 8 A. running ) atliP. who wish the reg^ tica, and enton, are Llry. The lace serves ^ctaclepre- [;ply embo- f the long I, is visible ce of about tics, inter- falls them- the Vlf\)ir The river with a des- the second down you mlhercgu- lout 20 feet rods more, the volume into three ich of more very deep, and the high wooded banks and cliiTs ot bare rock on each side combine with the cataracts to make a spectacle of wild and savage grandeur. About 70 rods further down you come to the fifth, or Sherman'n Falls, having a dt^scent of nearly 40 feet, from the foot of which the stream pours along a less rapidly descending bed to the sixth, or Conrad's Falls, a pitch of some 15 or 20 feet, am. soon after, the river, escaping from the deep and dark ravine, flows onward between more sunny banks and through a softer landscape. The chasm for the whole distance, is cut through a vast mass of lime-rock, which abounds with organic re- mains ; and the path which the tourist must take, if he would obtain any adequate conceptions of the scene, is along a narrow shelf of rock near the foot of the high and in some places overhanging precipice, and on the immediate verge of rushing waters. This shelf is so narrow in several places, and so perilous, that it has been found necessary to guard it with a chain supported by iron standards let into the rock ; though sad to say, this safe-guard was not furnished, till two inter- esting young females had been lost in the terrible flood. The entire descent of the stream, from the top of the Upper Falls to the foot of Conrad's Falls, is stated at 312 feet. The village of Whitesborough, 3^ miles westof Utica, is situated on the south side of the Mohawk river. This is one of the oldest white settlements in this section of countiy, and has long been celebrated as a pleasant and attractive place of residence, being surrounded by fertile lands settled by an intelligent and wealthy communi- ty. It was incorporated in 1813, and now contains about 1,800 inhabitants, many of whom are engaged in manu- facturing pursuits ; and it embraces within its corporate K 138 WESTERN TOUR. H ■ if limits, a settlement called Yorkville, located on Sada- quada creek, one of the most valuable mill streams in the slate. Okiskany, 7 m." west of Utica, is a large manufac- turing place, site ^i* on the Oriskany creek, near its junction with the Mohawk river. It contains about 1,200 inhabitants, 200 dwelling houses, 2 churches, 4 public houses, 4 stores, and 2 large factory buildings, belonging to the " Oriskany Manufacturing Company," which an- nually manufacture into broad cloths and cassimeres about 200,000 pounds of wool, giving employment to about 150 men, women and children. The buildings, grounds and machinery of this establishment cost $200,000. It was here that the battle of Oriskany was fought, one of the bloodiest, in proportion to the numbers engaged, during the whole war of our Revolution, and in which Gen. Herkimer, of German Flats, lost his life. He was on his way with about 800 of the militia of the Mohawk Valley, to the relief of the garrison at Fort Stanwix, when at Oriskany, a deadly fire was opened on him and his corps, by a body of British regulars, tories, and Indians, from an ambuscade in a narrow ravine. The Americans were completely surrounded, but the gallant Herkimer and his brave compatriots maintained the fight for near six hours. Herkimer received his mortal wounds early in the fight, but he kept the field, seated on his saddle placed on a hillock, which gave him a view of the con- test, and from which he calmly issued his orders to the last. This was on the 6th of August, 1777. The village of Rome, 14 miles west of Utica, is situa- near the head waters of the Mohawk, end on the line of the Erie canal, where it is intersected by the Black River Canal Feeder. It was incorporated in 1819, and is a half-shire town with Whitesboro* for Oneida county j it 1^ I -9 ■WESTERN TOUR. 139 in Sada- reams in nanufac- near its 3ut 1,200 4 public lelonging irhich an- res about ibout 150 unds and ught, one engaged, in which He was Mohawk ix, when and his Indians, jnericans erkimer for near ds early is saddle the con- rs to the I is situa- le line of tfc River land is a inty; it 'contains about 2,500 inhabitants, 350 dwelling houses i a court-house and jail; 6 churches, 1 bank, 25 stores, be- sides 1 cotton factory, 1 flouring mill, 1 saw mill, 1 brew- ery and 1 blast furnace. Here is located a United States arsenal ; and a number of work shops. This place stands on the site of old Fort Stanwix, which was an important military post during the Revolutionary and French wars. Owing to its natural and artificial advantages, this village is fast increasing in wealth and numbers. Oneida Dj:p6t, 27 miles west of Utica, and 26 from Syracuse, is a new settlement where the train of passen- ger cars usually stops some 10 or 15 minutes. One or two miles south of the depot is the incorporated village of Oneida Castle, near which resides a remnant of the Oneida tribe of Indians numbering about 300 souls. Wampsville, 3 miles further west, is a small settle- ment through which passes the Syracuse and Utica rail- road. Canastota, 32 1 west of Utica by railroad, and on the Erie canal, was incorporated in 1835, and now contains about 800 inhabitants. Chittenango, 39 miles west of Utica, by railroad, is situated one mile south of the Erie canal, with which it is connected hy a side-cut. It contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 180 dwelling houses, 3 churches, 3 taverns, 10 stores, 1 woollen factory, 1 flouring mill, and 2 large factories for the manufacture of water lime, which is found in this vicinity and is extensively used on the di^erent public works of the state and for other purposes. There is a sulphur spring one mile south of the village of Chittenango, of which the fol- owing is an analysis, by Dr. Lewis C. Beck. Temperature 49" F.; specific gravity 1.00341. I i I ■' j I l! 140' WESTERN TOUR. The following is the composition of a pint of the water : Grains. Carbonate of lime, 0.88 Sulphate of Soda, 1 . 66 Sulphate of lime and magnesia, 12.75 Chloride of Sodium 0. 14 Organic matter, traces. Total, 15.43 Besides sulphuretted hydrogen, the water contains a small portion of carbonic acid gas. The village of Cazenovia, is situated on the Cherry Valley turnpike, about 10 miles south of the Erie canal, 118 miles from Albany. It was incorporated in 1810, and now contains about 1,600 inhabitants, 250 dwelling houses, and 4 churches of different denominations. Here is situated the Oneida Seminary, a theological institution sustained by the Methodist denomination of this and the neighboring states. Cazenovia Lake, is a small but beautiful sheet of water, in the town of the same name. It is 4 miles long by i mile in width, abounding in different kinds of fish. The village of Manlius, a few miles south of the Erie canal, is a thriving place. Manlius Centre is on the Erie canal, near the line of the Syracuse and Utica rail- road. Syracuse, 53miles west of Utica, and 146 from Albany by railroad route, is situated on the line of jhe Erie canal, where it unites with the Oswego canal, one mile and a half south of Onondaga lake. It was incorporated in 1825, and now contains about 7,500 inhabitants, 900 dwelling houses, 8 churches of different denominations, 10 hotels and taverns, and an incorporated academy, 2 banking houses a court-house and jail and county clerk's office. WESTERN TOUR. 141 Syracuse and its vicinity, is celebrated for the immense quantity of salt which is annually made from the brine springs belonging to the state. No town in Western New- York, is no more rapidly increasing in wealth and numbers than this place. The traveller on going west from Syracuse to Roches- ter, has the choice of three modes of conveyance, viz: either by railroad, 105 miles, by canal packet, distance 99 miles ; or by canal packet to Oswego and thence by steamboat to the mouth of the Genesee river, distance 104 miles. In addition to the Erie canal, which passes through the centre of Syracuse, the Oswego canal commences at this point and terminates at the village of Oswego, connect- ing the Erie canal with Lake Ontario. The Syracuse and Utica and Auburn and Syracuse Railroads, unite in this place, opening a direct communication east and west, and a channel of trade with all the places on Lake Onta- rio and Canada. Geddes is an incorporated village 2 miles west of Syra- cuse, on the Erie canal, and within the bounds of the Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation. The most consider* able business of the place is the manufacture of salt. The village of Salina, in the town of the same name, is situated near the east end of Onondaga lake, 2 miles north of Syracuse. It was incorporated in 1824, and now contains about 2,600 inhabitants. Salina has long been celebrated for its valuable saline springs. Here are now yearly manufactured large quantities of fine salt, which finds a ready market in this and the western states, and Canada. Liverpool is another village principally engaged in the manufacture of salt. It stands near the northeast- ; I . ! 112 WESTERN TOUR. erly Bhorc of Onondaga lake, and on the Oswcpc caTiol' about 5 miles from Syracuse. It contains about 1,001) inhabitants. Syracuse, Salina, Liverpool, and Geddes, are all inclu ded in the town of Salina and within the limits of the Onondaga Salt Springs Rcscrvotion ; and though the original llcaervation included a much larger extent of *urface than is occupied by these villages, yet these are the only portions of it within which the making of salt is carried on ; the state having sold to private citizens the whole of the Reservation not included within these vil- lages, as well as a very large part of what is included within their bounds. Salt was first made on this tract at Salt Point, near thu margin of Onondaga lake and within the bounds of Sa- lina village. The manufacture, in very trifling quanti- ties, at that point, was carried on by the Indians prior to the appearance of any white man among them, as it was by the white men also, at a very early period of their settlement in that vicinity. The earliest systematic ar- rangments, so far as records show, for making salt, to any important extent, at that place, date as far back as 1787, when works were erected which produced 10 bush- els daily — a very insignificant quantity when compared with the present extent and productiveness of the works on the Reservation. The total quantities made in the several villages men- tioned, and the aggregate during the year 1843, is shown in the following statement made up from the last annual report of the State Superintendent and Inspector to the Legislature pursuant to law. WBSTURM TOUn. 143 Total quantity of sr ft, fine and coarse, inspected on the Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation, in the year 1843. Snlina, 1,203,138.00 ^^yracuse, 973,821.32 Liverpool, 675,206. 18 Geddes, 27.'),334.ij5 Aggregate, 3,127,500.05 Of this aggregate, 2,732,863.43 bushels were of the kind called fine salt ; 318,105.34 bushels were of coarse salt; and 76,531.28 bushels were of the description called dairy salt. The fine salt, which is so called from the small size of its crystals, is produced by the agency chiefly of artificial heat, and the process of evaporation is carried on by boiling the brine in large iron kettles. The coarse salt is produced exclusively by evaporation in the open air. It is sometimes termed solar salt, and the crystals are large. This salt is the purest muriate of soda known to com- merce. The dairy salt is so called from the particularly neat and convenient manner in which it is prepared and boxed for use in dairies. The state of New- York, as the proprietor of these salines, receives a duty of six cents a bushels on all the salt inspected on the Reservation; and the works are erected under written leases of the ground for specific terms of years, for making the fine salt ; and under li- censes somewhat of the chrracter of conditional grants, for making the coarse salt ; but both are gratuitous, the duty being substituted for rent. I 144 WESTKUN TOUR. The village of Oswego, 3S miles north of Syracuse, by canal route, is situated on both siiles of the Oswego river, at its entrance into Luke Ontario, It is a port of entry, was incorporated in 182S, and now contains about 4,500 inhabitants, 500 dwelling houses, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist and 1 Catholic church, besides a Bethel congregation, a custom-house, a court- house, 1 banking house, an insurance company, an in- corporated academy and a (emnle seminary. The num- ber of vessels which arrive and depart from this port an- nually is very great J there being owned at this place alone G steamboats and 70 schooners, averaging about 100 tons burthen, besides a large number of cunal boats. The harbor is capacious and safe, being protected by two large stone piers, constructed by the United States Go- vernment. On the end of the west pier is situated a light- house ; about half a mile above is a bridge extending across the river, 600 feel in length. An extensive for- warding business is done at this place by means of lake, river and canal navigation ; daily lines of steamboats for the conveyance of passengers run between Oswego, Sackctt's Harbor, Kingston, and Ogdensburgh, on the north ; and Rochester, Toronto, and Lewiston, on the west. Connected with the above line of steamboats are railroads cars, canal packet lines and stages. During the winter months daily lines of stages run from Oswego northeast to Sackett's Harbor, Watertown and Ogdens- burgh, east to Rome and Utica, south to Syracuse, south- west to Auburn, and west to Rochester. At Oswego there are several well kept public houses. The Oswego House, on the east side of the river, and the United States Hotel, and the Welland House, on the west side, are the most frequented by pleasure travellers. The promonotory on the east side of the Oswego river, at its mouth, has been ceded lo the United States Govern- WBftTlORir TOUR. 146 ment, and on it is situated old Fort Ontario, which has recently underi^one extensive ropnirs, affording protection to the harbor and village of Oswego. A writer makes the fuUowinq remarks in relation to this important mill* tary position : — "This ancient work is within the pre* cints of our village, situated on the right bank of the Oswego river at the point ofconfluence w ith Lake Ontario. It was one of the old northwestern posts, the continued occupation oJ which by the British, after the peace of '83, caused so much indignation on the part of the Govern* ment nn I the people of the United States, during the period of the Washington administration. It was evacu* ated by Col. Grant, in 1795. The works, including the glacis and outposts, were extensive, and very considera- ble remains of them exist. Old Fort Oswego, which was situated on the left bank of the river, immediately opposite, is completely levelled and occui)icd by ware- houses and manufactories, a ship yard and marine rail- way. It is a matter of much satisfaction that the care of the Government is at last extended to Fort Ontario. In connexion with the navigation of Lake Ontario and the communications with the interior of the state and the Hudson river, it is probably the most important military position on the northern frontier." Sackett's Harbor, about 50 miles north of Oswego, and distant 35 miles from Kingston, Canada; possesses one of the best and most secure harbors on La'.c Onta> rio, being situated on Black River Bay, 12 miles below the village of Watertown. It was an important naval and military station during the last war with Great Bri- tain, where now lays a large vessel under cover. Madi- son Barracks, garrisoned by United States troops, is handsomely situated near the landing, being in full vievr from the water. I 14; I i \:j ,1 146 WESTERN TOUR. The village was incorporated in 1814, and now con* tains about 2,000 inhabitants. An hydraulic canal ex* tends from Black river near Watertown, to this place, on which are erected several mills and manufacturing estab- lishments. Watertown, is advantageously situated on the south side of Black river, a few miles above its entrance into Black river bay. The water power of this place is very great, and there is now a large amount of capital invest- ed in mills and in different kinds of manufacturing estab- lishments, where hydraulic power is used. The village was incorporated in 1831, and now contains about 4,000 inhabitants ; a court-house and jail ; a state arsenal ; 7 churches ; 3 banking houses ; 8 hotels and taverns, and 50 or 60 stores of different kinds town daily for Utica, 82 miles distant. Stages leave Water- Pi^n Lake Ontaric, the most eastern of the great chain of Lakes of North America, is 180 miles in length, and 60 miles in extreme breadth ; being about 485 miles in cir- cumference. The boundary line between the British Pos- sessions and the United States runs through the middle of the lake and so continues down the St. Lawrence to the 45th degree of north latitude, where the river enters Canada. This lake is navigable throughout its whole extent for vessels of the largest size ; and it is said to be, in some places upwards of 600 feet in depth. Its surface is eleva- ted 231 feet above the Atlantic, and lies 334 feet lower than Lake Erie, with which it is connected by the Niaga- ra river and by the Welland canal in Canada. It has also been proposed to construct a ship canal on the American side. The trade of Lake Ontario, from the great exten^ si' now con- canal ex- place, on ng estab- the south mce into ce is very a I invest- ing estab- le village )out 4,000 rsenal ; 7 rerns, and re Water- WKSTBRN TOUB. 147 ,t chain of |h, and 60 lies in cir- itish Pos- Ihe middle (Bce to the er enters 3Xtent for I, in some is eleva- »et lower le Nia ga- it has also Lmerican Ut exten^ of inhabited country surrounding it, is very considerable , and is rapidly increasing. Many sail vessels and splen- did steamers are employed in navigating its waters, which owing to its great depth never freezes, except at the sides, where the water is shallow ; so that its navigation is not so effectually interrupted by ice as some of the other large lakes. The most important places on the Canadian or British side of Lake Ontario, are Kingston, Coburg, Toronto, Hamilton, and Niagara; on the Ame- rican shore, the villages of Sackett'is^ Harbor, Oswe- go, and Charlotte or Port Genesee. This lake is con- nected with the navigable waters of the Hudson river, by means of the Oswego and Erie canals. It receives numerous streams, both from the Canadian and the Ame- rican sides, and abounds with a great variety of fish of an excellent flavor. The bass and salmon in particular, have a high reputation and are taken in large quantities. The passage across Lake Ontario in calm weather is most agreeable. At times both shores are hidden from view, when nothing can be seen from the deck of the vessel but an abyss of waters. The refractions which some- times take place in summer, are exceedingly beautiful. Islands and trees appear turned upside down ; and the white surf of the beach, translated aloft, seems like the smoke of artillery blazing away from a fort. The Bay of Quinte, on the north shore, in Canada, is a beautiful- ly winding and picturesque sheet of water. It is navi- gable for about 80 miles, and on its borders, are several flourishing settlements. 148 WESTERN TOUR. I !t,i SUMMER ARRANGEMENT, FOR 1844. Packet Boats running between Syracuse and Oswego^ Distance 38 miles. — Usual time 7 hours. — Fare $1.50. Fare through from Syracuse to Niagara Falls by this route $4.50, (including meals,) by Canal Packet Boat and Steamboat. Packet boat Rochester, Capt. Wm. D. Stewart. " " Liberty, '* Francis Rood. The above boats form two daily lines, leaving both places at 7^ A. M. and 7 P. M.j connecting with steam* boats on Lake Ontario. LAKE ONTARIO ROUTE. Daily Line (Sundays excepted,) bettoeen Lewiston and Ogdensburgh. » Steamer Lady of the Lake, Capt. J. J. Taylor, *' Rochester, " H. N. Throop, *' St. Lawrence, " J. Van Cleve, " Oneida, " R. F Child, Will run daily, (Sundays excepted,) between Lewiston and Ogdensburgh, touching at the intermediate Canadi* an and American ports, as follows : downwards. Leave Lewiston, daily, except Saturdays, at 3 P. M. Rochester, " " " at 11 P.M. Oswego, " except Sundays, at 8 A. M. Sackett's Harbor, " " at 12 M. Kingston, " " at 4 P. M. Arriving at Ogdensburgh in the afternoon in time for the daily steamboats for Montreal, which run in connec- tion with this line. upwards. Leave Ogdensburgh, laily, except Sundays, at 8 A. M. - " " " at 5 P.M. at 9 P. M. at 11 A. M. at 6 P. M. ate A. M. <( Kingston, SacketVs Harbor, " Oswego, " Rochester, Toronto, " And arrive at Lewiston at 10 o'clock A. M. in time for the cars for Niagara Falls and Buffalo. n WESTERNT TUUK. 149 Travellers taking this route west, will have an oppor- tunity to view by daylight Queenston Heights, and Brock's Monument ; the beautiful scenery of the Niagara, and at its mouth the British and American Forts ; on going north from Oswego to Sackett's Harbor, Kingston andOgdensburgh, affords the interesting view of the St. Lawrence with its Thousand Islands. wiston and LIST OF AMERICAN STEAMBOATS, Built and running on Lake Ontario, .since their first introduction in 1816. When i:^ . — -T^ :j~, — K. built. Name. Tons 400 Where built. Remarks. 1816 Ontario, - - - - Sackett's Harbor, Broken up. 1818 .Sophia, - - . - 75 u n Broken up. 1823 Martlia O^den, - 150 u u Lost in 1832. law Brownville, - - 150 Brownville, - - Ch'ed to Wm. Avery. 1831 Charles Carroll , - 100 Sackett's Harbor, Changed to America. laii Paul Pry, - - - 50 Ogdensbui-gh, - Broken up. 1832 United States, - 4.50 u Laid up. 1833 Black Hawk,* - 200 French Creek, - Laid up. la-M O.swego, - - - 400 Oswego, - - - Used as a timber ship. 1836 Oneida, - - - - 300 Oswego, . - - Lewistonto OgdensTi. 1837 Teleijraph, - ■ 200 Dexter, • . - Oswego to Kingston. 1K18 John Marshall, - 60 Lake Erie, - - Runs fr. S. Harbor. ia3<) St. Lawrence, - 4.'J0 Oswesro, - - - Lewiston to Ogdens'h ia39 Express, - - - 1.50 Poultneyville, - Rochester to Kingston 1841 Geort'e Clinton, - 100 Oswego, - . - U tl 1841 President, • - - 60 " ... Runs from Oswego. 1842 l.adyoftheLake, 425 " ... Lewiston toOgdeno^. 1843 Uocliester, • • - 400 " - . . a u 1841 1842 1842 1843 Vnndalia, - Cliicago, 0..!wego, j New- York, ERICSSON PROPELLERS. 150 1.50 (( u 1.50 150 Oswego, Oswego to Chicago. * Now named Dolphin, and owned in Canada. 150 WESTERN TOUR. LIST OF IJIUTISII STEAMBOATS, lUIILT AND RUNNING OW LAKE ONTAlllO. n Wlieu 1 ^^— built. Namb. Tons 701) Wiere built. Remarks. 18 IC i Fnmtt'nac, - - - Ki itf'^ioi, - - - Broken up. 1817 Cliarlolte, - • - 150 'fc» ... Broken up. 1819 I)alli()usi«^ - - • ;J50 P, SCI ;t, . - - Broken up. 1824 iTonmto, - - - 200 T«»ronto, . - - Broken up. 1821 Quecniiton, • - 350 Queenston, . - Broken up. 182r. (-'iiniula, • - - 250 Toronto, - . - Broken up. 1825 Nia!,'ara, - • - 400 Urockville, - . Broken up. 1828 Alciopo, - - - 4.50 Niagara, - - - Broken up. 1829 SirJaniosKi^inpt, -M) Kin;r.ston, - - . Broken up. 1S30 Gri>at Hrilaiii, - - 7(X) Pre.scott, - . - Broken up. lail Inxniojs, - - - ion Broken U|>. |8;}2 Joliti Bv, - - - 100 Kinj;.ston, - . - Broken up. 18.J2 William 4tli, - - 4.'0 (;aiiano(|iic, . - Tow boat. 18.J2 Transit, .... :u) O.ikville, . . - Toronto to LewisUjn l8Il;i Briiannia, - - - 200 Kinji.slon, . . - Laid up. 18:33 Col)ur£f, - - - 500 (^obiirij, - . - Laid up. 18;};} Kinnslon, • - - 200 Kingston, - . - Bay of Quintn. iai3 Brockville, - • - ■.im Brockville, - Bay of UuiMte. 1834 Com, Barric, - - 275 Kiuif.-^ton, - - - Lost in 1M12 1834 Union, . - - • 300 O.ikvill.', - - - KioKston to Hamilton la-w S(. Goorgo, - - - 400 Kini^.-JtoM, - - - L;ii 1 up. I8;i7 Sir llobort Peol, ;j.-)0 Brockville, - - Destroyed in 1838. 1R37 Goro, - - - . 200 Niai.ara, - - - (Jobourjf to Hochester. 1838 Queen Victoria, • 200 « . . . Ifamillon to Lcwislon. 1839 HonryGililcrsleve 2."^) Kinjii^ton, . . . Kinjj'n to Cot. du Lac. 1839 Ontario,' • - - 300 Nia'j;ara, - . - 1840 Hiulilander, - - :3oo Coteau (In Lar, - KiiiR'n 10 Cot. du Lat, 1840 Albion, - - - - 200 Brockville, . - Bay of (iiiiiile. 1»10 Amnrica, - - - 300 Niaijara, - - - Toronto to Roeliostcr. I&IO Ciiy of Toronto, 500 '" . . . Kiuiislon to Toronto. 1840 Sovereiijn.t - - 475 " . . . Kinsston to Toronto. 1841 Princess Royal, 500 " . . . Kinsrston to Toronto. 1&41 Canada,- - - - 4.50 Pre.scott, - - - Kin-j'n to C/ot. du Lac. 1841 Frontetiac, - - - 200 Kinifston, - . . Bay o( Qiiinte. 1841 Sir Charles, - - 200 " . . . Toronto to Hamilton. 1842 Prince of Wales, 200 " . . . Bay of Qiiinte. 1842 1 Admiral, - - - 4lH» Niagara, - - • Toronto to Roch<^ster 1842 I Ch. Jus. Robinson 400 i( . . . Toronto to Lewi>!ton. imi 1 ITr-Kllau don K . . . Toronto to Hamilton lc«0 |uCll[iS", - - - - BRITISI I GOVERNMENT VE' j;SELS. 18.35 Traveller, - . . 350 Niasrara, - • - 18:38 Experiment, • - l.-)0 \ia-j;ar,i, - - - 1842 Mohawk, - - - ViO Kin'i;st()n, . - • Iron vessel. 1842 Cherokee, - - - 700 Kiui^ston, . - . •Now Lord Si/ilenhant; she was run down the rajiids of the St. Law. fence by Capt. Ililliard, in 1810, and plies between Quebec and Montreal. t First named Niagara. Note —In addition to the above list of British steatnboafs of a large class, there are a number of smaller bnats and Ericaum Priprllers, numins from Kinsfston to Montreal, down the rapiilsofilie Si. Law- rence and returning through the Rideau canal, carryin.ij an immenae amount of produce, merchatidise, and passengers. NINO ON narks. I>- |i- P- p. !>• P- P- p. p. ip. ip. ip. t. Lfiwiston iiinto. tniiite. lo Ilamilton d in lam to Koclioster. 1 to Lcwiston. ) Cot. du Lac. ) Cot. du Lat, tnintc. lo Rorhnstcr. to Toronto. lo Toronto. lo Toronto. (^)t. du Lac. jiintP. Hamilton, linte. to Iloch lister. lo I,(nvi-5(on. to Hamilton. cl. Iho St. Law- nd Montreal. 1 lis of !i large lie Si. Law- an immense WESTERN TOUR, Route from Syracuse to Buffalo. 151 Camillus, 8 miles west of Syracuse, is situated on the iine of the Auburn and Syracuse Railroad. It contains about 600 inhabitants. The village of Jordan, is situated on the Erie Canal, 19 miles west of Syracuse. It was incorporated in 1835> and now contains about 1,200 inhabitants. A railroad is contemplated from this place to Skaneateles, from which a branch road, already constructed to the Auburn and Syracuse railroad, is a part of the contemplated work. SKANE.^TELES, 5 milcs south of the line of the Auburn and Syracuse Railroad, is delightfully situated at the foot ol Skaneateles Lake. It was incorporated in 1833, and now contains about 1,500 inhabitants. The lake, 15 miles long, and from a half a mile to a mile wide, is a beautiful sheet of water, surrounded by well cultivated farms and country residences, and celebrated for its fine trout, which are taken in great abundance, weighing from 5 to 10 pounds. Auburn, is situated on the outlet of Owasco lake, 172 miles west of Albany, and 8 miles south of the Erie ca- nal. It was incorporated in 1815, and contained in 1840, 5,626 inhabitants, 800 dwelling houses, a court-house, jail, and county clerk's office. The Auburn State Prison, on the north side of the Owasco outlet a splendid edifice of the kind, was founded in 1816, and cost over half a million of dollars. Here is inclosed 10 acres of land, surrounded by a solid stone wall, from 16 to 40 feet in height and 3 feet thick. The main building, facing the east, is 3 stories high, besides the basement, sur- mounted by a turretted cupola, in which is an alarm bell. The wings are of two stories, the whole front being 276 feet long, and the wings 242 deep by 45 feet wide, enclos- r W-'^'V 152 WESTERN TOUR. If ' ing on three sides n court in the rear, about 190 feet square. The cells in the interior are built within the ex- terior front, are 5 stories high, surrounded by galleries. There are 770 of these separate cells, each 4'ell being 7 feet long, 3^ feet wide, 7J- feet hijjh, and culcnl ited to ac- commodate one prisoner during his relaxation from labor. In addition to the cells, the main building contains a chapel, a hospital, dining-room for the prisoners, cook- ing apartments, and store rooms ; be^ ides apartments in the rauiL> front bniUling, used as offices for the clerk and agent, and for ih.t residence of the principal keeper. Here are now aLiUt 700 -onvicls., mostly engaged in dif- ferent kinds of mechanical pursuits, carried on in work- shops and under largf sheds within the outside prison walls. Of these convicts. 570 are natives of the U. States, and 130 foreigners. The jSuburn Theological Seminary, is a large stone edifice, 4 stories high, above the basement, and will be 200 feet front, when fully completed as designed. There is now, 1841, a front of 160 feet finished and occupied, under the charge of four professors, with about 80 stu- dents. It was chartered in 1820, and first went into ope- ration in 1821. The outlet of Owasco lake is a large and durable stream. Within the limits of the village there is a fall of about 100 feet, aff"ording hydraulic power of great magnitude, much of which is yet unoccupied. The Au- burn and Syracuse Railroad, terminates at this place, and extends to Syracuse, 26 miles. The Auburn and Rochester Railroad commences at the termination of the above road and runs to the city of Rochester, in rather a circuitous line, a distance of 79 miles. Stages leave Au- burn for Ithaca and Cortland on the south, and Oswego on the north, all of which connect with other lines of WESTERN TOUR. 153 [) feet he ex- lleries. icing 7 1 to ac* 1 labor, [itains a nevits in lerk aiiti keeper. j(l in dif- in work- de prison J. States, •ore stone id will be There [occupied, ,ut 80 stu- into ope- durable is a fall of great The Ju- |his place, iburn and lion of the In rather a (leave Au- |d Oswego er lines of travel, running to different places. Auburn is one of the finest inhmd villages in the state ; its public and private buildings are generally constructed in a good style of ar- chitecture, combining elegance and durability, and it is altogether a very desirable place of residence. OwAsco Lake, a few miles southeast of Auburn, is 12 miles long and about 1 mile wide, being celebrated for its picturesque scenery. The water is very transpa- rent, abounding in fish, and the banks rather rugged. Weedspout, 8 miles north of Auburn, is on the Erie canal. It was incorporated in 1831, and now contains about 800 inhabitants. Port Byron, 3 miles west of the above place, and on the Erie canal, was incorporated in 1837, and now con- tains about 1 ,000 inhabitants. Here is an extensive flour- tng mill, with 12 run of stones. Montezuma, 205 miles from Albany, by canal route, is situated at the junction of the Cayuga and Seneca canal with the Erie canal ; it contains about 600 inhabitants, one church, three taverns and 5 stores. Here are a num- ber of saline springs, from which salt has been manufac- tured ever since the earliest settlement of this part of the couatry ; and the salt is of the best and purest quali- ty. " The specific gravity of this brine is 1.09767 j and 1,000 parts of it contain 129.33 parts of dry solid matter, or 12.93, in 100 parts of brine. This is within one per cent of the strength of mucli of the brine now worked in Onondaga county." The village of Cayuga, 10 miles west of Auburn, is situated on the east bank of Cayuga Lake ; it contains about 300 inhabitants, 50 dwelling houses, one church, two taverns and three stores. Here the celebrated " Cayu- ga Bridge" crosses the lake, which is upwards of a mile wide ; a new bridge has also been here erected for the L ■X* ^- K 154 WESTERN TOUR. railroad, still longer. A steamboat runs from this place to Ithaca, a distance of 40 miles. ■\ \\i Tourists travellini^ for pleasure are recommended to deviate south on their arrival at the loot of Cayuga Lak* and make the TOUR OF THK CENTRAL LAKES ov NEW- YORK Cayuga Lakic, which constitutes one of the Central Lakes of New-York, is 40 miles long and from 1 to 4 miles wide ; it lies hctwccn the counties of Cayuga and Seneca, extending some 10 or 12 miles into Tompkins county Tliis lake, which is very deep, is navignted by steamboats from Cayuga Bridge to the village of Ithaca, stopping at tlie intermediate landings. Itis a most beau- tiful sheet of water, surrounded by well cultivated farms and thriving villages ; and abounds with salmon trout, white fish, pike, pickerel, perch and catfish. On several of the inlets to this lake, towards the south, are most beauti- ful and picturesque water falls, well worthy the attention of the lovers of natural scenery. The outlet flows north into Seneca river. " The railroad route from Auburn to Rochester, carries you to the northern end of Cayuga Lake, where the rail- road crosses the water by a bridge a mile and a half long. At the village of East Cayuga, you can embark on the steamer Siineon De Witt, a fast, commodious and well regulated low-pressure boat, Where every attention will be paid to your comfort and enjoyment. *' In this vessel you pass up (south,) through the Cayuga Lake, which is 40 miles long, and varies from one to four miles in width. The extreme beauty of this sheet of water, transparent as crystal, being fed to a great ex- tent by living springs, and of prodigious depth, 500 feet of line failing to find bottom, its varying scenery, from the highly cultivated sloping shores at its northern end WESTERN TOUR. 155 is place ended to -a Laka '.YORK e Central nn 1 to 4 jyuga and rompkins ,-igntcd by of Ithaca, nost beau- ated larms luon trout, n several of ost beauti" c attention ows north Iter, carries tic the rail- half long, [ark on the Is and well jcntion will pit Cayuga j-om one to I this sheet rrreat ex- , 500 feet Inery, froni khern end to the wilder and more abrupt borders of its southern ex- tremity ; its similarity in some parts to, and contrast in others with the Hudson river scenery, have never failed to elicit from all who have passed over it, the highcit admiration." As the beat proceeds southerly the different landings, passed in succession, arc as follows : On the eastern shore, Union Springs, or Svringpout, where several mills find their supply of water from the number of springs which rise within a short distance of the shore. This is also the great locality of the gypsum or plaster, whence a large portion of the western coun- ties of this state, and the northern counties of Pennsyl- vania, derive their supply of this valuable manure. Levanna, a beautiful point, jutting out into the lake. Aurora, one of the oldest settled and most pictures- que villages in the western counties. The route changes here to the western shore, when the first landing is Sheldkakk Point, a beautiful low promontory, ex- tending half a mile out from the main shore. Kidder's Ferry ; Portlano, and Fuog Point, are next passed. Goodwin's Point, lies at the mouth of the Taghcanic creek, which has, a mile from its moulh, one of the most remarkable cataracts to be found in the country. Crossing the lake again to the eastern shore, the boat makes its last stop at LuDLowvii.LE Landing, the port of the village of that name, which lies a mile from the water, on an ele- vated spot, but not visible from the water. From this point, the suburbs of Ithaca, distant 9 miles, crowning the eminence in the rear of the village, are visible, while still higher may be seen the line of the Ithaca and Otvcgo Railroad distinctly marked by the house containing its stationary engine at the summit (A 156 WBHTEHN TOVH. ■I / its incUnoil plane, which is rlevatod ncnr 'lOO feet above tho surrace of the lnk«, Tlie vi11nii;e of Ithnca is par* tinlly con(M»t\lc(l by n dense forest from th^ eye, *in(l is ap- proached from the hike throtmh iUhe CnyuRH Inlet, a na- tural canal of two miles in leitgth, winding through the plain on which the villnse stamls. Ithaca, is beautifully situated on a Hat one and a half miles above the head of Cnyu^a lake, with which it is connected by the ('nyn{?a Inlet, navigable for steamboats to the villa<»e. I{ is 170 miles west iVdm Albany, and distant iOf) miles northwest irom the city of New-York. This village was incorpoialed in 1821, hnvin^ been found- ed about 1800, by the Into Simeon De Witt, surveyor- general of the state. It now contains obout 4,000 in- habitants, (iOO dwellinj; houses, a court-house and jail, and a county clerk's oflicc ; one Presbyterian, one Dutch Reformed, one Episcopal, one Baptist, one Methodist and one yVfrican church ; three bankin'j; houses, with an a.?c:regate capital of $()50,000 ; nine hotels and taverns, and 46 stores and f,'roceries. Within the chartered limits of the villa«^'e is found hy- draulic power equal to any in the state, for extent and facility of application. Fall Creek alone is capable of opera tin-:; 1H3,000 cotton spindles at all seasons of the year ; and the water power on Cascadilla and Six Mile creeks is very extensive. There are at present on these streams, 2 Uourinj; mills, with 12 run of stones; 2 plas- ter mills, 1 tannery, 1 brewery, 1 paper mill, 3 furnaces, 2 machine sliops, 1 cnrding and cloth dressing establish- ment ; 1 oil mill, 1 sash factory, a number' of turning^ shops, 2 tobacco factories, and 1 cotton factory, with 50 looms ; besides wliicli there has been rt -cntly established 1 woollen factory, with $100,000 capital, and 7 sets of VVESTRIIN TOUR. 167 <>'« c„,„,, „„, so„:;. can [ rr ''"^"^" "■'"■•- -""™. New. -a^rilVunrr,,::™'- ""'■■--onsis.s in it, "" )o% hi„s Which SI ?""" '" ''^ »" "•"■'-on of ---.