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{Alt vight» reserved). 
 ADVANCE P^OOf-<SHbject to reeiawn). 
 
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 Waimdiai] ^ocicty o[ {^m\ (fngiiiici's, 
 
 INCORPORATED 1887. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS. 
 
 ^f.B• — This Booicty, as a body, does not hold itself responsible for tlio fails 
 and opinions stated in any of its publications. 
 
 THE DISUIIAHGK OF THE ST. J.AWilENCK lUVKll. 
 
 By Prop. C. H. MoLeod, Ma.F<;., M.Can.Soo.C.E. 
 
 Head at Toronto Meeting, June i%th, 1836. 
 
 The extreme low water of the S t. Lawrence in tiic! autumn of the past 
 year called especial attention to the variations in tlio discharge of 
 the river, and it seemed to the writer to bo a matter of no small im- 
 portance to obtain a mcasuroment of it at the oxceptioniilly low stage 
 existing in the early part of November. 
 
 From inquiry made at tiie time, it was learned that it was not the 
 business of anyone in Canada to f;auge the St. Lawrence, and that the 
 only measurement ever made below Montreal was that by Mr. W. J. 
 Sproule, M.Cau.Soc.C.K., under the dircetion of the Montreal Flood 
 Commi.ssiou, in 188C. Having in view the intere.-t of a measurement at 
 this special time, and iis the work happened to fall into line wilh one of 
 the courses of Survey ing lectures tiion in progress in MeGill College, the 
 writer induced some of the students of tlie Uuiver.sity to undertake the 
 work under his dircetion, a.ssisted by I'rol. 0. F}. Smith, M.Can.Soc.C.E., 
 and Mr. J. G. Kerry, A.M.Cau.Soe. CIl. 'I'lie Hon. G. A. Drummond 
 very kindly placed his private yacht al the disposal of the college for the 
 purpose, and ^Mr. J'rank Kedpatb gave up two days of his valuable 
 time to take charge of the yacht during the work. 
 
 The position elicseii for the gauging i.s situated about forty miles be- 
 low Montreal, its upper limit being approximately 0.2(10 feet below the 
 wharf on the north shore of the river, at Lauoraio. This choice was 
 made not only beeau.se it is the position best suited lor the work with- 
 in easy reach ol Montreal, but al.«o chiifly for the purpose of conipar- 
 i.sou with Mr. Sproulc's tturk, I lie position being that in wiiich his 
 measurements were made. 
 
 It waf9 intended that the gauging shoulil be made during the first 
 week in November, but owing to unavoidable eircunistauces it had to 
 be postponed, and was not made until the 13th and 14tli of the month, 
 llelcrcnce to diagram No. 11 will show that the lowest water levels in 
 1805 occurred on Oct. 28th, Nov. 2nd and 7ih. On the firstday of the 
 measurement, Nov. 18lh, thi^ water level was seven inches above its 
 lowest point, and it rose three inches while the work was in progress. 
 
 For a mile or more both above and below the gauging area, the river 
 runs u straight cour.se and has a very uniform cross section. Over this 
 distance also, the levels wliieti weie taken under the direction of the 
 Flood (Jommission in 188tJ showed a einistaiit surl'aco slope. 
 
 lu order that the measurements iiiight be entirc^ly comparable with 
 those of Mr. Sproule, similar methods to those employed by him were 
 adopted. The velocity observations were made on rod floats immersed 
 to the greatest possible depths. In the reduction of the work, the ob- 
 
 I 
 
Hci'ved vclooitios were corrootod bj refori'ncc lo a vertionl velocity ourvn 
 obtaiaud tVimi infitxiii'eiiiL'niM witli nn cicctriual uiirn^iit iiiutcr, by Aiiifilcr. 
 Nuo page — . Tlio rods wcrcoruniforiii seolioii, i.iid woro loadud w''li liad 
 weiglitH witliin tin cylinders, liiivinj,' tlie same .seolioii iih tlie rods. The 
 ininicrscd depths of the rods, as will he seen on llic arconipanying plate 
 No. 10, ranged I'roui ti I'ect to 42J feet. The aver;i(ie velocities were 
 obtiiined from the tinieH at erofiaing of the two ranges, and were cheeked 
 by the velocities between the ^tationB along tlje lines, the positions of 
 which were fixed by box Sfxtiint angles to points on the shore. All 
 data as to soundings wero, tlirough the kindness of Mr. John Kennedy, 
 taken iVuni the plans of the Montreal Flood comniinsion. 
 