^eenery„frrXett'r:;erpZ 158 WIJSTKIllf TOUIi. ti / the luri^hts \vhich cncin'h* it tlirce lnri,'c fitroams within the viilii^o, anJ vvitliin I'uur miles south, several others, fnll with rapid descent to the |)luin, (orinin^ cascades of Hurpassiiii^ hcutity and sul)lirnity. In u single dny, n nuinher ol' water lulls, equulinj? the Tamed Trenton Falls, may he visited. The lollowing is u brief description ol' the Fulls nt and nuur Ithaca: The falls of Fall Cieek are near the villaj»c. and nroscen on enli.'iini,' tiie village hy the Auburn staue road. Their heij^ht is lot) feel, with the same breadth. The water of this creek, collected in a dam above the full, is con- veyed to the mills below, throuuh a tunnel f) feet square, und 300 feet lonst, hewed through a jutting promontory rock, at a (li>lance of 40 feet below the surl'ace of the ground. The curious visiter after passing through the tunnel, finds liimsell' in the bed of the creek, between rock walls more than 100 feet high. The view from this point is strand uul impressive. The visiter proceeds a short distance from this, up the rocky bed of the creek, until liis steps are arrested by another splendid fall ; the bank presenting the most curious forms and the most sur- prising strata. The full is beautiful ; it is not so high as the preceding, but it is more wild ; t!ie water pours over in large sheets, commencing, as it were, from the top- most le Ige, and then spreading out wildly and boldly be- low. Tiie basin into which the water falls is also very picturesque. There are two more falls beyond these, which, with the others, make the descent d3S feet in the short space of one mile. On the Six ?vlile Creek, Cascadilla Creek and on the Butter nilk Creek, there are also a great number of beau- tiful aud romantic falls, uU worthy of particular notice WKSTKRN TOUn. 1.^9 within \(1<'S of «liiy» »* n Full», i at nwA nrcspcn , TlH'ir lie wuler , is con' t square. )inonlory ,ce of the ough the between Vom this roeeels a le creek, fall ; the luost sur- o high a» ours over the top- oldly be- also very |ich, with ^ort space iiA on the of beau- lar notice »nd cqiml td anylliinj» in this country. Those arc all near the villiii;(!. On th(! Five Mile ('reek, wliirh is four miles south from Itliiicii, is (ii>e of the most inlcrc.stitva: ciiluraots in the country, suipiisseil by nom* here enumerated. At (I(»(Kluin',-i Point tlu-re is still another lull, called the Tn'.'lii-iinic. Tl 's point is a i)la IGO WKSTEUW TO til the tour would amply repay them for their divergence froju tlie old line of travel. The village of Elmira is another of those beautiful places which, by the enterprise of our yeomanry have sprung up far from the great travelled roads, unknown because unseen, and yet from its position and local ad- vantages, will soon be a large and ipiportant place. From Elmira by carriage you traverse northerly the route of the Chemung Canal, 19 miles, to the village of Jefferson, oa the inlet of the Seneca Lake, where the steamer receives you, and carrying you through this sheet of water, in every respect the equal of its sister Cayuga, lands you at the beautiful . iJlage of Geneva, on the ^'rani route, 15 miles west from the point where you com- menced the TouK OF Tiin Minoi,E Lakes.* I'; The village of Seneca Falls, 15 miles west of Au- burn, and 187 miles from Albany, is advantageously situa- ted on both sides of the outlet of Seneca lake; it was in- corporated in 1831, and now contains about 3,000 inha- bitants ; 400 dwellirg houses ; 5 churches of different de- nominations; 1 cotton factory, and 8 flouring mills. In this neighborhood are large quantities of gypsum, which is here ground and sent to different parts of the country. The Cayuga and Seneca cnnal and the Auburn and Ro- chester Railroad, pass through this village. The water power afforded by the Seneca outlet is very great; the descent from Seneca to Cayaga lake, a distance of 12 miles, being about 75 feet. The stream is abundant, and not subject to fresheis, scarcely ever having a rise to exceed two feet; the hydraulic power is great, and is but ' Truvcllcrs from the west, on their return from Niagara, will undcr- c-tanrl that the reverse of the above proposed tour is to pe adopted, com- mencing at Geneva, and ending at East Cayuga I !1 I A WKSTERN TOUK. 161 rgence jautiful ■y have [ilinown 3cal ad- :e. erly the illage of here the lis sheet Cayuga, , on the you com- t of Au. sly situa- t was in- 00 inha- erent de- ills. In ft, which country, and Re- Ihe water eat; the ce of 12 ant, and rise to d IS but |\vill under- jplcd, com- parlially employed. At Seneca Falls, there is a descent of upwards ot 40 feet within the distance of one mile. Here are five locks in the Cayu}:a and Seneca canal, which unites with the Erie canal at Montezuma. Watkkloo, 191 miles west of the city of Albany, is handsomely situated on both sides of the outlet of Seneca lake, which is in part used as the Cayuga and Seneca canal. It was incorporated in 1824, and now contains about 2,600 inhabitants, 350 dwelling houses, a court- house and jail, being a half shire town with Ovid ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, and 1 Methodist church ; an academy ; 8 hotels and taverns ; 1 banking house; 25 dry goods, grocery and other stores ; 1 large woollen factory, which manufactures over 200,000 pounds of wool annually, and 5 flouring mills, containing 18 run of stone. The fall of water at this place is about 16 feet. In this immediate vicinity are quarried large quan- tities of limestone, extensively used for building. In ad- dition to the Cayuga and Seneca canal, the Auburn and Rochester Railroad passes through this village, which is about equi-distant between Cayuga and Seneca lakes. Geneva, 27 miles west of Auburn, and 191 miles from Albany, is beautifully situated near the foot, or north end of Seneca lake, on the western side. The principal part of the village which is devoted to the residences oi the inhabitants, lies upon a ridge along the banks of the lake, and elevated about 100 feet above its surface, while the business part extends to the plain which lies at the foot of the lake, and but little elevated. The land west of the village is peculiarly formed, consisting of a succession of ridges parallel to the lake,'and rising higher and high- er for some distance, commanding a view of its waters, as if formed for choice residences in this region of beau- ty. The village was incorporated in 1812, and now con- 162 WESTERN TOUR. lis tains about 3,600 inhabitants, and 500 dwelling houses- The Grinnlive forest. The outlet of the lake is at the northeastern angle, and the discharge of waters furnishes an ample supply of power to the manufactories of Waterloo and Senaca Falls, which flourishing villages are situated, the former about six and the latter ten miles from the lake. Seneca lake receives tl;e water of Crooked lake at Dresden, about 12 miles above Geneva. The outlet of Crooked l:.ke is about 6 miles in length, and the descent to Seneca lake about 270 feet. A canal constructed along this outlet con- nects the two lakes. Seneca lake does not so much ul? und with fish as some of the other lakes, probably in cense- quence of the depth and coldness of the waters. There are found in it, however, white-fish, pike, pickerel, trout, perch, herring, rock-bass, striped-bass, chub, sun- fish, cat-fish, eels, shiners, mullet, &c. Lyons, 1G miles north of Geneva, is eligibly situated on the Erie canal, 181 miles west of Albany by mail route. It was incorporated in 1831, and now ccntaiDS about 1,800 inhabitants, 300 dwelling houses, a court- r 164 WESTERN TOUR. i . ■J I ' il 'li house and jail, county clerk's and surrogate's office ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist and 1 Lutheran church. Stages leave Lyons daily for Geneva, Rochester, Sodus Point and Syracuse, in addition to com- modious canal packets which pass and repass twice daily. The village of Clyde, is 9 miles east of Lyons, on the Erie canal. It was incorporated in 1835, and now con« tains about 1,000 inhabitants. Newark, 7 miles west of Lyons, and on the Erie ca^ nal, is an active place of business, and contains about 1,200 inhabitants. Palmyra, 15 miles west of Lyons, on the Erie canal, was incorporated in 182S, and now contains about 2,000 inhabitants. It is situated on an elevated and dry piece of ground, in the midst of a delightful wheat growing country. The main street is over one mile and a quarter in length, and at each end touches the canal ; it is inter- sected by cross streets of ample width, many of which are ornamented by beatiful shade trees. t|.. On leaving Geneva, going west by railroad, you incline to the noith, passing through a fine section of country, for which the county of Ontario is justly celebrated. Vienna, 8 miles from Geneva, is a flourishing place, on the outlet of the Canandaigua lake, at the junction of Flint creek. There are two settlements about one mile apart, known as East Vienna and West Vienna. Clifton Springs, 3 miles west of Vienna, are resorted to for their medicinal properties, and have become some- what celebrated. They are sulphur springs, of a similar character to many others to be found in Western New- York. Short's Mills, is the name given to a small settle- ment on the line of the railroad, 5 miles further west. office ; 1 ist and 1 Geneva, n to com- iss twice IS, on the now con« Erie ca- dns about Irie canal, .out 2,000 dry piece growing a quarter it is inter- of which )u incline country, ated. place, inction of one mile I resorted me some- a similar n New- ill settle- west. WESTERN TOUR. 165 Canandaigua, is delightfully situated near the foot of Canandaigua lake, 222 miles west of Albany by railroad. It was incorporated in 1815, and now contains about 2,700 inhabitants, 350 dwelling houses, a court-house, jail, surrogate's office, county clerk's office and town house ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Metho- dist, and 1 African church; 2 banking houses and a saving's bank. No place in the stale probably exceeds this village as a desirable place of residence} being sur- rounded by a rich agricultural district abounding in al- most every luxury for which Western New-York is so justly celebrated. On the south, at a short distance, lies Canandaigua lake, with its cultivated shores, in full view of this abode of taste and opulence. Canandaigua Lake, is a most beautiful sheet of wa- ter, 18 miles long, and from 1 to 1^ miles wide, lying mostly in the county of Ontario, and a small part in Yates county ; it is surrounded by well cultivated lands, celebrated for their fertility, diversified by charming sce- nery. Its waters, which are deep and clear, abound with fish of different kinds, and are elevated 670 feet above the Atlantic ocean. Canandaigua Outlet flows northeast into Flint creek, thence into Clyde and Seneca r'ver j all of which are important mill streams. The village of Victor, is 9 miles west of Canandaigua, ond a little to the north of the railroad. PiTTSFORD, 12 miles further, is on the line of the Erie canal, near its intersection with the railroad. It was in- corporated in 1827, and now contains about 700 inhabi* tants. Brighton, 4 miles east of Rochester, is also on the ine of the Erie canal. ir 166 WESTERN TOUR. !' ? The City ok RociiESTEn, 251 miles from All)any, by railroad, is advantageously situated on both si les of the Genesee river, an I on the line of the Krie canal. miles south of Lake Ontario, with which the Cenesee affords good water communication for sleamhoat'-s and schooners from the landing at Carthage, three miles below lh(> centre of the city. It was chartered as a city in 1334, and is di- vidt d into 5 wards, being governed by a Mayor, Recorder and board of Aldermen. It contained in IMO, 20,202 inliabitants, mostly engaged in mercantile and manufac- turing pursuits ; about 2,000 dwelling houses ; a court- iiouse. jail and county cleric's office ; 2 public markets, 6 banking houses, 1 saving's bank, 1 mutual insurance com- i^ii.'i ; 5 Presbyterian, 2 Epispcopal, 2 Baptist, 2 Metho- dist, 2 Roman Catholic, 1 Unitarian, 1 Covenanters, 2 Friends' meeting houses, 1 Univcrsalist. 1 Lutheran and 1 Christian church; a museum; a collegiate institute; 2 female seminaries ; 2 orphan asylums, and 2 arcade buildings. Steamboats arrive and depart daily during the season of navigation, from the landing^on the south of the city, and from Charlotte at the mouth of the river. Besides the steamboat, canal and railroad routes, diverging from this place, several lines of daily stages also centre here, running to different places for the accommodation of tra- vellers. The natural and artificial curiosities of Rochester and its vicinity are well won; y of notice. The most impor- tant of them are the Genesee Falls, whicb .t.re seen to the greatest advantage from the east side of tlie river, a short distance belov/ the railroad bridge ; the noble aqueduct for the enlarged canal, is a splendid specimen of ma- son work ; other falls and bridges, together with the Mount Hope Ccinclery, to the south of the eity, all giv- WESTERN TOUR. 167 Albany, lesofthe l.G miles ce alfords schooners the centre iinl is di- , llecorilcr 10, 20,202 manufac- ; a court- [narUcts, 6 ranee com- , 2 Metho- jnanters, 2 Iheran and institute ; ^tl 2 arcade the season •f the city, Besides •rging from [cntre here, tiun of tra- Ichester and nost impor- s,ecn to the ^er. a short lie aqueduct Inon of ma- r with the ty, all giv- ing to Rochester many points of attraction well worthy the attention of the traveller. The hotels are numerous, and most of them well kept, affording every desirable luxury in abundance. To tlie immense water power which Rochester posses- ses, by iHjpans of a succession of falls in t!ie Genesee river, may be justly ascribed her rapid growth and sub- stantial weallii. There are now within the limits of the city, and all using water power, 21 (louring mills, with 108 run of stones ; 2 woollen factories, 1 cotton factory, 1 wrought-iron forge, 4 iron foundries, 11 mnchine shops, 2 brass foundries, 1 plaining and flooring mill, 1 veneering mill, 2 paper mills, 1 oil mill, 4 tobacco and snufl" factories, 7 saw mills, 1 pail factory, 3 pump fac- tories. 2slioe-pcg factories, 2 edge-tool factories, 1 thresh- ing machine and fanning mill factory, 1 chair factory, 2 last factories, 2 stave manufactories, 1 tash factory, 3 wood turning establishments, 4 tanneries, 3 distilleries and 3 breweries. Within the limits of the city, a dis- tance of 3 miles, the total fall of water is nearly Sfu* feet, affording an almost inexhaustible supply ol Water i)ower, which is but partly used. The immense amount of llour manufactured at this place alone, gives "mpli yment to a great number of persons. These nulls are capable of making ;),000 barrels of flour per day, consuming, when under full headway, about 25,000 bushels of wheat daily. There are upwards of twenty forwarding establishments connected with the trade of the Erie and Genesee Valley canals, besides a liinile ] shipping interest on Genesee river and Lake Ontario. m- !S (^ ; 1 n s^'i 5i ■.: si !i F ii 168 WESTERN TOUR. * STAGES LEAVING ROCHESTER. Daily Lines. 1. From Rochester to Lockport, via Ridge Road, 64 miles; usual Aire, $2.50; connecting nt Lockport with the railroad extending to Lewiston and Niagara Falls. 2. Fi'tin Rochester to Lockport, via Canal itoute, (52 miles ; sual fare, $2.00. Leaves daily, (Sunday's ex- cepted.) 3. From Rochester to Rath, Steuben Co. via Geneseo and Dansville, 75 miles ; usual fare, $3.00 ; connecting with stages running to Corning and Elmira. Tni-wEKKi.Y Lines. 4. From Rochester to Olean, Cattarai:,'j;us Co. via Mount Morris and Angelica, 96 miles ; usual fare, $1 .00. Leaves Rochester Tuesdays, Tluirsdays, and Saturdays; leaves Olean, Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. 5. From Rochester to Oswego, 76 miles ; usual fare, $4.00. Leaves Rochester, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, at 6JA M., leaves Oswego on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, at -1 A. M. The Genesee Valley Canal, coinmciices at Rochester, and ascends the rich valley of the Genesee, being now finished to Mount Morris, a distance of 37 miles, with a branch to Dansville, a total length of 52 miles. Passage boats run daily on this canal to the above places, stop- ping at the intermediate landings on the route. Tiie most noted place of resort in the \'alley of the Genesee, is Avon Springs, 20 miles south of Roches- ter. The village is delightfully situated about half a mile east of the right bank of the Genesee river, and two miles from the Genesee Valley canal, on an elevated tfrrace about one hundred feet above the rivei", commaml- " he rich Genesee Valley and iwti prospect Mtji- f urrouading country. 1 I WE8TCRW TOUR. 169 lad, 64 rt with ^nlls. uto, 02 ly's ex- Tcneseo meeting ro. via ■, $1.00. turilays ; ^al fare, lys and ondays, ichcstcr. ng now \vith a Passage s, stop- y nf the lloches- ,^^ it hnir a' V \ /or, and elevated imnmiul- Uey ani\ Connected with tliti villuge, on the sovithwest, ore the justly famed medicinal springs, giving oelobrity to the place. The two principal springs are distinguished as tlie Upper and Lower Springs, distant from each other about 80 rod.s. They possess similar properties, di/Tering only in the relative quantities of the same mineral ingre- dients. Analysis and experience have fully tested the sun- alive properties of these waters. They are found peculiar- ly efficacious in (disorders of the digestive organs, rheuma- tic complaints and gout, in all sorts of cutaneous uflee- tions, and in ovcry kind of obstructions. There are several well-kept hotels both at the village nnd near the Springs. The most noted are the Avon Ea- gle Hotel, kept by (). Conistock ; the Avon Hotel, or Hosmer House, kept by H. R. Phillips ; the Knicker- bocker Hall, kept by D. Knickerbocker, and the Spring Ho- tel, kept N. Houghton. The two latter are situated near the springs, the two former in the village. The accom- modations for bathing are also extensive and handsome- ly arranged, there being three establishments ; altogethe/ affording great attractions not only for the invalid but for the seeker of pleasure. i The following is an analysis of the lower spring, which is the most esteemed for drinking. One gallon contains : Carbonate of lime, 29.33 grains. Chloride of calcium, 8.41 *' Sulphate of lime, 57.44 " Sulphate of magnesia, 49.61 " Sulphate of soda, 13.75 " J Amount of saline ingredients, ... . 15S 52 *' Carbonic acid,. 3.02 cubic inches. Per volume, sulphuretted hyilrngt'H gHB, .....«,«,t««i>i«<<(>iiiMi i0-n» NiUoi(«MlHlli,iiMM«MMMMMIlM 5.4» (( <( Oxygua gun, 1)6 " " ai 170 WBSTKRJI TOUn. M !l The temperature of ilicse waters is 'IS degrees of Fah- renheit ; specific gravity, 10.018 j quantity of water dis> charge!, 54 gallons per minute. On.returning from Avon to Rochester, the traveller has a choice of two conveyances, by ranal boats or stages. There are several modes of conveyance from Roches- ter, west to Buffalo and Niagara Falls. The route by railroad to Buffalo, 74 miles is the most expeditious. The canal route, r>5 miles, is a cheap and comfortable mode of travelling ; in addition to which, steamboats run daily, during the season of navigation, from Carthage, 3 rniles below the centre of the city, to Lewiston, and thence passengers are conveyed by railroad cars to Niaga* ra Falls and Buffalo. Railroad Route rnoM Rochester to Buffalg. The Tonawanda iRui/roai, extends west from Rochester, through the villages of Churchville and Bergen. Batavia. 32miits vs est of Rochester, and 283 from Albany, by raihwA i s »ute, is pleasantly situated on a plain, through whicii ffows the TonawanJa creek ; it was incorporated in * ^3, and now contains about 2,000 inhabitants, 300 dwelling houses, a court-house, ynl and county clerk's office, a state arsenal, the general land of* fice of the Holland Land Company ; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 2 Baptist and 1 Methodist church ; a female seminary in a flourishing condition ,* 2 banking houses, and 7 hotels and taverns. Stages rui. Iicm Batavia south, to Warsaw; and north, to Albion and Lock port. The village of Attica, 1 1 miles from Batavia, and oe the TonawanJa creek, is the western terminus of the Tonawanda Railroad. It is an active place of business, containing about 800 inhabitants. The Attica and Buffalo Railroad, is 31 miles long, terminating at ihe city of Buffalo. The trtal distance from Albany to BufFaio, by railroad route, is 325 miles. VRSTBRN TOUR. 171 Canal Route from Rochester to Buffalo. Brockport, 20 miles west of Rochester, and 2S9 by canal from Albany, is han.isomely situateJ on the Erie cannl ; it was incorporated in 1S29, and now contains about 2,000 inhabitants, 250 dwelling houses, ' sby> terian, 1 Episcopal, and I Methodist churrb ««i4- lege building now used as an academy. The village of Holley, 5 miles west of r- ^ contains about 350 inhabitants. Sandy Creek Hovrs throu&;h this place, over which the canal passes by means of an embankment, 75 feet above the bed of the stream, which is conveyed un ler it by a culvert. Albion, on the Erie Canal, CO miles from PuflTalo, and 304 miles from Albany, by canal roule ; was incorporated in 1S29, and now contains about 1,400 inhabitants. 200 dwelHnj? houses, a court-house, jail and county clerk's office ; 2 banking houses ; an incorporated academy and Phipp's fe;».ale seminary, both in a flourishing condition, to each of which is nliached large brick edifices j 1 Pres- byterian, 1 Baptist nnJ 1 Methodist church ; 3 toverns, 18 stores and groceries, 7 ware- houses anj I flouring mill. Here is a cannl collector's office and a convenient landing. The village oi Gaines, 1 or 2 miles north of Albion, and on the Ridge Road, was incorporated in 1832, and now contains 6 or 700 inhabitants. The Alluvial Way, or Ridge Road, is a work of nature, extending from the Genesee river, near Roches, ter, to the Niagara river, near Lewistcn. It is a gently curving ridge compose 1 of leach sand and gravel stones, apparently worn smooth by the action of water. Its ge-- neral width is from 6 to 8 rods, raise! in the middle, and the top presents an exoelleni road, called the *'Ridg« Road," exlenJing upwards of 80 miles, beins. from 6 to 10 miles south of the present shore o! Lake Ontario, of which it once no doubt i'ormed the beach. ^ ^ ^ w^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I L&M2A |25 |w ■^" mi ■^ Uii 12.2 1^ b£ 12.0 I m - 1.25 ||||U III 1.6 M 6" » JH <,%. ^> Hiotographic Sdraices Corporation ^\ -5^^ ^ •SS <^ - •«* <^A, '^"^1^' ^ ^.A.^^1^ ^.<^ v\ 23 WiST MAIN STRHT WEBSTM.N.Y. MSSO (716)873-4503 '^ u ' 1 . 172 VTEST^RV TOUR. Knowlesvillk, 7 miles west of Albion, is an incor. poratei village on the line of the Erie canal, and con» tsiins about 500 inhabitants.^!,^.! ^urf m yfuj'i: f raoji UBis* Medina, 4 miles further west, on the Erie canal, was incorporate J in 1S32, and now contains about 000 inhabi* tants, 130 dwelling houses, and several mills and manu>, facturing establishments. MiDDLEFiOBT, 17 milcs wcst of Albion, contains abont 400 inhabitants. .i-!^^'i' .,,««»i.f- '■fitr,A'^> •ut't^fr^tf^n ^Gasport, 5 miles further west, lakes its name from several mineral burning springs of some celebrity, situat- ed near the line of the canal. The gas is used for do- iqestic purposes. The village of Lockfort is on the Erie canal, 31 miles northeast of Buffalo, and from Albany by canal route, 333 miles. It was incorporated in 1327, and now con- ts^ns about 6,500 inhabitants, 800 dwelling houses, a court-house, jail and county clerk's office ; ^ Presbyte- rian, I Congregational, 2 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 1 Metho- dist, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Lutheran and 1 African church ; besides an Orthodox and Hicksite race ^ g house. The hydraulic power derived from the surplus waters of the Erie Canal at this place, is sufficient to propel at least 300 run of mill stones, f^nd is admirably located for an extensive laanufacturing town. In addition to the Erie canal which passes through the centre of the village, the Lockport and Niagara Falls Railroad commences at this place, and runs to Niagara Falls, 24 miles ; the Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad extends a further distance of 22 miles to the city of Buffalo, affording a speedy communication for travellers visiting the Falls and Buffalo. Here are now re-building ten combined locks, to be constructed of lime rock in the most finished style of masonry, to acccmmodate the enlarged Erie C9*{^| .'hfiil S' I j^dnh or, i';no j! ihu^ff :i ^ .'--i^- WBSTIBRN TOUR. 173 nal. Lockport has sprung up ahd bccothe ene of our largest inland villages since the compY^tibn of the above canal, deriving its name from the above locks. Here is the first fall of water between thi^ 'plac6 and Lake Erie, there being descent of about 60 f^et. A daily line of stages run from this place to Batavia, and to Rochester by the ridge road, in addition to daily lines of canal packet boats running east and west. «' From Lockport to Lewiston, the Falls of Niagara, and Buffalo, travellers are speedi y taken by railroad ; the ca- nal boats though slower are cheap and comfortable. The principal villages through which the Erie canal passes from Lockport to Bufi'alo, are Tonawanda, 19 miles distant, and where the line of the canal approaches the Niagara river, and Black Rock, 3 miles from Buf- falo. Here is a long stone pier and dam, which^ answers the double purpose of raising the water of the outlet of Lake Erie, so as to feed the canal, and fur* nish a vast amount of hydraulic power. At Buffalo, 364 miles from Albany by canal route, is the terminus of the Erie canal. Here a plan has been proposed to construct an extensive basin, to accommodate the immense number of canal boats that navigate this ar- tificial river, connecting the waters of the great inland seas of America, with the Atlantic ocean. .. ^ The United States government is constructing^b^tween Buffalo and Black Rock, an extensive and strong fortress/ on a scale suitable for the defence of «o important a point. It is situated on a rise of ground about a mile and a half north of the city — that is, about halfway to Black Rock — and nearly opposite to the site of Fort Erie, on the Canada side, which was made memorable by the sortie' of Gen. Porter, then of Black Rock, and his volunteers,' on the 17th of August, in the glorious campaign of 1814. 174 WEBTBRN TOUR. J, I ^k Niagara Falls, the admiration anl wonder of all who behold them, are situated in the Niagara river, about eiiui'distant between Lakes Erie and Ontario, and 330 miles west of Albany, by the most usually travelled route. For an accurate, well drawn, detailed description of the Falls, the tourist is referred to " Orr's Pictorial Guide to Niagara Fal!.s," published in 1342. inas* much as the different views, features, and points of at* traction, are sufficicitly numerous and interesting to form a volume of themselves. The following extracts written in the summer of 1843, are here inserted to guide those who may not possess the tbove work. i ,,.,.-( .r-.'-.-l'r-H .-'i h'i'J:'^j.l »■"•!► " Tkp Falls of Niagara, always majestic and won* derful for their power over the imagination, really teem to be improving in grandeur. The truth is, the lover of nature, the tourist in search of the pictur* esque, or the patriot 'vho to these attractions would add the enjoyment of those delicious emotions which are ex« fited by the actual presence of the scenes of heroic deeds, cannot accomplish the true object of a vi«:t to this spot— - Cannot really see the Falls without a soionrn of several days on both siJes of the mighty catara Nothing less will enable him to obtain true conceptions ^i :ts surpassing grandeur and its varied magnificencp. The rapids above — the falls themselves — iherapiJ.s below — the whirlpool— • the vast chasm and the huge liiies of precipice walling in the river — all these should be severally seen and studied. *' On this magnificent frontier, it should also be re> membered, are various other localities clustered together and belonging to history. Fort Niagara, at the angle made by the junction of the river and Lake Ontario, on the American side— Fort George, on the Canada side-^ Queenston Heights, also on the Canada shore, mado der of all iver, ftboat >, and 330 illed route, tion of the PiCTORIAI. [342. inas' ints of at* ng to furro If T of 1843, >o»sess the and won* on, really truth is, he pictur* would add h are ex* oic deeds, his spot-— of several thing less urpassing lids above lirlpoo!— vailing in studied, so be re> together le angle tario, on da side- re, made Q CO O »d 07 '•'C H. Ill ^ III 11 1 1 'i i Ml w iw'XJ'' iA'i: ' t^ fiiS -At -v ■" i«H tain the interest of the rival shores; so that whether we regard the grandeur of Nature's works, or the ex- citing emotions called forth by the doings of men, it must be conceded that the Falls of Niagara and the appurtt nances thereunto belonging, possess many and varied at> tractions. " As to hotels, I only wish all who are pent up and pining in hot and stifling cities, could be transferred to this grandest of all * watering places,' that they might breathe the air forever fresh and kept in healthful motion by the action of the mighty cataract, and that they might banquet on the luxuries provided by Messrs. Whitney & Son, of the Cataract House, on the American bank, or by C. B. Griffen of the Clifton House, on the Cana- da bank. The Pavilion, kept by Mr. Christler, is also \ 1.% ftiiiiiMil.i ^J 176 WBITBHV TOOB. 4 ' •n the Canada tide. Besides the above, there are sere* ral well kept pabiie houses on the American side or the river, all of which are usually thronged with visiters dur- ii^ the summer months." The following expressive* lines were penned by the late Willis Oatlord Clark, June, 1S36, immediotely after havin!{ passed the great falling sheet of water ; to the Tbrmination Rock, being 230 feet behind the Great Horse-Shoe Fall, which is approached from the Canada side : NIAGARA FALLS. ■5i ■;!..■'•;■? iutrp ■^,'.'>:i •* Here apeaka the voice or God ! Let man be dumb, Nor vritii hto vain apirings hither come ; Thai voice Impela these hollow-sounding floods, And Ulie a pfeaeiice fills the distant wood& These groaning r>ck<« the Almighty's flnger piled, For ages here His painted bow has smiled ; ^ Marking the ebai^ra and the chance of tim»— f Eternal— beaatllu l se rf n o sublime I" ,)i .i!,).r^r,v,! ,!•;■ I li ;• ' h sii^^-O ( 1 f.-i.' U-.ii ...f ■/. : ''»• ,!• N, • ., / ■: y TaBLB RooZ FBCU BBLOW, on IHB Caxaoa •iob. .Bui« A munlcation with Lockport, Niagara Falls and BulTalOi The railroad, steamboat and canal route from Buffalo W' Albany, via Niagara Falls, LewistoQ, Oswego, and Sy^ racuse, is a desirable, cheap and speedy mode of con* veyance during the summer months. ,.-.,,i.^- -'.^^ ..,..<\4... Steamboats leave Lewiston daily for Niagara, 7 mileir ; Hamilton, 56 miles ; Toronto, 44 miles ,* Kingston, 200 miles ; Rochester, 80 miles, and Oswego, 130 miles, con- necting with other lines of travel at the above places. On the arrival of the Oswego and Toronto boats, raiU road cars immediately convey passengers to Buffalo, via Niagart* Falls, a distance of 30 miles; «'****^'«'*^ *' ^'^ » A dally line of stages run from opposite Lewiston', through Canada, to Detroit, Michigan, a distance of 262 miles. Fort Niagara, 7 miles below Lewiston, lying on the^ American shore at the mouth of Niagara river, is well worthy of a visit in connection with the ruins of Forf George, on the Canadian shore, near the village of Ni^ agara. In 1679, M. De Salle, the explorer of the Mis- sissippi, in the service of France, enclosed the spot on which the fort was here built in 1725, by pallisades. In 1759, it was taken by the British under Sir William' Johnson, in whose hands it remained until 1796, when it I 4| ^ d I: 1 m 'WSCTBRir TOUR. w«s evacuated anl Kiven up to the United States. On th« I9th of December, 1813, it was again taken by the British by surprise; and in March, 1815, again surrendered to the Americans. This oU fort is as much noted for being the theatre of tyranny and crime as for the scenes of military exploits. While in the hands of the French, there is ao doubt of its having been at times used as a prison. In its close and impregnable dungeons, where light was not admitted, for many years, there remained clear traces of the ready instruments for execution or for murder. During the war of the Revolution it M'as the headis, where ! remained tion or for t \\'as the nrelenting ' a savage :he remote iductton of in Canaa* through a p at Fort , and then mtinue its turder. "ToTia )any 2S4 nnd 363 ofNiaga* «t of the vhere the ed. The a gentle »or, form* cross the )in Lake ce. Thi« harbor is a very secure one, and is of such a capacity that, although steamboats, ships and other lake craft, and canal boats, to the number, in all, from two to three hun> dred, have sometimes assembled there, for the transaction of the business of the lakes, yet not one-half part of th& harbor has ever yet been occupied by the vast business of the great and growing M'est. Facilities, however, have been wanting for bringing together the lake and canal craft, in the easte; n paVt of the harbor; and to fur^ nish these, the canal commissioners, under a special law of the state, are to extend the Erie canal a mile or more, east of its original termination, across the eastern part of the city, and parallel to the harbor. By this work, and cross cuts therefrom, canal boats will reach every part of the harbor with equal facility. The city is divided north and south, by Main-street, into two nearly equal parts, but by far the greater portion of its inhabitants occupy the eastern half of the city.^ Buffalo was first settled by the whites in 1801. In 1814 it was all burned by the British, except three build- ings. In 1832 it was chartered as a city, and divided into five wards ; being governed by a mayor, recorder and board of aldermen. Its population in 1840, according to the United States census, was 18,213. In 1818 the first steamboat was built upon Lake Erie; and the total num« ber of sail era A upon these waters, at that time, was 30. There are now, 1343, some 50 or 60 steamboats, with 300 schooners and other sail crafl, navigating Erie and the upper lakes, and carrying on an extensive commerce from Buffalo westward, twelve hundred int7e«, through this chain of inland seas. = -. tf ^o.i By means of the Erie canal and the Hudson river, Buffalo is now connected with Albany and New-York { while by a chain of railroads now completed, she is at 180 « wBfii'finjr Tovft. i 1 directly connected by land through these, with Albany, anJ Boston, Massachusetts. The streets in the most compact portions of the city, are paved ; an J the builJings, particularly those for bu- einess, are of the most durable construction, and modern style. Here are a court-house and jail and county clerk's oflSce ; 2 public markets, one with the city offices in the second story ; 3 Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, 1 Baptist, 2 Roman Catholic, 1 Unitarian, 1 Universalist, 3 Ger- man Protestant, 1 Bethel, 1 Methodist, and 2 African churches; 1 orphan asylum, and 1 theatre. " '*"'''' ^" '"' The United States Government have constructed a pier or mole, extending 1,500 feet on the south side of the mouth of the creek, between the harbor and the lake. Up- on"the outer end of this pier is a light-house, 46 feet high, and 20 feet in diameter at its base. It is a beautiful and ' durable structure, erected in 1832-3. The Buffalo and Black Rock Railroad, 3 miles long, and the Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad, 23 miles long, both commence at this place, and run north ; while the Attica and Buffalo Railroad, extends 31 miles eastward, connecting with the Tonawanda Railroad, which terminates at the city of Rochester. " Such have been the facilities afforded by means ofca- ' nals and railroads, in connection with lake navigation, that Buffalo now presents a very active and thriving ap- pearance. Situated at the foot of one of the great scries of inland seas, where every particle of produce and mer- chanJise must be transhipped, in coming both from the Far West and from the sea-board, nothing can prevent the rapid growth and expandii.g importance of the place. Already are her wharves and storehouses crowded with the produets of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and ' Wisconsin, the natural resources of which vast regions /' WBSTKRBf 'tOUR. 181 Albany; the city, e for bu- d modern ty clerk's >s in the Baptist, t, 3 Ger- ! African ted a pier de of the alie. Up* feet high, uliful and liles long, 23 miles in north ; s31 miles ailroadf ins of ca- livigalion, [iving ap- ;at series md mer- Ifrom the prevent lie place. [eJ with [an, and regions have but just begun to be developed. As the population of the northern section of the great valley of the Missis- sippi, increases, so must, in due proportion, increase the population and vvrealth of this Queen City or the Lakes." There are now running between Buffalo and Chicago, distant about 1,000 miles, some 15 to 20 steamers of a large class ; and about as many more run to Toledo, Maumee, and Detroit, stopping at the intermediate ports. All these, together with the sailing craft of the lake, and the canal boats now thronging the harbor of Buffalo, give life and employment to great numbers of people, and heavy amounts of capital. STEAMBOAT LINES LEAVING BUFFALO. From Buffalo to Chicago. — A steamboat leaves Buffalo every other morning, during tlie season of navi- gation, for Chicago j Illinois. Distance 1,047 miles* Usual fare $12.00. From Buffalo to Detroit. — A boat leaves Buffalo daily for Detroit, stopping at the intermediate ports. Distance 372 miles. Usual fare, $7.00. From Buffalo to Toledo and Perrtsburo. — A boat leaves Buffalo daily for Perrysburg, stopping at the in- termediate ports. Distance 319 miles. Usual fare, $7.00. A boat runs daily between Buffalo and Barcelona. Distance GO miles. Usual fare $2.00. A boat runs daily between Buffalo, Chippewa and Schlosser's Landing. Distance 22 miles. Usual fare, 37^ cents. The latter line connects with railroad cars running from Chippewa to Queenston, and with stages running from Schlosser's Landing to Niagara Falls. A British steamer plies between Buffalo and Port Stan- ley, Canada, running twice a week, during the season of navigation. ... - .: .' • j - ' ^n 'I 182 WBSTERlf TOUR. ^ "^ STAGES LEAVING BUFFALO. Daily Line from Buffalo to Detroit, via Erie, Penn- sylvania, Cleveland and Toledo, Ohio ; distance about 400 miles. Usual fare, $10.00. ' From Buffalo to Batavia, leaves daily, (Sundays ex- cepted.) Distaace 38 miles. Usual fare, $1.00. Tri-Weeklv Lines from Buffalo to Ellicottville. Distaace 50 miles. Usual fare, $2.50. From Buffalo to Warsaw. Distance 44 miles. Usual fare, $1.50. A daily line of stages runs from Buffalo to Lockport during the suspension of navigation; distance 30 miles. Usual fare. $1.50. i 1 — — — Distances from Buffalo to Chicago, via Detroit and St. Joseph, by steamboat, railroad and stage route. From Buffalo to Detroit by steamboat, 372 miles. Railroad and Stage Route from Detroit to Chicago^ Detroit to Dearborn, by railroad,. ... 10 Dearborn to Wayne, '* .... 8 18 Wayne to Ypsilanti, " .... 12 30 Ypsilanti to Ann Arbor, " .... 10 40 Ann Arbor to Dexter, " 10 50 Dexter to Sylvan, " 10 60 Sylvan to Grass Lake, " 10 70 Grass Lake to Jacksou, " .... 10 80 Jackson to Barry, 61/ sfag;«, 6 86 Barry to Smithfield, 7 93 Smithfield to Albion 6 99 Albion to Marengo, 7 106 Mirengo to Marslmll, 5 111 Marshall to Battle Creek, 12 123 Battle Creek to Charleston, 10 133 Charleston to Galesburs, 4 137 Galesburg toComstock, 4 141 Comstock to Kalamazo, 4 145 Kalamazo to Pavjr Paw,. 18 163 Paw Paw to Hamilton, 12 175 Hamilton to Keelersville, 4 179 Keelersville to Bainbridge, 11 190 Bainbridge to St. Joseph, 10 200 St Joseph to Chicago, by steamboat , . 69 269 WBBTBRir TOUR. 188 Erie, Penn- stance aboQt ffi Sunda] fs ex« il.OO. Ellicotiville. miles. Usual > to Lockport ance 30 miles. io, via Detroit I stage route. 372 miles. it to Chicago^ 10 8 13 12 30 10 40 10 50 60 1 10 70 1 10 80 1 Q 86 1 7 93 1 Q 99 1 7 106 1 5 in 1 12 123 1 10 133 1 4 137 1 4 141 1 4 145 1 18 163 1 12 175 1 179 H 11 190 H 10 200 H 69 269 Tabl£ of Distances through Lakes Erie, Huron AND Michigan, from port to port. t .'', '■ PLACES. Buffalo, Dunkirk, Erie, Penn., Conneaut, Ashtabula, Grand River,... Cleveland, Black River, Vermilion, Huron, Sandusky, Toledo, Monroe, Detroit, Fort Gratiot, Point au Barks Thousand Bay Islands,.... Presque Isle, Mackinac, Manitou Islands, Milwaukie, Racine, Southport, Chicago, 00 45 45 28 13 30 30 28 10 20 10 50 28 35 70 60 75 30 60 80 220 20 12 48 s . CO o 00 45 90 118 131 161 191 219 229 249 259 309 337 372 442 502 677 607 667 747 967 987 999 1047 Q . 372 327 282 254 241 211 181 153 143 123 113 63 35 00 70 130 205 235 295 375 595 615 627 675 1047 1002 957 929 916 886 856 828 818 798 788 733 710 675 605 545 470 440 380 300 80 60 48 OO Interesting Excursion. During the summer months it is usual for one of the many splendid steamers that sail from Buffalo, to make a pleasure ejccursion of some weeks, duration, visiting the Upper Lakes, stopping at Detroit, Mackinaw, the Manitou Islands, Chicago, Green Bay, the Falls of St. Mary's, and other interesting points to be found on the borders of these great inland seas. )\-^\ •r- I I I 1 1^4 WKSTKltir TOUlt. A TRIP FROM BUFFALO TO CHICAGO. This is a deeply interesting excursion, calculated to !?ive the traveller a just conception of the great inland seas of North America, inasmuch as the route traverses Lakes Eric, St. Clair, Huron, and Michigan, a total dis- tance of more than a thousand miles. If to this is added a trip to the Falls of St. Mary, (Sault de St. Marie,) in the outlet of Lake Superior, and connecting it with Lake Huron — to the Manitoulin Is- lands in the northern quarter of Lake Huron, their very name implying scenery fitted to excite sublime emo- tions and suggesting the strong sentiment of religious awe which characterised the primitive redman, and to the island of Mackinac, (pronounced Mackinaw,) and its sister islands in the straits of the same name, abounding with the finest trout and white fish, and connecting the lakes of Michigan and Huron — if these be added to the tour, no excursion of equal extent can be found, that presents a greater variety of picturesque and magnificent scenery. i i ... . i As this excursion begins on Lake Erie, we begin our guidance with a brief description of that noble and most useful body of water. Lake Erie, washing the shores oCfour of these Uni- ted States — New- York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michi- gan — and spreading between them and a large segment of the British province of Canada West, with the line of division as settled by treaty, running through the middle of the lake, is 240 miles long by 40 to 60 miles wide- Its surface, as ascertained by the engineers of the Erie canal, is 555 feet above the Hudson river at Albany, and 334 feet above Lake Ontario. The greatest depth of the lake yet observed, is 270 feet. This is comparatively shallow; and the relative depths of the great series of IVBSTKRN TOUR. 186 iB, a total dis- be found, that nd magnificent beat series of lakes may be illustrated by saying that the surplus waters poured from the vast basins of Superior, Huron, and Michigan, flow across the plate of Erie into the deep bowl of Ontario. Lake Erie is reputed to be the onl^ one of the series in which any current is perceptible. The fact, if it is one, is usually ascribed to its shallowness; but the vast volume of is outlet — the Niagara river — with its strong current, is a much more favorable cause than the small depth of its water, which may be far more appropriate- ly adduced as the reason why the navigation is obstructed V>y ice much more than either of the other great lakes. The New- York shore of Lake Erie extends about 60 miles in the course of which the lake receives a number of streams, the most considerable of which are the Buffalo and Cattaraugus creeks j and presents several harbors^, the most important of which at present, are Bufl'alo creek and Dunkirk. As connected with trade and navigation, this lake is iar the most important of all the great chain, not only be- <;ause it is bordci-ed by older settlements than any of them except Ontario, but still more because, from its position, it concentrates the trade of the vast west. When we consider the extent not only of this lake, but of Huron, nearly 250 miles long, of Michigan, 300 miles long, of Superior, the largest body of fresh water on the globe, we may quote with emphasis, the words of an English writer: " How little are they aware, in Europe, of the extent of commerce upon these inland seas, whose coasts are now lined with flourishing town and cities ; whose waters arc ploughed with magnificent steamboats, und hundreds of vessels crowded with merchandise. Hven the Americans themselves are not fully aware of the rising importance of these lakes, as connected with the west." rr ' f U: ♦ i 186 WBSTBItlV TOUR. D'uNKiBK, 45 miles from Uaffalo, is no doubt destined to become an important place. Here it is intended to ter. minate the New-York and Erie Railroad, \^'hich will no doubt be completed before many years. The fine harbor here is usually clearjofice much earlier than tliat of Buf- falo. This village was incorporated in 1837, and now contains about 1,000 inhabitants, 2 churches, and several' public houses. The distance from Dunkirk [to New- York city is 470 miles by this railroad, 64 miles of which are finished; 177 miles, in detached portions, ready for the superstructure, and the remainder surveyed and lo- cated. ■''''■■' '" """' '--•■ ■ ^" Barcelona, 52 miles southwest from Buffalo, is the westernmost village in the state of New- York. It is a port of entry and contains about 400 inhabitants, 3 taverns, and ten or fifteen stores and storehouses. A steamboat runs from Buffalo to this place, stopping at the intermediate ports. Here, too, is a lighthouse, lighted with inflamma- ble gas, which escapes from the bed of the creek, about a mile distant, and is carried in pipes to the shore. " Erie, Pa., 90 miles from Buffalo, is beautifully situa- ted on Presque Isle bay, affording one of the best har- bors on the lake. It contains about 4,000 inhabitants^ a court-house and jailj 8 churches; 1 banking house; several well kept public houses, and a number of stores and warehouses. It is a place of much trade and of growing importance. CoNNEAUT, 28 miles further west, in the northeast corner of Ohio, stands on a creek of the same name, at its entrance into the lake. In 1840, the town contained 2,642 inhabitants, 3 churches, and 24 stores. It ex- ports large quantities of lumber, grain, pork, beef, flour, butter, cheese, &c. '■■-.! •, .. . .i. It WIBBTKKN TOV*. 187 Ashtabula, Ohio, 13 miles from Conneaut, stands on a stream of the same name, near its entrance into the lake. Fairport, Ohio, stands on the east side of Grand river, 161 miles from Buffalo. Its harbor lor lake ves- sels is good, and it is connected with Painesville by u railroad of 3 miles long. The CiTT OP Cleveland, the emporium of northern Ohio, is 191 miles from Buffalo, 211 from Detroit, and 916 from Chicago. It is a port of entry, and next to Cincinnati, is the most important town in^lhe state. It stands at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, and the northern termination of the Ohio canal, 307 miles from Portsmouth on the Ohio river. Packet boats for passen- gers run daily/ on this canal, reaching P((rtsmouth in about tUree and a half days ; where steamboats are taken for Cincinnatti, a further distance of 113 miles. It has abo a connection with Pittsburg, by means of the Ohio and Pennsylvania canals. The harbor of Cleveland is one of the best on Lake Erie, and it has a great and growing trade. The popu- lation in 1840, was 6,071, and is rapidly increasing. Black River, 23 miles from Cleveland, is a small vii- lage with a good harbor, and has considerable trade. Vermilion, 10 miles further is a village of some trade, situated at the mouth of a river of the same name. Huron, 20 miles further, also stands at the mouth of a river of the same name, with a good harbor. It con- tains about 1,200 inhabitants, 15 stores, and 8 or 10 wore, houses. Sandusky, 10 miles further, and 259 miles from Buf- falo, is a port of entry, and the capital of Erie county, Ohio. It stands on the shore of Sandusky bay, fronting the lake. The entire town is based on. a quany of r B/ 189 WRBTnRN Toun. the linest builJinp; stone, which has been oteusively used in its eiiitices. During the season of navi^^ation, eight or nine months, the wharves are thronged with steamboats antl otlicr vessels. It contains about 1,5U() inhabitants, 'A splendid churches, 30 stores of diil'erent kinds, and a ship*yard, for building steamboats and other lake craft. Toledo, 50 miles from Sandusky, and 309 miles from Biilfalo, stands on the west bank of Maumee river, near its entrance into Maumee bay, at the south end of l^aUr Krie. It coatains a population of about 1,500; 40 ot iA« stores, and several extensive manufacturing esiablish- tiients. Steamboats run direct from Buffalo to this ploce, and Pkrrvsburg, nt the head of steamboat navigation on the Maumee river, IS miles from the light-house on the lake shore. •' Arailroad is finished from Toledo to Adrian, 33 miles; iin 1 tlic Wabash niul Erie canal is now completed from Lake Erie to Lu Fayette, a point on the Wabash, to which steamboats ascend from the Ohio river. As boats cannot, however, ascend to La Fayette, except in com- paratively high water, the canal is to be continued down the Wabash 81 miles to Terre Haute, where the National road crosses the river Much is already done on the ca- nal south of La Fayette. i > "A traveller wishing to go from Buffalo to St. Louis, can do so by the above route in six uays, ifTrtr the lake and canal shall be in a navigable c« tulitio . Jtwillrt quire 30 hours to reach Toledo, 83 hours to Terre Haute, and 30 hours by stage from thence to St. Louis across the beautiful prairies of Southern Illinois, making in all 143 hours, or six days. We trust that the packet boat corn- pa iies on the Wabash and Erie canal will put down the / r W^'BTEHN TOUR. 189 e river, near fare, as the sayini? f^, * to SffiTf the times,' and all rea sunable efrurtt will be made to induce a large share of the travel iVom Missouri, and the southern ;«uifttry, to New- York and Uoston, to take this ronte." MoNROK, Michigan, 28 miles noi iweit oi Toledo, iitands on the River Raisin, 2\ miles (ti, < its muuth. A canal 100 I'eet wide, and 12 ieet deep, extends from the city to the lake, through which steamboats and other ves- sels conlinitally ply. Monroe contains a po ulatioit of about 2,000 ; a court-house and jail, 2 banks, a United States land oifice, 7 churches, 20 or 30 stores, and several large manufacturing establishments. AMiiuHSTnURUH, Can. West, stands at the im ith of the Detroit river, about half way between Monroe and Detroit. It was known during the last war by the ii^me uf Maiden. On the opposite side of the river is the t at- tic ground of Brownstown, where the Americans, un. er disadvantageous circumstances, and with a slight los*«, routed the British forces, which lay in ambush, as the former were on their way to relieve the fort at French- town. The City of Detroit, on Detroit river, 372 miles from Buffalo, and 675 miles from Chicago, by steamboat route, is unsurpassed for beauty and advantages of lo- cality, standing 30 feet above the water, with a fine view of the surrounding country. It is admirably situated for trade, and is fast rising in commercial importance. The navif ition of the river and lake is open 8 or 9 mon^s in the year, during which time steamboats and other vessels are almost hourly arriving and departing lor the ditferent ports on Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan. .' T tMroti was first settled by the French in 1683; and now coutains u population of about 10,000 inhabitants ; a state hou^c of brick, this being the capital of the state 190 WB8TBRII TOUR. of Miehigan ; a city hall ; lOchtirches ; 4 banking houses; a United States land office ; a theatre and museum ; 3 markets ; a state penitentiary ; a government magazine, and a mechanic's hall ; various charitable and other in- stitutions, besides 12 public rchools. The Central Railroad of Michigan, is now finished for 80 miles ; and when completed will extend to St. Jo- seph, on Lake Michigan, 194 miles from Detroit. There is now a line of public conveyance on this route to Chi- cago, running through in about 40 hours ; 80 miles being by railroad cars ; 120 by stage ; and 69 by steamboat, across Lake Michigan. The Detroit and Pontiac Rail- road is 25 miles long. Windsor, on the opposite side of the river, in Cana- da, is the western termination of the stage route extend- ing to Hamilton aid Queenston. This is a favorite route while navigation is closed. Lake St. Clair, 30 miles long and 24 wide, com. mences 7 miles above Detroit; it is 90 miles in circum- ference and 20 feet deep. Its banks are alluvial, and ele- vated 20 feet above the water. Clinton river enters from Michigan, and the Thames and other streams from the Canada side. From thence the river St. Clair, 40 miles long, extends northerly to Fort Gratiot, 70 miles from Detroit, and at the foot of Lake Huron, on the west side of St. Clair river. It was built in 1814, and consists of a stockade, enclos- ing H magazine, barracks, and other accommodations for a garrison of one battalion. .f.j.ot^ Lake Huron, through which runs the boundary be- tween the United States and Canada, is about 218 miles long and 180 broad, though its irregular form renders it difficult to determine this with much precision. It re- ceives the waters of Lftke Superior through the straits of lYEBTBKN TOUR. 191 ver, in Cana- St. Mary, and uf Lake Michigan, through the straits of Michilimackinac, and discharges its over surplus into Lake Erie, through the St. Clair and Detroit rivers. On the north part of this lake are the Manitoulin Islands, the largest of which is 80 miles long. Point avx Barques, 130 miles from Detroit, is at the south entrance of Saginaw bay, which extends many miles inland, toward the west. Thunder Bay, 75 miles farther, contains a great number of islands, on one of which 16 a light-house. It is sometimes called Thousand Island Bay. Presqce Isle, 30 miles, is situate on the northeast point ol the peninsula of Michigan, where the lake in* clines towards the west. Mackinac, 295 miles from Detroit, and 380 from Chicago, is delightfully situated on the southeast ex- tremity of an island of the same name in the straits of Michilimackinac. It contains a court-house and jail, 2 churches, 10 stores and several public houses. Fort Mackinac stands on a rocky eminence, 150 feet imme- diately above the village, which, together with the har- bor, it commands. This is a*delightful residence during warm weather, the air being freshened and cooled by the water and by gentle winds, rendering the place a favorite resort for invalids. Here also is a great fishery; over 3,5000 barrels of trout and white fish being annually ex- ported ; and it is the mart of an extensive fur trade, being for ages a favorite resort of Indians. A steamboat runs from Mackinac to Green Bay, at the head of which, in Wisconsin, is an Important settlement. After leaving Mackinac, and entering Lake Michigan, several islands are passed in succession, the largest of which is Beaver Island. ' *' '' ■ ' '■ ■ ' ' ■• ■ '■'-' • - ■'-■•! ' . ;] I M 1 t! iii 192 W£ST£RK TOUR. The Manitou Islands, SO miles from Mackinac, lie on the east side of Lake Michigan, opposite the mouth of Green Bay, a large and important body of water. Lakk Michigan, the largest lake which lies wholly in the United States, is about 330 miles long and 60 broad. Its waters are deep, and it affords excellent fish, which are annually taken in large quantities and constitute an important item in the trade of that region. »;. ,^ Milwaukie, in Wisconsin, 300 miles from Mackinac, is on the west sidejof Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Milwaukie river. It contains a court-house and jail, a United States land office, 3 churches, and about 3,000 inhabitants. Steamboats and sail vessels ply between this place and Buffalo, and from its rich and extensive back country, it is likely to grow rapidly and become a place of much importance. ^,.», Racine, 20 miles south of Milwaukie, and at the mouth of Root river, contains a court-house and jail, 10 or 12 stores and about 500 inhabitants. SouTHPORT, 12 miles further, on the west side of the lake, contains about 500 inhabitants and several stores. The CiTV OF Chicago, in Illinois, 48 miles still fur- ther south, is beautifully situated on level ground, on both sides of the river Chicago. It extends along the lake shore for a mile. An artificial harbor has been formed by the construction of piers on each side of the entrance of the river, for some distance into the lake. This is a rapidly growing and important place, with numerous steamboats and other vessels employed in ac- tive and profitable trade with Buffalo, and the various intermediate ports on the Upper Lakes. It contains 5 or 6,000 inhabitants ; the public buildings for Cook county j a United States land office ; 8 churches, and several well kept public houses. No place in the Union has probably WESTERN TOUR. 193 ackinac, lie the mouth ■ water. lies wholly [d60 broad, fish, which institute an . Mackinac, e mouth of ise and jail, about 3,000 ly between I extensive d become a and at the indjail, 10 side of the eral stores. es still fur- round, on along the has been Iside of the the lake. lace, with •yed in ac- e various Intains 5 or ik county ; veral well s probably exceeded Chicago in its rapid growth and the increase of its trade. It is the central mart of the rich agricultural section of northern Illinois, and a part of Wicsonsin. The Michigan and Illinois Canal, now constructing from this place to the navigable waters of the Illinois river, will add much to its imp ortance and give a new and powerful impulse to its growth. Michigan City, Indiana, standing at the head of Lake Michigan, and at the mouth of Trail Creek, was laid out in 1835. It now contains about 800 inhabitants, and is no doubt destined to become a place of very consi- derable importance. '*'" ^ St. Joseph, Michigan, opposite Chicago, stan4s at the mouth of the St. Joseph river, and is the proposed termination of the Central Railroad, running through Michigan from Detroit, a distance of about 200 miles. A line of steamboats, stages, and railroad cars, now run over this route, from Chicago to Detroit, affording a choice of conveyances, and great facilities for travel and correspondence. ^" Green Bay is in the Territory of Wisconsin. Con- necting with Lake Michigan at the northwestern bend of the latter, by a wide opening, or straits, the Bay stretches southward about 100 miles, with a breadth varying from 15 to 30 miles, and lying nearly parallel with the north segment of the lake. Its broad entrance, for some 30 miles, is traversed by a succession of islands, called, from their position, Traverse Islands. The Bay is navi- gable by vessels of 200 tons burden, to its southern ex- tremity, or head, where it receives the waters of Fox river, at the mouth of which is a flourishing town, with a population of nearly 2,000, surrounded by a fertile and beautiful region, and where the United States have a Land Office. The head waters of ttie Fox river inter- m ^4 ■J: -if I ? I ; :f I f J 194 WBSTERlf TOUR. lock with those of the Wisconsin, at a very short dis- tance apart, and in very high freshets boats have often passed from one to the other. A short canal would make the connection perfect at all times, and would thus give an unbroken navigation from the great lakes through Green Bay, Fox river and the Wisconsin, to the Missis- sippi at Prairie du Chien, 300 miles below the Falls of St. Anthony, and 600 miles above St. Louis. Green Bay contains several islands about midway its length, ftud at its northwestern curve it receives the Menominee river, which flows in from the northwest, and forms the boundary between the Wisconsin Territory and that por- tion of Michigan which lies between it and Lake Su- perior. Sault de St. Ma me, or St. Mary's Falls, is the name of the settlement on the American shore of the St Mary's River, about 15 miles below Lake Superior, at the rapids, which are three-fourths of a mile long, with a descent of some 23 feet. The entire fall of the river, which is 60 miles long, from Lake Superior to its en- trance into Lak« Huron, is about 50 feet. It is contem- plated to cut a ship canal round the falls, or sault, the river being navigable in all the rest of its course. Such a canal, by enabling steamers and all other lake vessels to pass into Lake Superior, and thus opening the naviga- tion of that great inland sea, would serve most efficiently to promote the settlement of Upper Michigan, and the regions bordering on Lake Superior, would enhance the value of the national domains, particularly of the cop- per and lead districts, and would be the pioneer of incal- culable benefits to the whole Union, as well as to a vast but secluded country, not yet accommodated with the means of constant and permanent intercourse and traflio WESTERN TOUR. 195 superior, at with the great lake states, and the great markets of the sea* board. The settlement, or village of St. Mary, is on the site of an OiJ French fort, and is an elevated and pleasant po- sition. It contains a court*honse, 3 churches, a trading house of the American Fur Company and several other stores. A post belonging to the United States, called Fort Brady, is also established here, and has a garrison of United States troops. The population, made up of Americans, Frenchmen, Indians and half-breeds, amounts usually to about 1 ,000, and occasionally a much greater number, when the Indians and other trappers and hun- ters come in with their peltry, for the purposes of trade, and to -eceive their annuities. Lake Superior, supposed to be the largest body of fresh water in the world, is about 380 miles long and 130 wide, and about 1,400 miles in circumference. It is sur- rounded mostly by a rocky and uneven coast, and con- tains many considerable islands, one of the largest of which, Isle Royal, is about 100 miles long and 40 miles broad. Its waters abound with fish, particularly trout, sturgeon, and white-fish, which are caught at all seasons and in large quantities. Of these the trout, weighing from 12 to 50 pounds, and the white fish, weighing often over 20 pounds, are perhaps the most important. The storms on this lake are almost equal to those on the Atlantic — its waves run as high, and its navigation is probably more dangerous. Its surface is elevated 625 feet above the level of the sea, and its mean depth is 900 feet. Its wa- ters are remarkably clear and transparent. It receives more than thirty rivers, and discharges its surplus into Lake Huronj by the straits, or river of St. Mary. The boundary lines between the United States and the British Possessions pass through the middle of this, as of the 196 WRSTCRN TOUR. r^ t i Other great lakes, from its outlet, the St. Mary, most of the distance, but towaird the westerly segment of the Isle Royal, giving that island to the United States, and then inclining southwesterly to the mouth of Pigeon river. » The Pictured Rocks, on its south shore, toward the east end of the lake, are a great curiosity, forming an immense perpendicular wall 300 feet high and extending about 12 miles, with frequent and vast caverns along their base, into which waters roll, especially in storms, with a tremendous roar. At one place a considerable stream is thrown from them into the lake, by a single burst, from the height of 70 feet, and boats can pass between it and the rocks ; at another place four enormous piers of rocks support a vast stratum, or entablature of stone, covered with soil, on which stand trees of spruct and pine, some of which are 50 or 60 feet high. This is called the Doric Rock, or Arch, and it appears like an achievement of Art, though it is the work of Nature. " 1 ' '■.■■ nT ■ ■.- . ■ ■:^ .- , .■■ • .■• : ■ ._ .';\' .-, • C '■) 'm ^ ■■'\.: ■■' ■ ■ :. ' ^''•' -, ; - 1 ,> . ' ■ ^' '''-''' , ': «". , ' •■;-'<:"'• : ) , \V*o '1 • ■' •. r|x-,n's^- -r' e , , ,'. -V , . ,-• A>..:.fM . ' ., ^ -^; ! ., ■ 1 ■>■ ^ i f * ' r i '"','- -; ■ - "|■V•:^^T;^u'^ >-■ . ■■■ .■^' J'- ■■---.■/i »?. y< 'K'. : ^:. , ' ^;V .• -'r ■' ■■ .f" ■■■'v-%i - '' S '','''.'• ' '■■???^ ■^ '■-)'•■] •I U)'M •'-':■:' - -■--:■■■' -' ■ ' ■■■ -•n^' (*■ ']. 't.-.' 1 ■'■ » 'V 1 1 ■- 1 1 S ', . ■■'■■» ' <■.'_",)<•, , " ■ ■. ' ■ ,'<^) .■' ;!-/i-'-"''V ■ ''■ ■%■■ 't ,f I . '* '^ ■ ■''■, '- ■- • .. 1;' ■',.' ■■'' '■ •- ■ - ■ ,• ■,^w ■s■'<^r■ "[''.. ■■' _:':-- ■ i s ■ ^^. '''lU ■-#.:fr: .■■•■..^•. -V •* T- - \'MJ^i .,, -i u !^-!;'i- »T :- ■ »:<■: .»,/f THE FIRST VKSSKL WHICH NAVIGATED THE WESTERN LAKES. The followinjr account, which we extract from Hunt's Mkkchants' Magazine, is translated from an old French worii, printed in 16S8, entitled, "An Account of the Discovery of a very great Country situated in America," by Father Hennepin. It will be read with interest: It now became necessary for La Salle, in furtherance of his object, to construct a vessel above the Falls of Niagara, sulUcieritly large to transport the men and gooils necessary to carry on a profitable trade with the savag*s residing on the western lakes. On the 22d of January, 1679, they went six miles above the falls to the mouth of a small creek, and there built a dock convenient for the construction of their vessel.* On the 2Gth of January, the keel and other pieces be- ing ready. La Salle requested Father Hennepin to drive the first bolt, but the modesty of the good father's pro- fession prevented. During the rigorous winter. La Salle determined to re- turn to Fort Frontenac ;t and leaving the dock in charge of an Italian named Chevalier Tuti, he started, accom- panied by Father Hennepin as far as Lake Ontario ; from thence he traversed the dreary forests to Frontenac on * Thore can be but littlR iIouI)t ihit the pliicc ihcjr st'lcclcil for tjuililiug their b;irk, was the mouth of the Cnyiiaa CrPfk, nlinut six miles a!;ovc the falls. Ciovcrnor Cass siiys " the vessel was liiunched at Krie;" Schoolcraft, in his journal, says, "near Fuf- falo;" and ttio historian Banctoft locntes the site at the month of Tonawanila crcdi. Hennepin says the month of the crccli was two leagues above the great falls; the tnoulh of the Ton;i\v;ui(tn is more than twice that distance, and the Cuyiiga is ttie only- stream that answers to the description. t Now Kingston, Canada. O 198 NAVIGATION OF TIIK foot, with only two companions and a dog which drew his ba(];gat;e on a sled, subsisting on nothing but parched corn, and even that failed him two days journey from the fort. In the mean time the building of the vessel went on under the suspicious eyes ol the neighboring savages, although the most pari J' them had gone to war l)eyond Lake Erie. One of them, feigning intoxication, attempt- ed the life of the blacksmith, who defended himself sue cessfully with n red hot bar of iron. The timely warning of n friendly sqaw averted the burning of their vessel on the stocks, which was designed by the savages. The work- men were almost disheartened by frequent alarms, and would have abandoned the work had they not been cheered by tiie good father, who represented the great advantage their perseverance would aflord, and how much their success would redound to the glory of God. These and other inducements accelerated the work, and the vessel was soon ready to be launched, though notentirely finished. Chanting Te Deum, and firing three guns, they commit* ted her to the river amid cries of joy, and swung their hammocks in security from the wild beasts and still more dreaded Indians. When the Senecos returned from their expedition they were greatly astonished at the floating fort, " which struck terror among all the savages who lived on the great lake* and rivers within filtocn hundred miles." Hennepin as- cf.?ndcd the river in a bark canoe with one of his com' panicns as far as Lake Erie. They twice pulled the ca' noe up the rapids, and sounded the lake for the purpose of ascertaining the depth. He reported that with a fa- vorable north or northwest wind the vessel could ascend to the lake, and then sail without difficulty, over its whole extent. Soon after the vessel was launched in the current of Niagara about four and a half miles from the WESTKRN T^AKER, 199 lake. ITeancpin left it for Fort Frontenac^ and returning ■with La Salle and two oilier fathers, Gabriel and Zeno- be Mumbre, anchored in the Niagara the 30th July, I67f). On the 4th of August, they reached the dock where tlic ship was built, which he calls distant eighteen miles from Lake Ontario, and proceeded from thence in 1 bark cnnoe, to their vessel, which they found at anchor .nreo miks iVom the " beautiful Lake Erie." The vessel was of CO tons burthen, completely rigged, and found with all the necessaries, arms, provisions and merclmndize ; it had seven small pieces of cannon on •board, two of which were of brass. There was a griffin, flying at the jib boom, and an eagle above. There were also all the ordinary ornaments and other fixtures which usually grace a ship of war. They endeavored many times to ascend the current of the Niagara into Lake Erie without success, the wind not being strong enough. Whilst they were thus detained, La Salle employed a few cf his men in clearing some land on the Canadian shore, opposite the vessel, and in sowing some vegetable seeds for the benefit of those who might inhabit the place. At length the wind being favorable, they lightened the vessel by sending most of the crew on shore, and with the aid cf their sails and ten or a dozen men at the tow- lines, ascended the current into Lake Erie. Thus on the 7th of August, 1G79, the first vessel set sail on the un- tried waters of Lake Eric. They steered southwest, after having chanted their never failing Te Deum, and dis- charged their artillery in the presence of a vast number of Seneca warriors. It had teen reported to our voya- gers that Lake Erie was full of breakers and sand banks, whicb rendered a safe navigation impossible ; they there- fore kept the lead going, sounding from time to time. i» I if '• : fi 1 1 f '3 I t 200 NAVIGATION OF TIIU After sailin!», without difficulty, through Lake p]rie, they arrived on the 11th of August at the mouth of the Detroit river, sailing up which they arrived at Lake St. Clair, to which they gave the name it bears. After be- ing detained several days by contrary winds at the bot- tom of the St. Clair river, they at length succeeded in entering Lake Huron, on the 23,1 of August, chanting Te Deum through gratitude for a safe navigation thus far. Passing along the eastern shore of the lake, they sailed with a fresh and favorable wind until evening, when the wind suddenly veered, driving them across hasiiaw Bay, (Sacinaw.) The stormed raged until the 24ib, and was succeeded by a calm, which continued until next day noon, (2.')th,) when they pursued their course until mid- night. As they doubled a point which advanced into the lake, they were suddenly struck by a furious wind, which forced them to run behind the cape for safely. On the 26th. the violence of the storm oinpelled them to send down their top-masts and yards, "nd to stand in, for they could find neither anchorage or shelter. It was then the stout heart of La Salle failed him, the whole crew fell upon their knees to say their prnyers and prepare for death, except the pilot, whom they could not compel to follow their example, and who on the contra- ry ''did nothing all that time but curse and swear against M. La Salle, who had brought him thither to make him perish in a nasty lake, and lose the glory he had acq'iired by his long and happy navigation on the ocean." On the 27th, favored with less adverse winds, they arrived dur- ing the night at Michillimackinack and anchored in the bay, where they report six fathoms of water and a clay bottom. This bay they state is protected on the south- west, west and northwest, but open to the south. The 'U WB8TKRN LAKES. Lake Erie, iioulh of the at Lnke St. I. After bc- ; nt the bot- succceiletl in ist, chanting lion thus far. , they sailed ig, when the ncnaw Hay, Itl), and was til next day se until mid- need into the wind, which fely. On the them to send (d in, for they jiled him, the prnynrs and ey could not u the contra- wear against to make him [had acq'iired n." On the arrived dur- hored in the r and a clay |n the south* Isouth. The savages were struck dumb with astonishment at the iize of their vessel, and the noise of their guns. Here they regaled themselves on the delicious trout, which they described as being from 50 to 60 lbs. in weight ond as affurdiag the savages their principal subsistence. On the 2:1 of September, they lel'l Mackinac, entered Lake Michigan, (Illinois,) and sailed 40 leagues to an islani at the mouth of the Bay of Puara, (Green Bay.) From this place La Salle determined to sen J back the ship la.len with furs to Niagara. The pilot and five men embarked in lier, and on the 10th she fired a gun and set sail rn her return with a favorable wind. Nothing more was heard from her, and she undoubtedly foundered in Lake Huron, with all on board. Her cargo was rich, and valued at 00,000 livres. Thus ended the first voyage of the first ship that sailed over the Western Lakes. What a contrast is presented between the s^jlont waves and unbroken forests which wit* nesseJ the course of that adventurous bark, an 1 the busy hum of commerce whicli now rises from the fertile bot- toms, anl the thousan.l ships and smoking palaces which now furrow the surface of those inland seas ! The first vessel hearing the American flag upon Lake Erie, was the sloop Detroit, of 70 tons, built in 1796. In 1797 the schooner Wilkinson, of Detroit, was builtj her capacity was 80 tons. In nOO the Good Intent, of 35 tons was built j she was wrecked in 1S06. In 1799, the government built the " John Adams" and " Tracy." In 1805, the schooner Nancy was built by the United Sta'esat Black Rock. In 1S06, the "Contractor" was built by Porter, Bar. ton & Co. I.l 1 .! f ' ! . 5 vi: I I I fl' I m STA'TIHTinS i)r ATlCAMKItn. In HIO, the " Cnlhfrine" was built. In ISIS, thn lirj^t stfamlxmt, " VVnlk-in-tlic-Wntcr," was hiiilt lit niiick llocli ; nt which timri, n list of Btciuncrs down to the present HCHson inusr be intorcstiii?, and we hive at no inconside- ruble time and trouble, been enabled to make up the ta< ble below. In urrani^ina; it we have endeavored to be correot, but may have fallen into mistakes, in consequence of the waul of ofliciul data. Should such be the ciiee, those at the west who have records us authority, will make corrections and call attention in some suitable man- ner, as we are desirous to obtain such information. The list of boats, with place and date of building, together with their tonnage, will be found annexed. NAMF). TONS. CLASS, Walk-in-the. Water, . 342 Low Low Low Low High Low WHERB AKD WHEN RttltT. Uluck llock,.. . 1S18 Jlull'alo, 1822 '• 1824 Black Rock,. (I Superior, 300 Chippewa 100 Henry Clay 34S Pioneer, 230 N'ugnra, 180 William Penn, 275 Low Erie,. Enterprise, 250 High Clevela^.d, Peacock, 120 High Barcelona, Newburyport, 75 High Erie, Thompson, 242 Low Huron, 1830 Ohio, 187 High L. Sandusky,. . Adelaide, ..... i *30 Low Chippewa, ... Gratiot, 63 High Charleston, 1825 (( 1826 1829 1831 Pcnnsylvanir., 395 New- York, 325 Brady 100 K Uncle Sam, 280 Perseverance, 50 Washington, (Isl)... 609 Michigan 472 Daniel Webster, 358 Detroit, 240 Lady of the Lake,. . . 60 High Mt. Clemens,.. Gov. Marcy, 161 Low Black Rock,. North America, 362 High Conneaut,... Newberry, 170 High Palmer, Delaware, 170 High Huron, High Erie, 1832 High Black Rock,. High - Low High Low Low Low High (I Detroit, " r s Isle, L.ie, Huron, 1833 Detroit, " Black Kock,. Toledo, u (• (( (( 204 STATISTICS OF STEAMKRS. t . NAME. TONS. Victory, 77 Gen. Porter, 342 Jeli'erson, 428 Com. Perry, 352 Monroe, 341 Mazeppa 130 Sandusky, 377 Minnesselunk, 250 Jackson, 50 Jack Downing, 80 Little Western, 60 Robert Fulton,*. 308 Columbus, 391 Charles Townsend,. . 312 United States, 3(i6 Chicaaio 166 W. F. P. Taylor,.... 95 Thames 160 DeWitt Clinton, 493 Julia Palmer, 300 Little Erie, 149 Barcelona, 102 United 37 St. Clair, 250 Don Quixotte, 80 Crockett, 18 Cincinnati, 116 Illinois, 755 Rochester, 472 Madison, 630 Cleveland, 5S0 Wisconsin, 700 Erie 497 Constellation, 483 Bunker Hill, 457 Constitution, 443 New England, 416 Milwaukie, 401 Anthony Wayne,. . . 