 The plate No. 8 shows the contour lines of the river bottom and 
 shore lines for the length of 3000 feet, over which the float ob.serva- 
 tions were made. It shows also the courscH of tlie several floats, with 
 their observed velocities and the immersed depth of each float. The 
 plate No. 9 gives similar information for Mr. 8proulc's ineasuremento, 
 The plate No. 10 shows the average cross sections for the entire length 
 of 3000 feet. The upper section refers to the work in 1886 and the 
 lower one to that in 189&. The mean position iind liiteial range of ench 
 float is also represented on the diagrams. The dotted lines below re- 
 present the most probable velocity carves resulting from the observa 
 tions. In both cases the plotted velocity curve is that which results from 
 the float observations, after applying the .small correction due to depth 
 of immersion, as compared with the average depth of ihe water along 
 its path. This method of reduction gives, of course, slightly smaller 
 values than those arising I'roin the observed velocities, and the dis- 
 charge as here computed for 1886 is somewhat less thau the ofiiciul 
 tigures of the Flood (..oinuiission. The area of the cross section in 1886 
 was 115,298 square tect, and the discharge 311,101 cubic feet per 
 Second. 'I'he area of the 189,5 cro9S-.section — when the water was one 
 foot nine inches below oflicial low water— was 105,432 square feet, and 
 the ilischarge amounted to 216,621 cubic I'ect per second. At the 
 period of lowest low wali'r in 1895, iu which the water level was, as 
 nearly as can be r.sceriiaiied, two feet seven inches holow oflieial low 
 water, or correspoudeil lu a depth of seven feet eleven inches on the 
 Hats of Like Ht, Feter, and 24'9 feet minimum depth in the navigable 
 channel of the river, the cross section was reduced about two per cent, 
 below that of Nov. 13 and 14, 1896. Assuming that the discharge of 
 the river varies proportionally to the area of the cross section, and taking 
 as data tha results of the measurements above given, the discharge at the 
 lowest water stage 'if ISitS amounted to about 196,000 cubic feet per 
 second . 
 
 Keferriug now to the degree of accuracy which should be expected 
 in work of this kind, the position." of the lines I, ill, VII, VIII, X, XI, 
 XIV and XV, Plate No. 8, will bo found to accord somewhat closely with 
 those upon which the 1886 discharge depends. The additional lines 
 in groups ucai' to some of these aflford an excellent means of estimating 
 the limits of precision of such measurements. The lines V, VI and vii 
 were practically iu the same position and the rods were all immersed 
 to the depth of 42 feet, yet there was a differehje iu the average velo- 
 cities of two of the rods of 13-lOOths of a foot per second, amounting 
 to over six per cent, of the whole velocity. The two lines which show 
 the extreme velocities 2.07 feet per .second and 2.19 feet per second were 
 ruu within a few minutes of each other and under precisely similar 
 conditions, on the morning of the second day of the work, with a 
 strong wind blowing at right angles to their directions, whereas 
 No. VII was run on the previous day during very calm weather. It is 
 perhaps worth noting that although about 10 \v:r cent, of the length 
 of the poles projeeled abjve the water surface, there was no appreci;ible 
 drift in the lines. 
 
 A similar, hut not quite to great cliserepaney occurred in the veloci- 
 ties of the rods IX and x. There the difference amounted to about 5 per 
 cent, of the whole. 
 
Tho writer onnnot but cnnfeis tn foine Huiprinu that under cnnditiont 
 HO Tory I'avouriiblL' to uniform inntioii in tlic wrtical fllaiuunUof wntor, 
 8U('h great digorcpancics aH thene Hhniild \w found. 
 
 
 po^rrf /^' o/t 0»fiAan aye* f^e re/- 
 ae*f)*S t^j^ii» //r»c/ are p/offaj 
 • fAus- 
 
 In tho above diagram the vertical velocity curve resulting from tho 
 measurements by meter at the position marked (A) on the plate 8 Is 
 exhibited. The velociiirs at the several depiliH nre the averngis of two 
 independent nieii8urem(ntg extending: over nhout three uiimiies each.. 
 The velocities lit the surface and iit the 4 feet depth are iiifeordnnt, 
 owini; to their proximity to the yacht. Similarly, the variations in the 
 two lower positions arise probably from deflieted currents dne to irre- 
 gularities in tho bottom. The average velocity given by the curve 
 afirccB very closely with that wliicii would be obtained from a float 
 passing through thin jiosition. Owing in lack of time it was itn]iOf.'*ible 
 to obtain more than one set of men.-uri nicnfs, and tliis curve hss been 
 tiiken as a typical one in the reduction of the work. 
 