390 Macomb, 101 Star, 128 Commerce, 80 Mason, 33 GreT* Western, 780 CLASS. Low Low Low High High High Low Low High High High High High Low High High Hiuh High High Low I^ow Low High High High High High Low High High Low Low Low Low High High Low Low High High High High High High WHERE AND WMEN BUrLT. Bulialo, 1834 Black Rock,. . . " Erie " Perrysburgh, . . " Monroe, " BuHalo, " Sandusky, '* GoJerich, " Mt. Clemens,. . " Sandusky, .... " Chatham, " Cleveland, 1835 Huron, ** Buflalo, " Huron, " St. Josephs,.. . " Silver Creek,.. " Chatham, *' Huron, 1836 Buffalo, *• Detroit " Dunville, " Detroit, ** Sandusky, .... " Toledo, " Bruner&burgh, . '* Sandusky, " Detroit, 1837 Richmond, .... '* Erie, •' Huron, " Conneant, " Erie, " Charleston,.... " • • • • Conneaut, " Black Rock,. . . •' Grand Island,. '* Perrysburgh. . . " Mt. Clemens,.. ** Belvidere, ** Sandusky, " Grand Rapids,. " Huron, 1838 STATISTICS OF STEAMERS. 205 WHEN BUrLT. Ka« • • 1834 <( ;h, .. << <( (( (( ens,.. • • • • It it <( , . . .. 1835 (C (1 hs,. . . eek,.. (( <( • *** , . . . . 1837 <( (( ,. . .. <( [1,. . . • • • • (t • and, gh.. ?ns,. • • • • • • • • • • • • (( !*. 1838 NAMID. TONS. CLASS. Buffalo, 613 Low Chesapeake, 412 Low Vermilion, 3S5 High Lexington, 363 Low Fail-port, 259 High Red Jacket, 148 Low Vance, 75 High James Allen, 258 Low Washington (2d).... 330 High Dole, 162 High Trowbridge, 52 High Marshall, 51 High Owashenonk, 45 High Palrtmase, 56 High Gen. Scott, 240 High Chantauque, 161 Low Brothers, 150 High Kent, 180 High Huron, 140 High Harrison, (1st) 63 High Missouri 612 High Harrison, (2d) 326 High Waterloo, 98 Low Minos, 400 Low Indiana, 534 Low Franklin, 231 High Nile, 600 Low Union, 64 High Caroline, (re-built,). 46 Low WHKRK «I«0 WHEN RUILT. Buffalo 1833 Maumee City,. Vermilion, Charleston,.... Fairport, Grand Island,. . Perrysburgh, . . Chicago, Ashtabula, .... Chicago, . . . . Kalamn/uo, .. . Perrysburgh, . . Grand Haven,, fct. Joseph, ... Huron 1839 Butfalo, '' Chatham, ..... Chatham, Newport, ,... . Erie, Vermilion, .... Maumee City,. Black Rock,. . • Chippewa, .... Toledo, 1841 Algcnac, 1842 Detroit, 1843 Black Rock,. . . " Ogdensburgh,.. 1824 <( 1840 Besides the above list, there are a few small boats of which nothing is known other than their names. Among Ihe&c are t'.ie Pantanguishane, Cynthia, Pontiac, and Phe- nomenon, making with those above given, an aggregate of 27,000 tons, at a total cost of $3,510,000. One hundred and thirty dollars a ton being what we deem true data, for building and fitting out this description of vessels. In examining the progress of steam as applied in propel- ling vessels on the lakes, we are struck with the very small number of disasters when compared with other sec* tions of the country, especially on the western waters. ' 206 STATISTICS OF STICAMBRS. In the whole period of 25 years, there have been but four explosions which might be termed serious. It is true there are other disasters to record, whose calamitous de- tails are too freshly impressed upon the public mind. The following tabular view presents both these classes : EXPLOSIONS. LIVES LOST. Peacock, Sept. 1830, 15 Adelaide, June, 1830,. . . 3 Erie, August, 1840, 6 Perry, twice in 1835,... 6 BURNED. LIVES LOST, Washington, 2d, Je. '38 50 Erie, August, 1841, ..250 Vermilion, Nov. 1842, 5 Caroline, (wilful).. .. 5 Total, 30 310 The incidental disasters, such as collisions, wrecks, &c. are as follows: Walk-in-the- Water, wrecked in gale in our ofling, Nov. 1, 1821, total loss. Washington, (1st) wrecked in a gale near Long Point, 1833. She was a splendid new boat, cost $60,000, and the first season out — totally lost — one man drowned. Delaware, totally lost in a gale near Chicago, in 1834. Crockett, totally lost in a gale near St. Joseph, 1834. Detroit, ashore near South- port, on Lake Michigan, 1836 — total. Adelaide, ashore in a gale on Lake Michigan, 1840 — totally lost. Taylor, at Michigan City, 1838, totally lost. Don Quixotte, lost in a gale on Lake Huron, 1836. Thames, burned by the " Patriots "at Windsor, in 1838. Webster, burned to the water's edge while lying up in our harbor, 11th Jan, 1835. The Taylor took fire near the mouth of Cattarau- gus Creek, in the autumn of 1836, but the flames were subdued in time to save the boat. One hand jumped overboard and was drowned. Beside the explosions of the Perry, she has had two collisions with other vessels, in one of which a man was killed. The first season the Great Western came out, she was burned (Sept. 1st, 1839) while lying at Detroit. She had been to Chicago, and on returning across Lake St. Clair took fire, but the STATISTICS OF STEAMERS. 907 flames were apparently extinguished until reaching De- troit, when they burst forth anew and consumed the boat almost down to the water's edge. The Cynthia, a Cana- dian ferry-boat, was burned near Maiden in Oct. 1838. Minnessetunk sunk by collision with the Erie, near De- troit. She has been raised, enlarged, and is now known as the Goderich. Little Western, burned at Detroit last season. Macomb, ashore in a gale, mouth of Detroit ri- ver, last fall. Niagara, by collision with some other boat, at Huron. Ohio, sunk at Toledo, in 1837. Little Erie, lost in the ice last fall near Detroit, total. The Sandusky, consumed by fire while lying up in our har- bor last February. Of the old boats which have gradually gone to decay, we note the following: Chippewa, Henry Clay, Enter- prise, and Pioneer, in this harbor; Peacock and Pennsyl- vania at Erie; Marcy and Brady at Detroit; Thompson at Huron; Newberry at Maumee city; Perseverance at Monroe; Uncle Sam at Charleston, with some of the smaller boats whose whereabouts are not distinctly known. Many of the larger class of boats, but seldom used of late, are laid up in ordinary at the places nam- ed: Webster, Townsend, New- York, Star, and Monroe at this port; Jefferson at Erie; United States at Cleve- land; Michigan at Detroit; Milwaukie at Milwaukie. The Porter is now known as the Toronto, in the service of the Canadian authorities; the Minos is the armed steamer also in the same employ. The Superior was long since dismantled and converted into a ship, and is the only vessel of that description now on the lakes, the Julia Palmer having been converted into a steamer, and the Milwaukie lost in the disastrous gale of November last, upon LakeMichigan. The Cincinnati, J. Downing, Barcelona, and Mazeppa have also been converted into Mrita 208 STATISTICS OF STEAMERS. ! -I sail craft. The latter is known as the schooner General Scott. The St. Clair was originally known as the Sagi* naw, Rhode Island, &c. of only 160 tons. During the past winter she was remodeled and enlarged at Detroit, and now rates 250 tons. The Wisconsin was originally 490 tons, but now being lengthened sixty feet which will add to her tonnage at least enough to meet the figures given in the table. The Marshall is now running on Lake Ontario, having passed through the Welland canal. The Caroline, whose destruction filled so large a por- tion of public notice, was originally known as the Caro- lina, and is believed to have been built at Charleston, S. C. at a very early date, as she was rebuilt at Ogdens- burgh as given in the table. She was very strong built, of Norway pine and copper fastened. Before passing down the St. Lawrence, she ran a couple of seasons on the Hudson, between Albany and Troy, when her guards were shipped so as to admit her through the Erie canal. The date of her destruction is at Schlosser, Niagara Co, N. Y., 2Dth December, 1837. The number of boats yet remaining of the whole once in commission on Lake Erie and the other upper lakes, is about sixty, with an aggregate of 17,000 tons. Of these, some thirty- five only are used when the consolida- tion is in existence. / Of the whole number of boats put in commission du- ring the above period, only ten were built and owned in Canada. The first steamer known to be upon Lake Michigan was the Henry Clay, In August, 1827, an excursion of pleasure was made in her to Green Bay, where Governor Cass was holding a treaty with the Winnebagoes. After the trer.ty was concluded, Gov, C. and suite returned in the Clay. From that period to 1832, some of the boat* ler General iS the Sagi* During the at Detroit, ; originally which will the figures *unning on land canal, rge a por- s the Care- irleston, S. It Ogdens- rong built, jre passing sieasons on her guards Krie canal, iagara Co. vhole once )per lakes, tons. Of consolida> I lission du- owneii in Michigan cursion of Governor es. After ^turned in the boats STATISTICS OF BTBAJVIEHSI 209 went to Green Bay, but no further. On the breaking out of the Black Hawk war, several of the larger boats were chartered by government, to convey troops to the disaffected territory, and Chicago for the first time was greeted by the sight of one of those strange visiters. The building of the propeller Hercules is the com. mencement of a new era in lake navigation, and her own. ers predict for that description of vessels a large share of the carrying trade, especially upon the Upper Lakes. The H. is 275 tons burthen, 137 feet long, 25 feet beam, 8 feet hold, and put together in the strongest manner. She has 14 state-rooms, 6feet square, with sufficient addition* al space for the erection of 46 berths more, and from the peculiar symmetry of the H. she will doubtless afford ample accommodations for families emigrating. Her space below for storage is large, having almost the entire hull of the vessel appropriated for that purpose. The peculiar feature, however, of the Hercules, is her engine and its auxiliaries. On examining the machinery, all are struck with the infinite compactness of the steam appa> ratus, and its perfect simplicity, the whole weighing but fifteen tons. The engine is simple and very small, lies close upon the kelson, and fills but a space of six feet square. It is one of Ericsson's patent, was made at Au- burn and is computed to be of 50 horse power. We might here remark that the weight of an engine and boilers for one of our largest steamers is estimated at from 60 to 70 tons — the dead weight of which a propeller escapes carrying. The paddles are made of boiler iron, % inch thiC'v. 18 inches broad by 30, and are placed on two long wrought iron shafts, protruding from eitherside of the stern post. The diameter of the paddles are 6 feet 4 inches. From the superb manner in which the Hercules is built and fitted out, having cost nearly $20,000 210 STATISTICS OF STEAMERS. dollars, it is apparent that the enterprising proprietoni are determined to give the experiment a full and fair trial. Another boat of the same tonnage, for the same owners, is now being built at Perrysburgh, and wil) be out next month. The Cleveland propeller was launched on the 22d ult. and the fourth vessel of the kind is rapidly pro- gressing toward completion at Chicago. Ten cords of wood, at a cost of $17, will suffice the propeller per diem; while one of our largest steamers will consume two cords per hour, at a cost of $80 a day. Some of the steamers even exceed this calculation by 33 per cent. I' roprietor* 1 fair trial, e owners, e out next led on the ipidly pro- suffice the t steamers |80 a day. tion by 33 TOUR THROUGH CANADA. The most usua] mode of conveyance from BufTalo to the Falls of Niagara, and thence into Canada, is by rail* road on the American side of Niagara river to the Falls, thence to Lewiston, v/here commodious steamers leave several times daily for the different ports on Lake Ontario- There is also another very desirable mode of convey* ance, by steamboat, descending the Niagara river, from Buffalo to Chippewa, Canada ; thence by railroad, on the Canadian shore, passing in full view of the Falls, to Queen'-' jn, where the British steamboats land and re* ceive passengers daily, during the season of navigation. As the steamboat leaves Buffalo, on the latter route, it affords a fine view oi' Lake Erie and both shores of the river. On the Canada side, the first object of interest is the ruins of old Fort Erie, captured by the Americans, July 3, 1814. It is situated at the foot of the lake, oppo< site to the site of a strong fortress which the United States government are now erecting, a little north from Buffalo loward Black Rock. Waterloo, in Canada, 3 miles from Buffalo and op-- posite Black Rock, with which it is connected by a steam ferry, is handsomely situated on the west side of Niagara river, which is here about half a mile wide. Grand Island, belonging to the Araericans, is passed to the left in descending the river, and is a large and valuable tract of fine land, mostly covered with a heavy forest, which abounds with white oak of a superior quali" ty for ship timber, great quantities of which, within a few years, have been sent to market on the sea-board, by the Erie canal. 31 212 TOUR THROUGH CANADA. I; 'I ! Navy Island, belonging to the British, is next passed. This island obtained great notoriety in the fall and winter of 1837-S, when it was occupied by the " patriots," as they were styled, during the troubles in Canada. The steamer Caroline was destroyed on the night of Decem- ber 29th, 1837, while lying at Schlosser's Landing, on the American shore, having been engaged in transport' ing persons to and from the island, which was soon after evacuated. Opposite Navy Island, on the Cann la side near Chip- pewa, is the house in which Capt. Usher resided ;vhen murdered in 1838, It is supposed he fell by the hands of 8om^ of the deluded patriots. Chippewa, 20 miles below Buffalo, and 2 mi.wS above the Falls, is on the west side of Niagara river, at the mouth of a creek of the same name, which is navigable to Port Robinson, some 8 or 10 miles west j the latter place being on the line of the Welland canal. The vil- lage of Chippewa contains a population of about 800 souls. It has obtained a place in history on account of the bloody battle which was fought near it in the war of 1812, between the United States and Great Britain. The battle was fought on the 5th of July, IS 14, on the plains a short distance south of the Chippewa Landing. The American forces were commanded by Major Gen. Jacob Brown, and the British, by Major General Riall, who, after an obstinate and sanguinary fight; was defeated with considerable loss. At Chippewa commences a railroad, extending to Queenston, a distance of 10 miles. Steamboats continue the line of travel from both ends of this road, thus fur- nishing an interesting and speedy conveyance between Lakes Erie and Ontario. Toi;u 'TiinouGA cakapa. 213 le between On arriving in the vicinity of the Falls of Niagara, tands on the heights, near where he fell, erected to his memory. It is now very much dilapidated, hav. ing been shattered by gunpowder, April 17, 1840 ; an in- famous act said to have been perpetrated by a rufllan of iJie name of Lett, concerned in the insurrection of 1837. The railroad to Chippewa, terminates on the south of Uuccnston village, near the monument. Passengers are taken from \ ic depv't in carriages to the steamboat lan.i- ins, a short distance below, whore steamboats depart and arrive several times daily, during the summer months. Stage Routk through Caxat).\ from Queenston to Deikoit. The distance by the abcve route is 260 miles. Usual time 24, days; fare $13.00. Stages leave Queenston, (opposite Lewiston,) ever\ day at 8 o'clock A. M., passing through St. Catharines, Hamilton, Brantford, Woodstock, Lon- don and Chatham, to Windsor, opposite Detroit. Leav- ing Windsor every morning at 8 o'clock, returning by the same route. . By the above arrangement, a direct line is formed be- tween Albany and Chicago, a distance of 925 miles ; through in 8 days. The village of Niagara, is advantageously situated on the Canadr side, at the entrance of the river into Lake On- tario, directly opposite Fort Niagara, on the American 216 TOl U TllliOUGll CANADA. r' I s (iidc. It contains ubuut 2,000 inhubituntb ; a cuuit- house und jdil ; 1 Episcopal, 1 Prcsl)} terian, 1 Aldhodi^t, and 1 Jloinau Cttlliolic church ; 10 hotels and luvorns, and 20 stores cl' diiiVri'ut hinds, 'i'liis is the most noted place in Canadii Wist, tor l>uildin;{ steiituhoiits an.l other cral't navii^iitiii!.' Luke Ontario. ]iere iii n J)(.ck Vurd with a iimrine railway and I'oundcry iittached, tnpHl)le id' mak- ing injicliinery of the largest ile8crii)titn, und t;ivini,' em- l)loymcnt to a ^'reat iiuinher ol" men. It is owned by tht " Niiigura Dock Company." . , The Jiace Course at this place is in liiuh repute among the sportii!!; ircntry ; and the spriny und lb II races arc munerously attended. Four Cii;oRi;r., situated a shtrt distance south or up- stream Iroin the mouth ol' the river, is now in ruins. This was the scene of n severe contest in .1813, in which the Americans were victorious. A new fort has been erected on the poini of land at the mouth of the river, directly opposite old Fori Niagara on the American side. The new foitification is called Fort Mussofiouga. The v.hole frontier on the Canada side, from Tort tleorge to Fort Erie, opposite Ihtifalo, was occupied by the American army in IN 14, when occurred a succession of battles of the most determined and brilliant character. Here the British rc;:julars were met face to face at the ])oint of the bayonet, and vanquished on their own ground. The Welland Canal, which unites the waters of Lakes Eri*' a*id Ontario, is a work of great masinltude. It enters l>;:ke Ontario a few miles west of Niagara. The enltf^- work ^s now being enlarged, and though it will probably not be completed till 18 16, it will be navi- gable in l''-io, (m the enlarged plan. At present there are 32 lo«. '^; but when the enlarged work is lini^'^d there will .aly be 2-\ with a lift of from 12^ to 14 l\ It contains 4 or 5,000 inhabitants; a court-hou c and jail, being the seat of justice for the Gore district; » ctt' arches of different denominations; several well ke^K hiotels, and a large number of stores. Its busi- ness is. increasing, and it has one of the largest and mo^t secu5* harbors on Lake Ontario, being formed by Bur- lin'^tom Bay, which is so much land-locked as to be well sht Itered. The approach to the bay is through an artifi- cial canal -across Burlington beach. Steamboats leave Hamilton daily for Toronto and Lewiston, and connect ■with other lines of travel. Stages also depart, daily, for Windsor, opposite Detroit, and Queenston. DuNDAs, near the head of Burlington Bay, 5 miles west of Hamilton, is a place of considerable trade. It contains about t. 500 inhabitants, and possesses a fine I' n 1**" i 'I i 1? ii f .?(■ M; 218 TOUR THROUGH CAKAnA. water privilege, on which are already erectcJ several ex. tensive flouring mills, and other nianulactiiring establish- ments. The DesJardin Canal, 2 miles long and navi- gabie, connects it with Burlington hay and Lake On- tario. The City or Toronto, tiie third place in population and importance in Canada, is delightfully situated on a beautiful bay, formed by a low sandy peninsula called Gibraltar Point. It is ISO miles west of Kingston, and 45 miles east of Hamilton by steamboat route. Toronto signiHes in the Indian language, a place of meeting. In J793, when surveyed by the elder Bouchctle, under the orders of Ctov, Eimcoe, two Massasauga families were the only inhabitants it contained, and the harbor was a resort for numerous wild fowl. It was incorporated as a city in 1S34, when it contained 9,254 inhabitants. In l'*42 it had increased to 15,436, and now probably num. hers IS, 000 inhabitants, having doubled its population in ten years. ' \ Within a few years it has greatly improved in appear- ance and in trade j a large number of elegant buildings have been recently erected, and it now presents as neat an aspect asany place in Canada. The streets are paved, and the city is well lighted with gas. Waterworks are also iu progress, which when completed will afford every family a bountiful supply of pure water, which heretofore has been Uiken from the lake and distributed by cans. The streets cross each other at right angles, and King-street, the great mart for merchan '.i/.e, i«. near a mile long, mostly bui'l iu a substantial manner with brick stores or dwellings. Toronto now contains a Parliament House and Govern- ment Offices, mostly unoccupied ; the College of Upper Canada, surrounded by spacious grounds ; the Canada Company's Land Office; a court-house and jail, city hall TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 219 evera. ex- establish- and navi- Lake On- population lated Gil a sula called gston, and Toronto ceting. In under the [lilies were rbor was a »orated as a jilants. In ibably nura- )pulaUcn in in ap pear- it buildiniis as neat an paved, and are also in ;ry family a ne has been IT he streets [t. the great loslly built dwellings, id Govern- le of Upper Ihe Canada lil, city l:aU ^1 and market place, a lunatic asylum, 14 churches of dif- icrent dencminations; 5 banking houses and several well kept hotels, the principal of which are the North Ameri- can, facing the bay, and Stone's Hotel in King-street. The public houses generally adopt the English custom of giving a lunch at noon and dining late, furnishing a sup- per in the evening. The population are decidedly English in their appearance and feelings. The prejudice against the Americans, or Yankees, is easily perceived and easi- ly accounted for, as most of the inhabitants are exceed- ingly loyal, have never visited " the States," and look upon their neighbors as a set of lawless republicans or disorganizers ; forming their opinions from the character of the patriots and sympathisers who hover on the fron- tier of both countries. ,:.i The Old Garrison as it is called, is situated on the lake shore, commanding the entrance to the harbor ; and soldiers' barracks are to be seen in different parts of the city. Toronto, formerly called Little York, was cap- tured by the Americans in 1813, when Gen. Pike the American commander, was killed by the explosion of the magazine which was fired by the English on their re- treat from the fort. ' ■' "■ v The steamboats which arrive and depart daily from the harbor during the sea&on of navigation, from April to December, add much to the business and life of To- ronto. A mail stage also leaves daily for Kingston on the east ; Lake Simcoe on the north, and Hamilton on the west, all communicating with other lines of travel to different places in Canada. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRINCIPAL STEAMBOAT LINES LEAVING TORONTO. A Steamboat leaves Toronto for Hamilton, daily, Sun- days excepted, during the season of navigation, stopping S3 1220 TOUR THROUGH CANADA. at the intermediate ports. Distance 45 miles. Usunrr fare (cabin passage) one dollar. Deck passage, 50 cents. A steamer leaves Toronto daily for Niagara and Lew- iston. Distance 45 miles. Usual fare $1.50 for cabin passage. The mail line of steamers run daily, (Sundays except- ed) between Toronto and Kingston, stopping at Port Hope and Cobourg. Distance through, 180 miles. Usual fare $5.00 for cabin passage, including meals. Deck passage $2.00. ' ' ' " '■ A line of steamboats run between Toronto and Roch- ester daily. Distance 100 miles. Usual fare for cabin passage $3, including meals. Deck passage, $1.50. The American line of steamboats, running from Lew- iston to Ogdensburgh, also touch at Toronto and Kingston. N. B. All the above rates of fare are subject to change ;, owing to opposition lines. < t • v. Stage Route from Toronto to Queenston. Miles. ToEtobicoke, 9 Cooksville, 7 16 Credit, 4 20 Trafalgar, 3 23 Palermo, 7 30 Nelson, 5 35 Hamilton, 13 48 Stony Creek, 7 55 Grimsby, > , 10 65 Beamsville, 6 71 St. Catharines, 14 85 Quecnston, 15 100 Stage Route from Toronto to Holland Landing. To York Mills, 7 Thome Hill, 7 14 Richmond Hill, 3 17 "^ New Market, 15 32 Holland Landing, 4 36 TOUR THROUGH eANADA. 22^ A steamer leaves Holland Landing 3 times a week, dur- ing the season of navigation, for different landings on Lake Simcoe. * Royal Mail Route FRoar Toronto to Kingston. p Place From From rtACKS. jg place. Toronto. Kingsloa. Toronto, 180 Port Hope, 65 65 115 Cobourg 7 72 108 Fifty Mile Point, 58 130 50 False Duck's Island,. . . 20 150 30 ,; Kingston, 30 180 ., Stage Route from Toronto TO Kingston, .i'-^. 9 Usual fare through $10 . ■.ws..' ,,, ,, ... Miles. ToPost's, 26 Bowmanville, 17 43 Hope, 17 60 Cobourg, 13 73 Colborne, 16 89 . i Bullock's, 12 101 Belleville, 18 119 Bogart's, 15 134 Gordonicr's, 16 150 Kingston 20 170 Port Hope, 65 miles east of Toronto is the first steam- boat landing on the way to Kingston. It is a flourishing place, containing about 2,500 inhabitants, and is sur- rounded by a fine tract of cleared land. Here is a good water privilr"e,,on which are erected some manufactur- ing establishm. ;»ts. ,;, ;' -, *.' , Cobourg, 7 miles further, is handsomely situated on the north side of Lake Ontario, and appears to good advan- tage from the water. It contains about 3,000 inhabitants, 6 churches, the Victoria college, several hotels and ta- verns and 20 stores. The town is laid out with great symmetry, has fine broad streets, substantial houses of II il ft 222 TOUR TKROUGII CANADA. stoae, brick and wooJ, and all the external symptoms of prosperity, having a fine agricultural country behind it for many miles. A steamboat runs from this place di> rect to the mouth of the Genesee iiver near Rochester, a distance of 80 miles. There are several other settlements, of less note, on the lake shore between Toronto and Kingston, but Ihey are not usually visited by the large class of steamers. Fifty Milk Point, attached to Prince Edward's Dis- trict, is sc named from being distant 50 miles from Kings- ton. False Duck's Island, 30 miles from Kingsron, lies near the entrance to Prince Edward's bay, \thich is a large expanse of water south of the entrance to the bay of Quinte. Amiikust Island is next passed on the right as you approach Kingston; then comes in view Gage Island and Grand Island; the latter being the largest of the ThoU' sand Islands which lie in the St. Lawrence river — all the above named islands belong to the English. Kingston, 180 miles from Toronto and 212 miles southwest from Montreal, is -idvantageously situated at the foot of Lake Ontario, where commences the St. Law- rence river. This place stands on the site of old Fort Fron- tenac, having been first fortified by the French in 1672. Next to Quebec and Halifax it is considered the strongest military position in Bi'itish America. Point Henry, a high rocky ridge forming the east side of Navy Bay and extending into the lake for about half a mile, is crowned by a strong fortification called Fort Henry, built on the extremity of the ridge and commanding Kingston and its harbor, and indeed all approaches to the city, both by land and water. Point Frederick is a narrow peninsula, lying between Fort Henry and the city. The extremity TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 223 iptoms of behind it place di- lochester, 1 note, on , but they amcrs. rarJ's Dis- cm Kings- 2[ston, lies i^hich is a to the bay »ht as you Island and the Thou- er — all the 212 miles situated at e St. Law- ort Fron- h in 1672. strongest Henry, a y B.^y and s crowned lit on the ton and its y, both by peninsula, extremity of this point is surrounded by a battery, which together with the fort, fully protects the chief naval dep't, silua- if I in a deep narrow inlet called Navy Bay. .. , The Navy Yard and the Fortificaiiom are well worth visiting. They may be seen by procuring an order from lae commandant of the station. The lliDKAU Canal commences at tliis place, and al- though it is likely tD be in some degree superseded by the CHnats coii?tru'.;liag arounl the rapi:ls of the St. Law- rence, still it is anl will continue to be a work of much im;)ortance to Canada. It consists of a succession of ar- tificial canals, interchanging with natural reaches of wa- ter, anl extends from Kingston to Bytown, on the river Ottawa, a distance of Utile over one hundred miles. It is navigated chiefly by small steamboats, which easily pass the locks and artificial cuts, and move more expeditiously than the usual canal cnift. From Bytown to Mon. trcal the passage on this route is by boats down the Ot- tawa, which has been fitted for navigation by a scries of locks. . f, . Kingston was chartered as a city in 1840, and now con- tains 9 or 10,000 inhabitants. It has rapidly increased in numbers and importance since the completion of the above cunal, and the more recent location of the seat of govern- mr.Mit within its limits, which is, however, about being removed to Montreal. It contains at present the resi- (1 uice of tlie Governor General, handsomely situated about a mile to llie west of the city, near the lake shore, and where tlielatc Governor General, Sir Charles Bagoi, died, May 10, 1S43. The present Governor General is Sir Charles T. Metcalfe, who has the reputation of great en- ergy of character, combined with moderation and eminent administrative abilities. Here also is the Parliament House, first erected for a hospital, in which the Provia- I* &24 TOUn THROUGH CANADA. cial Parliament held its session annually; government offices, barracks for soldiers, a large penitentiary build- ing, a court-house and jail, a custom-house, and a new id splendid town hall and marVrt; 7 churches of differ- ofti denominations; 4 banking houses; 1 marine and two fire insurance companies; 20 hotels and taverns, and about 150 stores of different kinds. The public houses most frequented by travellers, are the British- American Hotel. Lampton House, and the Royal Exchange. The number of steamboats of a large class plying between Kingston and other places is about fifteen, besides as ma- ny more of a small class, that run through the Rideau canal and down the rapids of the St. Lawrence to Mon- treal. Steamboats leave Kingston several times daily, for the different ports on Lake Ontario and the bay of Quinte, giving life and animation to the place during the season of navigation. Within the city limits, a short distance from the Par- liament House, have recently been discovered two valua- able Mineral Springs, on the premises of Mr. Morton, near the lake. The water was found by borinc:, one to the depth of 145 feet, and the other 85 feet. From the analysis of the first, it appears to belong to the same class, and nearly of the same component parts, as the Cheltenham Spring of England, although not so much impregnated with common salt. TO AN IMPERIAL PINT. Cheltenham. Kingston. Grains, Grains. ComraonSalt, 70.14 45.64 Chloride of Calcium, 7.48 35.09 Chloride of Magnesium, 3.60 15.43 Sulphate of Soda. 17.55 21.36 Total grains, 98.23 117.52 TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 225 rernment ry builil- {] a new of diffei- and two rns, nnl ic houses American ;e. The betwocti ?s as ma- ! Rideau I to Mon- ies daily. e bay of uring the the Par- o valua- Morton. , one to rom thf .10 same , as the so much igston. rains. 5.G4 5.09 5.43 1.36 The othv,. spring is unusally strong, and no doubt is of ijreat medical value. Its strength is somewhat variable, owing to an admission of common water. It is, however, supposed to be mucii stronger than any other mineral water as yet discovered. The following analysis is by l'rofess(jr Williamsoa — Sept. 1843. . , . ANALYSIS OF THE UrPER SPTIINC- AT MR. MORTON's. Specific gravity, 1.0432 la Imperial Pint. Carbonate of Lime, 3.2631 ' Carbcnate of Magnesia, 11-2653 Sulphate of Lime, 3-4716 Chloride of Sodium, 261.3108 SuIphnteofMacnesia, 4.3092 Chloride of Calcium, 112-8025 Chloride of Magnesium, 60.8475 Iodine and Bromine, (Traces.) Tf.tal grains, ...... . ; . ' 457.2700 Gases, Carhonic x\cid Gas. An extensive bath-house has recently been erected by the piopriptor of the above springs, and other accommo- dations for visitors are contemplated. ,;., t^ .. From the analysis and increasing celebrity of these springs, owing to their medicinal properties, it is by ma- ny predicted that Kingston will become celebrated as a place of resort for invalids and others who may wish to visit these restorative fountains. Carriages may at all limes of the day be found in waiting near the principal hotels to convey passengers to the springs, which are well worthy of a visit by all (Strangers. r.52 226 TOUR THROUGH CANADA •-,:l! T.vni.F, or distances between Kinostox h Montreal. i" ' • p . Place From From "'*''"• to place. Kitigstou. Monircul. Kingston 212 Gannnoqui, 20 $0 1!)2 Brockville, 40 90 ir>2 Mahlanil, 4 it 14S Prescott, or Ogdensbvrgh, . . S 7^ 140 (ia!op Rapids, 7 79 133 Matilda, 9 8» 124 Williamsburirh, 7 95 117 Dickinson's Landing, 15 110 102 Cornwall, by canal, passing the Long Sault Rapids,.. . 12 122 90 St. Regis, 4 12fi 8(> Lake St. Francis, 2 12S S4 Lancaster 15 143 60 CoteauduLac, .. 20 163 49 Cascades, by stage, passing the Cedar Rapids, 16 179 33 La Chine, passing through Lake St. Louis 24 203 fl Mo.ntrkal, by stage, 9 212 On leaving Kingston to descend the St. Lawrence, you enter at once among the remarkable group of the Thou- sand Islands, which stretch along the river lor more than thirty miles. " The main stream of the St. Lawrence." says Buckingham " as it flows from the eastern termina- tion of Lake Ontario; is 12 or 15 miles wide, from Kings- ton to Cape Vincent, across Grand Island; but it is so thickly studded with Islands, that it is like passing through a vast archipelago, rather than navigatinjr a mighty river. Though this extensive range bears the name of the Thou- sand Isles, it is said that there are more than 1,500 of them. The largest are from 8 to 12 miles in length, and from 3 to 5 in breadth; and the smallest of them cover perhaps an acre of space. They are for the most part rocky islets, sometimes rising in abrupt cliiTs from the water, and so bold and steep that you may run the boat TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 227 )NTREA1.. From Monirc;il. m lit us MO 133 VM 117 102 90 8() S4 6<) 49 33 9 •ence, you le Thou- more than awrcnce," termina- oiii Kings- xi it is so tlirouJ*h lity river, the Thou- 11 1,500 of ength,anJ lem cover most part from the the boat near enough almost to touch the clifls from the vessel. A few only are low and flat; but being nearly all wood* eJ, they form a perpetual succession of the most roman* lically beautiful and picturesque groups that can be con< ceived." After clearing the Thousand Islands the river contracts to about two miles in width, and presents a magnificent appearance. The cultivated fields and settlements inter- changing with bolder features, along its banks, impart a grandeur, as well as a variety and beauty, to the river and its shores ; which no other stream on the continent possesses in an equal degree. Gananoqui, 20 miles below Kingston, is usually the first landing made by the British steamers in descending the river, unless they stop to take in wood at some of the islands. Wells' Island, one of the largest of the Thousand Is- lands attached to the United States, lies a short distance below, opposite the village of Alexandria, on the Ame- rican shore. This island was the scene of a high-handed piece of piracy, in May 1833. The following is a state- ment of the affair as narrated by Capt. J. B. Armstrong. '* The British steamer. Sir Robert Peel, while stopping at Wells' Island, for the purpose of taking in wood, was boarded at midnight by a set of men, two of whom seized the commander of the boat, as he came on deck, by the shoulders, while a third one presented a musket with fixed bayonet to his breast and ordered him to proceed on shore, which order he quietly obeyed between his two captors. The crew and passengers, several of whom were ladies, were disposed of in a similar manner. The boat was then robbed of all the most valuable articles, including a considerable amount of money, and set on fire. ^28 TOUIl TUUOUGH CANADA. The notorious Bill Johnson was supposed to have been the leader, assisted by Canadian patriots. BuocKvii.LK, fiO miles below Kingston, is delightfully fiituated on the northwest side of'tlicSt. Lawrence, where it is about two miles wide. More is u convenient steam- boat landing, where the American and English passa^'C boats usually land on their trips up and down the river. It contains about KiOO inhabitants, 2r)0 dwellins; houses, 4 churches, a court house and jail, and several well kept public houses. Nearly opposite lies thevillasfe of MoHRTSTOwv,on the American shore, 11 miles above Ojjdensburgh. It con. tains about 250 inhabitants. 40 dwelling houses, 2church- *is, 2 taverns, 3 stores, 2 store-houses, and 1 steum grist mill. This is a regular landing place fur passage boats passing up and down the St. Lawrence; and the stage road between Utica and Ogdensburg passes through this place. Maitland, is a small village, 4 miles below Brock- ville, on the same side. It contains about 300 inhabi- tants, 1 church and 2 public houses. Prescott, 72 miles below Kingston, stands opposite to the village of Ogdensburgh, with which it is connected by n ferry. Here is located Fort IVellington, a strong nnd important fortress permanently garrisoned by British troops. Prescott is a place of considerable trade, con- taining 2 or 3,000 inhabitants, 350 dwelling houses, 4 churches, 8 hotels and taverns, and a large steam grist mill. Windmill Point, about one mile below Prescott, is noted for having been occupied in November, 1838, by a body of Americans under the command of Van Shultz, who had embarked in a crusade against the British au- thorities in Canada, in behalf cf the patriots. The stone TOUR THROUGH OAHADA. 229 windmill, near the river, was hii stronghold, and valiant* ly derended for some time and at the cost of many lives, when the surviving inmates were all compelled to surren* der. This was an unfortunate affair for all who were captured. The leaders suffered an ignominious death on the gallows, at Kingston, whither they were conveyed for trial, and the others were transported to Van Die- man's Land, where many of them still linger, unless in- cluded in a decree of amnesty and pardon recently issued by the British government. Ogdensburoh, on the American side of the St. Law* rence, is situated at the mouth of the Oswegatchie river. It was incorporated in 1817, and now contains about 3,600 inhabitants, 450 dwelling-houses; 1 Presbyterian, 1 Epis- copal, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roman Catholic church; 2 banks, 5 public houses, 80 stores and shops of different kinds, and a number of mills and other manu- facturing establishments. This place is situated at the foot of sloop navigation on the St. Lawrence, although steamboats of a large class descend to the Long Sault Rapids, 40 miles below. A daily line of steamboats leave Ogdensburgh, ascending the St. Lawrence, passing through Lake Ontario, and touching at Prescott, Morris- town, Brockville, Alexandria, French Creek, Cape Vin- cent, A'ingsfon, Sackett's Harbor, Oswego, Rochester, To- ronto, and Lewiston. A steam ferry boat crosses the St. Lawrence from Ogdensburgh to Prescott, a dis- tance of 14 miles. A daily line of stages runfrom Ogdens- burgh to Plattsburgh by the southern route. A line of stages also run three times a week from Ogdensburgh to Plattsburgh, via Fort Covington, where it intersects a stage running to Montreal, a distance of about 80 miles; the total distance from Ogdensburgh to Montreal, by the above stage route, being 140 miles. Q 230 TUUR TIIUOUOII CAIfADA. I !'' I ( Ik i II The Galop Rapids, 7 miles below Ogdensbnrgh, are f^asily passer! by steamboats, although they prevent the navigation of the St. Liiwrrnce by sail vessels. Matit.da, 9 miles further, is a convenient lanrling on the Canada side of the river. WiLMAMSBUHOH, 7 milcs bclow, is a convenient land- ing, where passage boats u!>iially touch nsccndinv: and de- scending the river. Waddinoton, on the American shore, lies opposite Ogdcn's Island, which is passed to the right, as it is on the American side of the line. Dickin.son's LANniNO. 110 miles below Kingston, is sitiiated at the head of the Long Satdt, which is a dun- gerous rapid, extending for several miles. The St. Law- rence Canal, recently finished, on the Canada shore, ex- lends from this place to Cornwall, a distance of ubout 12 miles. It is calculated to accommodate steamboats and a large cluss of other vessels. Cornwall, 122 miles from Kingston and 90 miles above Montreal, is situated on the northwest side of the river, at the lower end of the St. Lawrence Canal. The town contains about 1,800 inhabitants, 300 dwell- ing houses, a court house and jail; 5 churches, 20 stores, and several hotels. St. Regis, 4 miles below, on the American side of the river, is situated on the line of the 45th degree of north latitude, the St. Lawrence, below this point, being en- tirely in Canada. St. Regis is an Indian village, part of its inhabitants living in the United States, and part in Canada. It contains 4 or 500 inhabitants, 80 dwelling houses, 1 Roman Catholic church, 1 tavern and 1 store. Here is a convenient steamboat landing, where during warm weather may be seen Indian boys, prepared t«> plunge into the water, on having a piece of money thrown TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 231 nrgh, are event the aniling on lient land- ng andde- I opposite as it is on mgston, is ti is a dan- e SI. Law I shore, ex- of ttbout 12 mboats und ,d 90 miles side of the ce Canal. 300 dwell- lurches, 20 side of the lee of north L being en- ]ge, part of land part in ^0 dwelling Ind 1 store. [ere during )repared to Iney thrown orerboard — oflcn it Is caught bj these expert swimmeri before reaching the bottom. Lake St. Francis, which is 30 miles long and flrom 4 ti> 7 miles wide, is an expansion of the St. Lawrence. Lancaster, 16 miles helow St. Regis, is a steamboat landing on the northwest side of the lake, or river. Cj^- T.RDONIA Si'RiNGs is 30 miles distant from this place, in n northerly direction. A new road is about being consf .'uct- f'd to unite the two places. At CoTEAu nu Lac, 20 miles further, comm^'nces a rapid of the same same name, extending about two miles. Seven miles below this commences the Cedar Rapiic, which extends about 3 miles. Then comes the ^aacade Rapid, which terminates at the head of Lake S,. L -tuis, where the Ottawa, by one of its mouths, joins the St. Lawrence. ' The grandeur of the scenery in the vicinity of these ra- pids cannot be conceived without being witnessed. The mighty St. Lawrence is here seen in all its magnificence and power, being lashed into a foam for miles by the im- petuosity of its current. The Cedars* have hitherto been considered the most formidable obstruction to downward l)ound craft, but the new South Channel, first used in 1843, affords an additional depth of v <>!,"r. " Previously to taking the Ontario, v«ow the Lord Sy- denham) down to Montreal from Kingston, Captain Hil- liard examined the south channrl for some part of the way; but though he supposed there was sufficient depth of water, he was of opinion that it was too rough to be navigated with safety; so the Ontario came down by the * It wus here that Of n. Amherst's brigade of 300 men, on their way to attack Canada, then in possession of the French, wer« lost- At Montreal they received the first intelligence of the in- vasion, by the dead bodies floating past the town. ' ^ '- ^82 TOUR THROUGH CAITADA. old path. These and other facts had long been known to D. L. Macpherson, Esq., of the forwarding house of Macpherson, Crane & Co.; and it is to the sagacity, per- severance and| public spirit of that gentleman, that the country owes the knowledge of the existence of the new passage." The Beauharnois Canal, now in the course of construc- tion, will extend 16 miles, and afford steamboat nariga- tion round all the above rapids. ' From Coteau du Lac passengers now proceed by stage to the Cascades, 16 miles; thence by steamboat to La- chine, 22 miles, through Lake St. Louis. From the lat- ter place, stages usually convey passengers to Montreal, a further distance of 9 miles. On the enlargement of the Lachine Canal, however, passage boats of the larger class will be able to pass directly to Montreal, as do now, a small class of steamboats, in descending the St. Lawrence. In ascending, however, even the latter class are obliged, at present, to proceed up the Ottawa river, and take the Rideau Canal to Kingston. A statement of the canals, finished and in progress in Canada, intended to improve the navigation of the St. Lawrence, and afford ship navigation from Quebec to the Falls of St. Mary are here added. " The line commences with the Lachine Canal, extending from Montreal to the village of Lachine, a distance of 8 miles. This work is about to be enlarged, and it will form the first link of the chain which is to connect the navigation of the St. Lawrence with that of the great interior lakes, through which runs the boundary between the United States and the British dependencies, and to which, there- fore, the people and the trade of both nations have equal and free access. " At Lachine you enter an expansion of the St. Law- TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 233 1 known house of city, per- that the fthe new • construe- It naviga- id by stage jat to La- om the lat- Montreal, nent of the the larger eal, as do ing the St. I latter class tawa river, )rogress in of the St. lebec to the commences lontreal to lies. This n the first vigation of rior lakes, the United lich, there- have equal le St. Law- rence called Lake St. Louis — similar to that of the Tap* pan sea in the Hudson river — and have a steamboat navi> gation to the Cascades, at the mouth of the Ottawa. At this point, where is the village of Beauharnois, com* mences the Beauharnois Canal, which is to extend 16 miles, to a point opposite Coteau dd Lac, surmounting the obstacles to navigation caused by the several rapids, known as the Cascades, the Cedars, and the Coteau du Lac, which make, in all, a difference of elevation of about sixty feet. " At this last point you enter another expansion of the St. Lawrence, called Lake St. Francois, which takes you to Cornwall, a distance of 40 miles, and on the 45th pa* rallel of north latitude. At this point commences the St. Lawrence Canal, now finished and extending 12 miles to Dickinson's Landing, and passing the Long Sault rapids, which have a total descent of about 50 feet. This canal is a fair sample of the other works. It has six locks of solid masonry, constructed in the most dura* ble manner, each 200 feet long in the chamber, by 50 feet wide, with a depth of 10 feet of water. They are de* signed, therefore, to accommodate the largest class of Lake Ontario steamers, and most of the ships that navi* gate the St. Lawrence from Quebec to Montreal. *' From Dickinson's Landing to Kingston, steamers of a large class now ply, though there are two or three ra* pids below Ogdensburgh. '' From Kingston the route is by the lake to the point of connection with the Welland Canal. This work,, now being enlarged, is but a continuation and completion of this great line of works designed and destined to fur* nish a continuous ship navigation throughout the whole extent of the valley of the St. Lawrence and the basin of the great lakes, from Quebec to the Falls of St. Mary. f ! 2$i TOUA THROUGH CANADA. When this chain of communication is finished, and this great route of travel and traffic is opened and in use, it will give to the Canadas an exclusive as well as direct communication between the vast and far north-west and the Atlantic ocean — a result which, unless counterbal- anced by the completion of our own great works, espe- cially the Erie Canal Enlargement, will give to the Bri- tish navigation and commerce, advantages ol the greatest importance, and will operate to the deep and lasting in- jury of the State of New- York." , ,j .a^ The City of Montreal, now thelirstin population and commercial importance in British America, as well as the capital of the United Provinces, is advantageously titUAted on the southeast side of the Island of the same name, with the river St. Lawrence flowing past from southwest to northeast, being here about 2 miles wide, and navigable from this place to the ocean for shipi of several hundred tons burthen. Immediately above commence the Lachine Rapids, through which no vessel can ascend the stream. The city extends along the river for about two miles, there being an inward curve to the wharves, which ex- tend nearly the whole distance, affording great facilities to the numerous vessels of different kinds which visit this port during the season of navigation. The settlement exten Is inwards for upwards of a mile, covering an area of about one thousand acres. On approaching from La Prairie above, or from Que- bec below, this place appears to great advantage. The towering grandeur of the French Cathedral, the spires of other churches, and the spreading mass of well built stores and dwellings, give the traveller a very favorable impression of th^ city he is about to enter — and it is in. TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 235 creased as he views the line of noble stone wharves, and (reads the streets, at present celebrated for their good or- der and cleanliness, Montreal being now one of the neat- est cities on this continent, though formerly it had a very different and much less enviable reputation. The principal streets run parallel to the river, being crossed by others at right angles. Commissioners- street and Water-street are next the river, then comes St. Paul's street, while Notre Dame-street, (the Broadway of Mon- treal,) extends along the summit of a ridge, from which the water descends both ways, thus resembling in one particular the city of New- York, while its situation and appearance from the water remind you of the city of Al- bany — .increased, however, in picturesque beauty, by the bill in the rear, called Mount Royal^ which rises about one mile from the city to the height of 550 feet, forming a prominent object in the picture from every point of view. The island on which the city stands, is formed by the junction of the mouths of the Ottawa with the St. Law- rence. It is twenty-eight miles in length, ten miles in its greatest breadth, and about seventy miles in circumfer- ence. It mostly belongs to the seminary of the St. Sulpi* cians, a religious order of Catholics, and yields a large revenue. Its fertility is such as to give it the name of the " Garden of Canada," to which it is justly entitled. The public buildings in Montreal ara rather numerous and imposing for a place of its size, now numbering about 45,000 inhabitants. The Roman Catholic Catredral in Notre Dame-street, facing the Place D'Armes, is perhaps the most magnificent structure of its kind in America, being at once an orna- ment to the city, and a towering beacon which can be seen for many miles, rising in majestic grandeur above I ( ;i ?; ' I S^36 TOUR THROUGH CANADA. all the other buildings by which it is surrounded. It was commenced in 1824, and opened for public worship on the 15th oi July, 1829, although not entirely completed until 1843. This edifice is designed in the pointed Gothic style of tie .niddle ages. Its length is 255 feet, and its breadth 134 feet; the two front towers being 220 feet in height. It oan seat 10,000 persons, with comfort, there being 1,244 pews. From the summits of the towers, which are ascended by a flight of steps inside, the views presented are of great extent and surpassing grandeur — the city and its suburbs — the majestic St Lawrence, and the surrounding country for a wide reach in all direc- tions, forming the picture. The following just tribute to Montreal, is taken from a late number of the Kingston British Whig: " Montr'ial is unquestionably the cleanest city in her Majesty's dominions, although at one time it had the very contrary reputation. With a population of nearly fifty- thousand souls, not a single potatoe peeling, or dirt of any kind whatever, can be seen in any of the frequented streets — much less a stray pig, or cow, and scarcely a dog. The labors of the corporation in this respect have been crowned with success, and they deserve more merit than I can well describe, not merely for the extreme cleanliness of the city, but for the good order and perfect quiet maintained both day and night. ''The extreme cheapness of cab and caleche hire in Montreal, is a fact that cannot fail to attract the notice of a stranger. For an English shilling, you can traverse the length of the city and return; and the cab drivers are the civilest I ever met with. " The noble quay deserves a much longer notice than I bestowed upon it in my last. Its length is probably a mile, and the beauty and strength of its masonry far ex* TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 237 ceeds any thing of the kind I have ever seen at home. It has no fellow in London, and the celebrated quay at Great Yarmouth is far its inferior. Dublin and Liver* pool, both noted for fine quays, may have greater preten- sions; but, in one respect, that in Montreal has no equal. Below the level of the quay, probably twelve feet, there are most capacious wharves, at whose sides vessels of the largest class can unload with ease and safety, which cannot be said either at Dublin or Liverpool. In fact, Montreal has no feature which charms the visiter as much as the promenade along its edge of the quay." For a full description of Montreal, see " Hochelaga Depicta," or the History and Present State of the Island and City of Montreal. ^ ,„ Table of Distances from Montreal to Quebec. p, ^„__ Place to From From I-LACX9. place. Montreal. Quebec. Montreal, 180 Yarennes, 15 15 165 Wm. Henry, 30 45 135 Lake St. Peter, 8 53 127 St. Francis, 30 83 97 Three Rivera, 7 90 90 St. Anne, 25 115 65 Richelieu Rapids, 20 135 44 CapeSante, 15 150 30 Cape Rouge, 22 178 8 Quebec, 8 180 The places in italic are steamboat landings. 238 TOUR THROUGH CANADA. Excursion to Caledonia. Springs and Bytow?/ on * THE Ottawa River. This has become a fashionable excursion (Imirg wtiih weather for the affluent citizens of Canada, and h weli worthy the attention of strangers visiting his section of country for health or plcasmo. The usual conieyance from Montreal, is first by st,ac>'! on a good road, 9 miles, to Lai hinj: ITere the tou^isJ. embarks in a steamboat, at the mcwth of the ' 'Jawa river, which, although a tributary to the St. Lawrence, is a large and important stream. The navigation, how- ever, iS obstructed by rapids, which are overcome by a succession of locks, until you reach Bytown, 132 miles by water from Montreal, and where commences the Ri- deau Canal, terminating at Kingston. At St. Anne's, 20 miles above LacUine, the steam- boat passes through a lock, 45 feet wide and 180 feet long. Here is a succession of rapids in the river, and several small islands. The village is situated on the southwest end of the Island of Montreal, and is the place where the poet Moore, located the scene of his admired Canadian Boat Song, a stanza of which we copy : " Faintly as tolls the evening chime Our voices keep tune, and our oars keep time ; Soon as the woods on shore look dim, We'll sing at St. Anne's" our parting hymn; Row brothers, row, the stream runs fast, The rapids are near and the daylight's past !" • The Voyageurs in passing the Rapids of St. Anne, were for- merly obliged to take out a part, if not the whole of their lading, owing to the small depth of water here afforded. It is from this village that the Canadians consider they take their departure on ascending the Ottawa, as it possesses the last church on the Is- land of Montreal, which is dedicated to the tutelar Saint uf Toyugeurs. TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 239 Two miles west of St. Anne, commences the Lake of the Two Mountains, being an expansion of the Ottawa, about 10 miles long and 8 miles wide. Here a branch of the river diverges toward the northeast, forming the west boundary of tlie Island of Montreal. Two hills to the north, elevated 400 or 500 feet above the river at the dis- tance of a few miles, give the name to this body of water. The Indian Village of the Two Mountains, is situat- ed on the north side of the Ottawa, about 30 miles west of Lachiue. Here reside the remnants of two tribes, the Mohawks and Algonquins. The settlements are divided by a Roman Catholic Church, standing near the river side. On the hill toward the north, are situated three or four Chapels The highest summit of the hill or mountain, one or two miles distant, is called Calvary, and is visited by the Indians and whites on certain religions festivals of the Roman Catholic Church. Here the river contracts in width to about half a mile, for a distance of one mile ; when it again expands, forming the Upper Lake of the Two Mountains. About 9 miles further west the river again contracts to half a mile in width. On the south is passed the settlement of Rf.gaud, and a mountain of the same name. Carillon, 8 miles further, is on the north side of the Ottawa. Here are rapids in the river, and the naviga- tion by steamboat is continued by means of a lock and canal. At Point Fortune, opposite Carillon, passengers go- ing to the Caledonia Springs usually take a stage for L'Original, a distance of 18 miles, along the south bank of the Ottawa, which affords some picturesque views. i 240 TOUR THROUGH CANADA. ■i '^i ft ' -^ 1 ■.. : The route now diverges south to Caledonia Springs, a further distance of 9 miles. Usual fare through from Montreal $4.00. Caledonia Springs, are situated in the township of Caledonia, Ottawa District, Canada West. They are by steamboat and stage route 75 miles from Montreal, 60 miles from fiytown, and 30 miles north of the St. Lawrence at Lancaster, from which place, by a road nearly completed, travellers descending the St. Lawrence, will soon be able to diverge to these justly celebrated waters, and with near, ly as much convenience as passengers on the Ottawa, can now enjoy the same privilege. Both these rivers, for grand and interesting scenery are probably not surpassed on the American continent. The post village of Cale- donia Springs has started into existence and notoriety within a few years. In 1837, Mr. Wm. Parker, one of its most enterprising proprietors, located himself here, and opened a public house for the entertainment of visiters. Since then there has been erected three or four more ho- tels, a Protestant church, a Roman Catholic church, two stores, one saw-mill, and several dwellings. Here may be found also a bathing house, a billiard room, a nine pin alley, a race course, and a circular railway, offering their several modes of recreation. The great inducement however, to visit these springs is their medicinal efficacy in a wide range of cases — an efficacy well established by abundant experience j and the numbers resorting to them, dur'ng the summer months, are great and increasing, It has, indeed, become a fasionable resort ; and large quantities of the water arc annually sent abroad to meet the increasing demand. A full description of the medicinal properties of these fountains, can be found in the '* Caledonia Springs' Guide," published in 1841, and distributed gratis to visiters. TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 241 ANALYSES, Or THE Medicinal Springs or Caledonia, Canada, BT Dr. James R. Chilton, or New-York. Gaa Spring. One quart of Avater. Chloride of Sodium, 89.75 " Magnesium, 1.63 " Potassium, 55 Sulphate of Lime, 1.47 Carbonate of Lime, 2.40 " Magnesia, 2.50 " Soda, 1.00 Iron, 03 Iodide of Sodium, 35 Resin, a vegetable extract, 52 Grains, 100.20 '■ C Carbonic Acid, Gases, < Sulphuretted Hydrogen, ( Nitrogen, White Sulphur Spring. One quart of water. Chloride of Sodium, 60.44 " Magnesium, 62 Sulphate of Lime, 68 Carbonate of Lime, 82 " Magnesia, 3.60 Iodide, Vegetable extract, &c, 30 Grains,. 66.46 r'oBPc 5 ^^^^o'*^^ ^ci*^' 3.20 ^ases, J Sulphuretted Hydrogen,. . 6. 14 . 9.34 cubic inches. 7 I n ill .{4 •i'll' Si ' 249 TODK TllUOlUill CAKAHA. Saline k'prina;. One qvmrt ol' water. . Chloride of Sodium, . lOS .22 ** Muu;ncsiiiin, 2.01 Sulphate of Limo. 1 .28 <'arbonnt(; of Liim;, 2 . 00 ** Mas^nesia, 5.12 " Soda, 82 Iodide of Sodium, 3S Vegetable Extrnct, 61 (iraintv, 120.44 One hundrfd cubic inches of the Ganfrom the Gas Spring analysed, ii as follows : Light Carburetted Hydrogen , 82 . f>0 Nitrogen, (5 . 00 Oxygen, l.tyf) Sulphuretted Hydrojjen, 4 .00 Carbonic Acid , .5 , 54 Cubic inches, 100.00 The Georgian Springs, near liytown, have also nt- tracted considerable attention A public house is erected over the fountain, and there are bath rooms attached for the accommodation of visiters. On ascending the Ottawa from L'Original, the beauty of the river scenery increases, the whole route from Montreal to Kingston being a beautiful succession of na- tural and artificial scenery. The distance is about 200 miles by river and canal route, and is usually performed in two days and a lialf. Bytown, 55 miles above L'Original, is situatecton the southwest side oi the Ottawa river, at the junction of the Rideau canal, 130 miles northeast of Kingston, by canal route, and 120 miles west of Montreal. It contains about 5,000 inhabitants, 800 dwelling houses, a court- •.>.'^> I OS. 22 2.01 1.28 2.00 5.12 .82 . .'is .61 120.44 as Sprini! . . S2.f>0 ().00 4.00 .. 5.54 ]00.00 e also nt- is erected achpd for e beauty ute from )n of nn- bout 2fi0 er formed eft on the notion of ston, by contains a court- TOUR TIIROtTOH CAlfADA. 34S house and juil, this bcins: the leat of tho higher courts for the district of Dalhousie ; 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist and 1 Roman Catholic church ; several well kept hotels and taverns, and u number of stores of dif* fcrent kinds. In the vicinity there is an extensive flour- int; mill, 1 grist-mill, and 3 saw-mills propelled by water power. Since the commencement of the Ilideau canal in 1827, Bytown has sprung into existence, and now pre- sents the appearance of a tlirifty and business-like place. Many of the buildings are constructed of cut stone, in the most durable and workmanlike style, and it is altogether a desirable place of residence, being surrounded by a fertile district, distinguished for its romantic scenery. On the Ottawa river, are two very picturesque falls, both in the vicinity of this place — the Chaudiere falls, (the boilinj^ pot,) are in the immediate neighborhood; while 11 short distance below the village are the Rideau falla, (the curtain,) so called from their resemblance to dra- pery. Steamboat Route fkom Montreal to Quebec. On leaving Montreal for Quebec, in one of the many splendid steamers which navigate the St. Lawrence, you have a fine view of the beautiful fortified island of St. Helen, situated mid-stream opposite the city; and as you are borne along on the majestic current of iht; mighty ri- ver, its thickly settled and cultivated shores coiapel the admiring attention of the traveller, by the f.&pect present- ed by their lines of settlements on each side, as of one almost continuous street, for the whole distance of 180 miles from city to city. LoNGUEiL, on the opposite side of the river from Mon- treal, is connected with the city by a commodious ferry, .»« »*..-* t!! 244 TOUR THROVOH CAWADA. \{ ¥i •li Nil •^' T r TOUR TlinoUOlI CANADA. 245 verKiche- tliately be- aidable to river croft m the IhI- e leA, and Liawrence, on of the , 15 miles formerly s vicinity, inded by n a nee from n the dis- able; and le south- , seen for xpression Montreal , I, at the laid out s. This ins about rapid in- Eimbly to imunica* lace was he Ame- ricnn army, in their retreat from Quebec on the death of Montgomery, Leavins the mouth of the Uichefieu, and proceeding down the St. Lawrence, several islands are passed in suc- cession, and then you enter Lakk St. Pktkr, 50 miles below Montreal. This shi et of water, which is but an expansion of the river, is about 25 miles long and J2 to 15 miles wide, while the average breadth of the river proper, from Montreal to Quebec, is about two miles, and the scene wkich its wa- ters present, has some features peculiar enough to be no- ticed. In addition to the more customary forms of steam, boats, of ships and other sea-going vessels, and of the craft usually employed in the navigation of large rivers, the waters of the St. Lawrence, more than any other even on this forest- covered continent, are frequented by enormous timber-raits, commonly borne along on their way to market, by the force of the current alone, though occasionally aided by spreading a sail, or by huge oars called sweeps. These floating islands of timber, with huts here and there rising from their low suriace, for the accommodation of the rafl-men, and another singular sort of craft with long low hulls, nowhere else known, and designed chiefly for the transport of timber of great length, contribute the more remarkable and picturesque features to the animating spectacle presented by the navi- i^ntion of this noble river; while, from its high latitude and from the characteristic phenomena of northern skies, the ordinary as well as the more grotesque features re- ferred to, are accompanied by contrasts in the golden grandeur of the sunsets and in the varied splendor of the Northern Lights, both of which are so frequent and so remarkable, that they may be very fairly regarded as ha- ft 246 TOUR THROUGH CANADA. bitual, anJ from which the scenery of the St. Lawrence derives a magnificence and beauty probably unequalled. Port St. Francls, 83 oiiles below Montreal, is the next steamboat landing. Here the river again contracts to its usual width. Three Rivers, half way between Montreal and Que- bec, is situated on the north side of the St. Laurence pt the mouth of the river St. Maurice ; nearly opposite to which and of smaller volume, enters the river Becancour. Three Rivers is an old town, having been settled by the French in ]6iS. It now contains about 3,000 inhabitants and is '\ ('dace of considerable trade. St. Anne, 25 miles below Three Rivers, stands on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of a river of the same name. The Richelieu Rai'its, 45 miles above Quebec, ex- tend some 8 or 10 miles. The channel of the river is here very narrow and intricate, huge rocks being visible in many places during low water. In order to guide themari- ner safely through these rapids beacon lights are station- ed at the more critical points of the passage. Cape Sante, 30 miles from Quebec, is on the north side of the St. Lawrence, and on the opposite side is a settlement called St. Taois. The banks of the river are here elevated some 60 or 80 feetabove the water, and are almost perpendicular, from which the land extends away for many miles, with an almost level surface. Cape Rouge, 8 miles above Quebec, is next passed on the left, when the citadel of Quebec comes into view, pre- senting a sight at once grand and deeply interesting, from the historical events with which it is associated. The Chaudiere River, on the right, is much visited for the sake of its beautiful falls, situated a short distance from its entrance into the St. Lawrence. i TOUR THROUnif CANADA. 247 Wolf's Cove, 2 miles above Quebec, on the same side^ is an interesting spot to stransters, for here the lamented Wolfe landed with his gallant army, in,1759, and ascend- ed to the Plains of Abraham, where he fell a victim to his heroic enterprise. But he fell not alone. France mourned an equal loss in the fall of the brave and gene- rous Montcalm. As the steamer approaches the wharf, the line of ship- ping, extending usually for two or three miles, gives life and interest to the scene below — while the towering cita- ■del above, produces emotions of wonder and delight. QUEBEC, ' May well be called the great citadel of America; and it is well worth a journey of 500 miles to see, with its surrounding beauties of nature and art. The city, in 1S31, contained 25,916 inhabitants. Now, its population is estimated at 35,000, of which about two thousand are soldiers. A great number of commodious buildings adorn Quebec — such as the Government House, Hotel Dieu, the Ursuline Convent, the Jesuit's Monastery, (now bar- racks for soldiers,) Catholic Cathedrals, Protestant Churches, the Exchange, Banks, &c. The city is nomi- nally divided into three parts, the Upper and Lower Town, and the Suburbs — the last of which is the most populous. The streets in the lower town are narrow and ill-ventilated, but wider and more airy in the Upper Town, where the most wealthy class of citizens reside. As a fortress. Quebec may be justly ranked in the first class. Words can hardly express the strength of its po- sition, without the aid of technical terms. The citadel is approached by a zigzag pathway, with thirty-two pounders staring you in the face at every turn. When inside the citadel, it lookslikea world of itself. The offi- 248 TOUR THROUGH CANADA. cers' barrack is a fine building, overlooking Ihe St. Law- rence. The soldiers' quarters are under the ramparts. The magazines and warlike implements are immense. A new prison is now erecting within the walls. The escape of Theller, Dodge and others, in 1838, from this stronghold, mortified the officers in command, who caused the senti- nels on duty at the time, to be punished. In making their escape, it is said they used the rope of the telegraph signal, lowered themselves under the walls, and thence fled into the city, where they were secreted for some days. A monument is erected where Gen. Wolfe is said to have died on the Plains of Abraham. A beautiful mo- nument is also erected, of recent date, to the memories ol" Wolfe and Montcalm, within the city walls. A new and delightful walk is now furnished on the spot where for- merly stood the Castle of St. Louis, which was destroyed by fire in 1834 — it is called Lord Durham's Terrace. The following description of the city of Quebec, in its present state, is taken from Mr. Buckingham's late intc- resting work on Canada, &c.: " The situation of Quebec is highly advantageous, in a commercial as well as a military point of view, and its appearance is very imposing, from whatever quarter it is first approached. Though at a distance of 350 miles up from the sea, the magnificent river, on which it is seated, is three miles in breadth a little below the town, and nar- rows in to about a mile in breadth immediately abreast of the citadel; having, in both these parts, sufficient depth of water for the largest ships in the world — a rise and fall of 20 feet in its tides — and space enough in its capa- cious basin, between Cape Diamond on the one hand, and the Isle of Orleans on the other, to aff'ord room and an- chorage for a thousand sail of vessels at a time, sheltered from all winds, and perfectly secure ! A small river, the TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 249 St. Charles, has its junction with the St. Lawrence, a little to the north of the promontory of Cape Diamond; and affords a favorable spot for ship-building and repairs, as well as an excellent winter-harbor for ships lying up dismantled. '* The Citadel of Quebec occupies the highest point of Cape Diamond, being elevated 350 feet above the river, and presenting almost perpendicular cliffs towards the water. The city is built from the water's edge, along the foot of these cliffs, round the point of the promontory, and ascending upwards from thence to the very borders of the Citadel itself. It is divided into the Lower and Upper Town, the former including all that is below the ramparts, or fortified lines, the latter comprehending all that is above and within that barrier. Besides these, there is a large Suburb, separated from Quebec proper, by the ramparts, and some open lawn beyond these on the west, called the Suburb of St. Rock, on the right bank of the river St. Charles, the only portion of the whole that is built on level ground. " On landing at Quebec, therefore, the traveller has to wind his way up through steep, narrow, and tortu- ous streets, with still narrower alleys on his right and left, till he reaches the fortified line or barrier. Here he enters by Prescott Gate, on !••- right of which, after passing through it, he sees the imposing structure of the New Parliament House, with its lofty cupola an^l fine architectural front; and on the left, a double flight of mean and straggling wooden steps, leading to one of the oldest streets, as an avenue to the Place d'Armes. Going across this last, he passes the English and French Cathe- drals, the Government OflUces, and Palace of Justice, on his right; and has the site of the old Castle of St Lewis, 250 TOUn THROUGH CANADA. B" ' ',11 and the plat/orm oveilookin ng laid in a hollow pit, caused by the bursting of a sh -A: there, dur- ing the seigc of Quebec. The number of ihe Ursuline Nuns at present in the Convent is about forty, besides the Lady Superior, and some few Noviciates. The Catholic Seminary, and Cathedral, both founded about 1660, are situated near Market Square, in the heart of the town. The exterior of the latter is plain, but its tower is lofty and well proportioned to the edifice. There are four other Catholic churches besides the Cn- thedral. Besides the English Cathedral, there are also in Que- bec, four Chapels of the church of England ; two Scotch ':^hurches, and two Wesleyan chapels. 1 1 '. I u Census of the City and County of Quebec. Copied from the Quebec Gazette, May, 1844. * Population of the city of Quebec, 32,876 Residue of the county, 12,800 Total city and county. 45,676 Of these th^re are, Natives of EiWiiand, 1,598 " Ireland, 7,267 " Scotland, 981 " _ Canadians of French origin, 27,698 " Canadians of British origin, 7,734 «* Continent of Europe or othetr wise,. ... 276 «* United States, 122 Total, 45,676 Irals, the court- 1 its .surroundinK grounrl. With- lited the body ol e > ng laid in a sh ;i: there, dur* of ihe Ursulitip brty, besides the il, both founded Square, in the ; latter is plain, ?d to the edifii;e. besides the Cn> ire also in Que- nd ; two Scotch OF QUEBFX, lay, 1844. * 32,876 12,800 45,67<) 1,598 7,267 981 27,698 7,734 k'lse,.... 276 122 45,676 i TOUR TlIROUfill CANADA. The religious connexions arc as'foUows : Belonging to the Church of England, " "' Scotland, •' " Rome, British Wesleyan Methodists, Canadian " *' , Other Methodists, Presbyterians not in connection Scotland, Consireis'ationalists and Inde; Baptists and Anabaptists,. . . . Lutherans, ■ ■ Quakers, Jews, the church of • • ■ • • • • 257 6,494 2,569 36,371 851 24 2 123 189 29 3 8 13 Total, 45,676 The following is an English account of the attack on Quebec, by Monic, mery anci Arnold, in 1775, and 1776. ** At the period of the American Revolution, it is well known, that Canada did not join ihe revolted Colonies, but continued firm in her allegiance to the crown ; and lience it became the land of refuge to the many loyalists who were driven from the United States by the success of their war of Independence. As it was believed, however^ by the Americans of that day, that an attack on Quebec would be successful, and if so, would induce all Canada to join their cause, such an attack was plan- ned, and its execution committed to two American Ge- nerals, Montgomery and Arnold. The British troops usually rctaiued in Canada for its defence, had been sent on to Boston, so that the Province was almost destitute of military force, there being scattered throughout all Canaila only about 800 men. in this state of things, Gen. Montgomery advanced from Lake Champlain on St. John's, and after a short resistance took it ; he then marched on against Montreal, which being perfectly de- fenceless, surrendered to the American arms on the 12th IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ^/^.^^5^ 1.0 I.I 2.0 Its US 140 I ||L25|U||,.6 ^ 6" ^ 0% ^^ ^> '/ /^ Photographic Sciences Corpcffation v iV •ss <^ ^;^^^v^ '°;j»^^ '^ 33 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 145M (716) •72-4503 '9>'- 4' 258 irODR THROUGH CANADA. November, 1775. Atlhe same time, Gen. Arnold was known to Montgomery, to be advancing towards Quebec, visions, and an adequate number of brave and faithful men, be conquered by any force likely to be brought against it from this continent." f EXCURSIONS IN THE VICINITY OF QUEBEC. The places of resort well worthy of a visit in the vi- cinity of Quebec, are numerous and exceedingly interest- ing. The roads are mostly good, and the obliging French drivers are reasonable in their charges. The objects mos., attractive to Tourists, are the Falh (ff Montmorenci. 