 Great difficulty has been experienced in this woik in aaeertaining 
 definitely the elevation of the water, owing to some uncertainty as lo 
 tho setting of the Sorel gauge and also as to tlie reading on it which 
 corresponds to low water. The gange^^ shniild of course lie ref'encd to 
 permanent bench mniks, which havo ihenisclves been istnldished from 
 an accurate line of levels referred to one d.itiim plane. The bench 
 marks in connection with the Alontrcal Flood ('i>niuii>!-ion were not in- 
 tended as permanent points of reference, and some of theni, notably that 
 at Sorel itself, is unfortunately unreliable. Lines of levels have been 
 run on both banks of the !^t. Lawrence by ,Mr, St(x-kcl of the Depart- 
 ment of Public Works, but the autlier is not aware that tho gauges 
 have been established in connection with these. 
 
 Plate No. 11 gives the relative water levels in 188Gand 1895 as 
 nearly as the writer has been able to obtain them. There is an un- 
 certainty amounting to about 10 inches. 
 
 The great question of the causes which lca<l to so phenomenal a low 
 water period is one which the author has at present not had time to 
 discuss. He is, however, glad to state here that it hiis recently been 
 the subject of a paper by Mr. Stupart, director of the Meteorological 
 Service, an extract of which referring to the low water period under 
 
 consideration may perhaps be quoted ; — 
 
 " We can now see why Lake Huron is so decidedly low, it is duo 
 
 to Lake Superior having been low for some years until 18!>4, combined 
 with tho effect of an abnormal deficiency of rainfall from 1887 to 1895, 
 excepting tlie years 1892 imd 1893. At the beginning of this same 
 period in 1887, Lake Ontario was high, bnt two years of exceedingly 
 small rainfall rapidly lowered the level. In 1889 and 1890, the rain- 
 fall was above average, and temporarily checked the fidl which wotild 
 
 3 
 
liavo rcHulted from the low water in tlio Upper Lakes ; hut in 1891, a 
 mnrkoJ tlclieiunoy of precipitation Lrnught a very low winter stage. 
 Two yeiirH, 1892 and 189H, of almvo average rainfall now improved the 
 level a little, but the defieiency of rainfall in 18!)4 iind 1895, nnd parti- 
 cularly in the hitter year, in uonjunction with the etVect of a Hniall in- 
 take of water by the Niagara Kivcr, doubtless produced the iilmost 
 phcDomonally low Htago of the past year. I believe that these I'lictH are 
 
 amply sufficient to explain the present state of afTaiis 
 
 In view of these facts it Ih quite uiirea.soniiblo to suppose 
 
 that Lake Ontario will, tliis year or oven next year, attain a high stage, 
 the increase is likely to bo gradual, Lake Superior in, as we have seen 
 already, high ; this will help to rait^e the level of Huron, which lake 
 will rise if the rainfall be even up to the average, and then with au im- 
 proving head of water in that lake, and consequently in Krie, the flow 
 by the Niagara will improve and assist in raising the level of Ontario ; 
 but with so many factors to be considered, it is impossible to predict 
 with any certainty how long it will be before a really high stage is 
 again reached." 
 
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TRANSACTIONS CAN SOC C t. 
 
 VOL X, PLATE 8 
 
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TRANSACTIONS CAN. SOC C I 
 VOL X PLATt 9 . 
 
 
 
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Refermce . 
 /8S6 fkadinfs shem 
 1893 , 
 
 ' The • DISCH ARGE' OF THt 
 
 Dio^rant of the MBai&n^s \ 
 
 in less a 
 
 Note. - Official Low IflMw corresponds to a depHf of 27-6" a 
 A> 10' 6" on ihe flats of Lako Sf- Paftr, 
 
^ 
 
 TfUNSACTIOHS CAN. SOC. C. E 
 VOL. X ., PLATE II . 
 
 SCH AKGg ' OF- THE - ST- LAWR ENCE - RiVER 
 
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 in less and W9S. 
 
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TRANSACTIONS CAN. SOC. C. t 
 VOL. X. PLATE 10. 
 
 
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