9 miles northeast; the Falls of th* Chavdiere, 12 miles southwest ; the Lake St. Charles, 16 miles northwest, and the Indian village of Lorette, on the road to the Lake, about 8 miles distant. The drive from Quebec to Cape Rouge, 8 miles along the bank of the river, passing over the Plains of Abraham, by the way of the St. Lewis road, is also a most delight* ful one. ( ' 960 TOUR THROUGH CANADA. Falls of Montmorenci. In going to the Falls of Montmorenci, which should be visited by every lover of picturesque natural scenery, you pass through the suburbs of Quebec^ mostly inhabited by French Canadians, and cross the river St. Charles, near its raouth, by a wooden toll bridge. Here are situated on the road side several pretty country residences, on the route to Beauport, which is a long scattered village about half-way between Quebec and Montmorenci, although for most of the distance there are dwellings so contiguous as to appear like one continued settlement. At Beauport there is a Roman Catholic church, with three spires ; and a little further north may be seen a neat monument and Qross near the road, where are frequently found per- sons kneeling at their devotions. On reaching the Falls of Montmorenci, many are disap- pointed at the small volume of water, after seeing the mighty cataract of Niagara, yet these falls possess a grandeur in miniature, which it is difficult to find excel- led. The river Montmorenci «omes from the northwest in a stream :ibout sixty yards wide, and it is not until it almost reacb*(s the very edge of the St. Lawrence, which it enters a' i angles with its course, that the water descends ov^^ a cliif, the stream literally falling into the St. Lawrence below. The perpendicular height of the fan is about 250 feet. There are extensive saw-mills on the south bank of the river below the falls which are propelled by water power taken from the stream above, and conveyed for about half a mile in a race way. These mills have upwards of a hundred saws in motion at a time, and are said to be capable of completing an entire cargo of planks in a sin- gle day ! In winter the spray arising from the falls is congealed, and often presents a conical mass of ice 100 TOUR TIIROUGII CANADA. 261 1 of the jower I about (wards to be I a sin- ills is selOO feet an 1 upwanls in hei&ht. It was on the hii^h grounds north of the falls, that Gen. Wolfe met his first repulse, when he attacked the Frenfh, a sl-crt time before his triumph on the plains of Abraham. He was here driven back, anJ compelled to re-embark, with the loss of 700 engaged in the ossault. On returning to Quebec there is afforded a splendid view of the city and Citadel — the St. Lawrence, and the opposite shore above and below Point Levi — the beautiful Island of Orleans, opposite the falls, and the rich valley of the St. Charles. Chaudiere Falls. The excursion to the Falls of the Chaudiere, on the opposite side of the St. Lawrence river, about 12 miles distant from the city in a southerly direction, is one of much interest. The perpenJicubr fall of the cascade is a little more than a hundred feet, but the mass of waters is so romantically broken by projecting rocks, as to pro- duce a turhulencc and fury in its descent which is wild and picturesque in the highest degree. Excursion to Cape Rouge. On this excursion you leave the city by the St. Lewis Gate, and cross the Plains of Abraham, to the right of the spot where Wolfe fell. A mile from the gate is the Race Conrse, which is thronged during the Spring and Fall races ; and n mile further a road branching to the left, leads to Wolfe^s Cove, celebrated as the place where he landed with his army previous to the capture of Quebec, but now occupied by an extensive ship- yard and lumber- yard. The road beyond runs for some distance through a fine grove, with avenues leading to vorious pleasant country residences over-looking the river, of which you eatch OS you pass along occasional glimpses, together I ( 262 TOUR THROUGH CANADA. with the opposite shore in the neighborhood of the Chau* diere Falls. Returning by the St, Foi road and facing toward the city, the prospect is far wider and more magnificent. Below and to the left stretches the fine cultivated valley of the St. Charles, bounded oa the northwest by a pic- turesque range of mountains, the settlements reaching to their very base, with villages and church spires scattered over the intervening region ; in another direction appear the Falls of the Montmorenci and the Isle of Orleans, nnd in front spreads the harbor of Quebec, with the bold cliffs of Cape Diamond and Point Levi, rising perpendi- cularly on each side, the former being crowned with im- pregnable bulwarks. THE ST. LAWRENCE AND SAGUENAY RIVERS. As a trip down the St. Lawrence to the river Sague- nay, has within the last year or two, become a fashiona- ble and exceedingly interesting steamboat excursion from Quebec, we subjoin an account of such a trip, made on board the steamer North America, August, 1843. As the steamboat left the wharf, she took a graceful turn up stream, passing the Illustrious, a 74 gun ship, and the government steamer Unicorn, and then descend- ing run close under Point Levi, affording a fine view of the city and Citadel of Quebec. The beautiiul line of settlements below the city on the same side of the river, next attract attention, the view in the distance being bounded by hills, apparently elevated 1,500 to 2,000 feet above the waters of the St. Lawrence. The romantic Falls of Montmorenci, 7 miles be- low Quebec, are seen to great advantage from the St- Lawrence, plunging over an almost perpendicular preci- B Chau- ard the nificent. 1 valley jy a pic- ichinR to scattered n appear Orleans, I the bold perpend i- with im- RIVERS. ^er Sague- i fashiona- irsion from made on 43. a graceful gun ship, Xi descend- ne view of iiul line of the river, nee being 2,000 feet miles be- |om the St- :ular preci- TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 263 I of 240 feet directly into this great river. Immediately below, on the bank of the St. Lawrence, was fought a severe battle between the English and French armies, u short time previous to the capture of Quebec by Gen. Wolfe, in 1759, in which the British were repulsed with considerable loss. The Island of Orleans, is next passed on the left, descending the river through the principal ship channel. This is a fertile tract, 21 miles long by 6 or 7 wide, and in part covered with a beautiful growth of forest It rises from 50 to 100 feet above the water, and the stream of the St. Lawrence being here divided, the aspect of the shores at once reminds you of the scenery of the Hudson river above the Higlilands, St. Patrick's Hole, 11 miles below Quebec, on the Orleans shore, affords a fine anchorage for vesse's of the largest size. It was here, some 20 years ago. that the immense timber ship was built, supposed to be the largest vessel, by far, that ever crossed the Atlantic. The Parish of St. Laurent, 14 miles below Quebec, is handsomely situated on the southeast side of the island, which is settled exclusively by French Canadians, mostly ♦'ngaged in cultivating the soil. The dwellings have a remarkably neat look, being one story high with both roof and sides painted white. The southeast shore of the St. Lawrence, for many miles below Point Levi, presents a succession of villages and hamlets, consisting each of a cluster of houses with a church standing in the midst, and with its aspect of guar- dianship and guidance to the families dwelling around, imparting to the landscape a moral expression, which rrreatly enhances its picturesque beauty. The vessels usually seen on this part of the St. Law- rence, are of the larger cmss of merchant ships. The 264 TOUll THROUGH C.WADA. t ■ 1. I li arrivals nt the port of Quebec overnfff* some 1,200 to 1,400 annually, mostly from Great Britain, nnlbesiJes other colonial produce, they corry back immense quantl* ties of timber on 1 lumber. > Madam Island, 26 miles from Quebec, is one of se- veral small islands lying below Orleans. The river here widens to 10 miles, which gradually increases all the way to its mouth ; and for most of the distance there are two ship channels, called the north ond south channels, the latter being the best and most navigated. Cape TounMnNT, 30 miles below Quebec, is a bold promontory on the northwest side of the river rising to the height of about 2,000 feet, and seen at a great dis> tance. Grossk Island, opposite Cnpe Tourment, is thft Quarantine Station for vessels ascen ling the river, and it has n hospital, a Roman Catholic Chapel, and other buildings usually connected with such on establishment. St. Titomas, 32 miles from Quebec, en the southeast shore, is situated at the mouth of a stream called South river. The shore of the St. Lawrence is lined with a succession of dwellings for many miles below, with high grounds rising in the distance, beyond which may occasionally be seen the hills formerly claimed by the Americans, as the boundary between the state of Maine and Conado. Crane Island, 38 miles below Quebec, is fertile and settled. Its north end is adorned with the delightful resi- dence of the Seignucr. Goose Island, 45 miles from Quebec, is owned by the Kuns, and is cultivated as a farm, by tenants. The Pillars, 55 miles below Quebec, is the name given t9 several small rocky islets, on one of which stands alight-house. Here the scenery is peculiarly '-+f^ lOlU TIIUOUGII CANADA. I 265 1,200 to 1 besides e quanti* ne of se* iver here sail ihe there are channeltt is a bold risinp to great dis- it, is thi^ river, and nnJ other |)lishment. southeast Ilea South ei with a with high ich may led by the of Maine fertile nnd itful resi- ned by the the name of which peculiarly irranl anl interesting. The vast estuary of the river be- low looks in JeeJ like an opening to the ocean. The shores for some 10 miles onward arc studded with shining residences, while the hills in the distance, on both sides, resemble very much the scenery bordering the widest part of Lake Chnmplain. Sixty mi U?s l)elovv Quebec, is the remarkable channel called the Traverse. A floating light guides the mariner by night through this narrow and dangerous pnssage. Isi.B Aux CouPRES, (Islc of Filbcrts,) is a large body of land lying: toward the north shore, opposite the Bay of St. Paul's, anl about 65 miles from Quebec. It is said that when Jacques Cartier, anchored here, on his first voyage of discovery up the St. Lawrence, he gave this islauJ the name it yet bears, from the great quantity of filberts, or hazel nuts, which he found there. St. Anne stanls on the southeast shore, on a bay of the same name. Here is a Catholic College nnd a settle* ment of ccnsiileraMc size, about 70 miles Irom Quebec As you approach Gcose Cape, 75 miles below Quebec, the banks of the river seem to decline in the distance ; the river now being ec of islands, presents a large ex- panse of water, here t in:: nhcut 18 miles wide. , , Mal Bay, 80 miles, below Quebec, lies en the north* west side cf tie £t. Lawrence, at the mouth of a river of the same name. This is a fine section cf country, producing wheal and other kinds of grain in abundance Beyond this place is seen a beautiful ranse of hills, ter- minating at Cape F'agle and Cape Salmon on the east Kamouraska, situated 90 miles below Quebec, en the southeast side cf the river, contains about 1,500 inhabi- tants, and is surrotnded by a fruitful district. Vessels can land here only at high water; at low water, passen> gers are taken ashore \u suiall boats. In the rear of this 266 TOUU TIIHOUnil CAKATiA. > I villai^e are seen nhriipt and sterile hills with little or no verdure. In front are two or three mnall islands, chiefly resorted to for fiHhin^ and bathint;, t'lis heins; a favorite resort during the »unimer months, (br the I'iti/ens of Mon- treal and Quebec, and is no doubt destined to become a fashionable watering place, where sea bathing can be en- joyed by invalids and seekers of pleasure. About lO.") miles below Quebec are the Pilgrim Islnndu, a group of rocky islets which are passed to the right. On the left, a few miles below, is Hare Island, situated near the middle of the river. The settlement at the Rivkr Du Loup, 120 miles be- low Quebec, on the southeast side of the St. Lawrence, contains about l,.'iOO inhabitants. Here commences the ureat road from the St. Lawrence river to the St. John's, by the way of the Madawaska river and settlement. Red Island lies otf the the mouth of the Saguenay, this being the first island of the small group met on as- cending the St. Lawrence. It is destitute of a light and has caused many shipwrecks during the prevalence of fogs and storms, so frequent on the lower part of the river and (iulf of St. Lawrence. Green Island lies nearly opposite Red Island, on the south east. As you approach the mouth of the Saguenay, the wa- ters take a very black hue, perceivable for many miles below, and extending far into the St. Lawrence. Just within the mouth of the river, near Tadousac, there is a round mountain peak, called Ttte du Boule, about 800 feet high. Tadousac, 140 miles below Quebec, Is situated on the northwest shore of the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Saguenay river. This is a post belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, and is the residence of one of its partners and an agent. They alone are allowed to trade TOUR TIIUOUGH CANADA. 267 lie or no J, chietly I favoriU' » of Moil- >ecome » an be en- M Islands, the right. , situated ,<■' ' I miles he* Lawrence, nences the St. John'?;, iment. Saguenay, met on ns- [i light and valence of af the river its nearly the wa- nany miles nee. Just there is a about 800 situated on the mouth ging to the if one of its red to trade with the Indians in the interior, who oocaslonally visit this place, but more frequently Chicoutimi, at the head of navigation on the Saguenay, and the post at the Lake of St. John, where some of the company's agents also reside. ' At Tadousnc is u Roman Catholic Chapel, u store and ware-houie, and some 8 or 10 dwellings. Here is erected a flag stati', surrounded by several pieces of cannon, on an eminence elevated about 50 feet and over looking the inner harbor, where is a sufficient depth of water to Hoat the largest vessels. This place was early settled by the French, who are said to have here erecte 1 the first dwelling built of stone and mortar in Canada, and the remains of it arc still to be seen. The view is exceedingly picturesque from this point. The southern shore of the St. Lawrence, may be traced even with the naked eye for many a league — the undulating lines of snow white cottages stretching far away, both east and west — while the scene is rendered gay and animated by the frequent passage of the merchant vessel ploughing its way towards the port of Quebec, or hurrying upon the descending tide to the Gulf — while from the summit of the hill upon which Tadousac stands, the sublime and impressive scenery of the Saguenay rises into view. We extract from the Report of the Commissioners for exploring the Saguenay, published in 1829 : the following: ** Upon landmg at Tadousac, we proceeded immediate- ly to examine a few of the geognostical characters of the country. The only place of residence here is erected on a bank of sandy alluvium, elevated about fifty feet above the river, and forming a flat terrace at the base of the mountain, which suddenly emerges at a short distance behind. The rocks of which these mountains are com- posed is granite, either of a red or grey color, depending upon that of the feldspar. On the shore were seen small ^»c- I f £69 TOVll TllKUUUll CANAOA. 1 III (lepu^ils ofinngBelic iron. Here hn»es wcrr iiicniitired, niifl llie requisiteh anulc l.-iken, i'ur OctiTiniriiiiu tlie iieigtit of the most eleviiie I point on eillier kiJc of llic Sa^uonay at it4 niouti), on! this was fouitl to bo !)12 feet on the westerly si.le, an i 5iS on the opponile." L'anck a L'i:au, or Watkr llAiinon, Mitiiale:! on the SnKuenay, ahoutuhnlfa iitilCnbovc 'ralouKnc, is the name ol'u settlement wlierei« an extenKivc lumljei- estqb. li&hinent. The St. Lawrknck Uivkh, below the mouth of the Sagiienay, a»iiumc.<( an imposing appeornnce, ^rn(Jually widening until its hreadlh exceeds one hundred milen. The following description of this mighlj river, is ex- tracted front Mr. Uiickinghum's late work on Cunada, pub- lished in lS-13. '' From this point, where the Sogucnay joins the St. Lawrence, the distance from sliurc to shore, across the latter stream, exceeds 20 mites, and the wi ith f;ucs on increasinu: till it expands to forty miles from Cape Chot to Cape dc8 Monts Pelles. From thence it goes on 8till further, expanJing till it reaches the breadth of about 120 miles, from shore to shore, in a line drawn from the ex- treme point of Gaspe, due north across the western edge of the Islani of Anticosti, and so on to the coast of La- brador. Through this magnificent mouth of the river, we pass into the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; having thus traced the noble stream, from the Island of Mackinow, in the straits of Michillimackinac, at the head of Lake Hu> ron, down to the Island of Anticosti; a distance of at least 2,000 miles, through a chain of the most splendid lakes in the world, and with almost every variety of scenery along its majestic course." For a further description of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and voyage to Halifax, see " Buckingham^ s Ciinada, Hova-Scoiiay &c." Domired, le Iteigttt a^uonay I uu Ihe >!i on the I', is the er cslab. h of llie (rndually eJ milcp. r, is ex- ida, pub- is the St. cross the 1 goes on npe Chat s on Ktill )out 120 the ex- crn edge t of La- »e river, in;; thus inaw, in ake Hu- ice of at splendid iriety of TOVU TIIROUCni CANADA. 269 iwrence Canada, TIIK 8A(iUi:N.\Y. " Tliisriv.rr Iiqh Ittt mouth, nccording toronimoncoinpa* totiun, 140 miles livlow Quebec, on the north hliore of the Hi. Lawrence, in latitude 4S dcK- <> '"in. IM hvc, Icng. 70 deg. 4()iiun. uefct froinGreenwich. It discharges a much grimer body of water than ony other ri>er that falls into the St. Liuvrence. Indeed it is the larse^t river in North Am* rica, the tt. Lawrence excepted, eu8t of the Alle- ghunies. " It tiikes the nnnic of b'nguenay only below Lake St. John, which lies about 120 miles N. by W. of Quebec. From TnilousaC; a distance o( about f40 miles to the lake, the course of the river is nearly castani west, Ta« duusac being, as before stated, in Int. 48 detr. 6 min. bS sec, oni the south side of Lake Hi. John in 48 deg. 23 mtn. 12 fee, giving only 10 miles to the north of Ta- dousac." This lake, which is nearly circular^ is about 40 miles across, and it is the centre of an extensive region tlie wa- ters of wliich (low into it from the ncrlh, the west, and the south, in twelve principal rivers, and are discharged to the east by the {-agucnny. The streams which fiow into this lake from the south, the westnnl the norlhvvcfet, have their sources in a moun- tainous tract which ranges nearly cast and west for a long distance, and then, far in the west, bends northward- ly, separating these wulei-s from those which seek li.e St. Lawrence above Quebec and the Ottawa, and regarJ- ing ihcm in their still wider relations, th<7 are part of the extensive range of highlands w hich divide the basin of the St. Lawrence from that of Hudson's Bay and its tributaries. *' The country, the waters of which are discharged into the St. Lawrence, by the Saguenay, is mere extensive than u II the rest of Lower Canada; but it has till lately 270 TOUR THROUGH CANADA. contained, probably, net more Ih'n a hundred Indian fa- milies, who live by hunting and fishing, and exchange their surplus with lessees of the King's Post, for a few arliclj's of imported produce. " The passage of the waters of the Saguenay, from be- low the Ha-Ha Bay to the St. Lawrence, a distance of fifty miles, is one of the wonders of nature. They pene- trate through a mountainous tract, composed of sienile granite, forming an immense canal in many places, with banks of perpendicular rocks rising from a thousandth fifteen hundred feet above the surface of the river, whii.h is from a hundred to a hundred and fifty fathoms deep nearly the whole way, and from a mile to three miles broad. The power and pride of man is as much hum- bled in some parts of this tremendous chasm, as in the immediate presence of Niagara Falls. In many places the largest vessel may run close to the perpendicular rocks, with 100 fathoms water. There are, however, se- veral coves W'ith good anchorage. In Ha-Ha Bay the Navy of England might ride, in from five to eighty fa- thoms. At twelve miles below Chicoulimi, which is dis- tant 68 miles from Tadousac, the spring tide ises IS feet, and there is from 10 to 50 fathoms at low water. The tide rises and the river is navigable seven miles above Chicoutirai, where the rapids of the outlet of Lake St. John commence. At this point a range of high- lands crosses the Saguenay, extending along the head waters of the Malbay, the Goufl're, the Jacques Cartier, St. Anne, Batiscan, and St. Maurice, and forming the south and western side of the basin of Lake St. John, with the Hudson's Bay highlands on the north and east. " It is cnly within a few years that there have been any agricultural settlers in the Saguenay country. At present there are a few hundred families of squatters from the TOUR THROrOlI CANADA. 271 north shore below Quebec, chiefly induced to go in by employment in lumbering, Sec, for Mr, Price's numerous saw-mills. At Ha-Ha Bay, there is a church, and about 150 families, and openings are made at various places on the river. The soil is of disintegrated clay and granite, w^ith limestone in some places. The general level of the land above Ha-Ha Bdy, as far as the eye can reach from the river, is not higher than the island of Orleans, al- though more broken. The timber mixed, hard and soft, and of a middling growth. The climate is milder, if any thing, than at Quebec. With the exception of the ridge crossing below Lake St. John, already mentioned, the country to a great extent round the lake, but particularly on the southwest side, is of the same character." " On entering the Saguenay from Tadousac, which is about one mile wide at its mouth, the hills soon rise ab- ruptly from the water's edge, from 500 to 1000 feet above the tide way, presenting an appearance somewhat simi- lar to the entrance from the north into the " Highlands" of the Hudson river, with which most travellers are fa- miliar, divested, however, of all appearance of habita- tion for many miles, and the Saguenay averaging twice the width of the Hudson. Tete du Boule, a round mountain peak, rises on the north side of the river, about one mile from its mouth. Here the rocks and hills are mostly bare, but the verdure increases as you ascend. About three miles from Tadousac, the river inclines to the north for a few miles, then resumes its western course to Chicoutimi, a distance of sixty-eight miles from the St. Lawrence, and being in many places three miles in width, with a great depth of water, until you arrive at the bar, sixty miles from its mouth. " MflW •272 TOUR TIIRCVCII CANADA. The Two Profiles, seen en the ncrlh shore, a few miles up, anJ clevaleJ several hundred feet above the wa- ter, Lear a striking resemblance to Ihe human face. £t, Louis Island presents n rocky and rugged appear, ance. lilies eighteen miles above Tadousac, and may be passed by large vessels on either side. Here, it is said, fine trout may be taken in large quantities. At the mouth of the river Marguerite, on the north fthore. and at St. John's Bay, on the fouth, are lumber establishments, — the latter situated twenty-eight miles above the mouth of the Sague.iay. At the distance of 34 miles from Tadousac, en the BOuth shore of the river, are two enormous masses of rock called Etkrnity Point and Cape Tkinity. They rise from the water's edge to the height of some ] ,500 feet, and so abruptly that they can almost be touched with the hand from the deck of the passing steamer. The aspect of these mountain-clifTs is beyond expression grand. No man can pass along their base and lift his eyes up their vast height, without awe — without exp?riencing the most intense emotions of sublimity. Sheltered between them is a lovely recess of the shore, called Trinity Co\ e, its se- questered and lonely beauty enhanced by its sircng con- trast with the wild gran.leur of the re&t of the scene. Trinity Cape takes its name from the three peaks of its summit, bearing some resemblance to three human hea Is; and the name of Et;.rmtv Point is abundantly indicated by the huge pile of ever-during reck of which it is ompcsed. The whole scene — the majestic river, a hundred fathoms deep, rolling alcng the base and in the shadows of the vast and beetling clills, bearing on their rocky fronts the impress of Almighty power and ever- lasting duration — the whole scene at this place is unsur- passed for its magnificence and solemn Leauty. ADA. irrlh shore, a few lect abcvcllie wa- ll utnon face, m J rugge I appear, adoujsac, and may side. Here, it is juantities. rite, on the north routli, are lumber wenty- eight miles Tadousac, on the ormous masses of : Tkinitv. They of some 1,500 feet, e touched with the imer. The aspect ession grand. No ; his eyes up their i?riencing the most red between them rinity Cove, itsse- by its strong con- t ol'the scene, the three peaks of ;e to three human i.NT is abundantly ing reck of which le majestic river, a he base and in the , bearing on their power and ever- lis place is unsur« I beauty. rv ;:jr_ i_*i«*«fw - ■ §''' i -^j; i4f v.*:^« / ...V-;. 'CJ^ ' ^:^^ii- !ti"'" '''iiii'' : .' ■ a •..*'-i.*w-»%|''J T 27: vXAlr^ • I \ mi tei t an * be sa , > > ■ ' /.. ' •mi* Rh re. lifKi es t»Ba{!»yv;'ai: ttl ec re ri 1 the V. ati.i M .■it»»«pt!j hn'i.l l(0;a '1'"' of^'i-- t/ii .( < V.'hf ii- 1 ill 1 ■";>-- i qu«¥i'* vrl tra- . :» . /i"kt :W. t^' ; ;<,te, it Iv'^ . \ (■ ( I'. (I V\''f ol' the rivtrf .iVliivfeUK.uiv^ oo th» 'a'tb ■'•vfen'u Btty, on Ihe ^oiilh, aro i".:fi^#'ir ■ of r^! v':;!T«f P'.-n '"-Iv,-: .i?;. Of) th* : ',v mr ■-■*.■»!i i(!nit;r i vviili the iioir b«i.e aul-Uft his r,|ir.v up ihftif .'!• ^iiorO; r!t]tt';l Trjftiiv Cove, i!s«e* ■,eAal)',''..itKj;' ■ irorsf-: COB- r. if* tame Jri^-^ the ih?'n .^mV^. of soTi.fc; /fri;('nib'?i."i'> to »i^v* *iurnaft w (loie MMivifo— ll-.p 1^ 'vcr, a •torr,. '1 ' ', " the vva- !l lUC'^^. Ct{<^- •••>;? U' n^■■?^^" . ; with ihe I'JiVr. of , ... iver, li ..;' .(vl iJi the t ihesr !t ! CVftM o H > O I ^ ^'- Toun TiinouGii caxada. 273 Continuing up the Sa^uenay, Statue Point is next passed, where formerly was to be seen a rock in a niche, high above the water, which rescmbleJ a huge hunian figure. The niche is still visible, but the figure has fallen into the deep water. Tlie Tableau is an upright rock, rising almost perpen- dicularly from the water, to the height of several hun« drcJ feet, siti.ateJ on the south shore. The scenery in this vicinity, an J for several miles below, is exceedingly grand and picturesque, — high and precipi* tous hills, cluthed with a stunted growth of forest trees, and all around a wild solitude, unbroken by a sign ot habitation or life, except occasionally a huge porpoise showing his back above the wave, and the water-fowl peculiar to thc^e northern latitudes. Fifty-seven miles from Tadnusac opens the HA-HA,or Grkat Bay, as it is sometimes called. It is entered on the left, while the Saguenny proper comes down on the right. At the head of the bay there is a large settlement, with several extensive saw-mi!Is, owned by Wm. Price, Esq., an enterprising merchant of Quebec, who is said to give employment to 2,0CO persons, living in the vicinity of the Sagucnay and St. Lawrence, principally in the lumbering business. l>om the entrance to HaHa bay to Chicoutimi, a dis- tance of about twelve miles, the banks ol the river are less rugged and are clothed with more verdure, and ope- nings may now be seen on both shores, with occasionally a habitatifin. About six miles below Chicoutimi there is a bar, which can be passed by vessels of a large size only when the tide is up, this being the first impediment to navigation in ascending this noble river, which for grandeur of scenery and depth of water, may vie with any other stream on the American continent. 574 TOUR TIIUOVOII CANADA. CmcouTiMi, 68 miles from Tadousac, is another post occupied by the Hudson Hay Company, which has a re* sident agent stationed here. Two or three dwellings and a venerable looking liomnn Catholic chapel of small di* ineuisions constitute the f^eitlement. It is one of those stations where, in former days, the indefatigable Jesuits established a home for themselves : a church yet remains to attest their religious zeal. This edifice is believed to Jiave been one of the first erected in Canada. The loca- lity selected is singularly picturesque and romantic. On one side the Saguenay pours down its mighty flood, the shores on either side covered to the water's edg<} with the most luxuriant foilage, while, on the other side, a safe and commodious bay receives the mountain torrent of the Chicoutimi river. The church, a peculiarly agreeable object in so remote a spot, stands about 100 yards from the margin of the stream, in the centre of a plat of green- sward ^et out with shrubbery, and forest trees crown the rising ground in the rear. Here assemble at stated periods the children of the soil; some from the region of the far north — the laith which their fathers were taught in earlier ages, leading them to reverence a spot hallowed by traditional associ- ations. " The region of the Saguenay cannot long remain si- lent and unoccupied. It is destined to become the home of an active and enterprising race. The climate is well adapted to the purposes of agriculture and the virgin soil cannot fail to repay the labors of the farmer. '' The aspect of the country around Chicoutimi is di- vested of the rugged and rocky character which distin- guishes the banks of the Saguenay for the first 50 miles, and as the traveller advances inland the appearance of the country indicates a superior soil — while the climate 1 i isVii». TOUR THROUGH CANADA. 275 in the vicinity of Lake St. John approaches very closely to that of the Montreal district." Taken altogether, few excursions can afford more in- Icrcst to the tourist and seeker of pleasure, than a visit to this place and its vicinity. Besides having a view of tlie magnificent scenery of the St. Lawrence, there may be here seen a picturesque water-fall, and if fond of angling or hunting, the visiter may enjoy himself to his heart's content — surrounded by a vast wilderness, as yet almost unbroken by the haunts of man. m This excursion occupies from three to four days, after leaving Quebec. VALUE OF MONEYS. The following information will be found valuable to strangers visiting Canada, and particularly to emigrants bringing with them sterling money. Valuk of Colonial Monies. The basis of the currency is the imperial gold standard, differing from sterling money in the different nominal valu of the pound and its constituents. The pound sterling is by law fixed at Twenty-Four shil- lings and Four-Pence currency. At this rate all large transactions are settled, and remittances, with the cor- rt'ction of the day lor exchange, are calculated. One pound currency, contains four dollars. One dollar ** " five shillings. One shilling " '* two sixpences. One sixpence '•' " six pennies. One penny " " two coppers. The value in sterling of the pound currency is rather over 16s. 5|d. The dollar currency rather over 4s. l|d. " shilling " " 9|d. *' sixpence " rathe* under 5d. £ut in retail transactions an approximation is made to J I 27C VALUK OF mom:ys. the value of the coins current in Britain nml the United States, onJ in small pureliascs tliefnIIo\vinc;nrc the rates at which such coins arc usually pai 1 away: — IIRITISH. The sovereign, XI 4s. fid. The crown, Os. Id. Hair crown Hs. O'd. Shillina:, called Trente-Sous, la. 3d. Sixpence, " Quinze-Sous, 7-id. AMERICAN. Eacle, ^ jC2 lOs. Dollar ."is. Id. Half dollar, 2s. fi^d. Dime, or ten cents fi I. Real, or York shilling, lid. A shilling sterling and a quarter of a dollar are taken in the stores as equal. The exchangeable value of the dollar, of course, varies with the course cf exchange he- tvvecn the Provinces and the United States, which isprin. cipally ruled by that between New-YorV an I London. In general, its value is about 5s. Id. currency, or 4s. 2d. sterling. The shilling currency is subdivided into twenty-four copper coins, called coppers. Coins of this metal, of Co- lonial, British and American origin, and of very various denominations, are common, and each is pretty generally taken as the equivalent of a copper, without much refer- ence to its intrinsic value. The English Penny, Half- penny, and Farthing, of not less than five-sixihs of the weight of currency, is a legal tender to the amount of 12d. The following coins are also usually taken at the rates specified: French crown, .5s. fid. " half crown, 2s. fid. Pistorine, lOd. Five franc piece, 4s. 8d, EASTERN TOUK. ly-four of Co. arious ncrally refer- Half, of the unt of e rates na. fid. 10(1, 8d. TuAVELLKiis desiring to visit the New-England Stales, on leaving CanaJa, arc conveyed from Montreal to La Prairie by steamboat, and thence by railroad cars to St. John's, where commodious and well regulated steamboats rigain take them up for Burlington, Vermont. This is •ne of those beautiful towns, which so often attract the notice of a stranger, in travelling through the northern . Itswiiltli varies from one-fourth of a mile to 13 miles, and the mean wiiMh is about A\ miles. This would give an area of 507 square miles, two-thirds of which lie within the limits of A'ermonf. Its depth is generally sulficient for the navitj'atidn of the largest vessels. It received its present name from S.vMirr.L CiiAMi LAIN, a French nobleman, who discovered it in the spring of 1609, and who died at Quebec in 1G35, and was not drowned in its waters, as has often been said. One of the names given to this lake by the aborigines, is said to have been Caniaderi-G uaruiitc, signifying the mouth or door of the country. If so, it was very appro- priate, as it forms the gateway between the country on the St. Lawrence and that on the Hudson. The name of this lake in the Abenaqui tongue was Petaica bvuipi. , tiignifying aiiernu;.e hind and water, in al'usion to tlie n w- merous is' r.il.^ Oiiu ,;iojectin-, points of land along the lake. Previous to the settlement of the country by Ku- ropeans, this lalce had long been the thoroughfare between hostile and powerful Indian tribes, and its short* ihf scene of many a mortal conllict. And after the settle- ment, it continued the same in reference to the FrfDch and English colonies, and subsequently in refercncre to ihf ICAMTKUN TUUR. 270 i» copi»'"l Vermont •om f outh tl'm-ce (it .!( iiiis, in thiit Pro- ron» south extremity rtherly at oue-fourlli about I '. lire ihUcs. Vermont, lion of th«' im S.VMITF.L icred it in l(i35, and jeen ^aid. origines, is nifj'ing the ery appro- country on le name oi li-a boinp'- , 1 to tlic ' I- •along the try by Eu- re between fehoK' * til* the settU - the FrfrM'h ■cacffi to the Knv;Jisli in Cnntuluand the Ui. oil Stutes. Inconsequence of this peeuliar'ty of its locti' on, the nnme of Lake (hiunpliiin standi conriceted wii some of the most in- terestini; \ents ii the annuls ol uiir country ; and the trnnisnctioii associnfod with the names < I' Tict 'uleroga and Crown 'oint,* ami rUittsburiih, and manj other jduces, united with tlic variety and ben ty ol the scci "ry, the neatness and ncconnnodation of tht steam oats, nd the unrivalled exc llency of their comiu.nders, rendei a tour through this lake one of the most 'uteres '"'^ uiid agreeable to the enlig itened traveller." * Crow!* PoitT Fdktre^ is now in ruins, and is opposit*" • the south part of Atlili3t)n, in Vermont. It whs built by tho Fr< h in 1731, on a point of liiinl bci\ ^en West May and tbe like, ni*..; v-«8 r!ill«!(l Fort St. Fiedciick. la 176!), it was surrendered i' le Uritisli troojis under Cieu. Ai iierst, and was held by tlie iir u till Miiy 10, 1775, when it wa> taken by Col. Seth Wurncr, on ijm siimn day thit Ticondoropa sii -rendered to Allen. It ngala >«•'! into the hands of the British i i 1770, who kept posfPssion oi till after the capture of Hnrpoyi f. in 1777. It is nearly a regulwr penta^',oa, the longest curtain be n? ninety, and the shortest aboa: seventy-live yaids in lenjitli. Tli • ramparts are about twenty-liv*' feet in thickness, and riveted with innsonry tlirout-hout. The ditch is blasted oiu oi' the solid r>ner months in all its loveliness. Springfield, 102 miles east of Albany, and 98 miles west of Boston, by railroad route, is most delightfull y EASTERN TOUR. 285 w filled It ipheld by and there lastures to irings and iuch quick the wind- excited is the enjoy - ue and ro- tioh at t\iv Lcles to hu- ive hereto- lanufactui- still eleva- aboundin;.; gularbeau- It lies in ii surrounded ice the bed al. passes ton to New landsomely confluence fine bridge The beau- during the id 98 mile'? ielightfuUy situated on the east bank of the Connecticut. The depot is on the north side of the village, which has several we\\ kept public houses, this being the principal stopping place on the route, east and west. The main street runs north and south, parallel with the river, at the distance from it of a quarter of a mile, and two or three miles in length. The houses are mostly well built, and many of them are ele- gant, being surrounded in several instances by highly cultivated grounds. This is a populous town, containing in 1840, 10,958 in- habitants. The village has a court-house and jail, 8 church- es, 2 banks, and a large number of stores. The United States Government has here one of the most extensive arsenals of construction in the country. This establish- ment, which is well worthy of a visit, is pleasantly situa- ted on elevated ground, half a mile east of the village. The buildings are arranged on a large square, and con- sist of one brick edifice 240 feet by 32, and two stories high, occupied by lock-filers, stockers and finishers ; a brick forging-shop, 150 feet by 32; a brick building 60 feet by 32, and 2 stories high, the second story forming a spacious hall de\ oted to religious worship ; a brick building 100 feet by 40; and 2 stories high, used as a depository of fire arms, said to contain 90,OOQ muskets in complete order, the whole being arranged in the most beautiful and regular manner. There are also other stores and shops, and a number of convenient residences for the olicers connected with the establishment. The principal hotels in Springfield, are the American House, Main-street, the Massasoit House, Main-street, both near the railroad depot ; Hamden House, Court Square, and the United States Hotel, Main, corner State- street. From Springfield there is a line of conveyance up and !i 286 EASTKKN TOUR. down the valley of the Connecticut. A railroad is now constructing to Hartford, 25 miles south, whore it will connect with the railroad extending to New Haven, a total distanoe of 63 miles. This will furnish another de- sirable rouie between Boston and New- York, passiRg through an interesting and populous region. Northampton, on the west bank of the Connecticut; 17 miles north of Springfield, is one of the oldest and most beautiful towns in Massachusetts. It was incorpo- raied in 1654, and in 1(S4G, contained 3,750 inhabitants. The village is handsomely built, containing many elegant houses, a court-house and jail, 5 churches, a bank, and an insurance company, 30 stores, and several public houses. This place is un the old stage road between Albany and Boston. Here commences the Farmington Canal, which extends to New-Haven, on Long Island Sound, a distance of 87 miles, Mount Tom, in the town of Northampton, and Mount HoLYOKE on the opposite side of the river, are lofty sum- mits, often visited by tourists for their commanding pros- pects. The latter is elevated 1,070 feet above the level of the river, affording an extensive prospect of the beau- tiful valley of the Connecticut and a wide range of country, amply compensating the labor and difficulty of the ascent. Two buildings have been erected 'on its sum- mit for the purpose of accommodating visiters with re- freshments. Hadley, 2 miles east of Northampton, and on the op- posite side of the river, is also an ancient settlement. It was the head-quarters of the army employed for the de- fence of this section of country, in the old Indian war in 1675-6, with the gieat Sachem, Philip. The other villages of note on the Connecticut river BASTEHN TOUn. 287 icut river above Northampton, are Gueenfield, 20 miles north ; Bkattledoro, and Bellows-Falls, Vermont. The railroad route eastward from Springfield, passe* through a succession of small villages, .;hen you ar- rive at Worcester, 54 miles distant. This is a large and im- portant place, containing many facilities for trade and in- tercourse in various directions. In addition to the Boston and Worcester Railroad, extending to Boston, 44 miles east, the Nonvich and Worcester Railroad, here diverges south to Allen's Point, 66 miles; and the Blackstone Canal connects it with Providence, 45 miles distant in a southeast direction. The village, one of the finest in New-England, con- tains a court-house and jail, 8 churches, and the Massa- chusetts Lunatic Asylum, with its spacious and commo- dious edifices. This establishment was founded in ]832, and by its admirable management and condition does honor to the state. Although many of the worst ca^cs of in- sanity are found here, yet experience has proved that there are very few cases of derangement, which may not be ameliorated by the kindly influence of humane treat- ment addressed to the moral and social principles of our nature. The principal hotels in Worcester, are the American Temperance Hotel; the United States Hotel, and tbs Worcester House. ' ' The cars run over the road between Worcester and Boston, in about two hours, passing through several plea- sant villages. BOSTON, the seat of government in Massachusetts and and great commercial and social centre of New-England, stands on a peninsula in the westernmost and deepest in- land curve of Massachusetts Bay. The peninsula, origi- (' i I 28S EASTKIIN TOUIl. nally ol' very uneven surface, was principally marked by three boll hills called Beacon Hill, Copp's Hill, and Fort Hill ; and its greatest lengtli, measuring from the Rox- bury line wlicre it connects, on the south, with the main- land, across "The Neck" northerly to the head-land formed by Fort Hill, opposite to Charlestovn, is about ?, miles, and its greatest breadth, from C •] River b;«y, behind, or on the west side, to the harbor in front, on the east side, is about 1 mile. Taking the center of the town. at or near Cornhill and the Old State House, for tlie point of observation, it is in N. Lat. 42 deg., 21 min., 23 sec; in E. Lon. from the meridian of Washington, 5 deg., 5s min., and in W. Lon. from Greenwich, ]]ng. 71 deg., 1 min., 9 sec. Boston was founded in August, 1630, ten years, lackini; about four months, after the first landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth in December, 1G20. During the colonial period the growth of the town, as of the countay gene- rally, was slow. Even as late as 1790, when the first census was taken under the present Government of the United States, then newly established, tlic population ol Boston was only 13,038. In 1800, it had risen to21,937; in 1810, to 33,250; and in 1320, to 43,298; showing a ra/c of increase, in each successive period, of about 33jJ per cent. In 1330, however, the number had advanced to 61,391; and in 1340, to 93,383; showing a raic of increase, not far from 50 per cent in each of these two periods. This acceleration in the ratio of increase, from about one third to one half, is somewhat remarkable, not so much, perhaps, for its amount, as from its coincidence with that change in the policy of our national government whicli was adopted for the purpose of introducing and promot- ing domestic manufactures, through the agency of dis- criminating and protecting duties on imports. Up to the ncipally marked by pp's Hill, and Fort ing from the Rox- th, with the main- to the head-hind ■lestovn, is about :i C River b;'y, bor in Ciont, on the center of the town. House, for tlie point ., 21 min., 23 sec.; lington, 5 deg., 5N I, Eng. 71 deg., I ), ten years, lackini: ing of the Pilgrims )iiring the colonial the country gene- '90, when the first jovernment of the , the population of liad risen to 2 1,937; !'J8; showing a rate of about 33 i per : had advanced to ; urate of increase, hesc two periods, xse, from about one able, not so much, Incidence with that overnment which Licing and promot- he agency of dis- iiports. Up to the ,» , ;"HF- 'f' -.1' i ' \ ;l I- fi. m 1 o I' U . nolly of very uo* ■ three boll hills ca Ulil ; nm\ iU) ^re. bury J I ue whcr was priucijiullj M>arl>etl by . •'••cou IfiU, Copp's Ilill, ami Fort ' 'jJiib, .V(r*(*urin(i; I'rmu the Uox- :.i th»^ ftoutb, With the nuiirj. jiojilirrly to th'.: luad-land foransd by Fort tlill, oiH,>^;«ap lo CKarlestu'^n if aliout :t mile«,.au(J its greatest bicniih, trmn Cluirlcs Uivfjr b.iy, behmU, I r m the wcit w.i<^, to tae harbur in front, ua lli« castsUe, ia^ubcul I mile. TnUi.ig tlit'ccnttior thv tmvn, at or ncu- C-.tahill Dmi the OIil Sltt«.' House, tor the poiut of ohMtVAtioi , it i» iftiN. Lat. 4v» ijt%, 21' mn... 23 soc; in E. Lou, fva»n themeiis|i*tt of V/ttshinjrtL.i, 5 dog., 5S Tniu.. and in W. Lon. fioin C'rftfinwiclj., i«i^. 71 d^Jg., t miti.,;)%ec. Bo.ston wrtft luundf'^d i,p Aajfusi .<';k>, ten j?«^»rs, laekiiiv' nbout four mwitlw, HlVr the tirr't luudi^ig oi the Pilgiiuis at Plyinoa^ i» t)«ceittber, lb20. During ihe coloDJa' H.iOtltbefrD ' In* 'tttwti, as of tU4 country gi-m;- rallv ' fcit'm as late as 1790, whco the lir.si censttw was tikvit. w»»4«r the pieseai Government of ihv tfmtS'tl 6lat«s, 'y eRlablitihed, the i>opulatictt ot tjoston was oi>,i> lu J.^UU, it had rj^tn to'il.DST; ift piO, to U3,2i><' . t^!>i» T.. 4:),298i KiKminga /-a/v! of iacreaM, in ea \ •. i ;^ .d, of aboi/t 33^ pfr cent. lu fi-^JO, bowevfrf, the nv*«ibiir had o»«l,.>.:iced to 63j3f>*, aunia J%10, to:>o.,3!ii3; sliov.i&garfli«ofia>'ita8i:, *life$ for ^' |»er cetJt in each of these two piriods. ■; ,tt t'^t ratfo of luorff »«». troiuahoutono ' )» 4«,'rm!\vbat rniuarl»ah.U-. not h-, much,, jw ,. ' r ij i-{% from its eoihriiUkce *ith that t'biv , ! ■; ftir uatumal govf.TJif«!\, 5 dog., 5S tew jrtRsr*, lacking ig fli th« Pilj^rim? iiriii!? ihf coloDJa; ;U(? cottntiy gcni:- •", vvheu the first ovcramejit cf thf the i-opuuuicn o'- '8, tiiKj-v*jilKia /•«/< of abotr M:^ i>fr hud ml..:'.:-icrj (o a ralf ofinoi-ieast:, le^u two pfriodii >«'; from about otit' ih.if.'. not ht, much, ii-kkuce ^illi that (Vt-ram^nt which K.lnff ■■■ti'i promo t- Hi ag,ucj" of dis- ports. Ui> to tilt' OD o to H O 2 3 O o X r 0) n > EASTFf!"V TOLK. 289 l^crlod roferrcd to, the capital nnd the enterprise of Boston had hecn chiefly employed in commerce and its dependent occupations ; nnd thongli the change in question was not strenuously o,)posed by the great majority of the com- mcjrcial closses of that city, yet when it was once ndopt- f.'d, no community in the country embarl:ed in manufac- tures more promptly and elficiently; and tlie result may, lit least, be r.een in the striking coincidence between the date of that {•han'»o which enlarged the field of enterprise for the intelii'^once, capital, labor, and slvill of that coi.i- inunity, and the commencement of a grnatly acceleratec rate of increase in its population and wealth. In this progress of population the original limits of the peninsula have been found much too narrow iov the grow- ing numbers, and the city now consists of three distinct parts, namely, Boston of the peninsula — South-Boston, built along the westerly base and slopes of Dorchester Heights, on ground formerly belonging to the town of Dorchester, but annexed to peninsular Boston in 1804 — nnd East-Boston, built on an island in the harbor, former* ly called Noodle's-Island, lying off against the northerly portion of the peninsula and separated from Charlestown and the main-land on that side, by the waters of the Mys- tic river as they mingle with the harbor. It is connected with the main land at Chelsea by a bridge 600 feet long, and with the peninsular city by steam ferry boats which start from r h side every five minutes. East Boston has grown up \kholly since 1833. It is the station of the Liverpool, or Cunard line of Steam Packets. The peninsular situation of Boston has produced the necessity of an unusual number of bridges to connect the city with the surrounding country. These are six in number and of great length; and though they are all of wood, and without any pretensions to architectural beau- 290 EASTBIIN TOUR. ty, yet their great extent, number, and position, give them an imposing aspect, while their great ulility and the train of ideas associated therewith, render them objects ot" lively interest. Charles River Bridge, 1,503 feet long, and Warren Bridge, 1,390 feet, lead to Charlestown ; West-Boston Bridge, 2,758 feet with a causeway, in im- mediate continuation, 3,432 feet, leads to Cambridge and the Harvard University; Canal Bridge, 2,796 feet, leads to East- Cambridge, and about mid- way extends an arm to State-Prison Point within the limits of Charlestown ; South-Boston Bridge, 1,550 feet, and Free Bridge, 1,828 feet, both lead to South-Boston ; and besides all these there is a bridge-like structure, a noble work vastly more extensive and costly than either of the bridges, and called Western Avenue, a mile and a half long, extending from the westerly side of the city across Charles River bay to firookline, with a branch leading to Roxbury, the whole of which was designed for a tide-dam, as well as a road, and which furnishes a vast amour>t ol hydraulic power. The streets of Boston, especially in the older quarters of the city, are rather irregular and narrow; but no city in the Union is more substantially built, or contains a greater proportion of spacious and costly private man- sions; and no city on the globe can boast of as high a degree of cleanliness. In this particular, so important to the health, comfort, and pleasantness of a large town, the streets, public areas, and private courts and yards of Boston are truly admirable and a model for all other cities ; and the simple means by which this desirable con- dition of things is secured, is an ordinance which forbids the inhabitants to throw offal, dirt, fragments, or filth of any sort, vegetable or animal, upon the ground in the streets, or in private inclosures, but requires all these * things to be put into casks, or vessels of some kind, and EAST£KX TOUR. Sdl [ive them i the train bjects of eet long, lestown ; y, in ira- ridge and ?et, leads an arm to rlestown ; ge, 1,82?^ all these istly more md called ding from ^er bay to the whole as a road, power. I' quarters it no city oniains a ate man- is high a mportant rge town, yards of all other rable con- h forbids or filth of (id in the all these iind; and then are regularly removed by the scavengers. Thus, the frequent handling of this noisome rubbish, which is the obvious and unavoidable consequence of permitting them to be cast upon the ground at all, is saved, and the removal of them is rendered complete and certain. These simple regulations being enforced, the city is kept clean, sweet, and wholesome ; and that, too, with far less expense of time, labor, and money, than is possible in any other way. This management saves to Boston, every year, many thousands of dollars in her annual expenditures ; and its good sense and great economy are so palpable as to make it really surprising that it is not the settled sys- tem of every populous town. Boston harbor, commodious, deep, easy of access, and yet easily defended, is one of the best in the world. The approach to the inner harbor, immediately in front of the city, is, for a short distance and immediately under the batteries of Fort Independence, by a channel so narrow that two large ships could scarcely pass abreast, while within, it spreads into a noble haven spacious enough for 500 ships of any size to ride securely. Boston is distinguished for the extent and convenience of its wharves, as well as its bridges. Of these, Long Wharf, the oldest and longest; projects from the foot of State-street into the harbor 1650 feet. The other two of most importance are Indian Wharf and Central Wharf, each about 1,240 feet long, and remarkable, especially the latter, for the ample dimensions, the convenience, and the massive strength of their warehouses. Of the public edifices the most conspicuous is the State House. It stands on Beacon Hill, the highest ground on the peninsula and 110 feet above tide water. It was erected in 1798, of brick, with a front of 173 feet facing to the east. It is surmounted by a fine dome, 52 feet in 292 EASTERN TOUR. diameteTj copied from that of St. Paul's Cathedral in London, hut on a reduced scale to correspond with the proportions of the building. From the dome a cupola rises to the height of 230 feet above tide-water, affording a prospect of surpassing beauty, and by its vast extent invested wi th the most Impressive grandeur. Indeed, considering the component parts of tbis view — the wide circuit of horizon which it commands — the almost endless variety of land and water — the harbor and bay studded with islands and spreading away to the far ocean — the wide sweep of country with its perpetually varying outline, its numerous villages, its embellished rural seats, its cultivated fields, its richly wooded hills, its grassy vales and the shining streams that wind through them — the roads cross- ing in all directions and alive with the busy population; and immediately beneath, the compact and crowded city with its bridges, its masses of architecture, its towers, and spires, and groves of masts, and the incessant move- ment on land and water — this vast variety of objects se- parately beautiful and yet presenting a thousand con- trasts, as well as harmonies, to heighten the effect of each and augment the glory of all ; and to crown the whole, the character of the community occupying the scene ; the associated idens of law and order, of civil and. religious freedom, and social security and progress, pro- claimed by every object the C5'e rests on, and the histori. cal recollections of the devoted patriotism, the invincible courage, and the civil wisdom, which prepared this pros- pect and opened the sources of its abounding beauty and magnificence — all these things render the prospect from the cupola of the State House in Boston the noblest on icarth. Another of the public edifices here, is the famous Faneuil Hall, so named in honor of its founder. It is of EASTERN TOUR. 293 1 brick, and is 100 feet long, 80 feet wide, and 3 stories high. The great hall within, is on the second floor, and is 76 feet square, with deep galleries on three sides, the other side being furnished with a desk and seats like a judicial bench to accommodate the presiding officers of public meetings, and the wall above it is adorned with portraits of Faneuil, Washington, H-ancock, and other worthies. » Faneuil Hnl! Market is a noble structure, which with 'Other valuable improvements, owes its origin to Josiah Quincy, (now, and for many years past. President of Har- vard University,) during his Mayoralty. It is built of hewn granite, and is 536 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 2 stories high, the most superb market house in the Union. The Massachusetts Hospital is also a fine granite struc- ture, 168 feet by 54 feet, standing in an area of four acres, on the shore of Charles river, on the westerly side of the city. , . .i-^y^^'t ih^i' .^^'■.' ^f:.i-h>iu ^s :\ui)->4Ji.> ' The Custom House, built by the United States, near the head of Central Wharf, is a costly edifice of granite, and in the Grecian style. The Houses of Industry. Cor- rection, and Reformation are in South- Boston. The ■i'hurch edifices are very numerous and several of them are very stately and imposing. Boston is abundantly sup- plied with excellent hotels and public boarding-houses, among which the most spacious are the Tremont House and the United States Hotel. Of the public grounds in Boston the Common is far the largest and most beautiful. It is on the southwesterly side of the city, looking across Charles River Bay to Brookline and Roxbury. It contains about 50 acres, is laid out with gravel walks and abounds with trees. It is an exceedingly beautiful place, and adds very much to the pleasantness of a permanent residence in Boston. "i t • 294 BASTKRN TOUR. I In commerce and navigation Boston ranks as the second city in the Union, standing next to New-York, and poo- •cssing a tonnage, which, taking both registered and eo- roUeJ vessels, amounted in 1842, to 193,502 tons; and in 1843, to 201,323 tons. But this is not all. An able and authentic article on the commerce of Boston, in the Mer- chant's Magazine, (N. Y.,) for May, 1S44, shows that a heavy amount of the commerce of New- York is carried on in Boston vessels, and especially of the East India trade. The great line of steam packets, called the Cunard Line, runs between Boston and Liverpool, touching both ways at Halifax. Samuel Cunard of Liverpool, was the chief actor in establishing this line. The steamer» which compose it, have performed their passages, on aiv average of all, in 12^ days of running time each way; thu» shortening the average time of the sailing packets nearly one-half; or, in other words, annihilating, for the purpose of practical intercourse, about half of the previous distance between America and Europe. Lines of Packets run regularly also, from Boston to all the other principal parts of the Union. The Middlesex Canal, the oldest in the United Slates, furnishes a con" venient boat navigation to the Merrimack, at Concord, N. H.; and by various railroads Boston now enjoys a speedy eommunication by land, with the chief trading towns of New-England, and above all with Albany, and through the canals und railroads of New- York, with the great lakes and the far west. • The number of banks in Boston in 1833, was 24, hav- ing an aggregate capital of about $17,000,000; and 28 in- surance companies, with an aggregate capital of about $7,000,000. The t'ttal amount of capital employed in manufactures I the second and pott- ed and eU' is; and in a able and n the Mer- [>ws that a is carried East India le Cunard ching both )1. was the ? steamer* ges, on an way; thu» kels nearly ihe purpose us distance >slon to all Middlesex hcs a con" oncord, N. s a speedy g towns of nd through the great s 24, hav- and 2S in- 1 of about d EASTERN TOUR. 295 inufactures of various kinds in Boston, is stated at a little under three millions; but a far larger nmount of Boston capital is in> vested in cotton and woollen manufactures in Lowell, Wolthom, and other places. The capital employed in Bos- ton; in foreign trade, is stated at about $12,000,000. Boston has always been justly distinguished for the excellence and the number of its schools. Besides the nu> roerous private seminaries < f various kinds, there are, of the public, or free schools, a Latin grammar school; a high school, in which mathematics and the higher branch- es of a sound English education are efficiently taught; 10 grammar and writing schools; 75 primary schools; and 1 African school. These are all sustained by the prblic, throughout the year, at an annual cost of $200,000. The medical school is a branch of Harvard University, but the professors reside in Boston, where the school, in point of fact, is located. It was established in 1782 ; it has six professors, a library of more than 5,000 volumes, is well attended, and has a high reputation. Other valuable institutions are the Athenoeum, with one of the best li- braries in the country, contaning about 30,000 volpmes. PniNciPAL Hotels in Boston. Albion Hotel, Tremont, cor. Beacon-street ; American House. 42 Havover-street ; Bromfield House, Bromfield- street; City Hotel, Elmstreet; City Tavern, Brattle- street; Commercial Coffee House, Milk, cor. Lilerty-st.; Elm-Street Hotel, 9 Elm-street ; Exchange Coffee House, Devonshire-street ; Hanover House, 60 Hanoer-street ; Marlborough Hotel, 229 Washington-street ; Maverick House, East-Boston ; Merchant's Exchange Hotel, State- street ; Merrimack House, Friend, cor. Merrimack- street ; New-England House, Clinton-street ; Pavilion, 41 Tre- mont*street ; Tremont House, Tremont-street ; United States Hotel, cor. Lincoln, Beach and Kingston- streets. i i;t t| 296 EASTERW TOUK. ^-'>.w THE VICINITY OF BOSTOIV. -'-'.'V' No plnce in the Union, probr.b1y, exceefls Boston, for the beauty ami variety of the scenery of the surrounding country. Dorchester, Iloxbury, Brooldine, Brighton, Cambri.lge, Charlestown antl Chelsea, are among the points of attraction which cluster around the capital of New-England. Seaward, the beautiful hay expands on the east, embosoming several small islands, some of which are fortified, and serve as breakwaters to the im- portant harbor of Boston. Dorchester, first settled as early as 1(530, is situated abou 4 i miles south of Boston. It is embellished with many { fine country residences, which with the substantial farm- houses and well cultivated farms, give abundant evidence, of prosperity and comfort. The population of the town in 1840, was 4,875. The peninsula, consisting of Dor- chester Neck and Dorchester Heights, borders on Boston harbor, and the Heights are included within the corpo- rate limits of the city, under the name of South Boston. In the night of March 4th, 1776, the army under Gen. Washington, threw up works on Dorchester Heights, which commanded the harbor, and compelled the British to evacuate Boston. RoxBURY, a point or two west of south from Boston, and through which passes the Boston and Providence Railroad, is a delightful place of residence. It is joined to the city by a neck of land, which constitutes a broad avenue, and may be regarded as a continuation of Wash- ington-street, Boston. The village at the centre of the town, contains 5 churches, 2 banks, and many beautiful dwelling houses. * ; ','. , :. . QuiNCv, 10 miles from Boston in a southerly direction, is distinguished for having furnished two Presidents of EASTERN TOUR. 297 I OS ton, for irrounJing Brin;hton, among the capital of 'xpands on 5, some of to the im- is situated with many ntial farm- it evidenc f the town iig of Dor- on Boston the corpo- th Boston, nder Gen. Heights, he British n Boston, rovidence t is joined 2S a broad of Wash- tre of the beautiful direction, isidetkts of the United States. About half a mile northwest of the village is the mansion of the late John Adams, the im- mediate successor of Washington as President of the United States. His remains and those of his wife repose beneath the new church at Quincy. A handsome monu- ment has been here erected to their memory, by their son, John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States. In the southwest part of this town are inexhaustible beds of gr, lite, for the transportion of which, a rail- road runs from the quary to tide water, 3 miles in length. This was the first railroad made in the country. Brookline, 4 miles southwest of Boston, like all the towns in the vicinity, is in a high state of cultivation, and furnishes many elegant country seats for citizens tran- sacting business in the city. , ,, j, i,.,,.; .n.' ,-! },«, Brighton, 5 miles west of the city, through which passes the Boston and Worcester Railroad, was former- ly a part of Cambridge, and lies between that place and Brookline. Here is annually held the famous Cattle Fair and Mart, which was commenced during the revolu- tionary war, and has been increasing in importance ever since. Most of the cattle for the supply of the Boston market are brought in droves to this place. ,: Cambridgis, 3 miles northwest of Boston, is one of the ancient towns of New-England, having been first settled ill 1631, under the name of Newtown. It is the seat of Harvard University, formerly called Harvard College, the oldest institution of the kind in the Union, having been founded in 1638, which was less than 20 years after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. This institution is more richly endowed than any other college in the United States. It has a president and 27 professors and other instructors, and usually numbers I I r \< \ m UASTBKN TO tit. from 4 to 500 students. The annual (rommencement is on the 4tb Wednesday in August. In the town of Cambridge are three handsome villages, known as Old Cambridge, Cambridge- Port, and Kast Cambridge; a court-bouse and jail; a state arsenal; 5 churches, and several select schools. The population in 1840, was 8,409. '"^ ^ t:^' Mount Auburn, 5 miles from Boston, is situated la the town of Cambridge. Every traveller of taste should visit this cemetery. !♦ is the Ptre la Chaise of thii) coun- try, and is located in one of the most delightful spots ever selected for the repose of the dead. The grounds are very extensive, compris'ng hill and dale, covered with trees and shrubbery of almost every kind. There are numerous avenues for carriages and paths for pedestrians, designa- ted by botanical names. The first interment was made in 1831; since then it has gradually been filling up, and ornamented by art, until it now presents a sacred and ro- mantic appearance. Charlestown, 1 mile north of Boston, is situated on a peninsula lying between Charles and Mystic rivers, and connected with Boston by Warren and Charles river bridges. The streets, though not laid out with great regularity, are many of them wide and ornamented with trees. The public buildings are a State Prison, conduct- ed on the most improved model ; the Massachusetts In- sane Hospital, called from a distinguished benefactor, the McLean Asylum ; an Alms- House ; town house, and 9 churches. The United States Navy Yard at this place covers 60 acres of ground, and is an important naval de- pot. Here is a Dry Dock, built of hewn granite, of sufficient magnitude to take in the largest ships of war ; a marine hospital, an arsenal, a powder magazine, a pacioas warehouse, and a house for the superintendent, ncement is nc village*, , and Kast te arsenal ; )pulation iu situated ia aste should )f thiscoun- I spots ever ds are very with trees e numerous s, designa* I was made ns up, and n red and ro* situated on rivers, and larles river with great ented with conduct- husetts In- benefactor, house, and this place t naval de- granite, of )s of war ; agazine, a intcndent, BA8TBRN TOUR. 299 a.11 of brick, and two immense wooden buildings, under which the largest ships are constructed. Bruku's Hill, commonly called Bunker Hill, imme- diately in the rear of the town, is the spot where a bloody battle was fought at the commencement of the revolutionary struggle, June 17, 1775, in which the Americans lost in killed and wounded 449, and the firitish, 1,055. Here /ell the lamented Warren, the volunteer martyr in the first great battle that American principles waged against British tyranny. To commemorate this important event, n granite obelisk has been erected oa the eminence, overlooking the Navy Yard and the harbor of Boston. It is 30 feet square at the base, 220 feet high,* and 15 feet square at the top, and is ascended within by a winding stair-case. Its estimated cost is Hbout $100,000. J Battle of Bunker Hill. " The space allotted to this article will not permit a full detail of the thrilling events of the terrible conflict that cnsueJ. The morning, on both sides, was spent in preparation; the afternoon in battle and carnage. The British distinctly saw the Provincials gathering their strength as if for a mighty effort ; the Americans heard as distinctly the rattling of artillery carriages in Boston, and saw the various movements of the British troops in- dicating an attack. * Now,' said Prescott, ' we shall • The F-Junker Hill MonumenI, although 225 feet high, is 3'JO fi.et he low the level of the cross on Si. Peter's Church at Rome; WOlowerthun the cross on Si. Paul's in London; and 135 less than the Pence required. General Pomeroy, glowing with military ardor, was at the rail fence. Gen. Wurren, to learn the art of war under a veteran, was in the redoubt. As the veteran ollicers — volunteers for this day — appeared along the lines, they were receiv- ed with enthusiastic shouts by the men. There was no glittering array of polished armor — no splendid proces- sion of gorgeous uniforms. The troops were in homely apparel, and with but little pretension to military disci- pline. JJut they were full of enthusiasm, firm and de- termined. " At a little distance, in fill view, the long lines of British troops were preparing lor the battle. Their scar- let dresses, the glow of the sun upon their burnished arms and brazen artillery, the precision of their move- ments — ail made up a brilliant and imposing spectacle. KAhTKHN TOUn. 801 il to their e — again icd them iiijer Uf- neil their ttle. 'I'u lok place ic or two le prepu- inipleted. i and the r the Pu- ider Col. k. The er Stark, General wherever Fomeroy , liil fence. veteran, olunteers Ire receiv- e was no d proces- \i\ homely ry disci- 11 and dc- lines of lieir scar- [urnished |ir move- )ectacic. A fleet of armed vessels and floating batteries lay in the bay, from which, and from the forts in Boston, a eon- tiiuied cantH)nade was kept up. The scene of action was the middle of an amphitheatre of hills, second to none in the world for the beauty of its position and magnificent scenery. On these hills — on every house and steeple ol" the metropolis, the population of the country had been collectlncf, drawn to the spot by the sound of the cannon. The season was an uncommonly fine one, and the spring had clothed the things of earth in their most beautiful array. The day was one of unusual serenity ; not a cloud obscured the horizon, hardly a wave rufHcd the waters ; nature lay in silence and repose, reflecting from the harbor below, or the river near, the islands and ships that adorned their surface. * Slendid phenomena! how soon to be defiled by stains of dust and blood! Fearful, omnious silence ! how soon to be broken by shouts of rage and groans of agony ! ' " An hour passed on. How changed the scene ! The cool provincials, a second time, are shouting the proud huzza of victory ; the brave troops of Howe a second time are retreating under the murderous fire of the Ameri- cans — a fire which, though it mowed dow^n whole ranks together, Ihey received with astonishing fortitude. Then, too, Charlestown was on fire; the conflagration was spreading from house to house, from street to street, and ascending the lofty spire of the church steeple in a pyramid i)f lUirne high over the rest in awful sublimity. Then the noise of crackling fires and crashing edifices was blended with the shouts, the shrieks, the groans that make up the frightful clang of the battle field. The wrtalhs of smoke rolled over the American lines to the north, leaving to the determined warriors a full view of their flying enemy — and there they stood — that gallant 7 II i 302 BASmUM TOUIt. band — filleJ wilh the heroism that ever supports men when Hghling I'ur their wives, their children and their country. " Such is the nature of the scenes of the first and moKl important hnllle of the Revolution. It was the first time that American valor cncuuntcrcJ British valor in mortal •trife. It opened the eyes of the defenders of the minis- try 10 the des.perate struggle i;*>fore them. Its inHuence, it might Le shewn, was felt throughout the war that en- sued. The victory the British gain'jd was a dear bought one ; it cut down a large part of their army. On the side of the Americans the loss was sev>.'re, but nothing com- pared io that of the British. The valor of Prescott, the self-sacrificing bravery of Warren, the undaunted coarnge of Putnam — the names of Pomcroy, Stark, Knowlton, McCleary — all are known to every American. Their fame is part of the inheritance of the past. Let their memory be ever held sacred. And let the name of Bun- K£R Hill ever be remembered as long as freemen thrill to the sound of freemen's deeds." CiiELsiKA, 3 miles northeast of Bosjiiii, is connected with Charlestown by a bridge at the mouth of the Mystic river. Here are located several nourishing manufacture ing establishments. A fine view of Boston, from tlixo point, embellishes this work. East Boston, although separated from the peninsuin on which the State House stands, is a part of Boston, and is described in connection wilh the city. Boston HAunou, lying in the west of Mu^sachuselt« Bay, presents many points of attraction, although not equal to the Bay of New-York in beauty ol outline, the islanJs presenting a nakcJ appearance from being wash- ed by the tide and waves dashing against their shores. Fort Independence is situateu un an island at the outlet of Boston harbor, 3 mile- from the city, and opposite to KASTRKN TOUK. 303 lorts men and their nnd moMt : first time ' in mortal the minis- influence, ar that en- jar bought )n the side thing com* escott, the ,ed co»rnge Knowlloa, an. Their Let their ne of Bun- emcn thrill connected the Mystic xanuluctur- , from !ib» penlnsulft loslou, and sachusetts Lhoiiijh not ullinc, the einij wash- eir shores, the outlet opposite to it is Governor's Island, containing a fortification erected during the la^it war. These two forts command the ea- trance into the harbor of Boston. Seven or eight miles below is a light-house, at the northeast extremity of th« channel, where vessels enter Massachusetts Bay, or the Atlantic Ocean. Nahant, 12 miles northeast from Boston by wnter, iiud 1 1 miles by railroad and stage, is a peninsula jutting out into Massochusetts Bay, conncoied with the main land by a delightfui beach, or narrow isthmuR of aand, HO compact as not to receive the imprint of a horse's hoof, or of a carriage wheel, a mile and a half in lensth, and just high enough to prevent the waves from flowing over it. The peninsula consists of two parts, called Great Nahant and Little Nahanl, connected by liass Neck. Little Nahant, the inner portion, contains forty-two acres, tt part of which is under good cultivation. Great Nahant, the outer portion, is two n\ilcs long, and in some places half a mile wide, containing 463 acres. The surface is uneven, rising from 50 to 100 feet above the level of the sea. The shores generally consist of precipitous blufTs of ragged rock, rising from 20 to 50 feet above the tide, with a great depth of water below. In some places, however, are fine beaches well adapted for bathing. The roar of the ocean against the rocks, and the dashing and boiling of the waves is sometimes terrific. A spacious liutel, containing about 100 rooms, is erected near the east extremity of Nahant, on elevated ground, overlooking the ocean lor many miles. There are other boarJing liouses in the vicinity, and about twenty beau- tiful cottages, the summer residences of families of for- tune. This place is much frequented both for health and pleasure during tlie warm season. A steamboat plies i 304 EASTKRN TOtTR. between IJoston and Nahant, and stages run from Lynn, in connection with the cars on the Eastern Railroad. Amonc; the strange visiters at IVahant, it was currently asserted that the Sea Serpent, often seen along the coast, here made his appearance for several successive seasons. This is very probable, as the great quantity offish found at this place would at any time furnish him a bountiful repast. In addition to the places already described in the Vici- nity of Boston, there are numerous other places worthy of visiting, more remote, but easily reached by land or water, by means of the various railroads, stages an. I . steamboats, running to and from the city. Railiioad Route from Boston to Concord, N. H. Via the Boston .§• Lowell, Nashau, ^ Concord Railroads. To Medford 4 miles. South Woburn, 3 7 " Woburn, 3 10 " Wilmington, 5 15 " Richardson's, 4 19 " Billcrica, 2 21 ' Lowell, 5 26 *' Middlesex 2 28 " Chelmsford, 2 30 " Tyngsboro, 4 34 " Little's, 3 37 " Nashua 4 41 " Thornton's, 6 47 '' Reed's Ferry, 4 51 " Goft''s Falls, 4 55 " Manchester, 4 59 " Hookset, 8 67 " Concord, 9 76 " Passenger cars leave Boston and Concord three times daily, stopping at the intermediate stations. Usual fare through, $2.50j usual time 3 hours. The depot in Bos- ton is on Lowell-street. EASTBRK TOUR. 305 Passengers on leaving Boston, by railroad route, for Lowell, Nashua, or Concor.l, N. H., are conveyed over the Jioston and Loivell Railroad, a distance of 26 miles, in about one hour. This is one of the best constructed roads in the country — being finished with a double track, on which are laid 56 lb. T nils, throughout its whole length, and the cars run regularly up on one track, and down on the other. > i 'j;; ; ■ •■ .. *i.«.i The number of miles run on this road by locomotive engines during the year 1842, was. With passenger trains, ... 78, 745 Merchandize trains, 47, 463 Miscellaneous, 17,399 Total miles, 143,607 The amount of profits divided during the same period' was $144,000, being 2 dividends of 4 per cent each on a capital of $1,800,000. At Wilmington, 15 miles from Boston, diverges the Boston and Maine Railroad, furnishing a second continu- ous railroad communication between Boston and Portland, Maine, a distance, by this route, of 112 miles. The City of Lowkll, 26 miles northwest from Boston, stands on the south side of the Merrimack river, below Pawtucket falls, and the junction of Concord river. This place dates its origin only 20 years back, and yet in wealth and numbers, it already rinks as the second city in Massachusetts. It is a remarkable place, and well deserves the name of " the Manchester of America." The water power at Lowell is very extensive and ea- sily available. It is furnished by a canal 60 feet wide, 8 feet deep, and a mile and a half in length, commencing at the head of Pawtucket falls, which have a descent of about 30 feet. By locks at its outlet, it forms a boatable passage around the falls in the Merrimack. From the 306 EASTERN TOUR. main canal, the water is carried by lateral canals to mills and manufactories, where it is used, and is then discharg- ed into the river below. Many cities and villages, in different parts of the Union have, in a few years, by the aid of water power, capital, enterprise and skill, sprung up from nothing, and grown with a vigor and rapidity that is truly surprising; but Lowell it is believed outstrips them all. In 1821, it was a rugged, barren spot, inhabited by only a few fa- milies. In 18£6 it was incorporated as a town, aad in 1836 it obtained the charter of a city. The population in 1830, was 6,474; in 1840, 20,796; showing an increase in ten years of 14,322. The assessors' valuation of pro- perty in 1840 was $12,400,000. The statistics of the condition of the Man.; z o ^ Ii >; \\ 1 . EASTERN TOUR. 321 among which are a spacious city hall, a court house and jail, and 16 churchesj a custom-house, 6 banks, a theatre, and an athenffium, containing a library of 4 or 5,000 volumes. On an eminence called Mount Joy, on which Fort Sumner formerly stood, there is an observatory 82 feet in height, being elevated 226 feet above the ocean, commanding a fine view of the harbor, and the adjacent country. Casco bay is seen lying to the east, studded with islands and rocky islets, said to amount to 365 in number, — on the north is a body of water called Back Cove, — the city is immediately on the south-west, and presents a splendid appearance in connection with the harbor and shipping, — Cape Elizabeth lies on the south, 3 miles distant, where is located Cape Cottage, a much frequented public house and delightful place of resort during warm weather, — Fort Preble stands two miles southeast and commands the ship channel in connec- tion with Fort Scammel, situated on an island. Beyond it lies the broad Atlantic ocean, where during the fall months of September and October, numerous small vessels are seen engaged in taking mackerel. Mount IVashington, the highest peak of the White Hills of New-Hampshire, distant 90 miles, may be seen on a clear day by looking through the glass here used in the observatory, which is a large and excellent instrument of the kind. Few places exceed Portland in point of loca- tion, having an extensive back country. Its tradeis large and important ; the principal articles of export are lum- ber, fish and country produce. The trade with the West Indies is very great, also with Boston and New- York, and southern ports. The Oxford Canal which extends to Sebago pond, 20 miles northwest, afi'ords 50 miles of inland navigation. An important road also diverges in the same direction, 3< i ) i 322 EASTERN TOUR. which enters New-Hampshire and extends across into Vermont. Over this road stages run three times a week to the White Mountains, distant 92 miles, connecting with lines of travel to Concord, and Burlington, Ver- mont. The principal Hotels in Portland are the American House, Congress-street ; Casco Temperance House, Mid- dle-street; Elm Tavern, Federal-street; United States Hotel, corner Congress and Federal-streets; besides many others of lesh note in different parts of the ci ty. Lines of Travkl from Portland. Stages connecting with the railroad cars from Boston, run twice daily from Portland to Augusta via Brunswick; thence daily to Bangor, Ellsworth and Eastport. A tri-weekly line of stages run from Portland to Au- gusta, via Lisbon and Winlhrop — distance (50 miles. On the opposite days a stage runs through, via Gray, Lewis- ton and Winthrop, — intersecting with the Farmington and Buckfield stages. A daily line of stages run from Portland to Bath, via Brunswick, — thence on the shore road to Ellsworth and Eastport, — intersecting at Ellsworth the stages from Ban- gor. Tri-weekly stages run from Portland to Paris, 40 miles ; Waterford, 40 miles ; Dover, N. H., via Alfred, 56 miles; White Mountains, 92 miles. A line of steamboats run from Portland to Boston, 105 miles; Hallowell, 61 miles; Bangor, 140 miles. II (( (( EASTERN TOUB. 323 ""'WW- Ver. Stage Route from Portland to Bangor, via Augusta. MILES. ToNorth Yarmouth, ............ ..... 12 " Brunswick, 14 26 " Boardinham, 10 36 •' Richmond, 11 47 " Gardiner, 7 54 ** August A, 6 60 " Vassalboro, 12 72 " China, 9 81 " Unity, 14 95 '' Dixmont, 12 107 '« West Hamden, 11 118 " Bangor, 11 129 Fare through $5.50 — Usual time 20 hours. Stages run twice daily from Portland to Augusta, via Brunswick — connecting with railroad cars at Portland. From Augusta stages run to Bangor and other places. Stages twice a week leave Augusta for Quebec, running over the Kennebec road, via Norridgewock. Stage Route from Portland to Eastport. MILES. Falmouth, 7 North Yarmouth, 5 12 Freeport, 6 18 Brunswick, 9 27 Bath, (Kennebec river,) 7 34 WiSCASSET, 15 49 WalJoboro', 18 67 Warren, 9 76 Thomaston, 4 80 Camden, 11 91 Belfast, 18 109 Castine, (across Penobscot bay,) 9 118 Bluehill, 10 128 Ellsworth, 14 142 Franklin, 12 154 Cherryfield, 20 174 Columbia, 12 186 Machias, 15 201 Whiting, 14 215 Eastpokt, 15 230 1' Pmaasrmaem as 321 KASTERN TOUR. Tliis route extends along near the coast of Maine, which is deeply indented witli numerous inlets or bays, filled with islands and rocky islets, often presenting a truly grand and romantic appearance. EASTi'ORT, lies on an island in Passamaquoddy bay, into which empties the St. Croix River, forming the eastern boundary of the United Slates. Augusta, GO miles northeast of Portland, is situated oa both sides of the Kennebec river, 43 miles from the ocean, at the head of sloop navigation. This is the capi- tal of the State of M^'ne, and is a beautiful place. The State House is constructed of white granite, and stands on a commanding eminence, half a mile south of thcviU lage. The population in 1840, was 5,314. It is regular- ly laid out, the ground rising on each side of the river, and a fine bridge extends across the Kennebec, 520 feet long, connecting the two parts of the town- The principal hotels are the Augusta House, and the Mansion House; there are also several others of less note. Below Augusta, on the Kennebec river, are Hallc- WELL, Gaudiner and Bath, at all of which steamboats stop on their trips to and from Portland. The City of Bangor, 129 miles from Portland in a northeast direction, and distant 215 miles from Boston, is the easternmost place of note in the United States. It is situated on the westside of Penobscot river, 60 miles from the ocean, at the head of steamboat navigation. The tide here rises 17 feet, and is of itself sufficient to float vessels of a large class. The principfil article of trade is lumber, which comes down the river in immense quantities, from a fertile region of country. The city occupies a pleasant and commanding situa- tion. The buildings for the most part are not only neat, but many of them elegant. Steamboats ply regularly ff Maine, or bays. souting n (ddy bay, mins; the 1 sitaated from the J the capi- ice. The nd stands of thcvil- s regulur- the river. 520 feet and the less note, e Hai.lc- eamboats and in a Boston, d State.>. 60 miles ivigation. Ilicient to irticle of immense ng situa- jnly neat, regularly "'f'-.'^ '**■ -itt;^ ,M-iniiH:A-^';v'..a!A,v_tu..^ . EASTERN TOUtt. 325 betueen Bangor and Portland, and Boston, for about eight months in the year, when the river is free from ice. The population in 1840, was 8,627, and is rapidly increasing. The principal hotels are the Bangor House, the Franklin House, and the Penobscot Exchange. Below Bangor on the Penobscot river, are Frankfort, BucKSFORT, Belfast and Thoaiaston; at all of which steamboats land and receive passengers on their trips to and from Portland and Boston. On leaving Portland lor Boston, the traveller has the choice of three lines of travel — by steamboat, or by rail- road through Portsmouth, or over the upper railroad through Dover. The latter, although a few miles further, is usually run over in the same time, and passes through an interesting section of country. LINES OF TRAVEL BETWEEN BOSTON AND NEW- YORK. There are three great lines of travel between the above places. The most direct is by way of Providence, pass- ing over the Boston and Providence Railroad, 42 miles in length. From thence passengers are conveyed by rail- voad to Stouington, Conn., and take a 5-tcaraboat for New- York, or take a steamboat at Providence, stepping at Newport to land an 1 receive passengers. Either of the above routes are desirable and speedy modes of convey- ance. At IMansfield, 21 miles from Boston, a branch railroad diverges south to Taunton, 11 miles — from thence the New-Bedford and Taunton Railroad, extends to New- Bedford, a further distance of 20 miles. The City of Providence, tl'.e scmi-capiuil of Rhode- island, in connection with Newport, is situated at the iead of Narraganset bay, on the v/est side of Sekonk oc w 326 BASTEUPr TOUR. M 1 Providence river, 35 miles from the ocean, and 182 miles- from the city of New-York. This is the second city in New^-England in point of popiUation iiud trade. Vessels of DOO tons come up to its wharves, and it has long been successfully engaged in a trade with the West Indies and China. Packets also run direct to most of the ports in- the Union. The population in 1S40, was, 23,171, many of whom are engaged in commerce and manufacturing' pursuits. Among the public buildings are the State House, several churches, which for specimens of archi- tecture may be ranked among the finest buildings of the kind in the country; th" Arcade, extending between two streets, with a line Doric porti<;o on each, and Brown University, occupying a commanding situation, has two large brick edifices, 4 stories high; this is an old estab- lished institution of learning, having been originally es- tablished in Warren, in 1761, and was removed to Provi- dence in 1770 ; it has a president, and 8 professors and instructors. Here is a State Prison, lately erected, and » new Theatre ; the Athenccum, founded in 19,36, has a handsome granite building, and a library of 7,000 volumes. It has 21 banks, with an aggregate capital of eightmillions of dollars, and 3 insurance companies. The Blackstone Ca/iaZ, extending from Worcester, Mass., terminates here; also, tlie Boston and Providence Railroad, which consti- tutes one of the great links in the line of travel between, the cities of New-York and Boston; the latter place be- ing 42 miles distant. Providence was settled in 163G, by Roger Williams,, and others, who fled from jNIassachusetts on account of their religious opinions, and who early adopted in this place the principles of universal toleration. Newport, situated on the southwest side of Rhode Island, 5 miles from the ocean, has one of the finest bar- er SA N^ ■.L EASTERN TOUR. 327 !)ors in the world, being safe, and easily accessible by ships of the largest class. The harbor, which is of a aemi-circular form, spreads westward before the town ; it is defended by Fort Adams, situated on Coat Is- land, 1 ,'j miles below the town, which is garrisoned hy several companies of U. S. troops. Fort Greene, built during the late war, has been suffered to go to decayj it was a i the northern extremity of the town. This place appears to great advantage as it is approached from the water, the ground rising in a beautiful and gentle accli- vity, shows the buildings to much advantage. The plea- santness of its situation, and the healthfulness of its cli- mate, its fine views, and its cooling ocean breezes, have rendered it a favorite summer resort to the most fashion- .ible class of inhabitants of the northern and southern states. It contains a state house, market house, theatre, ;i public library containing over 8,000 volumes, 3 acade- mies, (5 banks, and 12 churches of different denomina- tions ; 1,200 dwelling houses, and 8 or 9,000 inhabitants. The accommodations for visitors are ample and of a good character, aff'ording every inducement to the invalid and seeker of pleasuie to make this place a summer resi- dence. Stonington, 80 miles from Boston, and 135 miles from New- York, by water, is situated on a point of land which projects half a mile into the east end of Long- Is- land Sound, and has a good harbor, protected by a break- water, constructed by the United States Government. It contains about 1,000 inhabitants, many of whom are en- gaged in navigation ; here being owned several vessels engaged in the whaling business. The Providence and Stonington Railroad extends from this place to Provi- dence, a distance of 47 miles. A line of steamboats of the first class run daily between this place and the city of New- York. * 32S EASTERN TOUn. WOIICESTKR ANn NoRWICII TOUTK. The route between Boston and New-York, via Wor- cester and Norwich, Conn., is a favorite line of travel. The curs pass over 110 miles of railroad through an in- teresting section of country, until they reach Allen's Point, 7 miles below Norwich. Here there is a sufti- cient depth of water for the steamers at all tides, which run to the city of New- York. For a description of Wor- cester see page 2S7. Norwich is situated at the head of navigation oa Thames river, 13 miles north of New-London, and dis- tant 103 miles from Boston. The site is singularly ro- mantic, on the steep declivity of a high hill, which causes the streets to rise above each other like terraces The city contains a court-house and jail, a town-hall, 4 bank?. 2 insurance companies, 7 churches, several public houses. •SO or 1)0 stores, and 4,200 inhabitants. In the immediate vicinity of this place are several in- teresting localities. At the junction of the Yantic witli the Shetucket rivers, which united take the name of Thames, is situated a romantic cataract, affording a fine site for mills and manufactories. The village around it is called Yanticville. Fro>u a high projecting rock, which overhang these falls, it is said the Mohegan In- dians formerly plunged to destruction, rather than fall into the hands of the Narragansetts who w'cro pursuing them. In the rocks which form tiie bed of the stream at this point, Avill often be found circular perpendicular holes, five or six feet aecp, evidently formed by stone.s whirled round within them by the force of the water. These holes are so regular as to appear like a work oi" art, and are a curiosity. Nf.w-London, is situated on the west side of theThamer, river, 3 miles from its entrance into Long-Island Scuni, EASTERN TOUR. 320 tmd is distant 120 miles from the city of New- York. This harbor is one of the best in the United States ; it hns a depth of 30 feet, and is spacious and safe. Fort Trumbull, situated on a projecting point, about one mile below the city, defends the approach to the town together with 1 ort Griswola, on the east side of the rivt.. The county courts are alternately held at this place and Norwich. It contains a court-house and jail, 5 churches, ;3 banks, 2 insurance companies, 40 stores, and several public houses. In the rear of the city the ground rises to a considerable height, and from its summit presents a fine view of the harbor and the surrounding country. This is the only place at which the steamboat slops,, running in connection with the railroad cars on the Nor- wich and Worcester llailroad route ; total distance from lioston to New-York, 236 miles. Springfiem) and Has.xFOiid Houtk. This is destined to be a favorite line of travel between the cities of Boston and New- York, passing through the most interesting portions ot the otates ofMussachusettsand Connecticut. The route to Springfield is described in a previous part olthis volume. At the distance of 98 miles from Boston by railroad, the line of travel divuges down the beautiful valley of the Connecticut. 25 miles to the city of Hartford. A railroad is now in the course of construction between Springfield and Hartford, which when finished will furnish a line of railroads from Bos- ton to New-Ha\^n, a distance of IGl miles, thence by steamboat to the city of New-York, a total distance of 241 miles by this route. For a description of Springfield, pee page 2vS4. The City of Hartford, the semi-capital of the state, is handsom^^ly situated on the west side of the Connec- ticut river, 50 miles from its mouth, at the head of sloop ^! !i 2$0 EASTERN TOUR. navigation. The compact part of the city is more than a mile in length, and three-fourths of a mile wide, and con- tained in 1810, a population of 9,468, Among the pub- lic buildings and institutions, is the state house, a spa- cious and handsome edifice ; the city hall is a large buihl- ing of the Doric order of architecture ; Washington Col- lege is situated on elevated ground in the western part o( the city, where are two large edifices ; it was founded in 1824, and has a president, and 8 other professors or in- structors. It is under the direction of the Episcopalians, and is in a nourishing condition. The commencement is on the first Thursday of August. The American Asy- lum, for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, was the first establishment of the kind in the United States. The Retreat for the Insane, is situated on a commanding emi. nence south of the state-house, and was opened in 1821. The Atheneum, is a new edifice of the Gothic order ol architecture, and accommodates the Young Men's Insti- tute, Historical Society, and Gallery of Paintings. There are in the city 12 churches ; 5 banks, and a bank for sav- ings ; 3 fire and marine insurance companies ; an arsenal-, a museum, and 2 markets. The principal hotels are the City Hotel, Main-street, and the United States Hotel, State-street, besides several others of less note. Hartford is well situated, and is no doubt destined to in- crease in commercial importance ; Connecticut river has been made navigable for boats 220 miles, to the mouth of Wells river, at Newbury, Vt.; opening^n extensive and rich country to it on the north, while it enjoys facilities of sloop navigation into Long Island Sound, and the railroad in progress of construction to Springfield, when finished, will much benefit this place by connecting it with the great line of travel east and west. Steamboats of a small class can navigate the river for many miles above Hartford. EASTERN TOUR. 331 The City of Nkw Haven, the semi-capital of Connecti. cut with Hartford, distant 38 miles by railroad route, lies round the head of a bay which sets up four miles from Long Island Sound. The city is situated on a beau- tiful plain, with a slight inclination toward the water, and skirted in other directions by an amphitheatre of hills, two of which consist of bold rocky eminences, called East and West Rock, which presents fi'onts nearly per- pendicular from 300 to 370 feet high. Two small rivers discharge their waters into the bay on either side of tho town ; West river on the west, and Quinnipac on the east. The city extends about 3 miles from e. to w. and 2 from s. to N. It is laid out with great regularity, and consists of 2 parts, the old town and the new township. The harbor of New- Haven is safe b'lit shallow, and gradually filling up with mud. It has about 7 feel of water on the bar at low tide, and the common tides rise to 6 feet, and the spring tides about 7 or 8 leet. Long wharf is 3,943 feet in length, the longest in the United States. At present its foreign trade is chiefly with the West Indies. The tonnage of the port in 1840, was II,- 500. A line of steamboats connects this city with New- York, and also several lines of packets. The Farming- ton canal connects this place with Northampton, Mass. and Connecticut river near it ; and a railroad connects it Avith Hartford. The town contains 20 houses of public worship, viz: 9 Congregational, 3 Methodis-t, 3 Episco- pal. 1 Baptist, 1 Catholic, 2 colored Meihodi&t, 1 color- ed Congregational. There are also a custom house, an almshouse, a jail, a museum, 3 banks, and a saving in- stitution; various benevolent societies, the Young Men'> Institute, and an institution for popular lectures, with one of the best selected libraries in the Union. The Slate Hospital, founded in 1832, ishalf a mile southwest i^f 332 KASTEUJV TOt/U. I III i from the centre of the city, an;l has a fine edifice with a colonnade, lint the must iinport-ant puldie institution in the city is Yale Collei^c, one of the oldest und most extensive institutions of the kind in the United States. Without lara[e fumls, it has uccomplislicd creat things. It wps founded in 1701, originally at Killingworlh. It was removed to Saybrook in 17U7, and to ]Sew Haven in 1717. There arc 4 college halls, 100 feet long by 40 wide, 4 stories high, containing 32 rooms each for stu- dents ; and north of these is another hall devoted to the u.se of the theological students ; there is a chapel, in which is one story appropriated to religious worship, and one to the college library ; and two other buildings, called theAlhenoeum, and the Lyceum, appropriated to recita- tion and lecture rooms, rooms for the professors, and for the libraries of the literary societies. These are all of brick J and the buildings intermediate between the college halls, have neat cupolas ; one of which is after the model of the Temple of the Winds, fitted up for the use of a splendid tek'>;^ope. In the ve;vr of these is another range of buildings, consisting of the chemical laboratory ; the commons hall in the second story, of which is a spacious apartment devoted to the most splendid mineralogical cabinet in the United States, containing more than 16,000 specimens, many of them rare ; and a stone building stuccoed, and containing a splendid collection of paintings by the late Col. Trumbull and others. A short distance from tliese are the buildings devoted to the law and medical departments, the latter of which has an anatomical mu- seum anil library. Ynln f'ldh'Hd has more students, and has educated more men than any other college in the country. In 1841, the oificers were 30 in number. Of these, besides the nresident, 17 were professors, and the remainder were tutors or subordinate olHi'iiHi Ifl (iro con- II KASTKllN TOUR. 333 m'clel with the college proper. The whole number of MuJtMils of all descriptions was 550. Of these 410 were underairyduatcs ; 59 theological students j 31 law ; 47 i.ieJicul ; and 3 resident pradutites. The whole number of t;!raduatcs is over 5,000, of whom nearly 1,400 were ministers. The number of volumes in the various libra- ries is 3.'J,000, amonij which are many old and rare, as well as many splendid modern works. The commence- iucnt is on the third Wednesday of August. .\'ew Jfaven was first settled in 16IJS, by a colony un- der Theopl)iIus Eaton, the lirs-t governor, and John Da- venport, the first minister, whom Cotton Mather de- nominated tl'.e ''Moses and Aaron" of the settlement. In 1()()5, this colony was united by a royal charter to Conncc-tieat. In 1784, New Haven was chartered as a city. In July, 1779, the city was invaded and plundered by about 3,000 British troops from New-York, under Generals Tryon and Garth, after a feeble opposition on the part of the inhabitants. RAILROADS IN NEW-ENGLAND. Finished OR in PnooREss f Construction— 1S43. Name. !;H UanRor iind Orono, Portluncl, Saco, ■V. Ports- mouth, Kaslcrn, Marblehead Bnincli, Kostori and Lowell, Nashua and J-owel!, (Concord, Koslon and Maine, Great Falls Branch, Hoston and Providence, • • Dedham Branch, Taunton Braach, New Bedford.. ndTaiiulon Trovidence & Stoninyton, (iuincy, Fitchburg,* Boston and Worcester, • • Norwich and Worcester,- Extension, do. Western, West-Stockbridgc, l^erkshiro, Ilousatonic, New-Haven & Hartford, • Hartford and Spring.'ield* FllOM. To. Hangor, T'ortlarid, •• Port.siiioiilh, ••• Eastern Kailioisd Boston, lioweli, Nashua, Wilmington, B. it.M. Kailroad Boston, B. Ic H. Bailroad, Mansfield, Taunton, I'rovidcnce, Quiucy, Boston, lU)ston, •••• VVorce?ter, • Norwich, Worcester, N. Y. Stale f-inc, W. Stockbridiit;,- f'onn. State Line, Now Haven, llarlfoid, • •• Orono, jPortsnioutli," iHoston, Marblchead,'- [Lowell, Nashua, (Jqncord, S. Berwick, AL (i. F. Villii;!e,- I'rovidonce, • • Dedhaiu, T;iunton. New-I^edford,- Stoningtori,' •• Neponset river Filchl)urg, Worcester, • •• Norwich, • ••• Allen's Point,- N. Y. S. Line, ■ W.Slof.lvbri'^e Conn. St. Line, j Hartford, jSpringlield,- •• Total miles,' Mile;*. II hi :i •Jli in .1.5 » ■12 ■y 11 •Jt) 47 :i .'j4 44 .M> 7 117 75 3S •33 8S7 In progress of construction. HOTELS. 10 3-i Th tion &■ the W04 A . ''' ' list of HoTKr.s is addeil for the in; ima -i, having been omitted in the body oi' Principal Hotkls in Syracuse. (See description of Syracuse, page MO.) American Temperance House, Farmers' Exchange Franklin House, Mansion House, Syracuse House. PuiNClPAL HOTEI-S IN AUBURN. (See description of Auburn, page 131.) American Hotel, Auburn House, Western Exchange Principal Hotkls in Geneva. (See description of Geneva, page 161.) Franklin House, Geneva Hotel, Railroad House, Tem- perance House. Principal Hotels in Rochester. (See description of Rochester, page 166.) American Hotel, Clinton Hotel, Eagle Hotel, Ex- change Hotel, Mansion House, Morton House, North American Hotel, Rochester House, United States Hi tel. Principal Hotels in Lockport. (See description of Lockport, page 172.) American Temperance House, Eagle Tavern Lock- port House. oym. Photographic ^Sciences Corporation * ^ .^i^' i^ 33 WIST MAIN STMIT WHSTIR.N.Y. USM (7I«) •73-4903 '4fS ■^^ ^H li: 1 ^^M Y ] , .'•"" * / to. J i I It / '1 J r i ! » O t / / / L t|l 1 ^^^B ^^^^ - _: «l ^^^ ta g -^ Li "*-»r;pir"-. / / / ra 3 L V "^r^ipr- •«n*H#kii«iii« 4-^1 fc"-^ /','/ f.'-rn/ ihyi'-ti/i./ _.^ roStr i-i"n c ■^fr" ;^T1^ % p i* «i«' 'J5' ^*'*^^ ■« rinW^t, i^T^ .^^L/:yv j:-fvr»w'.»»\x7 s^^^at •>>.;.C Ql^ iiSSQ^r'^ll^ '^NLg ^In / V M ' V^w^ ^itrt al^^ L_ 1 v^J •«.' * r In ■~.c;Ji«_ ^ ^ ■^•w. *<»#v ii^y^^Ttr ^jjjjj^ rTll«W4i»^'>^< 'i.;«i' •».1 M" . 'lifi!iXariair<^nmit (tnr .iZi^AJ^^W^^^ D, ^ T ii 'itZdm-jfT* '-y^vif '^. '. •; f?"' 5r. . ■-- 'Z»< iu^ii*^^ .»VLa . • - /^/^/ //r^///j. ) BY J. CALVIN SMITH. I ii'/i'.immI .•!< .Slid In Slir.'iii.iiuV Siiiilli LJ=-l*-'-.-=i.=;ii— './ /,V,-,V ;• .iv,;-.'/ ih;f" f/n-kv , : //■■■ ■/'.'■'■ ( ini 1 I.Otlii'illK ■r •■ f' L.-'. --. T-- '."^1?^. "*--■ - .*-'i.-i -.€-i,-.;-a5&^..5»~is». _ifaitf-Vi- .:'. -. .,-,. .-■..;.: --iii. »»iwp^R.'js:ri/Mr-«4C(ii.'*rft^.::^ 'iS'ii.-v <^\::imiisiti^ni:iBA^SLJtfL SR!: ili^T2f.iB.^Si^^:^^«ir;t5«}fi*=/JS^ tie '\Hurtu firovi Wal )yerfion nearil«m^f iam- m,' o. M'/a 'R-^ T-'>o*rt ^brS Wf™ J\t.iainW^ 'Jf^mwrottti^ ■%!%: ^ .cv: T .Jfcsr: :i==^===:S. *■■/• :-'-'.-."s.^'^!: ■^«it'?*?^Jt-^ w^CTrfgypHegjgjgjgii '•diiTv''' A9* s*^^ JlfOOfMif* W mil "Jlozrait, ittaurtoni ^Jrrfi^BjKirtrt jZii*/'' BfaHkrtkoro] i y r-i#i ./~~- l«?' H ^^ irrT ^S tItaT ^S| ap&3 1 wmm^m fc»a ((drttr^,ai^unt:5 imMitlumcii: • y//ay/ //rry/^yj, /"^y/u/Zj . ■ /A/^/^ /yr^yovef 'filial Zftta*in«;i{ii^P ^ f '■' Lnittfltiidc RviNl IVoin WiiK]iiii|^t»ii s^ ^ fraa W 4«4vnH dUMMrri f / ^ T^^^M ^ ^*-S^ rjaBaip-Y kv.v^M ? ^ jn#o«!Jt|^ <^ > ^PGk . ^ *^ /It ^ij'flr ^fcr1L« ■tSSrW* /i-,]tvlSiy (jV _/ **i»^n»yr»»^TB •%-_v— t*-^. ^xms^isa *> rid \ """^K— — ' WhaMyj Prm^ ?cto^ _^ ^ ttearami^f patAraitfiB /J _ \ 1^ ^» «tr Bfil^a "Hover f v(on. (OJ"rtl V 'X-S'^"' Jiiay \ttinfftt>n{ orj^^ ^^^^W// ^ -^ y y' '^•C^**' > '^^X "^ •i. r^rO.^ /_. *£«£?/!!^^ ? h §::%^ KAII.KOAD, CANAL PACKET, AND STEAM- BOAT AKKANGEMENTS— 1844. 1 1 t( ( u <( (( 6i A M. and 2\ P. M. P. M. J) (C A.M. and 41 P. M. 10 j " 7 A.M. HAILROAD ROUTES, VEEN ALBANY, TROY, AND BUFFALO. TWO REGULAR MAIL TRAINS DAILY. Going Wctt. Leave Albany, and Troy, 7\ A. M. and 7^ P. M. Pass Schenectady, " 9 * Utica, 21 P.M. and 2^ A.M. Syracuse, G\ Auburn, 8 1 Rochester, 8 Arrive at Buffalo, 2 Going East Leave Buffalo, 8 Pass Roche ter, 8 " Auburn, 2} P.M. Syracuse, . . . = 11 " Utica, S^ P.M. Schenectady, 2 A.M. Arrive at Albany, and Troy,- 4 " Accommodation Train. ^ West. Leave Albany, (Sunday ex.^ 1 P. M. Pass Schenectady 3 " Arrive at Utica, 8 " stops over night Leave Utica, 7^ A. M Pass Syracuse, 11 " Auburn, 2 Arrive at Rochester, 8 Leave Rochester, 8 Arrive at Buffalo, 2 East. Leave Buffalo, (Sundays excepted,) 8 A. M. Pass Rochester, 24 PM. Auburn, " 31 P. M. u p. M. A. M. P.M. stops over night. fj * • "M Puss Syracuse, ll P.M. '« Ulica, 4 A. M. " Schenectady, 9 " Arrive at Albany, and Troy, U " Suitable cars for emigrants and their luggage are run with the trains, who are carried by special contract^ made at Albany, Troy, or 59 Cor tlandt- street, New- York, without extra charge for baggage. Table of Distances, fake, and u.sual time in ooino FROM Albany to Buffalo, by Railroad Route. places. MILES. FARE. TIME. Albany to Schenectady,. . . Schenectady to Utica, Utica to Syracuse, Syracuse to Auburn, Auburn to Rochester, .... Rochester to Buffalo, 16 77 53 26 79 74 $0 50 2 50 2 00 1 00 3 00 2 50 1 hour. 6 " 34 '♦ H " 6 " 6 '• Total miles, 325 $11 50 24 hours. N. B. — The distance by railroad from Troy to Buffa- lo is 330 miles; the fare and time being the same as from Albany. The usual running time from the Hudson to Buffalo is 21 hours, there being about 3 hours consu- med in stopping on the route. Railroad and Stbamboat Rout« from Albany Niagara Falls, via Oswego Canal. TO places. milks. FARE. time. Albany to Syracuse, Syracuse to Oswego, Oswego to Niagara Falls,. 146 38 149 $5 00 1 50 3 50 10 hours. 7 " 15 <' Total miles, 333 $10 00 32 hours. N. B. — By the present arrangement, the American steamboats running from Oswego to Lewiston, touch at Toronto, Canada, on going up the lake, which takes About six hours longer to perifonn the trip CAN A I, PACKKT BOATS. CANAL PACKET BOATS— 1844 >'assaok Boats runnin<; hktween SciiENxcTADY and Utica, via Erik Canal. Packet Boat Herkimer, Capt. Hatter. it (( >f << •• <( (( (( (( n time Dikeman. lirown, Barney. H. Rankin. ]6 hours- Fare, Huron, Montgomery, Saratoga, Schenectady, Distance 80 miles. Usual $1.75, includins; meals. One of Ihenbove boats leaves Schenectady, during the season of navigation, at S o'clock A. M., and 8 o'clock P. M. ; leaving Utica at 8 A. M., and 7 P. M.,— thus forming two daily lines, oast and west. The above boats connect at Schenectady with Rail- road Cars and Stages, running to Albany, Troy, and Saratoga Springs, — at Utica with Canal Packets and Railroad Cars running west, and with Stages running to Bingh«mton on the south, and Walertown, Sackett's Harbor, and Ogdensburgh on the north ; in addition to other Stage routes to various places. Passage Boats running between Utica and Syra- cuse, VIA Erie Canal. Packet Boat Oneida, Capt. W. H. Greene. *' " Onondaga, " A. Myers. f' *' Syracuse, " Wm. Tingley. " " Utica, " Charles Brandt, Distance 61 miles. Usual time 12 hours. Fare, $1.25, including meals. The above boats form two daily lines, leaving Utica and Syracuse, during the season of navigation, at 6 o'. clock A. M., and 4 o'clock P. M. ; connecting with other Canal Packet lines at Syracuse. Passage Boats running between Syracuse and Os- wego, VIA Oswego Canal. Packet Boat, Rochester, Capt. Wm. D. Stewart " " Liberty, '^ F. Rood. The above boats form two daily lines, leaving both places at 7^ A M. J and 7 P. M.; connecting with Steam boats on Lake Ontario CAN AT. PATKF.T 110AT«. I* PASSAOF. BoAT-^ rU^VNINfr nKTWFF.V SVRA(l'SK AND llo(iiFsTKR, VIA Erik Canal. Packet Hont Albany, " Hoston, a (I ft Capl. J. }\. Colo. " 'I'. Wheeler " North Amoricn, South America, l< T T). K. Greene. J. K. Ved.ler. W. II. If. Smith. )ronto, Distance 99 milfs, rsiial time 22 hours. I'iire, $2.50, inchulins: menls. The above bouts form two daily lines, leaving Syra- cuse at 7 I A. ISI. and at 7 P. M. ; leave Ilochester at t> A. M. and 5 P. M. Passage Boat iiunninc; hktwhev ^ToNTF.zlTMA a\u (Ifneva, via Caytoa and Seneca Canal. Packet Boat (lencva, Capt. Coinpson. Distance 21 miles. L'sual time 4^ hours. Fare, 7.0 cents. At Geneva this boat connect*! \\h\\ stenmhoals on Ge- neva lake, and with Railrotul Cars; atMonte/uma with Canal Packets, muiiinj? cast and west on the Krie canal Pa.ssace Boats nUNNixu bltwekn Ro( iikster and Dansville, via Genesee Valley Canal. Packet Boat Dansvill Capt. Brewster. '• " Perry, " N. P. Stone. Distance 52 miles. Usu').l time 13 hours. $l.S7l, including mrnls. The above boats form a daily line, leaving Rochester at 8 o'clock A . M. Fare, Passage boats running between Rochester and Buffalo, via Erie Canal. Packet Boat Cataract, Capt. A. Van Buskirk. " Empire, " Red Rover, '' Rescue, '' Rochester. Distance 95 miles. Tsual $2.00, includins; meals. The above boats form two daily linos, leaving Ro- chester at 8 A. M. and 7 P. M., and Butialo at 9 A. M. aiK 7 P. M. '',** Total distance by caudi route from Schenectady to Bntl'a.(N \h F.rle Canal, .*^31 miles. Usual tiint- 7<» lioui>. r>re, $7.,')( , iticlndintr menls. u D. II Bromley, (( S. A. Cljrk (( c. H. ivlasou. (( .f. H. '"'.'ir (■.•■•, ,. me 19 ho , km «, «Tr.A M no ATM. s'lKAMBo VIS n.\ Tu:: cEMi,AT, lakf:s of WKsil'UN NK^'-YuUlv. The Sicnmbd.'it Siin«'on Dc Witt, Tapt Wikox. letivpi hlmcR daily, (Sumlny* excepted,) nt 7 o'cinc v A M , :in 1 Cnyuiza Hridirc at 3 o'clock, V. M. '•unninv; tlirough ('iiyuizn Inlvt', u distnnce of -10 miles, sti ping al sevcnil 1.1 idiiii's. This btifit runs to mcrt the trains of cm- on tlie Au* bviin and Roihfsler, uiid Itlujca nnd Owego Uailroads. Senkc A Lake. Tho Stetiinlioitts Richnrd Sti-vius, and Chenu ng, form n line runnint^ llirouE;h Seneca lake, winter and summer, from the villuiie of (Geneva to Jefferson, n distance of 40 miles, landing at several places rn their passage up and down. A line of slnces runs iu connection \\ ii i the above boats, from JeH'eison to KImira, situated i the Chemung river, a distance of 19 miles. Crooked I.ake. The Steamboat Keuka runs between the landing n ar Penn-Yantn Hammondsport, a distance of 22 miles, c n- rieciing with a Stage line running between the villages of tJeneva and flath. The passage through the above lakes forms a delight- ful excursion, being surrounded by a rich and highly cultivated region of country, alibrding romantic scenery. STEAMBOAT LINES LEAVING BUFFALO. A Steamboat leaves Buflalo every evening, (Sundays excepted,) during the season of navigation, for Chica- go, Illinois, Usual cabin fare, $14.00. Steerage pas- sage, $7.00, Distance 1,047 miles. Usual time four days, A Ste imboat leaves Buffalo daily for Detroit, stopping at the iutcrm^diate ports. Usual cabin fare, $7,00. Steerage, $2,00. The same fare is charged to Toledo, Distance through ^72 miles. Usual time 36 hours- A Hrilish steamer runs between Buffalo, Port Stan- ley and Amhersiburg, thence to Detroit, stopping at the internnediale Canadian ports. A b»«.« in Dlnl.O (( Indiana, 634 C. C. Roby,--- - Toledo. Indian Queen, •• S.St', ring, Erie, Penn. James Madison, 630 J. McFadgen,'-- Chicaco. Julia Palmer,' •• 300 T. J. Titus, Detroit. Kent, (British,)- ISO Van Allen,""" P. Stanley it Amherst'g. Lexington, 3<>a F. N. Jones, • ^ • Detroit. Missouri, 613 T. Wilkins, Chicago. NeW'England, -• Nild .., 416 600 308 Wm. Brown,-- •• A. Allen, R.Hart, Detroit. ^ Chicago. Toledo. Robert Fulton, • - Jlochester, 473 R. Folger, Chicago. tSt. Louis, (n. b.) G.W.Floyd, ■-.. H. Whittaker, •• It United States, - • 366 Detroit. 1 ITVaterloo, 100 J. Jennings, •--• H. Randall, Chippewa & Schlosser. 1 Wisconsin, 700 Chicago. 1 S7£AM Propellers running from Bcffalo to Chicago— 1844. Emigrant, Gea. Porter, Hercules, Independence Samson, The above Ericsson Propellers carry passengers and freight, stopping at the intermediate ports. Usual fare, cnbin passage, $11.00. Steerage, $5.00. Usual time, «ix days from Buffalo to Chicago. 275 tons 300 «( 260 (( 300 tt 250 it DIF. ICHl. C. m«e. unsoD rat'g. sser. ro 'TABLE 0|i* DtSTANCES, Faom Place to Place on the Erie Cakal. NAMES. and fare, ime, AuAIfT, I'ort^Schuyler, ••• West-Troy. Junction Cham. c. echoes, Lower Aqueduct,' Willow Springs, • • Upper Aqueduct, • SCHSNKCTADT, •••• Rotterdam, Amsterdam. Schoharie Creelc, • Smithtown, FuLTOXTIIXa, Spraker's Basin,* Canajoharie, Fort-Plain, St. Johnsville, ••• East Canada cr.*« Indian Castle, • • • Lit? LE Falls, • • • • Herkimer L. Br.*- Herkimer U.Br.- • Frankfort, • Utica, York Mills, Whitesboro, Oriskany, RoMB, Wood Creek, Hawley's Basin, • New-London, •••• Higgins', Loomis', Oneida Creek, • • • • Canastota, NeW'Boston, Chittenango, KirkTille, Manlius, Lodi, SnucoSK, Geddes, Belisle, V V M ca P BaocaroRT, 947lHoUey, ••• 3S9 Hulberton, Albion, 336 Gaines' Basin, Eagle Harbor, • Knowlesville, •• Medina, Shelby Basin,* •• Middleport, Reyuuld'sHnsin, Gasfvirt, LOCKPORT, Pendleton. Tonawanda, ••• Lower Black Rock Black Rock, BerrALo,- •• 3 6 3 4 1 6 1 3 6 6 6 6 4 6 1 3 6 4 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 4 6 10 3 3 3 3 6 4 6 3 1 4 4 8 8 3 3 7 7 13 8 1 3 1*^9 =JSt 189 184 180 186 176 190 17* 191 17» 196 168 197 167 199 16» 906 169 311 163 91« 14» 321 14» 336 139 381 183 333 189 336 139 340 134 344 130 347 117 349 119 361 113 363 lia 363 111 S66 108 369 109 363 lOf 369 96 379 86 981 83 3S4 80 987 77 369 76 m 70 396 66' 304 60 306 68 307 67 311 6» 316 49 318 4» 391 4S 334 40* 336 39 333 St 340 34 3«» 19^ 360 4r 861 $ 364 O /' ! J r/; V; / / L. / ^ i i //:■ If- iS -id M •" o i h5 -r c3 u o c u 1 ro i*^ a o u O Pi CO r-» 3 h4 "^ oc" cT N T}< o CO 4-> •"< T-i d O o "t" 00 oT 3 o S o (N »o 1 ^^ 1"^ r5 'h- 05 CO iCO O CO Cj Ico ft? B5 8 OJ CO I £ en 3 3 QC 5j (N lO lo5 'CO 1-1 ,r-i C^ CO in ^- in O^ CO V o o PS o < D P5 \ / a a C4 U is o Ce volume dolt €tre rendu i id derni^re date indiqu6e ci-dessous. y//r^//A 5 a Liw, wK' f/rt.-s :;i f'li i/-i